:\ » -1 - V y vvy vvyvvy VWVvC Digitized by tine Internet Ar.chive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation y4lv littp://www.arcliive.org/details/biograpliicaltreaOOmaunricli THE OF THE M^yiES ©IF lEMmiESfT jPIEKSDMS or ALL AGES AHD :N'ATI0NS Q^ykWly ^ la/Me^ C/€/U^''^ ^ pmese.:nt timh - BY SAMHEIL MATUHBEM LOIT&MAIT. BRO'WIT, GI^EIT & LONGHAITS 18 51. TUE BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY; ^ Dicttoitati> OF SAMUEL MAUNDER, AUTHOR OF THE TUEASUUY OK KNOWLEDGE," "THE SCIENTllTIC A5D MTEUARY TUKASUltY," ETC. ETC. ETC. SEVENTH EDITION, RE^^SED, CORRECTED, AND EXTENDED TO THE PRESEKT TIME. ^^"-^^"^ LONDO]!^: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1851. •^^ l.oKboN : Spottiswoodes and StlAvV, New-streeC- Square. PREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION. Since the publication of the last edition of tliis worli In 18f7, death his been more tlian usually busy among those whose names and achievements ought to be commemorated iuour " Biographical Treasury." Instead, however, of adding these new names to the work by way of supplement, it has been deemed expedient to embody them in the work itself, together with the various supplements that have appeared from time to time, thus facilitating consultation, and making the work a complete manual of Biographical reference, down to the date of publication. The more satisfactorily to effect this object, the whole work has been reprinted on a larger page, and with a new type ; and the opportunity has been taken to correct mistakes that had crept into former editions, to supply not a few names that had been omitted, to re-write numerous memoirs that appeared either imperfect or inexact, and in a word to maintain the long established character of this work, as a trustworthy repository of Universal Biography. Considerable space has been devoted in this edition to the lives of foreigners, distinguished in science, literature, art, politics, or arms, in whom Englishmen might be pre- sumed to take an interest ; and on the whole it is hopeil that few important names, whether native or foreign, will be found to have been omitted. January, 1851. PKEFACE THE FIRST EDITION. The publication of this volume having been protracted vcTy considerably beyond the time I had originally calculated on, and the task having proved a far more onerous one than my sanguine expectations had led me to anticipate, I freely confess, that, whatever its ultimate fate may be, I feel no ordinary degree of gratification in having at length brought it to a close — agratifica'ion arising from a practical knowledge of the labour required for its producti ni ; 186096 iar^facc. heightened by a recollection of the ser'ous interruption I met with, from severe and prolonged illness, during its early progress. Yet, though some- times daunted, and often discouraged (if I may apply the words of a great man, on an important subject, to my comparatively insignificant undertaking), "despondency has never so far prevailed as to depress me to neglect." On the present occasion, I have but little to say. I shall not trouble the reader with a needless dissertation on the uses and value of Biography ; the subject is too obvious to require demonstration — too trite to call for a pre- fatory remark. Neither, in what I deem it necessary to state, do I wish to arrogate to myself any peculiar merit. But let no one imagine that I am indifferent as to the success of this volume, or that I should not honestly exult to learn that it met with the approbation of a discerning public. If I had no other motive, the highly favourable reception given to its precursor would have been a sufficient inducement, I trust, to make me anxious to execute the present Work in a manner that might not be deemed discre- ditable either to my judgment, or my regard for truth and strict impartiality. Persons not in the habit of consulting different biographical authorities, can have no idea of the discrepancies that are to be met with in the relation of mere matters of fact ; but this, perplexing as it is, bears no proportion to the wilful perversions that abound where scope is given for the expression of political feeling, or the promulgation of a particular doctrine. So prone, indeed, are many to this corrupt practice, that it appears as though they considered it a paramount duty to carry on^ per fas et nefas, an eternal crusade against all opinions which are not in accordance with their own — against every one who is disposed to take a straightforward and rational view of things, rather than to glance at them through the oblique medium of some wild or fanciful theory. The amount of injury thus done to the cause of truth, it is impossible to estimate : sentiments, glossed over by a false philosophy, are slavishly copied from one work to another, till the dissemina- tion of error becomes general, and the evils inflicted on society are past redemption. Throughout the following pages, I have never allowed myself to be satis- fied with one authority, where more were obtainable ; nor have I grudged my labour in any way that I thought would render the volume more acceptable to the public ; — but to expect that it can be immaculate, would be the height of absurdity. If I have fallen into errors similar to those which I have con- demned, a heavy responsibility will rest on me ; if I have committed any of a less serious nature, I hope they will be found so venial, that their obliteration may be an easy employment when revising a future edition. The steady patronage bestowed upon " The Treasury of KNowtEnoE" demands my reiterated thanks. Thirty thousand* coj ies of that work have been legitimately sold in this country, and a still greater number, as I am credibly informed, firatcd in America: it is therefore not unreasonable to expect, that, unless there be more defects in the present volume than I am conscious of, it will meet with a proportionate circulation. Nothing but a large sale can ever repay me ; and I naturally cherish the hope that, in a commercial as well as in a moral sense, I may not have laboured in vain. !» This WM written in 1838 ; and that " The Treasury of Knowledge" has since that time gi"eatly risen in public estimation, It^increosed sale is a most gratifying proof. NEW DICTIONARY UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY, A A, CiiAni.Es ITexrt Vajt per, a Lu- tltcran minister, born nt ZwuHc, wlio took a i leading part in establiiilung at llaerlcin the Academy of Sciences. Uom, 1718 ; died, I 1792. I AA, Gekard Van t>kr, and his sons AuoLPiiLS and Piiilip (three distinguished members of an ancient family in the Nether- lands), are honourably mentioned in the an- nals of the United Provinces for the promi- | nent part they took in resisting the tyranny i of Philip II. of Spain, and the subsequent | liberation of their country. I AA, Petek Van dek, a distinguished lawyer, born at Louvain, who became jjresi- \ dent of the council of Luxembourg, in 1574. j AA, Petek Van pek, an eminent book- ! seller of Lcyden, who, early in tlie 18th cen- ' tury, compiled and published several exten- sive collections of voyages and travels, among which was his " Galerie du Monde," an illus- \ tratcd Atlas, in 6(5 vols, lie also published \ the great collection of Gronovius on Greek, and of GriEvius on Koman, antiquities. I Died, 1730. AAGARD, Christian, aDanish poet, and professor of poetry at Sora, and of theology | at Kissen in Jutland. Bom, IGIO ; died, 1(W4. AAGARD, Nicholas, brother of the above, a philosopliical writer, and a proles- i sor at Sora. Bom, ltjl2 ; died, ItwZ. I AAGESEN, SuEND or Sveno (called also \ SuENO Agonis), a Danish historian and antiquary of the 12th century. AAUST, EvEKAHD, a Dutch painter, emi- nent for fruit pieces and armoury. Born at Delft, in l(i02 ; died, lOoS. AALST, William, nephew of the above, and still higher in repute as a painter. Boru, 1G20 : died, 1(;79. AARON, St. a British martyr, who, with his brother Julius, suffered during the perse- cution of the Christians, under the emperor Diocletian, a. d. 3(t3, and was canonized ten centuries afterwards. AARON of Alexandria, a priest and physician of the 7th century. He was a voluminous author, and the first who de- scribed the measles and small-pox, diseases which were at tliat time new to Egypt, and by him supposed to have originated there. AARON of Bakcelo.va, a Spanisli Jew of j the 13th century ; author of "Precepts on Moses." printed at Venice in 1523. AARON BEN ASSER, a learned Jew of the Ml century ; said to be the inventor of Hebrew points and accents. AARON BEN CHAIM, a Jew of iforocco; author of " Treatises on the Scriptures," printed at Venice in 1(!09. AARON II ACIIARON, a Jew of Nicome- dia, born in 134(!. He was the author of a work on the Jewish doctrines and customs, entitled "The Garden of Eden." AARON IIARISCIION, the Caraite, a rabbi of tlie 13th century, author of a Com- mentary on the Pentateuch. AARON, Isaac, a Greek ; interpreter to the emperor Manuel Commenus, by whom he was deprived both of liis office ond his sight, on a charge of wilful misinterpreta- tion. He was subsequently reinstated in his office ; and revenged himself on his enemies with savage cruelty; but died in consequence of torture inflicted on him by order of the emi>eror Isaac Angelus, on lus accession to the throne, in 12()3. AARON, PiETito, a Florentine of the l(5th century, canon of Rimini, aud an elaborate writer on music. AARON SCHASCON, a rabbi of the 17tli century ; author of "The Law of Truth," printed at Venice in 1631. AARSENS, Francis Van, lord of So- meldvck and Spyck, in Holland, a celebrated Dutch dii)lomatist, who, after residing ir> years at Paris, first as agent and then as ambassador for the United States, was twice sent as ambassador to England. Born at the Hague in 1572 ; died, 1641. AARTGEN, a painter, of very consider- able merit, but of low and dissolute habits. He was bom at Leyden in 1498 ; and is said to have met his death by being drowned in a drunken frolic, in 1564. ABA, or ALBON, crowned king of Hun- gary on the deposition of Peter, sumamed the German, in 1041, and put to death for his cruelty in 1044. AJJACO, AvAUisTO Felice D' All, acele- brated composer and violinist of Verona, in the 18th century. ABACO, Baron, also a native of Verona (in the 18th century), and celebrated as an amateur composer and performer on the violoncello. ABAGA, or ABAKA-KHAN, a warlike emperor of the Moguls, and a formidable opponent of the crusaders. He succeeded his father in the empire in 1264, and died in 1282. ABANO. See Apono. ABANTIDAS, son of Paseas, made him- self master of Sicyon, after putting to death abaI ^ ;^ctD Winihct^al 2tjt0crrajpT)». [abb Clinias, who was regent for his son Aratus, then a minor. He was assassinated B.C. 251. ABARIS, a celebrated character of an- tiquity, said to have possessed vast abilities, and to have been endowed with the power of performing miraculous cures, but of whom even the country which gave him birth is very uncertain ; some calling him a Scy- thian, while others maintain that he was a native of one of the Western Isles of Scot- land : a personage, in short, of whom there is far more of fable recorded than of ti-uth. ABAS, SoHAH, snrnamed the Great, 7th king of Persia. With tlie assistance of the English, in 1(322, he took Ormus, and made Ispahan the capital of Persia. Died in 1629. ABASCAL, Don Jose Fep.nando, vice- roy of Peru during several years of the South American war of independence, was born at Oviedo in 1743, and having entered the military service of Spain, served in the numerous campaigns of that country during the latter half of last century in all parts of the globe. Appointed viceroy of Peru in 1804, he governed with a firm but gentle hand till 181(5, when lie was superseded by General Pezuela ; and, on his retirement, he left behind him a character for ability and moderation which is still held in grateful remembrance. Died at Madrid, 1821. ABASSA, or ABBASSA, sister of the ca- liph Haroun al Kaschid, who gave her in marriage to his vizier Giafar, on condition that their marriage should never be con- summated ; but having broken the contract, the caliph put Giafar to death, and banished his wife from the palace, giving ordeis that no one should afford her relief. The roman- tic incidents arising irom this strange mar- riage have furnished themes for many an oriental tale. ABASSON, an impostor : who was put to death for pretending that he was grandson to Abas the Great. ABATE, AxDREA, a Neapolitan artist, who, as a painter of fruit and objects of still life, acquired great celebrity. He was em- ployed, together with Luca Giordio, in adorning the Escurial for Charles II. of Spain. Died, 1732. ABATI, NicoLO, more frequently, but erroneously, called Dell' Abate, a renowned painter in fresco. Born at Modena, 1512; died at Paris, 1571. Several of his relations also distinguished themselves as painters. ABAUZIT, FiRMix, a French author of great merit, and whose modesty was equal to his erudition. His father died in his in- fancy ; and his mother, in order to secure his education in the Protestant faith, sent him, at two years of age, to Geneva. After finishing his studies he went to Holland, and from thence to England, where he formed an intimacy with Sir Isaac Newton, by whom he was much admired and esteemed. He was also highly panegyrised by "Voltaire and Rousseau. In short, though he published little, he had acquired among literary men a character for profound learning, and his correct judgment was universally acknow- ledged by them. Born at Uzes, 1G79 ; died at Geneva, 17(57. ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant divine, who accompanied Marshal Schom- berg to England in 1688, and was present when that great commander fell at the bat- tle of the Boyne. On his return to I^ondon he was appointed minister of the French church in tlie Savoy, and was subsequently made dean of Killaloe. He wrote many works, chiefly theological and in the French language ; the most esteemed of which is entitled " Traite de la Vuritd de la Religion Chretienne." Born at Nay, in Beam, in 1G58 ; died in London, 1727. ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, of whom, though opposed to him at first, he became a disciple, and served in his army as a general. He died in the 32d year of the Hegira— a.d. 653. ABBAS, Ebx Abbas Abdalla, son of the foregoing ; chief of the " Sahabah," or com- panions of the Prophet, and author of a "Commentary on the Koran." ABB ATISSA, Paul, a poet of Sicily, who flourished about the j'ear 1570, and translated the Iliad and Odyssey into Latin verse. ABBE, Louise, a French poet of the 16th century, surnamed La Belle Cm-donnierc. ABBIATI, FiLippo, an historical painter, of considerable eminence. Born at Milan in 1640 ; died in 1715. ABBON, or ABBO, CEnNTTtrs, a Norman monk of tlie 0th century, who wrote, in Latin verse, nn account of the siege of Paris by the Normans. ABBON, or ABBO, Floriacexsis, a learned Frenchman of the lOtli century, and abbot of Fleury ; the author of nume- rous ecclesiastical biographies. For a short time he presided over the monastery of Ramsay, and was a great favourite with Ethelred. He was killed in 1004, while en- deavouring to quell a tumult between two contending parties of French and Gascons. ABBOT, George, archbishop of Canter- bury in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., and one of the most active political charac- ters of that period. He was born, in 15G2, at Guildford in Surrey, where his father was a weaver and clothworker. After receiving his education at tlie grammar school in that town, he was sent to Baliol college, Oxford ; and became successively master of University college, dean of Winchester, vice-chancellor of Oxford, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, then of London, and lastly, primate of all England. Towards the close of his life an event occurred, which for a time caused his suspension from the archiepiscopal office ; for being at the seat of Lord Zouch in Hampshire, while on a hunting party he ac- cidentally shot one of his lordship's keepers. He was the author of several theological works ; and was one of the eight divines, who, in 1604, by the order of James I. trans- lated the edition of the Bible now in use. He died at Croj'don in 1633, and was buried in his native town, where he had founded and liberally endowed a hospital. ABBOT, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, and elder brother of the above. He was an emi- nent divine, and famous for his skill in con- ducting polemical discussions and vindi- cating the supremacy of kings. Bom, 1560 ; died, 1617. Dr. Fuller, speaking of the two brothers, says, " George was the more plaus- ible preacher, Robert the greatest scholar ; I George the abler statesman, Robert the deeper divine ; gravity did fi-own in George, and smile in Robert." ABBOT, Maukice, youngest brother of the foregoing, was an eminent London merchant, and one of the first directors of tlie East India Company. lie served the office of sheritF in 1627, was afterwards lord mayor, and represented the city in parlia- ment at the commencement of the reign of Charles I., by whom he was knighted. ABBOT, Gecko E, son of Sir Maurice, was the author of a Paraphrase on the Book of Job, and several other religious works. He took up arms in favour of the parliament- arians in the civil wars. Born, ICOO ; died, 1648. ABBT, Thomas, a German writer, was born at Ulm, in Suabia, in 1738. After filling the chair of philosophy at Frankfort on the Oder, and of mathematics at Rintlen in Westphalia, he was fortunate enough to at- tract the notice of the prince of Schaumburg- Lippe, by whom he was held in high estima- tion and eflfcctually patronised. Ilia treatises on " Merit," and on the " Duty of Dying for our Country," are full of talent and promise : but the latter he was not destined to fulfil, as he died at the early age of 28, in 1766. ABDALLA, the father of Maliomet. Though origiually only a cainel-drivcr, it appears tliat he was held in high estimation by his tribe : indeed, so extravagant is the praise lx;stowed upon him, that, among other absurdities which arc related, it is said that on his wedding a hundred girls died of grief and disappointment, for having lost the honour of being his bride. ( ABDALLA II., caliph of the Saracens, a celebrated warrior, who took Jerusalem, and ordered all the Christians and Jews to be branded in the hand. Died, 781. ABDALMALEK, fifth caliph of the race of the Ommiades. His reign, which was very prosperous, commenced in 681, and con- tinued for 21 years, liaving during that time extended his conquests into India and Spain, and conquered Mecca and Medina. On ac- count of liis extreme avarice, he was called the peeler of stone ; whence, we are told, the vulgar saying of skinniiuj a flint is derived. ABDALONYMUS, a descendant of the kings of Sidon, but reduced to the condition of a husbandman. When Alexander the Great conquered that country, and allowed llephestion to dispose of the crown, Abdalo- nymus was selected, and brought before the Macedonian hero ; who, observing the dignity of his aspect, said to his courtiers, " I wish to know how he bore his povertj'." Abdalony- mus, hearing this, said, " Would to heaven I may bear my prosperity as well ; " which answer so pleased the conqueror, that he confirmed the appointment. ABDAS, a Clvristian bishop in Persia, in the time of Thoodosius the Younger, and an intemperate zealot, to whose frenzy has been attributed the thirty years' persecution of the Cliristians, of which he himself was one of the earliest victims. ABDIAS, of Babylon, an impostor who affirmed tliat he was one of the 72 disciples sent by Our Saviour, and that St. Simon and St. Jude had appointed him first bishop of Babylon. He was the author of a legend entitled " Historia certaminis ApostoUci," printed at Basle in 1571. ABDOA, a Persian, who suffered martyr- dom in support of Clirislianity, A. n. 250. ABDOLLATIPH, a Persian historian, bom at Bagdad in 1161. He is said to have been a man of great learning and a volu- minous writer ; but the only one of his works known in Europe is an abridged history of Egypt, entitled " Al-kital Alsager," or the little book, which was published from a MS. in the Bodleian Library, by Professor White, inl8(X). ABDOLMTJMEM, or ABDALMON, the son of a potter, but who became a general, and afterwards a monarch, the conqueror of Morocco, and the destroyer of the Almora- vide family. He assumed the title of Emiu Al Mi'MENKv (head of the true believers), and died in 1156. ABEILLE, Oaspard, a French poet and dramatic writer, was bom at Riez, in Pro- vence, 1048. His ready wit and conversa- tional pt)wers rendered him a general fa- vourite, and in private life he was greatly esteemed ; but his works though numerous are now nearly forgotten. Died at Paris, 1713. His brother, Scipio, was the author of " A History of the Bones," and " The Com- plete Army Surgeon." Died, 1097. ABEILLE, Louis Paul, secretary to the council-general of trade, ic, and author of several works on agriculture and commerce. Born at Toulouse, 1719 ; died at Paris, 1807. ABEL, king of Denmark, second surviving son of Vladimir II. His fatlier created him duke of Sleswick and South Jutland, and at his death, in 1240, left him independent master of those provinces. Slain in battle, 1252. ABEL, Charles Frederick, a German musician and composer, remarkably skilful on the viol di Gamba, was born at Cocthen, 1725. He resided many years in England, and was api)ointetl musician to Queen Char- lotte. He died iu 1787. ABEL, Dr. Clahke, was the historian of Lord Amherst's embassy to China, which he accompanied as chief medical officer and naturalist. He was a deep and philosophic thinker, a close observer of the mysteries of nature, and a man of a benevolent mind. Died, 1826. ABEL, Gaspak, a German historian, born at Hindenburg, in 1675 ; died in 1703. ABEL, Joseph, a distinguished German painter of the present century, bom near Linz on the Danube, 1780. Many of his historical pictures arc to be seen at Vienna, where he died, 1818. ABEL, Thoiias, teacher of music and grammar to Catharine, queen of Henry VIII. Having written a tract against the divorce of Catharine, he incurred Henry's displea- sure ; and for denying the king's supremacy he was tried, condemned, and executed, in 1540. ABELA, Joiix Francis, commander of the order of St. John of Jerusalem ; author of a valuable and interesting work entitled "Malta lUustrata," whicli was printed iu that island, in 10-17. Died, lO-V.. ABELARD, or ABAILARD, Feteb, so abb] ^ ^clD Hnibcr^at 2Si0j3Ta}j|)ij. [abb celebrated for his learning and his misfor- tunes, the latter arising from his love of the equally celebrated Heloise, was born at the village of Palais, near Nantes, in Brittany, 1079. Having made extraordinary progress at the university of Paris, and surpassed all his compeers, he opened a school of theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, which was tlironged with pupils, and where some of the most dis- tinguished characters of the day imbibed their scholastic philosophy. While he was thus in the zenith of his popularity he be- came so violently enamoured with the beau- tiful and accomplished niece of Fulbert, a canon of Paris, as to forget his duty, his lec- tures, and his fame. Under the pretext of teaching her philosophy, he obtained the uncle's permission to visit her, and at length to reside in the house. Though Abelard was at that time in his 40th year, and Heloise only in her 18th, a mutual passion, fatal to the happiness of both, was encouraged. Ful- bert suspecting this, separated the lovers ; but the imprudent intercourse had gone too far for concealment ; and Abelard, who had retired to his sister's house in Brittany, was followed there by Heloise, who gave birth to a son. He then resolved to marry her se- cretly ; but although the uncle's consent was obtained, Heloise, by a strange infatuation, chose rather to be considered Abelard's mis- tress than his wife, and at last very reluc- tantly complied. Still she would not own her marriage, and even had the hardihood to deny it with an oath. This so greatly in- censed her uncle, that he manifested his dis- pleasure by treating her with great severity; and Abelard in consequence determined on releasing her. He accordingly carried her away, and placed her in the convent of Ar- genteuil, where she put on the religious habit, but did not take the veil. Irritated at Abe- lard for placing Heloise in a monastery, the canon hired some ruffians, who broke into his chamber, and subjected the unfortunate victim to an ignominious mutilation. Filled with shame and sorrow, he now became a mofik in the abbey of St. Dennis, and Heloise took the veil. After time had somewhat moderated his grief, Abelard rcsiuned his lectures, but the violence of his enemies in- creased ; he was charged with heterodoxy, and liis works condemned by council. He next erected an oratory in the diocese of Troyes, called the Paraclete, but persecution still followed him ; and after a life of extra- ordinary vicissitudes he died in the priory of St. Marcel, near Chalons-sur-Saone, in 1142. On the corpse being sent to Heloise, she de- posited it in the Paraclete, of which esta- blishment she was at that time the abbess, and with the view of being buried by his side. In 1800 the ashes of botli were taken to the museum of French moniunents at I Paris ; and on the museum being destroyed, in 1817, they were removed to the cemetery of Pere la "Chaise. As an orator, logician, poet, philosopher, theologian, and mathe- matician, Abelard had acquired the highest fame ; but the memory of his splendid at- tainments has been swept down the gulf of oblivion, while the tale of his passionate love and its bitter fruits is likely to descend to the remotest posterity. ABELLI, Louis, bishop of Rhodes, and author of " Medulla," and other theological works. Born, 1G04 ; died, 1G91. ABENDANA, Jacob, a Spanish Jew ; au- thor of a Hebrew Commentary on some por- tions of the Scripture. Died, 1685. ABEKCROMBIE, Joux, M.D., an emi- nent Scotch physician and author, was born at Aberdeen, Nov. 11. 1781. Having t.akeu his degree at Edinburgh in 1803, he perma- nently fixed his residence in the Scotch me- tropolis, where he soon gained the first rank as a practising and consulting physician. Bnt the writings of Dr. Abercrombie con- tributed no less to the maintenance of his fame, than his skill as a physician. His purely professional works procured for him a high place among the modern cultivators of science ; but tlie most permanent monu- ment to his m«ynory are his " Inquiries con- cerning the Intellectiial Powers, &c.," pub- lished 1830, and the "Philosophy of the Moral Feelings," published 1833. In these works he has brought all the medical facts accumulated in the course of his extensive experience and research, to bear on the various moral and metaphysical systems ia vogue, and constructed out of the whole a view of human nature in which tlie facts of science and the revelations of religion are blended in peculiar harmony. To his wide range of acquirements he added a piety as genuine as it was unassuming, and he will long be remembered for his large but unob- trusive benevolence. Died, Nov. 14. 1844. ABERCROMBIE, John, a horticulturist ; author of a " Universal Dictionary of Gar- dening and Botany," and a " Gardener's Calendar," published under the name of Mawe. Died, 1800, aged 80. ABERCROMBY, Alexa^-der, brother of Sir Ralph Abercromby, an eminent lawyer and occasional essayist, was born 1745. Ad- mitted a member of the Faculty of Advo- cates in 1766, he distinguished himself at the bar, and was raised to the bench in 1792, when he assumed the title of Lord Aber- cromby. He was one of the originators of, and contributors to, the " Mirror " and the " Lounger," in connection with Henry Mac- kenzie. Died, 1795. ABERCROMBY, Patrick, a native of Forfar, in Scotland, physician to James II. of England, and author of the " Martial Achievements of Scotland," and a "Trea- tise on Wit." Died, 1726. ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, one of the bravest of British generals, was born in 1738, at Tillibodie, Clackmannanshire, and entered the army in 1756, as a cornet in the 2nd dragoon guards. He served with honour during the seven years' war, and in that of American independence ; gradually rising in his profession till he attained the rank of major general in 1787. His military skill was severely put to the test in the dis- astrous campaigns in Flanders and Holland in 1794 and 1795. After this he was em- ployed in the West Indies, where he dis- tinguished himself by taking some of the most valuable islands belonging to the enemy. On his return to Europe he was made" governor of the Isle of Wight, and raised to the rank of lieutenant-general. abe] % ^cta WiniHntxiKl Ma^vu^'^xi* [abr He was then appointed to the command of the troops in Ireland, wliere he displayed equal firmness and moderation ; and, soon after, lie again shared in the profitless perils of an expedition to Holland. Uis next and last appointment was that of commander-in-cliief of the expedition sent to Egypt to oppose the growing power of the French, and dispossess them of that country. Having defeated the enemy at Aboukir early in March, 1801, he again came to action with them on the 2l8t of the same month, in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, where, after a desperate battle, the British troops were again sig- nally victorious ; but their gallant general was 80 severely wounded, that he died a week after the battle, on board tlie ad- miral's ship, wliich was conveying him to Malta. His widow was created a baroness, with a pension of two thousand pound;). ABERCROMBY, Sir Kobekt, younger brother of the above, a general in the army, K.B., and for thirty years governor of the Castle of E(Unburj,'h. Died, 1S27. ABEIILI, JouN Loris, an eminent Swiss landscaix; painter. Born at Winterthur, 172:J; died at Berne, I'iW. ABERNETHY, John, an Irish dissenter and divine, of whose sermons tliere ore two volumes, which are held in considerable esteem. Born at Coleraine, 1C80 ; died at Dublin, 1740. ABERNETHY, John, F.R.S., a surgeon of great repute and extensive practice. He was brouglit up under Sir Charles Blick, surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and was acknowledged to possess great talent and originality ; though he doubtless owed much ot his fame to a blunt ewrentricity of manner, by which he was ever distinguished. He was the author of "Surgical Observa- tions," "Physiological Essays," &c. Born, 1764 ; died, 18;31. ABGiVRUS, a king of Edessa, in Meso- potamia, cotemporory with Our Saviour, to whom he is said to have written a letter and received an answer to it. Both letter and answer are pronounced by the beat cri- tics to be mere forgeries. ABGILLUS, surnamed Pkester Joiik, son of a king of the Frisi. He accompa- nied Charlemagne to the Holy Land ; and after his leader's return to Europe, made vast conquests in Abyssinia, which was long called " Prester John's Dominion." He is reputed to have written an accouut of Charle- magne's deeds in the East. ABINGER, Lord, James Scarlett, was the second son of Robert Scarlett, of Jamaica, where the future lord was born in 17G9. He was early sent to England for education, entered at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 178<}, and took his B. A. degree in 171XJ. In 1791 he was called to the bar, and may be said to have become eminent from his very first appearance in the courts. A fine figure, a singularly familiar and unpretending style of elocution, ond an almost unrivalled tact in managing a jury, caused him to have im- mense business. In 1818, after having twice been defeated in contested elections, he obtained a scat in parliament through the patronage of Earl Fitzwilliam. For very many years Mr. Scarlett was considered a Whig, and voted as well as spoke in favour of the various measures proposed by Romilly and Mackintosh for the amelioration of the criminal code. On the formation of a mixed ministry under Canning, in 1827, he became attorney general and received the honour of knighthood. In 1834, on the formation of the Peel cabinet, he was raised to the lx;nch as chief baron, with the title of Lord Abinger. In his judicial capacity, he gave the highest satisfaction ; nothing could be sounder than his law, or purer than his impartiality. Died, April, 1844, aged 75. ABINGTON, Fra^-ces, a celebrated co- mic actress, born in London, 1731 ; died, 1815. She was the original Lady Teazle, and that character is regarded as her master- piece. ABISB.\L, IIexry O'Donxell, Count of, a celebrated Spanish general, born in Anda- lusia, 1770. Having entered the royal guards at the age of fifteen, he served in the war against the French republic ; and on Napo- leon's invasion of Spain, the part he took in the relief of Gerona in 1809, led to his pro- motion to the command of Catalonia, where he displayed great energy, and reaped much success. Though defeated in the plains of Vich by General Sonham, he a month after- wards forced Angereau to abandon Lower Catalonia ; and, at the village of Abisbal, he comiMjlled the surrender of a whole French column under General Schwartz. From this action he took his title. Towards the close of the war, he commanded with brilliant success at the capture of Pancorvo. In 1819 he suppressed a mutiny of tlie troops in the isle of Leon ; but he fell into disgrace on suspicion of treachery, and it was not till 182.J, on the invasion of Spain by the French under the Duke d'Angouleme, tliat he re- covered his position and his fume. After the restoration of Ferdinand, he retired to France, where he resided, almost entirely forgotten, till his death in 1834. ABNEY, Sir TiioiiAs, an eminent ma- gistrate of London, lord mayor in 1700, and M.P. for the city. When the king of France had proclaimed the Pretender king of Great Britain, he proposed an address to king William, and the measure having been fol- lowed by other corporations, proved of great service to the king, who was thereby en- couraged to dissolve the parliament, and take the sense of the people, which was almost universally in favour of the Protes- tant succession. He was one of the first pro- moters of the Bank of England, and one of its earliest directors. Died, 1722. ABOS, chapel-master of the conservatory of La Pieti at Naples, about the middle of the 18th century ; and author of the opera of"TitoManlio." ABOU, Joseph, a learned Mussulman and supreme judge of Bagdad, during the cali- phate of Haroun al Raschid. ABRABANEL, Isaac, a Jewish rabbi, of Portugal, author of Commentaries on the Old Testament, and various other works, theological and controversial. Bom at Lis- bon, 1437 ; died at Venice, irK)8. ABRADATAS, king of Susa, rendered memorable by the afifection of his wife. abr] ^ iJStfio Winibtv^BX IStnflrajptjg. [aca ABRAHAM, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit, and professor of theology in the university of Pont-&,-Mousson ; autlior of a commen- tary on Virgil and some of Cicero's Orations. Born, 1589 ; died, 165G. ABRAIIAM, A. Sancta Clara, a native of Suabia, whose real name was Ulrich Me- gerle. He was an Augustine friar, and ex- tremely affected and eccentric as a preacher. Born, 1642 ; died, 1709. ABRESCH, Fkederick Louis, a cele- brated critic. He was an admirable Greek scholar, and his scholia on Greek authors are deservedly held in very high esteem. Born at Homburg, 1G99 ; died in Switzerland where he was rector of a college, 1782. ABRIAL, Andrew Joseph, a distin- guished French statesman, was born at Paris, 1750. After finishing his legal studies, he went to Senegal to superintend one of the French factories ; and some years after his return, he was sent to Naples to organise the republican government, and tlie mildness and moderation he displayed here, gained him general good will. After the 18th Bru- maire, he was appointed by Napoleon mi- nister of justice, and is said to have been one of the framers of the Code Napoleon. But though Napoleon loaded him with honours, he was among tlie first to vote for his dethronement in 1814 ; and after the restoration of the Bourbons, he was created a peer, and continued to devote himself to the improvements of the law, till his death in 1828. ABSAIvOM, archbishop of Lunden in Denmark ; eminent as a statesman and warrior, and founder of the castle and city of Copenhagen. Died, 1201. ABSTEMIUS, Lauiientius, an Italian author of the 15th century. He is cliiefly known by his fables, which have been ap- pended to some editions of ^sop and Ph»- drus, and by a commentary on some pas- sages of Ovid. ABU, Moslem, governor of Khorassan. At an enormous sacrifice of human life, he aided in establishing the Abasside dynasty upon the ruin of tliat of the Ommiadcs ; but his services to the caliph Almanzor did not prevent that prince from causing him to be put to death, a. d. 759. ABUBEKER, father-in-law and succes- sor of Mahomet. His original name was changed to that of Abubeker, or " Father of the Virgin," on the occasion of his daughter Ayesha becoming the bride of Mahomet. On succeeding his son-in-law he assumed the title of caliph, which signi- fies both successor and vicar, and wliich was first borne by him. He won vast territory from the Syrians, Persians, apd Greeks. Died, 634. ABUCARA, Theodore, bishop of Caria in the 8th century ; author of some contro- versial treatises wliich were published at Ingoldstadt in 1606, and of a treatise " De Unione et Incaruatione," published at Paris in 1685. ABUDADHER, chief of the Arabian sect of Karmatians, and a bitter enemy of the Mahometans. On one occasion he plun- dered Mecca, murdered vast numbers of pil- grims, and carried away the celebrated black sfOTie, which the Mahometans so highly value on the supposition that it fell from Heaven. The stone was subsequently ransomed. Died, 953. ABULFARAGIUS, Gregory, originally a physician of Armenia, but subsequently a bishop. Of his various works the most es- teemed is a Universal History, an edition of which, with a Latin translation, was pub- lished at Oxford, by Dr. Pococke, in 1663. He eventually became primate of the East, and died in 1286. ABULFAZEL, vizier to the celebrated Mogul emperor Akbar, and author of" Ayeen Akberry"— a statistical and geographical account of the Mogul empire, and an Mstory of the reign of the emperor Akbar : the former work was translated into English by Mr. Gladwin in 1785. Died, by the hands of an assassin, in 1604. ABULFEDA, Ismael, prince of Hamah in Syria. He was distinguished as a mili- tary commander ; but still more as an excellent historian and geographer, being the author of a description of Chorasmia and Mawaralnahre, and the lives of Ma- homet and Saladin, &c. The former work has been published with a Latin trans- lation, added to the Arabic original ; and portions of his various works have been separately translated into English. Died, 1333. ABULGAZI, Bayatur, khan of the Tar- tars, and author of an esteemed Tartar history. Some Russian exiles in Siberia having discovered the MS. of this work, it was brought to Europe and translated into German and Frencli. Born at Urgeus, the capital of Karasm, 1605 ; died, 1663. ABU-OBEIDAH, a friend and associate of Mahomet, and tlie conqueror of great part of Palestine and Syria. Died, by the pestilence, 639. ABU-TEMAN, a celebrated Arabian poet. Some of his works have been published in England. Died, 845. ABUZAID, MiRZA, a soldier in the ser- vice of Uleg Beg, who, taking advantage of the feud between that personage and his son, proclaimed himself in 1450 ; but after gain- ing considerable territory, he perished in an ambuscade, in 1468. ABYDENUS, the reputed author of an history of Assyria and Chaldea, whicli is now lost, except some fragments inserted by Eusebius in his Preparatio Evangelica. ACACIUS, bishop of Berea, in Syria, the opponent of St. Chrysostom and Cyril of Alexandria. Died, 436. ACACIUS, bishop of Amida, on the Tigris, a man honourably distinguished for having sold the church-plate to ransom 7000 Per- sians, who had been taken prisoners in the war between Theodosius the Younger, and Varannes, king of Persia. The latter mon- arch was induced by this truly Christian be- nevolence to consent to tlie termination of the war. This good prelate flourished early in the 5th century, but the exact time of his death is unknown. ACACIUS, surnamed Moxopiitiialmus, from having lost an eye, was the disciple and successor of Eusebius, bishop of Caesa- rea, whose life he wrote. He was the founder aca] ^ iSJcfit) BnibtrSal aSiosraji^ji. [ach of a sect called Acaciaui, and died about the year o(i.5. ACADEMUS, an Athenian citizen, who. in the time of Theseus, had the honour of foundiug the Academic grove, and of giving his name to a sect of philosophers. ACAMAPICHTLI, the first king of the ancient Mexicans, whom he governed forty years. He gave many valuable laws to his subjects, and founded the capital of the kingdom. Died, 1389. ACCA, St., an Anglo-Saxon divine, bishop of Hexham, in the 8th century — a patron of learning and the arts ; autlior of " Suffer- ings of the Saints," and epistles, and an im- prover of church music. Died, 740. ACCA LAURENTIA, by some called Lf I'A, the wife of Faustulus, tlie shepherd ; to whose honour the Komans devoted a festival, as being the nurse of Romulus and Remus. ACCARIGI, James, a native of Bologna, and professor of rhetoric at Mantua ; after which he entered into orders, and wosjnadc bishop of Vesta, where lie died in 1054. ACCARIGI, Francis, a native of An- cona, professor of civil law at Sienna and Pisa. Died, l(i22. ACCIAIOLI, DojTATis, a noble and learned Florentine of the 15th century ; dis- tinguished for his translatwn of Plutarch, and commentaries on Aristotle. [The name of this family is variously written, AcciA- OM, AcciAiiTOLi, and Acciajitoi.i.] ACCIAIOLI, John, a member of the same family as the above ; an author and public lecturer, in the 16th century. ACCIAIOLI, Maodalexa, a Florentine lady i authoress of "DaWd Persecuted," and other poems. Died, ICIO. ACCIAIOLI, Zenobio, a poet and critic ; also the translator, from the Greek, of Politian's epigrams, and librarian to Leo X. Died, 1520. ACCIAIOLI, Rexatus, a noble Floren- tine, who, in the 14th century, comiuered Athens, Corinth, and Bocotia : which he be- queathed respectively to the Venetians, Theodosius PaloBologus, and his natural son Anthony. ACCIO, Zuciiio, a poet of Verona in the 15th century. ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin poet and dra- matist. He died about B.C. 180. ACCIUS, an orator, against whom Cicero defended Cluentius, b.c. GO. ACCIUS, TuLUus, prince of the Volsci ; to whom Coriolanus resorted for aid against Rome. ACCOLTI, Bexedict, an Italian lawyer, bom at Florence in 1415, and succeeded Poggio as secretary to that republic in 1450. He wag the author of many valuable works, among which was a narrative of the wars in Palestine, to which Tasso was much indebted in composing the "Jerusalem Delivered." Die<l, 1400. ACCOLTI, BENEnicT, a relation of the preceding, born in 1407, was so perfect a master of the Latin tongue, that he was called the Cicero of the age. He was highly distinguished by the popes Leo X., Adrian VI., and Clement VII., the last of whom made him a cardinal. Died, 1549. ACCOLTI, Peter, son of the above, abandoned the profession of the law to enter the church ; and, as cardinal of Ancona, composed the Papal bull against Luther. Died, l.-.;53. ACCOLTI, Berxard, brother of the last named, a poet of considerable powers : his works were published at Florence, in 1513. ACCOLTI, Francis, uncle of the above ; a lawyer and scholar of great ability, but even more remarkable for his parsimony than for his talents. Died, 1480. ACCOLTI, BKNEincT, a man of violent passions, who conspired with live others to murder Pius IV. He suflered death in 1504. ACCORSO, Mariaxoelo, a native of Aquila, in the Kith century; an eminent critic and scholar. He published remarks on Ausonius and Ovid, entitled " Diatribas," and an edition of Ammianus Marcellinus. ACCORSO, or ACCURSIUS, Francis, an eminent Italian lawver, born at Florence in 1182, and died in 1225), rendered himself famous by his "Perpetual Commentary," or " Great Gloss," in illustration of the code, the institutes, and the digests. He left three sons, all of whom distinguished themselves by their legal attainments. ACESIUS, bishop of Constantinople, in the time of Constantine, who said to him, in allusion to his rigid opinions, "Make yourself a ladder, Accsius, and go up to heaven alone." I ACEVEDO, Felix Alvarez, a Spanish officer, and one of the principal actors in \ the revolution in his native country, in 1820. \ He was killed in the same year, in an am- ' buscadc, after having defeated a party of the royalists. I ACH, VAX, or ACHEN, Joiix, an emi- ! nent historical and portrait painter. Bom j at Cologne, 1.500 ; died, 1621. j ACII.(EUS, a Greek poet and satirist, con- ; temporary with jEschylus ; but though he is I said to have written forty tragedies, nothing but a few fragments at present exist. j ACUARD, Anthoxv, a learned divine. Born at Geneva, 16SK5 ; died, 1772. j ACHARD, sometimes called St. Victor, I from his having been abbot of St. Victor, in Paris, was a bishop of Avranchcs, in Nor- mandy, and the author of some religious : works. Died, 1172. I ACHARD, Claude Francis, a physician, secretary to the academy, and librarian, of Marseilles. He was the author of several valuable works, and the compiler of some catalogues, particularly that of the museum of Marseilles. Born in 17.53 ; died, 180t>. ACH^iRD, F. C, a distinguished Prussian chemist ; known as the first fabricator of beet-root sugar, in 1702 ; and author of se- veral treatises on chemistry and agriculture. Died in 1821. ACHARDS, Eleazar, bishop of Avig- non, remarkable for the benevolent courage he displayed when the plague raged in his see. Being sent by Clement XII. to China, to settle the disputes which prevailed among the missionaries, he died there, in 1741, without having accomplished his object. ACHEN WALL, Godfrbt, a distinguished ach] ^ ^tbi Bixibtv^Kl 28f0flrapf)i). [act lecturer on history, jurisprudence, and statis- tics, in the university of Gottingen. Died, 1772. ACHER, N., a French judge ; author of an " Abroge des Ilommes Illustres de Plu- tarque." Died, 1807. ACHERI, Luc I)', a Benedictine monk ; author of " Lives of the Saints," &c. Born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, 1609 ; died, at Paris, 1685. ACHILLES TATIUS, a native of Alex- andria, who lived during the Srd century, ajid in his old age was converted to Chris- tianity, and became a biohop. He origi- nally taught rhetoric in his native city, and wrote a " Treatise on the Si)here ; " a " History of Great Men ; " and a Romance, entitled "Tlie Loves of Clitophou and Leucippe." ACHILLINI, Ai.EXAXDER, a Bolognese physician, known by his piiblications on anatomy and medicine. Died, l.jl2. ACHILLINI, John Philotheus, brother of the above, and author of an eulogistic poem, entitled " Viridario." Died, I'/SS. ACHILLINI, Claude, a relation of the above, distinguished for his knowledge of medicine, theology, and jurisprudence. Born, at IBologna, 1574 ; died, 1()40. ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son and successor of Mahomet III. Bom, 1588 ; died, 1017. ACHMET II., succeeded his brother So- Ivman on the throne of Constantinople. Died, 1095. ACHMET III., son of Mahomet IV., was placed on the throne by the heads of a fac- tion whicli had deposed his brother, Mus- tapha II. He was afterwards deposed, and his nephew, Mahomet V., exalted to the throne. Died in prison, 1730. ACHMET, Bacha, a general of Solyman, and governor of Egypt. ACHMET, an Arabian writer in the 4th century. His book " On the Inter- pretation of Dreams," was published at Paris in 1003. ACID ALIUS, "Valexr, a German author, and celebrated critic. Died, 1595, aged 28. ACIIjIUS, Caius, a valiant soldier under Julius Cajsar : he grappled an enemy's galley with his right hand, which being cut off, he seized it with his left, and boarded it, uot- witlistanding he was opposed by all the crew upon deck. ACINDYNUS, Septimius, a Roman con- sul, and governor of Antioch, in the 4th cen- tury. Having sentenced a man to be hanged for a debt owing by him to the public treasury, if it was not paid by a certain day, a very riclx citizen proposed to pay the sum for him if he would consent to his wife's dishonour ; but having accomplished his base design, lie treacherously gave her a bag of earth, instead of the money ; which being reported to Acia- dynus, he condemned the citizen to pay the debt, and to give the land from whence the earth was taken, to the wife. ACKERMANN, Conrar, a German co- median, and founder of the modern German theatre. Died, 1771. ACKERMANN, Joux Christian Got- T-iEB, an eminent physician ; author of a " Manual of Military Medicine," and other valuable works. Born in 17.5G ; and died at Altdorf, in Franconia, in 1801. ACKERMANN, Rudolph, an ingenious and enterprising tradesman, was born at Stolberg, Saxony, in 1704, and came to Eng- land previous to the Frencli revolution. After following for a time the occupation of a car- riage draughtsman, he settled in the Strand as a printseller, where he established a flourishing and extensive concern, furnishing employment to numerous artists, and judi- ciously catering for the public taste in elegant and ornamental works of art. His " Forget me Not" was the first of that class of " An- nuals " which appeared in this country ; and to him also are we indebted for the introduc- tion and much of the success of the litho- graphic art ; while the good taste and spirit he evinced in producing the " Histories " of Westminster, Oxford, &c., and other hand- somely embellished works, entitle him to the respect of all who know how to appreciate them. Died, 1834. ACKMAN, William, a Scotch artist of the 18tli century. As a portrait painter, he was held in high estimation ; but is chiefly remembered as the first person who appre- ciated and encouraged the poet Tliomson. ACOLUTHUS, Andkew, a learned pro- fessor of languages at Breslaw ; author of a treatise " De Aquis Amaris," and numerous other works. Died, 1704. ACONTIUS, James, a native of Trent, eminent, in the 10th century, as a philoso- pher, a divine, and a civilian. ACOSTA,Ch]iistopher, a Portuguese sur- geon and naturalist of the lOth centurj'^ ; author of "A Treatise on the Drugs and Medicinal Plants of the East Indies," and otlier works. ACOSTA, Gabriel, professor of divinity at Coimbra ; author of a commentary on the Old Testament. Died, 1050. ACOSTA, Joseph, a provincial of the Jesuits in Peru. His history, natural and moral, of the West Indies, is particularly celebrated. Died, IGOO. ACOSTA, Uriel, a Portuguese of Jewish descent, who made some stir during the 17th century by his freaks in changing his creed. The whole life of this man indicated insanity; and his death by his own hand, in 1647, con- firmed the opinion. ACQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, prince of Teramo and duke of Atri, was a learned Neapolitan, to whom belongs the merit of lia\'ing published the first Ency- clopccdia. Born, 14.56 ; died, 1523. ACRON, a Sicilian physician, celebrated for having expelled the plague from Athens, by burning perfumes, b. c. 473. ACRONIUS, John, a mathematician of Friesland, who wrote on the motion of the earth. Died, 1503. ACRONIUS, John, a Dutch writer of the 17th centurj^, who wrote against the Romish religion. ACROPOLITA, George, one of the By- zantine historians of the 13th century, cele- brated for his knowledge of poetry, mathe- matics, and rhetoric. Born, 1220 » died, 1282. ACTON, John, son of a physician, bom at I Besan^on, in 1737. He entered into the | French navy, and afterwards into that of i act] ^ ^cU) Bnihtx^Kl 3Biasraa)]^j). [ada the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ills rescuing 4000 Spaniards from the Barbary corsairs, made him known at the court of Naples ; and through the patronage of the queen, he became minister of the marine, and after- wards of the finances. lie was dismissed from the ministry in 1803, and retired into Sicily, where he died in 1808. ACTUARIUS, Joii.v, a Greek physician of the 13th century, who distinguished him- self by the analysis and employment of the milder cathartics and simple water. ACUNA, CuRiSTOi'HKH, bom at Burgos, Spain, hVJTj became a Jesuit in 1(512, and sub- sequently a missionary in America. On liis return to Spain, ho published " A DescriiJtion of the Great River of the Amazons." ACUNA, Fernando de, a Si)anish poet of some celebrity. Died at Grenada in 1(580. ADAIR, James, serjcant-at-law, born in London, and educated at Peter-llouse, Cam- bridge, where he took his degree of M. A. in 17G7. In 1771, lie was chosen recorder of London ; an office which he held for ten years. At his death, wliich happened in 17!>H, he was member of parliament for Higham Ferrers, king's prime serjcant-at- law, and chief-justice at Chester. ADAIR, James, a trader and resident among the N. American Indians, whose li- neage he deduces from the Jews, in a pub- lication diUed 1775. ADAIU, James Makitticick, a physician of some eminence, and a native of Scotland ; author of a number of medical and other works. Died at llarrowgate, in 1802. ADALARD, or ADELARD, a German divine and theological writer, the grandson of Charles Murtel, and cousiii-gcrman of Charlemagne. He is most distinguished for the foundation of a distinct abbey, called New Corbie, as a seminary for the education of missionaries, who were to be employed in the conversion of the northern nations. Born, 7.53 ; died, 827. ADALBERON,a celebrated archbishop of Rheiins, and chancellor of France ; who dis- tinguished himself, as a prelate and a politi- cian, under Lothaire, Louis V., and Hugh Cai)et. Died in 988. ADALBERON, Ascelinus, ordained bi- shop of Laon, in 977, by the preceding. He treacherously delivered up Arnoul, arch- bishop of Rheiras, and Charles, duke of Lorrain, to Hugh Capet. Died, 1030. ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague, in the 10th century. He was one of the first founders of the Christian religion in Hun- gary ; and also preached the gospel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where he was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. Boles- laus, prince of Poland, is said to have ran- somed his body with an equal weight of gold. ADALBERT, an ambitious, eloquent, and designing prelate, created archbishop of Bre- men and Hamburgh, 1043. During the mi- nority of Henry IV. of Germany, he acted as regent, but his despotic conduct rendered him obnoxious to the people. Died, 1072. ADAM, RuBEKT, author of "The Reli- gious World Displayed," &c., was born in Aberdeenshire, 1770. After pursuing his studies at Oxford, he entered into holy or- ders, and was appointed to a chiuch in the Danish island of St. Croix, where he was much annoyed by the authorities, and com- pelled to return without any redress for the injuries he had sustained. He was sub- sequently appointed to a charge in the island of Tobago ; but he died almost before enter- ing upon his duties, 182(5. ADAM, the Right Hon. William, lord chief commissioner of the Jury Court, was born at Blair Adam, 17.51. After finishing his studies at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Ox- ford, he obtained a seat in Parliament ; but in consequence of some family losses he re- signed his seat in 1794, and obtained such success in his profession as to be successively appointed counsel for the East India Com- pany, and chancellor of the duchy of Corn- wall. The Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, and many of the nobility honoured him with their confidence ; and in 1815 he was made a privy councillor, and was ap- pointed one of the barons of the Scottish Exchequer, chiefly with the view of enabling him to introduce and establish the new sys- tem of trial by jury in civil cases. In this he was completely successful. Nominated chief commissioner, he continued to discharge his arduous and important duties to the satisfaction of all, till his retirement in 1833. In the course of liis parliamentary career, in consequence of something that occurred in a discussion during the first American war, Mr. Adam fought a duel with Mr. Fox, which happily ended without blood- shed, when the latter jocularly remarked, that had his antagonist not loaded liis pistol •with government powder, he would have been shot. Died, 1839. ADAM, ScoTus, a doctor of the Sorbonne, in the 12th century, and author of a life of David I. of Scotland. ADAM, Alexander, LL.D., well known to the literary and scholastic world by his '' I^atin lexicon," " Roman Antiquities,' &c. ; raised himself to great eminence by almost unprecedented eflForts, and became rector of the High School of Edinburgh, an office which he held till his death. Born, 174 L ; died, 1809. ADAM, Lambert Sigisbeut, an eminent French sculptor, many of whose works were executed for the decoration of Versailles and St. Cloud. Born, 1700 ; died, 1759. ADAM, Nicholas Sebastian, brother of the above, and eminent in the same profes- sion. He executed the admired statue of " Prometheus Chained." Born, 1705 ; died, 1778. ADAM of Bremen, canon of the cathedral of Bremen about the close of the 11th cen- tury ; author of an ecclesiastical history, and numerous other works ; and indefatigable as a Christian missionary. ADAM, Melchior, a German divine and biographical author of the 17th century, to whose voluminous writings subsequent bio- graphers have been greatly indebted. Died, 1(522. ADAM, Nicholas, a French grammarian; author of " The True Mode of acquiring a Language whether Living or Dead, by means of the French," and other works of consider- able ingenuity. Bom. 171(5 ; died, 1792. ADAM, Robert, F.R.S. and F.S.A. ; a Ada] ^ ^^fio Winihtt^al Utograpi^in [ADA celebrated architect, much employed upon the public buildings and noblemen's man- sions of London. One of his works, executed in conjunction with his brother, is the noble range of buildings called tlie " Adelphi," the name being the Greek word for " Brotliers." He at one time represented the county of Kinross in Parliament. Born at Kirkaldj', Fifeshire, 1728; died, 17a2. His brother James, the coadjutor in most of his labours, died, 1794. ADAM, Thomas, an English divine, and for 58 years the rector of Wintringham, in Lincolnshire, having repeatedly refused pre- ferment. He was the author of some religi- ous works. Born at Leeds, 1701 ; died, 1784. ADAMANTEO, a learned Italian mathe- matician and orientalist ; author of " Glossas et luterpretationes in Talmud Hebrasorum." Died, 1581. ADAM ANTIUS, a Greek physician of the 5th century; author of a work on physiogno- my, which has been often printed. AD AM AN US, abbot of Icolmkil, in the 8th century ; author of a life of St. Columba. ADAMI, Leonardo, an Italian scholar, eminent for his skill in the Greek and Ori- ental languages, and librarian to Cardinal Iraperiali. Born, 1C90, at Bolsema, in Tus- cany ; died, 1719. ADAMS, George, a celebrated maker of mathematical instruments ; author of " Mi- cographias lUustrata," and other scientific works. Died, 178G. ADAMS, Gkokge, son of the above, and of the same profession ; author of "An Essay on Vision, &c." Born, 1750 ; died, 1795. ADAMS, JoHX, second president of the United States of America, and a political writer of considerable reputation. Before the Revolution, Mr. Adams attained great eminence as a lawyer, and published an essay " On Common and Feudal Law." On the breach with the mother country, he es- poused the colonial cause, and employed his pen with great activity. He was one of the principal promoters of the memorable reso- lution passed July 4. 177C, declaring the American States free, sovereign, and inde- pendent. Mr. Adams subsequently proceeded with Dr. Franklin to the court of France, in order to negotiate a treaty of peace and alli- ance with that country. He was afterwards nominated plenipotentiary to Holland, and materially contributed to hasten a rupture between the United Provinces and Great Britain. Lastly, he was employed in nego- tiating a general peace at Paris ; and was the first ambassador received b>'tlus country from America after it was effected. This distinguished individual also took a great share, in conjunction with Washington, Ha- milton, and other federal leaders, in forming the present constitution of the United States, in 1787, when General Washington was elected president, and Mr. Adams vice-pre- sident. On the retirement of Washington, Mr. Adams was elected his successor ; and, at the conclusion of his presidency, retired from public life, vnth the character of an able, active, independent, and upright states- man, even among those whose party views were opposed to his opinions. Born, 1735 ; died, 182(j. ADAMS, Joiix QuiNCY, formerly president of the United States, son of John Adams, the second president, was born at Boston in 1769. His father having been appointed commissioner to France in 1778, embraced the opportunity of securing for his son all the advantages of an European education. Wlien only fourteen years of age he went to Petersburg as private secretary to the Ame- rican minister, and on his return to his native country he entered Harvard Uni- versity, where he graduated with honour in 1787, and subsequently commenced the prac- tice of the law at Boston. In 1794 he was appointed by Washington minister of the United States at the Hague ; and in 1796 he went in the same capacity to Berlin, which office, however, he resigned on the defeat of liis father, and Mr. Jefierson's accession to the presidency, in 1801. Here too he wrote his famous " Letters from Silesia," which were favourably noticed in the Edinburgh Review. After representing Massachusets in the United States Senate for six years, he went as ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1809, and to the influence which his character and abilities procured for him at that court is mainly to be attributed the intervention of Russia which terminated in the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain. After the peace he was appointed ambassador to the court of St. James's ; and he subsequently acted as secretary of state during the administration of Mr. Monroe. In 1825 he was himself elected president of the United States. His administration was a perfect illustration of the principles of the constitution, and of a republic purely and faithfully governed. On the expiry of liis term of office, he retired into private life ; but he was soon elected by his district as representative in Congress, and though he never afterwards held office, he long continued to benefit his country by his speeches and his pen. Manly, straightforward, and independent, he never swerved from what he believed to be the path of dutj', — no easy matter in the United States, where party feeling runs so high ; and he has left behind him a reputation for purity and disinterestedness of motives, se- cond only to that of Washington. Died, 1848. ADAMS, John, "the patriarch of Pit- cairn's Island," is famous for the share he took in the mutiny of the Bounty, in 1789, and in the subsequent establishment of the colony of the mutineers at Pitcaim's Island. His real name was Alexander Smith. Died, 1829. ADAMS, Joseph, an able English physi- cian ; author of a treatise on epilepsy, and numei-ous other'medical works of great merit. Born, 1758 ; died, 1818. ADAMS, Samuel, an active member of the first American congress, and one of the most powerful advocates of the political se- paration of that country from England. Born, 1722 ; died, 1803. ADAMS, Sir Thomas, an eminent citizen of London, of which he was lord mayor in 1645. He was a loyal and prudent magis- trate, and distinguished by many public acts of munificence. Bom, at Wem, in Shrop- sliire, 1586 : died, 1667. ADA] ^ i^m BniixtrSal 3Bi0!irap!)jj. [ade ADAMS, William, an English divine of the 18th century ; author of an answer to Hume on the Miracles. Died, 1789. ADAMSON, Patrick, archbishop of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, and ambassador from James VI. to Queen Elizabeth ; but chiefly remembered for his disputes with the pres- bytery, by which he was involved in ruin. Born, 153G ; died, 1599. ADANSON, Michael, an eminent French naturalist, of Scottish extraction, born at Aix, in Provence, 1727. At the Revolution, he was reduced to extreme indigence, and died in 1806, leaving behind liim a vast number of manuscripts. ADDINGTON, Antiio.vy, a physician, born in 1713, and educated at Trinity Col- lege, Oxford. About 17M, he settled at Reading, where he had considerable practice in cases of insanity. He was the father of Viscount Sidmouth. Died in 1790. ADDISON, Lancelot, an English di- vine, was born at Crosby Ravensworth, Westmoreland, in 1G32. He early distin- guished himself by Ixis attachment to the Stuart family, and appears to have sup- ported a consistent and upright character. He held the living of Milston, Wilts, with a prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury, and was eventually made dean of Liclifield. He died in 17aJ. ADDISON, Joseph, so highly celebrated in English literature, was the son of Dr. Lancelot Addison. He was bom May 1. 1672, at Milston, and, after receiving the rudiments of education at Salisbury and Lichfield, was sent to the Charterhouse, where he contracted his first intimacy with Mr., afterwards Sir Richard Steele. At the age of 15, he was entered of Queen's col- lege, Oxford, where he soon became distin- guished for classical literature, and for his skill in Latin poetry. At 22, he addressed some English verses to the veteran poet. Dry- den ; and sliortly afterwards published a translation of part of Virgil's fourth Georgic. In 1C95, he addressed a complimentary poem, on one of the campaigns of King William, to the Lord Keeper Somers, who procured him a pension from the crown of 300?. per annum, to enable him to travel. On his return home, in 1702, he found his old friends out of place ; but, in 1704, he was introduced by Lord Halifax to Lord Godolphin, as a fit person to celebrate the victory of Blenheim ; on which occasion he produced " The Cam- paign," for which he was appointed com- missioner of appeals. After tliis he accom- panied the Marquis of Wharton to Ireland, aa secretary. While there, Steele com- menced the " Tatler," to which Addison liberally contributed. This was followed by the " Spectator," which was also enriched by the contributions of Addison, whose papers are distinguislied by one of the letters of the word Clio. This publication was succeeded by the "Guardian," a similar work, in which Addison also bore a considerable share. In 1713, his famous tragedy of Cato was brought upon the stage, and performed without in- terruption for thirty-five nights. In 1716, Addison married the Countess Dowager of Warwick ; but the union is said to have been far from felicitous. The following year, II he became secretary of state, which place he soon resigned, on a pension of 15001. a-year. In his retirement he \^Tote " A Defence of the Christian Religion," and also laid the plan of an English Dictionary, upon the model of the Italian Delia Crusca. He closed his life in a manner suitable to his character. When given over by his phy- sicians, Addison sent for his step-son, the jrouug earl of Warwick, whom he was anx- ious to reclaim from irregular habits and erroneous opinions, and grasping his hand, exclaimed impressively, " See in what peace a Christian can die ! ' but whether this af- fecting interview had any effect upon the voung earl is not known, as his own death happened shortly after. Addison died at Holland House, June 17. 1719 ; leaving an only daughter, who died, unmarried, in 1797. Of Addison's numerous and well-known writings, it may be affirmed, that they rest on the solid basis of real excellence, in mo- ral tendency as well as in literary merit ; vice and folly are satirised, virtue and de- corum are rendered attractive ; and while polished diction and Attic wit abound, the purest etlxics are inculcated. May we not then repeat the laudatory and emphatic words of Dr. Johnson : — " Whoever would attain an English style, familiar but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must give his days and nights to the volumes of Addison." ADELAIDE, Madame, aunt to Louis XVI. of France. This princess, in order to avoid the sanguinary fury of the revolution- ists, and accompanied by her sister. Mad. Victoire, quitted Paris on the 19th of Feb- ruary, 1791. After seeking protection in Rome. Naples, and other places, they found a temporary asylum in Corfu, from whence they were conveyed to Trieste by the Rus- sian general Outschacord, and there fixed their residence. A'ictoire died the 8th of June, 1799 ; and Adelaide survived her sister only nin» months. ADELAIDE, Ecgexe Louisa, princess of Orleans, and sister to Louis Philippe, ex- king of the French, was born 1777. Educated with the greatest care by Madame de Genlis, tlie princess passed her childhood in peace- ful retirement, till the outbreak of the French Revolution compelled her with her governess to take refuge successively in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Spain, where she resided with her mother till 1808. She then joined her brother Louis Philippe at Portsmouth, and participated in all the subsequent vicissitudes of his career. After the restoration, she contributed in no small degree to rally round her brother all the important men to whose wishes for improve- ment the government of Loins XVIII. made no response ; and during the " three glorious days " in 1830, it was mainly owing to her influence that her brother was induced to accept the crown, then offered — since re- claimed—by the people. She subsequently shared and aided the king's high fortune, by her judicious counsels and reflective courage ; and it is not perhaps going too far to say, that had she lived to witness the 23rd of February, 1848, Louis Philippe might not have persevered in a course which ultimately ^ 0t^ Hniber^al MiaQVK^f^^, [adi cost him and his family a crown. Madame Adelaide was privately married to General Athalin, a peer of France. Died, Dec. 31st 1847. ADELAIDE, queen dowager of Great Britain and Ireland, was born August 13. 1792. She was the eldest child of George, duke of Saxe Coburg Meiningen, and Louisa, daughter of Christian Albert, prince of Hohenlohe Langenburg. Her father died when she was only eleven years of age, leaving herself and a younger brother and sister under the guardianship of their mother. The early years of the Princess Adelaide were passed in great retirement ; but her great natural abilities were fully matured by the accomplishments whicn form so prominent a feature in many of the small German courts ; and no sooner was her education finished, than she entered upon a career of active benevolence, which gained her "golden opinions" wherever she was known. The mournful event which, on November 6. 1817, left the British empire without an heir to its crown in the third generation, having produced the natural result of hastening the marriages of those princes of the blood royal who still re- mained unwedded, negotiations were set on foot, at the special desire of the queen, for the union of tlie Duke of Clarence with the Princess Adelaide ; and the mar- riage took place on the 11th July, 1818. Few events of any importance marked the domestic life of the Duke and Duchess ol Clarence for many years after their mar- riage. Tiie hopes of providing a future heir to the crown of England were repeatedly raised, only to be disappointed. In March, 1819, a daughter was born, but lived only a few hours ; and a second daughter, the Princess Georgiana Adelaide, who was born on the 10th of December, 1820, expired on March 4th, in the succeeding year. On the 20th of June, 1830, by the death of George IV., the Duchess of Clarence passed from the retirement of Bushy Park, and from the constrained circumstances arising from a comparatively narrow income to all the publicity and splendour of a throne. An onerous and difficult duty devolved upon her majesty on her accession. Twelve years had passed since there had been a queen consort to preside over the hospitalities and ceremonials of the court, and during that interval the etiquette of presentations and the lists of the presented to the royal presence had become relaxed to a degree which was no longer permissible. In re- forming the persotinel as well as the morale of the court circles. Queen Adelaide under- took a duty which was in many instances as painful and invidious as it was necessary, and which was accomplished with all gentle- I ness and firmness. After a reign of 7 years, j Queen Adelaide passed once again into re- ; tirement, on the death of William IV., whom she had tended with unwearied care during the tedious illness which closed his life, but displaying throughout the resignation which was consonant with the tenor of herwhole life. The Queen Dowager, to whom Marlborough House had been assigned as a residence, with lOO.OOOZ. a year, thenceforward lived in a carefully guarded privacy, avoiding even the honours which might be considered due to her rank and position, although oftered under circumstances that would have given singular temptations to a more ambi- tious spirit. Besides her visits to her royal relatives in Germany, tlie Queen had for some time past imdertaken repeated journeys into various parts of the country in search of health. Her winters for several years were spent in some climate less imgenial than tliat of England, and the islands of Malta and Madeira were successively honoured with her Majesty's residence. But she never fully recovered ; and towards the close of 1849, her debility assumed an alarming form, and, after lingering a few weeks, she died December 2, sincerely regretted by the people to whom she had endeared herself by her numberless acts of public and private bene- volence, as well as by her constant practice of all the Christian graces. ADELARD, a monk of Bath in the 12th century ; a man of considerable learning. He travelled into Egypt and Arabia; and translated Euclid's Elements out of Arabic into Latin, before any Greek copies had been discovered. He also -wTOte several treatises on mathematical and medical subjects, which remain in MS. at Oxford. ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, the cathe- dral of which he founded. He wrote the life of his patron, the emperor Henry II., and died in 1027. ADELER, CuRTius, named also Servisen, an eminent naval commander, born in Nor- way, 1022. He went to Venice, where he wag made admiral ; and, after performing many gallant exploits against the Turks, retired to Constantinople, where he ended his days in honour and tranquillity, being made admiral-in-chief of the Danish fleet, and created a noble. He died in 1075. ADELUNG, John Christopher, a Ger- man philologist of great merit ; chiefly cele- brated for his "Grammatical and Critical Dictionary," 6 vols. 4t0. Born, 1732 ; died, 1800. ADEM.VR, a monk of the 10th century, who wrote the chronicles of France, pub- lished by Labbe. ADER, William, a physician of Toulouse, who wrote a book in 1621, entitled, "De ^grotis et Morbis Evangelicis ; " in which he proves that the diseases healed by Our Saviour were incurable by medicine. ADET, P. A., envoy from France to the United States in 1796 ; author of several chemical works, original and translated, and of a design for new chemical characters and nomenclature. ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of Persia, born about 935. In 977 he became master of Bagdad, which he adorned with hospitals, mosques, and other public works. He was also a great encourager of learning. Died, 982. ADHELME, a learned prelate under the Saxon Heptarchy, and nephew to King Ina. He was the first Englishman who wrote in Latin, the first who brought poetry into this country, and the first bishop of Sherborne. He died in 709, and was canonised. ADIMARI, an old Florentine family adl] ^ ^eU) BIni&erjSal 3S(ocp:ajp1^in [adr often mentioned in the liistory of Florence during the middle ages. Two of their descendants were distinguished in literature. Alessandro, bom at Florence LWO, a classical scholar, and poet of some note ; and Ludo- vico, born at Naples 1C44, chamberlain of the Duke Gonzaga of Mantua, and after- wards professor of the Tuscan language at Florence, and a satirical writer of great ability. ABLER, James Gkoiige, a learned Danish orientalist, born in 1756; author of " Museum Cuflcum," some works on the Jewish lan- guage, laws, and rites, and several philologi- cal pjiblicotions. ADI.ER, Philip, a German engraver of the loth century, whose style of etcliing ap- pears to liave founded a school which gave rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. He died about ir^MK ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a Swedish historian in the time of Charles XII., whom he accompanied tlirobghout his campaigns, of which he wrote an esteemed account ; and it is not a little singular that his history is continued up to the very day when a cannon ball deprived him of Ufe, at the battle of Pultowa, in 1700. ADLZREITER, Joiix, a German histo- rian, and chancellor of Bavaria. He wrote the annals of that state in Latin ; and died about the year h!G2. ADO, archbishop of Vienne, distinguished by liis piety, and who acquired considerable celebrity as an historian. Died, 875. ADOLFATI, an Italian composer and au- thor of several operas. In imitation of Mar- cello, he wrote a piece in which there were two sorts of time in the same air ; the one of two notes, the other of three. ADOLPHUS, emperor of Germany, was count of Nassau, and elevated to the im- perial throne in 1292. Slain by Albert, duke of Austria, 129H. ADOLPHUS, count of Cleves, celebrated by the institution of the Order of Fools, in 1380, which consisted of the principal no- blemen of Cleves. This order has long ceased to exist. ADOLPHUS FREDERIC II., king of Sweden, born in 1710, succeeded his father, Frederic, in 1751. He died, greatly regretted, in 1771. ADOLPHUS, Joiix, for many years well known as a barrister at the criminal courts of the metropolis, was born in London, in 176C. He entered the legal profession, and was admitted an attorney and solicitor iu 1790. Naturally fluent, ready, and acute, he aspired to higher honours than the is- suing of legal processes, &c., and he was called to tiie bar in 1807, where, although for many years he was regarded as a clever, adroit counsel, his forensic abilities attracted no decided attention until the year 1820, M'hen his ingenious and elaborate defence of Arthur Thistlewood and the other " Cato Street" conspirators brought him promi- nently forword. As an historical writer also he obtained considerable reputation. His principal works are " The History of George the Third," 7 vols. ; " Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution, 2 vols. ; a " His- tory of England," Svols.; "Memoirs of John 13 Bannister, Comedian," 2 vols. &c. Died July IC. 1845, aged 79. ADRETS, FuANCis DE Beaumont, Baron des, a Huguenot leader, of a cruel, fiery, and enterprising spirit. Resentment to the Duke of Guise led liim to side with the Huguenot party in 1502 ; and he signalised himself by many daring exploits, the skill and bravery of which, however, were sullied with the most detestable cruelty. The aspect of Adrets. like his character, was most forbidding ; he lived abhorred, and died universally hated, in 1587. It must, however, be admitted, that many of the aspersions with which historians have branded his memory, rest on very doubtful evidence. jVDRIA, John James, a Sicilian writer and physician, who practised with great reputation at Palermo, and was made phy- sician-general to Charles V. He died in LVJO. ADRIAM, Mahie, a female, who, at the age of 10, fought valiantly during the whole time that her native town, l^yons, was be- sieged, in 1793. After the engagement she was arrested, and being asked how she had dared to use arms? she replied," I used them to serve my country, and deliver it from its oppressors." She was instantly condemned and executed. ADRIAN, or II ADRIAN, PuBi.irs iEi.ius, the Roman emperor, born a. p. 70. His father, who was cousin-german to Trajan, died when he was ten years old, and left him in the guardianshii) of his illustrious kinsman. lie married Sabina, the heiress of Trajan, whom he accompanied in his ex- peditions, and became successively prajtor, governor of Pannonia, and consul. On the death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed the go- veniment, made peace with the Persians, and remitted the debts of the Roman people. In 120 he visited Gaul, and thence passed over to Britain, where he built a wall, 80 miles in length, from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, to secure the Roman pro- vinces from the incursions of the Caledo- nians. He next travelled into Africa and Asia, and, on his return, was initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens. In his reign tlie Christians sutt'ered a dreadful per- secution ; he built a temple to Jupiter on Mount Calvary, and had the images of swine engraven on the gates of Jerusalem. Adrian died at Baias, in 138, aged 03. Though in general he was a just and able ruler, he was often capricious and vindictive. ADRIAN. There were several popes of this name. The first who bore it was a noble Roman, raised to the Papal chair in 772. He had a taste for architecture, which he evinced in the embellishment of St. Peter's church, and expended vast sums in re-build- ing the walls, and restoring the ancient aqueducts of the city. He died in 795. ADRIAN II. succeeded to the pontificate in 807. During the five years in which he filled it, his ambitious and intriguing dis- position did much towards the subjection of the E uropean sovereigns to the sec of Rome. He died in 872. ADRIAN III. was elected in 884, and died the following year, while on a journey to Worms, whither he was proceeding to hold a diet. adk] ^ i^c^ mutber^aX MasKii^X)v, [^LF ADRIAN IV., the only Englishman who attained tlie Papal dignity, was born towards the close of the 11th century, at Langley, near St. Alban's. Ilis name was Nicholas Breakspear ; and, in his childhood, he was dependent for his daily subsistence on the charity of the monastery, to whicli his father was a servitor. Unable through poverty to attend the schools, he was refused admission into the monastery for deficiency in learning; and went to France, where he became a clerk in the monastery of St. Rufus, near Avignon, of which he was afterwards chosen abbot. Eugenius III. made him a cardinal in 1146 ; and, two years afterwards, sent him legate to Denmark and Norway, where he made many converts. In 1154 he was chosen pope, and assumed the name of Adrian, on which Henry II. of England sent the abbot of St. Alban's with three bishops, to congratulate him. The pope, disregarding the slight put upon him in his youth, treated tlae abbot with great courtesy, and granted the abbey extraordinary privileges ; he also issued in favour of Henry the celebrated bull which sanctioned the conquest of Ireland. In 1155 he excommunicated the king of Sicily for ravaging the territories of the church ; and, about the same time, the emperor Frederic having entered Italy with a powerful army, and meeting Adrian near Sutrium, concluded a peace with him. At this interview Frederic held the pope's stirrup while he mounted on horseback ; after which the former was conducted to St. Peter's church, and his holiness consecrated him king of the Romans. The death of Adrian took place in 1159. ADRIAN V. was a Genoese, and raised to the pontificate in 1276, but survived liis ele- vation little more than a month. ADRIAN VI., who succeeded Leo X., in January, 1522, was a native of Utrecht, of mean parentage, and bom in 1459. He re- ceived his education at Louvain, and suc- cessively became canon of St. Peter, pro- fessor of divinity, dean of the cathedral, and vice-chancellor of the university, where lie founded a college. Ferdinand, king of Spain, gave him the bishopric of Tortosa ; and, in 1517, he was made cardinal. He was also appointed regent during the mino- rity of Charles V., who procured him his election to the Papal chair. Died, 1523. ADRIAN, DE Castello, an Italian of great learning and ability, was born at Cor- netto, in Tuscany. By his talents he rose to several employments under Innocent VIII. i and came to England in the reign of Henry VII., who made him his agent at Rome, and gave him first the bishopric of Hereford, and afterwards that of Bath and Wells. Adrian farmed out his latter bish- opric to Wolscy, living liimself at Rome, where he built a superb palace, which he left to the king of England and his succes- sors ; and in 1503 he was made cardinal by Alexander VI. A vague prophecy had gone abroad that Leo X. should be succeeded by an Adrian ; and Castello was so far the slave of superstition as to allow this absurd pre- diction to influence him in organising a conspiracy, tlie object of which was the de- thronement of that pontiff, and his own ele- 14 vation to the vacant chair. Before the plot was matured, the vigilance of Leo detected his designs, and a fine of 12,.>00 ducats was imposed upon him, with a peremptory prohibition of quitting the Roman territo- ries. He fled, however, from that city in 1518, and was excommunicated ; and it is uncertain what became of him afterwards, though it is supposed he died in Asia. ADRIANI, Makcel Virgii-, chancellor of the republic of Florence, was born in 1464. He was higlily accomplished in the Greek and Latin languages, as appeared in his translation of Dioscorides from the former into the latter. Died, 1521. ADRIANI, John Baptist, son of the above, was born at Florence in 1513, and became secretary to that republic. He was a man of considerable attainments ; and his chief work is entitled " Dell' Istoria de suoi Tempi," or history of his own times, from 1536 to 1574. Died at Florence in 1579. ADRIANI, Makcel, son of the preced- ing, succeeded his father in the professorship, and was a member of the academy of Flo- rence. He also published some works, and died in 1604. ADRIANO, a Spanish painter of some repute, and a Carmelite friar, wlio is said to have destroyed his paintings almost as soon as he had finished them. Died, 16.50. ADRY, J. F., a French professor of rhe- toric, born in 1749 ; author of a great va- riety of publications — " Histoire de Vittoria Accarambono," " Vie du P^re Malebranche," " Vie de la Duchesse de Schomberg," &c. : with new editions, or translations from standard authors, enriched with ingenious prefaces and notes. Died, 1818. iEGIDIUS, DE CoLUMXA, a Roman monk of the Augustine order, was distinguished in the 13th century among the scholastics, and j obtained the appellation of the most pro- < found doctor. He was preceptor to the sons of Philip III. of France, and taught philo- sophy and theology with high reputation at Paris. He died in 1316. -SDGIDIUS, Peter, a lawyer and notary of Antwerp, and a man of considerable learning, who was '.educated by Erasmus, and obtained the friendship of Sir Thomas More. Born, 1486 ; died, 1533. ^GINETA, Paulus, a native of the is- land jEgina J a medical author, and the first who noticed the cathartic qualities of rhu- barb. Died about 630. ^GINHARD, a German, was secretary to Charlemagne, and wrote the life of his niias- ter, and also annals from 741 to 889 ; the first edition of which is that of Paris, 2 vols, folio, 1575. This writer is famous for a singular love adventure with the Princess Emma, daughter of Charlemagne. Wliile carrying him across a court-yard from lier chamber, to prevent the traces of his footsteps in the snow, she was observed by the emperor, who generously agreed to their union. ^LFRIC, son of an earl of Kent, and archbishop of Canterbury in the middle of the 10th century, was a luminary for the dark age in wl\ich he lived. He became a monk of the Benedictine order at Abingdon, under the abbot Athelwold, wlio, on his pro- motion to the see of Winchester, took-^ifric JELl] ^ iSit^ Bnihtx^al 3StOfir<q)f)i|. [^so with him to instruct youth in his cathedral. Here he drew up liis " Latin Saxon Voca- bulary," which was published at Oxford in 1659. He also translated from the Latin into the Saxon language most of the liistorical books of the Old Testament, as well as " Ca- nons for tlie Regulation of the Clergy," which are inserted in Spelman's Councils. lie subsequently became abbot of St. Alban's, and composed a l^iturgy for the service of his abbcv, which was used in Leland's time. In 98S), he was created bishop of Wilton ; and, in 1)04, was translated to the see of Canterbury, where he exerted himself with spirit and prudence in tlie defence of his see against tlie incursions of the Danes. This active and able prelate died in 1005. iELIAN, Claudius, an liistorian and rhe- torician, was born in Italy, in ICO. All his productions are written in Greek, which, although he never left his native country, he wrote with the greatest purity. He was Bumamed Honeytongue, on account of the Bwectness of his style. ^LIANUS, Meccius, a Greek physician of the second century, and the master of Galen, who mentions him in terms of high praise. He was the first who made use of thetheriaca as a remedy and preservative against the plague. JELIVS, Sextus Poetcs CATUS,a Roman lawyer, who was made consul at the close of the second Punic war. He published a col- lection, entitled " Novella," wliich were called, after him, the ^lian laws ; and was author of " Tripartite," the oldest treatise on jurisprudence now known. iELST, EvEHUAun vax, a Dutch painter, born at Delft in ICOJ, and died in 1(558. He was famous for his skill in painting fruit pieces and dead game. His nephew, Wil- liam VAX ^LST, also distinguished himself as a painter, and studied in France and Italy, where he received flattering marks of favour. He died in 1C79. -(EMILIANI, St. Jerome, a Venetian no- bleman, who, being taken prisoner in liis youth, made a vow that, on his release, he would devote liis life to the care of orphans. In pursuance of this pledge, he laid the foundation of a hospital and religious order, the object of which was to instruct young persons, and particularly orphans, in reli- gion. To this and other pious works he sacrificed his whole income ; and, at his death, iu 1537, was enrolled by a papal de- cree among the saints. iEMILIUS, Paulcs, an illustrious Ro- man general, the son of Paulus jEmilius, the consul, who fell at Canna, was bom about 228 B.C. At the age of 46, he served the office of consul ; and, when he was CO, accepted the command of the armies against Perses, king of Macedon, whom he took prisoner, and led in triumph to Rome. He afterwards served the office of censor, and died in the Clth year of liis age, amidst the general lamentations of his countrymen. He greatly enriched his country by the spoil taken in his warfare with Perses, which was BO great, that it freed the Romans from taxes for 12.5 years. .