:\ » -1 - V y vvy vvyvvy VWVvC Digitized by tine Internet Ar.chive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation y4lv littp://www.arcliive.org/details/biograpliicaltreaOOmaunricli THE OF THE M^yiES ©IF lEMmiESfT jPIEKSDMS or ALL AGES AHD :N'ATI0NS Q^ykWly ^ la/Me^ C/€/U^''^ ^ pmese.:nt timh - BY SAMHEIL MATUHBEM LOIT&MAIT. BRO'WIT, GI^EIT & LONGHAITS 18 51. TUE BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY; ^ Dicttoitati> OF SAMUEL MAUNDER, AUTHOR OF THE TUEASUUY OK KNOWLEDGE," "THE SCIENTllTIC A5D MTEUARY TUKASUltY," ETC. ETC. ETC. SEVENTH EDITION, RE^^SED, CORRECTED, AND EXTENDED TO THE PRESEKT TIME. ^^"-^^"^ LONDO]!^: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1851. •^^ l.oKboN : Spottiswoodes and StlAvV, New-streeC- Square. PREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION. Since the publication of the last edition of tliis worli In 18f7, death his been more tlian usually busy among those whose names and achievements ought to be commemorated iuour " Biographical Treasury." Instead, however, of adding these new names to the work by way of supplement, it has been deemed expedient to embody them in the work itself, together with the various supplements that have appeared from time to time, thus facilitating consultation, and making the work a complete manual of Biographical reference, down to the date of publication. The more satisfactorily to effect this object, the whole work has been reprinted on a larger page, and with a new type ; and the opportunity has been taken to correct mistakes that had crept into former editions, to supply not a few names that had been omitted, to re-write numerous memoirs that appeared either imperfect or inexact, and in a word to maintain the long established character of this work, as a trustworthy repository of Universal Biography. Considerable space has been devoted in this edition to the lives of foreigners, distinguished in science, literature, art, politics, or arms, in whom Englishmen might be pre- sumed to take an interest ; and on the whole it is hopeil that few important names, whether native or foreign, will be found to have been omitted. January, 1851. PKEFACE THE FIRST EDITION. The publication of this volume having been protracted vcTy considerably beyond the time I had originally calculated on, and the task having proved a far more onerous one than my sanguine expectations had led me to anticipate, I freely confess, that, whatever its ultimate fate may be, I feel no ordinary degree of gratification in having at length brought it to a close — agratifica'ion arising from a practical knowledge of the labour required for its producti ni ; 186096 iar^facc. heightened by a recollection of the ser'ous interruption I met with, from severe and prolonged illness, during its early progress. Yet, though some- times daunted, and often discouraged (if I may apply the words of a great man, on an important subject, to my comparatively insignificant undertaking), "despondency has never so far prevailed as to depress me to neglect." On the present occasion, I have but little to say. I shall not trouble the reader with a needless dissertation on the uses and value of Biography ; the subject is too obvious to require demonstration — too trite to call for a pre- fatory remark. Neither, in what I deem it necessary to state, do I wish to arrogate to myself any peculiar merit. But let no one imagine that I am indifferent as to the success of this volume, or that I should not honestly exult to learn that it met with the approbation of a discerning public. If I had no other motive, the highly favourable reception given to its precursor would have been a sufficient inducement, I trust, to make me anxious to execute the present Work in a manner that might not be deemed discre- ditable either to my judgment, or my regard for truth and strict impartiality. Persons not in the habit of consulting different biographical authorities, can have no idea of the discrepancies that are to be met with in the relation of mere matters of fact ; but this, perplexing as it is, bears no proportion to the wilful perversions that abound where scope is given for the expression of political feeling, or the promulgation of a particular doctrine. So prone, indeed, are many to this corrupt practice, that it appears as though they considered it a paramount duty to carry on^ per fas et nefas, an eternal crusade against all opinions which are not in accordance with their own — against every one who is disposed to take a straightforward and rational view of things, rather than to glance at them through the oblique medium of some wild or fanciful theory. The amount of injury thus done to the cause of truth, it is impossible to estimate : sentiments, glossed over by a false philosophy, are slavishly copied from one work to another, till the dissemina- tion of error becomes general, and the evils inflicted on society are past redemption. Throughout the following pages, I have never allowed myself to be satis- fied with one authority, where more were obtainable ; nor have I grudged my labour in any way that I thought would render the volume more acceptable to the public ; — but to expect that it can be immaculate, would be the height of absurdity. If I have fallen into errors similar to those which I have con- demned, a heavy responsibility will rest on me ; if I have committed any of a less serious nature, I hope they will be found so venial, that their obliteration may be an easy employment when revising a future edition. The steady patronage bestowed upon " The Treasury of KNowtEnoE" demands my reiterated thanks. Thirty thousand* coj ies of that work have been legitimately sold in this country, and a still greater number, as I am credibly informed, firatcd in America: it is therefore not unreasonable to expect, that, unless there be more defects in the present volume than I am conscious of, it will meet with a proportionate circulation. Nothing but a large sale can ever repay me ; and I naturally cherish the hope that, in a commercial as well as in a moral sense, I may not have laboured in vain. !» This WM written in 1838 ; and that " The Treasury of Knowledge" has since that time gi"eatly risen in public estimation, It^increosed sale is a most gratifying proof. NEW DICTIONARY UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY, A A, CiiAni.Es ITexrt Vajt per, a Lu- tltcran minister, born nt ZwuHc, wlio took a i leading part in establiiilung at llaerlcin the Academy of Sciences. Uom, 1718 ; died, I 1792. I AA, Gekard Van t>kr, and his sons AuoLPiiLS and Piiilip (three distinguished members of an ancient family in the Nether- lands), are honourably mentioned in the an- nals of the United Provinces for the promi- | nent part they took in resisting the tyranny i of Philip II. of Spain, and the subsequent | liberation of their country. I AA, Petek Van dek, a distinguished lawyer, born at Louvain, who became jjresi- \ dent of the council of Luxembourg, in 1574. j AA, Petek Van pek, an eminent book- ! seller of Lcyden, who, early in tlie 18th cen- ' tury, compiled and published several exten- sive collections of voyages and travels, among which was his " Galerie du Monde," an illus- \ tratcd Atlas, in 6(5 vols, lie also published \ the great collection of Gronovius on Greek, and of GriEvius on Koman, antiquities. I Died, 1730. AAGARD, Christian, aDanish poet, and professor of poetry at Sora, and of theology | at Kissen in Jutland. Bom, IGIO ; died, 1(W4. AAGARD, Nicholas, brother of the above, a philosopliical writer, and a proles- i sor at Sora. Bom, ltjl2 ; died, ItwZ. I AAGESEN, SuEND or Sveno (called also \ SuENO Agonis), a Danish historian and antiquary of the 12th century. AAUST, EvEKAHD, a Dutch painter, emi- nent for fruit pieces and armoury. Born at Delft, in l(i02 ; died, lOoS. AALST, William, nephew of the above, and still higher in repute as a painter. Boru, 1G20 : died, 1(;79. AARON, St. a British martyr, who, with his brother Julius, suffered during the perse- cution of the Christians, under the emperor Diocletian, a. d. 3(t3, and was canonized ten centuries afterwards. AARON of Alexandria, a priest and physician of the 7th century. He was a voluminous author, and the first who de- scribed the measles and small-pox, diseases which were at tliat time new to Egypt, and by him supposed to have originated there. AARON of Bakcelo.va, a Spanisli Jew of j the 13th century ; author of "Precepts on Moses." printed at Venice in 1523. AARON BEN ASSER, a learned Jew of the Ml century ; said to be the inventor of Hebrew points and accents. AARON BEN CHAIM, a Jew of iforocco; author of " Treatises on the Scriptures," printed at Venice in 1(!09. AARON II ACIIARON, a Jew of Nicome- dia, born in 134(!. He was the author of a work on the Jewish doctrines and customs, entitled "The Garden of Eden." AARON IIARISCIION, the Caraite, a rabbi of tlie 13th century, author of a Com- mentary on the Pentateuch. AARON, Isaac, a Greek ; interpreter to the emperor Manuel Commenus, by whom he was deprived both of liis office ond his sight, on a charge of wilful misinterpreta- tion. He was subsequently reinstated in his office ; and revenged himself on his enemies with savage cruelty; but died in consequence of torture inflicted on him by order of the emi>eror Isaac Angelus, on lus accession to the throne, in 12()3. AARON, PiETito, a Florentine of the l(5th century, canon of Rimini, aud an elaborate writer on music. AARON SCHASCON, a rabbi of the 17tli century ; author of "The Law of Truth," printed at Venice in 1631. AARSENS, Francis Van, lord of So- meldvck and Spyck, in Holland, a celebrated Dutch dii)lomatist, who, after residing ir> years at Paris, first as agent and then as ambassador for the United States, was twice sent as ambassador to England. Born at the Hague in 1572 ; died, 1641. AARTGEN, a painter, of very consider- able merit, but of low and dissolute habits. He was bom at Leyden in 1498 ; and is said to have met his death by being drowned in a drunken frolic, in 1564. ABA, or ALBON, crowned king of Hun- gary on the deposition of Peter, sumamed the German, in 1041, and put to death for his cruelty in 1044. AJJACO, AvAUisTO Felice D' All, acele- brated composer and violinist of Verona, in the 18th century. ABACO, Baron, also a native of Verona (in the 18th century), and celebrated as an amateur composer and performer on the violoncello. ABAGA, or ABAKA-KHAN, a warlike emperor of the Moguls, and a formidable opponent of the crusaders. He succeeded his father in the empire in 1264, and died in 1282. ABANO. See Apono. ABANTIDAS, son of Paseas, made him- self master of Sicyon, after putting to death abaI ^ ;^ctD Winihct^al 2tjt0crrajpT)». [abb Clinias, who was regent for his son Aratus, then a minor. He was assassinated B.C. 251. ABARIS, a celebrated character of an- tiquity, said to have possessed vast abilities, and to have been endowed with the power of performing miraculous cures, but of whom even the country which gave him birth is very uncertain ; some calling him a Scy- thian, while others maintain that he was a native of one of the Western Isles of Scot- land : a personage, in short, of whom there is far more of fable recorded than of ti-uth. ABAS, SoHAH, snrnamed the Great, 7th king of Persia. With tlie assistance of the English, in 1(322, he took Ormus, and made Ispahan the capital of Persia. Died in 1629. ABASCAL, Don Jose Fep.nando, vice- roy of Peru during several years of the South American war of independence, was born at Oviedo in 1743, and having entered the military service of Spain, served in the numerous campaigns of that country during the latter half of last century in all parts of the globe. Appointed viceroy of Peru in 1804, he governed with a firm but gentle hand till 181(5, when lie was superseded by General Pezuela ; and, on his retirement, he left behind him a character for ability and moderation which is still held in grateful remembrance. Died at Madrid, 1821. ABASSA, or ABBASSA, sister of the ca- liph Haroun al Kaschid, who gave her in marriage to his vizier Giafar, on condition that their marriage should never be con- summated ; but having broken the contract, the caliph put Giafar to death, and banished his wife from the palace, giving ordeis that no one should afford her relief. The roman- tic incidents arising irom this strange mar- riage have furnished themes for many an oriental tale. ABASSON, an impostor : who was put to death for pretending that he was grandson to Abas the Great. ABATE, AxDREA, a Neapolitan artist, who, as a painter of fruit and objects of still life, acquired great celebrity. He was em- ployed, together with Luca Giordio, in adorning the Escurial for Charles II. of Spain. Died, 1732. ABATI, NicoLO, more frequently, but erroneously, called Dell' Abate, a renowned painter in fresco. Born at Modena, 1512; died at Paris, 1571. Several of his relations also distinguished themselves as painters. ABAUZIT, FiRMix, a French author of great merit, and whose modesty was equal to his erudition. His father died in his in- fancy ; and his mother, in order to secure his education in the Protestant faith, sent him, at two years of age, to Geneva. After finishing his studies he went to Holland, and from thence to England, where he formed an intimacy with Sir Isaac Newton, by whom he was much admired and esteemed. He was also highly panegyrised by "Voltaire and Rousseau. In short, though he published little, he had acquired among literary men a character for profound learning, and his correct judgment was universally acknow- ledged by them. Born at Uzes, 1G79 ; died at Geneva, 17(57. ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant divine, who accompanied Marshal Schom- berg to England in 1688, and was present when that great commander fell at the bat- tle of the Boyne. On his return to I^ondon he was appointed minister of the French church in tlie Savoy, and was subsequently made dean of Killaloe. He wrote many works, chiefly theological and in the French language ; the most esteemed of which is entitled " Traite de la Vuritd de la Religion Chretienne." Born at Nay, in Beam, in 1G58 ; died in London, 1727. ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, of whom, though opposed to him at first, he became a disciple, and served in his army as a general. He died in the 32d year of the Hegira— a.d. 653. ABBAS, Ebx Abbas Abdalla, son of the foregoing ; chief of the " Sahabah," or com- panions of the Prophet, and author of a "Commentary on the Koran." ABB ATISSA, Paul, a poet of Sicily, who flourished about the j'ear 1570, and translated the Iliad and Odyssey into Latin verse. ABBE, Louise, a French poet of the 16th century, surnamed La Belle Cm-donnierc. ABBIATI, FiLippo, an historical painter, of considerable eminence. Born at Milan in 1640 ; died in 1715. ABBON, or ABBO, CEnNTTtrs, a Norman monk of tlie 0th century, who wrote, in Latin verse, nn account of the siege of Paris by the Normans. ABBON, or ABBO, Floriacexsis, a learned Frenchman of the lOtli century, and abbot of Fleury ; the author of nume- rous ecclesiastical biographies. For a short time he presided over the monastery of Ramsay, and was a great favourite with Ethelred. He was killed in 1004, while en- deavouring to quell a tumult between two contending parties of French and Gascons. ABBOT, George, archbishop of Canter- bury in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., and one of the most active political charac- ters of that period. He was born, in 15G2, at Guildford in Surrey, where his father was a weaver and clothworker. After receiving his education at tlie grammar school in that town, he was sent to Baliol college, Oxford ; and became successively master of University college, dean of Winchester, vice-chancellor of Oxford, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, then of London, and lastly, primate of all England. Towards the close of his life an event occurred, which for a time caused his suspension from the archiepiscopal office ; for being at the seat of Lord Zouch in Hampshire, while on a hunting party he ac- cidentally shot one of his lordship's keepers. He was the author of several theological works ; and was one of the eight divines, who, in 1604, by the order of James I. trans- lated the edition of the Bible now in use. He died at Croj'don in 1633, and was buried in his native town, where he had founded and liberally endowed a hospital. ABBOT, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, and elder brother of the above. He was an emi- nent divine, and famous for his skill in con- ducting polemical discussions and vindi- cating the supremacy of kings. Bom, 1560 ; died, 1617. Dr. Fuller, speaking of the two brothers, says, " George was the more plaus- ible preacher, Robert the greatest scholar ; I George the abler statesman, Robert the deeper divine ; gravity did fi-own in George, and smile in Robert." ABBOT, Maukice, youngest brother of the foregoing, was an eminent London merchant, and one of the first directors of tlie East India Company. lie served the office of sheritF in 1627, was afterwards lord mayor, and represented the city in parlia- ment at the commencement of the reign of Charles I., by whom he was knighted. ABBOT, Gecko E, son of Sir Maurice, was the author of a Paraphrase on the Book of Job, and several other religious works. He took up arms in favour of the parliament- arians in the civil wars. Born, ICOO ; died, 1648. ABBT, Thomas, a German writer, was born at Ulm, in Suabia, in 1738. After filling the chair of philosophy at Frankfort on the Oder, and of mathematics at Rintlen in Westphalia, he was fortunate enough to at- tract the notice of the prince of Schaumburg- Lippe, by whom he was held in high estima- tion and eflfcctually patronised. Ilia treatises on " Merit," and on the " Duty of Dying for our Country," are full of talent and promise : but the latter he was not destined to fulfil, as he died at the early age of 28, in 1766. ABDALLA, the father of Maliomet. Though origiually only a cainel-drivcr, it appears tliat he was held in high estimation by his tribe : indeed, so extravagant is the praise lx;stowed upon him, that, among other absurdities which arc related, it is said that on his wedding a hundred girls died of grief and disappointment, for having lost the honour of being his bride. ( ABDALLA II., caliph of the Saracens, a celebrated warrior, who took Jerusalem, and ordered all the Christians and Jews to be branded in the hand. Died, 781. ABDALMALEK, fifth caliph of the race of the Ommiades. His reign, which was very prosperous, commenced in 681, and con- tinued for 21 years, liaving during that time extended his conquests into India and Spain, and conquered Mecca and Medina. On ac- count of liis extreme avarice, he was called the peeler of stone ; whence, we are told, the vulgar saying of skinniiuj a flint is derived. ABDALONYMUS, a descendant of the kings of Sidon, but reduced to the condition of a husbandman. When Alexander the Great conquered that country, and allowed llephestion to dispose of the crown, Abdalo- nymus was selected, and brought before the Macedonian hero ; who, observing the dignity of his aspect, said to his courtiers, " I wish to know how he bore his povertj'." Abdalony- mus, hearing this, said, " Would to heaven I may bear my prosperity as well ; " which answer so pleased the conqueror, that he confirmed the appointment. ABDAS, a Clvristian bishop in Persia, in the time of Thoodosius the Younger, and an intemperate zealot, to whose frenzy has been attributed the thirty years' persecution of the Cliristians, of which he himself was one of the earliest victims. ABDIAS, of Babylon, an impostor who affirmed tliat he was one of the 72 disciples sent by Our Saviour, and that St. Simon and St. Jude had appointed him first bishop of Babylon. He was the author of a legend entitled " Historia certaminis ApostoUci," printed at Basle in 1571. ABDOA, a Persian, who suffered martyr- dom in support of Clirislianity, A. n. 250. ABDOLLATIPH, a Persian historian, bom at Bagdad in 1161. He is said to have been a man of great learning and a volu- minous writer ; but the only one of his works known in Europe is an abridged history of Egypt, entitled " Al-kital Alsager," or the little book, which was published from a MS. in the Bodleian Library, by Professor White, inl8(X). ABDOLMTJMEM, or ABDALMON, the son of a potter, but who became a general, and afterwards a monarch, the conqueror of Morocco, and the destroyer of the Almora- vide family. He assumed the title of Emiu Al Mi'MENKv (head of the true believers), and died in 1156. ABEILLE, Oaspard, a French poet and dramatic writer, was bom at Riez, in Pro- vence, 1048. His ready wit and conversa- tional pt)wers rendered him a general fa- vourite, and in private life he was greatly esteemed ; but his works though numerous are now nearly forgotten. Died at Paris, 1713. His brother, Scipio, was the author of " A History of the Bones," and " The Com- plete Army Surgeon." Died, 1097. ABEILLE, Louis Paul, secretary to the council-general of trade, ic, and author of several works on agriculture and commerce. Born at Toulouse, 1719 ; died at Paris, 1807. ABEL, king of Denmark, second surviving son of Vladimir II. His fatlier created him duke of Sleswick and South Jutland, and at his death, in 1240, left him independent master of those provinces. Slain in battle, 1252. ABEL, Charles Frederick, a German musician and composer, remarkably skilful on the viol di Gamba, was born at Cocthen, 1725. He resided many years in England, and was api)ointetl musician to Queen Char- lotte. He died iu 1787. ABEL, Dr. Clahke, was the historian of Lord Amherst's embassy to China, which he accompanied as chief medical officer and naturalist. He was a deep and philosophic thinker, a close observer of the mysteries of nature, and a man of a benevolent mind. Died, 1826. ABEL, Gaspak, a German historian, born at Hindenburg, in 1675 ; died in 1703. ABEL, Joseph, a distinguished German painter of the present century, bom near Linz on the Danube, 1780. Many of his historical pictures arc to be seen at Vienna, where he died, 1818. ABEL, Thoiias, teacher of music and grammar to Catharine, queen of Henry VIII. Having written a tract against the divorce of Catharine, he incurred Henry's displea- sure ; and for denying the king's supremacy he was tried, condemned, and executed, in 1540. ABELA, Joiix Francis, commander of the order of St. John of Jerusalem ; author of a valuable and interesting work entitled "Malta lUustrata," whicli was printed iu that island, in 10-17. Died, lO-V.. ABELARD, or ABAILARD, Feteb, so abb] ^ ^clD Hnibcr^at 2Si0j3Ta}j|)ij. [abb celebrated for his learning and his misfor- tunes, the latter arising from his love of the equally celebrated Heloise, was born at the village of Palais, near Nantes, in Brittany, 1079. Having made extraordinary progress at the university of Paris, and surpassed all his compeers, he opened a school of theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, which was tlironged with pupils, and where some of the most dis- tinguished characters of the day imbibed their scholastic philosophy. While he was thus in the zenith of his popularity he be- came so violently enamoured with the beau- tiful and accomplished niece of Fulbert, a canon of Paris, as to forget his duty, his lec- tures, and his fame. Under the pretext of teaching her philosophy, he obtained the uncle's permission to visit her, and at length to reside in the house. Though Abelard was at that time in his 40th year, and Heloise only in her 18th, a mutual passion, fatal to the happiness of both, was encouraged. Ful- bert suspecting this, separated the lovers ; but the imprudent intercourse had gone too far for concealment ; and Abelard, who had retired to his sister's house in Brittany, was followed there by Heloise, who gave birth to a son. He then resolved to marry her se- cretly ; but although the uncle's consent was obtained, Heloise, by a strange infatuation, chose rather to be considered Abelard's mis- tress than his wife, and at last very reluc- tantly complied. Still she would not own her marriage, and even had the hardihood to deny it with an oath. This so greatly in- censed her uncle, that he manifested his dis- pleasure by treating her with great severity; and Abelard in consequence determined on releasing her. He accordingly carried her away, and placed her in the convent of Ar- genteuil, where she put on the religious habit, but did not take the veil. Irritated at Abe- lard for placing Heloise in a monastery, the canon hired some ruffians, who broke into his chamber, and subjected the unfortunate victim to an ignominious mutilation. Filled with shame and sorrow, he now became a mofik in the abbey of St. Dennis, and Heloise took the veil. After time had somewhat moderated his grief, Abelard rcsiuned his lectures, but the violence of his enemies in- creased ; he was charged with heterodoxy, and liis works condemned by council. He next erected an oratory in the diocese of Troyes, called the Paraclete, but persecution still followed him ; and after a life of extra- ordinary vicissitudes he died in the priory of St. Marcel, near Chalons-sur-Saone, in 1142. On the corpse being sent to Heloise, she de- posited it in the Paraclete, of which esta- blishment she was at that time the abbess, and with the view of being buried by his side. In 1800 the ashes of botli were taken to the museum of French moniunents at I Paris ; and on the museum being destroyed, in 1817, they were removed to the cemetery of Pere la "Chaise. As an orator, logician, poet, philosopher, theologian, and mathe- matician, Abelard had acquired the highest fame ; but the memory of his splendid at- tainments has been swept down the gulf of oblivion, while the tale of his passionate love and its bitter fruits is likely to descend to the remotest posterity. ABELLI, Louis, bishop of Rhodes, and author of " Medulla," and other theological works. Born, 1G04 ; died, 1G91. ABENDANA, Jacob, a Spanish Jew ; au- thor of a Hebrew Commentary on some por- tions of the Scripture. Died, 1685. ABEKCROMBIE, Joux, M.D., an emi- nent Scotch physician and author, was born at Aberdeen, Nov. 11. 1781. Having t.akeu his degree at Edinburgh in 1803, he perma- nently fixed his residence in the Scotch me- tropolis, where he soon gained the first rank as a practising and consulting physician. Bnt the writings of Dr. Abercrombie con- tributed no less to the maintenance of his fame, than his skill as a physician. His purely professional works procured for him a high place among the modern cultivators of science ; but tlie most permanent monu- ment to his m«ynory are his " Inquiries con- cerning the Intellectiial Powers, &c.," pub- lished 1830, and the "Philosophy of the Moral Feelings," published 1833. In these works he has brought all the medical facts accumulated in the course of his extensive experience and research, to bear on the various moral and metaphysical systems ia vogue, and constructed out of the whole a view of human nature in which tlie facts of science and the revelations of religion are blended in peculiar harmony. To his wide range of acquirements he added a piety as genuine as it was unassuming, and he will long be remembered for his large but unob- trusive benevolence. Died, Nov. 14. 1844. ABERCROMBIE, John, a horticulturist ; author of a " Universal Dictionary of Gar- dening and Botany," and a " Gardener's Calendar," published under the name of Mawe. Died, 1800, aged 80. ABERCROMBY, Alexa^-der, brother of Sir Ralph Abercromby, an eminent lawyer and occasional essayist, was born 1745. Ad- mitted a member of the Faculty of Advo- cates in 1766, he distinguished himself at the bar, and was raised to the bench in 1792, when he assumed the title of Lord Aber- cromby. He was one of the originators of, and contributors to, the " Mirror " and the " Lounger," in connection with Henry Mac- kenzie. Died, 1795. ABERCROMBY, Patrick, a native of Forfar, in Scotland, physician to James II. of England, and author of the " Martial Achievements of Scotland," and a "Trea- tise on Wit." Died, 1726. ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, one of the bravest of British generals, was born in 1738, at Tillibodie, Clackmannanshire, and entered the army in 1756, as a cornet in the 2nd dragoon guards. He served with honour during the seven years' war, and in that of American independence ; gradually rising in his profession till he attained the rank of major general in 1787. His military skill was severely put to the test in the dis- astrous campaigns in Flanders and Holland in 1794 and 1795. After this he was em- ployed in the West Indies, where he dis- tinguished himself by taking some of the most valuable islands belonging to the enemy. On his return to Europe he was made" governor of the Isle of Wight, and raised to the rank of lieutenant-general. abe] % ^cta WiniHntxiKl Ma^vu^'^xi* [abr He was then appointed to the command of the troops in Ireland, wliere he displayed equal firmness and moderation ; and, soon after, lie again shared in the profitless perils of an expedition to Holland. Uis next and last appointment was that of commander-in-cliief of the expedition sent to Egypt to oppose the growing power of the French, and dispossess them of that country. Having defeated the enemy at Aboukir early in March, 1801, he again came to action with them on the 2l8t of the same month, in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, where, after a desperate battle, the British troops were again sig- nally victorious ; but their gallant general was 80 severely wounded, that he died a week after the battle, on board tlie ad- miral's ship, wliich was conveying him to Malta. His widow was created a baroness, with a pension of two thousand pound;). ABERCROMBY, Sir Kobekt, younger brother of the above, a general in the army, K.B., and for thirty years governor of the Castle of E(Unburj,'h. Died, 1S27. ABEIILI, JouN Loris, an eminent Swiss landscaix; painter. Born at Winterthur, 172:J; died at Berne, I'iW. ABERNETHY, John, an Irish dissenter and divine, of whose sermons tliere ore two volumes, which are held in considerable esteem. Born at Coleraine, 1C80 ; died at Dublin, 1740. ABERNETHY, John, F.R.S., a surgeon of great repute and extensive practice. He was brouglit up under Sir Charles Blick, surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and was acknowledged to possess great talent and originality ; though he doubtless owed much ot his fame to a blunt ewrentricity of manner, by which he was ever distinguished. He was the author of "Surgical Observa- tions," "Physiological Essays," &c. Born, 1764 ; died, 18;31. ABGiVRUS, a king of Edessa, in Meso- potamia, cotemporory with Our Saviour, to whom he is said to have written a letter and received an answer to it. Both letter and answer are pronounced by the beat cri- tics to be mere forgeries. ABGILLUS, surnamed Pkester Joiik, son of a king of the Frisi. He accompa- nied Charlemagne to the Holy Land ; and after his leader's return to Europe, made vast conquests in Abyssinia, which was long called " Prester John's Dominion." He is reputed to have written an accouut of Charle- magne's deeds in the East. ABINGER, Lord, James Scarlett, was the second son of Robert Scarlett, of Jamaica, where the future lord was born in 17G9. He was early sent to England for education, entered at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 178<}, and took his B. A. degree in 171XJ. In 1791 he was called to the bar, and may be said to have become eminent from his very first appearance in the courts. A fine figure, a singularly familiar and unpretending style of elocution, ond an almost unrivalled tact in managing a jury, caused him to have im- mense business. In 1818, after having twice been defeated in contested elections, he obtained a scat in parliament through the patronage of Earl Fitzwilliam. For very many years Mr. Scarlett was considered a Whig, and voted as well as spoke in favour of the various measures proposed by Romilly and Mackintosh for the amelioration of the criminal code. On the formation of a mixed ministry under Canning, in 1827, he became attorney general and received the honour of knighthood. In 1834, on the formation of the Peel cabinet, he was raised to the lx;nch as chief baron, with the title of Lord Abinger. In his judicial capacity, he gave the highest satisfaction ; nothing could be sounder than his law, or purer than his impartiality. Died, April, 1844, aged 75. ABINGTON, Fra^-ces, a celebrated co- mic actress, born in London, 1731 ; died, 1815. She was the original Lady Teazle, and that character is regarded as her master- piece. ABISB.\L, IIexry O'Donxell, Count of, a celebrated Spanish general, born in Anda- lusia, 1770. Having entered the royal guards at the age of fifteen, he served in the war against the French republic ; and on Napo- leon's invasion of Spain, the part he took in the relief of Gerona in 1809, led to his pro- motion to the command of Catalonia, where he displayed great energy, and reaped much success. Though defeated in the plains of Vich by General Sonham, he a month after- wards forced Angereau to abandon Lower Catalonia ; and, at the village of Abisbal, he comiMjlled the surrender of a whole French column under General Schwartz. From this action he took his title. Towards the close of the war, he commanded with brilliant success at the capture of Pancorvo. In 1819 he suppressed a mutiny of tlie troops in the isle of Leon ; but he fell into disgrace on suspicion of treachery, and it was not till 182.J, on the invasion of Spain by the French under the Duke d'Angouleme, tliat he re- covered his position and his fume. After the restoration of Ferdinand, he retired to France, where he resided, almost entirely forgotten, till his death in 1834. ABNEY, Sir TiioiiAs, an eminent ma- gistrate of London, lord mayor in 1700, and M.P. for the city. When the king of France had proclaimed the Pretender king of Great Britain, he proposed an address to king William, and the measure having been fol- lowed by other corporations, proved of great service to the king, who was thereby en- couraged to dissolve the parliament, and take the sense of the people, which was almost universally in favour of the Protes- tant succession. He was one of the first pro- moters of the Bank of England, and one of its earliest directors. Died, 1722. ABOS, chapel-master of the conservatory of La Pieti at Naples, about the middle of the 18th century ; and author of the opera of"TitoManlio." ABOU, Joseph, a learned Mussulman and supreme judge of Bagdad, during the cali- phate of Haroun al Raschid. ABRABANEL, Isaac, a Jewish rabbi, of Portugal, author of Commentaries on the Old Testament, and various other works, theological and controversial. Bom at Lis- bon, 1437 ; died at Venice, irK)8. ABRADATAS, king of Susa, rendered memorable by the afifection of his wife. abr] ^ iJStfio Winibtv^BX IStnflrajptjg. [aca ABRAHAM, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit, and professor of theology in the university of Pont-&,-Mousson ; autlior of a commen- tary on Virgil and some of Cicero's Orations. Born, 1589 ; died, 165G. ABRAIIAM, A. Sancta Clara, a native of Suabia, whose real name was Ulrich Me- gerle. He was an Augustine friar, and ex- tremely affected and eccentric as a preacher. Born, 1642 ; died, 1709. ABRESCH, Fkederick Louis, a cele- brated critic. He was an admirable Greek scholar, and his scholia on Greek authors are deservedly held in very high esteem. Born at Homburg, 1G99 ; died in Switzerland where he was rector of a college, 1782. ABRIAL, Andrew Joseph, a distin- guished French statesman, was born at Paris, 1750. After finishing his legal studies, he went to Senegal to superintend one of the French factories ; and some years after his return, he was sent to Naples to organise the republican government, and tlie mildness and moderation he displayed here, gained him general good will. After the 18th Bru- maire, he was appointed by Napoleon mi- nister of justice, and is said to have been one of the framers of the Code Napoleon. But though Napoleon loaded him with honours, he was among tlie first to vote for his dethronement in 1814 ; and after the restoration of the Bourbons, he was created a peer, and continued to devote himself to the improvements of the law, till his death in 1828. ABSAIvOM, archbishop of Lunden in Denmark ; eminent as a statesman and warrior, and founder of the castle and city of Copenhagen. Died, 1201. ABSTEMIUS, Lauiientius, an Italian author of the 15th century. He is cliiefly known by his fables, which have been ap- pended to some editions of ^sop and Ph»- drus, and by a commentary on some pas- sages of Ovid. ABU, Moslem, governor of Khorassan. At an enormous sacrifice of human life, he aided in establishing the Abasside dynasty upon the ruin of tliat of the Ommiadcs ; but his services to the caliph Almanzor did not prevent that prince from causing him to be put to death, a. d. 759. ABUBEKER, father-in-law and succes- sor of Mahomet. His original name was changed to that of Abubeker, or " Father of the Virgin," on the occasion of his daughter Ayesha becoming the bride of Mahomet. On succeeding his son-in-law he assumed the title of caliph, which signi- fies both successor and vicar, and wliich was first borne by him. He won vast territory from the Syrians, Persians, apd Greeks. Died, 634. ABUCARA, Theodore, bishop of Caria in the 8th century ; author of some contro- versial treatises wliich were published at Ingoldstadt in 1606, and of a treatise " De Unione et Incaruatione," published at Paris in 1685. ABUDADHER, chief of the Arabian sect of Karmatians, and a bitter enemy of the Mahometans. On one occasion he plun- dered Mecca, murdered vast numbers of pil- grims, and carried away the celebrated black sfOTie, which the Mahometans so highly value on the supposition that it fell from Heaven. The stone was subsequently ransomed. Died, 953. ABULFARAGIUS, Gregory, originally a physician of Armenia, but subsequently a bishop. Of his various works the most es- teemed is a Universal History, an edition of which, with a Latin translation, was pub- lished at Oxford, by Dr. Pococke, in 1663. He eventually became primate of the East, and died in 1286. ABULFAZEL, vizier to the celebrated Mogul emperor Akbar, and author of" Ayeen Akberry"— a statistical and geographical account of the Mogul empire, and an Mstory of the reign of the emperor Akbar : the former work was translated into English by Mr. Gladwin in 1785. Died, by the hands of an assassin, in 1604. ABULFEDA, Ismael, prince of Hamah in Syria. He was distinguished as a mili- tary commander ; but still more as an excellent historian and geographer, being the author of a description of Chorasmia and Mawaralnahre, and the lives of Ma- homet and Saladin, &c. The former work has been published with a Latin trans- lation, added to the Arabic original ; and portions of his various works have been separately translated into English. Died, 1333. ABULGAZI, Bayatur, khan of the Tar- tars, and author of an esteemed Tartar history. Some Russian exiles in Siberia having discovered the MS. of this work, it was brought to Europe and translated into German and Frencli. Born at Urgeus, the capital of Karasm, 1605 ; died, 1663. ABU-OBEIDAH, a friend and associate of Mahomet, and tlie conqueror of great part of Palestine and Syria. Died, by the pestilence, 639. ABU-TEMAN, a celebrated Arabian poet. Some of his works have been published in England. Died, 845. ABUZAID, MiRZA, a soldier in the ser- vice of Uleg Beg, who, taking advantage of the feud between that personage and his son, proclaimed himself in 1450 ; but after gain- ing considerable territory, he perished in an ambuscade, in 1468. ABYDENUS, the reputed author of an history of Assyria and Chaldea, whicli is now lost, except some fragments inserted by Eusebius in his Preparatio Evangelica. ACACIUS, bishop of Berea, in Syria, the opponent of St. Chrysostom and Cyril of Alexandria. Died, 436. ACACIUS, bishop of Amida, on the Tigris, a man honourably distinguished for having sold the church-plate to ransom 7000 Per- sians, who had been taken prisoners in the war between Theodosius the Younger, and Varannes, king of Persia. The latter mon- arch was induced by this truly Christian be- nevolence to consent to tlie termination of the war. This good prelate flourished early in the 5th century, but the exact time of his death is unknown. ACACIUS, surnamed Moxopiitiialmus, from having lost an eye, was the disciple and successor of Eusebius, bishop of Caesa- rea, whose life he wrote. He was the founder aca] ^ iSJcfit) BnibtrSal aSiosraji^ji. [ach of a sect called Acaciaui, and died about the year o(i.5. ACADEMUS, an Athenian citizen, who. in the time of Theseus, had the honour of foundiug the Academic grove, and of giving his name to a sect of philosophers. ACAMAPICHTLI, the first king of the ancient Mexicans, whom he governed forty years. He gave many valuable laws to his subjects, and founded the capital of the kingdom. Died, 1389. ACCA, St., an Anglo-Saxon divine, bishop of Hexham, in the 8th century — a patron of learning and the arts ; autlior of " Suffer- ings of the Saints," and epistles, and an im- prover of church music. Died, 740. ACCA LAURENTIA, by some called Lf I'A, the wife of Faustulus, tlie shepherd ; to whose honour the Komans devoted a festival, as being the nurse of Romulus and Remus. ACCARIGI, James, a native of Bologna, and professor of rhetoric at Mantua ; after which he entered into orders, and wosjnadc bishop of Vesta, where lie died in 1054. ACCARIGI, Francis, a native of An- cona, professor of civil law at Sienna and Pisa. Died, l(i22. ACCIAIOLI, DojTATis, a noble and learned Florentine of the 15th century ; dis- tinguished for his translatwn of Plutarch, and commentaries on Aristotle. [The name of this family is variously written, AcciA- OM, AcciAiiTOLi, and Acciajitoi.i.] ACCIAIOLI, John, a member of the same family as the above ; an author and public lecturer, in the 16th century. ACCIAIOLI, Maodalexa, a Florentine lady i authoress of "DaWd Persecuted," and other poems. Died, ICIO. ACCIAIOLI, Zenobio, a poet and critic ; also the translator, from the Greek, of Politian's epigrams, and librarian to Leo X. Died, 1520. ACCIAIOLI, Rexatus, a noble Floren- tine, who, in the 14th century, comiuered Athens, Corinth, and Bocotia : which he be- queathed respectively to the Venetians, Theodosius PaloBologus, and his natural son Anthony. ACCIO, Zuciiio, a poet of Verona in the 15th century. ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin poet and dra- matist. He died about B.C. 180. ACCIUS, an orator, against whom Cicero defended Cluentius, b.c. GO. ACCIUS, TuLUus, prince of the Volsci ; to whom Coriolanus resorted for aid against Rome. ACCOLTI, Bexedict, an Italian lawyer, bom at Florence in 1415, and succeeded Poggio as secretary to that republic in 1450. He wag the author of many valuable works, among which was a narrative of the wars in Palestine, to which Tasso was much indebted in composing the "Jerusalem Delivered." Die. ACH^iRD, F. C, a distinguished Prussian chemist ; known as the first fabricator of beet-root sugar, in 1702 ; and author of se- veral treatises on chemistry and agriculture. Died in 1821. ACHARDS, Eleazar, bishop of Avig- non, remarkable for the benevolent courage he displayed when the plague raged in his see. Being sent by Clement XII. to China, to settle the disputes which prevailed among the missionaries, he died there, in 1741, without having accomplished his object. ACHEN WALL, Godfrbt, a distinguished ach] ^ ^tbi Bixibtv^Kl 28f0flrapf)i). [act lecturer on history, jurisprudence, and statis- tics, in the university of Gottingen. Died, 1772. ACHER, N., a French judge ; author of an " Abroge des Ilommes Illustres de Plu- tarque." Died, 1807. ACHERI, Luc I)', a Benedictine monk ; author of " Lives of the Saints," &c. Born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, 1609 ; died, at Paris, 1685. ACHILLES TATIUS, a native of Alex- andria, who lived during the Srd century, ajid in his old age was converted to Chris- tianity, and became a biohop. He origi- nally taught rhetoric in his native city, and wrote a " Treatise on the Si)here ; " a " History of Great Men ; " and a Romance, entitled "Tlie Loves of Clitophou and Leucippe." ACHILLINI, Ai.EXAXDER, a Bolognese physician, known by his piiblications on anatomy and medicine. Died, l.jl2. ACHILLINI, John Philotheus, brother of the above, and author of an eulogistic poem, entitled " Viridario." Died, I'/SS. ACHILLINI, Claude, a relation of the above, distinguished for his knowledge of medicine, theology, and jurisprudence. Born, at IBologna, 1574 ; died, 1()40. ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son and successor of Mahomet III. Bom, 1588 ; died, 1017. ACHMET II., succeeded his brother So- Ivman on the throne of Constantinople. Died, 1095. ACHMET III., son of Mahomet IV., was placed on the throne by the heads of a fac- tion whicli had deposed his brother, Mus- tapha II. He was afterwards deposed, and his nephew, Mahomet V., exalted to the throne. Died in prison, 1730. ACHMET, Bacha, a general of Solyman, and governor of Egypt. ACHMET, an Arabian writer in the 4th century. His book " On the Inter- pretation of Dreams," was published at Paris in 1003. ACID ALIUS, "Valexr, a German author, and celebrated critic. Died, 1595, aged 28. ACIIjIUS, Caius, a valiant soldier under Julius Cajsar : he grappled an enemy's galley with his right hand, which being cut off, he seized it with his left, and boarded it, uot- witlistanding he was opposed by all the crew upon deck. ACINDYNUS, Septimius, a Roman con- sul, and governor of Antioch, in the 4th cen- tury. Having sentenced a man to be hanged for a debt owing by him to the public treasury, if it was not paid by a certain day, a very riclx citizen proposed to pay the sum for him if he would consent to his wife's dishonour ; but having accomplished his base design, lie treacherously gave her a bag of earth, instead of the money ; which being reported to Acia- dynus, he condemned the citizen to pay the debt, and to give the land from whence the earth was taken, to the wife. ACKERMANN, Conrar, a German co- median, and founder of the modern German theatre. Died, 1771. ACKERMANN, Joux Christian Got- T-iEB, an eminent physician ; author of a " Manual of Military Medicine," and other valuable works. Born in 17.5G ; and died at Altdorf, in Franconia, in 1801. ACKERMANN, Rudolph, an ingenious and enterprising tradesman, was born at Stolberg, Saxony, in 1704, and came to Eng- land previous to the Frencli revolution. After following for a time the occupation of a car- riage draughtsman, he settled in the Strand as a printseller, where he established a flourishing and extensive concern, furnishing employment to numerous artists, and judi- ciously catering for the public taste in elegant and ornamental works of art. His " Forget me Not" was the first of that class of " An- nuals " which appeared in this country ; and to him also are we indebted for the introduc- tion and much of the success of the litho- graphic art ; while the good taste and spirit he evinced in producing the " Histories " of Westminster, Oxford, &c., and other hand- somely embellished works, entitle him to the respect of all who know how to appreciate them. Died, 1834. ACKMAN, William, a Scotch artist of the 18tli century. As a portrait painter, he was held in high estimation ; but is chiefly remembered as the first person who appre- ciated and encouraged the poet Tliomson. ACOLUTHUS, Andkew, a learned pro- fessor of languages at Breslaw ; author of a treatise " De Aquis Amaris," and numerous other works. Died, 1704. ACONTIUS, James, a native of Trent, eminent, in the 10th century, as a philoso- pher, a divine, and a civilian. ACOSTA,Ch]iistopher, a Portuguese sur- geon and naturalist of the lOth centurj'^ ; author of "A Treatise on the Drugs and Medicinal Plants of the East Indies," and otlier works. ACOSTA, Gabriel, professor of divinity at Coimbra ; author of a commentary on the Old Testament. Died, 1050. ACOSTA, Joseph, a provincial of the Jesuits in Peru. His history, natural and moral, of the West Indies, is particularly celebrated. Died, IGOO. ACOSTA, Uriel, a Portuguese of Jewish descent, who made some stir during the 17th century by his freaks in changing his creed. The whole life of this man indicated insanity; and his death by his own hand, in 1647, con- firmed the opinion. ACQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, prince of Teramo and duke of Atri, was a learned Neapolitan, to whom belongs the merit of lia\'ing published the first Ency- clopccdia. Born, 14.56 ; died, 1523. ACRON, a Sicilian physician, celebrated for having expelled the plague from Athens, by burning perfumes, b. c. 473. ACRONIUS, John, a mathematician of Friesland, who wrote on the motion of the earth. Died, 1503. ACRONIUS, John, a Dutch writer of the 17th centurj^, who wrote against the Romish religion. ACROPOLITA, George, one of the By- zantine historians of the 13th century, cele- brated for his knowledge of poetry, mathe- matics, and rhetoric. Born, 1220 » died, 1282. ACTON, John, son of a physician, bom at I Besan^on, in 1737. He entered into the | French navy, and afterwards into that of i act] ^ ^cU) Bnihtx^Kl 3Biasraa)]^j). [ada the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ills rescuing 4000 Spaniards from the Barbary corsairs, made him known at the court of Naples ; and through the patronage of the queen, he became minister of the marine, and after- wards of the finances. lie was dismissed from the ministry in 1803, and retired into Sicily, where he died in 1808. ACTUARIUS, Joii.v, a Greek physician of the 13th century, who distinguished him- self by the analysis and employment of the milder cathartics and simple water. ACUNA, CuRiSTOi'HKH, bom at Burgos, Spain, hVJTj became a Jesuit in 1(512, and sub- sequently a missionary in America. On liis return to Spain, ho published " A DescriiJtion of the Great River of the Amazons." ACUNA, Fernando de, a Si)anish poet of some celebrity. Died at Grenada in 1(580. ADAIR, James, serjcant-at-law, born in London, and educated at Peter-llouse, Cam- bridge, where he took his degree of M. A. in 17G7. In 1771, lie was chosen recorder of London ; an office which he held for ten years. At his death, wliich happened in 17!>H, he was member of parliament for Higham Ferrers, king's prime serjcant-at- law, and chief-justice at Chester. ADAIR, James, a trader and resident among the N. American Indians, whose li- neage he deduces from the Jews, in a pub- lication diUed 1775. ADAIU, James Makitticick, a physician of some eminence, and a native of Scotland ; author of a number of medical and other works. Died at llarrowgate, in 1802. ADALARD, or ADELARD, a German divine and theological writer, the grandson of Charles Murtel, and cousiii-gcrman of Charlemagne. He is most distinguished for the foundation of a distinct abbey, called New Corbie, as a seminary for the education of missionaries, who were to be employed in the conversion of the northern nations. Born, 7.53 ; died, 827. ADALBERON,a celebrated archbishop of Rheiins, and chancellor of France ; who dis- tinguished himself, as a prelate and a politi- cian, under Lothaire, Louis V., and Hugh Cai)et. Died in 988. ADALBERON, Ascelinus, ordained bi- shop of Laon, in 977, by the preceding. He treacherously delivered up Arnoul, arch- bishop of Rheiras, and Charles, duke of Lorrain, to Hugh Capet. Died, 1030. ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague, in the 10th century. He was one of the first founders of the Christian religion in Hun- gary ; and also preached the gospel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where he was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. Boles- laus, prince of Poland, is said to have ran- somed his body with an equal weight of gold. ADALBERT, an ambitious, eloquent, and designing prelate, created archbishop of Bre- men and Hamburgh, 1043. During the mi- nority of Henry IV. of Germany, he acted as regent, but his despotic conduct rendered him obnoxious to the people. Died, 1072. ADAM, RuBEKT, author of "The Reli- gious World Displayed," &c., was born in Aberdeenshire, 1770. After pursuing his studies at Oxford, he entered into holy or- ders, and was appointed to a chiuch in the Danish island of St. Croix, where he was much annoyed by the authorities, and com- pelled to return without any redress for the injuries he had sustained. He was sub- sequently appointed to a charge in the island of Tobago ; but he died almost before enter- ing upon his duties, 182(5. ADAM, the Right Hon. William, lord chief commissioner of the Jury Court, was born at Blair Adam, 17.51. After finishing his studies at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Ox- ford, he obtained a seat in Parliament ; but in consequence of some family losses he re- signed his seat in 1794, and obtained such success in his profession as to be successively appointed counsel for the East India Com- pany, and chancellor of the duchy of Corn- wall. The Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, and many of the nobility honoured him with their confidence ; and in 1815 he was made a privy councillor, and was ap- pointed one of the barons of the Scottish Exchequer, chiefly with the view of enabling him to introduce and establish the new sys- tem of trial by jury in civil cases. In this he was completely successful. Nominated chief commissioner, he continued to discharge his arduous and important duties to the satisfaction of all, till his retirement in 1833. In the course of liis parliamentary career, in consequence of something that occurred in a discussion during the first American war, Mr. Adam fought a duel with Mr. Fox, which happily ended without blood- shed, when the latter jocularly remarked, that had his antagonist not loaded liis pistol •with government powder, he would have been shot. Died, 1839. ADAM, ScoTus, a doctor of the Sorbonne, in the 12th century, and author of a life of David I. of Scotland. ADAM, Alexander, LL.D., well known to the literary and scholastic world by his '' I^atin lexicon," " Roman Antiquities,' &c. ; raised himself to great eminence by almost unprecedented eflForts, and became rector of the High School of Edinburgh, an office which he held till his death. Born, 174 L ; died, 1809. ADAM, Lambert Sigisbeut, an eminent French sculptor, many of whose works were executed for the decoration of Versailles and St. Cloud. Born, 1700 ; died, 1759. ADAM, Nicholas Sebastian, brother of the above, and eminent in the same profes- sion. He executed the admired statue of " Prometheus Chained." Born, 1705 ; died, 1778. ADAM of Bremen, canon of the cathedral of Bremen about the close of the 11th cen- tury ; author of an ecclesiastical history, and numerous other works ; and indefatigable as a Christian missionary. ADAM, Melchior, a German divine and biographical author of the 17th century, to whose voluminous writings subsequent bio- graphers have been greatly indebted. Died, 1(522. ADAM, Nicholas, a French grammarian; author of " The True Mode of acquiring a Language whether Living or Dead, by means of the French," and other works of consider- able ingenuity. Bom. 171(5 ; died, 1792. ADAM, Robert, F.R.S. and F.S.A. ; a Ada] ^ ^^fio Winihtt^al Utograpi^in [ADA celebrated architect, much employed upon the public buildings and noblemen's man- sions of London. One of his works, executed in conjunction with his brother, is the noble range of buildings called tlie " Adelphi," the name being the Greek word for " Brotliers." He at one time represented the county of Kinross in Parliament. Born at Kirkaldj', Fifeshire, 1728; died, 17a2. His brother James, the coadjutor in most of his labours, died, 1794. ADAM, Thomas, an English divine, and for 58 years the rector of Wintringham, in Lincolnshire, having repeatedly refused pre- ferment. He was the author of some religi- ous works. Born at Leeds, 1701 ; died, 1784. ADAMANTEO, a learned Italian mathe- matician and orientalist ; author of " Glossas et luterpretationes in Talmud Hebrasorum." Died, 1581. ADAM ANTIUS, a Greek physician of the 5th century; author of a work on physiogno- my, which has been often printed. AD AM AN US, abbot of Icolmkil, in the 8th century ; author of a life of St. Columba. ADAMI, Leonardo, an Italian scholar, eminent for his skill in the Greek and Ori- ental languages, and librarian to Cardinal Iraperiali. Born, 1C90, at Bolsema, in Tus- cany ; died, 1719. ADAMS, George, a celebrated maker of mathematical instruments ; author of " Mi- cographias lUustrata," and other scientific works. Died, 178G. ADAMS, Gkokge, son of the above, and of the same profession ; author of "An Essay on Vision, &c." Born, 1750 ; died, 1795. ADAMS, JoHX, second president of the United States of America, and a political writer of considerable reputation. Before the Revolution, Mr. Adams attained great eminence as a lawyer, and published an essay " On Common and Feudal Law." On the breach with the mother country, he es- poused the colonial cause, and employed his pen with great activity. He was one of the principal promoters of the memorable reso- lution passed July 4. 177C, declaring the American States free, sovereign, and inde- pendent. Mr. Adams subsequently proceeded with Dr. Franklin to the court of France, in order to negotiate a treaty of peace and alli- ance with that country. He was afterwards nominated plenipotentiary to Holland, and materially contributed to hasten a rupture between the United Provinces and Great Britain. Lastly, he was employed in nego- tiating a general peace at Paris ; and was the first ambassador received b>'tlus country from America after it was effected. This distinguished individual also took a great share, in conjunction with Washington, Ha- milton, and other federal leaders, in forming the present constitution of the United States, in 1787, when General Washington was elected president, and Mr. Adams vice-pre- sident. On the retirement of Washington, Mr. Adams was elected his successor ; and, at the conclusion of his presidency, retired from public life, vnth the character of an able, active, independent, and upright states- man, even among those whose party views were opposed to his opinions. Born, 1735 ; died, 182(j. ADAMS, Joiix QuiNCY, formerly president of the United States, son of John Adams, the second president, was born at Boston in 1769. His father having been appointed commissioner to France in 1778, embraced the opportunity of securing for his son all the advantages of an European education. Wlien only fourteen years of age he went to Petersburg as private secretary to the Ame- rican minister, and on his return to his native country he entered Harvard Uni- versity, where he graduated with honour in 1787, and subsequently commenced the prac- tice of the law at Boston. In 1794 he was appointed by Washington minister of the United States at the Hague ; and in 1796 he went in the same capacity to Berlin, which office, however, he resigned on the defeat of liis father, and Mr. Jefierson's accession to the presidency, in 1801. Here too he wrote his famous " Letters from Silesia," which were favourably noticed in the Edinburgh Review. After representing Massachusets in the United States Senate for six years, he went as ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1809, and to the influence which his character and abilities procured for him at that court is mainly to be attributed the intervention of Russia which terminated in the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain. After the peace he was appointed ambassador to the court of St. James's ; and he subsequently acted as secretary of state during the administration of Mr. Monroe. In 1825 he was himself elected president of the United States. His administration was a perfect illustration of the principles of the constitution, and of a republic purely and faithfully governed. On the expiry of liis term of office, he retired into private life ; but he was soon elected by his district as representative in Congress, and though he never afterwards held office, he long continued to benefit his country by his speeches and his pen. Manly, straightforward, and independent, he never swerved from what he believed to be the path of dutj', — no easy matter in the United States, where party feeling runs so high ; and he has left behind him a reputation for purity and disinterestedness of motives, se- cond only to that of Washington. Died, 1848. ADAMS, John, "the patriarch of Pit- cairn's Island," is famous for the share he took in the mutiny of the Bounty, in 1789, and in the subsequent establishment of the colony of the mutineers at Pitcaim's Island. His real name was Alexander Smith. Died, 1829. ADAMS, Joseph, an able English physi- cian ; author of a treatise on epilepsy, and numei-ous other'medical works of great merit. Born, 1758 ; died, 1818. ADAMS, Samuel, an active member of the first American congress, and one of the most powerful advocates of the political se- paration of that country from England. Born, 1722 ; died, 1803. ADAMS, Sir Thomas, an eminent citizen of London, of which he was lord mayor in 1645. He was a loyal and prudent magis- trate, and distinguished by many public acts of munificence. Bom, at Wem, in Shrop- sliire, 1586 : died, 1667. ADA] ^ i^m BniixtrSal 3Bi0!irap!)jj. [ade ADAMS, William, an English divine of the 18th century ; author of an answer to Hume on the Miracles. Died, 1789. ADAMSON, Patrick, archbishop of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, and ambassador from James VI. to Queen Elizabeth ; but chiefly remembered for his disputes with the pres- bytery, by which he was involved in ruin. Born, 153G ; died, 1599. ADANSON, Michael, an eminent French naturalist, of Scottish extraction, born at Aix, in Provence, 1727. At the Revolution, he was reduced to extreme indigence, and died in 1806, leaving behind liim a vast number of manuscripts. ADDINGTON, Antiio.vy, a physician, born in 1713, and educated at Trinity Col- lege, Oxford. About 17M, he settled at Reading, where he had considerable practice in cases of insanity. He was the father of Viscount Sidmouth. Died in 1790. ADDISON, Lancelot, an English di- vine, was born at Crosby Ravensworth, Westmoreland, in 1G32. He early distin- guished himself by Ixis attachment to the Stuart family, and appears to have sup- ported a consistent and upright character. He held the living of Milston, Wilts, with a prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury, and was eventually made dean of Liclifield. He died in 17aJ. ADDISON, Joseph, so highly celebrated in English literature, was the son of Dr. Lancelot Addison. He was bom May 1. 1672, at Milston, and, after receiving the rudiments of education at Salisbury and Lichfield, was sent to the Charterhouse, where he contracted his first intimacy with Mr., afterwards Sir Richard Steele. At the age of 15, he was entered of Queen's col- lege, Oxford, where he soon became distin- guished for classical literature, and for his skill in Latin poetry. At 22, he addressed some English verses to the veteran poet. Dry- den ; and sliortly afterwards published a translation of part of Virgil's fourth Georgic. In 1C95, he addressed a complimentary poem, on one of the campaigns of King William, to the Lord Keeper Somers, who procured him a pension from the crown of 300?. per annum, to enable him to travel. On his return home, in 1702, he found his old friends out of place ; but, in 1704, he was introduced by Lord Halifax to Lord Godolphin, as a fit person to celebrate the victory of Blenheim ; on which occasion he produced " The Cam- paign," for which he was appointed com- missioner of appeals. After tliis he accom- panied the Marquis of Wharton to Ireland, aa secretary. While there, Steele com- menced the " Tatler," to which Addison liberally contributed. This was followed by the " Spectator," which was also enriched by the contributions of Addison, whose papers are distinguislied by one of the letters of the word Clio. This publication was succeeded by the "Guardian," a similar work, in which Addison also bore a considerable share. In 1713, his famous tragedy of Cato was brought upon the stage, and performed without in- terruption for thirty-five nights. In 1716, Addison married the Countess Dowager of Warwick ; but the union is said to have been far from felicitous. The following year, II he became secretary of state, which place he soon resigned, on a pension of 15001. a-year. In his retirement he \^Tote " A Defence of the Christian Religion," and also laid the plan of an English Dictionary, upon the model of the Italian Delia Crusca. He closed his life in a manner suitable to his character. When given over by his phy- sicians, Addison sent for his step-son, the jrouug earl of Warwick, whom he was anx- ious to reclaim from irregular habits and erroneous opinions, and grasping his hand, exclaimed impressively, " See in what peace a Christian can die ! ' but whether this af- fecting interview had any effect upon the voung earl is not known, as his own death happened shortly after. Addison died at Holland House, June 17. 1719 ; leaving an only daughter, who died, unmarried, in 1797. Of Addison's numerous and well-known writings, it may be affirmed, that they rest on the solid basis of real excellence, in mo- ral tendency as well as in literary merit ; vice and folly are satirised, virtue and de- corum are rendered attractive ; and while polished diction and Attic wit abound, the purest etlxics are inculcated. May we not then repeat the laudatory and emphatic words of Dr. Johnson : — " Whoever would attain an English style, familiar but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must give his days and nights to the volumes of Addison." ADELAIDE, Madame, aunt to Louis XVI. of France. This princess, in order to avoid the sanguinary fury of the revolution- ists, and accompanied by her sister. Mad. Victoire, quitted Paris on the 19th of Feb- ruary, 1791. After seeking protection in Rome. Naples, and other places, they found a temporary asylum in Corfu, from whence they were conveyed to Trieste by the Rus- sian general Outschacord, and there fixed their residence. A'ictoire died the 8th of June, 1799 ; and Adelaide survived her sister only nin» months. ADELAIDE, Ecgexe Louisa, princess of Orleans, and sister to Louis Philippe, ex- king of the French, was born 1777. Educated with the greatest care by Madame de Genlis, tlie princess passed her childhood in peace- ful retirement, till the outbreak of the French Revolution compelled her with her governess to take refuge successively in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Spain, where she resided with her mother till 1808. She then joined her brother Louis Philippe at Portsmouth, and participated in all the subsequent vicissitudes of his career. After the restoration, she contributed in no small degree to rally round her brother all the important men to whose wishes for improve- ment the government of Loins XVIII. made no response ; and during the " three glorious days " in 1830, it was mainly owing to her influence that her brother was induced to accept the crown, then offered — since re- claimed—by the people. She subsequently shared and aided the king's high fortune, by her judicious counsels and reflective courage ; and it is not perhaps going too far to say, that had she lived to witness the 23rd of February, 1848, Louis Philippe might not have persevered in a course which ultimately ^ 0t^ Hniber^al MiaQVK^f^^, [adi cost him and his family a crown. Madame Adelaide was privately married to General Athalin, a peer of France. Died, Dec. 31st 1847. ADELAIDE, queen dowager of Great Britain and Ireland, was born August 13. 1792. She was the eldest child of George, duke of Saxe Coburg Meiningen, and Louisa, daughter of Christian Albert, prince of Hohenlohe Langenburg. Her father died when she was only eleven years of age, leaving herself and a younger brother and sister under the guardianship of their mother. The early years of the Princess Adelaide were passed in great retirement ; but her great natural abilities were fully matured by the accomplishments whicn form so prominent a feature in many of the small German courts ; and no sooner was her education finished, than she entered upon a career of active benevolence, which gained her "golden opinions" wherever she was known. The mournful event which, on November 6. 1817, left the British empire without an heir to its crown in the third generation, having produced the natural result of hastening the marriages of those princes of the blood royal who still re- mained unwedded, negotiations were set on foot, at the special desire of the queen, for the union of tlie Duke of Clarence with the Princess Adelaide ; and the mar- riage took place on the 11th July, 1818. Few events of any importance marked the domestic life of the Duke and Duchess ol Clarence for many years after their mar- riage. Tiie hopes of providing a future heir to the crown of England were repeatedly raised, only to be disappointed. In March, 1819, a daughter was born, but lived only a few hours ; and a second daughter, the Princess Georgiana Adelaide, who was born on the 10th of December, 1820, expired on March 4th, in the succeeding year. On the 20th of June, 1830, by the death of George IV., the Duchess of Clarence passed from the retirement of Bushy Park, and from the constrained circumstances arising from a comparatively narrow income to all the publicity and splendour of a throne. An onerous and difficult duty devolved upon her majesty on her accession. Twelve years had passed since there had been a queen consort to preside over the hospitalities and ceremonials of the court, and during that interval the etiquette of presentations and the lists of the presented to the royal presence had become relaxed to a degree which was no longer permissible. In re- forming the persotinel as well as the morale of the court circles. Queen Adelaide under- took a duty which was in many instances as painful and invidious as it was necessary, and which was accomplished with all gentle- I ness and firmness. After a reign of 7 years, j Queen Adelaide passed once again into re- ; tirement, on the death of William IV., whom she had tended with unwearied care during the tedious illness which closed his life, but displaying throughout the resignation which was consonant with the tenor of herwhole life. The Queen Dowager, to whom Marlborough House had been assigned as a residence, with lOO.OOOZ. a year, thenceforward lived in a carefully guarded privacy, avoiding even the honours which might be considered due to her rank and position, although oftered under circumstances that would have given singular temptations to a more ambi- tious spirit. Besides her visits to her royal relatives in Germany, tlie Queen had for some time past imdertaken repeated journeys into various parts of the country in search of health. Her winters for several years were spent in some climate less imgenial than tliat of England, and the islands of Malta and Madeira were successively honoured with her Majesty's residence. But she never fully recovered ; and towards the close of 1849, her debility assumed an alarming form, and, after lingering a few weeks, she died December 2, sincerely regretted by the people to whom she had endeared herself by her numberless acts of public and private bene- volence, as well as by her constant practice of all the Christian graces. ADELARD, a monk of Bath in the 12th century ; a man of considerable learning. He travelled into Egypt and Arabia; and translated Euclid's Elements out of Arabic into Latin, before any Greek copies had been discovered. He also -wTOte several treatises on mathematical and medical subjects, which remain in MS. at Oxford. ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, the cathe- dral of which he founded. He wrote the life of his patron, the emperor Henry II., and died in 1027. ADELER, CuRTius, named also Servisen, an eminent naval commander, born in Nor- way, 1022. He went to Venice, where he wag made admiral ; and, after performing many gallant exploits against the Turks, retired to Constantinople, where he ended his days in honour and tranquillity, being made admiral-in-chief of the Danish fleet, and created a noble. He died in 1075. ADELUNG, John Christopher, a Ger- man philologist of great merit ; chiefly cele- brated for his "Grammatical and Critical Dictionary," 6 vols. 4t0. Born, 1732 ; died, 1800. ADEM.VR, a monk of the 10th century, who wrote the chronicles of France, pub- lished by Labbe. ADER, William, a physician of Toulouse, who wrote a book in 1621, entitled, "De ^grotis et Morbis Evangelicis ; " in which he proves that the diseases healed by Our Saviour were incurable by medicine. ADET, P. A., envoy from France to the United States in 1796 ; author of several chemical works, original and translated, and of a design for new chemical characters and nomenclature. ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of Persia, born about 935. In 977 he became master of Bagdad, which he adorned with hospitals, mosques, and other public works. He was also a great encourager of learning. Died, 982. ADHELME, a learned prelate under the Saxon Heptarchy, and nephew to King Ina. He was the first Englishman who wrote in Latin, the first who brought poetry into this country, and the first bishop of Sherborne. He died in 709, and was canonised. ADIMARI, an old Florentine family adl] ^ ^eU) BIni&erjSal 3S(ocp:ajp1^in [adr often mentioned in the liistory of Florence during the middle ages. Two of their descendants were distinguished in literature. Alessandro, bom at Florence LWO, a classical scholar, and poet of some note ; and Ludo- vico, born at Naples 1C44, chamberlain of the Duke Gonzaga of Mantua, and after- wards professor of the Tuscan language at Florence, and a satirical writer of great ability. ABLER, James Gkoiige, a learned Danish orientalist, born in 1756; author of " Museum Cuflcum," some works on the Jewish lan- guage, laws, and rites, and several philologi- cal pjiblicotions. ADI.ER, Philip, a German engraver of the loth century, whose style of etcliing ap- pears to liave founded a school which gave rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. He died about ir^MK ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a Swedish historian in the time of Charles XII., whom he accompanied tlirobghout his campaigns, of which he wrote an esteemed account ; and it is not a little singular that his history is continued up to the very day when a cannon ball deprived him of Ufe, at the battle of Pultowa, in 1700. ADLZREITER, Joiix, a German histo- rian, and chancellor of Bavaria. He wrote the annals of that state in Latin ; and died about the year h!G2. ADO, archbishop of Vienne, distinguished by liis piety, and who acquired considerable celebrity as an historian. Died, 875. ADOLFATI, an Italian composer and au- thor of several operas. In imitation of Mar- cello, he wrote a piece in which there were two sorts of time in the same air ; the one of two notes, the other of three. ADOLPHUS, emperor of Germany, was count of Nassau, and elevated to the im- perial throne in 1292. Slain by Albert, duke of Austria, 129H. ADOLPHUS, count of Cleves, celebrated by the institution of the Order of Fools, in 1380, which consisted of the principal no- blemen of Cleves. This order has long ceased to exist. ADOLPHUS FREDERIC II., king of Sweden, born in 1710, succeeded his father, Frederic, in 1751. He died, greatly regretted, in 1771. ADOLPHUS, Joiix, for many years well known as a barrister at the criminal courts of the metropolis, was born in London, in 176C. He entered the legal profession, and was admitted an attorney and solicitor iu 1790. Naturally fluent, ready, and acute, he aspired to higher honours than the is- suing of legal processes, &c., and he was called to tiie bar in 1807, where, although for many years he was regarded as a clever, adroit counsel, his forensic abilities attracted no decided attention until the year 1820, M'hen his ingenious and elaborate defence of Arthur Thistlewood and the other " Cato Street" conspirators brought him promi- nently forword. As an historical writer also he obtained considerable reputation. His principal works are " The History of George the Third," 7 vols. ; " Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution, 2 vols. ; a " His- tory of England," Svols.; "Memoirs of John 13 Bannister, Comedian," 2 vols. &c. Died July IC. 1845, aged 79. ADRETS, FuANCis DE Beaumont, Baron des, a Huguenot leader, of a cruel, fiery, and enterprising spirit. Resentment to the Duke of Guise led liim to side with the Huguenot party in 1502 ; and he signalised himself by many daring exploits, the skill and bravery of which, however, were sullied with the most detestable cruelty. The aspect of Adrets. like his character, was most forbidding ; he lived abhorred, and died universally hated, in 1587. It must, however, be admitted, that many of the aspersions with which historians have branded his memory, rest on very doubtful evidence. jVDRIA, John James, a Sicilian writer and physician, who practised with great reputation at Palermo, and was made phy- sician-general to Charles V. He died in LVJO. ADRIAM, Mahie, a female, who, at the age of 10, fought valiantly during the whole time that her native town, l^yons, was be- sieged, in 1793. After the engagement she was arrested, and being asked how she had dared to use arms? she replied," I used them to serve my country, and deliver it from its oppressors." She was instantly condemned and executed. ADRIAN, or II ADRIAN, PuBi.irs iEi.ius, the Roman emperor, born a. p. 70. His father, who was cousin-german to Trajan, died when he was ten years old, and left him in the guardianshii) of his illustrious kinsman. lie married Sabina, the heiress of Trajan, whom he accompanied in his ex- peditions, and became successively prajtor, governor of Pannonia, and consul. On the death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed the go- veniment, made peace with the Persians, and remitted the debts of the Roman people. In 120 he visited Gaul, and thence passed over to Britain, where he built a wall, 80 miles in length, from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, to secure the Roman pro- vinces from the incursions of the Caledo- nians. He next travelled into Africa and Asia, and, on his return, was initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens. In his reign tlie Christians sutt'ered a dreadful per- secution ; he built a temple to Jupiter on Mount Calvary, and had the images of swine engraven on the gates of Jerusalem. Adrian died at Baias, in 138, aged 03. Though in general he was a just and able ruler, he was often capricious and vindictive. ADRIAN. There were several popes of this name. The first who bore it was a noble Roman, raised to the Papal chair in 772. He had a taste for architecture, which he evinced in the embellishment of St. Peter's church, and expended vast sums in re-build- ing the walls, and restoring the ancient aqueducts of the city. He died in 795. ADRIAN II. succeeded to the pontificate in 807. During the five years in which he filled it, his ambitious and intriguing dis- position did much towards the subjection of the E uropean sovereigns to the sec of Rome. He died in 872. ADRIAN III. was elected in 884, and died the following year, while on a journey to Worms, whither he was proceeding to hold a diet. adk] ^ i^c^ mutber^aX MasKii^X)v, [^LF ADRIAN IV., the only Englishman who attained tlie Papal dignity, was born towards the close of the 11th century, at Langley, near St. Alban's. Ilis name was Nicholas Breakspear ; and, in his childhood, he was dependent for his daily subsistence on the charity of the monastery, to whicli his father was a servitor. Unable through poverty to attend the schools, he was refused admission into the monastery for deficiency in learning; and went to France, where he became a clerk in the monastery of St. Rufus, near Avignon, of which he was afterwards chosen abbot. Eugenius III. made him a cardinal in 1146 ; and, two years afterwards, sent him legate to Denmark and Norway, where he made many converts. In 1154 he was chosen pope, and assumed the name of Adrian, on which Henry II. of England sent the abbot of St. Alban's with three bishops, to congratulate him. The pope, disregarding the slight put upon him in his youth, treated tlae abbot with great courtesy, and granted the abbey extraordinary privileges ; he also issued in favour of Henry the celebrated bull which sanctioned the conquest of Ireland. In 1155 he excommunicated the king of Sicily for ravaging the territories of the church ; and, about the same time, the emperor Frederic having entered Italy with a powerful army, and meeting Adrian near Sutrium, concluded a peace with him. At this interview Frederic held the pope's stirrup while he mounted on horseback ; after which the former was conducted to St. Peter's church, and his holiness consecrated him king of the Romans. The death of Adrian took place in 1159. ADRIAN V. was a Genoese, and raised to the pontificate in 1276, but survived liis ele- vation little more than a month. ADRIAN VI., who succeeded Leo X., in January, 1522, was a native of Utrecht, of mean parentage, and bom in 1459. He re- ceived his education at Louvain, and suc- cessively became canon of St. Peter, pro- fessor of divinity, dean of the cathedral, and vice-chancellor of the university, where lie founded a college. Ferdinand, king of Spain, gave him the bishopric of Tortosa ; and, in 1517, he was made cardinal. He was also appointed regent during the mino- rity of Charles V., who procured him his election to the Papal chair. Died, 1523. ADRIAN, DE Castello, an Italian of great learning and ability, was born at Cor- netto, in Tuscany. By his talents he rose to several employments under Innocent VIII. i and came to England in the reign of Henry VII., who made him his agent at Rome, and gave him first the bishopric of Hereford, and afterwards that of Bath and Wells. Adrian farmed out his latter bish- opric to Wolscy, living liimself at Rome, where he built a superb palace, which he left to the king of England and his succes- sors ; and in 1503 he was made cardinal by Alexander VI. A vague prophecy had gone abroad that Leo X. should be succeeded by an Adrian ; and Castello was so far the slave of superstition as to allow this absurd pre- diction to influence him in organising a conspiracy, tlie object of which was the de- thronement of that pontiff, and his own ele- 14 vation to the vacant chair. Before the plot was matured, the vigilance of Leo detected his designs, and a fine of 12,.>00 ducats was imposed upon him, with a peremptory prohibition of quitting the Roman territo- ries. He fled, however, from that city in 1518, and was excommunicated ; and it is uncertain what became of him afterwards, though it is supposed he died in Asia. ADRIANI, Makcel Virgii-, chancellor of the republic of Florence, was born in 1464. He was higlily accomplished in the Greek and Latin languages, as appeared in his translation of Dioscorides from the former into the latter. Died, 1521. ADRIANI, John Baptist, son of the above, was born at Florence in 1513, and became secretary to that republic. He was a man of considerable attainments ; and his chief work is entitled " Dell' Istoria de suoi Tempi," or history of his own times, from 1536 to 1574. Died at Florence in 1579. ADRIANI, Makcel, son of the preced- ing, succeeded his father in the professorship, and was a member of the academy of Flo- rence. He also published some works, and died in 1604. ADRIANO, a Spanish painter of some repute, and a Carmelite friar, wlio is said to have destroyed his paintings almost as soon as he had finished them. Died, 16.50. ADRY, J. F., a French professor of rhe- toric, born in 1749 ; author of a great va- riety of publications — " Histoire de Vittoria Accarambono," " Vie du P^re Malebranche," " Vie de la Duchesse de Schomberg," &c. : with new editions, or translations from standard authors, enriched with ingenious prefaces and notes. Died, 1818. iEGIDIUS, DE CoLUMXA, a Roman monk of the Augustine order, was distinguished in the 13th century among the scholastics, and j obtained the appellation of the most pro- < found doctor. He was preceptor to the sons of Philip III. of France, and taught philo- sophy and theology with high reputation at Paris. He died in 1316. -SDGIDIUS, Peter, a lawyer and notary of Antwerp, and a man of considerable learning, who was '.educated by Erasmus, and obtained the friendship of Sir Thomas More. Born, 1486 ; died, 1533. ^GINETA, Paulus, a native of the is- land jEgina J a medical author, and the first who noticed the cathartic qualities of rhu- barb. Died about 630. ^GINHARD, a German, was secretary to Charlemagne, and wrote the life of his niias- ter, and also annals from 741 to 889 ; the first edition of which is that of Paris, 2 vols, folio, 1575. This writer is famous for a singular love adventure with the Princess Emma, daughter of Charlemagne. Wliile carrying him across a court-yard from lier chamber, to prevent the traces of his footsteps in the snow, she was observed by the emperor, who generously agreed to their union. ^LFRIC, son of an earl of Kent, and archbishop of Canterbury in the middle of the 10th century, was a luminary for the dark age in wl\ich he lived. He became a monk of the Benedictine order at Abingdon, under the abbot Athelwold, wlio, on his pro- motion to the see of Winchester, took-^ifric JELl] ^ iSit^ Bnihtx^al 3StOfirENEAS, Gazkus, a Platonic philosopher, who embraced Christianity in the 5th cen- tury. He wrote a book on the Immortality of the Soul. .aSNEAS, Tacticus, an ancient Greek writer who flourished about aco B.C. He is one of the oldest authors on the art of war, and is said to have commanded at the battle of Alantiuea. iEPINUS, Joiur, a Franciscan friar, who became a zealous and able follower of Lu- ther, and was appointed pastor of the church of St. Peter, at Hamburgh. Born, 1499; died, 1553. iKRSENS, Peter, sumamed Lonoo, an eminent painter, bom at Amsterdam, 1519, and died, 1573. .^SCHINES, a philosopher of Athens, in the 4th century, B.C. He obtained instruc- tion from Socrates, by whom he was much esteemed. He went to the court of Di- onysius, of Syracuse, who liljerally rewarded him for his Socratic dialogues ; and, on the expulsion of the philosophers from Sicily, he returned to Athens, and taught philoso- phy in private. AlSCHINES, a celebrated orator, born at Athens, 327 B.C., and died at Samos, oged 75. He was a cotemporary and rival of Dcmostlit'nes. ^SCIIYLUS, one of the most famous tra- gic writers of Greece, was bom at Athens about 500 years B.C. His mind very early received an impulse from the poetry of Ho- mer ; and, before his 25th year, he com- posed pieces for public representation. So great was his fertility, that he wrote 70 tra- gedies, of which 25 gained the prize. This great father of the Grecian stage has been very ably translated into Englisli by Arch- deacon Potter, and more recently by Professor Blackic. He died in Sicily, in his C9th year. JESOP, the unrivalled fabulist, was born in Phrygia, about 600 b. c. His whole his- tory is very obscure j but we are told that he was sold as a slave to Dcmarchus, an Athe- nian, by which means he acquired a know- ledge of the Greek language ; that he after- wards passed successively into the service of Xanthus and Idmon, of Samos ; and that, having obtained his freedom by the kindness of the latter, he travelled into Greece and Asia Minor, inculcating morality by his fa- bles. Being sent to Delphi with an offering, he so irritated the people by his censures on their manners, that they threw him from the top of a rock. The Athenians erected a statue to his memory, and all Greece la- mented his tragical fate, which happened about ."jtlO B.C. iESOFUS, Clodius, a Roman actor, con- temporary and rival of Roscius, and like him the friend of Cicero, to whom he gave lessons on oratorical action. His excellence was in tragedy; and he entered so tho- roughly into his part, as occasionally to lose ^ ^ci» Bnihtv^:(X SStosrapIj^. [age ' all recollection of his own identity. Plu- ; tarch asserts, that once, when i)erforming I the character of Atreus, he was so trans- ; ported with fury, as to strike a servant with 1 his sceptre, which killed him on the spot. -(Esopus was greatly addicted to luxury ; yet, notwithstanding, so well was he rewarded, that he left a fortune equal to 160,000?. ^TION, a Grecian painter, celebrated for his pictures, and particularly for one, repre- senting the nuptials of Alexander the Great and Roxana. AETIUS, a physician of Mesopotamia, in the fifth century, who is said to be the first Christian physician whose medical writings have come down to us. AETIUS, a famous Roman general, who lived under the third Valentinian, and nobly defended the declining fortunes of the em- pire, thrice vanqmshing the Burgundians and Franks, and driving the ferocious Attila beyond the Rhine ; but having excited the jealousy of the dastardly emperor, he was stabbed by him, in 454. AFER, DoMiTius, an ancient orator, bom at Nismes. During the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, he made him- self formidable as an informer, and con- temptible as an adulator. Under Caligula he was made consul. Died, a. d. 59. ATFLITTO, Matthew, an Italian law- yer, born at Naples in 1448. He attained great eminence, and published several volu- minous works on Sicilian and Neapolitan law. Died, 1521. AFFO, Irex.eus, a native of the duchy of Placentia ; author of " Istoria di Parma," and other historical works, valuable for their research, but written in a loose and rambling style, lie died about the close of the 18th century. AFFRT, TiOuis Augustine Puii.ir, Count, a Swiss statesman, appointed chief magis- trate of Switzerland after Buonaparte had proclaimed liimself protector of the Helvetic confederacy, was born at Freyburg, in 1743. From the commencement of the French re- volution, when he commanded the army on the Upper Rhine, till his death, he bore a prominent part in the affairs of his country ; but, finding the power of the French irre- sistible, he endeavoured to promote the views of Buonaparte, by assisting in the formation of the government ; while he displayed the skill of an experienced statesman in endeav- ouring to benefit the interests of his coimtry- men, and to shield them from the perils of war. Died, 1810. AFRANIO, of Ferrara,the inventor of the bassoon, flourished in the 16th century. AFRANIUS, a Latin dramatist, who lived about 100 years b. c, and wrote several comedies in imitation of Menander. AFRANIUS, a Roman senator, put to death by Nero for writing a satire on him. AFRICANER, CiiRiSTiAif, a Namaqua chief of South Africa, wlio, after a long career of violence and bloodshed, was converted to Christianity, and continued to aid the opera- tions of the missionaries at the Cape of Good Hope till his death in 1823. An interesting account of his life and adventures will be found in Moffat's "Missionary Ijabours and Scenes iu Southern Africa." AFRICANUS, Julius, an eminent Chris- tian historian of the 3rd century ; principally known by a chronological work in five books, which contains a series of events from the beginning of the world to the year of Clirist, 221. AGANDURU, Rodekic Moriz, a Spanish missionary of the 17th century, who distin- guished himself by his zeal in propagating Christianity in Japan, and other parts of the East. AGAPETUS I., pope in 635; author of some extant letters : he pawned the sacred vessels of St. Peter, in order to travel to Con- stantinople. The second pope of this name was elected in 946, and died, 95(5. He has left behind him the reputation of a man of wonderful sanctity. AGARD, Arthur, an English antiquary of great learning and research, one of the original founders of the Antiquarian Society, was born in Derbyshire, 1540, and died, 1615. AGASIAS, a sculptor of Ephesus, cele- brated for his admirable statue called the Gladiator, which was found with the Apollo Belvedere at Nettuno, the ancient Antium. AGATHANGELUS, an Armenian histo- rian of the 11th century; author of an account of the introduction of Christianity mto his native countrv. AGATHARCHIDES, tutor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, and author of numerous works, of which only some fragments re- main, which M'ere preserved by Diodorus and Photius. He was the first author who described the rhinoceros. AGATIIARCirS,an ancient painter, born at Samos about iOO years b. c. Vitruvius speaks of him as the first who painted scenes for the theatres. AGATHEMERUS, a Greek geographer of the 3rd century, whose " Sketch of Geo- graphy in Epitome " may still be read with great interest from the curious facts with which it abounds. AGATHIAS, a Greek historian of the 6th century, who wrote a history of the reign of Justinian. AGATHO, a native of Palermo, raised from a monastery to the pontificate in 679, and died in 682. AGATUOCLES, the Sicilian tyrant, was the son of a potter, a native of Rhegium, Italy, and became successively a soldier, centurion, general, and pirate. After de- feating the Carthaginians, he proclaimed himself king of all Sicily. His soldiers, on account of arrears, obliged him to fly from his camp, and murdered his sons, whom he had left behind. Returning with a strong force, he put to death the mutineers, with their wives and children. Unable to live iu tranquillity and inaction, though now far ad- vanced in years, he made an expedition into Italy, and thence to the Lipari Islands, which he laid imder contribution, and jjlun- dered of all the treasures of the temples. After his return he is said to have been poisoned by means of an envenomed tooth- pick, aged 72, b. c. 289. AGELADAS, an admired Greek sculptor, who lived about 432 B.C. AGELIUS, Anthony, a learned ecclesi- astic of Naples in the 16th. century. He was age] ^ ^t\x) Unibtv^Hl JSifljirajpl^p. [ago one of the curators of tlie Vatican press, and bishop of Acerno. Died ItWS. AGELNOTir, an Anglo-Saxon prelate, promoted to the see of Canterbury in W20. He distinguished himself by great religious zeal, and still more by the flrm manner in which he refused, on the death of Canute, to crown llarold, who had seized the throne in the absence of his brother, Ilardicauute. Died, lt«8. AGER, or AGERIUS, Nicholas, a phy- sician and botanist in the 10th century, and professor of medicine at Strasburg. Died, 1634. AGESANDEK, a Rhodian sculptor, sup- posed to have lived in the .5th century b. c. lie is celebrated by having, in conjunction with his sons, executed that admirable mo- nument of Grecian art, the Laocoon, which was discovered in the IGth century in the baths of Titus. AGESILAUS, king of Sparta, succeeded his brother A^s. He acquired great renown by his exploits against the Persians, and also agahist the Tliebans and Athenians, but was defeated by Ei)aminonda8. Agesilaus next went to assist Tachos, in liis attempt to take the throne of Egypt, but was bribed to espouse tlie part of Nectanabis, his anta- gonist. On his return, he died in Africa, aco n. c, after a reign of 41 years. AGO AS, Ralph, a 8ur\'eyor and engraver of the ICth century, who lirst drew a plan of London, which, although referred to the time of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., ap- pears not to have been made on wood until about 1.5(50. It was rc-publbhed in 1018, and re-engraved by Vertue in 1748. He also drew plans of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dun- wich, in Suffolk. Died, 1.579. AGETjULF, king of the Lombards, crowned at Milan in 591. Soon after his accession, he quitted the Arian conununion for the Catholic, in which he was followed by imm- bers of his subjects, many of whom had hitherto been Pagans. In the third year of his reign, he had to sustain a war against some of Jiis own rebellious dukes, whom in the end he forced to submit ; and having secured and augmented his dominions, and employed himself in rebuilding and endow- ing churche3, he died iu 619. AGIS III., king of Sparta, succeeded his father, Archidamus, B.C. .34<]. lie was a prince of great magnanimity ; and, though he detested the Macedonian domination, he would not expose his country to ruin by re- sisting it, until Alexander was deeply en- gaged in his Persian expedition ; when he raised an army of 20,(XX) men, which was defeated by Antipater, governor of Alace- don, and Agis himself slain. His end was most glorious ; for, being carried severely wounded from the field, the soldiers who bore him were on the point of being sur- rounded by the enemy ; on which, com- manding them to set him down, and preserve their own lives for the service of their country, he fought alone on his knees, and killed several of the assailants, till he was struck tlirough the body with a dart, n.c. 337. AGIS IV. king of Sparta, was the son of Eudamidas, and celebrated by his virtues and death. His first attempt was to renew the original law for the equal division of landed property, which was opposed by a party, at the head of which was his col- league, Leonidas. The latter was deposed, and the joint sovereignty devolved to his son Cleombrotus, who entered into the views of Agis. Previously, however, to a partition of the lands, Agesilaus, uncle to Agis, who was deeply in debt, proposed the abolition of all debts, which would render the former mea- sure more palatable. This deed accom- plished, the influential and wily Spartan found means to postpone the other equalising operation, until Agis was obliged to march on an expedition. During his absence, Age- silaus conducted himself so tyrannically, tliat a conspiracy was formed to restore the deposed king, Leonidas ; which succeeding, Agis and his colleague, Cleombrotus, took sanctuary in a temple. The latter was im- mediately dragged forth and banished, but Agis remained a considerable time in safety, until his friends were bribed to betray him, and he was thrown into a prison. He suf- fered death with great magnanimity, B.C. 241. AGLIONBY, Edwakd, an old English poet, who wrote a genealogy of queen Elizabeth, for which she granted him a pension. AGLIONBY, Jonx, a learned divine, born in Cumberland. He was made chaplain to queen Elizabeth, was concerned in the pre- sent translation of the New Testament, and died at Islip, of which he was rector, in ICIO. AGLIONBY, William, an English di- plomatist and polite writer, of the 17th and 18th centuries ; author of a book entitled " Painting Illustrated." AGNELLITS, Anorew, an archbishop of Ravenna, in the 9th century. He wrote the lives of his predecessors in that see. AGNESI, Makia Gaetana, an Italian lady of extraordinary talents, bom at Milan, 1718. So profound Mere her mathematical attainments, that when, in 1750, her father, who was a professor in tlie university of Bologna, was unable to continue his lectures in consequence of ill health, she obtained permission from the pope to fill his chair. At the early age of 19, she had supported 191 theses, which were published in 1738 under the title of " Propositiones Philosophicaj." I She was also mistress of the Latin, Greek, ! Hebrew, French, German, and Spanish Ian- ' guages. Agnesi retired to the monastery of Blue Nuns, at Milan, where she died at an ; advanced age, in the year 1799. I AGNESI, Maria Teresa, sister of the above, was a musician of much genius, bom at Milan, 1750. She composed three operas, ; " Sophonisba," " Ciro," and " Nitocri." i AGNOLO, Baccio, a Florentine sculptor, | and architect of great reputation ; bom, ! 1460 ; died, 1.543. | AGOBARD, archbishop of Lyons, was one j of the most celebrated prelates of the 9th centurj-. His works were buried in obscurity, • until the manuscript of them was accident- j ally found in a bookseller's shop at Lyons. Died, 840. AGOP, John", a learned Armenian critic ] and grammarian of the 17th century. His I works were printed at Rome, l(i75. 17 c 3 ago] ^ ^^£d mnihtY^ta ^SmgrajpTjij. [agr AGORACRITES, a Grecian statuary in the fifth century B.C. He was a pupil of Phidias, and one of tlie most skilful artists of his time. AGOSTINI, LiONARDO, an eminent anti- quary of the 17th century, officially em- ployed bv pope Alexander VII. AGOSTINO, Paul, of Valerano, a cele- brated musician. Born, 1593 ; died, 1629. He surprised the world with his productions for four, six, or eight choirs or chonzses, some of which miglit be sung in four or six parts only, without diminishing the har- mony. AGOULT, William, a Provencal gen- tleman of the 12th century, wlio was one of the most pleasing poets, and amiable per- sons of his time. He died in 1181. AGREDA, Maria, the writer of some wild legends, indicative of either insanity or most impudent imposture, was born at Agre- da, in Spain, in 1002 ; took tlie veil, 1(;20, in a convent founded by her father and mother, dedicated to the "Immaculate Conception," of which she was chosen superior, l(i27, and died, 1GC5. The piece of absurdity which she pretended to have divine authority for writ- ing, was translated by Father Crozet into the French language in 1096, and republished at Brussels, 1718, in 3 vols. 4to. AGRICOLA, Cneius Jlt-ius, an eminent Roman commander, born a.d. 40, in the reign of Caligula. His first military service was under Suetonius Paulinus in Britain ; and, on his return to Rome, he was made qujEstor in Asia, and became tribune of the people, and praetor under Nero. By Ves- pasian, whose cause he espoused, he was made a patrician and governor of Aquitania; the dignity of consul followed ; and, in the same year, 77, he married his daughter to Tacitus, the historian, who has so admirably written his life. Next year he was appointed governor of Britain ; extended his conquests into Scotland ; and built a chain of forts from the Clyde to tlie Frith of Forth, to prevent the incursions of the inhabitants of the North. He defeated Galgacus on the Grampian Hills, and then made peace with the Caledonians. On the accession of Domitian, Agricola had a triumph decreed him, but was recalled, ind sent governor to Syria, where he died, i.p. 93 ; aged 54. AGRICOLA, George, the most celebrated metallurgist of his time ; born at Glauchen, Misnia, in 1494, and died, 15.55. AGRICOLA, George Andrew, a German physician, author of a curious work on the multiplication of trees and plants, of which aFrcuch translation appeared at Amsterdam in 1720. He was born at Ratisbon, 1672, and died, 1738. AGRICOLA, Joiix, a polemical writer of celebrity, born at Eisleben, Saxony, 1492, and died at Berlin, 1566. From being the friend and scholar, he became the antagonist of Martin Luther, against whom, as well as Melancthon, he maintained a spirited con- troversy, advocating the doctrine of faith in opposition to the works of the law, whence the sect, of which he became leader, received the name of Antinomians. AGRICOLA, RoDOLFHUs, one of the most learned men of the 15th century, spoken of both by Erasmus and Bayle with great re- spect, was born in Friesland, 1442, and died, 1484. Agricola was the first who introduced the Greek language into Germany. AGRIPPA, Camille, a celebrated archi- tect of Milan in the 16th century, who, under the pontificate of Gregory XIII., accom- plished the removal of a vast obelisk to St. Peter's Square ; an account of which labour he publislied at Rome, 1583. AGRIPPA, Hexry Cornelius. This higlily-gifted but eccentric man was born in 1486, at Cologne, of a noble family. He be- came secretary to the emperor Maximilian, by whom lie was knighted for his bravery in the Italian wars. He next travelled through various parts of Europe, and, while in Eng- land, wrote a commentary on St. Paul's Epistles. In 1518 he settled at Metz, which place, however, he was obliged to quit, at the instigation of the monks, and went to Co- logne, and thence to Geneva. He next tra- velled to Antwerp, in 1528, and was taken into the service of Margaret of Austria, go- verness of the Low Countries. In 1530 he published his treatise of the " Vanity of the Sciences," and soon afterwards his " Occult Philosophy." In 1535 he was at Lyons, where he was imprisoned for defaming the kiug's mother, but soon obtained his dis- charge, and died the same year at Grenoble. All his works were collected and printed at Lyons, 1.550, in 3 vols. AGRIPPA I., Herod, grandson of Herod the Great. He gave great oifence to Tibe- rius, who threw him into prison ; but, on Caligula's succession, was not only released, but received from that emperor a golden chain equal in weight to the iron one he had worn in his confinement, as also the kingdom of Judea. He commenced a per- secution of the Christians, in which the apos- tle St. James perished ; and he is the person represented to have been eaten by worms, on account of his impiety in accepting the ado- ration of the people. AGRIPPA II., Herod, son and successor of the preceding, was the seventh and last of the Jewish monarchs of the family of Herod the Great. It was before this prince tliat St. Paul pleaded his cause with so much eloquence, that Agrippa acknowledged he had almost persuaded him to be a Christian. He died at Rome about the year 94. AGRIPPA, Marcus Vu-sanius, the cele- brated friend and general of Augustus Caesar, acquired great fame by his military exploits, for which triumphs were decreed to him. He died b. c. 12. AGRIPPA, Mexemus, consul of Rome, B.C. 503. He is celebrated for having ap- peased a commotion among the Romans, by the political fable of the bellj' and the mem- bers ; and died at an advanced age, very poor, but universally esteemed for his wis- dom and intearity. AGRIPPINA, the elder, daughter of Mar- cus Agrippa, was married in the first instance to Tiberius, who divorced her, and she be- came the wife of Germanicus Ca;sar, whom she accompanied in his military expeditions. On the death of the latter at Antioch, a. d. 19, she returned to Rome with his ashes, and took advantage of the public grief for the 1 agr] ^ ^tti BiiihtriKl 3Bi0flrapIj8. [ain death of her husband to accuse Piso, who was suspected of having hastened it. The latter was shortly afterwards found dead in his l)ed ; and Tiberius, jealous of the aflfection of the people for Agrippina, banished her to a small island, where she died of hunger, in 35. ; AGRIPPINA, the younger, daughter of the foregoing, and mother of Nero, was at once cruel and licentious. After losing two Jiusbands, she married her uncle, the emperor Claudius, whom she poisoned in 54, to make , way for her son Nero, who caused her to be assassinated, and exhibited to the senate a list of all the crimes of which she had been , guilty. I AGUESSE AU, Henry Francis u', called by "Voltaire the most learned magistrate that France ever produced, was born at Limoges I in 16<>8, and died 1751. His works were pub- lished in 13 vols. 4to. AGUILLON, Francis, an eminent ma- thematician at the beginning of the 15th century, was a Jesuit of Brussels, and died at Seville, 1017. AGUIRRA, JosErn Saens d', a Spanish Benedictine, made caidinal by Innocent XI. lie wrote voluminously on theology, philo- sophy, &c. Died at Rome, 1G99. AGUJARI.LucRETiA, a celebrated singer, who received a salary of 100^ a night for two Bongs. Died at Parma, 178;i. AGYL^US, Henry, a lawyer and gene- ral scholar, bom at Bois-le-Duc, 1533 ; died, 1595. AHLWART, Peter, a learned German, son of a shoemaker at Greifswalde, where he was bom in 1710, and died, 1791. He was the founder of the Society of Abelites, the object of which was to promote sincerity. AnMED-BEN-rARES,sumamed£ZiZaw, an Arabian lexicographer and lawyer. Died about 900. AHMED-BEN-MOHAMMED, or ABOU AMROU, a Spanish Moor, who wrote poems in the eastern style, and an historical work on the annals of Spain. Died in 970. AHMED-KHAN, emperor of the Moguls, succeeded his brother, Abaker Khan, in 1282; and was slain after a short reign of two years. AHMED RESMY HAJI, a Turkish his- torian, who was counsellor of the Divan, and chancellor to the sultan Mustapha III. AHMED SHAH EL ABDALY, founder of the kingdom of Candahar and Caubul, erected them into a kingdom, and took the royal title. He died in 1773, lea\'ing the crown to his son, Timur Shah. AHRKNDT, or ARENTS, Martin Fre- deric, an antiquary and palajographer, was a native of Holstein. He spent forty years in travelling on foot through Norway, Swe- den, Denmark, France, Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe, in search of Scandi- navian antiquities and Runic monuments, and carried on an extensive correspondence with his learned contemporaries relative to the objects of his investigation. He died at a small village near Vienna, in 1824. AIDAN, a monk, who converted a large portion of the northern part of Britain to Christianity. He was afterwards bishop of Lindisfem. Died about C51. AIGNAN, Stephen, a French writer, and a member of the Acadt'mie Fran9ai8e. He was a zealous republican, and at the early age of 19, in the fiercest time of the revolu- tion, he was appointed to an ofiicial situation in the district of Orleans. He subsequently filled offices under Napoleon ; and also dis- tinguished himself as the author of several dramas and poems, as well as by the transla- tion of part of the works of Goldsmith and Pope. Born. 1773 ; died, 1825. AIGNEAUX, Robert and Anthony, brothers, natives of Vire, in Normandy, who jointly translated "Virgil and Horace into French verse, and wrote several poems. They died about the same time, at the close of the IGth century. AIKIN, Edmund, an architect, and the autlior of an account of St. Paul's Cathedral. Died, 1820. AIKIN, John, M.D., bora Jan. 15. 