^MILIUS, Paultjs, an historian of great celebrity, born at Verona. Thirty years of 15 his life were employed in writing the history of France, from Pharamond down to Charles VIII. Died, 1529. -/ENEAS, or tENGUS, an Irish abbot or bishop of the 8th century, who compiled a curious account of Irish saints in five books, and also wrote the history of the Old Testa- ment in verse. Died, 820. >ENEAS, Gazkus, a Platonic philosopher, who embraced Christianity in the 5th cen- tury. He wrote a book on the Immortality of the Soul. .aSNEAS, Tacticus, an ancient Greek writer who flourished about aco B.C. He is one of the oldest authors on the art of war, and is said to have commanded at the battle of Alantiuea. iEPINUS, Joiur, a Franciscan friar, who became a zealous and able follower of Lu- ther, and was appointed pastor of the church of St. Peter, at Hamburgh. Born, 1499; died, 1553. iKRSENS, Peter, sumamed Lonoo, an eminent painter, bom at Amsterdam, 1519, and died, 1573. .^SCHINES, a philosopher of Athens, in the 4th century, B.C. He obtained instruc- tion from Socrates, by whom he was much esteemed. He went to the court of Di- onysius, of Syracuse, who liljerally rewarded him for his Socratic dialogues ; and, on the expulsion of the philosophers from Sicily, he returned to Athens, and taught philoso- phy in private. AlSCHINES, a celebrated orator, born at Athens, 327 B.C., and died at Samos, oged 75. He was a cotemporary and rival of Dcmostlit'nes. ^SCIIYLUS, one of the most famous tra- gic writers of Greece, was bom at Athens about 500 years B.C. His mind very early received an impulse from the poetry of Ho- mer ; and, before his 25th year, he com- posed pieces for public representation. So great was his fertility, that he wrote 70 tra- gedies, of which 25 gained the prize. This great father of the Grecian stage has been very ably translated into Englisli by Arch- deacon Potter, and more recently by Professor Blackic. He died in Sicily, in his C9th year. JESOP, the unrivalled fabulist, was born in Phrygia, about 600 b. c. His whole his- tory is very obscure j but we are told that he was sold as a slave to Dcmarchus, an Athe- nian, by which means he acquired a know- ledge of the Greek language ; that he after- wards passed successively into the service of Xanthus and Idmon, of Samos ; and that, having obtained his freedom by the kindness of the latter, he travelled into Greece and Asia Minor, inculcating morality by his fa- bles. Being sent to Delphi with an offering, he so irritated the people by his censures on their manners, that they threw him from the top of a rock. The Athenians erected a statue to his memory, and all Greece la- mented his tragical fate, which happened about ."jtlO B.C. iESOFUS, Clodius, a Roman actor, con- temporary and rival of Roscius, and like him the friend of Cicero, to whom he gave lessons on oratorical action. His excellence was in tragedy; and he entered so tho- roughly into his part, as occasionally to lose ^ ^ci» Bnihtv^:(X SStosrapIj^. [age ' all recollection of his own identity. Plu- ; tarch asserts, that once, when i)erforming I the character of Atreus, he was so trans- ; ported with fury, as to strike a servant with 1 his sceptre, which killed him on the spot. -(Esopus was greatly addicted to luxury ; yet, notwithstanding, so well was he rewarded, that he left a fortune equal to 160,000?. ^TION, a Grecian painter, celebrated for his pictures, and particularly for one, repre- senting the nuptials of Alexander the Great and Roxana. AETIUS, a physician of Mesopotamia, in the fifth century, who is said to be the first Christian physician whose medical writings have come down to us. AETIUS, a famous Roman general, who lived under the third Valentinian, and nobly defended the declining fortunes of the em- pire, thrice vanqmshing the Burgundians and Franks, and driving the ferocious Attila beyond the Rhine ; but having excited the jealousy of the dastardly emperor, he was stabbed by him, in 454. AFER, DoMiTius, an ancient orator, bom at Nismes. During the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, he made him- self formidable as an informer, and con- temptible as an adulator. Under Caligula he was made consul. Died, a. d. 59. ATFLITTO, Matthew, an Italian law- yer, born at Naples in 1448. He attained great eminence, and published several volu- minous works on Sicilian and Neapolitan law. Died, 1521. AFFO, Irex.eus, a native of the duchy of Placentia ; author of " Istoria di Parma," and other historical works, valuable for their research, but written in a loose and rambling style, lie died about the close of the 18th century. AFFRT, TiOuis Augustine Puii.ir, Count, a Swiss statesman, appointed chief magis- trate of Switzerland after Buonaparte had proclaimed liimself protector of the Helvetic confederacy, was born at Freyburg, in 1743. From the commencement of the French re- volution, when he commanded the army on the Upper Rhine, till his death, he bore a prominent part in the affairs of his country ; but, finding the power of the French irre- sistible, he endeavoured to promote the views of Buonaparte, by assisting in the formation of the government ; while he displayed the skill of an experienced statesman in endeav- ouring to benefit the interests of his coimtry- men, and to shield them from the perils of war. Died, 1810. AFRANIO, of Ferrara,the inventor of the bassoon, flourished in the 16th century. AFRANIUS, a Latin dramatist, who lived about 100 years b. c, and wrote several comedies in imitation of Menander. AFRANIUS, a Roman senator, put to death by Nero for writing a satire on him. AFRICANER, CiiRiSTiAif, a Namaqua chief of South Africa, wlio, after a long career of violence and bloodshed, was converted to Christianity, and continued to aid the opera- tions of the missionaries at the Cape of Good Hope till his death in 1823. An interesting account of his life and adventures will be found in Moffat's "Missionary Ijabours and Scenes iu Southern Africa." AFRICANUS, Julius, an eminent Chris- tian historian of the 3rd century ; principally known by a chronological work in five books, which contains a series of events from the beginning of the world to the year of Clirist, 221. AGANDURU, Rodekic Moriz, a Spanish missionary of the 17th century, who distin- guished himself by his zeal in propagating Christianity in Japan, and other parts of the East. AGAPETUS I., pope in 635; author of some extant letters : he pawned the sacred vessels of St. Peter, in order to travel to Con- stantinople. The second pope of this name was elected in 946, and died, 95(5. He has left behind him the reputation of a man of wonderful sanctity. AGARD, Arthur, an English antiquary of great learning and research, one of the original founders of the Antiquarian Society, was born in Derbyshire, 1540, and died, 1615. AGASIAS, a sculptor of Ephesus, cele- brated for his admirable statue called the Gladiator, which was found with the Apollo Belvedere at Nettuno, the ancient Antium. AGATHANGELUS, an Armenian histo- rian of the 11th century; author of an account of the introduction of Christianity mto his native countrv. AGATHARCHIDES, tutor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, and author of numerous works, of which only some fragments re- main, which M'ere preserved by Diodorus and Photius. He was the first author who described the rhinoceros. AGATIIARCirS,an ancient painter, born at Samos about iOO years b. c. Vitruvius speaks of him as the first who painted scenes for the theatres. AGATHEMERUS, a Greek geographer of the 3rd century, whose " Sketch of Geo- graphy in Epitome " may still be read with great interest from the curious facts with which it abounds. AGATHIAS, a Greek historian of the 6th century, who wrote a history of the reign of Justinian. AGATHO, a native of Palermo, raised from a monastery to the pontificate in 679, and died in 682. AGATUOCLES, the Sicilian tyrant, was the son of a potter, a native of Rhegium, Italy, and became successively a soldier, centurion, general, and pirate. After de- feating the Carthaginians, he proclaimed himself king of all Sicily. His soldiers, on account of arrears, obliged him to fly from his camp, and murdered his sons, whom he had left behind. Returning with a strong force, he put to death the mutineers, with their wives and children. Unable to live iu tranquillity and inaction, though now far ad- vanced in years, he made an expedition into Italy, and thence to the Lipari Islands, which he laid imder contribution, and jjlun- dered of all the treasures of the temples. After his return he is said to have been poisoned by means of an envenomed tooth- pick, aged 72, b. c. 289. AGELADAS, an admired Greek sculptor, who lived about 432 B.C. AGELIUS, Anthony, a learned ecclesi- astic of Naples in the 16th. century. He was age] ^ ^t\x) Unibtv^Hl JSifljirajpl^p. [ago one of the curators of tlie Vatican press, and bishop of Acerno. Died ItWS. AGELNOTir, an Anglo-Saxon prelate, promoted to the see of Canterbury in W20. He distinguished himself by great religious zeal, and still more by the flrm manner in which he refused, on the death of Canute, to crown llarold, who had seized the throne in the absence of his brother, Ilardicauute. Died, lt«8. AGER, or AGERIUS, Nicholas, a phy- sician and botanist in the 10th century, and professor of medicine at Strasburg. Died, 1634. AGESANDEK, a Rhodian sculptor, sup- posed to have lived in the .5th century b. c. lie is celebrated by having, in conjunction with his sons, executed that admirable mo- nument of Grecian art, the Laocoon, which was discovered in the IGth century in the baths of Titus. AGESILAUS, king of Sparta, succeeded his brother A^s. He acquired great renown by his exploits against the Persians, and also agahist the Tliebans and Athenians, but was defeated by Ei)aminonda8. Agesilaus next went to assist Tachos, in liis attempt to take the throne of Egypt, but was bribed to espouse tlie part of Nectanabis, his anta- gonist. On his return, he died in Africa, aco n. c, after a reign of 41 years. AGO AS, Ralph, a 8ur\'eyor and engraver of the ICth century, who lirst drew a plan of London, which, although referred to the time of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., ap- pears not to have been made on wood until about 1.5(50. It was rc-publbhed in 1018, and re-engraved by Vertue in 1748. He also drew plans of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dun- wich, in Suffolk. Died, 1.579. AGETjULF, king of the Lombards, crowned at Milan in 591. Soon after his accession, he quitted the Arian conununion for the Catholic, in which he was followed by imm- bers of his subjects, many of whom had hitherto been Pagans. In the third year of his reign, he had to sustain a war against some of Jiis own rebellious dukes, whom in the end he forced to submit ; and having secured and augmented his dominions, and employed himself in rebuilding and endow- ing churche3, he died iu 619. AGIS III., king of Sparta, succeeded his father, Archidamus, B.C. .34<]. lie was a prince of great magnanimity ; and, though he detested the Macedonian domination, he would not expose his country to ruin by re- sisting it, until Alexander was deeply en- gaged in his Persian expedition ; when he raised an army of 20,(XX) men, which was defeated by Antipater, governor of Alace- don, and Agis himself slain. His end was most glorious ; for, being carried severely wounded from the field, the soldiers who bore him were on the point of being sur- rounded by the enemy ; on which, com- manding them to set him down, and preserve their own lives for the service of their country, he fought alone on his knees, and killed several of the assailants, till he was struck tlirough the body with a dart, n.c. 337. AGIS IV. king of Sparta, was the son of Eudamidas, and celebrated by his virtues and death. His first attempt was to renew the original law for the equal division of landed property, which was opposed by a party, at the head of which was his col- league, Leonidas. The latter was deposed, and the joint sovereignty devolved to his son Cleombrotus, who entered into the views of Agis. Previously, however, to a partition of the lands, Agesilaus, uncle to Agis, who was deeply in debt, proposed the abolition of all debts, which would render the former mea- sure more palatable. This deed accom- plished, the influential and wily Spartan found means to postpone the other equalising operation, until Agis was obliged to march on an expedition. During his absence, Age- silaus conducted himself so tyrannically, tliat a conspiracy was formed to restore the deposed king, Leonidas ; which succeeding, Agis and his colleague, Cleombrotus, took sanctuary in a temple. The latter was im- mediately dragged forth and banished, but Agis remained a considerable time in safety, until his friends were bribed to betray him, and he was thrown into a prison. He suf- fered death with great magnanimity, B.C. 241. AGLIONBY, Edwakd, an old English poet, who wrote a genealogy of queen Elizabeth, for which she granted him a pension. AGLIONBY, Jonx, a learned divine, born in Cumberland. He was made chaplain to queen Elizabeth, was concerned in the pre- sent translation of the New Testament, and died at Islip, of which he was rector, in ICIO. AGLIONBY, William, an English di- plomatist and polite writer, of the 17th and 18th centuries ; author of a book entitled " Painting Illustrated." AGNELLITS, Anorew, an archbishop of Ravenna, in the 9th century. He wrote the lives of his predecessors in that see. AGNESI, Makia Gaetana, an Italian lady of extraordinary talents, bom at Milan, 1718. So profound Mere her mathematical attainments, that when, in 1750, her father, who was a professor in tlie university of Bologna, was unable to continue his lectures in consequence of ill health, she obtained permission from the pope to fill his chair. At the early age of 19, she had supported 191 theses, which were published in 1738 under the title of " Propositiones Philosophicaj." I She was also mistress of the Latin, Greek, ! Hebrew, French, German, and Spanish Ian- ' guages. Agnesi retired to the monastery of Blue Nuns, at Milan, where she died at an ; advanced age, in the year 1799. I AGNESI, Maria Teresa, sister of the above, was a musician of much genius, bom at Milan, 1750. She composed three operas, ; " Sophonisba," " Ciro," and " Nitocri." i AGNOLO, Baccio, a Florentine sculptor, | and architect of great reputation ; bom, ! 1460 ; died, 1.543. | AGOBARD, archbishop of Lyons, was one j of the most celebrated prelates of the 9th centurj-. His works were buried in obscurity, • until the manuscript of them was accident- j ally found in a bookseller's shop at Lyons. Died, 840. AGOP, John", a learned Armenian critic ] and grammarian of the 17th century. His I works were printed at Rome, l(i75. 17 c 3 ago] ^ ^^£d mnihtY^ta ^SmgrajpTjij. [agr AGORACRITES, a Grecian statuary in the fifth century B.C. He was a pupil of Phidias, and one of tlie most skilful artists of his time. AGOSTINI, LiONARDO, an eminent anti- quary of the 17th century, officially em- ployed bv pope Alexander VII. AGOSTINO, Paul, of Valerano, a cele- brated musician. Born, 1593 ; died, 1629. He surprised the world with his productions for four, six, or eight choirs or chonzses, some of which miglit be sung in four or six parts only, without diminishing the har- mony. AGOULT, William, a Provencal gen- tleman of the 12th century, wlio was one of the most pleasing poets, and amiable per- sons of his time. He died in 1181. AGREDA, Maria, the writer of some wild legends, indicative of either insanity or most impudent imposture, was born at Agre- da, in Spain, in 1002 ; took tlie veil, 1(;20, in a convent founded by her father and mother, dedicated to the "Immaculate Conception," of which she was chosen superior, l(i27, and died, 1GC5. The piece of absurdity which she pretended to have divine authority for writ- ing, was translated by Father Crozet into the French language in 1096, and republished at Brussels, 1718, in 3 vols. 4to. AGRICOLA, Cneius Jlt-ius, an eminent Roman commander, born a.d. 40, in the reign of Caligula. His first military service was under Suetonius Paulinus in Britain ; and, on his return to Rome, he was made qujEstor in Asia, and became tribune of the people, and praetor under Nero. By Ves- pasian, whose cause he espoused, he was made a patrician and governor of Aquitania; the dignity of consul followed ; and, in the same year, 77, he married his daughter to Tacitus, the historian, who has so admirably written his life. Next year he was appointed governor of Britain ; extended his conquests into Scotland ; and built a chain of forts from the Clyde to tlie Frith of Forth, to prevent the incursions of the inhabitants of the North. He defeated Galgacus on the Grampian Hills, and then made peace with the Caledonians. On the accession of Domitian, Agricola had a triumph decreed him, but was recalled, ind sent governor to Syria, where he died, i.p. 93 ; aged 54. AGRICOLA, George, the most celebrated metallurgist of his time ; born at Glauchen, Misnia, in 1494, and died, 15.55. AGRICOLA, George Andrew, a German physician, author of a curious work on the multiplication of trees and plants, of which aFrcuch translation appeared at Amsterdam in 1720. He was born at Ratisbon, 1672, and died, 1738. AGRICOLA, Joiix, a polemical writer of celebrity, born at Eisleben, Saxony, 1492, and died at Berlin, 1566. From being the friend and scholar, he became the antagonist of Martin Luther, against whom, as well as Melancthon, he maintained a spirited con- troversy, advocating the doctrine of faith in opposition to the works of the law, whence the sect, of which he became leader, received the name of Antinomians. AGRICOLA, RoDOLFHUs, one of the most learned men of the 15th century, spoken of both by Erasmus and Bayle with great re- spect, was born in Friesland, 1442, and died, 1484. Agricola was the first who introduced the Greek language into Germany. AGRIPPA, Camille, a celebrated archi- tect of Milan in the 16th century, who, under the pontificate of Gregory XIII., accom- plished the removal of a vast obelisk to St. Peter's Square ; an account of which labour he publislied at Rome, 1583. AGRIPPA, Hexry Cornelius. This higlily-gifted but eccentric man was born in 1486, at Cologne, of a noble family. He be- came secretary to the emperor Maximilian, by whom lie was knighted for his bravery in the Italian wars. He next travelled through various parts of Europe, and, while in Eng- land, wrote a commentary on St. Paul's Epistles. In 1518 he settled at Metz, which place, however, he was obliged to quit, at the instigation of the monks, and went to Co- logne, and thence to Geneva. He next tra- velled to Antwerp, in 1528, and was taken into the service of Margaret of Austria, go- verness of the Low Countries. In 1530 he published his treatise of the " Vanity of the Sciences," and soon afterwards his " Occult Philosophy." In 1535 he was at Lyons, where he was imprisoned for defaming the kiug's mother, but soon obtained his dis- charge, and died the same year at Grenoble. All his works were collected and printed at Lyons, 1.550, in 3 vols. AGRIPPA I., Herod, grandson of Herod the Great. He gave great oifence to Tibe- rius, who threw him into prison ; but, on Caligula's succession, was not only released, but received from that emperor a golden chain equal in weight to the iron one he had worn in his confinement, as also the kingdom of Judea. He commenced a per- secution of the Christians, in which the apos- tle St. James perished ; and he is the person represented to have been eaten by worms, on account of his impiety in accepting the ado- ration of the people. AGRIPPA II., Herod, son and successor of the preceding, was the seventh and last of the Jewish monarchs of the family of Herod the Great. It was before this prince tliat St. Paul pleaded his cause with so much eloquence, that Agrippa acknowledged he had almost persuaded him to be a Christian. He died at Rome about the year 94. AGRIPPA, Marcus Vu-sanius, the cele- brated friend and general of Augustus Caesar, acquired great fame by his military exploits, for which triumphs were decreed to him. He died b. c. 12. AGRIPPA, Mexemus, consul of Rome, B.C. 503. He is celebrated for having ap- peased a commotion among the Romans, by the political fable of the bellj' and the mem- bers ; and died at an advanced age, very poor, but universally esteemed for his wis- dom and intearity. AGRIPPINA, the elder, daughter of Mar- cus Agrippa, was married in the first instance to Tiberius, who divorced her, and she be- came the wife of Germanicus Ca;sar, whom she accompanied in his military expeditions. On the death of the latter at Antioch, a. d. 19, she returned to Rome with his ashes, and took advantage of the public grief for the 1 agr] ^ ^tti BiiihtriKl 3Bi0flrapIj8. [ain death of her husband to accuse Piso, who was suspected of having hastened it. The latter was shortly afterwards found dead in his l)ed ; and Tiberius, jealous of the aflfection of the people for Agrippina, banished her to a small island, where she died of hunger, in 35. ; AGRIPPINA, the younger, daughter of the foregoing, and mother of Nero, was at once cruel and licentious. After losing two Jiusbands, she married her uncle, the emperor Claudius, whom she poisoned in 54, to make , way for her son Nero, who caused her to be assassinated, and exhibited to the senate a list of all the crimes of which she had been , guilty. I AGUESSE AU, Henry Francis u', called by "Voltaire the most learned magistrate that France ever produced, was born at Limoges I in 16<>8, and died 1751. His works were pub- lished in 13 vols. 4to. AGUILLON, Francis, an eminent ma- thematician at the beginning of the 15th century, was a Jesuit of Brussels, and died at Seville, 1017. AGUIRRA, JosErn Saens d', a Spanish Benedictine, made caidinal by Innocent XI. lie wrote voluminously on theology, philo- sophy, &c. Died at Rome, 1G99. AGUJARI.LucRETiA, a celebrated singer, who received a salary of 100^ a night for two Bongs. Died at Parma, 178;i. AGYL^US, Henry, a lawyer and gene- ral scholar, bom at Bois-le-Duc, 1533 ; died, 1595. AHLWART, Peter, a learned German, son of a shoemaker at Greifswalde, where he was bom in 1710, and died, 1791. He was the founder of the Society of Abelites, the object of which was to promote sincerity. AnMED-BEN-rARES,sumamed£ZiZaw, an Arabian lexicographer and lawyer. Died about 900. AHMED-BEN-MOHAMMED, or ABOU AMROU, a Spanish Moor, who wrote poems in the eastern style, and an historical work on the annals of Spain. Died in 970. AHMED-KHAN, emperor of the Moguls, succeeded his brother, Abaker Khan, in 1282; and was slain after a short reign of two years. AHMED RESMY HAJI, a Turkish his- torian, who was counsellor of the Divan, and chancellor to the sultan Mustapha III. AHMED SHAH EL ABDALY, founder of the kingdom of Candahar and Caubul, erected them into a kingdom, and took the royal title. He died in 1773, lea\'ing the crown to his son, Timur Shah. AHRKNDT, or ARENTS, Martin Fre- deric, an antiquary and palajographer, was a native of Holstein. He spent forty years in travelling on foot through Norway, Swe- den, Denmark, France, Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe, in search of Scandi- navian antiquities and Runic monuments, and carried on an extensive correspondence with his learned contemporaries relative to the objects of his investigation. He died at a small village near Vienna, in 1824. AIDAN, a monk, who converted a large portion of the northern part of Britain to Christianity. He was afterwards bishop of Lindisfem. Died about C51. AIGNAN, Stephen, a French writer, and a member of the Acadt'mie Fran9ai8e. He was a zealous republican, and at the early age of 19, in the fiercest time of the revolu- tion, he was appointed to an ofiicial situation in the district of Orleans. He subsequently filled offices under Napoleon ; and also dis- tinguished himself as the author of several dramas and poems, as well as by the transla- tion of part of the works of Goldsmith and Pope. Born. 1773 ; died, 1825. AIGNEAUX, Robert and Anthony, brothers, natives of Vire, in Normandy, who jointly translated "Virgil and Horace into French verse, and wrote several poems. They died about the same time, at the close of the IGth century. AIKIN, Edmund, an architect, and the autlior of an account of St. Paul's Cathedral. Died, 1820. AIKIN, John, M.D., bora Jan. 15. 1747, at Kibworth, Leicestershire, was the only son of Dr. T. Aikin, a dissenting minister and schoolmaster. In 1764 he became a stu- dent in the imiversity of Edinburgh. On his return he went to Yarmouth, Norfolk, where, with little interruption, lie continued till 1792, when he removed to London, and devoted himself chiefly to literature, in which he was emuiently successful. In 179G he became the editor of the Monthly Magazine, which he superintended from its commence- ment till 1806. In 1709, he published, in conjunction with Dr. Enfield, the first vo- lume of a General Biographical Dictionary, in 4to., which, however, was not completed till 1815. Died, 1822, aged 75. AIKMAN, William, a painter of emi- nence, born at Cairney, in Scotland, in 1082. After finishing his education, he travelled to Italy, Turkey, and Smyrna. In 1712 he returned home, and was encouraged by the Duke of Argyle, through whom he was em- ployed at court, and by the principal nobi- Uty. Died, 1731. AILLY, Peter d', a cardinal and legate in the time of Charles VI. of France, was born at Compiegne, 1350. He received from that monarch the see of Puy and Cambray, with the chancellorship of the university of Paris ; and, before his elevation to the pur- ple, pre6ide<l at the famous Council of Con- stance, which condemned John Huss to the stake. Died, 1419. AIMON, of Aquitainc, author of a legend- ary liistory of France, is supposed to have j lived in the 9th century. The history is i brought down to 1165 by another hand ; and is in the tliird volume of the collection of Duchesne. AINSWORTH, Heney, an eminent bib- lical commentator and divine among the English nonconformists, flourished at the latter end of the I6th century. His writings j exhibited much learning and acuteness, and i excited the attention of Hall, bishop of Exe- | tcr, who entered the lists against him. He subsequently went to Amsterdam, where he died in 1022. AINSWORTH, Robert, a grammarian and classical author. His most important work is the celebrated Dictionary of the Latin tongue which bears his name. He was a native of Woodyale, in Lancashire, ait] ^ ^eln Unihtx^Kl SStffsrapI)^. [ala where he was bom in 1G60. He died in Lon- don in 1743. AITON, William, an excellent botanist, born in Lanarkshire. He was a great fa- vourite with George III., who appointed him head-gardener to the ro\ al demesne at Kcw in 17o9. In this situation he formed one of tlie best collections of rare exotic plants in the known world, catalogues of which he publislied in 1789. Died, 1793. AITZEMA, Leo, an historian of Fries- land, born, 1600, and died, 1069. He was author of the History of tlie United Pro- vinces, in 15 vols. ; an extremely valuable work. AKAKIA, MARTiif, physician to Henry III., and author of several medical works. Born, 1479 ; died, 1588. AKBAH, a celebrated Saracen conqueror, who overran the whole of Africa, from Cairo to tlie Atlantic Ocean ; but a general revolt among the Greeks and Africans recalled him from the West, and he eventually fell a sa- crifice to it. AKBAR, or AKBER, Mohammed, sultan of the Moguls, and a descendant of Timour Tamerlane, was only 14 years of age when he succeeded to the throne. He was a war- like, liberal, and able monarch ; and the first action of his reign was to recover Delhi from the Patans. He reigned 50 years, was eminently successful as a conqueror, and died in 1605, leaving behind him a character for justice, clemency, valour, and a love of learning, surpassed by few monarchs, what- ever their creed or country. AKENSIDE, Mark, a poet and physician, but who claims attention from his eminence in the former character, more than from his professional fame, was born in 1721 at New- castle-upon-Tyne. He finished his studies at the universities of Edinburgh and Leyden, in the latter of which he took his degree as a doctor of medicine in 1744. In the same year appeared his most distinguished poem, " On the Pleasures of the Imagination," which raised him at once into poetical emi- nence. This was followed by the " Epistle to Curio," a satire ; and, in 1745, he pub- lished ten odes on various subjects. He con- tinued, from time to time, to send forth his poetical effusions, most of which appeared in Dodsley's Collection. Dr. Akenside also wrote a number of medical works. He died in 1770, aged 49. AKERBLAD, Johx David, a learned Swede, who accompanied the Swedish em- bassy to Constantinople, and distinguished himself as an oriental linguist and anti- quary. Died, 1819. AKIBA, a .Tew, of low origin, but whose devotion to literature raised him to emi- nence, and to the rank of rabbi. On the defeat and destruction of Barcochebas, who had declared himself the Messiah, and to whose faction Akiba had joined himself, he was taken prisoner by the emperor Hadrian, and flaved alive, at the age of 120. ALABASTER, William, an English di- vine, born in Suffolk, and educated at Cam- bridge. He was the author of a Latin tra- gedy (jailed "Roxana," and of a Lexicon Pentaglotton. Died, 1640. ALAIN, De l' Isle, surnamed the Uni- versal Doctor, was a divine of great renown in the university of Paris, and the author of several works. Died, 1294. ALAIN, CiiARTiEE, a French writer of the 14th century. He was the author of some esteemed works, of which his " Chron- icles of Charles VII.," to whom he was se- cretary, is the principal. ALAMANNI, Louis, a Florentine poet and statesman, born in 1496, and died, 1556 ; he was distinguished from his youth for his progress in philosophy and Greek literature. He had two sons, one of whom, Baptiste, became almoner to queen Catherine de Me- dici, and successively bishop of Bazas and Ma?on. Two others of this family, and both named Loris, also became famous in the world of letters. ALAN, of Lynn, Norfolk, was a doctor of divinity in the 15th century, and acquired great reputation both as a student and a preacher. ALAN, of Tewkesbury, was author of the "Life and Banishment of Thomas h, Becket, archbishop of Canterbury." Died, 1201. ALAN, ALLEYN, or ALLEN, William, an Englishman of good family, was born at Rossal, Lancashire, in 1580. Educated at Oxford by a tutor warmly attaclied to popery, he entered upon the world under a strong prepossession in favour of the Catholic faith ; and, while very young, became principal of St. Mary's College, and proctor of the uni- versity. On the accession of Elizabeth, he went to Louvain, and was appointed head of the English College. He now strenuously exerted himself, both by his writings ^nd example, to advance the papal cause ; and by his suggestions, Philip II. was induced to undertake the invasion of England ; to faci- litate which, Alan published a defence of the pope's bull against Elizabeth, with an exhortation to her subjects to rise in favour of the Spaniards. For these 8er\ices he was made archbishop of Mechlin, and a cardinal. It is said, that towards the close of his life he repented of the measures he had recom- mended against his country ; and, on his death-bed, wished to address the English students at Rome, but was prevented by the ascendant Jesuit. He died in 1594, not with- out suspicion that he was poisoned. ALAND, Sir Johx Fortescue (Lord Fortescue), a baron of the Exchequer, and a puisne judge of the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, in the reigns of George I. and II., was descended from the famous Sir John Fortescue, lord chief justice and lord high chancellor of England in the reign of Henry VI. He was bom in 1670, and received his education at Oxford ; was an able lawyer, an impartial judge, and yell versed in Saxon literature. He lived in habits of intimacy with Pope, and the other wits of the day ; and wrote the legal burlesque of " Stradling versus Styles." ALARD, Francis, a native of Brussels, was bred in the Romish faith ; but, meeting with the works of Luther, he turned Pro- testant, and escaped to Wittemberg. After some time he returned to Brussels, and died in 1578. ALARD, William, eon of the above, be- ALA] ^ ijactu Bnibsr^aX ^iaQvai^f^ti* [alb came rector of the college of Krcmpen, where he died, 1(144 . ALARD, Lambert, son of the last named, compiled a Greek Lexicon, wrote some the- ological works and Latin poems, and was inspector of the public schools of Brunswick. Died in K,72. ALARIC I., king of the Visigoths, and conqueror of Rome, was descended from a noble family, and for some years served in the imperial armies ; but, being refused pre- ferment, he revolted against Arcadius, and desolated many of the provinces, sparing neither age nor sex. In the year 400, being tlien the acknowledged sovereign of the Visigoths, he invaded Italy, and carried otf immense plunder. In 402, he made a second irruption, but was defeated by Stilicho, and compelled to sue for peace. After this, he was employed in the service of the emperor llonorius, but soon violated liis engagements, and again entered the Roman territory, and laid siege to the capital. His terms were complied witli, and he retired into Tuscany ; but, being joined by liis brother, Ataulplius, he returned again to Rome, which he sacked in 410. After ravaging Italy, he sailed for Sicily; and having taken thecity of Cosenza, died there. ALARIC II., king of the Visigoths, suc- ceeded his father Euric in 484, and reigned over all the country Ijetween the Rhone and the Garonne. He adapted to his states the Theodosian collection of laws, and published it as the law of the Visigoths, since known by the title of the code of Alaric. lie was slain in a battle by Clovis, king of the Franks, ,507. ALASCO, Jou.v, uncle to Sigismund, king of Poland, was born in 1499. He was in great esteem with most of the learned men of his day, and enjoyed the friendship, of many of them, particularly Erasmus and Zuinglius, through wliich he became a con- vert to tlie Protestant faith ; to which he was so zealously devoted as to obtain the title of the Reformer of Poland. He died at Frankfort, in 1500. ALBAN, St., celebrated as the first Chris- tian martyr in Great Britain, was bom at Verulam, near St. Alban's, Hertfordshire, in the 3rd century. In his youth he visited Rome, and served as a soldier under Dio- cletian ; and, on his return to Verulam, be- came a convert to Cliristianity, for which he Buflfered death in 303. ALBAXEZE, an Italian musician of great repute, died at Paris, in 1800. ALBiVNI, Ale.xa.vder, an eminent vir- tuoso, born at Urbino, 1C92, raised to the rank of cardinal by Innocent XIII. , and died, 1779, aged 87, very highly esteemed. In 1702, his collection of drawings and en- gravings, consisting of 300 volumes, was pur- chased by George III. for 14,000 crowns. ALB.(^!NI, Jonx Francis, nephew of the above, was born at Rome, 1720, and in 1747 was made a cardinal, which was followed by numerous preferments. He opposed the suppression of the Jesuits, as a measure fraught with danger to the church ; but, in all other respects, was a most enlightened prelate. He imitated his uncle in his en- couragement of letters and learned men ; but his liberality could not save him from republican rigour, when the French entered Rome, where they plundered his palace, confiscated his estates, and reduced him, then in his 77th year, to poverty : all his valuable collection was sent off to Paris, and even the plants of his garden were rooted up and sold. Amidst this devastation, the cardinal took refuge in a convent, whence he removed to Naples ; and returned to Rome, in 1800, where he lived in private lodgings till his death in 1803. ALBANI, or ALBANY, Countess of, was the Princess Louisa Maria Caroline, M'ho married Charles Stuart, "The Pretender." She was cousin of the last reigning Prince of Stolberg-Gedern ; was bom in 1753 ; mar- ried in 1772, when she took the title of Countess of Albanjr ; but to escape from the barbarity of her husband, who lived in a continual state of intoxication, she retired, in 1780, to a cloister. At his death, in 1788, the French court allowed her an annuity of 00,000 li\Te3 ; and she survived the house of Stuart, which became extinct at the death of her brother-in-law, the Cardinal of York, in 1807. She died at Florence, in 1824 ; and Victor Alfieri has transmitted her name and misfortunes to posterity. ALBANI, JoHX Jerome, a civilian and theological writer, born at Bergamo in 1504, arrived at the dignity of a cardinal in 1570, and died in 1591. ALB^VNO, Frakcisco, a very celebrated painter, bom at Bologna, 1578, and died, IGCO. Albano excelled in delineating femi- nine and infantine beauty, and his pictures are exceedingly valuable. ALBANO, Giovanni Baptista, a younger brother of the above, was also a paiuter, and chiefly excelled in landscape. ALBATEGNI, an Arabian chieftain and eminent astronomer. He lived in the 9th century, and wrote a work, entitled "The Science of the Stars." ALBERGATI, Capacellt, a Bolognese marquis, was a dramatic writer and actor, and called the Garrick of Italy. Died, 1802. ALBERIC, a monkish historian of the 13th century, who compiled a Chronicle of Uni- versal History up to 1241. ALBERONI, GiULio, a cardinal, and mi- nister of tlie king of Spain, was the son of a gardener ; but being possessed of uncom- mon talents, and with a disposition suited to the intriguing policy of the court, he obtained patronage, and rapidly reached the highest ofl^ces in the state. By his abi- lity and activity he created a naval force, re-organised the army, and rendered Spain more powerful than it had been since the time of Philip II. ; but he was eventually foiled by the combined efforts of England and France, who made his dismissal from the councils of the Spanish monarch the chief condition of peace. Bom, 1CG4 ; died, 1752. .jVLBERT, Erasmus, a learned German divine of the 16th century, who composed a Latin work called " The Koran of the Cordeliers." Died, 1551. ALBERT, of Aix, or ALBERTUS AQUENSIS, a canon of Aix-la-Chapelle in the 12th century. Ue wrote in Latin what 21 alb] ^ 0tio Winibtv^^l MiOQva^i)^, [alb is eateemed an accurate " History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, under Godfrey of Bulloyn, and other Leaders," reprinted in 1C62. ALBERT, marquis of Brandenburg-Culm- bach, surnamed the German Alcibiades, born in 1522, was a principal actor in the trou- bles of Germany during the reign of Charles v., against wliom he made war. Died in indigence and exile, 15o8. ALBERT, Louis Joseph, son of TjOiiis Charles, duke de Luynes, born in 1<572, and died, 1758. He distinguished himself in se- veral battles, for which he was aiipointed field-marshal by the emperor Charles VII., who sent him ambassador to France, and created him prince of Grimberghen, ALBERT, Chakles, duke of Luynes, bom in 1578. Henry IV. of France, who was his godfather, placed him as a page about his son, afterwards Louis XIII., over whom, by his artful manner, he gained such an ascendancy, that he obtained the highest honours in the state, and was made con- stable of France ; but his ambition and ty- ranny rendered him odious to the people. Died, 1(521. ALBERT, of Stade, a monk of the 13th century, who wrote a, " Chronicle from the Creation to 125()." ALBERT, of Strasburg, the compiler of a "Chronicle from 1273 to 1378." Ue flourished in the 14th century. ALBERT, Hexry Christian, professor of the English language at the university of Halle, Germany, died in 1800. ALBERT I., emperor and duke of Aus- tria, surnamed the Triumphant, was son of the emperor Rudolph of Uapsburg, and a competitor for the imperial crown with Adol- phus of Nassau, whom he defeated and killed in battle. He was born in 1248 ; and died, by assassination, in 1308. ALBERT II., emperor and duke of Aus- tria, was son of Albert the fourth duke of Austria, and succeeded to tlie kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia on the death of Si- gismund, whose daughter he had married. Died, 1420. ALBERT, archduke of Austria, son of Maximilian II., was born, 1559. He was at first destined for the Church, and, when very young, was created cardinal and arch- bisliop of Toledo. In 1598, Philip II. of Sixain contracted his daughter Isabella to Albert, who thereupon renounced his cardi- nalate and ecclesiastical character. Tlie Netherlands, and the provinces of Bur- gundy and Charleroi, were her portion, and they were henceforth considered as joint so- vereigns of those countries. Died in 1C21. ALBERT, Jake, daughter of Marga- ret, queen of Navarre, and the mother of Henry IV. of France, at whose birtli the following strange incident is said to have occurred : — The king, her father, promised to put into her hands his will, on condition that during the pangs of child-birth she should sing a Bearnoise song. To this she acceded, and when her father entered the chamber, she sang a popular song in the language of her native country. On this he presented her with a gold box containing his will, and threw round her neck a chain of gold, saying, " These are for you, my daughter, but this is mine 1 " at the same time taking the infant in his arms, and carrying it to his chamber. Died, 1572. ALBERT, king of Sweden, was elected to the throne on the deposition of Magnus II. in 13G3. The latter, supported by Den- mark and Norway, endeavoured to recover his crown, but was defeated by Albert, and taken prisoner. The nobles, however, be- came dissatisfied with his rule, and applied for aid to Margaret, queen of Denmark and Norway, by whom he was defeated in a bloody battle, taken prisoner, and confined for seven years. He was at length liberated on condition of surrendering Stockholm to Margaret ; and he passed the remainder of his days at Mecklenburg, where he died in 1412. ALBERTET, a mathematician and poet of Provence in the 13th century. ALBERTI, Aristotile, a mechanic of Bologna in the 15th century. It is said lie removed entire tlie tower of St. Mary del Tempis thirty-five paces, and, at Cento, set upright another, which was five feet out of its perpendicular. ALBERTI, Cherubixo, a famous Flo- rentine painter, born in 1552, and died, 1615. His works, both in fresco and oil, are much esteemed. ALBERTI, GiovAXNi, brother of the above, was also an eminent painter at Rome, and greatly admired for the excellence of his perspective. ALBERTI, DoMiNico, a Venetian com- poser and harpsichord player of eminence in the last century. ALBERTI, George William, a learned German divine, born, 1725 ; died, 1758. ALBERTI, JouN, a German lawyer, who abridged the Koran, with notes, and also published, in 155(5, the New Testament in Syriac, most of the copies of which were sent to the East. He died in 1559. ALBERTI, Leandek, a Bologuese monk of the 16th century ; author of a liistory of his native city, and one of Italy. Died, 1552. ALBERTI, Leoxi Baptista, an eminent architect, painter, scvdptor, and scholar, born at Venice in the beginning of the 15th century. At the age of twenty he composed a Latin comedy, entitled " Philodoxius," whicli many learned men believed at first was the work of the ancient poet Lcpidus ; and, as such, it was printed by the younger Aldus. The invention of the camera obscura has been attributed to him. Died, 1485. ALBERTI DI VILLANOVA, Francis, an eminent Italian lexicographer of the 18th century. Born, 1737 ; died, 1803. ALBERTINI, Francis, an ecclesiastic of Florence, and an able antiquary, in the be- ginning of the 16th century ; author of se- veral valuable works. ALBERTINI, Paul, a Venetian priest and author, so highly esteemed in his day for his skill as a politician, that he was en- trusted with an embassy to Turkey. His preacliing and his writings, chiefly on the- ology, were so much valued, that at his death a medal was struck to his memory. Born, 1430 ; died, 1475. ALBERTUS, Magnus, a Dominican, and alb] 91 i^tbi WinibcrgKl JStnjjraplbJ?* [alc one of the most celebrated schoolmen of the 13th century, was bom at Lauingcn, Siiabia. lie was successively vicar-general and provincial of his order; and his celebrity as a public preceptor attracted the attention of pope Alexander rv., who appointed him master of the holy palace. In 12<J0, he was elected bishop of Ratisbon, but afterwards resigned this dignity, and went to Cologne, where he died in 1280. His works, which were voluminous, and on various subjects, were published at Lyons, 1051. ALBICUS, archbishop of Prague, whose encouragement of John IIuss caused him to be much abused by the opponents of that rcfiDrmer. ALBINOVANTTS, C. Fedo, a Latin poet of the time of Augustus. He was the friend of Ovid, and author of several poems, &c. Two elegies of his are still extant ; one on the death of MoBcenas, the other on the deatli of Drusus. ALBIXUS, a Roman, consul in the year lOT B.C. ; and author of a history of Rome, written in Greek, which is commended by Cicero. ALBINtJS, Bernard SkEOFREo, one of the ablest anatomists of mo<lem times, was born at Frankfort in lOlK]. lie was a pupil of the celel)rated Boerhaave, and became professor of anatomy in the university of Leyden, which situation he filled for nearly half a century, during which time he pub- lished numerout profesbionol works. Died, 1770. ALBINUS, Christian BEpyARn, brother of tlie above, professor of anatomy at Utrecht, and author of two valuable works on tliat science. Died, 1778. ALBO, JosEi-H, a learned Spanish rabbi, who assisted, in 1112, at a conference be- tween the Christians and Jews, and wrote a book, called " Sepher llikkariin," against the gospels. A1.B0IN, king of the Lombards in the 6th century. He succeeded his father, Audoin, in 15C1 ; conquered and slew Cunimund, king of the Gepidaj, whose daughter, Rosa- mond, he afterwards married. He subju- gated great part of Italy ; but having in- curred the just resentment of his wife, by sending her wine in a cup, wrought from the skull of her own father, and forcing her to drink from it, she had him assassinated, A.D. 574. ALBOX, Jaques, marquis de Fronsac, and mareschal de St. Andre, a French ge- neral, who acquired great reputation about the middle of the 16tli century. Quesnoy, St. Quentin, Renti, &c., were the chief scenes of his exploits. He was deputed to carry the collar of the order of St. Andre to Henry VIII., of England, who made him a knight of the Garter. At the death of Henry 11., he was chosen one of the regency, and fell in the battle of Drenx, 1M2. ALBRECriTSnERGER, a German musi- cian, and one of the most learned of mo- dern contrapuntists, was born at Kloster Neubar, in 173t) ; became court organist and a mcinl)er of the academy at Vienna ; was the instructor of Beethoven ; and died in 1803. ALBUMAZAR, an Arabian philosopher 23 in the 9th century, who combined the study I of physic with that of judicial astrology and astronomy. ALBUQUERQUE,ALPiioxso,the founder of the Portuguese empire in the East, was born at Lisbon, at the end of the 14th cen- tury. In 1503, he headed an cxiKdition sent out by Emanuel, king of Portugal, and gained large possessions on the coast of Co- chin, took the island of Ormuz, in the Per- sian Gulf, subdued Goa, extended his con- quests over the whole coast of Malabar, and made the islands of Sumatra, Malacca, and various others, tributary to the Portuguese government. An order for his recall had been issued, and even his sucjressor in the command appointed, when death put an end to his career, at Goa, in 1.51."). ALBUQUERQUE COELHO, Edward, a Portuguese nobleman in the 17th century, who fought with great bravery against the Dutch in the Brazilian war, of which he wrote a historv. Died, lfi88. ALBUQUERQIHE, Matthias, a Por- tuguese general, who was sent to Brazil in 1028, and successfully defended the province of Pemambuco against the Dutch. He was recalled in 1C35 ; espoused the cause of the House of Braganza, and was made com- mander of the army in 1G43, when he gained the decisive victory of Campo Major, and was created a grandee of Portugal. ALBUTIUS, Cails Silu.s, a Roman ora- tor in the time of Augustus, was a native of Novara, and star^-ed himself to death on account of some insult he had received. AIXAMENES, a Greek statuary, who was the disciple and rival of Phidias. ALiCiEUS, the Lesbian, an ancient lyric poet, was bom at Mitylene about COO years B.C., and is said to have been enamoured with Sappho. — There was also an early Athenian poet of this name, said to have been the author of some tragedies in the in- fancy of that species of composition. ALCIATI, Andrew, a Milanese lawyer of eminence in the ICth century, who en- joyed many dignities. Died at Pavia, l.WO. ALCIATI, Francis, nephew of the above, was also a distinguished lawyer, and a pro- fessor at Pavia. Pope Pius VI. made him chancellor of Rome, and a cardinal. He died in 1580. ALCIATI, Terence, a Jesuit of the 17th century, who collected the materials from which Cardinal Pallanicino wrote the history of the Council of Trent. ALCIATI, John Paul, a native of Milan in the 16th century, who quitted his country and the Roman faith for the Calvinistic doctrine, which he also renounced, and em- braced Socinianism. ALCIBIADES, a celebrated Athenian ge- neral and statesman, the son of Cliuias, and a descendant of Ajax, of Salamis, was bom B.C. 450. He is generally quoted as one of the most striking instances on record of an individual imitating, within himself, all the gifts and graces both of nature and for- tune. He early became the disciple of So- crates, who took great pains to form his mind to the love of virtue, and accompanied that philosopher on some of his military expe- ditions. In the Pcloponnesian war, he was ALC] ^ |2eto mnibcx^aX 33i00i7tj|jl^ij. [ale appointed to command -with Nicias, in an expedition against Syracuse ; but wliile thus employed, a charge was preferred against him of impiety. On one night all the Herma;, or half-statues of INlercury, in Athens, were defaced and mutilated ; and information was given that tliis sacrilege was the work of Alcibiades and his dissolute companions, in one of theirfrequent moments of revelry and intemperance. For this he was ordered home ; but, fearful of the consequences, lie withdrew to Sparta, and stirred up tlie Lacedaemonians to declare war against Athens. He after- wards went over to the king of Persia, by whose interest he obtained his pardon and recall. He then commanded with success against the Lacedajmonians ; and having compelled them to sue for peace, was received at Athens in triumph. The defeat of the Athenian fleet, by Lysander, being attributed to Alcibiades, he was deprived of his com- mand. On tills he retired into Thrace, and afterwards to a small town in Phrygia, where Pharnabazus, the Persian satrap, at the instigation of the Athenian tyrants, caused the house in which he resided to be set fire to in the night, and when he at- tempted to escape, he was slain by arrows, B. c. 404. ALCIDA^niS, a Greek rhetorician, who flourished about 400 B.C., of whose orations two are still extant — one appended to Aldus's edition of -lEehines, and the other to Aldus's edition of Isocrates. ALCINOUS, a philosopher of the second century, who wrote an " Introduction to the Pliilosophy of Plato," which is deemed a good summary, and has been translated into English by Stanley. ALCrPHRON, a Greek epistolary writer, who is supposed to have flourished in the third century before Christ. His letters, which give an excellent picture of Grecian customs and manners, are distinguished by clearness and simplicity ; but it is suspected that they are the production of a much later era. ALCMiEON, a Pythagorean philosopher of Crotona, who is said to have been the first anatomist. ALCMAN, a lyric poet, of Greece, flou- rished B. c. C72. Some verses of his are pre- served in Athenaeus. ALCOCK, John, successively bishop of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely, founder of Jesus College, Cambridge, and of the gram- mar school at Kingston-upon-HulI, was a prelate distinguished for his love of learning and of learned men. His temporal honours kept pace with his ecclesiastical dignities ; Edward IV. conferring on him the presidency of Wales, and the chancellorship of England. Died 1500. ALCOCK, John, author of some excellent choral music ; died, 1806. ALCOCK, Xathax, an English physician of the IStli century, celebrated for his ana- tomical lectures at Oxford. ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS, Flaccus, an Englisli prelate of the 8th century, educated by the venerable Bede. He went on an em- bassy from Ofta to Cliarlemagne, whom he instructed in rhetoric, logic, divinity, &c. Died at Tours, 804. ALCYONIUS, Peter, an Italian philo- logist and critic of the 16tli century. He wrote a treatise on Exile, and translated four treatises of Aristotle into Latin. Died, 1527. ALDEGR^iEF, a Westphalian, born in 1.502, was both a painter and an engraver: liis principal work is a large picture of the Nativity. ALDERETE, Diego Gratiax an emi- nent Spanish author of tlie Iflth century. Besides a variety of original writings, he left translations from Xenophon, Thucydides, and other Greek classics. Died, 1580. ALDERETE, Beknard, a Spanisli Jesuit, the first of his order on whom the university of Salamanca conferred the degree of doctor. Died, 1657. ALDHELM, or ADEEM, St., an English prelate, born at Malmesbury, wliere he found- ed a monastery, of which he was the first abbot. Died, 709. ALDIIUN, an English bishop in the 10th and 11th centuries, chiefly memorable as the founder of the bishopric of Durham. Died, 1018, liaving enjoyed the prelacy 29 years. ALDOBRANDINI, Sylvester, a Floren- tine lawyer and writer of the IGtli century. He was appointed advocate of the treasury and apostolic chamber, by pope Paul III. Died, 1558. ALDOBRANDINL Clemext, son of the preceding, became pope under the name of Clement VIII. ALDINI, Tobias, a physician and bota- nist of Cescna. He was supcrintendant of tlie Farnesian garden at Rome, on which account his name was prefixed to the de- scription of it written by Peter Cashell. ALDINI, A., nephew of Galvani ; bom at Bologna in 1756 ; author of " Essai Thoorique sur la Galvanisme ; " and " Account of late Improvements in Galvanism," publislied in Loudon. AT^DRED, the first English bishop who visited Jerusalem, lived in the reigns of Ed- ward the Confessor, Harold, and William the Conqueror. On the death of Edward, he crowned Harold, and performed the same ceremony for William. Died 1068. ALDRICH, Henry, born in Westminster, 1647, and educated by Busby. From West- minster School he went to Christ Church, Oxford, and was elected student and after- wards canon and dean. He built an elegant chapel to Trinity College, and the beautiful church of All Saints. He had also great skill in music, and composed many services for the Church. Dean Aldrich died, 1710. ALDRICH, Robert, a native of Bucking- hamshire, was educated at Eton, of which college he subsequently became master and provost. In 1537, he was made bishop of Carlisle ; a station for which his learning and piety, which are extolled by Leland, Well fitted him. Died 1555. ALDROVANDUS, Ulysses, a celebrated natui-al historian, bom at Bologna, 1.522. He was a great traveller, and formed a most superb collection of minerals, plants, ani- mals, &c., by which he ruined his fortune, and died in an hospital, 1605, aged 80. ALDUS. SeeMANUTius. ALE ANDER, Jerome, a cardinal, bom in 1480, distinguished himself in the 16th cen- ale] ^ ^cb) BnibtxSsX aSurgrajjlbL'* [ale tury as a violent opposer of Luther and the re- formation. He died, 1542. His great nephew, of the same name, inherited the ability of his ancestor, and was eminent as a scholar and an antiquary. AI.,EMAX, a cardinal of the 13th century. He was degraded from the purple for his op- position to Eugenius IV. The sentence was reversed by Nicholas V. ; and after the car- dinal's death, in 1400, he was canonised. ALEMANNI, Nicholas, a learned (ireek antiquary, born 1583, and became keeper of the Vatican library at Rome. Died, li)2o. ALEMBEKT. See D'ALEMiiiiRX. ALEN, John van, an eminent Dutch landscajMJ painter. Died, 1098. ALENIO, Julius, a Jesuit of Brescia, who rendered himself distinguished by his zeal in propagating Christianity in China, where he laboured for 36 years, and died 1(549. ALER, Paul, a learned French Jesuit, died, 1727. Ills " Gradus ad Parnassum " has been long in established use in all the public schools of Europe. ALES, Alexanokk, a Scotch divine, who opposed the tenets of Luther, whicli he after- wards eagerly embraced. Died, 1505. ALESiO, Matthkw Pekh^z u', a painter and engraver at Rome, whose figure of St. Christopher, in fresco, in the great church of Seville, is much admired. Died, 1000. ALE8SI, Galeas, an arcliitect, bom at Perugia, whose works are spread over Ger- many and the south of Europe ; but his fame principally rests on the monastery and churclj of the Escurial. Died, 1572. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, whose he- roism is so universally a theme, was the son of Philip, king of Macedon, by Olympias, daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, and born b. c. 3.">0 ; the same year in which the temple of Diana at Ephesus was destroy- ed. Alexander received his education under Lysimachus and Aristotle, and gave several proofs of manly skill and courage while very young ; one of which, the breaking-in of his flery steed, Bucephalus, is mentioned by all his historians as an incident which convinced his father of his future unconquerable spirit. Alexander was much attached to his mother, and sided with her in the disputes which led to her divorce from Pliilip. While the latter was making preparations for his grand ex- pedition into Asia, he was assassinated by Pausanias ; and Alexander succeeded to the throne in his 20th year. His youth at first excited an inclination in several of the states of Greece to throw off the yoke of the Mace- donian usurpation ; but the hero soon quelled the design, and was acknowledged general of Greece. He then marched into Thrace, and gained several conquests. During his absence Thebes revolted ; and when Alexander re- turned, he took that city by storm, made a dreadful carnage of the inhabitants, and destroyed all the buildings except the resi- dence of Pindar the poet. This severe ex- ample had its effect on the other states ; and even Athens distinguished itself by a servile submission to the conqueror. Alexander next turned his arms against Darius, king of Persia ; and, at 22, crossed the Hellespont, at the head of 40,000 men. With this force he defeated the Persians at the Granicus, and made himself master of numerous places. At Gordium, where lie assembled his army, he is said to have cut the famous knot on which the fate of Asia depended. Shortly after this, he again defeated the king of Persia near Issus, and took immense treasures and many prisoners ; among whom were the mother, wife, and children of Darius. This victory was followed by the conquest of Plice- nicia, Damascus, and several other states. Alexander next besieged Tyre, which long resisted him, and, in revenge, he committed horrible cruelties on the inhabitants. He then went to Jerusalem, passed into Egypt, subdued it, and founded the city of Alexan- dria. Darius now collected another army, and was defeated at Arbela, which decided the fate of Western Asia. This ^reat battle was followed by the capture of Susa and Persepolis ; the last of which Alexander de- stroyed at the instigation of his mistress. He now prepared for an expedition to India ; and, after a perilous march, reached the Indus, B. c. 327, which he crossed at the part where the city of Attock now stands. Alex- ander received the submission of several of the petty princes of the country, but was opposed by Porus, who valiantly withstood the invader ; and, although conquered and made prisoner, the victor, pleased with Ids spirit, restored him his dominions, and made him an ally. The conqueror next entered the fertile plains now called the Punjab, took the city of Sangala, and directed his course to the Ganges ; from which object, however, he was diverted by the rainy season, and the disattection of his own troops. He accord- ingly erected twelve altars of an extraor- dinary size to mark the limits of his progress, remnants of which are said to be still in ex- istence. Alexander, therefore, retraced his steps to the Hydaspes, ou the banks of which he built two cities,NicaBa and Bucephala; and embarked, with his light troops, on board a fleet he had constructed, leaving the main army to march by land. After a severe con- test with the Mallii, in whicli he was wound- ed and his whole army nearly lost, he pro- ceeded down the river to Patala ; and having entered the Indian Ocean, and performed some rites in honour of Neptune, he left his fleet ; giving orders to Nearchus, who had the command, to sail to the Persian Gulf, and thence up the Tigris to Mesopotamia. Alex- ander then prepared to march to Babylon, towards which capital he proceeded in tri- umphal progress. Reaching Susa, he began to give way to a passion for pleasure and joviality, and married Statira, the daughter of Darius. At length he reached Babylon, where he gave orders indicating future un- dertakings of great magnitude ; when he was seized with an illness, in consequence of in- dulging in habits of intemperance, and died of a fever, in the 13th year of his eventful reign, and the 33d of his life, b. c. 323. When required to name his successor, he is said to have replied, " to the most worthy." Pur- suant to his own direction, his body was conveyed to Alexandria in a golden cofliu, enclosed in a sumptuous sarcophagus, sup- posed to be now in the British Museum. ALEXANDER SEVERUS, emperor of Rome, was bom at Acre, in Phcenicia, in axe] ^ 0m mxiiUvM 33toc!Tapl)in [ale 203. The principal public event of his reign was the war with Artaxerxes, king of Persia, over wliom he gained a great vic- tory in person, and on his return to Rome was lionourcd \\itli a triumph. He next marched against the Germans, who had invaded Gaul ; and, wliile tliere, a sedition brolce out in his armj', headed by Maxi- tnin, and the emperor and Ms mother were murdered, a.i). 23,5. ALEXANDER, king of Poland, elected on the death of his brother, John Albert, in 1501, was a prince of little genius and of re- markable taciturnity, but courageous and humane. Died, 1,500. ALEXANDER I., bishop of Rome, suc- ceeded Evaristns in the tenth year of Tra- jan, and auftered martyrdom under Hadrian, in 119. This pontiff is said to be the first who introduced the use of holy water into the service of the Romish Church. ALEXAifDER II., elected to the papal throne in lOGl, was a man of a humane and tolerant disposition, though the licentious- ness of his life and manners caused great scandal. Died, 107.3. ALEXANDER III. succeeded Adrian IV. in 1159 ; was a pontiff of great ability, and deservedly popular with Jiis subjects. Died at Rome, 1181. ALEXANDER TV. ascended the papal throne in 12.54, and seemed more concerned to preserve and enlarge the privileges of a monastic order, than to correct abuses or encourage improvements. Died, 1201. ALEXANDER V., originally a Greek monk from Candia, was raised to the papal throne in 1409 by the Council of Pisa. His munificence, during his pontificate, was so xmbounded, that he used to say, " When I became a bishop, I was rich ; when a cardi- nal, poor ; and when a pope, a beggar." Died, 1410. ALEXANDER VT., a native of Valencia, in Spain, was raised to the popedom in 1492. As au ecclesiastic, Alexander was in tlie highest degree ambitious, bigoted, and in- tolerant ; and formed alliances with all the princes of his time only to break them. This pontifl' pursued his profligate career till 1503, when he was cut off by the same means he had used for the ruin of others. At a banquet which he and his son, the infamous Cassar Borgia, had prepared for some newly created cardinals, the poison intended for them was by some mistake administered to the contrivers of the plot ; and Alexander died the next day in great agony. ALEXANDER VIL This pontiff ex- pended vast sums in improving and em- bellishing the city of Rome, and was a great friend to the fine arts and literature. He was born at Sienna in 1559, elected to the popedom in 1655, and died in 16G7. ALEXANDER VIII., the last pope of that name, was elected 1G89, at the advanced age of 80 ; and died two years afterwards. lie was unpopular on account of his exces- sive nepotism. ALEXANDER I., king of Scotland, son of Malcolm III., ascended the throne in 1107 ; and merited, by the vigour and im- petuosity of his character, the appellation of TJie Fierce. Died, 1124. ALEXANDER II., son of William the Lion, was raised to the throne of Scotland, 1214, being then in his IGth year. In 1221, he married Joan, sister of Henry III., of England ; by which peace was restored to the two kingdoms. Died, 1249. ALEXANDER III., son of the preceding, succeeded, 1249, when only eight years of age. He married Margaret, daughter of Henry III. of England, and lived upon terms of close friendship with his father-in- law, wliom, in his wars with the barons, he assisted with 5000 men. Alexander was accidentally killed while hunting, in 1285. ALEXANDER DE MEDICI, a licentious duke of Florence, assassinated by Lorenzo de Medici, a relation, at the instigation of Strozzi, a republican, 15.37. ALEXANDER, an English abbot, wlio supported the rights of his master, Henry III. at the court of Rome, with such boldnes.^?, tliat Pandulphus, the pope's legate in Eng- land, excommunicated and imprisoned him. Died about 1217. ALEXANDER, Noel, a Dominican, a laborious writer, born at Rouen, 16.39, and died at Paris, 1724. Ilis most celebrated work is a Latin Church History, in 26 vols. ALEXANDER, of Paris, a Norman poet of the 12th century, who wrote a metrical poem called "Alexander the Great," in verses of twelve syllables, Miiich measure has ever since been called " Alexandrine." ALEXANDER, Neuskoi, grand duke of Russia, born 1218. The most noted action of his life was a great victory he obtained over the more northern tribes on the banks of the Neva. Died, 1263. ALEXANDER, the Right Rev. Solomon, bishop of Jerusalem, was born of Jewisli parents in the grand duchy of Posen, 1799. Very little is known of his youth and edu- cation ; but from his Hebraic and Talmudic acquirements he exercised the functions of Rabbi at a very early age. After much meditation he was baptized a Christian in 1826 at Plymouth, by the Rev. John Hatch- ard, and "his ordination by Dr. Whately, archbishop of Dublin, and induction to a curacy in Ireland, shortly followed. He subsequently became a home missionary of the Society for the Propagation of Chris- tianity among the Jews, and professor of Hebrew in King's College ; and after the mission of Chevalier Bunsen to London for the establishment of a Protestant bishopric at Jerusalem, unSer the joint auspices of the sovereigns of England and Prussia, his character and peculiar acquirements having marked him out as one eminently fitted for this office, he was consecrated the first Pro- testant bishop of Jerusalem in 1841. His mission was at first beset with great diffi- culties, arising from sectarian jealousy at the Ottoman court ; but the good sense and sin- cerity of Bishop Alexander surmounted them all, and he was entering on what promised to be a long and successful career, when he was suddenly cut off during a journey to Cairo, whither he was bound on a mission of sympathy and good will to the Egyptian Christians. Died Nov. 23. 1845. ALEXANDER, Sir Willt.\m, earl of Stirling, an eminent Scottish statesman and ale] a ^tb) fSiixibtx^aX 38i0flrajji)i). [ale poet in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. Died, ](!4(). ALEXANDER, "William, an ingenious artist, born at Maidstone, 1 786. lie came to London, and studied tlie fine arts with so much success, that he was selected to accom- pany tlie embassy of Lord JNiacartncy to China. On his return, he published a splen- did work on tlie costume of China ; and, on the formation of the Royal Military College at Marlow, Mr. Alexander was appointed drawing-master. At the time of his death, in 181(5, he was keeper of the antiiiuities at the British Museum. ALEXANDER, William, styled, through courtesy, earl of Stirling, was born at New York, and became a major-general in the service of the United Stales during the Ame- rican war. lie was a brave officer, but more distinguished by his attention to ma- thematics and astronomy than by his mili- tary talents. lie died, 178;3. ALEXANDER, Thomas, earl of Selkirk, known as the founder of a colony in Ca- nada, and for his writings on poUtica and statistics. He died in 1820. ALEXANDER I., emperor of Russia and king of Poland, eldest son of Taul I., was bom Dec. 22. 1777 ; succeeded. March, 1801 ; and was crowned at Moscow, September fol- lowing ; when a ukase was published for di- minishing taxes, liberating debtors, prohi- biting prosecutions for the recovery of fines, discontinuing the mode of recruiting the army, and granting a free pardon to all deserters. In 1803, Alexander oflered his mediation to effect a reconciliation between England and France ; and in 1805, a con- vention was entered into between Russia, England, Austria, and Sweden, for the pur- pose of resisting the encroachments of the French on the territories of independent states. On the 2d of December the battle of Austerlitz took place, at which Alexander appeared at the head of 50,000 men, but was defeated, and compelled to retreat to his dominions. Ere long, however, he again ap- peared on the theatre of war, but the scene of it was changed to Poland. On November 26. 1806, was fought the battle of Pultusk ; and on the 7th and Stli of February, 1807, that of Eylau, neither of which engagements was decisive ; but on the 14th of June the Russians were completely defeated at Fried- land by Napoleon. The result of this victory was an interview between the two emperors, which led to the treaty of Tilsit. The seizure of the Danish fleet by the English occasioned a declaration of war from Russia against this country ; but hostilities only extended to the cessation of trade between the two nations. A second meeting of the French and Russian sovereigns took place at Erfurt, Sept. 27. 1808 ; Buonaparte being anxious to secure the friendship of Alexander previously to his meditated subjugation of Spain. While the former was engaged in this undertaking, the latter made himself master of the Swedish province of Finland, in 1809. The interruption of commerce with England now began to be severely felt by Russia, and Alexander determined to throw off the French yoke. On the 2.Jd March, 1812, an imperial ukase was issued, ordering a levy of two men out of every 500 throughout the Russian empire, and all matters of dis- pute with Great Britain was pacifically ar- ranged. The invasion of Russia which fol- lowed, though the most important event in the reign of Alexander, is not one in which he was so far personally concerned as to require a detailed relation here. On join- ing his army in Poland, February, 1813, Alexander published the famous manifesto, which served as the basis of the coalition of the other European powers against the rapacity of the French emperor. Germany, and then France, became tlie scene of hos- tilities ; and the capture of Paris, April 30. 1814, was followed by the abdication of Buonaparte, and the restoration of the Bourbons. After the conclusion of peace, Alexander visited England, in company with the king of Prussia ; and, on his return to his own dominions, he zealously employed himself in ameliorating the internal con- dition of his empire. Uis death took place at Taganrog, in the Crimea, Dec. 1. 1825 j and he was succeeded by his second brother, Nicholas, agreeable to a document signed by his eldest brother, Constantine, resigning to him the right of succession. Alexander was a sincere lover of peace ; vigilant, brave, and active in war ; tolerant in his religious prin- ciples ; mild and amiable in private life, yet strict in the administration of public justice; a patron of literature and the arts ; and though, as a monarch, ambitious of power, yet recognising the spirit of the age, and fre- quently acting in accordance with liberal principles. ALKXANDRINI, JiLiis, a physician of Trent, in the l(!th century. He w^as the first who endeavoured to prove the con- nexion of bodily diseases with the passions ; and was tlie author of several medical works. ALEXIS, a Greek comic poet, uncle and instructor of Alexander. Of his writings, only a few fragments remain, which are preser\-ed in the collection of poems of the more ancient Greek authors. ALEXIS, MiCHAELOViTSCii, czar of Russia, bom in 1030 ; succeeded liis father Michael in 1046 ; died, 1077. He was the father of Peter the Great, and the first Russian mo- narch who acted on the policy of a more intimate connexion with the other European states. ALEXIS, PF.TROviTscn, only son of Peter the Great, bora 1690. This unhappy prince opposed the new policy of his father, and expressed an unalterable attachment to the ancient barbarous usages and customs of his country ; for which the czar resolved to disinherit him. Alexis fled to his brother- in-law, the emperor of Germany, and lay concealed for some time at Vienna, until his retreat was discovered by his father, before whom he was conducted as a crimi- nal, and compelled formally to r.nounce the succession ; after this he was tried by se- cret judges, and condemned to death, 1719. ALEXIS DEL ARCO, a Spanish painter, bom at Madrid, in 1025. lie was deaf and dumb ; but his reputation, particularly as a portrait painter, was considerable. Died in 1700. 27 ■>r THf /ERSITY :n d2 ale] ^ ^thi WittifitxiaX SSiotprajiJ^p, [alp ALEXIUS L, COMNENUS, emperor of the East, bom at Constantinople, 1048. He sig- nalised himself in the wars with the Turks and Saracens, was bountiful to his friends, and clement to his enemies, a lover of letters, and equally versed in the arts of government and of war. lie died, 1118. ALEXIUS II., CoMNExus, succeeded his father Alichael on the throne of Constanti- nople, in 1180, when only twelve j'ears of age ; and, with his mother, was murdered two years afterwards by Andronicus, who usurped the crown. ALEXIUS HI., Angelus, emperor in 1195, gained that station by the basest per- fidy towards his brother, Isaac Angelus, whom he confined in prison, and caused his eyes to be put out. His effeminate reign rendered him despicable, and his capital was besieged and taken, 1203, by an army of Venetian and French crusaders, headed by his nephew, Alexius, son of Isaac. Tlie usurper received the same punishment he had inflicted on his brother, and died a few years afterwards in a mo- nastery at Nice ; and the conqueror placed his blind father on the throne, with whom he rcighcd as Alexius IV. ; but Ms ele- vation was succeeded by a rebellion, and he was deposed, imprisoned, and put to death, 1204. ALEXIUS v., DiTCAS, snmamed Mukt- ZUFFLE, from his black shaggy eyebrows, was raised to the throne after the murder of Alexius IV., but deposed by the crusaders, who attacked and took his capital, and he was put to an ignominious death. ALEYN, Charles, an English historical poet. Died, 1040. ALFjVBABI, an eminent Arabian philo- sopher in the 10th century, who obtained much reputation in his day, as being a great traveller, and master of seventy languages. Among his works are several treatises on Aristotle, and an Encyclopsedia, the manu- script of wliich is in the Escurial. ALFARO Y GA3I0N, Juan de, a distin- guished Spanish painter, born 1640. He died in his 40th year, of grief, occasioned by the banishment of his patron, the admiral of Castile. ALFENUS VARUS, Publius, a Roman civilian, who became consul, and is men- tioned by Horace and Virgil with gratitude. ALFIERI, Victor, a celebrated Italian poet, born at Asti, in Piedmont, in 1749. His first work was a tragedy, entitled " Cleo- patra," which was acted at Turin, 1773 ; this was followed by a farce, called " The Poets; " and within seven years he produced fourteen dramas, besides various other works. At the age of 48, he began to study Greek, and made several translations from that lan- guage. His incessant labours at length undermined his constitution, and he died, at Florence, in 1803, unexcelled by any poet of his age and country. ALFORD, Michael, an English Jesuit, bom in London, 1387. He died at St. Omer's, 1652, leaving behind him two celebrated works, " Britannia Illustrata " and " Annales Ecelesiastici Eritannorimi." ALFRAGAN, or AHMED BEN FER- GAN, an Aiabian astronomer of the 9th century ; author of an " Introduction to Astronomy," and other scientific treatises. ALFRAGO, ^\jJDiiEW, an Italian physi- cian ; author of a history of Arabian phy- sicians and philosophers, and other works connected with the East, where he resided for some years. Died, at Padua, 1520. ALFRED THE GREAT. This monarch was the youngest son of Ethelwolf, king of the West Saxons, and bom at Wantage, Berks, in 849. On the death of his brother Ethelred, Alfred succeeded to the throne of England, 871, in his 22d year, at a time when his kingdom was a prey to domestic dissensions, and to the invasions of the Danes, whom he engaged at Wilton, but, after a hard conflict, was forced to retreat, and conclude a treaty on disadvantageous terms. The Danes soon violated their en- gagement, and renewed their hostility with such success, that, in 877, the king was un- der the necessity of laying aside the en- signs of royalty, and concealing himself in the cottage of one of his herdsmen. He afterwards retired to the island of Athel- ney, and there received information that one of his chiefs had obtained a great vic- tory over the Danes, and taken their ma- gical standard. Alfred then disguised liim- self as a harper, entered the Danish camp, and gained a knowledge of the state of the enemy. After this, he directed his nobles to meet him at Selwood, with their vassals, which was done so secretly, that the Danes were surprised at Eddington, and com- pletely routed. He now put his kingdom into a state of defence, increased his navy, and brought London into a flourishing state; but, after a rest of some years, an immense number of Danish forces landed in Kent, and committed great ravages ; they were, however, soon defeated by Alfred, who caused several of the leaders to be executed at Winchester. Thus he secured the peace of his dominions, and struck terror into his enemies, after 56 battles by sea and land, in all of which he was personally engaged. But the warlike exploits of Alfred formed, perhaps, the least of the services he ren- dered his country. He composed a body of statutes, instituted the trial by jury, and divided the kingdom into shires and hun- dreds ; was so exact in his government, tliat robbery was imheard of, and valuable goods might be left on tlie high roads. His great council, consisting of bishops, earls, aldermen, and tlianes, was, by an express law, called together twice a year in Lon- don, for the better government of the realni. The state of learning in his time was so low, that, from the Thames to the Humber, scarcely a man could be foimd wlio understood the service of the church, or could translate a single sentence of Latin into English. To remedy this evil, he in- vited men of learning from all quarters, and placed them at the head of seminaries in various parts of his kingdom r and, if he was not the founder of the University of Oxford, it is certain he raised it to a repu- tation which it had never before enjoyed. Alfred himself wrote several works, and translated others from the Latin, particu- larly "Orosius's History of the Pagans," alp] ^ ^ctu Bnihtv^Bl Miafp^n^^v. [Afcl and "Boiithius's Consolations of Philoso- phy." lie divided the twenty-four hours into three equal parts, one devoted to the service of God, another to public ailairs, and the third to rest and refreshment ; his revenue, also, was divided into two equal moieties, one dedicated to sacred, tlie other to civil uses. To Alfred, England is in- debted for the foundation of lier naval establishment, and he was the lirst who sent OTit ships to make the discovery of a north-east passage. To crown his great public character, Alfred is described as one of the most mild and amiable men in private life ; of a temper serene and cheerful, af- fable, kind, and merciful, and not averse to society, or to innocent recreation ; he was also personally well-favoured, possessing a handsome and vigorous form, and a dignitied and engaging aspect. Died, OiH). ALFRED, surnamed " the Thilosophcr," an Englishman, was greatly esteemed at the court of Rome, and attended Cardinal Ot- toboni, the legate, to England, lie wrote five books on the " Consolationa of Boethius," and died, 1270. ALFKED, an English bishop of the 10th century ; author of a " History of the Abbey of Malmsbury," a treatise "De Naturis Kcrum," &c. ALGARDI, Ai-EXAXDEn, a Bolo^nese sculptor of the 17th century. There is an admirable group of his, at Bologna, of the beheading of St. I'aul. ALOAROTTI, FiiANCis, an eminent Ita- lian M-riter, born at Venice, 1742. He was a great connoisseur of the tine arts, and his works are critical and philosophical. Died, 17G4. ALIIAZEN, an Arabian mathematician, who was the first that showed the import- ance of refraction in astronomy. Ue died at Cairo, in 1038. ALI, cousin, son-in-law, and vizier of Maliomct, and one of the main pillars of the new faith. He obtained the name of the Lion of God, always Victorious; but was opposed in his succession to the cali- phate by Omar and Othman, and retired into Arabia, and made a collection of the sayings of the prophet. There he laid the foundation of a new sect, and, after the death of Othman, he was declared caliph, 6,5.5 ; but was murdered four years after- wards in the mosque. ALI BEG, a man of extraordinary learn- ing and attainments, born in Poland, of Christian parents, but was kidnapped in his infancy by a horde of Tartars, who sold him to the Turks, in whose language and religion he was educated. His skill in lan- guages procured him the post of chief in- terpreter to the grand signior ; while his leisure hours were employed in translating the Bible and the catecliisra of the Church of England into the Turkish language. The work by which he is principally known to Europeans is an account of tiie religious ceremonies, &c. of the Turks. Died, 1C7.5. Alil BEY, a Greek, son of a Natolian priest, bom, 1728. He fell when a child into tlie hands of robbers, who carried him to Cairo, and sold him to Ibrahim, lieute- nant of the Janissaries, who reared and 29 adopted hira. Ali soon rose to the rank of sangiak, or member of the council ; and when his patron was assassinated by Ibra- him the Circassian, he avenged his death, and slew the murderer with his own hand. Tills action raised him numerous enemies, and he was obliged to fly to Jerusalem, and thence to Acre ; but in time he was re- called by the people, and, being placed at the head of the government, Egypt began to recover its former splendour. Iji a battle fought against the troops of a rebellious Mameluke, Ali was cut down, after defend- ing himself with a degree of desperate va- lour that has scarcely ever been exceeded, and died of his wounds eight days after- wards, 1773. AI-.I PACHA (or, more correctly, Ali, pacha of Jannina), a bold, intelligent, and crafty Albanian, was born at Tepelini, in 1744. His father, an Albanian chief, died of grief, in consequence of being stripped of his territories ; but his mother, who was re- markable for energy of character, spirited up her son to assume the conduct of a pre- datory troop of his countrymen. With this band he committed so many depredations, that the adjacent tribes took up arms in their own defence, and carried off his mother and sister, whom they treated with great cruelty. This roused the naturally im- placable temper of Ali, and he vowed the extermination of the whole race. He raised a body of 2000 men, assumed great authority, and wreaked his vengeance upon tlie Suli- otes, whom he treated with tlie most horrible barbarity. During fifty years of constant warfare he brought under his sway a wide extent of territory, which the Porte sanc- tioned his holding, with the title of pacha. He received agents from foreign powers, and ultimately intrigued with England, France, and Russia. But the jealousy of the Porte was at length excited, and Hassan Pacha was sent to demand his head. On declaring his errand, Ali replied, " My head is not to be delivered up so easily;'' accompanying the words with a pistol-ball, which broke his opponent's thigh. He shot two more dead upon the spot, but fell the same moment. His head was severed from Ms body, and sent to Constantinople. ALIAMET, James, an eminent French engraver of the 18th century. ALISON, Rev. Akciiibald, the celebrated writer on Taste, was born, 1757. Educated at Glasgow and Oxford, he entered into holy orders, and obtained successively livings in Durham and at Edinburgh, his native town, where he continued to officiate till 18.iil, when a severe illness compelled him to re- linquish all public duties. Mr. Alison was one of the first members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; and he was intimately asso- ciated with most of the men of genius and learning of the present century. His " Essay on the Nature and Principles of Taste " has passed through numerous editions ; and the theory therein set forth has met the ap- proval of the first critics, both at home and abroad. Died, 1830. ALISON, RicnARP, one of the ten com- posers, who, by command of Elizabeth, adapted the Psalms to music. aLi] ^ i^tbi Winihtr^aX BiosrapTjji. [all ALIX, Peter, a Frencli abbot of the 17th century ; author of a " Dialogue entre Ponte noir et la Pillorie," and other works. ALKMAAR, Henky, a German poet of the 15th century. ALLAINVAL, Leoxor Soulas p', a French al)b6 and dramatic poet, of consider- able merit, lie died at Paris, 1753. ALLAN, Daaid, a Scottish portrait and historical painter of the 18th century, born at Alloa, 17-14. There are several engraWugs from his pictures. Died, 179G. ALLAN, George, F. A. S., son of the above, M. P. for the city of Durham, and a principal contributor to NichoUs' Literary Anecdotes. Born, 1768 ; died, 1828. ALLAN, Sir William, an eminent his- torical painter, was born in Edinburgh in 1782. Of humble parentage, he at an early age evinced a decided predilection for art ; and, when still a young man, he pursued his favourite study with equal enterprise and ability, visiting Morocco, Greece, and Spain, and penetrating the remote and semi-bar- barous territories of Russia and Turkey, that he might familiarise himself with the rude and picturesque aspects there presented. " The Polish Captives," " The Slave Jlarket of Constantinople," and various kindred subjects, testify to his skill in this depart- ment of art i but he did much also to illus- trate the historic lore of his own land, as his vivid representation of Mary and of llizzio, the Murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and the Battle of Waterloo amply testify. He was an old and attached friend of Sir Walter Scott; and his amiable, unassuming manners, and his vast fund of anecdote, procured him general love and esteem. In 1841 he suc- ceeded Sir D. Wilkie as president of the Royal Scottish Academy, and was soon after- wards knighted. Died, 1830. AI^LARD, Guy, a French writer, known principally by numerous works upon the genealogical liistory of Dauphinj'. Died in 1716. ALLARD, Jean Franoots, a French ge- neral officer, much distinguished during the Empire. On the final downfall of Napoleon, he entered, successively, the Egyptian and the Persian ser\ices, and at length became the confidential ad\iser of Runjeet-Singh, whose troops he disciplined in the European manner. Bom, 1785 ; died, 1839. ALLATIUS, Leo, a Greek physician and man of letters, librarian of the Vatican at Rome, and professor in the Greek college there. Died, 1669, aged 83. ALLEGBAIN, Christopher Gabriel, an eminent French sculptor. Died, 1795. ALLEGRI, Alexander, an Italian sa- tirical poet, who first served in the army, and then became an ecclesiastic. He had a great turn for burlesque poetry ; and his principal work, " Rime Piaceovoli," lias gone through several editions. ALLEGRI, Gregorio, a celebrated Ro- man musical composer, whose works are still retained in the pontifical chapel. The chief is tJie "Miserere," which is always sung on Good Friday. Died, 1640. ALLEIN, Joseph, a nonconformist mi- nister, known chiefly as the author of " An Alarm to Unconverted Sinners," which has gone throiigh numerous editions. Born in 1623, at Devizes ; died at Bath, 1688. ALLEN, JoHX, archbishop of Dublin and chancellor of Ireland, cruelly murdered by the son of the Earl of Kildare, 1534. ALLEN, John, M. D., a distinguished writer on historical subjects, was bom at Bedford, his paternal property, near Edin- burgh, in 1771. He studied at Edinburgh, and took his degree in medicine in 1792. But his predilection for politics soon with- drew him from his medical pursuits ; and he early connected himself with the move- ments for Parliamentary Reform, which commenced in Scotland at the outbreak of the French Revolution. In 1802, having been recommended to the late Lord Hol- land as a medical friend and companion, he accompanied the noble lord and his family on successive tours through France, Italy, and Spain ; and the similarity of their tastes and opinions soon led to a lasting friendship between them, which death alone interrupted. On his return from the con- tinent, he devoted himself to literary pur- suits. The extent and variety of his attain- ments are shown in his numerous contri- butions to the Edinburgh Review, chiefly on subjects connected with the British con- stitution, and with French and Spanish his- tory. But the most lasting monument to his literary fame is his valuable work called an " Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative," of which a second edition has been recently published. In 1811 he became warden, and in 1820 master of Dulwich College ; but he continued to re- side chiefly at Holland House, where the manliness, sincerity, and independence of his character, his kindly nature and exten- sive information, gained him the esteem of all who were admitted to that " Temple of Wit" and hospitality. Died, April 10. 1843. ALLEN, Thomas, an eminent scholar in the reign of Elizabeth, considered the first mathematician of his day. Born, 1542 ; died, 1032. ALLEN, Thomas, an industrious writer and compiler of antiquarian and historical works ; the chief of which were, "The His- tory and Antiquities of Lambeth ; " " The History and Antiquities of London, AVest- minster, and Southwark ; " with various county histories. Born in 1803, and died, ofcholera, July 1833. ALLERSTAIN, a German Jesuit of the 18th century. He was one of the mission- aries to China, where he died ; and was au- thor of some valuable astronomical obser- vations. Died about 1778. ALLESTRY, Richard, bom at Upping- ton, in Shropshire, 1619, was a student of Christ Church, Oxford, and originally de- signed for the Church ; but, during the civil wars, he joined the royal army, and was present at the battle of Keinton. At the Restoration he took orders, and subse- quently enjoyed many clerical dignities. Died at Eton, 1680. ALLEY, William, a zealous member of the Reformed Church, was born at Great Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, made bishop of Exeter in 1560 by Elizabeth, and died, 1570. all] ^ ^eitt ©liuber^aT 3iJt0srapl)j). [alp ALLEYN, Edwakd, a celebrated actor in the reigus of Elizabeth aud James, and founder of Dulwich College, was born in London, 15(>6. He was tlie first master of liis own college, and, dying in 1620, was buried in its chapel. ALLIOXI, Chaules, a celebrated physi- chiii, medical writer, and professor of bo- tany in the university of Turin. Born, 1725 ; died, 1804. ALLIX, Peter, a learned divine, bom at Alenon, in France, 1644, was minister of the Reformed Church at Rouen and Charenton. On tlie repeal of the Edict of Nantes, he came to England, was created D.D. at Ox- ford, and made treasurer of tlie church at 1 Salisbury. Died in London, 1717. AIjLOISI, Balthazau, a Bolognese his- torical and portrait painter, who obtained the name of Galanixo. Died, 1638. ALLOKI, Alexandek, a Florentine painter, who excelled in naked figures. lie • died in 1C07. ALLORL CiiKiSTOPHANO, called also Bronzino, the son of the above, was also an eminent painter, chieHy distinguished for his small pictures. Died, 1619. ALLY, Vizier, ex-niibobof Oude, wasthe adopted son of the former nabob of Oude, Yusuf ab Dowlah, who declared liimself suc- cessor. The English government, however, deposed him in favour of the brother of Yusuf, but settled on him a pension of 2.^),(K)();. While engaged with the agents of the East India Company, who had been sent to meet him at Benares for the purpose of making arrangements for his future resi- dence, he gave a signal, on which his armed followers rushed in and treacherously mur- dered the Company's officers. For a time he made his escape, but surrendered on con- dition that his life should be spared. Died in prison, 1817, aged only 36. ALMAGRO, DiEoo i/, a Spaniard of low origin, who accompanied Pizarro in the ex- pedition against Peru, in which his valour, profligacy, and cruelty were equally dis- played. In 1523, he took Cuzco, the capital of Chili, bjr storm, and put Atahualpa, the last of the incas, to a most horrid death ; but quarrelling with the brothers of Pizarro about the division of their spoil, a schism ensued, and Almagro was eventually taken prisoner and strangled, 1.5;i8. ALMAMON, or ABD ALLAH, caliph of Bagdad, son of Ilaroun al Roschid, succeeded his brother Al Amin, 814, and died, 8;>3. He founded an academy at Bagdad, to which he invited able professors of languages and sciences, and left behind him a character for clemency and benevolence. ^VLMANASOR, Jacob, a caliph of the Sa- racens in Africa, who, after conquering territory to the extent of 1200 leagues in length, met with such a reverse of fortune, that he became a baker at Alexandria, in the exercise of which business he died, in 1205. ALMAXZOR, surnamed the Victorious, the second caliph of the house of Abas, suc- ceeded to the throne in 753. During his reign tlie city of Bagdad was raised from the foundation, and was made the imperial residence. ALMARUS, abbot of the monastery of St. Austin, Canterbury, made bishop of Sher- borne, 1022. ALMEIDA, Francisco, a Portuguese, appointed, in 1505, the first viceroy of India. After a perilous voyage, he crossed the Cape of Good Hope, and proceeded along the coast of Africa, spreading terror and desola- tion ; he reduced several places under the dominion of Portugal, gained some extra- ordinary victories, and was killed on his return in a quarrel with the natives at the Caiie, in l.TOO. ALMEIDA, Lorenzo, son of Francisco, ] was also an enterprising coiinnander and navigator, and distinguished himself by many expeditions in the Indian seas. Ceylon was by him made tributary to Portugal. Lorenzo lost his life in an engagement with the Egyptian fleet in the bay of Cambaya. ALJklELOVEEN, Thkodore Jansen van, a physician, bom near Utrecht, was a man of deep reading and research, and pro- fessor of history, tlxe Greek language, and medicine, at llarderwick. He died at Am- sterdam, 1742. ALMINARA, Marquis, Spanish envoy to France from Charles IV. j diplomatist, and the author of an able " Reply to Cevallos," respecting the former's abdication, and of "A History of tlie Inquisition." ALMON, JouN, a political writer and publisher, and the friend of Wilkes, was born at Liveniool in 1708. In 1774 he com- menced the Parliamentary Register ; he was also the author of a Lilc of I^ord Chat- ham, and various biograpliical, political, and literary anecdotes. He died in 1805. AI.OADDIN, commonly called the Old Man of the Mountains, prince of the Arsa- eides, or Assassins. He was the sheik of a Syrian tribe professing the Mahometan re- ligion, and from his followers the word assassin has its derivation. ALOJdFRA, the founder of the Burman empire, a man of obscure birth, but who raised himself to independence and sove- reign power, and established a new dynasty about the middle of the 18th century. ^VLONZO DE VIADO, a Spanish Liberal, born, 1775 ; author of a plan for reforming the Spanish army, of a treatise on architec- ture, and several translations. ALPHERY, Mikepuer or Nicephorus, a Russian prince, who, during the civil dis- sensions in liis countrj', came to England, was educated at Oxford, and, in 1018, ob- tained the living of Warley, Huntingdon- shire, whence he was ejected in the civil war. At the Restoration he was reinstated in his living ; and, although twice invited to return to Russia, for the purpose of be- ing placed on the throne, he preferred re- maining in this country with liis flock. lie died at Hammersmith, at the age of 80. ALPHONSO I., or ALONZO ENRIQirEZ. first king of Portugal, son of Henry of Bur- gundy, count of Portugal. lie fought suc- cessfully against the Moors, raised his coun- try to a powerful monarcliy, and died, 1185, alter a reign of 57 years. ALPHONSO III., the Great, king of the Asturias, bom 847, succeeded his father Ordogeno, 865, and died at Zamora, 012. He conquered many places from the Moors, alp] ^ ^^ Winibtr^Kl 3Siffgrajil)M. [alg was a patron of learned men, and distin- guished liimself for piety and justice. ALPHONSO IV., surnamed the Brave, BOn of king Denis, whom he succeeded, 1324, was an able and impartial sovereign, and died, 1357. ALPHONSO v., surnamed the Magnani- mous, king of Arragon, born, 1384 ; suc- ceeded his father, Ferdinand the Just, 1416, and died at Naples, 14.58, leaving his Neapo- litan dominions to his natural son Ferdi- nand, and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Si- cily to his brother Juan, king of Navarre. Thus monarch was accounted the most ac- complished prince of his time : he gave shelter to the Greek literati expelled from Constantinople, and was in other respects a great patron of learning. ALPHONSO X., called the Wise, king of Leon and Castile, succeeded his father, Ferdinand III., 1231, and died, 1284, aged 81. As a ruler, Alphonso was misguided and unfortunate ; but as a patron and an encourager of the sciences, he obtained much reputation. lie completed a code of laws, began by his father, still known under the title of " Las Partidas," and preceded the other nations of Europe in substituting the vernacular tongue for the Latin in law pro- ceedings. His favourite pursuit, however, was astronomy, and he employed the most famous astronomers to draw up the cele- brated tables called after him the Alphon- sine Tables, wliich were first published at Venice, 1483. ALPHONSUS, Tastadus, bishop of Avila, a voluminous Spanish writer, who flourished during the loth century. ALPINI, PiiOsi'EKo, a Venetian physi- cian, born, 1553, and died, 1617. He was the greatest botanist of his day, tlie first who explained the impregnation and gene- ration of plants by the sexual system, and is the author of many valuable works on his favourite pursuit. ALSTEDIUS, JoHJT Henkt, a German philosopher and Protestant divine, born about 1588, and died, 16.38 ; author of some celebrated theological collections, but chiefly known for his Encyclopaedia. ALSTON, CuARLES, an eminent Scotch physician and botanist ; author of " Tiro- cinium Botanicum Edinburgense," &c. ; and public lecturer at Edinburgh. Born, 1683 ; died, 1760. ALSTKOEJIER, JoxAS, a distinguished Swede, born of poor parents at Alingas, West Gothland, in 1685, After struggling with poverty for a long time, he visited London, and paying particular attention to the commercial and manufacturing sources of British prosperity, he returned to Swe- den in 1723, resolving to carry the plans he had formed into execution. Having ob- tained a license to establish manufactures in the town in which lie was born, it soon became the seat of industry and activity, which afforded an example to the whole kingdom. He established a sugar house at Gottenburg, and traded to the Indies and the Levant ; improved rural economy ; cul- tivated plants proper for dyeing ; and im- proved the wool trade by importing sheep from Spain and England, and the goat from Angora. For these important benefits, Al- Btroemer received a patent of nobility, was made Knight of the Polar Star, and lio- noured with t!ie title of Chancellor of Com- merce ; tlie Academy of Sciences chose liim a member ; and the national states decreed him a statue, to be erected to his memory on the exchange of Stockholm. Died, 1761. ALTEN, General Charles, count, a brave and experienced oflScer, was born at Wil- kenburg, at Hanover, in 1764, and in 1781 received his commission as ensign in the foot-guards of the electorate. After taking part in the operations of 1793, against the revolutionary troops of France, he was made colonel of the king's German legion in 1803, and from that time till the end of the war he was almost constantly on service. He was at the taking of Copenhagen, and afterwards served under Sir Jolm Moore as a brigadier-general in the fatiguing and arduous duties of the disastrous cam- paign which ended in the battle of Co- runna. At Walchercn also, and at the siege of Flushing, he distinguished himself; and on his return to England, in 1810, he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and placed in command of the south-west dis- trict. From this station, however, he was speedily removed, his brigade being destined for tlie operations of the Peninsula, where he served under Marshal Beresford at the first siege of Badajoz, and at Albuera. In 1812, Wellington placed him at the head of the light division, which he commanded in the general actions of Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, and Tou- louse. Like that of many of his brave com- peers, his active duty closed with the battle of Waterloo ; and his services at the head of the third division, during the memorable 16th, 17th, and 18th of June, will ever be classed among the most devoted and glorious on military record. He was now created a count ; and when recovered from the dan- gerous wounds he had received, he took the command of the Hanoverian troops forming part of the army of occupation in France. In 1831, Count Alten was nominated one of the ministers of state, and placed at the head of the war department in Hanover. This appointment he held till his death, which took place in April, 1840. ALTER, Francis Chakle.s, a German Jesuit and laborious critic ; Greek teacher in the school of St. Anne at Vienna, in which capital he died, 1804. ALTHAMERUS, a divine of Nuremberg ; author of various theological works, and a principal promoter of the Reformation in Berne, Switzerland. Died, 1450. ALTILIO, Gabriel, aNeapolitan ; author of some l^atin poems of great beauty. He was tutor to Prince Ferdinand, sou of Al- phonso 11. , and was subsequently made bishop of Policastro. Died, 1501. ALTING, Hexky, an eminent German divine, born at Embden, 1583 ; died, 1614. He distinguished himself at the synod of Dort, as deputy from the Palatinate, and did much in advancement of the Protestant interest in Germany by his temperate con- duct and abilities as a reasoner. Born, 1583; died, 1644. 32 alt] ^ ^ctu ^ntbcriSal 38tflffrajp]^«. [ama ALTING, Jamks, son of the above, was educated at Groningen, and came to Eng- land, wliere he was ordained a priest of the chmch by the Bishop of Worcester. In 1«>4;{, he was chosen Hebrew professor at Gro- ningen, and afterwards professor of divinity. Born, IfilS ; died, 1C79. ALTING, Mkxson^, a burgomaster of Groningen, author of the best description of the Low Countries now extant. Died, 1713. ALTISSIMO, the poetical surname of an Italian poet named Christopher. His sur- name and a poetic crown were given to him on account of his great popularity as an improvisatore. ALTAIAN, John George, a Swiss histo- rian and divine, curate of Inns in tlie same canton, and professor of moral pliilosophy and Greek at Berne. Born, ltW7 ; died, 1758. ALTDORFER, or ALTORF, Ai.ueut, a Bavarian painter, architect, and engraver. Ue raised liimself by hb merits to the rank j of senator of Ratisbou, wliich city he adorned j with many handsome edifices. Born, 1488 ; died, 1578. I ALURED, an ancient English historian, who flourished in the beginniug of tlie 12th century. His annals are very valuable, and comprise the history of the Britons, Saxons, and Normans, down to his own time, 1129. ALVA, Fekdi.vanu Alvakez, Uuke of, the descendant of an illustrious family in Spain, was a famous general under the empe- rors Charles V. and Philip II. He made his first campaign at the battle of I'avia. At the siege of Metz he performed pnxligies of valour ; and in the war with tlic pope he was completely successful ; but he was as cruel as he was brave. In l.'(G7, Philip sent him to reduce the Low Countries, then in a state of revolt. Here he landed with 10,(X»0 men, and immediately commenced a series of cruelties almost unparalleled in the annals of history, annihilating every remaining privilege of the people. He was subse- quently employed against Don Antonio, who had assumed the crown of Portugal, and drove him from that kingdom, the whole of wliich he reduced to Plulip's authority. Died in 1589, aged 74. ALVARADO, Don Pedro, one of the ra- pacious conquerors of Spanish America, who accompanied Cortes to America. He was appointed to the government of Guatimala, and was slain in 1.>11. ALVAR^VDO, Alpiioxso d' a Spanish adventurer, who accompanied Pizarro in his expedition to Peru ; and who was equally distinguished for his bravery and his cruelty. Died, 1.55.5. ALVAREZ, Emanuel, a distinguished Portuguese grammarian, born at Madeira, 152(), and died at the college of Evora, of which he was rector, 1582. ALVAREZ, Fkaxcis, a Portuguese di- vine, bom at Coimbra, towards the end of the 15th century, and died, 1540, leaving behind him in Portuguese an occount of his embassy to David, king of Abyssinia, and a description of Etliioplan manners and cus- toms, which is deemed the flrst accurate ac- count of Abyssinia. ALVAREZ, Gomez, a Spanish poot. The chief of his works, which were written in. Latin, is a poem on the Order of the Golden Fleece. Born, 1488 ; died, i:>S8. ALVAREZ, Don Jose, one of the most eminent sculptors of the 19th centurj', was born near Cordova in Spain, 17(i8. Patronised by Charles IV., he proceeded to Paris in 1799, with a view of prosecuting his studies ; and he soon gained himself a name in the French metropolis. Napoleon presented liim with a gold medal ; but his subsequent conduct towards Spain inspired the artist with such aversion for him, tliat he would never model his bust ; and he afterwards was imprisoned for refusing to take t)ic oath of allepunce to Joseph Buonaparte, when proclaimed king of Spain. Many of his best works are at Madrid. Died, 1827. ALVAROTTO. J AMES, a lawyer of Padua, distinguished for liis attainments both in the civil and canon law ; author of "Commen- taria in Libros Feudorum." Born, 1474 ; died. 1542. ALVENSLEBEN, PuiLii- Cuas.. Count of, son of a counsellor of war at Hanover, was a distinguished diplomatist, and in 1791 was placed at the head of the department for foreign atfairs at Hanover, in which he gave general satisfaction. The count wrote a "History of the War from the Peace of Munster to that of Hubertsbourg." Born, 1745 ; died, 1802. ALVIANO, BAUTnoi.OMEW, nn eminent Venetian general, whose exertions against the emperor Maximilian, in l.jdS, caused the republic to decree him triumphal honours. In the siege of Padua by the emperor, and at the battles of La Motte and Alariguano. Alviano displayed the most heroic qualities, His deatli was occasioned by excessive fa- tigue while laying siege to Brescia. Born, 1455 ; died, 1515. ALXINGER, J. B., bom at Vienna, in 1755 ; author of gome admired German poems and translations. Died, 1797. ALYPIUS, an architect of Antioch, em- ployed by Julius in his attempt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, He was subse- quently banished, on a charge of practising the black art, and died in exile. Alypius wrote a " Geographical Description of the World," publislied in 1028 at Geneva. ALYPIUS, bishop of Tagasta, Africa, the friend of St. Augustine, with whom he was baptized at Milan, in 388. He opposed the Donatists and Pelagians with great zeal ; and died in 430. AMADEDDULAT, first sultan of the Buiyan dynasty, was the son of a fisherman of Dilem, on the Caspian Sea. He rose to distinction in the armies of Makan, sultan of Dilem, and subsequently gained possession of Persia Proper, Persian Irak, and Kerman, of which he assumed the sovereignty, and fixed the seat of his government at Shiraz, in 933. He died, 940, and left his crown to his nephew, Adadeddulat. AMADEUS v., count of Savoy, succeeded to the sovereignty of tliat state, 12a5, and died at Avignon, 1323. Although a prince of such small dominions, he acquired the surname of Great, from his wisdom and success. AMADEUS VIII., count of Savoy, elected, 1391, and died, 1451. Ue was one of the AM a] % flt^ Wini^itx&^X 2SuJsrapl)i). [amb most singular characters of his time ; and, from his prudence in keeping peace with his neighbours, obtained the title of the Pacific. AMADEUS IX., count of Savoy, although undistinguished by deeds of renown, deserves lionourable mention as a prince who pos- sessed all the Christian virtues in an emi- nent degree, and particularly that of charity, lie married lolaude, of France, who sec- onded him in all his good works ; and his subjects conferred on him the title of the Blessed. He died, universally regretted, 1472. AMADUZZI, Joiix CiiEiSTorHEK, a learned Roman of the 18th century ; in- spector of the printing office of the Propa- ganda at Rome. AMAIA, Francis, a Spanish lawyer of much reputation, and professor of legal sci- ence at Salamanca, but afterwards a coun- sellor at Valladolid, where he died, 1G40. AMAK, or ABULNAGIE AL, BOKII ART, a Persian poet in the 5th century, enter- tained at the court of sultan Khedar Khan, who instituted an academy of poets, of which he made Amak president. His chief poem is the " History of the Loves of Joseph and Zoleiskah." AMALARIUS, Fortunatus, archbishop of Treves in 810. He established Christianity iu Saxony, consecrated a church at Ham- burgh, and was sent ambassador in 813 to Constantinople by Charlemagne. Died, 814. AMALTHEUS, Attix-ius, made arch- bishop of Athens by Paul V., who sent liim nuncio to Cologne. Died, ICOO. AMAI.THEUS, Jerome, an Italian phy- sician and poet of some repute ; born, 1507 ; and died, 1574. AM^ILTHEUS, John Baptist, brother of the above, was born, 1523 ; attended the Venetian ambassador to England, and, on his return, was mad£ secretary to pope Pius IV. His Latin poems were printed 1550 ; and lie died, 1573. AMALTHEUS, Cornelius, another bro- ther of the above, was also eminent in physic and poetry. AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard, Sieur de St., a French poet, born at Rouen, 1594, and died, 1661. He was one of the first members of the French academy, and dis- tinguished himself in amatory and comic poetry. AMAR DURIVIER, J. A., born in 1763 ; author of a great variety of literary works, translations from Gay, Terence, Lucan, &c. AMARA-SLNGHA, a Hindoo author of great antiquity, who compiled a dictionary of tlie Sanscrit language, part of which was published at Rome, 1798. An entire manu- script copy of the original is in the royal library at Paris, written in the century pre- ceding the birth of Christ. AMARETTI, Abbe C, a Milanese mi- neralogist, born in 1743 ; author of " Vi- aggio di Trilaghi," "Memoirs of Leonardo da Vinci," &c. &c. He was a knight of Napoleon's order of the Iron Crown. AJMASEO, Romulus, an eminent teacher of the belles lettres at Padua, where he had himself completed his education. Re- moving to Bologna, where he married, he acquired so high a reputation that he was 84 admitted to the citizenship. His celebrity at length caused him to be invited to Rome by Paul III., by whom he was employed in various embassies ; and by Julius III. he was appointed secretary of the briefs. lie translated Paiisanias and the Cyrus of Xenophon into Latin ; and published a volume of his own Latin speeches. Bom, 1489 ; died, 1552. AMATI, a celebrated violin maker of Cremona, who lived about the year 1600. AMATUS, a Portuguese Jew, born, 1511, at Castel Bianco. He studied medicine with success at the university of Salamaiicn, and afterwards gave lectures on the science at Ferrara, Ancona, and other places. He published two treatises on subjects connected with his profession. ' AMAURI, DE CfiARTRES, a French vi- sionary of the loth century, who maintained the eternity of matter, and that religion had three epochs, agreeable to the three persons of the Trinity. His opinions were condemned by the council of Paris, 1209, and some of his followers burnt. To avoid a similar fate, he renoimced his errors, but died of vexation. AMBERGER, CHRiSTornER, a painter of Nuremberg in the 16th century, was a disciple of Hans Holbein. His principal work is the history of Joseph, in twelve pictures. Amberger was likewise a good engraver in wood. Died, 1550. AMBOISE, Francis, a French writer, educated in the college of Navarre, and afterwards an advocate in the parliament of Paris, and counsellor of state. He pub- lished several poetical pieces in French and Latin, but is chiefly known as the collector and editor of the works of the celebrated Abelard. He died about 1612. AMBOISE, George d', a French cardi- nal and minister of state, born of a noble family, 1460. He became successively bishop of Montauban, archbishop of Narbonne, and lastly of Rouen. Louis XII. made him prime minister, and he soon acquired great popularity by taking off the taxes which had been usually levied on the people at the accession of every new monarch. The king, by his advice, undertook the conquest of tlie Milanese, which succeeded. Soon after this, he was appointed the pope's le- gate in France, with the dignity of cardinal, and in that capacity effected a great reform among the religious orders. He died in 1510. AMBOISE, Amery d', a famous French admiral, and brother of the above, who gained a splendid victory over the sultan of Egvpt, in 1510. AJViBOISE, Michael d', a natural son of Amboise, admiral of France, born at Naples, and died in great poverty, 1547. He was the author of numerous poems in the French language, which he published imder the name of the Signior de Chavillon. AMBROGI, Antoine, a Roman Jesuit and poet, was born in 1712. tie translated Virgil and some of the works of Voltaire into Italian. Died, 1788. AMBROGIO, Tesco, one of the most celebrated among the early Italian orien- talists, was born at Pavia, in 1469, and died, 1540. AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, was born, 340, at Aries, in Gallia Nurboncnsis, of which province his father was lieutenant. While vet a youth he pleaded causes with so much eloquence, that Probus, prefect of Italy, chose him one of his council, and afterwards nominated him governor of Milan, which olfice ho held five years. In 374, Auxentius, bishop of Milan, died ; and 80 fierce was the contest in the election of a successor to the vacant see, that the go- vernor was called upon to quell the tumult. Tills he attempted by persuasion in the great church ; and at the conclusion of his address, a voice in the crowd exclaimed, "Ambrose is bishop." This circumstance was considered as of divine direction, and Ambrose was declared to be the object not only of the popular choice, but of divine se- lection. His first eiforts were directed to the extermination of Arianism, which was then making great progress. He also suc- cessfully resisted the Pagans, who were attempting to restore their ancient worship. When Maximinua invaded Italy, and ac- tually entered Milan, Ambrose remained at his pogt, to assuage the calamities pro- duced by the invading army. When, in consequence of a tumult at Thessalonica, Theodosius sent an order for a general massacre, Ambrose repaired to the empe- ror, remonstrated with him on his barbarity, and prevailed on him to promise that the command should be revoked. Tlie mandate was, however, carried into execution, and 7000 persons were slaughtered in cold blood. Shortly afterwards, when Theodosius, in the anguish of self-reproach, was about to enter the great chnrch of Milan, Ambrose met him at the porch, and sternly forbade him to appear in the holy place. The emperor pleaded the example of David: — "You have imitated David in his crime, imitate him in his repentance," was the reply ; and Theodosius was compelled, not only to perform a penance, but to sign an edict, which ordained that an interval of thirty days should pass before any sentence of death or of confiscation should be executed. He died at Milan, in 397. AMBROSINI.Ambrozio, a Fcrrarese; au- thor of several oratorios, cauzoni, and sonnets ; died in 1700. AMBROSINT, Giulio, a Mantuan, bom in 1580 ; author of a work on Dcmonology. AMBROSIUS AURELI ANUS, king of the Britons. He came from Armorica to assist in expelling the Saxons, who had been in- vited over by Vortigern ; and on the death of that monarch the sovereignty was invested in him. Died, at Winchester, in 50S. AMEILIION, HtiiERT Pascal, a learned Frenchman, born, 1730; author of "Uis- toire du Bas P^mpire," of a celebrated work on the Commerce of the Egyptians, and of " Researches into the Mechanical Arts of the Ancients." Died, 1811. AMELIA, An-xe, princess of Prussia, sister of Frederic the Great; born, 1723; and died, 1787. She was distinguished by her taste for the arts, and set to music " The Death of the Messiah," by Ramler. AMELIA, duchess dowager of Saxe Wei- mar, bom, 1739 ; duchess of Brunswick and Luneburg. At the age of 17 she married, and in 1737 gave birth to a son, but lost the duke, her husband, tlie year following. In the discharge of her duties as regent she was most exemplary ; and liberally patronised men of learning and genius, among whom were Wicland, Goethe, Scliiller, and Herder. Died, 1807. AMELIA, youngest child of George III. and Queen Charlotte ; a princess who in mind and manners was amiable and accom- plished, and whose taste for the fine arts was only equalled by her fervent piety and pure benevolence. She possessed in the highest degree the affection of her royal father, and her death is supposed to have had the most serious effect upon the state of his mind. Born, 17a3 ; died, 1810. AMELOT, N., a French minister of state in 1788, who was accused of persecuting one Latude, as the agent of Af. Pompadour, during the ancient regime. For some offence to the republicans, he was imprisoned in the Luxemburg, where his life was saved and prolonged by a young female, who avowed a passion for him ; but at length he died in the prison. His victim, Latude, on es- caping from the Bastile, brought an action of damages, and recovered from Amelot's heirs. AMELOT DE LA IIOUSSAYE, Nicho- las, a French historian of the 17th century. He resided for some time at Venice, as sec- retary to the French embassy, and wrote a history of its government, lie also trans- lated the " Prince " (by Machiavcl) and other Italian works into French. I>ied, 1706. AMELUNGHI, Jekome, a Pisan poet, preceding Tasso in the mock-heroic style; author of " La Gigantea del Forabosco, ' in 1547. AMENTA, N., an admired Neapolitan poet, bom in 1059 ; author of " La Costanija," "La For^a," "La Carlotta," " La GemcUe," comedies, &c. &c. AMERBACH, Jonx, a printer of Basle, in the 15th century ; the first who used the Roman type instead of Gothic and Italian. Died, 1515. AMERBACn, Bo-iFACE, son of the above, syndic of Basle ; an intimate friend of Erasmus. Died, 1562. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, or, more pro- perly, Amekigo Vespucci, an eminent navigator, was bom at Florence, in 1451. After receiving a liberal education, he was sent by his father to Spain for the purpose of conducting his commercial afiairs ; and, being at Seville when Columbus was making preparations for his second voyage, he re- solved to quit mercantile pursuits, and enter on the career of discovery. His first ex- pedition to the new continent was in 1499, under the command of Ojeda, a year after the discovery and examination of that part of the coast by Columbus. After this he entered the sci-vice of king Emanuel of Portugal, and made two voyages in Por- tuguese ships ; the first in 1501 ; the second in 1.503. The object of this last voyage was to find a westerly passage to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil, and discovered the Bay of All Saints. In 1505, he again entered the service of tlie king of Spain, but made no ame] ^ ^0&3 Wixxibtv^Kl 28t0sra3|jT)w. [ajim more voyages, as appears from memoranda, showing that he was at Seville till 1508, at which time he was appointed principal pilot. His duties were to prepare charts, and pre- scribe routes for vessels in their voyages to the new world, which soon received his name. This honour certainly belonged to Columbus rather than to Amerigo, for the prior discovery of the continent by the for- mer is not to be questioned. He died in 1.516. AMES, FisuER, an American political writer. In 1788 he became a member of the house of representatives, and distinguished liimself as a politician. He retired from pro- fessional business in 179C, but was chosen president of Harvard College. Tlie works of Mr. Ames were published at Boston, 1809. Born, 1758 ; cUed, 1804. AMES, Joseph, the celebrated historian of British typography, was bom at Yar- mouth, 1(389, and died, 1759. His father ap- prenticed him to a plane-maker in London ; and, after serving out his time, he became a fillip-chandler at Wapping, which business, notwithstanding his antiquarian pursuits, he carried on until his death. lie early dis- covered a taste for English history and anti- quities ; and brought out, in 1749, after a labour of 25 years, " Typographical Antiqui- ties ; " being an liistorical account of print- ing in England, with some memoirs of an- cient printers, and a register of the books printed by them from 1471 to 1600 ; with an appendix concerning printing in Scotland and Ireland to the same time. AMES, William, an English divine of the time of James I. and Charles I. He was author of a vast number of controversial treatises, but is now chiefly known by his "Medulla Theologica" and "Treatise on Conscience." Died, 1G33. AMHERST, JEFFERr, Lord, a distin- guished British oflBcer, was descended from an ancient Kentish family, near Sevenoaks, where he was bom, 1717. He entered into the army in 1731, and became aide-de-camp to Lord Ligonier, with whom he served at tlie battles of Rocoux, Dettingen, and Fon- tenoy. In 1758 he was sent to America, where he captured Louisbourg, and all its dependencies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This was followed by the reduction of Fort du Quesne, Niagara, and Ticonderoga, which paved the way for the entire conquest of Canada. For these services. General Am- herst received the thanks of parliament, and the order of tlie Bath. In 1703 he was made governor of Virginia; and, in 1776, created Baron Amherst. In 1795, he resigned the commandership-in-chief to the Duke of York, and the following year received the rank of field-marshal. He died in 1797. AMHURST, Nicholas, an English poli- tical and miscellaneous writer, bom at Mar- den, Kent, 1701, and died, 1742. He was author of the "Terrse Filius," a satirical work on the university of Oxford ; and pub- lished, with the assistance of Pulteney and Lord Bolingbroke, the work by which he is most known, entitled " The Craftsman." AMICO, Antoxio, a Sicilian priest, and canon of the cathedral of Palermo, distin- guished by some considerable works in his- tory and antiquities ; for which Philip IV. of Spain made him historiographer royal. Died, 1641. AMICO, ViTO Maria, a professor of theo- logy in the 18th century ; principally known by his Sicilian antiquities. AMICONI, Giacomo, a Venetian liistori- cal and portrait painter, who visited England in 1729. He afterwards went to Spain, was appointed portrait painter to the king, and died there, 1752. AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general, of great valour, was descended from the an- cient kings of Tyre ; and being early en- trusted with military command, he distin- guished himself in the wars of Carthage, particularly against the Romans, towards whom he bore an implacable hatred. He was the father of Hannibal. AMIOT, Father, one of the most learned of the French missionaries to Cliina, born at Toulon, 1718, and died at Pekin, 1794, aged 77. This zealous Jesuit, who arrived at Macao in 1750, was invited to Pekin, in 1751, by the emperor of China, and remained in that capital 43 years. By continued appli- cation he became acquainted with the Chi- nese and Tartar languages ; and, from time to time, remitted to France the result of liis labours, which afterwards appeared in seve- ral publications. AAIINTA, T., author of the mock-heroic poem, " La Nanea," in 1566. AMMAN. There were three noted phy- sicians of this name. The first, John Cox- EAD, a native of Schaft'hausen, was born, 1669, and died, 1724, at Marmund, in the Netherlands. He was chiefly distinguished by liis success in teaching persons born deaf and dumb to speak. — His son, John, was a fellow of the Royal Society in London, and a member of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, where he lectured on botany, and acquired great reputation ; he died, 1740. — The third, Paul, was a native of Breslaw, who settled in 1674 at Leipsic, where lie gave lectures on pliysiology, na- tural history, and botany ; he died, 1691. AMMAN, Justus, a famous engraver and painter at Zurich, in the 16th century. He painted with great brilliancy on glass, but excelled chiefly in engraving, both on wood and copper. Died, 1691. AMMANATI, Bartolomeo, a Floren- tine architect and sculptor in the 16th cen- tury, whose chief performances are the co- lossal statue of Neptune at Venice and the statue of Hercules at Padua. AMMIANUS, Makckllinus, a Latin his- torian of the 4th century, born at Antioch. He wrote the Roman history from the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens, in 31 books, of which only 18 are extant ; and died about 390. AMMIRATO, Seine, an esteemed Neapo- litan poet, bom in 1531 ; author of a "History of Florence," which he wrote at the instance of the grand-duke Cosmo ; of the " Argo- menti " to " Orlando Furioso ; " and of nu- merous prose tracts, political and historical. Died, 1601. AMMON, Andreas, a Latin poet, bom at Lucca, in Italy, of wliose genius Erasmus made frequent and honourable mention. He was sent to England in an official character, amm] ^ i^m ^ixibtr^Kl 2StOfiraqp]^s. [ana by pope Leo X., an<l was appointed Latin i secretary' to Henry VIII. He Kiibsenucntly became prebendary of Salisbury, having pre- viously received some vuluable church pre- ferment. Died, 1517. AMMON'IUS. There were two philoso- phers of this name, of the Peripatetic school ; one flourished at Athens about the year 00, and the other taught at Alexandria in the 0th centurj-. The latter was a disciple of Proclus, and obtained great reputation as a preceptor. AMiMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria, who invented a method of extracting tlie stone from the bladder, which procured liim the surname of the Lithotomist. AM.MONIUS, Lkvinus, a monk of Flan- ders, much esteemed by Erasmus for his learning and pictv. Died, 155C. AMMONIUS SACCAS, a pliilosopher of the iJrd century, founder of the Neo-platonic sect, was born of Christian parents at Alex- andria, and died about 2l;{. AMON TONS, GuiLLAtiME, a French ma- thematician, born in Normandy, 1003, and died, 1705. He devoted himself to the study of natural philosophy ; and constructed a new thermometer, hygroscope, and other philosophical instruments. AiMORE, 8. D., a Sicilian poet, bom in 1044 ; author of " L' Augusto " and " II Sesos- tri," tragedies, &c. &c. AMOttETTI, Charles, a mineralogist, born at Oneglia, in the Milanese, 1740, and died, 1810. lie became one of the keepers of the Anibrositm library, at Milan, and pub- lished, in Italian, "A Tour from Milan to the Three Lakes of Como, Lugano, and Maggiore." I le composed also a great number of memoirs and tracts, for which he was re- warded with the decoration of the order of the Iron Crown. AMORY, TiiONfAS, a dissenting minister of eminence, bom at Taunton, 1701, and died, 1774 ; leaving behind several volumes of sermons, and also the lives of Grove, Ben- son, and Chandler. AMORY, Thomas, a singular character, was son of Counsellor Amory, appointed by William III. secretary for the forfeited estates in Ireland. He led a very recluse life in his house in Orchard Street, West- minster, carefully shunning company, and never stirring out till the evening. He was the author of "John Biinele," "Memoirs," and other eccentric books. Died, 17t>9, aged 5)7. AMPERE, Andke ^Iarie, whose name ia imperishably connected with the great dis- coveries in electro-magnetism, was bom at Lyons, 1775. In 1804 he was nominated pro- fessor in the Polytechnic School of Paris ; and here, in connection with Oersted, Fara- day, and other distinguished men of science, with whom he was in constant correspond- ence, he paved the way for those brilliant discoveries that have already issued in the electric telegraph, and promise an illimita- ble extension of the boundaries of science. Died, 1(05. AMURATII IL, emperor of the Turks, was son of Mahomet I., whom he succeeded in 1421. He was an exceedingly warlike prince, and among his numerous victories was that of Varna, in 1444, when the Chris- tians were defeated, and numbered among j their slain the king of Hungary. George Castriot, celebrated by the name of Scander- beg, at length put a period to the career of Amurath, who died of chagrin at liis re- verses, in 1451. AMURATH III. succeeded his fatlier, Selim II., in 1575. On his accession, he caused his five brothers to be murdered. Died, l.-iOC. AMURATH IV. succeeded his uncle Mus- tapha in 1022. He recovered Bagdad from the Persians in 1037 ; after which he put 30,000 of his prisoners to the sword. Died, 1C40. AMYN AHMED, a learned Persian of the 17th century, who wrote an elaborate work, entitled " The Seven Climates, or a Geogra- phical Description of the East." AMYOT, James, bishop of Auxcrre, and grand almoner of France, bom at Melun, of obscure parents, 1514, and died, 1503. He left the university of Paris at the age of 23. and was recommended to the Duchess of Berri, by whose means he Iwcame professor of Greek and Latin at Bourges. He was afterwards appointed preceptor to the sons of Henry II., and, while engaged in this em- ployment, he translated the Lives of Plu- tordi. Charles IX. gave him the abbey of Cornelius de Compeigne, and conferred on him the high olflces aoove mentioned. AMYRAUT, Moses, a learned French theologian, born at Bourgueil, l.'iOO, and died, 1004 ; vfery generally respected, not only for his moderation and abilities, but also for his bcneticence and charity. His voluminous works are chiefly theological. AMYRUTZES, a Peripatetic philosopher, bom at Trebizond. He was high in favour with the emperor David, and accompanied that prince to Constantinople, whither the Turks carried him after their reduction of Trebizond in 1401. Here he deserted both his sovereign and his religion, and assuming the name of Mahomet Beg, and embracing the Mahometan creed, he was much em- ployed by Mahomet II. ANACHARSIS, a .Scythian philosopher, flourished about COO years B.C. lie travelled to Athens, where he was much esteemed by Solon, and was the only stranger the Athe- nians ever admitted to the honour of citizen- ship. On his return to Scythia he attempted to introduce some of the institutions and customs of Greece ; but while in the act of performing a rite to Cybele, he was killed by an arrow. ANACLETUS, or CLETUS, reckoned by Roman Catholics the third pope, succeeded Sinus as bishop of the church of the Romans in 79, and held that office till his death in 92, when he was enrolled among the saints and martyrs. ANACREON, a famous Greek lyric poet, born at Teos, Ionia, about the Cth century B.C. He was enteitained by Polycrates at Samos, and afterwards lived with Hippar- chu8, at Athens, whence he returned to Teos, and remained there till the revolt of Histaeus, when he removed to Abdera, where he was choked by a grape-stone in the act of drink- ing. His poems are exquisitely beautil'ul, 37 ana] ^ ^tbi Winibtvgul 33insrapibB« [anc lively, and natural. There have been seve- ral English translations, but the one in high- est esteem is by Moore. ANARIA, G. L., a noble Calabrian cos- mographer, born iu 15C1 ; author of a cele- brated work on demonology, published at Venice, "apud Aldum," 158'J. ANASTASrUS I., emperor of the East, born in Illyrieuni, 430, and died, 518. He was elevated to the throne in 491. ANASTASIIJS II., raised to the throne of Constantinople from the condition of se- cretary, 713, was a man of learning, and a zealous Catholic, yet he did not neglect the defence of the empire, then threatened by the Saracens. He was put to death by Leo, who had usurped the crown, ANASTASIUS I., pope, a Roman, suc- ceeded Siricius in 328, and died, 402. His epistle to John, bishop of Jerusalem, who had written to him in behalf of Rullinus, a presbyter of Aquileia, is extant, together with Ruffinus' apology. ANASTASIUS II., son of a Roman citi- zen, succeeded pope Gelasius in 49C, and died iu 498. ANASTASIUS in., a Roman by birth, was raised to the papal chair, after Sergius, 911, and died two years aftei-wards. ANASTASIUS IV. succeeded Eugcnius III., IIXJ, and died the following year. Ten letters of this pope are preserved in the Col- lections of Councils by Labbe and Harduin, and in Du Chesne's History of France. ANASTASIUS, Tueopoijxanus, bishop of Antioch in the Gth century, banished by Justin the Younger for holding the opinion that the body of Christ was incapable of suffering even before the resurrection. He was afterwards restored to his see by Mau- ritius, and died, 099. ANASTASIUS, called Bibliotiieca- nius, a Roman abbot, of Greek origin, of the 9th century ; author of " Liber Pontift- calis." He was principal librarian in the Vatican. ANATOLIUS, patriarch of Constantino- ple, who contended against pope Leo for the equalit V of the two churches. Died, 458. ANAXAGORAS, of Clazomena:, a cele- brated philosopher, born b. c. 500. He in- herited a considerable estate in his own country, which he relinquished to indulge his tliirst for knowledge at Athens, where he applied to the study of poetry and eloquence, and taught philosophy, having had among his pupils Euripides, the tragedian, and Peri- cles, the orator. His reputation, however, created him enemies, and he was condemned to death on a charge of atheism, but the sentence was commuted into banishment. Anaxagoras then withdrew to Lampsacus, where he taught philosophy undisturbed until his death, which happened iu liis 72d year, B.C. 428. ANAXANDRIDES, a Greek comic poet, said to have been the first who introduced love adventures on the stage. He was a na- tive of Rhodes, and starved to death at Athens for libelling the government, B.C. 400. ANAXARCHUS, a Grecian philosopher of the Eleatic sect of Leucippus. He was the friend and companion of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied on his Asiatic expedition, and who admitted him to great freedom. AN AXIMANDER, the friend and disciple of Thales, of Miletus, born, B.C. 010. He had a considerable knowledge of astronomy and geography, and was the first who noticed the obliquity' of the ecliptic : he also taught that the moon receives her light from the sun, and that the eartli is globular : and to him is as- scribed the invention of the sphere and geo- graphical charts. ANAXIMENES, the pupil and successor of Anaximander. He maintained that airis the first principle of all things ; and Pliny attributes to him the invention of the sun- dial, ANAXIJfENES, of Lampsacus, a Greek historian and philosopher, son of Aristocles. He was one of the preceptors of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied in most of his campaigns, and afterwards wrote the history of his reign, and that of his father Philip. ANCHIETA, Jos., a Portuguese Jesnit, surnamed the Apostle of the New World ; born at Teneriffe, 1538, and died, ir,m. At the age of 28, he went to Brazil, where he founded the first college for the conversion of the savage natives. ANCHVVITZ, N., theCracovian nuncio to the Polish Diet ; a man as talented as base ; who sold Poland to Russia and her parti- tionary colleagues, in 1782, and was hanged the year after, in an insurrection of Ihe people. ANCILLON, J. P. P., a celebrated histo- rian, born in 17f!(5 ; author of " Tableau des Revolutions du SystCme Politique," &c. ANCILLON, David, a learned French divine, bom at Metz, 1017, and died, 1092. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he retired from Meaux, of which he had been for some time the pastor, to Frankfort, and thence to Hanau, where he attained to great celebrity by his theological writings and dis- coveries ; and he afterwards accepted a situ- ation in the French church at Berlin. His eldest son, Charles Aneillon, obtained through his influence the office of historiographer to the king of Prussia, and was afterwards made inspector of the French courts of justice. He was a man of much general reading, wrote several treatises, &c., and died, 1715. ANCKARSTROEM, or ANKARSTROM, JoH.v James, a Swedish military oflficer, who assassinated king Gustavus III. at a masked ball ; for which crime he was scourged on three successive days, had his right hand cut off, and was then decapitated. Born, 1758 ; executed, 1792. ANCONA, Cyriaco d', an Italian anti- quary, collector of inscriptions, and author of " Itinerariuni Illyricum ;" born in 1420. ANCOURT, Floiient Cautox d', a cele- brated French actor and dramatic writer, born at Fontainebleau, ICOl, and died, 172G. He was educated in the Jesuits' College at Paris, and was admitted an advocate at the age of 17 ; but, falling in love with an actress, he married her, went upon the stage, and began to write for the theatres. Retiring from this employment in 1718, to his estate in Berry, he applied himself almost wholly to devotion, and composed a translation of the ANC] ^ ^cU) ^uibtr^al 23t05VflpTji). [and Psalms in verse, and a sacred tragedy. He was tlie author of ,'>2 dramatic pieces, of wliicli about one lialf still keep the stage. ANGUS MARTIUS, fourth king of Rome, elected on the death of Tullus Ilostilius, B.C. (534. During his reign, Rome was enlarged by taking in the walls of the Aventine Hill, and occupying the hill Janiculum, beyond the Tiber. lie also built the bridge called Sublicius, erected a public prison in the fo- rum, extended the territories of Rome quite to the sea, and built the town and port of Ostia, at tlie mouth of the Tiber. Aucus died after a prosperous reign of 2-i years. AJSDERSON, AuAM, a native of Scotland, was for many years a managing clerk in the South-Sea House, a trustee for the settle- ments in Georgia, and in the court of the Scotch corporation in London. He wrote a work on the Historical and Chronological Deduction of Trade and Commerce ; aud died, ]7<i.">, aged 75. ANDERSON, Alexander, an eminent scholar of the 17th century, born at Aberdeen, and afterwards i)rofe8Sor of mathematics at Paris ; author of various treatises principally connected with his favourite science. ANDERSON, Sir Edmund, lord chief justice of the Common Pleas under queen Elizabeth, to which situation he wa« pro- moted in 1.W2. He sat on the trials of the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, and of Davidson, the secretary, for issuing the warrant under which she was executed. Anderson's Reports, folio, 1C44, is still a book of authority. He was a native of Lincolnshire, and died, 1(105. yVNDERSON, (lEoitciE, a native of Tun- dern, Slcswick. During 1644, and the six following years, he spent his time in tra- velling through the East, and visited the Arabias, Persia, India, China, the Japanese Islands, Tartary, and the Holy Land. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, on his return, having vainly endeavoured to induce him to commit his adventures to writing, em- ployed his librarian, Olearius, to take down the account from his own mouth as he re- lated them to his highness, the scribe being concealed behind the tapestry of the apart- ment. This work was afterwards published in Sleswick, lOCy. ANDI'-RSON, Geokge, a young man of extraordinary talents, born at Weston, linckinghamshire, in 1700, and died, 1796. His parents were peasants, and he worked as a day-labourer in the fields ; his genius, however, overcame every difficulty, and he attained of himself so great a knowledge of the mathematics, as procured him a clerk's place at the Board of Control, and after- wards the situation of accomi)tant-gen. Mr. Anderson published a " General View of the Affairs of the East India Company, since the conclusion of the War in 1784 ; " and translated from the Greek of Archimedes, " Arenarius, or a Treatise on munbcring the Sand." ANDERSON, James, an advocate at the Scottish bar, eminent for his learning and antiijuarian research, born at Edinburgh, 1662, and died, 1798, through an apoplectic stroke. His first work, " An Essay, proving the Independence of the Crown of Scotland, published 170.5, procured him the thanks of the Scottish parliament, imder whose aus- pices he subsequently produced a series of the " Charters and Seals of the Scottish Monarchs from the earliest Antiquity down to the Union with England." But tlie book which gained him the greatest reputation was, " Selectus Diplomatum etNumismatum Scotiae Thesaurus." ANDERSON, James, a Scottish miscel- laneous writer, bom at Ilemnston, near Edinburgh, 1739, and died, 1808. He pub- lished a series of "Essays ou Planting," which procured him much reputation as an agriculturist ; and, in 1780, the university of Alierdeen conferred on him the degree of LL.D. In 178.3, he removed to Edinburgh, and projected the establishment of the North British Eisheries ; for which purpose he was employed by government to survey the coast of Scotland, and received great commenda- tion for his services. Dr. Anderson was the author of a number of publications chiefly on agricultural affairs ; he also wrote for the Encyclopaedia Britaunica, and was a monthly reviewer. ANDERSON, Joii.v, F. R.S., professor of natural philosophy in the university of Glasgow, and founder of tlie useful institu- tion in that city bearing his name, was l)orn in 1726, at Roseneath, in Dumbartonshire. His great characteristic was an ardent desire for the instruction of his fellow-men, and he was indefatigable in studying and exempli- fying the application of science to mechanical practice ; for which purpose, in addition to his academical labours, he taught his anti- toga-dass, as he called it, twice every week, during the session, to the end of his life. He died in 1796, directing by his will that the whole of liis proi)erty should be devoted to the establishment of an educational insti- tution in Glasgow, to be denominated An- derson's University, for the use of the un- academical classes j which may justly be considered as the parent of the various Mechanics' Institutions which have of late years arisen throughout the country. ANDERSON, John, son of a merchant at Hamburgh, of which city he himself be- came principal magistrate in 1725. He was employed in various negotiations to different Eurojjean courts ; and during his residence there, he cultivated an acquaintance with all whom he found distinguished for their literary attainments, and kept up a volumin- ous correspondence with them after his re- turn. He died, 1743, aged 79. His principal work is, " The Natural History of Greenland, Davis's Straits, and the Countries situated in the Arctic Circle." ANDERSON, Lawrence, one of the chief promoters of the reformation of religion in Sweden. He was chancellor to Gustavus ^asa ; but having engaged in a conspiracy, he passed the years of life left to him by the king's clemency, in retirement. Died, 15.")2. ANDERSON, Robeist, M. D., a native of Camwath, in Lanarkshire ; author of numerous works, critical and biographical. Of those most highly valued are the follow- ing : — "Lives of the British Poets," in 14 vols., published in 1795 ; " Works and Life of Tobias Smollett;" and the "Life of and] ^ ^e&3 Winiiitx^sX ISf0grapT)n. AN Samuel Johnson." He was the friend and patron of genius wherever it appeared ; to him Campbell dedicated his "Pleasures of Hope," as it was chiefly owing to him that tliat matchless poem was first brought before the world. Died, 1830. ANDOCIDES, one of the ten Greek ora- tors, whose lives are written by Plutarch ; he flourished, B.C. 4G8. ANDRE', C. C, a laborious German au- thor; born in 1763; editor of the "Com- pendiose Bibliothek," 1789 ; and many works on history, botany, mineralogy, and geology. ANDKE', J., born in 1741 ; one of the most celebrated German composers. Died, 1800. His son, J. A., was the first to employ litho- graphy to the printing of music, 1801. ANDRE', B., an ex -Jesuit, born in 174.5 ; editor of "Gazette Literaire de Wurtz- bur^," and author of many works, chiefly Latin, on Pedagogy, &c. &c. ANDRE', John, a major in the British service in the American war ; who, being led to offer liis services to negotiate between the noted General Arnold and general Sir Ileniy Clinton, was taken ijrisoner by the Americans witliin their lines ; and, owing to his disguise and the nature of his mission, was tried and executed as a spy, Oct. 2. 1780. On going to the place of execution, he said, with concern, "Must I die in this manner?" Being told it was unavoidable, he replied, " I am reconciled to my fate, but not to the mode ; it will, however, be but a momentary pang." His fortitude ex- cited the admiration, and melted the hearts of all the spectators. When asked if he had anything to say, he replied, "Nothing, but to request that you will witness to the world that I die like a brave man." A monument is erected to liim in Westminster Abbev. ANDRE', Y'vES Mahi, a French Jesuit, and professor of mathematics at Caen ; au- tlior of "Traiti5 sur TUomme," &c. Born, 1075 ; died, 1704. ANDREA, Caval Caxti, a noble Italian, and voluminous author, remarkable for the copiousness and elegance of his style. He died in 1072, and left a collection of novels, an Italian biograijhy, and many minor poems. ANDREA, Cecciiexi, a Tuscan ; author of " Troja Distrutta," a tragedy, and se- veral minor pieces, published in 1063. ANDREA, SALVADoni, a Tuscan poet, born about 1600 ; left three volumes of co- medies, masks, operas, and poems — " II JMedoro," " La Flora," " Le Fonti di Ar- denna," &c. ANDREADA, Ferdinaxo, a Portuguese admiral, who, in 1518, commanded the first European fleet that ever visited the coast of China. ANDREyE, Joiix Gerhard REixnAKD, an ingenious naturalist of Hanover, born, 1724, and died, 1793. He published a " Tour in Switzerland," and a "Treatise on the several kinds of Earth in Hanover." ANDREAS, James, a German reformer, born at Wirtemberg, 1528, and died, 1590. He was at the diets of Ilatisbon and Augs- burg ; secretary at the conference of Worms ; and afterwards made chancellor and rector of the university of Tubingen. ANDREAS, JouN, bishop of Aleria, in Corsica, born, 1417, and C.-ied, 1475. He was a zealous promoter of the art of printing, and superintended the impressions of several classical works at Rome. ANDREINI, Feancis, a celebrated comic writer of Pistoia ; autlior of " Le Bravure del Capitano Spavento," &c. Died, 1616. ANDREINI, Isabella, wife of the pre- ceding, was a celebrated and beautiful im- provisatore, comedian, and comic writer. She displayed great precocity of genius, was well versed in i)hilosophy and languages, sang and played with exquisite taste, and was of irreproachable morals. Born at Pa- dua, in 1562 ; died at Lyons, in 1G04. ANDREINI, John Baptist, son of Francis ; and author of several dramas and poems, among which is " L'Adamo," a mystery, which suggested (as it is said) to ^Milton, while at Milan, his Paradise Lost. ANDRELINI, Public Fekto, a native of Italy, poet laureat to Louis XII., of France, and professor of poetry and philosophy in the universitv of Paris. Died, 1518. ANDREOSSI, Francis, an eminent French engineer and mathematician, was born at Paris, in 16;33. He assisted Riquet in forming the canal of Languedoc, the sole merit of which stupendous work has been uujustlj' claimed for him. Died, 1688. ANDREOSSI, Anthony Fraxcls, Count, a distinguislied French military officer and engineer, and eminent also as a diplomatist, was descended from the subject of the pre- ceding article, and born in Languedoc, 1761. He was a lieutenant of artillery at twenty ; served with distinction in Italy and Egypt ; ^ and had reached the rank of inspector- \ general of the artillery when Napoleon as- i cended the throne. He was successively 1 ambassador to London, Vienna, and Con- ' stautinople ; and received many marks of the imperial favour. On the restoration of Louis XVIII. in 1814, Andreossi was recalled ; from his embassy to the Porte, and pre- ' scnted with the cross of St. Louis : but on | the return of Napoleon from Elba, he again j attached Iiimself to his old master ; and was | one of the commissioners chosen to treat j with the allies by the provisional govern- ment. He wrote " Histoire Gi.'n($rale du Canal du Midi ; " the " Campaign of the Gallo-Batavian Army on the Maine and Rcd- nitz," &c. Died, 1828. ANDREOZZI, G., one of the most cele- brated composers of Italy. Born, 1767. ANDRES, Don Juan, a Spanish author, celebrated in the controversy respecting the Amalfian origin of the mariner's compass ; author of a work on the " Origin of Letters," in Italian, and of another in Spanish, en- titled " Cartas Familiares a se Hermano." ANDRES DES VOSGES, J. F., born in 1744; author of " Le Tartarc," "Paris," and many translations from English works. ANDREW, John, a learned bishop of j Aleria, in Corsica ; and editor of the works j of Herodotus, Livy, and other classics. He , died, 1493. | ANDREW, bishop of Crete, bom at Da- | mascus, and died about 720. He wrote com- and] ^ ^cto Winibtv^&l iStograiJlbJ?* [anp mentnries on the Scrixitures, &c., published at Paris, 1044. ANDREW, of Ratisbon, an historian of the 15th century, wlio wrote a chronicle of the dukes of Bavaria, and a liistory of Bohemia. ANDREW, of risa, a sculptor and ar- chitect, bom in 1270, and died in l.'Mo. He built several grand structures at Florence and Venice, and also obtained great reiJU- tation as a painter, poet, and musician. ANDREW, of Cyrene, an imijostor who, in the reign of Trajan, had the art to de- ceive his Icllow-countrynien, the Jews, into a lielief that he was ordained to be their liberator. They accordingly revolted, and horrible cruelties were committed on both sides l(cforc they were reduced to obedience. ANDREWS, IlEMtY, a self-taught ma- thematician, born of poor parents iit Fries- ton, near Grantham, 1744, and died, Jan. 26. 182(>. Having, while in a menial em- ployment, occupied his leisure moments in the study of astronomical science, he at- tained tlierein great proficiency, and for more than 40 years was a computer of the Nautical Eiihcmeris, and the calculator of Moore's Almanack. ANDREWS, Jajiks Pettit, an English miscellaneous writer, youngest son of Jo- seph Andrews, Esq., of Newbury, Berks, where he was born, 1737, and died at Bromp- ton, 171(7. He received a private education, and was earlj' distinguished by an attach- ment to literature and the fine arts, to the former of which he may be said to have been professionally attached until his death. ANDREWS, Lancklot, an eminent En- lish divine, bishop of Winchester in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., born in I>ondon, irAu't ; died at Winchester House, Southwark, l(>2(i, and buried in the church of St. Saviour, in which an elegant monu- ment was erected to his memory. ANDREWS, Milks Pktkr, a dramatic writer, son of a merchant in the city of London, in whose coiuiting-house he was brought up ; but having a decided turn for theatrical amusements, and coming into a considerable fortune by the death of an elder brother, he bade adieu to mercantile pursuits, and amused himself by writing for the stage. He died suddenly in 1814. ANDRIEU, BERTiiAxn, a mcdallic en- graver, born at Bordeaux, 17f)l, and died at Paris, 1822 ; considered as the restorer of the art of engraving medals, which had declined after the reign of Eouis XIV. ANDRIEUX, F. G. T. S., a clever and voluminous French author, dramatist, poet, and politician, born in 17.'>.5. He was mem- ber of the legislative assembly in 1798 ; op- posed to arbitrary power, he advocated warmly the liberty of the press and the sys- tem of "Ecoles Primaires." He was one of the projectors and chief contributors of the " Decade Pliilosophirjue," and was an active member of the Institute and tl-.e Academic Francalse. Among his dramatic pieces are " Anaximander," " I-es Etour- dis," "Le Vieux Fat," and " Ee Jeune Homme fi I'Epreuve," &c. &c. AKDRISCUS, a man of mean extraction, who, pretending to be the son of Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, took the name of Philip, and was called Pscudo-Philippus. Having obtained a signal victory over Ju- ventus, the Roman prajtor, he assumed the kingly power ; but in the end was conquered, and served to grace the triumph of Melellus, before whom he walked in chains. ANDROMACHUS, of Crete, physician to Nero ; he wrote, in elegiac verse, a descrip- tion of the Theriaca, a medicine which he invented, and dedicated it to the emperor. ANDRONICITS. of Cyrestlies, a Greek architect, who built the famous octagonal temple of the winds, at Athens, which, till lately, was used as a mosque by the Turks. He is also said to be the inventor of the weathercock. ANDRONICUS, Livius. the oldest dra- matic author in the Latin language, who flourished about 240 years b. c. Nearly all his works are lost. ANDRONICUS, of Rhodes, a follower of Aristotle, and to whom we are indebted for restoring and publishing the works of that philosopher. li. c. 03. ANDRONICUS, of Thessalonica, a learned Greek of the I'lth century, whose reputation was great at Rome and Florence, where he taught. Died, 1478. ANDRONICUS I., emperor of the East, was the son of Isaac, and grandson of Alexis Comnenus. He was of an active martial mind, and eloquent ; but had many vices. On the death of his cousin, the emperor !Manuel, in 1103, he was chosen partner in the govern- ment with Alexis XL, who, being a mere youth, soon fell a sacrifice to his coadjutor's thirst of power ; but the people, exasperated at his various cruelties, proclaimed Isaac Angelus emperor, put out the eyes of An- dronicus, led him through the streets in derision, and at length stabbed him, aged 73, A. D. 1185. ANDRONICUS PAL^OLOGUS n.,sur- named the Elder, succeeded Michael VIII., in 128.3 ; but Wiis glad to find refuge in a cloister, in 1325, his grandson having driven him from the throne. ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, James, an eminent French architect of the 10th cen- tury, who designed the Pont Ncuf, and com- menced the building of it in imH. He was also employed, in 1590, to continue the gal- lery of the Louvre ; but was obliged to quit France during the persecution of the Pro- testants, and no further account of him is on record. ANDRY, Nicholas, a physician and me- dical author, of Lyons, in the 17th century ; afterwards dean of the faculty of medicine in the royal college of Paris, where he also filled a pi'ofessor's cliair. He died in 1742. ANEURIN, a British poet and chieftain of the 0th century, supposed by some authors j to be the same m ith Gildas, the historian : j he took a part in the battle of Cattraetli, which he made the subject of a poem ; this, and " Odes of the Months," form the whole I of his known works ; and are to be found in I the Welsh Archaiology. Died, 570. i ANFOSSI, Pasquale, an Italian musi- I cian, born at Naples, 1736 ; died, 1795. He I was composer to the theatre at Rome, and afterwards travelled to Paris, where he pre- I ang] ^ i^tbi WiniiitvSKl 25t05rap!ji?. [ani sentcd to the Academy of Music his " In- counue," adapted to Freuch words. ANGELI, BoNAVicNTUKA, a celebrated historian, of Parma ; died in 1576. ANGELI, Peteh, a distinguished modem Latin poet ; born at Barga, Tuscany, 1517 ; died at Pisa, 1596. ANGELICO, John, an Italian painter ; a Dominican ; he painted the chapel of Ni- cholas v., who offered liim the archbishopric of Florence, whicli he refused. Died, 1448. ANGELIS, Stephen de, an Italian ma- thematician ; he was for some time a Jesuit, but quitted the order, and became a teacher of matliematics at Padua, where he died at the close of the 17th century. ANGELO, FiORiozzoLA, a Florentine poet, honoured by Clement Vlllh's friend- ship, and much esteemed ; died in Rome, 1548 : author of " Discorso degli Animali," " I Lucidi," and " La Trinuzzia," comedies, and a great variety of other works. lie is chiefly admired by liis countrymen for the purity and beauty of his diction. ANGELO, PoLiciANO, born in 1454 ; au- thor of numerous works, in prose and verse, translations from Greek and Latin ; " llusticus," " Orfeo Favola," &c. ANGELO, MicuAEL ue Buoxarotti, the descendant of a noble but reduced family in Tuscany, was born, in 1474, in the territory of Arezzo. He was endowed with extraordi- nary abilities, being incomparable as a painter, sculptor, and architect ; wliile as a poet he was far above mediocrity. To record his great acliievements here would be impos- sible. As a designer he is allowed to be without an equal, and his knowledge of ana- tomy was perfection itself. Many of the most splendid edifices in Italy owe their existence to his masterly hand ; and as a painter, in his delineation of the grand and the terrible he has never been equalled. After a life of glory, speut in the most exalted pursuits, he died, immensely rich, at Rome, 1564, and was there buried ; but the Grand- duke of Tuscany had his body remo^•ed to Florence, and re-interred with princely honours. Sir Joshua Reynolds, in a dis- course to tlie students of the Royal Academy in 1790, speaking of Alichael Angelo, em- phatically exclaimed — "to kiss the hem of his garment, to catch the slightest of his perfections, would be glory and distinction enough for an ambitious man ! " ANGELONI, Francesco, an Italian his- torian, born at Terni, and died at Rome, 1652 ; principally known by an elaborate work, published in 1685, on the history of Rome, which he illustrated by a reference to ancient medals. ANGELUCCI, Theodoke, an Italian poet and physician, who held a professorship at Padua, was a member of the Academy at Venice, and principal physician at Montag- nana, where he died, 1600. ANGELUS, CuKiSTOPHER, a Greek, who, being driven from his own country by the Turks, found an asylum in England in 1608; and, under the patronage of the Bishop of Norwich, he was placed in Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he remoA'ed to Baliol College, Oxford, where he was of great ser- vice to the junior students, and where he died, 1638. He puhlislied many works in Greek, English, and Latin. ANGERSTEIN, John Julius, a distin- guished patron of the fine arts, bom at St. Petersburgh, 1735 ; died at Blackheath, Jan. 22. 1822. He came over to England under the patronage of the late Andrew Thompson, Esq., with whom he lived in partnership upwards of .50 years. Mr. Angerstein ex- liibited much public spirit on several occa- sions, and was the first who proposed a re- ward of 2000^ from the fund at Lloyd's to the inventor of the life-boats. His cele- brated collection of paintings esteemed in- ferior to none of the same extent in Europe, was purchased by the English government for 60,000?., and forms the nucleus of a national gallery. ANGILBERT, St., the son-in-law of Charlemagne, and afterwards abbot of St. Riquier. He had a great taste for poetry, but nothing remains of him except a history of his monastery. He died, 814. ANGIOLELLO, John Mario, a Venetian historian of the 15th century, taken captive by the Turks, and made slave to Sultan Mustapha, whom he attended in an expe- dition to Persia, 147;5, and wrote the history of Mahomet II., in tlie Turkish and Italian languages ; also the history of Ussun Cassan. He died about l-'ioO. AXGOULEME, Charles de Valois, Duke of, natural son of Charles IX. ; bom, 1575 ; and died, 1650. Catherine de Medici bequeathed to him. her estates, but the will was set aside in favour of Margaret de Va- lois. Charles, however, retained the title of count d' Auvergne, and in 1619 was made duke of AngoulOme. He gained great re- putation as a military commander, but was twice charged with treason, and the second time condemned to death, which sentence was changed into perpetual imprisonment. He was, however, once more pardoned, and employed both in a military capacity and in various embassies ; he also wrote his own memoirs. ANGUIER, Francis and Michael, two sculptors, natives of Eu, Normandy. Fran- cis, the eldest, was keeper of the royal ca- binet of antiquities, and executed several great works, particularly the mausoleum of the Duke of Montmorency. Michael's best piece was a crucifix over the altar of the church of the Sorbonne. The former died, 1669 ; the latter, 1686. ANGUILLARA, GiovANNE hell', one of the most esteemed modern Italian poets, born in 1517 ; author of " Edipo, Tragedia." His translations of the " Euclid " and " Metamorphoses " are standard Italian works. ANGUISCIOLA, SornoNisBA, a famous Cremonese painter, born in 1550. Her style as an author is said to have been as ad- mirable as her paintings. ANICII, Peter, a native of Inspruck, son of a labourer, born, 172.3, and died, 1766. His early genius being discovered by Father Hill, a Jesuit, he gave him instructions, and in a short time he became an able astrono- mer and mechanic, and constructed various mathematical instruments. ANICHINI, Lev.13, a celebrated me- 42 I ANN] ^ i2ci» ^Kniberjial 33{0sraplj^. [ansI dalHst. nis chief work is a medal repre- senting the interview of Alexander the Great and the High Priest at Jerusalem, which Michael Angelo pronounced to be the perfection of the art. ANNA COMNENA, was the daughter of the emperor Alexius Comnenus I., at wliose death she conspired to place the crown on the head of lier husband, Nicephorus Bri- ennius, but without success. She then turned her attention to literary pursuits, and wrote the " Alexiad," a history of her father's reign. Died, 1148. ANNA IVANOWNA, empress of all tlie Russias, daughter of the czar Ivan Alexio- witcli ; born, 1G1»3 ; succeeded to the crown on the death of Peter II., 1730 ; and died, 1740. During her reign, Russia was on a peaceable footing with all her neighbours, without engaging in any of their quarrels, except a war witli the Ottoman Porte in 1737. ANNE, of Austria, queen of France, eldest daughter of Philip III. of Spain; born, 1(!04; married to Louis XIII. of France, Kilo, at whose death, 1(>43, slie was declared sole regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIV., who assumed the reins of govern- ment, 10(51. Anne then retired, passing the renminder of her life in pious exercbes, and died in KJCil. ANNE, of Beanjeu, daughter of Louis XI. of France, and wife of Peter Beaujeu, duke of Bourbon ; appointed by her father's will gouvemante during the minority of his son, Charles VIII. This preference excited a civil commotion, which was terminated by the defeat of the insurgent nobles, 14S8. The princess held the reins with much firmness, and in general acted prudently. She died, l.'-)22. ANNE, of Brittany, queen of France, daughter and heiress of Francis II., duke of Brittany ; born, 147(! ; married to Charles VIII., of France, 1491 ; and, on his death, lliiit, to Louis XII. ; and died, 1,'.14. This princess first instituted the order of maids of honour to the queen, first had the prerogative of guards and gentlemen of her own, and was the first who gave audience to foreign am- bassadors. ANNE, of Cleves, daughter of John, third duke of Cleves, and wife of Henry VIII. of England, who divorced her. Died, 1557. ANNE, queen of Great Britain, second daughter oi'.Jamcs II., by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born in 1(W4 ; married to Prince George of Denmark, h>H?, ; succeeded to the crown on the death of William III., 1702 ; and died, 1714, aged 50. T)ie contention of parties during the reign of Anne was ex- tremely violent, in consequence of the hopes entertained by the Jacobites that she would be induced by natural feelings to favour the succession of her brother, the Pretender. Her reign was also much distinguished for learning ; and the number of eminent writers who flourished under her, several of whom rose to high stations, has rendered it a sort of Augustan age of English literature, though neither her own disposition or acquirements had any share in making it such. ANNESLEY, Aktiiuk, earl of Anglesea, and lord privy seal in the reign of Charles II. ; born at Dublin, 1614 ; and died, 1C86. At the commencement of the civil wars he Joined the royal party, and sat in the par- liament at Oxford, 1643 ; but having made peace with the republicans, he was sent com- missioner to Ulster, 1C45. He, however, took an active part in the restoration of the king, for which he was created earl of Anglesea, made treasurer of the navy, and, shortly afterwards, lord privy seal. ANNESLEY, Samuei,, an English divine, bom in Warwickslure about 1020 ; died, 1696. At the time of the rebellion, he preached some violent sermons against the crown and churcli, for which he received the vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate ; but. in 1002, he was ejected from it for nonconformity. ANNETT, Petek, a deistical writer of the 18th century ; author of "The Free En- quirer," and other works of a sceptical turn. He was a native of Liverpool, and died, 1778. ANNIUS, of Viterbo, a Dominican monk, who wrote various books which he pretended were the remains of eminent ancient authors, particularly Manetho, Archilochus, and Xenophon. For a time the Imposture suc- ceeded, and they were priuted in 1498. Au- uius died at Rome, 1502. ANNO, archbishoj) of Cologne in the lltli century. He was chancellor to the emperor Henry III., and regent during the minority of Henry IV. ; and from the exemplary conduct he displayed in tliose situations, as well as from the sanctity of his life, he ac- quired the title of Saint. ANQUETIL, Loris Pierhk, a celebrated historian, born at Paris, 1728 ; died, 1808. Having distinguislied himself as an able teacher of theology and general literature, he was appointed prior of the abbey de la Roe, in Anjou, diiector of the college of Senlis, and prior of Chateau Renard. During the height of the revolution he was thrown into i>rison, where he began his " Universal History," which was afterwards published in twelve volumes. At the formation of the French Institute, Anquetil became one of the original members, and obtained a situation under government. ANQUETIL DU PERRGIJT, Abhaiiam Hyacintiie, brother of the preceding, was born at Paris, 1731 ; and died, 1805. In order to gratify his taste for oriental literature, he joined the expedition fitting out for India, in 1574, as a private soldier ; employed every moment of his leisure in the study of the Sanscrit ; and made sufficient progress in tliat tongue to translate the " Vendidade Sade," a dicticmary of the language. On the taking of Pondicherry by tlie English, he retiuned to Europe, visited London and Oxford, and conveyed the various MSS. he had obtained to Paris. He was then ap- pointed oriental interpreter in the king's library, with a pension, and devoted himself to the publication of his researches. ANSALDI, C. J., a celebrated suvant, of Piaeenza, born in 1700. His best antiquarian treatises are in Latin. ANSART, A.vouEW Joseph, a French historian and ecclesiastical writer ; bom, 1723 ; died, 1790. He became a Benedictine, but being appointed to a place of trust in his order, he decamped with the funds, and joined the order of Malta. JlSS] % ^t\xi mnihtxinl %ia^K^\^^, [ant ANSCARIUS, bishop of Hamburgh and Bremen, born in France, 801 ; died, 8(>4. He preached the gosi^el to the Danes and Swedes, and was very instrumental in con- verting the northern nations to Christianity. ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of William Rufiis and Henry I. ; born at Aost, Piedmont, 10;}3 ; died at Can- terbury, 1109, and canonised in the reign of Henry VII. He was originally a monk, and afterwards superior of the abbey of Bee, Normandy. Visiting England several times during his abbacy, he was called to attend William Rufus in a fit of sickness at Glou- cester, which led to his appointment to the primacy. But ditfereuces arising between the king and the prelate, in consequence of the attachment of the latter to the pope, Anselm left the kingdom, and the king seized liis revenues. On the death of William, he liowever returned to England, and was well received ; but a new rupture arising, in con- sequence of the archbisliop's refusing to be rc-invested bj the king, the dispute was referred to the pope, who decided in favour of Anselm. This was resisted ; and at length the pope made a concession, by allowing the English bishops and abbots to do homage to the king for their temporalities, which re- stored Anselm to favour. ANSELME, of Paris, an Augustine monk, bom, 1625 ; died, 1604. He was the original compiler of the Historical Genealogies of the House of France. ANSELME, Geokoe. There were two of this name : the elder, a mathematician of some eminence in the early part of the 15th century ; died, 1440. His grandson, who as- sumed the name of Nepos, v.a.s a physician at Parma, of which city he was a native, and died, 1528. ANSON, Lord George, a celebrated naval commander, was born at his father's seat in the parish of Colwich, Staffordshire, 1697, and died at Moor Park, Hertfordshire, 1762. He entered early into the navy, and was made post-captain in 1724. Being ordered to tlie South Carolina station, he purchased land, and built a town there, called after his name. In 1739 he was appointed commodore of an expedition against the Spanisli settle- ments in the Pacific Ocean ; and sailed from Portsmouth the following year with five men-of-war, a sloop, and two victuallers ; doubled Cape Horn in March, 1741, after losing two of his ships ; and in June follow- ing arrived otF Juan Fernandez, with only two ships and two tenders. Tliis place he left in September, took some prizes, burnt Paita, and continued on the American coast, in expectation of falling in with the annual Acapulco ship, till May, 1742 ; when, having only his ship, the Centurion, left, he crossed the southern ocean for China, where he stayed several months, and returned in quest of the galleon, which he fell in with, and captured after a smart action. Having sold his prize in China, he sailed for England, i and arrived at Spithead, June 15. 1744, pass- ing in a fog through the midst of a French fleet, then cniising in the Channel. In 1747 he commanded the Channel fleet, and cap- tured six French men-of-war, which were convoying a large fleet bound to the East and West Indies. Two of these prizes were the Invincible and the Glory, wliich induced the captain of the former to say to the admi- ral, on giving up his sword, " Sir, you have conquered the Invincible, and Glory follows you." For these and other services, he was created a peer, and afterwards made vice- admiral of England. In 1751 he was ap- pointed first lord of the Admiralty, which post he held, excejit for a short interval, until his death. In 1758, he again com- manded the Channel fleet, and was appointed admiral, and commander-in-chief of his ma- jesty's fleets, for the purpose of convej'ing her majesty, queen Charlotte, from Cux- haven to England. ANSON, Petkk Hubeut, a miscellaneous writer, born at Paris, 1744 ; died, 1810. ANSPACH. Her Serene Highness Eliz- abeth, Margravine of, was the youngest daughter of Augustus, earl of Berkeley. To a good and highly cultivated understanding, this lady joined the most prepossessing man- ners, and a large portion of feminine beauty. When little more than sixteen, lady Eliza- beth married Mr. (afterwards earl of) Cra- ven, by whom she had seven children ; but after living together thirteen years, they separated from mutual feelings of dissatis- faction. Lady Craven made a tour, and took up her residence in the court of Anspach, where she established a theatre, wrote plays, directed the performance, and became a prin- cipal personage with the margrave : the margravine was generally confined to her chamber by ill health, and shortly after died. Lady Craven remained a visitor at Anspach, and accompanied the margrave in his excur- sions to other courts. Six weeks after the death of Lord Craven, his widow married the margrave, and both came to England. The margrave disposed of his principality to the king of Prussia, and having purchased Bran- denburgh House, Hammersmith, it became the scene of fashionable dissipation ; the queen, however, refused to receive the mar- gravine at her drawing-room, and no other influence could obtain her admission to the British court. In 1806 the margrave died, and after that event the margravine resided generally abroad. At Naples the king gave her two acres of ground, on which she erected a handsome villa, and there continued to reside until her death, which took place in 1828. ANSTEY, Christopher, a poet, was born in 1724; studied at Eton and Cambridge ; and on succeeding to some patrimonial i)ro- perty, resided principally at Bath. He blended the avocations of a country gentle- man with literary pursuits, and, among many other things, produced that humor- ous poem, " The New Bath Guide," which obtained a rapid and deserved popularity. Died, 1805. ANSTIS, Jonx, an antiquary, and the author of various heraldic works, was born at St. Neots, Cornwall, in 1669, and educated at Oxford. He was member for St. Germains, and in 1713 appointed garter king at arms. Died, 1744. ANTAR, an Arabian chief and distin- guished poet, who lived in the 6th century. His works, which form a portion of the fa- 44 §( lieto ^nihex^HX aBinsrajl^B. [ant mous Moallakiih, arc devoted to the descrip- tion of his warlike deeds, and his love for the fair Abla. The celebrated Arabian romance, entitled "Antar," by Asinai, aflbrds a perfect idea of the manners, opinions, and supersti- tions of the early Arabians ; and of this there is an English version, entitled "Antar, a Bedoucen Romance, translated from the Arabic by Terrick IJaniilton," iu 4 vols. 12mo. ANTIIEMIUS, a Lydian, eminent as an architect, sculptor, and mathematician. He waa employed by the emperor Justiuian ; and died in 53-1. ANTIIING, Frkrerick, the companion in arms and biographer of the famous Mar- shal Suwarrow, was born at Ootlia. iu Saxonv, and died at St. Pctersburgh, in 1805. ANTHONY, St., the Great, the founder of monastic institutions, was bom a. d. 251, at Coma, iu Ileraclca, a town of Upper Epypt. In 305, having sold all his property and gi\xn the proceeds to the poor, he withdrew into the desert, whither a number of disciples were attracted by his reputation for sanctity; and thus was formed the tirst community of monks. He afterwards went to Alexandria, to seek the honour of martyrdom, amid the persecutions then raging against the Chris- tians ; but as his life was spared, he ogain retired to the desert ; and died at the great age of 105. ANTHOXY, of Burgundy, an illegitimate son of Philip, duke of Burgundy. He served with ^reat credit in Switzerland, and against the Moors in Africa ; and was high in the favour of Louis XI. and Charles VIII. of France. Born, 1121 ; died, 1504. ANTIGNAC, A., born in 1770 ; a favourite French clntmoimier, charged with celebrat- ing both Bon.aparte and the Bcnrbous. ANTIGOXUS, Socii.ris, a Jew, founder of the sect of the Sodducccs, about 300 years n. c. ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and universally sup- posed to be the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander's father. In the division of the provinces after the king's death, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia ; to which Lycaonia was afterwards added. He was the most powerful of those who shared the Grecian empire, and was the first of them who assumed the title of king, which he did 20 years after the death of Alexander. His power at length l)ecfenie so very formidable that a conspiracy was formed against him by Cassander, Lysimaehus, and Seleucus ; by whom he was ultimately defeated, and slain at the battle of Ipsus, b. c. 301. ANTIMACO, Mark A-nthovy, a learned Italian author of several Latin poems, and a teacher of Greek at Mantua and Ferrara. He translated much from the Greek, and was a zealous promoter of classical learning. Born, 1472 ; died, 1552. ANTINE, Mauk Francois, a French Benedictine monk j author of an essay on the Art of verifying Dates, &c. Born, 1G88 ; died, 1748. ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT, king of Syria and Asia. He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of wliich simie cities implored the aid of Rome ; and Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his coiu-t, encouraged him to make war against Italy ; but his measures were not agreeable to the advice of Hannibal, and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond Mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being unable to pay the fine, lie attempted to plunder the temple of liclus in Susinno, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, B.C. 187. ANTIOCHl'S, of Ascalon, a philosopher, and disciple of Philo, the Platonist. He was highly esteemed by Cicero for his mode of education, and considered the best public teacher of the Platonic philosophy. ANTIOCHUS, amonk of Seba, Palestine, who wrote in the 7th century lao homilies on the Scrii)tures, still extant. ANTIPATER, a native of Macedon, pupil of Aristotle, and the faithful minister of Philip and Alexander. While Alexander was abroad, he left Antipater in the govern- ment of Macedon ; and by his prudent ma- nagement he kept all Greece in order. On the death of his master, in the distribution of his territories, Antij)ater obtained the European provinces. Not long after the confederate states of Greece attacked liim, but he subdued them, and subverted their democratic forms of government, on which lie was called the father of Greece. He died B.C. 'M^. ANTIPATER, L.v.Tiiis C^.Tir.s, a Roman historian, who lived in the time of Gracchus, and wrote an account of the Second Punic War. ANTIPATER, of Sidon, a stoic philoso- pher and poet, much jtraiscd by Cicero and Seneca, He lived about 140 is, c, ANTIPANES, a Greek comic poet, in the time of Alexander, who gained three prizes at the 0!ymj)ic games. ANTIPIIILUS, a painter, rival of Apelles; celebrated for a fine drawing representing a youth blowing a spark of fire. ANTIPHON, the Rhamnusian, an Athe- nian orator, who flourished B.C. 430. He was the first who laid down the rules of oratory, and assisted in establishing the ty- ranny of tlie four hundred ; for whicli he was put to death, b.c. 411. ANTIQUARIUS,jAMES,alearncd Italian scholar of Cumpanus ; he became chief mi- nister to the dukes of Milan, and died, 1512. ANTISTHENES, founder of the sect of the Cynics, by whose means Melilus was put to death, and Anytus banished, for their persecution of Socrates. He was born at Athens, B.C. 42.3. ANTOINETTE, Marie, of Lorraine, archduchess of Austria and queen of France, born at Vienna, in 1755, was the daughter of the emperor Francis I. and Maria Theresa. To a beautiful person, and a highly culti- vated mind, she added the charms of gentle- ness and feminine grace ; and when she left Vienna for Versailles, to give lier hand to the son of Louis XV., king of France, after- wards Louis of unhappy memory, the capital of her native land was filled with sorrow. In 1770, when only 15 years of age, she was married ; and when her husband ascended the throne she gained the aftlctions of the people by repeated acts of generosity. It ant] ^ i^t^ Winibtr^al 23i0crrajpT;». [ant was, however, soon observed that her natural liveliness brouglit upon her tlie s(!andal of her enemies about the court, who attributed the undisguised frankness and cheerfulness of her nature to levity aud indiscretion. An extraordinary occurrence added fuel to tlie flame of calumny, while it subjected the name of the queen to a disgraceful lawsuit. Two jewellers demanded the payment of an immense price for a necklace, which had been purchased in the name of the queen. In the examination which she demanded, it was proved that she had never ordered tlie purchase. A lady of her size and complexion had impudently passed herself off for the queen, and at midnight liad a meeting with a cardinal in the park of Yersaiiles. Not- withstanding this, the enemies of the queen succeeded in casting a stigma on her ; and the credulous and infatuated people laid every public disaster to lier charge. On the 5th of October the Parisians rushed to Ver- sailles, and breaking into the castle on the following morning, they murdered several of the body-guards, and uttered against the queen the most furious threats. In the middle of tlie night, a clergyman wrote to her, " Take measures for your preservation ; early in the morning, at 6 o'clock, you are to be murdered." She remained tranquil, and concealed the letter. Tlie infuriated mob rushed into her chamber ; slie fled to the king. To put a stop to the scene of outrage, the king aud queen showed themselves with both their children, in the balcony. This spectacle made a momentary imjiression on the enraged people ; but soon the cry re- sounded from every mouth, " No children ! the queen — the queen alone!" She in- stantly put lier son and daughter into the arms of the king and returned to the balcony. This unexpected courage disarmed the mob; and their threats were followed by sliouts of approbation. But the regicidal mania was now arriving at a fearful height, and those events which in the sequel deluged France with blood, were thickening around tlie royal family with all the fervid gloom of an ap- proaching tempest. At length came the fatal 10th of August, 1792. Prepared for the worst, she exerted all her power to excite the king to meet death sword in hand ; but he thought resistance was in rain, and was led, with his consort, before the legislative as- sembly, where she heard his deposition an- nounced, and then accompanied him to the Temple. There, deprived of every semblance of royalty, and bereft of every comfort, she displayed the magnanimity of a heroine and the patient endurance of a martyr. At length th« Conxeution ordered her to be brought belbre the revolutionary tribunal. She was charged with having dissipated the finances, exhausted the public treasury, cor- responded with the foreign enemies of France, and favoured its domestic foes. To all these charges, and others still more infamous, she replied with firmness and decision, and a just indignation ; and slie heard lier sentence pronounced with perfect calmness. On the following morning, when she ascended the cart which conveyed her to the scaifold, it was observed that grief had distorted her features, and in the damp, unwholesome prison, she had almost lost one of her eyes. A deep silence reigned, and the people, be- fore so furious, seemed to be filled with shame and awe. When she reached the top of the scaifold, she threw herself on her knees, ex- claiming, "O God, enlighten and affect my executioner ! Farewell, my children, for ever ; I go to your father ! " Thus perished the lovely Marie Antoinette, in the S8th year of her age, Oct. 16. 