1747, at Kibworth, Leicestershire, was the only son of Dr. T. Aikin, a dissenting minister and schoolmaster. In 1764 he became a stu- dent in the imiversity of Edinburgh. On his return he went to Yarmouth, Norfolk, where, with little interruption, lie continued till 1792, when he removed to London, and devoted himself chiefly to literature, in which he was emuiently successful. In 179G he became the editor of the Monthly Magazine, which he superintended from its commence- ment till 1806. In 1709, he published, in conjunction with Dr. Enfield, the first vo- lume of a General Biographical Dictionary, in 4to., which, however, was not completed till 1815. Died, 1822, aged 75. AIKMAN, William, a painter of emi- nence, born at Cairney, in Scotland, in 1082. After finishing his education, he travelled to Italy, Turkey, and Smyrna. In 1712 he returned home, and was encouraged by the Duke of Argyle, through whom he was em- ployed at court, and by the principal nobi- Uty. Died, 1731. AILLY, Peter d', a cardinal and legate in the time of Charles VI. of France, was born at Compiegne, 1350. He received from that monarch the see of Puy and Cambray, with the chancellorship of the university of Paris ; and, before his elevation to the pur- ple, pre6ide0 ; the same year in which the temple of Diana at Ephesus was destroy- ed. Alexander received his education under Lysimachus and Aristotle, and gave several proofs of manly skill and courage while very young ; one of which, the breaking-in of his flery steed, Bucephalus, is mentioned by all his historians as an incident which convinced his father of his future unconquerable spirit. Alexander was much attached to his mother, and sided with her in the disputes which led to her divorce from Pliilip. While the latter was making preparations for his grand ex- pedition into Asia, he was assassinated by Pausanias ; and Alexander succeeded to the throne in his 20th year. His youth at first excited an inclination in several of the states of Greece to throw off the yoke of the Mace- donian usurpation ; but the hero soon quelled the design, and was acknowledged general of Greece. He then marched into Thrace, and gained several conquests. During his absence Thebes revolted ; and when Alexander re- turned, he took that city by storm, made a dreadful carnage of the inhabitants, and destroyed all the buildings except the resi- dence of Pindar the poet. This severe ex- ample had its effect on the other states ; and even Athens distinguished itself by a servile submission to the conqueror. Alexander next turned his arms against Darius, king of Persia ; and, at 22, crossed the Hellespont, at the head of 40,000 men. With this force he defeated the Persians at the Granicus, and made himself master of numerous places. At Gordium, where lie assembled his army, he is said to have cut the famous knot on which the fate of Asia depended. Shortly after this, he again defeated the king of Persia near Issus, and took immense treasures and many prisoners ; among whom were the mother, wife, and children of Darius. This victory was followed by the conquest of Plice- nicia, Damascus, and several other states. Alexander next besieged Tyre, which long resisted him, and, in revenge, he committed horrible cruelties on the inhabitants. He then went to Jerusalem, passed into Egypt, subdued it, and founded the city of Alexan- dria. Darius now collected another army, and was defeated at Arbela, which decided the fate of Western Asia. This ^reat battle was followed by the capture of Susa and Persepolis ; the last of which Alexander de- stroyed at the instigation of his mistress. He now prepared for an expedition to India ; and, after a perilous march, reached the Indus, B. c. 327, which he crossed at the part where the city of Attock now stands. Alex- ander received the submission of several of the petty princes of the country, but was opposed by Porus, who valiantly withstood the invader ; and, although conquered and made prisoner, the victor, pleased with Ids spirit, restored him his dominions, and made him an ally. The conqueror next entered the fertile plains now called the Punjab, took the city of Sangala, and directed his course to the Ganges ; from which object, however, he was diverted by the rainy season, and the disattection of his own troops. He accord- ingly erected twelve altars of an extraor- dinary size to mark the limits of his progress, remnants of which are said to be still in ex- istence. Alexander, therefore, retraced his steps to the Hydaspes, ou the banks of which he built two cities,NicaBa and Bucephala; and embarked, with his light troops, on board a fleet he had constructed, leaving the main army to march by land. After a severe con- test with the Mallii, in whicli he was wound- ed and his whole army nearly lost, he pro- ceeded down the river to Patala ; and having entered the Indian Ocean, and performed some rites in honour of Neptune, he left his fleet ; giving orders to Nearchus, who had the command, to sail to the Persian Gulf, and thence up the Tigris to Mesopotamia. Alex- ander then prepared to march to Babylon, towards which capital he proceeded in tri- umphal progress. Reaching Susa, he began to give way to a passion for pleasure and joviality, and married Statira, the daughter of Darius. At length he reached Babylon, where he gave orders indicating future un- dertakings of great magnitude ; when he was seized with an illness, in consequence of in- dulging in habits of intemperance, and died of a fever, in the 13th year of his eventful reign, and the 33d of his life, b. c. 323. When required to name his successor, he is said to have replied, " to the most worthy." Pur- suant to his own direction, his body was conveyed to Alexandria in a golden cofliu, enclosed in a sumptuous sarcophagus, sup- posed to be now in the British Museum. ALEXANDER SEVERUS, emperor of Rome, was bom at Acre, in Phcenicia, in axe] ^ 0m mxiiUvM 33toc!Tapl)in [ale 203. The principal public event of his reign was the war with Artaxerxes, king of Persia, over wliom he gained a great vic- tory in person, and on his return to Rome was lionourcd \\itli a triumph. He next marched against the Germans, who had invaded Gaul ; and, wliile tliere, a sedition brolce out in his armj', headed by Maxi- tnin, and the emperor and Ms mother were murdered, a.i). 23,5. ALEXANDER, king of Poland, elected on the death of his brother, John Albert, in 1501, was a prince of little genius and of re- markable taciturnity, but courageous and humane. Died, 1,500. ALEXANDER I., bishop of Rome, suc- ceeded Evaristns in the tenth year of Tra- jan, and auftered martyrdom under Hadrian, in 119. This pontiff is said to be the first who introduced the use of holy water into the service of the Romish Church. ALEXAifDER II., elected to the papal throne in lOGl, was a man of a humane and tolerant disposition, though the licentious- ness of his life and manners caused great scandal. Died, 107.3. ALEXANDER III. succeeded Adrian IV. in 1159 ; was a pontiff of great ability, and deservedly popular with Jiis subjects. Died at Rome, 1181. ALEXANDER TV. ascended the papal throne in 12.54, and seemed more concerned to preserve and enlarge the privileges of a monastic order, than to correct abuses or encourage improvements. Died, 1201. ALEXANDER V., originally a Greek monk from Candia, was raised to the papal throne in 1409 by the Council of Pisa. His munificence, during his pontificate, was so xmbounded, that he used to say, " When I became a bishop, I was rich ; when a cardi- nal, poor ; and when a pope, a beggar." Died, 1410. ALEXANDER VT., a native of Valencia, in Spain, was raised to the popedom in 1492. As au ecclesiastic, Alexander was in tlie highest degree ambitious, bigoted, and in- tolerant ; and formed alliances with all the princes of his time only to break them. This pontifl' pursued his profligate career till 1503, when he was cut off by the same means he had used for the ruin of others. At a banquet which he and his son, the infamous Cassar Borgia, had prepared for some newly created cardinals, the poison intended for them was by some mistake administered to the contrivers of the plot ; and Alexander died the next day in great agony. ALEXANDER VIL This pontiff ex- pended vast sums in improving and em- bellishing the city of Rome, and was a great friend to the fine arts and literature. He was born at Sienna in 1559, elected to the popedom in 1655, and died in 16G7. ALEXANDER VIII., the last pope of that name, was elected 1G89, at the advanced age of 80 ; and died two years afterwards. lie was unpopular on account of his exces- sive nepotism. ALEXANDER I., king of Scotland, son of Malcolm III., ascended the throne in 1107 ; and merited, by the vigour and im- petuosity of his character, the appellation of TJie Fierce. Died, 1124. ALEXANDER II., son of William the Lion, was raised to the throne of Scotland, 1214, being then in his IGth year. In 1221, he married Joan, sister of Henry III., of England ; by which peace was restored to the two kingdoms. Died, 1249. ALEXANDER III., son of the preceding, succeeded, 1249, when only eight years of age. He married Margaret, daughter of Henry III. of England, and lived upon terms of close friendship with his father-in- law, wliom, in his wars with the barons, he assisted with 5000 men. Alexander was accidentally killed while hunting, in 1285. ALEXANDER DE MEDICI, a licentious duke of Florence, assassinated by Lorenzo de Medici, a relation, at the instigation of Strozzi, a republican, 15.37. ALEXANDER, an English abbot, wlio supported the rights of his master, Henry III. at the court of Rome, with such boldnes.^?, tliat Pandulphus, the pope's legate in Eng- land, excommunicated and imprisoned him. Died about 1217. ALEXANDER, Noel, a Dominican, a laborious writer, born at Rouen, 16.39, and died at Paris, 1724. Ilis most celebrated work is a Latin Church History, in 26 vols. ALEXANDER, of Paris, a Norman poet of the 12th century, who wrote a metrical poem called "Alexander the Great," in verses of twelve syllables, Miiich measure has ever since been called " Alexandrine." ALEXANDER, Neuskoi, grand duke of Russia, born 1218. The most noted action of his life was a great victory he obtained over the more northern tribes on the banks of the Neva. Died, 1263. ALEXANDER, the Right Rev. Solomon, bishop of Jerusalem, was born of Jewisli parents in the grand duchy of Posen, 1799. Very little is known of his youth and edu- cation ; but from his Hebraic and Talmudic acquirements he exercised the functions of Rabbi at a very early age. After much meditation he was baptized a Christian in 1826 at Plymouth, by the Rev. John Hatch- ard, and "his ordination by Dr. Whately, archbishop of Dublin, and induction to a curacy in Ireland, shortly followed. He subsequently became a home missionary of the Society for the Propagation of Chris- tianity among the Jews, and professor of Hebrew in King's College ; and after the mission of Chevalier Bunsen to London for the establishment of a Protestant bishopric at Jerusalem, unSer the joint auspices of the sovereigns of England and Prussia, his character and peculiar acquirements having marked him out as one eminently fitted for this office, he was consecrated the first Pro- testant bishop of Jerusalem in 1841. His mission was at first beset with great diffi- culties, arising from sectarian jealousy at the Ottoman court ; but the good sense and sin- cerity of Bishop Alexander surmounted them all, and he was entering on what promised to be a long and successful career, when he was suddenly cut off during a journey to Cairo, whither he was bound on a mission of sympathy and good will to the Egyptian Christians. Died Nov. 23. 1845. ALEXANDER, Sir Willt.\m, earl of Stirling, an eminent Scottish statesman and ale] a ^tb) fSiixibtx^aX 38i0flrajji)i). [ale poet in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. Died, ](!4(). ALEXANDER, "William, an ingenious artist, born at Maidstone, 1 786. lie came to London, and studied tlie fine arts with so much success, that he was selected to accom- pany tlie embassy of Lord JNiacartncy to China. On his return, he published a splen- did work on tlie costume of China ; and, on the formation of the Royal Military College at Marlow, Mr. Alexander was appointed drawing-master. At the time of his death, in 181(5, he was keeper of the antiiiuities at the British Museum. ALEXANDER, William, styled, through courtesy, earl of Stirling, was born at New York, and became a major-general in the service of the United Stales during the Ame- rican war. lie was a brave officer, but more distinguished by his attention to ma- thematics and astronomy than by his mili- tary talents. lie died, 178;3. ALEXANDER, Thomas, earl of Selkirk, known as the founder of a colony in Ca- nada, and for his writings on poUtica and statistics. He died in 1820. ALEXANDER I., emperor of Russia and king of Poland, eldest son of Taul I., was bom Dec. 22. 1777 ; succeeded. March, 1801 ; and was crowned at Moscow, September fol- lowing ; when a ukase was published for di- minishing taxes, liberating debtors, prohi- biting prosecutions for the recovery of fines, discontinuing the mode of recruiting the army, and granting a free pardon to all deserters. In 1803, Alexander oflered his mediation to effect a reconciliation between England and France ; and in 1805, a con- vention was entered into between Russia, England, Austria, and Sweden, for the pur- pose of resisting the encroachments of the French on the territories of independent states. On the 2d of December the battle of Austerlitz took place, at which Alexander appeared at the head of 50,000 men, but was defeated, and compelled to retreat to his dominions. Ere long, however, he again ap- peared on the theatre of war, but the scene of it was changed to Poland. On November 26. 1806, was fought the battle of Pultusk ; and on the 7th and Stli of February, 1807, that of Eylau, neither of which engagements was decisive ; but on the 14th of June the Russians were completely defeated at Fried- land by Napoleon. The result of this victory was an interview between the two emperors, which led to the treaty of Tilsit. The seizure of the Danish fleet by the English occasioned a declaration of war from Russia against this country ; but hostilities only extended to the cessation of trade between the two nations. A second meeting of the French and Russian sovereigns took place at Erfurt, Sept. 27. 1808 ; Buonaparte being anxious to secure the friendship of Alexander previously to his meditated subjugation of Spain. While the former was engaged in this undertaking, the latter made himself master of the Swedish province of Finland, in 1809. The interruption of commerce with England now began to be severely felt by Russia, and Alexander determined to throw off the French yoke. On the 2.Jd March, 1812, an imperial ukase was issued, ordering a levy of two men out of every 500 throughout the Russian empire, and all matters of dis- pute with Great Britain was pacifically ar- ranged. The invasion of Russia which fol- lowed, though the most important event in the reign of Alexander, is not one in which he was so far personally concerned as to require a detailed relation here. On join- ing his army in Poland, February, 1813, Alexander published the famous manifesto, which served as the basis of the coalition of the other European powers against the rapacity of the French emperor. Germany, and then France, became tlie scene of hos- tilities ; and the capture of Paris, April 30. 1814, was followed by the abdication of Buonaparte, and the restoration of the Bourbons. After the conclusion of peace, Alexander visited England, in company with the king of Prussia ; and, on his return to his own dominions, he zealously employed himself in ameliorating the internal con- dition of his empire. Uis death took place at Taganrog, in the Crimea, Dec. 1. 1825 j and he was succeeded by his second brother, Nicholas, agreeable to a document signed by his eldest brother, Constantine, resigning to him the right of succession. Alexander was a sincere lover of peace ; vigilant, brave, and active in war ; tolerant in his religious prin- ciples ; mild and amiable in private life, yet strict in the administration of public justice; a patron of literature and the arts ; and though, as a monarch, ambitious of power, yet recognising the spirit of the age, and fre- quently acting in accordance with liberal principles. ALKXANDRINI, JiLiis, a physician of Trent, in the l(!th century. He w^as the first who endeavoured to prove the con- nexion of bodily diseases with the passions ; and was tlie author of several medical works. ALEXIS, a Greek comic poet, uncle and instructor of Alexander. Of his writings, only a few fragments remain, which are preser\-ed in the collection of poems of the more ancient Greek authors. ALEXIS, MiCHAELOViTSCii, czar of Russia, bom in 1030 ; succeeded liis father Michael in 1046 ; died, 1077. He was the father of Peter the Great, and the first Russian mo- narch who acted on the policy of a more intimate connexion with the other European states. ALEXIS, PF.TROviTscn, only son of Peter the Great, bora 1690. This unhappy prince opposed the new policy of his father, and expressed an unalterable attachment to the ancient barbarous usages and customs of his country ; for which the czar resolved to disinherit him. Alexis fled to his brother- in-law, the emperor of Germany, and lay concealed for some time at Vienna, until his retreat was discovered by his father, before whom he was conducted as a crimi- nal, and compelled formally to r.nounce the succession ; after this he was tried by se- cret judges, and condemned to death, 1719. ALEXIS DEL ARCO, a Spanish painter, bom at Madrid, in 1025. lie was deaf and dumb ; but his reputation, particularly as a portrait painter, was considerable. Died in 1700. 27 ■>r THf /ERSITY :n d2 ale] ^ ^thi WittifitxiaX SSiotprajiJ^p, [alp ALEXIUS L, COMNENUS, emperor of the East, bom at Constantinople, 1048. He sig- nalised himself in the wars with the Turks and Saracens, was bountiful to his friends, and clement to his enemies, a lover of letters, and equally versed in the arts of government and of war. lie died, 1118. ALEXIUS II., CoMNExus, succeeded his father Alichael on the throne of Constanti- nople, in 1180, when only twelve j'ears of age ; and, with his mother, was murdered two years afterwards by Andronicus, who usurped the crown. ALEXIUS HI., Angelus, emperor in 1195, gained that station by the basest per- fidy towards his brother, Isaac Angelus, whom he confined in prison, and caused his eyes to be put out. His effeminate reign rendered him despicable, and his capital was besieged and taken, 1203, by an army of Venetian and French crusaders, headed by his nephew, Alexius, son of Isaac. Tlie usurper received the same punishment he had inflicted on his brother, and died a few years afterwards in a mo- nastery at Nice ; and the conqueror placed his blind father on the throne, with whom he rcighcd as Alexius IV. ; but Ms ele- vation was succeeded by a rebellion, and he was deposed, imprisoned, and put to death, 1204. ALEXIUS v., DiTCAS, snmamed Mukt- ZUFFLE, from his black shaggy eyebrows, was raised to the throne after the murder of Alexius IV., but deposed by the crusaders, who attacked and took his capital, and he was put to an ignominious death. ALEYN, Charles, an English historical poet. Died, 1040. ALFjVBABI, an eminent Arabian philo- sopher in the 10th century, who obtained much reputation in his day, as being a great traveller, and master of seventy languages. Among his works are several treatises on Aristotle, and an Encyclopsedia, the manu- script of wliich is in the Escurial. ALFARO Y GA3I0N, Juan de, a distin- guished Spanish painter, born 1640. He died in his 40th year, of grief, occasioned by the banishment of his patron, the admiral of Castile. ALFENUS VARUS, Publius, a Roman civilian, who became consul, and is men- tioned by Horace and Virgil with gratitude. ALFIERI, Victor, a celebrated Italian poet, born at Asti, in Piedmont, in 1749. His first work was a tragedy, entitled " Cleo- patra," which was acted at Turin, 1773 ; this was followed by a farce, called " The Poets; " and within seven years he produced fourteen dramas, besides various other works. At the age of 48, he began to study Greek, and made several translations from that lan- guage. His incessant labours at length undermined his constitution, and he died, at Florence, in 1803, unexcelled by any poet of his age and country. ALFORD, Michael, an English Jesuit, bom in London, 1387. He died at St. Omer's, 1652, leaving behind him two celebrated works, " Britannia Illustrata " and " Annales Ecelesiastici Eritannorimi." ALFRAGAN, or AHMED BEN FER- GAN, an Aiabian astronomer of the 9th century ; author of an " Introduction to Astronomy," and other scientific treatises. ALFRAGO, ^\jJDiiEW, an Italian physi- cian ; author of a history of Arabian phy- sicians and philosophers, and other works connected with the East, where he resided for some years. Died, at Padua, 1520. ALFRED THE GREAT. This monarch was the youngest son of Ethelwolf, king of the West Saxons, and bom at Wantage, Berks, in 849. On the death of his brother Ethelred, Alfred succeeded to the throne of England, 871, in his 22d year, at a time when his kingdom was a prey to domestic dissensions, and to the invasions of the Danes, whom he engaged at Wilton, but, after a hard conflict, was forced to retreat, and conclude a treaty on disadvantageous terms. The Danes soon violated their en- gagement, and renewed their hostility with such success, that, in 877, the king was un- der the necessity of laying aside the en- signs of royalty, and concealing himself in the cottage of one of his herdsmen. He afterwards retired to the island of Athel- ney, and there received information that one of his chiefs had obtained a great vic- tory over the Danes, and taken their ma- gical standard. Alfred then disguised liim- self as a harper, entered the Danish camp, and gained a knowledge of the state of the enemy. After this, he directed his nobles to meet him at Selwood, with their vassals, which was done so secretly, that the Danes were surprised at Eddington, and com- pletely routed. He now put his kingdom into a state of defence, increased his navy, and brought London into a flourishing state; but, after a rest of some years, an immense number of Danish forces landed in Kent, and committed great ravages ; they were, however, soon defeated by Alfred, who caused several of the leaders to be executed at Winchester. Thus he secured the peace of his dominions, and struck terror into his enemies, after 56 battles by sea and land, in all of which he was personally engaged. But the warlike exploits of Alfred formed, perhaps, the least of the services he ren- dered his country. He composed a body of statutes, instituted the trial by jury, and divided the kingdom into shires and hun- dreds ; was so exact in his government, tliat robbery was imheard of, and valuable goods might be left on tlie high roads. His great council, consisting of bishops, earls, aldermen, and tlianes, was, by an express law, called together twice a year in Lon- don, for the better government of the realni. The state of learning in his time was so low, that, from the Thames to the Humber, scarcely a man could be foimd wlio understood the service of the church, or could translate a single sentence of Latin into English. To remedy this evil, he in- vited men of learning from all quarters, and placed them at the head of seminaries in various parts of his kingdom r and, if he was not the founder of the University of Oxford, it is certain he raised it to a repu- tation which it had never before enjoyed. Alfred himself wrote several works, and translated others from the Latin, particu- larly "Orosius's History of the Pagans," alp] ^ ^ctu Bnihtv^Bl Miafp^n^^v. [Afcl and "Boiithius's Consolations of Philoso- phy." lie divided the twenty-four hours into three equal parts, one devoted to the service of God, another to public ailairs, and the third to rest and refreshment ; his revenue, also, was divided into two equal moieties, one dedicated to sacred, tlie other to civil uses. To Alfred, England is in- debted for the foundation of lier naval establishment, and he was the lirst who sent OTit ships to make the discovery of a north-east passage. To crown his great public character, Alfred is described as one of the most mild and amiable men in private life ; of a temper serene and cheerful, af- fable, kind, and merciful, and not averse to society, or to innocent recreation ; he was also personally well-favoured, possessing a handsome and vigorous form, and a dignitied and engaging aspect. Died, OiH). ALFRED, surnamed " the Thilosophcr," an Englishman, was greatly esteemed at the court of Rome, and attended Cardinal Ot- toboni, the legate, to England, lie wrote five books on the " Consolationa of Boethius," and died, 1270. ALFKED, an English bishop of the 10th century ; author of a " History of the Abbey of Malmsbury," a treatise "De Naturis Kcrum," &c. ALGARDI, Ai-EXAXDEn, a Bolo^nese sculptor of the 17th century. There is an admirable group of his, at Bologna, of the beheading of St. I'aul. ALOAROTTI, FiiANCis, an eminent Ita- lian M-riter, born at Venice, 1742. He was a great connoisseur of the tine arts, and his works are critical and philosophical. Died, 17G4. ALIIAZEN, an Arabian mathematician, who was the first that showed the import- ance of refraction in astronomy. Ue died at Cairo, in 1038. ALI, cousin, son-in-law, and vizier of Maliomct, and one of the main pillars of the new faith. He obtained the name of the Lion of God, always Victorious; but was opposed in his succession to the cali- phate by Omar and Othman, and retired into Arabia, and made a collection of the sayings of the prophet. There he laid the foundation of a new sect, and, after the death of Othman, he was declared caliph, 6,5.5 ; but was murdered four years after- wards in the mosque. ALI BEG, a man of extraordinary learn- ing and attainments, born in Poland, of Christian parents, but was kidnapped in his infancy by a horde of Tartars, who sold him to the Turks, in whose language and religion he was educated. His skill in lan- guages procured him the post of chief in- terpreter to the grand signior ; while his leisure hours were employed in translating the Bible and the catecliisra of the Church of England into the Turkish language. The work by which he is principally known to Europeans is an account of tiie religious ceremonies, &c. of the Turks. Died, 1C7.5. Alil BEY, a Greek, son of a Natolian priest, bom, 1728. He fell when a child into tlie hands of robbers, who carried him to Cairo, and sold him to Ibrahim, lieute- nant of the Janissaries, who reared and 29 adopted hira. Ali soon rose to the rank of sangiak, or member of the council ; and when his patron was assassinated by Ibra- him the Circassian, he avenged his death, and slew the murderer with his own hand. Tills action raised him numerous enemies, and he was obliged to fly to Jerusalem, and thence to Acre ; but in time he was re- called by the people, and, being placed at the head of the government, Egypt began to recover its former splendour. Iji a battle fought against the troops of a rebellious Mameluke, Ali was cut down, after defend- ing himself with a degree of desperate va- lour that has scarcely ever been exceeded, and died of his wounds eight days after- wards, 1773. AI-.I PACHA (or, more correctly, Ali, pacha of Jannina), a bold, intelligent, and crafty Albanian, was born at Tepelini, in 1744. His father, an Albanian chief, died of grief, in consequence of being stripped of his territories ; but his mother, who was re- markable for energy of character, spirited up her son to assume the conduct of a pre- datory troop of his countrymen. With this band he committed so many depredations, that the adjacent tribes took up arms in their own defence, and carried off his mother and sister, whom they treated with great cruelty. This roused the naturally im- placable temper of Ali, and he vowed the extermination of the whole race. He raised a body of 2000 men, assumed great authority, and wreaked his vengeance upon tlie Suli- otes, whom he treated with tlie most horrible barbarity. During fifty years of constant warfare he brought under his sway a wide extent of territory, which the Porte sanc- tioned his holding, with the title of pacha. He received agents from foreign powers, and ultimately intrigued with England, France, and Russia. But the jealousy of the Porte was at length excited, and Hassan Pacha was sent to demand his head. On declaring his errand, Ali replied, " My head is not to be delivered up so easily;'' accompanying the words with a pistol-ball, which broke his opponent's thigh. He shot two more dead upon the spot, but fell the same moment. His head was severed from Ms body, and sent to Constantinople. ALIAMET, James, an eminent French engraver of the 18th century. ALISON, Rev. Akciiibald, the celebrated writer on Taste, was born, 1757. Educated at Glasgow and Oxford, he entered into holy orders, and obtained successively livings in Durham and at Edinburgh, his native town, where he continued to officiate till 18.iil, when a severe illness compelled him to re- linquish all public duties. Mr. Alison was one of the first members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; and he was intimately asso- ciated with most of the men of genius and learning of the present century. His " Essay on the Nature and Principles of Taste " has passed through numerous editions ; and the theory therein set forth has met the ap- proval of the first critics, both at home and abroad. Died, 1830. ALISON, RicnARP, one of the ten com- posers, who, by command of Elizabeth, adapted the Psalms to music. aLi] ^ i^tbi Winihtr^aX BiosrapTjji. [all ALIX, Peter, a Frencli abbot of the 17th century ; author of a " Dialogue entre Ponte noir et la Pillorie," and other works. ALKMAAR, Henky, a German poet of the 15th century. ALLAINVAL, Leoxor Soulas p', a French al)b6 and dramatic poet, of consider- able merit, lie died at Paris, 1753. ALLAN, Daaid, a Scottish portrait and historical painter of the 18th century, born at Alloa, 17-14. There are several engraWugs from his pictures. Died, 179G. ALLAN, George, F. A. S., son of the above, M. P. for the city of Durham, and a principal contributor to NichoUs' Literary Anecdotes. Born, 1768 ; died, 1828. ALLAN, Sir William, an eminent his- torical painter, was born in Edinburgh in 1782. Of humble parentage, he at an early age evinced a decided predilection for art ; and, when still a young man, he pursued his favourite study with equal enterprise and ability, visiting Morocco, Greece, and Spain, and penetrating the remote and semi-bar- barous territories of Russia and Turkey, that he might familiarise himself with the rude and picturesque aspects there presented. " The Polish Captives," " The Slave Jlarket of Constantinople," and various kindred subjects, testify to his skill in this depart- ment of art i but he did much also to illus- trate the historic lore of his own land, as his vivid representation of Mary and of llizzio, the Murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and the Battle of Waterloo amply testify. He was an old and attached friend of Sir Walter Scott; and his amiable, unassuming manners, and his vast fund of anecdote, procured him general love and esteem. In 1841 he suc- ceeded Sir D. Wilkie as president of the Royal Scottish Academy, and was soon after- wards knighted. Died, 1830. AI^LARD, Guy, a French writer, known principally by numerous works upon the genealogical liistory of Dauphinj'. Died in 1716. ALLARD, Jean Franoots, a French ge- neral officer, much distinguished during the Empire. On the final downfall of Napoleon, he entered, successively, the Egyptian and the Persian ser\ices, and at length became the confidential ad\iser of Runjeet-Singh, whose troops he disciplined in the European manner. Bom, 1785 ; died, 1839. ALLATIUS, Leo, a Greek physician and man of letters, librarian of the Vatican at Rome, and professor in the Greek college there. Died, 1669, aged 83. ALLEGBAIN, Christopher Gabriel, an eminent French sculptor. Died, 1795. ALLEGRI, Alexander, an Italian sa- tirical poet, who first served in the army, and then became an ecclesiastic. He had a great turn for burlesque poetry ; and his principal work, " Rime Piaceovoli," lias gone through several editions. ALLEGRI, Gregorio, a celebrated Ro- man musical composer, whose works are still retained in the pontifical chapel. The chief is tJie "Miserere," which is always sung on Good Friday. Died, 1640. ALLEIN, Joseph, a nonconformist mi- nister, known chiefly as the author of " An Alarm to Unconverted Sinners," which has gone throiigh numerous editions. Born in 1623, at Devizes ; died at Bath, 1688. ALLEN, JoHX, archbishop of Dublin and chancellor of Ireland, cruelly murdered by the son of the Earl of Kildare, 1534. ALLEN, John, M. D., a distinguished writer on historical subjects, was bom at Bedford, his paternal property, near Edin- burgh, in 1771. He studied at Edinburgh, and took his degree in medicine in 1792. But his predilection for politics soon with- drew him from his medical pursuits ; and he early connected himself with the move- ments for Parliamentary Reform, which commenced in Scotland at the outbreak of the French Revolution. In 1802, having been recommended to the late Lord Hol- land as a medical friend and companion, he accompanied the noble lord and his family on successive tours through France, Italy, and Spain ; and the similarity of their tastes and opinions soon led to a lasting friendship between them, which death alone interrupted. On his return from the con- tinent, he devoted himself to literary pur- suits. The extent and variety of his attain- ments are shown in his numerous contri- butions to the Edinburgh Review, chiefly on subjects connected with the British con- stitution, and with French and Spanish his- tory. But the most lasting monument to his literary fame is his valuable work called an " Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative," of which a second edition has been recently published. In 1811 he became warden, and in 1820 master of Dulwich College ; but he continued to re- side chiefly at Holland House, where the manliness, sincerity, and independence of his character, his kindly nature and exten- sive information, gained him the esteem of all who were admitted to that " Temple of Wit" and hospitality. Died, April 10. 1843. ALLEN, Thomas, an eminent scholar in the reign of Elizabeth, considered the first mathematician of his day. Born, 1542 ; died, 1032. ALLEN, Thomas, an industrious writer and compiler of antiquarian and historical works ; the chief of which were, "The His- tory and Antiquities of Lambeth ; " " The History and Antiquities of London, AVest- minster, and Southwark ; " with various county histories. Born in 1803, and died, ofcholera, July 1833. ALLERSTAIN, a German Jesuit of the 18th century. He was one of the mission- aries to China, where he died ; and was au- thor of some valuable astronomical obser- vations. Died about 1778. ALLESTRY, Richard, bom at Upping- ton, in Shropshire, 1619, was a student of Christ Church, Oxford, and originally de- signed for the Church ; but, during the civil wars, he joined the royal army, and was present at the battle of Keinton. At the Restoration he took orders, and subse- quently enjoyed many clerical dignities. Died at Eton, 1680. ALLEY, William, a zealous member of the Reformed Church, was born at Great Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, made bishop of Exeter in 1560 by Elizabeth, and died, 1570. all] ^ ^eitt ©liuber^aT 3iJt0srapl)j). [alp ALLEYN, Edwakd, a celebrated actor in the reigus of Elizabeth aud James, and founder of Dulwich College, was born in London, 15(>6. He was tlie first master of liis own college, and, dying in 1620, was buried in its chapel. ALLIOXI, Chaules, a celebrated physi- chiii, medical writer, and professor of bo- tany in the university of Turin. Born, 1725 ; died, 1804. ALLIX, Peter, a learned divine, bom at Alenon, in France, 1644, was minister of the Reformed Church at Rouen and Charenton. On tlie repeal of the Edict of Nantes, he came to England, was created D.D. at Ox- ford, and made treasurer of tlie church at 1 Salisbury. Died in London, 1717. AIjLOISI, Balthazau, a Bolognese his- torical and portrait painter, who obtained the name of Galanixo. Died, 1638. ALLOKI, Alexandek, a Florentine painter, who excelled in naked figures. lie • died in 1C07. ALLORL CiiKiSTOPHANO, called also Bronzino, the son of the above, was also an eminent painter, chieHy distinguished for his small pictures. Died, 1619. ALLY, Vizier, ex-niibobof Oude, wasthe adopted son of the former nabob of Oude, Yusuf ab Dowlah, who declared liimself suc- cessor. The English government, however, deposed him in favour of the brother of Yusuf, but settled on him a pension of 2.^),(K)();. While engaged with the agents of the East India Company, who had been sent to meet him at Benares for the purpose of making arrangements for his future resi- dence, he gave a signal, on which his armed followers rushed in and treacherously mur- dered the Company's officers. For a time he made his escape, but surrendered on con- dition that his life should be spared. Died in prison, 1817, aged only 36. ALMAGRO, DiEoo i/, a Spaniard of low origin, who accompanied Pizarro in the ex- pedition against Peru, in which his valour, profligacy, and cruelty were equally dis- played. In 1523, he took Cuzco, the capital of Chili, bjr storm, and put Atahualpa, the last of the incas, to a most horrid death ; but quarrelling with the brothers of Pizarro about the division of their spoil, a schism ensued, and Almagro was eventually taken prisoner and strangled, 1.5;i8. ALMAMON, or ABD ALLAH, caliph of Bagdad, son of Ilaroun al Roschid, succeeded his brother Al Amin, 814, and died, 8;>3. He founded an academy at Bagdad, to which he invited able professors of languages and sciences, and left behind him a character for clemency and benevolence. ^VLMANASOR, Jacob, a caliph of the Sa- racens in Africa, who, after conquering territory to the extent of 1200 leagues in length, met with such a reverse of fortune, that he became a baker at Alexandria, in the exercise of which business he died, in 1205. ALMAXZOR, surnamed the Victorious, the second caliph of the house of Abas, suc- ceeded to the throne in 753. During his reign tlie city of Bagdad was raised from the foundation, and was made the imperial residence. ALMARUS, abbot of the monastery of St. Austin, Canterbury, made bishop of Sher- borne, 1022. ALMEIDA, Francisco, a Portuguese, appointed, in 1505, the first viceroy of India. After a perilous voyage, he crossed the Cape of Good Hope, and proceeded along the coast of Africa, spreading terror and desola- tion ; he reduced several places under the dominion of Portugal, gained some extra- ordinary victories, and was killed on his return in a quarrel with the natives at the Caiie, in l.TOO. ALMEIDA, Lorenzo, son of Francisco, ] was also an enterprising coiinnander and navigator, and distinguished himself by many expeditions in the Indian seas. Ceylon was by him made tributary to Portugal. Lorenzo lost his life in an engagement with the Egyptian fleet in the bay of Cambaya. ALJklELOVEEN, Thkodore Jansen van, a physician, bom near Utrecht, was a man of deep reading and research, and pro- fessor of history, tlxe Greek language, and medicine, at llarderwick. He died at Am- sterdam, 1742. ALMINARA, Marquis, Spanish envoy to France from Charles IV. j diplomatist, and the author of an able " Reply to Cevallos," respecting the former's abdication, and of "A History of tlie Inquisition." ALMON, JouN, a political writer and publisher, and the friend of Wilkes, was born at Liveniool in 1708. In 1774 he com- menced the Parliamentary Register ; he was also the author of a Lilc of I^ord Chat- ham, and various biograpliical, political, and literary anecdotes. He died in 1805. AI.OADDIN, commonly called the Old Man of the Mountains, prince of the Arsa- eides, or Assassins. He was the sheik of a Syrian tribe professing the Mahometan re- ligion, and from his followers the word assassin has its derivation. ALOJdFRA, the founder of the Burman empire, a man of obscure birth, but who raised himself to independence and sove- reign power, and established a new dynasty about the middle of the 18th century. ^VLONZO DE VIADO, a Spanish Liberal, born, 1775 ; author of a plan for reforming the Spanish army, of a treatise on architec- ture, and several translations. ALPHERY, Mikepuer or Nicephorus, a Russian prince, who, during the civil dis- sensions in liis countrj', came to England, was educated at Oxford, and, in 1018, ob- tained the living of Warley, Huntingdon- shire, whence he was ejected in the civil war. At the Restoration he was reinstated in his living ; and, although twice invited to return to Russia, for the purpose of be- ing placed on the throne, he preferred re- maining in this country with liis flock. lie died at Hammersmith, at the age of 80. ALPHONSO I., or ALONZO ENRIQirEZ. first king of Portugal, son of Henry of Bur- gundy, count of Portugal. lie fought suc- cessfully against the Moors, raised his coun- try to a powerful monarcliy, and died, 1185, alter a reign of 57 years. ALPHONSO III., the Great, king of the Asturias, bom 847, succeeded his father Ordogeno, 865, and died at Zamora, 012. He conquered many places from the Moors, alp] ^ ^^ Winibtr^Kl 3Siffgrajil)M. [alg was a patron of learned men, and distin- guished liimself for piety and justice. ALPHONSO IV., surnamed the Brave, BOn of king Denis, whom he succeeded, 1324, was an able and impartial sovereign, and died, 1357. ALPHONSO v., surnamed the Magnani- mous, king of Arragon, born, 1384 ; suc- ceeded his father, Ferdinand the Just, 1416, and died at Naples, 14.58, leaving his Neapo- litan dominions to his natural son Ferdi- nand, and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Si- cily to his brother Juan, king of Navarre. Thus monarch was accounted the most ac- complished prince of his time : he gave shelter to the Greek literati expelled from Constantinople, and was in other respects a great patron of learning. ALPHONSO X., called the Wise, king of Leon and Castile, succeeded his father, Ferdinand III., 1231, and died, 1284, aged 81. As a ruler, Alphonso was misguided and unfortunate ; but as a patron and an encourager of the sciences, he obtained much reputation. lie completed a code of laws, began by his father, still known under the title of " Las Partidas," and preceded the other nations of Europe in substituting the vernacular tongue for the Latin in law pro- ceedings. His favourite pursuit, however, was astronomy, and he employed the most famous astronomers to draw up the cele- brated tables called after him the Alphon- sine Tables, wliich were first published at Venice, 1483. ALPHONSUS, Tastadus, bishop of Avila, a voluminous Spanish writer, who flourished during the loth century. ALPINI, PiiOsi'EKo, a Venetian physi- cian, born, 1553, and died, 1617. He was the greatest botanist of his day, tlie first who explained the impregnation and gene- ration of plants by the sexual system, and is the author of many valuable works on his favourite pursuit. ALSTEDIUS, JoHJT Henkt, a German philosopher and Protestant divine, born about 1588, and died, 16.38 ; author of some celebrated theological collections, but chiefly known for his Encyclopaedia. ALSTON, CuARLES, an eminent Scotch physician and botanist ; author of " Tiro- cinium Botanicum Edinburgense," &c. ; and public lecturer at Edinburgh. Born, 1683 ; died, 1760. ALSTKOEJIER, JoxAS, a distinguished Swede, born of poor parents at Alingas, West Gothland, in 1685, After struggling with poverty for a long time, he visited London, and paying particular attention to the commercial and manufacturing sources of British prosperity, he returned to Swe- den in 1723, resolving to carry the plans he had formed into execution. Having ob- tained a license to establish manufactures in the town in which lie was born, it soon became the seat of industry and activity, which afforded an example to the whole kingdom. He established a sugar house at Gottenburg, and traded to the Indies and the Levant ; improved rural economy ; cul- tivated plants proper for dyeing ; and im- proved the wool trade by importing sheep from Spain and England, and the goat from Angora. For these important benefits, Al- Btroemer received a patent of nobility, was made Knight of the Polar Star, and lio- noured with t!ie title of Chancellor of Com- merce ; tlie Academy of Sciences chose liim a member ; and the national states decreed him a statue, to be erected to his memory on the exchange of Stockholm. Died, 1761. ALTEN, General Charles, count, a brave and experienced oflScer, was born at Wil- kenburg, at Hanover, in 1764, and in 1781 received his commission as ensign in the foot-guards of the electorate. After taking part in the operations of 1793, against the revolutionary troops of France, he was made colonel of the king's German legion in 1803, and from that time till the end of the war he was almost constantly on service. He was at the taking of Copenhagen, and afterwards served under Sir Jolm Moore as a brigadier-general in the fatiguing and arduous duties of the disastrous cam- paign which ended in the battle of Co- runna. At Walchercn also, and at the siege of Flushing, he distinguished himself; and on his return to England, in 1810, he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and placed in command of the south-west dis- trict. From this station, however, he was speedily removed, his brigade being destined for tlie operations of the Peninsula, where he served under Marshal Beresford at the first siege of Badajoz, and at Albuera. In 1812, Wellington placed him at the head of the light division, which he commanded in the general actions of Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, and Tou- louse. Like that of many of his brave com- peers, his active duty closed with the battle of Waterloo ; and his services at the head of the third division, during the memorable 16th, 17th, and 18th of June, will ever be classed among the most devoted and glorious on military record. He was now created a count ; and when recovered from the dan- gerous wounds he had received, he took the command of the Hanoverian troops forming part of the army of occupation in France. In 1831, Count Alten was nominated one of the ministers of state, and placed at the head of the war department in Hanover. This appointment he held till his death, which took place in April, 1840. ALTER, Francis Chakle.s, a German Jesuit and laborious critic ; Greek teacher in the school of St. Anne at Vienna, in which capital he died, 1804. ALTHAMERUS, a divine of Nuremberg ; author of various theological works, and a principal promoter of the Reformation in Berne, Switzerland. Died, 1450. ALTILIO, Gabriel, aNeapolitan ; author of some l^atin poems of great beauty. He was tutor to Prince Ferdinand, sou of Al- phonso 11. , and was subsequently made bishop of Policastro. Died, 1501. ALTING, Hexky, an eminent German divine, born at Embden, 1583 ; died, 1614. He distinguished himself at the synod of Dort, as deputy from the Palatinate, and did much in advancement of the Protestant interest in Germany by his temperate con- duct and abilities as a reasoner. Born, 1583; died, 1644. 32 alt] ^ ^ctu ^ntbcriSal 38tflffrajp]^«. [ama ALTING, Jamks, son of the above, was educated at Groningen, and came to Eng- land, wliere he was ordained a priest of the chmch by the Bishop of Worcester. In 1«>4;{, he was chosen Hebrew professor at Gro- ningen, and afterwards professor of divinity. Born, IfilS ; died, 1C79. ALTING, Mkxson^, a burgomaster of Groningen, author of the best description of the Low Countries now extant. Died, 1713. ALTISSIMO, the poetical surname of an Italian poet named Christopher. His sur- name and a poetic crown were given to him on account of his great popularity as an improvisatore. ALTAIAN, John George, a Swiss histo- rian and divine, curate of Inns in tlie same canton, and professor of moral pliilosophy and Greek at Berne. Born, ltW7 ; died, 1758. ALTDORFER, or ALTORF, Ai.ueut, a Bavarian painter, architect, and engraver. Ue raised liimself by hb merits to the rank j of senator of Ratisbou, wliich city he adorned j with many handsome edifices. Born, 1488 ; died, 1578. I ALURED, an ancient English historian, who flourished in the beginniug of tlie 12th century. His annals are very valuable, and comprise the history of the Britons, Saxons, and Normans, down to his own time, 1129. ALVA, Fekdi.vanu Alvakez, Uuke of, the descendant of an illustrious family in Spain, was a famous general under the empe- rors Charles V. and Philip II. He made his first campaign at the battle of I'avia. At the siege of Metz he performed pnxligies of valour ; and in the war with tlic pope he was completely successful ; but he was as cruel as he was brave. In l.'(G7, Philip sent him to reduce the Low Countries, then in a state of revolt. Here he landed with 10,(X»0 men, and immediately commenced a series of cruelties almost unparalleled in the annals of history, annihilating every remaining privilege of the people. He was subse- quently employed against Don Antonio, who had assumed the crown of Portugal, and drove him from that kingdom, the whole of wliich he reduced to Plulip's authority. Died in 1589, aged 74. ALVARADO, Don Pedro, one of the ra- pacious conquerors of Spanish America, who accompanied Cortes to America. He was appointed to the government of Guatimala, and was slain in 1.>11. ALVAR^VDO, Alpiioxso d' a Spanish adventurer, who accompanied Pizarro in his expedition to Peru ; and who was equally distinguished for his bravery and his cruelty. Died, 1.55.5. ALVAREZ, Emanuel, a distinguished Portuguese grammarian, born at Madeira, 152(), and died at the college of Evora, of which he was rector, 1582. ALVAREZ, Fkaxcis, a Portuguese di- vine, bom at Coimbra, towards the end of the 15th century, and died, 1540, leaving behind him in Portuguese an occount of his embassy to David, king of Abyssinia, and a description of Etliioplan manners and cus- toms, which is deemed the flrst accurate ac- count of Abyssinia. ALVAREZ, Gomez, a Spanish poot. The chief of his works, which were written in. Latin, is a poem on the Order of the Golden Fleece. Born, 1488 ; died, i:>S8. ALVAREZ, Don Jose, one of the most eminent sculptors of the 19th centurj', was born near Cordova in Spain, 17(i8. Patronised by Charles IV., he proceeded to Paris in 1799, with a view of prosecuting his studies ; and he soon gained himself a name in the French metropolis. Napoleon presented liim with a gold medal ; but his subsequent conduct towards Spain inspired the artist with such aversion for him, tliat he would never model his bust ; and he afterwards was imprisoned for refusing to take t)ic oath of allepunce to Joseph Buonaparte, when proclaimed king of Spain. Many of his best works are at Madrid. Died, 1827. ALVAROTTO. J AMES, a lawyer of Padua, distinguished for liis attainments both in the civil and canon law ; author of "Commen- taria in Libros Feudorum." Born, 1474 ; died. 1542. ALVENSLEBEN, PuiLii- Cuas.. Count of, son of a counsellor of war at Hanover, was a distinguished diplomatist, and in 1791 was placed at the head of the department for foreign atfairs at Hanover, in which he gave general satisfaction. The count wrote a "History of the War from the Peace of Munster to that of Hubertsbourg." Born, 1745 ; died, 1802. ALVIANO, BAUTnoi.OMEW, nn eminent Venetian general, whose exertions against the emperor Maximilian, in l.jdS, caused the republic to decree him triumphal honours. In the siege of Padua by the emperor, and at the battles of La Motte and Alariguano. Alviano displayed the most heroic qualities, His deatli was occasioned by excessive fa- tigue while laying siege to Brescia. Born, 1455 ; died, 1515. ALXINGER, J. B., bom at Vienna, in 1755 ; author of gome admired German poems and translations. Died, 1797. ALYPIUS, an architect of Antioch, em- ployed by Julius in his attempt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, He was subse- quently banished, on a charge of practising the black art, and died in exile. Alypius wrote a " Geographical Description of the World," publislied in 1028 at Geneva. ALYPIUS, bishop of Tagasta, Africa, the friend of St. Augustine, with whom he was baptized at Milan, in 388. He opposed the Donatists and Pelagians with great zeal ; and died in 430. AMADEDDULAT, first sultan of the Buiyan dynasty, was the son of a fisherman of Dilem, on the Caspian Sea. He rose to distinction in the armies of Makan, sultan of Dilem, and subsequently gained possession of Persia Proper, Persian Irak, and Kerman, of which he assumed the sovereignty, and fixed the seat of his government at Shiraz, in 933. He died, 940, and left his crown to his nephew, Adadeddulat. AMADEUS v., count of Savoy, succeeded to the sovereignty of tliat state, 12a5, and died at Avignon, 1323. Although a prince of such small dominions, he acquired the surname of Great, from his wisdom and success. AMADEUS VIII., count of Savoy, elected, 1391, and died, 1451. Ue was one of the AM a] % flt^ Wini^itx&^X 2SuJsrapl)i). [amb most singular characters of his time ; and, from his prudence in keeping peace with his neighbours, obtained the title of the Pacific. AMADEUS IX., count of Savoy, although undistinguished by deeds of renown, deserves lionourable mention as a prince who pos- sessed all the Christian virtues in an emi- nent degree, and particularly that of charity, lie married lolaude, of France, who sec- onded him in all his good works ; and his subjects conferred on him the title of the Blessed. He died, universally regretted, 1472. AMADUZZI, Joiix CiiEiSTorHEK, a learned Roman of the 18th century ; in- spector of the printing office of the Propa- ganda at Rome. AMAIA, Francis, a Spanish lawyer of much reputation, and professor of legal sci- ence at Salamanca, but afterwards a coun- sellor at Valladolid, where he died, 1G40. AMAK, or ABULNAGIE AL, BOKII ART, a Persian poet in the 5th century, enter- tained at the court of sultan Khedar Khan, who instituted an academy of poets, of which he made Amak president. His chief poem is the " History of the Loves of Joseph and Zoleiskah." AMALARIUS, Fortunatus, archbishop of Treves in 810. He established Christianity iu Saxony, consecrated a church at Ham- burgh, and was sent ambassador in 813 to Constantinople by Charlemagne. Died, 814. AMALTHEUS, Attix-ius, made arch- bishop of Athens by Paul V., who sent liim nuncio to Cologne. Died, ICOO. AMAI.THEUS, Jerome, an Italian phy- sician and poet of some repute ; born, 1507 ; and died, 1574. AM^ILTHEUS, John Baptist, brother of the above, was born, 1523 ; attended the Venetian ambassador to England, and, on his return, was mad£ secretary to pope Pius IV. His Latin poems were printed 1550 ; and lie died, 1573. AMALTHEUS, Cornelius, another bro- ther of the above, was also eminent in physic and poetry. AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard, Sieur de St., a French poet, born at Rouen, 1594, and died, 1661. He was one of the first members of the French academy, and dis- tinguished himself in amatory and comic poetry. AMAR DURIVIER, J. A., born in 1763 ; author of a great variety of literary works, translations from Gay, Terence, Lucan, &c. AMARA-SLNGHA, a Hindoo author of great antiquity, who compiled a dictionary of tlie Sanscrit language, part of which was published at Rome, 1798. An entire manu- script copy of the original is in the royal library at Paris, written in the century pre- ceding the birth of Christ. AMARETTI, Abbe C, a Milanese mi- neralogist, born in 1743 ; author of " Vi- aggio di Trilaghi," "Memoirs of Leonardo da Vinci," &c. &c. He was a knight of Napoleon's order of the Iron Crown. AJMASEO, Romulus, an eminent teacher of the belles lettres at Padua, where he had himself completed his education. Re- moving to Bologna, where he married, he acquired so high a reputation that he was 84 admitted to the citizenship. His celebrity at length caused him to be invited to Rome by Paul III., by whom he was employed in various embassies ; and by Julius III. he was appointed secretary of the briefs. lie translated Paiisanias and the Cyrus of Xenophon into Latin ; and published a volume of his own Latin speeches. Bom, 1489 ; died, 1552. AMATI, a celebrated violin maker of Cremona, who lived about the year 1600. AMATUS, a Portuguese Jew, born, 1511, at Castel Bianco. He studied medicine with success at the university of Salamaiicn, and afterwards gave lectures on the science at Ferrara, Ancona, and other places. He published two treatises on subjects connected with his profession. ' AMAURI, DE CfiARTRES, a French vi- sionary of the loth century, who maintained the eternity of matter, and that religion had three epochs, agreeable to the three persons of the Trinity. His opinions were condemned by the council of Paris, 1209, and some of his followers burnt. To avoid a similar fate, he renoimced his errors, but died of vexation. AMBERGER, CHRiSTornER, a painter of Nuremberg in the 16th century, was a disciple of Hans Holbein. His principal work is the history of Joseph, in twelve pictures. Amberger was likewise a good engraver in wood. Died, 1550. AMBOISE, Francis, a French writer, educated in the college of Navarre, and afterwards an advocate in the parliament of Paris, and counsellor of state. He pub- lished several poetical pieces in French and Latin, but is chiefly known as the collector and editor of the works of the celebrated Abelard. He died about 1612. AMBOISE, George d', a French cardi- nal and minister of state, born of a noble family, 1460. He became successively bishop of Montauban, archbishop of Narbonne, and lastly of Rouen. Louis XII. made him prime minister, and he soon acquired great popularity by taking off the taxes which had been usually levied on the people at the accession of every new monarch. The king, by his advice, undertook the conquest of tlie Milanese, which succeeded. Soon after this, he was appointed the pope's le- gate in France, with the dignity of cardinal, and in that capacity effected a great reform among the religious orders. He died in 1510. AMBOISE, Amery d', a famous French admiral, and brother of the above, who gained a splendid victory over the sultan of Egvpt, in 1510. AJViBOISE, Michael d', a natural son of Amboise, admiral of France, born at Naples, and died in great poverty, 1547. He was the author of numerous poems in the French language, which he published imder the name of the Signior de Chavillon. AMBROGI, Antoine, a Roman Jesuit and poet, was born in 1712. tie translated Virgil and some of the works of Voltaire into Italian. Died, 1788. AMBROGIO, Tesco, one of the most celebrated among the early Italian orien- talists, was born at Pavia, in 1469, and died, 1540. AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, was born, 340, at Aries, in Gallia Nurboncnsis, of which province his father was lieutenant. While vet a youth he pleaded causes with so much eloquence, that Probus, prefect of Italy, chose him one of his council, and afterwards nominated him governor of Milan, which olfice ho held five years. In 374, Auxentius, bishop of Milan, died ; and 80 fierce was the contest in the election of a successor to the vacant see, that the go- vernor was called upon to quell the tumult. Tills he attempted by persuasion in the great church ; and at the conclusion of his address, a voice in the crowd exclaimed, "Ambrose is bishop." This circumstance was considered as of divine direction, and Ambrose was declared to be the object not only of the popular choice, but of divine se- lection. His first eiforts were directed to the extermination of Arianism, which was then making great progress. He also suc- cessfully resisted the Pagans, who were attempting to restore their ancient worship. When Maximinua invaded Italy, and ac- tually entered Milan, Ambrose remained at his pogt, to assuage the calamities pro- duced by the invading army. When, in consequence of a tumult at Thessalonica, Theodosius sent an order for a general massacre, Ambrose repaired to the empe- ror, remonstrated with him on his barbarity, and prevailed on him to promise that the command should be revoked. Tlie mandate was, however, carried into execution, and 7000 persons were slaughtered in cold blood. Shortly afterwards, when Theodosius, in the anguish of self-reproach, was about to enter the great chnrch of Milan, Ambrose met him at the porch, and sternly forbade him to appear in the holy place. The emperor pleaded the example of David: — "You have imitated David in his crime, imitate him in his repentance," was the reply ; and Theodosius was compelled, not only to perform a penance, but to sign an edict, which ordained that an interval of thirty days should pass before any sentence of death or of confiscation should be executed. He died at Milan, in 397. AMBROSINI.Ambrozio, a Fcrrarese; au- thor of several oratorios, cauzoni, and sonnets ; died in 1700. AMBROSINT, Giulio, a Mantuan, bom in 1580 ; author of a work on Dcmonology. AMBROSIUS AURELI ANUS, king of the Britons. He came from Armorica to assist in expelling the Saxons, who had been in- vited over by Vortigern ; and on the death of that monarch the sovereignty was invested in him. Died, at Winchester, in 50S. AMEILIION, HtiiERT Pascal, a learned Frenchman, born, 1730; author of "Uis- toire du Bas P^mpire," of a celebrated work on the Commerce of the Egyptians, and of " Researches into the Mechanical Arts of the Ancients." Died, 1811. AMELIA, An-xe, princess of Prussia, sister of Frederic the Great; born, 1723; and died, 1787. She was distinguished by her taste for the arts, and set to music " The Death of the Messiah," by Ramler. AMELIA, duchess dowager of Saxe Wei- mar, bom, 1739 ; duchess of Brunswick and Luneburg. At the age of 17 she married, and in 1737 gave birth to a son, but lost the duke, her husband, tlie year following. In the discharge of her duties as regent she was most exemplary ; and liberally patronised men of learning and genius, among whom were Wicland, Goethe, Scliiller, and Herder. Died, 1807. AMELIA, youngest child of George III. and Queen Charlotte ; a princess who in mind and manners was amiable and accom- plished, and whose taste for the fine arts was only equalled by her fervent piety and pure benevolence. She possessed in the highest degree the affection of her royal father, and her death is supposed to have had the most serious effect upon the state of his mind. Born, 17a3 ; died, 1810. AMELOT, N., a French minister of state in 1788, who was accused of persecuting one Latude, as the agent of Af. Pompadour, during the ancient regime. For some offence to the republicans, he was imprisoned in the Luxemburg, where his life was saved and prolonged by a young female, who avowed a passion for him ; but at length he died in the prison. His victim, Latude, on es- caping from the Bastile, brought an action of damages, and recovered from Amelot's heirs. AMELOT DE LA IIOUSSAYE, Nicho- las, a French historian of the 17th century. He resided for some time at Venice, as sec- retary to the French embassy, and wrote a history of its government, lie also trans- lated the " Prince " (by Machiavcl) and other Italian works into French. I>ied, 1706. AMELUNGHI, Jekome, a Pisan poet, preceding Tasso in the mock-heroic style; author of " La Gigantea del Forabosco, ' in 1547. AMENTA, N., an admired Neapolitan poet, bom in 1059 ; author of " La Costanija," "La For^a," "La Carlotta," " La GemcUe," comedies, &c. &c. AMERBACH, Jonx, a printer of Basle, in the 15th century ; the first who used the Roman type instead of Gothic and Italian. Died, 1515. AMERBACn, Bo-iFACE, son of the above, syndic of Basle ; an intimate friend of Erasmus. Died, 1562. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, or, more pro- perly, Amekigo Vespucci, an eminent navigator, was bom at Florence, in 1451. After receiving a liberal education, he was sent by his father to Spain for the purpose of conducting his commercial afiairs ; and, being at Seville when Columbus was making preparations for his second voyage, he re- solved to quit mercantile pursuits, and enter on the career of discovery. His first ex- pedition to the new continent was in 1499, under the command of Ojeda, a year after the discovery and examination of that part of the coast by Columbus. After this he entered the sci-vice of king Emanuel of Portugal, and made two voyages in Por- tuguese ships ; the first in 1501 ; the second in 1.503. The object of this last voyage was to find a westerly passage to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil, and discovered the Bay of All Saints. In 1505, he again entered the service of tlie king of Spain, but made no ame] ^ ^0&3 Wixxibtv^Kl 28t0sra3|jT)w. [ajim more voyages, as appears from memoranda, showing that he was at Seville till 1508, at which time he was appointed principal pilot. His duties were to prepare charts, and pre- scribe routes for vessels in their voyages to the new world, which soon received his name. This honour certainly belonged to Columbus rather than to Amerigo, for the prior discovery of the continent by the for- mer is not to be questioned. He died in 1.516. AMES, FisuER, an American political writer. In 1788 he became a member of the house of representatives, and distinguished liimself as a politician. He retired from pro- fessional business in 179C, but was chosen president of Harvard College. Tlie works of Mr. Ames were published at Boston, 1809. Born, 1758 ; cUed, 1804. AMES, Joseph, the celebrated historian of British typography, was bom at Yar- mouth, 1(389, and died, 1759. His father ap- prenticed him to a plane-maker in London ; and, after serving out his time, he became a fillip-chandler at Wapping, which business, notwithstanding his antiquarian pursuits, he carried on until his death. lie early dis- covered a taste for English history and anti- quities ; and brought out, in 1749, after a labour of 25 years, " Typographical Antiqui- ties ; " being an liistorical account of print- ing in England, with some memoirs of an- cient printers, and a register of the books printed by them from 1471 to 1600 ; with an appendix concerning printing in Scotland and Ireland to the same time. AMES, William, an English divine of the time of James I. and Charles I. He was author of a vast number of controversial treatises, but is now chiefly known by his "Medulla Theologica" and "Treatise on Conscience." Died, 1G33. AMHERST, JEFFERr, Lord, a distin- guished British oflBcer, was descended from an ancient Kentish family, near Sevenoaks, where he was bom, 1717. He entered into the army in 1731, and became aide-de-camp to Lord Ligonier, with whom he served at tlie battles of Rocoux, Dettingen, and Fon- tenoy. In 1758 he was sent to America, where he captured Louisbourg, and all its dependencies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This was followed by the reduction of Fort du Quesne, Niagara, and Ticonderoga, which paved the way for the entire conquest of Canada. For these services. General Am- herst received the thanks of parliament, and the order of tlie Bath. In 1703 he was made governor of Virginia; and, in 1776, created Baron Amherst. In 1795, he resigned the commandership-in-chief to the Duke of York, and the following year received the rank of field-marshal. He died in 1797. AMHURST, Nicholas, an English poli- tical and miscellaneous writer, bom at Mar- den, Kent, 1701, and died, 1742. He was author of the "Terrse Filius," a satirical work on the university of Oxford ; and pub- lished, with the assistance of Pulteney and Lord Bolingbroke, the work by which he is most known, entitled " The Craftsman." AMICO, Antoxio, a Sicilian priest, and canon of the cathedral of Palermo, distin- guished by some considerable works in his- tory and antiquities ; for which Philip IV. of Spain made him historiographer royal. Died, 1641. AMICO, ViTO Maria, a professor of theo- logy in the 18th century ; principally known by his Sicilian antiquities. AMICONI, Giacomo, a Venetian liistori- cal and portrait painter, who visited England in 1729. He afterwards went to Spain, was appointed portrait painter to the king, and died there, 1752. AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general, of great valour, was descended from the an- cient kings of Tyre ; and being early en- trusted with military command, he distin- guished himself in the wars of Carthage, particularly against the Romans, towards whom he bore an implacable hatred. He was the father of Hannibal. AMIOT, Father, one of the most learned of the French missionaries to Cliina, born at Toulon, 1718, and died at Pekin, 1794, aged 77. This zealous Jesuit, who arrived at Macao in 1750, was invited to Pekin, in 1751, by the emperor of China, and remained in that capital 43 years. By continued appli- cation he became acquainted with the Chi- nese and Tartar languages ; and, from time to time, remitted to France the result of liis labours, which afterwards appeared in seve- ral publications. AAIINTA, T., author of the mock-heroic poem, " La Nanea," in 1566. AMMAN. There were three noted phy- sicians of this name. The first, John Cox- EAD, a native of Schaft'hausen, was born, 1669, and died, 1724, at Marmund, in the Netherlands. He was chiefly distinguished by liis success in teaching persons born deaf and dumb to speak. — His son, John, was a fellow of the Royal Society in London, and a member of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, where he lectured on botany, and acquired great reputation ; he died, 1740. — The third, Paul, was a native of Breslaw, who settled in 1674 at Leipsic, where lie gave lectures on pliysiology, na- tural history, and botany ; he died, 1691. AMMAN, Justus, a famous engraver and painter at Zurich, in the 16th century. He painted with great brilliancy on glass, but excelled chiefly in engraving, both on wood and copper. Died, 1691. AMMANATI, Bartolomeo, a Floren- tine architect and sculptor in the 16th cen- tury, whose chief performances are the co- lossal statue of Neptune at Venice and the statue of Hercules at Padua. AMMIANUS, Makckllinus, a Latin his- torian of the 4th century, born at Antioch. He wrote the Roman history from the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens, in 31 books, of which only 18 are extant ; and died about 390. AMMIRATO, Seine, an esteemed Neapo- litan poet, bom in 1531 ; author of a "History of Florence," which he wrote at the instance of the grand-duke Cosmo ; of the " Argo- menti " to " Orlando Furioso ; " and of nu- merous prose tracts, political and historical. Died, 1601. AMMON, Andreas, a Latin poet, bom at Lucca, in Italy, of wliose genius Erasmus made frequent and honourable mention. He was sent to England in an official character, amm] ^ i^m ^ixibtr^Kl 2StOfiraqp]^s. [ana by pope Leo X., an9, aged 5)7. AMPERE, Andke ^Iarie, whose name ia imperishably connected with the great dis- coveries in electro-magnetism, was bom at Lyons, 1775. In 1804 he was nominated pro- fessor in the Polytechnic School of Paris ; and here, in connection with Oersted, Fara- day, and other distinguished men of science, with whom he was in constant correspond- ence, he paved the way for those brilliant discoveries that have already issued in the electric telegraph, and promise an illimita- ble extension of the boundaries of science. Died, 1(05. AMURATII IL, emperor of the Turks, was son of Mahomet I., whom he succeeded in 1421. He was an exceedingly warlike prince, and among his numerous victories was that of Varna, in 1444, when the Chris- tians were defeated, and numbered among j their slain the king of Hungary. George Castriot, celebrated by the name of Scander- beg, at length put a period to the career of Amurath, who died of chagrin at liis re- verses, in 1451. AMURATH III. succeeded his fatlier, Selim II., in 1575. On his accession, he caused his five brothers to be murdered. Died, l.-iOC. AMURATH IV. succeeded his uncle Mus- tapha in 1022. He recovered Bagdad from the Persians in 1037 ; after which he put 30,000 of his prisoners to the sword. Died, 1C40. AMYN AHMED, a learned Persian of the 17th century, who wrote an elaborate work, entitled " The Seven Climates, or a Geogra- phical Description of the East." AMYOT, James, bishop of Auxcrre, and grand almoner of France, bom at Melun, of obscure parents, 1514, and died, 1503. He left the university of Paris at the age of 23. and was recommended to the Duchess of Berri, by whose means he Iwcame professor of Greek and Latin at Bourges. He was afterwards appointed preceptor to the sons of Henry II., and, while engaged in this em- ployment, he translated the Lives of Plu- tordi. Charles IX. gave him the abbey of Cornelius de Compeigne, and conferred on him the high olflces aoove mentioned. AMYRAUT, Moses, a learned French theologian, born at Bourgueil, l.'iOO, and died, 1004 ; vfery generally respected, not only for his moderation and abilities, but also for his bcneticence and charity. His voluminous works are chiefly theological. AMYRUTZES, a Peripatetic philosopher, bom at Trebizond. He was high in favour with the emperor David, and accompanied that prince to Constantinople, whither the Turks carried him after their reduction of Trebizond in 1401. Here he deserted both his sovereign and his religion, and assuming the name of Mahomet Beg, and embracing the Mahometan creed, he was much em- ployed by Mahomet II. ANACHARSIS, a .Scythian philosopher, flourished about COO years B.C. lie travelled to Athens, where he was much esteemed by Solon, and was the only stranger the Athe- nians ever admitted to the honour of citizen- ship. On his return to Scythia he attempted to introduce some of the institutions and customs of Greece ; but while in the act of performing a rite to Cybele, he was killed by an arrow. ANACLETUS, or CLETUS, reckoned by Roman Catholics the third pope, succeeded Sinus as bishop of the church of the Romans in 79, and held that office till his death in 92, when he was enrolled among the saints and martyrs. ANACREON, a famous Greek lyric poet, born at Teos, Ionia, about the Cth century B.C. He was enteitained by Polycrates at Samos, and afterwards lived with Hippar- chu8, at Athens, whence he returned to Teos, and remained there till the revolt of Histaeus, when he removed to Abdera, where he was choked by a grape-stone in the act of drink- ing. His poems are exquisitely beautil'ul, 37 ana] ^ ^tbi Winibtvgul 33insrapibB« [anc lively, and natural. There have been seve- ral English translations, but the one in high- est esteem is by Moore. ANARIA, G. L., a noble Calabrian cos- mographer, born iu 15C1 ; author of a cele- brated work on demonology, published at Venice, "apud Aldum," 158'J. ANASTASrUS I., emperor of the East, born in Illyrieuni, 430, and died, 518. He was elevated to the throne in 491. ANASTASIIJS II., raised to the throne of Constantinople from the condition of se- cretary, 713, was a man of learning, and a zealous Catholic, yet he did not neglect the defence of the empire, then threatened by the Saracens. He was put to death by Leo, who had usurped the crown, ANASTASIUS I., pope, a Roman, suc- ceeded Siricius in 328, and died, 402. His epistle to John, bishop of Jerusalem, who had written to him in behalf of Rullinus, a presbyter of Aquileia, is extant, together with Ruffinus' apology. ANASTASIUS II., son of a Roman citi- zen, succeeded pope Gelasius in 49C, and died iu 498. ANASTASIUS in., a Roman by birth, was raised to the papal chair, after Sergius, 911, and died two years aftei-wards. ANASTASIUS IV. succeeded Eugcnius III., IIXJ, and died the following year. Ten letters of this pope are preserved in the Col- lections of Councils by Labbe and Harduin, and in Du Chesne's History of France. ANASTASIUS, Tueopoijxanus, bishop of Antioch in the Gth century, banished by Justin the Younger for holding the opinion that the body of Christ was incapable of suffering even before the resurrection. He was afterwards restored to his see by Mau- ritius, and died, 099. ANASTASIUS, called Bibliotiieca- nius, a Roman abbot, of Greek origin, of the 9th century ; author of " Liber Pontift- calis." He was principal librarian in the Vatican. ANATOLIUS, patriarch of Constantino- ple, who contended against pope Leo for the equalit V of the two churches. Died, 458. ANAXAGORAS, of Clazomena:, a cele- brated philosopher, born b. c. 500. He in- herited a considerable estate in his own country, which he relinquished to indulge his tliirst for knowledge at Athens, where he applied to the study of poetry and eloquence, and taught philosophy, having had among his pupils Euripides, the tragedian, and Peri- cles, the orator. His reputation, however, created him enemies, and he was condemned to death on a charge of atheism, but the sentence was commuted into banishment. Anaxagoras then withdrew to Lampsacus, where he taught philosophy undisturbed until his death, which happened iu liis 72d year, B.C. 428. ANAXANDRIDES, a Greek comic poet, said to have been the first who introduced love adventures on the stage. He was a na- tive of Rhodes, and starved to death at Athens for libelling the government, B.C. 400. ANAXARCHUS, a Grecian philosopher of the Eleatic sect of Leucippus. He was the friend and companion of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied on his Asiatic expedition, and who admitted him to great freedom. AN AXIMANDER, the friend and disciple of Thales, of Miletus, born, B.C. 010. He had a considerable knowledge of astronomy and geography, and was the first who noticed the obliquity' of the ecliptic : he also taught that the moon receives her light from the sun, and that the eartli is globular : and to him is as- scribed the invention of the sphere and geo- graphical charts. ANAXIMENES, the pupil and successor of Anaximander. He maintained that airis the first principle of all things ; and Pliny attributes to him the invention of the sun- dial, ANAXIJfENES, of Lampsacus, a Greek historian and philosopher, son of Aristocles. He was one of the preceptors of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied in most of his campaigns, and afterwards wrote the history of his reign, and that of his father Philip. ANCHIETA, Jos., a Portuguese Jesnit, surnamed the Apostle of the New World ; born at Teneriffe, 1538, and died, ir,m. At the age of 28, he went to Brazil, where he founded the first college for the conversion of the savage natives. ANCHVVITZ, N., theCracovian nuncio to the Polish Diet ; a man as talented as base ; who sold Poland to Russia and her parti- tionary colleagues, in 1782, and was hanged the year after, in an insurrection of Ihe people. ANCILLON, J. P. P., a celebrated histo- rian, born in 17f!(5 ; author of " Tableau des Revolutions du SystCme Politique," &c. ANCILLON, David, a learned French divine, bom at Metz, 1017, and died, 1092. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he retired from Meaux, of which he had been for some time the pastor, to Frankfort, and thence to Hanau, where he attained to great celebrity by his theological writings and dis- coveries ; and he afterwards accepted a situ- ation in the French church at Berlin. His eldest son, Charles Aneillon, obtained through his influence the office of historiographer to the king of Prussia, and was afterwards made inspector of the French courts of justice. He was a man of much general reading, wrote several treatises, &c., and died, 1715. ANCKARSTROEM, or ANKARSTROM, JoH.v James, a Swedish military oflficer, who assassinated king Gustavus III. at a masked ball ; for which crime he was scourged on three successive days, had his right hand cut off, and was then decapitated. Born, 1758 ; executed, 1792. ANCONA, Cyriaco d', an Italian anti- quary, collector of inscriptions, and author of " Itinerariuni Illyricum ;" born in 1420. ANCOURT, Floiient Cautox d', a cele- brated French actor and dramatic writer, born at Fontainebleau, ICOl, and died, 172G. He was educated in the Jesuits' College at Paris, and was admitted an advocate at the age of 17 ; but, falling in love with an actress, he married her, went upon the stage, and began to write for the theatres. Retiring from this employment in 1718, to his estate in Berry, he applied himself almost wholly to devotion, and composed a translation of the ANC] ^ ^cU) ^uibtr^al 23t05VflpTji). [and Psalms in verse, and a sacred tragedy. He was tlie author of ,'>2 dramatic pieces, of wliicli about one lialf still keep the stage. ANGUS MARTIUS, fourth king of Rome, elected on the death of Tullus Ilostilius, B.C. (534. During his reign, Rome was enlarged by taking in the walls of the Aventine Hill, and occupying the hill Janiculum, beyond the Tiber. lie also built the bridge called Sublicius, erected a public prison in the fo- rum, extended the territories of Rome quite to the sea, and built the town and port of Ostia, at tlie mouth of the Tiber. Aucus died after a prosperous reign of 2-i years. AJSDERSON, AuAM, a native of Scotland, was for many years a managing clerk in the South-Sea House, a trustee for the settle- ments in Georgia, and in the court of the Scotch corporation in London. He wrote a work on the Historical and Chronological Deduction of Trade and Commerce ; aud died, ]7, aged 75. ANDERSON, Alexander, an eminent scholar of the 17th century, born at Aberdeen, and afterwards i)rofe8Sor of mathematics at Paris ; author of various treatises principally connected with his favourite science. ANDERSON, Sir Edmund, lord chief justice of the Common Pleas under queen Elizabeth, to which situation he wa« pro- moted in 1.W2. He sat on the trials of the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, and of Davidson, the secretary, for issuing the warrant under which she was executed. Anderson's Reports, folio, 1C44, is still a book of authority. He was a native of Lincolnshire, and died, 1(105. yVNDERSON, (lEoitciE, a native of Tun- dern, Slcswick. During 1644, and the six following years, he spent his time in tra- velling through the East, and visited the Arabias, Persia, India, China, the Japanese Islands, Tartary, and the Holy Land. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, on his return, having vainly endeavoured to induce him to commit his adventures to writing, em- ployed his librarian, Olearius, to take down the account from his own mouth as he re- lated them to his highness, the scribe being concealed behind the tapestry of the apart- ment. This work was afterwards published in Sleswick, lOCy. ANDI'-RSON, Geokge, a young man of extraordinary talents, born at Weston, linckinghamshire, in 1700, and died, 1796. His parents were peasants, and he worked as a day-labourer in the fields ; his genius, however, overcame every difficulty, and he attained of himself so great a knowledge of the mathematics, as procured him a clerk's place at the Board of Control, and after- wards the situation of accomi)tant-gen. Mr. Anderson published a " General View of the Affairs of the East India Company, since the conclusion of the War in 1784 ; " and translated from the Greek of Archimedes, " Arenarius, or a Treatise on munbcring the Sand." ANDERSON, James, an advocate at the Scottish bar, eminent for his learning and antiijuarian research, born at Edinburgh, 1662, and died, 1798, through an apoplectic stroke. His first work, " An Essay, proving the Independence of the Crown of Scotland, published 170.5, procured him the thanks of the Scottish parliament, imder whose aus- pices he subsequently produced a series of the " Charters and Seals of the Scottish Monarchs from the earliest Antiquity down to the Union with England." But tlie book which gained him the greatest reputation was, " Selectus Diplomatum etNumismatum Scotiae Thesaurus." ANDERSON, James, a Scottish miscel- laneous writer, bom at Ilemnston, near Edinburgh, 1739, and died, 1808. He pub- lished a series of "Essays ou Planting," which procured him much reputation as an agriculturist ; and, in 1780, the university of Alierdeen conferred on him the degree of LL.D. In 178.3, he removed to Edinburgh, and projected the establishment of the North British Eisheries ; for which purpose he was employed by government to survey the coast of Scotland, and received great commenda- tion for his services. Dr. Anderson was the author of a number of publications chiefly on agricultural affairs ; he also wrote for the Encyclopaedia Britaunica, and was a monthly reviewer. ANDERSON, Joii.v, F. R.S., professor of natural philosophy in the university of Glasgow, and founder of tlie useful institu- tion in that city bearing his name, was l)orn in 1726, at Roseneath, in Dumbartonshire. His great characteristic was an ardent desire for the instruction of his fellow-men, and he was indefatigable in studying and exempli- fying the application of science to mechanical practice ; for which purpose, in addition to his academical labours, he taught his anti- toga-dass, as he called it, twice every week, during the session, to the end of his life. He died in 1796, directing by his will that the whole of liis proi)erty should be devoted to the establishment of an educational insti- tution in Glasgow, to be denominated An- derson's University, for the use of the un- academical classes j which may justly be considered as the parent of the various Mechanics' Institutions which have of late years arisen throughout the country. ANDERSON, John, son of a merchant at Hamburgh, of which city he himself be- came principal magistrate in 1725. He was employed in various negotiations to different Eurojjean courts ; and during his residence there, he cultivated an acquaintance with all whom he found distinguished for their literary attainments, and kept up a volumin- ous correspondence with them after his re- turn. He died, 1743, aged 79. His principal work is, " The Natural History of Greenland, Davis's Straits, and the Countries situated in the Arctic Circle." ANDERSON, Lawrence, one of the chief promoters of the reformation of religion in Sweden. He was chancellor to Gustavus ^asa ; but having engaged in a conspiracy, he passed the years of life left to him by the king's clemency, in retirement. Died, 15.")2. ANDERSON, Robeist, M. D., a native of Camwath, in Lanarkshire ; author of numerous works, critical and biographical. Of those most highly valued are the follow- ing : — "Lives of the British Poets," in 14 vols., published in 1795 ; " Works and Life of Tobias Smollett;" and the "Life of and] ^ ^e&3 Winiiitx^sX ISf0grapT)n. AN Samuel Johnson." He was the friend and patron of genius wherever it appeared ; to him Campbell dedicated his "Pleasures of Hope," as it was chiefly owing to him that tliat matchless poem was first brought before the world. Died, 1830. ANDOCIDES, one of the ten Greek ora- tors, whose lives are written by Plutarch ; he flourished, B.C. 4G8. ANDRE', C. C, a laborious German au- thor; born in 1763; editor of the "Com- pendiose Bibliothek," 1789 ; and many works on history, botany, mineralogy, and geology. ANDKE', J., born in 1741 ; one of the most celebrated German composers. Died, 1800. His son, J. A., was the first to employ litho- graphy to the printing of music, 1801. ANDRE', B., an ex -Jesuit, born in 174.5 ; editor of "Gazette Literaire de Wurtz- bur^," and author of many works, chiefly Latin, on Pedagogy, &c. &c. ANDRE', John, a major in the British service in the American war ; who, being led to offer liis services to negotiate between the noted General Arnold and general Sir Ileniy Clinton, was taken ijrisoner by the Americans witliin their lines ; and, owing to his disguise and the nature of his mission, was tried and executed as a spy, Oct. 2. 1780. On going to the place of execution, he said, with concern, "Must I die in this manner?" Being told it was unavoidable, he replied, " I am reconciled to my fate, but not to the mode ; it will, however, be but a momentary pang." His fortitude ex- cited the admiration, and melted the hearts of all the spectators. When asked if he had anything to say, he replied, "Nothing, but to request that you will witness to the world that I die like a brave man." A monument is erected to liim in Westminster Abbev. ANDRE', Y'vES Mahi, a French Jesuit, and professor of mathematics at Caen ; au- tlior of "Traiti5 sur TUomme," &c. Born, 1075 ; died, 1704. ANDREA, Caval Caxti, a noble Italian, and voluminous author, remarkable for the copiousness and elegance of his style. He died in 1072, and left a collection of novels, an Italian biograijhy, and many minor poems. ANDREA, Cecciiexi, a Tuscan ; author of " Troja Distrutta," a tragedy, and se- veral minor pieces, published in 1063. ANDREA, SALVADoni, a Tuscan poet, born about 1600 ; left three volumes of co- medies, masks, operas, and poems — " II JMedoro," " La Flora," " Le Fonti di Ar- denna," &c. ANDREADA, Ferdinaxo, a Portuguese admiral, who, in 1518, commanded the first European fleet that ever visited the coast of China. ANDREyE, Joiix Gerhard REixnAKD, an ingenious naturalist of Hanover, born, 1724, and died, 1793. He published a " Tour in Switzerland," and a "Treatise on the several kinds of Earth in Hanover." ANDREAS, James, a German reformer, born at Wirtemberg, 1528, and died, 1590. He was at the diets of Ilatisbon and Augs- burg ; secretary at the conference of Worms ; and afterwards made chancellor and rector of the university of Tubingen. ANDREAS, JouN, bishop of Aleria, in Corsica, born, 1417, and C.-ied, 1475. He was a zealous promoter of the art of printing, and superintended the impressions of several classical works at Rome. ANDREINI, Feancis, a celebrated comic writer of Pistoia ; autlior of " Le Bravure del Capitano Spavento," &c. Died, 1616. ANDREINI, Isabella, wife of the pre- ceding, was a celebrated and beautiful im- provisatore, comedian, and comic writer. She displayed great precocity of genius, was well versed in i)hilosophy and languages, sang and played with exquisite taste, and was of irreproachable morals. Born at Pa- dua, in 1562 ; died at Lyons, in 1G04. ANDREINI, John Baptist, son of Francis ; and author of several dramas and poems, among which is " L'Adamo," a mystery, which suggested (as it is said) to ^Milton, while at Milan, his Paradise Lost. ANDRELINI, Public Fekto, a native of Italy, poet laureat to Louis XII., of France, and professor of poetry and philosophy in the universitv of Paris. Died, 1518. ANDREOSSI, Francis, an eminent French engineer and mathematician, was born at Paris, in 16;33. He assisted Riquet in forming the canal of Languedoc, the sole merit of which stupendous work has been uujustlj' claimed for him. Died, 1688. ANDREOSSI, Anthony Fraxcls, Count, a distinguislied French military officer and engineer, and eminent also as a diplomatist, was descended from the subject of the pre- ceding article, and born in Languedoc, 1761. He was a lieutenant of artillery at twenty ; served with distinction in Italy and Egypt ; ^ and had reached the rank of inspector- \ general of the artillery when Napoleon as- i cended the throne. He was successively 1 ambassador to London, Vienna, and Con- ' stautinople ; and received many marks of the imperial favour. On the restoration of Louis XVIII. in 1814, Andreossi was recalled ; from his embassy to the Porte, and pre- ' scnted with the cross of St. Louis : but on | the return of Napoleon from Elba, he again j attached Iiimself to his old master ; and was | one of the commissioners chosen to treat j with the allies by the provisional govern- ment. He wrote " Histoire Gi.'n($rale du Canal du Midi ; " the " Campaign of the Gallo-Batavian Army on the Maine and Rcd- nitz," &c. Died, 1828. ANDREOZZI, G., one of the most cele- brated composers of Italy. Born, 1767. ANDRES, Don Juan, a Spanish author, celebrated in the controversy respecting the Amalfian origin of the mariner's compass ; author of a work on the " Origin of Letters," in Italian, and of another in Spanish, en- titled " Cartas Familiares a se Hermano." ANDRES DES VOSGES, J. F., born in 1744; author of " Le Tartarc," "Paris," and many translations from English works. ANDREW, John, a learned bishop of j Aleria, in Corsica ; and editor of the works j of Herodotus, Livy, and other classics. He , died, 1493. | ANDREW, bishop of Crete, bom at Da- | mascus, and died about 720. He wrote com- and] ^ ^cto Winibtv^&l iStograiJlbJ?* [anp mentnries on the Scrixitures, &c., published at Paris, 1044. ANDREW, of Ratisbon, an historian of the 15th century, wlio wrote a chronicle of the dukes of Bavaria, and a liistory of Bohemia. ANDREW, of risa, a sculptor and ar- chitect, bom in 1270, and died in l.'Mo. He built several grand structures at Florence and Venice, and also obtained great reiJU- tation as a painter, poet, and musician. ANDREW, of Cyrene, an imijostor who, in the reign of Trajan, had the art to de- ceive his Icllow-countrynien, the Jews, into a lielief that he was ordained to be their liberator. They accordingly revolted, and horrible cruelties were committed on both sides l(cforc they were reduced to obedience. ANDREWS, IlEMtY, a self-taught ma- thematician, born of poor parents iit Fries- ton, near Grantham, 1744, and died, Jan. 26. 182(>. Having, while in a menial em- ployment, occupied his leisure moments in the study of astronomical science, he at- tained tlierein great proficiency, and for more than 40 years was a computer of the Nautical Eiihcmeris, and the calculator of Moore's Almanack. ANDREWS, Jajiks Pettit, an English miscellaneous writer, youngest son of Jo- seph Andrews, Esq., of Newbury, Berks, where he was born, 1737, and died at Bromp- ton, 171(7. He received a private education, and was earlj' distinguished by an attach- ment to literature and the fine arts, to the former of which he may be said to have been professionally attached until his death. ANDREWS, Lancklot, an eminent En- lish divine, bishop of Winchester in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., born in I>ondon, irAu't ; died at Winchester House, Southwark, l(>2(i, and buried in the church of St. Saviour, in which an elegant monu- ment was erected to his memory. ANDREWS, Milks Pktkr, a dramatic writer, son of a merchant in the city of London, in whose coiuiting-house he was brought up ; but having a decided turn for theatrical amusements, and coming into a considerable fortune by the death of an elder brother, he bade adieu to mercantile pursuits, and amused himself by writing for the stage. He died suddenly in 1814. ANDRIEU, BERTiiAxn, a mcdallic en- graver, born at Bordeaux, 17f)l, and died at Paris, 1822 ; considered as the restorer of the art of engraving medals, which had declined after the reign of Eouis XIV. ANDRIEUX, F. G. T. S., a clever and voluminous French author, dramatist, poet, and politician, born in 17.'>.5. He was mem- ber of the legislative assembly in 1798 ; op- posed to arbitrary power, he advocated warmly the liberty of the press and the sys- tem of "Ecoles Primaires." He was one of the projectors and chief contributors of the " Decade Pliilosophirjue," and was an active member of the Institute and tl-.e Academic Francalse. Among his dramatic pieces are " Anaximander," " I-es Etour- dis," "Le Vieux Fat," and " Ee Jeune Homme fi I'Epreuve," &c. &c. AKDRISCUS, a man of mean extraction, who, pretending to be the son of Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, took the name of Philip, and was called Pscudo-Philippus. Having obtained a signal victory over Ju- ventus, the Roman prajtor, he assumed the kingly power ; but in the end was conquered, and served to grace the triumph of Melellus, before whom he walked in chains. ANDROMACHUS, of Crete, physician to Nero ; he wrote, in elegiac verse, a descrip- tion of the Theriaca, a medicine which he invented, and dedicated it to the emperor. ANDRONICITS. of Cyrestlies, a Greek architect, who built the famous octagonal temple of the winds, at Athens, which, till lately, was used as a mosque by the Turks. He is also said to be the inventor of the weathercock. ANDRONICUS, Livius. the oldest dra- matic author in the Latin language, who flourished about 240 years b. c. Nearly all his works are lost. ANDRONICUS, of Rhodes, a follower of Aristotle, and to whom we are indebted for restoring and publishing the works of that philosopher. li. c. 03. ANDRONICUS, of Thessalonica, a learned Greek of the I'lth century, whose reputation was great at Rome and Florence, where he taught. Died, 1478. ANDRONICUS I., emperor of the East, was the son of Isaac, and grandson of Alexis Comnenus. He was of an active martial mind, and eloquent ; but had many vices. On the death of his cousin, the emperor !Manuel, in 1103, he was chosen partner in the govern- ment with Alexis XL, who, being a mere youth, soon fell a sacrifice to his coadjutor's thirst of power ; but the people, exasperated at his various cruelties, proclaimed Isaac Angelus emperor, put out the eyes of An- dronicus, led him through the streets in derision, and at length stabbed him, aged 73, A. D. 1185. ANDRONICUS PAL^OLOGUS n.,sur- named the Elder, succeeded Michael VIII., in 128.3 ; but Wiis glad to find refuge in a cloister, in 1325, his grandson having driven him from the throne. ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, James, an eminent French architect of the 10th cen- tury, who designed the Pont Ncuf, and com- menced the building of it in imH. He was also employed, in 1590, to continue the gal- lery of the Louvre ; but was obliged to quit France during the persecution of the Pro- testants, and no further account of him is on record. ANDRY, Nicholas, a physician and me- dical author, of Lyons, in the 17th century ; afterwards dean of the faculty of medicine in the royal college of Paris, where he also filled a pi'ofessor's cliair. He died in 1742. ANEURIN, a British poet and chieftain of the 0th century, supposed by some authors j to be the same m ith Gildas, the historian : j he took a part in the battle of Cattraetli, which he made the subject of a poem ; this, and " Odes of the Months," form the whole I of his known works ; and are to be found in I the Welsh Archaiology. Died, 570. i ANFOSSI, Pasquale, an Italian musi- I cian, born at Naples, 1736 ; died, 1795. He I was composer to the theatre at Rome, and afterwards travelled to Paris, where he pre- I ang] ^ i^tbi WiniiitvSKl 25t05rap!ji?. [ani sentcd to the Academy of Music his " In- counue," adapted to Freuch words. ANGELI, BoNAVicNTUKA, a celebrated historian, of Parma ; died in 1576. ANGELI, Peteh, a distinguished modem Latin poet ; born at Barga, Tuscany, 1517 ; died at Pisa, 1596. ANGELICO, John, an Italian painter ; a Dominican ; he painted the chapel of Ni- cholas v., who offered liim the archbishopric of Florence, whicli he refused. Died, 1448. ANGELIS, Stephen de, an Italian ma- thematician ; he was for some time a Jesuit, but quitted the order, and became a teacher of matliematics at Padua, where he died at the close of the 17th century. ANGELO, FiORiozzoLA, a Florentine poet, honoured by Clement Vlllh's friend- ship, and much esteemed ; died in Rome, 1548 : author of " Discorso degli Animali," " I Lucidi," and " La Trinuzzia," comedies, and a great variety of other works. lie is chiefly admired by liis countrymen for the purity and beauty of his diction. ANGELO, PoLiciANO, born in 1454 ; au- thor of numerous works, in prose and verse, translations from Greek and Latin ; " llusticus," " Orfeo Favola," &c. ANGELO, MicuAEL ue Buoxarotti, the descendant of a noble but reduced family in Tuscany, was born, in 1474, in the territory of Arezzo. He was endowed with extraordi- nary abilities, being incomparable as a painter, sculptor, and architect ; wliile as a poet he was far above mediocrity. To record his great acliievements here would be impos- sible. As a designer he is allowed to be without an equal, and his knowledge of ana- tomy was perfection itself. Many of the most splendid edifices in Italy owe their existence to his masterly hand ; and as a painter, in his delineation of the grand and the terrible he has never been equalled. After a life of glory, speut in the most exalted pursuits, he died, immensely rich, at Rome, 1564, and was there buried ; but the Grand- duke of Tuscany had his body remo^•ed to Florence, and re-interred with princely honours. Sir Joshua Reynolds, in a dis- course to tlie students of the Royal Academy in 1790, speaking of Alichael Angelo, em- phatically exclaimed — "to kiss the hem of his garment, to catch the slightest of his perfections, would be glory and distinction enough for an ambitious man ! " ANGELONI, Francesco, an Italian his- torian, born at Terni, and died at Rome, 1652 ; principally known by an elaborate work, published in 1685, on the history of Rome, which he illustrated by a reference to ancient medals. ANGELUCCI, Theodoke, an Italian poet and physician, who held a professorship at Padua, was a member of the Academy at Venice, and principal physician at Montag- nana, where he died, 1600. ANGELUS, CuKiSTOPHER, a Greek, who, being driven from his own country by the Turks, found an asylum in England in 1608; and, under the patronage of the Bishop of Norwich, he was placed in Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he remoA'ed to Baliol College, Oxford, where he was of great ser- vice to the junior students, and where he died, 1638. He puhlislied many works in Greek, English, and Latin. ANGERSTEIN, John Julius, a distin- guished patron of the fine arts, bom at St. Petersburgh, 1735 ; died at Blackheath, Jan. 22. 1822. He came over to England under the patronage of the late Andrew Thompson, Esq., with whom he lived in partnership upwards of .50 years. Mr. Angerstein ex- liibited much public spirit on several occa- sions, and was the first who proposed a re- ward of 2000^ from the fund at Lloyd's to the inventor of the life-boats. His cele- brated collection of paintings esteemed in- ferior to none of the same extent in Europe, was purchased by the English government for 60,000?., and forms the nucleus of a national gallery. ANGILBERT, St., the son-in-law of Charlemagne, and afterwards abbot of St. Riquier. He had a great taste for poetry, but nothing remains of him except a history of his monastery. He died, 814. ANGIOLELLO, John Mario, a Venetian historian of the 15th century, taken captive by the Turks, and made slave to Sultan Mustapha, whom he attended in an expe- dition to Persia, 147;5, and wrote the history of Mahomet II., in tlie Turkish and Italian languages ; also the history of Ussun Cassan. He died about l-'ioO. AXGOULEME, Charles de Valois, Duke of, natural son of Charles IX. ; bom, 1575 ; and died, 1650. Catherine de Medici bequeathed to him. her estates, but the will was set aside in favour of Margaret de Va- lois. Charles, however, retained the title of count d' Auvergne, and in 1619 was made duke of AngoulOme. He gained great re- putation as a military commander, but was twice charged with treason, and the second time condemned to death, which sentence was changed into perpetual imprisonment. He was, however, once more pardoned, and employed both in a military capacity and in various embassies ; he also wrote his own memoirs. ANGUIER, Francis and Michael, two sculptors, natives of Eu, Normandy. Fran- cis, the eldest, was keeper of the royal ca- binet of antiquities, and executed several great works, particularly the mausoleum of the Duke of Montmorency. Michael's best piece was a crucifix over the altar of the church of the Sorbonne. The former died, 1669 ; the latter, 1686. ANGUILLARA, GiovANNE hell', one of the most esteemed modern Italian poets, born in 1517 ; author of " Edipo, Tragedia." His translations of the " Euclid " and " Metamorphoses " are standard Italian works. ANGUISCIOLA, SornoNisBA, a famous Cremonese painter, born in 1550. Her style as an author is said to have been as ad- mirable as her paintings. ANICII, Peter, a native of Inspruck, son of a labourer, born, 172.3, and died, 1766. His early genius being discovered by Father Hill, a Jesuit, he gave him instructions, and in a short time he became an able astrono- mer and mechanic, and constructed various mathematical instruments. ANICHINI, Lev.13, a celebrated me- 42 I ANN] ^ i2ci» ^Kniberjial 33{0sraplj^. [ansI dalHst. nis chief work is a medal repre- senting the interview of Alexander the Great and the High Priest at Jerusalem, which Michael Angelo pronounced to be the perfection of the art. ANNA COMNENA, was the daughter of the emperor Alexius Comnenus I., at wliose death she conspired to place the crown on the head of lier husband, Nicephorus Bri- ennius, but without success. She then turned her attention to literary pursuits, and wrote the " Alexiad," a history of her father's reign. Died, 1148. ANNA IVANOWNA, empress of all tlie Russias, daughter of the czar Ivan Alexio- witcli ; born, 1G1»3 ; succeeded to the crown on the death of Peter II., 1730 ; and died, 1740. During her reign, Russia was on a peaceable footing with all her neighbours, without engaging in any of their quarrels, except a war witli the Ottoman Porte in 1737. ANNE, of Austria, queen of France, eldest daughter of Philip III. of Spain; born, 1(!04; married to Louis XIII. of France, Kilo, at whose death, 1(>43, slie was declared sole regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIV., who assumed the reins of govern- ment, 10(51. Anne then retired, passing the renminder of her life in pious exercbes, and died in KJCil. ANNE, of Beanjeu, daughter of Louis XI. of France, and wife of Peter Beaujeu, duke of Bourbon ; appointed by her father's will gouvemante during the minority of his son, Charles VIII. This preference excited a civil commotion, which was terminated by the defeat of the insurgent nobles, 14S8. The princess held the reins with much firmness, and in general acted prudently. She died, l.'-)22. ANNE, of Brittany, queen of France, daughter and heiress of Francis II., duke of Brittany ; born, 147(! ; married to Charles VIII., of France, 1491 ; and, on his death, lliiit, to Louis XII. ; and died, 1,'.14. This princess first instituted the order of maids of honour to the queen, first had the prerogative of guards and gentlemen of her own, and was the first who gave audience to foreign am- bassadors. ANNE, of Cleves, daughter of John, third duke of Cleves, and wife of Henry VIII. of England, who divorced her. Died, 1557. ANNE, queen of Great Britain, second daughter oi'.Jamcs II., by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born in 1(W4 ; married to Prince George of Denmark, h>H?, ; succeeded to the crown on the death of William III., 1702 ; and died, 1714, aged 50. T)ie contention of parties during the reign of Anne was ex- tremely violent, in consequence of the hopes entertained by the Jacobites that she would be induced by natural feelings to favour the succession of her brother, the Pretender. Her reign was also much distinguished for learning ; and the number of eminent writers who flourished under her, several of whom rose to high stations, has rendered it a sort of Augustan age of English literature, though neither her own disposition or acquirements had any share in making it such. ANNESLEY, Aktiiuk, earl of Anglesea, and lord privy seal in the reign of Charles II. ; born at Dublin, 1614 ; and died, 1C86. At the commencement of the civil wars he Joined the royal party, and sat in the par- liament at Oxford, 1643 ; but having made peace with the republicans, he was sent com- missioner to Ulster, 1C45. He, however, took an active part in the restoration of the king, for which he was created earl of Anglesea, made treasurer of the navy, and, shortly afterwards, lord privy seal. ANNESLEY, Samuei,, an English divine, bom in Warwickslure about 1020 ; died, 1696. At the time of the rebellion, he preached some violent sermons against the crown and churcli, for which he received the vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate ; but. in 1002, he was ejected from it for nonconformity. ANNETT, Petek, a deistical writer of the 18th century ; author of "The Free En- quirer," and other works of a sceptical turn. He was a native of Liverpool, and died, 1778. ANNIUS, of Viterbo, a Dominican monk, who wrote various books which he pretended were the remains of eminent ancient authors, particularly Manetho, Archilochus, and Xenophon. For a time the Imposture suc- ceeded, and they were priuted in 1498. Au- uius died at Rome, 1502. ANNO, archbishoj) of Cologne in the lltli century. He was chancellor to the emperor Henry III., and regent during the minority of Henry IV. ; and from the exemplary conduct he displayed in tliose situations, as well as from the sanctity of his life, he ac- quired the title of Saint. ANQUETIL, Loris Pierhk, a celebrated historian, born at Paris, 1728 ; died, 1808. Having distinguislied himself as an able teacher of theology and general literature, he was appointed prior of the abbey de la Roe, in Anjou, diiector of the college of Senlis, and prior of Chateau Renard. During the height of the revolution he was thrown into i>rison, where he began his " Universal History," which was afterwards published in twelve volumes. At the formation of the French Institute, Anquetil became one of the original members, and obtained a situation under government. ANQUETIL DU PERRGIJT, Abhaiiam Hyacintiie, brother of the preceding, was born at Paris, 1731 ; and died, 1805. In order to gratify his taste for oriental literature, he joined the expedition fitting out for India, in 1574, as a private soldier ; employed every moment of his leisure in the study of the Sanscrit ; and made sufficient progress in tliat tongue to translate the " Vendidade Sade," a dicticmary of the language. On the taking of Pondicherry by tlie English, he retiuned to Europe, visited London and Oxford, and conveyed the various MSS. he had obtained to Paris. He was then ap- pointed oriental interpreter in the king's library, with a pension, and devoted himself to the publication of his researches. ANSALDI, C. J., a celebrated suvant, of Piaeenza, born in 1700. His best antiquarian treatises are in Latin. ANSART, A.vouEW Joseph, a French historian and ecclesiastical writer ; bom, 1723 ; died, 1790. He became a Benedictine, but being appointed to a place of trust in his order, he decamped with the funds, and joined the order of Malta. JlSS] % ^t\xi mnihtxinl %ia^K^\^^, [ant ANSCARIUS, bishop of Hamburgh and Bremen, born in France, 801 ; died, 8(>4. He preached the gosi^el to the Danes and Swedes, and was very instrumental in con- verting the northern nations to Christianity. ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of William Rufiis and Henry I. ; born at Aost, Piedmont, 10;}3 ; died at Can- terbury, 1109, and canonised in the reign of Henry VII. He was originally a monk, and afterwards superior of the abbey of Bee, Normandy. Visiting England several times during his abbacy, he was called to attend William Rufus in a fit of sickness at Glou- cester, which led to his appointment to the primacy. But ditfereuces arising between the king and the prelate, in consequence of the attachment of the latter to the pope, Anselm left the kingdom, and the king seized liis revenues. On the death of William, he liowever returned to England, and was well received ; but a new rupture arising, in con- sequence of the archbisliop's refusing to be rc-invested bj the king, the dispute was referred to the pope, who decided in favour of Anselm. This was resisted ; and at length the pope made a concession, by allowing the English bishops and abbots to do homage to the king for their temporalities, which re- stored Anselm to favour. ANSELME, of Paris, an Augustine monk, bom, 1625 ; died, 1604. He was the original compiler of the Historical Genealogies of the House of France. ANSELME, Geokoe. There were two of this name : the elder, a mathematician of some eminence in the early part of the 15th century ; died, 1440. His grandson, who as- sumed the name of Nepos, v.a.s a physician at Parma, of which city he was a native, and died, 1528. ANSON, Lord George, a celebrated naval commander, was born at his father's seat in the parish of Colwich, Staffordshire, 1697, and died at Moor Park, Hertfordshire, 1762. He entered early into the navy, and was made post-captain in 1724. Being ordered to tlie South Carolina station, he purchased land, and built a town there, called after his name. In 1739 he was appointed commodore of an expedition against the Spanisli settle- ments in the Pacific Ocean ; and sailed from Portsmouth the following year with five men-of-war, a sloop, and two victuallers ; doubled Cape Horn in March, 1741, after losing two of his ships ; and in June follow- ing arrived otF Juan Fernandez, with only two ships and two tenders. Tliis place he left in September, took some prizes, burnt Paita, and continued on the American coast, in expectation of falling in with the annual Acapulco ship, till May, 1742 ; when, having only his ship, the Centurion, left, he crossed the southern ocean for China, where he stayed several months, and returned in quest of the galleon, which he fell in with, and captured after a smart action. Having sold his prize in China, he sailed for England, i and arrived at Spithead, June 15. 1744, pass- ing in a fog through the midst of a French fleet, then cniising in the Channel. In 1747 he commanded the Channel fleet, and cap- tured six French men-of-war, which were convoying a large fleet bound to the East and West Indies. Two of these prizes were the Invincible and the Glory, wliich induced the captain of the former to say to the admi- ral, on giving up his sword, " Sir, you have conquered the Invincible, and Glory follows you." For these and other services, he was created a peer, and afterwards made vice- admiral of England. In 1751 he was ap- pointed first lord of the Admiralty, which post he held, excejit for a short interval, until his death. In 1758, he again com- manded the Channel fleet, and was appointed admiral, and commander-in-chief of his ma- jesty's fleets, for the purpose of convej'ing her majesty, queen Charlotte, from Cux- haven to England. ANSON, Petkk Hubeut, a miscellaneous writer, born at Paris, 1744 ; died, 1810. ANSPACH. Her Serene Highness Eliz- abeth, Margravine of, was the youngest daughter of Augustus, earl of Berkeley. To a good and highly cultivated understanding, this lady joined the most prepossessing man- ners, and a large portion of feminine beauty. When little more than sixteen, lady Eliza- beth married Mr. (afterwards earl of) Cra- ven, by whom she had seven children ; but after living together thirteen years, they separated from mutual feelings of dissatis- faction. Lady Craven made a tour, and took up her residence in the court of Anspach, where she established a theatre, wrote plays, directed the performance, and became a prin- cipal personage with the margrave : the margravine was generally confined to her chamber by ill health, and shortly after died. Lady Craven remained a visitor at Anspach, and accompanied the margrave in his excur- sions to other courts. Six weeks after the death of Lord Craven, his widow married the margrave, and both came to England. The margrave disposed of his principality to the king of Prussia, and having purchased Bran- denburgh House, Hammersmith, it became the scene of fashionable dissipation ; the queen, however, refused to receive the mar- gravine at her drawing-room, and no other influence could obtain her admission to the British court. In 1806 the margrave died, and after that event the margravine resided generally abroad. At Naples the king gave her two acres of ground, on which she erected a handsome villa, and there continued to reside until her death, which took place in 1828. ANSTEY, Christopher, a poet, was born in 1724; studied at Eton and Cambridge ; and on succeeding to some patrimonial i)ro- perty, resided principally at Bath. He blended the avocations of a country gentle- man with literary pursuits, and, among many other things, produced that humor- ous poem, " The New Bath Guide," which obtained a rapid and deserved popularity. Died, 1805. ANSTIS, Jonx, an antiquary, and the author of various heraldic works, was born at St. Neots, Cornwall, in 1669, and educated at Oxford. He was member for St. Germains, and in 1713 appointed garter king at arms. Died, 1744. ANTAR, an Arabian chief and distin- guished poet, who lived in the 6th century. His works, which form a portion of the fa- 44 §( lieto ^nihex^HX aBinsrajl^B. [ant mous Moallakiih, arc devoted to the descrip- tion of his warlike deeds, and his love for the fair Abla. The celebrated Arabian romance, entitled "Antar," by Asinai, aflbrds a perfect idea of the manners, opinions, and supersti- tions of the early Arabians ; and of this there is an English version, entitled "Antar, a Bedoucen Romance, translated from the Arabic by Terrick IJaniilton," iu 4 vols. 12mo. ANTIIEMIUS, a Lydian, eminent as an architect, sculptor, and mathematician. He waa employed by the emperor Justiuian ; and died in 53-1. ANTIIING, Frkrerick, the companion in arms and biographer of the famous Mar- shal Suwarrow, was born at Ootlia. iu Saxonv, and died at St. Pctersburgh, in 1805. ANTHONY, St., the Great, the founder of monastic institutions, was bom a. d. 251, at Coma, iu Ileraclca, a town of Upper Epypt. In 305, having sold all his property and gi\xn the proceeds to the poor, he withdrew into the desert, whither a number of disciples were attracted by his reputation for sanctity; and thus was formed the tirst community of monks. He afterwards went to Alexandria, to seek the honour of martyrdom, amid the persecutions then raging against the Chris- tians ; but as his life was spared, he ogain retired to the desert ; and died at the great age of 105. ANTHOXY, of Burgundy, an illegitimate son of Philip, duke of Burgundy. He served with ^reat credit in Switzerland, and against the Moors in Africa ; and was high in the favour of Louis XI. and Charles VIII. of France. Born, 1121 ; died, 1504. ANTIGNAC, A., born in 1770 ; a favourite French clntmoimier, charged with celebrat- ing both Bon.aparte and the Bcnrbous. ANTIGOXUS, Socii.ris, a Jew, founder of the sect of the Sodducccs, about 300 years n. c. ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and universally sup- posed to be the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander's father. In the division of the provinces after the king's death, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia ; to which Lycaonia was afterwards added. He was the most powerful of those who shared the Grecian empire, and was the first of them who assumed the title of king, which he did 20 years after the death of Alexander. His power at length l)ecfenie so very formidable that a conspiracy was formed against him by Cassander, Lysimaehus, and Seleucus ; by whom he was ultimately defeated, and slain at the battle of Ipsus, b. c. 301. ANTIMACO, Mark A-nthovy, a learned Italian author of several Latin poems, and a teacher of Greek at Mantua and Ferrara. He translated much from the Greek, and was a zealous promoter of classical learning. Born, 1472 ; died, 1552. ANTINE, Mauk Francois, a French Benedictine monk j author of an essay on the Art of verifying Dates, &c. Born, 1G88 ; died, 1748. ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT, king of Syria and Asia. He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of wliich simie cities implored the aid of Rome ; and Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his coiu-t, encouraged him to make war against Italy ; but his measures were not agreeable to the advice of Hannibal, and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond Mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being unable to pay the fine, lie attempted to plunder the temple of liclus in Susinno, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, B.C. 187. ANTIOCHl'S, of Ascalon, a philosopher, and disciple of Philo, the Platonist. He was highly esteemed by Cicero for his mode of education, and considered the best public teacher of the Platonic philosophy. ANTIOCHUS, amonk of Seba, Palestine, who wrote in the 7th century lao homilies on the Scrii)tures, still extant. ANTIPATER, a native of Macedon, pupil of Aristotle, and the faithful minister of Philip and Alexander. While Alexander was abroad, he left Antipater in the govern- ment of Macedon ; and by his prudent ma- nagement he kept all Greece in order. On the death of his master, in the distribution of his territories, Antij)ater obtained the European provinces. Not long after the confederate states of Greece attacked liim, but he subdued them, and subverted their democratic forms of government, on which lie was called the father of Greece. He died B.C. 'M^. ANTIPATER, L.v.Tiiis C^.Tir.s, a Roman historian, who lived in the time of Gracchus, and wrote an account of the Second Punic War. ANTIPATER, of Sidon, a stoic philoso- pher and poet, much jtraiscd by Cicero and Seneca, He lived about 140 is, c, ANTIPANES, a Greek comic poet, in the time of Alexander, who gained three prizes at the 0!ymj)ic games. ANTIPIIILUS, a painter, rival of Apelles; celebrated for a fine drawing representing a youth blowing a spark of fire. ANTIPHON, the Rhamnusian, an Athe- nian orator, who flourished B.C. 430. He was the first who laid down the rules of oratory, and assisted in establishing the ty- ranny of tlie four hundred ; for whicli he was put to death, b.c. 411. ANTIQUARIUS,jAMES,alearncd Italian scholar of Cumpanus ; he became chief mi- nister to the dukes of Milan, and died, 1512. ANTISTHENES, founder of the sect of the Cynics, by whose means Melilus was put to death, and Anytus banished, for their persecution of Socrates. He was born at Athens, B.C. 42.3. ANTOINETTE, Marie, of Lorraine, archduchess of Austria and queen of France, born at Vienna, in 1755, was the daughter of the emperor Francis I. and Maria Theresa. To a beautiful person, and a highly culti- vated mind, she added the charms of gentle- ness and feminine grace ; and when she left Vienna for Versailles, to give lier hand to the son of Louis XV., king of France, after- wards Louis of unhappy memory, the capital of her native land was filled with sorrow. In 1770, when only 15 years of age, she was married ; and when her husband ascended the throne she gained the aftlctions of the people by repeated acts of generosity. It ant] ^ i^t^ Winibtr^al 23i0crrajpT;». [ant was, however, soon observed that her natural liveliness brouglit upon her tlie s(!andal of her enemies about the court, who attributed the undisguised frankness and cheerfulness of her nature to levity aud indiscretion. An extraordinary occurrence added fuel to tlie flame of calumny, while it subjected the name of the queen to a disgraceful lawsuit. Two jewellers demanded the payment of an immense price for a necklace, which had been purchased in the name of the queen. In the examination which she demanded, it was proved that she had never ordered tlie purchase. A lady of her size and complexion had impudently passed herself off for the queen, and at midnight liad a meeting with a cardinal in the park of Yersaiiles. Not- withstanding this, the enemies of the queen succeeded in casting a stigma on her ; and the credulous and infatuated people laid every public disaster to lier charge. On the 5th of October the Parisians rushed to Ver- sailles, and breaking into the castle on the following morning, they murdered several of the body-guards, and uttered against the queen the most furious threats. In the middle of tlie night, a clergyman wrote to her, " Take measures for your preservation ; early in the morning, at 6 o'clock, you are to be murdered." She remained tranquil, and concealed the letter. Tlie infuriated mob rushed into her chamber ; slie fled to the king. To put a stop to the scene of outrage, the king aud queen showed themselves with both their children, in the balcony. This spectacle made a momentary imjiression on the enraged people ; but soon the cry re- sounded from every mouth, " No children ! the queen — the queen alone!" She in- stantly put lier son and daughter into the arms of the king and returned to the balcony. This unexpected courage disarmed the mob; and their threats were followed by sliouts of approbation. But the regicidal mania was now arriving at a fearful height, and those events which in the sequel deluged France with blood, were thickening around tlie royal family with all the fervid gloom of an ap- proaching tempest. At length came the fatal 10th of August, 1792. Prepared for the worst, she exerted all her power to excite the king to meet death sword in hand ; but he thought resistance was in rain, and was led, with his consort, before the legislative as- sembly, where she heard his deposition an- nounced, and then accompanied him to the Temple. There, deprived of every semblance of royalty, and bereft of every comfort, she displayed the magnanimity of a heroine and the patient endurance of a martyr. At length th« Conxeution ordered her to be brought belbre the revolutionary tribunal. She was charged with having dissipated the finances, exhausted the public treasury, cor- responded with the foreign enemies of France, and favoured its domestic foes. To all these charges, and others still more infamous, she replied with firmness and decision, and a just indignation ; and slie heard lier sentence pronounced with perfect calmness. On the following morning, when she ascended the cart which conveyed her to the scaifold, it was observed that grief had distorted her features, and in the damp, unwholesome prison, she had almost lost one of her eyes. A deep silence reigned, and the people, be- fore so furious, seemed to be filled with shame and awe. When she reached the top of the scaifold, she threw herself on her knees, ex- claiming, "O God, enlighten and affect my executioner ! Farewell, my children, for ever ; I go to your father ! " Thus perished the lovely Marie Antoinette, in the S8th year of her age, Oct. 16. 1793. ANTON, C. Gottlieb, a learned German noble and magistrate, born in 17.51 ; author of a variety of curious philological, histo- rical, and critical works ; among others, a " History of the Ancient Germans ; " " On the Origin of the Sclavonians ; " of the " Or- der of Templars," &c. &c. ANTONELLI, Nicholas Maeia, count of Pergola, who rose through various ecclesias- tical promotions to that of cardinal, was bom, 1697, and died, 1767. ANTONI, Sebastiano deoli, a Vicen- zan noble author, bom in 1665 ; author of " The Conspiracy of Brutus," a tragedy. ANTONIANO, Sylvio, an Italian poet, made a cardinal by Clement VIII., born at Rome, l.'>40 ; died, 1603. ANTONIDES, or VANDER GOES, John, a Dutcli poet, bom in Zealand. 1647 ; died, 1684. He is principally known by his poem in honour of the river Y, which flows through Amsterdam ; in which city his works were collected and published, 1714. ANTONINE, DE FoKCiGLioNi, a Romish prelate and saint, born at Florence, 1389 ; died, 1459, and canonised 1523. He highly distinguished himself at the Council of Flo- rence, where he disputed with the Greeks. ANTONINI. AxNiBAL aud Joseph, two brothers, natives of Italy, in the 17th and 18th centuries : they wrote in conjunction the history of Lucania ; and Annibal was the compiler of an Italian grammar and dictionary. ANTONINUS PIUS, Tixus Aukelhts FuLVius, emperor of Rome, was born at Lanuvium, 86 ; succeeded Adrian, 138 ; and died, 161. His reign was distinguished by tranquillity and by suet °xcellent manage- ment, as procured him tlie title of Pius. ANTONINUS, Marcus Annius Auke- Lius, surnamed the Philosopher, bom, 121 ; adopted by Pius Antoninus, whom he suc- ceeded, in conjunction with Lucius Verus, as emperor of Rome ; and died, 180. His death occasioned universal mourning throughout the empire ; the Roman senate and people voted him a god, and his image was long afterwards regarded with peculiar veneration. This emperor's book of medi- tations in Greek and Latin has been often printed, and universally admired for the excellence of its morality. ANTONINUS, a geographical author, the writer of a valuable Itinerarium, whose age is unknown. Burton published an ex- cellent commentary on it, as far as relates to Britain. ANTONIO or ANTONELLO, bom at Messina, Sicily, 1426 ; died, 1475. He is said to have been the first artist who introduced oil painting into Italy. ANTONIO, Nicholas, a Spanish histo- rian, born at Seville, 1617 ; died, 1684. ant] a ^tto WiniheriKl JSiOjjrap]^!). [apo ANTONTUS, GooEFROV, a celebrated German lawyer, born in Westphalia, and died chancellor of the university of Gicsscu, where also he was a professor of law, 1018. ANTONIUS, Makcus, a brave and elo- quent Roman consul, who was afterwards appointed governor of Cilicia, and subse- quently censor. He was one of the greatest orators among the Romans ; and, according to Cicero, it was owing to him that Rome became a rival in eloquence to Greece. He was slain during the disturbances raised by Marias and Cinna, b. c. 07. ANTONIUS, Makcits, the celebrated triumvir, born, b. c. 86, was son of Marcus Cretius, by Julia, a lady of the Caisarian family, ot*^ distinguished merit. Anthony, on the death of his father, soon wasted his whole patrimony, then went into Syria, and assisted in the restoration of Ptolemy to the throne of Egypt ; thence he proceeded to join Caisar in Gaul, and on his return to Rome was made quosstor. When Caesar made himself master of that city, he ap- pointed Anthony to the government of Italy, and afterwards master of the horse. An- thony was also the colleague of Cassar in the consulship ; aud, at the death of the latter, strove to get possession of the sovereign power, by ingratiating himself with the peo- ple and the army. In order to check his ambition, the patriots took the part of Octa- vius, the heir of Cicsar ; and Anthony, being defeated in his endeavours to gain Macedonia and S^ria, and also in an attempt upon Cisalpine Gaul, fled to the Alps, and after- wards formed with Lepidus and Octavius the second triumvirate ; to which combina- tion Cicero fell a sacrifice. Anthony was greatly instrumental to the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippl ; he then went into Asia, where he bowed to the all-conquering charms and blandishments of Cleopatra ; and, after his defeat at Actium, put au end to his own existence, B.C. .'iO, aged 60. ANTONIUS, iELius Nebkissknsis, a Spanish writer, born ■ at Lebrisa, 1442 ; died, 1522. He was an eminent i>rofessor at the university of Salamanca, and wrote the History of New Spain, and other works. ANTONY, of Bourbon, son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, born 1527 ; mar- ried Joan d'Albrat, queen of Navarre, 1543, who brought him in dowry the principality of Beam, and the title of king of Navarre ; and died from a wound received in the shoulder at the siege of Rouen, 1502. ANTONY, St., of Padua, a learned Fran- ciscan monk, was born at Lisbon, 1195 ; died at Padua, 1231 ; and was canonised. His works were printed at the Hague, 1041. ANTONY, of Pratovcccliio, Tuscany, an eminent Italian lawyer, in the 15th century. ANVAIII, a Persian poet, born at Cho- rasan. He was well versed in astrology, and composed several books on that science ; but having failed in a i)rediction, he retired from the court of the sultan Sangier, and died at Balke in 1200. ANYSIUS, or ANISO, Giovasni, an Ita- lian poet of some celebrity, born at Naples, about 1472 ; died 1.54<). ANYTA, an ancient Greek poetess, some of whose compositions are preserved in a 47 collection of eminent female poets, published at lliiml)iirg, 1734. ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorician, who prevailed on Aristophanes to ridicule Socra- tes in a comedy, and finally, in conjunction with Melitus, procured his condemnation. When the people discovered their error, Anytus was banished, and stoned to death at Hcraclea. APACZAT, John, a native of Apatza, Transylvania, who studied the oriental lan- giiapes at Utrecht, and afterwards taught mathematics and natural philosophy in the university of Weissenburg. Died, 1059. APEL, or APELLES, Joiix, a German lawyer, and one of the earliest preachers of the Reformation ; born at Nuremburg, 1480, and died there, l.'>36. APELBOOM, a Dutch poet of some ce- lebrity, who died about 1780. APELLES, the most celebrated among the painters of antiquity, was bom, as Pliny affirms, in the isle of Cos, though other writers name Ephesus as his native place. He lived in the time of Alexander theGreat, who would suffer no other artist to paint his picture. APELLES, a native of Syria, in the second century ; the founder of an heretical sect, who denied the prophets, the law of Moses, and the resurrection. APELLICON, a peripatetic philosopher, to whom the world is indebted for the works of Aristotle, which he collected and bought at a vast expense, about !K) years B.C. They were afterwards seized by the dictator Sylla, and carried by him to Rome. APER, Makcus. a Gaul by birth, and one of the finest orators of the flj-st century : he died about 8.5. APHTHONIUS, of Antioch, a rhetorician of the tliird century, who wrote a treatise entitled " Progymnasmata Rhetorica," the best edition of which was published at Am- sterdam, 1045. APIAN, Peter, a German mathematician and astronomer, bom in Misnia, 1495 ; died, 1589. Ajiian was the first who discovered that the tails of comets are always projected in a direction from the snn, and records his observations upon five which ajipeared in the years 1.531, 1532, 1533, 1538, and 1.539. APICIUS, a noted epicure in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. It is recorded of him that he spent 2,.5(W,00O/. sterling in pro- viding for the luxuries of his table ; but find- ing his finances reduced to 250,(K)0 crowns, he poisoned himself for fear of starving. There were, however, two other epicures of the same name ; one who lived in the time of Sylla ; and the other, whose extravagance and gluttonous propensities were less enor- mous, contemporary with Trajan. APION, a learned grammarian and histo- rian, bom at Oasis, Egypt, in the first cen- tury, and was a professor at Rome in the reign of Tiberius. In his " Antiquities of Egypt," he attacked the Jews, and was an- swered by Josephus. APOLI>INARIS, Caius Sulpitius, a na- tive of Carthage, was professor of grammar at Rome in the 2nd century, APOLLINARIUS, Claudius, bishop of Ilierapolis, Phrygia, about 177, who wrote APO] ^ ^thi SETniOfViJal 3St05raj>T;i.n [aqu an apology for the Christian religion, ad- dressed to Marcus Aurelius. APOLLINARIUS, a presbyter of Alexan- dria in tlie 4th century, who wrote a history of the Hebrews in Greek heroic verse. He had a son who became blsliop of Laodicea, and wrote a treatise against paganism, which he sent to Julian, lie died about 382. APOLLODORUS, a grammarian of Athens, flouiislied i).c. 104. Three books of his on the origin of the gods are extant. APOLLODOllUS, a famous painter at Athens, n.c. 403. Pliny mentions two pic- tures by him, one of a priest of Ajjollo at the altar.and theotherof the shipwreck of Ajax. APOLLODOllUS, a celebrated architect, was born at Damascus, and lived under Tra- jan and Adrian. lie was employed by the former in building the great stone bridge over the Danube and other structures; but, falling into disgrace \vith Adrian, he lost liis life through that emperor's caprice. APOLLONIA, a female Cliristian martyr, who, at a very advanced age, fell a sacrifice to intolerance at Alexandria, 248. APOLLONIUS COLLATIUS, a monk and poet of Navarre in the loth century, who published an epic on the siege of Jerusalem, and other pieces. APOLLONIUS, DvscoLUS, a grammarian of Alexandria in the 2nd century, wlio wrote a work on syntax : a collection of historical curiosities is also ascribed to him. Tliere was another grammarian of this name, who lived in the reign of Augustus Caesar, and compiled a Lexicon Ilomericum, printed at Paris, 1773. APOLLONIUS, of Perga, a mathematician of Alexandria, about 240 years, B.C. He com- posed several curious geometrical works, of which his book on conic sections alone exists. APOLLONIUS, RiiODins, so called from the city of Rhodes, in which he presided over a school of rhetoric, was a native of Alex- andria, and afterwards became keeper of the celebrated library there, in which situation he remained until his death, B.C. 240. He wrote a poem, in four books, on the expedition of the Argonauts. APOLLONIUS, Tyanecs, a philosophic empiric of Ty ana, in Cappadocia; born about the Christian era. He visited Rome, where Vespasian became his dupe ; but Domitian sent hira to prison. He soon obtained his release, and died about tlie end of the 1st century. APOLLONIUS, a Roman senator and Christian martyr, who lived in the reign of Commodus, and probably suffered death about 18(5. APONO, or ABANO, Peter of, an as- trologer and physician, born at Abano, near Padua, 1250 ; died, 1316. He made himself celebrated by a work, entitled " Conciliator Differeniiorum Philosophorum et precipue Mc'dicorum." APOSTOLIUS, MicnAEi-, a learned Greek of the 15th century, whocompiled acoUection of tlie sayings of wise men, and another of proverl)s. APPIAN, an ancient historian, born at Alexandria, whence he went to Rome, in the reign of Trajan, and became an eminent pleader. He wrote the history of Rome in Greek. APPIANI, AsDKK, a celebrated Milanese painter, born in 1750. His pieces are found in most of tlie palaces of Milan ; but his masterpiece, in fresco, adorns the cupola of Santa Maria de S. Cclso. Died, 1818. APREECE, or RIIESE, Joiix, a learned antiquary, born in Wales in the early part of the IGth century, and died in the reign of queen Mary. One of his works, entitled " Fides Historiaa Britannife," is preserved in manuscript in the Cottonian collection. APROSIO, AuGELico, an Augustine monk, born at Genoa, 1607 ; died, 1681. He wrote a number of books, but is best known by a work, entitled " Bibliotheca Aprosiana." APTHORP, East, a learned divine, bom in New England, 1732, and died at Canter- bury, 1816. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent him out as one of their missionaries to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in which state he resided for a short time, and then relumed to England, arid obtained the living of Croydon, Surrey, about 1765. In 1778 lie took the degree of D. D., and was appointed to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London ; but, in 1793, he resigned his living on obtaining the valuable stall of Finsbnry, in St. Paul's Cathedral. APULEIUS,Lucius,a Platonic philosopher in the 2nd century, born at Madaura, Africa. He composed several books, the chief of which is a romance, entitled " The Golden Ass," M'hich has been translated into almost all the modern European languages. AQUAVIVA, AxDKEW Matthew, duke of Atri, Naples, born about 1456, was cele- brated both as a scholar and a soldier, and died, 1528. AQUAVIVA, Clattde, born at Naples, 1542, became general of the order of Jesuits, and died, 1615. AQUAVIVA, OcTAVio, a prelate of great reputed piety and learning, died archbishop of Naples, 1612. AQUILA, of Sinope, Pontus, an architect and mathematician in the time of Adrian, by whom he was employed in the rebuilding of Jerusalem, where he embraced the Chris- tian religion, but was afterwards excommu- nicated for practising astrology, and turned Jew. AQUII./ANO, Serafijto, an admired Italian poet, born at Aquila, Abruzzo, 1466, and died, 1500. AQUILANUS, Sebartiani's, a Neapolitan physician of Padua ; died, 1543. AQUINAS, St., Thomas, called the Angelic Doctor, descended from the counts of Aquino, in Calabria, Naples, was bom 1224; died, 1274; and canonised 1323, by John XXII. His writings, which were held in the highest estimation, gave rise to a sect called, after him, Thomists. AQUINO, Charles of, a Neapolitan Je- suit, born, 1654 ; died, 1740. He was an emi- nent teacher of rhetoric at Rome. AQUINO, or AQUIN, Louis Claude of, a distinguished musician, born at Paris, 1694 ; died, 1772. At the age of six he performed on the harpsichord before Louis XIV. ; at eight, the celebrated Bemier declared he could teach him no more ; and at twelve, he became organist of a church at Paris. AQULNO, Philip, a learned Jew of the aea] ^ IJrto Winihtr^iil SBtosrapTjg. [arb l7th century, bom at Avignon, converted to the Christian faith, and received baptism at Aquino, Naples, whence he derived liis name, lie was celebrated for his skill in the Hebrew language ; and was entrusted by Le Jay with the care of printing and correcting thellebrew and Clialdce text of his Polyglot Bible. ARABSCHAir, a Iklahometan historian, who wrote a History of Tamerlane, and a treatise on the divine unity. He was a na- tive of Damascus, wliere he died, 14.")0. AR.VBELL A STUART, commonly called the Lady Arabella, was the only child of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, the brother of Henry lord Darnley, father to James VI., of Scotland, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Cavendish. This innocent victim of jealousy and state policy, while an infant, lost her father, and thus became heiress to a large estate. Several matches were projected for her at home and abroad ; and her cousin, king James, was inclined to marry her to Lord Esnie Stuart, whom he had created duke of Lennox, and whom, before his marriage, he considered as his heir ; but this union was prevented by queen Elizabeth, who held the Lady Arabella under restraint, and regarded her with a jealous eye. On the death of that queen, an abortive conspiracy was formed for setting up Arabella Stuart in opposition to her cousin James. In ICIO, she was pri- vately marrieorn at Galway. He en- tered into the military service of France in 173!», and served with distinction in Germany and Flanders. Died, 1779. ARDERN, Jou.v, an English surgeon of Newark- upon-Trcnt, to wlioni the credit of bciug the reviver of surgery in tliis country in the 14th century has been given. ARDEXE, EsritiT Jean ue Rome, s French author, born at Marseilles, 1G84 ; where he died, in 1748. ARDENE, John Paul, brother of the preceding, was a priest at Marseilles, and superior of a college ; but more celebrated as a florist thau as an ecclesiastic. On that pleasing subject he wrote soma esteemed works ; and also, " Letters on Physic," for the practice of ecclesiastics. Dit- d, 1709. ARDENE, James, an English divine, made dean of Chester by Charles II., and died, Hi!il. ARDINGHELLI, Maria, a Neapolitan author, of noble origin, born in I7ii0. II« was distinguished in algebra and the physical sciences. AREAGATHUS, a Greek physician, who lived B. c. 2(;y, and practised with repute at Rome ; but having introduced the use of caustics and the knife, he was banished. ARENA, AxTUOxr, a French writer of the 16th century, cliiefly known by his poem on the war of Provence, carried on by Charles V. ; died, ir)44. ARENA, James ok, a learned ciTilian and writer in the 13th century. He was professor of law at Padua and Bologna, and wrote Commentaries on the Digest and the Code. ARENA, Joseph, an officer in the French service, bom in Corsica : arrested at the opera, Aug. 10. 1801, and executed Jan. 31. following, for an attempt on the life of Buonaparte, then first consul. ARENDT, Mautix Fuederic, a cele- brated traveller, whose object was the cul- tivation of science, was born at Altona, in 1709. He commenced his travels in 1798, visiting the northern parts of Europe, and making researches into the antiquities of the countries through wliich lie passed. He afterwards travelled through Spain, Italy, and Hungary ; and it was his practice to carry all his papers with him, live on the charitv of others, and sleep in the open air. Died, 1824. ARESI, Paul, bishop of Tortona, Milan, born, lo74 ; died, 1C.44. He taught theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, at Rome and Na- ples, and wrote some philosophical and re- ligious pieces. ARET.a2US, a Greek physician in tlie time of Vespasian : his works are held in great esteem. ARETIN, A. and J. G., brothers, bom in 17C9 and 1771 ; authors of several German ; works on the fine arts, "Magazin des Arts du Dessin," &c. ARETIN, J. C, Baron, bom in 1773; a laborious German bibliograph, curator of the Royal Library at Munich, and member ; of the most famous German academies, j Among his works are, "Historical and Lite- i rary Memoirs ; " a " History of the Jews of i Bavaria;" "On the Effects of Printing;" ! and many curious treatises on mnemonics, a universal language, the divining rod, &c. He edited the "Aurora" in 180(5, and pub- lished the "Nouvel Indicateur Litteraire," at Tubinifcn, in 1808. Died. 1824. ARETINO, Charles, born in Tuscany, in the 1.5th century. He was secretary to the republic of Florence ; and eminent both as a Greek scholar and a Latin poet. Died in 1470. ARETINO, Fraxcis, a learned civilian of Italy in the l.'ith century. ARETINO, Gltido, a native of Arezzo, Tuscany, who lived in the 11th century, and is celebrated for having invented the musical gamut. ARETINO, Leo.vard, an Italian histo- rian, born at Arezzo, 1370 ; died, 1443. He was secretary to several popes, and after- wards to the republic of Florence ; added a Supplement to Livy on the Punic War, and wrote the History of Italy, &c. ARETINO, Peter, an Italian satirical writer of great celebrity, was born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, in 1492 ; and who, though oc- casionally as just as he was severe, may fairly be considered one of the most uni- versal and reckless libellers that ever lived. Yet although he was so licentious a writer, that his very name is expressive of indecency and profligacy, he wrote many works of devotion, and gave the preference to the latter, whenever they accorded with his in- terest. His "Ragionamenti," a bitter satire on the scandalous lives of the nuns, married women, and mistresses of the cardinals, &c. was every where read with disgusting avidity. A multitude of satires on all the European sovereigns, earned him the title of "Scourge of Princes." By some he was bribed to silence ; by others, punished. Licentiousness stains the wit of all his works, comedies, satires, sonnets, Sic. &c. He died in 1.5.57. ARICI, C^SAR, an Italian poet, bora in 178.5 ; author of an admired didactic poem, called " La Coltivatione dcgli Olivi." ARION, a Lesbian poet of the 7th century, n. c. ; the inventor of Dithyrambics ; of whom numerous fables have been written. Of his writings, all that remains is a " Hymn to Neptune." ARETIUS, Benedict, an ecclesiastic of , Beme, Switzerland : eminent as a botanist and tliealogiau. Died, 1574. ARGAIZ, or ARGAEZ, GREGonr, a Spanish Benedictine, in the 17tli century, who publislied at Madrid an ecclesiastical history of Spain, which he attributed to St. Gregory, bishop of Granada, but which was afterwards proved to be a forgery. ARGALL,, RiciiAKD, an English poet in the reign of James I., patronised by Dr. John King, bishop of London. ARGEI.LATI, Philu', a printer of Bo- logna, of which city he became a magis- trate, was born in 1(585. From Bologna he removed to Milan, to superintend the print- ing of Muratori's " Scriptores Italicarum Berum," under the ausi)ices of the emperor Charles VI., who granted him a pension, and made him one of his secretaries. ARGELLATI, Francis, son of the above, author of a work entitled " Decamerone," written in imitation of Boccacio. Died in 1754. ARGENS, JoHX Baptiste T)e Boyek, Marquis of, a French miscellaneous writer, son to the solicitor-general of the Parlia- ment of Aix, in which city he was bom, in 1704. He at first chose the profession of arms, and was wounded at the siege of Kell, 1734, but afterwards turned his atten- tion to literary pursuits ; went to Holland, and was invited by Frederic William, king of Prussia, to his court, who made him one of his chamberlains. Died, 1771. ARGENTERO, G., a celebrated Pied- montese physician, bom in 1553 ; he trans- lated Galen. ARGENTIER, JoH.v, an Italian phy- sician, born at Quiers, Piedmont, 1513 ; died at Turin, 1572. ARGOLI, AxDHEW, a mathematician, horn at Tagliacozzo, Naples, 1570 ; died, 1653. He was professor of mathematics at Padua, with the title of Chevalier of St. Mark. ARGOLI, Joiiy, son of the above, was a poet of some celebrity, and also an archaio- logical writer. He was professor of juris- prudence at Bologna ; and died about 10(50. ARGUELLADA, Raymond, born in 17G8: a liberal deputy of the Spanish Cortes. He j was the chief framer of the Spanish Consti- tution, published at Cadiz in 1812. ARGUELLES, Adoustus, a Spanish pa- triot, born in 1775 ; joined the constitutional revolution which broke out at Cadiz in 1812, and drew up the official report of that event. He was suddenly arrested by Ferdinand VII., and sent to the galleys for ten years, by the king's arbitrary authority. He refused sub- scriptions from the English, on the ground that they had deserted or betrayed Spanish liberty. ARGUSTIN, Antoxio, a Spanish an- tiquarian, born at Saragossa, in 1517; author of " Dialogos de las Medallas." ARGYROPYLUS, JoH.v, one of the learned men who, in the 15th century, under the patronage of the Medici, contributed to the revival of Greek learning. In addition to his exertions as a teacher and lecturer, he published translations from Aristotle, and a commentary on the Ethics of that philo- sopher. AEI ERODE, an Icelandic scholar of the 11th century, and the earliest of the Northern historians. Of his numerous writings only the Schedte and Laudnama- bok remain. ARIOSTI, Attilto, aBolognese composer, who gave lessons to Handel, with whom and Bononcini, he composed the well-known opera of Muzio Scevola. ARIOSTO, EuDovico, one of the most celebrated of the Italian poets, Avas born at Reggio, in Lombardy, and even in his child- hood evinced his poetic genius. At Ferrara, where he was educated, he greatly distin- guished himself; but his studies were di- rected less towards the law, for which pro- fession lie was intended, than towards litera- ture. Tlie cardinal Ippolito d' Este became his patron, but seems to have valued him rather as a scholar and man of business than as a poet ; for when Ariosto presented a copy of his immortal Orlando, the cardinal inquired, "Where did you pick up this trumpery, master Ludovico ? " Ariosto's writings were very numerous and various, but the " Orlando Furioso " is the basis of his fame. Born, 1474 ; died, 1.D33. ARIOSTO, Gabriel, brother of the above; very inferior to him in genius, but a respect- able Latiu poet. His works were published at Ferrara, in 1582. ARIOSTO, Horace, son of the last named ; author of a poem entitled Alphaeus, several comedies, and a defence of the Or- lando against the criticism of Pellegrini. ARISi, Francis, an eminent advocate of Cremona ; author of various works, of which the most valuable is his " Cremona Literata." Born, 1(557 ; died, 1743. ARIST^NATUS, a Greek writer of the 4th century. He is praised by Ammianus Marcelliuus ; but is only known now by two books of Amatory Epistles, of some elegance. ARISTARCHIJS,a critic andgrammarian, a native of Samothrace, who flourished about a century and a half b. c. Having settled at Alexandria, he was made tutor to the son of Ptolemy Philomater. His criticisms Mxre so severe tliat his name has become proverbial. He died at Cyprus in his 72d year ; as some assert, bv voluntary starvation. ARISTARCHUS, the Samian, a Greek philosopher, supposed to have flourished about four centuries b. c. He is said to be the first who knew of the earth's rotatory motion on its own axis ; and a work of his, of wliich an edition in Greek and Latin was published by Dr. Wallis, in 1(588, treats of the magnitude and distance of the sun and moon. ARISTE AS, a Jew, in the employment of Ptolemy Pliiladelphus. He is said to have assisted in the Septuagint translation of the Bible ; and a history of it is attributed to him, btit on no satisfactory grounds. ARISTIDES, an Athenian patriot, whose unbending integrity procured him the name of "Tlie Just." He was a great admirer of the laws of Lycurgus, and opposed to the headlong democracy of the party headed by Themistocles. At the battle of Marathon he was next in command to Miltiades, and bore himself with great intrepidity. This caused liim to be made archon in the fol- ARl] ^ ^ctD mnibtvial 33tosrajpib2?« [ari lowing year ; but his rigid integrity in tliis station led to so strong an opi;osition by tlie popular i)arty, that he was ostracised. He was recalled from banisliinent to oppose the Persians under Xerxes, and, both at Salamis and riatsea, exerted himself to the utmost to serve and save his country. A still higlier proof was given of liis love of justice by bis efforts, though ineffectual, to save his rival, Themistocles, from banishment ; and by tiie fact, that though he had borne all the highest offices of the state, he was very poor at liis death, which took place in -W;? b. c. ARISTIDES, ^Lius,a native of Adriani, in Mysia ; an orator of great practice and ability during the reigns of Antoninus, Au- rclius, and Commodus. An edition of his worlcs was published in two 4to. volumes, Oxford, 1722. ARISTIDES, a Christian philosopljer, of Athens, in the 2nd century. Jerome praises his " Ajjology for the Christian Faith," but none of his writings are known to be extant. ARISTIDES, a painter of Thebes in the 3rd century B.C., famous for his power of representing tlic passions. ARISTIDES, QuiXTiLiAN, a Greek mu- sician, who, about the year 130, wrote a treatise on the music of his country. ARISTIDES, of Miletus, an Justorian often mentioned by Plutarch; but liis works were replete with licentious tales. ARISTirPUS, founder of the Cyrenaic sect of philosophers, waa bom at Cyrene about four centuries B.C. He became a pupil of Socrates, but his mode of life waa so effeminate as to induce that great man to comiJose the lecture on pleasures, which is preserved in the Memorabilia ofXenophon. Excellent as that lecture is, it had little effect on Aristippus ; who, both in lecturing and living, made pleasure the chief good. At Corinth he was the companion of the courtezan Lais ; and, at Syracuse, he was favoured by the tyrant, Dionysius, to whom, in common with many other philosophers, he paid his court. He established a school of philosophy at Cyrene, wliich continued for about a century, when it was merged into the sect of Epicurus. ARISTO, of Chios, a stoic philosopher, B.C. 2«0, who held logic to be useless and physics incomprehensible. ARISTO, an Aristotelian philosopher, of Ceos, B, c. 230. A work of his, ontitled " Amatory Similies," is cited by Atlienaeus. ARISTOGITON, a citizen of Athens, B.C. 51C, who was executed, after being horribly treated, for conspiring with liis friend Har- modius to slay the tyrants Hippias and Ilip- parchus. Ilipparchus they succeeded in glaying ; and Hippias, who put Aristogiton to death, was expelled the state about three years afterwards, when the statues of Aristo- gitoa and Harmodius were placed in the forum, and it was decreed that no slave should ever bear the name of either. ARIST03IENES, a Greek, son of Nico- medes, a descendant of the regal family of Mcssene, whose exertions caused the Mes- eenians, in conjunction with the Arcadians and Argives, to commence the second Mcs- scnian war, B.C. 085, in order to shake off the yoke of Sparta. The Messenians, however, were imsuccessful, and went over to Sicily» where they founded the city of Messina. ARISTOPHANES, a dramatic poet of Athens, contemporary with Socrates, Plato, &c. in the 5th century, B.C. His comedies were marked by a severity of satire which made him at once feared and popular ; and his description of Athenian manners was so exact, that when Dionysius, of Syracuse, wished to study the language and manners of Alliens, Plato sent him the comedies of Aristophanes as the readiest means of doing BO. Like most satiri>t8, Aristophanes was unjustly personal, and his comedy of "The Clouds was written in obvious desire to ridicule Socrates. He is said to have written fifty-four comedies, but of these only eleven remain, of which the critics deem " Plutus " the most perfect. Though his wit was de- based by licentiousness, and his satire by personality, his style was beautiful. The time of his death is unknown. ARISTOTLE, the great founder of the peripatetic sect of philosophers, was bora at Stagyra, in Thrace, B.C. 381. At the age of 17, he became a pupil of Plato, who called lilm the "m(>i. ARTEMIDORUS, Daldiaxi s, an Ephe- sian ; author of a Treatise on Dreams, lie lived in the reign of Antoninus Pius. ARTEMIDORUS, also an Ephesian ; au- thor of a geographical work, of which only some fragments remain. lie flourished in the 1st century B.C. ARTEMISIA, queen of Caira, and one of the allies of Xerxes at the famous battle of Salamis. ARTEMISIA another qneen of Caira, whose splendid monument to her husband, Mausolus, was the origin of the word mau- soleum. Died, Siil B.C. ARTEMOX, the inventor of the battering ram and the testudo, was a native of Clazo- ^enc, and cotcmporary with Pericles. ^ ARTEVELLE, James, a rich brewer, of Ghent, who by his wealth, eloquence, and talents, acquired unbounded influence over his countrymen. Having compelled the Count of Flanders to take refuge in France, he formed an alliance with Edward III. of England, and strove to transfer the Flemish sovereignty to the Black Prince. Killed, in a popular tumult, at Ghent, in 13-4.';. ARTEVELLE, PiULii', son of the pre- ceding, was chosen by the Flemings as their leader when they revolted against their count in i;?82 ; but after having made himself mas- ter of Bruges, he was defeated and killed at the battle of Rosbecq in tlie same year, ARTHUR, a British prince, whose history is so interwoven with romance, that it is difficult to separate the one from the other. He is stated to have succeeded to the rule of Britain, a. d. 51C ; and to have been slain in combat with his nephew, Meudred, in .542. AKTIGAS, Dox Jonx, bom at Monte Video, in 1760; first entered the Spanish service ; quitted it, and was foremost among those who fought for independence. He sub- sequently, however, became an object of sus- I>icion to the government of Buenos Ayres ; and, being declared a traitor, took up arms, and possessed himself for some years of the territory called the Banda Oriental ; but having sustained a defeat he was compelled to seek refuge in Paraguay, where he died in ]M2(5. ARTIZENIUS, IlEyRV, professor of rhe- toric and history at Nimeguen ; author of a treatise " De JVuptiia inter Fratrem et Soro- rem," &c. Born, 1702 ; died, 17r)osed in 1846. His position as a peer and a great landowner probably induced him to view with a different eye the consequences of a measure, to which as a mere merchant he would have lent his support ; but whatever might be his motives, certain it is that he became strenuously opposed to a free trade in corn, which a great part of his life had been spent in promoting. During a long life de- voted to activity, both mercantile and sena- torial, he found leisure to cultivate the fine arts, of which he was a most liberal patron ; and his collection of ancient pictures was unsurpassed by that of any private individual in the empire. Lord Ashburton married, in 1798, the daughter of William Bingham, esq., of Philadelphia, and bj-^ that lady, who survived him, he left a numerous family. Died, Unv 13. 1848. ASHMOLE, Elias, a celebrated English antiquary of the 17th century. Misled by the notorious Dr. Dee, he dabbled for a time in alchemy ; but fortunately for both his fame and fortune he abandoned that delusive pur- suit, and began to collect materials for the admirable "History of the Order of the Garter," which he afterwards published. Having obtained, by deed of gift, the curi- osities of Tradescant, the famous gardener, he presented them, and subsequently his books and MSS., to the university of Oxford ; and thus laid the foundation of the valu- able Ashmolean Museum. Bom, 1617 ; died, 1692. ASHWELL, George, an English divine of the 17th century ; author of several re- ligious works. Born, 1612 ; died, 1693. ASKEW, Akne, one of the victims of the horrible persecutions in the time of Henry VIII. She was burned to death, having previously undergone the torture of the rack, in 1646. ASKEW, An?hoky, a physician and scho- lar of the 18th century ; author of an appen- dix to the Greek Lexicon of Scapula, &c. Bom at Kendal, 1722 ; died, 1784. ASPASIA, a celebrated Greek lady, a native of Miletus, frequently but en-oneously designated as a courtezan, whose beauty and accomplishments had so powerful an in- fluence, that she numbered even the grave and moral Socrates among her acquaintance; and to marry her the great Pericles divorced Ilia wife. ASPINWALL, William, an American physician, was bom in 1743, in Massachusetts, and took his degree at Harvard College, where he was educated. In the war of independ- ence he was appointed a surgeon in the army ; and at the battle of Lexington he fought as a volunteer. He was greatly in- strumental in promoting inoculation for the small-pox ; yet when vaccine inoculation was introduced, he warmly adopted the prac- tice, although it greatly reduced his profes- sional emoluments. Died, 182;i. ASSELYN, Joux, a Dutch painter : who chiefly excelled in battle-pieces and liistorical paintings. Born, 1610 ; died, ]6i50. ASSEMANI. Stepuex, nephew of the pre- ceding ; keeper of the Vatican library, and author of "Acta Sanctorum Martyrum." ASSER, a rabbi of the 5th century ; one of the compilers of the Babylonian Talmud. Died, 427. ASSERIUS MENE^TENSIS, a learned ec- clesiastic, the tutor, friend, and biographer of Alfred the Great, by whom he was made bishop of Sherborne. His " Annals " con- tain, at once, the fullest and most authentic account of the life of his august sovereign and friend. Died, 909. ASTELL, Mary, the daughter of a mer- chant at Newcastle, and a women of very considerable talent as a polemical disputant. She obtained great popularity among the high church party as one of the most stren- uous impugners of the principles of Locke. Born. 1668 ; died, 1731. ASTLE, Thoxlas, an eminent archoBologi- cal writer; author of a treatise " On the Origin and Progress of Writing," &c. &c. Died, 1803. ASTLE Y, PiiiLU', author of "Remarks on the Profession and Duty of a Soldier," " A System of Equestrian Education," &c. ; but better known as the founder, and for many years the manager, of the Amphi- theatre, near Westminster Bridge. Bom, 1742 ; died, 1814. ASTON, Sir Arthur, a brave commander of the roj alist troops in the reign of Charles I., who greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Edge-hill, &c. He was governor of Drogheda in 1649, when it was taken by Cromwell, and is said to have had his brains beaten out ^vith his own wooden leg. AST] ^ IJrlD UniiitrSal 3Bt0grap!)S. [att ASTON, Sir Thomas, a brave and loyal subject, who, in the civil wars, raised a troop of horse for the king's service ; and was high sheriff of Cheshire, in 1C35. lie was killed while attempting to escai>e after being cap- tured by the republicans, in 164.5. ASTORGA, MarqniB, a Spanish grandee, declared a traitor by Napoleon in 1808. ASTOIII. Joiiy Anthony, a Venetian scholar of the 17th century ; author of nu- merous dissertations on Greek and Roman literature. ASTORINI, Elias, a Neapolitan professor of mathematics ; author of a translation of Euclid, and a Dissertation on the Life of the Foetus, &c. Died, 170S. ASTRUC, John, an eminent French phy- sician of the 17th century ; author of the Natural History of Languedoc, some me- dical treatises, &c. Born, IGS-t ; died, 17(>6. ATAHUALPA. sometimes written ATA- BALIPA, the last inca of Peru, who was barbarously put to death by the Spaniards, in 15.53. ATAIDE, DoM Louis of, a Portuguese noble and military officer, wlio was appointed viceroy of India in 1"»C0, at a period when all the native powers were combined to expel the Portuguese. His eftbrts to quell the revolt were successful, and he returned ; but on being sent out a second time, he died at Goa, 1.580. ATANAGL Denis, an Italian author and editor, of the lOth century. Among his works are a " Treatise on the Excellence of History;" an edition of the Rhetoric of Aristotle, &c. ATIIANASIITS, St., one of the fathers of the Christian Church, was a native of Egj-pt, and successor of Alexander in the bishopric of Alexandria. His defence of tlie doctrine of the Trinity against Arius and his followers involved him in much difficulty and Buffer- ing, which he Ixire with extraordinary pa- tience and fortitude. Of his numerous writings the most valuable are " The Abridg- ment of the Scriptures," and "The Life of St. Anthony." The creed called by his name is supposed by many to have been written long after his death. Bom, 290 ; died, 373. ATHELSTAN, an illegitimate son of Ed- ward the Elder, and his successor on the throne of England, in 92.5. ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian philoso- pher of tlie 2nd century. He became a con- vert to Christianity, and Clement of Alex- andria was among his pupils. He wrote an " Apology for the Christians," and a treatise " On the Resurrection of the Dead." ATHENiEUS, a learned grammarian, born at Naucratis, in Egypt, in the 3rd cen- tury. Tlie only work of his now extant is " The Deipnosophists, or the Table Talk of the Snpliists." ATHEN^EUS, of Byzantium, an engineer in the time of the emperor Gallienus ; au- thor of a treatise on the Machines of War. ATHENAIS, empress of the West, the daughter of an Athenian sophist, but whose learning and beauty induced Tlieodosius the Younger to marry her, and she took the name of Eudoxia. The emperor, however, became jealous of her, and she was banished to Jerusalem, where she died, in 400. Among her writings was a poetical translation of part of the Old Testament. ATIIIAS, JosEi'ii, a Jewish printer of Amsterdam in the 17th century ; editor of the Bible in Hebrew, English, Spanish, and Germnn, ATHOL, .Toiix MuKR.\T, Duke of, is chiefly remarkable for the events which rose out of' his hereditary connection with the Isle of Man. In 1781 he i>etitioned parliament, complaining of his father's transfer of the sovereignty of that island to the English cro^vn in 1765, for the sum of 70,000/., and an annuity of 2,000/. during the lives of him and his duchess, and praying for a bill to amend it. The question was lost in consequence of a counter-petition from the island ; but the duke was named captain-general and go- vernor-in-chief of the Isle of Man, from I'eb. 4. 1793. In 1805 he presented another peti- tion, which met with great opposition on the part of the inhabitants of the island. How- ever, a grant of one-fourth of the customs was made to the duke, in hereditary succes- sion, witli an increase of the annuity. He died in 18,".0, nged 75. ATKINSON, TuoMAS, a miscellaneous writer of some note, was bom at Glasgow 1801. Among other works, he published (in two senses, for he was a bookseller as well as an outhor) the Chameleon and the Ant, a weekly periodical, and was an extensive con- tributor to many of the local publications. Died on his way to Barbadoes, 1833. ATKYNS, Sir RouEin', a distinguished lawyer and patriot, who aided in the defence of Lord William Russell, and conducted that of Sir W. Williams, speaker of the House of Commons, when prosecuted for signing j the orders to print Dangerfleld's narrative ' of the Popish Plot. He also distinguished i himself by his opposition to the arbitrary j measures of James II., and at the Revolution was made cliief baron of the Exchequer. He subsequently was made speaker, which office he held till 1093. Born, 1021 ; died, 1709. ATKYNS, Sir Robert, son of the above, author of " The ancient and present State of Gloucester." Born, 1046 ; died, 1711. ATKYNS, RiCHAUD, of the same family with the above ; author of the " Origin and Growth of Printing." Died, 1G77. ATRATUS, Hugo, an English cardinal of the 13th century ; a skilful mathemati- cian and natural philosopher ; author of " Canones Medicinales," &c. ATTARDI, BoNAVENTURK, provincial of the Augustines in Sicily and Malta, in the 18th century; author of "Bilancia della Verita," &c. ATTENDOLO, Darius, a military offi- cer of the 10th century ; author of a " His- tory of Duelling," Poems, &c. ATTENDOLO, John Baptist, a secular priest and poet of Naples ; author of " Ob- servations on the Poetical Works of Pe- trarch," &c. Died, 1592. ATTEUBURY, Francis, an English pre- late, and a preacher of consummate abi- lities, was born in 1002, at Milton Keynes, near Newport Pagnell, and was educated at Westminster School, whence he was sent to Clxrist Church, Oxford. In 1691 he took att] ^ ^ciu miiiO^r^al BtogvajpTji?. [aub holy orders, and in 1G93 was made chaplain in ordinary to the king, and lecturer at St. Bride's. In these situations, and as preacher at Bridewell, he attracted much notice by the eloquence of his discourses ; but his con- stant advocacy of high cliurch principles exposed him to the attacks of Iloadley, and often of others of less repute. In 1700 he began a controversy on the powers and rights of convocations, in which he acquitted himself so much to the satisfaction of the party with which he sided, that he received the degree of D. D., and the thanks of the lower house of convocation. On the acces- sion of queen Anne, he was made her chaplain in ordinary, and shortly afterwards lie received tlie deanery of Carlisle. His rise henceforth was rapid : he was succes- sively made preacher at tlie Rolls Chaj)el, a canon of Exeter, dean of Christ Church, bishop of Rochester, and dean of West- minster, which last preferment he owed to the recommendation of Lord Oxford. Hi- therto his course had been invariably pros- perous ; but tlie death of queen Anne altered the wliole complexion of his circumstances. His high church principles were sufficiently well known ; and it is asserted that he was imprndent enough to boast, that if a suffi- cient guard could be obtained, he would proclaim the Pretender, and that too in full canonicals. Be this true or false, it is certain that he took several occasions to render himself obnoxious to George I., and was sufficiently active in correspondence with the friends of the Pretender to involve him- self in a "Bill of Pains and Penalties." He died an exile, at Paris, in 1731. ATTERBURY, Lewis, LL.D., elder brother of the above ; author of some ser- mons, tracts against Popery, &c. Born, 1650; died, 1731. ATTICUS, son of Julius Atticus, and a descendant from the family of Miltiades, ac- quired so much reputation as a teacher of eloquence at Athens, that he was invited by Titus Antoninus to superintend the educa- tion of his adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. He subsequen tly became consul, prefect of the free cities of Asia, &c. He employed his great wealth in public works ; but at the close of his life he retired to Marathon, Ms native place, where he died, A.n. 18.5. ATTICUS, Titos Pompomus, a Roman knight, whose vast wealth enabled him to 1 aid men of all parties, while his prudence j prevented him from siding with any of them I in their public measures. He thus escaped injury amid the contentions of Cinna and Marius, Ca3sar and Pompey, and in the horrible times of the Triumvirate. Of the ability and influence of Atticus, we may form some opinion from the correspondence between liim and Cicero. He is said to liave written " Annals " of great value ; but it is for his prudence, his wealth, and, above all, his friendship with Cicero, that he is now remembered. Died, r,.c. 33, aged 77. ATTILA, king of the Huns, surnamed the Scourge of God. His ruling passion was war ; and the Romans learned to tremble at his name, so terrible were the injuries he inflicted on them. On the last occasion of his invading Italy, he spread terror and de- solation over all Lombardy, and the fugitives thence founded the afterwards mighty city of Venice. Died, 453. ATTIRET. John Francis, a French Je- suit and painter. Being appointed mis- sionary to Pckin, he acquired great favour with the emperor Kien Long, of whose gardens he wrote a very amusing account. Born, 1702 ; died, 1708. ATWOOD, Geouge, F.R. S., an emment mathematician ; author of a " Dissertation on the Construction and Properties of Arches," and many other valuable works on mechanical and mathematical science. Born, 1745 ; died, 1807. ATWOOD, Thomas, an eminent musi- cian and composer, born in London, in 1767; commenced his musical education under Dr. Nares, in the choir of the chapel royal, where he early attracted the notice, and gained the patronage of the royal family. In 1783 he set out for Naples, and after studying for a time with Filippo Cinque and Latilla, he proceeded to Vienna, where he reaped great advantages from the celebrated Mozart. In 1790 he was appointed organist of St. Paul's cathedral, and composer to the chapel royal ; he also held the situation of organist at the chapel of the Pavilion, Brighton. His compositions consist of se- veral dramatic pieces, numerous services and anthems, songs, glees, sonatas, and other pieces for the pianoforte. He died March 24. 1838, and was buried in St. Paul's. AUBAT, Ar.BE, censcnr rnyal in 1784 ; a sarcastic French fabulist, whom Voltaire pronounces first after La Fontaine. AUBLET, J. B. C. F., an able French botanist ; author of "llistoires des Plantes de la Guienne Fran<;oise." Born, 1720 ; died, 1778. It was in honour of him that Linnreus gave the name of Verbena Aubletia to a species of vervain. AUBREY, John, an eminent English to- pographer and antiquary of the 17th century. He left a vast number of MSS., evincing great research : but he only published one work, entitled " Miscellanies," a collection of popular superstitions. Many of his MSS. are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Died, abont 1700. AUBRIET, Claude, a French painter of natural liistory subjects. Died, 1740. AUBRIOT, Hugh, a French merchant, mayor of Paris, and superintendant of finance to Charles V. He was Imprisoned for heresy, but the populace, who had risen against the taxes termed Maillotins, released him, and he escaped to Burgundy. It was from him that the French reformers had the name of Huguenots. AUBRY DE MONTDIDIER, a French knight of the time of Charles V., who, ac- cording to tradition, was basely murdered, in 1371, by his companion in arms, Richard de Macaire. The murder was discovered by means of a dog of the deceased, who showed the most hostile disposition to the murderer. The king compelled Macaire to fight with his accuser, the dog, in order to decide the case ; and the murderer was conquered. From this story the drama of " The Dog of Montargis " has been taken. aub] ^ ^m SantberiSal MiaQvn^l^u* [AUG I AUBRY, Jonx Baptist, a French prior, who was deprived of his situation at the re- volution ; author of "Questions Philoso- pliiques sur la Religion Naturelle," &c. Born, IT.'W ; died, 1809. AUBRY, Mdlle., a figurante of the French opera, who, in 175)^, publicly personated the " Goddess of Reason " at Paris. AUBRY, C. L., a Parisian librarian, and profound mathematician, born in l"44, who aimed atcoun- ter-revolution. lie deprived Buonaparte, after the siege of Toulon, of military em- ployments, and reduced him to great dis- tress ; the latter revenged himself after- wards, by preventing his re-entry into France, after his deportation to Cayenne, on the return of some of his fellow-victims. AUBRY DE GOUGES, »L\RiE-OLYMriE, a female rei)ul)lican, celebrated for her beauty and talents, born in 1755. She founded the popular female societies called Tricoteuses, aud was a perfect enthusiast in her political opinions. At length she was put to death by Robespierre's party, in con- sequence of their licentious and cruel pro- fligacy having urged her to denounce them in a pamphlet called the " Trois Umes." She died with heroic spirit. She is the author of the "Mt'moires of Madame de Valmont j " of " L' Esclavago des Ntgres," a melodrame ; " Le Marriage de Chi5rubin," a comedy ; aud " Moli&re chez Ninon," an episodical piece, &c. AUCIIMUT Y, Sir Samtel, a distinguished English general, lie served with great zeal and ability in North and South America, and when commanding in India, reduced to the dominion of Great Britain the rich set- tlements of Java and Batavia. On his re- turn to Europe, he was appointed to the command in Ireland, where he died in 1822. AUCKLAND, William Edex, Lord, an able negotiator, was the third son of Sir Robert Eden, bart., of West Auckland, Dur- ham, lie was appointed tuider -secretary of state in 1772 ; went to Ireland in 1780 with LordCarlisle, as chief secretary ; in 1788 was ambassador to Spain ; and in tlie year fol- lowing was ambassador to Holland. lie wrote " The Principles of Penal Law, " " The History of New Holland," and nume- rous other valuable works. Born, 17-14 ; died, 1814. AUDE, Joseph, knight of Malta, bom in 1755 ; secretary to the Neapolitan philoso- phical minister, Carraccioli, and subse- quently to tlie French Pliny, Buffon, whose life he published in 1788. He is the author of several dramas; " I,e lleline Angloise," "Le Retour de Camiile," "I^ Nouveau Ricco," and some melodrames ; " The Exiles of Siberia," &c. 61 AUDEBERT, Germain, a French lawyer of the ICth century ; author of " Roma," " Venetia," and other Latin poems. Died, 1598. AUDEBERT, John Baptist, a celebrated French engraver of natural history, born in 1739. The spirit of his engravings of monkeys, snakes, birds, &c. is inimitable. Died, 18n<). AUDIFREDI, JoHx Baptist, a famous Italian astronomer, born in 1714 ; author of " Demonstrazione delle Stazione della Co- mettt, 17(!9," &c. AUDIFFREDY, Therese, born in Gui- nea, in 1757. When returning thither, at IS, from Bordeaux, she was subjected, through the clfect of her youthful beauty, to the re- jected love of the captain of the vessel, but was relieved from his offered violence by Sonnini and tht chevalier Audiffredy, the latter of whom she married ; and becoming one of the richest proprietors in Cayenne, she saved Pichegru, and the numerous de- ported victims of the 18th Fructidor, from being starved to death. AUDIXOT, founder of the Thciratcs who had infested the mouth of the Gauges. His achievements obtainceror Va- lentinian ; and when his pupil came to the throne, he made him priutorian prefect of Gaul, and subsequently raised him to tlie consulship. His poems are rarious both as to suVyect and merit : but though they con- tain much that is beautiful, they are but too frequently deformed by licentiousness. AUSTEN, Jaxe, the celebrated authoress of " Pride and Prejudice," " Sense and Sen- sibility," aud other prose fictions, was the daugliter of a clergyman in Hampsliire. Born. 1775 ; died, unmarried, 1817. AUSTREA, D. Juas, a Spanish admiral, born in 154o ; remembered as the conqueror of the Turks at Leiianto. AUVERGNE, Antuoxy, a French musi- cian and composer of the 18th century, who composed the first comi« opera ever per- formed in France. Died, 1797. AVALOS, FEHDijrAJTD, marquis of Pes- cara, a brare Neapolitan soldier, and the author of a " Dialogue on Love," which he wrote while a prisoner of war, and dedicated to his wife, the beautiful Vittoria Colonna. Bom. 1489; died, 152.^ AVAI/OS, Alpiionso, marquis del Vasto, nephew of the preceding, was born at Naples, in 1502, and obtained the command of the imperial army at his uncle's death, for tlie brilliant valour he displayed at the siege of Pavia. Died, 154*!. AVAUX, Claude de Mesne, Count of, a celebrated Freneh diplomatist, and an ac- complished scholar. Died, 1050. AVELLANEDA,Alpiionsus Fernandez DK, a Spanish writer, who, to the great annoyance of Cerrantes, wrote a continua- tion of the first part of Don (Quixote. AVELLONE, F., an Italian di-amatic writer, born in 1750, whose pieces are nu- merous, and many of them successful ; " Lan- terne Mngique," " Jules Willenvel," &c. AVERANI, Be.nedict, a Florentine, was a learned and voluminous prose writer and poet. Born, 1045 ; died, 1707. AVERANI, Joseph, brother of the above; author of various scientific treatises, and of a defence of Galileo. AVEN TINE, John, a native of Bavaria ; author of the "Annals of Bavaria," and of a curious work, entitled " Numerandi per Digitus," &c. Born, 1400 ; died, 15»4. A\ENZOAR, or EBN ZOAR, an Arabian physician of the I2th century, bom at Se- ville ; author of a medical comi)eudium, entitled " Al Theiser." AVERDY, Ci.KMENT Charles de l', comptroller-general of France in the 18th century ; author of" Code Penal," and other useful works. lie was guillotined in 1704, on a charge of having caused the scarcity of wheat which then afliicfed France. AVEUROES, or AVEN ROSCII, an Ara- bian j>hilosoplier and physician of the 12th century. His talents caused liim to be made chief ruler of Morocco by the caliph, Jacob Almanzor, but being accused of heresy by the Mahonietan priests, ^le was imprisoned and otherwise persecuted. Again, however, lie acquired both the royal favour and the popular confidence, and died at Morocco, in 1108, in possession of the highest honours below the sovereignty. He was author of a paraphrase of Plato's Republic, and several other works. AVESBURY, RonERT of, an English writer of the 14th century ; author of a his- tory of Edward III. AVIANO, Jerome, an Italian poet of the IGth ceuturv. AVICENNA, otherwise EBN-SINA, an Arabian philosopher and physician of the 11th century. Of his numerous works the most Tnluable are his " Commentaries on Aristotle." He died in great poTcrty, 10;57. AVIENUS, RuKus Festus, a Latin poet of the 4th century. AVIGNY, C. J. L., a national French poet, born at Martinique, in 1700 ; author of "Jeanne d'Arc," "Le Depart de la Pu- rouse ; " and some successful dramas, " Les Lettres," " Les Deux Jockeys," " Doria," Sec. His best prose production is on the progress of the British power ia India, in- serted in Michard's " Histoire de Mysore." AVILA, John d', a Spanish priest, who for the space of 40 years journeyed through the Andalusian mountains and forests, en- forcing by his precepts and example the doc- trines of the gospel ; on which account he acquired the arpellation of the Apostle of Andalusia. Died, 1509. AVLLA Y ZUNIGA, Louis d', adistin- 63 q8 AVl] ^ ^tbi Bnibtx^aX Masx^i^\iV. [azz guished diplomatist, warrior, and historian, under Charles V. He wrote " Commenta- ries " on the wars of Jiis sovereign, who so much admired them, that lie deemed himself more fortunate than Alexander, in having such an historian. AVIRON, James i.e Bathelier, a French lawyer of the ICth century ; author of " Commentaries on the Provincial Laws of Normandy." AVISON, Charles, a composer and mu- sician ; autlior of " Essays on Musical Ex- pression," &c. Died, 1770. AVITUS, Marcus M.eciltus, raised to the empire of the West on the death of Maximus, in 455, but deposed after a reign of only 14 months. AVOGADRO, Lucia, an Italian poetess, whose early talents won the praise of Tasso. Died, 15(58. AYALA, Peter Lopez d', a learned, brave, and eloquent Spanish statesman, was born in Murcia, in 13.32. After serving under four Castilian mouarchs, both in the council and the field, and distinguishing himself also as a man of erudition, he died in 1407. AYALA, a Dutch physician who practised at Antwerp in the Kitli century ; author of a '• Treatise on the Plague," " Carmen pro vera jMediciua," &c. AYESHA, daughter of Abubeker, and fa- vourite wife of Mahomet. On the death of her husband she resorted to arms to oppose the succession of Ali ; but tliough conquered by him she was dismissed in safety, and died in retirement at Mecca, in 677. The Mussul- mans venerate her memory, and designate her the prophetess. AYLMER, JoHff , bishop of Loudon in the reign of queen Elizabeth. He was a ready, but not very rigidly principled writer ; and was more disposed to intolerance than is consistent with the character of a true Christian. Born, 1521 ; died, 1534. AYLOFFE, Sir Joseph, an able antiquarj' of the 18tli century. He was keeper of the state papers, and author of " Tlie Universal Librarian," besides numerous other works. Bom, 1708 ; died, 1781. AYMON, Joiix, a Piedmontese priest of the 17th century. He abjured Papacy for the doctrines of Calvin, but returned to his original faith, and had a pension from the Cardinal do Noaillcs. Availing himself of his intimacy witli the librarian of the royal collection at Paris, he stole some JIBS., one of which, an account of the synod of Jeru- salem in 1(572, he published in Holland. He wrote a "Picture of the Court of Rome," and some other works. AYRAULT, Pierre, a French lawyer of the 16th century ; author of a treatise " De Patris Jure," occasioned by the seduction of his son by the Jesuits, and other works. Born. 1536 ; died, 1601. AYRTON, Edmuxd, a composer of cathe- dral music, and one of the directors of the Commemoration of Handel. Born, 1734 ; died, 1808. AYSCOUGH, George Edward, son of the Dean of Bristol, by a sister of the first Lord Lyttleton. He was the author of a volume of travels on the continent, and the tragedy of Semiramis. Died, 1779. AYSCOUGH, Samuel, an industrious literary character of the last century. He contributed largely to the British Critic and other periodicals ; and compiled a variety of laborious indexes, of which his index to Shakspearc is the principal. He was curate of St. Giles's, and lecturer at Shoreditch. Born, 1745 ; died, 1804. AYSCUE, Sir George, a distinguished admiral in the time of Cromwell, and one of the coadjutors of Blake in his famous action w^ith the Dutch admiral. Van Tromp. At the restoration he M-as made rear-admiral of the Blue ; and being captured in Albe- marle's action oif Dunkirk, remained many years a prisoner. AYTON, Sir Robert, a native of Fife- shire, in Scotland, a poet of considerable merit, was born in 1570. He wrote in Greek, ! Latin, and French, as well as English. Died, i 10S8. I AZAIS, P. H., born in 1766 ; author of a ! "Systeme Universel," and the editor of several literary and political works, "Le Mercure," " Ari.starque," &c. AZARA, Don Joseph Nicholas d', a Spanish grandee, born in Arragon, 1721 ; ambassador, first to Rome, ancl next to France ; a good writer in Spanish, Italian, and French ; a ripe antiquarian, and a great patron of the fine arts. His " Suite de Pierres Gravees," published in Spain, is much es- teemed. He translated into Spanish "Mid- dleton's Life of Cicero," " Bowles's Natural History of Spain," "Seneca," and "I5o- doni's Horace." He died suddenly, by his fireside, in 1804. AZARA, Feli.v d', a Spanish naturalist and traveller of the 18th century ; autlior of a " Natural History of Paraguay ," and other valuable works. Born, 1746 ; the time of his death is uncertain. AZNAR, count of Gaseony, distinguished for quelling an insurrection of the Navarrese Gascons in 824 ; but being discontented with Pepin, king of Aquitaine, for whom he put down the insurgents, lie subsequently, in 831, seized on a part of Navarre, and became the founder of the kingdom of that name. Died, 830. AZUNI, DoMixic Albert, a Sardinian, born in 1760. He was the author of " Systfeme Universel du Droit Maritime de I'Europe, &c., a w^ork of the highest merit, written in the purest French. Made president of the Genoese board of trade by Napoleon, he fell with his patron, and retired to private life. Died, 1827. AZZO, Fortius, an Italian jurist of the 13th century ; author of "A Summary of the Codes or Institutes." He is said to have been executed for killing a man in a personal conflict. ;aa] ^ ^tio Wiiiibtv^Kl 2SiO0rajp]^i|. [bag B. BAAITDTN, Mahomet Gebet Amali, a Persian (lo<:tor ; author of '• A Summary of Canon and Civil Law," which he wrote by order of Alphas tlie Great, and in liis name. BAAN, JunN n', a Dutch portrait painter, who was employed in England under the patronage of Charles II. Died, 1702. BAAN, James, son of the above, and of tlie same profession. Died, 1700. BAARSDORP, Cornki-its, physician to the emperor Charles V. ; author of "Methodus UniversiE Artis Medicaj." Died, loC.S. BAART, Pktek, a Fleming of the 18th century ; author of "Flemish Georgies," &c. BABA, a Turkish impostor of the l.Jth century, who atFected to have a mission from Heaven. He had many followers in Natolia, which country he overran ; but his success was only temporary, and his sect sunk into obscurity. BABACOUSCHI, a mufti of the city of Caffii, in Mauris, who died in the year of the Ilcgira, 7H3. His real name was Abda- rahman Mosthafa ; and he was author of a I work, entitled " The Friend of Princes." BAUEK, KiioKEMi, a Persian impostor, ] surnamcd the Impious, who, in the early part of the 'Jth century, appeared as the apos- tle of a new religion. For 20 years he baffled all the attempts that were made to put him down ; but at length he was taken prisoner, and suffered a cruel death, in 8H7. BABIN, Fkaxcis, a French divine and , professor of divinity at Angers ; editor of " The Conferences of the Diocese of Angers." I Died, 17.<4. I BABINGTON, Axthont, a gentleman of , good family and fortune in Derbyshire, who was detected in a conspiracy to assassinate queen Elizabeth, for which he was executed in 1.586. ' BABINGTON, Gervase, a bishop of Worcester, at the end of the Kith and begin- ning of the 17th centuries. He was a learned and pious man, and a considerable benefac- tor to the library of Worcester cathedral. He successively held the bishoiirics of Llan- daff, Exeter, and Worcester. BABINGTON, Dr. William, an eminent physician, and lecturer on medicine and chemistry at Guy's Hospital, was bom in 17"(7 ; and after a long life of usefulness in his profession, of which he was a distin- guished ornament, died in April, ISSii, aged 76. He was the author of "A New System of Mineralogy," besides some other scientific treatises. BABCEUF, Fraxcis Noel, a violent par- tizan of tiie French revolution. He con- ducted a journal called "The Tribune of the People," the object of which was to overthrow society as at present constituted ; and his share in a conspiracy for this pur- pose being proved, he was condemned to be guillotined, 1797. BABUR, or BABR, Mohammed, a sove- reign of the Mogul empire, in Western Tar- tary and Khorassan, who ascended tiie tlu-one in 1491, and who, in 1523, invaded and con- quered Hindostan. Tie died in 1530, and his posterity reigned over ludia for two cen- turies and a half. Babur was tlie great grandson of Tnmcrlane. BACAI, Ibrahim Bex Omar, author of lives of eminent men, &c. Died, 835 of the Hegira. BACCAINI, Benedict, professor of ec- clesiastical history at Modena, and author of various learned works. Born, 1657 ; died, 1721. BACCALARY SANNA, Vincent, mar- quis of St. Vincent, an able commander and statesman under Charles II. and Philip V. of Spain ; author of "Memoirs of Philip V." &c. Died. 1726. BACCHIS, sometimes called BALUS, a king of Corinth, who ruled with such mo- deration and equity, that to commemorate him his successors were called BacchidiE. BACCHUS, king of Mauritania, son-in- law of Jugurtha, whom he betrayed into the hands of the Romans under Sylla. BACCHYLIDES, a Greek lyric poet, who flourished about 450 years is.c. He was the cotemporary and rival of Pindar ; and Ho- race is said to have imitated him in some of his Odes. BACCIO, Andrew, an Italian physician of the 16th century ; author of several trea- tises on poisons, antidotes, &c. BACCIO, FRANcii^co Bartolomeo, an eminent jwrtrait and historical painter, was bom at Savignano, near Florence, in 14enhagen, where he was wounded. On the death of Sir John Moore, at Coninna, the command de- volved upon General Baird, who lost liis arm. For his gallantry on this occasion he BAj] ^ ^ri» Winihtv^al Mia^a^i)^!* [bal WM made a baronet. lie subsequently was governor of Kinsule and of Fort St. George ; and died in 1829. BAJAZET I., sultan of the Turks, a re- nowned warrior, but a tyrant ; defeated and made prisoner on tlie plains of Angora by the famous Tamerlane. Died, 1403. BAJAZET II., sultan of the Turks. His reigii was turbulent ; he was much engaged against the Venetians and other Chridtian powers, and his latter years were embittered by the enmity of his son Selim, by whom, aher he liad resigned the crown to Ixim, he was poisoned in lol2. BAKER, David, an English monk of the Benedictine order, originally a Trotcstant, but being converted to the Komifh faith, he came to England as a missionary I'rom Italy, where his conversion took place, lie wrote an exposition of llyltou's " Scale of Perfec- tion." Died in 1C41. BAKER, Sir Richakd, author of a "Chronicle of the Kings of England," &c. Born, 15()8 ; died, 1045. BAKER, Thomas, a divine and anti- quary ; author of " Reflections on Jx:arn- ing," &c. &c. Born, 1(W« ; died, 1740. lie lost the living of Long Newton at tlie ac- cession of king William III., for declining to take the oaths of supremacy and alle- giance. BAKER, IlENiiy, a diligent and ingeni- ous naturalist. He was originally brought up as a bookseller, and man led one of the daughters of the celebrated Daniel De Foe. He obtained the gold medal of the Royal Society, for his microscopical experiments on saline particles ; and wrote " Tlie Uni- verse," a poem, "The Microscope ma'le Easy," &c. Born, 1704 ; died, 1774. BAKER, David Erskisk, son of the above, was author of the " Companion to the Playhouse," subsequently enlarged by Ste- phen Jones, and published under the title of " Biographia Dramalica." Died, 1774. BAKER, Sir Geokgk, M. D., born in 1722, was a {ihysician of considerable reputation, and a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He was one of the physicians in ordinary to the king, created a baronet in 1770, elected president of the College of Phy- sicians in 1707, and died in 1809. BAKEWELL, Rouekt, a country gen- tleman of small fortune, who acquired con- siderable notoriety as a grazier at Dishley, in Leicestershire. He greatly improved his breeds of cattle and sheep ; but it was ob- jected to his stock that they were " too dear for any one to purchase, and too fat for any one to eat." Born, 1720 ; died, 179.5. BAKKER, Petkk Huzi.vga, a Dutch poet ; author of a poem on the Inundation of 1740, and of numerous songs and satires on England. Born, 1715 ; died, 1801. B^\XASSI, Makio, a Florentine painter. His copy of Raphael's " Transfiguration " was astonishingly exact. Bom, 1U04 ; died 1C07. BALBI, Adkiax, one of the most distin- guished geographers of modem times, was bom at Venice, 178-1. Devoted from his earliest years to geographical and statistical researches, he first gained a prominent place in the literary world by liis " Essai Statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal," &c. (1822). This was followed, in 1820, by his "Atlas Ethnographique du Globe," &c. in which he embodied all the researches of the most cele- brated German philologists and geographers; and continuing to prosecute his studies with unabated ardour in Vienna and Paris con- secutively, he at last gave to the world, in 1832, the " Abri'ge de Gt'ographie," a work which comprises the whole compass of geo- graphic science, and has made his name famous throughout Europe and America. His latest years were passed at Padua, in the pursuit of his favourite science. Died at Venice, 1848. BALBINU8, Dkcimus C.f.i.u'.s, chosen emperor of Rome, in conjunction with Maxi- mus, in 2.'?7 ; and murdered by the soldiery in the following year. BALBOA, Vasco Nuni.z de, a Castilian, one of the first who vi.>ited the West Indies. He established a colony on the isthnms of Panama, where he built the first town on the continent of South America, penetrated into the interior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and obtained information respecting the empire of Peru. Jealous of his talents and success, rival adventurers accused him of disloyalty, and he was put to death in 1517, by Pedrarias Davila, the Spanish go- vernor of Darien. BALBUENA, Bkknardo de, a Spanish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico, in America. Died, 1027. BALBUS, Lucius Coknelius Theopua- NES, a native of Cadiz, whose military ex- ploits caused Pomjjcy to obtain for him the privileges of a Roman citizen ; and he sub- sequently became consul, being the first foreigner on whom that dignity was con- ferred. BAI-CANQUAL, Walter, a Scotch di- vine, who accompanied James I. to England. He was made dean of Rochester and bishop of Durham, but in the civil wars he was a severe sufterer, being driven from place to place for shelter. He wrote the " Declara- tion of Charles I. concerning the late Tu- mults in Scotland," &c. Died, 1042. BALCHEN, John, an English admiral, who was lost, with all his crew, on board his ship the Victory, in a violent storm oft' Jersev, October 3. 1744. BAILDERIC, bishop of Dol in Britany, in the 12th century ; author of a history of the Crusade to the year W.)0. BALDI, Bernard, an Italian mathema- tician and poet ; author of Italian poems, lives of mathematicians, &c. Born at Ur- bino, 155;3 : died, 1017. BALDI DE UBALDIS,an Italian lawyer and author. Bom, 1319 ; died, 14W. BALDI, James, a German Jesuit and poet. Born, lOWi ; died, 1C08. BAJvDI, Lazzaro, a Tuscan painter, em- ployed by Alexander VII. to paint the gal- lery at Monte Cavallo. Died, 1703. BiVLDINGER, Ernest Godfrey, a Ger- man physician ; author of a " Dissertation on the Maladies of Soldiers," and numerous other works, cliielly medical. Born, 1738 ; died, 1804. BALDINUCCI, PniLTP, a Florentine ar- tist and connoisseur ; author of " A General CO bal] ^ 0tixi ^nihtr^nX 28t0grapTj», History of Painters," &c. Born, IG&l ; died, 1090. BALDOCK, Ralph de, bishop of London, and lord high cliancellor in the reign of Edward I. ; author of a " History of British Affairs," whicli was extant in Lelaud's time, but is now lost. Died, i;i07. BALDOCK, RoiiKUT de, a divine, who was favoured by Edward II. He shared his royal master's misfortunes, and died in Newgate. BALDWIN, WiLLiAjr, an English writer of the 10th century ; one of the chief authors of" The Mirror for Magistrates." BAJ^DWIN, archbishop of Canterbury. This prelate accompanied Kichard I. to Palestine, and died tliere, 1291. His writings were published by Tissier, in 1602. BALDWIN I., a distinguished leader in the fourth Crusade. On the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he was elected emperor of the East; but being taken prisoner by the Greeks, he was never after- wards heard of. BALDWIN II. succeeded his brother Ro- bert as emperor of the East in 1228. On the taking of Constantinople in 1201, by Michael PalfBologus, Baldwin escaped to Italy, where he died, 1278. BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, suc- ceeded to that dignity in 1100, took Anti- patria, Caesarea, and Azotus, in 1101, aud Acre in 1104. Died, 1118. BALDW^IN II., king of Jerusalem, suc- ceeded the above in 1118 ; Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., having renounced his claim to the throne. Baldwin II. was taken pri- soner by the Saracens in 1124, and gave them the city of Tyre as his ransom. Died, 1131. BALDWIN III. succeeded to the tlirone in 1148. He took Ascalon aud other places from the infidels. Died, 1163. BAIjDWIN IV., the son of Amaury, suc- ceeded his father on the throne of Jerusalem in 1174. He subsequently resigned in favour of his nephew. Died, 1185. BALDWIN v., nephew and successor of the last named, was poisoned in 1186. BALE, John, a Carmelite of Norwich, who embraced the Protestant faith, and be- came a zealous writer against Popery. In the reign of Edward VI., he was made bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, and endangered his life by his zealous efforts to reform his diocese. During the reign of Mary, he found safety in Switzerland ; and on his return to England at the accession of Elizabeth, he obtained a prebend of Canterbury. Of his nume- rous works, the most important is a Latin account of eminent British writers. Born, 1495 ; died, 1563. B.ALE, PkOBEKT, prior of the Carmelites of Norwich ; author of " Annales Ordiuis Car- melitarum," &c. Died, 1503. BAXECHOU, Nicholas, a French engra- ver, whose works are held in high estimation. Born, 1710 ; died, 1705. B AJiEN, Heindeich vax, a Dutch painter, whose " Judgment of Paris " and " Drowning of Pharaoh " are much admired. John van Balen, his son, was a distinguished historical and landscape painter. Born, 1560; died, 1G;52. BALES, Peteh, a skilful penman, em- ployed by Secretary Walsingham to imitate writings. He published a work called " Tlie Writing Master." Born, 1547 ; died, 1600. BAI^ESTRA, Antoxy, a Veronese liisto- rical painter. Bom, 1006 ; died, 1720. BALFOUR, Alea'andek, a novelist and miscellaneous writer, was a native of For- farshire, Scotland. He was the author of " Highland Maiy," besides other novels and poems, and for many years a contributor to various Scottish periodicals. Born, 1707 5 died, 1829. BALFOUR, Sir Axdkew, an eminent botanist and physician, and one to whom medical science in Scotland owes a lasting debt of gratitude for a botanic garden, mu- seum, &c., was born in 1630, at Denmilne, Fife, and died in 1694. B^VI^GUY, JoHX, an eminent divine of the Church of England, and a theological writer, was born at Shetheld in 1080, and in 1727, became a prebendary of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in tlie Bangorian contro- versy ; and among his several works may be noticed "An Essay on Redemption," a " Letter to a Deist on the Beauty and Ex- cellence of Moral Virtue," &c. Died, 1748. BALGUY, Thomas, son of the above, prebend and archdeacon of Winchester ; author of " Divine Benevolence, asserted and vindicated," a sermon on church govern- ment, &c. Born, 1716 ; died, 1795. BALIOL, Sir John pe, a native of Dur- ham, who, on the marriage of the daughter of Henry III. to Alexander III. of Scotland, was made one of the guardians of the royal pair. He founded Baliol College, Oxford ; and having sided with Henry III. against his revolted barons, the latter seized upon his lands. Died, 1209. BAIylOL, John de, son of the preceding, laid claim to the crown of Scotland on the death of queen Margaret. His claim was disputed by several competitors, one of whom was the famous Robert Bruce. But Edward I., to whom the matter was referred, decided in favour of Baliol. He soon gave offence to Edward ; and being defeated by him in a battle near Dunbar, he Mas sent, together with his son, to the Tower of Loudou. The intercession of the pope having procured his release, he retired to France, where he died in 1314. BALL, John, a puritan divine, who, while he disapproved of the discipline of the Church, wrote against separation from it on that ground. Burn, 1585 ; died, 1040. BALLANDEN, John, a Scotch divine of the 16th century ; author of various works, both prose and verse, and translator of Hector BiJethius's Ilistorv of Scotland. Died, 1550. BALLANTYNE, James, a printer of con- siderable note in Edinburgh, and at whose press the whole of the productions of Sir Walter Scott were printed, was a native of Kelso, where he first opened an office for the " Kelso Mail," of which he was the editor. On removing to Edinburgh he engaged in various important works, the principal of which were those of the great novelist ; and for many years he also conducted the " Edin- burgh Weekly Journal." He survived his friend and patron but a few months, dying in January, 1833. bal] % ^elD ^HTnitifriSal 38tfl5r. BALT/ARD, George, originally a tailor, was born at Campden, in Gloucestershire, where he acquired so much skill iu the Saxon language, that some gentlemen allowed him a pension, and procured him a situation in the university of Oxford. He wrote " Me- moirs of learned British Ladies." Died, 1755. BALLARD, VoLAjfTE Vasiion, a rear- admiral of the British navy, was bom in 1774. On entering naval life he accompanied Vancouver on hia laborious voyage of dis- covery to the north-west coast of America, in which he was al)sent from England nearly five years. In 1807, when captain of the Blonde frigate, he captured five French pri- vateers. He afterwards distinguished him- self at the taking of Guadaloupc ; and even- tually attained the rank of rear-admiral, in 1825. Died, 1832. BALLERINI, Peteh and Jerome, two priests and brothers, natives of Verona, who, iu the 18th century, conjointly wrote some works, and edited several editions of eccle- siastical authors. BALLIN, CLAunE, a skilful French gold- smith. He executed some very fine works after antique vases, &c., for Louis XIV. and Cardinal Richelieu, and was made director of the mint for casts aud medals. Born, 1015 ; died, 1(!78. B.\LMEZ, James Lucien-, a Spanish ec- clesiastic, wliose political, theological, and philosophic writings have acquired for him a high reputation both at home and abroad, was born at Vich, in Catalonia, in 1810. From his earliest years he was destined for the priesthood, and ha\-ing in his Kith year entered the university of Cervera, he soon attracted notice by his amiable demeanour, the fertility of his mind, and theuniveraality of his acquirements. Quitting the univer- sity in 18a;j, laden with honours and ma- tured in learning, he retired to his native town, and in 1837 was there nominated to the chair of mathematics, which he filled with equal zeal and ability. In 1840 he published a brochure on the property of the clergy, which made a great sensation at Madrid ; and from this time forward his labours in behalf of the cause to which he had devoted himself were in- defatigable. He published papers on the condition of Spain, wrote in periodicals, conducted a review at Barcelona, and finally edited at Madrid the ablest journal in Spain, entitled "El Pensiamcnto de la Nacion," wherein his object was to restore the Roman Catholic Church to her former dignity and influence ; to reconcile and unite all the friends of monarchy, whether belonging to the Carlist or Christina parties ; and to found the institutions of the country on an enlarged and permanent basis. But valu- able to his counti-y as were all these and other emanations from his i>en, they are far eclipsed by his "Protestantism and Catho- licism compared in their Ettccts on the Ci- vilisation of Europe," which has been trans- lated into French, German, and English, and may be safely pronounced to be one of the most elaborate works of modern theo- logical literature. Died at Vich, 1848. BALSHAM, or BELESALE, Huon de, bishop of Ely, and founder of Peterhouse College at Cambridge. Died, 1280. BALTHASAR, Christopher, a French advocate of the 17th century, who renounced his profession to embrace and advocate the Protestant faith, which he defended with great ability against Baronius and others. BALTHASAR, J. A. Feli.y de, president of the municipal council of Lucerne ; author of" A Defence of William Tell," &c. Died, 1810. BALTHAZARINT, an Italian musician, greatly caressed at the court of Henry III. of France. His ballet of " Ceres and her Nymphs " is supposed to be the origin of the French ballet hi'rojque. BALTUS, Joux Ikaxci.^, a French Jesuit, librarian of Rheims ; author of " A Reply to Fontenelle's History of Oracles," &c. Born, 1C07 ; died, 1743. BALUE, Joii.v, a native of France, made a cardinal by poi>c Paul If., and imprisoned for 11 years in an iron cage by Louis XI. for having engaged in treasonable corre- spondence with the Duke of Burgundy. Died, 1491. BALUZE, STEniEK, a French writer; author of " Lives of the Popes of Avignon," &c. Born, 10.31 ; died 1718. BALZAC, Jon.\ Lolis Giez de, a French writer of great reputation, which he chiefly owed to the elegance of his style ; author of " Letters," " The Prince," " The Christian Socrates," &c. Bom, 1594 ; died, Ifi.vt. BAIiZAC, Honors dk, one of the most distinguished as well as prolific novel writers of modern times, was born at Tours, 17i»9. Having completed his studies at Vendomc, he published, between 1821 and 1829, twenty or thirty volumes under various pseudo- nymes, with very equivocal success ; but after this trying apprenticeship, he put forth all his powers under his own name, with what result those who have read "La Peau de Chagrin," "Les Chouans," "La Physiob.gie de Mariage," Le Pfere Goriot," " La Femuie de Trente Ans," &c.,can best testify. Since that iHiriod his productions succeeded one an • other with wonderful rapidity ; and it may l>e truly said that his literary strength grew with his years, for his " Mvdecin de Campagne," and his " Parens Pauvres," his last work, bear the impress of genius in every page. In addi- tion to his romances, Balzac wrote some the- atrical pieces, and for some time edited and contributed to the Mvue Parhienne ; but it is only his romances that exhibit unques- tionable evidence of his great genius. His design was to make all his productions form one grand work, under the title of the " Comedie Humaine, " the whole being a minute dissection of the difierent classes of society ; and for this task he was eminently qualified, pos-sessing, as he did, the secret of probing the human heart to its profoundest 71 bam] ^ |}cb WimhtY^nX %ia%xn^l)\j. [ban depths, and of laying bare with a masterly- hand all its mj'steries and all its passions. 1 Since the revolution of 1848, Balzac was cn- j gaged in visiting the battle-fields of Germany ! and Russia, and in collecting materials for a I series of volumes, to be entitled " Sc&nes de I la Vie Militaire." Next to his celebrity as 1 an author, the most remarkable feature in j his career was the deep passion which he i formed for a Russian jirincess, who finally compensated him for long years of imtiring devotion bv the gift of her hand in 1848. Died, Aug. 19. 1850. BAMBRIDE, CumsToriiER, archbishop of York, was sent ambassador from Henry VITI. to pope Julius II., who made him a cardinal. Died of poison administered by his servant, l.')14. BAMFIELD, Francis, a nonconformist divine ; author of a work on the observance of the Sabbath. He was committed to New- gate for liolding a conventicle, and died there, lfi84. BAAIPFYLDE, Sir Charles Warwick, bart., a descendant of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in Devonshire, and during 7 successive parliaments one of the members for Exeter. In 1823, when lie was 71 years of age, he was assassinated close to his own house, in Montague Square, by a man named Moorland, who blew his own brains out immediately after. BANGUI, Serafhin, a priest of the Do- minican order at Florence, to whom a fa- natic, named Berriere, disclosed his intention to assassinate Henry IV. Banchi's inform- ation saved the king, who rewarded him with the archbishopric of AngoulOme. BANCROFT, Richard, archbishop of Canterbury; a distinguished opponent of the Puritans and a supporter of the English Church. Born at Faruworth in Lancashire, 1544 ; died, 1610. BANCROFT, Johx, nephew of the above, bishop of Oxford, and builder of the palace of Cuddesdeu for the bishops of that see. Died, 1040. BANDELLO, Matthe^v, a Dominican monk of the Milanese. He wrote tales in the manner of Boccaccio, and proceeding to France obtained the bishopric of Agen. Died, 1561. BANDINELLI, Baccio, a Florentine sculptor and jiainter. His copy of the Lao- coon is highly esteemed. Born, 1487 ; died, 15.59. BANDINI, Angelo Maria, an Italian antiquary and bibliographer ; author of" De Florentini Juntaruna Typograi)liia," &c. Died, 1800. BANDURI, Anselm, a Benedictine, born in Dalmatia,but studied and wrote in France; author of " Antiquities of Constantinople," &c. Died, 1743. BANIER, Antony, a French writer ; au- thor of an " Explanation of the Fables of Antiquity," &c. Born, 1673 ; died, 1741. BANISTER, John, the first performer of any celebrity upon the violin ; composer of the music of Davenant's opera of" Circe." Died, 1679. BANISTER, John, an English physician of the 16th century ; author of various sur- gical treatises. Died, 1624. BANKES, Sir John, chief justice of the Common Pleas in the reign of Charles I. His lady, with the family, being at their seat at Corfe Castle, were summoned to sur- render it, but she successfully defended it against the parliamentary troops, till re- lieved by the arrival of Lord Carnarvon, with a body of horse. Sir John died in 1644. BANKS, John, a bookseller, and author of a " Critical Review of the Life of Crom- well," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 17.51. BANKS, John, an English dramatist of the 18th century ; author of the " Earl of Essex," a tragedy, &c. BANKS, Sir Jo.seph, an eminent English naturalist, and for many years president of the Royal Society, was the son of W. Banks, esq., of Revesby Abbey, l^incolnshire, where he was bom in 1743. His enthusiasm in the study of natural history may be judged of from the fact, that it led him to accomi)any Cook in his first circumnavigation of the world. Sir Joseph wrote but little, and, ex- cepting papers in scientific periodicals, pub- lished only one small work, a treatise on the " Blight, Mildew, or Rust in Corn." Died 1820. BANKS, Thomas, an eminent English sculptor. Among the best of his works are " Caraetacus taken Prisoner to Rome," and "Achilles mourning the Loss of Briseis." He also executed the admirable monument in Westminster Abbey, to the memory of Sir Eyre Coote. Born, 1735 ; died, 1805. BANNIER, John, a Swedish general. He served under Gustavus Adolphus ; and at the death of that prince became commander- in-chief. Born, 1601 ; died, 1641. BANNISTER, John, an admirable comic actor, the son of Charles Bannister, well known as a singer and a wit, was born in London, in 1760. Having been favourably noticed by Garrick, he made his debut at Drury Lane Theatre, as " Master J. Ban- nister," when twelve years of age ; he then quitted the boards for a time, but obtained a permanent engagement in 1779. At first he aspired to tragedy, and gave it a decided preference ; but his talents so clearly lay in the opposite direction, that on the death of Edwin he at once supplied his place, giving proofs of first-rate powers, and establishing himself as a public favourite. To name all the various parts in which he excelled his contemporaries, would occupy too much of our space ; but we have a vivid recollection of him in Sylvester Daggerwood, Lingo, Trudge, the Three Singles, Bobadil, Dr. Panglos, Job Thornberry, Colonel Feign- well, Walter in "The Children in the Wood," and many others ; and we do not hesitate to pronounce, without disparagement to the living, that he never has had his equal. Being nmch afldicted with the gout, he retired from the stage in 1815, having had the good fortune to earn a competence by his profession, and the prvidence to keep it. He died Nov. 8. 