1793. ANTON, C. Gottlieb, a learned German noble and magistrate, born in 17.51 ; author of a variety of curious philological, histo- rical, and critical works ; among others, a " History of the Ancient Germans ; " " On the Origin of the Sclavonians ; " of the " Or- der of Templars," &c. &c. ANTONELLI, Nicholas Maeia, count of Pergola, who rose through various ecclesias- tical promotions to that of cardinal, was bom, 1697, and died, 1767. ANTONI, Sebastiano deoli, a Vicen- zan noble author, bom in 1665 ; author of " The Conspiracy of Brutus," a tragedy. ANTONIANO, Sylvio, an Italian poet, made a cardinal by Clement VIII., born at Rome, l.'>40 ; died, 1603. ANTONIDES, or VANDER GOES, John, a Dutcli poet, bom in Zealand. 1647 ; died, 1684. He is principally known by his poem in honour of the river Y, which flows through Amsterdam ; in which city his works were collected and published, 1714. ANTONINE, DE FoKCiGLioNi, a Romish prelate and saint, born at Florence, 1389 ; died, 1459, and canonised 1523. He highly distinguished himself at the Council of Flo- rence, where he disputed with the Greeks. ANTONINI. AxNiBAL aud Joseph, two brothers, natives of Italy, in the 17th and 18th centuries : they wrote in conjunction the history of Lucania ; and Annibal was the compiler of an Italian grammar and dictionary. ANTONINUS PIUS, Tixus Aukelhts FuLVius, emperor of Rome, was born at Lanuvium, 86 ; succeeded Adrian, 138 ; and died, 161. His reign was distinguished by tranquillity and by suet °xcellent manage- ment, as procured him tlie title of Pius. ANTONINUS, Marcus Annius Auke- Lius, surnamed the Philosopher, bom, 121 ; adopted by Pius Antoninus, whom he suc- ceeded, in conjunction with Lucius Verus, as emperor of Rome ; and died, 180. His death occasioned universal mourning throughout the empire ; the Roman senate and people voted him a god, and his image was long afterwards regarded with peculiar veneration. This emperor's book of medi- tations in Greek and Latin has been often printed, and universally admired for the excellence of its morality. ANTONINUS, a geographical author, the writer of a valuable Itinerarium, whose age is unknown. Burton published an ex- cellent commentary on it, as far as relates to Britain. ANTONIO or ANTONELLO, bom at Messina, Sicily, 1426 ; died, 1475. He is said to have been the first artist who introduced oil painting into Italy. ANTONIO, Nicholas, a Spanish histo- rian, born at Seville, 1617 ; died, 1684. ant] a ^tto WiniheriKl JSiOjjrap]^!). [apo ANTONTUS, GooEFROV, a celebrated German lawyer, born in Westphalia, and died chancellor of the university of Gicsscu, where also he was a professor of law, 1018. ANTONIUS, Makcus, a brave and elo- quent Roman consul, who was afterwards appointed governor of Cilicia, and subse- quently censor. He was one of the greatest orators among the Romans ; and, according to Cicero, it was owing to him that Rome became a rival in eloquence to Greece. He was slain during the disturbances raised by Marias and Cinna, b. c. 07. ANTONIUS, Makcits, the celebrated triumvir, born, b. c. 86, was son of Marcus Cretius, by Julia, a lady of the Caisarian family, ot*^ distinguished merit. Anthony, on the death of his father, soon wasted his whole patrimony, then went into Syria, and assisted in the restoration of Ptolemy to the throne of Egypt ; thence he proceeded to join Caisar in Gaul, and on his return to Rome was made quosstor. When Caesar made himself master of that city, he ap- pointed Anthony to the government of Italy, and afterwards master of the horse. An- thony was also the colleague of Cassar in the consulship ; aud, at the death of the latter, strove to get possession of the sovereign power, by ingratiating himself with the peo- ple and the army. In order to check his ambition, the patriots took the part of Octa- vius, the heir of Cicsar ; and Anthony, being defeated in his endeavours to gain Macedonia and S^ria, and also in an attempt upon Cisalpine Gaul, fled to the Alps, and after- wards formed with Lepidus and Octavius the second triumvirate ; to which combina- tion Cicero fell a sacrifice. Anthony was greatly instrumental to the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippl ; he then went into Asia, where he bowed to the all-conquering charms and blandishments of Cleopatra ; and, after his defeat at Actium, put au end to his own existence, B.C. .'iO, aged 60. ANTONIUS, iELius Nebkissknsis, a Spanish writer, born ■ at Lebrisa, 1442 ; died, 1522. He was an eminent i>rofessor at the university of Salamanca, and wrote the History of New Spain, and other works. ANTONY, of Bourbon, son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, born 1527 ; mar- ried Joan d'Albrat, queen of Navarre, 1543, who brought him in dowry the principality of Beam, and the title of king of Navarre ; and died from a wound received in the shoulder at the siege of Rouen, 1502. ANTONY, St., of Padua, a learned Fran- ciscan monk, was born at Lisbon, 1195 ; died at Padua, 1231 ; and was canonised. His works were printed at the Hague, 1041. ANTONY, of Pratovcccliio, Tuscany, an eminent Italian lawyer, in the 15th century. ANVAIII, a Persian poet, born at Cho- rasan. He was well versed in astrology, and composed several books on that science ; but having failed in a i)rediction, he retired from the court of the sultan Sangier, and died at Balke in 1200. ANYSIUS, or ANISO, Giovasni, an Ita- lian poet of some celebrity, born at Naples, about 1472 ; died 1.54<). ANYTA, an ancient Greek poetess, some of whose compositions are preserved in a 47 collection of eminent female poets, published at lliiml)iirg, 1734. ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorician, who prevailed on Aristophanes to ridicule Socra- tes in a comedy, and finally, in conjunction with Melitus, procured his condemnation. When the people discovered their error, Anytus was banished, and stoned to death at Hcraclea. APACZAT, John, a native of Apatza, Transylvania, who studied the oriental lan- giiapes at Utrecht, and afterwards taught mathematics and natural philosophy in the university of Weissenburg. Died, 1059. APEL, or APELLES, Joiix, a German lawyer, and one of the earliest preachers of the Reformation ; born at Nuremburg, 1480, and died there, l.'>36. APELBOOM, a Dutch poet of some ce- lebrity, who died about 1780. APELLES, the most celebrated among the painters of antiquity, was bom, as Pliny affirms, in the isle of Cos, though other writers name Ephesus as his native place. He lived in the time of Alexander theGreat, who would suffer no other artist to paint his picture. APELLES, a native of Syria, in the second century ; the founder of an heretical sect, who denied the prophets, the law of Moses, and the resurrection. APELLICON, a peripatetic philosopher, to whom the world is indebted for the works of Aristotle, which he collected and bought at a vast expense, about !K) years B.C. They were afterwards seized by the dictator Sylla, and carried by him to Rome. APER, Makcus. a Gaul by birth, and one of the finest orators of the flj-st century : he died about 8.5. APHTHONIUS, of Antioch, a rhetorician of the tliird century, who wrote a treatise entitled " Progymnasmata Rhetorica," the best edition of which was published at Am- sterdam, 1045. APIAN, Peter, a German mathematician and astronomer, bom in Misnia, 1495 ; died, 1589. Ajiian was the first who discovered that the tails of comets are always projected in a direction from the snn, and records his observations upon five which ajipeared in the years 1.531, 1532, 1533, 1538, and 1.539. APICIUS, a noted epicure in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. It is recorded of him that he spent 2,.5(W,00O/. sterling in pro- viding for the luxuries of his table ; but find- ing his finances reduced to 250,(K)0 crowns, he poisoned himself for fear of starving. There were, however, two other epicures of the same name ; one who lived in the time of Sylla ; and the other, whose extravagance and gluttonous propensities were less enor- mous, contemporary with Trajan. APION, a learned grammarian and histo- rian, bom at Oasis, Egypt, in the first cen- tury, and was a professor at Rome in the reign of Tiberius. In his " Antiquities of Egypt," he attacked the Jews, and was an- swered by Josephus. APOLI>INARIS, Caius Sulpitius, a na- tive of Carthage, was professor of grammar at Rome in the 2nd century, APOLLINARIUS, Claudius, bishop of Ilierapolis, Phrygia, about 177, who wrote APO] ^ ^thi SETniOfViJal 3St05raj>T;i.n [aqu an apology for the Christian religion, ad- dressed to Marcus Aurelius. APOLLINARIUS, a presbyter of Alexan- dria in tlie 4th century, who wrote a history of the Hebrews in Greek heroic verse. He had a son who became blsliop of Laodicea, and wrote a treatise against paganism, which he sent to Julian, lie died about 382. APOLLODORUS, a grammarian of Athens, flouiislied i).c. 104. Three books of his on the origin of the gods are extant. APOLLODOllUS, a famous painter at Athens, n.c. 403. Pliny mentions two pic- tures by him, one of a priest of Ajjollo at the altar.and theotherof the shipwreck of Ajax. APOLLODOllUS, a celebrated architect, was born at Damascus, and lived under Tra- jan and Adrian. lie was employed by the former in building the great stone bridge over the Danube and other structures; but, falling into disgrace \vith Adrian, he lost liis life through that emperor's caprice. APOLLONIA, a female Cliristian martyr, who, at a very advanced age, fell a sacrifice to intolerance at Alexandria, 248. APOLLONIUS COLLATIUS, a monk and poet of Navarre in the loth century, who published an epic on the siege of Jerusalem, and other pieces. APOLLONIUS, DvscoLUS, a grammarian of Alexandria in the 2nd century, wlio wrote a work on syntax : a collection of historical curiosities is also ascribed to him. Tliere was another grammarian of this name, who lived in the reign of Augustus Caesar, and compiled a Lexicon Ilomericum, printed at Paris, 1773. APOLLONIUS, of Perga, a mathematician of Alexandria, about 240 years, B.C. He com- posed several curious geometrical works, of which his book on conic sections alone exists. APOLLONIUS, RiiODins, so called from the city of Rhodes, in which he presided over a school of rhetoric, was a native of Alex- andria, and afterwards became keeper of the celebrated library there, in which situation he remained until his death, B.C. 240. He wrote a poem, in four books, on the expedition of the Argonauts. APOLLONIUS, Tyanecs, a philosophic empiric of Ty ana, in Cappadocia; born about the Christian era. He visited Rome, where Vespasian became his dupe ; but Domitian sent hira to prison. He soon obtained his release, and died about tlie end of the 1st century. APOLLONIUS, a Roman senator and Christian martyr, who lived in the reign of Commodus, and probably suffered death about 18(5. APONO, or ABANO, Peter of, an as- trologer and physician, born at Abano, near Padua, 1250 ; died, 1316. He made himself celebrated by a work, entitled " Conciliator Differeniiorum Philosophorum et precipue Mc'dicorum." APOSTOLIUS, MicnAEi-, a learned Greek of the 15th century, whocompiled acoUection of tlie sayings of wise men, and another of proverl)s. APPIAN, an ancient historian, born at Alexandria, whence he went to Rome, in the reign of Trajan, and became an eminent pleader. He wrote the history of Rome in Greek. APPIANI, AsDKK, a celebrated Milanese painter, born in 1750. His pieces are found in most of tlie palaces of Milan ; but his masterpiece, in fresco, adorns the cupola of Santa Maria de S. Cclso. Died, 1818. APREECE, or RIIESE, Joiix, a learned antiquary, born in Wales in the early part of the IGth century, and died in the reign of queen Mary. One of his works, entitled " Fides Historiaa Britannife," is preserved in manuscript in the Cottonian collection. APROSIO, AuGELico, an Augustine monk, born at Genoa, 1607 ; died, 1681. He wrote a number of books, but is best known by a work, entitled " Bibliotheca Aprosiana." APTHORP, East, a learned divine, bom in New England, 1732, and died at Canter- bury, 1816. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent him out as one of their missionaries to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in which state he resided for a short time, and then relumed to England, arid obtained the living of Croydon, Surrey, about 1765. In 1778 lie took the degree of D. D., and was appointed to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London ; but, in 1793, he resigned his living on obtaining the valuable stall of Finsbnry, in St. Paul's Cathedral. APULEIUS,Lucius,a Platonic philosopher in the 2nd century, born at Madaura, Africa. He composed several books, the chief of which is a romance, entitled " The Golden Ass," M'hich has been translated into almost all the modern European languages. AQUAVIVA, AxDKEW Matthew, duke of Atri, Naples, born about 1456, was cele- brated both as a scholar and a soldier, and died, 1528. AQUAVIVA, Clattde, born at Naples, 1542, became general of the order of Jesuits, and died, 1615. AQUAVIVA, OcTAVio, a prelate of great reputed piety and learning, died archbishop of Naples, 1612. AQUILA, of Sinope, Pontus, an architect and mathematician in the time of Adrian, by whom he was employed in the rebuilding of Jerusalem, where he embraced the Chris- tian religion, but was afterwards excommu- nicated for practising astrology, and turned Jew. AQUII./ANO, Serafijto, an admired Italian poet, born at Aquila, Abruzzo, 1466, and died, 1500. AQUILANUS, Sebartiani's, a Neapolitan physician of Padua ; died, 1543. AQUINAS, St., Thomas, called the Angelic Doctor, descended from the counts of Aquino, in Calabria, Naples, was bom 1224; died, 1274; and canonised 1323, by John XXII. His writings, which were held in the highest estimation, gave rise to a sect called, after him, Thomists. AQUINO, Charles of, a Neapolitan Je- suit, born, 1654 ; died, 1740. He was an emi- nent teacher of rhetoric at Rome. AQUINO, or AQUIN, Louis Claude of, a distinguished musician, born at Paris, 1694 ; died, 1772. At the age of six he performed on the harpsichord before Louis XIV. ; at eight, the celebrated Bemier declared he could teach him no more ; and at twelve, he became organist of a church at Paris. AQULNO, Philip, a learned Jew of the aea] ^ IJrto Winihtr^iil SBtosrapTjg. [arb l7th century, bom at Avignon, converted to the Christian faith, and received baptism at Aquino, Naples, whence he derived liis name, lie was celebrated for his skill in the Hebrew language ; and was entrusted by Le Jay with the care of printing and correcting thellebrew and Clialdce text of his Polyglot Bible. ARABSCHAir, a Iklahometan historian, who wrote a History of Tamerlane, and a treatise on the divine unity. He was a na- tive of Damascus, wliere he died, 14.")0. AR.VBELL A STUART, commonly called the Lady Arabella, was the only child of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, the brother of Henry lord Darnley, father to James VI., of Scotland, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Cavendish. This innocent victim of jealousy and state policy, while an infant, lost her father, and thus became heiress to a large estate. Several matches were projected for her at home and abroad ; and her cousin, king James, was inclined to marry her to Lord Esnie Stuart, whom he had created duke of Lennox, and whom, before his marriage, he considered as his heir ; but this union was prevented by queen Elizabeth, who held the Lady Arabella under restraint, and regarded her with a jealous eye. On the death of that queen, an abortive conspiracy was formed for setting up Arabella Stuart in opposition to her cousin James. In ICIO, she was pri- vately marrie<l to Mr. William Seymour, grandson of the Earl of Hertford ; by which union she fell under the royal disjileasure, was placed in confinement at Lambeth, and her husband sent to the Tower. Shortly afterwards they separately made their es- cape ; Mt. Seymour got safe to the Continent, but the Lady Arabella was overtaken, shut np in the Tower, and passed the remainder of her life in close and melancholy confine- ment, which finally deprived her of her rea- son ; and she died September 27. IGl.'i, aged 38. ARAGON.TiLMAOF.apoetessof the Kith century ; descended from an illegitimate branch of the royal family of Spain ; and highly celebrated for her wit, beauty, and various accomplishments. ARAJA, rnAXCisco, a Neapolitan musi- cian and composer in the ISth century, who entered the service of the empress Catherine of Russia, and produced at St. Petersburgh " Cephalo et Procria," the first opera written in the Russian language. ARiV^M, EroKXE, a man no less notorious for his studious habits and great attain- ments, than for the crime which brought him to an untimely end. was the son of a gar- dener, and a native of Ramsgill, in Nether- dale, Yorkshire. Tliough destitute of the advantages of education, and working at his father's humble trade, such was his desire to obtain knowledge, that he soon made con- siderable progress in the mathematics ; then applied so sedulously to the Latin tongue, as to read the Roman classics ; and afterwards studied Greek with great success. Thus qualified, in 1734 he became usher in a school at Knaresborough, where he married. In 1714 we find that he taught Latin and writ- ing in London, and transmitted the acts of parliament to be registered in Chancery ; and, in 1757, he assisted in the free-school at Lynn. During this period he studied history, antiquity, heraldry, and botany, wrote poetry, and became proficient in the Hebrew. Arabic, and Chaldee languages. In the following year he was apprehended at Lynn for the murder of one Daniel Clarke, a shoemaker, of Knaresborough, which took place thirteen years before, and for which he was tried at York, Aug. 8. 1759. He made a most skilful, argumentative, and eloquent defence, but was found guilty. The next morning he confessed the crime, attributing it to his suspicion of Clarke's having a cri- minal intercourse with his wife. Having in- ettectually endeavoured to commit suicide in the night, by wounding himse'f in the arm, he was conveyed in a state of stupor to the gallows, and afterwards hung in chains in Knaresborough Forest. The singular dis- covery of Clarke's mj^sterious murder, and its commission by a man of Aram's other- wise irreproachable character, learned ac- quirements, and scholastic habits, together with his remarkable defence, were of course calculated to excite a high degree of interest — an interest, indeed, not likely to subside, when we recollect that the melancholy tale has served as a basis for the enchanting fic- tions of a novelist and the exquisite pathos of a poet. AJtATOR, a Latin poet of the fifth cen- tury, born in Liguria, and patronised by Pojie Vigilius, to whom he presented the Acts of the Apostles in Latin verse. ARATUS, aCicilian poet and ostronomer, born about 300 B.C. His poem, entitled " Phajiiomena," was translated by Cicero into Latin ; and St. Paul quotes a passage from it in his speech to the Athenians. ARATUS, of Sicyon, son of Clinias, bom B.C. 273. His father fell in a tumult excited by Abanlidas ; and the escape of young Aratus, then only seven years of age, arose from his taking refuge in the house of the tyrant's sister, who humanely preserved him, and caused him to be brought up pri- vately at Argos. On arriving at maturity, he determined to restore the liberty of his country, which he did without bloodshed. By his activity, he also brought about the Achnean league, and recovered Corintli from Antigonus of Macedon. He wrote Com- mentaries of his own transactions and times ; and died, B.C. 216. ARBOGAST, Louis Fr. Ant., a French geometrician, professor of mathematics at Strasburg, associate of the Institute, de- puty to the National Convention, and mem- ber of many learned societies. Died, IKO.'J. ARBOGASTES, a Frank by birth, and a eoldier of fortune, who raised himself by his merit to the title of count, under Gratian, after whose death he entered into the service of Valentinian the Younger and Theodosius; by the latter of whom he was sent into Gaul to oi)pose Victor, son of Maximus, whom he defeated and killed. Arbogastes then ingra- tiated himself with the army, who raised him to the post of general, without consulting the court ; but, after the departure of Theo- dosius for Constantinople, he filled every post with his creatures, and reduced Valen- tinian to dependence upon his will. The young cmxK'ror was shortly afterwards found dead 5 and Arbogastes, not choosing to ARB ^ 0tia ^nibtr^aX SStagrap^M. [arc assume the purple himself, being a barbarian by origin, set up the rhetorician Eugenius, wliom he had raised to the rank of master of the offices. Theodosius immediately pre- pared for war against the usurper, whom he totally defeated. Arbogastes escaped to the mountains, where he wandered for some time, and at length put an end to his life, about 305. ARBRISSEL, Robert of, founder of the abbey of Fontevraud, was born in tlie village of Arbrissel, Brittany, about 1047 ; died, 1117 ; and was buried in his own abbey. ARBUCKLE, Jamks, a Scotch poet, bom at Glasgow, and died in the north of Ire- land, where he had settled as a schoolmaster, 1731. ARBUTIIXOT, Alexander, a Scottish divine, and a zealous reformer, was born in l.'i.'W, and died in 1583. He edited Buch- anan's llistory of Scotland, and was a strenuous champion for the Reformation. ARBUTIINOT, John, a celebrated writer and physician in the reign of queen Anne, was born at Arbuthnot, near Montrose, and educated at Aberdeen. He was appointed physician in ordinary to the queen, and ad- mitted a fellow of tlie college. He engaged with Poi)e and Swift in many of their lite- rary schemes, particularly in the satire un- der the title of " Martinus Scriblerus." In 1727, Dr. Arbuthnot publislied "Tables of Ancient Coins, Weiglits, and Measures," wliich valuable work was followed by an " Essay concerning Aliments," &c., and another on the " Effects of Air on Human Bodies." So excellent a character did he bear with his contemporaries, that Swift tlius pithily describes him : " He has more wit than all our race, and his humanity is equal to his wit." He died in 1735. ARCERE, Anthony, a learned French- man, who applied to the study of the ori- ental languages, made a tour into the East, and returneil richly furnished with manu- scripts ; but died of a fever, 1()99, aged 35. ARCERE, Louis Stephen, a French ec- clesiastic, poet, and historian of the 18th century ; chiefly known by Ms works on Bochelle and Amiens. ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, the founder of the second or middle academy, was born at Pitane, in iEolia, B.C. 31(3. He maintained that " man knows nothing," and rejected as false and delusive the testimony of the senses. ARCHELATJS, king of Macedon, natural son of Perdiccas II., whom he succeeded, after murdering his brother Alcetas. He liberally encouraged literature and the arts, entertained and patronised Euripides and Zeuxis. He died about B.C. 398. ARCHELAUS, a Greek philosopher, the disciple and successor of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus, but removed afterwards to Athens, where he had Socrates for a pvipil. ARCHELAUS, a geographer ; author of a treatise on all the countries conquered by Alexander, in whose time he lived. ARCHELAUS, a Christian divine, bishop of Mesopotamia, who flourished under Pro- bus, about 278, and was a zealous champion for the Catholic faith against the Mani- cliasans. ARCIIIAS, AuLUS LiciNius, a native of Antioch, chiefly kno^^^l from the eloquent orations made by Cicero, to defend his right to the citizenship of Rome. ARCHIDAilUS IIL, king of Sparta, so-n of Agesilaus, whom he succeeded, b.c. 3o1, and, in the sacred war, gave assistance to the Pliocians. He was slain in a battle with the Messapians, after a reign of fifteen years. ARCIIIGENES, a Greek physician of the pneumatic sect, who flourished in the times of Domitian and Trajan. His works are frequently referred to by Galen. ARCHILOCIIUS, a Greek satirist, born in the isle of Paros, b.c. G60. The inven- tion of the Iambic metre is attributed to him ; and so virulent were his poems, that they were prohibited by the Spartan go- vernment. ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated ma- thematician among the ancients, was a na- tive of Syracuse, and related to king Hiero. He was equally skilled in the sciences of as- tronomy, geometry, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics ; his aptness in solving problems had become proverbial in Cicero's days, and his singular ingenuity in the invention and construction of warlike engines, is much dwelt upon by Livy. The combination of pulleys for raising immense weights, the endless screw. Sec, were invented by him ; but his genius for invention was never more signally displayed than in the defence of Syracuse, when it was besieged by Marccl- lus ; for among other astonishing novelties, he produced a burning glass, composed of re- flecting mirrors, by wliich he fired the ene- my's fleet. At length, however, the city was taken by storm, and Archimedes, then in his 74th year, was among the slain, e. C. 212. ARCHINTO, OcTAVius, a Milanese noble- man, born about the end of the 16th century, and died, 1656 ; he was employed in several political offices, and received from Philip III. of Spain the title of count de Barata. ARCHINTO, Charles, a learned Milan- ese of noble family, born in 1609, founded an academy for the sciences and mechanics in his native city, wliich he enriched with an extensive library, &c. ARCIION, Louis, an antiquary, chaplain to Louis XIV., bom at Auvergne, 1645 ; died, 1717 ; author of a " History of the Royal Chapel of France." ARCHYTAS, a Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician of Tarentum, flourished about 4(X) b. c. He was one of the first who applied the theory of mathematics to prac- tical purposes. ARCHENHOLZ, JoHX, a Swedish histo- rian, born at Helsingfors, 1695 ; died, 1777 : he published various works, principally re- lating to the history of his own country. ARCHENHOLZ, John William von, a very voluminous German author ; born, 1743; died, 1812. His two most important works are " Annals of British History," 20 vols., and a " History of the Seven Years' War." ARCO, Nicholas, Count, a Latin poet, born at Arco, in the Tyrol, 1479 ; died, 1546. ARCON, J. C. Eleonore Lemiceaud, a French officer, born at Pontarlier, 1733 ; died, 1800. He became general of a division, inspector of fortifications, member of the arc] ^ ^eto ?3ni&tr^aT 38tosraij]bl?» [are Institute, and senator ; and was the inventor of the famous floating batteries used at the siege of Gibraltar in 1782. ARGONS, CVesar ok, bom in Gascony, and died, 1G«1 ; was advocate in the Parlia- ment of Bordeaux, and published several treatises on philosophy and theology. ARCUDIUS, Petek, a Greek pnest, born in tlie iole of Corfu, and died, lUSo ; he wrote several pieces in defence of the Romish Church, and was sent by Clement Vlll. to Russia, to settle some religious differences. AIICUDI, Alexanuek Thomas of, a Dominican of Venice, who wrote several works, cliiefly biographical, of which the " Galatana Letterata" is the principal: he died, 1720. ARCULPIIUS. a French divine of the se- venth ceutury, who visited the Holy Laud, and wrote an account of liis travels. ARCY, Patkick, a military writer of the 18th century, was l>orn at Galway. He en- tered into the military service of France in 173!», and served with distinction in Germany and Flanders. Died, 1779. ARDERN, Jou.v, an English surgeon of Newark- upon-Trcnt, to wlioni the credit of bciug the reviver of surgery in tliis country in the 14th century has been given. ARDEXE, EsritiT Jean ue Rome, s French author, born at Marseilles, 1G84 ; where he died, in 1748. ARDENE, John Paul, brother of the preceding, was a priest at Marseilles, and superior of a college ; but more celebrated as a florist thau as an ecclesiastic. On that pleasing subject he wrote soma esteemed works ; and also, " Letters on Physic," for the practice of ecclesiastics. Dit- d, 1709. ARDENE, James, an English divine, made dean of Chester by Charles II., and died, Hi!il. ARDINGHELLI, Maria, a Neapolitan author, of noble origin, born in I7ii0. II« was distinguished in algebra and the physical sciences. AREAGATHUS, a Greek physician, who lived B. c. 2(;y, and practised with repute at Rome ; but having introduced the use of caustics and the knife, he was banished. ARENA, AxTUOxr, a French writer of the 16th century, cliiefly known by his poem on the war of Provence, carried on by Charles V. ; died, ir)44. ARENA, James ok, a learned ciTilian and writer in the 13th century. He was professor of law at Padua and Bologna, and wrote Commentaries on the Digest and the Code. ARENA, Joseph, an officer in the French service, bom in Corsica : arrested at the opera, Aug. 10. 1801, and executed Jan. 31. following, for an attempt on the life of Buonaparte, then first consul. ARENDT, Mautix Fuederic, a cele- brated traveller, whose object was the cul- tivation of science, was born at Altona, in 1709. He commenced his travels in 1798, visiting the northern parts of Europe, and making researches into the antiquities of the countries through wliich lie passed. He afterwards travelled through Spain, Italy, and Hungary ; and it was his practice to carry all his papers with him, live on the charitv of others, and sleep in the open air. Died, 1824. ARESI, Paul, bishop of Tortona, Milan, born, lo74 ; died, 1C.44. He taught theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, at Rome and Na- ples, and wrote some philosophical and re- ligious pieces. ARET.a2US, a Greek physician in tlie time of Vespasian : his works are held in great esteem. ARETIN, A. and J. G., brothers, bom in 17C9 and 1771 ; authors of several German ; works on the fine arts, "Magazin des Arts du Dessin," &c. ARETIN, J. C, Baron, bom in 1773; a laborious German bibliograph, curator of the Royal Library at Munich, and member ; of the most famous German academies, j Among his works are, "Historical and Lite- i rary Memoirs ; " a " History of the Jews of i Bavaria;" "On the Effects of Printing;" ! and many curious treatises on mnemonics, a universal language, the divining rod, &c. He edited the "Aurora" in 180(5, and pub- lished the "Nouvel Indicateur Litteraire," at Tubinifcn, in 1808. Died. 1824. ARETINO, Charles, born in Tuscany, in the 1.5th century. He was secretary to the republic of Florence ; and eminent both as a Greek scholar and a Latin poet. Died in 1470. ARETINO, Fraxcis, a learned civilian of Italy in the l.'ith century. ARETINO, Gltido, a native of Arezzo, Tuscany, who lived in the 11th century, and is celebrated for having invented the musical gamut. ARETINO, Leo.vard, an Italian histo- rian, born at Arezzo, 1370 ; died, 1443. He was secretary to several popes, and after- wards to the republic of Florence ; added a Supplement to Livy on the Punic War, and wrote the History of Italy, &c. ARETINO, Peter, an Italian satirical writer of great celebrity, was born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, in 1492 ; and who, though oc- casionally as just as he was severe, may fairly be considered one of the most uni- versal and reckless libellers that ever lived. Yet although he was so licentious a writer, that his very name is expressive of indecency and profligacy, he wrote many works of devotion, and gave the preference to the latter, whenever they accorded with his in- terest. His "Ragionamenti," a bitter satire on the scandalous lives of the nuns, married women, and mistresses of the cardinals, &c. was every where read with disgusting avidity. A multitude of satires on all the European sovereigns, earned him the title of "Scourge of Princes." By some he was bribed to silence ; by others, punished. Licentiousness stains the wit of all his works, comedies, satires, sonnets, Sic. &c. He died in 1.5.57. ARICI, C^SAR, an Italian poet, bora in 178.5 ; author of an admired didactic poem, called " La Coltivatione dcgli Olivi." ARION, a Lesbian poet of the 7th century, n. c. ; the inventor of Dithyrambics ; of whom numerous fables have been written. Of his writings, all that remains is a " Hymn to Neptune." ARETIUS, Benedict, an ecclesiastic of , Beme, Switzerland : eminent as a botanist and tliealogiau. Died, 1574. ARGAIZ, or ARGAEZ, GREGonr, a Spanish Benedictine, in the 17tli century, who publislied at Madrid an ecclesiastical history of Spain, which he attributed to St. Gregory, bishop of Granada, but which was afterwards proved to be a forgery. ARGALL,, RiciiAKD, an English poet in the reign of James I., patronised by Dr. John King, bishop of London. ARGEI.LATI, Philu', a printer of Bo- logna, of which city he became a magis- trate, was born in 1(585. From Bologna he removed to Milan, to superintend the print- ing of Muratori's " Scriptores Italicarum Berum," under the ausi)ices of the emperor Charles VI., who granted him a pension, and made him one of his secretaries. ARGELLATI, Francis, son of the above, author of a work entitled " Decamerone," written in imitation of Boccacio. Died in 1754. ARGENS, JoHX Baptiste T)e Boyek, Marquis of, a French miscellaneous writer, son to the solicitor-general of the Parlia- ment of Aix, in which city he was bom, in 1704. He at first chose the profession of arms, and was wounded at the siege of Kell, 1734, but afterwards turned his atten- tion to literary pursuits ; went to Holland, and was invited by Frederic William, king of Prussia, to his court, who made him one of his chamberlains. Died, 1771. ARGENTERO, G., a celebrated Pied- montese physician, bom in 1553 ; he trans- lated Galen. ARGENTIER, JoH.v, an Italian phy- sician, born at Quiers, Piedmont, 1513 ; died at Turin, 1572. ARGOLI, AxDHEW, a mathematician, horn at Tagliacozzo, Naples, 1570 ; died, 1653. He was professor of mathematics at Padua, with the title of Chevalier of St. Mark. ARGOLI, Joiiy, son of the above, was a poet of some celebrity, and also an archaio- logical writer. He was professor of juris- prudence at Bologna ; and died about 10(50. ARGUELLADA, Raymond, born in 17G8: a liberal deputy of the Spanish Cortes. He j was the chief framer of the Spanish Consti- tution, published at Cadiz in 1812. ARGUELLES, Adoustus, a Spanish pa- triot, born in 1775 ; joined the constitutional revolution which broke out at Cadiz in 1812, and drew up the official report of that event. He was suddenly arrested by Ferdinand VII., and sent to the galleys for ten years, by the king's arbitrary authority. He refused sub- scriptions from the English, on the ground that they had deserted or betrayed Spanish liberty. ARGUSTIN, Antoxio, a Spanish an- tiquarian, born at Saragossa, in 1517; author of " Dialogos de las Medallas." ARGYROPYLUS, JoH.v, one of the learned men who, in the 15th century, under the patronage of the Medici, contributed to the revival of Greek learning. In addition to his exertions as a teacher and lecturer, he published translations from Aristotle, and a commentary on the Ethics of that philo- sopher. AEI ERODE, an Icelandic scholar of the 11th century, and the earliest of the Northern historians. Of his numerous writings only the Schedte and Laudnama- bok remain. ARIOSTI, Attilto, aBolognese composer, who gave lessons to Handel, with whom and Bononcini, he composed the well-known opera of Muzio Scevola. ARIOSTO, EuDovico, one of the most celebrated of the Italian poets, Avas born at Reggio, in Lombardy, and even in his child- hood evinced his poetic genius. At Ferrara, where he was educated, he greatly distin- guished himself; but his studies were di- rected less towards the law, for which pro- fession lie was intended, than towards litera- ture. Tlie cardinal Ippolito d' Este became his patron, but seems to have valued him rather as a scholar and man of business than as a poet ; for when Ariosto presented a copy of his immortal Orlando, the cardinal inquired, "Where did you pick up this trumpery, master Ludovico ? " Ariosto's writings were very numerous and various, but the " Orlando Furioso " is the basis of his fame. Born, 1474 ; died, 1.D33. ARIOSTO, Gabriel, brother of the above; very inferior to him in genius, but a respect- able Latiu poet. His works were published at Ferrara, in 1582. ARIOSTO, Horace, son of the last named ; author of a poem entitled Alphaeus, several comedies, and a defence of the Or- lando against the criticism of Pellegrini. ARISi, Francis, an eminent advocate of Cremona ; author of various works, of which the most valuable is his " Cremona Literata." Born, 1(557 ; died, 1743. ARIST^NATUS, a Greek writer of the 4th century. He is praised by Ammianus Marcelliuus ; but is only known now by two books of Amatory Epistles, of some elegance. ARISTARCHIJS,a critic andgrammarian, a native of Samothrace, who flourished about a century and a half b. c. Having settled at Alexandria, he was made tutor to the son of Ptolemy Philomater. His criticisms Mxre so severe tliat his name has become proverbial. He died at Cyprus in his 72d year ; as some assert, bv voluntary starvation. ARISTARCHUS, the Samian, a Greek philosopher, supposed to have flourished about four centuries b. c. He is said to be the first who knew of the earth's rotatory motion on its own axis ; and a work of his, of wliich an edition in Greek and Latin was published by Dr. Wallis, in 1(588, treats of the magnitude and distance of the sun and moon. ARISTE AS, a Jew, in the employment of Ptolemy Pliiladelphus. He is said to have assisted in the Septuagint translation of the Bible ; and a history of it is attributed to him, btit on no satisfactory grounds. ARISTIDES, an Athenian patriot, whose unbending integrity procured him the name of "Tlie Just." He was a great admirer of the laws of Lycurgus, and opposed to the headlong democracy of the party headed by Themistocles. At the battle of Marathon he was next in command to Miltiades, and bore himself with great intrepidity. This caused liim to be made archon in the fol- ARl] ^ ^ctD mnibtvial 33tosrajpib2?« [ari lowing year ; but his rigid integrity in tliis station led to so strong an opi;osition by tlie popular i)arty, that he was ostracised. He was recalled from banisliinent to oppose the Persians under Xerxes, and, both at Salamis and riatsea, exerted himself to the utmost to serve and save his country. A still higlier proof was given of liis love of justice by bis efforts, though ineffectual, to save his rival, Themistocles, from banishment ; and by tiie fact, that though he had borne all the highest offices of the state, he was very poor at liis death, which took place in -W;? b. c. ARISTIDES, ^Lius,a native of Adriani, in Mysia ; an orator of great practice and ability during the reigns of Antoninus, Au- rclius, and Commodus. An edition of his worlcs was published in two 4to. volumes, Oxford, 1722. ARISTIDES, a Christian philosopljer, of Athens, in the 2nd century. Jerome praises his " Ajjology for the Christian Faith," but none of his writings are known to be extant. ARISTIDES, a painter of Thebes in the 3rd century B.C., famous for his power of representing tlic passions. ARISTIDES, QuiXTiLiAN, a Greek mu- sician, who, about the year 130, wrote a treatise on the music of his country. ARISTIDES, of Miletus, an Justorian often mentioned by Plutarch; but liis works were replete with licentious tales. ARISTirPUS, founder of the Cyrenaic sect of philosophers, waa bom at Cyrene about four centuries B.C. He became a pupil of Socrates, but his mode of life waa so effeminate as to induce that great man to comiJose the lecture on pleasures, which is preserved in the Memorabilia ofXenophon. Excellent as that lecture is, it had little effect on Aristippus ; who, both in lecturing and living, made pleasure the chief good. At Corinth he was the companion of the courtezan Lais ; and, at Syracuse, he was favoured by the tyrant, Dionysius, to whom, in common with many other philosophers, he paid his court. He established a school of philosophy at Cyrene, wliich continued for about a century, when it was merged into the sect of Epicurus. ARISTO, of Chios, a stoic philosopher, B.C. 2«0, who held logic to be useless and physics incomprehensible. ARISTO, an Aristotelian philosopher, of Ceos, B, c. 230. A work of his, ontitled " Amatory Similies," is cited by Atlienaeus. ARISTOGITON, a citizen of Athens, B.C. 51C, who was executed, after being horribly treated, for conspiring with liis friend Har- modius to slay the tyrants Hippias and Ilip- parchus. Ilipparchus they succeeded in glaying ; and Hippias, who put Aristogiton to death, was expelled the state about three years afterwards, when the statues of Aristo- gitoa and Harmodius were placed in the forum, and it was decreed that no slave should ever bear the name of either. ARIST03IENES, a Greek, son of Nico- medes, a descendant of the regal family of Mcssene, whose exertions caused the Mes- eenians, in conjunction with the Arcadians and Argives, to commence the second Mcs- scnian war, B.C. 085, in order to shake off the yoke of Sparta. The Messenians, however, were imsuccessful, and went over to Sicily» where they founded the city of Messina. ARISTOPHANES, a dramatic poet of Athens, contemporary with Socrates, Plato, &c. in the 5th century, B.C. His comedies were marked by a severity of satire which made him at once feared and popular ; and his description of Athenian manners was so exact, that when Dionysius, of Syracuse, wished to study the language and manners of Alliens, Plato sent him the comedies of Aristophanes as the readiest means of doing BO. Like most satiri>t8, Aristophanes was unjustly personal, and his comedy of "The Clouds was written in obvious desire to ridicule Socrates. He is said to have written fifty-four comedies, but of these only eleven remain, of which the critics deem " Plutus " the most perfect. Though his wit was de- based by licentiousness, and his satire by personality, his style was beautiful. The time of his death is unknown. ARISTOTLE, the great founder of the peripatetic sect of philosophers, was bora at Stagyra, in Thrace, B.C. 381. At the age of 17, he became a pupil of Plato, who called lilm the "m(>i</" of his scliool. The fame of his abilities having reached Philip of Ma- cedon, that prince made liim tutor to his son, Alexander the Great ; and he so carefully attended the young prince, that Philip re- built the town of Stugyra, which he had razed, and restored the expelled inhabitants to their town and privileges. When Alex- ander set out on his expedition to Asia, Aris- totle returned to Athens, and obtained leave to occupy the Lycajum as a school of philo- sophy, where he established the sect called, from his habit of walking as he lectured, the peripatetic. Envy of his abilities caused him to be accused of impiety, and he retired to Chalcis, remarking, in allusion to the judicial murder of Socrates, that he did not wish to see the Athenians a second time guilty of crime against philosophy. He re- mained at Chalcis till his death, in the (uJd year of his age, B.C. 323. His writings are numerous and various ; and of the art of logic, especially of the syllogism, he may almost be called the inventor. Both in phy- sics and metaphysics he had many erroneous opinions, but that was the fault of his age rather than of his individual intellect ; and looking at the extent of his writings, and the value of by far the greater portion of them, we must hold him to rank very high indeed among the most intellectual of mankind. ARISTOXENUS, a pliilosopher and mu- sician, pupil of Aristotle. His works are said to have been very numerous, but none have come down to us except his Harmonic Elements, which is considered to be the oldest musical treatise existing. ARIUS, a presbyter of the church of Alex- andria in the 4th century. Having main- tained that the Son and the Father were essentially distinct, and that the Son was created out of nothing by the will of the Father, Alexander the bishop, in opposition to whose preacliing he broached this doctrine, called a council, in which the doctrine was condemned, and Arius, and those who sided with him, excommunicated. He was, after much discussion, recalled from banishment £3 r 3 ark] ^ i^t^ mmhtr^al 33iograjpT)p. [arn by the emperor Constantine, and was just about to be received again into the pale of the church, when he died suddenly. Of his writings, only two epistles are extant ; and thougli there is a sect called " Arians," its doctrines are far more modified and less startling than those held by Arius. ARK WRIGIIT,Sir Ricuakd, the inventor of niachinerj', by which our cotton manufac- tures have beeu increased to an almost in- credible extent, was bom at Preston, Lan- cashire, in 1732 ; and his first employment was that of a barber. Notwithstanding the obstacles tlirown in his way at first by poverty and want of mechanical skill to reduce his inventions to practice, and afterwards by tlie unprincipled invasion of his rights by rival manufacturers, he realised a very large fortune ; and his macliincs, but little im- proved upon, have been the cause of almost innumerable fortunes to be made by others. Mr. Arkwright was not knighted, as many suppose on account of his inventions, but on the occasion of presenting an address as high sheriff of the county of Derby, congratulat- ing George III. on the failure of the attempt made on his life by Margaret Nicholson. Died, 1702. ARLAND, Jamks Axtuoxy, a Genevcse painter of great merit. His last work was the " Amour of Jupiter with Leda," which, from some whim unexplained, he destroyed by cutting it to pieces. A copy of it was sold in the artist's lifetime for 600 guineas. Born, 1668 ; died, 1743. ARLOTTO, MAiiVARDO, a facetious Flo- rentine of the 15th century, and of whose witticisms a collection has been frequently printed, was a parish minister in the bishop- ric of Fiesole ; who, though regarded as a religious buffoon by some, was as benevolent as he was jocose and witty. Bom, 1395 ; died, 1483. ARMELLINI, ]VL\riaud, a learned Do- minican, born at Ancona, was the author of "Bibliotheca Benedictino Casinensis," aud other works. Died, 1737. ARMFELDT, Gustavus Maurice, Count, a Swedish statesman of some note. He was frequently involved in difficulties, but he surmounted them all, and at his death held several important offices in Russia. Died, 1814. ARMINIIJS, or HERMANN, who by his intrepidity and success acquired tlie title of " the Deliverer of Germany," was the son of Segimer, a chief of the Catli. Having been sent to Rome as a hostage, he was there educated, served in the Roman army, and for his valour was raised to citizensliip and knighted. But his attachment to his native country induced him to revolt, and he be- came one of the most powerful leaders of the discontented German nations. He drew Varus, the Roman commander on the Rhine, into that ambuscade in which he aud nearly all his troops were slain, and completely baffled Gcrmanicus ; but after having for years withstood the vast power of Rome, Arminius was assassinated by one of his own countrymen, in the 37th year of his age, A.D. 21. ARMINIUS, James, or HARMENSEN, a Dutch divine, was the founder of the sect of Christians called Arminians, whose distin- guishing tenets are, that the merits of Christ extend to all mankind, and that the g.-ace necessary to salvation is attainable by all. This striking opposition to tlie doctrines of Calvin, caused Arminius and liis followers, who in Holland are called Remonstrants, to be much persecuted. He was learned, pious, eloquent, and the advocate of toleration. Born at Oudewater, in Holland, 1560 ; died, 1690. ARMSTRONG, Johx, a poet and physi- cian, was born at Castleton, in Roxburgh- shire, in 1700. In 1760 he was appointed physician to the army in Germany ; in 1771 he made the tour of Italy, with Fuseli the painter ; and died in 1770. His chief work is the poem on "The Art of Preserving Health," which was very deservedly popu- lar, and is, in fact, one of the best didactic poems in our language. His medical works and short poems had but limited success even in his own time, lie lived on terms of intimacy with the wits and poets of the day, and contributed to Thomson's Castle of In- dolence the beautiful stanzas descriptive of the diseases resulting from indolence. ARMSTRONG, John, a physician and medical writer, celebrated for his researches concerning the causes and phenomena of febrile diseases, was born at Bishopswear- mouth, Durham, in 1784. He took his degree of M.D. at Edinburgh, in 1807, and was chosen physician to the Sutherland Dispensary in 1811 ; but finding that his professional works had blazoned his fame in the metropolis, he resigned his situation in 1818, aud com- menced practice in London. In 1821 he engaged with Mr. E. Grainger in the forma- tion of a medical school in AVebb Street, Borough, where he delivered lectures on the practice of physic. In 1326 he joined Dr. Boot and Mr. E. Bennett in establishing a new school of medicine in Dean Street, Soho, but shortly after relinquished his connection with it. He died in 1829, of phthisis pulmo- nalis. Few men were ever more anxiously devoted to the duties of their profession than Dr. Armstrong, and few have been so suc- cessful in their elucidation of medical sci- ence. His works are numerous, and highly valuable. ARNALD, Richard, an English divine, author of " A Commentary on the Apocry- phal Books." Died, 1756. ARNALL, William, a political writer during the ministry of Sir Robert Waljiole. His chief work was the "Free Briton," in wliich the measures of NYalpole were indis- criminately defended. He was a man of much talent, but great imprudence ; for though he is said to have received 11,000/. in less than 5 years, he died in great poverty at the early age of 26, in 1741. ARN AUD, DE Meheuil, a Provencal poet of the 13th century. His chief pro- ductions were amatory songs and sonnets. Died, 1220. ARN AUD, Fraxcis, a French divine and man of letters. He cliiefly wrote for journals. Died, 1784. ARNAULD, Anthony, a French lawyer, attorney-general to Catherine de Medici ; author of " Avis au Roi Louis XIII. pour akn] ^ |}tlD aiiubci'jSfll 5i3t0srap]^2, [arn bien regiier," and other works. Bom, 1560 j died, ItilO, AKNAULD, Robert, eldest son of tlie preceding, author of " Memoirs of his own time," and translator of tlie " Confessions of Saint Angustin." Born, 1589 ; died, 1074. AKNAULD, AxTHOK V, doctor of the Sor- bonne, was brother of the preceding, and the 20tli child of tlieir parents. He deeply en- gaged in controversy with botli Jesuits and Jansenists ; and in addition to his numerous ! controversial and theological worlds, he wrote niucli in tlie belles lettics and philosophy. Born, ltJ12 j died, 1694. ARNDT, CiiKiSTiAK, logical professor at Rostock, in Germany ; author of " Observa- tions on the right use of Logic iu Divinity," &c. Boni, 102.} ; died, 10X5. ARNDT, JusiiUA, brother of the above, and his successor in the chair at Rostock ; author of a "Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Antiquities," and other valuable works. Born, 1020 ; died, 1085. ARNDT, C. Gottlieb ton, imperial Russian councillor, assistant to the empress Catherine II. in her literary employment, and author of a learned work on " The Ori- gin of Eurojwan Dialects," published in 1318. lie (lied at Heidelberg in 1829. ARNDT, Chakles, son of the last-named, Hebrew professor at Rostock ; author of Philological Discourses, Bibliotlieoa I'olitico- llernldica, &c. Born, 107;5 ; died, 1781. ARNDT, Jonx, a native of Anhalt j author of a treatise on true Christianity. Bom, 1555 ; died, 1C21. ARNE, Dr. Tuomas Augustine, a cele- brated composer of music. At the early age of 18, lie produced an opera entitled " Rosa- mond," and shortly afterwards composed the music for a masque, entitled "Alfred," written by Thompson and Mallet. On the masque of Comus being adapted to the stage, Arne's music for it obtained him so high a reputation, and such constant employment, that a mere catalogue of the various works he was subsequently Uic author of, would demand a far larger space than we can afford. His sister was the celebrated Mrs. Cibber. Born, 1704 ; died, 1778. ARNE, Michael, son of the preceding, and, like him, a musical composer ; author of tlie music of Alcmena and of Cymon. ARNIGIO, Bartholomew, an Italian poet, was originally ii blacksmith, but at 18 years of age he devoted himself to literature, and distinguished himself so much, that the University of Padua gave him the degree of doctor. As a physician, which profession he followed, he was far less distinguished than as a poet. His works are numerous. Born, 1523 ; died, 1577. ARNIM, LuDwiG AcuiN vox, a German poet, and writer of romances, was bom at Berlin, studied at Gottingen, and passed his life in literary leisure and independence, at Heidelberg, Berlin, and his country seat. His chief works are "Ariel's Offenbarungen," " Der Knabe Wunderhorn," " Der Winter- garten," "Grafln Dolores," "Die Kronen- VVilchter," " Die Gleichen." Died, 1831. His wife, Bettina Brentano, is still more cele- brated than himself, both from her own writ- ings and the interesting relation in which. when a child, she stood to the illustrious Goethe. ARNOBIUS, an African rhetorician at Sicca, in the 3rd century. He embraced the Christian religion, and published a defence of it, which has been frequently reprinted. ARNOLD, Bexedict, an American gene- ral, who during the early part of his career, devoted his best energies to promote the cause he had espoused, and who afterwards disgraced himself by treacherously betraying it, was bred a surgeon ; but on the com- mencement of hostilities between Great Britain and the colonies, he entered into the service of the latter, and was chosen captain of a company of volunteers at Newhaven. He soon rose to the rank of colonel, and commanded an expedition to Canada. He afterwards distinguished himself by his bravery, when commanding a flotilla on Lake Cliamplain, and on other occasions, and was promoted to the rank of general. He subsequently entered into negoeiations with General Clinton, to whom he proposed to surrender a post of great consequence, with which Washington h.id entrusted him. But the capture of the olhcer [see ANRiife] sent by General Clinton, caused the plot to be discovered, and Arnold liastily escaped to the royalist quarters. He wiis emjiloyed under General Clinton against his former comrades, and had the rank of brigadier- general, when he retired to England, where he died, in 1801. ARNOLD, CnRLSToniER, a German pea- sant, whose energy and natural genius ena- bled him to become one of the most accom- plished astronomers of his age. The only work ho left was entitled "Signs of Divine Grace, exlubited iu a Solar Miracle." Born, 104(5 ; died, 1095. ARNOLD, JoHX, an Englisli watchmaker, and author of many inventions towards the accurate mensuration of time. Born, 1744 ; died, 1799. ARNOLD, Jonx, a miller, celebrated in consequence of the interference on his behalf of Frederic the Great of Prussia. Believing that Arnold had been wronged of territorial land, by the decision against him of a law- suit, Frederic reversed the sentence, and im- prisoned the judges. ARNOLD, Dr. Samuel, a musical com- poser of eminence. He edited the works of Handel, and composed the "Prodigal Son," and other excellent oratorios. His opera of the " Maid of the Mill " still keeps the stage. Born, 1739 ; died, 1802. ARNOLD, Thomas, an English physician, eminent for his skill in the treatment of mental insanity. He was the author of " Observations on the Management of the Insane," " A Case of Hydrophobia success- fully treated," &c. Bom, 1742 ; died, 1816. ARNOLD, Rev. Thomas, D.D., head-mas- ter of Rugby School, and professor of modern history in the university of Oxford, was born at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and educated at Winchester and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Dr. Arnold was a most accom- plished scholar, a successful instructor of youth, and an author of sterling value. In proof of the latter it is necessary only to mention his admirable History of Rome, his aen] ^ §t^ Hm'tin'S'al 3^i05i*ajpTjB, [art edition of Tliucj'dides, and his various pam- phlets on political and ecclesiastical subjects. From the time of liis appointment to the head-mastership at Rugby, in 1828, the school, whicli had previously been at a low ebb, rose rapidly in public estimation, and at his death contained about 870 boys, including those on the foundation. Died, June, 1842, in the 47th j'ear of his age. ARNOLUE, RiCHAED, a citizen of London in tlie IGth century, and autlior of a work entitled " Arnolde's Chronicle," containing much valuable information. ARNOT, lIiTOO, an eminent Scottish writer. He was educated for the bar, but illness rendering him unlit for so laborious a profession, he devoted liimself to literature. His " History of Edinburgh," and collection of celebrated criminal trials, show him to have possessed very considerable abilities. Born, 1749 ; died, 178G. ARNOUL, an eminent French prelate of the 12th century ; author of vari^ms works in prose and verse, to be found in the Spi- cilegium of D'Acheri and the Libliotheca Patrum. ARNOULT, an eminent Parisian actress and wit. She was admired by D'Alembert, Rousseau, "and other literati of her time. Born, 1740 ; died, 1802. ARNOULT, Jean Bvptiste, a French Jesuit and author. The most valuable of his works is " Le Prt'cepteur," whicli was the model of Dodsley's Preceptor. Born, 1C89 ; died, 1753. ARNULPII, or ERXULPHUS, bishop of Rochester in the reign of Henry I. ; author of " Textus Rotfen=is," an account of the charters, &c., of his cathedral. Died, 1124. AROMATRI, JosKPii, an Italian phy- sician ; author of " Riposte alle Considera- zione di Alessandro Tassoni sopra le Rime del Petraroa." Born, 1586 ; died, IGGO. ARPINO, JosEPUixo, an Italian painter, patronised by pope Gregory XIII. Bom, loGO ; died, 1G40. ARRIA, a Roman lady, who, when lier husband, CaBcina Paetus, was ordered to put himself to death, for rebellion against the emperor Claudius, perceiving him hesitate, plunged a dagger into her bosom, exclaim- ing, "My Paitus 1 it is not painful." ARRIAX, a Greek historian, who took up his residence at Rome in the 2nd century. He was patronised by tlie emperor Adrian ; and the younger Pliny admired liim so much as to address to him no fewer than seven of his epistles. The historical writings of Arrlan were numerous, but two of them only remain entire, viz. seven books on the expedition of Alexander, and a book on the alfairs of India ; the latter being a sequel to the for- mer. There are some historical fragments of Arrian in Photius. In addition to the above, we have, of Arrian's writings, " En- chiridion," a moral treatise, an epistle to Adj-ian, &c. ARRIBAVEXE, Joiix Francis, an Italian poet of the 18th century ; autlior of "Maritime Eclogues," &c. ARRIGHETTI, Philip, an ecclesiastic of Florence ; author of a life of St. Francis, and translator of the Rhetoric and Poetics of Aristotle into Italian. Born, 1582; died,16G2. ARRIGUETTO, or ARIGGO, Hexky, a Florentine poet and ecclesiastic of the 12th century. His poems are still popular for their pathos and elegance of stjle. ARROWSMITII, Aakon, an eminent geographer and hydrographer. His maps and charts are very numerous, and held in high estimation ; and his tract, entitled " A Companion to the Jlap of the World," con- tains much valuable information. Born, 1760 ; died, 1823. ARSACES I., the founder of the Parthian monarchy, and of the dynasty of the Ajsa- ciUes, flourished in the 3rd century B.C. In revenge for an ungrateful insult offered to his brother by the governor of a province, lie raised the standard of revolt in Parthia against Seleucus ; and, having succeeded in emancipating his countrymen, they elected him their king. He reigned prosperously for ,38 years. ARSENITJS, a Roman deacon of the 4th century, and tutor to Arcadius, son of Theo- dosius. The emperor coming into his study, and seeing the pupil sitting and the master standing, ordered his son to rise, and receive his lessons in a becoming posture, which so irritated the prince, that he directed an officer to dispatch Arsenius ; but the officer gave liim information of the prince's baseness ; on wliich he fled into Egypt, where he died at the age of 9.). ARSILLI, Francesco, an Italian phy- sician of the 16th century ; author of a poem "Dc Poetis Urbanis." Died, 1540. ARTALIS, Joseph, a Sicilian gentleman, who distinguished himself for courage at the memorable siege of Candia ; author of " La Pasife," an opera, and numerous poems. Born, 1628 ; died, 1679. ARTAXERXES I.surnamedLongimanus, was the third eon of Xerxes, king of Persia. He slew his brotlier Darius on suspicion of his being guilty of the murder of his father. Artaxerxes then ascended the throne B.C. 4G5, and in his time peace v/as restored be- tween Persia and Athens, after a war of 51 years. He died B.C. 424. ARTAXERXES II., sumamed Mnemon, was the eldest son of Darius Nothus, and began his reign B.C. 404. He died at the age of 94, after reigning 62 years. ART^iXERXES III., succeeded his father, the preceding monarch, b. c. 359. He mur- dered two of his brothers, and afterwards put to death all the remaining branches of the family. In Egypt he slew the sacred bull Apis, and gave the flesh to his soldiers ; for wliich his eunuch, Bagoas, an Egyptian, caused him to be poisoned, and after giving tlie carcase to the cats, made knife handles of his bones. This happened B.C. 338. ARTAXERXES BEBEGAN, or ARD- SHIR, the first king of Persia, of the race of Sassankles, was the son of a shepherd. On the death of his grandfather he solicited the government, but being refused, he retired to Persia Proper, where he excited the people to revolt. He defeated and slew Ardavan and his son. He married the daughter of Ardavan, who attempted to poison him, for which she was sentenced to death. The officer, however, to whom the execution was committed, concealed the queen, who was in art] ^ ^tfsi Winibtv&Kl Btosraplbl'* [asg a state of pregnancy, and she was afterwards delivered of a son. 'Die secret LJcing dis- covered to the king, lie applauded the con- duct of the officer, and acknowledged the child as his heir, lie died, .a .d. 240. ARTEAGA, Stki'1ie\, a SiJanish Jesuit of the 18th century ; author of a treatise on Ideal Beauty; a history of Italian theatrical music, &c. Died, 1791). ARTEDI, Pktek, a Swedish physician and naturalist. After his death, his " Bib- liotheca lethyologica " and " Philosophia Icthyologica " were edited by Linnaius. Born, 171).') ; accidentally drowned, 17iJ.'>. ARTEMIDORUS, Daldiaxi s, an Ephe- sian ; author of a Treatise on Dreams, lie lived in the reign of Antoninus Pius. ARTEMIDORUS, also an Ephesian ; au- thor of a geographical work, of which only some fragments remain. lie flourished in the 1st century B.C. ARTEMISIA, queen of Caira, and one of the allies of Xerxes at the famous battle of Salamis. ARTEMISIA another qneen of Caira, whose splendid monument to her husband, Mausolus, was the origin of the word mau- soleum. Died, Siil B.C. ARTEMOX, the inventor of the battering ram and the testudo, was a native of Clazo- ^enc, and cotcmporary with Pericles. ^ ARTEVELLE, James, a rich brewer, of Ghent, who by his wealth, eloquence, and talents, acquired unbounded influence over his countrymen. Having compelled the Count of Flanders to take refuge in France, he formed an alliance with Edward III. of England, and strove to transfer the Flemish sovereignty to the Black Prince. Killed, in a popular tumult, at Ghent, in 13-4.';. ARTEVELLE, PiULii', son of the pre- ceding, was chosen by the Flemings as their leader when they revolted against their count in i;?82 ; but after having made himself mas- ter of Bruges, he was defeated and killed at the battle of Rosbecq in tlie same year, ARTHUR, a British prince, whose history is so interwoven with romance, that it is difficult to separate the one from the other. He is stated to have succeeded to the rule of Britain, a. d. 51C ; and to have been slain in combat with his nephew, Meudred, in .542. AKTIGAS, Dox Jonx, bom at Monte Video, in 1760; first entered the Spanish service ; quitted it, and was foremost among those who fought for independence. He sub- sequently, however, became an object of sus- I>icion to the government of Buenos Ayres ; and, being declared a traitor, took up arms, and possessed himself for some years of the territory called the Banda Oriental ; but having sustained a defeat he was compelled to seek refuge in Paraguay, where he died in ]M2(5. ARTIZENIUS, IlEyRV, professor of rhe- toric and history at Nimeguen ; author of a treatise " De JVuptiia inter Fratrem et Soro- rem," &c. Born, 1702 ; died, 17r)<J. ARTIZENIUS, Joiix IIexky, son of the above, professor of law at Utrecht ; author of a work " On the Jurisprudence of the Netherlands," and editor of the works of Arator, &c. Born, 1734 ; died, 1797. ARTIZENIUS, Otuo, paternal uncle of the last named, professor of the Belles l.et- trcs at Amsterdam ; author of a dissertation " De Milliario Aureo," &c. Born, 1703 ; died, 17(53. ARTUSI, Giovanni Jf auia, an ecclesiastic of Bologna ; author of " The Art of Coimter- point," and other musical works. ARUNDEL, M A KV, Countess of, a learned lady of the Kith century. She translated the ajiophthegms of the seven wise philoso- phers from the Greek into Latin. ARUNDEL, Thomas, archbishop of Can- terbury in the reigns of Richard II. and Henry IV. and V.. a persecutor of the Lol- lards and AVickliffites, and a chief party in procuring the horrible act De Ileretico Com- burendo. Boni, 1353 ; died, 1413. ARUNDEL, Thomas Howarp, Earl of, lived in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. ; but he left England at the beginning of the civil wars, and died at Padua, in l<i4ti. The celebrated Arundel ian marbles, presented to the university of Oxford by his grandson, were, with many other valuable relics of antiquity, brought from the Levant at his expense. ARUNDEIa Blaxcoe, daughter of the Earl of Worcester, and wife of Lord Arundel; is memorable for having defended Wardour Castle against the parliamentary army under Sir Edward Uuugcrfurd. Boru, 15b3 ; died, 1G49. ASAPH, St., a British monk of the 5th century, author of the Life of Vortigern,&c. It is from this saint that the Welsh see has its name. ASCUAM, RooER, a learned Englishman of the Kith century, who had the honour of directing the studies of queen Elizabeth. Of his writings, the most valuable is his treatise, entitled " The Schoolmaster." Died, 1M8. ASCHAM, Anthony, sent by Cromwell, in ICW, as envoy to Spain, where he and his interpreter were assassinated bysome royalist exiles. He was author of a " Discourse on the Revolutions and Confusions of Go- vernments." ASCLEPIADES, a Greek physician ; au- thor of" Commentaries on Hippocrates," &c. Died, B.C. 03. ASCOLI, Lecco di, a Bologncse mathe- matician of the 14th century ; burned to death at Florence, on an accusation of heresy, in 1.3.58. ASDRLTJAL, the son-in-law and succes- sor of Amilcar, the father of Hannibal, in the command of the Carthaginian army in Spain. He extended their conquests in that country, and built New Carthage, now Car- tiiagena. After governing there for eight years, he died by assassination, B.C. 220. ASELLI, Caspar, an Italian anatomist of the 17th century. He first discovered the system of vessels called lacteals. ASGILL, Sir Charles, a military officer, who was to have suffered death by order of Washington, in retaliation for the death of the American captain Hardy, but was spared at the intercession of the queen of France. Died, 182.3. ASGILL, John, an English barrister, ex- pelled from parliament on occount of his blasphemous writings. He fell into poverty, I ash] ^ ^eii) Wimhtxsid ^BtasrapT)!). [a ST and, for about 30 years, remained a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench. Died, 178;!. ASH, JoHX, LL.D., an Anabaptist divine; author of a well known English dictionary. Bom, 1724 ; died, 1779. ASHBURTOX, Alexander Bartxo, Lord, the second 'son of Sir Francis Baring, bart., and for many years the head of the great mercantile house. Baring Brothers and Co., was born in 1774. After'due initiation into business in London, he proceeded to the United States to conduct the Transatlantic department of the concern, where he ac- quired all that special information and gene- ral knowledge which he afterwards turned to account in the consolidation of his fortune, and ultimately in the political service of his country. His political life commenced in 1812 as member for Taunton, which he con- tinued to represent till 1820 ; after which he sat for Callington in successive parliaments till 1831, and in 1832 he was returned for North Essex. Lord Ashburton commenced life as a Whig. In the House of Commons he spoke frequently on all subjects directly or indirectly connected with commerce ; and, as might have been expected, his position procured him a deferential hearing even from those who were most opposed to his views. On the formation of the Peel ministry in 1834, he became president of the Board of Trade ; and in 1835 he was raised to the peerage. In 1842 he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel as a special commissioner to settle the disputes about the Oregon territory, which then threatened to involve this country in a war with America ; and it is but fair to admit that the success of his mission was eminently owing to his personal influence. Lord Ashburton continued to support the policy of Sir Robert Peel, until the final measure of free trade in corn was proi>osed in 1846. His position as a peer and a great landowner probably induced him to view with a different eye the consequences of a measure, to which as a mere merchant he would have lent his support ; but whatever might be his motives, certain it is that he became strenuously opposed to a free trade in corn, which a great part of his life had been spent in promoting. During a long life de- voted to activity, both mercantile and sena- torial, he found leisure to cultivate the fine arts, of which he was a most liberal patron ; and his collection of ancient pictures was unsurpassed by that of any private individual in the empire. Lord Ashburton married, in 1798, the daughter of William Bingham, esq., of Philadelphia, and bj-^ that lady, who survived him, he left a numerous family. Died, Unv 13. 1848. ASHMOLE, Elias, a celebrated English antiquary of the 17th century. Misled by the notorious Dr. Dee, he dabbled for a time in alchemy ; but fortunately for both his fame and fortune he abandoned that delusive pur- suit, and began to collect materials for the admirable "History of the Order of the Garter," which he afterwards published. Having obtained, by deed of gift, the curi- osities of Tradescant, the famous gardener, he presented them, and subsequently his books and MSS., to the university of Oxford ; and thus laid the foundation of the valu- able Ashmolean Museum. Bom, 1617 ; died, 1692. ASHWELL, George, an English divine of the 17th century ; author of several re- ligious works. Born, 1612 ; died, 1693. ASKEW, Akne, one of the victims of the horrible persecutions in the time of Henry VIII. She was burned to death, having previously undergone the torture of the rack, in 1646. ASKEW, An?hoky, a physician and scho- lar of the 18th century ; author of an appen- dix to the Greek Lexicon of Scapula, &c. Bom at Kendal, 1722 ; died, 1784. ASPASIA, a celebrated Greek lady, a native of Miletus, frequently but en-oneously designated as a courtezan, whose beauty and accomplishments had so powerful an in- fluence, that she numbered even the grave and moral Socrates among her acquaintance; and to marry her the great Pericles divorced Ilia wife. ASPINWALL, William, an American physician, was bom in 1743, in Massachusetts, and took his degree at Harvard College, where he was educated. In the war of independ- ence he was appointed a surgeon in the army ; and at the battle of Lexington he fought as a volunteer. He was greatly in- strumental in promoting inoculation for the small-pox ; yet when vaccine inoculation was introduced, he warmly adopted the prac- tice, although it greatly reduced his profes- sional emoluments. Died, 182;i. ASSELYN, Joux, a Dutch painter : who chiefly excelled in battle-pieces and liistorical paintings. Born, 1610 ; died, ]6i50. ASSEMANI. Stepuex, nephew of the pre- ceding ; keeper of the Vatican library, and author of "Acta Sanctorum Martyrum." ASSER, a rabbi of the 5th century ; one of the compilers of the Babylonian Talmud. Died, 427. ASSERIUS MENE^TENSIS, a learned ec- clesiastic, the tutor, friend, and biographer of Alfred the Great, by whom he was made bishop of Sherborne. His " Annals " con- tain, at once, the fullest and most authentic account of the life of his august sovereign and friend. Died, 909. ASTELL, Mary, the daughter of a mer- chant at Newcastle, and a women of very considerable talent as a polemical disputant. She obtained great popularity among the high church party as one of the most stren- uous impugners of the principles of Locke. Born. 1668 ; died, 1731. ASTLE, Thoxlas, an eminent archoBologi- cal writer; author of a treatise " On the Origin and Progress of Writing," &c. &c. Died, 1803. ASTLE Y, PiiiLU', author of "Remarks on the Profession and Duty of a Soldier," " A System of Equestrian Education," &c. ; but better known as the founder, and for many years the manager, of the Amphi- theatre, near Westminster Bridge. Bom, 1742 ; died, 1814. ASTON, Sir Arthur, a brave commander of the roj alist troops in the reign of Charles I., who greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Edge-hill, &c. He was governor of Drogheda in 1649, when it was taken by Cromwell, and is said to have had his brains beaten out ^vith his own wooden leg. AST] ^ IJrlD UniiitrSal 3Bt0grap!)S. [att ASTON, Sir Thomas, a brave and loyal subject, who, in the civil wars, raised a troop of horse for the king's service ; and was high sheriff of Cheshire, in 1C35. lie was killed while attempting to escai>e after being cap- tured by the republicans, in 164.5. ASTORGA, MarqniB, a Spanish grandee, declared a traitor by Napoleon in 1808. ASTOIII. Joiiy Anthony, a Venetian scholar of the 17th century ; author of nu- merous dissertations on Greek and Roman literature. ASTORINI, Elias, a Neapolitan professor of mathematics ; author of a translation of Euclid, and a Dissertation on the Life of the Foetus, &c. Died, 170S. ASTRUC, John, an eminent French phy- sician of the 17th century ; author of the Natural History of Languedoc, some me- dical treatises, &c. Born, IGS-t ; died, 17(>6. ATAHUALPA. sometimes written ATA- BALIPA, the last inca of Peru, who was barbarously put to death by the Spaniards, in 15.53. ATAIDE, DoM Louis of, a Portuguese noble and military officer, wlio was appointed viceroy of India in 1"»C0, at a period when all the native powers were combined to expel the Portuguese. His eftbrts to quell the revolt were successful, and he returned ; but on being sent out a second time, he died at Goa, 1.580. ATANAGL Denis, an Italian author and editor, of the lOth century. Among his works are a " Treatise on the Excellence of History;" an edition of the Rhetoric of Aristotle, &c. ATIIANASIITS, St., one of the fathers of the Christian Church, was a native of Egj-pt, and successor of Alexander in the bishopric of Alexandria. His defence of tlie doctrine of the Trinity against Arius and his followers involved him in much difficulty and Buffer- ing, which he Ixire with extraordinary pa- tience and fortitude. Of his numerous writings the most valuable are " The Abridg- ment of the Scriptures," and "The Life of St. Anthony." The creed called by his name is supposed by many to have been written long after his death. Bom, 290 ; died, 373. ATHELSTAN, an illegitimate son of Ed- ward the Elder, and his successor on the throne of England, in 92.5. ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian philoso- pher of tlie 2nd century. He became a con- vert to Christianity, and Clement of Alex- andria was among his pupils. He wrote an " Apology for the Christians," and a treatise " On the Resurrection of the Dead." ATHENiEUS, a learned grammarian, born at Naucratis, in Egypt, in the 3rd cen- tury. Tlie only work of his now extant is " The Deipnosophists, or the Table Talk of the Snpliists." ATHEN^EUS, of Byzantium, an engineer in the time of the emperor Gallienus ; au- thor of a treatise on the Machines of War. ATHENAIS, empress of the West, the daughter of an Athenian sophist, but whose learning and beauty induced Tlieodosius the Younger to marry her, and she took the name of Eudoxia. The emperor, however, became jealous of her, and she was banished to Jerusalem, where she died, in 400. Among her writings was a poetical translation of part of the Old Testament. ATIIIAS, JosEi'ii, a Jewish printer of Amsterdam in the 17th century ; editor of the Bible in Hebrew, English, Spanish, and Germnn, ATHOL, .Toiix MuKR.\T, Duke of, is chiefly remarkable for the events which rose out of' his hereditary connection with the Isle of Man. In 1781 he i>etitioned parliament, complaining of his father's transfer of the sovereignty of that island to the English cro^vn in 1765, for the sum of 70,000/., and an annuity of 2,000/. during the lives of him and his duchess, and praying for a bill to amend it. The question was lost in consequence of a counter-petition from the island ; but the duke was named captain-general and go- vernor-in-chief of the Isle of Man, from I'eb. 4. 1793. In 1805 he presented another peti- tion, which met with great opposition on the part of the inhabitants of the island. How- ever, a grant of one-fourth of the customs was made to the duke, in hereditary succes- sion, witli an increase of the annuity. He died in 18,".0, nged 75. ATKINSON, TuoMAS, a miscellaneous writer of some note, was bom at Glasgow 1801. Among other works, he published (in two senses, for he was a bookseller as well as an outhor) the Chameleon and the Ant, a weekly periodical, and was an extensive con- tributor to many of the local publications. Died on his way to Barbadoes, 1833. ATKYNS, Sir RouEin', a distinguished lawyer and patriot, who aided in the defence of Lord William Russell, and conducted that of Sir W. Williams, speaker of the House of Commons, when prosecuted for signing j the orders to print Dangerfleld's narrative ' of the Popish Plot. He also distinguished i himself by his opposition to the arbitrary j measures of James II., and at the Revolution was made cliief baron of the Exchequer. He subsequently was made speaker, which office he held till 1093. Born, 1021 ; died, 1709. ATKYNS, Sir Robert, son of the above, author of " The ancient and present State of Gloucester." Born, 1046 ; died, 1711. ATKYNS, RiCHAUD, of the same family with the above ; author of the " Origin and Growth of Printing." Died, 1G77. ATRATUS, Hugo, an English cardinal of the 13th century ; a skilful mathemati- cian and natural philosopher ; author of " Canones Medicinales," &c. ATTARDI, BoNAVENTURK, provincial of the Augustines in Sicily and Malta, in the 18th century; author of "Bilancia della Verita," &c. ATTENDOLO, Darius, a military offi- cer of the 10th century ; author of a " His- tory of Duelling," Poems, &c. ATTENDOLO, John Baptist, a secular priest and poet of Naples ; author of " Ob- servations on the Poetical Works of Pe- trarch," &c. Died, 1592. ATTEUBURY, Francis, an English pre- late, and a preacher of consummate abi- lities, was born in 1002, at Milton Keynes, near Newport Pagnell, and was educated at Westminster School, whence he was sent to Clxrist Church, Oxford. In 1691 he took att] ^ ^ciu miiiO^r^al BtogvajpTji?. [aub holy orders, and in 1G93 was made chaplain in ordinary to the king, and lecturer at St. Bride's. In these situations, and as preacher at Bridewell, he attracted much notice by the eloquence of his discourses ; but his con- stant advocacy of high cliurch principles exposed him to the attacks of Iloadley, and often of others of less repute. In 1700 he began a controversy on the powers and rights of convocations, in which he acquitted himself so much to the satisfaction of the party with which he sided, that he received the degree of D. D., and the thanks of the lower house of convocation. On the acces- sion of queen Anne, he was made her chaplain in ordinary, and shortly afterwards lie received tlie deanery of Carlisle. His rise henceforth was rapid : he was succes- sively made preacher at tlie Rolls Chaj)el, a canon of Exeter, dean of Christ Church, bishop of Rochester, and dean of West- minster, which last preferment he owed to the recommendation of Lord Oxford. Hi- therto his course had been invariably pros- perous ; but tlie death of queen Anne altered the wliole complexion of his circumstances. His high church principles were sufficiently well known ; and it is asserted that he was imprndent enough to boast, that if a suffi- cient guard could be obtained, he would proclaim the Pretender, and that too in full canonicals. Be this true or false, it is certain that he took several occasions to render himself obnoxious to George I., and was sufficiently active in correspondence with the friends of the Pretender to involve him- self in a "Bill of Pains and Penalties." He died an exile, at Paris, in 1731. ATTERBURY, Lewis, LL.D., elder brother of the above ; author of some ser- mons, tracts against Popery, &c. Born, 1650; died, 1731. ATTICUS, son of Julius Atticus, and a descendant from the family of Miltiades, ac- quired so much reputation as a teacher of eloquence at Athens, that he was invited by Titus Antoninus to superintend the educa- tion of his adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. He subsequen tly became consul, prefect of the free cities of Asia, &c. He employed his great wealth in public works ; but at the close of his life he retired to Marathon, Ms native place, where he died, A.n. 18.5. ATTICUS, Titos Pompomus, a Roman knight, whose vast wealth enabled him to 1 aid men of all parties, while his prudence j prevented him from siding with any of them I in their public measures. He thus escaped injury amid the contentions of Cinna and Marius, Ca3sar and Pompey, and in the horrible times of the Triumvirate. Of the ability and influence of Atticus, we may form some opinion from the correspondence between liim and Cicero. He is said to liave written " Annals " of great value ; but it is for his prudence, his wealth, and, above all, his friendship with Cicero, that he is now remembered. Died, r,.c. 33, aged 77. ATTILA, king of the Huns, surnamed the Scourge of God. His ruling passion was war ; and the Romans learned to tremble at his name, so terrible were the injuries he inflicted on them. On the last occasion of his invading Italy, he spread terror and de- solation over all Lombardy, and the fugitives thence founded the afterwards mighty city of Venice. Died, 453. ATTIRET. John Francis, a French Je- suit and painter. Being appointed mis- sionary to Pckin, he acquired great favour with the emperor Kien Long, of whose gardens he wrote a very amusing account. Born, 1702 ; died, 1708. ATWOOD, Geouge, F.R. S., an emment mathematician ; author of a " Dissertation on the Construction and Properties of Arches," and many other valuable works on mechanical and mathematical science. Born, 1745 ; died, 1807. ATWOOD, Thomas, an eminent musi- cian and composer, born in London, in 1767; commenced his musical education under Dr. Nares, in the choir of the chapel royal, where he early attracted the notice, and gained the patronage of the royal family. In 1783 he set out for Naples, and after studying for a time with Filippo Cinque and Latilla, he proceeded to Vienna, where he reaped great advantages from the celebrated Mozart. In 1790 he was appointed organist of St. Paul's cathedral, and composer to the chapel royal ; he also held the situation of organist at the chapel of the Pavilion, Brighton. His compositions consist of se- veral dramatic pieces, numerous services and anthems, songs, glees, sonatas, and other pieces for the pianoforte. He died March 24. 1838, and was buried in St. Paul's. AUBAT, Ar.BE, censcnr rnyal in 1784 ; a sarcastic French fabulist, whom Voltaire pronounces first after La Fontaine. AUBLET, J. B. C. F., an able French botanist ; author of "llistoires des Plantes de la Guienne Fran<;oise." Born, 1720 ; died, 1778. It was in honour of him that Linnreus gave the name of Verbena Aubletia to a species of vervain. AUBREY, John, an eminent English to- pographer and antiquary of the 17th century. He left a vast number of MSS., evincing great research : but he only published one work, entitled " Miscellanies," a collection of popular superstitions. Many of his MSS. are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Died, abont 1700. AUBRIET, Claude, a French painter of natural liistory subjects. Died, 1740. AUBRIOT, Hugh, a French merchant, mayor of Paris, and superintendant of finance to Charles V. He was Imprisoned for heresy, but the populace, who had risen against the taxes termed Maillotins, released him, and he escaped to Burgundy. It was from him that the French reformers had the name of Huguenots. AUBRY DE MONTDIDIER, a French knight of the time of Charles V., who, ac- cording to tradition, was basely murdered, in 1371, by his companion in arms, Richard de Macaire. The murder was discovered by means of a dog of the deceased, who showed the most hostile disposition to the murderer. The king compelled Macaire to fight with his accuser, the dog, in order to decide the case ; and the murderer was conquered. From this story the drama of " The Dog of Montargis " has been taken. aub] ^ ^m SantberiSal MiaQvn^l^u* [AUG I AUBRY, Jonx Baptist, a French prior, who was deprived of his situation at the re- volution ; author of "Questions Philoso- pliiques sur la Religion Naturelle," &c. Born, IT.'W ; died, 1809. AUBRY, Mdlle., a figurante of the French opera, who, in 175)^, publicly personated the " Goddess of Reason " at Paris. AUBRY, C. L., a Parisian librarian, and profound mathematician, born in l"4<j ; au- thor of a work addressed to the legislative body in 1799, " On Weights and Measures ; " and iinother " Ou the Decimal System." AUBUY, John' Fkaxcis, a French phy- siciiui of the 18th century ; author of " I^s Oracles de Cos," a review of the practice of llilipocrates, and other ancient physicians. AUBRY DUBONCIIET, N., a deputy of the Tiers Etat in 1789 ; and author of se- veral works on political economy. AUBRY, F.,one of the French Committee of Public Safety in 17i>4, who aimed atcoun- ter-revolution. lie deprived Buonaparte, after the siege of Toulon, of military em- ployments, and reduced him to great dis- tress ; the latter revenged himself after- wards, by preventing his re-entry into France, after his deportation to Cayenne, on the return of some of his fellow-victims. AUBRY DE GOUGES, »L\RiE-OLYMriE, a female rei)ul)lican, celebrated for her beauty and talents, born in 1755. She founded the popular female societies called Tricoteuses, aud was a perfect enthusiast in her political opinions. At length she was put to death by Robespierre's party, in con- sequence of their licentious and cruel pro- fligacy having urged her to denounce them in a pamphlet called the " Trois Umes." She died with heroic spirit. She is the author of the "Mt'moires of Madame de Valmont j " of " L' Esclavago des Ntgres," a melodrame ; " Le Marriage de Chi5rubin," a comedy ; aud " Moli&re chez Ninon," an episodical piece, &c. AUCIIMUT Y, Sir Samtel, a distinguished English general, lie served with great zeal and ability in North and South America, and when commanding in India, reduced to the dominion of Great Britain the rich set- tlements of Java and Batavia. On his re- turn to Europe, he was appointed to the command in Ireland, where he died in 1822. AUCKLAND, William Edex, Lord, an able negotiator, was the third son of Sir Robert Eden, bart., of West Auckland, Dur- ham, lie was appointed tuider -secretary of state in 1772 ; went to Ireland in 1780 with LordCarlisle, as chief secretary ; in 1788 was ambassador to Spain ; and in tlie year fol- lowing was ambassador to Holland. lie wrote " The Principles of Penal Law, " " The History of New Holland," and nume- rous other valuable works. Born, 17-14 ; died, 1814. AUDE, Joseph, knight of Malta, bom in 1755 ; secretary to the Neapolitan philoso- phical minister, Carraccioli, and subse- quently to tlie French Pliny, Buffon, whose life he published in 1788. He is the author of several dramas; " I,e lleline Angloise," "Le Retour de Camiile," "I^ Nouveau Ricco," and some melodrames ; " The Exiles of Siberia," &c. 61 AUDEBERT, Germain, a French lawyer of the ICth century ; author of " Roma," " Venetia," and other Latin poems. Died, 1598. AUDEBERT, John Baptist, a celebrated French engraver of natural history, born in 1739. The spirit of his engravings of monkeys, snakes, birds, &c. is inimitable. Died, 18n<). AUDIFREDI, JoHx Baptist, a famous Italian astronomer, born in 1714 ; author of " Demonstrazione delle Stazione della Co- mettt, 17(!9," &c. AUDIFFREDY, Therese, born in Gui- nea, in 1757. When returning thither, at IS, from Bordeaux, she was subjected, through the clfect of her youthful beauty, to the re- jected love of the captain of the vessel, but was relieved from his offered violence by Sonnini and tht chevalier Audiffredy, the latter of whom she married ; and becoming one of the richest proprietors in Cayenne, she saved Pichegru, and the numerous de- ported victims of the 18th Fructidor, from being starved to death. AUDIXOT, founder of the Thc<atre Audi- not, and the inventor of melodrames, was born at Nancy, about 1750. He was a fa- vourite actor in, as well as author of, many of the latter. He died at Paris, in IHOI. AUDLEY, Thomas, chancellor of Eng- land during part of the reign of Henry VIII., and disgracefully subservient to the evil will of that king. Died, 1544. AUDRAN, the name of a family of French artists, of whom the following are the most eminent — Charles Audhan, the elder, was bom at Paris, in 1594 ; and died in 1073. His works are numerous aud excellent Claude, a nephew of the preceding, was born, at Lyons, in 1(W9, and studicil under his uncle. He was employed by I^ Brun in painting part of the pictures of Alexander's battles at Versailles, and became professor of painting in the royal academy of Paris, where he died in 1C84 — Giuakd, the brother of the last-mentioned, and the most cele- brated of the family, was born, at Lyons, in 1G40 ; studied under Le Brun at Paris ; and engraved tliat artist's pictures in a masterly style. He died in 1703 — Claude, nephew of Girard, was born, at Lyons, in 1(585. He was celebrated for ornamental designs ; ap- pointed king's painter ; and died in 1734. — Joiix, brother of Claude, was born in l(5(i7 ; studied engraving under hia uncle ; and died, at Paris, in 175G. AUDRAN, P. G., was born in Dnuphiny, about 1770 ; and made professor of Hebrew at the College de France, in 1799. Tins scholar taught himself Hebrew by the sy- noptical and analj'tical method first ajjplicd by Dumarsais and De Gebelin to gram- matical science ; and was the author of a "Grammaire Ht'luaique." AUDRIEN, Yves M., a French ecclesi- astic, who joined Robespierre, declared for the revolution, and proposed his " Plan d' Education," to withdraw the education of youth from the priesthood. In 1800, while proceeding to his bishoi)rie, he wa.