1836, aged 76, respected and beloved bj' all who knew him. Nature had done much for Bannister, physically as well as mentally : his face, figure, and voice were excellent ; his spirits exuberant ; and an open manly countenance was a faithful index to the heart of" Gentleman Jack." 72 ban] ^ :J9cU) SIiuberiSaT 3St0j[jrapTjj). [bar BAXTI, SiGNORA, a celebrated Italian singer, wlio enjoyed great popularity both in Germany and England. Died, ISOG. BAPTIST, a portrait painter of Antwerp, who was muclx employed in this country. Died, l«tl. BAPTISTE, JoHX, Bumamcd MonnoTkr, a Flemish painter, employed by William III^ to decorate Kensington Palace. Born, I(a3o ; died 1G0'.>. BAPTISTE, John Oaspard, bom at An- twerp, was the disciple of Bosehacrt ; and was engaged by Sir Peter I.ely and Kneller to jiaint the postures and draperies of their portraits. Died, 1091. BAPTISTIN, J. B. S., a Florentine com- poser and musician, who first made the vio- loncello popular in France. Died, 1716. BARANZANO, Kkkemptus, a Barnabitc monk ; he was a skilful mathematician, and correspondent with Lord Bacon, who highly esteemed him. He was author of "Urano- scopia," " Campus Philosophicus," &c. Born, 1590 ; died, 1022. BARATIEK, John Philip, a native of Anspruch, remarkable for the precocity and extent of his learning ; author of " Critical Dissertations," " Auti-Artemonius," &c. &c. Born, 1721 ; died, 1740. BAKBA, Alvarez Alonzo, a Spanish priest of the 17th century ; author of a " Treatise on Metallurgy." BARBADILLO, Alpiionso Jerome dk Salas, a Spanish dramatist of the 17th cen- tury ; author of " Adventures of Don Diego de Noche," comedies, &c. BARBARINO, Frakcesca, nn early Italian poet ; author of " Documcnti d' Amore." Bom, 1201 ; died, 1348. i BARBARO, Francis, a Venetian writer ; author of a treatise " De Re Uxorin," trans- lations from I'lutarch, &c. Born, 1098 ; died, 14r,4. BARBARO, Ermalao, nephew of the above, bishop of Verona ; translator of portions of ^sop into Latin. Died, 1470. BARBARO, Ermalao, grandson of Fran- cis, ambassador from Venice to the emperor Frederic, who knighted him. He was ex- pelled the republic on the pope making him patriarch of Aquileia. lie translated the rhetoric of Aristotle, and commented on Pliny. Born, 1454 ; died, 1 193. BARBARO, Daxiel, nephew of the last named, joint patriarch of Aquileia ; author of a treatise "On Eloquence," &c. Born, 1513 ; died. l.-,70. BARBAROSSA, Aruch, a famous pirate, the history of wliose exploits would fill many pages. He proclaimed himself king of Algiers and Tunis, and took possession of the king- dom of Treniecen ; but was defeated by Uo- niarez, governor of Oran, and put to death, in 1.518. B.IRBAROSSA, Hevradin, brother of the aboTe, whom he succeeded in tlie king- dom of Algiers. He commanded the navy of tlie Turks, and reduced Yemen and other places to their dominion. Died, 1547. BARBAULD, Anna L^titia, was the daughter of the Rev. John Aikin, and one of the best and most popular female writers of the age ; authoress of Hymns, and Early Lessons for Children. She also edited some standard novels, &c. ; and appended to them some clever notices, l)iographical and critical. Born, 1743 ; died, 1825. B^UIBAZAN, Arnold William, was a brave and noble French general, whose valour, probity, and disinterestedness dur- ing a long and successful career under the reigns of Charles VI. and VII. gained for him the glorious appellation of " the Irre- proachable Knight." Died, 1432. BARBAZAN, Stephen, a French writer ; author of a '* Father's Instructions to his Son," and editor of various old French talcs and fables. Born, 1096 ; died, 1770. BARBATELLI, Beienardino, an Italian painter, particularly excellent in delme- ating flowers, fruits, and animals. Born, 1542 ; died, 1612. BARBERINO, Francis, an Italian poet ; author of " Precei)ts of Love." Born, 1264 ; died, 1348. BARBEYRAC, Charles, a FrenfJi phy- sician, whom Locke compared to our own Sydenham ; author of *' Ciuestiones Medicas Duodecim," &c. Born, 1629 ; died, 1699. BARBEYRAC, John, nephew of the above ; professor of law at Berne, and sub- sequently at Groningen. To the perform- ance of his duty as a lecturer, he added most laborious exertions as an author. He translated the most valuable portions of Grotius, Puffendorf, and other able civilians into French, and wrote a " History ot An- cient Treatises," &c. Born, 1674 ; died, 1747. BARBIEKI, John Francis, also called GUERCINI, an eminent historical painter. Born, 1590; died, 16(56. BARBIERI, Paul Anthony, brother of the above, an eminent painter of still life subjects. Died, 1640. BARBOSA, Arias, a learned Portuguese professor ot Greek at .'ialamaiica ; author of a treatise "On Prosody," and some Latin poems. Died, 1540. BARBOSA, Peter, chancellor of Por- tugal ; author of treatises "On the Digests." Died, ]59(). BARBOSA, AnouSTiN, son of the last named, bishop of Ugento ; author of a trea- tise " De Officio Episcopi," &c. Died, 1648. BARBOUR, John, a Scotch poet and di- vine, chaplain to David Bruce, of whose life and actions he wrote a history. Bom, 1320 ; died, 1378. BARCLAY, Alexanper, a writer of the 16th century, whose place of nativity is dis- puted by England and Scotland ; the trans- lator into English of the " Navis Stultifera, or Ship of Fools." Died, 15;i2. BARCLAY, Robert, a Quaker, and one of the most eminent writers of that sect ; author of " An Apology for the Quakers," &c. Uniting all the advantages of a learned education to great natural abilities, he be- came the redoubted champion of his reli- gious princii>les ; and as he travelled with the famous ^Villiam Penn through England, Holland, and Germany, he was extensively known and everywhere highly respected. His writings, indeed, not only tended to propagate the doctrines of the Society of Friends, but tended materially to rectify public opinion concerning them, and to procure for them greater indulgence from BAlt] ^ l^eto SHuilicr^al l3ta5ru, a French poet, warrior, and statesman ; coufi- dcnnally employed by Henry IV. ; author of "The Week of the Creation," &c. Died, 1590. BARTII, John, a French naval officer, remarkable for his skill and daring as a pri- vateer. Born at Dunkirk, 1(551 ; died, 1702. BARTHELEiMI, Nicholas, a monk of the 15th century ; author of a treatise " On the Active and Contemplative Life," &c. BARTIIELEMON, Fi'.ancis Uiitolite, a musical composer and violinist, wa'? bom at Bordeaux, in 1741, but resided chiefly in bS bar] ^ i^tia mnihttSnl I8t0flriipl)j?. London, and was for many years leader of the Opera-house. As a composer he was re- markable for rapidity ; and as a performer for taste and execution. Died, 1808. BARTIIELEM Y, Jt)nN James, the learned author of '_' The Voyage of the Younger Anacharsis in Greece ; " was born at Cassis, in Provence, 1716 ; died, 1795. BARTHEZ, Paul Joseph, an eminent French physician, was bom at Montpellier, in 1734, where he founded a medical school, which acquired great reputation throughout Europe. For many years he practised in Paris, and was consulted upon the most im- portant cases : he also wrote in the Journal des Savans, the Encyclopfedic, &c. ; and was a member ofalmost every learned society. During the revolution he suffered greatly in his fortune ; but Napoleon, who knew his great merits, restored him, in his old age, to wealth and honours. Died, 180C. BARTirOEDY, Jacob Solomon, a Prus- sian diplomatist, bom a Jew, but after tra- velling in Greece he abjured Judaism, and became a Protestant. In 1807 he served against the French as an officer in the land- wehr of Vienna, and wrote a tract called " The War of the Tyrol," which produced a great sensation. Died, 182(5. BARTOLI, or BARTOLUS, a learned civilian, who flourished in the 14tli century, and is said to have contributed more than any of his predecessors to the elucidation of legal science. Born, 1312 ; died, 13.56. BARTOLI, Daniel, a learned Jesuit; author of a " History of the Jesuits," &c. Born at Ferrara, 1608 ; died, 1685. BARTOLI, Cosmo, an Italian writer of the 16th century ; author of a " Life of Frederic Barbarossa," &c. BARTOLO, an Italian lawyer of the 14th century ; professor of law at Pisa, and author of numerous works on law and other subjects. BARTOLOZZI, Francis, an engraver of first-rate merit, was born at Florence in 1728 ; came to England in 1764 ; admitted a member ofthe Royal Academy in 1769 ; went to Lisbon, at the invitation of the prince- regent oi Portugal, in 1802 ; and there died in 1815. The productions of his graver are numerous, highly esteemed, and eagerly sought after. BARTON, Bernard, the celebrated " Quaker poet," was born near I,ondon, 1784. In 1810 he became a clerk in Alexander's bank, at Woodbridge, where he officiated almost to the day of his death. His first volume of poetry was published in 1811, and this was succeeded by numerous others, most of them devoted to homely subjects, but all of them animated by the purest feeling and the most glowing fancy. But it was not only for his merits as a poet that Bernard Barton deserves to be held in remembrance. He was endowed with every quality which endears a man to all tliat come within his influence. His genial good Inmiour and vast stores of information made him a wel- come guest wherever he appeared ; and the native sincerity of his character, which was set forth in every act of his life, was en- hanced by a benignity, liberality, and cha- rity, in entire accordance with the precepts of his faith. Died, Feb. 19. 1849. 78 [bA8 BARTON, ELiZAP.Exn, a religious im- postor, called tJw Holy Maid of Kent, was a poor country girl, born at AUington in that county, who, instructed by priests, declared she was divinely inspired, denounced the heresies of the reformed religion, and pre- tended to the gift of prophecy : but having included the king (Henrj' VIII.) in her predictions and denunciations, she and her associates were tried and executed for high treason, 1584. BARTRAM, John, an eminent American botanist, was born in Chester county, Penn- sylvania, in 1701. He formed a botanic gar- den near Philadelphia, said to have been the first establishment of the kind in America ; and so intimate an acquaintance had he with the vegetable kingdom, that liinnaus pro- nounced him " the greatest natural botanist in the world." Died, 1777. BARTRAM, William, a son of the pre- ceding, was also a distinguished naturalist. At the request of Dr. Fothergill, he travelled through tlie Floridas, Carolina, and Georgia, for the purposes of making researches in natural history, and transmitted to his em- ployer in London the valuable collections and drawings which he had made. His " American Ornithology " may be considered the precursor of Wilson's invaluable work. Died, 1823. BAR WICK, John, an English divine, who exerted himself with considerable zeal and ability on the royal sidfi in the civil wars. Born 1612 ; died, 1664. BARWICK, Peter, brother of the above, an eminent physician; author of a " Defence of Harvey's Doctrine of the Circulation of the Blood," &c. Died, 1705. BASEDOW, John Bernard, a German writer, and professor of moral philosophy and belles lettres. His novel plans of education excited great attention in Germany ; and in the seminary he established at Dessau, called " The Philanthropinum," many excellent teachers were formed, and great good effected. Born, 1723 ; d.ied, 1790. BASEVI, George, a distinguished archi- tect, was born 1795. Among the edifices built or restored by him are the churches in the early English style at Twickenham and Brompton, the Norman church at Hove, near Brighton, and St. Mary's Hall, at Brigliton, in the Elizabethan style. Belgrave Square, in the metropolis, was erected from his designs ; and he was joint architect with Mr. Smirke of the Conservative Club, in St. James's Street. Having gone to inspect the AVest Bell Tower of Ely Cathedral, then under repair, he accidentally fell through an aperture, and was killed on the spot, Oct. 16. 1845. BASIL, St., surnamed the Great, to dis- tinguish him from other patriarchs of tlie same name, was bora, in 326, in Cassarea, in Cappadocia ; and is honoured by the Greek Church as one of its most illustrious patrons. He is chiefly remembered for his ascetic doc- trines, and his zeal to promote monastic dis- cipline. Died, 379. BASILIUS I., the Macedonian, emperor of the East ; killed by a stag wliile hunting, in a36. BASILIUS II., succeeded Jolm Zimisces, BAS] ^ ^cfio WinihtxiKl 3SJi0(jrajp^g, [bat in 976. He was gxiilly of abominable cruelty in his war with the Bulgarians. Dieil, 10'J5. BASILIirS, an impiystor, who excited a revolt in the eastern emiiire, in 934, and was burnt to death nt Constantinople. BASU^OVVITZ, JgiiN, emperor of Russia; he added Astracan to his empire, and was the lirst who assumed the style and title of Czar. Died, 15«4. BASIKE, Isaac, a learned divine, prebend of Durham. On tlie breaking out of tlie civil war he lost all his preferments ; on wliich he made a journey to the Morea, where he preached with great success among the Greek Cliristians ; and on his return wrote an ac- count of his travels. Born, 1607 ; died, li!7G. BASKEKVILLE, JoHX, a celebrated letter-founder and printer ; and one to whom the typographical art is much indebted. It has been remarked, however, that his l)ooks are far more elegantly than correctly printed. Born at Wolverley, in Worcestersliire, in 17(W ; died, 177.5. BASKEKVILLE, Sir Simon, an English physician of great eminence and wealth ; knighted by Charles I. Died, 1(J41. BASNAGE, Benjamix, a French Pro- testant divine; author of "A Treatise on the Church." Born, 1580 ; died, U',5'2. BASNAGE, Antuoxy, son of the above t imprisoned at Havre de Grace on account of his religion. Bom, 1010 ; died, 1(591. BASNET, EowAUD, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, who exchanged his clerical for a military liabit, and served under the lord deputy against O'Neil, tlie rebel. He died during the brief reign of Edward VI. BASSANI, GiAMATTisTA, a musical com- poser of the 17th century. BASSANO, or BASSAN, James, an Italian painter, chiefly of landscapes. Bom, 1510 j died, 1.-.92. BASSANO, ITuonF-s Bkrward Maret. Duke of, a celebrated French political writer and statesman, was the son of an eminent idiysician at Dijon. On the first outburst of the French revolution he enthusiastically embraced its extremest principles, and pub- lished a paper under the title of the BulMtin de, VAssemblce, which he continued until a bookseller started tlie Monitcur, of which Maret was appointed editor, and which speedily became the official organ of the government. He became acquainted with Buonaparte just as that extraordinary man began to rise into celebrity and influence, and was placed py him in the important office ofdiefile dirigion in the foreign office. In 1792 he was sent to England, ostensibly to secure the neutrality of the British govern- ment, but in reality to hoodwink that go- vernment until tlie moment should arrive at which it could be securely, as well as effi- ciently assailed. But the English minister of that day was too clear-sighted even for French diplomacy. Both Maret and the French ambassador, Chauvelin, were pe- remptorily ordered out of England ; and the former, soon after his return home, was sent as ambassador to Naples, but was captixred on his way thither by the Austrians, and detained as a prisoner until 1795, when he and the Marquis de Lemonville were ex- changed with the French government for a 79 daughter of the ill-fated Louis XVI. Being decidedly attached to Buonaparte, both by feeling and by policy, Maret took a bold and active part in the long and complicated in- trigues which were set on foot for the over- throw of the directory and the introduction of the consulate ; and when the establish- ment of the latter crowned the success of those intrigties, he was made secretary to the consular council of state. Subsequently he was for some time private secretary to Buonoparte, to whose dictation, it is said, not a few of his articles in the Moniteur were actually written. In 1811 he was made Due de IJassmiu and minister of ioreign afi°airs ; and in 1812 he conducted and signed the well-known treaties between France, Austria, and Prussia, preparatory to the fatal expedition to Kussia. When the em- peror was sent to Elba, in 1814, the Due de Bassano retired from public life ; but imme- diately after the return of the emperor, he joined him, and was very nearly being taken prisoner at Waterloo. On the utter ruin of Napoleon, the duke was banislied from France, but at the revolution of July, 1830, he was recalled, and restored to all the ho- nours of which he had been deprived. In 1^38 he was made minister of the Interior, and president of the council, but the minis- try of which he formed a part, survived only three days. Born, 17.58 ; died, 18;59. BASSET, Peter, chamberlain to ITcnry V. of England ; author of a history of that king, which is still extant in MS. BASSI, Laika Maria Catharine, a learned Italian lady, whose singular accom- plishments procured her the professor's chair at Bologna, and the title of doctor of pliilo- sophy. Born, 1711 ; died, 1778. BASSOM PIERRE, Francis pe, a mar- shal of France, distinguished both as a sol- dier and a statesman, and remarkable for his personal attractions ; who after being patron- ized by Henry IV. and Louis XIII., was imprisoned for 12 years for giving some offence to Cardinal Richelieu. He was author of his own memoirs and several other works. Born, 1.575 ; died, 1(54<5. BASSUET, Pierre, an eminent French surgeon ; author of numerous dissertations on subjects connected with his profession. Bom, 170G; died, 1757. BASTA, George, an Italian general of the 10th century ; author of two treatises on military discipline. BASTIDE, John Francis pe la, an in- dustrious French miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles in 1724, He settled in Paris, where he engaged in various literary enterprises ; of which the most voluminous were the " Blbliothoque Universelle des Romains," in 112 vols., and the " Chois des Ancicns Meicures," in 108 vols. BASTWICK, John, an English physician, and a furious writer against the Church in the time of Charles I. Born at Writtle, in Essex, 1593 ; died, 1650. BATE, George, physician to Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II., and one of the first members of the Royal Society. He was the author of a Latin history of the civil wars, and some medical works. Bora, 1.593 ; died, 1669. bat] ^ 0ti3i Sljub?rs"al Btofirapl^y. [bat BATE, Joim, an English divine, and prior of the Carmelite monastery at York, in the l.'ith century ; author of a " Comijen- dium of Logic," &c. BATECUMBE, William, an English ma- thematician of tlie 15th century ; author of a treatise, " De Sphjera Solidu," &c. BATEMAN, Willi AM, bishop of Norwich, a learned prelate, and the founder of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Died, 1354. BATES, JoAH, an eminent musician, born at Hal ifax, Yorksliire, in 1740. lie was una- nimously chosen conductor of the comme- moration of Handel at Westminster Abl)cy ; and till the year 1793 he conducted the clioral performances of ancient music, when he retired, and was succeeded by Mr. Greatorex. He died in 1709. ' BATES, William, a nonconformist di- vine ; author of " Lives of Learned and Pious :Mcn," &c. Born, 102.3 ; died, 1G99. BATHE, William, an Irish Jesuit, go- vernor of the Irish seminary at Salamanca. Died, 1641. BATHURST, Allex, Earl, a zealous op- poser of the measures of Sir Kobert Walpole, nud the intimate friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison, and the other eminent writers of his time. Born, l(3t*4 ; died, Ur.'i. BATHURST, Henry, Earl, son of the above, and lord chancellor of England ; au- thor of the "Theory of Evidence," &c. Bom, 1714; died, 1794. BATHURST, Right Rev. Henrt, bishop of Norwicli, was born at Brackley, in North- amptonshire, in 1744 ; and educated at Win- chester, and New College, Oxford. He was presented to the rectory of Witchingham, in Norfolk, in 1770 ; subsequently became dean of Durham ; and, in 1805, was consecrated bishop of Norwich. In the House of Lords, Dr. Bathurst was a strenuous supporter of the Catliolic claims : in his diocese, an ex- emplary prelate. He died, April 5. 1837 The bishop's eldest son. Dr. HExnr Bath- uusT, archdeacon of Norwich, and rector of the valuable livings of North Creake, Nor- folk, and of Ilollesley, Suffolk, was the author of " Memoirs" of his right reverend fatlier ; a work overflowing with spleen and expressions of disappointment, that one so faitliful to his old friends, the Whigs, should have never been preferred to a richer diocese! I Alas, poor human nature I Died, Sept. 18-14. BATHURST, Ralph, dean of Wells ; au- thor of some elegant Latin poems, and one of the founders of the Royal Society. Born^ 1620 ; died, 1704. BATHYLLUS, the cotemporary of Pyla- des, and one of the most celeVwated panto- mimists of antiquity, was bom at Alexandria, and became the slave of Ma;cenas, who en- franchised him. The art of tliese celebrated mimes consisted in expressing the passions by gestures, attitudes, &c., not by the mo- dern fooleries of harlequin, clown, and scenic changes. Bathyllus excelled in representing comedy ; Pylades in tragedy. B ATONI, PoMi'Eo GiKOLAMO, an eminent Italian painter, esteemed as the restorer of the Roman school. His most admired work is the "Contention of St. Peter and Simon the Magician," in St. Peter's, at Rome. Born at "Lucca, 1708 ; died at Rome,;i787. BATOU KHAN, grandson of Zenghis Khan, and his successor in the northern part of his vast emi)ire. He died after a long reign and numerous conquests, in 1276. BATSCH, AuGUSTU.s Joiiir George Charles, an eminent German naturalist ; author of " Elenchus Fungorum," &c. Born, 1761 ; died, 1801. BATTELY, Joiiir, archdeacon of Canter- bury, and chaplain to Archbishop Sancroft ; author of " Antiquitates Rutupinse," &c. Died, 1708. BATTEUX, Charles, a French writer ; editor and commentator on the poetics of Horace, Vida, &c. Born, 1713 ; died, 1780. BATTHYANI, Count Louis, a scion of one of tlic noblest and most ancient Hun- garian families, was born in 1809. For many years he was the leader of the Liberal Oppo- sition in the upper house of the Hungarian parliament ; and had long been distinguished for his devotion to the cause of Hungary, which he longed to see reinstated in its ancient administrative independence. Sum- moned in March 1848, by the emperor-king Ferdinand, to form the first independent and responsible cabinet of Hungary, he strictly adhered, while in office, to the constitution of tlic country ; repeatedly repairing to tlie emperor-king's court at Innspruck, to nego- tiate between the sovereign and the people, and labouring to heal the ruptures that daily threatened to plunge the nation into civil war. Animated l)y the same views, he left Pesth for Vienna, in September of the same year ; but when he saw that all his efforts were likely to be fruitless, he resigned his office and retired to his estates in Eisenberg. On the invasion of Hungary by Jellachich, the ban of Croatia, Batthyani entered the ranks of the National Guard ; but a fall from his horse compelled him to give up all thought of aiding the cause of Hungary in the field. In December he returned to Pesth, and took part in the proceedings of the par- liament, labouring as before, despite of ca- lumny and intrigue, to negotiate Jjctween the king and the country, and to impress all par- ties with his own moderate and practicable views. Meanwhile the revolutionary party in the Himgarian parliament having pro- posed to transfer the seat of government from Pesth to Debreczin, Batthyani strenuously opposed this measure on the ground of its ille- gality ; and all that he could effect was, that a deputation, of which he formed one, should be sent to Prince Wrndischgriltz, once more to attempt a compromise between the king and the people. But the deputation failed in its object. This was Battliyani's last public act. On the 8th of January, he was arrested in the drawing-room of his sister-in-law, at Pesth, transferred successively to Oedenburg, Lay bach, and Pesth, and, after nine months' imprisonmeutjwas tried bj' court-martial, de- clared guilty of high-treason, and sentenced to die on the gallows, Oct. 6. 1849. He heard the sentence with tranquillity and com- posure. Having taken leaVe of his wife, he en5. BEAUILVRNOIS, Alexander de, a French nobleman, born in 1760. lie took part in the revolution, and after having been at one time president of the national assem- bly, and served in the armies of France w^ith distinction, was put to death by the revolu- tionary tribunal just previous to the fall of RobeJi>ierre, in 17D4. His widow, JosErniNE, was ai'tcrwards wife of Buonaparte. BEAUIIARNOIS, Francis, Marquis de, elder brother of Alexander, was boni in 1750. He was appointed major-general in the army of the rrince of Condi', in 1792 ; protested against the unlawful treatment of the king, in a letter to tlic president of the national assembly : and when Buonaparte became first consul, he exhorted him to re- store the sceptre to the house of Bourbon. He was afterwards appointed ambassador to the court of Spain, but fell into disgrace with Napoleon, and was banished, lie re- I turned to Paris after the restoration, and ! died in IK 19. I BEAUIIARXOIS, EiOE.VE DE, son of Francis above-mentioned, was born in 1780 ; ! entered the army early, and became one of I Napoleon's generals, and his viceroy in Italy, which oflice he filled with credit and distinc- tion, from 1805 to 1814 ; when on his patron's I reverses he retired to Bavaria, married the j king's daughter, was made duke of Lench- tenlierg, and died at Munich, 1824. BEAUIIARNOIS, Uoktense Eugenie, ex-queen of Holland, and duchess of St. Leu, was burn at raris,'in 175^, being the daughter of Viscount Beauhamois (who perished by the guillotine in 1794) by his wife Josephine, afterwards the consort of Napoleon. Hor- tense was married to Louis Buonaparte in 1802, but it was an ill-starred union, and they separated in 1807, after she had given birth to three sons ; the eldest of whom (Napoleon Charles) died in childhood ; the second (Napoleim Louis) was killed in an insurrection at Romagna, in 1832 ; and the youngest (Louis Napoleou) is the first presi- dent of the French republic, established in 1848. She died Oct. 5. 1837. BEAULIEU, Sebastian de Pontaui.t DE, a celebrated French engineer and field- marshal under Louis XIV. ; author of " Views and Plans of the Battles ajid Sieges ofLouis XIV." Died, 1C74. BEAUMARCHAIS, Pkter Auoustin, Baron de, a man of singular versatility of talent ; a politician, an artist, a merchant, and a dramatist. He was author of the coiuedies of " The Barber of Seville," " The Marriage of Figaro," &c. ; but it was to a luv\suit that he was first indebted for his popularity as an author ; the memorials and pUadiugs which he drew up being so full of vit, satire, and sound reasoning, as to attract public attention in an extraordinary degree. Brrn, 17:!2 : died. 1799. BEAUMELLE, Laukence, a French writer and critic ; author of " Letters to Voltaire," of whom he was a decided oppo- nent ; " Commentary on the Ueuriade," &c. Born, 1727 ; died, 1773. BEAUMONT, Sir John, a judge of the Common Pleas, knighted by Charles I. ; author of " Bosworth Field, a poem, &c. Born, l.'R>2 ; died, 1028. BEAUMONT, Francis, the -celebrated English dramatic poet, was a younger bro- ther of the above ; and, in conjunction with his friend Fletcher, the author of a number of excellent plays. They were both admi- rable delineators of human nature, and their contemporaries preferred their dramas even to those of Shakspeare, whom they evi- dently made their model ; but impartial posterity has reversed this decision, and ad- judged the palm to the bordof Avon. Born, 1585 ; died. HUr,. BEAUMONT, JosErii,an English divine, regius professor of divinity at Cambridge ; author of "Psyche, or Love's Mystery," &c. Died, 1089. BEAUMONT DE PEREFIX,IIardouin, tutor to Louis XIII., and subsequently arch- bishop of Paris ; author of a " History of Henry IV." Died, 1070. BEAUMONT, Ei.ie de, a French advo- cate, distinguished for his memoir in iavour of the unfortunate family of Calos. Born, 1732 i died, 178.5. " - BEAU^IONT, Madame i.e Princk de, a French lady, who devoted her talents to tlie instruction of youth, and wrote many pleas- ing moral works ; among others, " Magaziii des Adolescentes," " Magazin des Jcuncs Dames," some novels, &c. Born, 1711 ; died, 1780. BEAUMONT, Sir George, bart., a dis- tinguished amateur artist, and a great patron of art and artists, was boru at Dunmow, Essex, in 1753 ; died, 1827. BEAUMONT, John Thomas Barber, well known as the founder, and many years managing director, of the County I ire Office, &c., was bom in London, in 1774, his pa- ternal name being Barber. In his youth he manifested a strong desire to obtain emi- nence as a painter. He afterwards became an author, and published a " Tour in Wales," besides several tracts upon the best mode of arming the population, so as most elfectually to repel the threatened Frcncii invasion j and he at length put in practice what he had so strenuously recommended to others, by organising a matchless rifle corps, known by the name of the " Duke of Cumberland's ShariJ-shooters," of which corps he was ap- pointed, in 180.}, captain commandant. In 1800 he establislied the Provident Institu- tion, which gave rise to the various similar establishments, now better known as "sav- ings banks," throughout the kingdom. He died in May, 1841, having bequeathed the bea] ^ ^cJj) 5iIni&criJal Uiocra})!)!). [bec bulk of his property to his children, except the sum of ]0,000Z. to establish a philosoplii- cal institutiou ia Beaumout Square, Mile- end. BEAUNE, Flokimet de, a French ma- thematician ; discoverer of a method to de- termine the nature of curves by the proper- ties of their triangles. Died, 1052. KEAURAIN, JouN de, geographer to Louis XV. ; author of a " Description of the Campaigns of Luxembourg, from lOSK) to 1G94." Born, 1G97 ; died, 1771. BEAURIEU, Gaspakd Guillakd de, a French writer ; author of " L'Elfeve de la Nature," &c. Born, 1727 ; died, 1795. BEAUSOBRE, Isaac de, a French Pro- testant divine, who settled at Berlin, and became chaplain to the king of Prussia ; author of " Defense de la Doctrine des B,i- formes," and many other valuable works upon theology. Born, 10.^9 i died, 1738. BEAUVAIS, William, author of a work on the medals of the Roman empire. Born, 1(>98 ; died, 1773. BEAUVALS, Charles Nicrolas, a French physician, member of the Convention at the revolution ; author of " Essais llisto- riquessurOrloans," &c. Born, 1745 ; d. 1794. BEAUVILLIERS, Francis de, duke de St. Aignan, a soldier, a courtier, and poet, in the reign of Louis XIV. Born, 1C07 ; died, 1(!87. BEAUVILLIERS. Paul de, eldest son of the preceding, was highly distinguished for talents and probity. He lield high offices in the state, and shared with the virtuous Archbishop of Cambray in the education of the Duke of Burgundy. Died, 1714. BE AUZEE, Nicholas, an eminent French critic and grammarian ; the author of several works, and a contributor to the Encyclo- pudie. Born, 1717 ; died, 1789. BE AA'^ER, JoHjr, a monk of Westminster in the 14th century ; author of a " Chro- nicle of the Affairs of Britain," &c. BECCADELLI, Louis, an Italian eccle- siastic ; preceptor to Prince Ferdinand of Tuscany, and author of the Lives of Cardi- nals Pole and Bembo. Died, 1572. BECCADELLL Antonio, of Palermo; author of a " History of Alphonso, king of Arragon," &c. Bom, 1374 ; died, 1471. BECCARI, Augustine, the first Italian pastoral poet. Died, 1520. BECCARI, James Baetolomeo, a Bolognese physician ; author of a " Treatise on the Motion of Fluids," &c. Born, 1G82 ; died, 17(56. BECCARIA, Giovanni Battista, an in- genious practical philosopher, wliose whole life was devoted to the study of physics. He was professor of philosophy at Palermo and Rome, and publislied several works of great merit, particularly on the nature of the electric iiuid. Born, 1716 ; died, 1781. BECCARIA, C.ESAU Bonesana, Marquis, an eminent Italian ; author of the celebrated " Treatise on Crimes and Punishments," &c. Bom at Milan, 1735 ; died, 1794. BECCUTI, Francis, surnamed II Cappita, an Italian poet. Died, 1553. BECERRA, Gaspard, a Spanish painter and sculptor, pupil of Raphael. His chef d' oeuvre is a statue of the Virgin. Died, 1570. BECKET, Thomas a, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born in London in 111". He was raised to the very liighest offices by Henry II., but the latter having attempted to encroacli on the privileges of the Oiurch, Becket resisted ; and after a long period of mutual contention, during part of which Becket lived in exile, the king apparently gave way ; but having uttered some hasty expressions respecting him, four of his cour- tiers caught them up, and gave effisct to tliem by assassinating Becket at the altar of Can- terbury Cathedral, in 1170. After his death he was canonised. BECKFORD, William, one of the most remarkable, and during many years one of the most remarked, men of modem times, was the son of tlie well-known Alderman Beckford, of London, who bequeathed him West Indian and otlier property, said to amount to upwards of 100,000Z. per annum. Mr. Beckford had a strong passion for build- ing ; and in erecting the much-talked-of Fonthill Abbey, he himself confessed to have spent in a very few years the enormous sum of 273,000Z. 1 • Building, however, did not alone occupy Mr. Beckford. An excellent scholar, and possessed of a fine taste in almost every branch of art, he collected in tlie fan- tastic but costly " Abbey " one of the finest and most extensive libraries in England, and his pictures and curiosities were almost un- equalled. His vast expenses, and the loss in Chancery of a large portion of his West Indian property, rendered it necessary for him to sell tlie abbey, and, with a few ex- ceptions, all its rich and rare contents, in 1822. When the sale was announced, public curiosity was so generally excited, that the enormous number of 7200 catalogues were sold at one guinea each 1 Though his ec- centric and more than princely lavishness of outlay caused Mr. Beckford to be much talked of both here and in Portugal, where he built a residence, his true claim to any notice here rests upon his undoubted talents as an author in many walks of literature, and his genius as displayed in the wild and singular tale of "Vathek," which is so splendid in description, so true to eastern costume, and so wild and vivid in imagina- tion, that Lord Byron considered it difficult to credit that it was written by a European, and said, " Even Rasselas must bow before it ; the Happy Valley will not bear a com- parison with the Hall of Eblis." In addition to this work, upon which his fame securely rests, Mr. Beclcford wrote a satirical work, entitled "Memoirs of Extraordinary Paint- ers ; " " Italy, with Sketches of Portugal and Spain ; ■' and " Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoba9a and Batalha." Died, Mav 1844, aged 84. BECKINGHAM, Charles, an English dramatist ; author of " Scipio Africauus," a tragedy, &c. Died, 1730. BECKMANN, John Anthony, a native of Hanover, and a professor at Gottingen, where he lectured for many years on sub- jects connected with rural and political economy, &c. He was the autlior of several works, of which his "History of Discov- eries and Inventions " is the best known. Born 1739 ; died, 1811. M BECJ ^ |2clD S(m'iicr)SaI 3St0firap!jg. [bel BECLARD, Pktek Augustus, an emi- nent French anatomist, was born at Angers, in 1785 ; became professor of anatomy and physiology at Paris, wliere he attained the higliest reputation as a lecturer and man of science, lie wrote "Anatomical Me- moirs," &c., and died in 182.5. BEDE, or BEDA,' surnamed "the Vene- rable," an ancient JSnalish monk, and the most eminent writer of his time ; author of an " Ecclesiastical History of England," and other valuable works. Bom, C73 ; died, 735. BEDELL, Wii.i.iAM, bishop of Kilmore and Armagh ; greatly reverenced in Ireland for his learning, piety, and benevolence. Born, 1570; died, 1041. BEDFORD, HiLKiAii, an English divine, who was heavily fined as the author of "The Hereditary Right of the Crown of England asserted," a Jacobite work, which was in reality written by George Ilarbin. Died, 1724. BEDFORD, Jony, Duke of, third son of king Henry IV. of England ; and one of the most successful commanders ever opposed to the French. He was appointed regent of France by the will of Henry V., and well sus- tained the glory of his country during the arduous struggle there. Died at Rouen, 143,5. BEDFORD, John Russell, »Jth duke of Bedford, K. G., an English nobleman, dis- tinguislied even among his own distinguish- ed nice for practical patriotism, and a truly princely patronage of the fine arts, and every brancli of industry which tends to the im- provement of the social condition. A mem- ber of several learned societies, and eminent- ly versed in science and fond of literature, he was no less attached to agriculture, to the improvment of wliich he devoted many years and large sums of money. Of his liberality, wlien any useful object was in view, some opinion may l)e formed from the fact, that he expended upwards of 40,00<)/. in rebuilding Covent Garden Market, in such a style as to render it one of the greatest ornaments of that part of the metropolis. In politics his grace was a Whig ; but his whole course and cha- racter were such as to procure him the esteem of men of all parties, and to obtain for him emphatically the really honourable title of " a good old English gentleman." Bom, 17(W', ; died, 1839. BEDLOE, William, captain, an infamoua informer, noted for his perjuries, and re- warded with 5uis XV., with tlie highest diguitiud. Bum, 1064 ; died, 1701. BEO.ENDEN, William, a Scottish writer of the 17th century, distinguished for the purity of his Latin compositions. BELLIAKD, Auch'stin Daniel, Count de, a distinguished French general and di- plomatist, was born in 1773, in Ilay vast erudition and sagacity. Born, 1001 ; died, 1742. BENTLEY, Richard, son of the above, a dramatic writer ; author of "The Wishes," and other dramas, &c. Died, 1782. BENYOWSKY, Maurice Augustus, Count, a native of Hungary, who, after serving in the imperial armies, joined the Polish nobility, and fought against Russia for their independence, but was taken pri- soner and exiled to Kamtschatka. From that remote region, however, he escaped ; and after various fortunes, he was sent out by the French to Madagascar, the sove- reignty of which island lie afterwards at- tempted to assume. He was slain in an ac- tion with the French, 1786. BERCHTOLD, Leopold, Count, a dis- tinguished philantliropist, was l>orn in 17.'>8. He spent la years of his life in travelling through Europe, and 4 in travelling through Asia and Africa, for the express purpose of assuaging human misery In its direst forms, and leaving rio method unattempted that humanity or patriotism could suggest. He at length fell a victim to a contagious fever, ber] ^ 0m miiihtv^^a Btccprajpl^j). [ber at Ills palace of Buchlowitz, in Moravia, whicJi he liad fitted up as an hospital for the reception of the sick and wounded Austrian soldiers. Died, 180!). BEREXGARIUS, or BEREN^GER, a French divine of the 11th century, born at Tours, wliose denial of transubstantiation was condemned at Rome. He underwent much persecution, recanted, and again re- turned to his opinions. Died, 1088. BERENGER I., king of Italy, who as- sumed the sovereignty on the death of Charles I., in 888. He was defeated by Rodolph of Burgundy, in 922, and shortly afterwards assassinated. BERENGER II., became king of Italy in 950 ; but was subsequently deposed for his tyranny, and died in confinement in Ger- many. BEREXGER, .James, a celebrated anato- mist and physician of the ICtli century, born at Carpi, in Italy, and died at Ferrara, 1550. He made several important anatomical dis coveries, and is said to be the first who used mercury in svphilitic diseases. BERENGER, Laukence Peter, a native of Provence, professor of rhetoric at Orleans previous to the revolution ; and, after the restoration of the Bourbons, professor at the Lyceum of Lyons, and inspector of aca- demies; author of " Les Soirees Proven^ales," &c. Died. 1822. BERENGER, Peter, a pupil of Abelard, and author of an apology for that celebrated and unfortunate person. BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Phila- delphus, and wife of Antiochus, king of Syria. She was deserted by her husband in favour of his former wife Laodice, by wliose orders she was strangled in her retirement at Antioch, B.C. 248. BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Aule- tes, king of Egypt. She usurped her father's throne, and put her first husband to death ; but the Romans replaced Ptolemy on his throne; and he caused his rebellious daughter to be executed. BERENICE, daughter of Agrippa, king of Juda;a, and wife of her father's brother, -Herod, who was made king of Chalcis by the emperor Claudius. Becoming a widow, she gave her hand to Folemon, king of Cilicia, but she soon deserted him, and became the mistress of Titus, who, it was thought, would have made her Ms wife but for the murmurs of the Romans. BEKESFORD, Rev. James, rector of Kib- worth, Lciceatershire, was born at Upham, in Hampshire, in 3.7(54, and received liis edu- cation at the Charter-liouse, and Merton College, Oxford. He was the author of a va- riety of separate works, besides several excel- lent papers in the " Looker-on," a periodical of considerable interest, published in 1792-3 ; but the work which obtained for him the greatest celebrity, was the well-known hu- morous satire entitled " The Miseries of Hu- man Life,'" /tc. 2 vols. 8vo. Died, Sept. 1840. BERETTINI, Peteu, an Italian architect and painter of great merit. Born, lu9G ; diefl, 1()69. BERG, Matthias van der, a Flemish painter, pupil of Rubens. Born, 1G15 ; died, 1687. BERGEN, Dirk van deij, a celebrated landscape and portrait painter. Died, 1689. BERGHEM, Nicholas, an excellent and indefatigable Dutch landscape painter. Born, 1(!24; died, 1C83. BERGIER, Nicholas Sylvester, canon of the catliedral of Paris ; anthor of " Deism Self-confuted," &c. Died. 1790. BERGMANN, Tordekn Olof, an emi- nent Swedish chemist, and a member of nearly all the learned societies in Europe ; to whom the world is indebted for many valuable additions to scientific knowledge. Born, 1735 ; died, 1784. BERIGARD, Claude, professor of phi- losophy at Padua ; author of " Circulus Pisanus," &c. Bom, 1578 ; died, 1GC3. BERINGTON, Joseph, a Roman Catho- lic clergyman ; author of a " History of the Lives of HiPloise and Abelard," a "Lite- rary History of the Middle Ages," &c. Died, 1827. BERKELEY, George, Earl of, one of the piivy council of Charles II. ; author of " Historical Applications and Occasional Meditations." Died, 1C98. BERKELEY, Sir William, of the same family as the above ; vice-admiral of the white. He was killed in an action with the Dutch, Ifi.'W. BERKELEY, George, bishop ofCloyne, a metaphysical writer of great celebrity, but whose virtues, however manifest, have been somewhat poetically exaggerated by Pope. Besides other works, he is tlie author of " Principles of Human Knowledge," " Dia- logues between Hylas and Philonus," &c. His hypothesis of the non-existence of mate- rial objects in nature otherwise than in the mind, made much noise in his time. Born, 1757 ; died, 1753. BERKENHOUT, Jonx, an English phy- sician and miscellaneous writer ; author of " Biographia Literaria," " Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ire- land," &c. Born, 1731 ; died, 1791. BERKLEY, John le Franc van, a Dutch physician, naturalist, and poet ; au- thor of " Poems," " Natural History of Holland," &c. Born, 1729 ; died, 1812. BERKLEY, Sir "William, governor of "Virginia ; author of " The Description and Laws of Virginia," &c. Died, 1077. BEBNADOTTE — CHARLES JOHN XIV., king of Sweden and Norway, whose originai name was John Baptiste Julius Bei'.nadotte, was the son of a lawyer at Pau in Beame, and was born in 1764. He re- ceived a good education, and was designed for the bar ; but he suddenly abandoned his studies, and enlisted as a private in the marines. For nine years from his enlistment, that is, up to the year 1789, the utmost rank that Bernadotte had attained was that of ser- geant ; but the French revolution, by sweep- ing away the arbitrary barrier which till then had rendered plebeian merit of little avail in the French service, gave Bernadotte an advantage which he improved so well, that in 1792 he was a colonel in the army of Custine. In 1793 he so distinguished him- self under the command of Kleber, as to be raised to the rank of general of brigade, and, shortly afterwards, of division. On the ber] ^ ^clM ^Eniiicri^al MiaQvai^ffn, [ber Rhine and in Italy he more and more dis- tinguished liimself ; and he showed that his talents were not those of a mere soldier, by his conduct in a somewhat ditflcult embassy to Austria. Between him and Napoleon there seems to have been a constant dis- trust, if not actual hatred ; nevertheless, Bemadotte had a marshal's staff on the es- tablishment of the consulate, and was created prince of Ponte Corvo in 180G. In all his campaigns Bemadotte was distinguished from tlie great majority of the French com- manders, by the clemency and generosity of his conduct from the moment that the battle was at an end ; and it was this conduct, even more than his brilliant reputation as a soldier, that caused liim to l>e put in nomi- nation as a successor of Charles XIII. of Sweden. Napoleon, then emperor, could but with difficulty be induced to consent to Bcr- nadotte becoming crown-prince and heir to the throne. " What 1 " said Bemadotte, " will you make me greater than yourself by mctkiiio me refuse a crown ? " The sarcasm told, and Napoleon merely replied, " Go I our fates must be accomplished 1 " From the instant that he became crown-prince of Sweden, the fortunate soldier sliowed a de- termination to give all his energies to his adopted country : he formed a secret alliance with Russia in 1812, and in 1813 he took command of the combined armies of North- ern Germany against France. Never during half a century before his accession liad Sweden known the peace or the prosperity in which he left her in the hands of his son Oscar. Died, 1844, aged 79. BERNARD, St., an illustrious abbot of the monastery of Clairvaujc in the 12th cen- turv. Died, 1153. BERNARD, Claude, sumamed "the poor priest," was a native of Dijon, whose active benevolence towards the poor and sick was unremitting during tlie whole course of his life, and for whose supjiort he expended his whole inheritance, 20,000i. Born, 1.588 ; died, 1641. BERNARD, Edward, an English philo- sopher and critic ; author of " Etymologi- cum Britannicum," a " Treatise on Ancient Weights and Measures," &c. Born, ICSS ; died, lfi97. BERNARD, James, a French Protestant divine ; author of an " Historical and Politi- cal Account of Europe," &c. Born, 1658 ; died, 1718. BERNARD, Jonx, an actor ; author of " Retrospections of the Stage." Died, 1828. BERNARD, of Menthox, an ecclesiastic of the 10th century ; founder of the well- known and invaluable monasteries of the Great and Little St. Bernard, in the passage of the Alps. Died, 1008. BERN^VRD, Peter Joseph, a French amatory poet, styled by Voltaire, le genlil Bernard, an epithet by which he is still dis- tinguished. Born at Grenoble, 1710 ; died, BERNARD, of TiruRixoiA, an enthusiast of the 10th century, who predicted that the end of the world was at hand, and caused much terror to his ignorant and superstitious believers. BERNARD, duke of Weimar, the fourth »I son of Duke John of Saxc- Weimar, was a general whose magnanimity, skill, and valour were frequently displayed while com- manding the Swedish army after the death of Gustavus ; and who afterwards did great service to the Protestant cause. He died by poison, administered, as his cotemporuries asserted, at the instigation of the Duke of Richelieu, who had become jealous of his power : but of this there is no substantial proof. Born, 1(504 ; died, 1639. BERNARD, Simon, general of engineers of France, was bom at D ; died, 1766. BERTIE, WiLLOUGirar, earl of Abing- don ; a nobleman distinguished equally by his talent and his eccentricity. He was au- thor of several political and satirical pam- phlets ; for one of which — the report of a speech he had delivered in parliament — he was prosecuted, and imprisoned in the King's Bench. Died, 1791. BERTIX, Anthony, a French military officer and an elegant poet ; author of a "Collection of Elegies " and other poems, which were greatly esteemed. Born in the isle of Bourbon, 1752 ; died at St. Domingo, 1790. BERTIN, Joseph, a French physician and anatomist ; author of a treatise on Osteology, and other valuable w^orks on anatomy. Born, 1712 ; died, 1781. BERTINAZZI, Charles Anthony, a celebrated comedian, and an accomplished wit, was born at Turin, in 1713, and for more than forty years was one of the most distinguished comic actors at Paris. Died, 1783. BERTOLI, Giovanni Domknico, bom in 1676, obtained the name of the patriarch of Aquileia, from his having first directed at- tention to the antiquities of that place, and for his successful endeavours to prevent the inhabitants from mutilating or destroying them. Died, 1758. BERTIU8, Peter, professor of mathe- matics, and cosmograplier to the king of France ; author of " Theatrum Geographia Veteris," \c. Born, IMo ; died, 1629. BERTRAM, Cornelius Bonavknture, Hebrew professor at Geneva and Lausanne ; author of a " Dissertation on the Republic of the Hebrews," &c. Born, 1531 ; died, 1594. BERTRAND, Henry, Count, a distin- guished French general, and the companion in exile of Napoleon Buonaparte, would have earned a bright name on the page of history merely by his military achievements during the wars" of the empire, were not those acliievements cast, comi>aratively, into the shade by the steadfast fidelitv with which he clung to Napoleon. Aiding that great soldier to gain some of his most splendid victories j covering him when in retreat and peril, as after the murderous atl'air of Haunau ; fol- lowing liim to liis/rce exile to Elba; return- ia|r with him to share all the perils of "blood-stained Waterloo;" he, the brave and steadfast Bertrand, feared not the im- prisonment of St. Helena, but voluntarily abode there until he had seen the Jirgt ob- sequies of his sincerely worshipped human idol. Honour to fidelity I Born, 1770 ; died, BERTRAND, John Baptist, a French physician ; author of an " Historical Account of the Plague at Marseilles," &c. Born, 1670 ; died, 1752. BERTRANDI, John Ambrose Maria, an eminent surgeon and anatomist of Turin ; author of a treatise on surgical operations, and various other professioual works. Born, 1723 ; died, 1765. BERULLE, Pierre de, Cardinal, founder of the congregation of the Oratory. He was employed in many art"alrs of state in France ; and accompanied Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., to England. Died, 1629. BERWICK, James Fitzjamks, Duke of, natural son of James II. and Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of Marlbo- rough ; a distinguished and gallant soldier, and author of a valuable volume of Me- moirs. Balled at the siege of Philipsburgh, in 1734. BERYLLUS, an Arabian bishop, of the third century ; converted by Origen from his heterodox opinion, that Christ had no existence prior to his incarnation. BERZELIUS, Baron, one of the great chemists of modern times, was born in 1779, in Ostgothland, a province of Sweden, where his father kept a village school. After graduating at Upsala in 1804, he repaired to Stockholm, where he became an assistant to Spawrnman, who had accompanied Captain Cook in one of his voyages round the world ; and at his death, in 1806, he succeeded him in the chair of chemistry, which he con- tinued to fill for forty-two years. It would be impossible within our limits to give even a summary of his labours during this period ; suffice it to say, tliat in a century which has produced a greater number of distinguished cliemists than perhaps of any other class of men of science, Berzelius stood out as a star of the first magnitude. His patient labours, and ingenious investigations, have done more to lay the foiuidations of organic che- BES] ^ ^etD WiniiitYStd 28iOiir10 ; died 1G03. BHERING, ViTirs, a captain in the Rus- sian navy, and a celebrated navigator of the northern seas, who, being cast on a desolate island, perished there, in 1741. This is now called Bhering's Island, and the straits be- tween Asia and America have also received his name. BIANCni, Antonio, a Venetian gondo- lier of the 18th century, who obtained great note by his poetical talents ; author of " II Templi owero di Solomone," " A Treatise on Italian Comedy," &c. BIANCHI, FnANCis, a musical composer, bom at Cremona ; author of " Disertor Fraiichese," " Semiramide," &c. He came to England, wrote " Castore e Polluce " for Madame Storacc, and " Inez de Castro " for Mrs. Billington ; and died early in the present century. BIANCHI, John, known also by the Latin name of Janus Plancus, a celebrated Italian physician, anatomist, and naturalist, and the reviver of the Academy of the Leiucei. Born at Rimini, 1603 ; died, 1775. BIANCHINI, Francis, a philosopher and mathematician of Verojia ; author of " Is- toria Universale," &c., and a vast number of scientific and literary treatises. Born, 1CC2 ; died, 1729. BIAS, one of the seven sages of Greece, and a native of Priene, in Ionia ; celebrated for his knowledge and strict regard to jus- tice. He flourished in the sixth and seventh centuries, B.C., and died at a very advanced age. BIBTENA, Bernardo da, a Roman car- dinal, raised from a low origin by Leo X. ; autlior of a comedy entitled " La Calandria," greatly admired in Italy. Born, 1470 ; died, by poison, as is supposed, 1520. BIBIENA, Fekdinanii Gai.li, an emi- nent painter and architect. Bom at Bo- logna, 1057 ; died, 17 43. BICIIAT, Maiiie Francis Xavier, a cele- brated French physician ; author of " Phy- siological Researches respecting Life and Death," " Anatomy as applied to Physiology and Medicine," &c. Bom, 1771 ; died, 1802. BICKERSTAFF, Isaac, a dramatic writer of the 18th century ; author of " Love iu a Village," " Jjonel and Clarissa," &c. BICKERSTETH, Rev. Edwakd, an able and prolific writer on religious topics, wa8 "bom in 1786. His original destination was the law; but after practising for some years as an attorney at Norwich, he was seized with a desire to enter the ministry, and obtained ordination from Bishop Bathurst in 1815. Soon afterwards he was appointed secretary to the Church Missionary Society in London, and at the same time became assistant mi- nister to an episcopal chapel in Spitalflelds. In 1830 he was presented to the living of Wotton, in Hertfordshire, where he laboured with great zeal and efficiency down to the lieriod of his death, 28th February, 1850. >lr. Bickersteth's first work was his " Help to the Study of the Scriptures ; " and this was followed by many other useful works on divinity ; and on all occasions he exhibited himself as a most uncompromising opponent to Popery and Tractaiianism, BIDDLE, John, a Socinian writer of con- siderable note in the time of Charles I. and during the Commonwealth, and now re- garded as the founderof Unitarian doctrines ; author of " Confessions of Faith concerning the Holy Trinity," and other works in de- fence of his principles. He was more than once prosecuted and imprisoned, and died of a fever caught in gaol in 1(J22. BIDLAKE, John, Dr., a divine of the Church of England ; author of " The Country Parson," and other poems, " An Introduction to Geography," &c. Born, 1755 ; died, 1814. BIDLOO, Godfrey, a Dutch anatomists author of " Anatomia Corporis Ilumaui," &c. Born, 1649 ; (Ued, 1713. BIEL, John Christian, a German Pro- testant divine, pastor at Brunswick ; author of a valuable I^exicon of the Septuagiut version of the Old Testament. Died, 1745. BIELFELD, James Frederic, Baron de, acelebrated modern writer ; author of "Poli- tical Institutions," &c. Born, at Hamburgh, 1717 ; died, 1770. BIEVRE, Mareschal, Marquis de, a life-guard of the king of France, not un- known as an author, but far more for his puns and repartees. The following anecdote shows the inveteracy of his habit, while it proves " the ruling passion strong in death." He went to Spa to recruit his health, but died there ; and, when at the point of death, said to those around him, "Mes amis, je m'en vais de ce pas " (de Spa). Born, 1747 ; died. 1789. BIGLAND, John, a voluminous writer, whose first publication did not appear till he was fifty years of age ; author of " A Sys- tem of Geography and History," "Histo- ries of Spain and England," "Letters on English and French History," &c. Died, 1832, aged 82. BIGNE, Marquerin de la, a doctor of the Sorbonne ; compiler of the first edition of the " Bibliotheca Patrum." He was bom in 1546, and died at Paris about the close of the Ifith century. BIGNICOURT, Simon de, a counsellor of Rheims ; author of " Pensi'es et Reflec- tions Philosopliiqucs. Born, 1709 ; died, 1775. BIGNON, Jerome, a learned French writer ; author of treatises " On Rome and its Antiquities," "On the Election of the big] ^ ^ciu mm'btr^al 33tffcrrapl)j?. [mo Popes," &c. ; and editor of the " Formulae " of jMarcuIphus. Born, 1589 ; died, 165G. BIGNON, John Paul, grandson of the above ; librarian to tlie king of France ; au- thor of " I>e3 Aventures d'Abdalla Fils d' HanifT," &c. Died, 1743. BIGNON, L. P. Edouard, vr&s bom at Melleiraye, of a higlily respectable family, and early entered on the diplomatic career as secretary of legation in Switzerland, and subsequently in Savoy and Prussia, of which last he had the administration of tlie finan- ces subsequent to the battle of Jena. Am- bassador in Poland, both before and after the retreat from Moscow, he rendered the most important services to the French army. He subsequently held many imjiortant of- fices, was a member of the chamber of de- puties under the restoration, and was made peer of I'rance in 1839. He wrote, at the express desire of Napoleon, a " History of French Diplomacy." Born, 1771 ; died, 1810. BIGOT Americ, an eminent French scholar. He assisted in the publication of several works ; and having discovered Pal- ladius's Life of Chrysostom in the ducal library at Florence, he published both the Greek text and his own Latin translation of it. Born. 162r, ; died, 1089. BILDERDYK, G., a modem Dntch poet, born in 1760, and one of the first of his country ; author of the " Death of (Edipus," " The Fairy Urgate," " Winter Flowers and Autumn Leaves ; " and several meritorious translations from the Greek poets and trage- dians, from Pope's Essay on Man, &c. BILFINGER, George Bernard, a German writer and professor of philosophy and theology. He was a man of most ex- tensive learning, and the author of " Dilu- cidationcs Philosopliica)," &c. Born, 1G93 ; died, 1750. BILGUER, John Elric, a Swiss sur- geon ; author of several professional treatises, in one of which he maintains the inutility of amputation in cases of gunshot wounds. Died, 179(5. BILLAUD, Varen^nes t>e, the son of a French advocate at Rochelle, was educated at the same college as Fouche, and proved himself one of the most violent and sangui- nary characters of the French revolution. He bore a principal part in the murders and horrid massacres which followed the destruc- tion of the Bastile ; voted immediate death to the unfortunate Louis XVI ; and officiated as president of the Convention on the 18th of Oct. 1793. He was afterwards deported to Cayenne, and subsisted on a small pension allowed him by Pethion. Died at St. Domingo, in 1819. BILLING, SiGiSMOXD, a patriotic and consistent French liberal, born at Calmar, in Alsace, in 1773. He entered the army at the very commencement of the revolution, and distinguished himself at the battle of Genappe and on other occasions ; was commissary of war to the armies of the North, the Rhine, &c. in 1792,.and to the army of Germany at the time of General Moreau's retreat, and was present in many celebrated battles and sieges. In consequence of certain changes in the government, he for a time retired to private life, and devoted his time and talents to the formation of Bible Societies and the education of Protestant youth. But he did not wholly abandon the military profession; and, when the reverses of Napoleon had en- dangered the safety of France, Billing, as the commander of a legion of the national guard, surrounded and defended tlie chamber of representatives while it was in the act of pronouncing the emperor's forfeiture, and was otherwise active in bringing about his abdication. He was also, in concert with General la Fayette, greatly instrumental in effecting the revolution of 1830, which seated Louis Philippe on the throne ; preserving throughout his character a love of rational liberty, and a sincere regard for the happiness and morals of the people. He died in 1832. BILLINGTON, Emzabetii, the most ce- lebrated English female singer of her time. She was of German extraction, though born in England. Her popularity was equally great in England and on the Continent, and remained undiminished to the very close of her public career in 1809. Died, 1817. BILLINGSLEY, Sir Henry, was a native of Canterbury, who, as a London tradesman, acquired great wealth, and became its chief magistrate. He was taught mathematics by an expelled friar, to whom he had generously given shelter and support, and was the first who published Euclid's Elements in English. Died, ir.lO. BILSON, Thomas, bishop of Winchester, in the reigns of queen Elizabeth and James I. ; author of a treatise on Christ's Descent into Hell, and one of the translators of the Bible. Bom, 1,5.% ; died, 1616. BINGHAM, Joseph, an eminent English divine ; author of " Origines EcclesiasticaB," "Scholastic History of Lay Baptism," &c. Born. 16(58 : died, 1723. BINGHAM, Sir George Ridout, a major- general in the British army, was bom in 1777. He entered the service in 1793, as an ensign in the 69th foot ; and progressively advanced in difierent regiments, till he be- came lieutenant-colonel of the 53d, being present at the most important transactions in the Peninsula, for which services he was rewarded by knighthood. He afterwards had the charge of Buonaparte from England to St. Helena, where he remained several years, and was promoted to tlie rank of major-general and colonel-commandant of the 2d rifle brigade. Died, Januarv, 18.'>3. BINGLEY (descended from English pa- rents, and considered as the Garrick of the Dutch stage), was bom at Rotterdam, in 1755, and died in 1818. BINGLEY, William, a clergyman ; au- thor of " Animal Biography." " Memoirs of British Quadrupeds," &c. Died, 1823. BION, a Greek pliilosopher, in the reign of Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedon, in the 3d century, n.c. Some few fragments of his writings remain. BION, a Greek pastoral poet : his poems, published with those of his friend and dis- ciple, Moschus, are remarkable for simpli- city and sweetness. By some he is said to liave lived in the 2d, and by others in the 3d century, B.C. BION, Nicholas, a French mathemati- bir] ^ i^etu Winihtv^Kl ^Siojjrajjljw. [bis cian ; author of a " Treatise on the Use of the Globes," &c. Died, 1733. BIRAGUE, Clkment, an engraver on gems, said to liave been the first discoverer of the art of engraving on diamonds. He was born at Milan, and flourished during tlie middle of tlie KJth century. BIUAGUE, Kkse de, a Milanese of noble family, who sought shelter in France from the vengeance ot Louis Sforza, and became a cardinal and chancellor of France. He is infamously memorable as one of the authors of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Born, 1,509 ; died, 1583. BIRCH, Samuel, who for many years played a distinguished part as a member of the corporation of London, was born in that city, in 1757, and succeeded his father in his well-established business of a pastry-cook, in Cornhill. He was the first to proiMise the measure of arming and training the inhabit- ants as volunteers; and he had the honour, successively, to become lieutenant, nmjor, and lieutenant-colonel commandant of the first regiment of Loyal London Volunteers. Yet, although never unmindful of his posi- tion as a party man in politics, he found leisure to employ his pen in various walks of literature. Mr. Birch was also among the earliest and most active supporters of the J^iterary Fund Society, to which lie con- tinued attached till his decease, and had long been tlie senior member of its council. In 1814 he filled the civic chair. Died, Dec. 10. 1841, aged 84. BIRCH, Thomas, originally a Qu.iker, but subsequently a divine of the Churcli of England. He was an industrious historian and biographer ; and author, among many other works, of a " History of the Royal Society," " Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth," &c. Born, 17a5 ; died, 17C0. BIRD, Edward cR.A.), a painter, chiefly of comic subjects, but who also executed many religious and historical pieces, and was made historical painter to the Princess Charlotte of Wales. Born, 1772; died, 1819. BIRD, John', an eminent mathematical instrument maker ; author of " The Method of constructing Mural tiuadrants," &c. Died, BIRD, Wiixiam, an eminent musician in the reign of Elizabeth. He chiefly composed sacred music ; and to liim " Non nobis Do- mine " is attributed. Born, 1543 ; died, 1623. BIREN, John Ernest de, duke of Cour- land, who, though the son of a peasant, by his handsome person and address, obtained such influence over Anne, daughter of Peter I. and duchess of Courland, that when she ascended the tlirone of Russia, she committed the reigns of government to Biren, made him duke of Courland, and at her death, in 1740, left him regent of the empire. He was sub- sequently banished to Siberia, recalled by Peter III., and his duchy restored to him by Catharine, in 17G3, but which, (5 years after- wards, he relinquished in favour of his eldest son. Bom, 1687 ; died, 1772. BIRKBECK, Georoe, M. D., president of the Jjondon Mechanics' Institute, was the son of a merchant and banker at Settle, in Yorkshire, where he was born in 177(J. In his boyhood he displayed a strong incli- nation for those mechanical pursuits to which lie afterwards became so devoted ; but his friends having determined that he should embrace the medical profession, he first studied for this object at Leeds, then removed to London to become a pupil of Dr. Baillie, and subsequently went to Edin- burgh to complete his education. At the age of twenty-one he was appointed pro- fessor of natural history in the Andersonian Institution of Glasgow ; and having while there successfully established a mechanies' class, he was induced, in 1822, to found the London Mechanics' Institution in Chancery Lane ; to which society he generously lent 3000/. fur erecting a museum, lecture-room, &c. Of this institution Dr. Birkbeck was elected president ; and from it nearly all the various mechanics' institutes throughout Great Britain have been established. As a physician, he enjoyed a considerable share of reputation ; as the promoter of mechanic arts, and as the warm friend of the indus- trious artisan, no man could possibly be more generally or more justly esteemed. He also numbered among his circle of friends the most eminent scientific and literary men of the day. Died, Dec. 1. 1841. BIRKBECK, ]^IouKis, an English gentle- man who emigrated to America, where he purchased so vast a tract of land as to acquire the title of " Emperor of the Prairies ; '' au- thor of " Letters from Illinois," " Notes of a Journey in America," &c. He was acci- dentally drowned in 182.». BIRKENHEAD, Sir Joii.v, a political writer of tlie 17th century; several times imprisoned during the Commonwealth for writing in favour of the exiled king. Bom, 1615 ; died, 1070. BIRKHEjVD, Henrt, a modem Latin poet, born in 1617; author of "Otium Lite- rarium," &c. He died at the latter end of the 17lh century. BIRON, Arm A Nil de Go.vtact, Baron de, a celebrated French general, honoured with the friendship of Henry IV. He was slain at the siege of Epcruay, in Champagne, in 1592. BIRON, Chahles de Gontaut, Duke de, son of the above; admiral and marshal of France, and a favourite of Henry IV., who appointed him his ambassador to England, &c., and raised him to the dukedom. He was, however, sedueefl by the intrigues of the court of Spain to join in a conspiracy against his royal and truly generous friend ; for which crime he was tried, condemned, and beheaded, in 1602. BIRON, duke de Lauzun, born about 1760 ; one of the most celebrated men of the French revolution, remarkable at once for his amours, his attachment to liberty-, and his militarj' exploits. He served with La Fayette in America, and attached himself to the party of the Duke of Orleans, on his re- turn. In 1792 he was joined with Talleyrand in a mission to this country ; on his return, served under Rochamlieau, in Flanders ; and perished by the guillotine at the end of 1793, on a charge of counter-revolution. He died stoically, ordering oysters, and drinking wine with the executioner. BISCHOP, John dk, a Dutch historical bis] ^ i^m Bnihtx^aX 23i05rjipl^M. [bla and landscape painter. Bom, 1G46 ; died, 1686. BISCOE, RrciiARD, an English divine ; author of " Tlie History of the Acts of the Apostles, conlirmed by other Authors." Died. 1748. BISSET, Charles, an able physician, and a writer on fortification, which art lie Bturtiert while in the 42nd regiment, and received promotion for his skill in it at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, by the Duke of Cumber- land. Born, 1716 ; died, 1791. BISSET, James, an ingenious artist and amusing writer, was bom at Perth, in 1762, but settled early in life at Birmingham, where he established a museum and shop for curiosities, which he afterwards re- moved to Leamington. He had a remark- able facility in writing rhymes ; and being ever ready to make his muse subserve the cause of loyalty, or aid the progress of art, his various works present a motley appear- ance, and are often singularly droll and epigrammatic. " Guides," " Directories," and " Poetic Surveys " of the towns in wliich he lived, look oddly enough when placed in juxtaposition with " Patriotic Clarions," " Critical Essays," and " Comic Strictures on the Fine Arts ; " yet such were among his numerous productions, all of which are more or less indebted for their notoriety to the jingle of rhyme. Died, 1832. BISI, BoxAVENTiRE, an esteemed Bo- lognese miniature and historical painter. Died, 1662. BISSON, P. T. J. G., bora in 1767 ; a French general, who fought in most of Na- poleon's campaigns, till his death, in 1811. lie was of prodigious size, strength, and appetite. BITAirBE, Paul Jeremiah, the son of French refugee parents at Konigsl>erg, where he was bora, in 1732, but in after life settled in Paris. He was an aulhor of considerable repute, and patronised by Frederick II. of Prussia and by Napoleon. He translated Homer, and wrote "Joseph" and other poems. Died, 1808. BIVAR, Dox RonniGO Dias de, or <^e Cid, a hero of Spain, whose valour in various encounters with the IMoors, and his unjust banishment, afforded rich materials both for history and romance. Born at Burgos, 1040; died at Valencia, 1099. BIZOT, PiEURE, a French writer; au- thor of a curious work, entitled " Histoire MiJdallique de la Republique de ItoUande." Born, 1636 ; died, 1696. BLACK, Joseph, an eminent chemist, bora at Bordeaux in France, but of ScottUh parents ; author of " Lectures on Chemis- try," besides other valuable works embody- ing important discoveries. Born, 1728 ; died, 1709. BLACKBURNE, Fraxcis, an English divine, eminent as a theological writer, and remarkable for the publication of works favouring dissent from the church to which he belonged. He was archdeacon of Cleve- land and a prebend of York ; but so little of a churchman in his writings, that he was invited to succeed Dr. Chandler as minister of the chapel in the Old Jewry. Born, 1705 j died, 1787. BLACKLOCK, TnoMA55, a Scotch divine and poet ; author of " The Graham," an heroic ballad ; " Remarks on Civil Liberty," &c. Born, 1721 ; died, 1791. BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, a physician and poet, and the author of many works both in prose and verse, the principal of which is his poem, entitled " Creation." j Living as he did in the time of Dryden, Pope, and other wits and satirists, to whom he was opposed in politics, he met with un- merited ridicule ; for though as a poet he was inferior to many, he was by no means destitute of talent, and, what is better, he sustained the reputation of a pious and con- scientious man. Died, 1729. BLACKSTONE, Sir William, an emi- nent English judge ; author of the well known " Commentaries," and other valuable works on law. &c. Bom, 1723 ; died, 1780. BLACKWELL, Alexander, a Scottish physician, who settled in Sweden, and was beheaded there, for supposed participation in a conspiracy, 1748. BLACKWELL, Alexander and Eliza- beth, husband and wife : the latter, a woman of talent, in order to procure subsistence for her husband while in prison for debt, pub- lished a " Herbal" in 2 volumes, folio, with .ICX) plates, drawn, engraved, and coloured by herself, all in the space of four years. The work succeeded, and her husband was liberated ; but he seemed doomed to be the sport of fortune ; for after having l)een in- vited to Stockholm, and pensioned by the king of Sweden, in consequence of his being the author of a work on agriculture which attracted the notice of that monarch, he was charged with being concerned in a plot with Count Tessin for overturning the kingdom, tried, and beheaded, in 1747. BLACKWELL, Thomas, Greek professor of Aberdeen ; author of " An Diquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer ; " " Me- moirs of the Court of Augustus," &c. Born, 1701 ; died, 17-)7. BLACKWOOD, Adam, a Scotch writer ; author of " The Martyrdom of Mary Stuart," written in French, &c. Born, 15i39 ; died, 1613. BLACKWOOD, Sir Henry, a meritorious British admiral, was the sixth son of Sir John Blackwood, bart., and born in 1770. j Having entered the naval service at the early j age of 11 j'ears, he was present at the action off the Dogger Bank ; and on the commence- | ment of hostilities with the French, in 1793, he became first lieutenant of the Invincible man-of-war, in which capacity he acted on the "glorious 1st of June," 1794, with dis- tinguished bravery, and was in consequence promoted to the rank of commander. In 1798, when captain of the Brilliant, of 28 guns, he gallantly maintained a most un- equal combat, off the island of Teneriffe, with two large French frigates, each of which was nearly double his own force, and beat them off. After this he was engaged in various services, as captain of the Penelope, of 36 guns, under Lords Keith and Nelson, Sir Sj'dney Smith, and other eminent men ; and it was owing chiefly to his skill and bravery that the Guillaume Tell, of 80 guns, which escaped from Lord Nelson at Aboukir, blaJ ^ |!rU) ^nibtr^aX 3Bt0jp:apT)e. [bla was captured. The next scene of his naval glory was the evcr-mcmorable battle of Trafalgar, wliere he perforined the most essential service, as captain of the Eur3'alus, and witnessed tlie death of his friend and heroic commander, whose last words to him were "God bless you, Blackwood — I shall never see you more." In 180C he was appointed to tlic command of the Ajax, of 80 guns, and joined Lord Collingwood's fleet on the anniversary of the battle of Trafalgar. Tliis, however, was a melancholy event, as the sequel proved ; for, during the night of the 14th of February, 1807, tlie Ajax was found to be on fire, and in a short time went down with Jialf her crew ; Sir Ilenry, like mnny others, being saved with the greatest difficulty. After this he eommanded the W'arspite, and was present at the blockades of Brest and Rochfort, and engaged in various enterprises. In 1814, His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence made liim captain of the fleet, and he was appointed to bring over the crowned heads from France to this country : on which occasion he was created a baronet, and promoted to the rank of rear- admiral. In 1819, Sir Henry was appointed commander-in-chief of the naval forces in the East Indies, from which station he si)cedily returned ; and in 1827 the lord high admiral raised liim to the command at Chatham. He died in December, 1832 ; leaving Ixjlilnd him the character of a brave, skilful officer, and an amiable man. BLADEN, Maktix, a military officer under the Duke of Marlborough ; author of " Ori)heu8 and Eurydice," a masque ; " A Translation of CiBsar's Commentaries," &c. Died, 174^. BLAINVUXE, M. dk, professor of com- parative anatomy in the Paris Museum of Natural History, and a wortliy successor to Cuvier, was born in 1778. He was found dead on May 1. 1850, in one of the night rail- way trains between Rouen and Caen. BLAIR, Huon, an eminent Scotch divine ; author of a " Dissertation on the Poems of Ossiau," "Lectures on Rhetoric," "Belles Lettres," and "Sermons," in five volumes, which have ever been greatlv esteemed. Born at Edinburgh, 1718 ; died, 1800. BLAIR, JoH>f, a prebend of Westminster ; author of " Chronological Tables " and " Lectures on the Canon of tlie Old Testa- ment." Died, 1782. BLAIR, Robert, a Scotch divine ; author of the well known and admirable poem " The Grave." Born, 1700 ; died, 174(1. BLAKE, RoBKKT, a celebrated English admiral during the Commonwealth, whose skill and courage were equalled only bj' his disinterested patriotism and love of justice ; and whose brilliant achievements proudly sustained the hcmour of his country, and greatly enhanced its naval character. Among his numerous gallant exploits, the most noted are the four desperate engage- ments he fought with the Dutch fleet imder Admiral Van Tromp ; by which he not only gained a decided superiority over our mightiest naval opponent, but, by the bold tactics he introduced, infused that intrepid- ity and spirit of enterprise, by which the British navy has been ever since so highly distinguished. Bom, at Bridgewater, 1509 ; died, 1(558. BLAKE, William, a highly gifted but very eccentric artist and writer ; author of " Europe," a prophecy ; " America," a pro- phecy ; " Songs of Experience ; " and an infinity of admirable engravings. Born, 1759 ; died, 1827. BLAMPINI, TnoJLfis, a Benedictine monk ; editor of a splendid edition of the works of St. Augustin. Died, 1710. BLANCHARD, Francis, a celebrated French aeronaut, horn in 1738, was distin- guished from his youth by his mechanical inventions. After making his first aerostatic voyage in 1784, he crossed the Channel from Dover to Calais, 1785 ; for which exploit he was rewarded by the king of France with 12,000 francs, and a pension of 12(X) fr. He first made use of a parachute in London, in 1785 ; went through various countries on the Continent, exhibiting his aeronautic skill ; visited America with the same object ; and, retuniing in 1798, ascended in Rouen with 16 persons in a large balloon, and de- scended at a place 15 miles distant. He died in 1809 His wife, Madame Blan- ciiAKD, continued to make aerial voyages ; but in June, 1819, having ascended from Tivoli, in Paris, her balloon took fire, at a considerable height, owing to some fire- works which slie carried with her, the car fell, and the hapless aeronaut was dashed to pieces. BLANCHARD, James, an eminent and indefatigable painter, denominated the French Titian. Born, ICOO ; died, 1()3«. BLANCHARD, Joiix Bai-tist, a French Jesuit, and professor of rhetoric ; author of '• The Temple of the Muses," &c. Born, 1731 ; died, 1707. BLANCHARD, Lamajt, a graceful pe- riodical writer, was bom at Great Yarmouth in 1803. His father having removed to London when he was 5 years of age, he received his education at St. Olave's School, Lambeth ; and here was laid the ground- work of those literary tastes and habits which distinguished him through life. His first occupation was that of reader at Cox and Baylis' printing office in Great Queen Street; in 1827 he became secretary to the Zoological Society ; and in 1831 editor of the Monthly Magazine. He subsequently became con- nected with the True Sun, the Constitutional, the Courier, the Court Journal, and the Ex- aminer ; and was a constant contributor to the lighter periodicals of the day. Never was there a writer with a readier pen ; but I though radiant with wit, it was never dipped in gall ; and though his political opinions were strongly marked and maintained through good and evil report, his entire freedom from party bigotry and prejudice gained him the respect even of his most decided opponents. But a series of domestic calamities crushed his buoyant spirit to the earth, and in a fit of temporary insanity he committed suicide, Feb. 15. 1845. A collected edition of his writings, with a memoir of the author by Sir Bulwer Lytton, was published in IHiO. BLANCHARD, William, a comedian of sterling talent at Covent Garden Theatre, bla] ^ i^efit) HiuberM 2St0Ufajpl^y. [blo whose faithful representation of many of Sliakspeare's most difficult characters ob- tained for him tlie suffrages of such as were real judges of the histrionic art ; but, though a general favourite, he won not the "mil- lion" by monstrosities, nor the just reward of his talents from theatrical managers. Died, 1835, in the CGth year of his age, having retired from the stage a short time before. BLANCHE, of Castile, queen of Louis VIIL of France. She died of grief, on ac- count of the defeat aud imprisonment of her son, Louis IX., in Palestine, in 1252. BLANCIIELANDE, P. F., born in 1735 ; governor of St. Domingo when the decree of instant emancipation for the slaves caused a universal tumult. He urged the suspension of the decree, and, being arrested as a counter- revolutionist, was conducted to Paris, and perished by the guillotine in 1793. BLAND, Elizabktii, an English lady, eminent for her knowledge of Uebrew. A phylactery of her writings is preserved by tlie Koyal Society. Died, 1720. BLANDRATA, Gkokoe, an Italian phy- sician ; privy counsellor to Stephen Barotti, king of Poland. He was strangled by his nephew, whom he had made his heir, 1593. BLANE, Sir Gilukht, bart., M. D., of Ayr, was born in 17-19, and, after practising in his profession witli much success, became physician in ordinary to George III., and was, in 1812, created a baronet. He died in June, 1834. BLANKEN, Joiix, an eminent Dutch engineer, born in 1755 ; distinguished for his double-power steam-engines ; and for his docks, dikes, drains, and batteries, on almost all the coasts of Holland. BLANKOFF, John Teuxiz, a Dutch marine painter, of the 17th century ; par- ticularly skilful in storm pieces. BLANTYRE, Lord, was born in Edin- burgh in 1775, and entered the army in his 19th year, lie served in the Peninsular war, at the conclusion of which he received public thanks for his services, and after- wards became lord-lieutenant of Renfrew- shire. He was residing with his family at Brussels, during the struggle of the Belgians for a separate government ; when looking out from a window, to see the Dutch troops who were advancing into the park, he was struck in the neck bj' a musket ball, and the effusion of blood was so great that he died a few moments after, Sept. 1830. BLAYNEY, Dr. Benjamin', an English divine and biblical critic ; author of a " Dis- sertation on the Seventy Weeks of Daniel," &c. Died, 1801. BLEDRI, bishop of Llandaff in 1023 ; surnamed the ivise on account of his great learning. BLEISWICK, Peter van", born in 1724 ; grand pensionary of the Dutch states-ge- neral at the revolution, by which he was divested of his office. He was the author of a valuable work, " De Aggeribus." BLESSINGTON, Makgaret Power, Countess of, celebrated for her beauty, ac- complishments, and literary productions, was bom in the county of Waterford in 1789. At the early age of 15 she contracted an ill- fated marriage with Captain Farmer, and soon after his death the Earl of Blessington sought and obtained her hand in 1818. After her marriage she passed several years abroad, but they are chiefly remarkable for having led to her acquaintance with Lord Byron, which soon ripened into intimacy, and enabled her subsequently to publish one of the most interesting works, her " Conversa- tions with Lord Byron." Soon after her husband's death in 1829, she fixed her resi- dence in London, where she soon gained a distinguished place in literary and so-called fashionable society. Her house became the centre-point of every variety of talent ; and there were few literary celebrities, native or foreign, who did not share in the " feast of reason and the flow of soid," for which Gore House will be long remembered. Lady Blessington'a contributions to literature were at once numerous and diversified. Besides the "Conversations" above mentioned, she published many novels, of which " Grace Cassady, or the Repealers," " The Two Friends," " Meredith," " Stratherne," " The Lottery of Life," "The Victims of Society," &c. are the chief ; and several works full of personal anecdote, epigram, sentiment, aud description, such as " The Idler in Italy," "The Idler in France," "Memoirs of a Femme de Chambre," "The Belle of the Season," &c. For many years she edited the far-famed annuals, " The Book of Beauty " and the " Keepsake." Died at Paris, where she had a short time previously permanently fixed her residence, Aug. 1849. BLIGH, George Miller, was the son of Admiral Sir R. R. Bligh. He entered the navy, in 1794, on board the Alexander, commanded by his father, in wliich ship he was taken by the French in the same year ; but from whom he contrived to escape six months afterwards. He was made a lieu- tenant ia 1801, and fought under Nelson in the battle of Trafalgar, in wliich he was severely wounded. He was made a com- mander in 1806 ; and, having taken a French privateer, he was posted, and ap- pointed to the Glatton two years afterwards. He died in 1S3,>. BLIZZARD, Sir William, a surgeon and anatomist of considerable eminence, was bom in 1742. During a long life of profes- sional activity and experience he main- tained a higli reputation ; and was for many years professor of anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons, and a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He was also the author of several valuable works, viz. " Suggestions for the Improvements of Hospitals," " Reflections on Police," " Lecture on the Large Bloodvessels," &c. Died, at the great age of 92, in Sept. 1835. BLOCH, Marcus Eliezer, an ingenious naturalist and physician, and a Jew by birth, was born at Anspach, of mean parentage ; but entering into the service of a physician, he studied medicine, anatomy, and natural history with great success, and became par- ticularly eminent in the last-named science. His " Ichthyology," produced at Berlin in 1785, at the exjiense of the wealthiest princes of Germany, is a magnificent national work, llis treatise " On Intestinal Worms " is also iu high estimation. Bom, 1723 ; died, 1799. BLO] ^ fic'm mutbcr^aX Miatp:npliv* [blu BLOCK, JoAN'NA KoEKTEX, a Dutch female, whose HiiguUr talents in cutting landscapes, flowers, portraits, &c. out of paper, entitle her to rank as an artist of no mean skill, so true were her works touaturc. Born, 1050 ; died, 1715. BI.OEMART, Abkaham, a Dutch pain- ter of considerable merit, whose brilliant colouring and inventive powers atone for various mhior faults. Born, 15Go ; died, 1G47. BLOE.MARTS Cornelics, a son of the preceding, who, as an engraver, became eminent, and may be regarded as the founder of a new school, remarkable for the purity and softness of the burin. Boru, 1C(K! ; died, KWO. BLOMEFIELD, Fran'Cis, an English to- pographer and divine s author of " Collec- tanea Cantabrigiensia," &c. Died, 1755. BLOMFIEI.D, EuwAui) Valentixe, a distinguished classical scholar, was the bro- ther of Dr. Blonifleld, bishop of London, and born in 1788. He received his educa- tion at Cains College, Cambridge, where, besides other prizes, he gained, in 18l»9, a medal for writing his beautiful ode, "In Dpsiderium Torsoni." In 1812 a fellowship in Emanuel College was conferred on him. In the following year he visited Germany, and acquired an intimate knowledge of the German language. On his return to Eng- land he published in the " Musreum Criticum, or Cambridge Classical Reseaiches," remarks on German literature. He translated " Matthias's Greek Grammar," and began " Schneider's Greek and German Lexicon." Died, ISKi. BLOND, JAitES CiiRiSToniER LE, a mi- niature painter, and author of a treatise on a method of engraving in colours. Born, 1670 i died, 1741. BLONDEL, a minstrel and favourite of Richard Caur de Lion ; whom he is said to have discovered in his German dungeon, by singing beneath its walls the first part of a song of their joint composition. BLONDEL, David, a French Protestant divine, and the successor of Vossius as pro- fessor of history at Amsterdam ; author of " Explications on the Eucharist," &c. Bom, 1601 ; died, 16.55. BLONDEL, Frakcis, a French architect and diplomatist ; author of " Tlie Art of Throwing Bombs," various treatises on archi- tecture, &c. Born, 1617 ; died, 1080. BLONDEL, Joilx Francis, of the same family as the above, and also an architect. He was professor of architecture in the academy of Paris ; and the author of a "Course of Civil Architecture," and other works belonging to the art. Bom, 1705 ; died, 1774. BLONDUS, Flavhs. otherwise called Flavio Biondi, an Italian writer of the 15th century ; author of " Roma lUustrata," &c. BLOOD, TnoMAS, Colonel, a bold and desperate Irishman, originally an officer in Cromwell's army, and notorious in English history for his daring attempt on the life of the Duke of Ormond, and for his theft of the crown and regalia from the Tower. For some reason, nevtr yet explained, this desperado was not only paidoned by Charles 101 II., but received from him a pension of 5001. per annum. Died, 1680. BLOOiMFIELD, Roisert, an English poet, was the son of a poor tailor at Ho- nington, Sutl'olk, and himself a shoemaker. His principal work is a poem, entitled " The Farmer's Boy," which pleasingly describes the scenes the author witnessed while in that humble station, and displays very con- siderable genius ; but his subsequent publi- cations, though possessing tlie merit of sim- plicity, were not equal to the first. Although brought forward and patronised by the ex- ertions of Cai>el Lofft and the Duke of Grafton, the modest banl had a large share of the ills which flesh is heir to, and his latter years were clouded by penury and dejection. Born, 1766 ; died, 182.S. BLOUNT, Charles, earl of Devonshire. He succeeded to his family title of Lord Mountjoy in 1594, and was much favoured and employed by queen Elizabeth. In the year 1603 he returned from Ireland, where he had been employed in suppressing the rebellion, and brought with him the head of th6 celebrated rebel Tyrone. James I. made him master of the ordnance and earl of Devonshire i hut having manicd the di- vorced Lady Rich, daughter of the Earl of Essex, he fell into disgrace. Born, 1563 ; died, 160(i. BLOUNT, Thomas, an English writer ; author of " Bocobel ; or the History of the King's Escape after the Battle of Worces- ter," "Fragmenta Antiquitatis," &c. Born, 1619 ; died, 1679. BLOUNT, Sir Henry, a trareller tlirough Turkey, Syria, and Egypt ; author of a " Voyage to the Levant." He was knighted by Charles II., but sided with the parlia- ment, and was rewarded with a commission- ership of trade. Born, 1602 ; died, 1682. BLOUNT, Sir Thomas Pope, bart., eld- est son of the above ; member of several parliaments, and appointed commi.^sioncr of accounts at the revolution ; author of " Censura celebriorum Auctoruin," &c. Born, 1649 ; died, 1697. BLOUNT, Ciiari.es, youngest brother of the last named ; author of some deistical writings. He died, by his own hands, 1693. BLOW, John (Mus. Doc), an English musician and composer of great ability ; author of anthems, services, &c., and of some secular compositions, which are pub- lished collectively under the title of " Am- phioQ Anglicus." Died, 1708. BLUCHEB, Field-marshal LEBREcnx VON, a distinguished Prussian general, whose impetuous intrepidity and eagerness to attack the enemy gained him the familiar appellation of "Marshal Forward." He en- tered the Swedish service when quite a youth, and in the first campaign was made prisoner by the Prussians, whom he after- wards joined, and rose to the rank of (!ap- tain ; but being discontented with the pro- motion of other officers over his head, he obtained his discharge from the Great Fre- deric, who dismissed him with the pithy re- mark, that " he might go to the devil if he pleased;" and he afterwards lived many years in retirement. Being recalled by his j successor, king William, he was made ma- k3 BLU] ^ i^clM Hm'bcrjSal 3St0gmji]^y [blu jor-general after the battle of Leystadt, in 1794 ; and commanded the cavalry at the battle of Jena, which decided for a time the fate of the Prussian monarchy. When Prussia entered into the coalition against Napoleon, in 1813, our hero, then 70 years old, was made general of the centre of the allied army ; distinguished himself at Lut- zen and Leipsic, pursued the flying French across the Rhine, and, after a year of ob- stinate conflict in France, headed the right wing of the allied army under the walls of Paris, at the time of Napoleon's abdication in 1814. In England, M-hich he visited with the allied sovereigns, he was received with enthusiasm, and was eminently pojjular. Being re-invested with the command of the Prussian army during the Hundred Days, he was defeated by Napoleon at Lign3', on June 16. 1815 ; on which occasion he was unhorsed, and charged over by both the French and Prussian cavalry. Marshal Grouchy was commissioned by Naj)oleon to push Blucher's retreat, and check his junc- tion with the British army, which Welling- ton required. But having deceived Grouchy, by leaving a body of his troops to mask the operation, he retrograded unmolested, by a skilful and dangerous flank movement ; and his advanced division, imdcr Bulow, arrived at Waterloo at 5 o'clock, just as the whole reserved lilitc of the Frencli army was ad- vancing in dense column to nuike their last desperate eftbrt to break through tlie Bri- tish squares. Tliis fresh flank attack on the advancing column contributed greatly to decide the victory, and Blucher arrived in time to participate in the pursuit. Blucher's conduct afterwards was generally pro- nounced by the liberals at Paris, especially as regarded the bridge of Jena and the spoliation of the Museum, vindictive and illiberal ; but it could not be expected that he should have had any regard for the glo- ries of the French capital. He was a rough and fearless soldier ; brave, honest, and free ; beloved by his comrades, and a sworn foe to the enemies of his country. Born at Bostock, 1742 ; died, at his estate in Silesia, 1819, aged 77. BLUM, Joachim Christian, a German ; author of "Lyrical Poems," "The Pro- menades," " Dictionary of Proverbs," " The Deliverance of llatheuau," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 1790. BLUM, Robert, whose commanding eloquence during his brief political career gained for him the name of the " German O'Connell," was born at Cologne iti 1807. Cradled in poverty, and compelled almost from infancy to assist in eking out his parents' scanty livelihood, his education was com- pletely neglected ; but from his earliest years he manifested a thirst for learning, and what he wanted in opportunity was amply made up in the avidity with which he gleaned such knowledge as came within his reach. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a gold- smith ; he afterwards worked as a journey- man in different parts of Germany, especially at Berlin ; but on his return to Cologne in 1830, he was obliged to accept the humble office of box-opener in the theatre of that city. Amid all the difficulties with which 102 he had to struggle, he had never ceased to cultivate Ms mind ; and when, in 1832, he removed to Leipzig as cashier of the theatre in that city, such were hie attainments, that he undertook with success the management of various literary and political journals, which, besides adding to his scanty income, gaineil him great ascendancy in the growing agitation of the day, and marked him out as a political leader in any crisis that might ensue. In 1844 he took an active part in stemming the torrent of superstition with which the so-called miracle of the Holj'Coat at Treves threatened to overwhelm Germany ; and, in 184.'>, when the Romanist tendencies of Prince John of Saxony had well nigh exasperated the people to rebellion, Blum hastened to the spot, and, by his eloquence, good sense, and persuasive powers, induced his excited fellow-citizens to refrain from violence, and keep strictly within the law. In 1847 he resigned his cashiership at the theatre, and became a bookseller. The events of March, 1848, first brought him before the world as a politician. Elected by the town of Zwickau as its representative in the " vor parlament " at Frankfort, he became a member of the committee of fifty, and at the opening of the national asscml)ly he took his seat as reiiresentative of Leipzig. There he became the leader of " the left " party ; but the good sense for which he had hitherto been remarkable failed him at this crisis of his career, and he was led to expend the vast powers of his eloquence on scliemes which both then and since have been found to be impracticable. On the breaking out of the second revolution at Vienna, in October, 1848, he repaired thither with some other mem- bers of his party, to offer a congratulatory address to the Viennese. Here he harangued the people with great power and effect ; but after the suppression of the rebellion, he was arrested, tried by court-martial, and con- demned to be shot, Nov. 9. 1848. The news of his arrest and execution caused great con- sternation throughout Germany. It was at first supposed that the national assembly would resent his death as an insult offered to itself, but, after a few feeble protests, it re- mained quiescent ; and the Austrian govern- ment enjoyed full immunity in this its first open manifestation of hostility to the Frank- fort parliament, so soon afterwards doomed to fall. BLUMAUER, Lewis, a German satirical poet ; author of a " Travesty of the ^neid," &c. Born, 17.')5 ; died, 1798. BLUMENBACU, Johajjn Feiederich, one of the greatest naturalists of modern times, was born at Gotha in 1752. He early displayed a great aptitude for scientific pur- suits, and before he had completed his 24th 3'ear, his fame as an inquirer into nature had spread throughout the civilised world. In 1776, he was appointed professor of medicine in the university of Gottingcn, where he had been educated ; and here, for the long period of 61 years, he continued, by his lectures and his works, to extend the science of com- parative anatomy, which has been so suc- cessfully cultivated in more recent times, and of which he may be truly said to have been the founder. Died, 1837. BLU] ^ ^tbi BiiibtxSal JSur^rapl^M. [bod BLUTEAU, Don Raphael, a Roman Catholic priest, born in Linden, of French parents « autiior of a valuable Portuguese and Latin Dictionary. Died, 1734. BOABDIL, or ABOUABOULA, the last Moorish king of Granada : he was expelled for the last time from Granada by Ferdi- nand of Castile and Arragon, in 1491 ; a,ad afterwards resided in Africa, where he was killed in battle in the service of the king of Fez. BOADEN, James, a dramatic author and critic. His plays are numerous, but we believe there is not one of tliem that now keeps possession of the stage. Far more important arc his dramatic memoirs. In them he has left, probably, the very best record that the world can now ever hope to have of John Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs. Inchbald. His " Inquiry into t)»e Authenticity of the various Pictures and Prints of Shakspcare," and a tract on " the Sonnets of Shakspearc," are also very valuable works. Bom, 17G2 ; died, 1839. BOADICEA, or BONDUCA, a British heroine, the widow of Prasatagus, and queen of the leeni. Having been ignomi- uiously treated by the Romans, she headed an insurrection against them, attacked their settlements, and reduced London to ashes ; but being at length utterly defeated by Suetonius Paulvnus, she put an end to her life bv poison, a.d. CI. BOCCACCIO, Giovanxi, n celebrated Italian writer, possessing the most lively imagination, united with tenderness of ex- pression and wajinth of feeling. He was the friend of Petrarcli, and author of " The Decameron," &c. Boccaccio was the son of a Florentine merchant, but born in Paris, 1313 ; died. 1375. BOCCAGE, Maria A.vxe le Paoe, a French poetess ; author of " Paradis Ter- restre," &c. Born, 1710 ; died, 1802. BOCCALINI, Trajan, an Italian satirist; author of the "Political Touchstone," a " Satire on the Spaniards," &c. His wri- tings gave so much oflFence to the Spanish court, that it caused him to be murdered at Venice, 1»>1.3. BOCCHERINI, Luioi, a celebrated com- poser of instrumental music, pensioned for his merit by the king of Prussia, and warmly patronised by the king of Si>aiu. Born, 1740 ; died, 1805. j BOCCIII, AciriLLF.s, a Bolognese, of a noble family, who distinguished himself in the 10th century by his attachment to lite- rature ; author of " Apologia in Plautum," and numerous other works. BOCCOLD, Jon.v, or JOHN OP LEY- DEN, a fanatic of tliat city in the 16th cen- tury, who headed some rcvolters, and made themselves masters of Munster, where he assumed the characters of king and prophet. The city was at length taken by the bishop, and Boccold was hanged. BOCCONE, Paul, an Italian naturalist ; author of " Musea di Plantc rare." Born, 1633 ; died, 1704. BOCHART, Samuel, a French Protestant divine ; author of " Geographia Sacra." a treatise on the " Terrestrial Paradise, &c. Bom, 1599 ; died, 1067. BOCH, or BOCHIITS, Johk, a Flemish writer of the ICth century ; author of vari- ous Latin works, and styled, from his skill in Latin poetry, the Belgic Virgil. Born, 1555 ; dietl, 1009. BOCCLCI, Joseph, a Spanish author, bom in 1775. He served at first in the army, in the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, against republican France, but afterwards devoted himself to letters. He is the author of seve- ral comedies played at the Madrid tlieatre. BOCQUILLOT, Lazarus Andkkw, a French divine ; author of a " Treatise on the Liturgv," " liife of the Chevalier Bayard," &c. D'ied, 1728. BODARD DE TEZAZ, N.M.F., Iwm in 1758 ; a French poet and diplomatist ; am- bassador to Naples for the republic in 17it9 ; author of "Le Ballon," a comedy; " Al- lonsko," a melodrame ; " Minette et Ma- rine," an opera, &c. BODE, Chkistophek Augustus, a learned German linguist and critic ; who edited the New Testament in Ethiopic, all the Evan- gelists in Persian, St. Matthew in Arabic, &c. Bora, 1723 ; died, 1796. BODE, John Ehlkkt, a celebrated Ger- man astronomer ; author of an " Atlas of Celestial Maps," &c. Born, 1747; died. 1H2C. BODE, John Joachim Chiustoi'iier, a German writer. He was originally a mu- sician in a Hanoverian regiment ; he then became a bookseller, and finally rose to be privy councillor to the Landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt. He translated some of the best French and Englisli authors into German with considerable taste and judgment. Died, 1793. BODIN, JoHK, a French lawyer ; author of a treatise " De Republica," &c. Born, 15.30 ; died, 1596. BODIN, P. J. F., a French surgeon, born in 1700 ; was a meinl)er of the Convention, voted against the death of Louis XVI., and was afterwards judge of Poitiers; he was author of a work on " Accouchemens," &c. BODLE Y, Sir Thomas, a native of Exe- ter, but educated partly at Geneva and partly at Oxford. He was on several occa- sions employed on embassies by queen Eli- zabeth ; but he is chiefly remarkable for having rebuilt the University Library of Ox- ford, and bequeathed his fortune to its sup- port and augmentation ; whence it is called the Bodleian Library. Born, 1544; died, 1012. BODMANN, T. J., a German, bom in 1754 ; professor of political and legislative science at Mayence; author of many esteemed works in this department, and co-editor of the " Magazin pour la Jurisprudence." BODMKR, John Jacob, a German poet ; translator of Milton's Paradise Lost, and of the Iliad and Odyssey, &c. ; and author of an epic, entitled "Noah," &c. Born, 1695 ; died, 1783. BODONI, John Baptist, an eminent Ita- lian piinter, born in 1740, died in 1813 ; con- sidered as one of the most skilful of modern typographers. BODSON, Joseph, a French engraver, born in 1708. He took an active part in the revolution ; was a most influential member of the Electoral Club of the Parisian Com- mune, in 1794 i and was denounced for taking 103 bob] ^ ^cto WinittrStd 33t0grsp!)g. [BOI off his liat before the royal family in the Temple, while in charge of them. lie was repeatedly arrested, imprisoned, and nar- rowly escaped the guillotine, in consequence of charges by his democratical colleagues. liOECE, or BOE'LUIIUS, Hector, a Scotch writer of the lOtli century, remark- able alike for his great learning and too easy credulity ; author of the " History of Scotland," &c. Born, 14(53 ; died, 1530, BOEUM, or BCEHMEN, Jacob, a German visionary, whose works on religious subjects had many admirers, and caused much dis- putation. Born, 1575 ; died, 1G24. BOEHM, William Anthoxv, a learned German divine, and chaplain to prince George of Denmark. Born, 1(J73; died, 1732. BOEHMER, G. G., a professor at Got- tingen, born in 1701. Always a liberal, and attached to the French party, he edited an independent journal in 1791. He congra- tulated the irench republic on its union with Belgium in 179(5, and was complimented with a seat in the convention. He was sub- sequently persecuted by the anti-French party, and imprisoned at Ehrenbreitstein and Erfurt. He was author of a " Memoir to demonstrate tlie Rhine as the Natural Boun- dary of France," &c., and many political German works. BOERUAAVE, Hermax, one of the most eminent physicians of modern times, born at Woornout, near Leyden. His knowledge as an anatomist, chemist, and botanist, as well as in the causes, nature, and treatment of diseases, was unrivalled ; and his fame was spread over the world. Peter the Great visited him on his travels ; and a Chinese mandarin wrote to him with this address, " To Bocrhaave, the celebrated physician of Europe.' His writings are numerous, and are regarded as text- books to the profession. Born, 1;50. BOLINGBUOKE, Henry St. John, Viscount, a distinguished statesman and po- litical writer, was born at Battersea, in 1672, and completed his studies at Oxford. He entered parliament in 1700, became secre- tary at war in 1704 ; resigned his oflfice in 1707 ; again formed part of the ministry in 1710, and concluded the peace of Utrecht. Two years after this he was created Viscount Bolingbroke ; but, being dissatisfied that he had not been raised to an earldom, he quarrelled with his colleagues, became a prey to the impetuosity of his passions, and exhibited a versatility of conduct that has rendered his patriotism and political honesty open to suspicion. The Whigs having pained the ascendancy on the accession of George I., preparations were made for the impeach- ment of Bolingbroke, who accordingly fled to France, and being invited to Lorraine by Charles Stuart, the Frelender, he became his secretary of state. For this he was impeached and attainted ; and it was not till 1723 that he was allowed to return to England. His estates were restored to him in 1725, but his seat in the House of Lords was still denied him : this raised his indignation ; and he exerted all his talents against the ministry, till at length the overtlirow of Sir Robert Walpole was effected. In 1735 he again withdrew to France, where he remained till the death of his father ; after which event he 105 BOL ^ 0tf3i mnt&er^al Ma^apl)}), [bol. settled at Battersea, and died in 1751, after a long and painful disease, in his 80th year. He was the intimate friend of Pope, and furnished him with many useful hints ; while his own writings rank among the most eloquent and vigorous in the English language ; but it is to be deplored that he ma.ie tliem the vehicle of many revolting attacks on Christianity. He was ambitious, proud, and passionate ; yet capable of in- spiring the warmest friendship, or becoming a most implacable enemy. BOLIVAR, SiMOx, the celebrated Liber- ator of South America, and the most dis- tinguished military commander that has yet appeared there, was born of noble parents in the city of Caraccas, in 1783. Having acquired the elements of a liberal education at home, he was sent to Madrid to complete liis studies ; and afterwards visited Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with se- veral distinguished men. He then made the tour of Southern Eui'ope, again visited the Spanish capital, and married the young and beautiful daughter of the Marquis de Ustariz del Cro ; but soon after his return to his native land, whither she accompanied him, his youthful bride fell a victim to the yellow fever ; and he once more visited Europe as a relief to his sorrow for one so fervently beloved. On returning to South America, in 1810, he pledged himself to tlie cause of independence, and commenced his military career at "Venezuela, as a colonel in the service of the newly founded republic. Soon after tliis he was associated with Don Louis Lopez Mendez, for the purpose of communicating intelligence of the change of government to Great Britain. In 1811 he served under Miranda, and'liad the command of Puerto Cabello ; but the Spanish prisoners having risen and seized the fort, he was ob- liged to quit the town and proceed to Ca- raccas. At length Miranda was compelled to submit to Monte verde, the royalist general ; and Bolivar, entering the service of the pa- triots of New Grenada, soon had another opportunity of assisting his old friends the Venezuelans. For a while he was successful, but reverses followed ; and when, in 1815, the Spanish forces under Morillo arrived, he threw himself into Carthagena, and sub- sequently retreated to St. Domingo. The spirit of resistance was, however, by no means extinguished : he found new means to leatl his countrymen to victory ; and after many desperate conflicts the independence of Columbia was sealed, and Bolivar was chosen president of the republic, in 1821. His renown was now at its height, and every act of his government showed how zealously alive he was to the improvement of the national institutions and the moral elevation of the people over whom he ruled. In 1823 he went to the assistance of the Peruvians, and having succeeded in settling their internal divisions, and establishing their independence, he was proclaimed Li- berator of Peru, and invested with supreme authority. In 1825 he visited Upper Peru, which detached itself from the government of Buenos Ayres, and was formed into a new republic, named Bolivia, in honour of the liberator ; but domestic factions sprung up, the purity of his motives wa8 called in question, and he was charged with aiming at a perpetual dictatorship ; he accordingly declared his determination to resign his power as soon as his numerous enemies were overcome, and to repel the imputa- tions of ambition cast upon him, by retiring to seclusion upon his patrimonial estate. The vice-president, Santander, urged him, in reply, to resume his station as constitu- tional president ; and though he was beset by the jealousy and distrust of rival fac- tions, he continued to exercise the chief authority in Columbia till May, 1830, when, dissatisfied with the aspect of interaal atfairs, he resigned tlie presidency, and expresst^d a determination to leave the country. The people ere long became sensible of their injustice to his merit, and were soliciting him to resume the government, when his death, which happened in December, ISSO, prevented the accomplishment of their wishes. In person he was thin, and some- what below the middle size, but capable of great endurance ; his complexion sallow, and his eyes dark and penetrating. His intellect was of the highest order, and his general cliaracter of that ardent, lofty cast, which is so well calculated to take the lead among a people emerging from the yoke of tyrannv. BOLLAND, Sir WiLLiASf, one of the barons of the Exchequer, was born in 1773, and received his education at Heading school, under Dr. Valpy, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar in 1801 ; admitted one of the four common pleaders of the city of London in 1804 ; and in 1817 he was elected recorder of Reading, .wliich office he held until appointed a baron of the Exche(iuer in 1829. He was a member and one of the originators of the Roxburghe Club, and is often mentioned by Dr. Dibdin among the most ardent admirers of the lite- rature of the olden times. Benevolence, suavity of manner, and honourable principle, distinguished his career both in public and private life. Died, May 1840. BOLL^VNDUS, John, a learned Flemish Jesuit ; one of the compilers of the " Acta Sanctorum." Died, 1GC5. BOLOGNESE, Francisco, the assumed name of Francis Grimaldi, an excellent landscape painter, pupil of Annibal Caracci. Died, lt;80. BOLSEC, Jerome, a Carmelite friar of Paris. He became for a time a Protestant, but again returned to the Romish ftiitli, and marked his zeal against Protestantism by bitter untruths in his lives of Calviu and Tlieodore Beza. Died, 1582. BOLS WERT, Scheldt, an engraver of the 17th century, a native of Friesland, but who passed most of his life in Antwerp ; distin- guished for the excellence of his engravings from Rubens and Vandyck. BOLTON Edmund, an English antiquary of the 17th century ; author of " Elements of Armories," "Nero Cajsar, or Monarchic depraved," &c. BOLTON, Robert, a puritan divine ; author of a "Treatise on Happiness," &c. Born, 1571 ; died, 1631. BOLTON, Robert, dean of Carlisle j bol] ^ |}flD Slittijcr^al JStnjjrajpl^l'. [bon author of an " Essay on the Employment of Time," &c. Died, 1703. BOLTS, William, an English merchant, of Dutch extraction, born in 1740. lie was invested with hij^h employ in the East India Company's service, and realised a large fortune in India ; but being accused of a design to subvert the Indian government, he wivs arrested, sent to England, imprisoned, and subjected to a seven years' process, which dissipated his large fortune. lie died at last in a jworhouse. lie left a work "On Bengal " and " Considerations on the Affairs of India." BOLZAXI, Ukbaxo Valehiano, a learn- ed monk, teacher of Greek at Venice, and the first who wrote a grammar of that lan- guage in Latin. Died, 1524. BOMBELLI. Raphael, a celebrated al- gebraist of tlie 16th century, and the first who invented a uniform method of working equations. BOMBELLI, Sebastian, an eminent Bolognese historical and portrait painter. Bom, mir^ ; died, 1(»,5. BOMBERG, Daniel, a Dutch printer; whose Bible and Talmud are liighly valued, Died, 1.549. BOMPART, J. B., a French vice-admiral, born in 17.57 ; brought into notice by his fighting a British frigate of 44 guns, with liis ship, tlie Ambuscade, ao guns, off New York. His ship was taken, and himself made pri- soner, during the exi^edition to Ireland in 1708. He always retained his steady repub- lican feelings during Buonaparte's imperial ascendancy, and even during the Hundred Days. Died 1H21. BON, L. A., born in 1770 ; one of the most distinguished of the French revolutionary generals ; first in America, next in Italy, and lastly in Egypt ; where he took posses- sion of Suez in 1798. He fell at the siege of Acre in 1799. BON AMY, General, born in 1764 ; one of the conquerors of Naples in 1789. In charg- ing the principal redoubt at Moscow, he re- ceived twenty bayonet wounds, and was left in the hands of the Russians. He returned to France in 1814. BONAMY, Peter Nicholas, a French ecclesiastic ; historiographer of Paris, li- brarian of St. Victor, and conductor of the journal of Verdun, a clever periodical work. He also contributed largely to the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions. Bom, 1G94 ; died, 1770. BONANNI PniLiP, a learned Jesuit of Rome ; author of a " History of the Church of the Vatican," " Collection of the Medals of the Popes," &c. Died, 1725. BONARELLI, Guy Ubaldo, an Italian poet ; author of " Filli di Sciro," &c. Born, UM ; died, 1C08. BONASONI, GiuLio, a Bolognese painter and engraver of the lOth century. In the latter capacity he especially excelled ; and he engraved many of the chef-d'ceuvres of Michael Angelo, Raffaelle, &c. in a style of great beauty. BONAVENTURE, John Fidanza, gene- ral of the order of Franciscans, whose re- putation for probity and wisdom caused the cardinals to leave to him the noniiuation of a successor to Clement IV. He named Theobald, archdeacon of Liege, who became pope, with the title of Gregory X., and made Bonaventure a cardinal. He died 1274 ; and was canonised, 1482. BONAVENTURE, of Padua, made car- dinal by Urban VI. in 1378 ; a friend of Pe- trarch, and author of several religious pieces. Assassinated, 138<). BONCERF, P. F., bora in 174.? ; author of the famous pamphlet, "I.«s Inconvi^niens de« Droits Feodaux," while secretary to I Turgot. Condemned to be burnt, it became the basis of the fundamental decrees of the constituent assembly of 1789. Having been in the service of Egalit(5, he narrowly escaped the guillotine by one vote, on the fall of his patron, and died from the shock he then sustained. BONCHAMP, Arthur pe, a celebrated general of the Vendean royalists, and who had served with distinction as an officer in the American war. In him humanity was not less conspicuous than valour, as the last act of his life amply testified ; for it was to his interference that 5000 prisoners, whom the exasperated royalists had taken, were saved from instant death. He was mortally wounded in the battle of Chollet, 1703. BOND, Jon.v, an English physician; au- thor of critical notes on Horace, Pcrsius, and other classics. Died, IGIS. BOND, Oliver, Iwrn in 1720 : a famons Irish associate with Nai>per Tandy and Theodore Wolfe Tone, in the Irish rebellion of 1797-8. He was arrested in 1798 ; terms were made with government to send him to America ; but he vraa found dead in prison. BONDI, Clement, the poetical Delille of the Italians ; author of the " Conversa- zione," which resembles Cowper's Task ; " The iEneid," translated in versi sciolti, &c. Died, 1816. BONE, Henry, an eminent artist, cele- brated for Ills skill in enamel painting, was born at Truro, in 1755. On coming to London, he was for many years engaged in that branch of the art which consists in painting devices in enamel for jewellery ; .but he subsequently attained the highest exoelleuce as a miniature portrait painter on ivory and in enamel. Continuing to rise in public estimation, Mr. Bone carried his art to the utmost perfection, increasing the size of his plates beyond anything which had before been attempted, and executing in enamel several copies of pictures bj- the first masters ; one of which, Titian's " Bacchus and Ariadne," he painted on a plate 18 inches by 10, and sold it to the late G. Bowles, esq., of Wanstead, for 2200 guineas. Among his most munificent patrons was the Duke of Bedford, who possesses some of the most exquisite of his works, including a series of portraits of the Russell family from the reign of Henry VIII. to the present time. He closed a long life of persevering industry and integrity, in December, 1834. BONEFACIO, Vexetiano, an Italian painter of eminence. Died, 1030. BONER, Ulkicu, the most ancient Ger- man fabulist, was a Dominican friar of Berne, in the 14th century. He published bon] ^ ^cfio SJiubcr^aT MaQV*iV>^)U' [boo his fables under the title of " Der Edelstcin " (Tlie Gem). BONIFACE, St., whose name was Wil- frid, a saint of the Romish calendar, was a native of England, and made archbishop by Henry III. He travelled through many parts of Germany, of wliicli country he was called the apostle ; and after reclaiming many from paganism, he was slain by some peasants in Friesland, in 754. BONIFACE, tlie name assumed by nine popes ; but the lives of whom present no- tliing worthy of particular notice. BONIFACE, count of tlie Roman empire in tlie .5th century, and an intimate friend of St. Augustin, at whose desire he devoted himself to public afl'airs. He was slain in a desperate contest witli Aetius, in 432. BONIFACIO, BALTiiAZAn, a learned Venetian, bishop of Capo d'Istria ; author of " llistoria Ludicia," Latin poems, &c. Died, l(;r.9. BONJOUR, WiiXTAM, a French monk, and missionary to China ; autlior of " Dis- sertations on the Scripture," &c. Died, 1714. BONNAIRE, J. G., a French general, born in 1771 ; tried for firing on Col. Gordon ; sent by the king to summon Condc, in ISl.") ; and condemned to degradation and exile in 1816, of which sentence he died, broken- hearted. BONNEFONS, Joiix, a French writer of Latin poems ; which are printed with those of Beza, in Barbau's edition of 1757. Born, 15.H ; died, 1614. BONNELL, James, accomptant-general of Ireland in the reign of James II. ; re- markable for his firmness and integrity in the discharge of his public duty in a trou- blesome and perilous time. Some "Me- ditations" of Ids, printed with his Life, written by Archdeacon Hamilton, show him to have been a man of considerable intel- lect. Bom, 16.5.3 ; died, 1690. BONNER, Edmuxd, an English prelate, notorious for his persecution of the Protest- ants during the reign of queen Mary. On the accession of queen Elizalwth, he refused to take the oath of supremacy, and was com- mitted to the Marshalsea, where he remained nearly ten years, and where he died, 1.569. BONNET, CiiAULES, a distinguished natu- ralist of Geneva ; author of " Insectology," " Essay on Physiology," " Considerations on Organised Bodies," &c. Born, 1720 ; died, 1793. BONNEVAL, Claudius Alexander, Count of. a French adventurer, son-in-law of Marshal Biron. After serving under Prince Eugene against the Turks, resentment at having been imprisoned for challenging the prince caused him to go over to the Turks, and become a Mussulman. His services were highly valued by the grand seignior, who gave him the title of Achmet Pacha, and raised him from rank to rank, till he became master of the ordnance, in which office he died in 1747. BONNE VIE, Abbe, bom in 1764 ; a great preacher of funeral orations over the Buona- parte family and Buonapartists ; and equally zealous in preaching funeral orations lor the Bourbons, after their fall. " Is the abbiS as virulent against the tyrant as ever ? " asked Napoleon, in passing his cur(?, on returning from Elba. But the abb^ had disappeared. BONNEVILLE, N., a poet of the French revolution, born in 1760 : he was the friend of Condorcet, La Fayette, and Paine ; and was with Kosciusko when he fell. Though denounced by Marat, in the National Con- vention, as an aristocrat, he was so far from being an ultra in his views as to denounce Buonaparte (on his becoming emperor) as the Cromwell of France, when the latter sup- pressed his periodical, the " Bien Informi'." Among liis works are, " Theatre Allemand," " Pol'sies Republicaines." " Nouveau Code Conjugal," " Esprit des Religions," &c. BONNIER, A. E., a French republican, born in 1750. He was sent as plenipotentiary to a " conference " with Prince Metternich, in 1799, at Rastadt ; but the negotiation was broken off by Austria, and Bonnier was mur- dered between that town and Strasburg, and his papers taken away. Bonnier's seat in the Council of Ancients was for two years after covered with crape, as a testimony of respect. BONNINGTON, Riciiakd Parkes, a British artist of great merit and of singular precocity. At 3 years old he could sketch most of the objects he saw, and at 15 was ad- mitted to draw in the Louvre at Paris. After visiting Italy he brought back many able specimens of his works, and finished a suc- cessful, though brief, career at the age of 27, in 1828. BONNYCASTLE, Joiix, professor of ma- thematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich ; author of "The Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic," "The Elements of Geo- metrv," " A Treatise upon Astronomy," &c. Died" 1821. BONOMI, JosErn, an Italian architect of considerable taste and genius ; from whose design the Roman Catholic chapel near Manchester Square was erected. Died, 1808. BONTEMPI, Giovanni An'drea Angk- LINI, an Italian musician of the 17th cen- tury ; author of " Nova quatuor Vocibus componendi Methodus," &c. BOOKER, the Rev. Luke, LL.D., a clergyman of the Church of England, distin- guished for his literary acquirements, was born at Nottingham, in 1762 ; took holy orders in 1785 ; and eventually became the vioar of Dudley. Dr. Booker was the author of many excellent works, viz. " Poems " on various occasions ; " Christian Intrepidity," " Calista, or the Picture of Modern Life," "Euthanasia, the State of Man after Death," "Discourses and Dissertations," 2 vols. ; and a variety of others. He was a fearless anta- gonist of infidelity, and a powerful defender of the Church against Unitarian or Papal aggressors. Died, October, 1835. BOONE, Daniel, one of the first ad- venturers who penetrated into the wilds of Kentucky, was born in Virginia, and from his earliest infancy addicted to hunting in the woods. In 1769 he first set out, in com- pany with a few friends ; and after numerous perils and adventures, he founded Boones- borough, the earliest settlement in Kentucky, now a flourishing town, though at that time a wilderness. He was subsequently taken prisoner by the Indians, but escaped ; and, 108 boo] ^ ^m mnfberigal 28t0iiT«P^l!. [bor being joined by other adventurers, was en- abled to repulse them ou several occasions, though neitlier art nor treachery were left unemployed to take him. At length, in 1798, he removed to Upper Louisiana, where he received a grant from the Spanish authorities of 2000 acres of land for himself, and 8iX) acres for each of his children, friends, and followers. He then settled witli tliem on the Missouri river, at Charettc, some distance beyond the inhabited parts of the country, where he followed his usual course of life — hunting and trapping for bears — until Sept. 1822, wlien he died, aged 84. BOOTH, Baktox, a celebrated actor in the reigns of queen Anne and George I. ; translator of several of the odes of Horace, and author of" Dido and Eneas," a masque, &c. Born, 1G81 ; died, 1733, BOOTH, Sir Fkli.\, bart., an eminent London merchant, who, for his munificent donation of 20,OOOZ. for promoting the arctic expedition under Sir John Ross, was raised to a baronetcy, and had his name affixed to the country called Boothia Felix. Died, 1850. BOOTH, Gkokoe, baron Delamere, a zealous partizan of Charles II. Being de- feated by the parliamentary general, Lam- bert, he was confined in the Tower until the death of Cromwell. He then obtained his liberty, and was one of the twelve delegates sent to tlie new king. It was on this occasion that he obtained his title, and a present of 10,(KK);. Died, l(iS4. BOOTH, Henry, earl of Warrington, son of the above. Having been among those who voted for the exclusion of the Duke of York, when that ixjrsonage became king, he was committed to the Tower, and was tried for high treason, but acquitted, in spite of the efforts of the infamous Jeffreys. On the accession of William III., he was made a privy councillor and chancellor of the ex- chequer. His efforts to limit the prerogative, however, caused him to fall into disgrace ; but he was allowed to retire from office with a pension, and the title of earl of Warring- ton. Died, 1C94. BORDA, JoHK Chahlks, a French ma- thematician and astronomer ; author of a "Dissertation on the Construction of Hy- draulic Machinery," a " Narrative of a Voyage to the South Sea," &c. He invented the reflecting circle, and made several im- provements in hydraulics. Born, 1733 ; died, 1799. BORDE, Andrew, an English physician ; author of " The MeiTie Tales of the Madman of Gotham," and several other quaint works. Died, ir.39. BORDE, Joun Benjamin de la, a French miscellaneous writer ; author of " Adcla de Ponthieu," "Essais sur la Musique, An- cienne et Moderne," " Mumoires de Courcy," &c. He was guillotined in 1794. BORDEN, TiiEOPiiiLijs de, a French physician ; author of " Recherches sur quelques Tointes de I'Uistoire de la Mede- cine," &c. Died, 1776. bORDELON, Laurence, a voluminous French writer ; author of " Dialogues for the Living," " Curious Varieties," several dramatic pieces, &c. Bom, 1653 ; died, 1730. BORELLI, Joux Alphonso, an Italian philosopher and mathematician ; remem- bered chiefly for Iwing the first who applied mathematical calculation aud mechanical principles to account for the action of the muscles. Born, l(;o8 ; died, 1679. BORGHESE, Makia Pauline, Princess, the beautiful sister of Napoleon Buonaparte, was born at Ajaccio, in 1780. Her first husband was General Leclerc, witli whom she went to St. Domingo, but who dying in 1802, she became, in tlie following year, the wife of the Prince Camillo Borghese. Na- poleon was much attached to lier ; and that her love for him was equally sincere, was manifest on many striking occasions, though she frequently disputed with him, and re- fused to follow the caprices of his policy. When Napoleon resigneresenta- tives. On retiring from public life, he de- voted himself earnestly to biblical litera- ture, and, being possessed of an ample for- tune, made munificent donations to various charitable and theological institutions, fore- most among which was the American Bible Society, of which he became president. He died in 1821, aged 82. BOUFFLERS, Louis FnANCis.Duke of, a distinguished marshal of France. In 1708 he defended Lille for four months against Prince Eugene, who, when he at length took that place, said to the marshal, " I am very proud of having taken Lille, but I should be still more proud of defending it as you have." Died, 1711. BOUl'FLERS, Stanislaus, Chevalier de, son of the Marchioness of Boufflers, mis- tress of Stanislaus, king of Poland, born in 1737, was distinguished for the elegance of his manners and conversation. He was destined for the Churclj, but declared that his love of pleasure would interfere with tlie duties of this profession, and therefore entered the military service. He emigrated from France in 1792, to Prussia. He left several works of merit, "Le Libre Arbitre," &c. His character has been thus summed up : " A libertine abbt' ; a military philo- sopher ; a song-making diplomatist 5 au emigrant republican." Died, 1815. BOUGAINVILLE, Jean Pierre de, a French writer; author of "Philip of Ma- \ BOU] ^ ^etu ^nibn-jSal 33tasrap]bg. [bou cedon, a tragedy, &c. ; and editor of Freret's great work on Chronology. Born, 1722 ; died, 1703. BOUGAINVILLE, Loins Antoine de, a Frcncli officer, distinguished both in tlie military and naval service. When serving in Canada, under Montcalm, he displayed so much bravery that he obtained the rank of colonel, and subsequently became a general. Under the empire he was made a senator, and a member of the Institute. Bougainville circumnavigated the world, and enriched the science of geography by a number of new discoveries. Born, 1729 ; died, 1811. BOUGEANT, Guillaume Hyactinthe, a French Jesuit ; author of " Amusement Phi- losophique sur le Language dea BGtes," &c. Born, ICiW ; died, 1743. BOUGUER, Piekre, a French mathema- tician and hydrographer ; author of treatises on Navigation and Pilotage, and on the Con- struction of Ships ; and numerous other valu- able works of science. Died, 1758. BOUIIIER, JoHX, an eminent French writer of the 17th century ; author of " Let- ters on the Therapeutaj," " Dissertations on Herodotus," &c. Born, 1673 ; died, 1740. BOUHOURS, DoMixic, a French Jesuit and critic ; author of " I^s Entretiens d' Ariste et d'Eugfene," "Maniere de bien Penser sur Ics Ouvrages de I'Esprit," &c. Born, 1C28 ; died, 1702. BOUILLARD, J., a celebrated French engraver, born in 1744, died in 1806. His "Boreas et Orythea" is a masterpiece. BOUILLE', Francis Claude Amour, Marquis de, bom in 1759 ; a distinguislied French general, celebrated by his exploits up to the era of the French revolution ; from which, altliough he sat on liberal principles in the first Assembly of Notables, he detached himself, and, after making excellent prepara- tions to assist the unfortunate Louis XVI. in escaping from Varennes, wliich his sovereign refu.sed to avail himself of, he quitted France and served under the allies. He died in London in 1800. His " Memoirs of the French Revolution " rank deservedly high. BOUILLON, Rose, born in 1770; a heroine of tlie French revolution, who entered tlie army as a volunteer, and fought as a private in the 6th battalion of the Haute Saon, at the battle of Limbach, where her husband was killed by her side. She had a pension from the National Convention. BOUILLY, J. N., an eminent French diplomatist, born in 1770. In his views of the revolution, he concurred with his friend Mirabeau. Author of " Pierre le Grand," " L' Abb^ de TEpee," " L^onore," " He- lena," " Agnes Sorel," " La Veillesse de Piron," &c. BOULAINVILLIERS,ITexry de, comte de St. Saire ; author of a " History of Ma- homet," a " History of the Arabians," a "History of the Peerage of France," &c. Born. 1658 ; died, 1722. BOULANGER, Nicholas Antontt, a French mathematician and engineer; author of " Traite du Despotisme Orientale," &c. Born, 1722 ; died, 1759. BOULARD, Antoike Marie Henri, a distinguished French savant, born in 17."<4, and member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1815. He is author of numerous translations from English standard writings, and was honoured by the friendsliip of La Harpe, &c. Died, 1825. BOULAY DE LA MELTITHE, A. J. C, bom in 1761 ; one of the most distinguished orators in the French revolution, and author of eminent works on political science. He was president of the civil tril>unal at Nancy, in 1793, and had great share in confirming the expatriation of the emigrants in 1793, when a member of the Five Hundred. He was subsequently faithful to Buonaparte tlirough all his changes of fortune ; and on that account was proscribed, and banished to Frankfort, by the Bourbons, on their last restoration in 1815. BOULTER, Hugh, archbishop of Armagh, eminent for his benevolent exertions to al- leviate the distress of the Irish during the scarcity of 1740, and for the part he took in establishing schools for the instruction of the Irish children. Died, 1742. BOULTON, Matthew, an eminent en- gineer, whose spirit and talent improved in- numerable mechanical processes, and whose name, with that of his partner, Watt, is in- separably connected with that of the won- derful power of which they made such skilful use, the steam engine, was born at Birming- ham, in 1728. Among the many great under- takings in which Boulton and Watt were engaged, oneof the most useful and important was the improvement of the coinage, the coins struck at the " Soho " manufactory being rarely surpassed in beauty or accuracy. After a long life uninterruptedly devoted to the advancement of the useful arts, and the promotion of the commercial interests of liis country, he died in 1809. BOUQUET, Madame, bom about 1773; a victim of affection and hospitality, during the revolution. She concealed Pethion Buzot and lier uncle Guadet, during one of the search warrants of the terrorists, and their retreat being discovered, she was sent to the guillotine with them, and died with great fortitude. BOURBON, Charles, Duke de, constable of France, a powerful enemy of Francis I., and his opponent at Pa via when Francis was taken prisoner. His life was chiefly spent in warfare, and he was killed while heading the assault on Rome, in 1527. BOURBON, Robert the Strong, duke of Neustria, fomider of the family which has so long governed France, Spain, Sicily, &c., lost his life in a battle with the Normans in 866. Historians differ as to his descent, some contending that Pepin, of Heristel, was his ancestor ; others trace his genealogy to the kings of Lombardy ; and some say he de- rived his origin from a natural son of Char- lemagne. BOURBON, Louis, cardinal and arch- bishop of Toledo ; son of Louis, brother of Charles III. of Spain. After the imprison- I ment of Ferdinand at Valen<;ay, he joined the cortes, and ultimately became president of the provisional junta before which the king ' swore, in 1820, to abide by the constitution I of the cortes of 1812. Born, 1777 ; died, 182.'}. BOURBON, Louis Henry Joseph, Duke de, and prince de Condt^, was supposed to I BOU] ^ i^cto OniberjSal 3BCoar«jp]^8. [bou have put an end to his existence, Aug. 27. 1830. He fought nobly in the royalist urmy ; «nd after the campaign in 18(XK accompanied his father to England, and was rtsidiiig with him at Waustead House in 1804, when his eon, the Duke d'Eughien, was murdered. The duke's death is attributed to the excite- ment of his mind respecting the revolution of July, 183a His property he 16fl by will to the Duke d'Aumalc, tliird sou of Louis Pliilippe, with the exception of a large be- quest to Sophia Dawes, baroness de Feu- cheres, an English woman, with whom he lived. BOURBOTTE, a French Jacobin, remark- able for his ferocity and military courage ; born about 170.'>. Being one of tlic convention in 1794, and aiming at the dictatorship, on the Ist I'rarial he and his colleagues were crushed by Legendre ; aud after poniarding himself before the revolutionary tribunal, but ineflfectually, he was guillotined. BOURCHIKR, John, lord Berners, a military commander of great skill and re- pute in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII., by the latter of wliom he was made governor of Calais; author of a translation of " Frois- sart," " The Life of Marcus Aurclius," &c Died, 1532. BOURCniER, Thomas, cardinal, and archbishop of Canterbury, He crowned no fewer than three of our kings, viz. Edward IV., Richard UL, and Ileury VU. Died, 148(5. BOURDALOUE, LoDis, a French Jesuit, and one of the most eloquent preachers in France. His sermons even in the i>crusal, deprived as they are of the eloquent eye, the graceful action, and the melodious voice, bear sufficient evidence of his genius to justify the praises that have been bestowed upon him. Born, 16.32 ; died, 1704. BOURDELOT, John, a French lawyer, master of requests to Mary de Medici ; author of a "Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal," &c. ; aud editor of the works of Fetrouius and Heliodorus. Died, 1638. BOURDELOT, Piekue Mkciigit, nephew of the above ; a physician, patronised by Christina, queen of Sweden, and other emi- nent personages ; author of an " Account of Mount JEtna," &c. Died, 1685. BOURDELOT, Pierre Boxxet, nephew of the last named, a physician, and author of some annotations on Colomie's ''Biblloth^ue Choisie," &c. Died, 1709. BOURDON, Leonard, bom in 17G0 ; a sanguinary conventionalist, who wished to interdict Louis XVI.^rom seeing his family. Having quarrelled with his colleague Robes- pierre, who, in 1794, had resisted his eSbrts to serve his friends, Vincent and Ronsin, he and Barras headed the National Guards, who dispersed the satellites of that tyrant on his fall, and seized his person. He was sent to the castle at Ham, as one of the insurrec- tionists of 1794; but was afterwards employed by the directory. He was twice publicly called an assassin ; in the convention, in 1794, and in the Cinq Cents, in 1797, the whole assembly applauding. This destroyer of grown men was at the same time founder of " L'Ecole des Elfeves de la Patrie," and died a natural death, &a director of it. He published a " Memoir on National Educa- tion " and a " Sansculottide Drama," BOURDON, Sebastian, a French painter; his chef d'onivre is " The Crucifixion of St. Peter," which he executed for the church of Notre Dame. Died, 1671. BOURDONNAYE, Bernard Francis Make de la, a French military and civil officer of great talents. He besieged and captured Madras in 174C ; and the wealth he carried home caused him to be prosecuted and imprisoned. Although he was honour- ably acquitted, this affair ruined his health, and he died in 17.54. BOURGELAT, Ci.ai'de, a French vete- rinary surgeon of eminence in his profession; author of " The Elements of Horsemanship," "The Materia Medica of the Veterinary School," &c. Died, 1779. BOURGEOIS, Sir Francis, a native of England, but of Swiss family ; painter to the king of Poland, and subsequently to George III. of England. His landscapes and sea pieces arc highly esteemed. He left his fine collection to Dulwich College, with 10,000?. for building a gallery, and keeping the pic- tures in preservation. Bom \7M ; died, 1811. BOURGOING, John Francis, Baron de, born in 1748 ; ambassador to Spain on the part of the French republic, and afterwards of Napoleon, who subsequently sent him to Stockholm, and in 1807 to Saxony. He died in 1811. He has left several approved works; "Tableau de TEspagnc Moderne," " Md- moires de Pie VI.," and " Histoire de Char- lemagne." BOURIGNON, Antoinette de la Porte, a Flemish fanatic Holding religion to con- sist neither in practice nor in knowledge, but in direct impulses from and communion with the Deity, she mode many disciples, and wrote numerous books, remarkable chiefly for their absurdity where they were at all intelligible. Like many other fanatics, she had a large share of worldly wisdom, and was excessively avaricious and penu- rious. Born, 1616 ; died, 1680. BOURMONT, Marshal, a distinguished soldier in almost all the campaigns that have taken place since the French revolution of 1789, was born in 1773. In the early periods of the revolution, while second lieutenant of iniantry, he emigrated from France, joined his arms with those of the Bourbon princes on the frontiers against the French repub- licans, and afterwards served the royal cause in La Vend(5e, Bretagne, and Maine with great energy and talent. During the consulate of Napoleon he was arrested on a charge of being concerned in the plot of the infernal machine, but after suffering im- prisonment 8uccessivel3' in the Temple, and at Dijon and Besan<;onj he made his escape and sought refuge with his family at Lisbon, whence however he returned to France, and appeared to devote himself so zealously to Napoleon's interests, that he was appointed to various high commands in the imperial service, and served with great distinction in the Italian and Russian cami>aigns. On Napoleon's return from Elba, he commanded a division of the corps of Ney. At the commencement of the campaign of 1815, he was appointed to the command of a brigade 113 1. 3 BOU] ^ ^tfa Winibtx^Kl 23tasrapTj|?. [bow of the grand army ; but on the eve of the battle of Waterloo he abandoned, his colours and repaired to Louis XVIII., who was then at Ghent. This extraordinary coup-de-main — famous or infamous as it is designated by different parties — won for him the signal favour of the restored Bourbons. Ten days after the battle of Waterloo he entered France with the title of commander of the northern frontier, and shortly after the ex- ecution of the gallant Ney, to whose con- demnation his evidence mainly contributed, was appointed to the command of one of the divisions of the royal guards. In 1823 he took part in the Spanish campaign under the Duke d'Angoul6mc, on whose return to France he obtainei the chief command of the army of occupation. In 1829, Charles X. having nominated him minister of war, he organised the expedition to Algiers, pre- sided over all the preliminary arrangements, and proceeded in person to superintend the plan of operations which he himself had designed, and which finally resulted in the capture of Algiers, for which he was honoured with the baton of a marshal of France. After the revolution of 1830, which placed Louis Philippe on the throne, he was pro- scribed by the dominant party. He then devoted his services to the cause of foreign absolutism in difierent countries, especially in Portugal ; but he was subsequently per- mitted to re-enter France, where he con- tinued to live in obscurity till his death, which took place, Nov. 9. 1846. BOURNE, Vincent, sub-master of West- minster School ; author of Latin poetry of singular elegance and purity. Died, 1747. BOURS AULT, Edmund, a French writer, who, though destitute of education, attained a proficiency in authorship, and wrote se- veral dramas and romances. Among his works are " ^sop in Town," " ^sop at Court," and "Letters toBabet." Born,lG38 ; died, 1701. BOUTERWEK, Fkedeisic, professor of philosophy at Gottingen, was born in 17G6, and died in 1828. He was the author of many valuable works, of which his " History of Spanish Literature " may be regarded as the chief. BOWDICII, Thomas Edward, a writer in the service of the English African Com- pany, was a native of Bristol, born in 1793. He was selected to conduct a mission to the king of Asliantee, of which mission he pub- lished a very interesting account. He again set out to explore the Interior of Africa, and had already reached the river Gambia, when a fever, produced chiefly by anxiety, termi- nated his life in 1824. He was an excellent linguist and a pleasing writer ; and besides the work already mentioned, the public are indebted to him for a translation of MoUah's Travels to the Sources of the Senegal and Gambia ; and other works; BOWDITCH, Dr. NatiiAniel, F.R. S., president of the American academy of arts and sciences, was a native of Boston, and, though self-educated, arrived at the en- viable distinction of being a philosopher of the first class. When 23 years of age he published his " Practical Navigator," a work of great merit ; but his admirable transla- tion of the " Mechanique Celeste " of La Place, with an elaborate commentary, was the production that raised him to the pin- nacle of fame. Died, 1838. BOWDLER, Thomas, an English phy- sician ; author of "Letters from Holland," and editor of the " Family Shakspeare," &c. Born, 1754 ; died, 1825. BOWDLER, Hannah, sister of the before- mentioned Thomas Bowdler ; author of "Poems and Essays," in 2 vols., and of some popular "Sermons on the Doctrines and Duties of Christianity." She died, at the age of 76, in 1830. BOWDOIN, an American legislator and man of letters, bom at Boston, 1727. He was one of the most determined opponents of the right of colonial taxation, insisted on by England, and was one of the first deputies to Congress. He became governor of Massa- chusets, and president of the Philadelphian Academy of Sciences ; and died in 1790. His " Discourse on the New Constitution of the United States " is deservedly admired. BOWER, Akchibald, a Scotch writer of great and versatile ability ; but so lax in principle as to change from Catholicism to Protestantism, and then to Catholicism again, and finally to Protestantism, in which faith, according to the declaration of his widow, he died. He wrote a " History of the Popes," conducted the "Historia Lite- raria," and contributed largely to the " Uni- versal History." Bom, 1676 ; died, 1766. BOWLES, Rev. William Lisle, whose sonnets exercised no unimportant inflnence on English literature, was born at King's Sutton, in Northamptonshire, a parish of which his father was vicar, in 1762. He was educated at Winchester and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he took his degree in 1792, the contemporary and friend of the late Archbishop Howley, and of several persons not undistinguished afterwards, who adorned the university at that time. On leaving the university he entered into holy orders, and was appointed to a curacy in Wiltshire ; from which he was preferred to a living in Gloucestershire, and in 1803 to a canonry in Salisbury Cathedral. His next step was to the rectory of Bremhill in Wilt- shire, to which he was presented by Arch- bishop Moore. Here he remained till his death, unremitting in his professional duties, zealous in the education of the poor, and manifesting an exemplary, though happily by no means a tare, instance of the union of all Christian graces with the polish of taste and the amenities of literature. His first ap- pearance as a poet was in a small collection of sonnets, which were published in 1789, and may be reckoned among the first-fruits of a new era in poetry. In these sonnets there were observed a grace of expression, a musical versification, and especially an air of melan- choly tenderness, so congenial to the poetical temperament, which still, after 60 years of a more propitious period than that which im- mediately preceded their publication, pre- serves for their author a highly respectable position among our poets. The subsequent poems of Mr. Bowles did not belie the promise of his youth. The chief of these were liis " Hope, an allegorical Sketch," " St. Mi- 114 bow] ^ i^clu Slnifacr^al 23t0flrapl)i). [bra chael's Mount," "Coombe Ellen," and "Grave of Howard." His " Spirit of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his productions, was published in 18()4. Mr. Bowles published also an edition of Tope, which involved him in the famous controversy with Lord Byron, as well as a great variety of small tracts, literary, antiquarian, and theological. He was, in fact, a very frequent, though he cannot be called a voluminous, contributor to the literature of the present century. Mr. Bowles was very playful in his habits and conversation, and many anecdotes are told of his Parsou Adama-like forgetfulness. Died, 1850. BOVVYER, William, an eminent English printer and classical scholar. He published several learned works ; but his chief per- formance was a Greek edition of the New Testament, with critical and emeudatory notes. Born, 1699 ; died, 1777. BOXUORN, Mark Zuekius, professor of rhetoric, politics, and history in the univer- sity of Leyden ; author of a treatise on the discovery of printing, and of numerous Latin works, both prose and verse. Born, 1G12 ; died, 1(>53. BOYCE, William, doctor of music, and an eminent composer, both of sacred and secular pieces. Born, 1710 ; died, 1779. BOYD, Zaciiaky, a Scotch divine of the 17th century. Among various works which he published is " Tlic Last Battle of the Soul in Death ; " and among the numerous MSS. he left, is a collection of quaint poems, entitled "Zion's Flowers," popularly called " Zachary Boyd's Bible." He died in 1653, leaving a considerable legacy to Glasgow College. BOYDELL, JoHX, originally an English engraver, and afterwards an eminent print- seller. His spirit and liberality enabled him to ama.s8 a considerable fortune, and at the same time greatly to elevate our na- tional character as to the art. He was for many years an alderman of London, and served the office of lord mayor in 1790. Born, 1719 j died, 1804. BOYER, Abel, a French refugee ; author of a French Dictionary and Grammar, which have had a very extensive circulation ; and of several literary and political publications of merit. Born, 1664 ; died, 1729. BOYER, John Bai'tist Nicuolas, a French physician, eminently skilful in the treatment of infectious diseases ; author of a "Pharmacopoeia," tracts on contagious disorders, &c. Died, 1768. BOYLE, RiciiAitD, earl of Cork, an emi- nent statesman in the reign of James I., and founder ofafamili' greatly distinguished in the arts, sciences, and literature. Born at Canterbury, 1566 ; died, 1643. BOYLE, Roger, earl of Orrery, fifth son of the above. When only seven years old he was created baron Broghill ; and, from an early age, was conspicuous for his zeal in the king's service. But after the king WHS put to death, the baron transferred his services to Cromwell, by whom he was greatly trusted and employed. At the death of Cromwell he aided in bringing back Charles II., and was created earl of Orrery for his service on that occasion. Born in Ireland, 1621 ; died, 1679. He was the au- thor of several poems and plays. BOYLK, Robert, brother of the last named, a n:ghly distinguished philosopher, not unworthy to be ranked with Bacon and Newton. His whole life was devoted to philosophy ; and his productions, almost without an exception, are of great value, and very numerous. Born at Lismore, Ireland, 1627 ; died, 1691. BOYLE, Charles, lord Boyle, second son of Roger, earl of Orrery, a statesman and scholar ; editor of the " Epistles of Phalaris," and author of some slight but clever literary papers ; born, 1676 ; died, 1731. BOYLE, Joux, earl of Cork and Orrery, only son of the last named ; atithor of a translation, with notes, of the " Epistles of Pliny the Younger," " Remarks on the Life and Writings of Swift," papers in the Con- noisseur and the World, &c. Born, 1707 ; died, 1762. BOYLE, Richard, third earl of Burling- ton, and fourth earl of Cork, another branch of the same distinguished family. He was an enthusiastic amateur of architecture, and a very generous friend to men of letters. In him, Bishop Berkeley found his earliest and most efficient patron ; and Pope did him the honour to address to him his fourth epistle. Born, 1695 ; died, 1753. BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, an American phy- sician, who introduced the sj'stein of inocu- lating for the small-pox into his native country. Bom, 1680 j died, 1766. BOlS, William, an eminent antiquary and naturalist ; author of a " History of Sandwich," " Observations on Kit's Coty- bouse in Kent," published in tlie "Archas- ologia," &c. Died, 1803. BOYSE, Sami kl, a clever but eccentric and dissipated English writer ; autlior of " The Deity " and other poems, and of va- rious contributions to periodical works. His bad habits rendered all cflbrts to serve him unavailing, and he died in great misery and poverty, in 1749. BOZE, Claude Gros pe, a French writer and archffiologist ; author of the "Medallic History of Louis XIV." &c. Bom, 1680 ; died, 1754. BRACCIOLINI, Francis, surnamed Dell' Api, secretary to Cardinal Antonio Barbe- rini ; author of "La Crocc Riaquistrata," " Lo Schemo degli Dei," &c. Born, 1566 ; died, 1645. BRACTON, Henry de, an English law writer of the 13th century ; author of the well known and esteemed treatise "De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglias." BRADBURY, Thomas, an eminent non- conformist divine, who took a distinguished part in the Controversy with Dr. Watts on the subject of the Trinity. Died, 1759. BRADDOCK, Edward, major-general. He was commander-in-chief, in America, during the war with France in tlie 18th cen- tury ; and was slain when on the eve of in- vesting Fort Duquesr.e, in 1755. BRADFORD, Joiix, an eminent preacher of the reformed religion, who was burnt at Smithfleld in the reign of Mary, 1.555. BRADLEY, James, an English divine, astronomer, and matliematiciau ; Savilian OF rwr ^ \ bra] ^ ^t^ Bnibtt^aX SSiosrapTun [bra professor of astronomy at Oxford, contri- butor to tlie Pliilosophical Transactions, and author of some Astronomical Observa- tions, published separately. Died, 1762. BRADLEY, Richard, professor of botany at Cambridge, and author of several works, chiefly compilations, on Botany and Horti- culture. Dr. Brewster's popular invention, the Kaleidoscope, was at one time said to be due to Bradley ; but it appears that the doctor's instrument and the one proposed by Bradley are quite different, and that the latter would be very inferior. Died, 1732. BRADSHAW, John, an English lawyer, noted in our history for having acted as pre- sident on the trial of Charles I. Died, 16.59. He had a magnificent funeral ; but at the restoration his remains were removed from Westminster Abbey, and hanged on a gal- lows at Tyburn, with those of Cromwell and Ireton. BBADSTREET, Anxa, an English poet- ess of the 17th century. Her father was governor of New England, where she wrote and published her poems. BRADVVARDIN, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury ; author of a treatise " De Causa Dei," directed against Pelagianisni ; some mathematical tracts, &c. Died, 1349. BRADY, Nicholas, Dr., an English di- vine ; translator of the ^neid, and, in con- junction with Tate, of the Bsalms. Bom at Bandon, Ireland, 1C59 ; died, 1726. BRAHE, TvcHO, a Dane of a noble fa- mily ; a celebrated astronomer. Though his system is now superseded by that of Coper- nicus, he deserves honourable mention as an ingenious theorist ; and, apart from his error as to tlie earth being the fixed centre of the universe, his observations as a practical as- tronomer are highly valuable. Born, 1546 ; died, 1601. BRAINERD, David, a celebrated Ame- rican missionary, who signalised himself by his successful endeavours to convert the Indians on tlie Susquehannah, Delaware, &c. Died, aged 30, 1747. BRAITIIWAITE, Jon.v, an ingenious mechanic, constructor of a diving machine, with which he explored the Royal George, sunk off Spithead ; the Hartwell East India- man, off one of the Cape de Verd Islands ; aud the Abergavenny East Indiaman, olF the Isle of Portland. From the first he only succeeded in raising some guns and an anchor ; but from the second and third he brought up property to a very large amount. Died, 1818. BRAMAH, Joseph, an English engineer, distinguished for the number, value, and in- genuity of his mechanical inventions. Among these were his invaluable hydrostatic press, his safety locks, various improvements in the steam-engine, in the process of making paper, in the construction of main-pipes, wheel-carriages, the beer-machine, &c. Born, 1749 ; died, 1814. BRAMANTE D'tlRBINO, Lazaro, a celebrated Italian architect, who first de- signed and commenced tlie church of St. Peter at Rome. He was a skilful painter and musician as well as architect, and a volume of poems from his pen was printed in 1756. Died, 1514. BRANCAS LAURAGUAIS, Duke de, a French nobleman, distinguished for his scientific attainments ; discoverer of tlie composition of the diamond, and a great improver of the manufacture of porcelain. Born, 1735; died, 1824. BRAND, John, an able and voluminous writer on politics and political economy ; author of numerous political pamplilets and some poems. He was rector of Wickham Market, in Suffolk, and of St. George, South- wark. Died, 1809. BRAND, John, an English divine and antiquary ; author of the " History and Antiquities of the Town of Newcastle," " Observations on Popular Antiquities," &c. Born, 1743 ; died, 1806. BRANDER, GrsTAVUS, an English anti- quary and naturalist. He was of a Swedish family, but born in London, where he was an eminent merchant, and a director of the Bank. He contributed largely to the Trans- actions of the Antiquarian Society, &c. Born, 1720 ; died, 1787. BRANDT, a German chemist of the 17th century ; who is said to have discovered phosphorus while attempting to find a sol- vent by which to convert silver into gold. BRANDT, Ernevold, Count de, a Danish statesman, convicted of being concerned in the conspiracy of Count Strueusee, and exe- cuted in 1772. BRANDT, George, an eminent Swedish natural philosopher ; author of accounts of various valuable experiments made by him upon the metals. Died, 1768. BRANDT, Sebastian, chancellor of Strasburg ; author of " Varia Carmina," "Navis Stultifera," &c. Died, 1520. BRANTOME, or PIERRE DE BOUR- DEILLES, a celebrated French chronicler. He was a favoured attendant upon Charles IX., Henry III., and the Duke de Alen<;on ; and his memoirs, though somewhat too free in their details, are highly valuable as gra- phic and faithful illustrations of an interest- ing period of French history. BRANWHITE, Peregrine, the author of various poems, was born at Lavenham, Suffolk, 1745 ; died in London, 1794. BBARENS, Henry, a Danish naval offi- cer, and writer on navigation ; author of a "System of Practical Navigation," &c. Bom, 1751 ; died, 1826. BRATIIWAYTE, Richard, an English poet ; author of "The Golden Fleece," "The Prodigal's Tears," "The English Gentleman," &c. Born, 1588 ; died, 1673. BRAY, Sir Reginald, an English states- man, and favourite of Henry VII. He was a frank friend to that sovereign, disdaining to withhold his disapproval when it was de- served. He is chiefly memorable for having superintended the erection of that beautiful structure, Henry VIL's chapel at West- minster, and for having finished that of St. George at Windsor. Died, 1503. BRAY, Dr. Thomas, an English divine, who laboured with great zeal in propagating the gospel in foreign parts, and who went several times to America to promote that object, was bom in 1656 ; and died, rector of St. Botolph's, Aldgate, in 1730. BRAY, William, F.S.A., an industrious 116 bre] ^ ^m BniUv^Kl aBiO0rai)l)j). [bre antiquary ; editor of Evelyn's " Diary and Memoirs," and a contributor to the Arclite- oloRia, &c. Died, 1832 ; aged 07. BREDA, John' vax, a Dutcli pointer ; a very close imitator of the style of Wouver- mans. Died, 17.50. BREEXBERO, Bartholomew, a cele- brated painter, particularly skilful in small landscapes. Boru at Utrecht, 1C20 ; died, iceo. BREGUET, Abraham Loi'is, an eminent watch aiid clironometer maker at Paris, by birth a Swiss. Bom, 1747 ; died, 182.3. BREISLAK, SciPio, a celebrated Italian feologist, born at Rome in 17(38, who under tuonaparte was appointed inspector of the saltpetre works and i>owder mills in Italy. He wrote several scientific works, and was intimate with Cuvier, Chaptal, &c. Died, 182fi. BREITINGUEK, John James, a S^-iss divine ; editor of a new translation of the Septuagint, &c. Died, 1776. BREITKOPF, John Gottlieb Emma- nuel, a printer and type founder of Leipsic; he discovered an improved composition of type metal, and wrote a treatise on Biblio- graphy, &c. Bom, 1719 ; died, 1794. BREMER, Sir James John Gokdon, rear-admiral of the Blue, whose name is so well-known for his distinguished services in the war with China, was born in 1786. En- tering the navy in 1794, he rose through the intermediate grades with much personal distinction, and in June, 1814, he became a post-captain. When captain of the Tamar, 20 guns, he was dispatched to form a settle- ment on Melville Island, Australia, and joined in the closing scenes of the Burmese war. In 18;?0, he was created a knight com- mander of the order of the Guelph (K.C.U.) ; and in 1837, in the Alligator, of 26 guns, he founded the settlement of Port Essington. He afterwards returned to India, and as- sumed the command in chief of that station, on the death of Sir F. L. Maitland, at the commencement of the Chinese war. To place on record the various distinguished achievements that in design owed their birth, and in execution their success, to his pre- siding genius, from the organisation of the expedition that left Singapore in 1840, on its mission of triumph and glory to China, until the final capture of Canton in 1841, would be to compile a history of the war itself. His services were rewarded by the dignity of K.C.B. being conferred on him ; and the voice of the country was echoed in a vote of thanks to him from both Houses of Parliament. His last employment was as commodore superintendent of Woolwich dockyard, from which office he retired in consequence of ill health, in 1848. Died, 1850. BRENNER, Henry, royal librarian of Stockholm, an eminent oriental scholar ; translator of the "History of Armenia" from the language of that country ; and author of " Observations on Czar Peter the Great," &c. Died, 1732. BRENNUS, a general of the Gauls, who after ravaging Thessaly and Greece, at- tempted to plunder the temple of Delphi. Being repulsed, he slew himself, 278 B.C. BRENNUS, a memorable Gallic general. 117 Having invested Rome, he was offered a thousand pounds weight of gold to spare the city. While the gold was being Mcighcd, he threw his sword and helmet into the op- posite scale ; and when reproached for his injustice, replied, with the scornful excla- mation, " VcE vict/s!" — Woe to the van- quished I Enraged at this insolence, Ca- millus put an end to the negociation, gave battle to the Gauls, and put them to flight. This occurred about 388 B. c. BRENTON, Captain Edward Pelham, R.N., an officer whose services at sea during the war were scarcely greater than those which he performed on shore and during peace. Gifted with great ingenuity, he made several mechanical improvements connected with his profession, of which naval men speak in the highest terms. He was the liberal sup- porter of several of the most useful charities in the metropolis. Of one of these, "the Children's Friend Society," he was, in fact, the founder ; and it is not too much to say, that to it hundreds of poor children owe their removal from the horrors of vice and want, to a life of virtuous exertion, and its concomitant — comfort and happiness. Cap- tain Brenton was also very favourably known as an author, by his " Naval History of'Great Britain, from 1783 to 1822," and a "Biography of Earl St. Vincent." Died, 1839. BREQUIGNY, I>oiis George, Oudard DE Feudkix, a learned French writer ; au- thor of " Histoire des Revolutions de Genes," " Ordonnances des Rois de la Troisiime Race," &c. Died, 179.5. BRE RE WOOD, Edward, an English antiquary and mathematician ; author of " The Patriarchal Government of the An- cient Church," a treatise "De Ponderibus et Pretii Vetemra Nummorum," &c. Born, 156.5 ; died, 1613. BRET, Anthony, a French writer; author of "Commentaries on Moliere," "Quatre Saisons," a poem. See. Died, 1792. BRETEUIL, Louis Alouste le Tonne- LiER, an eminent French diplomatist, and at one time secretary of state ; but being a zealous partisan of monarchy, he was com- pelled to flee from France at the commence- ment of the revolution. In 1802 he was permitted to return, and died in 1807. BRETON, Nicholas, an English pastoral poet in the time of queen Elizabeth ; author of " An Old Man's Lesson and a Young Man's Love," " Phillida and Corydon," &c. BRETON, Raymond, a French friar and missionary to the West Indies ; author of a French and Caribbean Dictionary, &c. Died, 1679. BRETSCHNEIDER, Henry Godfrey VON, an Hungarian, whose versatility of ta- lent was only equalled by the perseverance with which he exercised it in satirising the follies and impostures of the age. Born, 1739 ; died, 1810. BREUGHEL, Peter, commonly known as " Old Breughel," an eminent painter ; chiefly of common-life subjects, such as rustic merrv-makiugs. Bom near Breda, 1510 ; died, 1.570. BREUGHEL, John, son of the foregoing, called, from his dress, " Velvet Breughel ; " 80 excellent a landscape painter, that Rubens bke] ^ i^tia mniiitt^aX maQva^M* [bri painted some pictures in conjunction with him, Rubens putting in the figures. Born at Brussels, 1560, died, 1623. BREUGHEL, Peter, a brother of the above, and also a painter. His fondness for painting horrible subjects procured him the sobriquet of "Hellish." Died, 1642. An- other brother, Abkauam, excelled in fruit and flowers. BREVAL, JouN DtTRANT DE, an English writer and military oflficer ; author of " Tlie History of the House of Nassau ; " " Calpe," a poem, &c. Died, 1739. BREWER, Antuoxy, a dramatist of the time of James I. and Charles I. ; author of "The Lovesick King," "The Country Girl," &c. BREYNIUS, James, a botanist of Dant- zic ; author of " Fasciculus Plantarum Ra- riorum," &c. Died, lt!97. BREYNIUS, Joiixv Philip, a naturalist of the 18th century ; author of a treatise on the kermes insect, &c. BRIDAINE, James, an eminent French ecclesiastic, whose indefatigable zeal, or itinerant propensities, induced him to un- dertake 256 journeys, so that his powers were displayed in almost every village throughout France. He was the author of "Spiritual Songs," wliich were extremely popular. Born, 1701 ; died, 1767. BRIDGE WATER, Francis Eoerton, Duke of, a nobleman who devoted much at- tention to, and expended large sums in the improvement and extension of canal navi- gation, seconded by the skill of Brindley. Born, 1736 ; died, 1803. BRIDPORT, Alexander Hood, Admiral lord, a gallant naval oflScer, and the youngest brother of Admiral Hood. He bore a part in Lord Howe's celebrated victory, June 1. 1794; in the following year he defeated a French squadron, capturing three sail of the line ; and nobly distinguished himself on many other occasions during the war. Died, 1814. BRIET, or BRIETIUS, Philip, a French writer ; author of "Annales Mundi," "The- atrum Geographicum Europae Veteris," &c. Died, 1668. BRIGGS, Hexrt, an eminent English mathematician and Savilian professor of geo- metry, at Oxford ; author of " Arithmetica Logarithmica," " Tables for the Improve- ment of Navigation," " Animadversiones Geometricae," &c. Born, 1536 ; died, 1630. BRIGGS, William, an eminent physician and oculist ; author of " Opthalmographia," an anatomical description of the eye and a new theory of vision. Died, 1704. BRILL, ALiTTiiEW, an eminent landscape painter, employed by pope Gregory XIII. in decorating the Vatican. Died, 1584. BRILL, Paul, brother of the last named, and also eminent as a landscape painter. Pope Clement VIII. employed him to paint a landscape sixty-eight feet wide for the Scala Clementina ; in which piece he intro- duced St. Clement thrown into the sea with an anchor attached to his neck. Died, 1626. BRILLAT-SAVABIN, Anthklme, a French writer, known chiefly from his work, entitled " The Physiology of Taste." Born, 1755 ; died, 1826. BRINDLEY, James, an eminent English 118 mechanic and engineer, to whose great zeal and abilities we owe some of the most im- portant of our navigable canals. So highly, indeed, did he estimate their importance to a commercial nation, that, being jocularly asked, while under examination before a committee of the House, for what purpose he supposed rivers to have been created, he quite seriously replied, " To feed navigable canals." His first great work was the canal from Worsley to Manchester, which he exe- cuted for the Duke of Bridge water. He after- wards completed the Grand Trunk, Bir- mingham, Chesterfield, and others. Bom, 1716 ; died, 1772. BBINKLEY, Dr. Johx, bishop of Cloyne, an able divine, but still more eminent for his scientific acquirements, was bom in 1760. While a graduate of Oxford he was elected to the professorship of astronomy in Dublin University, an honour to which his previous writings and discoveries in science fully en- titled him. Died, September, 1835. BRINVILLIERS, Marguerite d'Au- BRAi, Marchioness of, horribly notorious for having poisoned her father, brother, and two sisters. She had formed a criminal attach- ment for a Gascon officer, named Goden St. Croix, and her family caused him to be sent to the Bastile. There he learned from a fellow prisoner the art of compounding subtle poisons, of which he and his mistress made use to avenge themselves on her family. His mask slipping from his face while he was distilling poison, he died suddenly ; and her anxiety to obtain a casket that had belonged to him, led to inquiries which terminated in her detection. She was beheaded, and her body burnt, 1676. BRISBANE, Admiral Sir Charles. He entered the navy, on board the Alcide, in 1779 ; received a severe wound in Rodney's fleet on the 12th of April, 1782 ; and was pro- moted to the rank of lieutenant in 1790. He shared the active services of Lord Hood off Toulon, and of Lord Nelson during the siege of Bastia, where he nearly lost an eye ; was made captain in 1795 ; and the following year received the thanks of the Admiralty for his conduct during the capture of some Dutch ships in Saldanha Bay. The firmness with which Sir Charles acted, quelled the dis- position to mutiny which then appeared through the fleet at the Cape. In 1805 he was appointed commander of the Arethusa ; and in 1807 achieved the capture of the island of Curaenhagen in 17J»6, and took the degree of doctor in philosophy in 1806. In company with his friend Dr. Koes he made a scientific expedition to Greece, and in excavating the temples in ^gina, &c. many fine monu- ments in ancient Greek art were discovered. On his return to Denmark he was assisted with pecuniary means by tlie government, and appointed diplomatic agent to the Papal court in 1818. He afterwards travelled through the Ionian isles, Malta, and Sicily, for the purpose of prosecuting additional investigations ; he subsequently made Paris his principal residence, coming occasionally to England ; and in 1827 he visited his native country, where he received the hono- rary title of privy councillor of legation, and numerous other marks of distinction. The first part of his principal work, entitled "Travels and Researches in Greece," ap- peared in 1826, at Paris, simultaneously in the French and German languages ; the second part in 1830. Died at Copenhagen, in consequence of a fall from his horse, June 26. 1842, aged 61. BROOCMAN, Charles Ulric, a Swedish writer on education, especially as regards the education of teachers. His principal work is " An Account of the Educational Institutions of Germany, from the earliest period up to his own time." Died, 1812. BROOKE, or BROKE, Sir Robert, chief justice of the common pleas in the reign of queen Mary, and author of various legal works. Died. 1558. BROOKE, Frances, a clever novelist and dramatic writer ; authoress of " Lady Juliet Mandeville" and other novels ; the tragedies of " Virginia " and the " Siege of Sinope ; " " Rosina," a musical entertainment, &c. Died, 1789. BROOKE, Hexry, a political and literary writer ; author of " Letters addressed to the People of Ireland," "The Earl of West- moreland," a tragedy ; the celebrated novel of " The Fool of Quality," &c. Born at Bantavan, in Ireland, 1706 ; died, 1783. BROOKES, Joshua, an eminent anatomist and surgeon, was bom in 1761 ; and after 110 BRO] ^ ipcfco miibsx^Kl 3St05rapI)u. [bro studying under the most celebrated men of his day, commenced his career as a professor of anatomy, pathology, and sui-gery, when about 26 years of age. His museum was en- riched with the choicest anatomical speci- mens and osteological preparations ; and the lectures on anatomy and its kindred sciences, which, during a long life, he was in the habit of delivering to his pupils (of whom he could reckon 7000), laid the foundation of their scientific fame to some of the most distin- guished members of the profession. His last appearance as a lecturer was in 1827 ; and in January, 1833, he died, aged 72. BROOKS, John, an able officer in the American army, a skilful physician, and a man of letters. He early distinguished him- self in the war of American iudependenee, and ultimately arrived at the rank of a ge- neral ; but the duties of a soldier did not unfit him for professional pursuits ; he was the president of many literary, religious, patri- otic, and benevolent societies ; and for many years filled the of&ce of chief magistrate for his native town, Medford, in Massachusetts. Born, 1752 ; died, 1825. BROOME, Dr. William, an English divine and poet. In addition to Ids own poems, and a translation of Anacreon's Odes, he con- tributed eight books to Pope's translation of the Odyssey ; but having complained of his scanty remuneration, liis brother bard re- warded him with a niche in the Dunciad. He was vicar of Eye, Suffolk, where he died, in 1745. BROSCHI, Carlo, better known by the name of Farinelli, one of the finest singers ever known. He was retained to divert the melancholy of Philip V. of Spain, and ac- quired vast political power in the reigns of that monarch and his successor. Unlike the generality of royal favourites, lie behaved with invariable modesty and honoiu-. Born at Naples, 1705 ; died, 1782. BROSSARD, Sebastian de, an eminent French musician ; author of " Prodomus Musicalis," &c. Died, 1730. BROSSE, Guy de la, a French botanist and physician to Louis XIII. ; author of " L'Overture du Jardin Royal," and other botanical works. Died, 1751. BROSSES, Charles de, a French lawyer and the schoolfellow and friend of Buffon ; author of " Letters on Herculaneura," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 1777. BROTHERS, Richard, a fanatic, who, in 1793, commenced his career as the apostle of a new religion, and announced himself as " nephew of the Almighty and prince of the Hebrews, appointed to lead them to the land of Canaan." He predicted various absurd- ities, and it is a melancholy fact that his disciples were not confined to the poor and ignorant. The great orientalist, Halhed, and other men of unquestionable ability, ad- vocated this maniac, whose career at length attracted the notice of government, and he was committed to Bedlam for life as a con- firmed lunatic. He published several works, redolent alike of blasphemy and absurdity. BBOTIER, Gabriel, a learned French Jesuit, and librarian to the college of Louis le Grand ; author of a treatise " On the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Coins," an excellent edition of Tacitus, end other classics, &c. Born, 1723 ; died, 1789. BROTIER, Andrew Charles, a French abb^, nephew of the above. He was a friend to the royalist cause, and the editor of L'Annee Litteraire, which was so obnoxious to the party in power that he was transported to Guiana, where he died, in 1798. BROUGHTON, Hugh, a learned Hebrew scholar and polemical writer, who was edu- cated at the expense of the celebrated Ber- nard Gilpin. Born, 1549 ; died, 1(!12. BROUGHTON, Thomas, a prebendary of Salisbury, and a literary character of con- siderable merit ; author of " Christianity distinct from the Religion of Nature,*' " Dissertations on the Prospects of Futurity," " Hercules," a drama, &c. He was also one of the principal contributors to the Biogra- phia Britanniea. Died, 1774. BROUNCKER, William, Lord, the first president of tlie Royal Society at Oxford, and author of some papers in the Philo- sophical Transactions, &c. Died, 1584. BROUSSAIS, Francois Joseph Victor, a celebrated French physician, the author of some very learned medical works, which, however, are very much defaced by the crudest and most dogmatical materialism. Bom, 1772; died, 1838. BROUSSONET, Peter Auoustits Maria, an eminent French naturalist ; author of " Icthyologia," "Variae Positiones circa Respirationein," &c. Bom, 1761; died, 1807. BROWALLIUS, John, bishop of Abo ; an eminent naturalist, and the author of various tracts on botany, &c. Died, 1755. BROWN, Charles Brockden, an eminent American writer, chiefly known in this country by his powerful novels, " Wieland " and " Edgar Huntley." Died, 1810. BROWN, John, D.D., an eminent cler- gyman and indefatigable writer. He was born, in 1715, at Rothbury, Northumberland, educated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; and after various church preferments became chaplain to the king. The chief of his nu- merous works are " Essays on the Charac- teristics of the Earl of Shaftesbury," " Bar- barossa," a tragedy ; an " Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times," a " History of the Rise and Progress of Poetry," and " Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentious- ness, and Faction." It is supposed that his mental exertions were too great, for he fell into a state of dejection, which terminated in his death, by his own hand, in 1766. BROWN, John, a Scotch painter and au- thor, favourably known in the former cha- racter by his painting of the bust of Homer from the Townley marbles, and by his por- trait of Pope. As an author he is even more distinguished by his " Letters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera," which he addressed to his friend, Lord Monboddo. Born, 1752 ; died, 1787. BROWN, John, a very learned, though self-educated Scotch divine ; author of the " Self-interpreting Bible," " Dictionary of the Bible," and numerous other religious works. Born, 1772 ; died, 1787. BROWN, John, M.D., an eminent Scotch physician, and the founder of a new system of medicine, which bears lus name. He di- BRO] ^ ^th) mnibtt^Kl 33i0ffrapTjti. [bru vided all diseases into two great classes, — the one from deficient excitement, and the other from its redundance ; and though his opinions have not been unconditionally re- ceived, they have very materially influenced the practice of his professional successors. Dr. Brown's principal works are " Elements of Medicine " and " Observations on the Old Systems of Physic." Born, 1735 ; died, 1788. BROWN, Joux, an eminent English en- graver ; his best works are engravings from Salvator Rosa. Died, IHOl. BROWN, Lai;nci;lot, an eminent land- scape gardener, whose great merit consisted in imitating nature, and abandoning the stiflf and clipped formalitj^ so universally prevalent at that time m the pleasure grounds of our nobility. From his constant use of the plirase, " this spot has great ca- pabilities," he was called Capability Brown. Born, 171.5 ; died, 1782. BROWN, RonEKT, an English clergyman, founder of the sect of Brownists, subsequently better known by the title of Independents. His chief work was a controversial one, " A Treatise on Reformation, without tarrying for any Man." Notwithstanding his violent hostility to the Church, he at length became reconciled to it either through conviction or policy, and obtained a benefice ; but his character remained as violent as ever ; and, when 80 years old, he was imprisoned in Northampton gaol for an assault, and died there in 1G30. BROWN, TiioifAS, a humorous writer, more distinguished for wit than for morality. His works, indeed, notwithstanding their great literary merit, have fallen into com- parative oblivion on account of their coarse- ness. Died, 1704. BROWN, Dr. Thomas, an able meta- physician and moral essayist ; professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh. He wrote " Observations on Darwin's Zoonomia," some poems, and several moral and metaphysical essays ; but his fame chiefly rests upon his treatise " On the Philosophy of the Human Mind," a work which is deservedly held in very high estimation. Born, 1777; died, 1820. BROWNE, George, Count de, an Irish officer in the Russian service, who so nobly distinguished himself on many great occa- sions, that he was rewarded with the go- vernment of I^ivonia ; from which, when he had held it 30 years, he wished to retire, but Catharine II. would not accept his re- signation, replying, " Death alone shall part us." Born, 1G98 ; died, 1792. BROWNE, Isaac Hawkixs, an English lawyer and poet. His best English works are a poem addressed to Highmore, the painter, " On Design and Beauty ; " and a shorter one, called "The Pipe of Tobacco," in which he very skilfully imitated the tone of thought and expression of Cibber,Plulips, Thomson, Young, Swift, and Pope. The work, however, on which his reputation chiefly depends, is a Latin poem, on the Im- mortalitv of the Soul. Bom, 1706 ; died, 1776. BROWNE, Pateick, M.D., an eminent naturalist ; author of " The Civil and Na- tural History of Jamaica," catalogues of the birds and fish of Ireland, and of the plants of the Sugar Islands. Bom in Ireland, 1720; died, 17SK). BROWNE, SiMOX, a dissenting minister of considerable ability, but chiefly remark- able for an unhappy hallucination. He im- agined that "God had annihilated in him the thinking substance, and utterly divested him of consciousness." This delusion per- petually haunted him, and yet he furnished the completest refutation to it by composing several argumentative tracts, and by some very laborious compilations. Died, 1732. BROWNE, Sir Thomas, an eminent phy- sician and learned author. His "Religio Medici " attracted much notice ; and nis treatises " On Urn Burial " and " On ^'ulgar Errors" abound with curious ertidition, in whicli, however, they are excelled by his tract, entitled " The Garden of Cyrus." Of his style Dr. Johnson was the defender ; and also, perhaps unconsciously, in some degree the imitator. Bom 1605 ; died, 1682. BROWNE, Edward, son of Sir Tliomas, physician to Charles II., translator of some of the Lives of Plutarch, and author of an amusing book of travels. Bora, 1012 ; died, i7as. BRO^VNE, Ultsses Ma.vimilian, the son of an expatriated Irish officer, entered the Austrian service, and by his great skill and bravery, when employed against the Turks, rose to the rank of fleld-marshal. He after- wards greatly distinguished himself at Pla- centia and other places in Italy ; and .at length died of the wounds he received at the battle of Prague. Born, 1705 ; died, 1757. BROWNE. Sir William, an able and eccentric physician of the 18th century. He was the author of numerous optical and other essays ; and, at his death, bequeathed a sum of money for the provision of three medals, of the value of five guineas each, for Greek and Latin odes and epigrams by undergraduates of Cambridge. Born, 1692 ; died, 1774. BROWNE, "William, an English poet of the 17th century ; author of " Britannia's Pastorals," " The Shepherd's Pipe," &c. BROWNE, William George, an enter- prising English traveller ; author of " Tra- vels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria." He •was murdered while on his way to explore the regions south of the Caspian, by a Per- sian banditti, in 1814. BROWNRIGG, William, an ingenious physician and natural philosopher ; author of "The Art of making common Salt," treatises on platina and carbonic acid, &c. Died, 1800. BRUCE, Robert, a descendant of David, earl of Huntingdon, and comi)etitor with Jolm Baliol for the crown of Scotland, at the death of Alexander III. BRUCE, Robert, grandson of the above, and the most heroic of the Scottish kings. After many desperate struggles he totally defeated Edward II. at the battle of Ban- nockburn, and thus firmly established him- self on tlie throne ; but his life was so com- pletely devoted to his country, that it belongs rather to history than to biography to be his chronicler. He was born in 1274 ; died, 1329. BRUCE, James, one of the most celc- 121 BRU] ^ 0cbi mnibtv^al 2Stfl5TapT)i». [bru brated of modem travellers. For a short time he held the post of British consul at Algiers, but resigned it in order to gratify his passion for travelling. After traversing the greater portion of Asia Minor, he set out on a journey to ascertain the source of the Nile. An account of this journey he subsequently published ; and some of his statements, particularly those which re- ferred to the manners and customs of Abys- sinia, were received with mingled incre- dulity and ridicule. Though greatly an- noyed by the disgraceful illiberality with wTiich he had been treated, he bore the taunts and sneers of liis shallow critics with a taciturn pride, not deigning to satisfy dis- belief, or to disarm ridicule, but trusting the day would ere long arrive when the truth of what he had written would be confirmed by others ; and it is now clearly proved, from the statements of many subsequent travellers, that he was every way undeserving of the censure bestowed on him. He was born at Kinnaird House, Stirlingshire, in 1730 ; and died, in consequence of an injury sustained by falling down stairs, at his paternal estate, in 1794. BRUCE, John, an able writer on com- merce, moral philosophy, and political eco- nomy ; author of " First Principles of Phi- losophy," "Annals of the East India Com- pany,'"^ &c. Died, 182G, aged 82. BRUCE, Michael, a Scotch poet. His parents being of the poorest class, his early life was one of considerable privation. This and his ardent attachment to poetry, pro- bably aggravated a constitutional predispo- sition to consumption, and he died in the 2l8t year of his age, in 1767. His poems are few in number, but singularly plaintive and elegant. BRUCE, Petek Henry, a German mi- litary officer of Scotch descent. He was at the battle of Pruth, and was several times employed by the Russian court in diplomatic missions. His memoirs, published after his death, give some curious details of his travels. He died in Scotland in 1757. BRUCKER, John James, a German Lu- theran clergyman ; author of " Historia Cri- ticaPhilosophia3,"&c. Born, 1696; died, 1770. BRUCKNER, John, a Lutheran divine, pastor of the Walloon congregation at Nor- wich ; author of " Theorie du Syst&me Animale," "Criticism on the Diversions of Purley," &c. Born, 1726 ; died, 1804. BRUEY8, David Augustin, a French dramatic writer ; in early life a Protestant, but afterwards a bigoted adherent to the Ca- tholic faith. Born, 1640 ; died, 1723. BRUEYS, Francis Paul, agallant French admiral, commanding the fleet which con- veyed the army of Buonaparte to Egypt, and killed at the battle of the Nile. BRUGM ANS, Skb ald Justinus, a learned Dutchman, physiciau-in-chief of the army, and the author of some valuable medical works. After the union of Holland with France, Najioleon made him inspector-ge- neral of the hospitals ; and it has been re- marked that so skilful were his arrange- ments, that the number of deaths by wounds and diseases was never increased by hospital fevers. After the battle of Waterloo, he promptly procured medical aid for upwards of 20.000 men. Born, 1763 ; died, 1819. BRUGNATELLI, Louis, an Italian phy- sician and chemist ; author of " Bibliotheca Tisicad'Europe," &c. Born, 1726 ; died, 1818. BRUGUIERES, John William, a French naturalist and physician ; author of many essays on subjects of natural history, the best of which is the " Natural History of Worms" in the Encyclopedic Methodique. Died, 1799. BRUIIL, Henry, Count of, minister of Augustus in. king of Poland ; one of the most artful and expensive courtiers that ever governed a weak and credulous prince. He kept 200 domestics, paying them better than the king himself, and furnishing a more sumptuous table ; but, as was natural, he plunged the country into debt and dis- grace. Born, 1700; died, 1763. — Various members of this family have attained dis- tinction. Freperic, a sou of the preceding, besides being remarkable for his skill in the line arts, wrote several good plays. Died, 1793. Hans Moritz, his nephew, gained some reputation as an astronomer and politi- cal economist, and died while Saxon am- bassador in London, Ij^. BRUMOY, Peter, a learned French Jesuit ; author of the " Theatre des Grecs," " History of the Gallican Church," &c. Born, 1688 ; died, 1742. BRUNCK, Richard Francis Philip, a profound classical scholar and critic, was born at Strasburg, but educated by the Jesuits at Paris. For some time he was employed in state affairs, but at length de- voted himself wholly to study ; and pro- duced the " Greek Anthology," besides highly valuable editions of Aristophanes, Sophocles, Virgil, &c. When the revolution broke out, he took part in it, and was im- prisoned at Besanpon by the tyrant Robes- pierre, whose death, however, released him. Bom 1729 ; died, 1803. BRUNE, W.M.A., a French marshal, born in 1763. Law and literature occupied his attention till the French revolution, when he embraced the military profession, and served as adjutant under Dumourier, in the campaign of 1791. He afterwards served under Buonaparte, in Italy, gaining rapid promotion ; and in 1799 he was commander- in-chief of the French and Dutch forces in North Holland, who so successfully opposed the English under the Duke of York. In 1803, he was sent as ambassador to Con- stantinople, and, during his absence, was made a marshal. On his return he was ap- pointed governor 'of the Hanseatic cities, in which station he gave some offence to Na- poleon, and their cordiality ceased. He submitted to the Bourbons in 1814 ; but, on his old master's return from Elba, he joined him and took the command of a division of the army in the south of France ; and, on the emperor's second abdication, he was put to death by a royalist party at Avignon, August 2. 1815. BRUNEAU, Mathurin, an adventurer, who in 1818 assumed the title of Charles of France, was the son of a clog maker. After j numerous efforts to pass for some person of [ importance, he was incarcerated ; and from BRU] ^ ^cto mnibtr^al 33iOjirapl)i). [bru his confinement addressed a letter, signed Dauphin Bourbon, to the governor of the Isle of Guernsey, requesting liim to inform his Britannic Majesty of the captivity of lioiiis XVII. Tliis letter being intercepted by tlie local authorities, Bruneau was trans- ferred to the prison at Rouen : here lie en- gaged a person named Branzon as his se- cretary, who found means so far to impose on the Ducliesi d'AngoulOme, as to obtain her interest ; and at length a party in his favour procured him abundant supplies. This encouraged the enterprise, until the principal, his secretary, and many friends were brought before the bar of justice, where Bruneau Mas declared an impostor and a vagabond, and condemned to seven years' imprisonment. Finding, however, that the fraud was still maintained by a powerful party, he was removed to tlie prison at Caen in 1821, und was afterwards sent to end his days in the castle of Mont Saint Micliael. BRUNEL, Sir Isambert, the well-known executor of that great work of engineering skill, the Thames Tunnel, was born at HacqueviUe in Normandy, 1769. lie was intended for tlie Clmrch ; but he soon evinced BO strong a predilection for the physical sciences, and so great a genius for mathe- matics, that he entered the royal navy, made several voyages to the West Indies, and returned home in 1792. During tlie French revolution he emigrated to the United States, where necessity, fortunately, compelled liim to follow the natural bent of his mind, and to adopt the profession of a civil engineer. Here he was engaged in many great works ; but, determined upon visiting England, he offered his services to the British government ; and, after much oppo- sition to his plans for making ship-blocks by machinery, he was employed to execute them in Plymouth Dockyard. With a true discrimination, he selected Mr. Henry Maudsley to assist in the execution of the work ; and thus was laid the foundation of one of the most extensive engineering es- tablishments in the kingdom, and in which, perhaps, a degree of science and skill has been combined and applied to mechanical invention and improvement scarcely ex- ceeded by any other in the world. Tlie block machinery was finished in 1806 ; and has continued ever since in full operation, supplying our fleet with blocks of very 8Ui>erior description to those previously in use, and at a large annual saving to the public. The visit of the emperor Alexander to this country, after the peace, led him to submit to the emperor a plan for making a tunnel under the Neva ; where the accumu- lation of ice, and the suddenness with which it breaks up on the termination of winter, rendered the erection of a bridge a work of great difficulty. This was the origin of his plan for a tunnel under the Thames, which had been twice before attempted without suc- cess. The history of that great work is too familiar to require that we should repeat it here, but it only crowned a long life almost wholly devoted to the invention and con- struction of works of great public utility. Mr. Brunei received the honour of knight- 123 hood from Lord Melbourne's administration. He M'as a vice-president of the Royal So- ciety, a corresponding member of the In- stitute of France, a vice-president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and a che- valier of the Legion of Honour. Died, 1849. BRUNELLESCUI, Piiilii-, a Florentine architect, patronised by Cosmo de Medici. Among the chief of his architectural works are the Pitti Palace, the monastery of Fie- sole, and the cupola of the cathedral church of Santa Maria del Friare at Florence. He was also a sculptor and a poet, as well as an architect ; and some of his burlesque verses are published with those of Burchi- ello. Born, 1377 ; died, lUO. BRUNNKR, John Conhad, baron de Bruun, a Swiss physician and anatomist ; author of various tracts on physiology and anatomy. Born, 1C53 ; died, 1727. BRUNO, a saint of the Romish calendar, and founder of the Carthusian order of monks, the first house of which he esta- blished in the desert of Chartreuse. Born, 1030 ; died, 1101. BRUNO, surnamed the Great, arch- bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine ; an able politician, who took a conspicuous part in all the great transactions of his time. He was the brother of the emperor Otho I., and died in 905. BRUNO, Giordano, a Neapolitan, and originally a monk of the Dominican order. The boldness with which he censured the irregularities of liis monastery, obliged him to leave it ; and, flying to Geneva, he em- braced the Protestant religion. Beza and Calvin, however, obliged him to quit that city, and he proceeded to Paris, where lie excited much attention by his strictures on the Aristotelian philosophy. After visiting England he settled at Padua, where his freedom of 8{K;cch attracted the attention of the Inquisition of Venice. He was ap- prehended, and, refusing to recant, he was burnt in 1000. BRUNSWICK, Ferdinand, Duke of, one of the principal generals in the seven years war in Germany. Born, 1721 ; died, 1702. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTEL, Maximilian Julius Leoi-old, brother of the preceding, a prince whose name is revered for liis disinterested benevolence and hu- manity, of which the last action of his life is a striking example : — During a terrible inundation of the Oder, which spread de- strustion in the neighbourhood of Frankfort, where the prince commanded a regiment in the garrison, his zeal to save the lives of a family surrounded by the waters, induced lum to put oft' in a boat to tlieir assistance, when he was swept away by the torrent, and perished in the humane attempt. Born, 1751 ; died, 1785. BRUNSWICK LUNENBURGH, Charles William Feri>inand, Duke of, nephew of the preceding. He studied the art of war under his uncle, and highly dis- tinguished liimself in the service of Frederick of Prussia. At the commencement of the French revolution, he took the command of the Prussian and Austrian forces intended for the liberation of Louis XVI. ; but the violent manifesto he published served only »2 BRU] ^ ^c&j WinibtrSsX 3Si0srajT)e» [bru to stimulate the republican army under Dumourier, and he was compelled to retreat. The ill success of this expedition caused him to resign the command, and occupy himself with the domestic affairs of his new^ province. In 1806 he was again appointed leader of the Prussian armj', and was mor- tally wounded at the battle of Auerstadt in that year. BRUNSWICK OELS, Frederic Au- gustus, Duke of, younger brother of the above, and a general officer in the Prussian service. lie was more distinguished as an author than as a general, his treatise on Great Men, "Remarks on the Character and Actions of Alexander the Great," and nume- rous other works, having been much admired, though only privately circulated. Born, 1741 ; died, 1805. BRUNSWICK, Frederick William, Duke of, youngest son of Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick, and brother of the persecuted queen Caroline of England, was born in 1771. He soon entered the Prussian army, and, stimulated by his father's un- happy fate and the wrongs of his country, took an active part in the war against revo- lutionary France. In 1809 he raised a body of volunteers in Bohemia ; but finding no chance of making an effectual stand against the power of France, he embarked his troops for England, where they were taken into the British service, and employed in the Peninsula. Foreseeing that great changes were likely to take place on tlie Continent, he hastened to his paternal dominions in 1813, raised a large body of troops, and was among the foremost to meet the French army in 1815, when, two days before the decisive battle of Waterloo, he fell, gallantly fighting at the head of his "brave Bruns- wickers." BRUNTON, Maey, the daughter of Colo- nel Balfour, was born in one of the Orkney isles ; married a minister of the Scotch church ; and is known as the authoress of the excellent novels, " Discipline," " Self Control," and other valuable works. Bom, 1778 ; died, 1818. BRUSONIUS, L. DoMiTius, author of a work entitled " Facetiarum Exemplorumque Libri VII. ; " but better known by the title of" Speculum Mundi." BRUTO, JoHx Michael, an eminent tra- veller and writer of the IGth century ; au- thor of a " History of Hungary," " Critical Annotations on the Works of Cicero, Ho- race," &c., and of the "Eight first Books of the History of Florence." Died, 1594. BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, one of the most celebrated characters of antiquity, was the son of Marcus Junius, a wealthy patri- cian of Rome. The father and brother of Lucius Junius were assassinated by order of their relative, Tarquin the Proud ; and Lucius Junius owed the preservation of his life to an assumed idiotism. So completely did this impose upon the tyrant, that he not only spared his young relative's life, but brought him up m his own family, where he was treated as a mere idiot, and sur- named Brutus. He bore all contumely with patience until the outrage of Sextus Tar- quin [see LucEETiA] afforded him an oppor- tunity to arouse the people against both the king and his sons. Throwing off his pre- tended want of intellect, and displaying an energy the more startling by contrast with his former manner, he joined with Lucre- tia's husband, CoUatinus ; caused the gates to be shut, assembled the senate, dilated upon the tyrannies of Tarquin, and caused a decree to be made for banisliing the king and establishing a republic. This great change accordingly took place, and Brutus and Collatinus were appointed chief magis- trates of the commonwealth with the title of consuls. Terrible as the tyranny of Tar- quin had been, his expulsion and the entire change in the form of government gave great offence to many of the Roman patri- cians ; and among tliose who were opposed to the new constitution were the two sons of Brutus and three nephews of Collatinus, all of whom conspired, with other malcon- tents, to murder the two consuls and restore Tarquin and the monarchy. The intentions of the consjiirators were disclosed by a slave to Poplicola Valerius, a senator ; and the conspirators were brouglit before the consular tribunal for judgment. Mischievous as were the intentions of the criminals, the people would fain have punished tliem only by banishment ; and Collatinus, in his af- fection for his nephews, was equally dis- posed to be lenient. Brutus, on the con- trary, determined to show that no rank or relationship should avail the enemies of Roman liberty ; and disregarding the en- treaties of the multitude and his own feel- ings as a parent, he sternly sentenced his sons to death. Collatinus, even after this signal proof of the inflexibility of Brutus, endeavoured to save his nephews. But the young men were executed, and Collatinus retired from the consulship. Poplicola Va- lerius was elected as his successor, and, ir^ conjunction with Brutus, proceeded against the Veientcs, who with Tarquin and his partisans were marching against Rome. The Roman cavalry was commanded by Brutus, while the enemy's cavalry was led on by Aruns, one of the sons of Tarquin. These leaders were speedily engaged hand to hand ; and so great was their mutual hate, that each in his desire to wound his opponent neglected to protect himself ; and they both fell dead upon the field. The conflict end- ing in the victory of the Romans, the body of Brutus was interred with great solemnity, and a statue was erected to his memory. His death took place u.c. 509. BRUTUS, Marcus Junius, an illustrious Roman, and a descendant of the preceding. His mother was the sister of Cato ; and as she had disgraced herself by an intrigue with Julius Caesar, Marcus was by many thought to be his son. He at first sided with Pompey, but being treated with great lenity and consideration after the battle of Phar- salia, he attached himself to Caesar, by whom he was greatly caressed and en- trusted. But the stern republican spirit of his reputed ancestor, which he inherited, rendered it impossible for all Ca;sar's kind- ness to him to reconcile him to Caesar's am- bition ; and he at length conspired with Cassius and others, and slew liim, b.c. 39. BRU] ^ IJeto Bnibtv^Kl 23t0OTaji!)i?. [buc Antony succeeded in exciting the popular indignation against the murderers of Caesar, who fled from Kome, and raised an army, of which Brutus and Cassius took the com- mand ; but being totally defeated at the bat- tle of Pliilippi, where they encountered the army of Antony, Brutus escaped with only a few friends, passed the night in a cave, and, as he saw his cause irretrievably ruined, requested Strato, one of his confi- dants, to kill him. For a long time his friend refused ; but on hearing Brutus call one of his slaves to perform the fatal office, he exclaimed, "Forbid it, Gods, that it should ever be said that Brutus died by the hand of a slave for want of a friend 1 and presenting tlie sword as he turned awoy his face, the noble Roman fell on it and expired, B.C. 42, in the 43d year of Ids age. BRUYERE, Jons de la, an eminent French writer ; author of " Dialogues on Quietism," published after his decease ; and of" Theophrastus, translated from the Greek, with the Manners of the present Age." Of this admirable and admired work Voltaire says, " Its rapid and nervous style struck the public at once ; and the allusions to living persons, which abound through its pages, completed its success." Born, 1644 ; died, 1696. BRYAN, Michael, a connoisseur of paint- ings, whose judgment was highly esteemed, though he lost large sums by his own pur- chases. He was the author of a valuable " Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers." Born, 1757; died, 1821. BRYAN, or BRIANT, Sir Francis, a distinguished soldier and statesman. He served with great credit against the French in the Earl of Surrey's expedition, and sub- sequently became chief justiciary of Ire- land, lie is chiefly memorable, however, as a poet ; his works being printed with those of his friends Wyatt and Lord Surrey. Died, 15.50. BRYANT, Jacob, a distinguished an- tiquarian and philologist ; author of an able, though singular, " Analysis of Ancient Mythology," published in three vols. 4to ; a treatise on the Truth of Christianity, a work iu denial of tlie existence of Troy, and various other publications of great erudition and ingenuity. Born, 1715 ; died, 1804. BRYDGES, Sir Samuel Egertox, bart., a gentleman of versatile talents and eccentric character, was born in 1762, at Wootton Court, in Kent, and was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and at Queen's College, Cambridge. In 1790, after the death of the last Duke of Chandos, he in- duced his elder brother, the Rev. E. T. Brydges, to prefer a claim to the barony of Chandos, the consideration of which was long procrastinated ; but at length, in 1803, the House of liords decided against its va- lidity. On the death of his brother, in 1807, Sir Egerton pertinaciously adliered to his favourite, though illusory notion, of obtaining a coronet ; maintaining that, though defeated by parliamentary law, he could, when he pleased, asseri his rights by commou law, while he regularly added 125 to the signature of his name — "per legem terroe,B. C. of S." — meaning Baron Chan- dos of Sudely. Ue made several unsuc- cessful attempts to obtain a seat in par- liament, but was ultimately (1812) returned for Maidstone, which borough he continued to represent about six years. In 1814 he was created a baronet ; and in 1818, upon the loss of his seat in the House of Commons, he visited many parts of the Continent. In 1826 he returned to England, for two years, and took uj) hia abode at Lee Priory, the seat of Col. Brydges Barrett, his eldest son ; at the expiration of which time, his affairs becoming inextricably embarrassed, he finally quitted his native land, and removed to Geneva, where he remained in great se- clusion until his death. His literary labours were exceedingly • multifarious ; poetry, romance, politics, genealogical antiquities, and topography, were the principal ; and in many he acquitted himself with consider- able skill. His abilities as a genealogist, topographer, and bibliographer, are attested by his " Ceusura Literaria Ilestituta," 10 vols. ; " Theatrum Poetarum ; " " Stemmata lUustria;" "British Bibliography-," "Lex Terra;," &c. Besides these, he published the novels of "Mary dc Clifford," " Arthur Fitz-Albini," and "The Hall of Ilelling- sey;" "Imaginary Biography," 3 vols.; " Recollections of Foreign Travels," 2 vols. ; " The Autobiography, Times, Opinions, and Contemporaries of Sir Egerton Brydges," 2 vols. ; and numerous others ; independ- ent of contributions to mony periodicals on almost every subject. Died, September, 18.37. BRYDONE, Patrick, a Scotch gentle- man ; author of " Travels into Sicily aud Malta," &c. Bom, 1741 ; died, 1819. BRYENNIUS, Manuel, an early musical composer ; he published, in the 14th cen- tury, a treatise on harmonics, of which a Latin translation, together with the compo- sitions of the author, was published by Dr. Wallis in 1699. BUACHE, Philip, an able French hy- drographer ; author of some valuable hydro- graphical and geograpliical works. Born, 1700 ; died, 1775. BUAT NANCAY, Louis Gabriel du, an eminent French diplomatist and writer ; au- thor of a " History of the Ancient Nations of Europe." "Maxims of Monarchical Go- vernment," &c. Born, 1732 ; died, 1787. BUC, Sir George, historian and anti- quary, was gentleman of the privy chamber to James I. ; and author of " The Life of Richard III.," " The Art of Revels," &c. BUCHER, Martin, a friend of Luther, and so eminent a preacher of the reformed faith, that Cranmer, when archbishop of Canterbury, invited him to England, and he became professor of theology at Cara- biidge. Born, 1491 ; died, 1551. BUCHAN, Right Hon. Stuart Erskixe, Earl of, a noblemau iiidefatigably devoted to literary and scientific pursuits, and who may justly be styled the fotmder of the Antiquarian Society in Scotland. In 1791 he instituted an annual commemoration at Eduam, the birthplace of Tliomson, in honour of tlie poet ; and on that occasion BTJC] ^ ^^to Hitibn-j^ar 23t03Taji]5u. [bul Bums composed his " Address to the Shade of the Bard of Ednam." Died, 1829. BUCHAN, William, M.D., a native of Scotland, and avithor of the well known " Domestic Medicine," &c. Eoru, 1729; died, 1805. BUCHANAN, George, an eminent Scotch historian and poet. Tlie few works which he wrote in his Tcrnacular tongue are greatly admired ; but his fame chiefly rests on his Latin works, which are singularly beautiful in their style. Born, liOC ; died, 1582. BUCHANAN, Claudius, D. D., a Scotch divine, chaplain at Bengal, and professor and vice-provost of the college at Fort William. Of his numerous works the most interesting are " Christian Researches in Asia " and a " Memoir on the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment in India." Born, 1766 ; died, 1815. BUCHOZ, P. JosKi-n, a naturalist and botanist of Metz, who must have been one of the most industrious compilers that ever lived, his works forming more than 300 volumes. Born, 1737 ; died, 1807. BUCKINGHAM, Gkokge VILLIERS, Duke of, the unworthy favourite of James I. and Charles I., was raised to tlie highest offices in the state, became the dispenser of all favours and honours, and conducted him- I self with so much pride and insolence as to excite popular hatred and disgust. Being entrusted with the command of an army, he lost the flower of it in an ill-conducted at- tack on the Isle of Rh^, and returned to refit his shattered armament. When he was again about to sail, he was assassinated at Portsmouth, by a lieutenant of the name of Felton, August 23. 1628. BUCKINGHAM, George VILLIERS, Duke of, son of the preceding, was born in 1627 ; studied at Cambridge ; served the king in the civil wars ; had his estates seized by the parliament, which, however, were af- terwards restored to him ; and he eventu- ally became a minister to Charles II., and was one of his most profligate courtiers. His political conduct was, like his general behaviour, characterised by unprincipled levity and imprudence ; and though his lite- rary and conversational powers were far above mediocrity, yet he was an object of contempt, and died, unregretted, at Kirby Mooreside, Yorkshire, in 1688. BUCKINGHAM and CHANDOS, Anke Eliza, Duchess of, daughter and heiress of the last Duke of Chandos ; born in 1779 ; married to the Marquis of Buckingham, then Earl Temple, in 179C. Throughout life this amiable and accomplished woman displayed those traits of character which shed the brightest lustre on exalted rank, and hallow tlie memory of their possessors. She was boundless in her charities ; pious, affectionate, and sincere ; withdrawing from the " pomps and vanities " of the world, to indulge in the charms of retirement, where slie could eneoiirage the deserving, reform tlie erring, and minister to the ne- cessities of the distressed. Died at Stowe, 1836. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, Joiix SHEF- FIELD, Duke of, son of the Eari of Mul- grave, was born in 1649 ; served under Marshal Turcnne, and took a part iu the revolution of 16()8. He also distinguished himself as a poet. Buckingham House, iu St. James's Park, since converted into a royal palace, was originally built for him. Died, 1720. BUCKINK, Arnold, an artist of the 15th century, and the first who engraved maps on copper. He illustrated an edition of Ptolemy, which was printed by Sweyn- heim, of Rome, one of the earliest printers iu that country. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, an American divine, of great reputation as an orator and man of letters ; author of nume- rous sermons and orations ; and editor of an American edition of " Griesbach's Greek Testament." Born, 1784 ; died, 1812. BUDDiEUS, JouN Francis, a Lutheran divine ; professor of theology at Jena, and author of a " German Historical Dictionary," &c. Died, 1729. BUDGELL, Eustace, a distinguished writer, lionoured with the friendship of Ad- dison, and other great men of his time, was born at Exeter, in 1685. He wrote memoirs of the "Boyles," " The History of Cleome- nes," and numerous papers in the Guar- dian and other periodicals. He committed suicide in 1737. BUFFON, George Louis le Ci.erc, Count de, an eminent French writer ; au- thor of the well known " Histoire Naturelle, Generale et Particuliere," a work replete with majestic descriptions of nature and profound thoughts, and one which, however the vagueness of some of its hypotheses may be criticised, will ever command the admi- ration of mankind. Born at Montbard, Burgundy, 1707 ; died, 1788. BUGEAUD, Marshal, duke of Isly, a distinguished French soldier, was born at Limoges in 1784. By the maternal side he was descended from an old Irish family. At an early age he showed a decided predi- lection for the army; but his family thwarted his views, and he only succeeded by running away from home, and becoming a private soldier. He was promoted to the rank of corporal on the field of Austeilitz ; and rose through all the grades of his profession, till he reached the rank of general in 1832. His attachment to the cause of Louis Philippe led, in 1833, to his appointment of command- ant of Blaze, a fortress in which the Duchess de Berri was imprisoned ; and his conduct in that capacity having been called in question by Dulong, a member of the opposition, a duel ensued, in which the latter fell. His subsequent exploits in Africa gained for him the baton of a field-marshal, and the title of duke from the scene of his victory over the Moors in 1844. Died of cholera at Paris, 1849. BULL, JouN, doctor of music, was cham- ber musician to James I. His compositions were very numerous, the national anthem " God save the King " being among them. The time of his death is uncertain, but he was alive in 1622. BULL, George, bishop of St. David's, a learned prelate, and a very industrious and able theological writer ; author of " Har- i bul] ^ j2eU) Btiibtx^al 28t0firiqil)g. [bun monia Apostolica," "Defensio Fidei Nicc- nae," &c. Born, 1634 ; died, 1709. BULLER, the Kight Honourable CiiAiJLEs, a politician of rare promise, was the only sou of Charles BuUer, esq., of tlie East India Civil Service, and bom at Cal- cutta in 1806. He received his education partly at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cam- bridge, and froiTi an early age gave promise of more than ordinary abilities. In his 24th year he entered parliament on the eve of tlie Reform Bill for the borough of West Looe, which belonged to his family. But family interest was to him as nothing com- pared with that of the public. He voted for the bill ; and the borough of West Looe was consigned to schedule A ; but he was sub- sequently returned for Liskeard, a seat which he retained till his death. In all questions that came before parliament he took an active part ; and on many occasions his opinions were far in advance of tlie Whig party, witli whom he subsequently took office. In 1838 he accompanied Lord Durham to Canada as his private secretary ; and in this capacity drew up the masterly report upon the afl'airs of that colony, v/hich is con- sidered as one of the most effective state papers of the age. In 1841 he was appointed secretary to the Board of Control, an office, however, which he relinquished in 1842 on the formation of tlie Peel ministry. From that time forward his attention was specially directed to the state of the British colonies and to emigration ; and in the meantime he had gained the ear of the House of Commons, which had perceived in the young statesman a desire to achieve something beyond the mere triumph of a party : the playfulness of his manner had become not the mask but the ornament of his political talents, and the attachment universally felt for the man had ripened into confidence in the judgment and courage of the statesman. In 1846, on the formation of the Whig Cabinet, he was appointed judge advocate; in November of the same year he was nominated a queen's counsel, sworn of the privy council in July 1849, and in November exchanged the easy office of judge advocate for the onerous duties of chief commissioner of the poor laws, an office which he held till his death. Besides discharging faithfully his official duties, he found leisure for literary pursuits, and many able articles in the Globe and the Edinburgh Review emanated from his versatile pen. As a companion and friend in private life no man's society was more enjoyed by persons of all shades of politics. His wit always told, but never offended. With nothing of the cant of patriotism, and little of the creed of party, he lived in singleness of devotion to the public good ; and though, from his untimely end, he has left no conspicuous monument of his public labours, few men have descended to the grave more universally beloved and respected for public virtue and private ex- cellence. Died, November 28. 1848. BULLET, Peter, an eminent French architect of the 17lh century. He con- structed the church of St. Thomas Aquinas, and many other splendid edifices in Paris, and wrote some good architectural works. BULLIALDUS, Ism-vel, a French astro- nomer and mathematician ; author of " Phi- lolaus — a Dissertation on the True System of the World," " Tabulas Philolaicas," &c. Born, 160,5 ; died, 1C94. BULLIARD, Pierre, a French botanist ; author of " Dictionnaire Elerg, in 1813, he was sum- moned home to take part in the defence of his country against the French, and after ob- taining great distinction in various engage- ments under Count Wallmoden, he once more returned to Heidelberg to finisli his studies, whence he passed into the diplomatic service of Prussia througli the influence of Prince Hardeuberg and Baron Humboldt, whose daughter he subsequently married. In 1826 he was appointed ambassador of Prussia at the court of St. James's ; and to his talents were due several of the most important treaties which allayed the warlike spirit of the times. Here he remained till 1841, when he was nominated minister of foreign affairs at Berlin ; but the crisis of affairs in Prussia proved too much for his exhausted energies, and the overstraining of his intellect, in his attempt to guide the vessel of the state, produced a mental aliena- tion, under which he succumbed in 1846. BUNYAN, Joiiy, the celebrated author of " The Pilgrim's Progress," &c., was the son of a travelling tinker, and for a time followed his father's occupation. Mean, however, as was his origin, and dissipated as his early habits confessedly were, it appears that he abandoned the latter, and attached himself to the Anabaptists, among whom he soon became distinguished as a preaclier. Being imprisoned for contravening the laws against Dissenters, he employed the twelve years of his confinement in writing the most popular allegory in our language, " The Pilgrim's Progress." He was at length re- leased through tlie interposition of the Bishop of Lincoln, and resumed his ministry at BUO] ^ ^tbj ^Rm'ticriSal 28t0grajpl;j). [buo Bedford, in the gaol of which town he liad been imprisoned. Bom, lG2d ; died, 1688. BUONAFEDE, Appian, an Italian abbot, author of " Tlie Poetical Chronology of Great Men," "The History and Spirit of Philosophy," &c. Died, 1792. BUONAPARTE, Napoleox, emperor of the French, Icing of Italy, &c., was born at Ajaccio, in the island of Corsica, August 15. 1769. His father, Charles Buonaparte, was an advocate of consideraJ)le reputation, and his mother, whose maiden name was Marie Letitia Ramoline, was well descended, re- marlcable for beauty, strong-minded, and accomplished. Napoleon was their second child ; Joseph, afterwards king of Spain, being his senior. He was educated at the military school of Brienne, and entered the army as a second lieutenant of artillery, in 1785. At the age of 20, the French revolu- tion opened a field to the exertions of Napo- leon ; and during his correspondence with the Corsican general, Paoli, who had vainly endeavoured to enlist him on his side, the germs of future ambition began to be deve- loped. In 1793, during the reign of terror, he was actively employed at the siege of Toulon, on wliich occasion the convention gave him the command of the artillery ; and by his courage and exertions the city was recovered from the English and royalists. Subsequently to this he displayed great talents in the army employed against Pied- mont ; and, in October, 1795, we find him at Paris, commanding the conventional troops which defeated those of the sections, and quelled the revolt. In March, 1790, he mar- ried Josephine, widow of Viscount de Beau- hamois, who suffered under Robespierre : he was now appointed to the command of the army of Italy, and on the 10th of May fol- lowing he gained the battle of Lodi. The subjugation of the various Italian states, and his repeated successes over the Austrians, ended in a peace, when he was within 30 miles of Vienna. Thus disengaged, a new theatre for the display of his genius pre- sented itself. With a large fleet, and 40,000 troops on board the transports, he set sail for the intended conquest of Egypt in May, 1798. On his way tliither lie took Malta ; and on the 22d of September we find him celebrating the battle of the Pyramids at Grand Cairo, but his progress was checked by the heroism of Sir Sidney Smith and his handful of British troops at St. John d'Acre; and the various reverses which the French army continued to meet with, coupled with the fact that his presence seemed necessary at home, induced Buonaparte to embark secretly for France, accompanied by a few officers wholly devoted to him, and to leave his brave but shattered army to the care of General Kleber. He landed at Frejus, in October, 1799 ; hastened to Paris ; overthrew the directorial government ; and was raised to the supreme power by the title of First Consul. He now led a powerful army over the Alps ; fought the celebrated battle of Marengo, in June, 1800 ; and once more be- came master of the whole of Italy. A peace with Austria followed these successes ; and, soon after, a brief and hollow peace with England. On the 20th of May, 1804, he was raised to the imperial dignity ; and in December was crowned, with his empress Josephine, by pope Pius VIII. Here, brief as our space is, we must notice an incident too striking to be overlooked : — As soon as the holy pontiff had blessed the crown, the emperor, without waiting for the remainder of the ceremony, eagerly seized it, and putting it first upon his own head, after- wards placed it on the head of Josephine. He now seriously meditated the invasion of England, assembling a numerous flotilla, and collecting 200,000 troops, which were encamped in the neighbourhood of Boulogne, ostensibly for that purpose ; but Austria and Russia appearing in arms against him, and the battle of Trafalgar having nearly anni- hilated the French navy, he abandoned the design, and marched his troops to the banks of the Danube. On the 11th of November, 1805, the French army entered Vienna ; the memorable battle of Austerlitz took place on the 2d of December, and the humiliating treaty of Presburg followed. This year, 1806, may be regarded as the era of king- making. New dynasties were created by him, and princes promoted or transferred according to his imperial will : the crown of Naples he bestowed on his brother Joseph, that of Holland on Louis, and Westphalia on Jerome ; while the Confederation of the Rhine was called into existence to give sta- bility to his extended dominion. Prussia again declared war ; but the disastrous battle of Jena annihilated her hopes, and both she and Russia were glad to make peace with the French emperor in 1807. Napoleon now turned his eye on Spain ; treacherously causing the abdication of Charles IV., and the forced resignation of Ferdinand, while he sent 80,000 men into that country, seized all the strong places, and obtained possession of the capital : but this was the great error of his life, and one of the main causes which led to his downfall. In 1809, while his armies were occupied in the Peninsula, Austria again ventured to try her strength with France. Napoleon thereupon left Paris, and at the head of his troops once more entered the Austrian capital, gained the decisive victory of Wagram, and soon concluded a peace ; one of the secret conditions of which was, that he should have his marriage with Josephine dissolved, and unite himself to the daughter of the emperor, Francis II. His former marriage was accordingly an- nulled ; Josephine, with the title of ex-em- press, retired to Navarre, a seat about 30 miles from Paris ; and he espoused the Arch- duchess Maria Louisa in April, 1810. The fruit of this union was a son,boni March 23. 1811, who was named Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph, and styled king of Rome. Dissatisfied with the conduct of Russia, he now put himself at the head of an invading army, prodigious in number, and admirably appointed, and marched with his numerous allies towards the enemy's frontiers, gained several battles, and at length reached Mos- cow, where he hoped to establish his winter quarters, but which he found in flames. A retreat was unavoidable ; and now was pre- sented to the eye of ambition the most ap- palling scene recorded in modern history — BUO] ^ |5£fio Winihcxial MiaQva^ffv, [buo a brave and devoted army encountering all the horrors of famine in a climate so in- supportably cold that their freezing bodies strewed the roads, wliile an exasperated phalanx of Cossacks hung upon the rear of the main army, hewing down without re- morse tlie enfeebled and wretched fugitives. Buonaparte fled to Paris, partially disclosed his losses, and called upon the senate for a new armj' of 3rA),(K>0 men ; which was unani- mously agreed to, and he marched to meet the combined Russian and Prussian forces. Victory still for a time hovered over his banners ; but Austria having joined the co- alition, the great battle of I^ipsic, in wlxich lie lost half of his army, was decisive as to the war in Germany. Napoleon, however, again returned to Paris, and demanded another levy of 300,000 men. The levy was granted, and the new campaign, 1814, was attended with various success ; till the over- whelming number of his enemies, who en- tered the French frontiers at different points, at lengtli compelled him to abdicate, and accept the sovereignty of the Isle of Elba, with the title of ex-emperor, and a pension of 2,000,000 livres. From tliis place he soon found means to escape, secretly embarking on the night of the 25th of February, 1815, in some hired feluccas, accompanied by about 1200 men ; he landed at Frejus on the 1st of March, speedily reached Paris, and expelled Louis XVIII. from tlie kingdom. But the confederated armies were now in motion ; and though he marched against them with a large army and an immense supply of stores and ammunition, the ever memorable battle of Waterloo put an end to his political career. He withdrew from the army, and proceeded to the coast, with the intention of embarking for America ; but fearful of being captured by the British cruisers, he resigned himself, on the 15th of July, into the hands of Captain Maitland, and went on board the Bcllero- phon. By the joint determination of the allies he was sent to the isle of St. Helena, where, accompanied by several of his old friends and domestics, he arrived on the 13th of October, 1815, as a state prisoner. During his exile he was subject to much an- noyance, real or imaginary, and died on the 6th of May, 1821, of cancer in the stomach : a disease which was evidently hereditary, his father Imving, at about the same age, died of a similar malady. In giving this sketch of Napoleon's life, we have somewhat exceeded our usual limits ; and it is neither our purpose nor our wish to make a single comment on his character as a man. His wondrous deeds will long afford matter for deep reflection ; and while some may be dazzled by his amazing military talents and stupendous achievements, others will turn from them with sickening disgust. BUONAPARTE, Nai-oleox Fraxcis Charles Joski-h, duke of Reichstadt, only son of the emperor Napoleon by his second wife, Maria Louisa of Austria. After his father's downfall, he was wholly under the care of his grandfather, the emperor of Austria. He was from infancy of a weakly constitution, and a rapid decline terminated his life in 1832, at the early age of 21. It would appear, from a work by M. de Montbel, 129 entitled "I.« Due de Reichstadt," that the young Napoleon possessed many amiable qualities, and was greatly beloved by those who knew him ; while he had all tlie enthu- siasm and passion of youth hi extreme force, •alternating with a distrust, a caution, and a rapidity in fathoming the characters of the persons with whom he was necessarily brought into contact, which are the usual qualities of age ; and that he took the deep- est interest in every thing connected with his father's former greatness, or relating to military affairs. BUONAPARTE, Joseph, an elder brother of Napoleon, was born in Corsica, in 1708. Educated for the law at the college of Autun in France, he became a member of tlie new administration of Corsica under Paoli ; but soon afterwards emigrated to Marseilles, where he married the daughter of a banker named Clari. In 179G he was appointed commissary of the army in Italy then com- manded by his brother Napoleon; and in 1797, having been elected deputy to the Council of Five Hundred b^ Ids native department, he repaired to Pans, whence he was shortly afterwards sent by the executive directory as ambassador to the pope. During the revolution wliich broke out at Rome under Dupliot, he displayed considerable energy ; and on Itis return to Paris he was made councillor of state, and was subsequently employed by Napoleon to negotiate the treaties of Luneville with tlie emperor of Germany, and of Amiens with England. When Napoleon attained the imperial crown, Joseph was recognised as an imperial prince, and in this capacity he headed the expedition against Naples in 180G, which resulted in liis being proclaimed king of Naples and Sicily. Here he reigned till 1808, effecting beneficial changes in the admi- nistration of tlie law and the institutions of the country. In 1808 he was appointed king of Spain, Murat having succeeded him as king of Naples. But in Spain lie en- countered much greater dilficulties than at Naples ; and during the five years of his reign he was tiirice obliged by the successes of the allied armies to quit his capital ; the last time, in 1813, after the battle of Vittoria, to return no more. He now retired to France. In January of the following year, when Napoleon set out for the army, he was appointed lieutenant-general of the empire and head of the council of regency to assist the empress-regent ; but in tliis capacity he displayed little firmness, and consented to the capitulation of Paris, which resulted in the abdication of Napoleon and his banishment to Elba. He then retired to Switzerland ; but he rejoined Napoleon on his return to Paris in March 1815, and after the defeat at Waterloo he embarked for the United States, where he purchased a large property, and continued for many years to reside there under the name of the Count de Survilliers. Died at Florence, 1844. BUONAPARTE, Luciex, prince of Ca- nino, the next brother after Napoleon in birth, and after him, too, the ablest of tlie family. He was born at Ajaccio in 1775 ; and having quitted Corsica, with his family, in 1793, he became a commissary of the army BUO] ^ 0cia UnibtxitiX 2St0tjrajpTjtJ, [buo in 1795, and soon after^vards was elected deputy from the department of Liamone to the Council of Five Hundred. It was here that he first distinguished himself by the energy of his manner, tlie fluency of his language, the soundness of liis arguments, and his apparent devotion to the existing govern- ment. During Napoleon's absence in Egypt, he maintained a constant corre- spondence -with him ; and, on his return, Lucien was the chief instrument of the re- volution which followed. When the sen- tence of outlawry was about to be pro- nounced against his brother, he opposed it with all the force of his eloquence ; and when he perceived that remonstrances were of no avail, he threw down the ensigns of his dignity as president, mounted a liorse, harangued the troops, and induced tliem to clear tlie hall of its members. By his sub- sequent energy, coolness, and decision, lie led the way to Napoleon's election as first consul, and was himself made minister of the Interior, in the room of Laplace. But, great as were the services which Liicien had performed for his brother, the latter became jealous of his abilities, and feared his popu- larity. A coolness between them soon took place ; and, with that cunning which marked so many of his actions, he took care to re- move Lucien from the immediate scene of action, by sending him ambassador to Madrid. In the spring of 1802 he returned to Paris, was outwardly reconciled with the first consul, and entered a second time upon the tribuneship. He had married, at an early age, the daughter of a wealthy innkeeper ; and, his wife liaving been now some time dead, he united himself to one Madame Jouberthou, tlie widow of a stock-broker, a woman distinguished for her gallantries. Tills gave great offence to Napoleon, and was a severe blow to the system he had long contemplated of forming royal alliances for his relatives. He therefore used every means in his power to induce Lucien to consent to a dissolution of the marriage ; but, to his honour be it recorded, he constantly spumed all the proposals that were made to him to sacrifice his wife. For several years he took up liis residence in Rome, where he was a welcome visitor, having merited the grati- tude of the pope by the zealous support he had given the concordat ; and when, in 1807, he found that the enmity of his bro- ther rendered his stay in that city no longer safe, he retired to an estate which he had purchased at Canino, and which his holi- ness had raised into a principality. It was not long, however, before he found that the emissaries of Napoleon were hovering round his retreat, and he fled secretly to Civita Vecchia, from which place he embarked in Aug. 1810, with the intention of proceed- ing to the United States. A storm threw him on the coast of Cagliari ; but the king of Sardinia refused him permission to land : he was accordingly forced to put out to sea ; and being captured by two English frigates, he was conveyed first to Malta and after- wards (Dec. 18.) to England. After a time he was permitted to purchase a beautiful estate near Ludlow, in Shropshire, where he spent three calm and peaceful years, com- pleting, during that period, a poem upon which he had long meditated, entitled " Charlemagne, or the Church Delivered." Tlie peace of 1814 having opened his way to the Continent, he returned to his old friend and protector, Pius VII. After the battle of Waterloo he urged the emperor to make a desperate stand for the throne ; but the cause was hopeless ; and Lucien, having retired to Italy, devoted the remainder of his days to literature and the fiine arts. He died at Viterbo, June 29. 1840. BUONAPARTE, Louis, a younger brother of Napoleon and ex-king of Holland, was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, September 2. 1778. He entered the army at an early age, accompanied his brother to Italy and Egypt, and on Napoleon's successive ele- vations to the consulsliip and the empire rose to be a councillor of state and a general of division, and received the titles of con- stable of France and colonel-general of carabineers. After having been successively appointed governor of Piedmont, and go- vernor ad interim of the capital, in place of Murat, he took the command of the army of the North in Holland ; and in 1806 the Ba- tavian republic having been changed into a kingdom by Napoleon, Louis was nomi- nated king at the request of the States of Holland. In this capacity he conducted him- self with equal skill and humanity, and such was the affection with which his Dutch subjects had inspired him, tliat he refused without hesitation tlie crown of Spain which was offered him by the emperor. In 1810, Louis, having long resisted the emperor's commands to enforce the continental block- ade, which would, as he believed, have proved detrimental to his people's interests, abdi- cated in favour of his son ; but the abdication was rejected by Napoleon, who thereupon united Holland to the French empire ; and the ex-king leaving Holland secretly, repaired to Gratz in Styria, where he resided several years under the title of Count de Saint Leu. After the fall of Napoleon, he finally retired to the Papal States with some members of his family, where he devoted himself chiefly to literary pursuits down to the period of his death. His only surviving son, Louis Napoleon Buonaparte, the offspring of his marriage with Hortense Eugenie de Beauharnois (which see), daughter of the empress Josephine, is the first pre- sident of the French republic, established in 1848. Died at Leghorn, 25th June, 1846. BUONAPARTE, Makie Lktitia, the mother of Napoleon. From the widow of a poor Corsican officer she saw herself ele- vated to the dignity of being the mother of monarchs ; and she lived to witness their removal from the thrones they liad respec- tively usurped. Died, Feb. 3. 183(5. [The most authentic genealogical docu- ments ascribe a Florentine origin to the Buonaparte family, and trace them back to the year 1120, when one of them was ex- iled from Florence as a Ghibelline j and in 1332 we find that John Buonaparte was po- destd. of that city. In 1404, his descendant and namesake, who was plenipotentiary to Gabriel Visconti, duke of Milan, married the niece of pope Nicliolas V. His son BUO] ^ ^cto CInibcrsal 38t0jji7fjp]5i?. [buk (Nicholas Buonaparte) was ambassador from the same pontiff to several courts, and vice- gerent of the holy see at Ascoli. In 15G7 Gabriel Buonaparte established himself at Ajaccio, and for several generations his descendants were successively heads of the elders of that city. But Napoleon Buona- parte ridiculed the pride of ancestry, and was ready on all occasions to declare, that the exalted station lie liad attained was due to his own merits alone] BUONO. a Venetian architect of the 12th century, who erected the well-known tower of St. Mark at Venice, a campanile or bell- tower at Arezzo, and several other grand ediftces. lie is deservedly reckoned among the earliest improvers of modern architec- ture. BUONONCINI, Giovanni Baptista, a celebrated Italian composer, and one of Handel's most powerful rivals in England. Besides operas, he composed various can- tatas and sonatas, and the grand funeral anthem for the Duke of Marlborough. He is supposed to have died at Venice about the middle of the 18th century. BUPALUS. a famous sculptor of the isle of Chios in the 6th century, B.C. He is said to have hanged himself in vexation at a satire written upon him by Ilipponax, a poet, whose leanness he had caricatured in a statue. BURCARD, or BROCARDUS, bishop of Worms, in the 11th century. Assisted by the abbot Albert, he compiled the famous collection of Canons, in 20 books, entitled "Magna Decretorum, seu Canonura Vo- lumeu." Died, 102C8 ; died, 1741. BURMAN, Petek, a nephew of the above, professor of history and rhetoric at Amsterdam ; editor of the works of Claudian, Aristophanes, &c. Born, 1714, died. 1778. BURMAN, John, brother of the prece- ding, and eminent equally as a phj'sician and a botanist ; author of " Thesaurus Zei- lanicus," &c. Born, 1707 ; died, 1779. BURN, RicuARD, LL.D., an English clergyman ; author of a " History of the Poor Laws," joint author with Mr. Nichol- son of a " History of Westmoreland and Cumberland," and compiler of the well- known work " Burn's Justice." Died, 1780. BURNES, Sir Alexander, a lieutenant- colonel in the Indian army, and political resident in the court of the Soojali at Cabool, was born at Montrose, in 1805. Having ob- tained tlie appointment of cadet, he arrived at Bombay in 1821 ; and, on account of his proficiency in the Persian and Hindostanee languages, was at first employed as an in- terpreter and translator. His regiment, the 21st native infantry, having been ordered to Bhooj in 1825, Lieut. Bumes joined it, and during the disturbances in Cutch was ap- pointed quarter-master of brigade, though at the time he was under 20 years of age. His superior talents and zeal soon attracted tlie attention of the authorities, and he was speedily appointed Persian interpreter to a force of 8,000 men, assembled for the invasion of Scinde, under the command of Colonel M. Napier of the Cth foot. In Sept. 1829, he was appointed assistant to the political agent at Cutch, and was engaged in surveying the north-west frontier. Early iu ISJM) a present of horses having arrived at Bombay from the king of England, to be sent to the Maharajah Runjeet Singh, Lieut. Bumes was selected to proceed with them to La- hore, the capital of the Punjaub country. He was also entrusted with presents to the Ameers of Scinde ; but though this was the ostensible object of his mission, the chief motive was to obtain full and complete information in reference to everything per- taining to the geography of the Indus. This extraordinary journey was performed amid delays, obstructions, and difficulties, but with admirable tact and perseverance ; and the work recording these travels, which was published some little time after his return to England in 1833, possesses the highest in- terest. Soon after his return to India in 1835, Lieut. Bumes, in acknowledgment of his diplomatic and other services, was knighted and advanced to the brevet rank of lieut.-colonel ; and on the final restoration of the Shah Soojah, in Sept. 18;}9, he was appointed political resident at Cabool, with a salary of ;iOOO/. But he was not long des- tined to fill the post which his merits had gained ; for, at the very outset of tlie insur- rection in Cabool, it was the melancholy fate of this enterprising and deserving officer — then only in his 37th year — to be assassin- ated, together with his brother, Lieut. Charles Bumes, and several others. Died, Nov. 2. 1841. BURNET, Thomas, an English divine and philosopher ; author of " ArchsBologia Antiqua de Rerum Originibus," &c. lie was master of the Charter-house, and is distinguished for the bold resistance he made to James II., who wished to make a Roman Catholic a pensioner of that esta- blishment. Died, 1715. BURNET, Gilbekt, bishop of Salisbury ; a learned prelate and an able and industrious writer ; author of the well-known and va- luable " History of the Reformation," " His- tory of his own Times," &c. Born, 1(>43 ; died, 1715. BURNETT, James, Lord Monboddo, a distinguished Scotch judge ; author of a " Dissertation on the Origin of Language," &c. Though both learned and acute, he exposed himself to much ridicule by as- serting the existence of mermaids and satyrs, and by other ridiculous theories, particu- larly his whimsical speculations relative to a supposed affinity between the human race and the monkey tribe. Born, 1714 ; died, 1779. BURNETT, Gilbert Thomas, F.L. S., the lineal descendant of the celebrated Bishop Burnet, was bom in 1800, and hav- ing received a classical and scientific edu- cation, studied with success under medical and anatomical professors ; and, ultimately 133 bur] ^ ^(ia Winihtx&Hl 23i0C|:rapIj». [bus became profeasor of medical botany at King's College, London. Died in 183.5. BURNEY, Charles, the well-kno\vn author of the "History of Music," and per- haps still more celebrated as the father of the authoress of " Evelina," &c., was bom at Chester in 172(5. He early showed a taste for music, and having acquired considerable knowledge of the art under the celebrated Dr. Arne, he settled in London with every prospect of success. But his health failed, and he accepted the place of organist at Lynn, where he resided nine years. In 17G0 he returned to London with his health re- stored, and he at once obtained as many pupils as enabled him to support his family in comfort and independence. His profes- sional merit obtained for him, in 1769, the degree of doctor of music from the university of Oxford ; and his attainments, the sua- vity of his temper, and the gentle simplicity of his manners not only gained for him ready admission to the first literary circles, but his own little house in St. Martin's Street, Leicester Square, was long tlic resort of all that was distinguished for talent, rank, or fashion. In 1800 he obtained a pension of 3001. per annum. Besides his History of Music, Dr. Bumey published " The Life of Metastasio," a " Musical Tour through France and Italy," and he contributed nearly all the musical articles to Rees's Cyclopa;dia, for which he obtained lOOOZ. Died, 1814. BURNEY, Charles, second son of the musical composer, was a classical scholar and critic of high reputation. Dr. Burney's classical acquirements were first displayed in the Monthly Review, and there were few Greek scholars who could compete with him. Among his works are an Appendix to Sca- pula's Greek Lexicon, the choral odes of .^schylus, &c. His valuable library was purchased by parliament for the British Museum. Bom 1757 ; died, 1817. BURNT:Y, Rear-Admiral James, eldest son of the above, entered the navy at an early age, and accompanied the ill-fated Cook on his two last voyages. After long and arduous 8ervices,he attained the rank of rear-admiral. He was an able geographer ; and his " His- tory of Voyages of Discovery " and other valuable writings show him to have been an accurate thinker. Bora, 1759 ; died, 1821. BURNEY, William, LL.D., master of the Royal Academy, Gosport; a school where many distinguished naval and military offi- cers have been educated. He was the author of "Lives of the Naval Heroes of Great Britain," &c. Born, 1762 ; died, 1832. BURNS, John, M. D., and professor of surgery in Glasgow University, was bora in 1780. Besides being the author of many valuable works relating to his profession, he published a work on the evidences and principles of Christianity, which has gone through many editions. It was at first published anonymously ; but it was obvi- ously the production of a medical man ; and it is related that the father of Dr. Burns, who was for sixty years a minister in Glas- gow, having read it, expressed himself much pleased with it, and said to his son, "Ah John ! I wish you could have written such a book." Though in his eightieth year, Dr. Bums was still active both in body and mind ; but his vigorous old age was suddenly cut short by the calamity which befell the Orion on her passage from Liverpool to Glasgow, June 17. 1850. BIJRNS, Robert, a celebrated Scotch poet, whose rich humour, pathos, and energy have never been surpassed, was born in 1759, near the town of Ayr. His parents were in humble circumstances, but they gave him a good plain education, and as he grew up he added to it an acquaintance with French and mathematics. His poems are too well known and appreciated to need description in this place ; but it is not unnecessary to remark that his prose, consisting chiefly of letters hastily written and never intended for publication, are scarcely less honourable to his genius. He was naturally of a con- vivial turn ; and after having been unfortu- nate in various attempts to gain a living by agricultural and other pursuits, he was made an exciseman : this employment confirmed him in habits of dissipation, which caused an illness, of which he died, in the 37th year of his age, in 1796. An excellent edition of his works, with a Life, &c. by Allan Cunning- ham, was published in 1835. BURROW, Reuben, an able mathema- tician ; author of a tract on " Projectiles," a " Restitution of Apollonius on Inclina- tions," &c. He was making a trigonometrical survey of Bengal when he died, in 1791. BURTON, the Rev. Edwaud, D.D., regius professor of divinity in the university of Oxford, and rector of Ewelme, was bora in 1794 ; educated at Westminster, and matri- culated at Christchurch, Oxford. His talents, close application, and exemi)lary conduct, did not pass unnoticed ; and he rose from one honourable station to another. His various pamphlets and the works he edited, prove that he was able and industrious. Died, 1836. BURTON, John, an English divine and critic; author of various theological treatises; poetry in Greek, Latin, and English ; and other productions. Died, 1771. BURTON, Robert, an English divine ; author of that singular work, " The Anatomy of Melancholy ; " which Archbishop Herring describes as " the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense." The archbishop adds, that the wits of the reigns of Anne and the first George were deeply indebted to Burton ; and we may venture to say, that the " wits " of the suc- ceeding reigns have been no less so. Born, 1576 ; died, 1640. BUSBY, Dr. Richard, the venerable master of Westminster School — celebrated for his abilities as a classical teacher and as an unflinching disciplinarian — was born in 1606. He held the situation of head-master from 1640 to the time of his decease, in 1695 — a period of 55 years. BUSCHE, or BUSCHIUS, Herman von DER, a learned German, friend and fellow- labourer of Luther ; author of Scholia on ancient writers, Latin poems, &c. Died, 1534. BUSCHETTO DA DULICHIO, a Greek architect of the 11th century. He erected the cathedral church of Pisa, the first spe- cimen of the Lombard ecclesiastical style of building. bus] ^ ^m BnibtrinX mas^n^M* [bux BUSCHING, Anthony Fredeimc, an able and industrious writer, to whom tlie science of statistics is greatly indebted ; author of a " Magazine of Modem History and Geography," " Elements of Natural History," "Character of Frederic II. of I Prussia," " History and Theory of the Belles I^ttres," &c. His works, in short, amount to 100 volumes. Bom, 1724 ; died, 1793. BUSHE, the Right Hon. Sir Charles Kendal, was one of the most eminent of all the lawyers and the statesmen that made the courts and the parliament of Ireland so brilliant towards the close of the 18th cen- tury. Though he had to contend against such opponents aaPonsonby.Pluukctt, Flood, Grattan, Curran, and Saurin, he was never found unequal to the contest, whether at the bar or in the house. He was raised to the chief justiceship of Ireland, and made a privy councillor in 1822, and shone in that high office as brightly as he had shoue as advocate and orator. The infirmities of a very advanced age at length compelled him to retire upon a pension of 3000Z. per annum ; and he had scarcely done so, when he was attacked by effusion upon the brain, and died July 7. 1843. BUTE, John Stuart, Earl of, a British statesman, descended from an ancient Scotch family, was born early in the 18th century. In 1738 he was appointed one of the lords of the bedchamber to Frederic, prince of Wales, the father of George III. Soon after the young king's accession, over whom Bute possessed unbounded influence, he was made secretary of state, and, quickly after, first lord of the treasury. Under his ministry, a peace, whicli disappointed the hopes of the people, was concluded with France and Spain ; and what added greatly to his un- popularity, was the marked favouritism he showed for his countrymen, filling the most lucrative offices in the state with Scotchmen. He at length resigned his offices, and retired into private life, which he adorned by his be- nevolent disposition and his love of science. Botany was his favourite study, and he ex- pended vast sums in its pursuit. Died, 1792. BUTLER, Alban, an English Catholic divine. He was for some time chaplain to the Duke of Norfolk, but at length became president of the college of St. Omei's. The chief of his works is the "Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal Saints." Died, 1773. BUTLER, CuAKLES, a Roman Catholic, bred to the legal profession, and a most in- defatigable and accomplished scholar. His numerous works, with the exception of his "Notes to Coke upon Littleton" and his " Reminiscences," are of a religious or po- litical character ; and, indeed, as the able advocate of his own religious community, he is principally to be regarded. It may be truly said that neither the fire of youth, the interruption of business, the variety of his employments, nor the bustle of the world, could ever moderate his ardour for study. He was the author of " Lives of the Saints," " Historical Account of the Laws against the Roman Catholics," " Book of the Catholic Church," &c. Born, 1750 ; died, 1832. 133 BUTLER, Joseph, bishop of Durham, an extremely learned and able prelate ; author of the well-known and invaluable work, "The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Course and Constitution of Nature." Born, 1G92 ; died, 17.52. BUTLER, Sami'el, an English poet, whose principal work, "Hudibras," is pro- bably, both in design and execution, the most strikingly original we have. Wit abounds throughout it, and the odd double rhymes in which the author so much de- lighted, are singularly well adapted to add point to the ridicule he chose to inflict His other works are far inferior to Hudibras ; and of the thousand imitations of that work, not one has the true lludibrustic comming- ling of wit, humour, knowledge of the world, and facility of expression. Bom, 1612 ; died, 1680. BUTLER, Dr. Samckl, bishop of Lich- field, a learned and most exemplary English divine. He was born at Kenilworth, in Warwickshire, and received his education at Rugby School, to which he was admitted in 1783. In 1792 he removed thence to St. John's College, Cambridge, where his course was rapid and brilliant, nearly, if not quite, without parallel, his prizes and distinctions far exceeding in number those obtained by any of his contemporaries. In 1798 he was appointed to the mastership of Shrewsbury School, and, about the same time, he was selected for the arduous task of preparing a new edition of iEschylus for the university press. His learning and his indefatigable exertions soon produced for Shrewsbury a very high rank and reputation among our public schools. After receiving several minor preferments, he was, in 18.%, i)romoted to the bishopric of Lichfield. Tliough a perfect martyr to ill health, he was a very volu- minous author. His "Sketch of Ancient and Modem Geography " and his " Ancient and Modern Atlases" are the best works of their kind. Bom, 1774 ; died, 1840. BUTTNER, Christopuek William, a German naturalist and philologist, whose zeal in pvirsuit of his favourite studies was such, that, in order to buy books, he re- stricted himself to what was barely neces- sary to sustain life, never making more than one frugal meal a day. Bora, 171G i died. 1801. BUXHOWDEN, Frederic William, Count of, a general in the Russian army. He entered on a military life at an early age, and was engaged in the war against the Turks in 1769 ; till, rising by degrees, he, in 1794, obtained the command of Warsaw and the administration of Poland. In 1805 he commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Austerlitz, which advanced while the centre and right wing were beaten ; but, after the battle of Pultusk, he was unjustly superseded by Bennigsen. He was, however, again made commander-in-chief, and, in 1808, conquered Finland. Died, 1811. BUXTON, Jedediaii, a singularly gifted person, whose powers of calculation, derived solely from nature, have probably never been equalled. It is said that he was asked this most difficult question — " In a body whose three sides are, respectively, 23,145,789 yards. H 2 BUX] ^ ia^&j ^uibcr^al 33tO0rap]^i). [byr 6,642,732 yards, and 54,965 j'ards, how many cubical eiglilhs of an inch are there ? " and that, amid all the distractions of the labours of a hundred men, he gave tlie exact an- Bwer in little more than five hours ! But it was only in calculating that he had any intellectual superiority ; in other respects, his mind was rather below than above the average. He died towards the close of the 18th centuiy. BUXTON, Sir Thomas Fowei.l, bart. This distinguished philanthropist was born at Earl's Colne, Essex, in 1786 ; and received his academical education at Trinity College, Dublin. Having, in 1811, joined the firm of Truman, Hanbury, and Co., the eminent Liondon brewers, his connection with the locality of Sjutalfields made him personally acquainted with the sufi'erings of his poor neighbours ; and the powerful appeals he made in their favour in 1816 led to an ex- tensive and well-organised system for their relief. His success in this charitable un- dertaking induced him (in conjunction with his sister-in-law, Mrs Fry, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Hoare) to examine into the state of our prisons, and to publish the result of liis labours. This not only led to the formation of the Prison Discipline So- ciety, but was the basis upon which many of the modern improvements in our gaols are founded. In 1818 he was returned M. P. for Weymouth, which borough he continued to represent till 1837, when he was defeated by Mr. Villiers. During the time he held a seat in the house, liis energies were almost unceasingly directed to ameliorate the con- dition of the oppressed. He became the re- cognised successor of Mr. Wilberforce, and he had the supreme satisfaction of seeing his eflforts for the abolition of slavery crowned with complete success. To other subjects of paramount interest, viz. tlie reform of our criminal code — the civilisation of Africa, by commercial, agricultural, and missionary enterprise — the support of benevolent in- stitutions, particularly such as had for their objects the education and improvement of the poor — to these, and such as these. Sir Thomas Powell Buxton applied himself with a persevering assiduity tliat did honour to his name. In 1840 he waa created a baronet. Died Feb. 19. 1845. BUXTORF, John, a Calvinist divine, professor of Chaldee and Hebrew at Basle ; author of " Tliesaurus Lingua; Hebraicae," " Institutio Epistolaris Hebraica," &c. Born, 1564 ; died, 1629. BUXTORF, JoHX, son of the preceding, and his successor in tlie professorship atBasle ; author of a " Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon," &c., besides other classical and theological works. It is recorded of him, that, at the early age of four years, he was able to read Hebrew and Latin Two others of the same name, his son and nephew, were also noted for their skill in the Hebrew tongue. BYNG, John, fourth son of Viscount Tor- rington, was, like his father, an admiral. After having frequently and highly distin- guished himself, he was tried by court- martial for alleged cowardice. He was dis- patched to the relief of Minorca, at that time blockaded by a French fleet ; and bis hesitation to engage an enemy of superior strength excited the clamour of the nation against him. When the news arrived in England, the dastard ministry, wishing to avert the public odium from their unsuccess- ful measures, took advantage of the admiral's unpopularity ; and though tlie court by which the ill-fated commander was tried, recom- mended him to mercy, they suffered the un- just sentence to be carried into execution. He was shot at Portsmouth, March 14. 1767 ; meeting his death with the firmness of a hero and the resignation of a Christian. BYRNE, William, an eminent English engraver. His works are very numerous, and remarkable for the excellence of their aerial perspective. Died, 1805. BYROM, John, an ingenious prose writer and poet, and the inventor of a system of stenography. He was also a contributor to tlie Spectator, under the signature of "John Shadow." Born, 1691 ; died, 1763. BYRON, the Hon. John, an eminent na- val commander and circumnavigator, whose sufferings, when wrecked in the Wager, are graphically described in his "Narrative." He rose to the rank of admiral, and com- manded in tlie West Indies during the Ame- rican war. Born, 1723 ; died. 1768. BYRON, Right Hon. George Gordon BvKON, Lord, grandson of the preceding, bom, Jan. 22d, 1788, was the sixth in de- scent from his ancestor. Sir John Byron, who received the estate of Newstead as a grant from king Henry VIII. The noto- riously licentious conduct of his father, Capt. Byron, who had deserted his wife and squandered her fortune, made him an exile from England ; and he died in 1791, leaving his widow and son almost destitute. Mrs. Byron having previous to tliis event retired to her native city of Aberdeen, in order to live withiu the limits of her scanty income, she placed her son early in the grammar school of that city ; but when, in 1798, by the death of his great uncle, without issue, he became possessed of the family title and estates, he was placed under the guardian- ship of Lord Carlisle, who sent him to Har- row. His love of liberty and Independence were prominent traits in his disposition, and they were seconded by a fixed aversion to control. In 1804 he went to Cambridge, and there became chiefly remarkable for his ec- centric habits, and his defiance of the rules of discipline. On quitting Cambridge he took up his residence at Newstead Abbey, and soon after published his " Hours of Idleness." Although marked by some fea- tures of juvenility, this production gave un- doubted indications of poetic genius ; but it met with most severe and unmerited censure from the Edinburgh Review. The ridicule thus cast by the critic on the poet was not suffered to rest there: he exerted his powers, and amply revenged himself in the cele- brated satire of " English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." About that period he expe- rienced a great disappointment in seeing Miss Chaworth, who had been the early object of his love, married to another. His course of life was now marked by extrava- gance and dissipation, impairing both his health and fortune ; and it was probably to caa] ^ ^tlM Bnibsr^aX 38t05rap]^ii. [cab I extricate himself from the Circean snares by which he was surrounded, tliat he resolved on an excursion to the Continent. He was accompanied by his friend and fellow-col- legian, John Cam Ilobhouse, esq. ; an* after a stay of two years he returned, and gave to the world tlie first two cantos of "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage." This was quickly succeeded by " The Giaour," " The Bride of Abydos," " Lara," " The Corsair," &c. ; and the noble bard became the poetical idol of the day. In January, 1815, he married Anna Isabella, only daughter of Sir Ralph Milbanke Noel ; but the union was not pro- ductive of happiness, and they sejiarated 80on after the birth of a daughter. This rupture gave rise to many rumours re- dounding little to Ixird Byron's credit, and he again went to the Continent, with a de- termination not to return to his native country. He often changed his residence ; and during his various travels, while he visited the most celebrated parts of the south of Europe^ his admirers in England were indulged with the productions of his powerful and versatile muse : sometimes proudly soaring into the pure regions of taste, breathing noble sentiments and chi- valric feelings ; at other times, descending to impure voluptuousness, or grovelling in sheer vulgarity. In 182;5 the state of the Greeks awoke his noble feeling of independ- ence ; and, with a disinterested generosity that scarcely has its parallel, he resolved to devote his fortune, his pen, and his sword in their cause. Uia energies, however, were uo sooner called into action, than he was as- sailed by disease ; and he expired, of a fever, at Missolonghi, on the 19lh of April, 1824, in the 37th year of his age, to the inexpress- ible sorrow of the Greeks, by whom he was venerated for his personal exertions and liberal pecuniary aid. Few instances have occurred in which inconsistency appeared so glaring as in the various qualifications of this highly gifted nobleman. With powers of reasoning beyond the faculties of most other men, he was capricious and unfixed ; and with a poetic taste that approached the sublime was sometimes mixed a reckless im- alloyed profligacy, ev-idently the oftspring of sensuality, and the parent of immoral consequences in others. In proportion, there- fore, as we admire the commanding talents and poetic eloquence of Byron, so are we compelled to deprecate the unholy purposes to which they were too often made sub- servient. " Prostituted genius is but splendid guilt." We close this sketch by observing, that his only daughter, the Hon. Augusta Ada Byron, was married to Lord King (now Earl Lovelace), in 1835. B YTHNEK, Victokinus, was a native of Poland, but educated in England, where he finally established himself as a physician ; author of " Lyra Prophetica Davidis Regis," &c. Died, ltW4. BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, Abraham, a learned Pole ; professor of theology and philosophy. He wrote the "Lives of the Popes," " Annals of the Church," &c. Bom, 1507 ; died, 1037. c. CAAB, or CAB, Ben Zohaih, an Arabian Jew, rabbi, and poet. He satirised Mahomet so severely, that "the Prophet" made war on the Arabian Jews for tlie purpose of getting the poet into his power ; but when Mahomet's success was no longer doubtful, Caab became his zealous panegyrist, aban- doned Judaism for Mahometanism, and was greatly in Mahomet's favour. He is said to have assisted in the composition of the Ko- ran. Died, A.n. 022. CABALLERO, Marquis, a Spanish libe- ral, born in 1769. He adhered to Joseph Buonaparte on the abdication of Charles IV., and was made one of his chief ministers. On the fall of the former, Ferdinand VII. passed a decree of perpetual banishment against him ; but he was recalled by the Constitutionalists in 1818. CABANIS, Peteu John George, a French physician of considerable eminence. Becoming intimate with Mirabeau, he was made a member of the council of five hun- dred ; and under the government of Napo- leon he was one of the senators. His writings are cliicfly medical ; but in addition to these he published an interesting account of the last illness and death of Miiabeau. Born, 1757 ; died, 1807. CABARRUS, Francois, Count, a French- man, who having settled in Spain in a com- mercial character, rendered that country considerable service in establishing a paper currency, when cut off from her resources in America. He was afterwards the Spanish minister of finance ; to which ofiice he was appointed by Joseph Buonaparte. Born, 1752 ; died, 1810. CABESTAN, or CABESTAING, Wii, LiAM DE, a Provencal poet of the 13th cen- tury, celebrated alike for his talents and misfortunes. Having excited the jealousy of Raymond de Scillans, he had him put to death ; and his heart was dressed and served up to the lady, who, on learning the horrible nature of her repast, died of grief. CABOT, Sebastian, an English navigator of great eminence, was the son of a skilful Venetian pilot, who resided at Bristol. He made several voyages with his father (who had obtained from Henry VIII. letters pa- tent, empowering him and his three sons to discover unknown lands and conquer them), and they on one occasion discovered New- foundland, and on another saw the main- land of America, being the first Europeans who had done so. He was among the first to notice the variations of the needle. His cab] ^ ^ctu ^nihtr^Kl SStOflrapibJ?' [CJED skill in maritime affairs induced Edward VI to settle a pension on him as grand pilot of England ; and he was consulted on all ques- tions relating to trade and navigation. He published a map of the world, and a work, entitled " Navigazione nelle parte Septen- trionale." Born, 1477 ; died, 1557. CABRAL,, or C ABRARA, Pedro Alva- rez, a celebrated Bortuguese navigator of the 16th century. CACCIA, GuGLiELMO, surnamed, from his place of residence, II Moncalvo, a very excellent painter. He executed some fine altar pieces, but his fame chiefly rests upon his small Madonnas, which are highly valued. Died, 1625. CACCINI, GiULio, an Italian musician and composer. In conjunction with Peri, he composed the opera of " Eurydice," on the occasion of tlie marriage of Henri Quatre and Mary de Medici ; and it is said to have been the first opera performed in public. He was also the author of a work, entitled " Nuovo Musiche." Died, 1615. CACCINI, Fraxcesca, daughter of the above, much celebrated at Florence in the 17 til century, as a poetess and composer of music. CADAMOSTO, Louis, a Venetian navi- gator, patronised and employed by the king of Portugal. He discovered Cape Verd I lands. An account of hi voyages and dis- coveries was published after his death, which took place in 1464. CADE, Jous, a noted rebel, better known by the familiar appellation of Jack Cade, was a native of Ireland, from which country he had been obliged to flee for his crimes. During the feeble government of Henry VI. he put himself at the head of 20,000 men, collected from the populace in Kent, and marched into London, where he boldly pro- posed the rectifying of various abuses in the state. Elated with his popularity and success, he next assumed the title of Lord Jlortiiner, declaring himself tlie rightful heir to the throne, as a descendant of Ed- ward III. ; but this foolish and presumptuous extravagance induced the citizens to resist him, and the insurgents were soon compelled to submit to the royal authority. All who returned to their homes -were pardoned ; but Cade, who was excepted from the general amnesty, and for whose body 1000 marks were offered by the government, wandered about the woods of Kent and Sussex for a time, till at length he was discovered, and killed in a garden at Holkfield, Sussex, by a gentleman of Kent, named Alexander Eden. CADET, J. Maecil, a Corsican, born in 1751 ; inspector of the mines in Corsica, and author of some eminent geological, statis- tical, and mineralogical works ; among others, one on Corsican jaspers. CADET DE VAUX, Anthoxv Alexis, a French author, editor, and member of va- rious learned societies. He established tlie " Journal de Paris," and wrote several works connected with agriculture. Born, 1743 ; died, 1828. CADET DE GASSICOURT, CnARLES Louis, brother of the preceding ; author of the " Diction.ary of Chemistry," in 4 vols. ; various Travels ; " Letters on London and the English Nation," &c. Born, 1769 ; died, 1821. CADiMUS, the founder of Thebes. Ills history, like that of many other personages of high antiquity, is much mingled with fable. It seems certain, however, that he was born in Phoenicia or Egypt, and that Greece ow^ed to him the sixteen letters of which its alphabet originally consisted. He flourished in the 16th century b. c. CADMUS, the Milesian, the first Greek author who wrote a jirose history. Diony- sius, of Halicamassus, ascribes to this writer " The Antiquities of Miletus and all Ionia," but no portion of the work is now extant. CADOG, son of Brychan, a saint, and founder of some churches in Wales in the 5th century. CADOG, surnamed The Wise, a Welsh bard of the 6th century. He was the first who made a complete collection of British proverbs. CADOGAN, William, first earl of Cado- gan, entered the army early in life ; and, after he had attained the rank of a briga- dier-general, distinguished himself at the battle of Blenheim. In short, he was present with the Duke of Marlborough in all his great victories ; and, at his death, succeeded him as commander-in-chief and master of the ordnance. Died, 1727. CADOGAN, William, M.D., a skilful English physician ; author of a treatise on the gout, in which he wisely insists upon abstinence as the best preventive and cure ; an " Essay on Nursing," &c. Died, 1797. CADOtlDAL, Georges, a famous Chouan chief, born in 1769. After the ill success of his efforts for the restoration of the Bour- bons, he came to terms with General Brune, in 1800, dispersed his troops, and proceeded to London. While there, he was accused by the French government of planning the in- fernal machine, Georges having avowed a personal hostility to the First Consul. He afterwards, on receiving the cordon rouge from Monsieur (Charles X.), and a lieu- tenant-general's commission, embarked with Pichegru in a secret expedition, and landed at Falaise. It has been said that the object was to assassinate Buonaparte, as well as to excite a counter-revolution ; and Pitt was accused of sanctioning the enterprise, by a letter to Lord Hutchinson, which is denied. Tliat these charges were fabricated by the emissaries of Buonaparte there is every reason to believe. He was, however, traced by the Parisian police, and put under arrest by a violent seizure, while descending from a ca- briolet, during which he wounded two of the officers ; and, after a summary judicial process, was executed on the 6th of June, 1804. He died with great courage. The two brothers Polignac were also involved in the same process, and condemned to death, but escaped tlirough the humane ex- ertions of Murat. CADWALADYR, Casail, a Welsh poet of the 16th century ; some of whose works still remain in MS., and indicate much ability. CiED^ION, a Saxon ecclesiastic, sup- posed to have flourislied in the 5th century. A fragment of a hymn, by this author, is cxb] ^ ^c&) Bnibtx^Kl Miasx^'bV' [CAG preserved in king Alfred's translation of Bede ; and is the oldest specimen extant of Saxon poetry. C^SALPLNUS, Andrew, an Italian phy- sician and natural philosopher. Tliis en- liglitened man in some degree anticipated the grand discoveries of llurvey and Lin- naeus ; his " Quaestiones Peripatetica;," con- taining some hints on the circulation of tlie blood ; and his treatise " De Plantis," giving the first eacample of a system of bo- I tanical arrangement, based on similarity of ■ structnre. Died, 1003. C^SAR, Cails Julius, the first Roman emperor, and one of tlie greatest men that even Rome ever produced. At the early age of 16 he lost his father, who was a prsBtor ; and, very shortly after that event, he married Cornelia tlie daughter of Cor- nelius Cinna, the friend of Marius. This connection gave great offence to the pow- erful Sylla,who, having vainly endeavoured to bring about a divorce, caused Caisax to be proscribed. Ca38ar, however, escaped the search that was made after him, and Sylla was at length induced to exempt him from prosecution, though he did so very unwillingly, telling those who interceded with him that they would repent their kind- ness, as he could see in Cajsar the germ of man]/ Mariuses. Uavhig distinguished him- self as an orator in the impeachment of Cornelius DolabcUa, he speedily grew a public favourite, and became successively military tribune, quaistor, and sedile. The profusion with which he lavished his liber- ality while in these offices, involved hira very deeply in debt ; but having obtained the government of Spain, he contrived to amass money sufficient for their discharge, though 'tliey are said to have exceeded a million and a half sterling ; a fact which, as he held the government only a year, says but little for his scrupulousness as to the means he used for self-aggrandisement. Having united with Pompey and Crassus in the memorable coaliiion, called "the first triumvirate," he became consul, and then obtained the govermneut of Gaul, with the command of four legions. And now it was lliat his genius had ample scope. His mili- tary career was rapid and brilliant. Bel- gians, Helvetians, and Nervians succumbed to him ; the German tribes were repulsed, and Gaul was wholly subjected to the Roman power. These transactions, and his inva- sions of Britain, are beautifully and gra- phically related in his Commentaries. His successes had tlie effect of exciting the jealousy of Pompey, who had influence enough in the senate to Cause Casar to be recalled from the government of Gaul. He refused to obey this order, and marched with his army into .Italy, Pompey retiring into Greece. Having seized the public treasury, and commissioned Mark Antony to watcli over his interests in Rome, he proceeded to Spain, where a large army remained in Pom- pey's interest, which he defeated, and on his return to Rome was declared dictator. He then followed Pompey into Greece, and de- feated him in the memorable battle of Phar- Balia, from which Pompey escaped only to be assassinated in Egypt. Having crushed 130 every attempt at resistance on the part of the sons and friends of Pompey, and having been honoured with four several triumphs, he was declared perpetual dictator ; a title which some of his friends wished to alter to that of king. And as the great body of the I Roman people, dazzled by his military ge- nius, and gratified by the liberality of his largesses, were insensible of, or indifferent to, his insatiable thirst for domination, it is more than probable that he would have be- come on absolute king, but that Brutus and other republicans penetrated his designs, and sternly resolved to make his life the sacrifice to the freedom of his country. Notwithstanding dark hints had been given to him of his danger, he attended a meeting of the senate witliout taking any measures for the safety of his person, and fell beueath the daggers of the conspirators on the ides of March, in the year 43 b. c, and in the 56th of his age. C^SAR, Sir Julius, an eminent English civilian, who filled various important offices in the reigns of queen Elizabeth and kings James I. and Charles I. His last office was that of master of the rolls, which he held above 20 years. Born, 1557 ; died, KVK). CAFFA, Melchiok, an able sculptor, many of whose works adorned the churches of Rome. Died, 1687. CAFFARELLI, a republican French ge- neral, born in 1750. He protested against the despotism of Louis XVI., and served with great distinction under Kleber and Moreau on the Rliine* where he lost a leg, and under Buonaparte in Egypt. He was killed at St. Jean d'Acre, in 17i)0, by a can- non-ball ; and his tomb still remains, with- out the walls. C^VTF^VRELLI, Gaetano Majorano, a celebrated Italian singer. He studied un- der Porpira, who made him practise the elements of singing from a single sheet of music paper for five years. Me was so well rewarded for bis talent, that he purchased the dukedom of Santo Dorato. Died, 1783. CAFFIAUX, JosEi'H, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur ; author of the " Genealogical Treasury," an " Essay towards a History of Music," &c. Died, 1777. CAGLIARI, Pacl, or PAUL VERO- NESE, a celebrated painter. His works are somewhat deficient in correctness of draw- ing and propriety of costume ; but these defects are amply compensated by his ex- cellence of colouring, and by his grace and harmony of composition. His works are very numerous ; but the best of them are to be found in the churches of Venice, in which city he long resided, and where he died, in 1538. CAGLIOSTRO, AlexaiJder, Count, the assumed title of an impostor, whose real name was Joseph Balsamo. He was born at Palermo ; and having lost his father at an early age, he was placed under the pro- tection of tlie friars of mercy, whose order he entered as a novice. Here he acquired the elements of chemistry and physic ; but he speedily made his escape, and com- mitted so many frauds in Palermo, that he was obliged to abscond. After visiting va- CAl] ^ ipcljj Hniberj^aT SStOffrapibS* [CAJL nous parts, he at length reached Naples, where he married a woman of as abandoned a disposition as himself, with whom he tra- yelled to Spain, Portugal, and England, pre- tending to supernatural powers, and wring- ing considerable sums from those who be- came his dupes. In England this exem- plary couple established an order of what they called Egyptian Masonry, and as their dui)cs were of the higher order, they easily obtained from them the loan of valuable jewels, on pretext of some intended cere- monials. With these they went off to Paris, and lived there in the utmost extrava- gance. The count, however, was thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of being con- cerned in the fraud of the celebrated dia- mond necklace of Marie Antoinette ; and when he obtained his liberty, he judged it high time to quit France. He then went to Italy, wnere his wife divulged some of his crimes to the Inquisition, and lie was con- fined in tlie dungeons of the Castle of St. Angelo, and died there in 1794. CAIETAU, the assumed name, taken from that of his birthplace, of Thomas de Vio, a Neapolitan monk, and subsequently general of his order ; author of a work on the " Power of the Pope." which procured him the archbishopric of Palermo and a cardinalate ; " Commentaries on Aristotle and Aquinas," &c. Died, 1534. CAILLE, Nicholas Louis de la, an eminent French mathematician and astro- nomer; author of" Elements of Astronomy," and of numerous other valuable works of science. Born, 1713 ; died, 17(52. CAIUS, otherwise GAIUS, an eminent Roman lawyer ; author of a valuable body of legal institutes. He died about the be- ginning of the third century. CALiAMY, Edmund, a presbytcrian di- vine. He was educated at Cambridge, and obtained a living ; but he resigned it, and joined the Nonconformists, rather than com- ply with the order for reading the Book of Sports. He now entered waimly into the religious disputes of the time, and was one of the writers of the treatise against epis- copacy, entitled, from the initials of its au- thors," Smectymnuus." Though he preached before the House of Commons, and was one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, he opposed both the execution of Charles I. and the subsequent domination of Cromwell. At the death of the latter he actively aided in the restoration, and became chaplain to Charles II. The act of uniformity caused him again to secede, and he died in retire- ment in 1656. CALAMY, Edmuxd, grandson of the above, and a dissenting minister of great note. He was a very voluminous writer. Besides numerous sennous» and controver- sial tracts against Echard, Hoadley, and others, he published an abridgment of " Baxter's History of his Life and Times," with numerous supplementary articles. Died, 1732. CALANUS, an Indian philosopher, much esteemed by Alexander the Great. At the age of 83, being afflicted with a painful illness, he caused a funeral pile to be erected, which he ascended with a composed countenance, and expired in the flames, saying, that having lost his health and seen Alexander, life had no more charms for him. CALA8, Joiix, a merchant of Toulouse, memorable as the victim of judicial murder. His eldest son committed suicide ; and as he was known to be attached to the Uoman Catholic faith, a rabble cry arose that he had on that account been murdered by his father. It was in vain that the vinhappy pai-ent pointed out the fact that he had a Roman Catholic servant who was uninjured. He was condemned literally without the shadow of a proof of his guilt, and put to death by being broken on the wheel. Voltaire and others subsequently caused the process to be revised, and the unhappy widow procured a pension. The unjust and ignominious death of Galas took place in 1762. CALCAGNINI, CajLio, an Italian mili- tary officer, who bore arms under the em- peror Maximilian, and pope Julius II., and was distinguished equally as a soldier and a negotiator. Quitting the profession of arms, he became professor of belles lettres in the university of Ferrara. His Latin poetry was much esteemed, but as a prose writer he is more valuable for his matter than for his style. Died, 1541. CALCRAFT, John, a gentleman of Dor- setshire, and for many years an M.P., entered parliament in 1796. He voted with the Whig party, and especially distinguished himself in favour of George IV. while he was prince of Wales ; it was therefore, with surprise and indignation, that the Whigs saw their friend secede from them, and accept office in the Tory administration formed in 1828 under the Duke of W^ellington. He retired, of course, when that administration was dis- solved ; but he voted on their side until 1831, when he gave the casting vote in favour of the Reform Bill. From this time he seemed dejected, mental alieiiation succeeded, and he committed suicide. CALDA8, Francis Joseph, a distinguish- ed Spanish naturalist. He was employed by the Congress of New Granada to complete the Flora of Bogota, when the disturbed state of public affairs interrupted the work ; and this unfortunate gentleman and liis col- league, Don Lozano, having sided with the patriot party, were put to death by the Spanish general Muriilo, in 1816. CALDERON DE LA BARCA, PEDno, a distinguished Spanish dramatist of the 17th century. In his youth he bore arms, but subsequently became canon of Toledo, and employed his leisure in literature. His plays are very numerous, but, though popular in Spain, their chief merit to an English reader is in their plots ; his diction being generally inflated, and not unfrequently coarse. Bom, 1600 i died, 1687. CALDERWOOD, David, a Scotch pres- bytcrian divine of the reign of Charles II. His opposition to episcopacy caused him to be banished, and he went to reside in Holland, where he published his celebrated "Altare Demascenum." He subsequently returned to Scotland, and by his writings and personal exertions greatly aided in the establishment of presbyterianism. Died, 1651. CALENIUS, Waltee. a native of Whales, cal] ^ IJcto Bnibtxial 3Bui0ra|jTjjf. [cal and one of its historians. lie was arch- deacon of Oxford in 1120. C ALENTIUS, Elisujs, a Neapolitan poet, and prose author, lie was preceptor to Fre- deric, the son of Ferdinand, king of Naples, and the earliest writer on tlie illegality of putting crimiuals to death except for mur- der. Died, 1.503. CALEPINO, Ambkose, an Italian gram- marian and philologist ; author of a very valuable polyglot dictionary, and other learned and useful works. Died, 1.510. CALETTI, GiusEiTE, surnamed II Cre- MOXESE, an admirable Italian painter. His principal picture is that of St. Mark, in the church San Benedetto, at Ferrara. In some of his works he so closely imitated Titian, that connoisseurs can scarcely distinguish them. Died, 16C0. CALIGULA, Caius C^s.vr AugiTstus GEK.MA.vicus,theRomanemi)eror and tyrant, began his reign a.d. 37,with every promising appearance of becoming the real father and friend of his people ; but at the end of eight months he was seized with a fever, which, it is charitably presumed, must have iwrma- nently deranged his intellect, for his dispo- sition totally changed, and he committed tlic most atrocious acts of impiety, cruelty, and folly. Ue caused sacrifices to be offered to himself, his wife, and his favourite horse ; murdered many of his subjects with his own hands ; had others put to the rack while he was enjoying his meals, or beheaded in his presence. But in the midst of his enormities he was assassinated by a tribune of the people, as he came out of the theatre, a.d. 41, in the 29th year of his age. CALIPPUS, a Greek mathematician of the 4th century b. c, famous for having cor- rected the cycle of 19 years, invented by Meton, to show the correspondence of time in the revolutions of the sun and moon. CALLCOTT, John Wall, doctor of music, an eminent English composer. The Noble- man's Catch-club having proposed a prize, he sent in a hundred compositions I It was then ruled that no individual should send more than three compositions of a sort ; and Callcott accordingly, in 1789,senttwelve,four of which gained the four medals I For many years he carried olf at least one annual prize, until 1793, when the prizes ceased to be given. He wrote, besides glees, catches, and other compositions, a "Slusical Grammar," and made some progress with a "Musical Dic- tionary." Born, 17C(5 ; died, 1821. CALLCOTT, Sir Augustus Wall, R. A. an eminent English landscape painter, was bom at Kensington, in 1779, his eldest bro- tlier being Dr. Callcott, the celebrated mu- sical composer. Originally a chorister in Westminster Abbey, he was induced to try his hand at portrait painting ; and such was his success, that he immediately followed the new pursuit to which his inclination pointed. Year after year his reputation increased ; and from 1799, when he first submitted a specimen of his abilities for exhibition at the Royal Academy, till 1810, when he was elected a Royal Academician, he had ad- vanced almost to the summit of his profes- sion in his own particular branch of art, viz. landscape painting. For many years his pictures of sea-coast views and English in- land scenery were in considerable request ; nor were they ever deficient in number, his industry being on a par with his ability. On his marriage with the widow of Captam Graham, they made a continental tour, and it was evident soon after his return that his study of Italian scenery and the Italian masters had wrought an entire change in his style of composition. No longer did we see rural scenes of England — mills, market- carts, or ferry-boats ; but " Morning " and " Evening." Italian compodtions ; " Sunset near Canucglia," " Italian Girls at their first Communion," and others of that class. Though for a time, however, he had aban- doned, he had not forgotten, the studies of his earlier years ; and in 18.'}7 the public were both surprised and delighted with a large picture of " Ilaffaelle and the Foma- rina," with figures the size of life. In that year he received the honour of knighthood. Died, Nov. 2r>. 1844 ; aged fi6. CALLCOTT, Makia, Lady, daughter of Rear-admiral George Dundas, was born 1779. Married at a very early age to Captain Graham, R. N., she accompanied him to India, returned to England, and published her travels in the three presidencies before she was twenty-four years of age I Some years later she accompanied her husband to South America, where he died, and she was in Chili during the terrible earthquakes of 1822-3. Besides the " Travels " about the union, were rewarded with the Garter and the English dukedom of Greenwich. He also held several offices, of which Sir R. Walpole deprived him, but which he re- gained on that minister's removal. Born, 1G71 ; died, 1743. CjVMPBELL, AEcniBALT), a relative of the above, and bishop of Aberdeen ; author of the very scarce and curious work, " The Doctrine of a Middle State between Death and the Resurrection." He resigned his bishopric in 1724, and died in 1744. CAMPBELL, George, D.D., a Scotch divine, principal of Marischal College, Aber- deen, and professor of divinity there ; au- thor of the "Philosophy of Rhetoric," — still a standard work, — a " Reply to Hume on the Miracles," "Lectures on Ecclesiastical History," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 1796. CAMPBELL, JoHX, a Scotch arcliitect, surveyor of the works at Greenwich : author of" Vitruvius Britannicus." Died, 1734. CAMPBELL, Jonx, a clever and indus- trious Scotch writer ; author of the " Mili- tary Histories of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough," a "Political Sur- vey of Britain," the "Lives of the Admi- rals," &c. Died, 1775. CAMPBELL, Major-gen. Sir Neil, was the officer selected by the British govern- ment to accompany Napoleon to the island of Elba ; and it was during a short excur- sion, which his bad state of health rendered necessary, that Napoleon effected his escape. This brave and meritorious officer, after spending thirty-one years in the service of his country, fell a sacrifice to the noxious climate of Sierra Leone, of which colony he had been appointed commander-in-cliief. Died, 1827. CAMPBELL, Thomas, LL.D., an eminent poet, was the son of a highly intelligent and respectable Scotch merchant, who gave him" an excellent education at Glasgow, where he greatly distinguished himself. A transla- tion of his from Aristophanes was pronounced by the best judges to be the finest college exercise they haendence. But he now published " Gertrude of Wyoming," " The Battle of the Baltic," " Lord TJUin's Daughter," and " O'Connor's Child ; " and he was engaged by Mr. Murray to write the admirable and well-known " Critical Essays and Si>cci- mens." Subsequently he edited the New Monthly and the Metropolitan Magazines ; and published " Theodoric," a poem, be- sides editing some few reprints and compi- lations. Early in his career he was relieved from the absolute want which too often slings genius into imprudence, by the kind- ness of Charles Fox, who put him on the pension list for 200/. per annum. His health had for some years been but feeble, and in 1843 he retired to Boulogne, where he died ; but his remains were conveyed to England and interred in Westminster Abbey. Died, June 15. 1H44, aged G". CAMPE, Joachim Hknrt, a German writer ; author of a German dictionary, "Letters from Paris, eulogistic of the French Revolution ; " " Tiieophron ? " and the " New Robinson Crusoe." The lost named work, by which he is chiefly known in England, is founded on the popular work of Defoe. Born, 1746 ; died, 1818. CAMPEGGIO, Lorenzo, originally a professor of civil law at Bologna, but on the death of his wife he entered the church, be- came a bishop, and at length a cardinal. In 1.119 he was sent as legate to England, and while here was nominated bishop of Salis- bury. After being for some time in Germany as legate, and employed in opposing Luther- anism, he again came to England to decide between Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon, on which occasion he oifended Henry without being of any real service to the queen. He appears to have been a man of considerable learning and natural ability; for he reckoned Erasmus and other eminent scholars among his friends. Died, 1539. CAMPEGGIO, brother of the above, and a bishop ; author of several treatises on canon law. Died, 1504. CAMPER, Peter, a Dutch physician and naturalist. His writings on various depart- ments of natural history and philosophy are collected in six volumes ; and, in addition to these, he wrote an ingenious treatise on the physiognomies of men of different nations. Bom, 1722 ; died, 1789. CAMPHUYSEN, Dyrk, a Dutch land- scape painter of the 17th century ; distin- guished for the excellence of his moonlight pieces. CAMPI, Bernaudin, an Italian painter, and author of an excellent treatise on the principles of his art. Died, 1584 — Various liersons of this name arc distinguialied in the annals of Italian art. CAMPIAN, Edmund, an English Jesuit. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, and graduated at Oxford ; but on a visit to Ire- land was induced to turn papist, and enter as a Jesuit at Douay. He wrote " Chrono- logia Universalis," and a drama, called " Nectar and Ambrosia." Being chosen by Gregory XIII. to come to England as a missionary, he was discovered, tried for high treason, and executed in 1581, CAMPISTRON, Jean Guaujeut de, a French dramatic poet. Three volumes of his plays are extant ; and some of them are thought to be but little inferior to those of his celebrated contemporary, Racine. Born, 16.K ; died, 1723. CAMPOMANES, Penno Rodriguez, Count de, a celebrated Spanish statesman, whose profound views in political economy obtained him, in 17fi5, the appointment of fiscal to the council of Castile. He was after- wards made minister of state i wrote many useful works ; and died in 17b9. CAMI*S, Francis de, abbot of Ligny ; author of a " History of France," " Disser- tation on Medals," &c. Died, 1723. CAMPSON, Gauri, raised by the Mame- lukes to the sultanship of Egypt ; and slain, after a beneficent reign of 12 years, in an action with Sclim, emperor of the Turks, in 1510. CAMUS, Armand Gaston, was one of the deputies from Paris to the states-general in 1789 ; and, when a member of the con- vention, voted for the death of the king. Although he opposed the establishment of the consular government, yet Buonaparte continued him in his office of archivist, which he held several years. Born, 1740 ; died, 1804. CAMUS, John Peter, a French prelate, remarkable for the raillery he introduced into his sermons. He was created bishop of Bellay by Henry IV., but his severe re- proofs of the monks, and his endeavours to check their irregularities, made him man^ enemies, and he at length resigned his bi- shopric and retired to a monastery. Among his writings were several religious romances, written with the intention to supplant the less edifying fictions which were just at that time so popular. Born, 1582 ; died, 1652. CAMUSAT, Nicuoi,AS, canon of Troyes ; author of " Melanges llistoriques," " Uis- toria Albigensium," &c. Died, 10.55. CANALETTI, or CAN ALE, Antonio, a Venetian painter, whose excellence was chiefly in landscape. To him is ascribed the merit of having been the first to make the camera obscura useful in painting. Born, 1G97; died, 1768. CANANI, John Baptist, an Italian ana- tomist, professor of anatomy and medicine at Ferrara ; author of a valuable and scarce work, entitled. " Musculorum Humani Cor- 115 cak] ^ ^eli3 ^Iniijcr^al aSiOffrajpl^y [can poris picturata Dissectio." Some writers attribute to him the discovery of tlie valves of the veins. Died, 1590. CANAYE, Philip, sieiir du Fresne, an eminent French statesman and lawyer. He was employed in several embassies from Henry IV., accounts of which are published in three folio volumes. He was converted from Calvinism in the well-known contro- versy between Du Perron and Du Plessis Mornay. Born, 1551 ; died, 1010. CANDAULES, a king of I^ydia, put to death by his favourite, Gyges, at the insti- gation of the queen. Gyges subsequently slew her also, and assumed the crowu, B.C. 718. CANDIDO, Peter, whose real name is said to have been De Witte, was a native of Bruges, where lie was distinguished as an historical painter. Many of his works have been engraved. CANDOLLE, Augustix P. de, whose knowledge of botany has placed him in the same rank with Linnaeus, was bom at Ge- neva, 1778. Having finished his studies at Paris, he soon attracted the notice of Cuvier and Lamarck, whom he aided in various scientific researches ; and in 1808 lie was appointed to the chair of botany in INIont- pelier. Obliged to quit France for having taken office under Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he found refuge in his native city, wliere a chair of natural liistory was expressly instituted for him, and where he continued, for many years, to extend the boundaries of his favourite science by his lectures and publications. His cliief works are a " Th^orie Eli5mentaire de Botanique," "Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale," " L'Organographie et la Pliysiologie "Vegi5- tales," &c. ; in all of which he seeks to enforce what is called the natural arrange- ment. Died, 1841. CANGE, Chakles du Fresxe du, a French antiquary ; author of a " History of the Empire of Constantinople," "Byzantine History," &c. Died, 1G88. CANNE, John, an English puritan of the 17th century. Being obliged to fly from England, he settled at Amsterdam, and succeeded Henry Ainsworth as pastor there. He published a Bible, with numerous mar- ginal references. CANNEMAN, Elias, a Dutch statesman, born in 1778. In 1798 he joined the revo- lution, and held a high financial post at the Hague, when Holland was united to France. In 1813 he was among the first to declare the independence of Holland, and chief contributor to the restoration of the house of Orange. CANNES, Francis, a learned Spaniard, born in 1737, and died in 1795. He was the author of " A Spanish and Arabian Gram- mar and Dictionary." CANNING, the Right Hon. Geoboe, a highly gifted orator and distinguished poli- tician, was born in London, April 11. 1770. His father, who was from Ireland, was a man of considerable literary abilities ; but having ofl^ended his family by marrying a lady without fortune, came to London, en- tered himself of the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar. Like many others simi- larly situated, he soon abandoned the law for literature ; but this failing to provide him with the means of support, lie com- menced business as a wine merchant, and failed. Repeated disappointments seriously affected his health and spirits, and he died, broken-hearted, on the very day that liis infant son was one year old. His widow, reduced by dire necessity, had recourse to the stage for support, and married an actor : he also died, and she then became the wife of Mr. Ilunn, a linendraper of Exeter. But she had the happiness to live to see the success of her son, and to receive from him at all limes the tenderest marks of filial af- fection. The friends of his father first placed him at Hyde Abbey School, Winchester, and afterwards at Eton, where he greatly distin- guished himself as a scholar, and formed many connections which were of great ser- vice to him in his after life. While at Eton, he displayed great skill as an author, in his contributions to the "Microcosm," a periodical work conducted by the senior scholars. At Oxford also he distinguished himself, and proceeded thence to Lincoln's Inn, his oratorical talents suggesting the bar as the profession best adapted for him. Being introduced to the House of Commons by Mr. Pitt, he abandoned the bar, and devoted himself wholly to politics. His strenuous and able support of the minister was rewarded in 179u with an under secre- taryship of state ; and in the year 1800 he was placed in aflluence by his marriage with Miss Joanna Scott, the daughter of General Scott, with a fortune of 100,000/. His talents as a poet and political writer were unques- tionable, and lie made an expert use of them in the articles he contributed to the " Antijacobjn," a celebrated publication, in which the Whigs were wittily, unmercifully, and in some cases unjustifiably, held up to popular contempt. After the death of Pitt, and the dissolution of the coalition ministry of Fox and Grenville, Canning became foreign secretary in Perceval's administra- tion ; and to him may justly be ascribed the line of British policy in Spain, which destroyed tlie hopes of Napoleon, and led to his final overthrow ; for, as he once empha- tically declared, " his had been the hand which committed England to an alliance with Spain." Having, as it was alleged, unfairly endeavoured to procure the removal of Lord Castlereagh from office, a duel took place, and both parties had to quit office. In 1812 he was elected a member for the great commercial town of Liverpool ; and in 1816 he again became minister, being ap- pointed president of the board of control. In this situation he made himself extremely unpopular by his defence of the Six Acts, and other no less obnoxious measures. On the return of queen Caroline to England in 1820, Mr. Canning retired from office, that he might not have occasion to vote against her. This did not prevent his being ap- pointed governor-general of India in 1822 ; and lie had already made preparations for his departure, when the melancholy death of the ^larquis of Londonderry caused the seals of the foreign office to ])e delivered to Mr. Canning. In conjunction with Mr. 14C can] ^ 0t^ Winihex^nl 3Ji05rapTj». [can Iluskisson, he now advocated a course of both home and foreign jiolity, strikingly at variance with that of which he had for years been the wittiest and readiest, if not the most profound, defender. His new policy was as popular as his old had been obnoxious ; and the Earl of Liveriwol being seized with paralysis, from which there was no hope of Ills recovery, Mr. Canning reached the grand object of his ambition — that of being the acknowledged head of administration. But though the new premier was popular with the country, the party with whom lie had in a great measure ceased to act rendered his task a difficult one. The opposition to hlra was fierce, almost rancorous ; and it was soon obvious that he was suffering both in mind and body from over-exertion and constant excitement. These, aggravating the effects of a severe cold, caught while attending the funeral of the Duke of York, brought on a most painful inflammatory disease, wliich teruiiuated his life at the age of 57, in 1827. As an orator, he has rarely been excelled for finished elegance and clas- sical taste ; pouring forth his eloquence in a persuasive, impassioned, and fearless tone ; or in a happy vein of caustic irony demolish- ing the arguments of his opponents. That he was ambitious of place and power, and that during his political career he made some sacrifices of principle to exi)ediency, no one will deny ; but, as a statesman, his great aim was to uphold the honour of his country, and to pursue a liberal line of po- licy at home and abroad ; while he was a decided enemy to all intermeddling with those institutions which the wisdom and ex- perience of ages had built up and cemented. CANO, Alonzo, a Spanish artist ; so mas- terly a painter, sculptor, and architect, that he was surnamed the Michael Angelo of Spain. His colossal statues of St. Peter and St. Paul were so admirably executed, that foreign artists from all parts travelled to see and copy them. Xrnhappily, in the midst of his triumph and celebrity, he became the victim of a horrible suspicion. During his absence from home his wife was murdered, and his house robbed by an Italian servant ; and Cano, being suspected, was put to the rack. The torture itself could not shake his firmness, and as there was no evidence against him he was released. He then en- tered the church ;" and although he strictly attended to his religious duties, yet his love of the arts was unabated, and the " ruling passion" was still so strong, that on his death-bed he averted his face from the crucifix of his confessor, because it was ill- carved. Born, 1C08 ; died, 1(570. CANO, James, a Portuguese navigator, who in the 15th century discovered the king- dom of Congo. C^iNO, John Sebastian, a Spanish na- vigator, who was employed as principal sur- veying officer by Magellan, who circumnavi- gated the globe in 1520-1. Died, 1526. CANORMUS, a German mineralogist of great celebrity, born in 1738 ; director of the mines to tlie emperor of Russia. He published numerous works on his favourite science. CAN OVA, Antonio, a celebrated modem sculptor. He was born, in 1757, at the little village of Passagno, in the Venetian terri- tory. The seigneur of the village, having seen the figure of a lion modelled by Ca- nova when only 12 years of age, was gene- rous enough to place him with Torretii, of Vienna, at that time the greatest living sculp- tor. At the close of his studies at Vienna he settled at Venice, and manifested the originality of his powers by various works. From Venice he passed to Rome, where he was greatly patronised, and in a compara- tively brief time he was admired by all Euroi)e, and more or less employed by every Euro|>ean potentate. Fortune and honours flowed in upon him, and he used them wisely and honourably. Among his numerous works the finest are "Cupid and Psyche," "Venus and Adonis," "Mary Magdalen," and " Napoleon holding the Sceptre." Died, 1822. CANOVAI, Stanislatts, an Italian ma- thematician, bom in 1740. He was brought into notice by a work to prove that Amerieo Vespucclo was the first discoverer of the New World. CANSTEIN, CiiAKLES Hildebrasd, Baron, a German nobleman, distinguished for an improvement in printing, analogous to stereotyping. He caused bibles and testa- ments to be printed from entire pages, the testaments being sold as low as fourpence each. How the baron's pages were formed does not clearly appear. Died, 1711). CANTACUZENE, Prince, a Greek pa- triot, descended from the famous Eastern emperor, John, and one of the first to join Tpsilanti in 1821, when declaring for the liberty of Greece, since re-established. CANTACUZENUS, JoH.v, emperor of Constantinople. After filling several im- portant offices he was proclaimed emperor by the nobles and soldiery ; and he endea- voured to heal the wounds which 5 years of civil war had inflicted on the state ; but the jealousy of Palaiologus, the rcljcUion of his own son, and other disasters, induced him to resign the crown and retire to a monastery, where he employed himself in literary la- bours. He died in 1411, being more tlian 100 years old ; and he may be considered as one of the greatest among the successors of Constantine. CANTARINI, Simon, surnamed the Pe- zarese, an Italian painter, whose works are frequently mistaken for those of his great master, Guido. Died, 1(548. CANTEMIR, Demethius, a Moldavian prince ; author of " The System of the Afa- hometan Religion," a "History of the Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire," &c. Died, 1723. CANTEMIR, ANTiocnus, son of the above. He was educated in Russia, and employed in some important embassies from that country. He was the author of several poems, and translated Anacreon into Rus- sian. Died, 1774. CANTERBURY, Charles Manners Sutton, Viscount, — eldest son of the Most Rev. C. M. Sutton, archbishop of Canterbury, — was bom in 1780; received his education at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge ; and, being destined for the legal profession, can] ^■i^thi SUniljcrs'nl SJaiogrHp!)!). [cap was called to the bar ia 1805. He entered parliament in 1807, as member for Knares- borough, which borough he represented till 1832, when he was elected for the university of Cambridge. In 1809 he was appointed to the office of judge advocate general ; and on Mr. Abbot (afterwards Lord Colchester) retiring from the speakership of the House Commons in 1817, the talent and political integrity of Mr. Manners Sutton recom- mended him to the house as one eminently qualified to fill so distinguished and honour- able a situation. To a commanding pre- sence, he added urbanity of manners, par- ticularly when addressing his political opponents, which won their esteem ; and he conscientiously discharged the important duties of his office. It being reported that he took an active part in the formation of the Peel ministry in 1834, tlie adherents and friends of Lord Melbourne put Mr. Aber- crombie in nomination for the speakership, and he was cliosen (Feb. 19. 1835) by a ma- jority of 10. Mr. Manners Sutton was shortly after called to the upper house by the titles of viscount Canterbury and baron Bottes- ford. He died July 21. 1845, aged 65. CANTIPKATANUS, Tuomas, a divine and philosopher of the 13th century ; author of two rare and curious treatises on the natural history of bees. He is also said to liave translated into Latin the whole of the works of Aristotle ; but Avcntiue attributes it to Henry of Brabant. CANTON, Joiiy, M.A., an ingenious Englisli mechanician and experimentalist. The chief of his discoveries was that of the means of making artificial magnets, for which the Royal Society gave him its gold medal, and elected him a member. He contributed some valuable papers to the Trausaciions of the Royal Society, but pub- lished no separate work. Born, 1718 ; died, 1772. CANUEL, Simon, a French general, born in 1767. He was in the army at the time of the revolution ; and, by embracing the royal cause, rose to the rank of general of brigade in La Vendi^e. Quitting this career on the guillotining of his leaders, in 1790, he took command under the Directory ; but was not emploj'ed under the consular or im- perial regime till the restoration of tlie Bour- bons, when he was made governor of Lyons. His accusation, by Colonel Fabvier, of pro- voking anti-Bourbon conspiracies there for the sake of persecution, gave birth to an action for libel against the former, which excited much notice. CANUTE, surnamed the Great, king of Denmark by inheritance, and of England by conquest. Though his authority in En- gland was ill-obtained, it seems to liave been both wisely and justly administered. Died, 1035. CANUTE IV.. surnamed the Pious, king of Denmark. He endeavoured to invade England, but was unsuccessful, and was slain by one of his subjects in a revolt, con- sequent on a grant he Jiad made to the church. His death took place in 1087. CAPASSO, Nicholas, an Italian divine, and professor of civil law in the university of Naples ; author ol some works on theology and jurisprudence, which are now but little known ; some spirited and popular poetry, Latin and Italian ; and a translation, which is highly popular in Naples, of " Homer's Iliad" into the Neapolitan patois. Born, 1671 ; died, 1746. CAPEL, Arthur, Lord, a distinguished royalist, who, in conjunction with Lord Norwich and Sir Charles Lucas, gallantly defended Colchester against the parlia- mentary troops. He at length surrendered on a promise of quarter, but was treache- rously beheaded. While confined in the Tower he wrote some beautiful verses ; and was the author also of a moral work, enti- tled " Daily Meditations." He suffered in 1048. CAPEL, Arthur, earl of Essex, son of the above. His own merit and the memory of his father caused him to have the honour- able employments of ambassador to Den- mark and lord lieutenant of Ireland. He subsequently, for a short time, held the office of first lord of the Treasury ; but lost his favour at court by voting for the exclu- sion of the Duke of York. Being accused of participation in the Ilj-e-house plot, he was committed to the Tower, where he cut his throat, or, as was suspected, was murdered, in leas. CAPELL, Edward, an eminent dramatic critic ; editor of a volunle of ancient poetry, entitled "Prolusions," &c. ; but chiefly known for his edition of Shakspeare, a task ■whicli is said to have occupied him more than 20 years. Born, 1713 ; died, 1781. CAPELLAN, T. F., a Dutch vice-admiral, born in 1700 ; colleague with LordExmouth in the victorious attack on Algiers. CAPELLEN, G. A. P., Baron, a Dutch statesman, born in 1770 ; minister of the interior to Louis Buonaparte. On the union of Belgium with Holland, in 1815, he was appointed secretary of state at Brussels by the new king, and in 1815 governor of the Dutch East Indies. CAPELLO, BiANCA, at first the mistress, and afterwards the wife, of Francis, son of the Grand-duke Cosmo de Medici. She was possessed of great ability, but was both artful and cruel, and her memory is literally de- tested by the Florentines. The fact that her husband and herself died within a few days of each other, caused it to be surmised that they were poisoned, and rumour charged the dark deed upon the brother of her husband, the Cardinal Ferdinand. Died, 1587. CAPILLUPI, Camillo, an Italian writer of the 10th century ; author of " The Stratagems of Charles IX. against tlie Huguenots." CAPISTRAN, JoHX, a friar, who distin- guished himself in the 14th century by the zeal with wliich he laboured against Turks and heretics. He headed a crusade against the Hussites, of whom he is said to have made many converts. He died in 1456 ; and nearly two centuries afterwards was canon- ised. CAPISUCCHI, Blasius, marquis of Mon- terio, and general of the papal forces. He signalised himself by great daring and zeal against the Huguenots, especially in defend- ing Poitiers against them in 1569. The cak] ^ ilelu Bnihtv^aX JStograp|)i|. [car tained permission to go to Brunswick, and, afterwards, to make the tour of Italy and Greece. On quitting England, she assumed the title of Countess of Wolfeubuttel ; and, while at Milan, took into her service an Italian, named Bartolomeo Bergami, in the capacity of a courier, whom she soon elevated to the office of chamberlain, and appointed his sister one of her maids of honour. For a time she resided at a villa on the banks of the lake of Como ; but afterwards visited Tunis, Malta, Athens, Constantinople, Ephe- 8U8, and lastly Jerusalem. While there she exhibited extraordinary munificence in gifts to the conventual fathers as well as to the poor ; and took upon herself to found a new order of knighthood, entitled the order of St. Caroline, of which she constituted Bergami grand master. Her indiscretion in thus ex- alting Bergami, and the improper familiarity with which it was alleged she treated him, became a theme of general conversation ; and commissioners were secretly sent out to Milan by the prince regent, in order to make iniiuiries into her conduct, and to furnish the necessary evidence on which to obtain a divorce. All circumstances appeared favour- able to him for the consummation of this long-desired object. While absent from England, death had deprived her of her friends, George III. and the Duke of Kent ; of her daugliter, the Princess Charlotte ; and her brother, the Duke of Brunswick, who fell in resisting the French previous to the battle of Waterloo. Yet, on the Prince of Wales ascending the throne, January 29. 