-^ dragged out of his carriage by the Chouans, and as- sassinated. AUGE, Daniel Auoentius, a French AUG] ^ fit^ Winihtx^id Mia^YK^lyv, [auk author of the IfJth centurj'. lie translated portions of St. Macarius and Synesius from the Greek, and wrote numerous dialogues on oratory, &c. AUGER, Atiiavasius, a learned ahb'i, and professor of rhetoric at the college of St. Rouen, was born at Paris, in 1734. He pub- lished several political works (among others, " Cati-chisme du Citoyen Francois," &c.) in favour of the revolution. His learned pub- lications are numerous : " Constitution des Remains ;" " De la Tragt'die Grecque;" the complete works of Isocrates, Lysias, Xe- nophon, &e. Died, 1792. AUGER, Louis Simox, bom at Paris in 1772, was a man of extensive learning, being the conductor of several journals, and one of the principal authors of the Universal Biography. He committed suicide in 1829. AUGEREAU,PiEUREFnANCOis Charles, duke of Castiglione, and a marshal of France, was born at Paris, in 1757. Having entered the army early in life, he distinguished him- self, and rose to the rank of brigadier-ge- neral in 1794. At the battles of Castiglione and Arcole, in 179(5, his personal bravery was eminently conspicuous ; and, in short, througli all the campaigns of Napoleon from that time till the memorable retreat from Russia in 1813, he displayed great skill, and filled the most important stations ; re- ceiving as a reward for his services the baton of a field marshal and a dukedom. On the abdication of the emperor, he was among the first to offer his allegiance to the Bourbons, for which lie was amply rewarded ; yet, it is said, he was equally ready on Napoleon's return from Elba to serve his old master, who, however, rejected liis services, and de- clared him a traitor. He died in 1816. AUGURELLO, Giovanni Aukelio, an Italian poet and professor of tlie heUes let- tres; author of " ChrysopoBia," and other poems, Latin and Italian. Born, 1440 ; died, 1524. AUGUSTIN, St., bishop of Hippo, and one of the fathers of the Christian Church, was born at Tagaste, in Africa, a.d. 354. He was in his youth attached to the Mani- chean doctrines, and of very loose morals ; but his conversion from his errors was com- plete and permanent ; and lie wrote with great zeal, and very voluminously, against all the sects which the Church held to be he- retical. He died in 430. AUGUSTIN, or AUSTIN, St., styled the Apostle of the English, was sent by pope Gregory I. at the head of 40 monks to preach the gospel in England. He landed in 595 ; and so rapid was his success, that the pope made him arphbishop of Canterbury, Kent being the first scene of his invaluable labour. Elated by the success of his mission, he en- deavoured to bring the Welsh bishops, who were descendants of the Britisli converts of the second century, under the jurisdiction of the Cliurch of Rome, to which they had never submitted ; but they asserted their in- dependence, and 1200 monks of Bangor were soon after put to the sword by Etlielfrid, king of Northumberland, at the instigation, it is said, of the ofiended prelate. He died early in the 7th century, but the year of his death is variously given. AUGUSTIN, AsTHONY, a Spanish pre- late of the ICth century ; author of some treatises on law and on medals. Died, 1586. AUGUSTLTLUS, Romulus, the last em- peror of the West, was raised to the throne by his father, the patrician Orestes, who deposed Julius Nepos, in 470 ; but his reign was little more than nominal, and of very short duration ; being soon after conquered and dethroned by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who spared his life, and allowed him a pension. AUGUSTUS, Caius Julius Caesar Oc- TAViANUS, a Roman emperor, was the son of Caius Octavius and Accia, niece of Julius Cassar, who, on the death of his father, which hapi)encd when he was only four years old, adopted him as his son. When Caesar was assassinated, Octavius (for by that name he was called before his accession to the throne), was in Epirus, whence he immediately re- turned to secure his inheritance, and entered into an alliance with Anthony and Lepidus, though he at first was inimical to the former. The triumvirate thus formed shed the best blood of Rome ; and Octavius was fully as guilty as either of his associates. At length Lepidus was deposed, Antony hurried to ruin and death, and Octavius, then 36 years of age, became emperor, with the title of Augustus. As emperor, his course was wise and benefi- cent ; literature and the arts flourished under his auspices ; good laws were enacted ; and he was in many respects deserving of the lavish praise heaped upon him by the writers of that time. Born, B.C. G3 ; died, a.d. 14. AULISIO, Doiiixic, a Neapolitan pro- fessor of civil law, but more celebrated as a linguist, and for his great proficiency in general science and the beUes Icftres. He was author of "Commentaries on Civil Law," a " History of the Rise and Progress of Medicine," &c. Born, 1639 ; died, 1717. AULNAGE, F. H. S. de, a Spanish writer, bom in 1739 ; author of a work on ancient pantomime, and of " Histoire Gunerale dea Religions," &c. AULUS GELLIUS, a grammarian in the reigns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius ; chiefly remembered for his " Noctes Attica;." AUNGERVILLE, Richard, or Richard DE Bury, was the tutor of Edward III., by whom he was made bishop of London, lord high chancellor, lord high treasurer, &e. He was a munificent patron of learning, and the author of a learned work, entitled " Phi- lobiblion." Born, 1281 ; died, 1.345. AUNOY, Countess of, a lively French au- thoress of the 17th century. Died, 1705. AURELIAN, Lucius Domitius, a Roman emperor, was the son of a peasant, and born in Pannonia, about tlie year 220. Having throughout an active life greatly distin- guished himself as a skilful, valiant, and successful general, he was chosen emperor i on the deatli of Claudius II. in 270. He ' drove the Barbarians from Italy, conquered Tetricus, who had assumed the purple in Gaul, and vanquished the celebrated Zeno- bia, of Palmyra, and carried her a prisoner to Rome ; but while on his march towards Persia, in 275, he was assassinated by his mutinous troops. aur] a iSit\a Winibtxgnl JJtosrapl^g. [avi AURELIO, Louis, an Italian monk of the 17tli century ; author of an account of the Bohemian rebellion, lie also abridged the Universal History of Turselliuus, and other work?. Died, icaz. AURIA, ViNCHNTio, a Sicilian author of the 17th century. His priucipal work is a history of eminent Sicilians. Born, lC2o ; died, 1710. AURIGNI, Giles, a French lawyer and poet of th« 10th century : author of a poem, entitled " Tuteur d' Amour," and some other works of no great value. AURUNGZEHE, the Great Mogul, or em- peror of liindostan, waa the third son of Shah Jehan. His early life was marked by gravity and seeming deTotion, but these were merely the disguise of an ambitiouB and crafty spirit. He deposed his father, put to death two of his brothers, aud the sou of tlie elder of them, aud assumed the sovereign authority. 111. however, m he obtained his power, he used it with skill and courage. He subdued Golconda, the Car- natic, Visapour, aud Bengal, and routed the l>iratcs who had infested the mouth of the Gauges. His achievements obtainc<l him the respect of European ae well as Asiatie powers. But the close of his life was em- bittered bj; th« rebellious conduct of hi« sons, who aimed at deposing him, as he ha<l deposed his father. Born, IGIS ; died, 1707. After the death of Aurungzebe, the might and spleudour of the Mogul empire rapidly declined. AUSEGIUS, a Freneh abbot of the 9th century, who made a collection of the capi- tularies of Charlemagne and his son Louis, which has been several times reprinted. Died, 8:M. AUSONIUS, Decii's Magnus, a Roman poet of the 4th century ; son of Julius Auso- uius, a physician of Bordeaux. He early gave proof of genius, and was appointed tutor to Gratian, son of the emx>eror Va- lentinian ; and when his pupil came to the throne, he made him priutorian prefect of Gaul, and subsequently raised him to tlie consulship. His poems are rarious both as to suVyect and merit : but though they con- tain much that is beautiful, they are but too frequently deformed by licentiousness. AUSTEN, Jaxe, the celebrated authoress of " Pride and Prejudice," " Sense and Sen- sibility," aud other prose fictions, was the daugliter of a clergyman in Hampsliire. Born. 1775 ; died, unmarried, 1817. AUSTREA, D. Juas, a Spanish admiral, born in 154o ; remembered as the conqueror of the Turks at Leiianto. AUVERGNE, Antuoxy, a French musi- cian and composer of the 18th century, who composed the first comi« opera ever per- formed in France. Died, 1797. AVALOS, FEHDijrAJTD, marquis of Pes- cara, a brare Neapolitan soldier, and the author of a " Dialogue on Love," which he wrote while a prisoner of war, and dedicated to his wife, the beautiful Vittoria Colonna. Bom. 1489; died, 152.^ AVAI/OS, Alpiionso, marquis del Vasto, nephew of the preceding, was born at Naples, in 1502, and obtained the command of the imperial army at his uncle's death, for tlie brilliant valour he displayed at the siege of Pavia. Died, 154*!. AVAUX, Claude de Mesne, Count of, a celebrated Freneh diplomatist, and an ac- complished scholar. Died, 1050. AVELLANEDA,Alpiionsus Fernandez DK, a Spanish writer, who, to the great annoyance of Cerrantes, wrote a continua- tion of the first part of Don (Quixote. AVELLONE, F., an Italian di-amatic writer, born in 1750, whose pieces are nu- merous, and many of them successful ; " Lan- terne Mngique," " Jules Willenvel," &c. AVERANI, Be.nedict, a Florentine, was a learned and voluminous prose writer and poet. Born, 1045 ; died, 1707. AVERANI, Joseph, brother of the above; author of various scientific treatises, and of a defence of Galileo. AVEN TINE, John, a native of Bavaria ; author of the "Annals of Bavaria," and of a curious work, entitled " Numerandi per Digitus," &c. Born, 1400 ; died, 15»4. A\ENZOAR, or EBN ZOAR, an Arabian physician of the I2th century, bom at Se- ville ; author of a medical comi)eudium, entitled " Al Theiser." AVERDY, Ci.KMENT Charles de l', comptroller-general of France in the 18th century ; author of" Code Penal," and other useful works. lie was guillotined in 1704, on a charge of having caused the scarcity of wheat which then afliicfed France. AVEUROES, or AVEN ROSCII, an Ara- bian j>hilosoplier and physician of the 12th century. His talents caused liim to be made chief ruler of Morocco by the caliph, Jacob Almanzor, but being accused of heresy by the Mahonietan priests, ^le was imprisoned and otherwise persecuted. Again, however, lie acquired both the royal favour and the popular confidence, and died at Morocco, in 1108, in possession of the highest honours below the sovereignty. He was author of a paraphrase of Plato's Republic, and several other works. AVESBURY, RonERT of, an English writer of the 14th century ; author of a his- tory of Edward III. AVIANO, Jerome, an Italian poet of the IGth ceuturv. AVICENNA, otherwise EBN-SINA, an Arabian philosopher and physician of the 11th century. Of his numerous works the most Tnluable are his " Commentaries on Aristotle." He died in great poTcrty, 10;57. AVIENUS, RuKus Festus, a Latin poet of the 4th century. AVIGNY, C. J. L., a national French poet, born at Martinique, in 1700 ; author of "Jeanne d'Arc," "Le Depart de la Pu- rouse ; " and some successful dramas, " Les Lettres," " Les Deux Jockeys," " Doria," Sec. His best prose production is on the progress of the British power ia India, in- serted in Michard's " Histoire de Mysore." AVILA, John d', a Spanish priest, who for the space of 40 years journeyed through the Andalusian mountains and forests, en- forcing by his precepts and example the doc- trines of the gospel ; on which account he acquired the arpellation of the Apostle of Andalusia. Died, 1509. AVLLA Y ZUNIGA, Louis d', adistin- 63 q8 AVl] ^ ^tbi Bnibtx^aX Masx^i^\iV. [azz guished diplomatist, warrior, and historian, under Charles V. He wrote " Commenta- ries " on the wars of Jiis sovereign, who so much admired them, that lie deemed himself more fortunate than Alexander, in having such an historian. AVIRON, James i.e Bathelier, a French lawyer of the ICth century ; author of " Commentaries on the Provincial Laws of Normandy." AVISON, Charles, a composer and mu- sician ; autlior of " Essays on Musical Ex- pression," &c. Died, 1770. AVITUS, Marcus M.eciltus, raised to the empire of the West on the death of Maximus, in 455, but deposed after a reign of only 14 months. AVOGADRO, Lucia, an Italian poetess, whose early talents won the praise of Tasso. Died, 15(58. AYALA, Peter Lopez d', a learned, brave, and eloquent Spanish statesman, was born in Murcia, in 13.32. After serving under four Castilian mouarchs, both in the council and the field, and distinguishing himself also as a man of erudition, he died in 1407. AYALA, a Dutch physician who practised at Antwerp in the Kitli century ; author of a '• Treatise on the Plague," " Carmen pro vera jMediciua," &c. AYESHA, daughter of Abubeker, and fa- vourite wife of Mahomet. On the death of her husband she resorted to arms to oppose the succession of Ali ; but tliough conquered by him she was dismissed in safety, and died in retirement at Mecca, in 677. The Mussul- mans venerate her memory, and designate her the prophetess. AYLMER, JoHff , bishop of Loudon in the reign of queen Elizabeth. He was a ready, but not very rigidly principled writer ; and was more disposed to intolerance than is consistent with the character of a true Christian. Born, 1521 ; died, 1534. AYLOFFE, Sir Joseph, an able antiquarj' of the 18tli century. He was keeper of the state papers, and author of " Tlie Universal Librarian," besides numerous other works. Bom, 1708 ; died, 1781. AYMON, Joiix, a Piedmontese priest of the 17th century. He abjured Papacy for the doctrines of Calvin, but returned to his original faith, and had a pension from the Cardinal do Noaillcs. Availing himself of his intimacy witli the librarian of the royal collection at Paris, he stole some JIBS., one of which, an account of the synod of Jeru- salem in 1(572, he published in Holland. He wrote a "Picture of the Court of Rome," and some other works. AYRAULT, Pierre, a French lawyer of the 16th century ; author of a treatise " De Patris Jure," occasioned by the seduction of his son by the Jesuits, and other works. Born. 1536 ; died, 1601. AYRTON, Edmuxd, a composer of cathe- dral music, and one of the directors of the Commemoration of Handel. Born, 1734 ; died, 1808. AYSCOUGH, George Edward, son of the Dean of Bristol, by a sister of the first Lord Lyttleton. He was the author of a volume of travels on the continent, and the tragedy of Semiramis. Died, 1779. AYSCOUGH, Samuel, an industrious literary character of the last century. He contributed largely to the British Critic and other periodicals ; and compiled a variety of laborious indexes, of which his index to Shakspearc is the principal. He was curate of St. Giles's, and lecturer at Shoreditch. Born, 1745 ; died, 1804. AYSCUE, Sir George, a distinguished admiral in the time of Cromwell, and one of the coadjutors of Blake in his famous action w^ith the Dutch admiral. Van Tromp. At the restoration he M-as made rear-admiral of the Blue ; and being captured in Albe- marle's action oif Dunkirk, remained many years a prisoner. AYTON, Sir Robert, a native of Fife- shire, in Scotland, a poet of considerable merit, was born in 1570. He wrote in Greek, ! Latin, and French, as well as English. Died, i 10S8. I AZAIS, P. H., born in 1766 ; author of a ! "Systeme Universel," and the editor of several literary and political works, "Le Mercure," " Ari.starque," &c. AZARA, Don Joseph Nicholas d', a Spanish grandee, born in Arragon, 1721 ; ambassador, first to Rome, ancl next to France ; a good writer in Spanish, Italian, and French ; a ripe antiquarian, and a great patron of the fine arts. His " Suite de Pierres Gravees," published in Spain, is much es- teemed. He translated into Spanish "Mid- dleton's Life of Cicero," " Bowles's Natural History of Spain," "Seneca," and "I5o- doni's Horace." He died suddenly, by his fireside, in 1804. AZARA, Feli.v d', a Spanish naturalist and traveller of the 18th century ; autlior of a " Natural History of Paraguay ," and other valuable works. Born, 1746 ; the time of his death is uncertain. AZNAR, count of Gaseony, distinguished for quelling an insurrection of the Navarrese Gascons in 824 ; but being discontented with Pepin, king of Aquitaine, for whom he put down the insurgents, lie subsequently, in 831, seized on a part of Navarre, and became the founder of the kingdom of that name. Died, 830. AZUNI, DoMixic Albert, a Sardinian, born in 1760. He was the author of " Systfeme Universel du Droit Maritime de I'Europe, &c., a w^ork of the highest merit, written in the purest French. Made president of the Genoese board of trade by Napoleon, he fell with his patron, and retired to private life. Died, 1827. AZZO, Fortius, an Italian jurist of the 13th century ; author of "A Summary of the Codes or Institutes." He is said to have been executed for killing a man in a personal conflict. ;aa] ^ ^tio Wiiiibtv^Kl 2SiO0rajp]^i|. [bag B. BAAITDTN, Mahomet Gebet Amali, a Persian (lo<:tor ; author of '• A Summary of Canon and Civil Law," which he wrote by order of Alphas tlie Great, and in liis name. BAAN, JunN n', a Dutch portrait painter, who was employed in England under the patronage of Charles II. Died, 1702. BAAN, James, son of the above, and of tlie same profession. Died, 1700. BAARSDORP, Cornki-its, physician to the emperor Charles V. ; author of "Methodus UniversiE Artis Medicaj." Died, loC.S. BAART, Pktek, a Fleming of the 18th century ; author of "Flemish Georgies," &c. BABA, a Turkish impostor of the l.Jth century, who atFected to have a mission from Heaven. He had many followers in Natolia, which country he overran ; but his success was only temporary, and his sect sunk into obscurity. BABACOUSCHI, a mufti of the city of Caffii, in Mauris, who died in the year of the Ilcgira, 7H3. His real name was Abda- rahman Mosthafa ; and he was author of a I work, entitled " The Friend of Princes." BAUEK, KiioKEMi, a Persian impostor, ] surnamcd the Impious, who, in the early part of the 'Jth century, appeared as the apos- tle of a new religion. For 20 years he baffled all the attempts that were made to put him down ; but at length he was taken prisoner, and suffered a cruel death, in 8H7. BABIN, Fkaxcis, a French divine and , professor of divinity at Angers ; editor of " The Conferences of the Diocese of Angers." I Died, 17.<4. I BABINGTON, Axthont, a gentleman of , good family and fortune in Derbyshire, who was detected in a conspiracy to assassinate queen Elizabeth, for which he was executed in 1.586. ' BABINGTON, Gervase, a bishop of Worcester, at the end of the Kith and begin- ning of the 17th centuries. He was a learned and pious man, and a considerable benefac- tor to the library of Worcester cathedral. He successively held the bishoiirics of Llan- daff, Exeter, and Worcester. BABINGTON, Dr. William, an eminent physician, and lecturer on medicine and chemistry at Guy's Hospital, was bom in 17"(7 ; and after a long life of usefulness in his profession, of which he was a distin- guished ornament, died in April, ISSii, aged 76. He was the author of "A New System of Mineralogy," besides some other scientific treatises. BABCEUF, Fraxcis Noel, a violent par- tizan of tiie French revolution. He con- ducted a journal called "The Tribune of the People," the object of which was to overthrow society as at present constituted ; and his share in a conspiracy for this pur- pose being proved, he was condemned to be guillotined, 1797. BABUR, or BABR, Mohammed, a sove- reign of the Mogul empire, in Western Tar- tary and Khorassan, who ascended tiie tlu-one in 1491, and who, in 1523, invaded and con- quered Hindostan. Tie died in 1530, and his posterity reigned over ludia for two cen- turies and a half. Babur was tlie great grandson of Tnmcrlane. BACAI, Ibrahim Bex Omar, author of lives of eminent men, &c. Died, 835 of the Hegira. BACCAINI, Benedict, professor of ec- clesiastical history at Modena, and author of various learned works. Born, 1657 ; died, 1721. BACCALARY SANNA, Vincent, mar- quis of St. Vincent, an able commander and statesman under Charles II. and Philip V. of Spain ; author of "Memoirs of Philip V." &c. Died. 1726. BACCHIS, sometimes called BALUS, a king of Corinth, who ruled with such mo- deration and equity, that to commemorate him his successors were called BacchidiE. BACCHUS, king of Mauritania, son-in- law of Jugurtha, whom he betrayed into the hands of the Romans under Sylla. BACCHYLIDES, a Greek lyric poet, who flourished about 450 years is.c. He was the cotemporary and rival of Pindar ; and Ho- race is said to have imitated him in some of his Odes. BACCIO, Andrew, an Italian physician of the 16th century ; author of several trea- tises on poisons, antidotes, &c. BACCIO, FRANcii^co Bartolomeo, an eminent jwrtrait and historical painter, was bom at Savignano, near Florence, in 14<J9. He is considered the inventor of the jointed lay figure, used by painters ; and is the first who painted draperies with grace and cor- rectness. Died, 1517. BACELLAR, Anthoxv Barbosa, a Por- tuguese poet, historian, and civilian ; but who is chiefly remembered for a work in de- fence of the house of Bragauza, which paved his way to fortune, and established him as a favourite at the court. BACH, John Sebastian, a German mu- sician of first-rate merit. He is said to have equalled Handel as an organist ; and as a scientific composer he has attained a cele- brity rarely excelled. He had 11 sons, all of whom followed their father's profession. Bom, 1085 ; died, 1754. BACHAUMONT, Francis le Coioneux de, a French lawyer and poet, co-author with Chapelle of a lively and spirited piece, in prose and verse, entitled " A Journey to Montpelier." Born, 1024 ; died, 1702. BACHAUMONT, Louis Petit, a French writer ; author of a voluminous work, en- titled "Secret Memoirs towards a History of the French Republic of Letters," &c. Died, 1771. BACHELIER, Nicholas, a French sculp- tor, pupil of Michael Angelo. Several of his productions are in the cathedral of Tou- louse, his native city. Died, 1554. BACHELIER, John James, a French painter, born in 1724, was director of the royal porcelain manufactory o! Sevres, and the discoverer of an encaustic composition BAC] ^ i^tbi minhex^nl %iag^a^\)\j. [bad for the preservation of marble statues. He established a school for gratuitously teach- ing the art of drawing. Died, 1805. BACHMEISTER, II. L. C, a miscella- neous writer, born at Ilernhorn, in the prin- cipality of Nassau-Dillenbourg, in 1736 i author of " An Abridgment of the Geogra- phy of the Russian Empire," " A Collection of Memoirs relating to Peter I.," " The Russian Library," 11 vols. &c. Died, 1800. BACICI, Jous Baptist Gauli, an Italian painter, chiefly of scriptural subjects and portraits. Born, 1639 ; died, 1709. BACKER, James, a Dutch historical painter of great ability. Born at Antwerp, in 1530 ; died, 1560. BACKER, Jacob, a portrait and historical painter. Born at Harlingen, 1609 ; died, 1651. BACKHOUSE, William, an English astronomer and alchemist ; author of " Tlie Complaint of Nature," " The Golden Fleece," &c. Died, 1662. BACKIIUYSEN, Rudolph, or LuDOLPn, an eminent painter, whose sea-pieces are worthy of the highest praise. He studied nature attentively in all her forms, and gave to every subject such transparency and lus- tre, as placed him above all the artists of his time, except the younger Vandervelde. Indeed, it is said to have been his frequent custom, whenever he could procure resolute mariners, to go to sea in a storm, in order to store his mind with images of the angry elements, and to work incessantly on his return, while they were vividly impressed on liis memory. Born at Embden, 1631 ; died, 1709. BACKLER D'ALBE, Baron Aubert Louis, an eminent French militarj' geogra- pher and engineer ; author of a " Cliart of the Theatre of War in the first Campaigns of Buonaparte in Italy," &c. Born at St. Pol, 1761 ; died at Paris, 1824. BACON, Robert, an English friar ; di- vinity lecturer at Oxford ; author of " The Life of St. Edmund, archbishop of Canter- bury," &c. Died, 1248. BACON, Roger, a celebrated English friar and philosopher. He was bom at Ilchester, Somersetshire, in 1214, and received his education at Oxford and Paris. He was so ardent in his pursuit of knowledge, that he expended 200UZ. in the course of 20 years. His attainments caused him to be much per- secuted by his ignorant contemporaries, who imputed them to magic. Several of his works remain in MSS., but the chief of them are collected in one folio volume, entitled "Opus Majus." Considering the time at which he lived, he was unquestionably a very great man ; for though his natural philosophy is in some particulars erroneous, it is quite clear that he at least approximated to the discovery of the telescope, the camera obscura, and gunpowder ; and he not only detected the error of the calendar, but actually suggested the reformation after- wards made in it by pope Gregory XIII. Died, 1292. BACON, Sir Nicholas, keeper of the great seal, and privy councillor to queen Elizabeth. He was the first lord keeper that ranked as lord chancellor. Born, 1510 ; died, 1579. BACON, AxNE, second wife of the above ; a lady remarkable for her intimate acquaint- ance with both the ancient and modern lan- guages. She translated "The Sermons of Ochinus " from tlie Italian, and " Bishop Je .\ ell'sApology for the Churcli of England " from the Latin, Born, 1528 ; died, 1600. BACON, Francis, an eminent statesman, and still more eminent philosopher, son of the lord keeper, Sir Nicholas Bacon, by his second wife. During the reign of Elizabeth he made no great progress, but on the acces- sion of James I. he was knighted, and made one of the king's counsel. In., tlie following year he was made solicitor-general ; and during the 14 years following he continued to rise till he became high chancellor of Great Britain, baron Verulam, and viscount St. Alban's. His fall was as sudden as his rise had been great : being accused of cor- ruption in his office, he was dismissed and heavily fined ; and though he was subse- quently noticed by Charles I., he spent the remainder of his life in obscurity. It is rather as a philosopher than as a statesman that he demands our admiration. His works are invaluable, and too numerous to be men- tioned here ; but if none of them existed but his "Novum Organum Scientiarum," he would have earned himself a deathless name. Born, 1561 ; died, 1626. BACON, Anthony, elder brother of the chancellor, a skilful politician, and a friend of the Earl of Essex. As he spent the greater portion of his time abroad, and was much devoted to learned pursuits, he became per- sonally acquainted with most of the foreign literati, and was also honoured with the friendship of Henry IV. of France. BACON, Sir Nathaniel, half brother of the chancellor. He possessed great ability as a landscape painter. Died, 1615. BACON, Puanuel, an English divine ; author of some dramas, and a poem, entitled " The Artificial Kite." Died, 1783. BACON, John, an eminent English sculp- tor, and the inventor of a method of making statues in artificial stone. His chief works are a bust of George III., in the hall of Cliristehurch, Oxford, Lord Chatham's mo- numents in Guildhall and Westminster Abbey, and those of Dr. Johnson and Mr. Howard in St. Paul's. Bom, 1740 ; died, 17t)9. BACON, or BACONTHOKPE, John, called the resolute doctor, an English monk ; author of a " Compendium of the liaw of Christ," &c. Died, 1346. BACQUET, a French advocate ; author of various law treatises, of which an edition, in 2 vols., was published at Lyons, in 1744. Died, 1597. BADCOCK, Samuel, an English divine and author of no mean celebrity, but chiefly known by his critiques in the Monthly Re- view. Born, 1747 ; died, 1788. BADEN, James, professor of Latin and eloquence in the universitj' of Copenhagen ; author of a Danish and German Dictionary, a translation of Tacitus, &c. Born, 1735 ; died, 1805. BADEN, Richard de, chancellor of Cam- bridge in 1326, when he founded University Hall. That building being bui-nt down, a b^vd] ^ f^cia mnibtt^aX 3BuisrapTji|. [bai new edifice was erected by the daughter of Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, who gave it the name it still bears of Clare Hall. BADENS, FuANCis, a portrait and histo- rical painter, born at Antwerp, 1571 ; died, imi. I BADIA, Domingo, a Spanish traveller, was born in 17(MJ. Being well skilled in I Arabic, he determined on travelling in the I East ; and liaving submitted to a well-known ! Mussulman rite, he waa personally (iualilied i for the task, and assumed the uameof Ali j Bey. Under this disguise he visited Tripoli, I Egypt, Mecca, and Syria undiscovered, and j was everywhere received with favour, as a I true believer. It is now known that he was employed as a political agent by the Prince I of Peace, at the instigation of Buonaparte ; and on his return to his native country he ! espoused the French cause there. After the ' battle of Vittoria, he took refuge in France, and died there in 1824. I BADILE, Antonio, an Italian painter, i celebrated for the accuracy and colouring of his portraits, but deriving still greater ho- nour from haviug two such disciples as Paul : Veronese and Baptista Zelotti. Born, 11»U ; died, 1500. B A DUEL, Claude, a French Protestant divine ; author of some theological treatises, &c. Died, 15H1. BAEHSTKAT, a Dutch painter, cliiefly of sea pieces. Died, lOiJ/. BAFFIN, WiLLiAJrt, an English navigator of the 17th century, famous for his disco' vcries in tlie Arctic regions, was born in 1.W4. He visited West Greenland in 1(512, again in mio, and made a voyage to Spitzbergen in 1014. In 1C23 aud 1024 he ascertaine<l the limits of tliat vast iulet of the sea, since dis- tinguished by the appellation of BalHu's Bay. BAG DE DIN, Mahomet, an Arabian ma- thematician of the 10th century ; author of a treatise " On the Division of Superficies," of which there is a Latia version by John Dee. BAGE, RoBEKT, an English novelist, was born at Derby, in 1728 ; and died at Tam- worth, in 1801. During the greater part of his life he followed the occupation of a paper maker. "Mount Kenneth," "Barham Downs," " The Fair Syrian," &c. owe thtir existence to him. BAGFOllD, John, a book collector and antiquary. Several of his letters are in the British Museum. Born, 1051 ; died, 1710. BAGGER, John, a very learned Dane, bishop of Copenhagen, and author of several treatises in Latin and Danish. Born, 1040 ; died, 1093. BAGGESEN, Emaxuel, a Danish poet, lie usually wrote in the German language ; and his chief productions are a pastoral epic, entitled " Parthenais, odcr die Alijciueiese," aud a mock epic, called " Adam and Eve," but his songs and short poems are very nu- merous and popular. Bom, 1764 ; died, 1826. BAGLIONE, Giovanni, an Italian paiuter of the 17th century, distinguished for his works in fresco ; many of which adorn the walls and ceilings of the Koman Church. Died, 1044. BAGLIONI, John Paul, an Italian sol- dier of fortune in the IGth century. He was put to death by Leo X., in 1520. BAGHVI, GEOKOii, an illustrious Italian physician, born at Apulia, and elected pro- fessor of anatomy at Rome ; was author of "The Praxis Aledica," aud several works connected with his profession, all of which were written in Latin. Born, 1607; died,1700. BAGNIOLI, Jui.ius C.esak, an Italian poet ; author of " The Judgment of Paris," a poem, &c. Died, 1000. BAGOAS, a eunuch, at first the favourite, and afterwards the murderer of Artaxerxes Ochus, king of Persia. He was put to death by Darius Codomauu-:, n.c. 35.'j. BAGOPHANES, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, caused all the streets to be strewed, aud incense to be burnt on the altars. BAGOT, Lewis, an English prelate, and broths to the first I-ord Bagot, was born in 1740. He was at first a canon of Christchurch, Oxford, then dean, and successively became tlie bishop of Bristol, Norwich, aud St. Asaph. He was the author of " Sermons on the Pro- phecies," &c. Died, 1802. BAGRATION, K. A., a Russian prince and councillor, who especially distinguished himself in the campaigns in Italy under Suwarrow, aud was mortally wounded at the battle of Moscow in 1812. BAGSHAW, Edwakd, an English civi- lian of the 17th century. In the commence- ment of the rebellion he sided with the Parliament, but subsequently became a royalist. He wrote several works on law aud politics. BAGSHAW, Edwahd, son of the pre- cediug, was a clergyman, and an opponent of Baxter. BAGSHAW, Wii.MAM, an English di- vine, ejected from his living for non-con- formity, in 1002, He was the author of some works on practical divinity. Died in 1703. BAIIIER, John, a French priest, and the author of some Latin poems, which are in the collection of De Brienne. Died, 1707. BAIIRDT, CiiAKLEs Fkederic, aGennan divine and author. He was born at Bischofs- werda, and studied at Leipsic, where a pro- secution having been commenced against him at Vienna for the heterodoxy of his writings, he fled to Prussia; and at length he settled at Halle, took a farm and an inn, and openly avowed liimsclf u deist. Died, 1792. BAIAN, or BAION, Andrew, a native of Goa, who was converted to Christianity, and ordained a priest at Rome about 1030. He translated the ^Eneid into Greek verse, and the Lusiad into Latin.. BAIER, John William, a German di- vine ; author of a "Compendium of Theo- logy," .tc. Born, 1047; died, 1094. liAIER, John Jamics, a German physi- cian, and director of tlie bot.inical garden at Altdorf ; author of " Dc Hortis celebri- oribus Germanise, et Horti Medici Acade- mici Altdorfini Hist." &c. &.c. Bom, 1077 ; died, 1735. BAIF, Lazarus, a French abbot, and counsellor to the parliament of Paris, in the leth century ; author of treatises '• De Re Navali," " De Re Vestiaria," &.Ci BAl] ^ Hit^ Wiixihtr^nl ^tagrapl^i). [bai BAIL, Louis, a French divine of the 17th century ; author of an Account of celebrated Preachers, a " Summary of Councils," &c. BAILEY, Natuax, an English lexico- grapher, was a schoolmaster at Stepney. Besides several school books, he was the author of " Dictionarium Domesticum ; " but his principal work was an Etymological English Dictionary, which may fairly be re- garded as the basis of Dr. Johnson's un- rivalled work. Died, 1742. BAILEY, Peter, author of "Sketches from St. George's Fields," " The Queen's Appeal," &c. Died, 1823. BAILLET, Adrian, a learned French writer and critic ; author of " Jugemens des Savans sur les prineipaux Ouvrages des Auteurs," "Lives of the Saints," &c. &c. Born, 1649 ; died, 170G. BAILLIE, Roche, sumamed La Ejviere, physician to Henry IV. of France, and au- thor of " A Summary of the Doctrines of Paracelsus." He pretended to great skill in astrology. Died, 1G05. BAILLIE, llouEUT, a Scotch divine, born at Glasgow in 1599. He was one of the de- putation sent to London to exhibit charges against Archbishop Laud ; and also one of the commissioners sent from the General Assembly of Scotland to diaries II. at the Hague. His letters, and a journal of his transactions in England, were published in 1775. Died, 1<;(;2. BAILLIE, Mattuew, M. D., a celebrated anatomist and physician. He succeeded Dr. Hunter as lecturer on anatomy, in conjunc- tion with Mr. Cruickshank, at St. George's Hospital ; he was also one of the physicians iu ordinary to their majesties George III. and IV., and was held iu high esteem among Ills professional brethren. lie was the author of several highly esteemed works, as well as of many important papers in the Philoso- phical Transactions, &c. ; and he presented to the College of Physicians a valuable mu?eum of anatomical specimens. Died, 1823. BAILLIE, Colonel John, an active and able officer of the East India Company, went out to India as a cadet, iu 1791. At the commencement of the Mahratta war he was selected to superintend the various important negotiations on which depended the estab- lishment of the British power in the pro- vince of Bundelcundy, and in this he was emiuentl}' successful, having effected the peaceable transfer to the British dominions of a territorj' yielding an annual reventie of 225,0(X)Z. On returning to England, Colonel Baillie was, iu 1820, elected M.P. for Ilendon ; and subsequently represented the burghs of Inverness, &c. Died, 1833. BAILLY, David, a painter, engraver, and author, of I^eyden. Born, 1630. BAILLY, John Sylvan us, a learned French astronomer, was born in 1730. At the Revolution, he w.as made president of the first national assembly ; he next became mayor of Paris ; but his conduct in repress- ing tumult, and showing sympathy with the royal family, made him unpopular. He re- signed his office, and in 1793 he was de- nounced by the anai-cliists of the day, and guillotined. BAILY, Francis, famous in the annals of astronomical science, was the son of a banker at Newbury, and for many years well known on the Stock Exchange, in which busy arena he realised an ample fortune. The Astrono- mical Society was organised by him, and throughout life he was the most considerable contributor to its memoirs. Systematic or- der and steady perseverance were the secrets of his success. Died, Aug. 30. 184-1, aged 70. BAINBRIDGE, Dr. John, an eminent physician and astronomer, bom in lo82. He gained considerable reputation by his work entitled a " Description of the late Comet in 1628," and was appointed professor of astronomy at Oxford. Died, 1643. BAINES, Edwaro, who Ixas secured for himself an honourable place among the friends of civil and religious liberty in the 19th century, was born at Walton-le-Dale, in Lancashire, 1774. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a printer at Preston ; but before his term of apprenticeship expired he removed to Leeds, where he found em- ployment on the Leeds Mercury, of which by prudence, diligence, and intelligence he subsequently became the proprietor. Tlie zeal and ability with which for many years he conducted this great member of the Pro- vincial Press marked him out as a fit rejire- sentative of Leeds ; and in 1833, on Mr. Macaulay's resignation of his seat for the borough, he was triumphantly elected, and held that distinguished position till the close of Lord Melbourne's administration in 1840, when his impaired health induced him to retire. Both in parliament and the press, Mr. Baines never ceased to advocate the cause of freedom, good government, charity, and religion. Thougli decided in his opi- nions, he was most catholic in his disposi- tion ; and he was most ready to co-operate with men of all parties and sects for the objects of which he approved. Besides ful- filling the multifarious duties of a journalist, he found time to devote liimself to literature ; and his " History of the lieign of George III." and "The County Palatine of Lan- caster " are enduring monuments of his patience and research. Died, 1848. BAIRD, Sir David, a distingiushed En- glish general, was of Scottish descent, and entered the army as an ensign in the 2d foot in 1772. He served in the East Indies for many years ; and among other brilliant achievements in which he was engaged, was the celebrated taking of Seringapatam, and the siege of Poadicherry. In 1801 he was scut, witli a large body of troops, from India, to assist the British army in Egypt, and joined General Hutchinson a few days before the suiTcnder of Alexandria. In 1802 he re- turned with his troops across the desert to India ; and obtaining permission to return to England, arrived in 1804, after having been captured on his passage by a French privateer, and retaken. In 180.5 he com- manded tlie expedition which took the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch ; and he was subsequently at tne siege of Coi>enhagen, where he was wounded. On the death of Sir John Moore, at Coninna, the command de- volved upon General Baird, who lost liis arm. For his gallantry on this occasion he BAj] ^ ^ri» Winihtv^al Mia^a^i)^!* [bal WM made a baronet. lie subsequently was governor of Kinsule and of Fort St. George ; and died in 1829. BAJAZET I., sultan of the Turks, a re- nowned warrior, but a tyrant ; defeated and made prisoner on tlie plains of Angora by the famous Tamerlane. Died, 1403. BAJAZET II., sultan of the Turks. His reigii was turbulent ; he was much engaged against the Venetians and other Chridtian powers, and his latter years were embittered by the enmity of his son Selim, by whom, aher he liad resigned the crown to Ixim, he was poisoned in lol2. BAKER, David, an English monk of the Benedictine order, originally a Trotcstant, but being converted to the Komifh faith, he came to England as a missionary I'rom Italy, where his conversion took place, lie wrote an exposition of llyltou's " Scale of Perfec- tion." Died in 1C41. BAKER, Sir Richakd, author of a "Chronicle of the Kings of England," &c. Born, 15()8 ; died, 1045. BAKER, Thomas, a divine and anti- quary ; author of " Reflections on Jx:arn- ing," &c. &c. Born, 1(W« ; died, 1740. lie lost the living of Long Newton at tlie ac- cession of king William III., for declining to take the oaths of supremacy and alle- giance. BAKER, IlENiiy, a diligent and ingeni- ous naturalist. He was originally brought up as a bookseller, and man led one of the daughters of the celebrated Daniel De Foe. He obtained the gold medal of the Royal Society, for his microscopical experiments on saline particles ; and wrote " Tlie Uni- verse," a poem, "The Microscope ma'le Easy," &c. Born, 1704 ; died, 1774. BAKER, David Erskisk, son of the above, was author of the " Companion to the Playhouse," subsequently enlarged by Ste- phen Jones, and published under the title of " Biographia Dramalica." Died, 1774. BAKER, Sir Geokgk, M. D., born in 1722, was a {ihysician of considerable reputation, and a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He was one of the physicians in ordinary to the king, created a baronet in 1770, elected president of the College of Phy- sicians in 1707, and died in 1809. BAKEWELL, Rouekt, a country gen- tleman of small fortune, who acquired con- siderable notoriety as a grazier at Dishley, in Leicestershire. He greatly improved his breeds of cattle and sheep ; but it was ob- jected to his stock that they were " too dear for any one to purchase, and too fat for any one to eat." Born, 1720 ; died, 179.5. BAKKER, Petkk Huzi.vga, a Dutch poet ; author of a poem on the Inundation of 1740, and of numerous songs and satires on England. Born, 1715 ; died, 1801. B^\XASSI, Makio, a Florentine painter. His copy of Raphael's " Transfiguration " was astonishingly exact. Bom, 1U04 ; died 1C07. BALBI, Adkiax, one of the most distin- guished geographers of modem times, was bom at Venice, 178-1. Devoted from his earliest years to geographical and statistical researches, he first gained a prominent place in the literary world by liis " Essai Statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal," &c. (1822). This was followed, in 1820, by his "Atlas Ethnographique du Globe," &c. in which he embodied all the researches of the most cele- brated German philologists and geographers; and continuing to prosecute his studies with unabated ardour in Vienna and Paris con- secutively, he at last gave to the world, in 1832, the " Abri'ge de Gt'ographie," a work which comprises the whole compass of geo- graphic science, and has made his name famous throughout Europe and America. His latest years were passed at Padua, in the pursuit of his favourite science. Died at Venice, 1848. BALBINU8, Dkcimus C.f.i.u'.s, chosen emperor of Rome, in conjunction with Maxi- mus, in 2.'?7 ; and murdered by the soldiery in the following year. BALBOA, Vasco Nuni.z de, a Castilian, one of the first who vi.>ited the West Indies. He established a colony on the isthnms of Panama, where he built the first town on the continent of South America, penetrated into the interior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and obtained information respecting the empire of Peru. Jealous of his talents and success, rival adventurers accused him of disloyalty, and he was put to death in 1517, by Pedrarias Davila, the Spanish go- vernor of Darien. BALBUENA, Bkknardo de, a Spanish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico, in America. Died, 1027. BALBUS, Lucius Coknelius Theopua- NES, a native of Cadiz, whose military ex- ploits caused Pomjjcy to obtain for him the privileges of a Roman citizen ; and he sub- sequently became consul, being the first foreigner on whom that dignity was con- ferred. BAI-CANQUAL, Walter, a Scotch di- vine, who accompanied James I. to England. He was made dean of Rochester and bishop of Durham, but in the civil wars he was a severe sufterer, being driven from place to place for shelter. He wrote the " Declara- tion of Charles I. concerning the late Tu- mults in Scotland," &c. Died, 1042. BALCHEN, John, an English admiral, who was lost, with all his crew, on board his ship the Victory, in a violent storm oft' Jersev, October 3. 1744. BAILDERIC, bishop of Dol in Britany, in the 12th century ; author of a history of the Crusade to the year W.)0. BALDI, Bernard, an Italian mathema- tician and poet ; author of Italian poems, lives of mathematicians, &c. Born at Ur- bino, 155;3 : died, 1017. BALDI DE UBALDIS,an Italian lawyer and author. Bom, 1319 ; died, 14W. BALDI, James, a German Jesuit and poet. Born, lOWi ; died, 1C08. BAJvDI, Lazzaro, a Tuscan painter, em- ployed by Alexander VII. to paint the gal- lery at Monte Cavallo. Died, 1703. BiVLDINGER, Ernest Godfrey, a Ger- man physician ; author of a " Dissertation on the Maladies of Soldiers," and numerous other works, cliielly medical. Born, 1738 ; died, 1804. BALDINUCCI, PniLTP, a Florentine ar- tist and connoisseur ; author of " A General CO bal] ^ 0tixi ^nihtr^nX 28t0grapTj», History of Painters," &c. Born, IG&l ; died, 1090. BALDOCK, Ralph de, bishop of London, and lord high cliancellor in the reign of Edward I. ; author of a " History of British Affairs," whicli was extant in Lelaud's time, but is now lost. Died, i;i07. BALDOCK, RoiiKUT de, a divine, who was favoured by Edward II. He shared his royal master's misfortunes, and died in Newgate. BALDWIN, WiLLiAjr, an English writer of the 10th century ; one of the chief authors of" The Mirror for Magistrates." BAJ^DWIN, archbishop of Canterbury. This prelate accompanied Kichard I. to Palestine, and died tliere, 1291. His writings were published by Tissier, in 1602. BALDWIN I., a distinguished leader in the fourth Crusade. On the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he was elected emperor of the East; but being taken prisoner by the Greeks, he was never after- wards heard of. BALDWIN II. succeeded his brother Ro- bert as emperor of the East in 1228. On the taking of Constantinople in 1201, by Michael PalfBologus, Baldwin escaped to Italy, where he died, 1278. BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, suc- ceeded to that dignity in 1100, took Anti- patria, Caesarea, and Azotus, in 1101, aud Acre in 1104. Died, 1118. BALDW^IN II., king of Jerusalem, suc- ceeded the above in 1118 ; Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., having renounced his claim to the throne. Baldwin II. was taken pri- soner by the Saracens in 1124, and gave them the city of Tyre as his ransom. Died, 1131. BALDWIN III. succeeded to the tlirone in 1148. He took Ascalon aud other places from the infidels. Died, 1163. BAIjDWIN IV., the son of Amaury, suc- ceeded his father on the throne of Jerusalem in 1174. He subsequently resigned in favour of his nephew. Died, 1185. BALDWIN v., nephew and successor of the last named, was poisoned in 1186. BALE, John, a Carmelite of Norwich, who embraced the Protestant faith, and be- came a zealous writer against Popery. In the reign of Edward VI., he was made bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, and endangered his life by his zealous efforts to reform his diocese. During the reign of Mary, he found safety in Switzerland ; and on his return to England at the accession of Elizabeth, he obtained a prebend of Canterbury. Of his nume- rous works, the most important is a Latin account of eminent British writers. Born, 1495 ; died, 1563. B.ALE, PkOBEKT, prior of the Carmelites of Norwich ; author of " Annales Ordiuis Car- melitarum," &c. Died, 1503. BAXECHOU, Nicholas, a French engra- ver, whose works are held in high estimation. Born, 1710 ; died, 1705. B AJiEN, Heindeich vax, a Dutch painter, whose " Judgment of Paris " and " Drowning of Pharaoh " are much admired. John van Balen, his son, was a distinguished historical and landscape painter. Born, 1560; died, 1G;52. BALES, Peteh, a skilful penman, em- ployed by Secretary Walsingham to imitate writings. He published a work called " Tlie Writing Master." Born, 1547 ; died, 1600. BAI^ESTRA, Antoxy, a Veronese liisto- rical painter. Bom, 1006 ; died, 1720. BALFOUR, Alea'andek, a novelist and miscellaneous writer, was a native of For- farshire, Scotland. He was the author of " Highland Maiy," besides other novels and poems, and for many years a contributor to various Scottish periodicals. Born, 1707 5 died, 1829. BALFOUR, Sir Axdkew, an eminent botanist and physician, and one to whom medical science in Scotland owes a lasting debt of gratitude for a botanic garden, mu- seum, &c., was born in 1630, at Denmilne, Fife, and died in 1694. B^VI^GUY, JoHX, an eminent divine of the Church of England, and a theological writer, was born at Shetheld in 1080, and in 1727, became a prebendary of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in tlie Bangorian contro- versy ; and among his several works may be noticed "An Essay on Redemption," a " Letter to a Deist on the Beauty and Ex- cellence of Moral Virtue," &c. Died, 1748. BALGUY, Thomas, son of the above, prebend and archdeacon of Winchester ; author of " Divine Benevolence, asserted and vindicated," a sermon on church govern- ment, &c. Born, 1716 ; died, 1795. BALIOL, Sir John pe, a native of Dur- ham, who, on the marriage of the daughter of Henry III. to Alexander III. of Scotland, was made one of the guardians of the royal pair. He founded Baliol College, Oxford ; and having sided with Henry III. against his revolted barons, the latter seized upon his lands. Died, 1209. BAIylOL, John de, son of the preceding, laid claim to the crown of Scotland on the death of queen Margaret. His claim was disputed by several competitors, one of whom was the famous Robert Bruce. But Edward I., to whom the matter was referred, decided in favour of Baliol. He soon gave offence to Edward ; and being defeated by him in a battle near Dunbar, he Mas sent, together with his son, to the Tower of Loudou. The intercession of the pope having procured his release, he retired to France, where he died in 1314. BALL, John, a puritan divine, who, while he disapproved of the discipline of the Church, wrote against separation from it on that ground. Burn, 1585 ; died, 1040. BALLANDEN, John, a Scotch divine of the 16th century ; author of various works, both prose and verse, and translator of Hector BiJethius's Ilistorv of Scotland. Died, 1550. BALLANTYNE, James, a printer of con- siderable note in Edinburgh, and at whose press the whole of the productions of Sir Walter Scott were printed, was a native of Kelso, where he first opened an office for the " Kelso Mail," of which he was the editor. On removing to Edinburgh he engaged in various important works, the principal of which were those of the great novelist ; and for many years he also conducted the " Edin- burgh Weekly Journal." He survived his friend and patron but a few months, dying in January, 1833. bal] % ^elD ^HTnitifriSal 38tfl5r<q)Tj!). [bal BATXANTYNE, Jony, brother of the preceding, acted during tlie early career of the mysterious " author of Waverley " as his confidant, and managed all the business of the communication of his works to the public. He is also remembered by his contemporaries OS " a fellow of infinite humour," whose anecdotes were as inexhaustible as his mode of telling them was unrivalled. Died, 1821 ; aged 4r>. BALT/ARD, George, originally a tailor, was born at Campden, in Gloucestershire, where he acquired so much skill iu the Saxon language, that some gentlemen allowed him a pension, and procured him a situation in the university of Oxford. He wrote " Me- moirs of learned British Ladies." Died, 1755. BALLARD, VoLAjfTE Vasiion, a rear- admiral of the British navy, was bom in 1774. On entering naval life he accompanied Vancouver on hia laborious voyage of dis- covery to the north-west coast of America, in which he was al)sent from England nearly five years. In 1807, when captain of the Blonde frigate, he captured five French pri- vateers. He afterwards distinguished him- self at the taking of Guadaloupc ; and even- tually attained the rank of rear-admiral, in 1825. Died, 1832. BALLERINI, Peteh and Jerome, two priests and brothers, natives of Verona, who, iu the 18th century, conjointly wrote some works, and edited several editions of eccle- siastical authors. BALLIN, CLAunE, a skilful French gold- smith. He executed some very fine works after antique vases, &c., for Louis XIV. and Cardinal Richelieu, and was made director of the mint for casts aud medals. Born, 1015 ; died, 1(!78. B.\LMEZ, James Lucien-, a Spanish ec- clesiastic, wliose political, theological, and philosophic writings have acquired for him a high reputation both at home and abroad, was born at Vich, in Catalonia, in 1810. From his earliest years he was destined for the priesthood, and ha\-ing in his Kith year entered the university of Cervera, he soon attracted notice by his amiable demeanour, the fertility of his mind, and theuniveraality of his acquirements. Quitting the univer- sity in 18a;j, laden with honours and ma- tured in learning, he retired to his native town, and in 1837 was there nominated to the chair of mathematics, which he filled with equal zeal and ability. In 1840 he published a brochure on the property of the clergy, which made a great sensation at Madrid ; and from this time forward his labours in behalf of the cause to which he had devoted himself were in- defatigable. He published papers on the condition of Spain, wrote in periodicals, conducted a review at Barcelona, and finally edited at Madrid the ablest journal in Spain, entitled "El Pensiamcnto de la Nacion," wherein his object was to restore the Roman Catholic Church to her former dignity and influence ; to reconcile and unite all the friends of monarchy, whether belonging to the Carlist or Christina parties ; and to found the institutions of the country on an enlarged and permanent basis. But valu- able to his counti-y as were all these and other emanations from his i>en, they are far eclipsed by his "Protestantism and Catho- licism compared in their Ettccts on the Ci- vilisation of Europe," which has been trans- lated into French, German, and English, and may be safely pronounced to be one of the most elaborate works of modern theo- logical literature. Died at Vich, 1848. BALSHAM, or BELESALE, Huon de, bishop of Ely, and founder of Peterhouse College at Cambridge. Died, 1280. BALTHASAR, Christopher, a French advocate of the 17th century, who renounced his profession to embrace and advocate the Protestant faith, which he defended with great ability against Baronius and others. BALTHASAR, J. A. Feli.y de, president of the municipal council of Lucerne ; author of" A Defence of William Tell," &c. Died, 1810. BALTHAZARINT, an Italian musician, greatly caressed at the court of Henry III. of France. His ballet of " Ceres and her Nymphs " is supposed to be the origin of the French ballet hi'rojque. BALTUS, Joux Ikaxci.^, a French Jesuit, librarian of Rheims ; author of " A Reply to Fontenelle's History of Oracles," &c. Born, 1C07 ; died, 1743. BALUE, Joii.v, a native of France, made a cardinal by poi>c Paul If., and imprisoned for 11 years in an iron cage by Louis XI. for having engaged in treasonable corre- spondence with the Duke of Burgundy. Died, 1491. BALUZE, STEniEK, a French writer; author of " Lives of the Popes of Avignon," &c. Born, 10.31 ; died 1718. BALZAC, Jon.\ Lolis Giez de, a French writer of great reputation, which he chiefly owed to the elegance of his style ; author of " Letters," " The Prince," " The Christian Socrates," &c. Bom, 1594 ; died, Ifi.vt. BAIiZAC, Honors dk, one of the most distinguished as well as prolific novel writers of modern times, was born at Tours, 17i»9. Having completed his studies at Vendomc, he published, between 1821 and 1829, twenty or thirty volumes under various pseudo- nymes, with very equivocal success ; but after this trying apprenticeship, he put forth all his powers under his own name, with what result those who have read "La Peau de Chagrin," "Les Chouans," "La Physiob.gie de Mariage," Le Pfere Goriot," " La Femuie de Trente Ans," &c.,can best testify. Since that iHiriod his productions succeeded one an • other with wonderful rapidity ; and it may l>e truly said that his literary strength grew with his years, for his " Mvdecin de Campagne," and his " Parens Pauvres," his last work, bear the impress of genius in every page. In addi- tion to his romances, Balzac wrote some the- atrical pieces, and for some time edited and contributed to the Mvue Parhienne ; but it is only his romances that exhibit unques- tionable evidence of his great genius. His design was to make all his productions form one grand work, under the title of the " Comedie Humaine, " the whole being a minute dissection of the difierent classes of society ; and for this task he was eminently qualified, pos-sessing, as he did, the secret of probing the human heart to its profoundest 71 bam] ^ |}cb WimhtY^nX %ia%xn^l)\j. [ban depths, and of laying bare with a masterly- hand all its mj'steries and all its passions. 1 Since the revolution of 1848, Balzac was cn- j gaged in visiting the battle-fields of Germany ! and Russia, and in collecting materials for a I series of volumes, to be entitled " Sc&nes de I la Vie Militaire." Next to his celebrity as 1 an author, the most remarkable feature in j his career was the deep passion which he i formed for a Russian jirincess, who finally compensated him for long years of imtiring devotion bv the gift of her hand in 1848. Died, Aug. 19. 1850. BAMBRIDE, CumsToriiER, archbishop of York, was sent ambassador from Henry VITI. to pope Julius II., who made him a cardinal. Died of poison administered by his servant, l.')14. BAMFIELD, Francis, a nonconformist divine ; author of a work on the observance of the Sabbath. He was committed to New- gate for liolding a conventicle, and died there, lfi84. BAAIPFYLDE, Sir Charles Warwick, bart., a descendant of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in Devonshire, and during 7 successive parliaments one of the members for Exeter. In 1823, when lie was 71 years of age, he was assassinated close to his own house, in Montague Square, by a man named Moorland, who blew his own brains out immediately after. BANGUI, Serafhin, a priest of the Do- minican order at Florence, to whom a fa- natic, named Berriere, disclosed his intention to assassinate Henry IV. Banchi's inform- ation saved the king, who rewarded him with the archbishopric of AngoulOme. BANCROFT, Richard, archbishop of Canterbury; a distinguished opponent of the Puritans and a supporter of the English Church. Born at Faruworth in Lancashire, 1544 ; died, 1610. BANCROFT, Johx, nephew of the above, bishop of Oxford, and builder of the palace of Cuddesdeu for the bishops of that see. Died, 1040. BANDELLO, Matthe^v, a Dominican monk of the Milanese. He wrote tales in the manner of Boccaccio, and proceeding to France obtained the bishopric of Agen. Died, 1561. BANDINELLI, Baccio, a Florentine sculptor and jiainter. His copy of the Lao- coon is highly esteemed. Born, 1487 ; died, 15.59. BANDINI, Angelo Maria, an Italian antiquary and bibliographer ; author of" De Florentini Juntaruna Typograi)liia," &c. Died, 1800. BANDURI, Anselm, a Benedictine, born in Dalmatia,but studied and wrote in France; author of " Antiquities of Constantinople," &c. Died, 1743. BANIER, Antony, a French writer ; au- thor of an " Explanation of the Fables of Antiquity," &c. Born, 1673 ; died, 1741. BANISTER, John, the first performer of any celebrity upon the violin ; composer of the music of Davenant's opera of" Circe." Died, 1679. BANISTER, John, an English physician of the 16th century ; author of various sur- gical treatises. Died, 1624. BANKES, Sir John, chief justice of the Common Pleas in the reign of Charles I. His lady, with the family, being at their seat at Corfe Castle, were summoned to sur- render it, but she successfully defended it against the parliamentary troops, till re- lieved by the arrival of Lord Carnarvon, with a body of horse. Sir John died in 1644. BANKS, John, a bookseller, and author of a " Critical Review of the Life of Crom- well," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 17.51. BANKS, John, an English dramatist of the 18th century ; author of the " Earl of Essex," a tragedy, &c. BANKS, Sir Jo.seph, an eminent English naturalist, and for many years president of the Royal Society, was the son of W. Banks, esq., of Revesby Abbey, l^incolnshire, where he was bom in 1743. His enthusiasm in the study of natural history may be judged of from the fact, that it led him to accomi)any Cook in his first circumnavigation of the world. Sir Joseph wrote but little, and, ex- cepting papers in scientific periodicals, pub- lished only one small work, a treatise on the " Blight, Mildew, or Rust in Corn." Died 1820. BANKS, Thomas, an eminent English sculptor. Among the best of his works are " Caraetacus taken Prisoner to Rome," and "Achilles mourning the Loss of Briseis." He also executed the admirable monument in Westminster Abbey, to the memory of Sir Eyre Coote. Born, 1735 ; died, 1805. BANNIER, John, a Swedish general. He served under Gustavus Adolphus ; and at the death of that prince became commander- in-chief. Born, 1601 ; died, 1641. BANNISTER, John, an admirable comic actor, the son of Charles Bannister, well known as a singer and a wit, was born in London, in 1760. Having been favourably noticed by Garrick, he made his debut at Drury Lane Theatre, as " Master J. Ban- nister," when twelve years of age ; he then quitted the boards for a time, but obtained a permanent engagement in 1779. At first he aspired to tragedy, and gave it a decided preference ; but his talents so clearly lay in the opposite direction, that on the death of Edwin he at once supplied his place, giving proofs of first-rate powers, and establishing himself as a public favourite. To name all the various parts in which he excelled his contemporaries, would occupy too much of our space ; but we have a vivid recollection of him in Sylvester Daggerwood, Lingo, Trudge, the Three Singles, Bobadil, Dr. Panglos, Job Thornberry, Colonel Feign- well, Walter in "The Children in the Wood," and many others ; and we do not hesitate to pronounce, without disparagement to the living, that he never has had his equal. Being nmch afldicted with the gout, he retired from the stage in 1815, having had the good fortune to earn a competence by his profession, and the prvidence to keep it. He died Nov. 8. 1836, aged 76, respected and beloved bj' all who knew him. Nature had done much for Bannister, physically as well as mentally : his face, figure, and voice were excellent ; his spirits exuberant ; and an open manly countenance was a faithful index to the heart of" Gentleman Jack." 72 ban] ^ :J9cU) SIiuberiSaT 3St0j[jrapTjj). [bar BAXTI, SiGNORA, a celebrated Italian singer, wlio enjoyed great popularity both in Germany and England. Died, ISOG. BAPTIST, a portrait painter of Antwerp, who was muclx employed in this country. Died, l«tl. BAPTISTE, JoHX, Bumamcd MonnoTkr, a Flemish painter, employed by William III^ to decorate Kensington Palace. Born, I(a3o ; died 1G0'.>. BAPTISTE, John Oaspard, bom at An- twerp, was the disciple of Bosehacrt ; and was engaged by Sir Peter I.ely and Kneller to jiaint the postures and draperies of their portraits. Died, 1091. BAPTISTIN, J. B. S., a Florentine com- poser and musician, who first made the vio- loncello popular in France. Died, 1716. BARANZANO, Kkkemptus, a Barnabitc monk ; he was a skilful mathematician, and correspondent with Lord Bacon, who highly esteemed him. He was author of "Urano- scopia," " Campus Philosophicus," &c. Born, 1590 ; died, 1022. BARATIEK, John Philip, a native of Anspruch, remarkable for the precocity and extent of his learning ; author of " Critical Dissertations," " Auti-Artemonius," &c. &c. Born, 1721 ; died, 1740. BAKBA, Alvarez Alonzo, a Spanish priest of the 17th century ; author of a " Treatise on Metallurgy." BARBADILLO, Alpiionso Jerome dk Salas, a Spanish dramatist of the 17th cen- tury ; author of " Adventures of Don Diego de Noche," comedies, &c. BARBARINO, Frakcesca, nn early Italian poet ; author of " Documcnti d' Amore." Bom, 1201 ; died, 1348. i BARBARO, Francis, a Venetian writer ; author of a treatise " De Re Uxorin," trans- lations from I'lutarch, &c. Born, 1098 ; died, 14r,4. BARBARO, Ermalao, nephew of the above, bishop of Verona ; translator of portions of ^sop into Latin. Died, 1470. BARBARO, Ermalao, grandson of Fran- cis, ambassador from Venice to the emperor Frederic, who knighted him. He was ex- pelled the republic on the pope making him patriarch of Aquileia. lie translated the rhetoric of Aristotle, and commented on Pliny. Born, 1454 ; died, 1 193. BARBARO, Daxiel, nephew of the last named, joint patriarch of Aquileia ; author of a treatise "On Eloquence," &c. Born, 1513 ; died. l.-,70. BARBAROSSA, Aruch, a famous pirate, the history of wliose exploits would fill many pages. He proclaimed himself king of Algiers and Tunis, and took possession of the king- dom of Treniecen ; but was defeated by Uo- niarez, governor of Oran, and put to death, in 1.518. B.IRBAROSSA, Hevradin, brother of the aboTe, whom he succeeded in tlie king- dom of Algiers. He commanded the navy of tlie Turks, and reduced Yemen and other places to their dominion. Died, 1547. BARBAULD, Anna L^titia, was the daughter of the Rev. John Aikin, and one of the best and most popular female writers of the age ; authoress of Hymns, and Early Lessons for Children. She also edited some standard novels, &c. ; and appended to them some clever notices, l)iographical and critical. Born, 1743 ; died, 1825. B^UIBAZAN, Arnold William, was a brave and noble French general, whose valour, probity, and disinterestedness dur- ing a long and successful career under the reigns of Charles VI. and VII. gained for him the glorious appellation of " the Irre- proachable Knight." Died, 1432. BARBAZAN, Stephen, a French writer ; author of a '* Father's Instructions to his Son," and editor of various old French talcs and fables. Born, 1096 ; died, 1770. BARBATELLI, Beienardino, an Italian painter, particularly excellent in delme- ating flowers, fruits, and animals. Born, 1542 ; died, 1612. BARBERINO, Francis, an Italian poet ; author of " Precei)ts of Love." Born, 1264 ; died, 1348. BARBEYRAC, Charles, a FrenfJi phy- sician, whom Locke compared to our own Sydenham ; author of *' Ciuestiones Medicas Duodecim," &c. Born, 1629 ; died, 1699. BARBEYRAC, John, nephew of the above ; professor of law at Berne, and sub- sequently at Groningen. To the perform- ance of his duty as a lecturer, he added most laborious exertions as an author. He translated the most valuable portions of Grotius, Puffendorf, and other able civilians into French, and wrote a " History ot An- cient Treatises," &c. Born, 1674 ; died, 1747. BARBIEKI, John Francis, also called GUERCINI, an eminent historical painter. Born, 1590; died, 16(56. BARBIERI, Paul Anthony, brother of the above, an eminent painter of still life subjects. Died, 1640. BARBOSA, Arias, a learned Portuguese professor ot Greek at .'ialamaiica ; author of a treatise "On Prosody," and some Latin poems. Died, 1540. BARBOSA, Peter, chancellor of Por- tugal ; author of treatises "On the Digests." Died, ]59(). BARBOSA, AnouSTiN, son of the last named, bishop of Ugento ; author of a trea- tise " De Officio Episcopi," &c. Died, 1648. BARBOUR, John, a Scotch poet and di- vine, chaplain to David Bruce, of whose life and actions he wrote a history. Bom, 1320 ; died, 1378. BARCLAY, Alexanper, a writer of the 16th century, whose place of nativity is dis- puted by England and Scotland ; the trans- lator into English of the " Navis Stultifera, or Ship of Fools." Died, 15;i2. BARCLAY, Robert, a Quaker, and one of the most eminent writers of that sect ; author of " An Apology for the Quakers," &c. Uniting all the advantages of a learned education to great natural abilities, he be- came the redoubted champion of his reli- gious princii>les ; and as he travelled with the famous ^Villiam Penn through England, Holland, and Germany, he was extensively known and everywhere highly respected. His writings, indeed, not only tended to propagate the doctrines of the Society of Friends, but tended materially to rectify public opinion concerning them, and to procure for them greater indulgence from BAlt] ^ l^eto SHuilicr^al l3ta5r<TpT)i|. [bar the government. Bohi at Gordonstown, in Scotland, 1C48 ; died, 1000. BARCLAY, William, a native of Scot- land, who emigrated to France, and bcoanie professor of law at Angers, where lie was considered one of the most eminent civilians of Ilia time. lie was the author of various treatises on the rights of popes and kings. Died, 160a. BARCLAY, Jony, son of the last named ; author of " Euphormion," a Latin satire ; " Argenis," a romance, &c. &c. Born in France, 1582 ; died at Rome, 1021. I BARCLAY, John, an eccentric divine of I the Church of Scotland, was born at Turriif, in the county of Aberdeen, in 1C45. lie completed his education at King's College, Aberdeen, and was appointed minister of the parish of Cruden, in Aberdeenshire, in 1C75. He was the author of a rare and curious work in verse, now very scarce, called " A Descrip- tion of Tlie Roman Catholic Church." Died at Cruden, in 1710. BARCLAY DE TOLLY, a Russian ge- neral, who, in the German and Polish cam- paigns of 1806 and 1807, bore a distinguished share, and was made a tield-marshal. He succeeded Kutusof as commander-in-chief, headed the Russians at tJie battle of Leipsic, and led them into France in 181."). He was at one time minister of war, and ultimately was honoured with the title of prince. Died, 1818. BARCOCHAB, or BARCHOCIIEBAS, a Jewish impostor, who, under the pretence of being the real Messiah, obtained many fol- lowers, overrunning Judaja, and putting many Romans to the sword : but he was at length defeated and slain by Julius Severus in VM. BARDAS, uncle and guardian to the em- peror Michael III., put to death for en- deavouring to seat himself on his nephew's throne, by Basilius, the Macedonian, in 806. BARDAS, surnamed SCELERUS, a ge- neral of the emperor, John Zimisces. After many vicissitudes, consequent on his aiming at the purple, he was taken into favour by the emperor Basil. BARDIN, Pierre, a French writer ; au- thor of" Le Grand Chambellan de France," &c. He lost his life while attempting to rescue a drowning man, IS-V. BAREBONE, Praise God, an M.P., and one of the most furious and notorious fana- tics of Cromwell's time, from whom the Barebone's parliament derived its name. BARENT, Dietrich, a Dutch historical and portrait painter. Born, 1534 ; died, 1582. BARERE, Beutrand, one of the most notorious if not conspicuous actors in the iirst French revolution, was bom in 1755 at Tarbes in Gascony, where his father pos- sessed the small estate of Vieuzac. He was educated for the bar at Toulouse, practised as an advocate with considerable success, and besides occupying himself with literary pursuits of a trivial character, wrote a dissertation which procured him a seat in the Toulouse Academy of Sciences. In 1785 he married a young lady of good fortune. Three years later he paid his first visit to Paris ; and the states-general having just then been summoned, he went back to his own province, and was there elected one of the representatives of the third estate. Among the crowd of legislators which at this conjuncture poured from all the pro- vinces oif France into Paris, Barfcre made no contemptible figure. His opinions, though popular, were not extreme ; and his learning, his manners, his conversation, and his powers of eloquence were all calculated to gain him favour and esteem. But as the monarchical party became weaker and weaker, he gradually estranged himself more and more from it, and drew closer and closer to the Republicans. On the termination of the labours of the national assembly, he be- came a member of the high court of appeal ; and when, in 1792, the legislative assembly invited the nation to elect an extraordinary convention, Barfcre was chosen one of its members by his own department. He voted for the death of the king, "sans appel et sans sursis," in words that have been oft repeated, "L'arbre de la liberty ne eroit qu'arro3(5 par le sang des tyrans." After the fall of the monarchy, he acted with the Girondists, to whom he made himself useful by the ease and fluency with which he could draw up reports. But ready to side with the strongest on all occasions, he soon made common cause with the Mountain, whose blooflthirsty designs he remorselessly carried out ; and he bore a large share in the infamous schemes subsequently planned during the " Reign of Terror," earning for the levity with which he discharged his dis- gusting office the nicknames of the Witling of Terror and the Anacrcon of the Guil- lotine. He fawned on Robespierre up to the 8th of Thermidor, and on the 9th he moved that Robcsi)ierre should be be- headed without a trial. On the fall of the convention he was sent a prisoner to the isle ofOleron; but he made his escape to Bor- deaux, where he remained four years in obscurity ; and on the establishment of Napoleon's government he enlisted in its service, and for some years officiated in the double capacity of a hireling writer and a spy. On the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, he again became a royalist. During the hundred days he was chosen by his native district a member of the ch.amber of repre- sentatives ; but on the final return of the Bourbons, in 1815, he was compelled to retire into Belgium, where he resided till 18.30. The revolution wliich then called Louis Philippe to the throne enabled him to return to France ; but he was reduced to extreme in- digence, and a small pension from the king and the government alone saved him from the necessity of begging his bread. Died, 1841. [Those who wish to see an instance of the literary tomahawk skilfully applied will find it in an article devoted to Barere's life and character iu the Edinburgh Review, vol. Ixxix.] BARETTI, Joseph, a native of Turin, who resided many j-ears in this country, and wrote the English language with ease and purity. Dr. Johnson procured him the situ- ation of Italian teacher in Mr. Thrale's family. His works are very numerous, but the most valuable is his Italian and English Dictionary. Born, 1716 j died, 1789. bar] ^ ^ctD Sfm'tin-iJaT SSinjjrjqjl^s. [bar BARHA:M, Rev. Richard irAUias (bet- ter knovni by his literary name of'Tliomas Iiigoldsby), was a native of Canterbury, in which city he received his early education, and coinj)leted it at Brazenose College, Oxford. Although he adopted the clerical profession, and performed the duties of his sacred calling with strict propriety, he was by nature a humourist, and attempted not to restrain the flow of wit and fancy with which his mind was surcharged. He was a minor canon of St. Paul's, and occupied the house attached to the cauonry of tlic Rev. Sydney Snuth, with whom he was on terms oi the most cordial friendship, and whom in many respects he much resembled. His other church preferment was tlie rectory of St. Augustine and St. Faith, London. " As an author he contributed. much, and during many years, to several popular periodicals, the Edinburgh Review, Blackwood's Maga- zine, and the Literary Gazette among the number, but his most popular series of puiMjrs were given to Bentley's Miscellany, under the title of ' The Ingoldsby Legends,' since collected and published in 2 vols. 8vo. His popular novel, * My Cousin Nicholas,' was also published in 3 vols. Of his poetical pieces it is not too much to say, that for originality of design and diction, for quaint illustration and musical verse, they are not surpassed in the English language.". Died, aged iiG, June 17. 1845. BARKER, EnmrND Henry, an eminent classical scholar, and one of the most in- dustrious of modern writers. He was a leading supporter of the Cla.<<sical Journal, the British Critic, and Monthly Maga- zine; and his articles, chiefly on recondite points of philology and antiquities, were his mere WM^re ddicice, with which he amused the intervals of his more serious labour of editing Stephens's " Thesaurus Lingute Gra;- ca;," a gigantic performance. Besides his freater work, he edited Prolegomena to lomcr, Lcmpribre, and other school books. Born, 1788 ; died, 1839. BARKER, Geokoe, F. R. S., of Spring- field, Birmingham, a gentleman of the legal profession, whose memory is entitled to respect and gratitude, for the success of many of the excellent institutions which do honour to his native town, and from his zeal in the promotion of the arts, manufactures, and sciences. He was mainly instrumental in obtaining acts for making what was then called ' that gigantic absurdity, the Bir- mingham Railroad,' and its now confederate line, the Liverpool, Manchester, and Bir- mingham. He was the bosom friend of Mr. Watt and of Mr. Boulton, and their con- fidential adviser in the vast projects which have been so productive of honour and wealth to themselves and to this country," He died, Dec. 6. 184.'!, aged CO. BARKER, Matthew Hexky (better known to the public under his assumed name of The Old Sailor), was the author of several naval novels and sketches ; among wluch are " Tough Yams," " Jem Bunt," " The Victory," " Land and Sea Tales," &c., be- sides " Tlie IJfe of Nelson," and numberless communications in prose and verse, to various highly respectable periodicals. He went to sea at the age of IC, but never arrived at higher promotion than the command of a hired armed schooner ; and finding himself unemployed at the cud of the war, he tried his hand at authorship. His delineation of nautical scenes is allowed to be replete with humour and characteristic truth. Died, June, 184(5, aged 5<i. BARKER, Robert, known as inventor of i the panorama, was born in Kells, in Ireland, | 1740. While viewing the scenery round Edinburgh, whitlier he had removed as a portrait painter, he was struck with the idea of representing similar views in a circular painting, in which lie uliimately succeeded, and thereby eventually realised a consider- able fortune. Died, 180fi. BARK HAM, John, an English antiquary, said to be the real author of the " Display of Heraldry," published under the name of Gwillim. Born, 1.''.72 ; died, 1(»42. BAR LA AM, a leanied divine of Calabria in the 14th century. He wrote alternately for the Greek and Latin Church ; his advo- cacy of the latter being purchased by the bishopric of Gieraci, in Italy. Hied, i;J48. BARLAUD, AnitiA-v, a Dutch critic, and professor of eloquence at I^ouvain ; author of a " Chronicle on the Dukes of Brabant," "Notes on Terence, Meuander," &c. &c. Died, 1.542. BARLOW, Thomas, bishop of Lincoln in the reign of Charles II., James II., and William III. He was a man of the most versatile and accommodating principles, if we may judge by his a<:ts. Under the first- named king he wrote against popery ; under the second he wrote in favour of the royal power to dispense with the penal laws against it ; and under the third he was among the most active in punishing non- juring clergymen. He wrote "Cases of Conscience," &c. Born, 1(;07 ; died, 1C91. BARLOW, Fhancis, an English artist ; an excellent painter of animals. Died, 1702. BARLOW, Joel, a native of the United States of America, and one of the deputies sent by the Constitutional Society to address the French Convention. He was also, in 1811, appointed ambassador to Napoleon; and being invited by the Duke of Bassano to a conference with the emperor at Wilna, he proceeded tliither, but the privations he was compelled to endure on his journey, and the fatigue of travelling night and day, caused liis death. He was a political writer and a poet, his principal work being " The Columbiad." BARLOWE, William, bishop of Bath and Wells, deprived by queen Mary for having married, but made bishop of Win- chester on the accession of queen Elizabeth. Died, IG.'jS. BARLOWE, William, son of the above, archdeacon of Sarum ; he was well skilled in natural philosophy, aud was the first English writer on the properties of the loadstone. Died, 1625. BARNARD, John, D.D., prebendary of Lincoln in the reign of Charles II. ; author of a " Life of Dr. Heylyn," &c. Died, 1083. BARNARD, Sir Jouk, lord mayor of liOndon, and one of its representatives in parliament for 40 years. He was an able 75 H a bar] ^ i^cix) WiiiibtrgBX 28tosrajj!)2). [bar speaker, and a remarkably conscientious and religious man ; and so greatly was he respected by his fellow citizens, that they erected a statue to his memory in the Royal Exchange. Bom at Reading, IfiBj; died, 1704. BARNARD, Tiieodoke, a Dutch painter who settled in England ; said to have painted the kings and bishops in Chichester cathedral. BARNAVE, Anthoxy Peteu Joseph, an eloquent and popular member of the French national assembly. He was charged with the conveyance of the king from Va- rennes to Paris ; on which occasion he con- ducted himself with great delicacy. Though he had retired to private life, he was arrested by the faction then in power, and guillotined in 1794. BARNES, Joshua, a learned divine, edu- cated at Christ's Hospital, London, and Emanuel College, Cambridge ; author of the "Life of Edward III.," and a poem "On the History of Esther," and editor of tha works of Euripides, Anacreon, aud Homer. Bom, ia';4 ; died, 1712. BARNES, Robert, D. D., chaplain to Henry "VIII. ; burned to death in Smithfield for Lutheranism, in 1540 ; authorof a treatise on Justification, &c. BARNES, Thomas, a gentleman of first- rate literary ability, and princii)al editor of "The Times," which journal owes much of its celebrity and influence to the powerful political leaders that came from liis pen, as well as to the rare skill and discrimination he evinced in the general control and adapt- ation of the articles furnished by his coad- jutors, &c. Notwithstanding the share he necessarily took in the strife of politics, it is recorded to his honour that he retained the friendship of all who had once intimately known him, how much soever they might chance to differ on questions of public inter- est. Mr. Bames was educated at Christ's Hospital and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he took his B. A. and M. A. degrees. Died, 1841. aged 5.5. BARNE VELDT, John d'Olden, a Dutch statesman, put to death by Maurice, prince of Orange, on an ill-sustained charge of having plotted to betray his country to Spain. Beheaded, 1619. BARNEY, Joshua, a distinguished naval commander, was bom at Baltimore, in l?.^. When a boy he made several voyages to Europe ; and in 1776, when not 17, he was presented with a lieutenant's com- mission on account of his bravery. During the struggle for American independence, Barney took several vessels, and performed numerous acts of gallantry ; and after nu- merous adventures arrived in Philadelphia in 1782, when he again entered on active duty, and continued a successful career till the end of the war. In 1795 he received the commission of captain in the French service, and commanded a French squadron, but resigned his command in 1800, and returned to America. In 181.3 he was appointed to command the flotilla for defence of the Chesapeake. During the summer of 1814 he kept up an active warfare with the British ; but he was made prisoner. Died, at Pitts- burg, 1818. 76 BARO, Pierhe, a French Protestant di- vine, who came to England in the 10th cen- tury, and was chosen Lady Margaret's pro- fessor of divinity at Cambridge ; author of some polemical works in Latin. BAROCCIO, Fkedeuigo, an Italian painter, chiefly of scriptural subjects. Bom at Urbino, 1528 ; died, 1612. BARON, BoNADVEXTUKE, the assumed name of Fitzgerald, a native of Ireland, who became a Franciscan monk ; author of Latin poems, and a body of divinity. Died, 1606. BARONIUS, C^SAR, confessor to Clement VIII., who made him cardinal and librarian of the Vatican ; author of " Ecclesiastical Annals." Born at Sora, 1588 ; died, 16OT. BAROZZI, James, a celebrated architect, successor to Michael Aiigelo as architect of St. Peter's ; author of " Rules for the Five. Orders of Architecture," &c. Born, 1507 ; died, 1.577. BARRAL, Peter, a French abb(5 ; author of a "Dictionary of Roman Antiquities," &c. Died, 1772. BARRAL, Loms Matthias de, bishop of Troyes, was a native of Grenoble. He emi- grated at the Revolution ; but returning to France in 1801, Buonaparte made him bishop of Meaux, and afterwards archbishop of Tours, and almoner to the Empress Jose- phine. Died, 1816. BARRAS, Paul Francis John Nicholas, Count de, M-as originally a sub-lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc, and served for some time in India. Embracing revolu- tionary principles, he assisted at the attack on the Bastile, and voted in the National Conventi<in for the death of the unfortunate Louis XVI. He subsequently became one of the chiefs of the government, but retired from public life when Buonaparte assumed the direction of affairs. For some years he resided at Rome, but returned to France in 1814, and remained there till his death in 1829. BARRE', William Vincent, a native of France, who, after serving in the Russian navy with credit in his youth, returned to his own country on the breaking out of the French revolution, joined his countrymen in arms, and was eventually appointed in- terpreter to the French government ; but having indulged his vein of sarcasm on the legitimacy of tlie First Consul, he was put under arrest. He escaped the vigilance of his enemies, and got to I^ondon, where he pub- lished a " History of the First Consulate." He translated into French Sir Sj'dney Smith's pamphlet on the expedition into Egypt ; for which the English government rewarded him. labile at Dublin, in 1829, he com- mitted suicide. BARRET, George, a landscape painter, of considerable eminence. He was born in Dublin, but passed most of his life in Eng- land, and was a chief founder of the Royal Academv. Born, 1730 ; died, 1784. BARRETT, William, an English topo- grapher ; author of a " History of Bristol." Died, 1780. BARRINGTON, John Sitote, the first Vi.scoimt Barrington ; author of " An Essay on the several Dispensations of God to Man- bar] ^ ^jrfcD duitJcriSal 3S(0Siai)T)i). [bar I kind," " The Rights of Protestant Dissent- ers," &c. Born 1(J78 ; died, 17^4. HARRINGTON, Dainks, fourth son of Viscount Barrington, was bred to tlie law, and rose to the office of second justice of Cliester. lie was autlior of " Observations on the Statutes," &c. Born, 1727 ; died, 1800. BARRINGTON, Samiel, youngest bro- ther of tlie last-named, entered early into tlie navy, and became rear-admiral of the white. lie took St. Ivucia, in the face of a superior force ; and was conspicuous for his aeal and courage at the memorable relief of Gibraltar, bv Lord Howe. Died, 1800. BARRINGTON, Sm tk. bisliop of Dur- ham, was the sixth son of the first Viscount Barrington, and born in 17:34. He engaged in some controversial disputes both witli the Calvinists and Romanists ; but though hos- tile to the doctrines of the latter, he was a liberal benefactor of the French clergy who took refuge in England during the Revolu- tion. Died, lba<i. BARROS, Jonx de, a learned Portuguese, ti-easurcrof the Indies, and author of a " His- tory of Asia and the Indies." Died, 1570. BARROW, Isaac, D.D., a learned divine and mathematician ; author of numerous muthcmatical and theological works ; and one who, for versatility of knowledge, had few rivals. King Charles II. used to say of him, that he was an unfair preacher, lor he ex- hatisted every subject upon which he dis- coursed. Bom in I/ondon, WM ; chosen vice-chancellor of Cambridge, 1G57 ; died, 1(577. BARROW, Sir Jonx, Bart., r.R.8.,for many years secretary to the Admiralty, a great traveller, and a voluminous writer of travels, biographies, &c. ; was born near Ulvcrston, in Lancashire, June 19th, 17(54. At an early age he displayed a decided in- cliiuitioii for matlieuialical pursuits, and after passing some years as superintending clerk of an iron foundry in Liverpool, he became mathematical teucher at an academy in Greenwich, whence he was appointed, through the interest of Sir George Staunton, secretary to the embassy destined for China, under Lord Macartney, in 1792. In this ca- pacity his talents and acquirements were duly appreciated; and when Lord Macartney was, in 1797, appointed to the government of the Cape of Good Hope, he secured Mr. Barrow's services as private secretary, and subsequently appointed him auditor-general of public accounts, an office which he held till the Cape was evacuated by the Englisli in 180".. In 1801 he was appointed, by Lord Melville, secretary to the Admiralty ; and with t!ie exception of a few months, during the Whig administration, in 1806-7, he continued to fill this office, down to his rclirenieut, in 15M.5. He w;is created a baro- net during the short administration of Sir Rol)crtPccl,)n 18.')o. Besides contributing nu- merous articles on miscellaneous subjects to the Quarterly Review and the Encycloi)oedia Britannica, he published tlie Lives of Lord Macartney, Lord Anson, Lord Howe, and Peter the Great ; Travels in Cliina, Voyage to Co<rhin China, the Mutiny of the Bounty, his own autobiography, &c. The general aim of bis writings was to convey inform- 77 ation, to promote the arts and sciences, and to stimulate research and enquiry ; and he had the great privilege to live to see the most beneficial eft'ects prodiiced by his honest and faithful labours. We should not omit to state that Sir John was the constant and successful advocate at the Admiralty of those voyages of discovery which have enlarged the bounds of science, and conferred so much honour on the British name and nation. Died, Nov. 23. 1848. BARBUEL, AronsTiK, a French eccle- siastic, and of some note as a man of letters during the French Revolution, was born in 1741. He was for some years editor of " IjC Journal Ecclesiastique ; hut as the prin- ciples he thei-e advocated were opposed to the revolution, he was obliged to fly to Eng- land, where, in 1794, he published liis " His- tory of the French Clergy," &c. ; but lushest known work is entitled " Memoirs for a His- tory of Jacobinism, Impiety, and Anarchy," in 5 vols. 8vo. ; a production in which fact and fiction are so closely interwoven as to destroy its authenticity. He returned to France in 1802, and died there in 1820, aged 79. BARRUEL DE BEAUVERT, Anthony JosErii, Count de, was born at the castle of Beauvert, near Marseilles, in 175(5. In 17!)0 he belonged to the national guard at Bag- iiols ; and on the flight of the royal family to Varenncs he offered liimsclf as a hostage for Louis XVI. In 1795 he was editor of the journal entitled " Les Actes des Apo- tres ;" for which he was sentenced to depor- tation, but cscaiKfd. For a time during the consulate he was under the surveillance of the police j but at length obtaining the pro- tection of tlie Empress Josephine, he was appointed to an office in the department of Jura ; where he died in 1817. He wrote the Life of Rousseau, and various works relative to the Bourbons during tlieir exile. BARRY, GiKALD, better known as Giral- dus Cambrensis ; author of " Topographia llibernica," " Itinerarium Cambrias," &c. He flourished in the 12th century, but the date of his death is not known. BARRY, Jamks T., a painter of consider able genius, and a skilful writer on his ai t, was born at Cork, in 1741. The celebratid Edmund Burke was his friend and patron ; by whose means he was enabled to travel, and study the great masterpieces of art in Italy. Died, 180(5. BARRY, SruANGEn, a celebrated actor ; and, for a time, tlie rival of Garrick, who, iiowever, in the higher walks of the drama, greatly excelled him. Born, 1719; died, 1777. BARTAS, William de Sallust i>u, a French poet, warrior, and statesman ; coufi- dcnnally employed by Henry IV. ; author of "The Week of the Creation," &c. Died, 1590. BARTII, John, a French naval officer, remarkable for his skill and daring as a pri- vateer. Born at Dunkirk, 1(551 ; died, 1702. BARTHELEiMI, Nicholas, a monk of the 15th century ; author of a treatise " On the Active and Contemplative Life," &c. BARTIIELEMON, Fi'.ancis Uiitolite, a musical composer and violinist, wa'? bom at Bordeaux, in 1741, but resided chiefly in bS bar] ^ i^tia mnihttSnl I8t0flriipl)j?. London, and was for many years leader of the Opera-house. As a composer he was re- markable for rapidity ; and as a performer for taste and execution. Died, 1808. BARTIIELEM Y, Jt)nN James, the learned author of '_' The Voyage of the Younger Anacharsis in Greece ; " was born at Cassis, in Provence, 1716 ; died, 1795. BARTHEZ, Paul Joseph, an eminent French physician, was bom at Montpellier, in 1734, where he founded a medical school, which acquired great reputation throughout Europe. For many years he practised in Paris, and was consulted upon the most im- portant cases : he also wrote in the Journal des Savans, the Encyclopfedic, &c. ; and was a member ofalmost every learned society. During the revolution he suffered greatly in his fortune ; but Napoleon, who knew his great merits, restored him, in his old age, to wealth and honours. Died, 180C. BARTirOEDY, Jacob Solomon, a Prus- sian diplomatist, bom a Jew, but after tra- velling in Greece he abjured Judaism, and became a Protestant. In 1807 he served against the French as an officer in the land- wehr of Vienna, and wrote a tract called " The War of the Tyrol," which produced a great sensation. Died, 182(5. BARTOLI, or BARTOLUS, a learned civilian, who flourished in the 14tli century, and is said to have contributed more than any of his predecessors to the elucidation of legal science. Born, 1312 ; died, 13.56. BARTOLI, Daniel, a learned Jesuit; author of a " History of the Jesuits," &c. Born at Ferrara, 1608 ; died, 1685. BARTOLI, Cosmo, an Italian writer of the 16th century ; author of a " Life of Frederic Barbarossa," &c. BARTOLO, an Italian lawyer of the 14th century ; professor of law at Pisa, and author of numerous works on law and other subjects. BARTOLOZZI, Francis, an engraver of first-rate merit, was born at Florence in 1728 ; came to England in 1764 ; admitted a member ofthe Royal Academy in 1769 ; went to Lisbon, at the invitation of the prince- regent oi Portugal, in 1802 ; and there died in 1815. The productions of his graver are numerous, highly esteemed, and eagerly sought after. BARTON, Bernard, the celebrated " Quaker poet," was born near I,ondon, 1784. In 1810 he became a clerk in Alexander's bank, at Woodbridge, where he officiated almost to the day of his death. His first volume of poetry was published in 1811, and this was succeeded by numerous others, most of them devoted to homely subjects, but all of them animated by the purest feeling and the most glowing fancy. But it was not only for his merits as a poet that Bernard Barton deserves to be held in remembrance. He was endowed with every quality which endears a man to all tliat come within his influence. His genial good Inmiour and vast stores of information made him a wel- come guest wherever he appeared ; and the native sincerity of his character, which was set forth in every act of his life, was en- hanced by a benignity, liberality, and cha- rity, in entire accordance with the precepts of his faith. Died, Feb. 19. 1849. 78 [bA8 BARTON, ELiZAP.Exn, a religious im- postor, called tJw Holy Maid of Kent, was a poor country girl, born at AUington in that county, who, instructed by priests, declared she was divinely inspired, denounced the heresies of the reformed religion, and pre- tended to the gift of prophecy : but having included the king (Henrj' VIII.) in her predictions and denunciations, she and her associates were tried and executed for high treason, 1584. BARTRAM, John, an eminent American botanist, was born in Chester county, Penn- sylvania, in 1701. He formed a botanic gar- den near Philadelphia, said to have been the first establishment of the kind in America ; and so intimate an acquaintance had he with the vegetable kingdom, that liinnaus pro- nounced him " the greatest natural botanist in the world." Died, 1777. BARTRAM, William, a son of the pre- ceding, was also a distinguished naturalist. At the request of Dr. Fothergill, he travelled through tlie Floridas, Carolina, and Georgia, for the purposes of making researches in natural history, and transmitted to his em- ployer in London the valuable collections and drawings which he had made. His " American Ornithology " may be considered the precursor of Wilson's invaluable work. Died, 1823. BAR WICK, John, an English divine, who exerted himself with considerable zeal and ability on the royal sidfi in the civil wars. Born 1612 ; died, 1664. BARWICK, Peter, brother of the above, an eminent physician; author of a " Defence of Harvey's Doctrine of the Circulation of the Blood," &c. Died, 1705. BASEDOW, John Bernard, a German writer, and professor of moral philosophy and belles lettres. His novel plans of education excited great attention in Germany ; and in the seminary he established at Dessau, called " The Philanthropinum," many excellent teachers were formed, and great good effected. Born, 1723 ; d.ied, 1790. BASEVI, George, a distinguished archi- tect, was born 1795. Among the edifices built or restored by him are the churches in the early English style at Twickenham and Brompton, the Norman church at Hove, near Brighton, and St. Mary's Hall, at Brigliton, in the Elizabethan style. Belgrave Square, in the metropolis, was erected from his designs ; and he was joint architect with Mr. Smirke of the Conservative Club, in St. James's Street. Having gone to inspect the AVest Bell Tower of Ely Cathedral, then under repair, he accidentally fell through an aperture, and was killed on the spot, Oct. 16. 1845. BASIL, St., surnamed the Great, to dis- tinguish him from other patriarchs of tlie same name, was bora, in 326, in Cassarea, in Cappadocia ; and is honoured by the Greek Church as one of its most illustrious patrons. He is chiefly remembered for his ascetic doc- trines, and his zeal to promote monastic dis- cipline. Died, 379. BASILIUS I., the Macedonian, emperor of the East ; killed by a stag wliile hunting, in a36. BASILIUS II., succeeded Jolm Zimisces, BAS] ^ ^cfio WinihtxiKl 3SJi0(jrajp^g, [bat in 976. He was gxiilly of abominable cruelty in his war with the Bulgarians. Dieil, 10'J5. BASILIirS, an impiystor, who excited a revolt in the eastern emiiire, in 934, and was burnt to death nt Constantinople. BASU^OVVITZ, JgiiN, emperor of Russia; he added Astracan to his empire, and was the lirst who assumed the style and title of Czar. Died, 15«4. BASIKE, Isaac, a learned divine, prebend of Durham. On tlie breaking out of tlie civil war he lost all his preferments ; on wliich he made a journey to the Morea, where he preached with great success among the Greek Cliristians ; and on his return wrote an ac- count of his travels. Born, 1607 ; died, li!7G. BASKEKVILLE, JoHX, a celebrated letter-founder and printer ; and one to whom the typographical art is much indebted. It has been remarked, however, that his l)ooks are far more elegantly than correctly printed. Born at Wolverley, in Worcestersliire, in 17(W ; died, 177.5. BASKEKVILLE, Sir Simon, an English physician of great eminence and wealth ; knighted by Charles I. Died, 1(J41. BASNAGE, Benjamix, a French Pro- testant divine; author of "A Treatise on the Church." Born, 1580 ; died, U',5'2. BASNAGE, Antuoxy, son of the above t imprisoned at Havre de Grace on account of his religion. Bom, 1010 ; died, 1(591. BASNET, EowAUD, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, who exchanged his clerical for a military liabit, and served under the lord deputy against O'Neil, tlie rebel. He died during the brief reign of Edward VI. BASSANI, GiAMATTisTA, a musical com- poser of the 17th century. BASSANO, or BASSAN, James, an Italian painter, chiefly of landscapes. Bom, 1510 j died, 1.-.92. BASSANO, ITuonF-s Bkrward Maret. Duke of, a celebrated French political writer and statesman, was the son of an eminent idiysician at Dijon. On the first outburst of the French revolution he enthusiastically embraced its extremest principles, and pub- lished a paper under the title of the BulMtin de, VAssemblce, which he continued until a bookseller started tlie Monitcur, of which Maret was appointed editor, and which speedily became the official organ of the government. He became acquainted with Buonaparte just as that extraordinary man began to rise into celebrity and influence, and was placed py him in the important office ofdiefile dirigion in the foreign office. In 1792 he was sent to England, ostensibly to secure the neutrality of the British govern- ment, but in reality to hoodwink that go- vernment until tlie moment should arrive at which it could be securely, as well as effi- ciently assailed. But the English minister of that day was too clear-sighted even for French diplomacy. Both Maret and the French ambassador, Chauvelin, were pe- remptorily ordered out of England ; and the former, soon after his return home, was sent as ambassador to Naples, but was captixred on his way thither by the Austrians, and detained as a prisoner until 1795, when he and the Marquis de Lemonville were ex- changed with the French government for a 79 daughter of the ill-fated Louis XVI. Being decidedly attached to Buonaparte, both by feeling and by policy, Maret took a bold and active part in the long and complicated in- trigues which were set on foot for the over- throw of the directory and the introduction of the consulate ; and when the establish- ment of the latter crowned the success of those intrigties, he was made secretary to the consular council of state. Subsequently he was for some time private secretary to Buonoparte, to whose dictation, it is said, not a few of his articles in the Moniteur were actually written. In 1811 he was made Due de IJassmiu and minister of ioreign afi°airs ; and in 1812 he conducted and signed the well-known treaties between France, Austria, and Prussia, preparatory to the fatal expedition to Kussia. When the em- peror was sent to Elba, in 1814, the Due de Bassano retired from public life ; but imme- diately after the return of the emperor, he joined him, and was very nearly being taken prisoner at Waterloo. On the utter ruin of Napoleon, the duke was banislied from France, but at the revolution of July, 1830, he was recalled, and restored to all the ho- nours of which he had been deprived. In 1^38 he was made minister of the Interior, and president of the council, but the minis- try of which he formed a part, survived only three days. Born, 17.58 ; died, 18;59. BASSET, Peter, chamberlain to ITcnry V. of England ; author of a history of that king, which is still extant in MS. BASSI, Laika Maria Catharine, a learned Italian lady, whose singular accom- plishments procured her the professor's chair at Bologna, and the title of doctor of pliilo- sophy. Born, 1711 ; died, 1778. BASSOM PIERRE, Francis pe, a mar- shal of France, distinguished both as a sol- dier and a statesman, and remarkable for his personal attractions ; who after being patron- ized by Henry IV. and Louis XIII., was imprisoned for 12 years for giving some offence to Cardinal Richelieu. He was author of his own memoirs and several other works. Born, 1.575 ; died, 1(54<5. BASSUET, Pierre, an eminent French surgeon ; author of numerous dissertations on subjects connected with his profession. Bom, 170G; died, 1757. BASTA, George, an Italian general of the 10th century ; author of two treatises on military discipline. BASTIDE, John Francis pe la, an in- dustrious French miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles in 1724, He settled in Paris, where he engaged in various literary enterprises ; of which the most voluminous were the " Blbliothoque Universelle des Romains," in 112 vols., and the " Chois des Ancicns Meicures," in 108 vols. BASTWICK, John, an English physician, and a furious writer against the Church in the time of Charles I. Born at Writtle, in Essex, 1593 ; died, 1650. BATE, George, physician to Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II., and one of the first members of the Royal Society. He was the author of a Latin history of the civil wars, and some medical works. Bora, 1.593 ; died, 1669. bat] ^ 0ti3i Sljub?rs"al Btofirapl^y. [bat BATE, Joim, an English divine, and prior of the Carmelite monastery at York, in the l.'ith century ; author of a " Comijen- dium of Logic," &c. BATECUMBE, William, an English ma- thematician of tlie 15th century ; author of a treatise, " De Sphjera Solidu," &c. BATEMAN, Willi AM, bishop of Norwich, a learned prelate, and the founder of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Died, 1354. BATES, JoAH, an eminent musician, born at Hal ifax, Yorksliire, in 1740. lie was una- nimously chosen conductor of the comme- moration of Handel at Westminster Abl)cy ; and till the year 1793 he conducted the clioral performances of ancient music, when he retired, and was succeeded by Mr. Greatorex. He died in 1709. ' BATES, William, a nonconformist di- vine ; author of " Lives of Learned and Pious :Mcn," &c. Born, 102.3 ; died, 1G99. BATHE, William, an Irish Jesuit, go- vernor of the Irish seminary at Salamanca. Died, 1641. BATHURST, Allex, Earl, a zealous op- poser of the measures of Sir Kobert Walpole, nud the intimate friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison, and the other eminent writers of his time. Born, l(3t*4 ; died, Ur.'i. BATHURST, Henry, Earl, son of the above, and lord chancellor of England ; au- thor of the "Theory of Evidence," &c. Bom, 1714; died, 1794. BATHURST, Right Rev. Henrt, bishop of Norwicli, was born at Brackley, in North- amptonshire, in 1744 ; and educated at Win- chester, and New College, Oxford. He was presented to the rectory of Witchingham, in Norfolk, in 1770 ; subsequently became dean of Durham ; and, in 1805, was consecrated bishop of Norwich. In the House of Lords, Dr. Bathurst was a strenuous supporter of the Catliolic claims : in his diocese, an ex- emplary prelate. He died, April 5. 1837 The bishop's eldest son. Dr. HExnr Bath- uusT, archdeacon of Norwich, and rector of the valuable livings of North Creake, Nor- folk, and of Ilollesley, Suffolk, was the author of " Memoirs" of his right reverend fatlier ; a work overflowing with spleen and expressions of disappointment, that one so faitliful to his old friends, the Whigs, should have never been preferred to a richer diocese! I Alas, poor human nature I Died, Sept. 18-14. BATHURST, Ralph, dean of Wells ; au- thor of some elegant Latin poems, and one of the founders of the Royal Society. Born^ 1620 ; died, 1704. BATHYLLUS, the cotemporary of Pyla- des, and one of the most celeVwated panto- mimists of antiquity, was bom at Alexandria, and became the slave of Ma;cenas, who en- franchised him. The art of tliese celebrated mimes consisted in expressing the passions by gestures, attitudes, &c., not by the mo- dern fooleries of harlequin, clown, and scenic changes. Bathyllus excelled in representing comedy ; Pylades in tragedy. B ATONI, PoMi'Eo GiKOLAMO, an eminent Italian painter, esteemed as the restorer of the Roman school. His most admired work is the "Contention of St. Peter and Simon the Magician," in St. Peter's, at Rome. Born at "Lucca, 1708 ; died at Rome,;i787. BATOU KHAN, grandson of Zenghis Khan, and his successor in the northern part of his vast emi)ire. He died after a long reign and numerous conquests, in 1276. BATSCH, AuGUSTU.s Joiiir George Charles, an eminent German naturalist ; author of " Elenchus Fungorum," &c. Born, 1761 ; died, 1801. BATTELY, Joiiir, archdeacon of Canter- bury, and chaplain to Archbishop Sancroft ; author of " Antiquitates Rutupinse," &c. Died, 1708. BATTEUX, Charles, a French writer ; editor and commentator on the poetics of Horace, Vida, &c. Born, 1713 ; died, 1780. BATTHYANI, Count Louis, a scion of one of tlic noblest and most ancient Hun- garian families, was born in 1809. For many years he was the leader of the Liberal Oppo- sition in the upper house of the Hungarian parliament ; and had long been distinguished for his devotion to the cause of Hungary, which he longed to see reinstated in its ancient administrative independence. Sum- moned in March 1848, by the emperor-king Ferdinand, to form the first independent and responsible cabinet of Hungary, he strictly adhered, while in office, to the constitution of tlic country ; repeatedly repairing to tlie emperor-king's court at Innspruck, to nego- tiate between the sovereign and the people, and labouring to heal the ruptures that daily threatened to plunge the nation into civil war. Animated l)y the same views, he left Pesth for Vienna, in September of the same year ; but when he saw that all his efforts were likely to be fruitless, he resigned his office and retired to his estates in Eisenberg. On the invasion of Hungary by Jellachich, the ban of Croatia, Batthyani entered the ranks of the National Guard ; but a fall from his horse compelled him to give up all thought of aiding the cause of Hungary in the field. In December he returned to Pesth, and took part in the proceedings of the par- liament, labouring as before, despite of ca- lumny and intrigue, to negotiate Jjctween the king and the country, and to impress all par- ties with his own moderate and practicable views. Meanwhile the revolutionary party in the Himgarian parliament having pro- posed to transfer the seat of government from Pesth to Debreczin, Batthyani strenuously opposed this measure on the ground of its ille- gality ; and all that he could effect was, that a deputation, of which he formed one, should be sent to Prince Wrndischgriltz, once more to attempt a compromise between the king and the people. But the deputation failed in its object. This was Battliyani's last public act. On the 8th of January, he was arrested in the drawing-room of his sister-in-law, at Pesth, transferred successively to Oedenburg, Lay bach, and Pesth, and, after nine months' imprisonmeutjwas tried bj' court-martial, de- clared guilty of high-treason, and sentenced to die on the gallows, Oct. 6. 1849. He heard the sentence with tranquillity and com- posure. Having taken leaVe of his wife, he en<leavoured, in the course of the nigiit, to open the veins of his neck by means of a blunt paper-knife, and thus to escape the last indignity of what the Austrians called the " law." But his attempt was discovered. bat] ^ S^cU) BnibttM 23iasrap]^j», [bax and though he lost much blood, the surgeons Bucceeded in preserving his life. Still it was the opinion of the medical men, that the sentence, as pronounced by the court-mar- tial, could not be executed ; and it was com- muted to a soldier's death. He died as he lived, calm, majestic, and conscious of inno- cence. His possessions were confiscated ; and his wife (a member of the noble family of Zicliy) und children left the country of their fathers for a foreign land, there to weep, and if possible to forgive. The news of the execution of Batthyani caused astonish- ment and horror throughout the civilised world. It was universally felt that his case dift'ered in all respects from that of men who had taken up arms against Austria in the spirit of reh«llion, and with the avowed object of overthrowing her authoritj'. On the contrary, Battliyani had never aimed at the complete separation of Hungary from Austria ; he had all along been decidedly opposed to the establishment of an Hun- garian republic ; and though far from ap- proving the principles of the Austrian govern- ment, he had, through good and evil report, supported the union between the two coun- tries, on the basis of the constitution of March 1848, voluntarily conceded by the empcror-king. Why then was he sacri- ficed ? The time has not arrived when this question can be satisfactorily answered. But neither the nature nor the manner of his trial, nor the language of the verdict, has been able to justify the " deep damnation of his taking-off." In the absence of an ad- equate motive to such a deed, conjecture must he vain. But thus much may be said, that his devotion to the cause of con- stitutional government had procured him much ill-will at the court of Vienna, from those who were bent on the restoration of the despotic system, overthrown in 1848 ; and it is not improbable that, buoyed up by the success that had followed the Russian inva- sion in 1840, they took occasion to strike, i in the person of Batthyani, at all who might I be inclined to tread in his footsteps ; for despotic governments hold in especial abhor- rence the moderate reformer. BATTIE, William, a physician, very skilful in the cure of mental aberrations ; author of a " Treatise on Mental Madness," &c. Born. 1708 ; died, 177(5. BATTISIIILL, JoNATHAX, a musical composer of some note ; the author of many deservedly admired anthems, songs, glees, &c. Born, 17:58 ; died, 1801. BAUDELOQUE. Joii.v Louis, an eminent French surgeon and accoucheur, whose skill induced Napoleon to appoint him principal midwife to the empress Maria Louisa. His works on midwiferv are much esteemed. Bom, 1740 ; died, ISiO. BATJDIN, Pkter Charles, a member of the French National Assembly and Conven- tion ; author of " Anecdotes sur la Consti- tution," &c. Born, 17.51 ; died, 1799. BAUDIUS, Dominic, professor of elo- quence at Leyden, and historiographer to the states ; author of Latin poems, &c. Sec. Born, irw.l ; died, 1613. BAUDOT DE JUILLT, Nicholas, a French liistorian ; author of the " History of 81 Catharine of France, queen of England," &c. Born, ](!78 ; died, 1759. BAUDOUIN, Benedict, a French divine of the 17th century ; author of a dissertation " De Itt Chaussure des Anciens." BAUDIIAND, Michael ANxnoNY, a French geographer ; author of a " Geogra- phical Dictionary." Born, lfi3.3 ; died, 1700. BAUER, Ferdinand, a German artist, highly distinguished as a botanical painter. He came to England, and made drawings of the exotic plants in the royal gardens of Kew ; and was engaged as drau^itsman to accompany Mr. Robert Brown, in Captain Flinders' expedition to the coast of New Holland, between 1802 and 180"), for the purpose of making drawings there from the living plants, which were afterwards pub- lished. Died, at Vienna, ISi'fi. BAUHINUS, or BAUIIIN, John, a French physician and celebrated botanist ; author of" Ilistoria Plantarum," &c. Born at Basle, 1541 ; died, KUS. BAUHINUS, or BAUHIN, Gaspard, bro- ther of the above ; an excellent botanist, author of " Institutionea Anatomica;," " Phytopinax," "Pinax," and numerous other works. Bom, 1560 ; died, 1624. BAULDRI, Paul, professor of sacred history at Utrecht ; author of " Chronolo- gical Tables," &c. Bora, 10.39 ; died, 1700. BAUME, Anthony, a French chemist ; author of a " Treatise on Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry," " A Manual of Pharmacy," &c. Died, 1803. BAUME.. 1 AMES Francis de la, a French divine ; author of " The Cliristiade," &c. Died, 1757. BAL'ME, Nicholas Augustus de la, marquis of Montrevel, and a marshal of France, was born 1030. From his earliest youth he had been distinguished by his daring valour, and had frequently braved death in the -field of battle ; but such was his ridiculous superstition, that on the con- tents of a salt-cellar having been accidentally thrown on him, he instantly exclaimed that he was a dead man, and actually expired from the terror with which it inspired him. Died, 1716. BAUMER, John William, a German physician ; author of a " Natural History of the ilineral Kingdom," &c. Born, 1719 j died, 1788. BAUMGARTEN, Ale.tander Gottlieb, professor of philosophy at Frankfort-on-the- Odcr ; author of " Metaphysica," "Ethica Philosophica," &c. Born, 1714 ; died, 1702. BAUR, Frederic William von, a Rus- sian general, in the service of the empress, Catharine II.; author of " Memoires llisto- riques et Geograpliiques sur la Valachie," &c. Died, 1783. BAUR, John William, a painter of Strasburg ; chiefly noted for his architec- tural subjects. Born, 1010 ; died, 1040. BAWDWEEN, William, an English di- vine and antiquary ; editor of two volumes of Doomsday Book. Died in 1816. BAXTER, Richard, an eminent noncon- formist divine and most voluminous writer. Foremost among his most popular works is the " Saint's Everlasting Rest." In 108.5 he woa tried before the brutal judge Jefferies, BAX] ^ ^ctt) ^uibn-^aT SStosraiJljjj. [bea grossly insulted by him, and sentenced to fine and imprisonment ; but the punishment was sliortly after remitted by the king. Born, 1615 ; died, 1691. BAXTER, Andrew, an eminent meta- physician, and author of an " Enquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul," &c. Bom at Aberdeen, 1(587 ; died, 17.50. BAYARD, PiERKK Du Teukail, Chevalier de, a noble Frenchman by birth, and one of the bravest military leaders of the IGth cen- tury. So admirable, indeed, was his cha- racter, that he universally obtained the ap- pellation of" the Fearless and Irreproachable Knight." Born, 1476 ; killed at the siege of Rebec, 1521. BAYER, Jonx, a German astronomer of the 17th century ; author of " Uranometria," a celestial atlas. BAYER, TiiEOPiiiLUS Sieofred, a Ger- man philologist ; author of a very curious and able work, entitled "Musajum Sini- cum." Bom, 1694 ; died, 1738. BAYEUX, N., an advocate of Caen : au- thor of " Reflections on the Reign of Trajan," &c. Put to death iu the prison of Orleans, 1792. BAYLE, Peter, a celebrated French writer, philosopher, and critic ; author of the well-knowTi " Biographical, Historical, and Critical Dictionary," and of several other literarv, philosophical, and theological works. Born, 1647 ; died, 170(5. BAYLE Y, AxsELM, an English divine ; author of " A Grammar of the Hebrew Lan- guage," &c. &c. Died, 1791. BAYLEY, the. Right Hon. Sir John, a learned and upright judge, was called to the bar in 1792, and appointed a serjeant-at-law in 1799. In 1808 he was made one of the justices of the King's Bench, and received i the honour of knighthood. He was a man | of liberal education and enlarged notions : to a most benevolent heart, he added the I dignified manners of the gentleman, and a degree of professional erudition that placed him in the first rank among his judicial compeers. His work "on the Law of Bills of Exchange " has long been a standard book in the profession, and its value in the commercial world is universally acknow- ledged. On his retirement from the bench, in 1834. he was sworn a member of the privy council and created a baronet. Died, 1841, aged 78. BAYLEY, RicHARi*, an em.inent Ameri- can physician, was born in Connecticut, in 1745. After studying at home, he completed his professional education in London, and I settled at New York. In 1792 he was ap- ' pointed professor of anatomy in the college of Columbia, where he acquired great cele- brity. In 1799 he published his work on yellow fever, wherein he proved it to be a local malady. Died, 1801. BAYLY, Thomas Haynes, a lyrical poet of some merit, and the autlior of several dramatic pieces, and one or two novels. Thougli very popular in his own day, he was far too light and merely amusing a writer to have a hold upon posterity ; and tlie majority of his writings are already rapidly passing into oblivion. Bora, 1797 ; died, 1839. 82 . BAYLY, Lewis, bishop of Bangor ; aur thor of " Practice of Piety." Died, 1()82. BAYLY, ^^'ILIJAM, an astronomer, who went out with Capt. Cook in the last twcj voyages of that celebrated cii-cumnavigator. Died, 1810. BEACON, Thomas, prebendary of Can- terbury in the reign of queen Elizabeth; author of numerous works against popery. BEARD, John, an eminent actor, and the successor of Rich, as manager of Covent Garden Theatre. He died in 1768, aged 74. BEATON or BETHUNE, a cardinal, and archbishop of St. Andrews, in Scotland ; whose infamous persecutions of his Protest- ant countrymen caused tiim to be assassin- ated in his castle, in 1546. BEATON, James, nephew of the above, and bishop of Glasgow ; author of " A His- tory of Scotland." Bora, 1530 ; died, 1603. BEATTIE, James, LL.D., a celebrated Scotch writer ; author of " The Minstrel," a poem ; " Elements of Moral Science," " Essay on Truth," and various other works of merit. Bom at Laurencekirk, 1735 ; died, BEATTY, Sir William, M.D., F.R.S., physician to Her Majesty's fleet, and also to Greenwich Hospital. This gentleman had the melancholy duty of being othcially pre- sent during the last moments of the hero of Trafalgar, an " Authentic Narrative " of whose death he published. He was knighted in 1831. Died March, 1842. BEAUCHAMP, Josei-u, a French astro- nomer and Bernardine monk, born at "Vesoul, in 1752. During the revolution he was employed on a secret mission by Napoleon, but falling into the hands of the English, they delivered him up to the Turks, by whom he was imprisoned as a spy. He was subseouently released, and died at Nice, 1802. BEAUCHAl^IP, Richard, an English prelate, admirably skilled in architectiu'e. He was surveyor of the works at Windsor, and rebuilt the chapel there in the reign of Edward IV. The great hall in the episcopal palace of Salisbury, and the sepulchral cha- pel in the cathedral, are also monuments of his taste and science. Died, 1481. BEAUCHATEAU, Francis Matthias Ciiatelet de, a French poet, remarkable for his precocious talents ; author of " La Lyre du jeune ApoUon," published when he was only twelve years old. Born, 1C45 ; visited England in 1600, and went to Persia, where he died. BEAUCLERK, Topham, a gentleman of great literary talents, and a friend of Dr. Johnson, who said that " Beauclerk's talents were those which he had felt him- self more inclined to envy than those of any one else he had ever known." Bora, 1739 ; died, 1780. BEAUFORT, Henry, the half-brother of HenrylV. of England, was a cardinal, bishop of Winchester, and chancellor of the king- dom. He was proud, aml)itious, and im- mensely rich ; but the hospital of St. Cross, at Winchester, which he founded, and nu- merous charitable bequests, prove that his riches were ultimately well applied. Died, 1447. I bea] ^ iQcto 2llntbcrs.ll 3iia^vnii\)^. [bea BEAUFORT, Margaret, countess of Richmond and Derby, inotlier of Henry VII. SJie founded St. John's College and Cluisi's College, Cambridge, and distinguished her- self likewise as an author. Boru, 1441 ; died, 1.509. BEAUFORT, Francis dk Vendomb, Duke of, son of Caesar, duke of Vendome, was imprisoned by Cardinal Mazarin. On his escape, he broke Out into open violence, but soon succeeded in making liis peace, and was ajjpointed admiral of France. Killed at the siege of Candia, IfWD. BEAUFORT, Louis de, author of " Dis- sertations upon tlic Uncertainty of the First Five Ages of the Roman Republic," and other learned works. Died, 171>5. BEAUILVRNOIS, Alexander de, a French nobleman, born in 1760. lie took part in the revolution, and after having been at one time president of the national assem- bly, and served in the armies of France w^ith distinction, was put to death by the revolu- tionary tribunal just previous to the fall of RobeJi>ierre, in 17D4. His widow, JosErniNE, was ai'tcrwards wife of Buonaparte. BEAUIIARNOIS, Francis, Marquis de, elder brother of Alexander, was boni in 1750. He was appointed major-general in the army of the rrince of Condi', in 1792 ; protested against the unlawful treatment of the king, in a letter to tlic president of the national assembly : and when Buonaparte became first consul, he exhorted him to re- store the sceptre to the house of Bourbon. He was afterwards appointed ambassador to the court of Spain, but fell into disgrace with Napoleon, and was banished, lie re- I turned to Paris after the restoration, and ! died in IK 19. I BEAUIIARXOIS, EiOE.VE DE, son of Francis above-mentioned, was born in 1780 ; ! entered the army early, and became one of I Napoleon's generals, and his viceroy in Italy, which oflice he filled with credit and distinc- tion, from 1805 to 1814 ; when on his patron's I reverses he retired to Bavaria, married the j king's daughter, was made duke of Lench- tenlierg, and died at Munich, 1824. BEAUIIARNOIS, Uoktense Eugenie, ex-queen of Holland, and duchess of St. Leu, was burn at raris,'in 175^, being the daughter of Viscount Beauhamois (who perished by the guillotine in 1794) by his wife Josephine, afterwards the consort of Napoleon. Hor- tense was married to Louis Buonaparte in 1802, but it was an ill-starred union, and they separated in 1807, after she had given birth to three sons ; the eldest of whom (Napoleon Charles) died in childhood ; the second (Napoleim Louis) was killed in an insurrection at Romagna, in 1832 ; and the youngest (Louis Napoleou) is the first presi- dent of the French republic, established in 1848. She died Oct. 5. 1837. BEAULIEU, Sebastian de Pontaui.t DE, a celebrated French engineer and field- marshal under Louis XIV. ; author of " Views and Plans of the Battles ajid Sieges ofLouis XIV." Died, 1C74. BEAUMARCHAIS, Pkter Auoustin, Baron de, a man of singular versatility of talent ; a politician, an artist, a merchant, and a dramatist. He was author of the coiuedies of " The Barber of Seville," " The Marriage of Figaro," &c. ; but it was to a luv\suit that he was first indebted for his popularity as an author ; the memorials and pUadiugs which he drew up being so full of vit, satire, and sound reasoning, as to attract public attention in an extraordinary degree. Brrn, 17:!2 : died. 1799. BEAUMELLE, Laukence, a French writer and critic ; author of " Letters to Voltaire," of whom he was a decided oppo- nent ; " Commentary on the Ueuriade," &c. Born, 1727 ; died, 1773. BEAUMONT, Sir John, a judge of the Common Pleas, knighted by Charles I. ; author of " Bosworth Field, a poem, &c. Born, l.'R>2 ; died, 1028. BEAUMONT, Francis, the -celebrated English dramatic poet, was a younger bro- ther of the above ; and, in conjunction with his friend Fletcher, the author of a number of excellent plays. They were both admi- rable delineators of human nature, and their contemporaries preferred their dramas even to those of Shakspeare, whom they evi- dently made their model ; but impartial posterity has reversed this decision, and ad- judged the palm to the bordof Avon. Born, 1585 ; died. HUr,. BEAUMONT, JosErii,an English divine, regius professor of divinity at Cambridge ; author of "Psyche, or Love's Mystery," &c. Died, 1089. BEAUMONT DE PEREFIX,IIardouin, tutor to Louis XIII., and subsequently arch- bishop of Paris ; author of a " History of Henry IV." Died, 1070. BEAUMONT, Ei.ie de, a French advo- cate, distinguished for his memoir in iavour of the unfortunate family of Calos. Born, 1732 i died, 178.5. " - BEAU^IONT, Madame i.e Princk de, a French lady, who devoted her talents to tlie instruction of youth, and wrote many pleas- ing moral works ; among others, " Magaziii des Adolescentes," " Magazin des Jcuncs Dames," some novels, &c. Born, 1711 ; died, 1780. BEAUMONT, Sir George, bart., a dis- tinguished amateur artist, and a great patron of art and artists, was boru at Dunmow, Essex, in 1753 ; died, 1827. BEAUMONT, John Thomas Barber, well known as the founder, and many years managing director, of the County I ire Office, &c., was bom in London, in 1774, his pa- ternal name being Barber. In his youth he manifested a strong desire to obtain emi- nence as a painter. He afterwards became an author, and published a " Tour in Wales," besides several tracts upon the best mode of arming the population, so as most elfectually to repel the threatened Frcncii invasion j and he at length put in practice what he had so strenuously recommended to others, by organising a matchless rifle corps, known by the name of the " Duke of Cumberland's ShariJ-shooters," of which corps he was ap- pointed, in 180.}, captain commandant. In 1800 he establislied the Provident Institu- tion, which gave rise to the various similar establishments, now better known as "sav- ings banks," throughout the kingdom. He died in May, 1841, having bequeathed the bea] ^ ^cJj) 5iIni&criJal Uiocra})!)!). [bec bulk of his property to his children, except the sum of ]0,000Z. to establish a philosoplii- cal institutiou ia Beaumout Square, Mile- end. BEAUNE, Flokimet de, a French ma- thematician ; discoverer of a method to de- termine the nature of curves by the proper- ties of their triangles. Died, 1052. KEAURAIN, JouN de, geographer to Louis XV. ; author of a " Description of the Campaigns of Luxembourg, from lOSK) to 1G94." Born, 1G97 ; died, 1771. BEAURIEU, Gaspakd Guillakd de, a French writer ; author of " L'Elfeve de la Nature," &c. Born, 1727 ; died, 1795. BEAUSOBRE, Isaac de, a French Pro- testant divine, who settled at Berlin, and became chaplain to the king of Prussia ; author of " Defense de la Doctrine des B,i- formes," and many other valuable works upon theology. Born, 10.^9 i died, 1738. BEAUVAIS, William, author of a work on the medals of the Roman empire. Born, 1(>98 ; died, 1773. BEAUVALS, Charles Nicrolas, a French physician, member of the Convention at the revolution ; author of " Essais llisto- riquessurOrloans," &c. Born, 1745 ; d. 1794. BEAUVILLIERS, Francis de, duke de St. Aignan, a soldier, a courtier, and poet, in the reign of Louis XIV. Born, 1C07 ; died, 1(!87. BEAUVILLIERS. Paul de, eldest son of the preceding, was highly distinguished for talents and probity. He lield high offices in the state, and shared with the virtuous Archbishop of Cambray in the education of the Duke of Burgundy. Died, 1714. BE AUZEE, Nicholas, an eminent French critic and grammarian ; the author of several works, and a contributor to the Encyclo- pudie. Born, 1717 ; died, 1789. BE AA'^ER, JoHjr, a monk of Westminster in the 14th century ; author of a " Chro- nicle of the Affairs of Britain," &c. BECCADELLI, Louis, an Italian eccle- siastic ; preceptor to Prince Ferdinand of Tuscany, and author of the Lives of Cardi- nals Pole and Bembo. Died, 1572. BECCADELLL Antonio, of Palermo; author of a " History of Alphonso, king of Arragon," &c. Bom, 1374 ; died, 1471. BECCARI, Augustine, the first Italian pastoral poet. Died, 1520. BECCARI, James Baetolomeo, a Bolognese physician ; author of a " Treatise on the Motion of Fluids," &c. Born, 1G82 ; died, 17(56. BECCARIA, Giovanni Battista, an in- genious practical philosopher, wliose whole life was devoted to the study of physics. He was professor of philosophy at Palermo and Rome, and publislied several works of great merit, particularly on the nature of the electric iiuid. Born, 1716 ; died, 1781. BECCARIA, C.ESAU Bonesana, Marquis, an eminent Italian ; author of the celebrated " Treatise on Crimes and Punishments," &c. Bom at Milan, 1735 ; died, 1794. BECCUTI, Francis, surnamed II Cappita, an Italian poet. Died, 1553. BECERRA, Gaspard, a Spanish painter and sculptor, pupil of Raphael. His chef d' oeuvre is a statue of the Virgin. Died, 1570. BECKET, Thomas a, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born in London in 111". He was raised to the very liighest offices by Henry II., but the latter having attempted to encroacli on the privileges of the Oiurch, Becket resisted ; and after a long period of mutual contention, during part of which Becket lived in exile, the king apparently gave way ; but having uttered some hasty expressions respecting him, four of his cour- tiers caught them up, and gave effisct to tliem by assassinating Becket at the altar of Can- terbury Cathedral, in 1170. After his death he was canonised. BECKFORD, William, one of the most remarkable, and during many years one of the most remarked, men of modem times, was the son of tlie well-known Alderman Beckford, of London, who bequeathed him West Indian and otlier property, said to amount to upwards of 100,000Z. per annum. Mr. Beckford had a strong passion for build- ing ; and in erecting the much-talked-of Fonthill Abbey, he himself confessed to have spent in a very few years the enormous sum of 273,000Z. 1 • Building, however, did not alone occupy Mr. Beckford. An excellent scholar, and possessed of a fine taste in almost every branch of art, he collected in tlie fan- tastic but costly " Abbey " one of the finest and most extensive libraries in England, and his pictures and curiosities were almost un- equalled. His vast expenses, and the loss in Chancery of a large portion of his West Indian property, rendered it necessary for him to sell tlie abbey, and, with a few ex- ceptions, all its rich and rare contents, in 1822. When the sale was announced, public curiosity was so generally excited, that the enormous number of 7200 catalogues were sold at one guinea each 1 Though his ec- centric and more than princely lavishness of outlay caused Mr. Beckford to be much talked of both here and in Portugal, where he built a residence, his true claim to any notice here rests upon his undoubted talents as an author in many walks of literature, and his genius as displayed in the wild and singular tale of "Vathek," which is so splendid in description, so true to eastern costume, and so wild and vivid in imagina- tion, that Lord Byron considered it difficult to credit that it was written by a European, and said, " Even Rasselas must bow before it ; the Happy Valley will not bear a com- parison with the Hall of Eblis." In addition to this work, upon which his fame securely rests, Mr. Beclcford wrote a satirical work, entitled "Memoirs of Extraordinary Paint- ers ; " " Italy, with Sketches of Portugal and Spain ; ■' and " Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoba9a and Batalha." Died, Mav 1844, aged 84. BECKINGHAM, Charles, an English dramatist ; author of " Scipio Africauus," a tragedy, &c. Died, 1730. BECKMANN, John Anthony, a native of Hanover, and a professor at Gottingen, where he lectured for many years on sub- jects connected with rural and political economy, &c. He was the autlior of several works, of which his "History of Discov- eries and Inventions " is the best known. Born 1739 ; died, 1811. M BECJ ^ |2clD S(m'iicr)SaI 3St0firap!jg. [bel BECLARD, Pktek Augustus, an emi- nent French anatomist, was born at Angers, in 1785 ; became professor of anatomy and physiology at Paris, wliere he attained the higliest reputation as a lecturer and man of science, lie wrote "Anatomical Me- moirs," &c., and died in 182.5. BEDE, or BEDA,' surnamed "the Vene- rable," an ancient JSnalish monk, and the most eminent writer of his time ; author of an " Ecclesiastical History of England," and other valuable works. Bom, C73 ; died, 735. BEDELL, Wii.i.iAM, bishop of Kilmore and Armagh ; greatly reverenced in Ireland for his learning, piety, and benevolence. Born, 1570; died, 1041. BEDFORD, HiLKiAii, an English divine, who was heavily fined as the author of "The Hereditary Right of the Crown of England asserted," a Jacobite work, which was in reality written by George Ilarbin. Died, 1724. BEDFORD, Jony, Duke of, third son of king Henry IV. of England ; and one of the most successful commanders ever opposed to the French. He was appointed regent of France by the will of Henry V., and well sus- tained the glory of his country during the arduous struggle there. Died at Rouen, 143,5. BEDFORD, John Russell, »Jth duke of Bedford, K. G., an English nobleman, dis- tinguislied even among his own distinguish- ed nice for practical patriotism, and a truly princely patronage of the fine arts, and every brancli of industry which tends to the im- provement of the social condition. A mem- ber of several learned societies, and eminent- ly versed in science and fond of literature, he was no less attached to agriculture, to the improvment of wliich he devoted many years and large sums of money. Of his liberality, wlien any useful object was in view, some opinion may l)e formed from the fact, that he expended upwards of 40,00<)/. in rebuilding Covent Garden Market, in such a style as to render it one of the greatest ornaments of that part of the metropolis. In politics his grace was a Whig ; but his whole course and cha- racter were such as to procure him the esteem of men of all parties, and to obtain for him emphatically the really honourable title of " a good old English gentleman." Bom, 17(W', ; died, 1839. BEDLOE, William, captain, an infamoua informer, noted for his perjuries, and re- warded with 5<tO/. for pretended information respecting a popish plot, and the death of Sir Edmtmdbury Godfrey. Died, 1C80. BEECHEY, Sir William, R. A., an emi- nent English portrait-painter. But he did not wholly confine himself to that branch of the art, having painted some historical com- positions of more than common merit, especi- ally his "Iris bearing to Somnus the com- mand of Juno to warn Alcyone by a dream of the fate of her husband Ceyx." His chief excellence, however, lay in portrait-painting, to.which, indeed, he chiefly confined himself, and in which he greatly surpassed most of his contemporary artists in number. Died, aged 80 years, in l&iO. BEETHOVEN, Louis vak, one of the greatest composers in modem times, was born at Bonn on the Rhine, in 1770. At the age of four years (such was his precocity), he could play admirably on the piano, and in his ninth year he displayed a talent for improvisation which has never been surpassed. Having gained the friendship of Haydn, he set out for Vienna, where he resided "the greater part , of his life. His principal works are the ' oratorio of the Momit of Olives and the opera of Fidelio ; but the grandeur of his concep- tions and his skill in their development are equally set forth in his orchestral works, in his overtures, and more especially in his sym- phonies. For nearly the last twenty yeara of his life he was afflicted with incurable deafness ; a severe infirmity to all, but doubly so to a musician. Died, 1827. BEiX)S DE CELLES, Fuancis, a French Benedictine monk ; author of a " Treatise on Dialling," &c. Born, 172(5 ; died, 1779. BEGA, Cornelus, a Dutch painter, chiefly of cattle and landscapes. Born , 1G20 ; died, 1004. BEGEYN, Abraham, a Dutch landscape painter ; some flue pictures by whom arc at the Hague. BEIIAIM, or BEHEM, MAUTirr, a geo- grapher and navigator of the 15th century ; said to have discovered the Brazils and the Isle of Fayal, and to have sailed as far as the Straits of Magellan, BEHN, AriiKA, a female writer in the reign of Charles II., of considerable ability, but whose works were remarkable for their disregard of decency and morals ; her pro- ductions were chiefly poems, novels, and plays. Died, 1G89. BEICII, Joachim Fkancis, a native of Suahia, eminent as a painter of cattle pieces and landscapes. Born, KVW ; died, 1748. BEINASCHI, John Baptist, a native of Piedmont, an eminent historical painter. Born, 103-t ; died, 1088. BEK, or BEAK, Antitoxt be, bishop of Durham, a bold and spirited prelate, who united the skill and courage of a soldier to the austerity of a divine. He led the van of the English army under Edward I. in an ex- pedition against the Scots ; built Barnard Castle and other fortresses, and performed many gallant exploits ; but at length broke his heart at being excommunicated by the Archlfishop of York, in 1310. BEK, David, a Dutch painter, pupil of Vandyke, and portrait painter to Christina, queen of Sweden. Born, 1021 ; died, ICW. BEKKHER, Balthasar, a divine of Amsterdam ; suspended from his functions for publishing " The World Bewitched," a refutation of the popular errors in witch- craft, &c. Bora, HW4 ; died, 1098. BEKKER, Elizabeth, a Dutch lady of considerable merit as the writer of works of fiction inculcating the purest morals. Born, 1738 i died, 1804. BEL, JoHx James a counsellor of Bor- deaux ; compiler of the "Dictionnaire Nl'o- logique," and author of "Letters on Vol- taire's Marianne," &c. Died, 1738. BEL, Matthias, an Ilungariun divine, historiographer to the emperor Charles VI. ; author of " Apparatus ad lllstoriam Hun- gariic," &c. Born, 1084 ; died, 1749. BFAj, Charles Andrew, son of the above, librarian and professor of poetry to the bel] ^ ^£fio Bnibtx^Kl 23icfffrajpTjg. [bel university of Leipsic. Born, 1717 ; died by his own hand, 1782. BELESIS, a Chaldean, wlio raised Arbaces to the tlirone of Media, and was rewarded with the government of Babylon. BELGRADO, Jamks, an Italian Jesuit, eminent as a poet, antiquary, and mathema- tician ; author of a treatise, entitled " The Existence of God demonstrated Geometri- eally," &c. Born, 1704 ; died, 1789. BELGR^INO. Manukl, an active partisan and commander in tlie cause of South Ame- rican independence, whose disinterested con- duct proved highly favoural)le to Buenos Ayres and the neighbouring states. Died, 1820. BELIDOR, Bekxakd Forest de, an emineut French engineer and mathemati- cian ; author of " Dietionnaire portatif de I'Ingenieur," &c. Born, 1C95 ; died 17G1. BELING, Richard, an Irish gentleman, who took part in the rebellion of IGtl, but recovered his estates at the Restoration ; ' author of "Vindiciae Catholicorum Iliber- i niae." Born, 1(513 ; died, 1G77. BELISARIU8, a celebrated Roman ge- neral, to whom the emperor Justinian chiefly owed the splendour of liis reign ; and by whose skill and bravery the Persians, Van- dals, Goths, and Bulgarians were succes- sively conquered. Much has been said of the emperor's ingratitude to his faithful general, as well as of his blindness and of his being reduced to beggary ; but as these stories were never related till the 12th cen- tury, there is every reason to believe them to be mere Actions. Died, 5C5. BELL, Andrew, D.D. and LL-D., an English divine, the projector and founder of those excellent establishments called Na- tional Schools ; author of" An Experiment in Education at the Male Asylum, Madras," "Instructions for conducting Schools on the Madras System," &e. &c. Dr. BcU had acquired considerable property in the East Indies, and had some lucrative preferments in this country ; and he bequeathed nearly all that he possessed to institutions con- nected with education and literature. Born, at St. Andrew's, Scotland, 17.53 ; died, 1832. BELL, Bkaitpue, a learned English anti- quary of the^ 18th cent. He bequeathed his library and medals to Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he had received his education. BELL, Benjamix, an eminent surgeon, and writer on surgery ; author of a " Trea- tise on the Management of Ulcers," &c. &c. Born, at Dumfries, 1719 ; died, 1806. BELL, Sir Charles, an eminent anato- mist and professor of surgery in the university of Edinburgh, where he was born in 1774. In 180.') he came to London, and was soon dis- tinguished as a popular lecturer on anatomy and surgery, at the academy founded by the celebrated Hunters in Windmill Street, wliere, as subsequentlj', when appointed a professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, the benches were crowded with attentive auditors. He was tlie author of many pro- fessional works of high repute, on anatomy and surgical operations ; but he is chiefly esteemed for his discoveries in connection with the nerA'ous system, which have gained for him an European name. On the acces- sion of William IV. he received the honour of knighthood. As in his professional career Sir Charles was respected for his great talents, so in private life was he admired for the bland simplicity of his manners. He died, 1842. BELL, Hexrt, the first successful applier of steam to the purposes of navigation in Europe, was born in Linlithgowshire, in 1767. After serving an apprentieesliip to his uncle, who was a millwright, he went to London, and was in tlie employ of Mr. Rennie, the celebrated engineer ; but it was not till the year 1812 tliat he produced a vessel calculated to establish the practica- bility and important uses of steam naviga- tion. Mr. Fulton, an American engineer, had launched a boat upon the same principle five years before, which had performed long voyages upon the Hudson river, but Bell must be at least allowed the praise of having done, in his own country, what all other men had failed in doing. He died, at Helensburgh, in 1&30. BELL, James, an eminent geographical writer, was born at Jedburgh, in 1709. He was brought up as a weaver, and Itecame a manufacturer of cotton goods at Glasgow ; but left that business, and, being an indefa- tigable student, became a teacher of the classics to young men preparing for the university. ' He was the author of " A Sys- tem of Popular and Scientific Geography," in 6 vols. ; "A Gazetteer of JEugland and Wales," &c. Died, 1833. BELL, John, of Antermony, Scotland, author of "Travels from St. Petersburgh to various Parts of Asia ; " was attached as surgeon to an embassy, first from Russia to Persia, and afterwards to another from Russia to Cliina, tlirough Siberia ; of which his "Travels" fnrnisli an interesting ac^ count. Born, 1691 ; died, 1780. BELL, John, a distinguished surgeon in Edinburgh, and the author of numerous professional works of high merit, was born in 1762 ; died, at Rome, in 1820. BELL, Jo}ix, an active and intelligent London tradesman ; the publisher of an embellished edition of " The British Poets," in 109 vols., and the projector and original proprietor of " Tlie Weekly Messenger." Born, 1746 ; died, 1831. BELLAMY, James, a Dutch poet, whose patriotic songs and other lyrics are highlj' and deservedly esteemed. Bom, 1752 ; died, 1G21. BELLARMIN, Robert, a learned cardi- nal ; author of nimierous controversial works, remarkable for their zealous oppo- sition to the reformed religion. Born, 1542 ; died, 1621. BELL AY, Joachim du, often called the French Ovid and Catullus ; author of Latin and French poems. Born, 1524 ; died, 1560. BELLAY, John du, archbishop of Paris, and subsequently a cardinal ; autiior of an " Apology for Francis I. ; " " Epigrams," &c. Born, 1492 ,- died, 1560. BELLE, Stephen de la, a Florentine engraver, whose works are highly esteemed. Born, 1610 ; died, 1664. BELLEGABDE, John Baptist Morvan de, a French Jesuit, expelled from tlie 60- bel] ^ ^0tu SHntlJcriSal 28i05raj3T)jj. fsEM ciety for Cartesianism; translator of St. Cliry- Bostom, Tliomas Ji K-cmpis, &c. Died, 1734. BELiLEISLE, Chakles Louis Augus- TCs FouQUKT, Couut dc, a French mar- shul, whose talents and eminent successes were rewarded by his sovereign, Ix>uis XV., with tlie highest diguitiud. Bum, 1064 ; died, 1701. BEO.ENDEN, William, a Scottish writer of the 17th century, distinguished for the purity of his Latin compositions. BELLIAKD, Auch'stin Daniel, Count de, a distinguished French general and di- plomatist, was born in 1773, in I<a Vendee. Ue entered tlie military service early, and was soon made an officer of Dumourier's staff: he afterwards served with Buonaparte j in Italy and Egypt ; au<l, returning from the latter country, he partieij)ated in the vic- tories of Ulm and Austerlitz, and fought in all the great battles in the war with Prussia. Ue next wont to Spain ; but in 1812 joined the army destined for the invasion I of Kussia, and particularly distinguished ! himself in the battle of Moskwa. At Lcip- I sic, a cannon-ball carried away Ids arm. I After Napoleon's abdication, he was made a peer of I'rance, and major-general of the army under the Duke de Berri. When the Emperor returned from Elba, he dispatched Bclliard to king Joachim at Najjles, but the vussel was intercepted by a British ship, and driven back to France. On the return of the Bourbons, he was for a short time imprisoned, but soon taken into favour again. When Louis Pliilipi-c ascended the throne, he sent Bclliard to Berlin, to treat respecting the acknowledgment of the new dynasty ; and during his embassy to Brus- sels, he contributed more than any other diplomatist to the formation of the new Bel- gian goveniment. He died in 1832. BELLIEV'KE, PoiiroNius de, a French statesman, ckancellor to Henry iv. Born, 152!) ; died, 1607. BELLIN, James NicnoLAS, a French geographer ; author of " Hydrograpliie Fran^oise," &c. Died, 1772. BELLINI, Gentile, an eminent Venetian painter, employed to adorn the council hall of that republic. Died, 1301. BELLINI, John, brother and assistant of the above ; and the instructor of Titian and Giorgione. Died, 1512. BELLINI, Laurence, an Italian physi- cian ; author of several anatomical and me- dical works in Latin. Bom, ltj43 ; died, 1702. BELLINI, VixcENZo, a celebrated mu- sical composer, was born at Catania in Sicily, in 180(). He was educated at Naples under Zingarelli, and before he had completed his 20th year he had produced " Bianco e Fer- nando " at the tlieatre San Carlo. This was sticceeded by various others, of which " II Pirati," "La Somnambula," "Norma," and " I Puritani," are the best, and have gained for him au undying celebrity. His moral character stood high, and liis manners and compositions were in harmonious accord- ance : agreeable, tender, and elegant. Died, near Paris, September 23(1, 1835. BELLMAN, Chakles Micu.vel, a Swe- dish poet, patronised by Gustavus Adol- phus ; and the most original, while strictly 87 national, poet of Sweden. Bora, 1741 } died, 1795. BELLONI, Jerome, a celebrated Roman banker, created a nianiuis by pope Bene- dict XIV. ; author of au " Essay on Com- merce." Died, 17C0. BELLOKI, John Peter, a celebrated Italian antiquary and connoisseur in the polite arts; author of "Lives of Modern Painters, Architects, and Sculptors," &c. Died, WJd. BELLOTI, Peter, on Italian painter, chiefly of portraits. Born, 1025 ; died, 1700. BELOSIELSKY, Prince, a llussian noble; author of " Pqcsies Francoises d'un Prince Etranger," &c. Died, 1800. BEJ .ON, Peter, a French physician and traveller ; author of some able works on natural history, and of a " Description of Palestine, Greece, and Arabia." Assassin- ated in France, IM'A. BELSHAM, Thomas, an eminent Unita- rian divine ; author of a discourse " On the Importance of Faith, and the Duty of making Open Professions of it," &c. Died, to his 80th year, 1825). BELSHAM, William, brother of the pre- ceding, an eminent writer; author of "Es- says, Political and Literary," " History of Great Britain, from the Revolution to the Treaty of Amiens," in 12 vols. 8vo., &c. Died, aged 75, in 1827. BELSUNCE, Hknky Francis Xavierde, a French prelate, celebrated for the courage and benevolence displayed by him when the plague ravaged Marseilles in 1720 ; author of " L liistoire des Evi'ques de Marseilles," Sec. Born, 1671 ; died, 1755. BELUS, celebrated in profane history as the founder of the Babylonian empire. He was deilied after his death, and a temple was erected to him at Babylon. He is, pro- bably, the Baal of Phoenicia and the Nirarod of Scripture. Flourished in 1322, n.c. BELYN, a British prince and commander under Caractacus. BELZONI, JouN Baptist, an enterprising traveller, whose researches in Egypt exhibit praiseworthy industry, and have been of great service to those engaged in the study of its antiquities, was born at Padua. He came to England in 1803 ; and becoming involved in pecuniary difficulties while re- siding in London, he obtained a livelihood by the display of feats of strength and ac- tivity at Astley's Amphitheatre ; for which his colossal stature and extraordinary mus- cular powers eminently qualified him. At length he left this country, and entered on his travels through Egypt, in 1815. In 1816 he sent the busts of Jupiter Memnon, &c. to the British Museum ; published a narrative of his operations in 1820 ; and in the fol- lowing year exhil)ited a model of a splendid tomb which he had discovered near Thebes. But, while making preparations for passing from Benin to Houssa and Timbuctoo, he was attacked with dysentery, and died at Gato, in 1823. BEMBO, Peter, a noble Venetian and poet ; secretary to Leo X., and promoted to be bisliop of Bergamo and a cardinal by Paul III. ; author of a History of Venice, &c. Born, 1470 ; died, 1547. ben] ^ 0t^ Uniiitx^Kl Mios^apl)^. [ben BENBOW, Joiiy, a brave English admi- ral, born at Shrewsbury, iu 1650. His skill and valour in an action with a Barbary pirate of superior force, gained him the con- fidence of the nation, and he was soon en- trusted with a fleet. In 1702, during an en- gagement with the French admiral, Du Casse, in the West Indies, he had his leg carried away by a chain shot ; and at this critical instant several of his captains having signed a paper declaring that " nothing was to be done," the enemy effected his escape. Benbow brought the delinquents to a court- martial, and two were shot ; but the effects of his wound, and the vexation he suffered, caused his death. BENCIO, Francis, an Italian Jesuit; author of Latin poems, &c. Died, 1594. BENEDETTO, Castiglione, an Italian painter, chiefly of pastoral scenes. Born, 1616 i died, 1670. BENEDICT, St., the founder of the first religious order in the West, was born in Spoleto, in 480 ; and, retiring to a cavern when only 14 years of age, his fame for pious austerities brought him numerous fol- lowers: the monastery of Monte Cassino, near Naples, was founded by him ; and the order of St. Benedict thenceforward estab- lished. BENEDICT XIV., Prospeh Lamber- TiNi, the successor of pope Clement XII., was a great patron of the arts and sciences, an enactor of good laws, and one who strove to maintain purity of doctrine and of manners by setting a worthy example in his own person. Born, at Bologna, in 1C75 ; died, 1758. BENEDICT, an English abbot of a noble family in Northumberland. He introduced chanting in choirs. Died, 1703. BENEVUTI, Charles, a Jesuit ; author of " Reflections on Jesuitism," &c. Born, 1716 ; died, 1789. BENEZET, Anthony, an American phi- lanthropist ; author of " A Caution to Great Britain and her Colonies," " Historical Ac- count of Guinea," &c. Died, 1784. BENGER, Elizabeth Ooilvy, a lady of strong intuitive genius ; author of " Biogra- phical Memoirs;" historical accounts of "Anne Boleyn," "Mary, Queen of Scots," and of the " Queen of Bohemia." Died, 1827. BENI, Paul, an eminent Italian philo- loger ; author of " Remarks on Ariosto and Tasso," &c. Died, 1627. BENJAMIN OF Tcdela, one of the ear- liest travellers of the middle ages who visited the central regions of Asia ; author of a Hebrew work of travels, which, though in- teresting and romantic, is remarkable cliiefly for its misrepresentations. Died, 1173. BENINI, Vincent, a learned Italian physician ; author of " Notes on Celsus," &c. Born, 1713; died, 1764. BENNET, CHuisTopHER,an English phy- sician ; author of " Tabidorum Theatrum, seu Phthisios," &c. Died, 1685. BENNET, Henry, earl of Arlington, one of the cabinet council of Charles II., known in history by the name of the Cabal. Born, 1618 ; died, 1685. BENNET, Thomas, an English divine ; author of a Hebrew Grammar, an Essay on the TJiirty-nine Ai-ticles, &.c. Born, ,1673; died, 1720. BENNINGSEN, Levin Augustus, Baron, an eminent Russian general, was bom in Hanover, in 1745 ; entered the service of Catharine II., and distinguished himself by great gallantry in the war against Poland. He was commander-in-chief at the mur- derous battle of Eylau. In 1813, he led a Russian army into Saxony, took part in the battle of Leipsic, and blockaded Hamburg. Died in 1826. BENNITSKI, Alexander Petrovitscu, a Russian poet; author of "Komala," a poem ; a translation of Ossian, &c. Born, 1780 ; died, 1808. BENOIT, Elias, a learned Protestant divine ; pastor of the church of Delft ; author of a " History of the Edict of Nantes." Born, 1640 ; died, 1723. BENSERADE, Isaac de, a poet at the court of Louis XIV., born iu 1612, was pa- tronised by Richelieu, Mazarin, and the king. His madrigals, sonnets, and songs, as well as his wit and general conversational powers, rendered him a great favourite ; and he was called, by way of eminence, " le po&te de la cour." Died, 1691. BENSON, George, a dissenting minister ; author of a " Defence of the Reasonableness of Prayer," and various other religious and controversial tracts. Bom, 1669; died, 1762. BENT, John van der, a Dutch land- scape painter, pupil of Vandervelde and Wouvennans. Bom, 1650 ; died, 1690. BENTII AM, Thomas, bishop of Lichfield and Coventrj% in the reign of queen Eliza- beth ; author of an "Exposition of the Acts of the Apostles," &c. Died, 1578. BENTHAM, Edward, an English divine, prebend and treasurer of Hereford ; author of some religious tracts and sermons. Bora, 1707 ; died, 1776. BENTHAM, James, an English divine and antiquary, brother of the last named ; author of the "History and Antiquities of the Church of Ely." Died, 1794. BENTHAM, Jeremy, a distinguished jurist and political writer, and the father of that class of political economists styled Utilitarians, whose doctrine it is to view every thing according as it is affected by the principle of " the greatest happiness of the greatest number." His published works are numerous, and those which remain in MS. or unpublished, though printed, still more so. But a very difficult and prolix style has rendered him rather the instructor of writers than of the reading public in general ; and his works, which have been translated into many languages, are better known and ap- preciated on the continent than in England. He was a man of primitive manners, un- blemished character, and zealously alive to what he considered the interest of the people at large. Born, 1749 ; died, 1832. BENTINCK, William, first earl of Port- land, was the son of noble Dutch parents, and the intimate friend of William III., whom he accompanied to England. He was employed on various diplomatic mis- sions, and rewarded with an earldom. Died, 1709. ben] a §m Bnibtv^nl •BiflfirapT)?). [bek BENTINCK, William Henry Cavev- nisH, third duke of Portland, was born iu IT.iS. During the American war he acted with the Oiipositiin, and was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1782, but con- tinued in that office only three months, I owing to the breaking up of the administra- tion by the death of the Marquis of Uock- I ingham. In 17y2 he was appointed chan- j cellor of Oxford, and soon after joined Mr. Pitt's party. He held the office of home secretary from 1794 to 1801, and succeeded Lord Greiiville as first lord of the Treasury in 1807, but shortly after resigned it, and died in 1H08. BENTINCK, Lord Georoe, a statesman of great ability and still greater promise, which his untimely death unhappily deprived of fulfilment, was the second son of the fourth i Duke of Porlland" by Henrietta, daughter j and co-heiress of Major-General Scott of Balcomie, and the sister of Viscountess Can- ning, and was bom on the 27th of Feb. 1802. I Lord George was for some time at Eton, and j completed his education at Christchurch, t)xford. After leaving the University, he obtained a commission in the Guards, and in I this corps he rose to the rank of captain, re- I tiring from the army with the rank of major. j In 1828 he was elected for King's Lynn ; and I continued to represent that constituency for j 20 years. He had previously acted as pri- I vate secretary to his uncle by marriage, j George Canning, when prime minister ; and in that capacity he exhibited abilities which gave high satisfaction to his distinguished kinsman. Lord George, from his youth, took a great interest in field sports, and for a long time was known as one of the principal patrons of the turf in the kingdom. In all racing matters, indeed, he was a leading authority, and, under his superintendence, some excellent regulations were established at the principal racing meetings in England. On first entering parliament he may be con- sidered to have been one of the moderate ! Whig school. One of his first votes was for I Catholic Emancipation ; and he voted for the principle of the Reform Bill, but opposed some of the principal details in committee. Soon after he joined the ranks of the Couserv- I ative party, voting with them on important : questions, but seldom addressing the House. i 1 1 was the events of the year 1840, when Sir Ilohert Peel gave in his adhesion to free trade in corn, that first brought Lord George Ben- tiuck prominently forward in the House of Commons, and developed the latent energies [ of iiis mind and character. The Protectionist j party thus suddenly deprived of its head i staggered beneath the blow ; but the daunt- i lesi earnestness, indomitable perseverance, j and unflinching courage, which Lord George ; suddenly displayed in this emergency, joined t J the mass of well-digested statistics whicli I he brought to bear on the subject in debate, I readily obtained for him the unconditional I leadership of his party, which under his ! guidance once more started into life. From ; that period he abandoned his sporting pur- j suits, and sold otf his stud, devoting himself entirely to politics. The change was great and unexpected, but it was complete and i permanent. Hi3 dislike of Sir Kobert Peel was decided and undisguised. He accused liim of tergiversation, and of being one of those, who "had hounded to the death his illustrious relative," Mr. Canning. But liis hostility was principally shown in his oppo- sition to the free-trade policy of the Peel ministry. On other questions Lord George pursued an independent course. He ditfered from the majority of his party on the question of civil and religious liberty; he supported the Jewish Relief Bill, his vote on which was followed by his withdrawal from the nominal leadership of the Protectionist party, though he remained its acknowledged head ; and he was favourable to the payment of the Roman Catholic clergy by the landowners in Ireland. Few public events occasioned more general surprise than the short period of time in which Lord George Bentinck built up his parliamentary character. What he might have been in power no man can tell ; but the industry, straight-forwardness, .and in- telligence which he displayed during the brief period of his leadership, warrant the belief that, had his life been spared, he would have gained a distinguished place among the highest and most disinterested of England's statesmen. Died suddenly of disease of the heart, Sept. 21. 1848. BENTIVOGLIO, Cornklio, a cardinal, poet, and patron of the fine arts, was born at Ferrara, 1088 ; and died at Rome, 1707. BENTIVOGLIO, Gi iDO, a celebrated cardinal, and legate at the court of France. He was an able politician and historian. Among other works he wrote "A History of the Civil Wars of Flanders," " Memoirs,'' &c. Born, 1579 ; died, 1041. BENTIVOGLIO, Herciilrs, a poet and diplomatist, was born at Bologna, in 1606, and died in 1573. BENTLEY, RicnARD, a celebrated Eng- lish divine, and highly accomplished classical scholar; master of Trinitv College, Cam- bridge, and archdeacon of l!ly. His editions of Horace, Terence, and Phyedrus ; and his part in the controversy on the genuine- ness of the Epistles of Phalaris, dis)>lay vast erudition and sagacity. Born, 1001 ; died, 1742. BENTLEY, Richard, son of the above, a dramatic writer ; author of "The Wishes," and other dramas, &c. Died, 1782. BENYOWSKY, Maurice Augustus, Count, a native of Hungary, who, after serving in the imperial armies, joined the Polish nobility, and fought against Russia for their independence, but was taken pri- soner and exiled to Kamtschatka. From that remote region, however, he escaped ; and after various fortunes, he was sent out by the French to Madagascar, the sove- reignty of which island lie afterwards at- tempted to assume. He was slain in an ac- tion with the French, 1786. BERCHTOLD, Leopold, Count, a dis- tinguished philantliropist, was l>orn in 17.'>8. He spent la years of his life in travelling through Europe, and 4 in travelling through Asia and Africa, for the express purpose of assuaging human misery In its direst forms, and leaving rio method unattempted that humanity or patriotism could suggest. He at length fell a victim to a contagious fever, ber] ^ 0m miiihtv^^a Btccprajpl^j). [ber at Ills palace of Buchlowitz, in Moravia, whicJi he liad fitted up as an hospital for the reception of the sick and wounded Austrian soldiers. Died, 180!). BEREXGARIUS, or BEREN^GER, a French divine of the 11th century, born at Tours, wliose denial of transubstantiation was condemned at Rome. He underwent much persecution, recanted, and again re- turned to his opinions. Died, 1088. BERENGER I., king of Italy, who as- sumed the sovereignty on the death of Charles I., in 888. He was defeated by Rodolph of Burgundy, in 922, and shortly afterwards assassinated. BERENGER II., became king of Italy in 950 ; but was subsequently deposed for his tyranny, and died in confinement in Ger- many. BEREXGER, .James, a celebrated anato- mist and physician of the ICtli century, born at Carpi, in Italy, and died at Ferrara, 1550. He made several important anatomical dis coveries, and is said to be the first who used mercury in svphilitic diseases. BERENGER, Laukence Peter, a native of Provence, professor of rhetoric at Orleans previous to the revolution ; and, after the restoration of the Bourbons, professor at the Lyceum of Lyons, and inspector of aca- demies; author of " Les Soirees Proven^ales," &c. Died. 1822. BERENGER, Peter, a pupil of Abelard, and author of an apology for that celebrated and unfortunate person. BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Phila- delphus, and wife of Antiochus, king of Syria. She was deserted by her husband in favour of his former wife Laodice, by wliose orders she was strangled in her retirement at Antioch, B.C. 248. BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Aule- tes, king of Egypt. She usurped her father's throne, and put her first husband to death ; but the Romans replaced Ptolemy on his throne; and he caused his rebellious daughter to be executed. BERENICE, daughter of Agrippa, king of Juda;a, and wife of her father's brother, -Herod, who was made king of Chalcis by the emperor Claudius. Becoming a widow, she gave her hand to Folemon, king of Cilicia, but she soon deserted him, and became the mistress of Titus, who, it was thought, would have made her Ms wife but for the murmurs of the Romans. BEKESFORD, Rev. James, rector of Kib- worth, Lciceatershire, was born at Upham, in Hampshire, in 3.7(54, and received liis edu- cation at the Charter-liouse, and Merton College, Oxford. He was the author of a va- riety of separate works, besides several excel- lent papers in the " Looker-on," a periodical of considerable interest, published in 1792-3 ; but the work which obtained for him the greatest celebrity, was the well-known hu- morous satire entitled " The Miseries of Hu- man Life,'" /tc. 2 vols. 8vo. Died, Sept. 1840. BERETTINI, Peteu, an Italian architect and painter of great merit. Born, lu9G ; diefl, 1()69. BERG, Matthias van der, a Flemish painter, pupil of Rubens. Born, 1G15 ; died, 1687. BERGEN, Dirk van deij, a celebrated landscape and portrait painter. Died, 1689. BERGHEM, Nicholas, an excellent and indefatigable Dutch landscape painter. Born, 1(!24; died, 1C83. BERGIER, Nicholas Sylvester, canon of the catliedral of Paris ; anthor of " Deism Self-confuted," &c. Died. 1790. BERGMANN, Tordekn Olof, an emi- nent Swedish chemist, and a member of nearly all the learned societies in Europe ; to whom the world is indebted for many valuable additions to scientific knowledge. Born, 1735 ; died, 1784. BERIGARD, Claude, professor of phi- losophy at Padua ; author of " Circulus Pisanus," &c. Bom, 1578 ; died, 1GC3. BERINGTON, Joseph, a Roman Catho- lic clergyman ; author of a " History of the Lives of HiPloise and Abelard," a "Lite- rary History of the Middle Ages," &c. Died, 1827. BERKELEY, George, Earl of, one of the piivy council of Charles II. ; author of " Historical Applications and Occasional Meditations." Died, 1C98. BERKELEY, Sir William, of the same family as the above ; vice-admiral of the white. He was killed in an action with the Dutch, Ifi.'W. BERKELEY, George, bishop ofCloyne, a metaphysical writer of great celebrity, but whose virtues, however manifest, have been somewhat poetically exaggerated by Pope. Besides other works, he is tlie author of " Principles of Human Knowledge," " Dia- logues between Hylas and Philonus," &c. His hypothesis of the non-existence of mate- rial objects in nature otherwise than in the mind, made much noise in his time. Born, 1757 ; died, 1753. BERKENHOUT, Jonx, an English phy- sician and miscellaneous writer ; author of " Biographia Literaria," " Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ire- land," &c. Born, 1731 ; died, 1791. BERKLEY, John le Franc van, a Dutch physician, naturalist, and poet ; au- thor of " Poems," " Natural History of Holland," &c. Born, 1729 ; died, 1812. BERKLEY, Sir "William, governor of "Virginia ; author of " The Description and Laws of Virginia," &c. Died, 1077. BEBNADOTTE — CHARLES JOHN XIV., king of Sweden and Norway, whose originai name was John Baptiste Julius Bei'.nadotte, was the son of a lawyer at Pau in Beame, and was born in 1764. He re- ceived a good education, and was designed for the bar ; but he suddenly abandoned his studies, and enlisted as a private in the marines. For nine years from his enlistment, that is, up to the year 1789, the utmost rank that Bernadotte had attained was that of ser- geant ; but the French revolution, by sweep- ing away the arbitrary barrier which till then had rendered plebeian merit of little avail in the French service, gave Bernadotte an advantage which he improved so well, that in 1792 he was a colonel in the army of Custine. In 1793 he so distinguished him- self under the command of Kleber, as to be raised to the rank of general of brigade, and, shortly afterwards, of division. On the ber] ^ ^clM ^Eniiicri^al MiaQvai^ffn, [ber Rhine and in Italy he more and more dis- tinguished liimself ; and he showed that his talents were not those of a mere soldier, by his conduct in a somewhat ditflcult embassy to Austria. Between him and Napoleon there seems to have been a constant dis- trust, if not actual hatred ; nevertheless, Bemadotte had a marshal's staff on the es- tablishment of the consulate, and was created prince of Ponte Corvo in 180G. In all his campaigns Bemadotte was distinguished from tlie great majority of the French com- manders, by the clemency and generosity of his conduct from the moment that the battle was at an end ; and it was this conduct, even more than his brilliant reputation as a soldier, that caused liim to l>e put in nomi- nation as a successor of Charles XIII. of Sweden. Napoleon, then emperor, could but with difficulty be induced to consent to Bcr- nadotte becoming crown-prince and heir to the throne. " What 1 " said Bemadotte, " will you make me greater than yourself by mctkiiio me refuse a crown ? " The sarcasm told, and Napoleon merely replied, " Go I our fates must be accomplished 1 " From the instant that he became crown-prince of Sweden, the fortunate soldier sliowed a de- termination to give all his energies to his adopted country : he formed a secret alliance with Russia in 1812, and in 1813 he took command of the combined armies of North- ern Germany against France. Never during half a century before his accession liad Sweden known the peace or the prosperity in which he left her in the hands of his son Oscar. Died, 1844, aged 79. BERNARD, St., an illustrious abbot of the monastery of Clairvaujc in the 12th cen- turv. Died, 1153. BERNARD, Claude, sumamed "the poor priest," was a native of Dijon, whose active benevolence towards the poor and sick was unremitting during tlie whole course of his life, and for whose supjiort he expended his whole inheritance, 20,000i. Born, 1.588 ; died, 1641. BERNARD, Edward, an English philo- sopher and critic ; author of " Etymologi- cum Britannicum," a " Treatise on Ancient Weights and Measures," &c. Born, ICSS ; died, lfi97. BERNARD, James, a French Protestant divine ; author of an " Historical and Politi- cal Account of Europe," &c. Born, 1658 ; died, 1718. BERNARD, Jonx, an actor ; author of " Retrospections of the Stage." Died, 1828. BERNARD, of Menthox, an ecclesiastic of the 10th century ; founder of the well- known and invaluable monasteries of the Great and Little St. Bernard, in the passage of the Alps. Died, 1008. BERN^VRD, Peter Joseph, a French amatory poet, styled by Voltaire, le genlil Bernard, an epithet by which he is still dis- tinguished. Born at Grenoble, 1710 ; died, BERNARD, of TiruRixoiA, an enthusiast of the 10th century, who predicted that the end of the world was at hand, and caused much terror to his ignorant and superstitious believers. BERNARD, duke of Weimar, the fourth »I son of Duke John of Saxc- Weimar, was a general whose magnanimity, skill, and valour were frequently displayed while com- manding the Swedish army after the death of Gustavus ; and who afterwards did great service to the Protestant cause. He died by poison, administered, as his cotemporuries asserted, at the instigation of the Duke of Richelieu, who had become jealous of his power : but of this there is no substantial proof. Born, 1(504 ; died, 1639. BERNARD, Simon, general of engineers of France, was bom at D<Me in 1779. The kindness of the parish priest supplied him with sufficient of the rudiments of learning to allow Ilia entering the Polytechnic School at fifteen years of age. La Place, Ilally, and yther great men were then at the head of the Polytechnic School, and so well did Bernard avail himself of their lessons, that he not only became one of the most distinguished engineer officers and aides-de-camp of Na- poleon, but, subsequently to the emperor's fall, executed works in the United States, which are most undoubtedly unequalled elsewhere ; the most distant places being united by canals, actual navigable rivers, and upwards of four thousand live hundred miles of frontier rendered secure against in- vasion by forts and works. Since J uly, 1830, he returned to France, and was for some time minister of war. Died, 1839. BERNARDEZ, DiEoo, called by liis countrymen the Portuguese Theocritus, was not more eminent as a pastoral poet than as a brave warrior ; and, after numerous deeds of heroism, was taken prisoner by the Moors at the battle of Alcazarquiver. Died, 1596. BERNARDI, Augdstis Fkedeuic, a German philologist, whose great aim was to invent a universal grammar common to all languages, and who, in his endeavours to effect that object, displayed great inge- nuity and learning. Bom at Berlin, 1768 i died, 1S20. BERNARDI, Joiiy, a celebrated engraver and architect. Died, 1555. BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE, James Henhv, a philosopher and moralist ; au- thor of " Paul and Virginia," " Studies of Nature," "Harmonies of Nature," &c. During the reign of terror he narrowly escaped the guillotine ; but on Napoleon a exaltation to power he received a pension, which cheered the gloom of poverty and dis- i tress that had surrounded him. Born, 1737 ; ! died, 1813. BERNARDINE, a Romish saint ; canon- ised for his zeal in causing more than 300 monasteries to be founded. Bom at Massa, in Tuscany, 1380 ; died, 1444. BERNI, Fraxcesco, an eminent Italian poet, of the 16th century. He remodelled Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato, and was the author of " Rime Burlesche," and various Latin poems. Died, l.')36. BERNI A, or BERNI, Francis, a Tuscan poet, called the Italian Scarron. Died, 1543. BERNIER, Francis, a French physician and traveller, who resided at the court of Aumngzebe for twelve years as his physi- cian. He afterwards published his travels, which, as a work of interest and authen- ticity, are greatly esteemed. Died, 1688. bbr] ^ i2rin mnibcr^al SSiograpl^s. [beb BERNINI, GiovAxSXi Loeexzo, called 77 cavaliere Bernini, was born in Naples, 1598, and obtained among his cotemporaries the reputation of being the Micliael Angelo of modern times, on account of his success as a painter, a statuary, and an architect. At the age of 18 he produced the Apollo and Daphne, in marble, a masterpiece of grace and execution ; and he continued in the in- defatigable pursuit of the arts, as a sculptor and an arcliitect, till the period of his death, in 1G80. BERNIS, Cardinal Fraxcis Joachim de PiEKKES DE, a French poet, patronised by Ma- dame de Pompadour, who obtained for him a pension ; he subsequently tilled important offices in the state, was sent as ambassador to Rome, and at length arrived at the dignity jof a cardinal. The French revolution deprived ]iim of his fortune, and reduced him to poverty in his old age, from which he was relieved by a pension from the Siianish court. Born, 1715 ; died, 1794. BERNOUILLI, James, a celebrated ma- thematician, bora at Basle iu 1G54 ; died, 1705. BERNOUILLT, Joux, brother of the above, and like him an eminent mathema- tician. He was regarded as the worthy rival of Newton and Leibnitz. Born, 16(i7 ; died, 1718. BEBNOUILLI, Daxiel, son of the last named ; professor of philosophy at Basle ; and, like his father and uncle, highly skilled in the mathematics. Born, 17t»0 ; died, 1782. [Several other members of this family were also distinguished for their mathematical attainments.] BERNSTORFF, John IIartwio Ekxest, Count, a celebrated statesman in the employ- ment of the king of Denmark ; and founder of the Danish Society of Language and the Fine Arts, and the Economical and Agri- cultural Society. Born at llanover, 1712 ; died, 1772. BERNSTORFF, Axdrew Peter, Count, nephew of the above, a Danish minister of state. During the American war he effected the armed nentrality of Russia, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden, for the protection of the trade of those powers against the belli- gerents J and it was chiefly owing to his skilful policy that Denmark was prevented from being drawn into collision with eitlier Sweden or Russia, when the war broke out between those powers in 1788. Born, 1735 ; died, 1797. BEROALDUS, Philip, an Italian pro- fessor of eloquence. Born, 1453 ; died, 1505. BEROALDUS, Philip, nephew of the above, an Italian poet ; librarian of the Vatican under pope Leo X. Died, 1518. BEROSUS, priest of the temple of Belus, at Babylon, in the time of Ptolemy Phila- delphus. He wrote a history of Chaldsea, i some fragments of which are preserved by Josephus. BERQUIN, Arxauld, an elegant French writer; author of "Idyls," " L' Amides Enfans," and other interesting works for youth. Born, 1749 ; died, 1791. BERRETINI, Nicholas, an eminent his- torical painter, pupil of Carlo Muratti. Born, 1G17 ; died, 1682. BERRI, Charles Fekdinant) de Bour- bon, Duke de, second son of the Count d' Artois, afterwards Cliarles X. of France ; assassinated by one Louvel, who attacked him just as he had left tlie opera-house, and was on the point of stepping into his car- riage, Feb. 13. 1820. He shared in common with the Bourbons all the reverses they were doomed to suffer ; and he deserved a better fate, if it were only for the benevo- lence of his character. His son Hei\ri, born posthumously, commonly called the Due <ie Bordeaux, or tlie Comte de Chambord, is the legitimate heir to the throne of France. BERRIMAN, Wh.liaji, an English di- vine ; autlior of five volumes of sermons, &c. Born, 1088 ; died, 1750. BERRUYER, Joseph Isaac, a French Jesuit, whose writings were condemned at Rome for their too great liberality ; autlior of a "History of the People of God," &c. Died, 1758. BERRY, Sir Jony, an English naval commander, knighted for his distinguished bravery at the battle of Southwold Bay. He died of poison, administered to him on board his ship, l(i91. BERRY, Rear-admiral Sir Edward, bart., K.C.B. This officer was the only one in the royal navy who had received three medals for his services, having commanded aline-of-battleshipin the memorable battles of the Nile, Trafalgar, and St. Domingo. Died, 18.31. BERSMANN, Georoe, a learned Ger- man ; author of Notes on some of the Classics, and of a Latin version of the Psalms of David. Born, 1.538 ; died, 1011. BERTAUT, John, a French prelate and poet ; chaplain to Catherine de Medici, and secretary of the cabinet to Henry III. Born, 1562 ; died, 1011. BERTHIER, Alexander, prince of Neuf- chatel and Wagram, a marshal and ^'icc- constable of France, was born at Versailles, in 175.3, and served with Lafayette in the war of American independence. At the commencement of the French revolution he was made a general officer, fought gallantly in La Vendt-e, and was at the head of Buona- parte's staff in Italy, Egypt, and Germany. He was, in fact, the companion of Napoleon in all his expeditions, dining and travelling in the same carriage ; and his skill in draw- ing up despatches, joined to his unwearied application and methodical habits, proved of incalculable value to the emperor in the vast pressure of his affairs. On the restora- tion of Louis, however, in 1814, he recognised his authority, and was created a peer ; but when his former master returned from Elba, he retired to his family at Bamberg, where, as soon as the music of the Russian troops, on their march to the French borders, was heard at the gates of the citj', he put an end to his life in a fit of frenzy or remorse, by throwing himself from a window of his palace, June 1.1815. BERTHIER, Joseph Stephen, a French philosopher of the Society of the Oratory ; author of " Physique des Cometes," &o. Born, 1710 ; died, 1783. BERTHIER, William Francis, a learned Jesuit ; one of the editors of the Dictionnaire de Trevonx, and translator of the Psalms into French. Bom, 1704 ; died, 1782. BERTllOIXET, Claude Louis, Count, one of the most eminent chemists of his age, was born at Talloire, Savoy, in 1748, and studied medicine at Turin. He afterwards settled in Paris, where he became intimate with Lavoisier, was admitted a meml)er of the Academy of Sciences, and made professor of the normal school. He accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt ; and, during the em- peror's reign, was made a senator and an oflicer of the legion of lionour ; but he was one of the first to desert his patron when his fortunes were on the decline ; for which he received the title of count from Louis XVIII. His principal work is " Essai de Statique Cliimique ;" but he wrote many other valu- able essays, and had also a large share in the reformation of the chemical nomenclature. Died, 1822. BERTHOLON, N. de St. Lazaee, a French chemist and philosopher of the 18th century, whose works on aerostation, elec- tricity, and oHier scientific subjects, evince much learning and ability. Born at Lyons, and died in 1799. BEUTHOUD, Ferdinand, a skilful Swiss clock and chronometer maker ; author of "Traitu des Horologes Marines," &c. Born at Neufchatel, 1727 ; died, 1807. His nephew, liouis, inherited his talents, and was not less celebrated than his uncle. Tlie accuracy of their chronometers is proverbial. BEUTI, Alexander Pompev, a native of Lucca ; author of " La Cadula de' Decemviri della Romana Ilepublica," &c. Born, 1080 ; died, 17.'