1820, the ministrv offered her an income of 60,0(W/. sterling, the title of Queen of Eng- land, and all the dignities appertaining thereto, on the condition that she should continue to reside abroad. This proposal she rejected with great indignation, accused her enemies of the basest conspiracy against her, and returned to England, cheered by the enthusiastic welcome of nine-tenths of the people. She was now publicly accused by the minister. Lord Liverpool, of adultery; and, after a protracted trial, the bill of pains and penalties was passed to a third reading by a trifling majority ; but government thought it prudent to withdraw it, and the disgusting proceedings dropped. After this outrage on public decency, preparations were made for the king's coronation. Tlie queen at first demanded to be crowned with him ; and this being peremptorily refused, she requested to be present at the ceremony, but had to endure the mortification of being repeatedly turned froni the doors of West- minster Abbey and refused admission. The spirit of Caroline sunk under this last effort ; for though she endeavoured to display the courage of a Brunswick, and to appear daily in public, yet scarcely had a fortnight elapsed when she was taken suddenly ill, while witnessing a performance at Drury- lane Theatre, and she died on the 7tli of August, 1821. Having expressed a wish that she should not be buried in England, her remains were removed to Brunswick, and deposited between those of her father and brother. On tlie funeral procession passing through London, a violent conflict took place between the life-guards, who were conducting it, and the populace. To what extent the queen was guilty no one can say, the evidence being most conflicting and unsatisfactory ; but never was a woman more decidedly the victim of brutal ven- geance, or one who had so many pleas to urge in extenuation of her crime, if really guilty. CARPENTER, Dr. Laxt, an eminent theological writer.was born at Kidderminster, 1780. After finishing his education under the care of Mr. Pearsall, a relation of his mother, whose zeal in behalf of the Dissenters is well known, he was sent in 1797 to the academy of Northampton, with a view to the ministry, and on finishing his studies at Glasgow University, he became assistant in a school at Birmingham, subsequently one of the librarians of the Athenwum at Liverpool, where he formed an intimacy with Roscoe, Dr. Currie, and other eminent men, and in 1805 one of the ministers of the Unitarian congregation at Exeter. In this capacity he remained twelve years, in the faithful dis- charge of his ministerial duties, and gaining golden opinions even from those most hostile to his religious views, by the gentle yet un- yielding manner in wliich they were enforced. In 1817 he undertook the care of the Uni- tarian church at Bristol ; and here he la- boured till 182(i, when his health, which had long l)een precarious, began to decline, and he endeavoured to reinstate it by travelling in England and on the Continent. He re- turned to Bristol in 1829, and continued as- siduously to promote every good and use- ful work ; but in 18.'!9 his health once more gave way, and while sailing from Naples to Leghorn, whither he had gone for recreation, he fell overboard unperceived and was drowned, flth April, 1840. His body was afterwards found near the site of the ancient Antium, and was interred on the seashore. Dr. Carpenter was a most industrious wri- ter. Besides publishing numerous sermons and polemical pamphlets, he contributed largely to Rees's Cyclopaedia and many periodicals ; and lus substantial works, pub- lished both duriu^ his life and since his death, are masterpieces of style and argu- ment. His " Apostolical Harmony of the Gospels" is referred to as an authority even by his theological opponents. It should be mentioned that Dr. Carpenter was not more distinguished for his piety and moral excel- lence, than for his varied attainments and his literary eminence. CARPENTER, Riciiakd, an English di- vine of the 17th century. He was originally educated for the Established Church, but seceded from it, and became a Romish priest. He again recanted, and obtained a vicarage in Sussex ; but at the rebellion he quitted England, and again professed him- self a Catholic. The restoration caused him to return to England, and turn Pro- testant. Here it might have been supposed his turnings would end, but he in fact ahanged once more, and died a Catholic. The writings of this unprincipled man are, " Experience, History, and Divinity," and " The Pragmatical Jesuit." CARPI, Uiio DA, a painter and engraver of the IGth century, to whom is generally car] ^ i^cSD ^ntbcriSal ^BJiograjplip, [car attributed the invention of the kind of en- graving called chiaroscuro. CARPI, GiEOLAJii DA, a painter of the 16th century, and a very successful imitator of Correggio and Parmegiano. CARPINI, Jous j)E Plano, a Dominican friar of tlie 13th century, and one of tlie em- bassy from pope Innocent IV. to the de- scendants of Zenghis Khan, sent to prevent thera from invading Europe, and to induce tliem ratlier to turn their arms against the Saracens and Turks. CARPOCRATES, a heretic of the 2d cen- tury, who denied tlie divine nature of Christ. His followers were accused of lewd and im- moral practices, but Dr. Lardner thinks the accusation to have arisen rather from enmity than fact. CARR, Sir Jony, an English attorney and writer ; author of " Tlie Stranger in France," " The Stranger in Ireland," " A Tour through Scotland," &c. While in Ire- land, he was knighted by the lord lieutenant. Died, 1822. CARR, William IIolwell, an English clergyman, and a dis'.inguished patron of the fine arts. He spent large sums in pic- tures, wluch lie bequeathed to the National Gallery. Died, 1830. CARRA, Joiix Louis, a French writer and politician. In addition to a periodical, entitled "Les Annales Politiques et Litt^- raires," he published several essays. Ilav- ing joined the party of Brissot, he was con- demned on the fall of that leader, and guillotined, 1793. CARRANZA, BARTnoLOMEAV, a French Dominican. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent, and had the honour to accompany Philip II. of Spain to England, where he laboured so zealously to establish popery, that the king made him archbishop of Toledo. Here, however, liis success ended ; for being accused of heresy, he was impri- soned at Rome for ten years, and subse- quently sent to a monastery for the remainder of his life. His chief works are, a " Summary of the Council," and a '• Treatise on the Residence of Bishops." Died, 1570. CARRE, Louis, an eminent French ma- thematician. Besides many important con- tributions to the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, he published an elaborate " Method of measuring Surfaces and Solids, and finding their Centres of Gravity, Per- cussion, and Oscillation." Died, 1711. CARREL, Akmanr, chief editor of the National, and a distinguished political writer. Died of a wound he received in a duel with M. Girardin a few days previous, July 24. 1836. CARRENNO DE MIRANDA, Juax, Dox, an eminent Spanish painter, patronised by- Philip IV. In colouring he surpasses all his countrymen, with the exception of Murillo. Died, 1685. CARRERAS, Jose Miguel, JuAif, and Luis ; three brothers, distinguished in the revolution of Chili ; who for patriotism, talents, and purity of character had not their equals in that country ; yet, by a sin- gularly adverse fortune, they all perished at Mcndoza, under the merciless rule of O'Higgins and Sau Martin. With brutal cruelty the latter sent their aged father an account of the expenses of the execution of Juan and Luis, who suffered in 1818 ; with an order for its immediate payment. He paid it, and, two days afterwards, expired of a broken heart. Don Jose Miguel did not meet his unhappy fate till 1822, when endeavouring to take advantage of a popular movement in his favour, he was surrounded by a superior force, made prisoner, and executed on the very spot where his brothers had suffered. CARRIER, John Baptist, a monster of ferocity, gendered in the French revolution, was born near Aurillac in 1756. He was sent on a mission to La Vendee, where he caused thousands of victims, men, women, and cliildren, to be drowned, beheaded, or shot, the ordinary mode of execution being too tardy for him. Fifteen thousand indi- viduals jjerished in this way ; in short, tlie banks of the Loire were strewed with the dead bodies, and the water was so polluted, that it was prohibited to drink it. On the fall of the party called the Mountain, he was tried before the revolutionary tribunal, which condemned him to the guillotine, in 1794. CARRINGTON, N. T., a modern English poet, who for many years followed the ar- duous profession of a schoolmaster at Ply- mouth, devoting his leisure moments only to the service of the Muses. His principal works are, " The Banks of the Tamar " and " Dartmoor." His chief power lay in de- i Bcription ; and the latter poem, especially, ; has merits of a very superior order. Born, | 1777 ; died, 1830. CARRON, Guy Toussaint Juliex, a French ecclesiastic and writer ; author of . " Reflexions Chretiennes pour tous les Jours de I'Annde," " Pcnsees EccltSsiastiques," &c. Died, 1820. CARSTARES, William, a Scotch divine, but of more influence as a politician, was born at Cathcart, in 1049. In order to re- move him from the danger of being led into '< politics,his friends sent him from Edinburgh, where he had commenced his studies, to | Utrecht. Becoming known to the Prince of | Orange he soon obtained his confidence, and was much employed by him in forwarding his intentions upon England. Being privy to the Rye-house plot he was apprehended, and put to the torture, which he bore with much fortitude, but at length was induced j to make a statement, wliich was afterwards j used against his friend, Mr. Baillie. On \ his liberation he returned to Holland, where the prince received him very cordially, and ' made liim his chaplain. He accompanied William to England, and though nominally 1 only his chaplain, was in fact one of the most influential and able of his state advisers. Under queen Anne he liad no political power, but she caused him to be made principal of the university of Edinburgh, in which im- portant post he gave satisfaction equally to her majesty and to the Scottish public. By the house of Hanover he was equally patron- ised, and he continued a favourite till his death, which took place, in his 06th year, in 1715. CARSTENS, AsMus Jacob, a Danish car] ^ ^tia etm'beri^aT Miast^^Vi' [car painter of very considerable merit. Ilis Bubjects, nearly all taken from the classic authors, exhibit gracefulness of attitude with vigorous expression. Bom, 1754 ; died, 1798. CARTE, Samuel, an English divine and antiquary ; author of a valuable and elabo- rate work, entitled " Tabula Chronologica," &c. Died, 1740. CARTE, Thomas, son of the above, and like him an antiquary and historian, and a divine. On the accession of George I., feeling that he could not conscientiously take the required oaths, he abandoned his profession ; and during the rebellion of 171.') he was so strongly suspected, that a warrant was issued against him, but he was safely concealed in the house of a clergyman in Warwickshire. He was subsequently in- volved in political strife, but he escaped by timely flight. As an author he is chiefly known by his "History of England," and that of the " Revolution of Portugal ; " his other works, though numerous, being far less able. Bom, 1C86 ; died, 1754. CARTER, Elizabeth, an Englisli lady, daughter of a clergyman residing at Deal, In Kent. Under the instructions of her fa- ther she became an admirable Greek and Latin scholar, and was well skilled in Ger- man, French, Spanish Italian, Portuguese, Hebrew, and Arabic ; nor was she a mere reader. She translated Crousaz's critique on Pope's Essay on Man, Algarotti's ex- planation of Newton's philosophy, and Epic- tetus. These dissimilar labours appeared during her life ; and, after her decease, nix volumes of her correspondence was pub- lished, which are calculated to give even a higher opinion of her intellect than her more learned and masculine performances. Bora, 1717 ; died, 1806 ; aged 89. CAJITER, JoHff, an eminent draftsman, architect, and antiquary. In the latter character he wrote ably and zealously in re- probation of the disflgurement of the re- mains of ancient beauty by tasteless attempt^ at improvement. Of his ability as a drafts- man and engraver there is abundant proof in the plates of the " Views in England," &c. ; and it is worthy of notice, that his various powers were developed by his own industry, unaided by early education. Died, 1818. CARTER, Thomas, an eminent Irish mu- sician and composer of vocal music. Among his compositions are the songs, " Oh, Nannie, wilt thou gang wi' me 1 " and " Stand to your guns, my hearts of oak." Died, 1804. CARTERET, Jon.v, earl of Granville, an eminent English statesman, was born in 1G90. Immediately on attaining his ma- jority, he took his seat in the House of Lords. ^Varmly supporting the Hanoverian succession, he was noticed by George I., and employed by him in various posts until 1721, when he succeeded Craggs as secretary of state. In 1723 lie was appointed lord lieu- tenant of Ireland ; and though he gave the irritable natives some offence by prosecuting the printer of the Draper's (Swift's) letters, he was on tlie whole a popular viceroy. In the reign of George II. he again held that dis- tinguished post, and with even more success than before. On his return to England he 155 became a strong opponent of VValpole ; and when he had succeeded in removing that statesman, and procuring office for himself, he supported measures similar to those he had formerly condemned. But though as secretary of state, and as president of the council, in which office he died, his conduct was marked by much vacillation, he retained his court favour to the last. Died, 1703. CARTERET, Philip, a distinguished na- val officer of the 18th century. In conjunc- tion with Captain Wallis he commanded an expedition to the South Seas, in 1766. Of the discoveries they made, some account is given by Ilawkesworth in the introduction to his narrative of Cook's voyage. CARTIER, James, a French navigator of the 16th century, who made several voyages of discoverv on the coasts of North America. CART WRIGHT, JoHX, an English gen- tleman, distinguished for his zealous attach- ment to political reform. Early in life he served in the navy, but subsequently became a major in the Nottingham militia ; from wliich circumstance he was generally known as Major Cartwright, though he had been superseded for many years previous to his death. As what may be called an amateur politician he was before the public for many years, both by his writings in favour of American independence, and on universal liberty, as well as by the public addresses which he promoted in furtherance of a radical reform of the government. He also displayed great firmness and disinterested- ness on all occasions where multitudes as- sembled to advocate and petition for popular rights ; and he may be considered, on the whole, as a well-meaning rather than as a wise man. He d'ed in 1824. a*ed 84. CARTWftlGlIT, Dr. Edmund, brother of the preceding, and a clergyman of the established church. In 1770 he published a pleasing, poem called "Armine and Elvira ;" but he is chiefly known by some valuable discoveries in mechanics, which obtained for him 10,()00Z. from parliament as the reward of his ingenuity. Died, 1824. CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, an eminent puritan divine of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.; author of " Commentaria Practica in totam Historiam Evangelicam," a " Body of Divinity," "Commentaria Succinta et Dilucida in Proverbia Salomonis," &c. Died, 1603; aged 68. CARTWRIGHT, William, an English divine and poet. Both as a preacher, and as a member of the council of war at Oxford, he zealously and ably served the cause of the unfortunate Charles I. ; and his exertions in the latter capacity caused him to be for a short time imprisoned by the parliament. His literary talents must have been great, for Bishop Fell said that he was " all that man could arrive at ; " and Ben Johnson, in his familiar way, said, " my son, Cartwright, writes all like a man." But the remains of Cartwright are very disproportionate to these high praises, consisting only of four plays and a few poems. He died, at the early age of 33, in 1643. CARUSO, Lcioi, an eminent Neapolitan composer. His " II Fanatico per la Musica " is the work by which he is best known in cab] ^ ^etD Bnibtv^Kl MiaQxapf)^* [CAS this country ; but all his works are very popular in Italy and Germany. He died early in the present century ; but it is not precisely known at what date. CARY. See Falkland. CARY, Rev. IIenky Francis, the well- known translator of Dante, was born at Gibraltar in 1772. His father was a captain in tlie army ; but soon after the birth of his son he settled in Staffordshire, and sent him when eight years old to Uxbridge School, and aftei-wards successively to Rugby and Birmingham. In 1790 he was admitted as a commoner of Christchurch, Oxford, and after finishing his college studies he was presented successively with the livings of Abbot's Bromley in Staffordshire and Kings- bury in Warwickshire. The delicacy of his health having obliged him to have recourse to the best medical advice, he came to London in 1808, and after holding various cures in the metropolis and the vicinity, in 1825 he became assistant keeper of printed books in the British Museum, an oflBce, however, which he resigned in 1837, when his application for the chief librarianship was rejected. Mr. Cary was addicted to the muses and literature froTn his youth up ; he contributed largely to the Gentleman's and the London Afagazine, produced transla- tions of the " Birds " of Aristophanes and the Odes of Pindar, and wrote a series of Lives of the English Poets, in continua- tion of Dr. Johnson's ; besides editing the works of Pope, Cowiser, Milton, Thomson, and Young ; but his chief reputation rests on his admirable translation of Dante, which, though somewhat neglected on its first ap- pearance, has since received the meed of acknowledgment from all competent critics. Died, 1844. CARY, Robert, LL.D., an English divine and writer. During the civil war he dis- graced himself by leaving the Established Church and joining the Presbyterian party ; and, at the restoration, he disgraced the church by again espousing its principles. His tergiversation was rewarded by an arch- deaconry, from which, however, he was ejected in 1664. He wrote a learned and useful work, entitled " Palasologia Chronica." Died, 1688. CARYL, John, secretary to Mary, queen of James II. He remained faitliful to that unfortunate prince, and was rewarded for his fidelity with the titles of earl Caryl and baron Dartford. In the reign of queen Anne he was living in England, and was intimate with Pope. He was the author of some poems, some translations of psalms from the Vulgate, and of two plays — " The English Princess," a tragedy ; and " Sir Solomon, or the Cautious Coxcomb," a comedy. The date of his death is unknown. CARYL, Joseph, an eminent noncon- formist divine ; author of a voluminous and valuable "Commentary on Job." Died, 1673. CASA, JoHs DE LA, secretary of state under pope JPaul IV. He was distinguished as a statesman, and as an ecclesiastic ; but his fame rests upon his writings, which are considered among the pm-est specimens of Tuscan composition. His poems, both light and serious, are of a very high order, but his chief work is a prose dialogue, " Galateo, or the Art of Living in the World." Bom, 1503 ; died, 1.556. CASANOVA, Mark Antont, a modem Latin poet. He imitated Martial in his style, and made pope Clement VII. a fa- vourite object of his attack. He at length offended so greatly that he was condemned to die. Clement, however, was induced to pardon him. But the uulucky satirist es- caped execution only to perish still more miserably ; for, on the taking of Rome by the Imperialists, he was reduced to the ne- cessity of literally begging for bread, and at length died of disease, as it is said, produced by hunger, in 1527. CASANOVA DE SEINGALT, Jean Jacques, whose career of adventure and in- trigue in almost all the countries of Europe has gained for him the name of the Gil Bias of the 18th century, was born at Venice, 1725. It would be impossible within our limits to give even an outline of his remarkable career ; suffice it to say, that he figured as priest, soldier, and statesman, successively ; found means to gain the favour of some of the greatest potentates of Europe, among others, Frederick the Great and Catharine II. ; and after roaming from place to place (for his intriguing spirit frequently led to a forced change of quarters) he ended his long life of mingled charlatanerie, profligacy, and ability at Vienna, 1803. His love of litera- ture and science, and his proficiency in them, brought him acquainted with Voltaire and other celebrated literati of the day ; and besides other works he left copious memoirs of his life and times. Brockliaus, the Leipsic bookseller, to whom the MS. was entrusted for publication, published tliem in 1822. CASANOVA, Francis, brother of the pre- ceding an eminent painter, chiefly of land- scapes and battle-pieces. He was employed by Catharine II., of Russia, to paint the vic- tories of her armies over the Turks. Bom in London, 1727 ; died, 1805. CASANOVA, Jean Baptiste, another brother of the adventurer, was bom in Lon- don, 1730. He was a pupil of Mengs, and closely connected with Winckelmann in his antiquarian researches. It is well known that, by way of testing the sagacity of the German antiquary, he sent him two pictures, which he had himself painted in the style of those a short time previously found at Herculaneum, declaring them to be ancient discoveries ; and that Winckelmann was so taken in as to insert engravings of them in the first edition of his " History of Ancient Art," with an elaborate commentary upon their merits. Casanova was professor of painting in the Dresden Academy ; and his works on ancient art are still cited by the Germans as authorities. Died, 1798. CASAS, Bartholomew de las, a Spanish prelate, distinguished for his generous and constant, though unavailing, exertions in favour of the natives of South America. He was born in 1474, and in his 19th year ac- companied his father, who sailed with Co- lumbus, to the West Indies. On his return to Spain he embraced the ecclesiastical pro- fession, in order that he might act as a mis- sionary in the western hemi8i)here, "there I CAS] ^ ^c&j Winibtv^Kl aStofiraiilbs. [CAS to spend his days in preaching the gospel to the Indians, aiid iiunianity to t)ieir oppres- sors." Never did man more zealously en- deavour to effect a great and good object. Twelve times he crossed the ocean, to plead at the foot of the Spauisli throne the cause of the wretched Indi.ins, and passed fifty years of his life in attempting, though with little effect, their amelioration. lie was made bisliop of Chiapa in ir>44, but lie resigned his seu in 1,0.51, returned to his native country, and died at Madrid, ixa, in the 92d year of his age. Of t)ie writings of Las Casas, t)»e most valu- able is his " General History of the Indies." CASAUBON, Isaac, a native of Geneva, distinguished by hia great erudition and powers of criticism. For several years he held the Greek professorship at Geneva ; but at length feeling dissatisfied with the amount of remuneration, he gave up his professorship, and removed to- Paris. There he was made professor of the belles lettres, and had a pension, not very punctually paid, assigned him by Henry IV. ; at whose death Casaubon came to England, and James I. gave him two prebends. In return, however, the pedantic king required the aid of the great critic in writing against the Roman Catholics. Casaubon's editions of classic authors are very numeroiis, and ilisplay im- mense industry and erudition. Born, IMU ; died, 1014. CASAUBON, :MEnic, D.D., son of the above. His " Pietas contra Maledico«," written against the Catholics, and in vindi- cation of liis father, introduced him to the notice of king Charles I., by whom he was presented to some valuable church prefer- ments. During the commonwealth he was persecuted and imprisoned, but remained unshaken in fidelity. At tlie restoration he recovered his livings. Among his writings the best is " A Treatise concerning Enthu- siasm." Died, 1G71. CASE. JoHX, an English physician and philosophical writer ; author of " Sumina veterum Interpretum in universam Dialecti- cam Aristotelis." Died, 1599. CASENEUVE, PiKUitE ve, a learned French antiquarian ; author of " Origines au Etymologies Frungoises," "La Catalogue Francoise," &c. Died, l(i50. CASIMIR III., called the Great, one of the most illustrious sovereigns the world lias ever seen, was born, 1309. Having su<:ceedcd his father on the throne of Poland in lii3:i, he entered upon a course of vigorous and enlightened reform, and closed a long life of devotion to his people's welfare, in 1370. CASLON, William, an English letter- founder, to whom we are indebted for much of the superiority of our printing type. Bom, 1092 ! died, 1706. CASSAONES, Jacques, a French eccle- siastic and poet. He was of so irritable a natnre, that a satire of Boileau's actually drove him mad, and lie was obliged to be confined in the convent of St. Lazarus until his death, which took place iu 1079. CASSANOEK, Geouoe, an able German controversialist. Of his writings, which are very numerous, the ablest and most elabo- rate is his "Consultatio Cassandri." De Thou praises his mildness and modesty ; qualities but too rorely belonging to con- troversialists. Born, l.ll.T ; died, LIliO. CASSAS, Loris FnA.Vi'ois, an eminent Frencli antiquarian and artist ; author of " Voyage Pittoresque de la Syrie, de la PlK'nicie, de la Palestine, et dc la Basse Egypte." Born, 175<5 ; died, 1827. CAS8ERIO, or CASSERIUS, GiCLin, anatomical professor at Padua. He was at first the menial servant of the great anato- mist, FabriciuM, at Aquapendente, to whom he became assistant, and, finallj', successor in the professorship. His only published work is " Pentaisthesion," or a treatise on tlie five senses. Died, 1016. CASSINl, Jou.v Dominic, an eminent ostrouomer, was born at Perinaldo, near Nice, and studied at Geneva with the Jesuits. His fame reaching France, he was invited to pay a visit to that country, where the kind- ness shown to him by Louis XIV., and his great minister, Colbert, caused him to remain for the rest of his life. He was the first re- sident in the royal observatory at Paris, and he continued to inhabit it for upwards of 40 years. During that time his services to science were such as to do high honour to himself, as well as to the liberal monarch by whom he was patronised. He determined the parallax of Mars with the sun, demon- strated the diurnal motion of Jupiter round his axis, and discovered the four satellites of Saturn, in addition to that which Huygena had discovered. He died in 1712, having pre- viously been for some years deprived of sight. CASSINI, James, son of the precediug, and, like him, an eminent astronomer ; au- thor of " A Treatise on the Figure and Magnitude of the Earth," " The Elements or Theories of the Planets," &c. Burn, at Paris, 1077 ; died, 17r>(\. CASSINI DE TIIURY, CcsAn Fkancls, son of tlie last named, and his successor in the royal observatory. Like his father and grandfather, he did much to advance science ; and, having better instruments than theirs, he was enabled to improve upon their labours. Bom, 1714 ; died, 1784 The last member of this illustrious family, whose iiume is also associated with theirs in the pursuit of sci- ence, died in 1845. CASSIODORUS, Marci^s Aurelius, a Roman statesman and historian. He was of a noble family, and lield some of the highest offices of state, including that of consul. His writings arc* extremely valuable, especially his twelve books of epistles, on account of the light they throw upon the manners of his time ; but his style is condemned by Gibbon as being quaint and declamatory. Died, r,7.'>. CASSIUS, LoNGiNus Caius, a Roman of the last age of the republic, and the associate of Brutus in the assassination of Julius CsDsar. That his patriotism was sincere may fairly be inferred from liis reply to Antony, who, on the day after the assassination of Cajsar, tauntingly asked him if he had an- other dagger : " Yes," was the reply, " if you become a tyrant." At the battle of Philippi he commanded the left wing, and on its giving way he retired to a tent with his freedman, by whom, as it is thought, he was slain, as he was found with his head severed l.-,7 CAS] ^ llcSu SJni&erj^al 23t05rap1)». [cat from his body. Brutus, in lamenting him, called him " ultimus Romanorura." Died, B. c. 42. CASTAGNO, Andreas del, so called after the village in which he was born, was the son of very poor parents, and, being early left an orphan, he was adopted by an uncle, who employed him in tending cattle in the fields. In this situation he made some at- tempts at drawing, which caused Bernard de Medici to place him witli a master. While studying at Florence he became acquainted with Domenico Venctiano, who was ac- quainted with the new method of painting in oil and varnish. The splendour of tliis mode of colouring, the art of which was then unknown in Tuscany, was much admired, and Castagno availed himself of Domenico's friendship to obtain the secret ; but not satisfied with this, he was wretch enough 1 to murder his friend and benefactor, in order I to be tlie sole possessor. This he c^fccted I without suspicion, but just before his death confessed the horrid crime. Born, 140S) ; died, 1480. CAST ALIO, or CASTELLIO, Sebastian, one of tlie earliest friends and fellow labourers of Calvin. Unfortunately for Cas- talio's worldly condition, he differed from j the great reformer on some theological ques- tions. He was in consequence deprived of his office of teacher in the col lege of Geneva, and repaired to Basle, where he occupied himself witli a Latin and a French version of the Bible, gaining a scanty subsistence for his family by teaching Greek. Calvin, unmoved by the indigence to which he had reduced his conscientious and candid opponent, used all his influence to degrade him and thwart his exertions. He had even the meanness to bring against him an accusation of theft, from which Castalio cleared himself trium- phantly. Died, 15«3. CASTELL, Edmund, an English divine and lexicographer, was a native of Hatley, Cambridgeshire. He sperit a handsome for- tune, and occupied 17 j'cars in the composi- tion of his "Lexicon Hcptaglottou," a dic- tionary in seven languages ; but nearly all the copies remained unsold, and but for some preferment in the church, and the Arabic professorship at Cambridge, his zeal, learning, and diligence would have been unrewarded. Born, 1606 ; died, 16a5. CASTELLI, Bernardo, a Genoese painter, a friend of Tasso, for the plates of whose Jerusalem, engraved by Agostino Caracei. he drew the designs. Died, 1629. CASTELLO, Gabriel Launcelot, a Sicilian gentleman, distinguished for his zeal and talent as an antiquarian ; author of "The Litei-ary History of Sicily," " Critical Remarks on a Book printed in Catania, in 1747, " " Dissertation on a Marble Statue found in tlie Campagna of Alessa," &c. Born, 1727 ; died, 1794. CASTELNAU, Michael le, lord of Mauvissiere, an eminent statesman and soldier in the reigns of Charles IX. and Henry III. He was very often in England in the character of ambassador from France. While thus resident here he acted with great kindness towards the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He left memoirs of his negotiations, of wliich there is an English translation by his daughter. Died, 1592. CASTI, GiAMBATXisxA, an Italian poet ; author of an epic, entitled "Gli Animali Parlauti," translated into English by Mr. Rose; a satire, entitled "Tartaro;" some novels, &c. Born, 1721 ; died, 1803. CASTIGLIONE, Balthazar, an Italian statesman and writer. He was employed by various princes in very delicate negotia- tions. In particular he was sent by the pope, Clement VII., as nuncio to the emperor, Charles V., on which occasion he displayed great talent and dexterity. His celebrity, however, chiefly rests upon his writings. His poems, both Latin and Italian, are much admired, as are his letters, which throw much light on the affairs of his time. But Ills chief work is " II Cortegiano," the cour- tier. TJiis work, which is a body of inform- ation on the art of living at court, is so much admired bv the Italians, that they call it " The Golden Book." Born, 1468 ; died, 1529. CASTIGLIONE, Giovanni Benedetto, a Genoese artist. He excelled in landscapes and animals, but his picture of " The Na- tivity" shows that he had power for the highest walk of art. He was also an admir- able engraver. Died, 1670. CASTIlyLO, Bernal diaz del, a Spanish officer of the IGth century, one of the com- panions of Fernando Cortez in his expedi- tion to South America. He wrote a work, rough in style, but full of valuable inform- ation, entitled "Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de Nueva Espagna." CASTOLDI, Giovanni Giacomo, a mu- sical composer of the 16th century. CASTRACANI, Castruccio, an Italian general of great skill and courage. He ren- dered great service to the em.peror, Louis V. of Bavaria, who rewarded him with the duchy of Lucca. Though he was almost con- stantly in service, he found time to cultivate his mind, and his name is among the minor Italian poets. Born, 1281 ; died, 1328. CASTRO, John de, a celebrated Portu- guese general, who attended Charles V. in the expedition against Tunis, and was after- wards made governor of the Portuguese settlements in the East Indies. He was as disinterested as brave, and at his death only three rials were found in Ids coffers. Born, 1500 ; died, 1548. CASTRFCCI, PiETRO, a celebrated vio- linist, who led the orchestra at the King's Theatre in the early part of the last century. He was of a very irritable disposition ; and Hogarth has given an admirable caricature portrait of him in the well-known print of " The Enraged Musician." CATALANI, Angelica, one of the most celebrated singers of modern times, was born at Sinigaglia in the papal states, 1782. Her early years were spent in the convent of Gubio ; and so perfect were her vocal organs even in her infancj', tliat the sanctity of the church itself was violated by the applause which her choral performances called forth. Soon after quitting the convent, she made her debut in the theatre Argentina at Rome, in 1802 ; and the immense success which she achieved on this stage, procured lier imme- diate engagements in all the theatres of cat] ^ i^tio Bnibcvial ^Jtosraplji). [cat I Italy. At Lisbon, Madrid, and Paris new triumphs awaited her ; but even these were far outshone, in 1800, by tlie enthusiasm of lier reception in England, wiiere she re- mained 8 years, deligliting tlie metropolis with her appearance at tlie Italian Opera, and reaping large harvests both of fame and wealth in her provincial tours. After the restoration of the Bourbons, she returned to Paris, wliere she undertook the management of the Opera Buffa ; but this speculation was unfortunate, and Madame Catalani, to repair her shattered fortunes, made a pro- fesbional tour through all the capitals of Continental Europe, and at length returned to England in 1822, when the enthusiasm of her reception suffered no abatement. Here she remained three years. In 1825 she again visited Paris, and after once more going the round of Europe, she retired to Italy in 1S30, when she purchased a villa near Florence, and spent the remainder of her life in the bosom of her family. She had been long married to a French captain, called Vala- br&gue. To an agreeable person and a lively style of acting, Madame Catalani added a voice of extraordinary' brilliancy and power; and in this lay its chief merit, (or we do not find that she possessed the faculty of calling forth the tender and deep emotions for which subsequent performers in the same field have been remarkable. Died of cliolera, at Paris, 1849. CATESBY, Makk, an eminent English naturalist, patronised by Sir Hans Sloane and other wealthy lovers of science. He spent many years in America, for the pur- pose of collecting and describing the most curious natural productions of that country. He fixed bis residence in Carolina, whence he made excursions into Florida, Georgia, and the Baliama Islands. The result of his labours was "The Natural History of Ca- nada, Florida, and the Baliama Islands ; " a very splendid work in two folio Tolumes, illustrated by upwards of 200 plates. Bom, 1080 ; died, 1749. CATHARINE, St., of Sienna, was bom at Sienna in 1347, and when she was 20 years of age became a sister of the order of St. Dominic. Having considerable ability and a very lively imagination, she became cele- brated as a seer of visions. So great an in- fluence, in fact, did her pretended visions and revelations obtain her, that she was able to prevail on Gregory XI. to be recon- ciled to the Florentines, and to remove the papal seat to Rome from Avignon, after it had for 70 years been fixed at the latter place. She wrote six treatises on the " Pro- vidence of God," "The Divine Doctrine delivered by the Eternal Father speaking to the Spirits," some short prose pieces of devotion, and some poems. She died in 1380, and was canonised by pope Pius II. in CATHARINE OF FRANCE, daughter of Charles VI. of France, and the wile of Henry V. of England, who, on his marriage to her, was declared successor to the French crown. Their sou, afterwards Henry VI., was crowned in both countries while still an infant. Being left a widow, she privately espoused Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, ISd by whom she had two sons, the elder of whom, Edmund, earl of Richmond, was father of Henry VII. Born, 1401 ; died, 1438. CATHARINE OF ARRAGON, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, was born in 1483. In lier 18th year she was married to Arthur, prince of Wales, eldest son of Henry VII. The young prince dying in a few months aftef his marriage, Henry's mercenary dread of losing the rich dowry of Catharine, induced her brother-in-law, after- wards Henry VIII., to marry her. The vast religious changes to which this marriage gave place belong rather to history than to biography. Suffice it, therefore, to say, that after years of anxiety and spirited resistance, she was divorced. But though she was no longer called queen at court, her attendants at Kimbolton Castle, where she took up her residence, were never allowed to address her otherwise than as a queen, as she protested to the last that the divorce was unjust and illegal. Just before her death she wrote so pathetic a letter to Henry in favour of Mary, their daughter, that, stern as the tyrant was, he is said to have shed tears as he perused it. She possessed considerable literary ability, but some devotional pieces, which are some- times attributed to her pen, were in fact the production of queen Catharine Parr. Died, 153C. CATHARINE PARR, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, of Kendal, in Westmore- land. She was married early in life to Ed- ward Burghe ; and, surviving him, she was next married to Jolm Neville, lord Latimer. Her second husband, too, she survived ; and, in 1(543, was raised to the throne by king Henry VIII., being the sixth and last wife of tiiat polygamic monarch. If we may feel some surprise at her temerity in venturing to share a throne which had been so fatal to most of those whom her despotic husband had previously raised to it, we cannot deny that she conducted herself in her perilous situation with admirable tact and judgment. One proof of this will suffice. Her attach- ment to the reformed religion, and her kind- ness to those who supported it, gave deep and deadly offence to the still powerful popish faction. Gardiner, Wriothesley, and others, determined to remove, if possible, so dangerous an opponent from court. Taking advantage of the almost frenzied irritability to which continual pain had roused the always violent temper of the king, they ac- cused her to him of heresy and treason, and so far wrought upon him, that he actually signed a warrant for her committal to tlie Tower. Being informed of this appalling fact, she repaired at once to the king's pre- sence. The king turned the conversation upon theological topics, and endeavoured to draw her into argument. This, which to an ignorant person, or even to a person of tact, if not aware of the king's precise object, would have been ruinous, she skilfully con- verted into a means of escape from the peril in which she was placed. Instead of enter- ing into any argument, she humbly replied " that on such topics she always, as became her sex and station, deferred herself to the wisdom of his majesty, he being, under God, r 2 cat] ^ ilclB Uttiiiet^al IStocjvitijIjtn [cat her only supreme head and governor here on earth." "Not so, by St. Mary, Kate," replied the king, " you are, as we take it, become a doctor to instruct us, and not to be instructed by us." To this she rejoined, " that she had only ventured to object to his grace's arguments, in order to be bene- fited by his superior learning and wisdom, and in the hope of being able to divert him for the time from the bodily pain wliich he had endured." This prudent and ingenious reply did away at once with all the king's suspicions and anger ; and when Wriothes- ley, attended by some guards, called to con- vey her to the Tower, he found the queea in liigh favour with the king, and instead of making the former a prisoner, was sent from the presence of the latter with knave, fool, beast, and the like gentle terms. Tliough during the king's last illness he was, in tlie words of a writer of that time, " as furious as a chained lion," Catharine continued to retain her ascendancy over him, and at his death lie left her a legacy of 4000/. in addi- tion to lier jointure, " for her great love, obe- dience, chasteness of life, and wisdom." She afterwards married Sir Thomas Seymour, uncle of Edward VI., but they lived by no means happily together ; and when she died, though in childbed, it was currently reported that slie was poisoned. She was very mucli attached to the cause of the reformation ; and her letters, some of which have been printed, as well as some devotional treatises, show that she had literary talents by no means common to ladies at that period. Died, 1548. CATHARINE DE MEDICI, the wife of Henry II., king of France, was the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, duke of Urbino. In 1519, being then only in her 16th year, she was married to Henry, duke of Orleans, son and successor to Francis I. of France. Her beauty and accomplishments made her tlie ornament of the French court ; and, young as she was, she had deceit and cunning enough to make herself acceptable to all parties. For ten years she brought her husband no children, but she subsequently had ten, of wliom three successively were kings of France. With profound policy she secured the affection and confidence of her children in tlieir earliest youth, thereby as- suring to herself that influence which she desired to exercise over their maturer age. On the death of her husband, and the ac- cession of Francis II., tlie powerful Guises shared her political power ; and it is pro- bable tliat it was in order to avoid collision with them that she joined in their detestable fury against the Huguenots. But the reign of Francis was very brief ; and when Charles IX., then only in his 11th year, succeeded him, Catharine had all tlie authority of re- gent, though not the title. Tlie deatli of the Duke of Guise still farther increased her power, and she was joined heart and soul with the Catholics in persecuting the Huguenots. To characterise her political conduct at this time, we need only name the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, an atrocity wliich just and humane men of every creed, country, and age will join in reprobating. That Charles IX. was urged to this liorrid act by the persuasions of Ca- tharine most historians admit ; and in less than two years after the massacre he died, worn out in mind and body by the stings of remorse. At the death of Charles, Catharine was declared regent until the arrival of her son Henry from Poland. During her re- gency she governed rigorously and saga- ciously, and delivered up the kingdom to Henry III. on his arrival, in such order as with only common prudence and firmness, would have ensured him a peaceable reign. But the new king's weakness soon relaxed the bands which his mother had so firmly drawn around faction, and civil disturb- ances ensued, by which Catharine's later years were much embittered. Admitted by all to be a sagacious, adroit, and courageous woman, but detested by every party in the state, she died, aged 85, in 1581). CATHARINE OF BRAGANZA, daughter of Jolm IV. of Portugal, and queen of Charles II. of England. The dissolute con- duct of her husband, and the shameful openness of his illicit amours, gave licr much pain. But though neglected by him, she steadily and sternly preserved her own honour, and his so far as it depended on her. After his death she returned to Por- tugal, and when, in 1704, her brother, Don Pedro, was compelled by his increasing in- firmities to retire, she was made regent. She held this office but for a brief space ; but her conduct, both as regards her internal measures and her carrying on the war with Spain, showed considerable political ability. She died, in the C7th yearof her age, 1705. CATHARINE I., empress of Russia, was the illegitimate daughter of a Livonian pea- sant. After some years spent in the service of a clergyman, slie married a Swedish dra- goon, who shortly afterwards went on an expedition and never returned. She then resided, it is doubtful whether as servant or paramour, with the Russian general, Bauer, when Prince Menkzikoff became enamoured of her charms, and made her liis mistress. Peter I. now dislinguislied her by_ his notice, and she became at first his mistress and afterwards his empress. Dur- ing his lifetime she showed great devotion to him, and at his death she was proclaimed his successor. But her reign was short ; for her indulgence in intoxicating liquors pro- duced a disease of which she died in 1727, at the age of 41. CATHARINE II., empress of Russia, was the daughter of the prince of Anlialt-Zerbst, born in 1720, and in 1745 became the wife of the emperor Peter III. This prince was addicted to low society and to the most scandalous excesses ; and Catharine, even in her youth, was by no means remarkable for chastity. With the inconsistency usually to be observed in such cases, each party reproached the other ; Catharine, stung by her husband's brutality, became still more openly indecorous in her conduct, and Peter indulged in low wassail to such an extent that lie must have been deranged. He at length became so infatuated by his disgust for Catharine and his passion for one of his mistresses, the Countess Woronzoff, that lie 1 cat] ^ llctu mnibcr^JiT MiaQtnp'i)^, [cat » had detenniiied to divorce and imprison tlie former, and make tlie latter his empress. Informed of hio designs, Catharine promptly exerted herself, causad her liusband to be seized, and sent him as a prisoner to a small palace about 20 miles from St. Petcrsburgh, where Prince Alexis Orloff put him to death, with the connivance, if not at the positive command, of the empress. This occurred in July, 1702, and in the next month Ca- tharine was solemnly crowned empress of all the Kussias. Ill as lier power was ob- tained, she used it wisely and well. She trod firmly in the footsteps of Peter the Great, aiming at once to enrich and civilise her dominions. Scliools and towns were founded, public works of equal magnificence and use were commenced and fiuislied, and the horrible tortures which had been in- flicted on Russian criminals were almost totally abolislied. But her disgusting amours in the mean time disgraced her as a woman, and her tyrannous conduct towards Poland is a foul blot upon her escutcheon as a j sovereign. Ambition, however, and lack of female virtue did not wholly degrade her, for her internal policy was as much directed to the ueeful as to the grand ; and amid all the distractions of business and disjsipatiou she found time to encourage literature. In- deed, she was herself the author of instruc- tions for a code of laws, which she also j translated into German ; and she wrote some dramatic pieces, and some moral tales for ! the use of children ! Died, aged G7, 17S)6. ! CATlIAlilNUS, AiiuKosE, an Italian divine ; author of '* Treatises against the Doctrines of I^uther and Ochinus." He attended the council of Trent, and became successively bishop of Minori and arch- bishop of Canza. Died, l.'ioS. CATILINE, Lucius Skugius Catalixa, a Roman, of a noble family and great ta- lents, but of most depraved habits and evil ' ambition. He was high in favour with ! Sylla, who advanced him to the qucestorship I and other offices of honour and profit. After j the death of this powerful patron, Catiline I conspired with other dissolute nobles and . their followers, to murder the consuls and senators, and assume the government, lortunately for Rome, Cicero was one of I the consuls ; and he, on being made aware of Catiline's designs, branded him with them ; in that famous oration which alone would ' snliicc to give him the first rank among orators, ancient or modern. Even the effrontery of Catiline quailed before the ; indignant eloquence of the consul. He left I Rome and marched towards Cisalpine Gaul, ' Iiis confederates in the mean time endea- j vouring to corrupt the ambassadors of the I Allobroges. In this they were defeated by the vigilance and promptitude of Cicero j ! and Catiline being stopped in his march by th^proconsul Q. Metellus Celer, an engage- ment ensued, in whicli Catiline, at the head , of his associates, fighting with the most desperate courage, was slain, B.C. G2. CATINAT, Nicholas, an illustrious French general, as eminent for his virtues as for his military talents. He was educated for the law, but abandoned the bar for the army, and rose to tlie highest military ho- IJl nours by his skill and courage. He defeated the Duke of Savoy very signally in 1688, and in 1007 he took the fortress of Ath, in Flan- ders, after experiencing a desperate resist- ance. In 1701 he was appointed to the chief command of the army in Italy ; but either his skill was inferior to that of Prince Eu- gene, to whom he was opposed, or age had somewhat weakened his high qualities, for he was decidedly worsted and compelled to retreat. Died, 1712. CATO, Maucus PoRTius, BUinamed the Censor, an illustriouj Roman. At the early age of 17 he commenced his career as a sol- dier, and distinguished himself equally by his courage and by his singular temperance. After some time he was made military tri- bune in Sicily, and then qna;stor in Africa, under Scipio. In both these important situ- ations his conduct was marked by a rigid and honourable economy of the public mo- ney i and, in his 40th year, he arrived at the high dignity of the consulship. In this situation he strongly opposed the luxury of the Romans, and incessantly endeavoured to animate tlieir hatred of the Carthagi- nians, by speeches in the senate, usuallv concluding with " Delenda est Carthago > '' " Carthage roust fall." He composed many works; but only "De Re Rustica," and some fragments of Roman history, are all that we kijow of his writings. He was twice married, and had a son by each of his wives. Born, B.C. 232 ; died, 148. CATO, Marcus Poktjus, surnamed, from Ills birthplace, "of lltica," was grandson of the younger son of the last named. Being curly left an orphan, he m as taken into the family of his uncle, Livius Drusus. He served for some time in the army, and obtained the commission of tribune in the army sent against Macedonia. He then Iw- came quiestor, and exerted himself for the reformation of abuses. His conduct in this respect, and the unvarying gravity of his demeanour, rendered him almost proverbial for integrity ; and Cicero, to whose consular exertions he gave his support, called him " the father of his country." Perceiving the designs of Cajsar, he had the honesty and courage to oppose him ; and considering Csesar more dangerous than Pompcy, he ranged himself under the banners of the latter. The fatal battle of Pharsalia com- pelled him to fly to his native Utica j and when the triumphant Caesar arrived before that jdace, Cato calmly retired to his cham- ber, read Plato's Pha;do, or Dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul, and ended his life by falling upon his sword, b.c. 4.5. Cato, Valkuius, a Latin poet and gram- marian. All that remains of his writings is " Diras," a poem, which is to be found in Mattaire's " Corpus Poetarum." Died, B.C. ao. CATROU, Francis, a learned French Jesuit ; author of a translation of Virgil, " A History of the Empire of Mogul," " A Roman History," &c. ; and for many years a contributor to the Journal de Trcvoux. Died, 17:57. CATTENBURG, Adrian van, a Dutch divine of the sect of Remonstrants, professor of theology at Rotterdam j author of " Syn- cat] ^ ^ciu SJniiJcr^al ^Stosrapljy. [CAV tagma Sapientiie Mosaicos," " The Life of Giotius," in Dutch, &c. Died, 1737. CATULLUS, Caius "Valerius, an elegant but licentious lloman poet. Died, b.c. 40. CATZ, James, a Dutch statesman and poet, was born in 1577, at Brouwershaven, in Zealand. He held various important offices, was twice ambassador to England, and for 15 years filled the high station of pensionary in Holland. Died, 1C60. CAULAIJyCOURT, Akmand Augustix Louis ue, duke of Vicenza, a descendant of a noble and ancient family of Picardy. In the early days of the revolution he was im- prisoned as a suspected royalist, but was liberated on being drawn as a recruit for the republican army. There he rose from rank to rank until lie became aide-de-camp to Buonaparte, whom he attended in the campaigns of 1805-6-7. Subsequently he was employed in confidential missions, and in the post of foreign minister. After the restoration he lived in retirement. Born, 1773 ; died, 1827. CAULET, Fkancis Stephen de, a French bisliop. He was equally zealous for the purity and for the rights of his order ; and while lie took every opportunity to make useful reforms in his own diocese, lie boldly and strenuously opposed tlie riglit of tlie crown to dispose of ecclesiastical benefices during the vacancy of a see. He was de- posed ; and died, 1030. CAUSSIN, Nicholas, a French Jesuit, j confessor to Louis XIII. ; author of a trea- ' tise "De Eloquentia Sacra et Humana," &c. He was banished from court for opposing Cardinal Richelieu. Died, 1C51. CAVALCANTI, Baktolomeo, a learned Italian ; author of a work on rlietoric, and of another on the forms of a republic ; both able treatises. He served for some time as a mi- I litary officer, and was employed in some important negotiations by pope Paul III. Died, 1562. CAVALCANTI, Guido, a Florentine pM- losopher and poet of the 13th century, was a friend of Dante, and, like him, an active Ghilielline. His poems, which are cliiefly amorous, are above mediocrity. Died, 1300. CAVALIER, John, the sou of a French peasant in tlie time of Louis XIV., was bom in 1679. He became leader of the Camisardes, or Protestants of Languedoc, when they re- volted against the tyranny of the king ; and, led by him, they forced Marslial Villars to make treaty with them. Cavalier then be- came a colonel in tlie king's service, but fear- ing some treachery he transferred his skill and courage to England, and died governor of Jersey, in 1740. CAVALIERI, Bona VENTURE, an Italian friar, who became a disciple of Galileo. He was professor of mathematics at Bologna, and wrote some valuable treatises on geo- metry, conic sections, &c. Died, 1647. CAVALLINI, PiETRO, a Roman painter, lie was pupil of Giotto, whom he assisted in the famous mosaic in St. Peter's. Died, 1364. CAVAI^LO, Tiberius, an ingenious natu- ral philosopher, born at Naples in 1749, who, on coming to England for commercial objects, was so struck with the discoveries at that period in physical science, that he abandoned 102 his pursuits, settled in London, and devoted his future life to the advancement of science. He was author of many treatises on elec- tricity, aerostation, magnetism, &c., and con- tributed largely to the Philosophical Trans- actions. Died, 1809. CAVANILLES, AnthOxNY Joseph, a Spa- nish divine and botanist. After accompany- ing the Duke of Infantado's children into France as their preceptor, and remaining there 12 years, engaged in the study of various sciences, he was appointed director of the royal garden at Madrid, where he died, in 1804. His principal work in botany is in 6 vols., folio, with GOO plates, designed and engraved by himself. CAVE, EuwAKD, an enterprising book- seller, was born at Newton, Warwickshire, in 1691, and educated at Rugby School. Having been deprived of a clerkship in tlie post-office, in consequence of his resistance to some abuses of the privilege of franking, he took a shop by St. Jolin's Gate, Clerkenwell, and commenced the Gentleman's Magazine. The work was highly successful ; and among the contributors to it was the subsequently famous Dr. Johnson, of whom Cave was one of tlie earliest friends and employers. Died , 1754. CAVE, Dr. William, a learned English divine ; author of "Primitive Christianity," " Lives of the Apostles and Martyrs," and " Ilistoria Literaria." The last named work Is an account of the writers against and in defence of Christianity down to the 14th century. Born, 1637 ; died, 1713. CAVEDONE, GiACOMO, an 'eminent Ita- lian painter. He was a disciple of the Ca- racci ; but though some of his works are said to be equal to those of his masters, he died in absolute destitution, in 1660. CAVENDISH, Thomas, an English navi- gator in the reign of Elizabeth, was a native o"f Suffolk, where he inherited a good estate ; but having injured liis fortune by early ex- travagances, he fitted out three vessels to cruise against the Spaniards ; and sailing for the coast of South America, succeeded in taking several valuable prizes. After cir- cumnavigating the globe, he returned to England with a large fortune. This he soon dissipated, and agaiu went to sea ; but meet- ing with no success, died of chagrin while off the coast of Brazil, in 1592. CAVENDISH, Sir William, a native of Suffolk, was born in 1505. He obtained the office of usher to Cardinal AVolsey ; and the fidelity he displayed on the fall of his patron endeared him to Henry VIII., who took him into his service, and knighted him. In the succeeding reigns he was equally fa- voured, and his son became the earl of Devonshire. He wrote the life of his early friend and patron, Cardinal Wolsey. Died, 1557. CAVENDISH, William, duke of New- castle, son of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest son of the last named. By James I. he was made a knight of the Bath, baron Ogle, and viscount Mansfield. Charles I. appointed him governor to the Prince of M'alcs, and made him earl of Newcastle. | The earl proved himself worthy of the fa vour shown to him ; for, when Charles I. i cay] risoncd, and fined 30,(X)0/. for striking Colonel Culpepjier in the presence chamber. For the payment of this large sum he gave bond, but before it became due, the arrival of the Prince of Orange had put au end for ever to the ty- ranny of James. The earl now became a favourite at court, and in 10'>l his earldom was raised to a dukedom. Died, 1707. CAVENDISH, John, Lord, brother of the preceding ; an able statesman, who distin- guislied himself by liis opposition to Lord North, and succeeded that nobleman as chancellor of the exchequer. Died, 17'.W. CAVENDISH, Hknhv, a member of the Devonshire family, and one of tlieniost emi- nent natural philosophers of modern times, was the son of Lord Charles Cavendisli. He devoted himself exclusively to scicutiUc pur- suits, acquiring a distinguished rank among those wlio have most contributed to the pro- gress of chemistry j and his researches relative to hydrogen gas, or inflammable air, gave rise to the practice of aerostation. By the death of an uncle, iu 1773, he received a large addition to his fortune ; and, being extremely regular and simple in his manner of living, he left at his death the enormous sum of 1,200,000?. to liis relations. It has been truly said of him, that he was " the richest among the learned, and the most learned among the rich men of his time." Born, 1731 j died, 1810. CAWDREY, Daniel, a nonconformist diviue, and a leading member of the West- minster Assembly. He wrote some sermons and practical treatises, but tlie chief of his works are diatribes against the Established Church. Died, 1004. CAWTON, Thomas, a nonconformist di- vine. Being implicated in Love's plot against Cromwell, he fled to Holland, and became pastor of the English church at Rotterdam. He was skilled in the oriental languages, and assisted in the Polyglot Bible and Dr. Cas- tell's Polyglot Lexicon. Died, 1059. CAWTON, Thomas, son of the above, and, like him, a puritan divine and an ori- ental scholar. He officiated to a dissenting congregation in Westminster ; and was au- thor of "Dissertatio de Usu Linguae lle- braicsB in Plulosophia Theoretica," a Life of his Father, &c. Died, 1677. 163 CAXTON, William, the earliest English printer, was a native of Kent, and born about 1410. Having served his time as a mercer, he went abroad as agent to the Mercers' Company, and afterwards was taken into the suite of Margaret of York, wife of the Duke of Burgundy. While residing in Flanders, he acquired a knowledge of the art of printing, and translated and printed in that country the Recuyell of the History of Troy. Re- turning to England, he set up a press iu Westminster Abbey ; and in 1474 issued the " Game of Chess," the first book ever printed in England. Died, 1491. CAYLUS, Anne Claude PiiiLir nr.. Count of, a French writer ; author of the " Description of the Gems in the Koyal Cabinet," a truly splendid work ; " Disser- tations on the Arts," &c. ; and founder of a prize for drawing in the Academy of Paint- ing. Born, 1720 ; died, 1765. CAZALES. See De CazalIis. CAZES, PiEKKii Jacqi'Es, a French paint- er, pupil of Boulogne and the elder Houassc. His principal work is a noble Scripture iiiecc of " The Woman with an Issue of Blood," in the cliurch of Notre Dame. Born, 1070 ; died, 175-1. CAZOTTE,JouN,a French writer; autlior of "Le Diable Amoureux," "Olivier," and other poems, chiefly of the humorous kind. In the revolution, which he opposed with all his power, he was thrown into the prisons of the Abbayc, with his daughter £lizal)eth ; and when the massacre of the prisoners took place, his daughter threw herself between him and the murderers, thereby preventing the execution of their purpose i but he was again condemned to death, and perished by the guillotine, Sept. 25. 1792, at the age of 72. From the scaffold he cried with a firm voice to the multitude, "I die, as I have lived, faithful to God and to my king." CEBA, AiKALDo, a Genoese poet ; author of two tragedies, a history of Rome, and two heroic poems, " II Furio Cnmillo" and " Es- ther." The last-named poem was prohibited at Rome, on the ground of its blending sacred and profane. Died, 1623. CEBES, a Tlieban philosopher, pnpil of Socrates. The Tablature of Hunuin Life, usually printed with the Enchiridion of Epictetus, is generally attril)uteondon, where he connected himself with the press. He became editor of the Public Ledger and London Packet newspapers, during the period of the American war. Party politics were then running high, and Mr. Chalmers obtained much credit as a political writer to other journals under the signature of Senex. He was for a long time a contributor to the Morning Chronicle, and afterwards editor of the Morning Herald : he also entered into engagements with several publishers, to edit their books, and published many works in his own name. In 1812 the first portion of the work appeared, which, of all his pro- ductions, has the most largely contributed to his fame, namely, " The General Biographi- cal Dictionary," which was completed in 1817 ; and he continued to occupy himself in literary pursuits till ill-health compelled him to abandon them. Died, 1834. CHALMERS, George, a Scotch writer of considerable ability and industry ; author of " Caledonia," " An Estimate of the comparative Strength of Great Britain," &c. His statistical ability procured him the situ- ation of chief clerk of the Board of Trade, which he enjoyed for many years. Born, 1744 ; died, 1825. CHALMERS, Rev. Dr. Tuomas, was bom at Anstruther, in Fife, on the 17th of March, 1780, and was early sent to study at St. An- drew's University. His college career was dis- tinguished by some of his subsequent pecu- liarities — energy,good humour, companion- ablencss, and ascendancy over others ; and it was then that his passion for the physical sciences was first developed. Besides theo- logy, he studied mathematics, chemistry, ani some branches of natural history, with more than youthful enthusiasm, and with such suc- cess that, besides assisting his own professor, he made a narrow escape from the mathe- matical chair in Edinburgh. On the com- pletion of his theological studies, he officiated for about two years as assistant in the parish of Cavers, and in 1803 lie obtained a presenta- tion to the parish of Kilmany in Fit'eshire. Here he remained for some years, in the quiet discharge of his clerical duties, -when he was Biuldenly awakened to a knowledge of " vital Christianity," while engaged in writing the article " Cliristianity " for Brewster'- ^''=" Edin- burgh Encyclopedia ; and from this moment I his quickened and concentrated faculties I were intent on reviving the old "evangelism ' of the Puritans and the Keformers." The I heroism with which he avowed his change, I and the fervour with which he proclaimed : the gospel, made a great sensation in the quiet j country round Kilmany j and at last the i renown of this upland Boanerges began to I spread over Scotland, when, in 1815, the town council of Glasgow invited him to be the ' minister of their Tron Church and parish. i Thither he repaired, and in that city for 8 I years sustained a series of the most brilliant ; arguments and overpowering appeals in be- i half of vital godliness, which devotion has I ever kindled, or eloquence ever launched into the flaming atmosphere of human thought. In 1817 he visited London. Here his popu- larity was not less overwhelming. The churches in which he was to preach were crowded to suffocation long before the service commenced ; and amongst his auditors were a number of the distinguished clergy, peers, members of parliament, and literary cha- racters of all classes and denominations. " All the world," writes Wilbcrforcc in his diary, " wild about Dr. Chalmers. Canning, Iluskisson, Lords Elgin, llarrowby, &c. pre- sent. I was surprised to see how greatly Canning was affected ; at times he was quite melted into tears." Alter continuing about four years minister of the Tron Church, he was removed to the new church of St. John's. In this new sphere he tried to give practical direction to the theories he liad propounded, relative to the support and tlje 8Ui)pression of pauperism. In manage- ment, he expected it to become a model for all the parishes in Scotland, in the inde- pendence of its provision for the abatement of paui)erisni, as well as iu the spiritual agency it was to adopt. But the work he had undertaken, and the invasions made upon his time, deprived him of that solitude so mucli required for pulpit preparations, especially for such pulpit exhibitions as he was wont to give ; and he was fain to seek relief in an academic retreat. In 1824 he accepted the chair of moral phi- losophy at St. Andrew's ; in 1828, he was re- moved to the chair of theology in the uni- versity of Edinburgh ; and here he prosecuted his multifarious labours, lecturing, preach- ing, publishing, organising schemes for the welfare of the church, and taking an active management in her courts, till the dis- ruption of the Church of Scotland in 1813, when he joined the Free Church, which he ha.'>(!. CHANDLER, Edward, bishop of Dur- ham ; author of a " Defence of Christianity from the Prophecies of the Old Testament, ' &C. Born, 1(571 ; died, 175(). CHANDLER, Mary, au English poetess. Born, 1(W7 ; died, 1745. CHANDLER, Richard, a divine and an- ti(iuary. He travelled, in 17tJ4, through Asia Minor and Greece, at the expense of tlio Dilettanti Society; and wrote "Travels" in those countries. CHANDLER, Saiiuet,, an eminent dis- senting divine; author of a "Vindication of the Christian Religion," a "Vindication of the History of the Old Testament," a "History of Persecution," "History of the Life of David," &c. Born, ItJlty ; died, 170C. CHANDOS, Joii.v, an English general of great celebrity, in the 14lh century ; distin- guished not more for his bravery than for his generosity and moderation. He was killed at the bridge of Leusac, near Poitiers, in 13t)S». CHANNING, William ELLKRY,tlie Rev. D.D., was born at Newport, Rhode Island, U. S., in 1780. His maternal grandfather, William Ellery, was one of those who signed the declaration of independence, and his father was a partner in the eminent mer- cantile tirm of Gibbs and Chanuing, at New- j port. Educated at Harvard College, he was I early induced to abandon the profession of I medicine, for which his father intended him, [ and to prepare himself for the Unitarian j ministry ; and in 1803 he commenced his career by taking charge of the congregation scoe, General Gillespie, Lady Louisa Russell (when a child), Bishops Bathurst and Ryder, &c. To this list we ought perhaps to add his principal statues in bronze, viz. George IV. at Brighton and in Edinburgh, Pitt in Hanover Square and Edinburgh, and the equestrian statues of Sir Thomas Muiiro, at Madras, and the Duke of Wellington for the city of London. Died Nov. 25. 1841. CHAPELAIN, John, a French poet ; au- thor of " La Pucelle," &c. Died, 1074. CHAPELLE. Claude Emaxukl l'Hijil- LiEU, a French poet, and the friend and literary adviser of Moliere. Died, 1088. CHAPELLE, John de la, a French wri- ter ; author of the " I^ife of the Prince of Conti," dramas, &c. Died, 1723. CHAPMAN, Frederic Hexry, a Swedish vice-admiral ; author of a " Treatise ou Marine Architecture," Died, 1808, cha] ^ l^eiu 2lIui&crs?aX 3Siflcrrapl)i?. [cha CHAPMAN, George, an English poet. He wrote 17 dramatic pieces, but he is ciiiefly remembered for his vigorous translation of Homer, of wliicli Pope is said to liave made more use than lie cliose to admit. Died, 1G04. CHAPMAN, John, a learned English divine ; author of " Eusebius, or a Defence of Christianity," &c. Born, 1704 ; died, 1784. CHAPONE, Hestei!, was the daughter of a Mr. Mulso, of Twy well, Northamptonshire. Among her first productions is the interesting story of Fidelia, in the Adventurer ; but she is principally known by her valuable "Let- ters on the Improvement of the ^lind," ad- dressed to a young lady, and published in 1773. Died, 1801, aged 74. CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, Joiix, a Frencli astronomer. In 17(50 he went into Siberia to observe the transit of the planet Venus ; and, in 17C8, he gave the public an account of his journey in three volumes. He then went to California for the same purpose, but died there in 1769. CHAPPE, Claude, nephew of the pre- ceding, was born in 1763. He introduced tlie use of telegraphs into France ; and the first public event communicated by it was the capture of Conde, in 1793. The honour of the discovery being claimed by others, his mind was so much ulfected that he com- mitted suicide, in 1805. CHAPPEE, William, an English topo- grapher. He contributed largely to the Gentleman's Magazine, and edited a part of Risdon's Survey of Devonshire. Died, 1781. CHAPTAL, JEAfT AxTOixE Claude, count of Clianteloupe, a French peer, states- man, and writer. Being a younger son he was destined for the profession of medicine, and had completed his studies when he was induced to accept the professorship of che- mistry at Moutpelier. His lectures procured him great reputation, and on tlie breaking out of the revolution he took an active part in it, and was selected by the new govern- ment to supply the army with gunpowder. In 1799 the first consul made him counsellor of state ; and, in the following year, minister of the interior. CHAPUZEAU, Samuel, a Genevese wri- ter, preceptor to William III. of England ; author of an " Account of Savoy," a " De- scription of Lyons," &c. ; and editor «f Tavernier's Travels. Died, 1701. CHARAS, Moses, a Frencli physician. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he withdrew to Spain, where he became phy- siciau to Charles II. His jealous rivals caused him to be imprisoned in the Inquisi- tion, and he only obtained his release by abjuring his religion. His " PharmacopcEia " was translated into Chinese for the use of the emperor. Died, 1C98. CHARDIN, Sir John, a French traveller, whose travels in Persia and the East Indies are extremely valuable. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove him to England, where he was well received by Charles II., who knighted him. Died, 1713. CHARENTON, Joseph Nicholas, a French Jesuit, and for many years a mis- sionary in Persia. He translated Maricana's ]70 History of Spain into French, and appended some valuable notes. Died, 173.5. CHARETTE DE LA COINTRE, Fran- cis Athaxasius DE, a French royalist, and leader of the party in La Vendt'e. He dis- played great bravery in numberless combats ; but being at length defeated by the repub- licans, and wounded, he was taken prisoner, and shot at Nantes, in 1796. CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles the Great, king of tlie Franks, and subsequently em- peror of the West, was born in 742. He was the son of Pepin, and succeeded his elder brother, Carloman, in 771. Having defeated the Saxons, and overrun Lombardy, he was crowned emperor in 800. Though of a war- like turn, and continually engaged in war, he was a great friend to learning, founded several universities, and attracted by his liberality the most distinguished scholars to his court ; among others, Alcuin, from Eng- land, whom he chose for his own instructor. He completed many important national works, encouraged agriculture and the arts, and rendered his name immortal by the wisdom of his laws. In private life, Cliarle- magne was exceedingly amiable, a good father, and generous friend. His domestic economy afforded a model of frugality ; his person, a rare example of simplicity and greatness. He despised extravagance of dress in men, though, on solemn occasions, he ap- peared in all the splendour of majesty ; and as his person was commanding and his coun- tenance noble and beneficent, he inspired those who saw him with sentiments of love and respect. He died at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 814, aged 72. CHARLEMONT, James Cauxfield, Earl of, an Irish nobleman, distinguished as the political coadjutor of Burke, Flood, Grattan, and the other patriotic advocates of Ireland, and as the commander of the Irish volunteers. His lordship possessed considerable literary talents ; and, after his death, his correspon- dence with Burke and otlier eminent men was published. Born, 1728 ; died, 1799. CHARLES IV., emperor of Germany, son of John of Luxemburg, and grandson of the emperor, Henry VII., ascended the throne in 1347. His reign was distinguished by the golden bull of the diet of Nuremburg, by which the Germanic constitution was estab- lished. Died, 1378. CHARLES v., emperor of Germany and king of Spain, succeeded his grandfather, Ferdinand, on the throne of Spain, in 1516, and became emperor of Germany on the death of Maximilian, in 1519. His title to the imperial crown was disputed by Francis I. of France ; but, aided by Henry VIII. of England, Charles maintained himself, and, at the battle of Pavia, even took his rival prisoner. His whole reign, however, was stormy — France, the Moors, and the Pro- testant princes of Germany gave him full employment, until, in 1556, he resigned the crown to his son, and sought in private life the happiness he had not found in governing an empire. Taken altogether, he is one of the most remarkable cliaracters in history. He exhibited no talents in his youth, it not being till his 30th year that he showed him- self active and independent ; but, from that ciia] ^ ^eiu BixibtviKl 23iajjrai»!)S» [CHA time till his abdication, lie was, throughout, a monarch. lie was intlefatigable in busi- ness, weighing the reasons on both sides of every case with great minuteness ; very slow in deciding, but firm of purpose, and prompt to execute. Being equally rich in resources and sagacious in the use of them ; gifted with a cool judgment, and always ma.ster of himself, he steadily pursued his plans, and was generally able to overcome the greatest obstacles. Died, 1558. CHARLES VI., son of the emperor Leo- pold, was declared king of Spain by his fa- ther in 1703, and crowned emperor in 1711. Tlie taking of Belgrade by his general, Prince Eugene, compelled the Turks to make peace with him ; and his alliance with Holland, France, and England enabled him to obtain considerable advantages over Spain. Subsequently, however, he was at war with his allies, and thus lost Naples and Sicily j and was also engaged in an injurious contest with Turkey. Died, 1740. CHAKLES VIII., elector of Bavaria, was raised to the empire of Germany, in 1742, by the influence of France and Prussia, though he had a powerful rival in Maria Theresa of Hungary, who was supported by England and Sardinia. Died, 1745. CHARLES II., surnamed the Bold, king of France. He was crowned king in 840, and elected emperor by the Romans in 875. Died, siipposed by poison, in 877. CHAKLES III., king of France, surnamed the Simple. He ascended the throne in SiW. His whole reign was one of struggle against the Normans and his turbulent barons, who at length caused Robert, a prince of the blood royal, to be crowned. In the battle fought l)etween the two sovereigns, Robert was slain ; but his son, Hugh the Great, pressed Charles so hard, that he sought shelter in the castle of the Count of Verman- dois, where he died, in 929. CHARLES IV., son of Philip the Fair, succeeded to the crown of France in 1322. His reign lasted only 6 years, and in that brief time he was deprived by England of the province of Guienne. Died, 1328. CHARLES v., surnamed the Wise, was the first prince >vho bore the title of dauphin, on the death of his brother, in 13G4. His reign was very beneficial to his people, whose commerce and agriculture he greatly pro- moted. He founded the library of Paris, and gained several advantages over the English. Died, 1380. CHARLES VL, surnamed the Well- beloved, was son and successor of the above. Owing to the feuds of the dukes of Burgundy and Orleans, and the misconduct of his mi- nisters, he was unable to resist the warlike Edward V. of England, who conquered France and disinherited the dauphin. Died, 1422. CHARLES VII., surnamed the Victorious. He was crowned in 14i'2, and recovered the whole of his dominions from the English, with the exception of Calais. Died, 1401. CHARLES VIIL, king of France, sur- named the AtTable,wa3 the son of Louis XL, and ascended the throne of France in 1483, at the early age of 13. He was a warlike prince, and, in 1405, obtained a victory over an army of Italians five times as niunerous as his own. Died, 141)8. CHARLES IX., king of France, succeeded to the throne in 1650. The civil wars, and, above all, the massacre of Paris, have left an indelible stain upon the memory of this prince. Died, 1574. CHARLES X., ex-king of France, or ClIARLES-PlIILIPPE DE BoURBOX, (knOWn as Coxmt d'Artois until the accession of his brother Louis XVIII. , and afterwards as Monsieur,) was the fifth and youngest son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XV., and was born in 1757. In early life he had ac- quired a character for dissipation, extrava- gance, and hauteur, which bore a still more unfavourable appearance when contrasted with the conduct of his elder brothers ; and such indeed was his unpoi>ularity, that at the very onset of the revolution he found it necessary for his personal safety to quit his native land. In 1773 he married the prin- cess Maria Theresa, daughter of Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia, to whose court he now fled for refuge. He subse- quently visited other parts of Enro|>e, and eventually found an asylum with his bro- ther, Louis XVIIL, first at Holyrood House, Edinburgh, and afterwards at Hartwell, in Buckinglianishire. On his succeeding to the throne of France in 1824, it was seen tJiat he adhered too much to the exploded dogmas of the old rigime to acquire the same degree of popularity that, by good tact and a more complying disposition, his predecessor had enjoyed. On the 25th of July, 1830, in consequence of the result of a general election, Charles X. issued Iiis two fatal ordinances, one abolishing the freedom of the press, and the other changing the mode of election. A popular insurrec- tion, of three days' continuance, which has since been dignilied with the title of "the glorious revolution of 1830," took place in Paris, and paved the way for Louis Philippe. The king retreated from St. Cloud to Ram- bouillet, where he oft'ered to abdicate in favour of his grandson, the Duke of Bor- deaux, and requested from the provisional government a safe-conduct to a sea-port. Embarking at Cherbourg he sailed for England, and for a time took up Ids resi- dence at Lul worth Castle, and then removed to Holyrood House, the scene of his former exile. There he remained about a twelve- month ; afterwards retired to the Austrian ' dominions ; and died, in his 80th year, at Goritz, in Illyria, Nov. 4. 1837. The latter | years of this monarch were passed in acts \ of superstitious devotion : he constantly \ wore hair- cloth next his skin, he fasted much, \ and frequently imposed upon himself, as j a penance for some hasty expression, an absolute silence for several hours. The Dukes d'AngoulOme and do Berri were his I sons. I CHARLES II., surnamed the Bad, king of Navarre. He succeeded to his kingdom ' when only 18 years of age, and bis reign was marked by much wickedness. He mur- dered the constable, Charles of Angouleme ; seduced tlie dauphin, afterwards Charles V., into rebellion against his father ; and was accused of employing a person to administer qS ciia] ^ :pcU) ^uibcri^al 3BiO0rap]by. [ciia poison to Charles V. His dcatli was as hor- 1 rible as liis life had been wicked. Being ill j of a leprosy, liis physicians caused him to ] be swathed in cloths dipped in spirits of wine, and covered with brimstone ; and his j page accidentally setting ftre to these in- i flammable materials, Charles died in great I torture, in 1387. CHARLES I., king of Naples and Sicily. I He was the son of Louis VIII. of France, and, marrying the daughter of the Count of Provence, he became possessed of Provence, I and of Anjou and Maine. Defeating Man- : fred, the usurper of Sicily, he assumed the ! style of king of Naples ; and taking his rival, I Conradin, duke of Suabia, and the Duke of ! Austria prisoners, he eternally disgraced ! himself by causing them to be put to death j on the scaffold. His tyranny at length so ! much enraged the Sicilians, that on Easter I Monday, in 1282, they massacred S0()() of the 1 French — an event spoken of in history as the "Sicilian Vespers." After this they chose Peter of Arragon for their king instead of Charles, who died in 1285. CHARLES II., son of the above, and his successor on the throne of Naples. At the time of liis father's decease, he himself was a prisoner in the liands of the Sicilians, and lie would most probably have been put to death by them but for the humane interces- sion of Constantia, the wife of Peter of Ar- ragon. At her request he was set at liberty, in 1288, on condition of his renouncing all claim to the crown of Sicily ; a condition from which the pope absolved him. His attempts upon Sicil3' were, however, of no avail, and he was obliged to content himself with Naples, which he governed with wis- dom and moderation. Died, loOO. CHARLES IIL, king of Naples, great grandson of the last named. He married Margaret, niece of Joan, queen of Naples ; and when Joan was excommunicated, in lo80, he obtained that kingdom from the pope. He put the deposed queen to death, aud was in his turn excommunicated by the pope. This did not prevent his endeavour- ing to possess himself of the crown of Hun- gary, but he was slain in the attempt in 138fi. CHARLES GUSTAVUS X., king of Sweden. lie was the son of John Casimir, and ascended the throne on the abdication of queen Christina, in 1C54. He was very suc- cessful against Poland, but was compelled to raise the siege of Copenhagen, which he sought to possess himself of on accoimt of Denmark having allied itself with Poland. Died, lOGO. CHARLES XL, king of Sweden, son and successor of the preceding. He lost several important places during his war with Den- mark, but they were restored to him at the peace of Nimeguen. He greatly increased the power and resources of his kingdom, and died in HM. CHARLES XII., king of Sweden, son and successor of the preceding. He was only 15 years of age when he ascended the throne, and his youth encouraged Russia, Denmark, and Poland to unite against him. Those powers, however, found him fully equal to the task of humbling them. Denmark being subdued, he attacked Russia ; and in the fa- 173 mous battle of Narva, in 1700, he is said to have slain 30,000 of the enemy, besides making 20,000 prisoners, though his own force was short of 10,000. Poland next felt his power ; he dethroned Augustus, and made Stanislaus king in his stead. Thus far his whole course had been prosperous ; but in seeking utterly to crush Peter the Great, he sustained a terrible defeat at the battle of Pultowa, and was himself so severely wounded, that he was removed from the field on a litter, and compelled to seek shelter in Turkey. Here his conduct was so violent that the grand signior was compelled to be- siege his residence. After desperate resist- ance Charles was overjiowered, and for ten months he was kept a prisoner. He no sooner was allowed to return to his own do- minions than he commenced an attack on Norway, aud in besieging Frederickshall was killed by a cannon shot, in 1718. CHARLES XIIL, king of Sweden, was bom in 1748 ; and being appointed, at his birth, high admiral of Sweden, his educa- tion was directed chiefly to the learning of naval tactics, and in 1788 lie defeated the Russians in the Gulf of Finland. On the murder of Gustavus III. he was placed at the head of the regency ; but he resigned tiie government, in 179G, to Gustavus Adol- phus IV., who had become of age, and did not appear again in public life till a revo- lution hurled the king from the throne. He was then elected, and subsequenily be- stowed his entire confidence on Marshal Bernadotte, whom the estates had chosen to succeed Prince Cliristiau in 1810. Died, 1818. CHARLES ALBERT, king of Sardinia, son of Carlo Emanuele, prince of Carignano, was born 2d Oct. 1798. At his birth he had but little chance of ever swaj-ing the sceptre, for there were seven male heirs of the House of Savoy, through whom the crown might have descended. His early life was conse- quently passed in comparative insignificance, and his name was but slightly known to Europe until the revolution of 1821, which broke out in support of 'the so-called Spanish Constitution of 1812, compelled king Vittorio Emanuele to abdicate in favour of his bro- ther, and led to Charles Albert's nomination as regent of the kingdom. Charles Albert, who had all along been in the secrets of the conspirators, took measures to carry out their designs ; but the Duke of Genevois, in whose favour king Vittorio had resigned the crown, having refused to sanction the proceedings of the new government, and having taken instant measures to put down the insurgents, Charles Albert fled to Novara, and deserted and betrayed the party with whom he had co-operated. Renouncing the opinions he had adopted,. he acted as a volunteer in 1823, in Spain, under the Duke d'Angouleme, and there lent his aid to crush the constitution, the principles of which he had so lately at- tempted to establish in Sardinia. On his re- turn to Turin he remained in retirement until the death of Carlo Felice led to his accession to the throne, 27t]i April, 1831. During the first 17 years of his reign, few events occurred to give a clear insight into the natural bent of his mind ; but in March, cua] ^ |5^&) ^Btntbcr^al 3SiO(jrapTj5. [CIIA 1848, after the Milanese had driven out tlie Austrians from Northern Italy, lie a second time unfurled the revolutionary banner, and in a proclamation to the " people of Lom- bardy and Venice," espoused tlie cause of Italian regeneration against Austria. His arms were at first crowned with success ; hut the Austrian field-marshal Radetzky having regained step by step the positions he had lost, at lengtli compelled the Sardinian forces to evacuate Milan in August of the same year, and in September an armistice was signed by the contending parties. In March, 1849, Charles Albert was forced, by the clamours of his subjects, to renew the war with Austria. But the Sardinian army was defeated at all points by Marshal Ra- detzky in the shortest campaign on record, four days; and innnediatcly afterwards, on the 24th of March, Cliarles Albert abdicated the throne in favour of his eldest son, and precipitately leaving Turin, took up his residence at Oporto, where he died, as it is alleged, of a broken heart, July 18th, 1849. CHARLES, LoL'is DE LoHRAixE, arch- duke of Austria, a distinguished military commander, son of Leopold II., and younger brother of Francis II., was born, 1771. He first entered on the career of arms under Prince Coburg in 1793; and liis great abilities, not less than his exalted rank, rapidly pro- cured his elevation in command. After the battle of Nerwinde, which restored that rich province to the imperial power, he was ap- pointed governor of the Low Countries, and was soon after created a field-marshal. In 179(5 he was promoted to the command of the imperial armies on the Rhine, gained some advantages over the republican generals Jourdan and Moreau, whom he compelled to retire across the Rliine ; took Kehl in 1797 ; subsequently commanded in Italy against Buonaparte and Massena ; long disputed victory at Caldiero, Eckmuhl, and Essling ; but lost the decisive battle of Wagram, where he was wounded. After this event he lived in retirement, during which he wrote a luminous and impartial narrative of his campaigns, and enriched military science with the profound views set forth in his " Priucipes (le Strategic." Died, 1847. CHARLES I., king of England, was born in Scotland, in the year 1000. He was the second son of James VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, by Anne, daughter of the king of Denmark ; and upon the death of Prince Ilenry, his elder brother, in 1612, was created prince of Wales. On the death of his father, in 1G2."(, he ascended the throne, his kingdom being engaged in war with Spain, and much embittered against his friend and minister, Buckingliam. It unfortunately happened for Charles I. that he had to t)ie full as high and exacting a notion of the royal preroga- tive as either his father or Elizabeth, while he had to deal with an entirely different state of public opinion. The parliament impeached Buckingliam, and the king sup- ported him ; war with France was declared, against the popular wish, because Bucking- ham so willed it ; and while the parliament was vexatious in its resistance, the king was obstinate and impolitic in his enforcement and extension of his prerogative. To detail L^' the events consequent upon the disputes between the king and his people, belongs rather to history than to biography. It may suffice, therefore, to say, that previous to and during the civil war, king and people seem to have been pretty equally in the wrong ; the former closing his ears to the increased power of the public voice, and the latter exerting that power vexatiously and gratuitously, rather than with a just and wholesome reference to sound moral and political principle. The first battle between the king's forces and the parliamentary army was at Edgehill, in which neither party had much to Ixjast of. For some time, however, the royalists were generally successful ; but the battles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby were all signally unfavourable to the royal cause. Indeed, after the defeat at Naseby, the king was so powerless, that he took the resolution of throwing himself upon the good feeling of the Scottish army, then lying before Newark ; and by that army he was basely sold, and delivered into the hands of the parliament. For a time he was treated with much outward respect, but becoming alarmed for his jHjrsoual safety, he found means to make his escape from Hampton Court. On aiTiving on the coast, whither he went with the intention of quitting the king- dom, he could not obtain a vessel to go abroad, but crossed over to the Isle of Wight, where the governor, Hammond, confined him in Carisbrook Castle. While there, negotiations were carried on between him and the parliament ; but the dominant party, commanding the army, and, as it would seem, anything but sincere in wishing a re- conciliation between the king and his people, cleared the House of Commons of the mode- rate and just members, and erected a court for the trial of the king. Insulted by the rabble, and brow-beaten by the self-erected court, he was condemned to death, and on t!:? 3<)th of January, 1049, beheaded at Whitehall ; his last word to Bishop Juxon being a charge to him to admonish Prince Charles to forgive his father's miuderers. CHARLES II., king of England, son of the above, Mas born in 1030. He was living as a refugee at the Hague when the inhuman sentence on his father was carried into exe- cution. He, nevertheless, assumed the regal title, and finding that the Scots had pro- claimed him, he left the Hague for Scotland, and was crowned at Scone. Cromwell ! marched towards Scotland to give him bat- tle, and Charles took the spirited course of passing by forced marches into England. Cromwell, however, whose force was supe- rior, discovering the manoeuvre, retrograded in pursuit ; and the royal army was over- taken at Worcester, and utterly routed. After difficulties and escapes which have rather the air of romance than of stem mat- ter of fact, Charles escaped to France, where he resided for some years, keeping up the mimicry of a court, but frequently reduced to extreme distress. The death of Cromwell, the general discontent of the people with the sordid and narrow-minded bigotry which had thrown a gloom over the whole land, and the dexterous policy of General Monk, restored Charles to his crown and kingdom ; 03 cha] ^ ^fto 2iliul)eriSal 3tjiocimpf)n. [CIIA and he reigned witli a power far fjreater than j that for aiming at which liis father had been put to death. Untaught by_ adversity, he I was luxurious, selfish, and indolent. Tlie ' English Nonconformists were treated with jealous rigour, and the Scottish Covenanters I were shot and sabred without compunction. I And, perhaps, Charles's reply to some cora- I plaints made to him of Lauderdale's cruelty ; in Scotland, will give quite as full a clue to 1 Ills kingly character as can be required : — ! " I perceive," said Charles, " that Lauderdale ! has been guilty of many bad tilings against I the people of Scotland ; but I cannot find i that he has acted against my interest." j Died, 1(J85. During this monarch's reign, i the capital was visited by heavy calamities ; the plague in imn, and the fire of London in the following year ; while pretended plots and conspiracies were made pretexts for bringing some eminent persons, who were obnoxious to the court, to an ignominious death. As to the character of Charles II., he was, in the fullest acceptation of the terms, a sensualist and voluptuary ; en- couraging, by Ids example, a taste for disso- lute manners, which i)oisoned the moral health of society ; and though he preserved a degree of popularity with the multitude, from the easiness of his manners, yet he was totally destitute of exalted sentiments. CHARLES EDWAKD STUART, called the Prcttiulcr, was the grandson of James II., and born at Rome, in 1720. In 1745 he landed in Scotland, and published a mani- festo exhibiting the claims of his father to the English throne. He was joined by se- veral of the Highlanders, and on entering Edinburgh, he caused his father to be pro- claimed i on which General Cope hastened towards the capital, but was attacked by the Pretender at Preston Pans, and defeated. Instead of making a proper use of this vic- tory, by advancing into England. Charles returned to Edinburgh, wasting his time in an idle parade of royalty. Afterwards, on being joined by Lords Kilmarnock, Cro- marty, Balnierino, and other discontented chiefs, he marched as far as Manchester ; but hearing that the king was about to take the field, he returned to Scotland, where he defeated the English forces, under llawley, at Falkirk. In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland advanced to Edinburgh, and from thence to Aberdeen, the Pretender re- treating before him. At last the two armies met at Culloden, April 27. 1746, when, after an obstinate conflict, in which the High- landers displayed prodigious courage, his array was signally defeated, and entirely dispersed. Charles, after wandering about in different disguises, chiefly among the Hebrides, effected his escape to France. He died at Florence in 1788. CHARLETON, Lewis, bishop of Here- ford, an able prelate, distinguished for liis proficiency in theology and the matheniatics. Died, lfi()9. CHARLETON, Walter, M. D., an Eng- lish physician. He resided abroad with Charles II., and returned with him at the Restoration. His writings, in natural his- tory, medicine, theology, and natural phi- losophy, are very numerous and learned, 174 especially his " Ouomasticon Zoicon " and " Chorea Gigantum ;" the former a cla:^silicd arrangement of animals, the latter au essay on Stonehenge. Died, 1707. CIIARLE VILLE, Chaules William, the Earl of, was the son of John Bury, esq., of Ireland, who, having married a co- heiress of Charleville, the title was re\'ived, by patent, in the person of his son, in 1797 ; who, in 1800, was advanced to the dignity of viscount, and six years afterwards to that of earl. His lordship was possessed of high classical attainments, and was, for several years, pre- sident of the Royal Irish Academy. He was a firm supporter of the existing institutions of tlie country, in their connection with church and state ; and during the period of the Irish rebellion, in 1790, he commanded the Tullamore cavalry, and was very active in suppressing outrage. Died, 1835, in his 72nd year. CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xavier, a French Jesuit, and for some time a mis- sionary in America. On his return, he be- came conductor of the Journal de Tre- voiix. In addition to his numerous con- tril)utions to that work, he wrote " Histoire Genurale de Paraguay," " Histoire Gi5nijrale de la Nouvelle France," &c. Died, 17(51. CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA, daughter of George IV. and Queen Caroline, was born Jan. 7. 1796, and married to Prince I^eopold of Coburg (now king of Belgium), May 2. 1810. From her earliest years she gave strong indications of nobleness of mind and great capacity ; and as she grew up, a feeling of sincere and ardent attachment for her on tlie part of the people was universally dis- played. She was not merely accomplished, according to the common acceptation of the term, but was well- acquainted with history, statistics, and other more abstruse branches of knowledge ; spoke several modern lan- guages, and excelled in music, painting, &c. In tine, she possessed in a high degree the several qualities and endowments necessary for the dignified maintenance of an exalted station ; while her active benevolence and solicitude for the poor rendered her an object of their especial regard. Her marriage with Prince Leopold was the result of mutual esteem, and their domestic life may safely be held up as a pattern for universal imitation. But the hopes of the nation, and the anxious wishes of a husband, were suddenly blighted: on the 5th of Nov. 1817, the princess was delivered of a still-born child ; and, in a few hours after, she was seized with convulsions and expired. Never before, perhaps, wtis national and individual sorrow so strikingly or so sincerely expressed, and never, perhaps, was it more deservedly bestowed. The un- happy dissensions of her royal parents, and the vicious blandishments of courtly para- sites, were strikingly contrasted at Claremont by conjugal affection and the pure pleasures of a virtuous life. No wonder, then, tliat the people should have looked forward to her reign with delight ; nor can it be a matter of surprise that their grief should have been intense when thus bereft of " England's hope." CHARNOCK, Jonx, an English naval ofBcer and miscellaneous writer ; author of a ! ciia] ^ |3eU) ?Hiuljcv^al 3Sioj3;mjp]bfi« [ciia " History of Marine Architecture," " Bio- graphia Navalls," a " Supplement to Camp- bell's Lives of the Admirals," &c. Died, 1807. CHARNOCK, Stkphex, a nonconformist divine. He was a very eloquent and popular preacher, and advocated Calvinistical doc- trines with great force and originality. His " Discourse on Providence " is considered the best of his writings. Died, 1080. CIIARONDAS, an ancient legislator. He flourished in the 5th century u. c, and is celebrated for liis code of laws drawn up for the inhabitants of Thurium, in Magna Grajcia. Auiong his regulations, was one to prevent any citizen from apiK-aring with arms in the public assemblies. Having in- advertently broken through tliis law, lie plunged his sword into his breast, saying, that he would seal his law with Ids own blood. CIIARPENTIER, Fka>xis, one of the Frencli literati in the time of Louis XIV. He was the author of a treatise " On the Ex- cellence of the French Language," and other works ! but though he hart much talent, liis flattery of the king, and his praise of modern literature at the expense of the ancients, caused him to be severely satirised by Boi- leau. Died, 1703. ClIARRERIE, Madame de St. IFva- ciSTiiE DE, a French lady of versatile ability; authoress of " Lettrcs Neuchatclloiscs," " Ca- liste, ou Lettres ^crites de Lausanne," and several successful novels and diamas. Died, 180(5. CHARRON, Pkteu, a French, divine, and a friend of Montaigne, who, by will, left lilra the privilege of bearing his arms ; a strong proof, considering the pride of a Gascon, of his personal consideration. His chief works are "The Three Smiths," a "Treatise on Wisdom," and a volume of " Christian Dis- courses." CHASLES, Fraxcis James, a French writer of the 18th century ; compiler of the " Dictionnairc de Justice." CHASLES, Greoobv pe, a French naval officer and a witty writer ; author of " Les Illustres Francoises," " Journal d'un Voyage fait aux Indcs Orientales," &c. Died, 1720. CHASSENEUZ, Baktiiolomew ue, an eminent French lawyer ; author of " Cata- logus Glorias Mundi," " Consilia, or Consult- ations on Points of Law," &c. It is greatly to his credit that he used all his power as president of the parliament of Provence to delay the decree issued by that body against the Vaudois of Merindol and Cabrieres. In- deed, it was suspected that his humanity caused the Catholics to hasten his end by poison. Died, 1.541. CHASTELAIN, Clavde, a French eccle- siastical writer ; author of a " Universal Martyrology," the "Roman Martyrology," and a Journal of his own Life. Died,.1712. ClIASTELARD, Pikkre he Bi.scole de, a French gentleman, whom De Thou sup- I poses to have been grandson of the Chevalier Bayard. He went to Scotland in the suite of the unfortunate Mary, and became so violently enamoured of his royal mistress, as to secrete liimself in her apartment. Being discovered when the queen retired to rest, he was committed to prison, and finally be- headed on a charge of treason. CHASTELER, John G., Marquis of, an eminent Austrian general. He was severely wounded at the siege of Valenciennes in 179;?, and was subseijuently opposed succes- sively to Lefevre and Murat. In 1808, with Hormayer, he was the soul of the famous Tyrolese insurrection ; and he was charac- terised by Napoleon, in a wrathful procla- mation which he had the rashness to issue, as " tlie leader of a band of robbers," and an outlaw. In all his engagements he displayed equal skill and courage, and was at length rewarded with the honourable post of go- vernor of Venice. Born, 17<;3 ; died, 1820. CIIASTELET, Gahrieli.e Emilie dk Bheteuil, Marchioness of, a French lady, distinguished by her proficiency in science. She translated the Institutes of the Philoso- phy of Leibnitz from the German, and sub- sequently becoming acquainted ■with the pliilosophy of Newton, she translated his Principia, and added an able commentary. Born, 1700 ; died, 1749. CHASTELLUX, Francis John, Marquis de, a French field-marshal ; author of " Tra- vels in North America," and a treatise on " Public Happiness." Died, 17;W. CHATEAUBRIAND, Francois Au- of STE, Vicomtc de, whose chequered career and numerous productions gained him a prominent place in the history of his time, was born at St. Malo, in 1709, the year that witnessed the birth of Napoleon, Mehemet Ali, and Arthur Wellesley. After pursuing Ids studies at Dol and Rennes, in his 17th year he joined the regiment of Navarre as sub-lieutenant, and repaired to Paris, where he witnessed all the splendours of the throne soon doomed to fall. On the eve of the meeting of the states-general in 1789, ani- mated by a love of adventure, he went to America. Here he spent two years amid the wild grandeur of savage life, " the world forgetting, by the world forgot," when ac- cident threw into his hands a journal which revealed to him the immense events wliich three years had sutficcd to bring about in his native country. The French monarchy existed only in name, a turbulent democracy had takeu its place, and the emigrant nobi- lity were turning tlieir swords aj'ainst their country. It was in their ranks that honour, as understood among "gentils hommcs," had marked out his place ; and thither he betook himself. Wounded At the siege of Thionville in 1792, he was conveyed in a dying state to Jersey ; and after a partial recovery he sailed for England, where he sutfered great privations, which a few trans- lations, and, as he subsequently made known, the timely aid of the Literary Fund So- ciety, enabled him to mitigate rather than relieve. Here he published his first work, entitled "Essai llistorique et Politique sur les Revolutions Anciennes et Modernes," 1797. After the 18th Brumaire he returned to France, and contributed to the Mercure. His" Attala" appeared In 1801 ; and was fol- lowed in 1802 by his most celebrated work, the " Gt-nie du Christianisme," which lias become like a household word through the Christian world. Soon afterwards he was 175 cha] ^ ^clu Uni^tx^Kl 3Bt0srapTjy, [cha oppointed by Napoleon secretary to the French embassy at Home. In March, 1804, he was nominated minister plenipotentiary to Switzerland ; but he resigned on learning the melancholy fate of the Duke d'Eng- hien, and resisted all the overtures which Napoleon subsequently made to him. For a long time he had meditated a grand poetic work founded on the great events of Chris- tianity ; and to qualify liimselr for this un- dertaking, he visited in 180(5 the great scenes of Bible history, and on his return in 1807 hepublislicd " I>e3 Martyrs," and four years later his " Itineraire de Paris h Jerusalem." In 1814, Chateaubriand hailed the Restora- tion in a brochure, entitled "Buonaparte et les Bourbons." At Ghent he was considered one of the ministers of Louis XVIII. ; in 1815 he was created a peer of France, and the following year he became a member of the Institute. " La Monarchic selon la Charte," which he published the same year, threw him for some years into discredit with the court ; but in 1S20 tlie highest state appointments once more lay open to him, and he became successively' ambaseador at Berlin in 1820, and at London in 1822, and the same year minister of foreign aftairs in the Vilfcle ministry, wlien he organised the invasion of Spain under the Duke d'Angou- IGme, and took part in the Congress of Ve- rona, the history of which he afterwards recorded. In 1824, being summarily dis- missed from office, lie took refuge in the columns of the Journal des Dc'bats, where he \-igorously attacked liis fbrmer colleagues ; and on their fall in 1828, he was sent as ambassador to Rome, but resigned his office in 1829, on the formation of the Polignac administration. On the news of the outbreak of the revolution of 1830, he hastened to Paris, where he was hailed with acclamation by the people, but after delivering a glowing oration in favour oftlie Duke of Bordeaux, he retired from the chamber of peers, never to enter it again. From this period he personally took leave of politics ; but he continued to send forth from time to time pamplilets on the government of Louis Philippe, conceived in so bitter and violent a spirit, that he became an object of suspicion to the ministry, and was summarily arrested, but soon discharged. Hislast years were spent in domestic privacy, cheered by the sympathy of " troops of friends," who looked up to him with respect bordering on veneration ; and he expired almost at the moment when some of the most terrible scenes of his early life were renewed in the streets of Paris. Besides the works above mentioned, Wiateaubriand wrote " Etudes Historiques," "EssaisurlaLitti'ra- ture Anglaise " (a poor production) and many others, including numerous pamphlets upon historical subjects and the politics of the day. A splendid edition of his collected works was published at Paris in 1820, for which he received 25,000/. His " Mc'moires," to which great importance was attached during his lifetime, have been published since his death ; but even the events of his chequered career, set forth with all the gracefulness of his fluent pen and the fervour of his glowing imagina- tion, lose much of their interest from the overweening vanity which peers tlirough every page, and which has converted that which might liave been a grand "pifecc justiflcatif" of a life, as remarkable for poli- tical changes as tlie era in which it was passed, into a theme for the regret of the thoughtful, and the satire of the scornful. Died, July 4. 