-.2. BERTI, John Laurence, an Italian monk, and general of the order of the Au- gustines ; author of some Italian poetry, a work "De Disciplinia Theologicis," &c. Born, lf,9»> ; died, 1766. BERTIE, WiLLOUGirar, earl of Abing- don ; a nobleman distinguished equally by his talent and his eccentricity. He was au- thor of several political and satirical pam- phlets ; for one of which — the report of a speech he had delivered in parliament — he was prosecuted, and imprisoned in the King's Bench. Died, 1791. BERTIX, Anthony, a French military officer and an elegant poet ; author of a "Collection of Elegies " and other poems, which were greatly esteemed. Born in the isle of Bourbon, 1752 ; died at St. Domingo, 1790. BERTIN, Joseph, a French physician and anatomist ; author of a treatise on Osteology, and other valuable w^orks on anatomy. Born, 1712 ; died, 1781. BERTINAZZI, Charles Anthony, a celebrated comedian, and an accomplished wit, was born at Turin, in 1713, and for more than forty years was one of the most distinguished comic actors at Paris. Died, 1783. BERTOLI, Giovanni Domknico, bom in 1676, obtained the name of the patriarch of Aquileia, from his having first directed at- tention to the antiquities of that place, and for his successful endeavours to prevent the inhabitants from mutilating or destroying them. Died, 1758. BERTIU8, Peter, professor of mathe- matics, and cosmograplier to the king of France ; author of " Theatrum Geographia Veteris," \c. Born, IMo ; died, 1629. BERTRAM, Cornelius Bonavknture, Hebrew professor at Geneva and Lausanne ; author of a " Dissertation on the Republic of the Hebrews," &c. Born, 1531 ; died, 1594. BERTRAND, Henry, Count, a distin- guished French general, and the companion in exile of Napoleon Buonaparte, would have earned a bright name on the page of history merely by his military achievements during the wars" of the empire, were not those acliievements cast, comi>aratively, into the shade by the steadfast fidelitv with which he clung to Napoleon. Aiding that great soldier to gain some of his most splendid victories j covering him when in retreat and peril, as after the murderous atl'air of Haunau ; fol- lowing liim to liis/rce exile to Elba; return- ia|r with him to share all the perils of "blood-stained Waterloo;" he, the brave and steadfast Bertrand, feared not the im- prisonment of St. Helena, but voluntarily abode there until he had seen the Jirgt ob- sequies of his sincerely worshipped human idol. Honour to fidelity I Born, 1770 ; died, BERTRAND, John Baptist, a French physician ; author of an " Historical Account of the Plague at Marseilles," &c. Born, 1670 ; died, 1752. BERTRANDI, John Ambrose Maria, an eminent surgeon and anatomist of Turin ; author of a treatise on surgical operations, and various other professioual works. Born, 1723 ; died, 1765. BERULLE, Pierre de, Cardinal, founder of the congregation of the Oratory. He was employed in many art"alrs of state in France ; and accompanied Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., to England. Died, 1629. BERWICK, James Fitzjamks, Duke of, natural son of James II. and Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of Marlbo- rough ; a distinguished and gallant soldier, and author of a valuable volume of Me- moirs. Balled at the siege of Philipsburgh, in 1734. BERYLLUS, an Arabian bishop, of the third century ; converted by Origen from his heterodox opinion, that Christ had no existence prior to his incarnation. BERZELIUS, Baron, one of the great chemists of modern times, was born in 1779, in Ostgothland, a province of Sweden, where his father kept a village school. After graduating at Upsala in 1804, he repaired to Stockholm, where he became an assistant to Spawrnman, who had accompanied Captain Cook in one of his voyages round the world ; and at his death, in 1806, he succeeded him in the chair of chemistry, which he con- tinued to fill for forty-two years. It would be impossible within our limits to give even a summary of his labours during this period ; suffice it to say, tliat in a century which has produced a greater number of distinguished cliemists than perhaps of any other class of men of science, Berzelius stood out as a star of the first magnitude. His patient labours, and ingenious investigations, have done more to lay the foiuidations of organic che- BES] ^ ^etD WiniiitYStd 28iOiir<qjfj5. [bey inistry, than those of any other chemist. To lii'n pre-eminently belongs the lionour of applying the great principles which had been established by Dalton, Davy, Gay-Lussat, and himself, in inorganic chemistry, to un- folding the laws which regulate the combi- nations forming the structures of the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; and in thus open- ing the way for the discoveries of Mulder, Liebig, Dumas, and others. To him chemis- try is indebted for the discovery of several new elementary bodies, more especially sele- I nium, morium, and cerium ; and to his skill as a manipulator, may be traced many of tlie analytical processes at jiresent in use. Under these circumstances it is not surpris- ing that all the scientific societies of the world contended for the honour of enrolling liis name among their members ; and the various minor honoui-8 which he received from liis own sovereign from time to time, were finally crowned by his being Urode ., a Knight Grand Cross of the Oi-der of Vasa in 1829, and liis elevation to the rank of a baron in ia3.5. Died, 1848. BESOLDE, Christoi'IIEr, a counsellor of "Vienna ; author of a " Synopsis of Poli- tics," a " History of the Ottoman Empire," &c. Born, 1.577 ; died, lf538. BESSARION, John', a Greek priest, one of the most eminent revivers of learning in the loth century, and founder of the noble library of St. Mark, at Venice. He trans- lated from Aristotle, Xenophon, &c. ; and zealously defended Plato against tlie attacks of George of Trebizond. He was made a cardinal by pope Eugene, and had the title of patriarch of Constantinople given him by Pius II. Born, 131»5 ; died, 1472. BESSEL, Dr. Fhkderick William, a dis- tinguished Prussian astronomer, born 1784. He was professor of astronomy in the uni- versity of Berlin ; and such was the skill and assiduity with which he prosecuted his favourite study, that he was twice presented with a gold medal from the Royal Astro- nomical Society of I^ondon, for tlie number and accuracy of his observations. Died, 1846. BESSIEKES, John Baptist, duke of Is- tria, and a French marshal, was bom at Poitou, in 17(59. He distinguished himself in many memorable battles, and was highly esteemed by Napoleon for his honour, skill, and bravery. He fell in the combat that preceded the battle of Lutzen, 1813. BETHENCOURT, John de, a Norman baron, and a military adventurer, who con- quered the Canary islands, and afterwards held them as a fief of the crown of Castile. Died, 1425. BETHLEM-GABOR, a native of Transyl- vania, whose courage and wily policy made him ruler of that country, and enabled him to die in peaceable possession of it, in spite of the utmost elforts of the emperor of Germany. Died, 1629. BETIS, governor of Gaza, who for his brave defence of it was put to death by Alexander the Great, and dragged at liis chariot wheels when dead, B.C. 3o2. BETTERTON, Thomas, a celebrated actor : he excelled in the representation of Shakspeare's principal tragic characters. Born, 1635 ; died, 1700. L' BETTINELLI, Xavier, a Jesuit of Man- tua, and, on the suppression of liis order, teacher of eloquence at Modena. He was an elegant and accomplished writer, epis- tolary, dramatic, and poetical ; his princi- pal work is the " Lettere dieci di Virgilio agli Arcafli." Bom, 1718 ; died, 1808. BETTS, John, an English physician of the time of Charles II. ; author of a treatise " De Ortu et Natura Sanguinis," &c. BETUSSE, Joseph, an Italian poet of the 16th century : he translated into Italian the Latin works of Boccaccio, and wrote a life of him. BEUERNONVILEE, Peter Riel, Count of, a French marshal ; minister of war in 1793 ; ambassador at Berlin and Madrid during the consulate, and under the empire grand officer of the legion of honour. He voted for the deposition of Napoleon, and attached himself to Louis, by whom he was rewarded with the title of marshal. Died, 1821. BEUF, John le, n French antiquary ; author of "Memoirs of the History of Aux- erre," &c. Born, 1607 ; died, 1670. BEVER, Dr. Thomas, an English civi- lian ; a judge of the Cinque Ports, and au- thor of a treatise on " The Legal Polity of the Romans," &c. Died, 1791. BEVERIDGE, William, bishop of St. Asaph ; an eminent orientalist, critic, and theologian, and one of the most distinguished scholars that ever adorned the prelacy, was bom at BaiTow, Lincolnshire, in 16"<8, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He was the author of numerous works ; among which are 12 volumes of "Sermons," " Private Thoughts on Religion," " Institu- tionum Clironologicarum Libri duo," &c. He bequeathed tlie principal part of his pro- perty to charitable uses. Died, 1707. BEVERLY, John ok, tutor to tlie vene- rable Bede, and subsequently archbishop of York, He was one of the most learned men of his time, and several of his devotional treatises are still extant. Died, 721. BEVERNINCK, Jerome van, a Dutch statesman ; greatly instrumental in promot- ing the treaty of Nimeguen, which pro- duced a general peace. Bom, 1614 ; died, 1690, BEVERWICK, John de, a Dutch phy- sician ; author of some valuable works on professional subjects. Born, 1594 ; died, 1647. BEWICK, John, an English artist re- siding at Newcastle, whose "History of Quadrupeds," by the beauty and spirit of its illustrations, gave the first impulse to that improvement in the art of wood engraving which has at length been carried to such exquisite perfection. Died, 1795. His bro- ther Thomas, who followed tlie same pro- fession, died in 1828. BEWLY, William, an English chemist and natural philosopher, whose researches and experiments did much for the improve- ment of chemistry. He published some valuable papers in the Monthly Review, but left no separate treatise. Died, 178;^. BEYER, or BECER, Augustus, a German divine ; author of historical and critical re- marks on Bcarce books, &c. Died, 1741. BEZ] ^ ^cSd JETnibcrj^al Miatp:np\^Vi* [big BEZA, TiiEODOHE, a native of France, and, for some time, a Catholic and prior of Lonsjumeau. TJie tutor under whom lie studied imbued his mind with Protestant principles, and an attachment which he formed for a young lady whom he after- wards married, added force to his scruples of conscience. Abandoning the preferment he already enjoyed, and the still higher ones to which he doubtless might have attained, he fled to Geneva. Thence he went to Lau- sanne, where he became professor of Greek, but finally settled at Geneva, and became Calvin's colleague in .both the church and the university. He greatly aided in diffusing and upholding the principles of the Reform- ers, and was a very versatile writer. His Latin poems are elegant, and his controver- sial prose very subtle and vigorous. His Latin version of the New Testament, with notes, is still considered an authority. Born, 1->10 ; died 1G03. BHERING, ViTirs, a captain in the Rus- sian navy, and a celebrated navigator of the northern seas, who, being cast on a desolate island, perished there, in 1741. This is now called Bhering's Island, and the straits be- tween Asia and America have also received his name. BIANCni, Antonio, a Venetian gondo- lier of the 18th century, who obtained great note by his poetical talents ; author of " II Templi owero di Solomone," " A Treatise on Italian Comedy," &c. BIANCHI, FnANCis, a musical composer, bom at Cremona ; author of " Disertor Fraiichese," " Semiramide," &c. He came to England, wrote " Castore e Polluce " for Madame Storacc, and " Inez de Castro " for Mrs. Billington ; and died early in the present century. BIANCHI, John, known also by the Latin name of Janus Plancus, a celebrated Italian physician, anatomist, and naturalist, and the reviver of the Academy of the Leiucei. Born at Rimini, 1603 ; died, 1775. BIANCHINI, Francis, a philosopher and mathematician of Verojia ; author of " Is- toria Universale," &c., and a vast number of scientific and literary treatises. Born, 1CC2 ; died, 1729. BIAS, one of the seven sages of Greece, and a native of Priene, in Ionia ; celebrated for his knowledge and strict regard to jus- tice. He flourished in the sixth and seventh centuries, B.C., and died at a very advanced age. BIBTENA, Bernardo da, a Roman car- dinal, raised from a low origin by Leo X. ; autlior of a comedy entitled " La Calandria," greatly admired in Italy. Born, 1470 ; died, by poison, as is supposed, 1520. BIBIENA, Fekdinanii Gai.li, an emi- nent painter and architect. Bom at Bo- logna, 1057 ; died, 17 43. BICIIAT, Maiiie Francis Xavier, a cele- brated French physician ; author of " Phy- siological Researches respecting Life and Death," " Anatomy as applied to Physiology and Medicine," &c. Bom, 1771 ; died, 1802. BICKERSTAFF, Isaac, a dramatic writer of the 18th century ; author of " Love iu a Village," " Jjonel and Clarissa," &c. BICKERSTETH, Rev. Edwakd, an able and prolific writer on religious topics, wa8 "bom in 1786. His original destination was the law; but after practising for some years as an attorney at Norwich, he was seized with a desire to enter the ministry, and obtained ordination from Bishop Bathurst in 1815. Soon afterwards he was appointed secretary to the Church Missionary Society in London, and at the same time became assistant mi- nister to an episcopal chapel in Spitalflelds. In 1830 he was presented to the living of Wotton, in Hertfordshire, where he laboured with great zeal and efficiency down to the lieriod of his death, 28th February, 1850. >lr. Bickersteth's first work was his " Help to the Study of the Scriptures ; " and this was followed by many other useful works on divinity ; and on all occasions he exhibited himself as a most uncompromising opponent to Popery and Tractaiianism, BIDDLE, John, a Socinian writer of con- siderable note in the time of Charles I. and during the Commonwealth, and now re- garded as the founderof Unitarian doctrines ; author of " Confessions of Faith concerning the Holy Trinity," and other works in de- fence of his principles. He was more than once prosecuted and imprisoned, and died of a fever caught in gaol in 1(J22. BIDLAKE, John, Dr., a divine of the Church of England ; author of " The Country Parson," and other poems, " An Introduction to Geography," &c. Born, 1755 ; died, 1814. BIDLOO, Godfrey, a Dutch anatomists author of " Anatomia Corporis Ilumaui," &c. Born, 1649 ; (Ued, 1713. BIEL, John Christian, a German Pro- testant divine, pastor at Brunswick ; author of a valuable I^exicon of the Septuagiut version of the Old Testament. Died, 1745. BIELFELD, James Frederic, Baron de, acelebrated modern writer ; author of "Poli- tical Institutions," &c. Born, at Hamburgh, 1717 ; died, 1770. BIEVRE, Mareschal, Marquis de, a life-guard of the king of France, not un- known as an author, but far more for his puns and repartees. The following anecdote shows the inveteracy of his habit, while it proves " the ruling passion strong in death." He went to Spa to recruit his health, but died there ; and, when at the point of death, said to those around him, "Mes amis, je m'en vais de ce pas " (de Spa). Born, 1747 ; died. 1789. BIGLAND, John, a voluminous writer, whose first publication did not appear till he was fifty years of age ; author of " A Sys- tem of Geography and History," "Histo- ries of Spain and England," "Letters on English and French History," &c. Died, 1832, aged 82. BIGNE, Marquerin de la, a doctor of the Sorbonne ; compiler of the first edition of the " Bibliotheca Patrum." He was bom in 1546, and died at Paris about the close of the Ifith century. BIGNICOURT, Simon de, a counsellor of Rheims ; author of " Pensi'es et Reflec- tions Philosopliiqucs. Born, 1709 ; died, 1775. BIGNON, Jerome, a learned French writer ; author of treatises " On Rome and its Antiquities," "On the Election of the big] ^ ^ciu mm'btr^al 33tffcrrapl)j?. [mo Popes," &c. ; and editor of the " Formulae " of jMarcuIphus. Born, 1589 ; died, 165G. BIGNON, John Paul, grandson of the above ; librarian to tlie king of France ; au- thor of " I>e3 Aventures d'Abdalla Fils d' HanifT," &c. Died, 1743. BIGNON, L. P. Edouard, vr&s bom at Melleiraye, of a higlily respectable family, and early entered on the diplomatic career as secretary of legation in Switzerland, and subsequently in Savoy and Prussia, of which last he had the administration of tlie finan- ces subsequent to the battle of Jena. Am- bassador in Poland, both before and after the retreat from Moscow, he rendered the most important services to the French army. He subsequently held many imjiortant of- fices, was a member of the chamber of de- puties under the restoration, and was made peer of I'rance in 1839. He wrote, at the express desire of Napoleon, a " History of French Diplomacy." Born, 1771 ; died, 1810. BIGOT Americ, an eminent French scholar. He assisted in the publication of several works ; and having discovered Pal- ladius's Life of Chrysostom in the ducal library at Florence, he published both the Greek text and his own Latin translation of it. Born. 162r, ; died, 1089. BILDERDYK, G., a modem Dntch poet, born in 1760, and one of the first of his country ; author of the " Death of (Edipus," " The Fairy Urgate," " Winter Flowers and Autumn Leaves ; " and several meritorious translations from the Greek poets and trage- dians, from Pope's Essay on Man, &c. BILFINGER, George Bernard, a German writer and professor of philosophy and theology. He was a man of most ex- tensive learning, and the author of " Dilu- cidationcs Philosopliica)," &c. Born, 1G93 ; died, 1750. BILGUER, John Elric, a Swiss sur- geon ; author of several professional treatises, in one of which he maintains the inutility of amputation in cases of gunshot wounds. Died, 179(5. BILLAUD, Varen^nes t>e, the son of a French advocate at Rochelle, was educated at the same college as Fouche, and proved himself one of the most violent and sangui- nary characters of the French revolution. He bore a principal part in the murders and horrid massacres which followed the destruc- tion of the Bastile ; voted immediate death to the unfortunate Louis XVI ; and officiated as president of the Convention on the 18th of Oct. 1793. He was afterwards deported to Cayenne, and subsisted on a small pension allowed him by Pethion. Died at St. Domingo, in 1819. BILLING, SiGiSMOXD, a patriotic and consistent French liberal, born at Calmar, in Alsace, in 1773. He entered the army at the very commencement of the revolution, and distinguished himself at the battle of Genappe and on other occasions ; was commissary of war to the armies of the North, the Rhine, &c. in 1792,.and to the army of Germany at the time of General Moreau's retreat, and was present in many celebrated battles and sieges. In consequence of certain changes in the government, he for a time retired to private life, and devoted his time and talents to the formation of Bible Societies and the education of Protestant youth. But he did not wholly abandon the military profession; and, when the reverses of Napoleon had en- dangered the safety of France, Billing, as the commander of a legion of the national guard, surrounded and defended tlie chamber of representatives while it was in the act of pronouncing the emperor's forfeiture, and was otherwise active in bringing about his abdication. He was also, in concert with General la Fayette, greatly instrumental in effecting the revolution of 1830, which seated Louis Philippe on the throne ; preserving throughout his character a love of rational liberty, and a sincere regard for the happiness and morals of the people. He died in 1832. BILLINGTON, Emzabetii, the most ce- lebrated English female singer of her time. She was of German extraction, though born in England. Her popularity was equally great in England and on the Continent, and remained undiminished to the very close of her public career in 1809. Died, 1817. BILLINGSLEY, Sir Henry, was a native of Canterbury, who, as a London tradesman, acquired great wealth, and became its chief magistrate. He was taught mathematics by an expelled friar, to whom he had generously given shelter and support, and was the first who published Euclid's Elements in English. Died, ir.lO. BILSON, Thomas, bishop of Winchester, in the reigns of queen Elizabeth and James I. ; author of a treatise on Christ's Descent into Hell, and one of the translators of the Bible. Bom, 1,5.% ; died, 1616. BINGHAM, Joseph, an eminent English divine ; author of " Origines EcclesiasticaB," "Scholastic History of Lay Baptism," &c. Born. 16(58 : died, 1723. BINGHAM, Sir George Ridout, a major- general in the British army, was bom in 1777. He entered the service in 1793, as an ensign in the 69th foot ; and progressively advanced in difierent regiments, till he be- came lieutenant-colonel of the 53d, being present at the most important transactions in the Peninsula, for which services he was rewarded by knighthood. He afterwards had the charge of Buonaparte from England to St. Helena, where he remained several years, and was promoted to tlie rank of major-general and colonel-commandant of the 2d rifle brigade. Died, Januarv, 18.'>3. BINGLEY (descended from English pa- rents, and considered as the Garrick of the Dutch stage), was bom at Rotterdam, in 1755, and died in 1818. BINGLEY, William, a clergyman ; au- thor of " Animal Biography." " Memoirs of British Quadrupeds," &c. Died, 1823. BION, a Greek pliilosopher, in the reign of Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedon, in the 3d century, n.c. Some few fragments of his writings remain. BION, a Greek pastoral poet : his poems, published with those of his friend and dis- ciple, Moschus, are remarkable for simpli- city and sweetness. By some he is said to liave lived in the 2d, and by others in the 3d century, B.C. BION, Nicholas, a French mathemati- bir] ^ i^etu Winihtv^Kl ^Siojjrajjljw. [bis cian ; author of a " Treatise on the Use of the Globes," &c. Died, 1733. BIRAGUE, Clkment, an engraver on gems, said to liave been the first discoverer of the art of engraving on diamonds. He was born at Milan, and flourished during tlie middle of tlie KJth century. BIUAGUE, Kkse de, a Milanese of noble family, who sought shelter in France from the vengeance ot Louis Sforza, and became a cardinal and chancellor of France. He is infamously memorable as one of the authors of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Born, 1,509 ; died, 1583. BIRCH, Samuel, who for many years played a distinguished part as a member of the corporation of London, was born in that city, in 1757, and succeeded his father in his well-established business of a pastry-cook, in Cornhill. He was the first to proiMise the measure of arming and training the inhabit- ants as volunteers; and he had the honour, successively, to become lieutenant, nmjor, and lieutenant-colonel commandant of the first regiment of Loyal London Volunteers. Yet, although never unmindful of his posi- tion as a party man in politics, he found leisure to employ his pen in various walks of literature. Mr. Birch was also among the earliest and most active supporters of the J^iterary Fund Society, to which lie con- tinued attached till his decease, and had long been tlie senior member of its council. In 1814 he filled the civic chair. Died, Dec. 10. 1841, aged 84. BIRCH, Thomas, originally a Qu.iker, but subsequently a divine of the Churcli of England. He was an industrious historian and biographer ; and author, among many other works, of a " History of the Royal Society," " Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth," &c. Born, 17a5 ; died, 17C0. BIRD, Edward cR.A.), a painter, chiefly of comic subjects, but who also executed many religious and historical pieces, and was made historical painter to the Princess Charlotte of Wales. Born, 1772; died, 1819. BIRD, John', an eminent mathematical instrument maker ; author of " The Method of constructing Mural tiuadrants," &c. Died, BIRD, Wiixiam, an eminent musician in the reign of Elizabeth. He chiefly composed sacred music ; and to liim " Non nobis Do- mine " is attributed. Born, 1543 ; died, 1623. BIREN, John Ernest de, duke of Cour- land, who, though the son of a peasant, by his handsome person and address, obtained such influence over Anne, daughter of Peter I. and duchess of Courland, that when she ascended the tlirone of Russia, she committed the reigns of government to Biren, made him duke of Courland, and at her death, in 1740, left him regent of the empire. He was sub- sequently banished to Siberia, recalled by Peter III., and his duchy restored to him by Catharine, in 17G3, but which, (5 years after- wards, he relinquished in favour of his eldest son. Bom, 1687 ; died, 1772. BIRKBECK, Georoe, M. D., president of the Jjondon Mechanics' Institute, was the son of a merchant and banker at Settle, in Yorkshire, where he was born in 177(J. In his boyhood he displayed a strong incli- nation for those mechanical pursuits to which lie afterwards became so devoted ; but his friends having determined that he should embrace the medical profession, he first studied for this object at Leeds, then removed to London to become a pupil of Dr. Baillie, and subsequently went to Edin- burgh to complete his education. At the age of twenty-one he was appointed pro- fessor of natural history in the Andersonian Institution of Glasgow ; and having while there successfully established a mechanies' class, he was induced, in 1822, to found the London Mechanics' Institution in Chancery Lane ; to which society he generously lent 3000/. fur erecting a museum, lecture-room, &c. Of this institution Dr. Birkbeck was elected president ; and from it nearly all the various mechanics' institutes throughout Great Britain have been established. As a physician, he enjoyed a considerable share of reputation ; as the promoter of mechanic arts, and as the warm friend of the indus- trious artisan, no man could possibly be more generally or more justly esteemed. He also numbered among his circle of friends the most eminent scientific and literary men of the day. Died, Dec. 1. 1841. BIRKBECK, ]^IouKis, an English gentle- man who emigrated to America, where he purchased so vast a tract of land as to acquire the title of " Emperor of the Prairies ; '' au- thor of " Letters from Illinois," " Notes of a Journey in America," &c. He was acci- dentally drowned in 182.». BIRKENHEAD, Sir Joii.v, a political writer of tlie 17th century; several times imprisoned during the Commonwealth for writing in favour of the exiled king. Bom, 1615 ; died, 1070. BIRKHEjVD, Henrt, a modem Latin poet, born in 1617; author of "Otium Lite- rarium," &c. He died at the latter end of the 17lh century. BIRON, Arm A Nil de Go.vtact, Baron de, a celebrated French general, honoured with the friendship of Henry IV. He was slain at the siege of Epcruay, in Champagne, in 1592. BIRON, Chahles de Gontaut, Duke de, son of the above; admiral and marshal of France, and a favourite of Henry IV., who appointed him his ambassador to England, &c., and raised him to the dukedom. He was, however, sedueefl by the intrigues of the court of Spain to join in a conspiracy against his royal and truly generous friend ; for which crime he was tried, condemned, and beheaded, in 1602. BIRON, duke de Lauzun, born about 1760 ; one of the most celebrated men of the French revolution, remarkable at once for his amours, his attachment to liberty-, and his militarj' exploits. He served with La Fayette in America, and attached himself to the party of the Duke of Orleans, on his re- turn. In 1792 he was joined with Talleyrand in a mission to this country ; on his return, served under Rochamlieau, in Flanders ; and perished by the guillotine at the end of 1793, on a charge of counter-revolution. He died stoically, ordering oysters, and drinking wine with the executioner. BISCHOP, John dk, a Dutch historical bis] ^ i^m Bnihtx^aX 23i05rjipl^M. [bla and landscape painter. Bom, 1G46 ; died, 1686. BISCOE, RrciiARD, an English divine ; author of " Tlie History of the Acts of the Apostles, conlirmed by other Authors." Died. 1748. BISSET, Charles, an able physician, and a writer on fortification, which art lie Bturtiert while in the 42nd regiment, and received promotion for his skill in it at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, by the Duke of Cumber- land. Born, 1716 ; died, 1791. BISSET, James, an ingenious artist and amusing writer, was bom at Perth, in 1762, but settled early in life at Birmingham, where he established a museum and shop for curiosities, which he afterwards re- moved to Leamington. He had a remark- able facility in writing rhymes ; and being ever ready to make his muse subserve the cause of loyalty, or aid the progress of art, his various works present a motley appear- ance, and are often singularly droll and epigrammatic. " Guides," " Directories," and " Poetic Surveys " of the towns in wliich he lived, look oddly enough when placed in juxtaposition with " Patriotic Clarions," " Critical Essays," and " Comic Strictures on the Fine Arts ; " yet such were among his numerous productions, all of which are more or less indebted for their notoriety to the jingle of rhyme. Died, 1832. BISI, BoxAVENTiRE, an esteemed Bo- lognese miniature and historical painter. Died, 1662. BISSON, P. T. J. G., bora in 1767 ; a French general, who fought in most of Na- poleon's campaigns, till his death, in 1811. lie was of prodigious size, strength, and appetite. BITAirBE, Paul Jeremiah, the son of French refugee parents at Konigsl>erg, where he was bora, in 1732, but in after life settled in Paris. He was an aulhor of considerable repute, and patronised by Frederick II. of Prussia and by Napoleon. He translated Homer, and wrote "Joseph" and other poems. Died, 1808. BIVAR, Dox RonniGO Dias de, or <^e Cid, a hero of Spain, whose valour in various encounters with the IMoors, and his unjust banishment, afforded rich materials both for history and romance. Born at Burgos, 1040; died at Valencia, 1099. BIZOT, PiEURE, a French writer; au- thor of a curious work, entitled " Histoire MiJdallique de la Republique de ItoUande." Born, 1636 ; died, 1696. BLACK, Joseph, an eminent chemist, bora at Bordeaux in France, but of ScottUh parents ; author of " Lectures on Chemis- try," besides other valuable works embody- ing important discoveries. Born, 1728 ; died, 1709. BLACKBURNE, Fraxcis, an English divine, eminent as a theological writer, and remarkable for the publication of works favouring dissent from the church to which he belonged. He was archdeacon of Cleve- land and a prebend of York ; but so little of a churchman in his writings, that he was invited to succeed Dr. Chandler as minister of the chapel in the Old Jewry. Born, 1705 j died, 1787. BLACKLOCK, TnoMA55, a Scotch divine and poet ; author of " The Graham," an heroic ballad ; " Remarks on Civil Liberty," &c. Born, 1721 ; died, 1791. BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, a physician and poet, and the author of many works both in prose and verse, the principal of which is his poem, entitled " Creation." j Living as he did in the time of Dryden, Pope, and other wits and satirists, to whom he was opposed in politics, he met with un- merited ridicule ; for though as a poet he was inferior to many, he was by no means destitute of talent, and, what is better, he sustained the reputation of a pious and con- scientious man. Died, 1729. BLACKSTONE, Sir William, an emi- nent English judge ; author of the well known " Commentaries," and other valuable works on law. &c. Bom, 1723 ; died, 1780. BLACKWELL, Alexander, a Scottish physician, who settled in Sweden, and was beheaded there, for supposed participation in a conspiracy, 1748. BLACKWELL, Alexander and Eliza- beth, husband and wife : the latter, a woman of talent, in order to procure subsistence for her husband while in prison for debt, pub- lished a " Herbal" in 2 volumes, folio, with .ICX) plates, drawn, engraved, and coloured by herself, all in the space of four years. The work succeeded, and her husband was liberated ; but he seemed doomed to be the sport of fortune ; for after having l)een in- vited to Stockholm, and pensioned by the king of Sweden, in consequence of his being the author of a work on agriculture which attracted the notice of that monarch, he was charged with being concerned in a plot with Count Tessin for overturning the kingdom, tried, and beheaded, in 1747. BLACKWELL, Thomas, Greek professor of Aberdeen ; author of " An Diquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer ; " " Me- moirs of the Court of Augustus," &c. Born, 1701 ; died, 17-)7. BLACKWOOD, Adam, a Scotch writer ; author of " The Martyrdom of Mary Stuart," written in French, &c. Born, 15i39 ; died, 1613. BLACKWOOD, Sir Henry, a meritorious British admiral, was the sixth son of Sir John Blackwood, bart., and born in 1770. j Having entered the naval service at the early j age of 11 j'ears, he was present at the action off the Dogger Bank ; and on the commence- | ment of hostilities with the French, in 1793, he became first lieutenant of the Invincible man-of-war, in which capacity he acted on the "glorious 1st of June," 1794, with dis- tinguished bravery, and was in consequence promoted to the rank of commander. In 1798, when captain of the Brilliant, of 28 guns, he gallantly maintained a most un- equal combat, off the island of Teneriffe, with two large French frigates, each of which was nearly double his own force, and beat them off. After this he was engaged in various services, as captain of the Penelope, of 36 guns, under Lords Keith and Nelson, Sir Sj'dney Smith, and other eminent men ; and it was owing chiefly to his skill and bravery that the Guillaume Tell, of 80 guns, which escaped from Lord Nelson at Aboukir, blaJ ^ |!rU) ^nibtr^aX 3Bt0jp:apT)e. [bla was captured. The next scene of his naval glory was the evcr-mcmorable battle of Trafalgar, wliere he perforined the most essential service, as captain of the Eur3'alus, and witnessed tlie death of his friend and heroic commander, whose last words to him were "God bless you, Blackwood — I shall never see you more." In 180C he was appointed to tlic command of the Ajax, of 80 guns, and joined Lord Collingwood's fleet on the anniversary of the battle of Trafalgar. Tliis, however, was a melancholy event, as the sequel proved ; for, during the night of the 14th of February, 1807, tlie Ajax was found to be on fire, and in a short time went down with Jialf her crew ; Sir Ilenry, like mnny others, being saved with the greatest difficulty. After this he eommanded the W'arspite, and was present at the blockades of Brest and Rochfort, and engaged in various enterprises. In 1814, His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence made liim captain of the fleet, and he was appointed to bring over the crowned heads from France to this country : on which occasion he was created a baronet, and promoted to the rank of rear- admiral. In 1819, Sir Henry was appointed commander-in-chief of the naval forces in the East Indies, from which station he si)cedily returned ; and in 1827 the lord high admiral raised liim to the command at Chatham. He died in December, 1832 ; leaving Ixjlilnd him the character of a brave, skilful officer, and an amiable man. BLADEN, Maktix, a military officer under the Duke of Marlborough ; author of " Ori)heu8 and Eurydice," a masque ; " A Translation of CiBsar's Commentaries," &c. Died, 174^. BLAINVUXE, M. dk, professor of com- parative anatomy in the Paris Museum of Natural History, and a wortliy successor to Cuvier, was born in 1778. He was found dead on May 1. 1850, in one of the night rail- way trains between Rouen and Caen. BLAIR, Huon, an eminent Scotch divine ; author of a " Dissertation on the Poems of Ossiau," "Lectures on Rhetoric," "Belles Lettres," and "Sermons," in five volumes, which have ever been greatlv esteemed. Born at Edinburgh, 1718 ; died, 1800. BLAIR, JoH>f, a prebend of Westminster ; author of " Chronological Tables " and " Lectures on the Canon of tlie Old Testa- ment." Died, 1782. BLAIR, Robert, a Scotch divine ; author of the well known and admirable poem " The Grave." Born, 1700 ; died, 174(1. BLAKE, RoBKKT, a celebrated English admiral during the Commonwealth, whose skill and courage were equalled only bj' his disinterested patriotism and love of justice ; and whose brilliant achievements proudly sustained the hcmour of his country, and greatly enhanced its naval character. Among his numerous gallant exploits, the most noted are the four desperate engage- ments he fought with the Dutch fleet imder Admiral Van Tromp ; by which he not only gained a decided superiority over our mightiest naval opponent, but, by the bold tactics he introduced, infused that intrepid- ity and spirit of enterprise, by which the British navy has been ever since so highly distinguished. Bom, at Bridgewater, 1509 ; died, 1(558. BLAKE, William, a highly gifted but very eccentric artist and writer ; author of " Europe," a prophecy ; " America," a pro- phecy ; " Songs of Experience ; " and an infinity of admirable engravings. Born, 1759 ; died, 1827. BLAMPINI, TnoJLfis, a Benedictine monk ; editor of a splendid edition of the works of St. Augustin. Died, 1710. BLANCHARD, Francis, a celebrated French aeronaut, horn in 1738, was distin- guished from his youth by his mechanical inventions. After making his first aerostatic voyage in 1784, he crossed the Channel from Dover to Calais, 1785 ; for which exploit he was rewarded by the king of France with 12,000 francs, and a pension of 12(X) fr. He first made use of a parachute in London, in 1785 ; went through various countries on the Continent, exhibiting his aeronautic skill ; visited America with the same object ; and, retuniing in 1798, ascended in Rouen with 16 persons in a large balloon, and de- scended at a place 15 miles distant. He died in 1809 His wife, Madame Blan- ciiAKD, continued to make aerial voyages ; but in June, 1819, having ascended from Tivoli, in Paris, her balloon took fire, at a considerable height, owing to some fire- works which slie carried with her, the car fell, and the hapless aeronaut was dashed to pieces. BLANCHARD, James, an eminent and indefatigable painter, denominated the French Titian. Born, ICOO ; died, 1()3«. BLANCHARD, Joiix Bai-tist, a French Jesuit, and professor of rhetoric ; author of '• The Temple of the Muses," &c. Born, 1731 ; died, 1707. BLANCHARD, Lamajt, a graceful pe- riodical writer, was bom at Great Yarmouth in 1803. His father having removed to London when he was 5 years of age, he received his education at St. Olave's School, Lambeth ; and here was laid the ground- work of those literary tastes and habits which distinguished him through life. His first occupation was that of reader at Cox and Baylis' printing office in Great Queen Street; in 1827 he became secretary to the Zoological Society ; and in 1831 editor of the Monthly Magazine. He subsequently became con- nected with the True Sun, the Constitutional, the Courier, the Court Journal, and the Ex- aminer ; and was a constant contributor to the lighter periodicals of the day. Never was there a writer with a readier pen ; but I though radiant with wit, it was never dipped in gall ; and though his political opinions were strongly marked and maintained through good and evil report, his entire freedom from party bigotry and prejudice gained him the respect even of his most decided opponents. But a series of domestic calamities crushed his buoyant spirit to the earth, and in a fit of temporary insanity he committed suicide, Feb. 15. 1845. A collected edition of his writings, with a memoir of the author by Sir Bulwer Lytton, was published in IHiO. BLANCHARD, William, a comedian of sterling talent at Covent Garden Theatre, bla] ^ i^efit) HiuberM 2St0Ufajpl^y. [blo whose faithful representation of many of Sliakspeare's most difficult characters ob- tained for him tlie suffrages of such as were real judges of the histrionic art ; but, though a general favourite, he won not the "mil- lion" by monstrosities, nor the just reward of his talents from theatrical managers. Died, 1835, in the CGth year of his age, having retired from the stage a short time before. BLANCHE, of Castile, queen of Louis VIIL of France. She died of grief, on ac- count of the defeat aud imprisonment of her son, Louis IX., in Palestine, in 1252. BLANCIIELANDE, P. F., born in 1735 ; governor of St. Domingo when the decree of instant emancipation for the slaves caused a universal tumult. He urged the suspension of the decree, and, being arrested as a counter- revolutionist, was conducted to Paris, and perished by the guillotine in 1793. BLAND, Elizabktii, an English lady, eminent for her knowledge of Uebrew. A phylactery of her writings is preserved by tlie Koyal Society. Died, 1720. BLANDRATA, Gkokoe, an Italian phy- sician ; privy counsellor to Stephen Barotti, king of Poland. He was strangled by his nephew, whom he had made his heir, 1593. BLANE, Sir Gilukht, bart., M. D., of Ayr, was born in 17-19, and, after practising in his profession witli much success, became physician in ordinary to George III., and was, in 1812, created a baronet. He died in June, 1834. BLANKEN, Joiix, an eminent Dutch engineer, born in 1755 ; distinguished for his double-power steam-engines ; and for his docks, dikes, drains, and batteries, on almost all the coasts of Holland. BLANKOFF, John Teuxiz, a Dutch marine painter, of the 17th century ; par- ticularly skilful in storm pieces. BLANTYRE, Lord, was born in Edin- burgh in 1775, and entered the army in his 19th year, lie served in the Peninsular war, at the conclusion of which he received public thanks for his services, and after- wards became lord-lieutenant of Renfrew- shire. He was residing with his family at Brussels, during the struggle of the Belgians for a separate government ; when looking out from a window, to see the Dutch troops who were advancing into the park, he was struck in the neck bj' a musket ball, and the effusion of blood was so great that he died a few moments after, Sept. 1830. BLAYNEY, Dr. Benjamin', an English divine and biblical critic ; author of a " Dis- sertation on the Seventy Weeks of Daniel," &c. Died, 1801. BLEDRI, bishop of Llandaff in 1023 ; surnamed the ivise on account of his great learning. BLEISWICK, Peter van", born in 1724 ; grand pensionary of the Dutch states-ge- neral at the revolution, by which he was divested of his office. He was the author of a valuable work, " De Aggeribus." BLESSINGTON, Makgaret Power, Countess of, celebrated for her beauty, ac- complishments, and literary productions, was bom in the county of Waterford in 1789. At the early age of 15 she contracted an ill- fated marriage with Captain Farmer, and soon after his death the Earl of Blessington sought and obtained her hand in 1818. After her marriage she passed several years abroad, but they are chiefly remarkable for having led to her acquaintance with Lord Byron, which soon ripened into intimacy, and enabled her subsequently to publish one of the most interesting works, her " Conversa- tions with Lord Byron." Soon after her husband's death in 1829, she fixed her resi- dence in London, where she soon gained a distinguished place in literary and so-called fashionable society. Her house became the centre-point of every variety of talent ; and there were few literary celebrities, native or foreign, who did not share in the " feast of reason and the flow of soid," for which Gore House will be long remembered. Lady Blessington'a contributions to literature were at once numerous and diversified. Besides the "Conversations" above mentioned, she published many novels, of which " Grace Cassady, or the Repealers," " The Two Friends," " Meredith," " Stratherne," " The Lottery of Life," "The Victims of Society," &c. are the chief ; and several works full of personal anecdote, epigram, sentiment, aud description, such as " The Idler in Italy," "The Idler in France," "Memoirs of a Femme de Chambre," "The Belle of the Season," &c. For many years she edited the far-famed annuals, " The Book of Beauty " and the " Keepsake." Died at Paris, where she had a short time previously permanently fixed her residence, Aug. 1849. BLIGH, George Miller, was the son of Admiral Sir R. R. Bligh. He entered the navy, in 1794, on board the Alexander, commanded by his father, in wliich ship he was taken by the French in the same year ; but from whom he contrived to escape six months afterwards. He was made a lieu- tenant ia 1801, and fought under Nelson in the battle of Trafalgar, in wliich he was severely wounded. He was made a com- mander in 1806 ; and, having taken a French privateer, he was posted, and ap- pointed to the Glatton two years afterwards. He died in 1S3,>. BLIZZARD, Sir William, a surgeon and anatomist of considerable eminence, was bom in 1742. During a long life of profes- sional activity and experience he main- tained a higli reputation ; and was for many years professor of anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons, and a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He was also the author of several valuable works, viz. " Suggestions for the Improvements of Hospitals," " Reflections on Police," " Lecture on the Large Bloodvessels," &c. Died, at the great age of 92, in Sept. 1835. BLOCH, Marcus Eliezer, an ingenious naturalist and physician, and a Jew by birth, was born at Anspach, of mean parentage ; but entering into the service of a physician, he studied medicine, anatomy, and natural history with great success, and became par- ticularly eminent in the last-named science. His " Ichthyology," produced at Berlin in 1785, at the exjiense of the wealthiest princes of Germany, is a magnificent national work, llis treatise " On Intestinal Worms " is also iu high estimation. Bom, 1723 ; died, 1799. BLO] ^ fic'm mutbcr^aX Miatp:npliv* [blu BLOCK, JoAN'NA KoEKTEX, a Dutch female, whose HiiguUr talents in cutting landscapes, flowers, portraits, &c. out of paper, entitle her to rank as an artist of no mean skill, so true were her works touaturc. Born, 1050 ; died, 1715. BI.OEMART, Abkaham, a Dutch pain- ter of considerable merit, whose brilliant colouring and inventive powers atone for various mhior faults. Born, 15Go ; died, 1G47. BLOE.MARTS Cornelics, a son of the preceding, who, as an engraver, became eminent, and may be regarded as the founder of a new school, remarkable for the purity and softness of the burin. Boru, 1C(K! ; died, KWO. BLOMEFIELD, Fran'Cis, an English to- pographer and divine s author of " Collec- tanea Cantabrigiensia," &c. Died, 1755. BLOMFIEI.D, EuwAui) Valentixe, a distinguished classical scholar, was the bro- ther of Dr. Blonifleld, bishop of London, and born in 1788. He received his educa- tion at Cains College, Cambridge, where, besides other prizes, he gained, in 18l»9, a medal for writing his beautiful ode, "In Dpsiderium Torsoni." In 1812 a fellowship in Emanuel College was conferred on him. In the following year he visited Germany, and acquired an intimate knowledge of the German language. On his return to Eng- land he published in the " Musreum Criticum, or Cambridge Classical Reseaiches," remarks on German literature. He translated " Matthias's Greek Grammar," and began " Schneider's Greek and German Lexicon." Died, ISKi. BLOND, JAitES CiiRiSToniER LE, a mi- niature painter, and author of a treatise on a method of engraving in colours. Born, 1670 i died, 1741. BLONDEL, a minstrel and favourite of Richard Caur de Lion ; whom he is said to have discovered in his German dungeon, by singing beneath its walls the first part of a song of their joint composition. BLONDEL, David, a French Protestant divine, and the successor of Vossius as pro- fessor of history at Amsterdam ; author of " Explications on the Eucharist," &c. Bom, 1601 ; died, 16.55. BLONDEL, Frakcis, a French architect and diplomatist ; author of " Tlie Art of Throwing Bombs," various treatises on archi- tecture, &c. Born, 1617 ; died, 1080. BLONDEL, Joilx Francis, of the same family as the above, and also an architect. He was professor of architecture in the academy of Paris ; and the author of a "Course of Civil Architecture," and other works belonging to the art. Bom, 1705 ; died, 1774. BLONDUS, Flavhs. otherwise called Flavio Biondi, an Italian writer of the 15th century ; author of " Roma lUustrata," &c. BLOOD, TnoMAS, Colonel, a bold and desperate Irishman, originally an officer in Cromwell's army, and notorious in English history for his daring attempt on the life of the Duke of Ormond, and for his theft of the crown and regalia from the Tower. For some reason, nevtr yet explained, this desperado was not only paidoned by Charles 101 II., but received from him a pension of 5001. per annum. Died, 1680. BLOOiMFIELD, Roisert, an English poet, was the son of a poor tailor at Ho- nington, Sutl'olk, and himself a shoemaker. His principal work is a poem, entitled " The Farmer's Boy," which pleasingly describes the scenes the author witnessed while in that humble station, and displays very con- siderable genius ; but his subsequent publi- cations, though possessing tlie merit of sim- plicity, were not equal to the first. Although brought forward and patronised by the ex- ertions of Cai>el Lofft and the Duke of Grafton, the modest banl had a large share of the ills which flesh is heir to, and his latter years were clouded by penury and dejection. Born, 1766 ; died, 182.S. BLOUNT, Charles, earl of Devonshire. He succeeded to his family title of Lord Mountjoy in 1594, and was much favoured and employed by queen Elizabeth. In the year 1603 he returned from Ireland, where he had been employed in suppressing the rebellion, and brought with him the head of th6 celebrated rebel Tyrone. James I. made him master of the ordnance and earl of Devonshire i hut having manicd the di- vorced Lady Rich, daughter of the Earl of Essex, he fell into disgrace. Born, 1563 ; died, 160(i. BLOUNT, Thomas, an English writer ; author of " Bocobel ; or the History of the King's Escape after the Battle of Worces- ter," "Fragmenta Antiquitatis," &c. Born, 1619 ; died, 1679. BLOUNT, Sir Henry, a trareller tlirough Turkey, Syria, and Egypt ; author of a " Voyage to the Levant." He was knighted by Charles II., but sided with the parlia- ment, and was rewarded with a commission- ership of trade. Born, 1602 ; died, 1682. BLOUNT, Sir Thomas Pope, bart., eld- est son of the above ; member of several parliaments, and appointed commi.^sioncr of accounts at the revolution ; author of " Censura celebriorum Auctoruin," &c. Born, 1649 ; died, 1697. BLOUNT, Ciiari.es, youngest brother of the last named ; author of some deistical writings. He died, by his own hands, 1693. BLOW, John (Mus. Doc), an English musician and composer of great ability ; author of anthems, services, &c., and of some secular compositions, which are pub- lished collectively under the title of " Am- phioQ Anglicus." Died, 1708. BLUCHEB, Field-marshal LEBREcnx VON, a distinguished Prussian general, whose impetuous intrepidity and eagerness to attack the enemy gained him the familiar appellation of "Marshal Forward." He en- tered the Swedish service when quite a youth, and in the first campaign was made prisoner by the Prussians, whom he after- wards joined, and rose to the rank of (!ap- tain ; but being discontented with the pro- motion of other officers over his head, he obtained his discharge from the Great Fre- deric, who dismissed him with the pithy re- mark, that " he might go to the devil if he pleased;" and he afterwards lived many years in retirement. Being recalled by his j successor, king William, he was made ma- k3 BLU] ^ i^clM Hm'bcrjSal 3St0gmji]^y [blu jor-general after the battle of Leystadt, in 1794 ; and commanded the cavalry at the battle of Jena, which decided for a time the fate of the Prussian monarchy. When Prussia entered into the coalition against Napoleon, in 1813, our hero, then 70 years old, was made general of the centre of the allied army ; distinguished himself at Lut- zen and Leipsic, pursued the flying French across the Rhine, and, after a year of ob- stinate conflict in France, headed the right wing of the allied army under the walls of Paris, at the time of Napoleon's abdication in 1814. In England, M-hich he visited with the allied sovereigns, he was received with enthusiasm, and was eminently pojjular. Being re-invested with the command of the Prussian army during the Hundred Days, he was defeated by Napoleon at Lign3', on June 16. 1815 ; on which occasion he was unhorsed, and charged over by both the French and Prussian cavalry. Marshal Grouchy was commissioned by Naj)oleon to push Blucher's retreat, and check his junc- tion with the British army, which Welling- ton required. But having deceived Grouchy, by leaving a body of his troops to mask the operation, he retrograded unmolested, by a skilful and dangerous flank movement ; and his advanced division, imdcr Bulow, arrived at Waterloo at 5 o'clock, just as the whole reserved lilitc of the Frencli army was ad- vancing in dense column to nuike their last desperate eftbrt to break through tlie Bri- tish squares. Tliis fresh flank attack on the advancing column contributed greatly to decide the victory, and Blucher arrived in time to participate in the pursuit. Blucher's conduct afterwards was generally pro- nounced by the liberals at Paris, especially as regarded the bridge of Jena and the spoliation of the Museum, vindictive and illiberal ; but it could not be expected that he should have had any regard for the glo- ries of the French capital. He was a rough and fearless soldier ; brave, honest, and free ; beloved by his comrades, and a sworn foe to the enemies of his country. Born at Bostock, 1742 ; died, at his estate in Silesia, 1819, aged 77. BLUM, Joachim Christian, a German ; author of "Lyrical Poems," "The Pro- menades," " Dictionary of Proverbs," " The Deliverance of llatheuau," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 1790. BLUM, Robert, whose commanding eloquence during his brief political career gained for him the name of the " German O'Connell," was born at Cologne iti 1807. Cradled in poverty, and compelled almost from infancy to assist in eking out his parents' scanty livelihood, his education was com- pletely neglected ; but from his earliest years he manifested a thirst for learning, and what he wanted in opportunity was amply made up in the avidity with which he gleaned such knowledge as came within his reach. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a gold- smith ; he afterwards worked as a journey- man in different parts of Germany, especially at Berlin ; but on his return to Cologne in 1830, he was obliged to accept the humble office of box-opener in the theatre of that city. Amid all the difficulties with which 102 he had to struggle, he had never ceased to cultivate Ms mind ; and when, in 1832, he removed to Leipzig as cashier of the theatre in that city, such were hie attainments, that he undertook with success the management of various literary and political journals, which, besides adding to his scanty income, gaineil him great ascendancy in the growing agitation of the day, and marked him out as a political leader in any crisis that might ensue. In 1844 he took an active part in stemming the torrent of superstition with which the so-called miracle of the Holj'Coat at Treves threatened to overwhelm Germany ; and, in 184.'>, when the Romanist tendencies of Prince John of Saxony had well nigh exasperated the people to rebellion, Blum hastened to the spot, and, by his eloquence, good sense, and persuasive powers, induced his excited fellow-citizens to refrain from violence, and keep strictly within the law. In 1847 he resigned his cashiership at the theatre, and became a bookseller. The events of March, 1848, first brought him before the world as a politician. Elected by the town of Zwickau as its representative in the " vor parlament " at Frankfort, he became a member of the committee of fifty, and at the opening of the national asscml)ly he took his seat as reiiresentative of Leipzig. There he became the leader of " the left " party ; but the good sense for which he had hitherto been remarkable failed him at this crisis of his career, and he was led to expend the vast powers of his eloquence on scliemes which both then and since have been found to be impracticable. On the breaking out of the second revolution at Vienna, in October, 1848, he repaired thither with some other mem- bers of his party, to offer a congratulatory address to the Viennese. Here he harangued the people with great power and effect ; but after the suppression of the rebellion, he was arrested, tried by court-martial, and con- demned to be shot, Nov. 9. 1848. The news of his arrest and execution caused great con- sternation throughout Germany. It was at first supposed that the national assembly would resent his death as an insult offered to itself, but, after a few feeble protests, it re- mained quiescent ; and the Austrian govern- ment enjoyed full immunity in this its first open manifestation of hostility to the Frank- fort parliament, so soon afterwards doomed to fall. BLUMAUER, Lewis, a German satirical poet ; author of a " Travesty of the ^neid," &c. Born, 17.')5 ; died, 1798. BLUMENBACU, Johajjn Feiederich, one of the greatest naturalists of modern times, was born at Gotha in 1752. He early displayed a great aptitude for scientific pur- suits, and before he had completed his 24th 3'ear, his fame as an inquirer into nature had spread throughout the civilised world. In 1776, he was appointed professor of medicine in the university of Gottingcn, where he had been educated ; and here, for the long period of 61 years, he continued, by his lectures and his works, to extend the science of com- parative anatomy, which has been so suc- cessfully cultivated in more recent times, and of which he may be truly said to have been the founder. Died, 1837. BLU] ^ ^tbi BiiibtxSal JSur^rapl^M. [bod BLUTEAU, Don Raphael, a Roman Catholic priest, born in Linden, of French parents « autiior of a valuable Portuguese and Latin Dictionary. Died, 1734. BOABDIL, or ABOUABOULA, the last Moorish king of Granada : he was expelled for the last time from Granada by Ferdi- nand of Castile and Arragon, in 1491 ; a,ad afterwards resided in Africa, where he was killed in battle in the service of the king of Fez. BOADEN, James, a dramatic author and critic. His plays are numerous, but we believe there is not one of tliem that now keeps possession of the stage. Far more important arc his dramatic memoirs. In them he has left, probably, the very best record that the world can now ever hope to have of John Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs. Inchbald. His " Inquiry into t)»e Authenticity of the various Pictures and Prints of Shakspcare," and a tract on " the Sonnets of Shakspearc," are also very valuable works. Bom, 17G2 ; died, 1839. BOADICEA, or BONDUCA, a British heroine, the widow of Prasatagus, and queen of the leeni. Having been ignomi- uiously treated by the Romans, she headed an insurrection against them, attacked their settlements, and reduced London to ashes ; but being at length utterly defeated by Suetonius Paulvnus, she put an end to her life bv poison, a.d. CI. BOCCACCIO, Giovanxi, n celebrated Italian writer, possessing the most lively imagination, united with tenderness of ex- pression and wajinth of feeling. He was the friend of Petrarcli, and author of " The Decameron," &c. Boccaccio was the son of a Florentine merchant, but born in Paris, 1313 ; died. 1375. BOCCAGE, Maria A.vxe le Paoe, a French poetess ; author of " Paradis Ter- restre," &c. Born, 1710 ; died, 1802. BOCCALINI, Trajan, an Italian satirist; author of the "Political Touchstone," a " Satire on the Spaniards," &c. His wri- tings gave so much oflFence to the Spanish court, that it caused him to be murdered at Venice, 1»>1.3. BOCCHERINI, Luioi, a celebrated com- poser of instrumental music, pensioned for his merit by the king of Prussia, and warmly patronised by the king of Si>aiu. Born, 1740 ; died, 1805. j BOCCIII, AciriLLF.s, a Bolognese, of a noble family, who distinguished himself in the 10th century by his attachment to lite- rature ; author of " Apologia in Plautum," and numerous other works. BOCCOLD, Jon.v, or JOHN OP LEY- DEN, a fanatic of tliat city in the 16th cen- tury, who headed some rcvolters, and made themselves masters of Munster, where he assumed the characters of king and prophet. The city was at length taken by the bishop, and Boccold was hanged. BOCCONE, Paul, an Italian naturalist ; author of " Musea di Plantc rare." Born, 1633 ; died, 1704. BOCHART, Samuel, a French Protestant divine ; author of " Geographia Sacra." a treatise on the " Terrestrial Paradise, &c. Bom, 1599 ; died, 1067. BOCH, or BOCHIITS, Johk, a Flemish writer of the ICth century ; author of vari- ous Latin works, and styled, from his skill in Latin poetry, the Belgic Virgil. Born, 1555 ; dietl, 1009. BOCCLCI, Joseph, a Spanish author, bom in 1775. He served at first in the army, in the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, against republican France, but afterwards devoted himself to letters. He is the author of seve- ral comedies played at the Madrid tlieatre. BOCQUILLOT, Lazarus Andkkw, a French divine ; author of a " Treatise on the Liturgv," " liife of the Chevalier Bayard," &c. D'ied, 1728. BODARD DE TEZAZ, N.M.F., Iwm in 1758 ; a French poet and diplomatist ; am- bassador to Naples for the republic in 17it9 ; author of "Le Ballon," a comedy; " Al- lonsko," a melodrame ; " Minette et Ma- rine," an opera, &c. BODE, Chkistophek Augustus, a learned German linguist and critic ; who edited the New Testament in Ethiopic, all the Evan- gelists in Persian, St. Matthew in Arabic, &c. Bora, 1723 ; died, 1796. BODE, John Ehlkkt, a celebrated Ger- man astronomer ; author of an " Atlas of Celestial Maps," &c. Born, 1747; died. 1H2C. BODE, John Joachim Chiustoi'iier, a German writer. He was originally a mu- sician in a Hanoverian regiment ; he then became a bookseller, and finally rose to be privy councillor to the Landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt. He translated some of the best French and Englisli authors into German with considerable taste and judgment. Died, 1793. BODIN, JoHK, a French lawyer ; author of a treatise " De Republica," &c. Born, 15.30 ; died, 1596. BODIN, P. J. F., a French surgeon, born in 1700 ; was a meinl)er of the Convention, voted against the death of Louis XVI., and was afterwards judge of Poitiers; he was author of a work on " Accouchemens," &c. BODLE Y, Sir Thomas, a native of Exe- ter, but educated partly at Geneva and partly at Oxford. He was on several occa- sions employed on embassies by queen Eli- zabeth ; but he is chiefly remarkable for having rebuilt the University Library of Ox- ford, and bequeathed his fortune to its sup- port and augmentation ; whence it is called the Bodleian Library. Born, 1544; died, 1012. BODMANN, T. J., a German, bom in 1754 ; professor of political and legislative science at Mayence; author of many esteemed works in this department, and co-editor of the " Magazin pour la Jurisprudence." BODMKR, John Jacob, a German poet ; translator of Milton's Paradise Lost, and of the Iliad and Odyssey, &c. ; and author of an epic, entitled "Noah," &c. Born, 1695 ; died, 1783. BODONI, John Baptist, an eminent Ita- lian piinter, born in 1740, died in 1813 ; con- sidered as one of the most skilful of modern typographers. BODSON, Joseph, a French engraver, born in 1708. He took an active part in the revolution ; was a most influential member of the Electoral Club of the Parisian Com- mune, in 1794 i and was denounced for taking 103 bob] ^ ^cto WinittrStd 33t0grsp!)g. [BOI off his liat before the royal family in the Temple, while in charge of them. lie was repeatedly arrested, imprisoned, and nar- rowly escaped the guillotine, in consequence of charges by his democratical colleagues. liOECE, or BOE'LUIIUS, Hector, a Scotch writer of the lOtli century, remark- able alike for his great learning and too easy credulity ; author of the " History of Scotland," &c. Born, 14(53 ; died, 1530, BOEUM, or BCEHMEN, Jacob, a German visionary, whose works on religious subjects had many admirers, and caused much dis- putation. Born, 1575 ; died, 1G24. BOEHM, William Anthoxv, a learned German divine, and chaplain to prince George of Denmark. Born, 1(J73; died, 1732. BOEHMER, G. G., a professor at Got- tingen, born in 1701. Always a liberal, and attached to the French party, he edited an independent journal in 1791. He congra- tulated the irench republic on its union with Belgium in 179(5, and was complimented with a seat in the convention. He was sub- sequently persecuted by the anti-French party, and imprisoned at Ehrenbreitstein and Erfurt. He was author of a " Memoir to demonstrate tlie Rhine as the Natural Boun- dary of France," &c., and many political German works. BOERUAAVE, Hermax, one of the most eminent physicians of modern times, born at Woornout, near Leyden. His knowledge as an anatomist, chemist, and botanist, as well as in the causes, nature, and treatment of diseases, was unrivalled ; and his fame was spread over the world. Peter the Great visited him on his travels ; and a Chinese mandarin wrote to him with this address, " To Bocrhaave, the celebrated physician of Europe.' His writings are numerous, and are regarded as text- books to the profession. Born, 1<!G8 j died, 1738. BOETHIUS, Anicius Maklius Tor-" QFATUS Sevekinus, a Roman philosopher, whose virtues, services, honours, and tragical end, all combine to render his name memor- able, was born, A.n. 470 ; studied at Rome and Athens ; was profoundly learned ; and filled the highest offices under the govern- ment of Theodoric the Goth. He was long the oracle of his sovereign and the idol of the l)eople ; but his strict integrity and inflexible justice raised up enemies in those wlio loved j extortion and oppression, and lie at last fell a victim to their machinations. He was accused of a treasonable correspondence with the court of Constantinople, and executed in 624. His " Consolations of Philosophy," written in prison, arc replete with the loftiest sentiments, clothed in the most fascinating language. BOETTCHER, John Frederic, an al- chemist, who, in making vain alcliemical attempts, was fortunate enough to discover the mode of making the famed and valued Dresden porcelain. BOFFNAUD, Germain, a French archi- tect ; author of a " Treatise on the Principles of Architecture." Born, 1667 ; died, 17.55. BOGAN, Zachary, an English divine ; author of" A Help to Prayer," additions to Rous's " Arclioeologiae Atticas," &c. Bom, 1625 ; died, 1659. BOGDANOVITSCH, HiPPOLYTrs Tiieo- DOKOViTSCH, a Russian of distinguished literary talents ; the editor of the St. Peters- burg Courier, and author of " Douschenka," a romantic poem ; " Historical Picture of Russia," &c. He filled various official situa- tions under the government of Catharine, and was also employed as a diplomatist. Born, 1743 ; died, 1803. BOGORIS, the first Christian king of Bulgaria ; converted by his sister, who had been taken prisoner by the troops of Theodo- sia, and was restored to him by that empress. BOGUE, David, a dissenting minister of very considerable acquirements ; pastor of a congregation at Gosport, Hants, where he also kept an establishment for the education of young men destined for the Christian ministry, in connection with the Independ- ents. He is considered as the father of the London Missionary Society, and he also contributed greatly to the formation of the British and Foreign Bible Society. He wrote an " Essay on the Divine Authority of the New Testament," a " History of the Dissenters," &c. Born, 1749 ; died, 182.5. BOHE.MOND, the first prince of Antioch. He took Antioch in lODS, and subsequently took Laodicea. Died, 1111. BOHN, Joiix, a German physician ; au- thor of a " Treatise on the Duties of a Phy- sician," &c. Bom, 1G40 ; died, 1719. BOHUN, Edmund, a political writer of note in the reigns of James II. and William II. i author of a " Defence of King Charles II.'s Declaration," a " Geographical Dic- tionary," " Life of Bishop Jewell," &c. He was living at the accession of queen Anne ; but the exact date of his death is uncertain. BOIARDO, Matteo Maria, count of Scandiano and governor of Reggio ; author of '' Orlando Innamorato," of which Arios- to's Orlando Furioso is a sequel ; and other poems. Born, 1434 ; died, 1494. BOICHOT, Jean, a distinguished French sculptor ; born in 1738, died in 1814. The " Colossal Group of Saint Michael " and the " Sitting Hercules " are among his best works. The bas-reliefs of the rivers on the Triumphal Arch of the Carousal are his. BOIELDIEU, Adrien, a celebrated French musical composer, born in 1775 ; au- thor of numerous well-known operas ; " Le Calife de Bagdad," "Jean de Paris," &c. ji" Tclemaque " is thouglit his chcf-d'ceuvre. tlis style is characterised by a sweet and natural melody, much imaginative gaiety, and simple but pleasing accompaniments. BOIGNE, Count, a French soldier of fortune, was born at Chamberry, in 17.51. When 17 years old, he entered the French army, which he quitted for the Russian ser- vice in about 5 years, and was taken prisoner at the siege of Tcnedos. After being released he left Russia, and in 1778 went into the service of tlie East India Company ; but fancying himself neglected, he offered him- self to tlie notice of Mahajee Scindiah, the celebrated prince of the Mahrattas, to whom he was of the greatest use during his cam- paigns, and who loaded him with honours and riches. Having remitted his vast fortune to England, and wishing to return to Europe for the sake of liis liealth, he left India in BOl] ^ fitbi Hnibcr^al Ma^tipf^iu [bol 1795, and settled at Chamberry, wlierc he did much good with his money in applying it to benevolent and patriotic purposed. Died in 18a0. BOILEAU, Giles, a French writer ; au- thor of a translation of Epictetus, &c. Born, 1631 ; died, ICGlt. BOILEAU, James, brother of the above, doctor of the Sorbonnc ; author of some learned works on ecclesiastical history. Born, 10.3.5 ; died, 171C. BOILEAU, John JAMES,a French divine ; author of " Letters on Morality and Devo- tion," &c. Died, 1735. BOILEAU, Nicholas, sieur des Preaux, a celebrated French poet, satirist, and critic ; enjoying a reputation in France very similar to that of Pope in England. Born, ICSG ; died, 1711. BOILLY, N., an agreeable and productive French painter, born in 17C8. His most celebrated pieces are " The Arrival of the Diligence," " The Departure of the Con- scripts," and " Interior of M. Isabeau's Atelier." BOINVILLE, De. was born of a noble family, at Strasburg, in 1770. He quitted a lucrative office, and joined the French re- publican party in 1791. lie then came to England with La Fayette, as aide-de-camp. He married an English lady of great talent and beauty, accepted a command under Napoleon, and perished in the retreat from Moscow. BOIS, John du, a French monk, who served in the army of Henry III. On the death of Henry IV. he accused the Jesuits of having caused the assassination of that prince. For tliis accusation he was con- fined in the castle of St. Angelo, at Rome, where he died, 102(3. BOISROBERT, Francis le Metel de, a French abbot, celebrated for his wit, and patronised by Richelieu. His poems, plays, tales, &c. are numerous. Died, 10(52. BOISSARD, John James, a French an- tiquary ; author of " Theatrum Vitae Hu- manae," &c. Died, 1G02. BOISSAT, Peter de, an eccentric French- man ; at first a priest, then a soldier, and at last a pilgrim ; author of " li'IIistoire No- gropontique, ou les Amours d' Alexandre Castriot." Died, 1062. BOISSY D'ANGLAS, Francis An- thony, Count de, a distinguished French senator and literary character, and a man who throughout the revolutionary frenzy constantly displayed great firmness and a disinterested love of liberty. By Napoleon he was made a senator and commander of the Legion of Honour; and in 1814 Louis XVIII. created him a peer ; but he was, for a time only, deprived of his title, in con- sequence of his recognition of the emperor on his return from Elba. His writings are on various subjects: among them are "The Literary and Political Studies of an Old Man," an "Essay on the Life of Male- sherbes," &c. Born, 17.')6 ; died, 1826. BOISTE, P. C. v., a French lexicographer, born in 1763 ; author of several valuable dic- tionaries. The name Buonaparte following the article " Spoliateur," in his "Diction- naire Universel," he was compelled by the police to substitute Frederic the Great for the former. BOIZOT, Louis Simon, born in 1743 ; a French painter and sculptor, but more dis- tinguished as the latter. The " Victory of the Fountain of the Place du Chatelet is his chefd'cKUvre. BOL, Ferdinand, a Dutch historical and portrait painter, pupil of Rembrandt. Born, 1611; died, 1081. BOLANGER, John, an historical painter, pupil of Guido. Died, 1(360. BOLD, Samuel, an English divine and controversial writer ; author of a " Plea for Moderation towards DissentcrB," &c. Died, 1737. BOLDONIC, C, an Italian writer, bom in 1768 ; author of "La Constituzione Francese " (published in 1792), whicli con- tributed to diffuse the renovated seeds of freedom over Italy at that epoch. B(.)LESLAUS I., became duke of Poland in 988 ; had his dukedom raised to a king- dom by the emperor Olho III., and made Moravia tributary to his kingdom. Died, 1028. BOLESLAUS IL, king of Poland, son and successor of Casimir I. The severity with wliich he treated his subjects ou occa- sion of a revolt, chiefly caused by his long absence in Russia, and the consequent in- fidelity of the wives of his soldiers, he was abandoned by his subjects, and died in Hungary alwut 1080. BOLEYN, Anne, the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, and one of the maids of honour to queen Catharine, whom Henry VIII. divorced. She then became the wire of Henry, and mother of queen Elizabeth ; but was put to death by her hu^tband for alleged infidelity to his bed. Born, 15<17 ; beheaded, l.">;50. BOLINGBUOKE, Henry St. John, Viscount, a distinguished statesman and po- litical writer, was born at Battersea, in 1672, and completed his studies at Oxford. He entered parliament in 1700, became secre- tary at war in 1704 ; resigned his oflfice in 1707 ; again formed part of the ministry in 1710, and concluded the peace of Utrecht. Two years after this he was created Viscount Bolingbroke ; but, being dissatisfied that he had not been raised to an earldom, he quarrelled with his colleagues, became a prey to the impetuosity of his passions, and exhibited a versatility of conduct that has rendered his patriotism and political honesty open to suspicion. The Whigs having pained the ascendancy on the accession of George I., preparations were made for the impeach- ment of Bolingbroke, who accordingly fled to France, and being invited to Lorraine by Charles Stuart, the Frelender, he became his secretary of state. For this he was impeached and attainted ; and it was not till 1723 that he was allowed to return to England. His estates were restored to him in 1725, but his seat in the House of Lords was still denied him : this raised his indignation ; and he exerted all his talents against the ministry, till at length the overtlirow of Sir Robert Walpole was effected. In 1735 he again withdrew to France, where he remained till the death of his father ; after which event he 105 BOL ^ 0tf3i mnt&er^al Ma^apl)}), [bol. settled at Battersea, and died in 1751, after a long and painful disease, in his 80th year. He was the intimate friend of Pope, and furnished him with many useful hints ; while his own writings rank among the most eloquent and vigorous in the English language ; but it is to be deplored that he ma.ie tliem the vehicle of many revolting attacks on Christianity. He was ambitious, proud, and passionate ; yet capable of in- spiring the warmest friendship, or becoming a most implacable enemy. BOLIVAR, SiMOx, the celebrated Liber- ator of South America, and the most dis- tinguished military commander that has yet appeared there, was born of noble parents in the city of Caraccas, in 1783. Having acquired the elements of a liberal education at home, he was sent to Madrid to complete liis studies ; and afterwards visited Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with se- veral distinguished men. He then made the tour of Southern Eui'ope, again visited the Spanish capital, and married the young and beautiful daughter of the Marquis de Ustariz del Cro ; but soon after his return to his native land, whither she accompanied him, his youthful bride fell a victim to the yellow fever ; and he once more visited Europe as a relief to his sorrow for one so fervently beloved. On returning to South America, in 1810, he pledged himself to tlie cause of independence, and commenced his military career at "Venezuela, as a colonel in the service of the newly founded republic. Soon after tliis he was associated with Don Louis Lopez Mendez, for the purpose of communicating intelligence of the change of government to Great Britain. In 1811 he served under Miranda, and'liad the command of Puerto Cabello ; but the Spanish prisoners having risen and seized the fort, he was ob- liged to quit the town and proceed to Ca- raccas. At length Miranda was compelled to submit to Monte verde, the royalist general ; and Bolivar, entering the service of the pa- triots of New Grenada, soon had another opportunity of assisting his old friends the Venezuelans. For a while he was successful, but reverses followed ; and when, in 1815, the Spanish forces under Morillo arrived, he threw himself into Carthagena, and sub- sequently retreated to St. Domingo. The spirit of resistance was, however, by no means extinguished : he found new means to leatl his countrymen to victory ; and after many desperate conflicts the independence of Columbia was sealed, and Bolivar was chosen president of the republic, in 1821. His renown was now at its height, and every act of his government showed how zealously alive he was to the improvement of the national institutions and the moral elevation of the people over whom he ruled. In 1823 he went to the assistance of the Peruvians, and having succeeded in settling their internal divisions, and establishing their independence, he was proclaimed Li- berator of Peru, and invested with supreme authority. In 1825 he visited Upper Peru, which detached itself from the government of Buenos Ayres, and was formed into a new republic, named Bolivia, in honour of the liberator ; but domestic factions sprung up, the purity of his motives wa8 called in question, and he was charged with aiming at a perpetual dictatorship ; he accordingly declared his determination to resign his power as soon as his numerous enemies were overcome, and to repel the imputa- tions of ambition cast upon him, by retiring to seclusion upon his patrimonial estate. The vice-president, Santander, urged him, in reply, to resume his station as constitu- tional president ; and though he was beset by the jealousy and distrust of rival fac- tions, he continued to exercise the chief authority in Columbia till May, 1830, when, dissatisfied with the aspect of interaal atfairs, he resigned tlie presidency, and expresst^d a determination to leave the country. The people ere long became sensible of their injustice to his merit, and were soliciting him to resume the government, when his death, which happened in December, ISSO, prevented the accomplishment of their wishes. In person he was thin, and some- what below the middle size, but capable of great endurance ; his complexion sallow, and his eyes dark and penetrating. His intellect was of the highest order, and his general cliaracter of that ardent, lofty cast, which is so well calculated to take the lead among a people emerging from the yoke of tyrannv. BOLLAND, Sir WiLLiASf, one of the barons of the Exchequer, was born in 1773, and received his education at Heading school, under Dr. Valpy, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar in 1801 ; admitted one of the four common pleaders of the city of London in 1804 ; and in 1817 he was elected recorder of Reading, .wliich office he held until appointed a baron of the Exche(iuer in 1829. He was a member and one of the originators of the Roxburghe Club, and is often mentioned by Dr. Dibdin among the most ardent admirers of the lite- rature of the olden times. Benevolence, suavity of manner, and honourable principle, distinguished his career both in public and private life. Died, May 1840. BOLL^VNDUS, John, a learned Flemish Jesuit ; one of the compilers of the " Acta Sanctorum." Died, 1GC5. BOLOGNESE, Francisco, the assumed name of Francis Grimaldi, an excellent landscape painter, pupil of Annibal Caracci. Died, lt;80. BOLSEC, Jerome, a Carmelite friar of Paris. He became for a time a Protestant, but again returned to the Romish ftiitli, and marked his zeal against Protestantism by bitter untruths in his lives of Calviu and Tlieodore Beza. Died, 1582. BOLS WERT, Scheldt, an engraver of the 17th century, a native of Friesland, but who passed most of his life in Antwerp ; distin- guished for the excellence of his engravings from Rubens and Vandyck. BOLTON Edmund, an English antiquary of the 17th century ; author of " Elements of Armories," "Nero Cajsar, or Monarchic depraved," &c. BOLTON, Robert, a puritan divine ; author of a "Treatise on Happiness," &c. Born, 1571 ; died, 1631. BOLTON, Robert, dean of Carlisle j bol] ^ |}flD Slittijcr^al JStnjjrajpl^l'. [bon author of an " Essay on the Employment of Time," &c. Died, 1703. BOLTS, William, an English merchant, of Dutch extraction, born in 1740. lie was invested with hij^h employ in the East India Company's service, and realised a large fortune in India ; but being accused of a design to subvert the Indian government, he wivs arrested, sent to England, imprisoned, and subjected to a seven years' process, which dissipated his large fortune. lie died at last in a jworhouse. lie left a work "On Bengal " and " Considerations on the Affairs of India." BOLZAXI, Ukbaxo Valehiano, a learn- ed monk, teacher of Greek at Venice, and the first who wrote a grammar of that lan- guage in Latin. Died, 1524. BOMBELLI. Raphael, a celebrated al- gebraist of tlie 16th century, and the first who invented a uniform method of working equations. BOMBELLI, Sebastian, an eminent Bolognese historical and portrait painter. Bom, mir^ ; died, 1(»,5. BOMBERG, Daniel, a Dutch printer; whose Bible and Talmud are liighly valued, Died, 1.549. BOMPART, J. B., a French vice-admiral, born in 17.57 ; brought into notice by his fighting a British frigate of 44 guns, with liis ship, tlie Ambuscade, ao guns, off New York. His ship was taken, and himself made pri- soner, during the exi^edition to Ireland in 1708. He always retained his steady repub- lican feelings during Buonaparte's imperial ascendancy, and even during the Hundred Days. Died 1H21. BON, L. A., born in 1770 ; one of the most distinguished of the French revolutionary generals ; first in America, next in Italy, and lastly in Egypt ; where he took posses- sion of Suez in 1798. He fell at the siege of Acre in 1799. BON AMY, General, born in 1764 ; one of the conquerors of Naples in 1789. In charg- ing the principal redoubt at Moscow, he re- ceived twenty bayonet wounds, and was left in the hands of the Russians. He returned to France in 1814. BONAMY, Peter Nicholas, a French ecclesiastic ; historiographer of Paris, li- brarian of St. Victor, and conductor of the journal of Verdun, a clever periodical work. He also contributed largely to the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions. Bom, 1G94 ; died, 1770. BONANNI PniLiP, a learned Jesuit of Rome ; author of a " History of the Church of the Vatican," " Collection of the Medals of the Popes," &c. Died, 1725. BONARELLI, Guy Ubaldo, an Italian poet ; author of " Filli di Sciro," &c. Born, UM ; died, 1C08. BONASONI, GiuLio, a Bolognese painter and engraver of the lOth century. In the latter capacity he especially excelled ; and he engraved many of the chef-d'ceuvres of Michael Angelo, Raffaelle, &c. in a style of great beauty. BONAVENTURE, John Fidanza, gene- ral of the order of Franciscans, whose re- putation for probity and wisdom caused the cardinals to leave to him the noniiuation of a successor to Clement IV. He named Theobald, archdeacon of Liege, who became pope, with the title of Gregory X., and made Bonaventure a cardinal. He died 1274 ; and was canonised, 1482. BONAVENTURE, of Padua, made car- dinal by Urban VI. in 1378 ; a friend of Pe- trarch, and author of several religious pieces. Assassinated, 138<). BONCERF, P. F., bora in 174.? ; author of the famous pamphlet, "I.«s Inconvi^niens de« Droits Feodaux," while secretary to I Turgot. Condemned to be burnt, it became the basis of the fundamental decrees of the constituent assembly of 1789. Having been in the service of Egalit(5, he narrowly escaped the guillotine by one vote, on the fall of his patron, and died from the shock he then sustained. BONCHAMP, Arthur pe, a celebrated general of the Vendean royalists, and who had served with distinction as an officer in the American war. In him humanity was not less conspicuous than valour, as the last act of his life amply testified ; for it was to his interference that 5000 prisoners, whom the exasperated royalists had taken, were saved from instant death. He was mortally wounded in the battle of Chollet, 1703. BOND, Jon.v, an English physician; au- thor of critical notes on Horace, Pcrsius, and other classics. Died, IGIS. BOND, Oliver, Iwrn in 1720 : a famons Irish associate with Nai>per Tandy and Theodore Wolfe Tone, in the Irish rebellion of 1797-8. He was arrested in 1798 ; terms were made with government to send him to America ; but he vraa found dead in prison. BONDI, Clement, the poetical Delille of the Italians ; author of the " Conversa- zione," which resembles Cowper's Task ; " The iEneid," translated in versi sciolti, &c. Died, 1816. BONE, Henry, an eminent artist, cele- brated for Ills skill in enamel painting, was born at Truro, in 1755. On coming to London, he was for many years engaged in that branch of the art which consists in painting devices in enamel for jewellery ; .but he subsequently attained the highest exoelleuce as a miniature portrait painter on ivory and in enamel. Continuing to rise in public estimation, Mr. Bone carried his art to the utmost perfection, increasing the size of his plates beyond anything which had before been attempted, and executing in enamel several copies of pictures bj- the first masters ; one of which, Titian's " Bacchus and Ariadne," he painted on a plate 18 inches by 10, and sold it to the late G. Bowles, esq., of Wanstead, for 2200 guineas. Among his most munificent patrons was the Duke of Bedford, who possesses some of the most exquisite of his works, including a series of portraits of the Russell family from the reign of Henry VIII. to the present time. He closed a long life of persevering industry and integrity, in December, 1834. BONEFACIO, Vexetiano, an Italian painter of eminence. Died, 1030. BONER, Ulkicu, the most ancient Ger- man fabulist, was a Dominican friar of Berne, in the 14th century. He published bon] ^ ^cfio SJiubcr^aT MaQV*iV>^)U' [boo his fables under the title of " Der Edelstcin " (Tlie Gem). BONIFACE, St., whose name was Wil- frid, a saint of the Romish calendar, was a native of England, and made archbishop by Henry III. He travelled through many parts of Germany, of wliicli country he was called the apostle ; and after reclaiming many from paganism, he was slain by some peasants in Friesland, in 754. BONIFACE, tlie name assumed by nine popes ; but the lives of whom present no- tliing worthy of particular notice. BONIFACE, count of tlie Roman empire in tlie .5th century, and an intimate friend of St. Augustin, at whose desire he devoted himself to public afl'airs. He was slain in a desperate contest witli Aetius, in 432. BONIFACIO, BALTiiAZAn, a learned Venetian, bishop of Capo d'Istria ; author of " llistoria Ludicia," Latin poems, &c. Died, l(;r.9. BONJOUR, WiiXTAM, a French monk, and missionary to China ; autlior of " Dis- sertations on the Scripture," &c. Died, 1714. BONNAIRE, J. G., a French general, born in 1771 ; tried for firing on Col. Gordon ; sent by the king to summon Condc, in ISl.") ; and condemned to degradation and exile in 1816, of which sentence he died, broken- hearted. BONNEFONS, Joiix, a French writer of Latin poems ; which are printed with those of Beza, in Barbau's edition of 1757. Born, 15.H ; died, 1614. BONNELL, James, accomptant-general of Ireland in the reign of James II. ; re- markable for his firmness and integrity in the discharge of his public duty in a trou- blesome and perilous time. Some "Me- ditations" of Ids, printed with his Life, written by Archdeacon Hamilton, show him to have been a man of considerable intel- lect. Bom, 16.5.3 ; died, 1690. BONNER, Edmuxd, an English prelate, notorious for his persecution of the Protest- ants during the reign of queen Mary. On the accession of queen Elizalwth, he refused to take the oath of supremacy, and was com- mitted to the Marshalsea, where he remained nearly ten years, and where he died, 1.569. BONNET, CiiAULES, a distinguished natu- ralist of Geneva ; author of " Insectology," " Essay on Physiology," " Considerations on Organised Bodies," &c. Born, 1720 ; died, 1793. BONNEVAL, Claudius Alexander, Count of. a French adventurer, son-in-law of Marshal Biron. After serving under Prince Eugene against the Turks, resentment at having been imprisoned for challenging the prince caused him to go over to the Turks, and become a Mussulman. His services were highly valued by the grand seignior, who gave him the title of Achmet Pacha, and raised him from rank to rank, till he became master of the ordnance, in which office he died in 1747. BONNE VIE, Abbe, bom in 1764 ; a great preacher of funeral orations over the Buona- parte family and Buonapartists ; and equally zealous in preaching funeral orations lor the Bourbons, after their fall. " Is the abbiS as virulent against the tyrant as ever ? " asked Napoleon, in passing his cur(?, on returning from Elba. But the abb^ had disappeared. BONNEVILLE, N., a poet of the French revolution, born in 1760 : he was the friend of Condorcet, La Fayette, and Paine ; and was with Kosciusko when he fell. Though denounced by Marat, in the National Con- vention, as an aristocrat, he was so far from being an ultra in his views as to denounce Buonaparte (on his becoming emperor) as the Cromwell of France, when the latter sup- pressed his periodical, the " Bien Informi'." Among liis works are, " Theatre Allemand," " Pol'sies Republicaines." " Nouveau Code Conjugal," " Esprit des Religions," &c. BONNIER, A. E., a French republican, born in 1750. He was sent as plenipotentiary to a " conference " with Prince Metternich, in 1799, at Rastadt ; but the negotiation was broken off by Austria, and Bonnier was mur- dered between that town and Strasburg, and his papers taken away. Bonnier's seat in the Council of Ancients was for two years after covered with crape, as a testimony of respect. BONNINGTON, Riciiakd Parkes, a British artist of great merit and of singular precocity. At 3 years old he could sketch most of the objects he saw, and at 15 was ad- mitted to draw in the Louvre at Paris. After visiting Italy he brought back many able specimens of his works, and finished a suc- cessful, though brief, career at the age of 27, in 1828. BONNYCASTLE, Joiix, professor of ma- thematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich ; author of "The Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic," "The Elements of Geo- metrv," " A Treatise upon Astronomy," &c. Died" 1821. BONOMI, JosErn, an Italian architect of considerable taste and genius ; from whose design the Roman Catholic chapel near Manchester Square was erected. Died, 1808. BONTEMPI, Giovanni An'drea Angk- LINI, an Italian musician of the 17th cen- tury ; author of " Nova quatuor Vocibus componendi Methodus," &c. BOOKER, the Rev. Luke, LL.D., a clergyman of the Church of England, distin- guished for his literary acquirements, was born at Nottingham, in 1762 ; took holy orders in 1785 ; and eventually became the vioar of Dudley. Dr. Booker was the author of many excellent works, viz. " Poems " on various occasions ; " Christian Intrepidity," " Calista, or the Picture of Modern Life," "Euthanasia, the State of Man after Death," "Discourses and Dissertations," 2 vols. ; and a variety of others. He was a fearless anta- gonist of infidelity, and a powerful defender of the Church against Unitarian or Papal aggressors. Died, October, 1835. BOONE, Daniel, one of the first ad- venturers who penetrated into the wilds of Kentucky, was born in Virginia, and from his earliest infancy addicted to hunting in the woods. In 1769 he first set out, in com- pany with a few friends ; and after numerous perils and adventures, he founded Boones- borough, the earliest settlement in Kentucky, now a flourishing town, though at that time a wilderness. He was subsequently taken prisoner by the Indians, but escaped ; and, 108 boo] ^ ^m mnfberigal 28t0iiT«P^l!. [bor being joined by other adventurers, was en- abled to repulse them ou several occasions, though neitlier art nor treachery were left unemployed to take him. At length, in 1798, he removed to Upper Louisiana, where he received a grant from the Spanish authorities of 2000 acres of land for himself, and 8iX) acres for each of his children, friends, and followers. He then settled witli tliem on the Missouri river, at Charettc, some distance beyond the inhabited parts of the country, where he followed his usual course of life — hunting and trapping for bears — until Sept. 1822, wlien he died, aged 84. BOOTH, Baktox, a celebrated actor in the reigns of queen Anne and George I. ; translator of several of the odes of Horace, and author of" Dido and Eneas," a masque, &c. Born, 1G81 ; died, 1733, BOOTH, Sir Fkli.