1848. CHATE AUBRUN, Jonx Baptist Vivian DE, a French dramatic writer ; author of " Philoctetcs," " Mahomet II.," " Les Troy- ennes," &c. Died, 1775. CHATEAIIRENAUD, FRANCia Louis RoussELET, Count of, a distinguished French admiral. lie was a great scourge to the Sallee rovers, and signally defeated the Dutch fleet in 1675. Died, 171C. CIIATEL, Fkakcis du, a Flemish painter of the lOth century. His chief work, which is in the town-hall of Ghent, represents the king of Spain receiving the oath of fidelity from the states of Flanders and Brabant. CHATEL, PiEKUE DU, bishop of Orleans, a strenuous defender of the Galilean Churcli. He was an excellent scholar, and assisted Erasmus in his translations from the Greek. He wrote a Latin letter against the emperor, Cliarles V., and two funeral orations for Francis I. Died, 1552. CIIATEL, Tanneguy du, an able French general. He was in the famous battle of Agineourt ; and when the Burgundians sur- prised Paris, he was fortunate enough to save the dauphin, between whom and the Duke of Burgundy he afterwards brought about a reconciliation. Died, 1449. CHATE LET, Paul du Hay, Lord of, a French officer of state in the reign of Louis XIII. ; author of the " History of Bertrand du Guesclin," constable of France. Died, 1036. CHATHAM, WiLT.iAM PITT, Earl of, one of the most illustrious statesmen that ever graced the British senate, was the son of Robert Pitt, esq., of Boconock, in Cornwall, where he was born in 1708. After studying at Eton and Oxford, he entered the army as a cornet of dragoons, but quitted it on being returned to parliament as a member for Old Sarum. His talents as an orator were soon displaj'ed in opposition to Sir Robert Wal- pole, and had so great an efiect, that the Duchess of Marlborough, who had a deadly hatred to that minister, bequeathed to Mr. Pitt a legacy of 10,000Z. On the change of administration, he was made joint vice- treasurer of Ireland and paymaster-general of the armj', which places he resigned in 1755 ; but the year following he was appointed secretary of state. In a few months he was again dismissed from office ; but an efficient administration being wanted in 1757, and the nation being enthusiastically attached to him, he returned to his former situation as secretary of state. His great mind now re- vealed its full force, and his ascendancy was complete over the parliament no less than in the ministry. lie aroused the Eng- lish nation to new activity, and, in the space of a few years, we recovered our superiority over France, annihilating her navy, and stripping her of her colonies. France was beaten in the four quarters of the world. In 1700, he advised the declaration of war against Spain, while she was unprepared for rcsist- 176 cha] ^ ^tbi Winihev^al 38t00rap1^tt, [cha ance, as he foresaw that she would assist France. The elevation of England on the ruins of the house of Bourbon was the great object of his policy. But his plans were sud- denly interrupted by the death of George II., whose successor was prejudiced against Pitt by his adversary, tlie Earl of Bute, a states- man of limited views. Pitt, therefore, re- signed his post in 17C1, only retaining his seat in the House of Commons. Foreseeing the separation of the American colonies from the mother country, if the arbitrary measures then adopted should be continued, he ad- vocated, especially in I'OtJ, a conciliatory policy, and the repeal of the stamp act. In the same year he was invited to assist in forming a new ministry, in which he took the office of privy seal, and was created vis- count Burton, baron Pynscnt,' and earl of Chatham ; but in 17G8 he resigned, as he found himself inadequately seconded by his colleagues. In the House of Lords, he con- tinued to recommend the abandonment of the coercive measures employed against America, particularly in 1774 ; but his warn- ing was rejected, and, in 1770, the colonies declared themselves independent. He still, however, laboured in the cause, and used all his efforts to induce the government to etfect a reconciliation with the Ameri(ian states ; and, na he was speaking with his accustomed energy on the subject, in the House of Lords, April 8. 1778, he fell down in a convulsive fit. He died on the 11th of the following month, and his body, after lying in state, M-as solemnly interred in Westminster Ab- bey, where a superb monument was erected to his memory at the national expense. CHATHAM, Joiix, Earl of, &.c.., eldest son of the celebrated statesman whose life we have just given, and brotlier of the late William Pitt. He was bom in 175C, and succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father, in 1778. In the following year he was appointed captain of the 86th regi- ment of foot, and served in the American war. He was afterwards appointed by his brother (then prime minister) first lord of the admiralty ; was sworn a privy-council- lor, and elected a kniglit of the Garter. His promotions, both civil and military, were rapid and numerous under his brother's ad- ministration, and he continued to hold office for many years after, under his successors. As lieutenant-general, he commanded the unfortunate expedition to Walcheren, in 1809, and was, tliree years afterwards, raised to the full rank of general. On the death of the Duke of Kent, he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, which he held, with other offices, to the time of his death, in IKi'u He was the last peer of the Pitt family, whose title has now become extinct, and with it the annual pension of 4,000/., besides another pension of 3,000/. per annum, granted to his father for three lives, in 1761. The late earl was married, in 1783, to a daughter of Viscount Sydney, but they had no children. CHATTERTON, Thomas, an English poet, whose precocious genius and melan- choly fate have gained him much celebrity, was born at Bristol, in 1752. Ilis father was sexton of Bedcliff church, Bristol ; and young Chatterton professed to have received from him several ancient MSS. These he palmed upon the world as the poems of Rowley, a priest of Bristol in the 15th cen- tury ; and so admirably was his forgery executed, that it is even now rather as- sumed than proved, though there can be little moral doubt of it, that he did forge and not find the MSS. Having vainly en- I deavoured to persuade Horace Walpole and other scholars of the genuineness of the MSS., Chatterton, though still a mere boy, became a party writer ; but even this resource failed him, and in a state of deep despondency, produced by absolute want, he destroyed himself by jwison, in 1770, at the age of 18 !! CHAUCER, Geokfuev, an admirable English poet, to whom is justly given the title of the father of English poetry. He studied law in the Temple, but soon turned his attention to the court, and became suc- cessively yeoman and shield-bearer to Ed- ward III., and comptroller of the customs of London. In the following reign, having embraced the doctrines of Wickliff, he was committed to prison, but released on re- canting his opinions. He now retired to Woodstock, where he composed his treatise on the astrolabe. He seems to have been fortunate beyond the usual lot of poets ; for, independent of bounties he had bestowed on him by the crown, he derived considerable property and influence from his marriage with a connexion of the great John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. As a poet, Chaucer is far less read and understood than he deserves; for his writing has a fresh ond lusty vigour, rarely to be met with in more modern poesy. Bom, 1328 ; died, 1400. CHAUDET, Antoixe Dexis, an eminent French sculptor and painter. His painting of " ^neas and Anchises amid the Conlla- gration of Troy," produced him great and well merited applause. Died, 1810. | CHAUDON, Lot IS Mavell. a French abbe ; author of " Lessons of History and Chronology," "Elements of Ecclesiastical History to the Pontificate of Pius VI.," &e. Bom, 17.37 ; died. 1817. CHAUFFEPIE, James George, a biogra- phical and critical writer, was the son of a French Protestant minister, but born in Friesland. In addition to sermons and the- ological essays, he wrote a " Historical and Critical Dictionary," designed as a continu- ation of the great work of Bayle. Born, 1702 ; died, 1786. I CHAULIEU, William Amfuye de, a. I French lyric poet. His poems, which with those of the Marquis de la Fare have been frequently reprinted, are a mixture of Aiia- creon and the good-humoured i)hilosophy of Horace. Bora, 1639 ; died, 1720. CHAULNES, ALBEKT,Duke de, a French nobleman and man of science. He was well skilled in chemistry, and contributed many valuable papers to the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences. Died, 1769. CHAUMETTE, Pierre Gaspard, one of the wretches who outraged humanity during the French revolution. He was of low origin, and after serving some time on board a ship he became clerk to an attorney. At the breaking out of the revolution he became cha] % ^c&j 5Unil)er^aT I3t0srnjp]^i). [cue one of the street orators, and was so oon- spicuous by his violence, that, in 1792, he was made lirst a member of the municipality of Paris, and then procureur, or attorney. AVhen the Mountain party, in 1793, wished to overwhelm the more moderate Girondists, Chaumette was one of the chief instruments of doing so, and was in consequence ex- tremely popular. During the confinement of the unfortunate Louis XVI. in the Temple, Chaumette and Herbert heaped every in- dignity upon him ; and with them, it is said, originated the most horrible of all the charges made against the queen. He at length met his reward. Robespierre, him- self already on the very verge of ruin, threw him into the prison of the Luxembourg, and lie was guillotined in 1794. CHAUNCEY, CiiAKLES, D.D., an Ame- rican divine, and one of the most eminent writers of the sect called Universalists ; au- thor of " Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England," "The Benevolence of the Deity considered," "A true Sketch of the Sufferings and Misfortunes of the Town of Boston," &c. Born, 170,5 ; died, 1787. CHAUNCEY, Sir IIexuv, an English lawyer and antiquarian. He was knighted by Charles II. in lOSl, and, in 168S, was made a Welch judge. Just before his death he published the " Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire," one of the most valuable of our county histories. Died, 17f)0. CHAUSSE, Michael Angelo pe la, a French archa:ological writer ; author of "Museum Romanum," 'Tietura; Antiquae Cryptarum Romanarum," &c. Died, 1724. ClIEKE, Sir Joiix, an eminent English statesman and scholar. Becoming regius professor of Greek at Cambridge, he strenu- ously laboured to improve the prevailing pronunciation of that language ; and the opposition he met with from Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, produced a literary correspondence between them, which was published at Basle by Ccelius Sccundus Curio. Having taken part in the education of Ed- ward VI., that king, on his accession, granted him considerable property in laud. He also made him a privy councillor and se- cretary of state, and conferred the honour of knighthood upon him. Unfortunately for him he engaged, on the death of Edward "VI., in the cause of Lady Jane Grey, and was consequently sent to the Tower on the ac- cession of Mary. His life was spared, and he was allowed to leave England ; but while he was abroad he gave some new oflfcnce to the queen, and his estates were confiscated. Visiting Brussels he was seized by order of Philip II. and sent to England, where, under fear of being put to death, he renounced Protestantism. Ha'^ing done this, the queen, though slie did not restore his estates, gave him some equivalent for them ; but she em- bittered them by compelling him to sit on the bench at the trial of Protestants whose attachment to their faith was stronger than their fears of death. Besides his correspon- dence with Gardiner, he wrote and translated several treatises. He also left in MS. nn English translation of St. Matthew, in which no word was admitted of other than Saxon origin. Born, 1514 j died, 1557. CHELSUM, Ja.mes, D.D., an English clergyman, chiefly known as an author by two pamphlets, in which he severely criti- cised "Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Koman Empire." Died, 1801. CHEMNIZER, Ivan Ivanovitcii, a Rus- sian soldier and poet. He served several campaigns in the imperial guards, and afterwards entered the corps of engineers. When he at length retired he published va- rious tales and fables, which the Russian critics compare to those of La Fontaine. Bom, 1744; died, 1784. CHENEVIX, Richard, an Irish gentle- man of great and versatile ability as a writer ; author of " Remarks on Chemical Nomenclature according to the System of the French Neologists," "Observations on Jlineralogical Systems," " The Mantuan Rivals," a comedy ; " Henry VII.," a tra- gedy ; " An Essay on National Character," &c. Died, 1830. CHENIER, Marie Joseph, a French writer ; autlior of " Charles IX.," " The Death of Calas," and some other dramas ; of several odes sung on public occasions during the revolution, and of "An Histo- rical Sketch of the State and Progress of French Literature. This writer, who de- dicated one of his dramas to Louis XVI., and commenced that dedication with " Mo- narque des Francois, roi d'un peuple fidfele," was among the most violent of the revolu- tionary agitators, and actually voted in the National Convention for the death of the king wliom he had thus apostrophised. He contrived to survive all the horrors of the "reign of terror," and to thrive equally under the directorial, the consular, and the imperial governments. He died in 1811. CHEOPS, a king of Egypt. Diodorus calls him Chemmis, and makes him eighth in succession from Rhampsinitus. It is said that he reigned .50 years, and built the largest of the pyramids in Egypt ; but little is certam of his history, or even of the time when he flourished. CIIERON, Elizabeth Sophie, a French lady, eminent as a portrait painter. She possessed considerable talent for music and poetry, and wrote several psalms and can- ticles in French. She remained unmarried until her sixtieth jear, when she gave her hand to M. le Hay, the king's engineer. Died, 1711. CIIERON, Louis, brother of the above, and also a painter. Being refused admit- tance to the Academy of Painting in Paris, on account of his being a Calvinist, he came to England in 1695, and remained here till liis death, which happened in 1713. ClIERUBIN, a French Capuchin friar, astronomer, and mathematician of the 17th century ; author of " Dioptrique Oculaire," " A Treatise on the Theory, Construction, and Use of the Telescope," and " La Vision Parfaite." CHERUBINI, Salvador, a distinguished musical composer, was born at Florence in 1700. His precocious skill in music attracted the attention of tlie Grand-duke of Tuscany, who gave him a pension, and this enabled him to complete his studies under Sarti, whom he afterwards assisted in his compo- cue] ^ ^cbj Hniberi^/il Btosrapl^i). [cm sitions. In 17»4 he repaired to liOnrlon, where lie produced the " Fiuta Principcssa " and " Giulio Sabino." In 1788 he settled in Paris, which thenceforward became his adopted country and the scene of his greatest triumphs. His operas of " Iiihigenia," " Lo- doiska," " Ali Baba " would alone have testified to the extent and variety of his powers ; but his fame chiefly rests npon his sacred music, of which his " Requiem," com- posed for his own obsequies, deserves par- ticular notice, lie was director of the Con- servatoire at Paris, where he died, full of years and honours, 1S42. ClIKSELDEN, William, an eminent English surgeon and anatomist ; author of a treatise on " The Anatomy of the Human Body," a treatise '• On the High Operation for the Stone," " Osteography, or Anatomy of the Bones," a translation of " T>e Dran's Surgery," &c. He was an admirable oculist; and though his system of lithotomy involved liim in much controversy, it is undoubted tliat he very greatly improved the means of relieving one of the most terrible complaints to which our nature is obnoxious. He was born in 1C.88, and died, 17.'>2. CHESTERFIELD, Piiiup Dohmkr Stanhoi'E, Earl of, was bom in 1694, and educated at Cambridge. He first sat in parliament as memlier forLostwithicl ; and in 172G, on his father's death, succeeded to the earldom of Chesterfield. He was a par- ticular favourite of George II., on whose accession he was sworn a privy councillor ; was appointed, in 1728, ambassador extraor- dinary to Holland ; made a knight of the Garter in 1730, and was appointed steward of the household. Tlie latter office he soon after resigned, and he continued for seve- ral years the strenuous opponent of Sir R. Walpole, distinguishing himself by lus writings in the Craftsman, as well as by his powerful eloquence in the house. In 174.5 the government once more availed itself of his talents, and he was sent to Ireland as lord- lieutenant, where he continued a year, exercising his power in a manner calculated to gain the approbation of the people. He was afterwards secretary of state, but deafness and declining health induced him to relinquish office in 1748. His lord- ship was a man of brilliant accomplishments, but tainted with vanity and infidelity. He wrote some papers in the World, and seve- ral poetical pieces, but he is principally known as the author of "Letters to his Son." Died. 177.3. CHETHAM, IIcsmiEUY, a wealthy mer- chant of Manchester, to whose well directed munificence that town owes its college and library. He left funds to purchase the col- legiate church, which, being suppressed at the Reformation, had become the property of the Derby family. Mr. Chetham's trustees having executed his will thus far, next ob- tained a cliarter of incorporation, and founded a college for the maintenance and education of 40 poor boys, and an excellent library. The number of boys is now increased to 80, and the library receives constant additions from funds left by Mr. Chetham for that purpose. Any one resident in Manchester, or merely a visitor, has free access, by merely writing his name and address in a book for that purpose. Died, KWO. CHETWOOD, Knigutly, Dr., dean of Gloucester; author of a "Life of Virgil," a " Life of Lveurgns," &c. Died, 1720. CHETWOOD, William Ruts, a dra- matic writer ; author of some plays, which have long since ceased to keep the stage, and of a "General History of the Stage." Died, 17IJC. CHEVALIER, Antony Rodolph de, French tutor to princess, afterwards queen, Elizabeth of England. At the death of Ed- ward VI. he went to Germany, and subse- quently to his native country, France ; but on the breaking out of the civil war there, again sought England, where he was well received by his former pupil, the queen. \Vhen the disputes seemed to be terminated, he again went to France ; but on the break- ing out of the troubles anew, with the hor- rible massacre of St. Bartholomew, he left France, intending again to seek shelter in England, but died at Guernsey. He was an erudite scholar, and published an excellent Hebrew grammar, an improved edition of the " Thesaurus of Sanct. Pagninus," &c. He had commenced a Bible in 4 languages, but did not live to finish it. Died, l'i72. CIIEVILLIER, A.MJKEW, a French eccle- siastic and antiquary, and librarian to the Sorbonne. He published a liatin disserta- tion on the " Council of Chalcedon," an historical dissertation on the " Origin of Printing in Paris.' &c. Died, 1700. CHEVRE.VU, Urban, an eminent French (scholar. He became secretary to queen Christina of Sweden, and is said to have had considerable share in converting her to Catholicism. After acting as tutor and se- cretary to the Duke of Maine, he at length retired from all public duties, and devoted himself to literature. He wrote " Eftets de la Fortune," a romance ; " A History of the World," some plays, &c. Died, 1701. CHEYNE, Geokge, an eminent physician and writer. He was born in Scotland, and was originally intended for the church, but preferring the profession of medicine, he pursued the necessary studies for it under Dr. Pitcairn, and having taken his doctor's degree, settled himself in London. His first publication was a mathematical treatise, entitled " Fluxionum Methodus inversa," which procured him considerable reputa- tion, and a'lmission to the Royal Society. Too free an indulgence in the pleasures of the table having rendered him enormously corpulent as well as asthmatic, he resolved on strictly adhering to a milk and vegetable diet ; and he experienced so much benefit from this course, that all his principal trea- tises urge it upon others. His chief works are "The English Malady, a Treatise on Nervous Disorders," " A Treatise on Gout," and an " Essay on Regimen." Died, 1743, aged 82. CHIABRERA, Gabriel, called the Ita- lian Pindar, was born at Savona, in 1552. Besides odes and epic poems, which are chiefly anacreontic, he wrote several dramas. Died, W.S7. CIIIARAMONTI, Scirio, an Italian ec- clesiastic and writer. His works are very 179 CHl] ^ i9fiD ^uibn^al IJiogmpIji), [CHI numerous, and are chiefly on the mathe- I matics and natural philosophy. He founded I the Academy of the Offuscati, at Osena, in I Bologna, and was president of it when he died, in 1652. CIIIARI, PiETEO, an Italian ecclesiastic and poet of the 18th century. He was a rival of Goldoni, and his comedies attained considerable popularity. Those of Chiari were, however, much inferior to those of his rival. Died, 1788. CHICHELEY, Henry, archbishop of Canterbury, an able and accomplislied scho- lar and statesman, was born at Higham Ferrers, in 1302. Tlie parliament having addressed the king, Henry V.,to appropriate some of the revenues of the church, the archbishop had the address to engage the young king in a war with France. On the accession of the infant king, Henry VI., Cliicheley became first privy councillor, and j he wisely directed all his attention to church I affairs, striving at once to check the pro- gress of WickliflSsm, and to moderate tlie ardour of the papal court. In the expendi- ture of his revenue lie was very liberal ; he founded and endowed All Souls College, Ox- ford, made many important improvements in Lambeth Palace, and built tlie western tower of Canterbury Cathedral at liis own expense. Died, 1443. CHICOYNEAU, Francis, an eminent physician and professor of medicine at Montpelier. When the plague was raging at Marseilles, he was sent to the relief of the sufferers, whom he re-assured by his calm courage. The important services he rendered on this occasion procured liim a pension and several appointments at court. His principal literary production is a work " On the Origin, Symptoms, and Cure of the Plague ; " a work doubly valuable on account of tlie narratives with which it is j interspersed, being the result of the author's own experience. Died, 1752. CHILD, Sir Josiaii, bart., an eminent London merchant of the 17th century, and author of several works on sul)ject8 connected with political economy, among which may be noticed his "Discourse on Trade," &c. Born, 1C30 ; died, 1C99. CHILD, William, an English musical composer and musician. He was for many years organist in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, and in the Chapel Royal at Wliite- hall. The simple style of Jiis compositions caused them to be neglected in his own time, but they are now much admired. Died, 1697. CIIILDEBERT I., king of France, who ascended the throne in 511. Aided by his brothers, Clotaire andClodomir, he attacked and defeated Sigismund, king of Burgundy. Cliildebert and Clotaire then turned their arms against Spain, but without success. Died, 558. CHILDEBERT II., king of France, suc- ceeded his father, Sigebert, in 575. On the death of his uncle, Chilperic, king of Sois- sons, he gained tlie kingdoms of Orleans and Burgundy. Died, by poison, 590. CHILDEBERT III., king of France. He ascended the throne at the very early age of 12 years ; of which circumstance Pepin, mayor of the palace, took advantage to govern both king and kingdom. Died, 711. ClilLDERIC I., king of France. He suc- ceeded his father, Merovaeus, in 450 ; was deposed in the following year, and rein- stated upon the throne in 463. Died, 481. CHILDERIC II., king of France, was the son of Clovis II., and succeeded his brother Clotaire III, in 673. He was a debauched and cruel tyrant, and, together with his wife and son, was assassinated in 073. CHILDERIC III., surnamed the Idiot, king of France, began his reign in 742, and was deposed in 752. CHILLIXGWORTH, William, an Eng- lish divine. He was a sound scholar, an able mathematician, and above mediocrity as a poet. But his chief bent was towards disputation and metaphysics ; and he was so acute in discovering difficulties, tliat he doubted where men of far less natural ca- pacity and acquired knowledge would have been presumptuously certain. By degrees liis habit of doubting became so confirmed and excessive, that Lord Clarendon says of him, " he had contracted such irresolution, and such a habit of doubting, that at length he was confident of nothing." In tliis state of mind a Jesuit convinced him of the truth of the tenets of Papacy, and he actually went to tlie Jesuit's college at Douay. While there, he meditated the publication of a vindication of his conversion to tlieCliurch of Rome, but Laud, then bishop of London, dissuaded liim from liis injudicious purpose. Tliis was the more fortunate, as he subse- quently returned to England and studied so" successfully, tliat he not only became a Pro- testant again, but also wrote and published the masterly treatise, entitled " Tlie Reli- gion of Protestants, a safe Way to Salva- tion," Some hesitation about signing the 39 articles prevented him from obtaining preferment in the church ; but he at length consented to sign, and became chancellor of Salisbury, &c. At the breaking out of the civil war, he warmly espoused the royal cause, and publiahed a treatise on the "Unlawfulness of Resisting the Lawful Prince, although most Tyrannous, Impious, and Idolatrous." He also invented a ma- chine, or rather imitated one described by some ancient authors, for the attack of for- tified places. Ill health at length compelled him to retire to Arundel Castle, whieli was surrendered to the parliamentarians under Sir William Waller, who, at his own re- quest, sent liim to Chichester, where he died, at the episcopal palace, in 1044. CHILMEAD, EnMUxn, an English mathematician and musician ; author of a treatise " On the Music of Ancient Greece ; " another, which was not printed, "On Sounds," and a "Catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Bodleian Library." Died, 1054. CHILO, one of the seven sages of Greece, He flourislied in the 0th century, B.C., and was celebrated for his just conduct as a magistrate. It was he who caused the cele- | brated " Know thyself," to be graven on the i temple of Delphi. CHITTY, JosErii, an eminent special I pleader, and the author of many well-known : works, which have become indispensable ; i ch81. CIAMPINI, John Justin, a learned Ita- lian ; author of " Vetera Monumenta," a " History of the College of Abbreviators," "Lives of the Popes," &e. He was one of the literary associates of Christina, queen of Sweden, during her residence at Rome, and was much aided by her in forming an academy for the study of mathematics, and another for the study of ecclesiastical liis- tonr. Died, 1608. CIBBER, Collet, an actor and drama- tist, was the son of Gabriel Cibber, a cele- brated sculptor, and born in London, in ](!71. He was educated at Grantham Free- school, and being disappointed of a scholar- ship at Cambridge, he entered the army. The military profession did not suit his taste ; and when only about 18 years old he quitted it for the stage. For some time he had but little success ; but liis performance of Fondlewife, in the " Old Bachelor," made him very popular, and obtained him the monopoly of parts of that kind at Drury- lane. His first dramatic effort, " Love's Last Shift," appeared in 169.5 ; and it was followed ! by " Woman's Wit " and " the Careless Hus- { band." His next production as a dramatist j was an adaptation of Moliere's Tartuffe, ! under the title of the " Nonjuror," of which ' the " Hypocrite " of the more modem stage is a new version. The piece was wonderfully popular, and, in addition to the large profits Cibber derived from its performance, it pro- cured him the situation of poet laureate. This apiiointment drew upon him the rancour of contemporary wits and poets, and of Pope among the number ; but Cibber had the good jensc to think solid profit more important than the censure of the envious was injurious ; and he wore the bays, and performed in his own pieces till he was nearly 74 years of age. Besides tragedies and comedies, to the number of twenty-five, some of which still continue to be played as stock pieces, Cibber wrote an " Apology " for his own life ; au " Essay on the Character and Conduct of Cicero," and two expostulatory epistles to his assailant Pope. Died, 17.57. CIBBER, Thkophilus, son of the above, an actor and dramatist, but very inferior in both capacities to his father. He wrote a musical entertainment called " Pattie and Peggy," and altered some of Shakspeare's plays. " The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland " api)earcd with his name ; but the work was said to be written by Shields, subsequently anmnuen.sis to Dr. Jolinson, from materials furnished by Thomas Coxeter. Cibber was of very ex- travagant habits, and his life was conse- quently spent in much distress. He was drowned in his passage to Ireland, 1757. CIBBER, An.va Maria, wife of the last named, and an actress of the highest class. Her union with Theophilus Cibber was pro- ductive of both discomfort and disgrace, and she was separated from him for many years. Her conduct, however, made it evi- dent that he had been more to blame for the circumstance that dishonoured them both than she had ; and she was as muck respected in private life as she was admired on the stage. Her style of acting was well adapted to that of Garrick, with whom she frequently peribrmed. Died,.17(>6, CICCARELLI, Ali'Honso, an Italian phy- sician ; author of "De ClituninoFlumine," " Istoria di Casa Monaldcsoa," &c. Having forged genealogies, and committed other literary imj^stures, he was executed at Rome, in 1.580. CICERO, Marcus Tuluus, the prince of Roman orators. He was the son of noble parents, and at an early age gave such de- cided indications of his ability, that after having served in a single campaign under Sylla and P. Strabo, he devoted himself, by the advice of his friends, to the bar. For this purpose he studied under Molo, an eminent lawyer, and Philo the Athenian, then resident at Rome ; and, at the age of 26, he commenced practice as a pleader ; his first important cause being the defence of Sextufl Roscius Amerinus, who was accused of parricide by one Clirysogonus, a freedmau of the dictator Sylla. He saved his client, but was obliged to withdraw to Athens from fear of resentment of the dictator. As long as Sylla lived Cicero remained at Athens, turning even his exile into a benefit by dili- gently studying under Antiochus and other eminently learned men. When he returned to Rome he rapidly rose in his profession, and the quaestorship in Sicily was bestowed upon him. In this office he made himself very popular ; and henceforth his course was all prosperous, until he attained the great object of his ambition — the consulship. The bold and evil designs of Catiline made Cicero's consular duty as difficult and dangerous as his performance of it was able and honourable ; and he scarcely, if at all, exaggerated his services to Rome when he said that to his conduct " alone was owing the salvation of both the city and the com- monwealtli." But his popularity declined 183 cie] ^ ;j9c&) ^nibtt^nX 23iOQtap^p. [CIN very soon after the expiration of his consul- ship, and it was cMefly as an advocate and author that he for some time afterward ex- erted his splendid talents. At length the task of averting ruin from lus own head tasked even liis powers to the utmost. Publius Clodius who liad now become tribune of the people, raised such a storm against him, that he was a second time obliged to go into exile. This time he sought shelter with his friend Plancus.in Thessalonica, until the repentant Romans recalled him, making him magni- ficent recompense for the depredation and devastation by which he had been impover- ished. In the struggle between Csesar and Pompey, Cicero espoused the cause of the lat- ter ; but after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, he made Ids peace with the former, with whom he continued to all appearance friendly, nntil CiEsar fell under the daggers of Bru- tus and his friends. He now took part with Octavius, and pronounced the bitter philip- pics against Antony, which at once shortened liis life, and added to his fame. Antony, stung to the quick, insisted upon the death of Cicero, and Octavius basely consented to the sacrifice. In endeavouring to escape from Tusculum, where he was living when the news of his proscription arrived, he was overtaken and murdered by a party of sol- diers, headed by Popilius Laenas, whose life he had formerly saved by liis eloquence ; and his head and hands were publicly ex- hibited on the rostrum at Rome. Cicero was born at Arpinum, b. c. 106 ; and perished in his 04th year, b. c. 43. He was a perfect model of eloquence ; and, as Augustus truly said, " he loved his country sincerely." Of his works, which are universally known and far too numerous to be even named here, there have been almost innumerable editions. CIENFUEGOS, Alonzo de, a Spanish writer of the 18th century. Besides trage- dies, odes, and other poems, he wrote " Elo- gio del Marques de Santa Cruz," " Elogio del Senor Don J. Almazara," and " La Pen- sadora Gladitana." CIMALINE, John, a Florentine painter. He painted only in distemper, oil colours being then undiscovered ; and though he painted historical subjects, he had no idea of light and shadow. Dante praises him ; and, considering the barbarism of the time at which he lived, the praise was not unde- served, as all that he accomplished was ac- complished in despite of obstacles now happily unknown, lie died at the close of the 13th or very early in the 14th century. CIMAROSA, DosiENico, a Neapolitan, famous as a musical composer. When the army of revolutionised France took pos- session of Italy, Cimarosa so openly sympa- thised with revolutionary principles, that, when the French withdrew, he was thrown into prison, and treated with a rigour which is supposed to have materially shortened his life. Of twenty-six operas which he com- posed, and most of which are comic, "II Matrimonio Segreto " and " II Matrimonio per Susurro," are the most admired. Born, 1754 ; died, 1801. CIMON, a celebrated Athenian general. He was the son of Miltiades, and first dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Salamis. Aristides, surnamed the Just, thought so highly of him, notwithstanding his youth had been very dissipated, that he initiated him into public business. After having re- peatedly beaten the Persians, and enriched his country by the spoils he wrested from the enemy, the party of Pericles caused him to be ostracised, on a charge of having been bribed. At the end of Ave years, which wa» only half the term for which he had been banished, he was recalled, and again led the Athenians to victory over their Persian foe. While besieging Citium, in Cyprus, he died ; having served Athens, not only by his prow- ess as a soldier, but also by his wisdom in founding public scliools. He ilourished ia the 5th century b. c. CINCINNATUS, Lucirs Quintts, one of the most illustrious characters of ancient Rome. He was made consul when the se- nate and the people were striving for the ascendancy ; and, being much incensed against the latter for having banished hi» son, he sternly resisted their demands. He was named consul a second time, but refused the office and retired to. his farm, whence he did not again emerge until he was saluted dictator, and entreated to lend his aid against the ^qui, who had closely invested the consul Minucius, and the army under his command. Stepping at once from the petty details of a farm to the momentous duties of a general and a statesman, Cin- cinnatus exerted himself so efficiently, that the ^iqui were fain to retire, after having passed under the yoke. Having caused his- son to be recalled from exile, after the chief witness against him had been convicted of perjury, he laid down his vast authority and returned to his farm. He was again, though 80 years of age, made dictator, when Malius conspired to overthrow the republic ; and he put down the domestic conspirator as promptly as he had formerly repelled the .^ui. He flourished in the 5th century B.C. CINCIUS ALIMENTUS, Lucius, an old Roman historian, author of a " History of the Wars of Hannibal," and other worka which are now lost ; but Pliny frequently quotes the author of them, and speaks of him as a writer of integrity. CINELLI, Giovanni, a Florentine phy- sician ; author of " Bibliotheca Volante." Born, 1625 ; died, 1706. CINNA, Lucius Cornelius, a Roman ; the friend, partisan, and fellow consul of Marius. He it was who drove Sylla from Rome, and recalled Marius from his African exile. He participated in the numerous murders which followed the return of Ma- rius ; and when in his third consulship, and while preparing for hostilities with Sylla, was assassinated, b. c. 84. CINNAMUS, John, a Greek writer of the 12th century. He was secretary to the em- peror Manuel Comnenus, of whom, and of his father, the emperor John, he wrote a history. CINO DA PISTOIA, an Italian juriscon- sult and poet, born at Pistoia, in 1270,, whose | proper name was Guittone. He was very eminent as a lawyer, and became a senator of Rome, and professor successively at various universities. In addition to some cin] ^ jlefitj ?H[nfta:M SSio^rapIji?. [CLA elegant poetry, by wliieh he is chiefly kno^vn, he wrote a " Commentai-y on the Digest." Died, law. CINQ-M.\JIS, Henry Coiffikk, Marquis of, was son of the Marquis d'Effiat, marshal of France. He was introduced by Cardinal Richelieu to the notice of Louis XIII., and was for some time a most distinguislied fa- vourite of that monarch. Ungrateful equally to the cardinal and to the king, he instigated Gaston, duke of Orleans, the king's brother, to rebellion. They had proceeded so far in their treasonable designs as to set on foot a treaty with Spain, engaging that power to assist them. But the vigilance of the cardi- nal discovered their plans, and the marquis was apprehended, and beheaded in 1U42. CIPKIANI, John Baptist, an eminent painter, born at Pistoia, in Tuscany. In 1755 he accompanied Sir W. Chambers to London, and was one of the original mem- bers of the Royal Academy. His drawings are greatly admired for tlieir correctness, fertilityof invention, and harmonious colour- ing ; SLiid many exquisite engravings were made from them by Bartolozzi. Died, 1785. CIRCIONANO, Nicholas, an Italian painter, several of whose works are in the churches of Loretto and Rome. Died, 1588. CIRCIGNANO, ANTiioNr, son of the above, and also eminent as a painter. Died, 1(52(>. CIRILLO, Dominic, an Italian botanist, president of the Academy at Naples, and professor of medicine in the university of that city ; author of "The Neaiiolitaa Flora," a " Treatise on tlie Essential Cha- racters of certain Plants," &c. When the French entered Naples, Cirillo took an active part against his sovereign ; and when the legitimate government was restored, he was executed as a traitor in 1705. CLAGGETT, William, D.D., an English divine ; author of four volumes of sermons, and of some well written tracts against dis- sent and papacy. Died, 1727. CLAIRAULT, Alexis, a French mathe- matician ; author of " Elements of Geome- try," "Elements of Algebra," a "Treatise on the Figure of the Earth," &c. He was remarkable for the precocity of his talent i for at four years of age he could read and writ<5, at nine he had so far studied mathe- matics as to be able to solve some difficult problems, and at eleven he publi-shed a work on curves. Born, 1713 ; died, 176.5. CLAIRFAIT, Count de, an excellent Aus- trian general. He commanded tlie Austrian troops against those of the French republic, and evinced equal skill and courage, though inferiority in numbers frequently compelled him to give way before the enemy. Died, 1798. CLAIRON, Clairb Josephine de la TuDE, a celebrated French actress, born near Conde, in 1723, and who, commencing her histrionic efforts at the early age of 12 years, soon became the tirst tragic performer of her age and country. She died in 1803, having long before quitted the stage for a life of religious seclusion. CLAPPERTON, Captain IIuoH, the cele- brated African traveller, was bom in Annan, Dumfriesshire, in 1788, and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to the sea-service. Having during his api>renticeship inadvertently vio- lated the excise laws, by taking a few pounds of rock salt to the mistress of a house which the crew frequented, he consented (rather than undergo a trial) to go on board the Clorinda frigate, commanded by Capt.Briggs. Through the interest of friends he was soon promoted to be a midshipman, and in 1814 was raised to tlie rank of lieutenant, and appointed to the command of the Confiance schooner, on Lake Erie. In 1822 he was chosen to accompany Dr. Oudney and Lieu- tenant Denham on an expedition to Central Africa, and on his return to England he received the rank of captain. In six months afterwards he was dispatched on a second mission for exploring the country from Tri- poli to Bornou, but was not allowed to enter the place. It was during the period of his detention that he was attacked with dysen- tery, which proved fatal, at Stvckatoo, on the 13th of April, 1827. His journals, which were all saved, give an interesting account of the central part of Northern Africa, and the manners and customs of its inhabitants. CLARENDON, Edwakd Hyde, Earl of, lord high chancellor of England, was bom at Dinton, in Wiltshire, in 1008. He was educated at Oxford, and studied law under his uncle, Nicholas Hyde, chief justice of the king's bench. During the civil wars he zealously attached himself to the roval cause, and contributed more than any other man to the restoration. In his judicial capacity his conduct was irreproachable ; and as long as he held office, no one could be more decidedly the supporter of the privileges of royalty, or the defender of his country's freedom against the abuses of the royal power. But he at length became un- popular, was removed from his high employ- ments, and, in order to escape the conse- quences of inii)eachmcnt, found it prudent to go into voluntary exile. He died at Rouen, in 17G4. His " History of the Rebellion," taken as a whole, is an admirable work, and calculated to secure to his memory a lasting fame. His daughter Anne was married to the Duke of York, afterwards James II.; and two daughtei's, Anne and Mary, the fruit of this marriage, both ascended the English throne. CLARENDON, IIenky Hyde, Earl of, son of the foregoing, was born in 1638. He was for a short time lord lieutenant of Ire- land, in the reign of James II., and wrote a " History of the Irish Rebellion," &c. Died, 1709. CLARKE, Adam, LL.D., one of the most eminent modern scholars in the oriental languages and biblical antiquities; He was born in Ireland, and received the rudiments of learning from his father, who was a school- master in tiiat country ; but subsequently studied at the school founded by John Wes- ley, at Kingswood, near Bristol. At the very early age of 18, he became a travelling preacher in the Methodist connection, and for 20 years continued to be so. But though he was very popular as a preacher, it is chiefly as a writer that he demands notice here. He published a very curious and useful Bibliographical Dictionary ; a supplement %S cla] ^ ^tfa 2Snt&er^al 3Bt05rajpl)g. [cla to that work ; a most laborious Commentary on the Bible ; a Narrative of the last Illness and Death of Richard Person ; and Memoirs of the Wesley Family ; and edited Baxter's Christian Directory, and several other reli- gious works. His Commentary on the Bible alone would have been a long labour to a man of ordinary industry. But such were his energy and perseverance, that besides the above works and numerous sermons, he wrote four elaborate and valuable reports on the State of the Public Records, and edited the first volume of a new and labo- rious edition of Rymer's Fcedera. Bom, 1762 ; died, of cholera, 1832. CLARKE, Edwakd Daniel, LL.D., a celebrated modern traveller, and professor of mineralogy at Cambridge, was born in 1767. He accompanied I/ord Berwick to Italy in 1794 ; and in 1799 he commenced a tour through Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, Tartary, Circassia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Turkey, returning, in 1802, through Ger- many and France. By his exertions the library of Cambridge was enriched with nearly a himdred volumes of manuscripts, and the colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres. He also brought to this country tlic sarcophagus of Alexander, and a splendid collection of mineralogical specimens, which he turned to the best advantage in his sub- sequent popular lectures on mineralogy, when he was appointed to the professor's chair in 1808. He died in 1821, and a com- plete edition of his works, in II vols., was afterwards publislied. CLARKE, Henrt, LL.D., professor of mathematics at the military academy at Marlow ; author of " An Essay on the Usefulness of Mathematical Learning," a " Dissertation on Perspective, " another on "Calculating Numbers," a third on "Ste- nography," an "Introduction to Geogra- phy," &c. Died, 1818. CLARKE, JAiiES STAifiER,LL.D., having graduated at Cambridge, was for some years chaplain in the navy, and was in that capa- city with Nelson, at the battle of Trafalgar. On being introduced to George III., the king was pleased witli him, and he became chaplain and librarian at Carlton House, lie wrote numerous publications, which bear Ills name, and was tlie founder of the Naval Clironicle. Died, at Brighton, 1834. CLARKE, Jeremiah, Mus. Doc, organist to St. Paul's cathedral, and joint organist, with Blow, to his majesty. His compositions are not numerous, but they are remarkable for pathetic melody. An imprudent and hopeless passion for a lady of high rank so much disordered the mind of this amiable and gifted man, that he committed suicide, in 1707. CLARKE, John, an American divine and writer; autlior of "Funeral Discourses;" a popular tract entitled " An Answer to the Question, ' Why are You a Cliristian ? ' " &c. Died, 1798. CLARKE, Samuel, a learned English divine ; author of " Scientia Metrica et Rhythmica," &c. Died, 1669. CLARKE, Samuel, D.D., a celebrated English theologian and natural philosopher, was bom in 1675. He was a native of Nor- wich, of which city his father was an alder- man ; and was educated at Caius College, Cambridge. While at college, he translated " Rohault's Physics," in order to familiarise students with the reasonings of the New- tonian philosophy. When be took orders, he became chaplain to the Bishop of Nor- wich, and appeared as an author in his own profession, in 1699, when he published " Three practical Essays on Baptism, Con- firmation, and Repentance." By this work lie established his reputation as a pioijs and able writer ; and he now entered the lists as a controversialist, by publishing " Reflec- tions " on a book by Toland, entitled "Amyntor." In 1704-5 he was appointed to preach the sermons at Boyle's Lecture, and took for the subjects of his sixteen ser- mons, " The Being and Attributes of God" and "The Evidences of Natural and Re- vealed Religion." In 1712 he published a new and valuable edition of " Caesar's Com- mentaries," and a work entitled " The Scrip- ture Doctrine of the Trinity." This work involved him in a controversy, in which his principal opponent was Dr. Waterland ; and the heterodoxy of Dr. Clarke was made the subject of a complaint in the lower house of convocation. Subsequently he had a controversy with Leibnitz on the principles of religion and natural philosophy ; and gave considerable offence by altering the singing psalms at St. James's, where he wa» chaplain to Queen Anne. Although his alleged heterodoxy had deprived him of all chance of rising in the church, he had so just a sense of what was due to his profes- sion, that wlien offered the mastership of the Mint, on the death of Sir Isaac Newton, he declined it as incompatible with the clerical office and cliaracter. The latter part of his life was distinguished by his letter to Mr.Hoadley, " On the Proportion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in Motion," and his edition of " Homer's Iliad " with a Latin version. After his death, his sermons, in 10 vols., were published by his son. Died, 1720. CLARKE, John, D.D., brother of the above, dean of Salisbury ; author of " Ser- mons on the Origin of Evil," a translation of Grotiuji's " De Veritate," &c. Died,1729. CLARKE, William, an English divine and writer ; author of " Tlie Connection of the Roman, Saxon, and English Coins," " A Discourse on the Commerce of the Ro- mans," &c. Died, 1771. CLARKE. See Feltre, Duke of. CLARKSON, Thomas, a man whose whole life may be said to have almost passed in labouring to effect the extinction of the slave trade, was born at Wisbeach, in Suffolk, in 1760. He was first brought into notice as the friend and champion of the negro, by a Latin prize essay upon this important sub- ject, which was afterwards published in English, and became immensely popular. Associations were now formed, and the ques- tion was agitated and discussed throughout the country : at length Mr. Clarkson having become acquainted with Mr. Wilberforce, whose connections and influence were justly regarded as of the highest value, it was agreed cla] ^ i^ctu Bnibcrial 38tojn:npf)j). [cla that the latter gentleman should bring the subject under the notice of parliament. This ■was in 1787, and it there met with various success until 1807, when tlie memorable anti-slavery law obtained the sanction of the legislature. But though Mr. Wilberforce, by virtue of his position, was enabled to take a lead in this great measure, the original promoter of it was still indefatigable ; and, outside the wallsof parliament, he continued to labour with undiminished zeal. We are bound at the same time to observe, that Mr. Clarkson's active benevolence, though prin- cipally exerted in favour of the poor enslaved African, was by no means contined even to that wide sphere. lie died Sept. 26. 1846, aged S5. CLAUDE, JOHX, an eminent French Pro- testant divine. He composed a reply to a w^ork of the Port- Royalists on the eucharist, and was involved, in consequence, in a con- troversy with the Catliolic writers, in which he displayed immense controversial power. No better proof, indeed, can be desired of the formidable liglit in which he appeared to his opponents, than is aflForded by the fact, that at the revocation of the edict of Nantes he was i)eremptorily ordered to quit France in 24 liours, though the other Protestant ministers were allowed 15 days. His learn- ing, eloquence of style, and strict morality of life made him a truly powerful advocate of truth, and his polemical writings show liow well qualified he was to be its defender. Died, 1687. CLAUDE LORRAINE, so called from the place of his birth, was an admirable landscape painter. His real name was Claudk Gelee, and he was the son of poor parents, who put him apprentice to a pastry- cook. The love of art, however, prevailed over the circumstances in which he was placed ; and having received some instruc- tion in drawing from his brother, who was a wood-engraver, he went to Rome, and was employed by the painter Tassi, from whom he received instructions in the fundamental principles of his art. But it was from the study of nature that he derived his best lessons, and in that study he was unwearied, passing entire days in the fields, noting every change in the aspect of nature at the various stages of the day, from sunrise to dusk. Died, 1682. The principal galleries in Europe are adorned with his masterly productions, and his name and style are consequently familiar to the veriest tyro in the art. CLAUDIANUS, Claudius, a Latin poet, whose place of nativity is supposed to be Alexandria, in Egypt. He flourished under the reign of Theodosius, Arcadius, and Ho- noriuB j was patronised by Stilicho ; and a statue was erected to his honour in the forum of Trajan. His larger poems lose some of their value from the subjects of them being court panegyric ; but in all his poems he displayed a brilliant fancy, and much of the polished elegance of Virgil. CLAUDIUS, Tiberius Drusus, a Roman emperor, was bom B.C. 9, at Lyons, and originally called Germanicus. After spend- ing 50 years of his life in a private station, unhonoured and but little known, he was, 187 on the murder of Caligula, his uncle, pro- claimed emperor by the body-guard, and confirmed in the sovereignty by the senate. At first he performed some praiseworthy acts, but he soon became contemptible for his debauchery and voluptuousness ; and he died of poison administered by his second wife, Agrippina, a. d. 54. CLAUDIUS II., Marcus Aurelius Fla- vius, sumamed Gothicus, a Roman empe- ror, bom, A.D. 214, was raised to the throne on the death of Gallienus ; and by Ids virtues, as well as by his splendid victories over the Goths, he proved himself worthy of his ex- alted station. Died, 270. CLAUSEL, Bertkand, a distinguished French soldier, was born at Mircpoix, 1773. He had already gained distinction in the army of the Pyrenees, at St. Domingo, in Ital^, and Dalmatia, when he was sent to Spam in 1810, under Junot and Massena. He besieged Ciudad Rodrigo, was wounded at Salamanca, and having saved during a retreat, memorable in military annals, the army of Portugal, and led it into Spain, was appointed commander-in-chief in the north of Spain in 1813. He was one of the last to lay down arms in 1814 ; and among the first to declare himself in favour of Buonaparte during the hundred days, when he took the command of Bordeaux, and established the imperial government without striking a blow. Banished on the return of the Bourbons in 1815, he retired to the United States, where he remained some years. Immediately after the revolution of 1830 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in Algeria; but in consequence of some misunderstand- ing with the home government, lie returned to France in 1831, received the marshal's baton, and in 1835 returned to Algeria as governor-geneial of the colony ; but the check lie sustained at Constantine, in 1836, led to his resignation, and the rest of his days were passed in retirement. Died, 1842. CLAVEL, John, a highwayman in the time of Charles I. He was taken with some of his comrades and condemned to death, but was pardoned, probably on condition of giving information against his former asso- ciates. He is mentioned here on account of a poem which he wrote after his pardon, en- titled "The Recantation of an Ill-spent Life, or a Discoverie of the Highway Law, with vehement Dissuasions to all OflFenders in that kind ; as also cautclous Admonitions, and full Instructions how to know, shun, and apprehend a Thief." CLAVIERE, Etienne, a statesman and financier. He was a native of Geneva, and for some time conducted a bank in that city; but was forced to emigrate to France on ac- count of the part he took in some political oflTences. In conjunction with Brissot, he published a treatise " De la France et des Etats Unis." Displaying great zeal in re- volutionising France and her colonies, he obtained considerable influence, but on the fall of the Girondists he was arrested, and committed suicide in prison in 1793, aged 58. CL A VIGERO, Francesco Saveiro, a na- tive of Vera Cruz, in Mexico. Having made himself acquainted with the traditions and antiquities oi the Mexicans, he wrote a very cla] ^ 0t^ Unihtx^nl 23t00rajp1^y. [CLE valuable work, entitled "The History of Mexico." An English translation of this work was piiblislied in 1787. CLAVIUS, Christophek, a German Jesuit and matliematician. By order of pope Gre- gory XIII. lie corrected the calendar ; and he ably defended himself against the ani- madversions on liis labour of the elder Sca- liger and others. He also published some valuable mathematical works, among which was an edition of Euclid, with annotations. Died, 1612. CLAYTON, Robert, bishop of Clogher ; author of an " Introduction to the History of the Jews," "The Chronology of the Bible "Vindicated," " A Vindication of the Histo- ries of the Old and New Testament," written against Bolingbroke, &c. The heterodoxy of some portions of his writings gave so much offence, that measures were contemplated for depriving him of liis preferment ; a fact which had such an effect upon him, that he died of agitation on the very day proceedings against him were to commence. Born, IGOo ; died, 1758. CLAYTON, TiiCMAS, a worthy repre- sentative of the old school of English gentry, was colonel of the royal Lancashire volun- teers, and served with liis regiment many years in Ireland, during the disturbances before the Union. Colonel Clayton blended genuine courtesy of manners with firmness and decision of character. He was eminently loyal ; in times of danger, active and vigorous in repressing tumult T and up to the period of his death, he discharged his magisterial duties with energj' and promptness. He died in his 80th year, in 1835. CLEANTHES, a Stoic philosopher of the 3rd century b. c. He was a native of Assus, in Lydia ; but, visiting Athens, he became a zealous discii)le of Zeno ; and to enable him to attend on that master in the day, he was accustomed to labour by night. His mental and bodily strength was immense, and de- spite of all the obstacles of poverty, he studied so successfully as to become Zeno's successor. Of his writings only some inconsiderable fragments remain ; but his reputation was so great, that, after his death, the senate of Rome decreed him a ttatue in his native place. CLEAVER, William, bishop of St. Asaph, and principal of Brazenose College, Oxford ; author of " Directions to the Clergy on the Choice of Books," " Observations on Marsh's Dissertations on the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke," " Sermons," and other theological works, and a " Treatise on Greek Metres." He was also editor of the cele- brated " Oxford Homer," published under the patronage of Lord Grenville. Died, 1815. CLEGHORN, George, a Scotch physician, surgeon, and anatomist ; author of a " Trea- tise on the Diseases of Minorca," &c. He served for many years as an army surgeon, but ultimately settled as anatomical profes- sor at Dublin. Died, 1789. CLELAND, James, LL.D., a distin- guished statistical writer, who held the office of superintendant of public works at Glasgow, and by his numerous publications of a local nature, gained tlie est«em of all conversant with political economy. Bom, 1770: died, 1840. 1S3 CLEMANGIS, Nicholas, a French di- vine ; author of a " Treatise on the Corrupt State of the Church," "Letters," &c. His writings bear very bold testimony to the corruptions of the Romish Church ; and he has consequently been much censured by Papists, and much praised by Protestants. Died, 1440. CLEMENCET, D. C, a French Catholic divine ; author of " L'Art de verifier les Dates," "L'Histoire Litteraire de France," &c. The first named of his works lias been truly said to be " a model of chronological knowledge and exactness ;" and though he displayed too much of the odium theologicum id his opposition to the Jesuits, he was a learned, benevolent, and most industrioua writer. Died, 1778. CLEMENS, RoMANUS, an early Christian, a fellow traveller of St. Paul, and, subse- quently, bishop of Rome. His Epistle to the church of Corinth is to be found in the Patres Apostolici of Le Clerc. Clemens is said to have died at Rome, at the end of the Ist century. CLEMENS, Titus Flavius, known as Clement of Alexandria, one of the fathers of the church. Of his early career so little is known that it is doubtful whether he was born at Alexandria or at Athens ; but about the year 189 he succeeded Pantaenus in the catechetical school of the former city, and taught there until 202, when the edict of Severus compelled him to seek a new abode. In 210 he was in Cappadocia, and he was afterwards in Antioch, but when or where he died is unknown. His chief works are " Prajtrepticon, or an Exhortation to the Pagans," "Pa;dagogus, or the Instructor," " What Rich Man shall be saved," and " Stro- mata;" the last nam6d of which is a very valuable miscellaneous work, containing facts and quotations to be met with in no other writer. CLEMENT XIV., pope, whose real name was Ganganelli, was a native of St. Arch- angelo, near Rimini. In 1759 he was raised to the cardinalate by pope Clement XIII., and on the death of that pontiff he was elected his successor. He was at first apparently disinclined to the suppression of the powerful but mischievous order of the Jesuits, but he at length became convinced of the necessity for their suppression, and he signed the brief for it in 1773. Shortly after he had signed this important document he was seized with a disorder, supiwsed to have been the effect of poison ; and, after languishing in agonies, which reduced him to a mere skeleton, he died in 1775. Clement was one of the most enlightened and benevolent characters that ever wore the tiara. His manners were lowly and condescending, his appearance plain and simple ; and when he was told that the papal dignity required a more sumptuous table, he answered that " neither St. Peter nor St. Francis had taught him to dine splendidly." CLEMENT, Francis, a French Bene- dictine monk ; author of a completion of " L'Art de verifier les Dates," a " Treatise on the Origin of the Samaritan Bible," &c. Died, 1793. CLEMENT, Jean Marie Bernard, a French critic and dramatic writer, who dis- i CLE] ^ fJcfio ?Eluibcv^al 2Si05rapl)B. [CLl tinguished himself by his strictures on the worlts of Voltaire, La Harpe, and others. He is the author of the tragedy of " Medea." Born, 1742 ; died, 1812. CLEMEJ^TI, Muzio, an eminent composer and pianist ; the father of pianoforte music, and a genius whose fancy was as unbounded as his science ; was born at Rome, in 1762. He early evinced a taste for music, and made such progress in the s<;ience, that in liis 0th year he passed his examination as an organist, and in liis 12th he wrote a highly approved mass for four voices. Under the fostering patronage of the highly-gifted Mr. Beckford he came to England, living with him at his seat in Dorsetshire, where he learnt the English language, studied, composed, and gradually arrived at the acme of liis profes- sion ; enjoying throughout Europe tlie esteem of his brother musicians, receiving the well- merited admiration of amateurs, and ho- noured with public applause. la the year 1800 he was induced to engage, as the head of a highly respectable Arm, in the music trade ; in which he continued, but without any interruption of his duties as a composer, till his death, in 1832. CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was a native of the Isle of Rhodes, in the 6th century b. c. CliEOBULIN A, daughter of the above, is spoken of as possessing great genius ; but the enigmas which are attributed to her are by no means remarkable for excellence. CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt. She was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who, at his death, left his crown to her and her younger brotlier, Ptolemy ; but being mi- nors, they were placed nnder the guardian- ship of Pothinus and Achilles, who deprived Cleopatra of her share of tlic government. Caesar, however, who had met her at Alex- andria, being struck with her youthful charms, proclaimed her queen of Egypt ; and for some time Cleopatra exercised a very potent and injurious influence over the Roman warrior. After Csesar's death she exerted her consummate art, and used her beauty and accomplishments to entangle the triumvir, Mark Antony ; and becoming involved, notwithstanding her treachery and duplicity, in the ruin he brouglit upon him- self in his contest with Octavius, she put an end to her existence, by applying an asp to her arm, the bite of which caused her im- mediate death, b. c. 30, aged 39. CLEOSTRATUS, a native of Tenedos, and an eminent astronomer and mathema- tician. He first arranged the signs of the zodiac, Aries and Sagittarius, and corrected the error of the length of the Grecian year, by introducing the period termed Octoetaris. According to Dr. Priestley, he flourished in the 6tli century B. c. CLERFAYT, Fkancis Sebastian Cns. Joseph de Ckoix, Coimt de, an Austrian general, who served with great distinction in the seven years' war, particularly at the battles of Prague, Lissa, &c. From the conclusion of that war till 1788, when he took the field against the Turks, he lived in a state of happy retirement ; but in the war which arose^t of tlie French revolu- tion, he commanded the Austrian army with great credit to himself, in 1793 and 1794, though overborne by numbers, and often defeated in consequence. In 1795 he was made field-marshal, and general-in-chief on the Rhine, and closed his military career by totally foiling tlie plans of the French. He then resigned his command to the Arch- duke Charles, became a member of the Austrian council of war, and died in 1798, at Vienna, where a splendid monument is erected to his memory. CLERMONT TONNERE, Antoine Jules de, cardinal, and chief of the French bishops, was bishop of Chalons in 1782, and was an active member from his diocese to the states-general. He is chiefly mentioned, however, as the author of a most interesting " Journal of what occurred at the Temple during the Captivity of Louis XVI." Bora, 1749 ; died, 1839. CLERMONT TONNERE, Stanislaus, Count de, was one of the first among the nobility to side with the popular party in the opening scenes of the French revolution. Having at length given umbrage to his party, he was put to death in 1792. CLEVELAND, John, a political writer of the time of Charles I. He strenuously supported the cause of that monarch, and, for a time, prevented Cromwell from being returned member of parliament for Cam- bridge. When the civil war actually broke out he joined the royal army, and was made judge advocate to tlie troops which garri- soned Newark. When that town was sur- rendered to the parliamentarians, Cleveland made his escape, but was apprehended, in 1655, at Norwich. After a detention of some months he gained his liberty by a temjierate, but very manly letter, which he addressed to Cromwell, and in which he justified his opposition to him, on the ground that it was the result, not of any factious or personal motive, but of sincere principle. Of his satires several editions have been printed, but they have shared the fate of most works written on temporary subjects, and are now known to but few. Died, 1659. CLIFFORD, Geokge, earl of Cumber- land, an eminent naval commander and scholar of the time of queen Elizabeth. He was present at the trial of the unfortunate queen of Scotland, and in the same year sailed for the coast of South America, where he made himself veiy formidable to the Por- tuguese. He was captain of one of the ships engaged against the memorable " Armada " of Spain, and subsequently commanded several expeditions to the Spanish main and the Western Islands ; in one of which ex- peditions he had the good fortune to capture a galleon, valued at 150,000/. He was a great favourite with queen Elizabeth, who conferred on him the insignia of the order of the Garter. It seems, however, that fame and court favour were the chief rewards of his great talents and industry, as he is said to have died poor. Born, 1558 ; died, 1605. CLIFFORD, Anne, daughter of the pre- ceding. She was married first to Richard, lord Buckhurst, afterwards earl of Dorset, and second son to Philip, earl of Pembroke. She possessed considerable literary ability. and wrote memoirs of her first husband and of some of her ancestors. But slie was chiefly distinguished by her generosity and high spirit. She built two Iiospitals, repaired several churches, and erected monuments to the memory of Spenser and Daniels, the latter of wliom had been her tutor. She displayed her spirit when Williamson, secretary of state to Charles II., wished to put a member into parliament for her borough of Appleby. "I have been bullied by a usurper," was her reply, " and I have been neglected by a court ; but I will not be dictated to by a subject. Your man shall not stand." CLINE, Hexry, F.R.S., an eminent surgeon and lecturer on anatomy. Ife had a very extensive practice as a surgeon ; and as a lecturer he was lield in the liighest es- timation both by his pupils and by his pro- fessional brethren. Died, 1827. CJyINTON, Geokge, an American general and statesman. He first served under Gene- ral Amherst against the French, and, after the conquest of Canada, devoted himself to the study of the law. In 1775 he was a member of the congress ; and, being made brigadier-general, lie succeeded, though he had a very inferior force, in preventing Sir Henry Clinton from aiding General Bur- goyne. Born, 1739 ; died, 1812. CLINTON, Sir Hexry, an English ge- neral. He succeeded Sir William Howe as commander-in-chief in America ; and his ill success in 1781 and 1782 was so severely animadverted upon, that he thought it ne- cessary to exculpate himself through the medium of the press. After his return from America, he was for some time governor of Limerick, and had just been appointed governor of Gibraltar when he died, 1795. CLITUS, a distinguished Macedonian ge- neral, who saved the life of Alexander the Great at the battle of the Granicus, but who, having expostulated with liis imperial master when the latter was in a fit of intoxication, was slain by him. CLIVE, Robert, Lord Clive and Baron Pi/ASSEV, was born in 1725, and in liis 19th year went to India as a writer, but soon quitted that employment for the army. Being entrusted with the attack of Devi- cottali, a fort of the rajah of Tanjore, he performed this important duty so well, that he was shortly afterwards made commissary. The French having artfully obtained con- siderable territory in the Carnatic, Clive advised tliat an attack should be made on the city of Arcot, which being entrusted to him, a complete victory was obtained. This unexpected victory drew off the French from Trichinopoly, which they were then besieging, to retake Arcot, which Clive defended in such a manner that they were compelled to raise the siege. This was 1 followed by a series of victories ; and in I 1753 he embarked for England, where he received a valuable present from the East India Company, and was raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the king's service. After a short stay in England for the benefit of his healtli, he returned to India, and was shortly called upon to march to Calcutta, of which the nabob Surajah Dow- ISO lah had taken possession. He was again successful, and perceiving that there could be no permanent peace obtained until the nabob was dethroned, he made the ne- cessary arrangements, and in the famous battle of Plassey, put the nabob completely to the rout, and established the power of the English more firmly than it had ever ! before been. As governor of Calcutta, Lord i Clive performed great services, both civil and military ; and when he returned to j England he was raised to the first peerage by the titles which stand at the head of this article. He once more visited India, but was called upon only for civil measures, which lie took with his usual sagacity. In 1767 he returned to England, having done more to extend the English territory and consolidate the English power in India, than any other commander. But the large wealth lie had acquired during his long and arduous services exposed him to an accu- sation in tlie House of Commons of having abused his power. The charge fell to the ground, but it had the effect of injuring his mind so deeply that he committed suicide in 1774. CLIVE, Cathari>'e, a celebrated actress, was the daughter of an Irish gentleman named Ruftar. At an early age she gave her hand to Mr. Clive, a barrister ; but a separation taking place between them, she took the stage for her profession, and be- came a very great favourite. In private life her wit caused her to be souelit by persona of the highest rank. Died, 1785. CLOOSE, NiCHOJ-As, a bishop of Lich- field in the i4th century. He was possessed of considerable arcliitectural knowledge, and is considered as one of the improvers of the pointed style of the middle ages. CLOOTS, JoHX Baptist de, a Prussian baron, better known as Anacharsis Cloots, one of the wildest and most violent actors in the early scenes of the French revolution. He was born at Cleves, and very early dis- sipated the greater portion of his fortune. In 1790, being at Paris, he presented him- self at the bar of the National Assembly, attended by a number of men dressed to re- present various foreign nations ; and, de- scribing himself as the " orator of the human race," he demanded the right of confedera- tion. After making himself consj)icuou8 by a variety of foolisli projects set forth in no less foolish speeches, he was in 1792 sent to the National Convention as deputy from the department of the Oise. As might be expected from his previous conduct, he was among those who voted for tlie death of the unfortunate Louis XVI. His course, however, was now well nigh run, for, becom- ing an object of suspicion to Robespierre, he was arrested, and guillotined in 1794. CLOSTERMAN, John, a German por- | trait painter. He was employed in Spain, Italy, and England ; and in this country there are many of his works ; among them the great picture of queen Anne, in Guild- hall, London. It is said that when paint- ing the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough and their children, the disputes between her grace and the painter we$t so frequent and so obstinate, that the duke protested he had CLO] ^ ^ebi mnibtr^Kl 33i0srajpl;w« [cob as much trouble in mediating between them as in winning a battle. Died, 1713. CLOUET, M., a French cliemist and me- chanician. He published some valuable dis- quisitions in the Journal de Chimic, and some others on metallurgical subjects in the Journal des Mines. He was on his voyage to Cayenne, to make some experiments on vegetation, wlien he died in 1801. Clouet perfected the manufacture of cast steel in France, and added considerably to their skill in cutlery. CLO VIS. tlie first Christian kingofF.rance. From a comparatively petty tract he ex- tended his rule far and wide, partly by force of arms and partly by liis marriage with Clotilda, dauglUer of Childeric, the de- ceased king of the Burgundians. This princess was a Christian, and was very de- sirous tliat her husband should be converted to her faith ; an event which took place, though not precisely from her exertions in converting him. Being in some peril of losing a battle with a tril)€ of Germans, Clovis invoked the God of the Christians. The tide of battle changed ; Clovis was vic- torious, and shortly aftei-wards he and JJOK) of his subjects were baptized by St. Remi, bishop of Rheims. Ilaving conquered the petty independent states of Gaul, he added them to his dominions, and established the capital of his kingdom at Paris, where he died in 511. CLOWES, John, an Englisli divine, rec- tor of the church of St. John at Manchester. Embracing the doctrines of Swedenborg, he published translations of a large portion of his theological writings, and many works in agreement with them. Born, 1743; died, 1831. CLOWES, William, an eminent English surgeon in the ICth and 17th centuries ; au- thor of a treatise on syphilis, and of another on the cure of wounds. CLUBBE, John, an English divine ; au- thor of a satirical tract, entitled " The His- tory and Antiquities of Wheatfleld," in- tended as a satire on conjectural etymolo- gists ; " A Letter of Advice to a Young Clergyman," &c. Died, 1773. CLUBBE, William, son of the above, vicar of Brandeston, in Suffolk ; translator of Horace's Art of Poetry, and of six of the satires of that poet, and author of three lyric odes. &c. Died, 1814. CLUTTERBUCK, Robert, an English antiquary and topographer. He was a na- tive of Hertfordshire, and having an in- deiiendent fortune, he devoted his time to scientific and literary pursuits. Having collected materials for a new edition of Chauncey's History of Hertfordshire, lie changed his plan, and produced a new work instead of re-editing the old one. His work consists of three folio volumes, and is em- bellished in a style seldom surpassed. Died, 1831. CLUVIER, Philip, a Dutch soldier and scholar ; author of " Germania Antiqua," " Sicilia Antiqua," " Italia Antiqua," &c. He is said to have understood and spoken with fluency no fewer than uin« languages. Died. 1C23. COBB, JAME3, secretary to the East India Company ; author of " The Siege of Belgrade," " The Haunted Tower," and other dramatic pieces. Died, 1818. COBB, Samitkl, an English poet. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, of which admirable school he became head classical master. He wrote " Remarks on Virgil," a volume of "Poems," modernised Chau- cer's "Miller's Tale," &c. Died, 1713. COBBETT, William, one of the most remarkable men that ever attracted public attention by the force of mental superiority, aided by persevering industry, was born in the parish of Farnham, Surrey, in 17C2, and brought up from his earliest yea^s on his father's farm, in the useful and laborious occupation of husbandry ; so that, in after life, he was enabled, with honest exultation, to declare, " I do not remember the time when I did not earn my own living." In this humble and happy state he continued till 1783 ; but having, during the previous year, when on a visit to his uncle who lived in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth, "seen the grand fleet lying at Spithead," his heart be- came inflated with national pride, and he suddenly resolved to share the i)crils and cam the boasted glories of an English sea- man's life. He accordingly applied, first to Captain Berkeley, of the Pegasus, man-of- war, and afterwards to the port admiral, Evans, to get himself enrolled ; but he was refused, and thus " happily escaped," as he himself writes, " from the most toilsome and perilous profession in the world." — "I re- turned," says he, " to the plough, but I was spoiled for a farmer. I had, before my Ports- mouth adventure, never known any other ambition than that of surpassing my brothers in the difterent labours of the field ; but it was quite otherwise now ; I sighed for a sight of the world," &c. Graphic and in- teresting as Cobbett's account of his early adventures is, our limits warn us to indulge but sparingly in the descriptive throughout his " strange eventful history." An accident — the mere sight of the stage-coach on its journey to London while he was going to : Guildford fair — led him suddenly to quit [ his home and rustic pursuits, in order to seek i his fortune in a wider sphere. His first em- ! ployment, unfitted as he was for it by nature i and habit, was that of an " under-strapping ' quill-driver" in Gray's Inn, the miseries of i which he eloquently and wittily depicts, and j thus apostrophises : " Gracious" heaven I if I am doomed to be wretched, bury me beneath Iceland snows, and let me feed on blubber ; ! stretch me under the burning line, and deny | me thy propitious dews ; nay, if it be thy will, suffocate me with the infected and j pestilential air of a democratic club-room ; I but save me from the desk of an attorney I " After nine months' toilsome drudgery in I Gray's Inn, his desire for a different mode of life induced him to enlist as a soldier, and he was sent to the depot at Chatham, where he remained about a year, attending closely to his duty, but applying every leisure moment to the improvement of his mind, and particularly to a knowledge of grammar, with which he was before totally unac- quainted. The regiment at length sailed for i Nova Scotia, and was then ordered to St. cob] ^ i?cfit) ^nihex^aX SSiflgrapTjt). [cob John's, New Brunswick, where he soon at- tracted tlie notice of his superiors by his in- dustry, regularity, and habitual temperance; and was rewarded by being appointed ser- jeant-major of the regiment. To early rising, and the grand secret of husbanding his time, Cobbett attributes not only his rapid promotion in the army, but much of his future fame. After seven years' service, the regiment returned to England ; and Serjeant- major Cobbett solicited and received his dis- charge. Having by his unparalleled assiduity while he was in the army gained an insight into many branches of knowledge, and being determined on gaining more, he went to France, in order, chiefly, to perfect himself in tlie language ; but seeing that a war with England was inevitable, he embarked for America, where, under the sobriquet of Peter Porcupine, he quickly began to exercise his talents by the publication of his " Observa- tions " and other political pamphlets, all calculated to uphold the dignity of his native country, and oppose the prevalence of French principles. But he found it necessary to quit America ; and, on his return to this country, he commenced a daily paper called the Porcupine,in which at first he strenuously supported the government. But whether it ■was that he became disgusted with the com- promising character of the Addington ad- ministration, or felt indignant at the cold hauteur of Mr. Pitt, who refused to meet him ; or whether some new light had dawned on him, which made him the advocate of the " rights of the jieople," certain it is that his publication, now styled " The Weekly Re- gister," contained various articles which were severely denominated lil)els, and he was arrested, fined, and imprisoned. From this period a gradual change may be discovered in the tone of Cobbett's political disquisitions, and ere long he was looked upon as the mighty leader of the radical reformers. In 1809 he again attracted the notice of Sir Vicary Gibbs, at that time his majesty's attorney-general. The libel related to the flogging of some men in the local militia, at Ely, in Cambridgeshire; he was found guilty, sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Newgate, to pay a fine of 1000?. to the king, and at the expiration of the two years to give security for his good behaviour for seven years, himself in 300?., and two securities in 100/. each. This severe sentence Cobt)ett never forgot or forgave ; and, in truth, it would require no ordinary share of Christian forbearance to do either. No sooner was he liberated than he showed his enemies that his active mind had received a fresh stimulus ; he reduced his " Register " to 2c?., whereby its sale was immensely increased, and he sought for every possible means of annoying those who had persecuted him. At length the arbitrary " Six Acts " were passed ; and as he firmly believed they were passed for the express purpose of silencing him (particularly the Power of Imprisonment Act), he in- stantly took his departure for America, and settled in Long Island ; from which spot his future " Registers " were dated, till his return to England, in 1819, after that act was re- pealed. Strange and paradoxical as it may appear, and not less so than discreditable, Cobbett announced, on his arrival at I^iver- poof, that he had brought with him the bones of the celebrated republican, Tom Paine — the man whom above all others he had for- merly decried as a regicide and an infidel ! yet to the remains of that man he pretended to pay homage, and called upon his coun- trymen to honour them by a magnificent public funeral, and the erection of a splendid monument 1 In 1820 Mr. Cobbett was induced to become a candidate for the representation of Coventry, but met with a signal defeat ; and in 1826 he made a similar unsuccessful attempt at Preston, against Messrs. Stanley and Wood. In 1821) and the two following years, the events in Europe gave a more impassioned tone to his writings than they had for some time exhibited. He had the revolutions abroad — the reform bill at home — and tlie fearful spirit of incendiarism through the agricultural districts, to write about all at once. Nor did the greatness of the several themes exhaust his powers ; his spirit hurried on ; and each subject, as the other was dismissed, came like a fresh sup- ply of oil to brighten and perpetuate the flame. He wrote about the regeneration of France, and here was a stimulus to indig- nation J he passed to talk of borough- mongers and corruption, and here the sti- mulus increased ; but when he leaped from the rotten boroughs into the green fields — peered over burning barns and coni-ricks, and sought the cause of the incendiarism in the distress and despair of the class of men from wliom he, William Cobbett, had sprung, the stimulus waxed stronger than } mere indignation ; and, in giving it expres- sion, he nearly swelled it into sedition against a government, which he had always regarded with an avenging hate. In con- sequence of an article of this description which had appeared in the "Weekly Po- litical Register" on the 11th of December, 1830, he was, on the 7th of July following, tried before Lord Tenterden and a special jury for the publication of "a libel, with intent to raise discontent in the minds of the labourers in husbandry, and to incite them to acts of violence, and to destroy corn stacks, machinery, and other property." Sir Thomas Denman, then attorney-general, was the leading counsel for the crown ; while Mr. Cobbett conducted his defence in person ; and a more lucid, vigorous, or powerful answer to charges brought by a public prosecution has rarely, if ever, been delivered. The jury deliberated from six o'clock at night till nine the next morning, and then, stating to the judge that there were six of them of one opinion, and six of another, solicited the court to grant their discharge, and they were discharged accord- ingly. Thus ended this memorable trial. From that hour till the day of his death he never ceased to hold up those to scorn and ridicule who had made this last desperate, but impotent, effort to crush and overwhelm him. From the time of his trial, in 1831, up to the passing of the reform bill, in ia32, Cobbett's time was almost equally divided between tlie three several occupations of writing, travelling, and lecturing ; and as hia fame was evidently again on the increase, he cob] S IJclM ^m'ljcr^al 3Ui0grap]^«. [coc looked forward to a seat in parliament at the approaching elections. When the proper period arrived (Dec. 1832) he was put in nomination both for Manchester and Old- ham ; and though defeated at the former place, he gained his election at the latter by an immense majority. In 1833 William Cobbett was a British senator — tlie long- Bought object of liis ambition ; and, though far advanced in years, and engaged as ar- dently as ever in his accustomed active pur- suits, he devoted himself to his new duties witli all the energy by which his whole life had been characterised. But it was an ele- ment unsuited to liis habits ; late hours and confinement in a heated atmosphere were never intended for him who " usually went to bed at nine o'clock and rose at four." During a debate on the malt tax, on the 2.')th of May, he was suddenly attacked with a disease of the throat, from which he never recovered, and on the 17th of June, 1833, he expired. As an author, independent of his long-continued political pamphlets and peri- odical works before referred to, he was ex- ceedingly industrious ; and in those which, relate to rural life he was decidedly the most useful writer of the age, as his " Cottage Eco- nomy," "Advice to Young Men," "Rural Rides," &c. abundantly prove. lie also wrote Grammars of the English and French languages, both of which had a most exten- sive circulation ; also, " A Year's Residence in America," 20 volumes of "Parliamentary Debates," &c. ; but his last work, " The His- tory of the Reformation," is so distorted by party views, and so evidently written to serve the cause of popery, that it is difficult to say whether the impartial reader is more likely to be disgusted with its want of can- dour as a book of history, or amused with the time-serving tirades on the popular topics of the day with which it is so copiously in- terlarded. Altogether it is a failure, and does the fame of Cobbett more discredit than all the coarse invectives and political tergi- versations that f^re to be met with in his voluminous writings. [Having so much exceeded our usual limits in the preceding sketch of the life of William Cobbett, we plead, as our excuse, the valuable example it affords (to youth especially) of what may be effected by early rising, habitual temi>erance, and unrelaxing industry. We have no fear that we shall be charged with eulogising his public conduct, or of exhibiting his political life as worthy of imitation. On all occasions he appears to have followed the dictates of a proud, indomitable will ; while he indulged in the most offensive personalities against those who differed from him, and supported his dogmas with a coarseness of language, and a disregard for the feelings of others, alike disgraceful and disgusting. What his cha- racter might have been under other circum- stances, or how the powerful energies of his mind might have been directed, had not the all-engulphing vortex of party borne him away, it is useless to speculate on : we are bound to regard liim as one whose " birth, station, employment, ignorance, temper, cha- racter in early life, were all against him; but who emerged from, and overcame them all."] 193 COBENTZEL, Chari.es, Count de, an eminent statesman. Ue was a native of Laybach, and at an early age commenced his public career. During the troubles in the reign of the empress Maria Theresa, his services gave so much satisfaction, that in 1753 he was placed at tlie head of affairs in the Austrian Netherlands. In this important situation he showed great resi)ect for lite- rature and the arts, and several useful re- formations were carried into effect by him. Among his other services was that of found- ing the Academy of Sciences at Brussels. Died, 1770. COBENTZEL, Loris, Count de, son of the above, and, like him, a diplomatist. At the early age of 27, he was entrusted with a mission to Catharine II. of Russia, and his gallantry and compliance with her taste for theatricals made him a great favourite with her. From 1795 he was concerned in many of the important negotiations between Aus- tria and other powers, until the treaty of Luncville, in 1801. That treaty restoring peace between Austria and France, he was shortly afterwards made minister of state for foreign affairs at Vienna. In 1805 he was dismissed from tliis ofiice, and he died in 1809. COBENTZEI,, John Philip, Count de, a cousin of the last named, and also a di- plomatist. Being sent to Brabant to treat with the Netherlanders, who resisted some edicts of the emperor which they considered oppressive, they refused to receive him, and the edicts were in consequence revoked. This failure prevented him from being em- ployed again during the following ten years ; but at length, in 1801, he was sent ambassa- dor to Paris. Died, 1810. COBURO, Fredekic Josias, duke of Saxe-Coburg, an Austrian field marshal, was born in 1737. In 1789 he commanded the imperial army on the Danube, and, in connection with the Russian general, Su- warroff, defeated the Turks, and conquered Bucharest. In 1793 he defeated the Prench at Neerwinden, expelled them from the Netherlands, and invaded France, taking Valenciennes, Cambray, and other places ; but when the English army, under the Duke of York, separated from him, he sus- tained several defeats, retreated across the Rhine, and resigned Ids command. Died, 1815. COCCEIUS, JoHX, a Dutch scholar of the 17th century, professor of theology at Ley den. He taught that the Old Testament was merely a type of the New ; and the book of Revelation being a principal object of his attention, he warmly asserted the doctrine of the Millenium. His followers formed a rather numerous sect, called Cocceians. Besides ten folio volumes of writings on di- vinity, wliich he published during his life, he left a work, not printed till many years after his death, entitled "Opera, .\necdotica Theologica et Philologica." Born, 1603; died, 1CG9. COCCEIUS, Hexry, an eminent Dutch civilian ; author of " Prodromus Justitise Gentium, " " Theses," &c. He was raised to the dignity of a baron of the empire in 1713, and died in 1719. coc] ^ ^eia ^nibtx^BX SSiojjrajpl^M. [COF COCCEIUS, Samuel, son of the last named, and successor to his title. He became grand chancellor of Prussia under Frederick tlie Great, and was a chief author of the Frede- rickian code. He also publislied a valuable edition of Grotius, "De Jure Belli et Pacis." Died, 175.5. COCHIN, Charles Nicholas, an eminent French engraver and writer, of the 18th cen- tury ; author of " Travels in Italj', " " Let- ters on the Pictures of Herculaneum," " Dissertation on the Eflfect of Light and Shade," &c. His plates are numerous and well executed. COCHLyEUS, Johx, an able hut bitter opponent of Luther, Calvin, and other re- formers, but more especially of the first named, whom he censured with great as- perity in his work, "De Actis et Scriptis Lutheri." He published, besides this work, a very curious " History of the Hussites," and he maintained a fierce controversy with Dr. Morrison, an English clergyman, on the subject of the marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. Died, 1552. COCHRAN, WiLLiAJf, a Scotch artist of considerable talent and reputation. After studying at Rome, he settled at Glasgow, where his abilities were so well appreciated, that he realised a respectable fortune. Of his historical pieces, "Endymion" and "Daedalus" are held in high estimation. Born, 1738 ; died, 1785. COCHRANE, Archibald, earl of Dun- donald, born, 1749. He became a cornet of dragoons, but exchanged from the army to the navj% and had risen to the rank of lieu- tenant when he succeeded to the earldom. He now devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits, with the intent of making improve- ments in tlie commerce and manufactures of the kingdom. Among the numerous works published by him in the prosecution of this patriotic intention, were " The Prin- ciples of Chemistry applied to the Improve- ment of Agriculture," " An Account of tlie Qualities and Uses of Coal Tar and Coal Varnish," &c. lie made many useful disco- veries, for some of which he obtained patents; but unfortunately, though he did good ser- vice to his country, he was so far from enrich- ing himself, that "he was at one time actually obliged to receive aid from the Literary Fund. Died, 1831. COCHRANE, JoHjr Dundas, nephew of the above, an Englisli naval ofiicer. On re- tiring from the naval service, he travelled on foot through France, Spain, and Portu- gal ; and then through the Russian empire to Kamschatka. Of tliis latter journey he published an account in two volumes, which contain much curious information. He was about to travel on foot across South Ame- rica, when he died at Valentia, in Colombia, in 1825. COCKBURN, Catharixe, an English authoress. Though almost self-educated, she began to publish at the early age of 17, her first production being a tragedy, entitled " Agnes de Castro." In two years more she produced another tragedy, entitled " Fatal Friendship," which was received with much approbation at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Besides these, and a tragedy, enti- tled " The Revolution of Sweden," she pub- lished some poems, a " History of the Works of the Learned," "Vindications of the Philosophy of Locke," and several meta- physical treatises. Born, 1G79 ; died, 1749. COCKER, Edward, an English penman and arithmetician ; whose fame as a com- putist was formerly held in such .repute, that " according to Cocker " is still used as an arithmetical proverb. Died, 1G77. COCLES, Publius Horatius, a valiant Roman. He was a descendant of the Ho- ratii, and proved himself worthy of liis line. When Porsenna, king of the Etruscans, had pursued the Romans to the wooden bridge over the Tiber, Codes and two companions boldly withstood the enemy until the Ro- mans had crossed the bridge. His two com- panions then retired, but Codes remained until the bridge was broken down behind him, and then plunged into the river, and swam to tlie city. CODRINGTON, Christopher, a native of Barbadoes, was educated at All Souls College, Oxford ; to which he bequeathed the sum of 10,000?. for the erection of a library, leaving his West Indian estates to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. As an author, this munificent gen- tleman is only known by some verse? ad- dressed to Garth, on the publication of his " Dispensary," and by some Latin poems in the "Musaj Anglicanaj." Born, 1G68 ; died, 1710. CODRUS, the 17th and lasfking of Athens. Disguised as a common person, he rushed into the midst of the army of the Heraclidte, and was slain ; a sacrifice he was led to make by the oracle having pronounced that the leader of the conquering party must fall. At his death, the Athenians deeming no one worthy to be the successor of their patriotic monarch, established a republic. COELLO, Aloxzo Sanchez, an eminent painter, a native of Portugal, whose works obtained for him the appellation of the Por- tuguese Titian. Born, 1515 ; died, 1710. COEN, John Peterson, governor of the Dutch settlements in the East Indies, and founder of the city of Batavia. He went to India as a merchant, and in 1617 succeeded to the governorship of Bantam, when in 1619 he removed to the new factory he had founded. After passing a short time in Europe, he, in 1027, returned to Batavia, and bravely defended that place against the emperor of Java. So many men perished in tliis memorable contest, that their bodies produced a pestilence, of which Coen died, in 1629. COEUR, James, a French merchant of the 15th century. His trade surpassed that of any other individual in Europe ; and he is said to have had 300 agents in the Medi- terranean. He lent Charles VII. an immense sum, to enable him to conquer Normandy, which was never repaid ; for being falsely accused of peculation, and of poisoning the king's mistress, he was so disgusted, that, on getting his release, he went into voluntary exile. Died, 1456. COFFEY, Charles, a poet and dramatist ; author of " The Devil to Pay," &c., and editor of an edition of the works of Drayton. He cog] ^ |3eU) Bnibex^sX 33iaQr?qp]bl»» [col was deformed in person, and perfonned the part of ^sop for his own benetit. Died, 1745. COGAN, Thomas, an English physician, born in Somersetshire, and educated at Oriel College, Oxford. In 1574 he was chosen master of the school at Maucliester, where he also practised in his proi»er profession. He wrote the " Haven of Ilealth, " A Preser- vative from the Pestilence," and an " Epitome of Cicero's Epistles." Died, li)07. COGAN, Thomas, a physician, bom at Kib worth, Leicesterslure, in 1730 ; who, in conjunction with Dr. Hawes, founded the Humane Society. He translated tlie works of Camper, and was the author of" A Philo- sophical Treatise on the Passions," " Theolo- gical Disquisitions," &c. Died in 1818. COGGESHALLE, Ralph, an English Cistercian monk of the 13th century. He was at Jerusalem wlien that city was besieged by Saladin ; and wrote a " Chronicle of the Iloly Land," which was printed in a collec- tion published at Paris in 1725. COHAUSEN, JoHX Henuy, a German physician. He wrote a curious work, in- structing his readers how to live to 115 years of age ; It was translated into English by Dr. Campbell, under the title of " Hermippus Redivivus, or the Sage's Triumph over Old Age and the Grave." Died in his 85th year, in 1750. COHORN, Mknito, Baron, a celebrated Dutch engineer, who, after distinguishing himself as a military officer on many im- portant sieges and battles, fbrtitied Namur, Bergen-op-Zoom, and other towns. He was the author of a " Treatise on Fortification." Died, 1704. COKAYNE, Sir Astox, a poet and dra- matist of the 17th century. He was educated at Cambridge ; and, after having made the grand tour, tixed his residence at a family estate in Warwicksliire. Espousing the cause of Charles I., he was despoiled of his proper- ty by the triumphant parliamentarians, to whom he was doubly obnoxious as a royalist and a papist. A collection of his plays and poems was printed in 1658, but it is now not often to be met with. Died, 1C34. COKE, Sir Edward, a celebrated English judge and law writer, born at Mileham, Norfolk, in 1549. He pleaded his first cause in 1578 ; and having married a sister of the minister Burleigh, he possessed considerable political influence. In 1592 he had obtained a high reputation, and was appointed so- licitor-general ; and in 1600, being then at- torney-general, he prosecuted the Earl of Essex ; and tlie asperity with which he con- ducted himself to that nobleman amounted to very little less than brutality. In 1603 he was knighted ; and we find him pro- secuting Sir Walter Raleigh, and behaving to him as unfeelingly as he had formerly behaved to Essex. In 1606 he was made chief justice of the common pleas; and in 1613 he was sworn of the privy council, and removed to the court of king's bench. His activity in the case of Sir Thomas Over- bury's murder made him many enemies ; and his opposition to the king and chancellor Egerton caused him to be removed from office in 1616. Having vainly endeavoured to get into favour with the court, he in 1621 joined the popular party, and was committed, though only for a short time, to the Tower. In 1628 he represented the county of Buck- ingham in parliament, and distinguished himself by his zeal against the Duke of Buckingham. In mere legal knowledge he has never perhaps been equalled ; but for the nobler qualities of his mind we may seek in vain. His "Commentary on Littleton" and his " Reports " are invaluable. Died, 16;i4. COLBERT, Jony Baptist, marquis of Seguelai, a celebrated French statesman, to whose talents, activity, and enlarged views, France owes much of its financial and com- mercial prosperity, was descended from a Scottish family, but bom at Rheims, in 1619, where his father was a wine merchant. In 1648 he l)ecame clerk to the secretary of state, Le T«llier, whose daughter he married ; and his conduct in this situation recom- mended him to the king as intendant of finances. Subsequently he became superin- tendant of buildings, secretary of state, and minister of the marine ; and in every capacity he acted so as to merit the love of his coun- trymen, and obtain the approbation of his king. To literature and the arts he con- stantly gave encouragement ; he instituted the Academy of Sciences, and that of sculp- ture and painting ; and it was at his recom- mendation that the Royal Observatory was erected. To him, too, Paris owed the erection of many elegant bulldinjts ; and, if a less brilliant minister than some of his prede- cessors, he certainly conferred more sub- stantial benefits upon his country than most of them. Died, 16H3. COLBERT, JoHX Baptist, marquis of Torcy, son of the preceding. He filled, suc- cessively, the offices of secretary of state for the foreign department and director-general of the posts ; and wrote " Memoirs of the Negotiations from the Treaty of Ryswick to the Peace of Utrecht." Born, 1665 ; died, 1746. COLCHESTER, Charles Abbot Lord, was bom at Abingdon, Berks, in 1757 ; and having received the rudiments of his edu- cation at Westminster School, was entered of Christchurch, Oxford, in 1775. While there he was greatly distinguished for his attainments ; and a Latin poem on the czar Peter gained him not only the prize, but also a valuable gold medal Irom the empress of Russia. After spending some time abroad, he was called to the bar, and practised with every prospect of becoming a popular advo- cate. His forensic pursuits, however, were but of short continuance, for on entering par- liament for Helston he was speedily noticed for his talent and business-like habits, and on the formation of the Addington ministry he was appointed secretary for Ireland, and keeper of the privy seal. He now com- menced some useful reforms in Ireland, but before he could complete them he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. In this situation he