\, bart., an eminent London merchant, who, for his munificent donation of 20,OOOZ. for promoting the arctic expedition under Sir John Ross, was raised to a baronetcy, and had his name affixed to the country called Boothia Felix. Died, 1850. BOOTH, Gkokoe, baron Delamere, a zealous partizan of Charles II. Being de- feated by the parliamentary general, Lam- bert, he was confined in the Tower until the death of Cromwell. He then obtained his liberty, and was one of the twelve delegates sent to tlie new king. It was on this occasion that he obtained his title, and a present of 10,(KK);. Died, l(iS4. BOOTH, Henry, earl of Warrington, son of the above. Having been among those who voted for the exclusion of the Duke of York, when that ixjrsonage became king, he was committed to the Tower, and was tried for high treason, but acquitted, in spite of the efforts of the infamous Jeffreys. On the accession of William III., he was made a privy councillor and chancellor of the ex- chequer. His efforts to limit the prerogative, however, caused him to fall into disgrace ; but he was allowed to retire from office with a pension, and the title of earl of Warring- ton. Died, 1C94. BORDA, JoHK Chahlks, a French ma- thematician and astronomer ; author of a "Dissertation on the Construction of Hy- draulic Machinery," a " Narrative of a Voyage to the South Sea," &c. He invented the reflecting circle, and made several im- provements in hydraulics. Born, 1733 ; died, 1799. BORDE, Andrew, an English physician ; author of " The MeiTie Tales of the Madman of Gotham," and several other quaint works. Died, ir.39. BORDE, Joun Benjamin de la, a French miscellaneous writer ; author of " Adcla de Ponthieu," "Essais sur la Musique, An- cienne et Moderne," " Mumoires de Courcy," &c. He was guillotined in 1794. BORDEN, TiiEOPiiiLijs de, a French physician ; author of " Recherches sur quelques Tointes de I'Uistoire de la Mede- cine," &c. Died, 1776. bORDELON, Laurence, a voluminous French writer ; author of " Dialogues for the Living," " Curious Varieties," several dramatic pieces, &c. Bom, 1653 ; died, 1730. BORELLI, Joux Alphonso, an Italian philosopher and mathematician ; remem- bered chiefly for Iwing the first who applied mathematical calculation aud mechanical principles to account for the action of the muscles. Born, l(;o8 ; died, 1679. BORGHESE, Makia Pauline, Princess, the beautiful sister of Napoleon Buonaparte, was born at Ajaccio, in 1780. Her first husband was General Leclerc, witli whom she went to St. Domingo, but who dying in 1802, she became, in tlie following year, the wife of the Prince Camillo Borghese. Na- poleon was much attached to lier ; and that her love for him was equally sincere, was manifest on many striking occasions, though she frequently disputed with him, and re- fused to follow the caprices of his policy. When Napoleon resigne<l his crown in 1814, and retired to Elba, Pauline left her palace in Rome, and followed him to his place of exile. She lived afterwards, separated from her husband, at Rome, and her house was the centre of the most spleiidid society. When she heard of her brother's illness at St. Helena, she repeatedly requested per- mission to go to him : at lengtli her request was granted, and she was just about to depart, when the news of his death reached her. Died, 1825. BORGIA, C^SAR, son of Cardinal Rodrigo, afterwards poi)e Alexander VI. He was at first devoted to the Church, and became a cardinal, but more ambitious prospects for him caused his father to secularise him. After serving in the army of Louis XII., he became duke of Romagna, and extended his power and possessions so greatly and remorselessly, that the Italian states became alarmed, and a confederacy was formed against him. After opposing all eftorts against him with equal skill and wicked- ness, he was slain in a skirmish before the castle of Viana, 1507. BORGIA, Cardinal Stephen, was a native of Velletri. He had an enthusiastic love for art. It was usual with him to change a valuable piece of plate for some rare article to adorn his museum ; and on one occasion, to purchase an Egyptian mummy, he even parted with the plate from his table, and the buckles from his shoes. Pius VI. created him cardinal in 1789 ; and the succeeding pope named him president of the council when the French garrison evacuated Rome. He was the au- thor of some works in support of the papal tsmporalities. Died, at Lyons, 1804. BORIE, Jean, one of tlie most sangui- nary monsters of the French revolution, and inventor of the "Farandoles." He was a lawyer ; born about 1770 ; died in 1805, in exile. BORLASE, William, an eminent English topographer and antiquary ; author of" The Antiquities, historical and monumental, of the County of Cornwall f " the " Natural History of Cornwall," &c. Born, 1696 ; died, 1772. BORIS, Gadenow, grand-master of the horse to Theodore Ivanowitz, emperor of Russia. He is said to have put to death both the emperor's brother and the emperor himself, whom he succeeded. He governed cruelly and tyranically, but died suddenly, 109 bor] ^ ^e&) WinihtxSKi SSi'OflrajpIjg. [bos just as Russia was invaded by a Polish army, which was headed by a young monk, who pretended to be Demetrius, the deceased brother of Theodore, in 1605. BOROWJLASKI, Count, the celebrated Polish dwarf, who, although less than three feet in height, was of perfect symmetry, and attained the great age of 98. He had been prevailed upon by some of the clergy of Durham, who liad casually seen him when on his " travels," 40 years before his death, to take up his abode near that city. He spoke several languages, was generally well informed and witty, and his company was accordingly much courted by the gentry of Durham and its vicinity. Died, Sept. 1837. BORRI, Joseph Francis, an adventurer, of the 17th century, who attracted much notice by his fanatical heresies in religion, and by his pretensions as an alchemist and physician. After a long course of bold and impudent imposture, he was imprisoned, at first in the prison of the Inquisition at Rome, and afterwards in the castle of St. Angelo, where lie died, 1695. BORROMEO, CuAELES, a cardinal ; au- thor of a vast number of moral and doc- trinal treatises. Died, 1594 ; and was ca- nonised sixteen years after by Paul V. BORROMEO, Frederic, a cousin-ger- man of the above, archbishop of Milan, and also a cardinal ; author of " Sacri Ragion- amenti," " Ragionamenti Spirituali," &c. Died, 1632. BORRONI, Paul Michael Bexedict, a painter, who imitated the style of Correggio, and had muchoftlie taste of Michael An- gelo. Pius VI. made him a knight of the golden spur, and the king of Sardinia granted him a pension. He died at Voghera, in 1819. BORRONIMI, Fraxcesco, an Italian architect ; the pupil of Muderno, whom he succeeded as architect of St. Peter's at Rome. His best work is the college of the Propaganda. Died, by his own hand, 1667. BOS, Lambert, professor of Greek at Franeker ; author of the well-known and valuable work on the Greek ellipses, an excellent edition of the Septuagint, with prolegomena and various readings, &c. Born, 1670 ; died, 1717. BOSC, Louis Augustus William, a French naturalist, and the author of several agricultural and other works. He held a responsible situation in the French post- office ; but, in 1793, being driven from his place by the Jacobins, he sought a retreat in the forest of Montmorenci, where he lived three years in solitude, devoting lus time to the study of natural history. BOSC, Peter du, an eminent French Calvinist preacher of the 17th century ; author of numerous sermons, epistles, poems, &c. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he escaped to Holland, where he died, in 1692. BOSCAN, Joux Almagayer, a Spanish poet, who first introduced into Spanish the hendecasyllabic verse. His works are pub- lished with those of Garcilasso. Died, 1544. BOSC A WEN, Edward, a brave and highly distinguished English admiral. He served under Anson in the engagement of Cape Finisterre, and received the thanka of parliament and a pension for his ex- ploits while serving in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. Born, 1711 ; died, 1761. BOSCAWEN, William, nephew of the above ; author of an " Essay on the Pro- gress of Satire ; " a translation of Horace, &c. Bom, 1752 ; died, 1811. BOSCH, Berxard, a Dutch poet, bom in 1746; author of " Egotism " and "Bosch's Poems," and co-editor of the Janua and Eclair Politique. BOSCH, Jerome, a famous Dutch bib- liomanist ; born in 1740, died in 1811. Hia library catalogue was remarkable for the number oi princeps editions it contained. BOSCH, L. A. G., one of the first French naturalists of the age ; bom in 1759 ; pa- tronised by the minister Roland. He had the courage to accompany Madame Roland to the foot of the scatfold. He wrote " His- toire Naturelle des Coquilles," "Dlction- naire d' Agriculture," &c. His brother, (Stephen Bosch) also published some well written works on agriculture and the occu- pation of tlie poor. BOSCOVICH, Roger Joseph, a Jesuit, and professor of mathematics in the Roman college of that order ; author of a Latin poem on eclipses, &c. Born, 1711 ; died, 1787. BOSSCHA, H., a Dutch poet and miscel- laneous writer ; born in 1766 ; author of " Belgica Libertas ," and a " History of the Revolution of Holland." BOSSI, C. A., Baron de, an eminent mo- dern Italian poet, bom at Piedmont in 1758. He favoured the French interest on the Republic's invasion of Italy, and was rewarded by posts in France by Napoleon. He is chiefly known by his exertions in this country in favour of the Protestant Vaudois. " Oromasia " is Ms chief work in poetry. BOSSU, Ren^ le, an eminent French critic of the 17th century ; author of a "Treatise on Epic Poetry," "Parallel of the Philosophy of Descartes and of Aris- totle," &c. BOSSUET, Jacques Bexigxe, bishop of Meaux, an eminent French preacher and controversial writer, contemporary with Fe- nelon ; author of a " Discourse on Universal History," of numerous funeral and other orations of splendid excellence, an " Ex- position of the Roman Catholic Faith," &c. His clear-sightedness and controversial power gained for him the title of the " Eagle of Meaux." Born, 1627 ; died, 1704. BOSSUT, C. A., a celebrated French ma- thematician, and the friend and associate of Condorcet, D'Alembert, Bailly, and La- voisier. His " Traits Elementaire de M^- chanique et de Dynamique," is well known. Born, 1730 ; died, 1814. BOSTON, Jonx, a monk of St. Edmonds- bury, in the 15th century ; author of " Spe- culum Coenobitarum," &c. BOSWELL, James, the friend and bio- grapher of Johnson, was the eldest son of Lord Auchinlech, a Scotch judge. The good taste of this gentleman led him to seek the friendship of Dr. Johnson, of whose life he has given a most interesting account, form- bos] ^ ^e&) ^ttm'bcri^al 33t0ffraijT;ji, [bou ing the best specimen of faithful biograpliy in the language ; and wliich has secured to the biographer an extent and permanency of fame which his talents, thougli far from inconsiderable, could scarcely have pro- cured him if exerted upon any other sub- ject. Born, 1740 ; died, 3795. BOSWELL, Sir Alexa.vdeii, eldest son of the preceding, was born in 1775, and suc- ceeded his fatlier in the possession of the family estate. He was a literary antiquary of no inconsiderable erudition, and the au- thor of many popular songs and iK)etical jeux d'esprit. lie inherited all the Tory spirit of his father ; and some attacks on the character of James Stuart, esq., having appeared in the Beacon and Sentinel news- papers, which were traced to Sir Alex- ander, a duel took place between these gentlemen, when the latter fell, mortally wounded in the neck, March 20. 1822. Mr. Stuart was tried for tliis offence, but honour- ably acquitted. BOSWELL, James, the second son of the biographer of Johnson, was bom in 1779, and educated at Westminster SchooL He possessed talents of a suijerior order ; and the skill with which he edited the enlarged and amended edition of Maloue's Shaks- peare in 21 vols., affords ample evidence of his scholarship, judgment, and discrimina- tion. He died in 1822, aged 43. BOTELLO, Don Nuno Alvarez de, a celebrated viceroy of India when the Por- tuguese held dominion there ; and whose gallantry and skill tended greatly to aug- ment their Hindostan possessions. He gained several victories over the Dutch, and destroyed the fleet and army of the Achenese which were besieging Malacca ; but lost his life in 1029, by being crushed between his own vessel and one of the enemy's. BOTH, Jonif and ANnnK\r, brothers, two Flemish painters, born at Utrecht, in the early part of the 17th century. John chose for liis model the works of Claude Lorraine, while Andrew studied the human figure ; but tliey frequently united in the same works, and their labouis harmonised «o well, that their pictures could not be suspected of being joint productions. BOTHWELL, Jamks Hepbukk, Earl of, the second husband of the ill-fated Mary of Scotland ; and the supposed instigator, at least, of the murder of her first husband, Henry Darnley. Bothwell died, iu exile, at Denmark, in 1577. BOTT, JoH.v DK, a French architect. Being a Protestant, he had no chance of obtaining patronage in his own country, and therefore entered into the service of William, prince of Orange, whom he ac- companied to England. On the death of that prince, he went into the service of the Elector of Brandenburgli, hy whom be was made a major-general. Tlie fortifications o( Wesel and the arsenal of Berlin are among the numerous proofs of his talents. Died, 1745. BOTZARIS, Maeco, a brave and pa- triotic Suliote, appointed stratarch of Wes- tern Greece in 1821. He was killed in a night attack on tlie Turks, 1823. Ill BOUCHARDON, Edmund, an emment French architect ; many of whose works adorn Paris, Born, 1098 ; died, 1762. BOUCHER, Jonathan, an English di- vine ; author of " The Cumberland Man," &c. Died, 1804. BOUCHER, FnAJrcis, a French painter of some note, and who, but for the rapidity of his execution, would probably have ar- rived at great eminence, but the ease with which he executed rendered him careless. Bom, 1704 ; died, 1770. BOUCHER, Luc, a Jacobin leader of the Faubourg St. Antoine, who, on the 20th May, 1795, forced himself into the National Convention, and seizing Ferrand, one of the members, beheaded him in the lobby witli his own hand, and fixed his head on a pike, parading it through the "Salle." He was afterwards guillotined. BOUCHOTTE, J. B., born in 1754 ; he was a second lieutenant in 1775, and was war minister to the French republic in 1793, during its most eventful and victorious pe- riod. He was denounced bj' the ultra Ja- cobins, and narrowly escaped the guillotine, but retired into private life. BOUCICAULT, Marshal, count of Beau- fort, a celebrated Frencli soldier of the 15th century. He served against the Turks, and in the Italian strife between the Guelphs and Glubcllines ; and, at the battle of Agin- court, was taken prisoner and brought to England, wlicre he died in 1421. BOUDINOT, Elias, was born at Phila- delphia, in 1740; studied the law, and be- came eminent in that profession ; but dur- ing the American contest he was chosen a member of congress, made its president in 1782, and after the adoption of the consti- tution, he entered the house of rei>resenta- tives. On retiring from public life, he de- voted himself earnestly to biblical litera- ture, and, being possessed of an ample for- tune, made munificent donations to various charitable and theological institutions, fore- most among which was the American Bible Society, of which he became president. He died in 1821, aged 82. BOUFFLERS, Louis FnANCis.Duke of, a distinguished marshal of France. In 1708 he defended Lille for four months against Prince Eugene, who, when he at length took that place, said to the marshal, " I am very proud of having taken Lille, but I should be still more proud of defending it as you have." Died, 1711. BOUl'FLERS, Stanislaus, Chevalier de, son of the Marchioness of Boufflers, mis- tress of Stanislaus, king of Poland, born in 1737, was distinguished for the elegance of his manners and conversation. He was destined for the Churclj, but declared that his love of pleasure would interfere with tlie duties of this profession, and therefore entered the military service. He emigrated from France in 1792, to Prussia. He left several works of merit, "Le Libre Arbitre," &c. His character has been thus summed up : " A libertine abbt' ; a military philo- sopher ; a song-making diplomatist 5 au emigrant republican." Died, 1815. BOUGAINVILLE, Jean Pierre de, a French writer; author of "Philip of Ma- \ BOU] ^ ^etu ^nibn-jSal 33tasrap]bg. [bou cedon, a tragedy, &c. ; and editor of Freret's great work on Chronology. Born, 1722 ; died, 1703. BOUGAINVILLE, Loins Antoine de, a Frcncli officer, distinguished both in tlie military and naval service. When serving in Canada, under Montcalm, he displayed so much bravery that he obtained the rank of colonel, and subsequently became a general. Under the empire he was made a senator, and a member of the Institute. Bougainville circumnavigated the world, and enriched the science of geography by a number of new discoveries. Born, 1729 ; died, 1811. BOUGEANT, Guillaume Hyactinthe, a French Jesuit ; author of " Amusement Phi- losophique sur le Language dea BGtes," &c. Born, ICiW ; died, 1743. BOUGUER, Piekre, a French mathema- tician and hydrographer ; author of treatises on Navigation and Pilotage, and on the Con- struction of Ships ; and numerous other valu- able works of science. Died, 1758. BOUIIIER, JoHX, an eminent French writer of the 17th century ; author of " Let- ters on the Therapeutaj," " Dissertations on Herodotus," &c. Born, 1673 ; died, 1740. BOUHOURS, DoMixic, a French Jesuit and critic ; author of " I^s Entretiens d' Ariste et d'Eugfene," "Maniere de bien Penser sur Ics Ouvrages de I'Esprit," &c. Born, 1C28 ; died, 1702. BOUILLARD, J., a celebrated French engraver, born in 1744, died in 1806. His "Boreas et Orythea" is a masterpiece. BOUILLE', Francis Claude Amour, Marquis de, bom in 1759 ; a distinguislied French general, celebrated by his exploits up to the era of the French revolution ; from which, altliough he sat on liberal principles in the first Assembly of Notables, he detached himself, and, after making excellent prepara- tions to assist the unfortunate Louis XVI. in escaping from Varennes, wliich his sovereign refu.sed to avail himself of, he quitted France and served under the allies. He died in London in 1800. His " Memoirs of the French Revolution " rank deservedly high. BOUILLON, Rose, born in 1770; a heroine of tlie French revolution, who entered tlie army as a volunteer, and fought as a private in the 6th battalion of the Haute Saon, at the battle of Limbach, where her husband was killed by her side. She had a pension from the National Convention. BOUILLY, J. N., an eminent French diplomatist, born in 1770. In his views of the revolution, he concurred with his friend Mirabeau. Author of " Pierre le Grand," " L' Abb^ de TEpee," " L^onore," " He- lena," " Agnes Sorel," " La Veillesse de Piron," &c. BOULAINVILLIERS,ITexry de, comte de St. Saire ; author of a " History of Ma- homet," a " History of the Arabians," a "History of the Peerage of France," &c. Born. 1658 ; died, 1722. BOULANGER, Nicholas Antontt, a French mathematician and engineer; author of " Traite du Despotisme Orientale," &c. Born, 1722 ; died, 1759. BOULARD, Antoike Marie Henri, a distinguished French savant, born in 17."<4, and member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1815. He is author of numerous translations from English standard writings, and was honoured by the friendsliip of La Harpe, &c. Died, 1825. BOULAY DE LA MELTITHE, A. J. C, bom in 1761 ; one of the most distinguished orators in the French revolution, and author of eminent works on political science. He was president of the civil tril>unal at Nancy, in 1793, and had great share in confirming the expatriation of the emigrants in 1793, when a member of the Five Hundred. He was subsequently faithful to Buonaparte tlirough all his changes of fortune ; and on that account was proscribed, and banished to Frankfort, by the Bourbons, on their last restoration in 1815. BOULTER, Hugh, archbishop of Armagh, eminent for his benevolent exertions to al- leviate the distress of the Irish during the scarcity of 1740, and for the part he took in establishing schools for the instruction of the Irish children. Died, 1742. BOULTON, Matthew, an eminent en- gineer, whose spirit and talent improved in- numerable mechanical processes, and whose name, with that of his partner, Watt, is in- separably connected with that of the won- derful power of which they made such skilful use, the steam engine, was born at Birming- ham, in 1728. Among the many great under- takings in which Boulton and Watt were engaged, oneof the most useful and important was the improvement of the coinage, the coins struck at the " Soho " manufactory being rarely surpassed in beauty or accuracy. After a long life uninterruptedly devoted to the advancement of the useful arts, and the promotion of the commercial interests of liis country, he died in 1809. BOUQUET, Madame, bom about 1773; a victim of affection and hospitality, during the revolution. She concealed Pethion Buzot and lier uncle Guadet, during one of the search warrants of the terrorists, and their retreat being discovered, she was sent to the guillotine with them, and died with great fortitude. BOURBON, Charles, Duke de, constable of France, a powerful enemy of Francis I., and his opponent at Pa via when Francis was taken prisoner. His life was chiefly spent in warfare, and he was killed while heading the assault on Rome, in 1527. BOURBON, Robert the Strong, duke of Neustria, fomider of the family which has so long governed France, Spain, Sicily, &c., lost his life in a battle with the Normans in 866. Historians differ as to his descent, some contending that Pepin, of Heristel, was his ancestor ; others trace his genealogy to the kings of Lombardy ; and some say he de- rived his origin from a natural son of Char- lemagne. BOURBON, Louis, cardinal and arch- bishop of Toledo ; son of Louis, brother of Charles III. of Spain. After the imprison- I ment of Ferdinand at Valen<;ay, he joined the cortes, and ultimately became president of the provisional junta before which the king ' swore, in 1820, to abide by the constitution I of the cortes of 1812. Born, 1777 ; died, 182.'}. BOURBON, Louis Henry Joseph, Duke de, and prince de Condt^, was supposed to I BOU] ^ i^cto OniberjSal 3BCoar«jp]^8. [bou have put an end to his existence, Aug. 27. 1830. He fought nobly in the royalist urmy ; «nd after the campaign in 18(XK accompanied his father to England, and was rtsidiiig with him at Waustead House in 1804, when his eon, the Duke d'Eughien, was murdered. The duke's death is attributed to the excite- ment of his mind respecting the revolution of July, 183a His property he 16fl by will to the Duke d'Aumalc, tliird sou of Louis Pliilippe, with the exception of a large be- quest to Sophia Dawes, baroness de Feu- cheres, an English woman, with whom he lived. BOURBOTTE, a French Jacobin, remark- able for his ferocity and military courage ; born about 170.'>. Being one of tlic convention in 1794, and aiming at the dictatorship, on the Ist I'rarial he and his colleagues were crushed by Legendre ; aud after poniarding himself before the revolutionary tribunal, but ineflfectually, he was guillotined. BOURCHIKR, John, lord Berners, a military commander of great skill and re- pute in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII., by the latter of wliom he was made governor of Calais; author of a translation of " Frois- sart," " The Life of Marcus Aurclius," &c Died, 1532. BOURCniER, Thomas, cardinal, and archbishop of Canterbury, He crowned no fewer than three of our kings, viz. Edward IV., Richard UL, and Ileury VU. Died, 148(5. BOURDALOUE, LoDis, a French Jesuit, and one of the most eloquent preachers in France. His sermons even in the i>crusal, deprived as they are of the eloquent eye, the graceful action, and the melodious voice, bear sufficient evidence of his genius to justify the praises that have been bestowed upon him. Born, 16.32 ; died, 1704. BOURDELOT, John, a French lawyer, master of requests to Mary de Medici ; author of a "Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal," &c. ; aud editor of the works of Fetrouius and Heliodorus. Died, 1638. BOURDELOT, Piekue Mkciigit, nephew of the above ; a physician, patronised by Christina, queen of Sweden, and other emi- nent personages ; author of an " Account of Mount JEtna," &c. Died, 1685. BOURDELOT, Pierre Boxxet, nephew of the last named, a physician, and author of some annotations on Colomie's ''Biblloth^ue Choisie," &c. Died, 1709. BOURDON, Leonard, bom in 17G0 ; a sanguinary conventionalist, who wished to interdict Louis XVI.^rom seeing his family. Having quarrelled with his colleague Robes- pierre, who, in 1794, had resisted his eSbrts to serve his friends, Vincent and Ronsin, he and Barras headed the National Guards, who dispersed the satellites of that tyrant on his fall, and seized his person. He was sent to the castle at Ham, as one of the insurrec- tionists of 1794; but was afterwards employed by the directory. He was twice publicly called an assassin ; in the convention, in 1794, and in the Cinq Cents, in 1797, the whole assembly applauding. This destroyer of grown men was at the same time founder of " L'Ecole des Elfeves de la Patrie," and died a natural death, &a director of it. He published a " Memoir on National Educa- tion " and a " Sansculottide Drama," BOURDON, Sebastian, a French painter; his chef d'onivre is " The Crucifixion of St. Peter," which he executed for the church of Notre Dame. Died, 1671. BOURDONNAYE, Bernard Francis Make de la, a French military and civil officer of great talents. He besieged and captured Madras in 174C ; and the wealth he carried home caused him to be prosecuted and imprisoned. Although he was honour- ably acquitted, this affair ruined his health, and he died in 17.54. BOURGELAT, Ci.ai'de, a French vete- rinary surgeon of eminence in his profession; author of " The Elements of Horsemanship," "The Materia Medica of the Veterinary School," &c. Died, 1779. BOURGEOIS, Sir Francis, a native of England, but of Swiss family ; painter to the king of Poland, and subsequently to George III. of England. His landscapes and sea pieces arc highly esteemed. He left his fine collection to Dulwich College, with 10,000?. for building a gallery, and keeping the pic- tures in preservation. Bom \7M ; died, 1811. BOURGOING, John Francis, Baron de, born in 1748 ; ambassador to Spain on the part of the French republic, and afterwards of Napoleon, who subsequently sent him to Stockholm, and in 1807 to Saxony. He died in 1811. He has left several approved works; "Tableau de TEspagnc Moderne," " Md- moires de Pie VI.," and " Histoire de Char- lemagne." BOURIGNON, Antoinette de la Porte, a Flemish fanatic Holding religion to con- sist neither in practice nor in knowledge, but in direct impulses from and communion with the Deity, she mode many disciples, and wrote numerous books, remarkable chiefly for their absurdity where they were at all intelligible. Like many other fanatics, she had a large share of worldly wisdom, and was excessively avaricious and penu- rious. Born, 1616 ; died, 1680. BOURMONT, Marshal, a distinguished soldier in almost all the campaigns that have taken place since the French revolution of 1789, was born in 1773. In the early periods of the revolution, while second lieutenant of iniantry, he emigrated from France, joined his arms with those of the Bourbon princes on the frontiers against the French repub- licans, and afterwards served the royal cause in La Vend(5e, Bretagne, and Maine with great energy and talent. During the consulate of Napoleon he was arrested on a charge of being concerned in the plot of the infernal machine, but after suffering im- prisonment 8uccessivel3' in the Temple, and at Dijon and Besan<;onj he made his escape and sought refuge with his family at Lisbon, whence however he returned to France, and appeared to devote himself so zealously to Napoleon's interests, that he was appointed to various high commands in the imperial service, and served with great distinction in the Italian and Russian cami>aigns. On Napoleon's return from Elba, he commanded a division of the corps of Ney. At the commencement of the campaign of 1815, he was appointed to the command of a brigade 113 1. 3 BOU] ^ ^tfa Winibtx^Kl 23tasrapTj|?. [bow of the grand army ; but on the eve of the battle of Waterloo he abandoned, his colours and repaired to Louis XVIII., who was then at Ghent. This extraordinary coup-de-main — famous or infamous as it is designated by different parties — won for him the signal favour of the restored Bourbons. Ten days after the battle of Waterloo he entered France with the title of commander of the northern frontier, and shortly after the ex- ecution of the gallant Ney, to whose con- demnation his evidence mainly contributed, was appointed to the command of one of the divisions of the royal guards. In 1823 he took part in the Spanish campaign under the Duke d'Angoul6mc, on whose return to France he obtainei the chief command of the army of occupation. In 1829, Charles X. having nominated him minister of war, he organised the expedition to Algiers, pre- sided over all the preliminary arrangements, and proceeded in person to superintend the plan of operations which he himself had designed, and which finally resulted in the capture of Algiers, for which he was honoured with the baton of a marshal of France. After the revolution of 1830, which placed Louis Philippe on the throne, he was pro- scribed by the dominant party. He then devoted his services to the cause of foreign absolutism in difierent countries, especially in Portugal ; but he was subsequently per- mitted to re-enter France, where he con- tinued to live in obscurity till his death, which took place, Nov. 9. 1846. BOURNE, Vincent, sub-master of West- minster School ; author of Latin poetry of singular elegance and purity. Died, 1747. BOURS AULT, Edmund, a French writer, who, though destitute of education, attained a proficiency in authorship, and wrote se- veral dramas and romances. Among his works are " ^sop in Town," " ^sop at Court," and "Letters toBabet." Born,lG38 ; died, 1701. BOUTERWEK, Fkedeisic, professor of philosophy at Gottingen, was born in 17G6, and died in 1828. He was the author of many valuable works, of which his " History of Spanish Literature " may be regarded as the chief. BOWDICII, Thomas Edward, a writer in the service of the English African Com- pany, was a native of Bristol, born in 1793. He was selected to conduct a mission to the king of Asliantee, of which mission he pub- lished a very interesting account. He again set out to explore the Interior of Africa, and had already reached the river Gambia, when a fever, produced chiefly by anxiety, termi- nated his life in 1824. He was an excellent linguist and a pleasing writer ; and besides the work already mentioned, the public are indebted to him for a translation of MoUah's Travels to the Sources of the Senegal and Gambia ; and other works; BOWDITCH, Dr. NatiiAniel, F.R. S., president of the American academy of arts and sciences, was a native of Boston, and, though self-educated, arrived at the en- viable distinction of being a philosopher of the first class. When 23 years of age he published his " Practical Navigator," a work of great merit ; but his admirable transla- tion of the " Mechanique Celeste " of La Place, with an elaborate commentary, was the production that raised him to the pin- nacle of fame. Died, 1838. BOWDLER, Thomas, an English phy- sician ; author of "Letters from Holland," and editor of the " Family Shakspeare," &c. Born, 1754 ; died, 1825. BOWDLER, Hannah, sister of the before- mentioned Thomas Bowdler ; author of "Poems and Essays," in 2 vols., and of some popular "Sermons on the Doctrines and Duties of Christianity." She died, at the age of 76, in 1830. BOWDOIN, an American legislator and man of letters, bom at Boston, 1727. He was one of the most determined opponents of the right of colonial taxation, insisted on by England, and was one of the first deputies to Congress. He became governor of Massa- chusets, and president of the Philadelphian Academy of Sciences ; and died in 1790. His " Discourse on the New Constitution of the United States " is deservedly admired. BOWER, Akchibald, a Scotch writer of great and versatile ability ; but so lax in principle as to change from Catholicism to Protestantism, and then to Catholicism again, and finally to Protestantism, in which faith, according to the declaration of his widow, he died. He wrote a " History of the Popes," conducted the "Historia Lite- raria," and contributed largely to the " Uni- versal History." Bom, 1676 ; died, 1766. BOWLES, Rev. William Lisle, whose sonnets exercised no unimportant inflnence on English literature, was born at King's Sutton, in Northamptonshire, a parish of which his father was vicar, in 1762. He was educated at Winchester and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he took his degree in 1792, the contemporary and friend of the late Archbishop Howley, and of several persons not undistinguished afterwards, who adorned the university at that time. On leaving the university he entered into holy orders, and was appointed to a curacy in Wiltshire ; from which he was preferred to a living in Gloucestershire, and in 1803 to a canonry in Salisbury Cathedral. His next step was to the rectory of Bremhill in Wilt- shire, to which he was presented by Arch- bishop Moore. Here he remained till his death, unremitting in his professional duties, zealous in the education of the poor, and manifesting an exemplary, though happily by no means a tare, instance of the union of all Christian graces with the polish of taste and the amenities of literature. His first ap- pearance as a poet was in a small collection of sonnets, which were published in 1789, and may be reckoned among the first-fruits of a new era in poetry. In these sonnets there were observed a grace of expression, a musical versification, and especially an air of melan- choly tenderness, so congenial to the poetical temperament, which still, after 60 years of a more propitious period than that which im- mediately preceded their publication, pre- serves for their author a highly respectable position among our poets. The subsequent poems of Mr. Bowles did not belie the promise of his youth. The chief of these were liis " Hope, an allegorical Sketch," " St. Mi- 114 bow] ^ i^clu Slnifacr^al 23t0flrapl)i). [bra chael's Mount," "Coombe Ellen," and "Grave of Howard." His " Spirit of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his productions, was published in 18()4. Mr. Bowles published also an edition of Tope, which involved him in the famous controversy with Lord Byron, as well as a great variety of small tracts, literary, antiquarian, and theological. He was, in fact, a very frequent, though he cannot be called a voluminous, contributor to the literature of the present century. Mr. Bowles was very playful in his habits and conversation, and many anecdotes are told of his Parsou Adama-like forgetfulness. Died, 1850. BOVVYER, William, an eminent English printer and classical scholar. He published several learned works ; but his chief per- formance was a Greek edition of the New Testament, with critical and emeudatory notes. Born, 1699 ; died, 1777. BOXUORN, Mark Zuekius, professor of rhetoric, politics, and history in the univer- sity of Leyden ; author of a treatise on the discovery of printing, and of numerous Latin works, both prose and verse. Born, 1G12 ; died, 1(>53. BOYCE, William, doctor of music, and an eminent composer, both of sacred and secular pieces. Born, 1710 ; died, 1779. BOYD, Zaciiaky, a Scotch divine of the 17th century. Among various works which he published is " Tlic Last Battle of the Soul in Death ; " and among the numerous MSS. he left, is a collection of quaint poems, entitled "Zion's Flowers," popularly called " Zachary Boyd's Bible." He died in 1653, leaving a considerable legacy to Glasgow College. BOYDELL, JoHX, originally an English engraver, and afterwards an eminent print- seller. His spirit and liberality enabled him to ama.s8 a considerable fortune, and at the same time greatly to elevate our na- tional character as to the art. He was for many years an alderman of London, and served the office of lord mayor in 1790. Born, 1719 j died, 1804. BOYER, Abel, a French refugee ; author of a French Dictionary and Grammar, which have had a very extensive circulation ; and of several literary and political publications of merit. Born, 1664 ; died, 1729. BOYER, John Bai'tist Nicuolas, a French physician, eminently skilful in the treatment of infectious diseases ; author of a "Pharmacopoeia," tracts on contagious disorders, &c. Died, 1768. BOYLE, RiciiAitD, earl of Cork, an emi- nent statesman in the reign of James I., and founder ofafamili' greatly distinguished in the arts, sciences, and literature. Born at Canterbury, 1566 ; died, 1643. BOYLE, Roger, earl of Orrery, fifth son of the above. When only seven years old he was created baron Broghill ; and, from an early age, was conspicuous for his zeal in the king's service. But after the king WHS put to death, the baron transferred his services to Cromwell, by whom he was greatly trusted and employed. At the death of Cromwell he aided in bringing back Charles II., and was created earl of Orrery for his service on that occasion. Born in Ireland, 1621 ; died, 1679. He was the au- thor of several poems and plays. BOYLK, Robert, brother of the last named, a n:ghly distinguished philosopher, not unworthy to be ranked with Bacon and Newton. His whole life was devoted to philosophy ; and his productions, almost without an exception, are of great value, and very numerous. Born at Lismore, Ireland, 1627 ; died, 1691. BOYLE, Charles, lord Boyle, second son of Roger, earl of Orrery, a statesman and scholar ; editor of the " Epistles of Phalaris," and author of some slight but clever literary papers ; born, 1676 ; died, 1731. BOYLE, Joux, earl of Cork and Orrery, only son of the last named ; atithor of a translation, with notes, of the " Epistles of Pliny the Younger," " Remarks on the Life and Writings of Swift," papers in the Con- noisseur and the World, &c. Born, 1707 ; died, 1762. BOYLE, Richard, third earl of Burling- ton, and fourth earl of Cork, another branch of the same distinguished family. He was an enthusiastic amateur of architecture, and a very generous friend to men of letters. In him, Bishop Berkeley found his earliest and most efficient patron ; and Pope did him the honour to address to him his fourth epistle. Born, 1695 ; died, 1753. BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, an American phy- sician, who introduced the sj'stein of inocu- lating for the small-pox into his native country. Bom, 1680 j died, 1766. BOlS, William, an eminent antiquary and naturalist ; author of a " History of Sandwich," " Observations on Kit's Coty- bouse in Kent," published in tlie "Archas- ologia," &c. Died, 1803. BOYSE, Sami kl, a clever but eccentric and dissipated English writer ; autlior of " The Deity " and other poems, and of va- rious contributions to periodical works. His bad habits rendered all cflbrts to serve him unavailing, and he died in great misery and poverty, in 1749. BOZE, Claude Gros pe, a French writer and archffiologist ; author of the "Medallic History of Louis XIV." &c. Bom, 1680 ; died, 1754. BRACCIOLINI, Francis, surnamed Dell' Api, secretary to Cardinal Antonio Barbe- rini ; author of "La Crocc Riaquistrata," " Lo Schemo degli Dei," &c. Born, 1566 ; died, 1645. BRACTON, Henry de, an English law writer of the 13th century ; author of the well known and esteemed treatise "De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglias." BRADBURY, Thomas, an eminent non- conformist divine, who took a distinguished part in the Controversy with Dr. Watts on the subject of the Trinity. Died, 1759. BRADDOCK, Edward, major-general. He was commander-in-chief, in America, during the war with France in tlie 18th cen- tury ; and was slain when on the eve of in- vesting Fort Duquesr.e, in 1755. BRADFORD, Joiix, an eminent preacher of the reformed religion, who was burnt at Smithfleld in the reign of Mary, 1.555. BRADLEY, James, an English divine, astronomer, and matliematiciau ; Savilian OF rwr ^ \ bra] ^ ^t^ Bnibtt^aX SSiosrapTun [bra professor of astronomy at Oxford, contri- butor to tlie Pliilosophical Transactions, and author of some Astronomical Observa- tions, published separately. Died, 1762. BRADLEY, Richard, professor of botany at Cambridge, and author of several works, chiefly compilations, on Botany and Horti- culture. Dr. Brewster's popular invention, the Kaleidoscope, was at one time said to be due to Bradley ; but it appears that the doctor's instrument and the one proposed by Bradley are quite different, and that the latter would be very inferior. Died, 1732. BRADSHAW, John, an English lawyer, noted in our history for having acted as pre- sident on the trial of Charles I. Died, 16.59. He had a magnificent funeral ; but at the restoration his remains were removed from Westminster Abbey, and hanged on a gal- lows at Tyburn, with those of Cromwell and Ireton. BBADSTREET, Anxa, an English poet- ess of the 17th century. Her father was governor of New England, where she wrote and published her poems. BRADVVARDIN, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury ; author of a treatise " De Causa Dei," directed against Pelagianisni ; some mathematical tracts, &c. Died, 1349. BRADY, Nicholas, Dr., an English di- vine ; translator of the ^neid, and, in con- junction with Tate, of the Bsalms. Bom at Bandon, Ireland, 1C59 ; died, 1726. BRAHE, TvcHO, a Dane of a noble fa- mily ; a celebrated astronomer. Though his system is now superseded by that of Coper- nicus, he deserves honourable mention as an ingenious theorist ; and, apart from his error as to tlie earth being the fixed centre of the universe, his observations as a practical as- tronomer are highly valuable. Born, 1546 ; died, 1601. BRAINERD, David, a celebrated Ame- rican missionary, who signalised himself by his successful endeavours to convert the Indians on tlie Susquehannah, Delaware, &c. Died, aged 30, 1747. BRAITIIWAITE, Jon.v, an ingenious mechanic, constructor of a diving machine, with which he explored the Royal George, sunk off Spithead ; the Hartwell East India- man, off one of the Cape de Verd Islands ; aud the Abergavenny East Indiaman, olF the Isle of Portland. From the first he only succeeded in raising some guns and an anchor ; but from the second and third he brought up property to a very large amount. Died, 1818. BRAMAH, Joseph, an English engineer, distinguished for the number, value, and in- genuity of his mechanical inventions. Among these were his invaluable hydrostatic press, his safety locks, various improvements in the steam-engine, in the process of making paper, in the construction of main-pipes, wheel-carriages, the beer-machine, &c. Born, 1749 ; died, 1814. BRAMANTE D'tlRBINO, Lazaro, a celebrated Italian architect, who first de- signed and commenced tlie church of St. Peter at Rome. He was a skilful painter and musician as well as architect, and a volume of poems from his pen was printed in 1756. Died, 1514. BRANCAS LAURAGUAIS, Duke de, a French nobleman, distinguished for his scientific attainments ; discoverer of tlie composition of the diamond, and a great improver of the manufacture of porcelain. Born, 1735; died, 1824. BRAND, John, an able and voluminous writer on politics and political economy ; author of numerous political pamplilets and some poems. He was rector of Wickham Market, in Suffolk, and of St. George, South- wark. Died, 1809. BRAND, John, an English divine and antiquary ; author of the " History and Antiquities of the Town of Newcastle," " Observations on Popular Antiquities," &c. Born, 1743 ; died, 1806. BRANDER, GrsTAVUS, an English anti- quary and naturalist. He was of a Swedish family, but born in London, where he was an eminent merchant, and a director of the Bank. He contributed largely to the Trans- actions of the Antiquarian Society, &c. Born, 1720 ; died, 1787. BRANDT, a German chemist of the 17th century ; who is said to have discovered phosphorus while attempting to find a sol- vent by which to convert silver into gold. BRANDT, Ernevold, Count de, a Danish statesman, convicted of being concerned in the conspiracy of Count Strueusee, and exe- cuted in 1772. BRANDT, George, an eminent Swedish natural philosopher ; author of accounts of various valuable experiments made by him upon the metals. Died, 1768. BRANDT, Sebastian, chancellor of Strasburg ; author of " Varia Carmina," "Navis Stultifera," &c. Died, 1520. BRANTOME, or PIERRE DE BOUR- DEILLES, a celebrated French chronicler. He was a favoured attendant upon Charles IX., Henry III., and the Duke de Alen<;on ; and his memoirs, though somewhat too free in their details, are highly valuable as gra- phic and faithful illustrations of an interest- ing period of French history. BRANWHITE, Peregrine, the author of various poems, was born at Lavenham, Suffolk, 1745 ; died in London, 1794. BBARENS, Henry, a Danish naval offi- cer, and writer on navigation ; author of a "System of Practical Navigation," &c. Bom, 1751 ; died, 1826. BRATIIWAYTE, Richard, an English poet ; author of "The Golden Fleece," "The Prodigal's Tears," "The English Gentleman," &c. Born, 1588 ; died, 1673. BRAY, Sir Reginald, an English states- man, and favourite of Henry VII. He was a frank friend to that sovereign, disdaining to withhold his disapproval when it was de- served. He is chiefly memorable for having superintended the erection of that beautiful structure, Henry VIL's chapel at West- minster, and for having finished that of St. George at Windsor. Died, 1503. BRAY, Dr. Thomas, an English divine, who laboured with great zeal in propagating the gospel in foreign parts, and who went several times to America to promote that object, was bom in 1656 ; and died, rector of St. Botolph's, Aldgate, in 1730. BRAY, William, F.S.A., an industrious 116 bre] ^ ^m BniUv^Kl aBiO0rai)l)j). [bre antiquary ; editor of Evelyn's " Diary and Memoirs," and a contributor to the Arclite- oloRia, &c. Died, 1832 ; aged 07. BREDA, John' vax, a Dutcli pointer ; a very close imitator of the style of Wouver- mans. Died, 17.50. BREEXBERO, Bartholomew, a cele- brated painter, particularly skilful in small landscapes. Boru at Utrecht, 1C20 ; died, iceo. BREGUET, Abraham Loi'is, an eminent watch aiid clironometer maker at Paris, by birth a Swiss. Bom, 1747 ; died, 182.3. BREISLAK, SciPio, a celebrated Italian feologist, born at Rome in 17(38, who under tuonaparte was appointed inspector of the saltpetre works and i>owder mills in Italy. He wrote several scientific works, and was intimate with Cuvier, Chaptal, &c. Died, 182fi. BREITINGUEK, John James, a S^-iss divine ; editor of a new translation of the Septuagint, &c. Died, 1776. BREITKOPF, John Gottlieb Emma- nuel, a printer and type founder of Leipsic; he discovered an improved composition of type metal, and wrote a treatise on Biblio- graphy, &c. Bom, 1719 ; died, 1794. BREMER, Sir James John Gokdon, rear-admiral of the Blue, whose name is so well-known for his distinguished services in the war with China, was born in 1786. En- tering the navy in 1794, he rose through the intermediate grades with much personal distinction, and in June, 1814, he became a post-captain. When captain of the Tamar, 20 guns, he was dispatched to form a settle- ment on Melville Island, Australia, and joined in the closing scenes of the Burmese war. In 18;?0, he was created a knight com- mander of the order of the Guelph (K.C.U.) ; and in 1837, in the Alligator, of 26 guns, he founded the settlement of Port Essington. He afterwards returned to India, and as- sumed the command in chief of that station, on the death of Sir F. L. Maitland, at the commencement of the Chinese war. To place on record the various distinguished achievements that in design owed their birth, and in execution their success, to his pre- siding genius, from the organisation of the expedition that left Singapore in 1840, on its mission of triumph and glory to China, until the final capture of Canton in 1841, would be to compile a history of the war itself. His services were rewarded by the dignity of K.C.B. being conferred on him ; and the voice of the country was echoed in a vote of thanks to him from both Houses of Parliament. His last employment was as commodore superintendent of Woolwich dockyard, from which office he retired in consequence of ill health, in 1848. Died, 1850. BRENNER, Henry, royal librarian of Stockholm, an eminent oriental scholar ; translator of the "History of Armenia" from the language of that country ; and author of " Observations on Czar Peter the Great," &c. Died, 1732. BRENNUS, a general of the Gauls, who after ravaging Thessaly and Greece, at- tempted to plunder the temple of Delphi. Being repulsed, he slew himself, 278 B.C. BRENNUS, a memorable Gallic general. 117 Having invested Rome, he was offered a thousand pounds weight of gold to spare the city. While the gold was being Mcighcd, he threw his sword and helmet into the op- posite scale ; and when reproached for his injustice, replied, with the scornful excla- mation, " VcE vict/s!" — Woe to the van- quished I Enraged at this insolence, Ca- millus put an end to the negociation, gave battle to the Gauls, and put them to flight. This occurred about 388 B. c. BRENTON, Captain Edward Pelham, R.N., an officer whose services at sea during the war were scarcely greater than those which he performed on shore and during peace. Gifted with great ingenuity, he made several mechanical improvements connected with his profession, of which naval men speak in the highest terms. He was the liberal sup- porter of several of the most useful charities in the metropolis. Of one of these, "the Children's Friend Society," he was, in fact, the founder ; and it is not too much to say, that to it hundreds of poor children owe their removal from the horrors of vice and want, to a life of virtuous exertion, and its concomitant — comfort and happiness. Cap- tain Brenton was also very favourably known as an author, by his " Naval History of'Great Britain, from 1783 to 1822," and a "Biography of Earl St. Vincent." Died, 1839. BREQUIGNY, I>oiis George, Oudard DE Feudkix, a learned French writer ; au- thor of " Histoire des Revolutions de Genes," " Ordonnances des Rois de la Troisiime Race," &c. Died, 179.5. BRE RE WOOD, Edward, an English antiquary and mathematician ; author of " The Patriarchal Government of the An- cient Church," a treatise "De Ponderibus et Pretii Vetemra Nummorum," &c. Born, 156.5 ; died, 1613. BRET, Anthony, a French writer; author of "Commentaries on Moliere," "Quatre Saisons," a poem. See. Died, 1792. BRETEUIL, Louis Alouste le Tonne- LiER, an eminent French diplomatist, and at one time secretary of state ; but being a zealous partisan of monarchy, he was com- pelled to flee from France at the commence- ment of the revolution. In 1802 he was permitted to return, and died in 1807. BRETON, Nicholas, an English pastoral poet in the time of queen Elizabeth ; author of " An Old Man's Lesson and a Young Man's Love," " Phillida and Corydon," &c. BRETON, Raymond, a French friar and missionary to the West Indies ; author of a French and Caribbean Dictionary, &c. Died, 1679. BRETSCHNEIDER, Henry Godfrey VON, an Hungarian, whose versatility of ta- lent was only equalled by the perseverance with which he exercised it in satirising the follies and impostures of the age. Born, 1739 ; died, 1810. BREUGHEL, Peter, commonly known as " Old Breughel," an eminent painter ; chiefly of common-life subjects, such as rustic merrv-makiugs. Bom near Breda, 1510 ; died, 1.570. BREUGHEL, John, son of the foregoing, called, from his dress, " Velvet Breughel ; " 80 excellent a landscape painter, that Rubens bke] ^ i^tia mniiitt^aX maQva^M* [bri painted some pictures in conjunction with him, Rubens putting in the figures. Born at Brussels, 1560, died, 1623. BREUGHEL, Peter, a brother of the above, and also a painter. His fondness for painting horrible subjects procured him the sobriquet of "Hellish." Died, 1642. An- other brother, Abkauam, excelled in fruit and flowers. BREVAL, JouN DtTRANT DE, an English writer and military oflficer ; author of " Tlie History of the House of Nassau ; " " Calpe," a poem, &c. Died, 1739. BREWER, Antuoxy, a dramatist of the time of James I. and Charles I. ; author of "The Lovesick King," "The Country Girl," &c. BREYNIUS, James, a botanist of Dant- zic ; author of " Fasciculus Plantarum Ra- riorum," &c. Died, lt!97. BREYNIUS, Joiixv Philip, a naturalist of the 18th century ; author of a treatise on the kermes insect, &c. BRIDAINE, James, an eminent French ecclesiastic, whose indefatigable zeal, or itinerant propensities, induced him to un- dertake 256 journeys, so that his powers were displayed in almost every village throughout France. He was the author of "Spiritual Songs," wliich were extremely popular. Born, 1701 ; died, 1767. BRIDGE WATER, Francis Eoerton, Duke of, a nobleman who devoted much at- tention to, and expended large sums in the improvement and extension of canal navi- gation, seconded by the skill of Brindley. Born, 1736 ; died, 1803. BRIDPORT, Alexander Hood, Admiral lord, a gallant naval oflScer, and the youngest brother of Admiral Hood. He bore a part in Lord Howe's celebrated victory, June 1. 1794; in the following year he defeated a French squadron, capturing three sail of the line ; and nobly distinguished himself on many other occasions during the war. Died, 1814. BRIET, or BRIETIUS, Philip, a French writer ; author of "Annales Mundi," "The- atrum Geographicum Europae Veteris," &c. Died, 1668. BRIGGS, Hexrt, an eminent English mathematician and Savilian professor of geo- metry, at Oxford ; author of " Arithmetica Logarithmica," " Tables for the Improve- ment of Navigation," " Animadversiones Geometricae," &c. Born, 1536 ; died, 1630. BRIGGS, William, an eminent physician and oculist ; author of " Opthalmographia," an anatomical description of the eye and a new theory of vision. Died, 1704. BRILL, ALiTTiiEW, an eminent landscape painter, employed by pope Gregory XIII. in decorating the Vatican. Died, 1584. BRILL, Paul, brother of the last named, and also eminent as a landscape painter. Pope Clement VIII. employed him to paint a landscape sixty-eight feet wide for the Scala Clementina ; in which piece he intro- duced St. Clement thrown into the sea with an anchor attached to his neck. Died, 1626. BRILLAT-SAVABIN, Anthklme, a French writer, known chiefly from his work, entitled " The Physiology of Taste." Born, 1755 ; died, 1826. BRINDLEY, James, an eminent English 118 mechanic and engineer, to whose great zeal and abilities we owe some of the most im- portant of our navigable canals. So highly, indeed, did he estimate their importance to a commercial nation, that, being jocularly asked, while under examination before a committee of the House, for what purpose he supposed rivers to have been created, he quite seriously replied, " To feed navigable canals." His first great work was the canal from Worsley to Manchester, which he exe- cuted for the Duke of Bridge water. He after- wards completed the Grand Trunk, Bir- mingham, Chesterfield, and others. Bom, 1716 ; died, 1772. BBINKLEY, Dr. Johx, bishop of Cloyne, an able divine, but still more eminent for his scientific acquirements, was bom in 1760. While a graduate of Oxford he was elected to the professorship of astronomy in Dublin University, an honour to which his previous writings and discoveries in science fully en- titled him. Died, September, 1835. BRINVILLIERS, Marguerite d'Au- BRAi, Marchioness of, horribly notorious for having poisoned her father, brother, and two sisters. She had formed a criminal attach- ment for a Gascon officer, named Goden St. Croix, and her family caused him to be sent to the Bastile. There he learned from a fellow prisoner the art of compounding subtle poisons, of which he and his mistress made use to avenge themselves on her family. His mask slipping from his face while he was distilling poison, he died suddenly ; and her anxiety to obtain a casket that had belonged to him, led to inquiries which terminated in her detection. She was beheaded, and her body burnt, 1676. BRISBANE, Admiral Sir Charles. He entered the navy, on board the Alcide, in 1779 ; received a severe wound in Rodney's fleet on the 12th of April, 1782 ; and was pro- moted to the rank of lieutenant in 1790. He shared the active services of Lord Hood off Toulon, and of Lord Nelson during the siege of Bastia, where he nearly lost an eye ; was made captain in 1795 ; and the following year received the thanks of the Admiralty for his conduct during the capture of some Dutch ships in Saldanha Bay. The firmness with which Sir Charles acted, quelled the dis- position to mutiny which then appeared through the fleet at the Cape. In 1805 he was appointed commander of the Arethusa ; and in 1807 achieved the capture of the island of Cura<?oa, when he received the honour of knighthood. The following year he was made governor of St. Vincent's, in which station he remained till his death ; being raised to the rank of rear-admiral in 1805, and to that of vice-admiral in 1820. Died, 1829. BRISSON, or BRISSONIUS, Bajinabas, an eminent French lawyer and philologist ; author of a treatise " De Regio Persarum Principatio," &c. During the siege of Paris by Henry IV., in 1579, he remained in the city, and was compelled by the partisans of the League to act as first president of the parliament ; and liis conduct as a magistrate was made the pretext for putting liim to death, in 1591. BRISSON, Matiiurin James, a French chemist and naturalist ; author of a treatise BRi] ^ ^ebj BnibtxM Utojjrapl)!?. [bro on "Ornithology," "Principles of Chemis- try," &i;. Born, 1723 ; died, 180G. BRISSOT, PiKKRE, a French physician ; author of a treatise in favour of bleeding in cases of pleurisy and inflammation of the viscera ; and editor of Galen's treatise " De Curatione Morborum." Died, 1522. BRISSOT, Jkan Pierre, one of the most active of the French revolutionists, and a clever writer ; author of " Le Courier Bel- fique," and other political journals ; " A 'Ian of Conduct for the Deputies of the People," " Address to all Republicans," &c. He was a man of great and versatile ability, which he evinced both in the legislative as- sembly and as a member of the convention ; but he had not the moral courage to abstain from a participation in those scenes of revo- lutionary violence which covered so many with eternal infamy, although his fruitless endeavour to save the life of the king shows that he in reality disapproved or them. Unable to resist the power of Robespierre, he endeavoured to escape to Switzerland, but was arrested, condemned, and executed, in 1793. Brissot was a great admirer of the Americans, assumed the habits of the Qua- kers, and introduced the fashion of wearing the hair without powder. He was also the leader of the party called the Girondists, or Brissotiiis. BRITTON, Thomas, a dealer in small coal, noted, on account of his attachment to music, as the "musical small-coal man." His harmless life was put an end to by a silly trick of a ventriloquist, which frightened him so much that he never recovered. Born, 16.54; died, 1714. BROCK LESBY, Richard, an eminent physician and literary man ; author of some medical tracts, "A Dissertation on the Music of the Ancients,' ' &c. Bom, 1722 ; died. 1797. BROGUE, Victor Fraxcis, Duke de, a gallant French general under the old mon- archy, who emigrated at the commencement of the revolution, and put himself at the head of a corps of emigrants at Champagne. Born, 1718 ; died, 1804. BROGNIARTtAuGUSTE Louis, a professor of chemistry, and surgeon to Louis XVI. ; author of " Tableau Analytique des Combi- naisons et Decompositions dea DilKrentes Substances," &c. Died, 1804. BROKE, Rear-admiral Sir Philip Bowks Veke, a gallant English otficer, the eldest son of Philip B. Broke, esq., of Nacton, Suffolk, was bom in 1776, and commenced his naval career as a midshipman in 1792. After the usual initiation, during which he was present in several general engagements, he obtained the rank of commander in 1799, and post-captai n in 1 801 . The various services he subsequently performed in different parts of the globe, tliough they were neither few nor unimportant, we shall not enter upon ; but he is chiefly celebrated for the far-famed action between his ship, the Shannon, of 38 guns, and the American frigate, Chesa- peake, mounting 49, in June 1813. The news of a victory so nobly gained against such fearful odds — at a time when an opinion was gaining ground that our frigates were not a match for the large vessels (misnamed frigates) of the Americans — was hailed in England with every demonstration of na- tional pride, and besides the complimentary congratulations that attended the gallant author of it, he was, for liis " distinguished zeal, courage, and intrepidity," raised to the dignity of a baronet of Great Britain. Died, Jan. 2. 1841, at his seat, Brokehall, Suffolk. BRO\LE, Alexander, an attorney and satirical poet, whose writings, on the side of Charles I., are said to have greatly obstructed the progress of puritanism. In addition to writing satirical songs, he translated from Lucretius and Horace, and wrote a comedy, called " The Cunning Lovers." Born, 1620; died, 16«C. BROALE, Richard, an English dramatist, contemporary with Ben Jonson, to whom he was originally servant. His comedies were formerly very popular, but they are not now performed. Died, 1632. BRONDSTED, Peter Olaf, a distin- guished Danish philologist and antiquary, was born in 1780, entered the university of Co[>enhagen in 17J»6, and took the degree of doctor in philosophy in 1806. In company with his friend Dr. Koes he made a scientific expedition to Greece, and in excavating the temples in ^gina, &c. many fine monu- ments in ancient Greek art were discovered. On his return to Denmark he was assisted with pecuniary means by tlie government, and appointed diplomatic agent to the Papal court in 1818. He afterwards travelled through the Ionian isles, Malta, and Sicily, for the purpose of prosecuting additional investigations ; he subsequently made Paris his principal residence, coming occasionally to England ; and in 1827 he visited his native country, where he received the hono- rary title of privy councillor of legation, and numerous other marks of distinction. The first part of his principal work, entitled "Travels and Researches in Greece," ap- peared in 1826, at Paris, simultaneously in the French and German languages ; the second part in 1830. Died at Copenhagen, in consequence of a fall from his horse, June 26. 1842, aged 61. BROOCMAN, Charles Ulric, a Swedish writer on education, especially as regards the education of teachers. His principal work is " An Account of the Educational Institutions of Germany, from the earliest period up to his own time." Died, 1812. BROOKE, or BROKE, Sir Robert, chief justice of the common pleas in the reign of queen Mary, and author of various legal works. Died. 1558. BROOKE, Frances, a clever novelist and dramatic writer ; authoress of " Lady Juliet Mandeville" and other novels ; the tragedies of " Virginia " and the " Siege of Sinope ; " " Rosina," a musical entertainment, &c. Died, 1789. BROOKE, Hexry, a political and literary writer ; author of " Letters addressed to the People of Ireland," "The Earl of West- moreland," a tragedy ; the celebrated novel of " The Fool of Quality," &c. Born at Bantavan, in Ireland, 1706 ; died, 1783. BROOKES, Joshua, an eminent anatomist and surgeon, was bom in 1761 ; and after 110 BRO] ^ ipcfco miibsx^Kl 3St05rapI)u. [bro studying under the most celebrated men of his day, commenced his career as a professor of anatomy, pathology, and sui-gery, when about 26 years of age. His museum was en- riched with the choicest anatomical speci- mens and osteological preparations ; and the lectures on anatomy and its kindred sciences, which, during a long life, he was in the habit of delivering to his pupils (of whom he could reckon 7000), laid the foundation of their scientific fame to some of the most distin- guished members of the profession. His last appearance as a lecturer was in 1827 ; and in January, 1833, he died, aged 72. BROOKS, John, an able officer in the American army, a skilful physician, and a man of letters. He early distinguished him- self in the war of American iudependenee, and ultimately arrived at the rank of a ge- neral ; but the duties of a soldier did not unfit him for professional pursuits ; he was the president of many literary, religious, patri- otic, and benevolent societies ; and for many years filled the of&ce of chief magistrate for his native town, Medford, in Massachusetts. Born, 1752 ; died, 1825. BROOME, Dr. William, an English divine and poet. In addition to Ids own poems, and a translation of Anacreon's Odes, he con- tributed eight books to Pope's translation of the Odyssey ; but having complained of his scanty remuneration, liis brother bard re- warded him with a niche in the Dunciad. He was vicar of Eye, Suffolk, where he died, in 1745. BROSCHI, Carlo, better known by the name of Farinelli, one of the finest singers ever known. He was retained to divert the melancholy of Philip V. of Spain, and ac- quired vast political power in the reigns of that monarch and his successor. Unlike the generality of royal favourites, lie behaved with invariable modesty and honoiu-. Born at Naples, 1705 ; died, 1782. BROSSARD, Sebastian de, an eminent French musician ; author of " Prodomus Musicalis," &c. Died, 1730. BROSSE, Guy de la, a French botanist and physician to Louis XIII. ; author of " L'Overture du Jardin Royal," and other botanical works. Died, 1751. BROSSES, Charles de, a French lawyer and the schoolfellow and friend of Buffon ; author of " Letters on Herculaneura," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 1777. BROTHERS, Richard, a fanatic, who, in 1793, commenced his career as the apostle of a new religion, and announced himself as " nephew of the Almighty and prince of the Hebrews, appointed to lead them to the land of Canaan." He predicted various absurd- ities, and it is a melancholy fact that his disciples were not confined to the poor and ignorant. The great orientalist, Halhed, and other men of unquestionable ability, ad- vocated this maniac, whose career at length attracted the notice of government, and he was committed to Bedlam for life as a con- firmed lunatic. He published several works, redolent alike of blasphemy and absurdity. BBOTIER, Gabriel, a learned French Jesuit, and librarian to the college of Louis le Grand ; author of a treatise " On the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Coins," an excellent edition of Tacitus, end other classics, &c. Born, 1723 ; died, 1789. BROTIER, Andrew Charles, a French abb^, nephew of the above. He was a friend to the royalist cause, and the editor of L'Annee Litteraire, which was so obnoxious to the party in power that he was transported to Guiana, where he died, in 1798. BROUGHTON, Hugh, a learned Hebrew scholar and polemical writer, who was edu- cated at the expense of the celebrated Ber- nard Gilpin. Born, 1549 ; died, 1(!12. BROUGHTON, Thomas, a prebendary of Salisbury, and a literary character of con- siderable merit ; author of " Christianity distinct from the Religion of Nature,*' " Dissertations on the Prospects of Futurity," " Hercules," a drama, &c. He was also one of the principal contributors to the Biogra- phia Britanniea. Died, 1774. BROUNCKER, William, Lord, the first president of tlie Royal Society at Oxford, and author of some papers in the Philo- sophical Transactions, &c. Died, 1584. BROUSSAIS, Francois Joseph Victor, a celebrated French physician, the author of some very learned medical works, which, however, are very much defaced by the crudest and most dogmatical materialism. Bom, 1772; died, 1838. BROUSSONET, Peter Auoustits Maria, an eminent French naturalist ; author of " Icthyologia," "Variae Positiones circa Respirationein," &c. Bom, 1761; died, 1807. BROWALLIUS, John, bishop of Abo ; an eminent naturalist, and the author of various tracts on botany, &c. Died, 1755. BROWN, Charles Brockden, an eminent American writer, chiefly known in this country by his powerful novels, " Wieland " and " Edgar Huntley." Died, 1810. BROWN, John, D.D., an eminent cler- gyman and indefatigable writer. He was born, in 1715, at Rothbury, Northumberland, educated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; and after various church preferments became chaplain to the king. The chief of his nu- merous works are " Essays on the Charac- teristics of the Earl of Shaftesbury," " Bar- barossa," a tragedy ; an " Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times," a " History of the Rise and Progress of Poetry," and " Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentious- ness, and Faction." It is supposed that his mental exertions were too great, for he fell into a state of dejection, which terminated in his death, by his own hand, in 1766. BROWN, John, a Scotch painter and au- thor, favourably known in the former cha- racter by his painting of the bust of Homer from the Townley marbles, and by his por- trait of Pope. As an author he is even more distinguished by his " Letters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera," which he addressed to his friend, Lord Monboddo. Born, 1752 ; died, 1787. BROWN, John, a very learned, though self-educated Scotch divine ; author of the " Self-interpreting Bible," " Dictionary of the Bible," and numerous other religious works. Born, 1772 ; died, 1787. BROWN, John, M.D., an eminent Scotch physician, and the founder of a new system of medicine, which bears lus name. He di- BRO] ^ ^th) mnibtt^Kl 33i0ffrapTjti. [bru vided all diseases into two great classes, — the one from deficient excitement, and the other from its redundance ; and though his opinions have not been unconditionally re- ceived, they have very materially influenced the practice of his professional successors. Dr. Brown's principal works are " Elements of Medicine " and " Observations on the Old Systems of Physic." Born, 1735 ; died, 1788. BROWN, Joux, an eminent English en- graver ; his best works are engravings from Salvator Rosa. Died, IHOl. BROWN, Lai;nci;lot, an eminent land- scape gardener, whose great merit consisted in imitating nature, and abandoning the stiflf and clipped formalitj^ so universally prevalent at that time m the pleasure grounds of our nobility. From his constant use of the plirase, " this spot has great ca- pabilities," he was called Capability Brown. Born, 171.5 ; died, 1782. BROWN, RonEKT, an English clergyman, founder of the sect of Brownists, subsequently better known by the title of Independents. His chief work was a controversial one, " A Treatise on Reformation, without tarrying for any Man." Notwithstanding his violent hostility to the Church, he at length became reconciled to it either through conviction or policy, and obtained a benefice ; but his character remained as violent as ever ; and, when 80 years old, he was imprisoned in Northampton gaol for an assault, and died there in 1G30. BROWN, TiioifAS, a humorous writer, more distinguished for wit than for morality. His works, indeed, notwithstanding their great literary merit, have fallen into com- parative oblivion on account of their coarse- ness. Died, 1704. BROWN, Dr. Thomas, an able meta- physician and moral essayist ; professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh. He wrote " Observations on Darwin's Zoonomia," some poems, and several moral and metaphysical essays ; but his fame chiefly rests upon his treatise " On the Philosophy of the Human Mind," a work which is deservedly held in very high estimation. Born, 1777; died, 1820. BROWNE, George, Count de, an Irish officer in the Russian service, who so nobly distinguished himself on many great occa- sions, that he was rewarded with the go- vernment of I^ivonia ; from which, when he had held it 30 years, he wished to retire, but Catharine II. would not accept his re- signation, replying, " Death alone shall part us." Born, 1G98 ; died, 1792. BROWNE, Isaac Hawkixs, an English lawyer and poet. His best English works are a poem addressed to Highmore, the painter, " On Design and Beauty ; " and a shorter one, called "The Pipe of Tobacco," in which he very skilfully imitated the tone of thought and expression of Cibber,Plulips, Thomson, Young, Swift, and Pope. The work, however, on which his reputation chiefly depends, is a Latin poem, on the Im- mortalitv of the Soul. Bom, 1706 ; died, 1776. BROWNE, Pateick, M.D., an eminent naturalist ; author of " The Civil and Na- tural History of Jamaica," catalogues of the birds and fish of Ireland, and of the plants of the Sugar Islands. Bom in Ireland, 1720; died, 17SK). BROWNE, SiMOX, a dissenting minister of considerable ability, but chiefly remark- able for an unhappy hallucination. He im- agined that "God had annihilated in him the thinking substance, and utterly divested him of consciousness." This delusion per- petually haunted him, and yet he furnished the completest refutation to it by composing several argumentative tracts, and by some very laborious compilations. Died, 1732. BROWNE, Sir Thomas, an eminent phy- sician and learned author. His "Religio Medici " attracted much notice ; and nis treatises " On Urn Burial " and " On ^'ulgar Errors" abound with curious ertidition, in whicli, however, they are excelled by his tract, entitled " The Garden of Cyrus." Of his style Dr. Johnson was the defender ; and also, perhaps unconsciously, in some degree the imitator. Bom 1605 ; died, 1682. BROWNE, Edward, son of Sir Tliomas, physician to Charles II., translator of some of the Lives of Plutarch, and author of an amusing book of travels. Bora, 1012 ; died, i7as. BRO^VNE, Ultsses Ma.vimilian, the son of an expatriated Irish officer, entered the Austrian service, and by his great skill and bravery, when employed against the Turks, rose to the rank of fleld-marshal. He after- wards greatly distinguished himself at Pla- centia and other places in Italy ; and .at length died of the wounds he received at the battle of Prague. Born, 1705 ; died, 1757. BROWNE. Sir William, an able and eccentric physician of the 18th century. He was the author of numerous optical and other essays ; and, at his death, bequeathed a sum of money for the provision of three medals, of the value of five guineas each, for Greek and Latin odes and epigrams by undergraduates of Cambridge. Born, 1692 ; died, 1774. BROWNE, "William, an English poet of the 17th century ; author of " Britannia's Pastorals," " The Shepherd's Pipe," &c. BROWNE, William George, an enter- prising English traveller ; author of " Tra- vels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria." He •was murdered while on his way to explore the regions south of the Caspian, by a Per- sian banditti, in 1814. BROWNRIGG, William, an ingenious physician and natural philosopher ; author of "The Art of making common Salt," treatises on platina and carbonic acid, &c. Died, 1800. BRUCE, Robert, a descendant of David, earl of Huntingdon, and comi)etitor with Jolm Baliol for the crown of Scotland, at the death of Alexander III. BRUCE, Robert, grandson of the above, and the most heroic of the Scottish kings. After many desperate struggles he totally defeated Edward II. at the battle of Ban- nockburn, and thus firmly established him- self on tlie throne ; but his life was so com- pletely devoted to his country, that it belongs rather to history than to biography to be his chronicler. He was born in 1274 ; died, 1329. BRUCE, James, one of the most celc- 121 BRU] ^ 0cbi mnibtv^al 2Stfl5TapT)i». [bru brated of modem travellers. For a short time he held the post of British consul at Algiers, but resigned it in order to gratify his passion for travelling. After traversing the greater portion of Asia Minor, he set out on a journey to ascertain the source of the Nile. An account of this journey he subsequently published ; and some of his statements, particularly those which re- ferred to the manners and customs of Abys- sinia, were received with mingled incre- dulity and ridicule. Though greatly an- noyed by the disgraceful illiberality with wTiich he had been treated, he bore the taunts and sneers of liis shallow critics with a taciturn pride, not deigning to satisfy dis- belief, or to disarm ridicule, but trusting the day would ere long arrive when the truth of what he had written would be confirmed by others ; and it is now clearly proved, from the statements of many subsequent travellers, that he was every way undeserving of the censure bestowed on him. He was born at Kinnaird House, Stirlingshire, in 1730 ; and died, in consequence of an injury sustained by falling down stairs, at his paternal estate, in 1794. BRUCE, John, an able writer on com- merce, moral philosophy, and political eco- nomy ; author of " First Principles of Phi- losophy," "Annals of the East India Com- pany,'"^ &c. Died, 182G, aged 82. BRUCE, Michael, a Scotch poet. His parents being of the poorest class, his early life was one of considerable privation. This and his ardent attachment to poetry, pro- bably aggravated a constitutional predispo- sition to consumption, and he died in the 2l8t year of his age, in 1767. His poems are few in number, but singularly plaintive and elegant. BRUCE, Petek Henry, a German mi- litary officer of Scotch descent. He was at the battle of Pruth, and was several times employed by the Russian court in diplomatic missions. His memoirs, published after his death, give some curious details of his travels. He died in Scotland in 1757. BRUCKER, John James, a German Lu- theran clergyman ; author of " Historia Cri- ticaPhilosophia3,"&c. Born, 1696; died, 1770. BRUCKNER, John, a Lutheran divine, pastor of the Walloon congregation at Nor- wich ; author of " Theorie du Syst&me Animale," "Criticism on the Diversions of Purley," &c. Born, 1726 ; died, 1804. BRUEY8, David Augustin, a French dramatic writer ; in early life a Protestant, but afterwards a bigoted adherent to the Ca- tholic faith. Born, 1640 ; died, 1723. BRUEYS, Francis Paul, agallant French admiral, commanding the fleet which con- veyed the army of Buonaparte to Egypt, and killed at the battle of the Nile. BRUGM ANS, Skb ald Justinus, a learned Dutchman, physiciau-in-chief of the army, and the author of some valuable medical works. After the union of Holland with France, Najioleon made him inspector-ge- neral of the hospitals ; and it has been re- marked that so skilful were his arrange- ments, that the number of deaths by wounds and diseases was never increased by hospital fevers. After the battle of Waterloo, he promptly procured medical aid for upwards of 20.000 men. Born, 1763 ; died, 1819. BRUGNATELLI, Louis, an Italian phy- sician and chemist ; author of " Bibliotheca Tisicad'Europe," &c. Born, 1726 ; died, 1818. BRUGUIERES, John William, a French naturalist and physician ; author of many essays on subjects of natural history, the best of which is the " Natural History of Worms" in the Encyclopedic Methodique. Died, 1799. BRUIIL, Henry, Count of, minister of Augustus in. king of Poland ; one of the most artful and expensive courtiers that ever governed a weak and credulous prince. He kept 200 domestics, paying them better than the king himself, and furnishing a more sumptuous table ; but, as was natural, he plunged the country into debt and dis- grace. Born, 1700; died, 1763. — Various members of this family have attained dis- tinction. Freperic, a sou of the preceding, besides being remarkable for his skill in the line arts, wrote several good plays. Died, 1793. Hans Moritz, his nephew, gained some reputation as an astronomer and politi- cal economist, and died while Saxon am- bassador in London, Ij^. BRUMOY, Peter, a learned French Jesuit ; author of the " Theatre des Grecs," " History of the Gallican Church," &c. Born, 1688 ; died, 1742. BRUNCK, Richard Francis Philip, a profound classical scholar and critic, was born at Strasburg, but educated by the Jesuits at Paris. For some time he was employed in state affairs, but at length de- voted himself wholly to study ; and pro- duced the " Greek Anthology," besides highly valuable editions of Aristophanes, Sophocles, Virgil, &c. When the revolution broke out, he took part in it, and was im- prisoned at Besanpon by the tyrant Robes- pierre, whose death, however, released him. Bom 1729 ; died, 1803. BRUNE, W.M.A., a French marshal, born in 1763. Law and literature occupied his attention till the French revolution, when he embraced the military profession, and served as adjutant under Dumourier, in the campaign of 1791. He afterwards served under Buonaparte, in Italy, gaining rapid promotion ; and in 1799 he was commander- in-chief of the French and Dutch forces in North Holland, who so successfully opposed the English under the Duke of York. In 1803, he was sent as ambassador to Con- stantinople, and, during his absence, was made a marshal. On his return he was ap- pointed governor 'of the Hanseatic cities, in which station he gave some offence to Na- poleon, and their cordiality ceased. He submitted to the Bourbons in 1814 ; but, on his old master's return from Elba, he joined him and took the command of a division of the army in the south of France ; and, on the emperor's second abdication, he was put to death by a royalist party at Avignon, August 2. 1815. BRUNEAU, Mathurin, an adventurer, who in 1818 assumed the title of Charles of France, was the son of a clog maker. After j numerous efforts to pass for some person of [ importance, he was incarcerated ; and from BRU] ^ ^cto mnibtr^al 33iOjirapl)i). [bru his confinement addressed a letter, signed Dauphin Bourbon, to the governor of the Isle of Guernsey, requesting liim to inform his Britannic Majesty of the captivity of lioiiis XVII. Tliis letter being intercepted by tlie local authorities, Bruneau was trans- ferred to the prison at Rouen : here lie en- gaged a person named Branzon as his se- cretary, who found means so far to impose on the Ducliesi d'AngoulOme, as to obtain her interest ; and at length a party in his favour procured him abundant supplies. This encouraged the enterprise, until the principal, his secretary, and many friends were brought before the bar of justice, where Bruneau Mas declared an impostor and a vagabond, and condemned to seven years' imprisonment. Finding, however, that the fraud was still maintained by a powerful party, he was removed to tlie prison at Caen in 1821, und was afterwards sent to end his days in the castle of Mont Saint Micliael. BRUNEL, Sir Isambert, the well-known executor of that great work of engineering skill, the Thames Tunnel, was born at HacqueviUe in Normandy, 1769. lie was intended for tlie Clmrch ; but he soon evinced BO strong a predilection for the physical sciences, and so great a genius for mathe- matics, that he entered the royal navy, made several voyages to the West Indies, and returned home in 1792. During tlie French revolution he emigrated to the United States, where necessity, fortunately, compelled liim to follow the natural bent of his mind, and to adopt the profession of a civil engineer. Here he was engaged in many great works ; but, determined upon visiting England, he offered his services to the British government ; and, after much oppo- sition to his plans for making ship-blocks by machinery, he was employed to execute them in Plymouth Dockyard. With a true discrimination, he selected Mr. Henry Maudsley to assist in the execution of the work ; and thus was laid the foundation of one of the most extensive engineering es- tablishments in the kingdom, and in which, perhaps, a degree of science and skill has been combined and applied to mechanical invention and improvement scarcely ex- ceeded by any other in the world. Tlie block machinery was finished in 1806 ; and has continued ever since in full operation, supplying our fleet with blocks of very 8Ui>erior description to those previously in use, and at a large annual saving to the public. The visit of the emperor Alexander to this country, after the peace, led him to submit to the emperor a plan for making a tunnel under the Neva ; where the accumu- lation of ice, and the suddenness with which it breaks up on the termination of winter, rendered the erection of a bridge a work of great difficulty. This was the origin of his plan for a tunnel under the Thames, which had been twice before attempted without suc- cess. The history of that great work is too familiar to require that we should repeat it here, but it only crowned a long life almost wholly devoted to the invention and con- struction of works of great public utility. Mr. Brunei received the honour of knight- 123 hood from Lord Melbourne's administration. He M'as a vice-president of the Royal So- ciety, a corresponding member of the In- stitute of France, a vice-president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and a che- valier of the Legion of Honour. Died, 1849. BRUNELLESCUI, Piiilii-, a Florentine architect, patronised by Cosmo de Medici. Among the chief of his architectural works are the Pitti Palace, the monastery of Fie- sole, and the cupola of the cathedral church of Santa Maria del Friare at Florence. He was also a sculptor and a poet, as well as an architect ; and some of his burlesque verses are published with those of Burchi- ello. Born, 1377 ; died, lUO. BRUNNKR, John Conhad, baron de Bruun, a Swiss physician and anatomist ; author of various tracts on physiology and anatomy. Born, 1C53 ; died, 1727. BRUNO, a saint of the Romish calendar, and founder of the Carthusian order of monks, the first house of which he esta- blished in the desert of Chartreuse. Born, 1030 ; died, 1101. BRUNO, surnamed the Great, arch- bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine ; an able politician, who took a conspicuous part in all the great transactions of his time. He was the brother of the emperor Otho I., and died in 905. BRUNO, Giordano, a Neapolitan, and originally a monk of the Dominican order. The boldness with which he censured the irregularities of liis monastery, obliged him to leave it ; and, flying to Geneva, he em- braced the Protestant religion. Beza and Calvin, however, obliged him to quit that city, and he proceeded to Paris, where lie excited much attention by his strictures on the Aristotelian philosophy. After visiting England he settled at Padua, where his freedom of 8{K;cch attracted the attention of the Inquisition of Venice. He was ap- prehended, and, refusing to recant, he was burnt in 1000. BRUNSWICK, Ferdinand, Duke of, one of the principal generals in the seven years war in Germany. Born, 1721 ; died, 1702. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTEL, Maximilian Julius Leoi-old, brother of the preceding, a prince whose name is revered for liis disinterested benevolence and hu- manity, of which the last action of his life is a striking example : — During a terrible inundation of the Oder, which spread de- strustion in the neighbourhood of Frankfort, where the prince commanded a regiment in the garrison, his zeal to save the lives of a family surrounded by the waters, induced lum to put oft' in a boat to tlieir assistance, when he was swept away by the torrent, and perished in the humane attempt. Born, 1751 ; died, 1785. BRUNSWICK LUNENBURGH, Charles William Feri>inand, Duke of, nephew of the preceding. He studied the art of war under his uncle, and highly dis- tinguished liimself in the service of Frederick of Prussia. At the commencement of the French revolution, he took the command of the Prussian and Austrian forces intended for the liberation of Louis XVI. ; but the violent manifesto he published served only »2 BRU] ^ ^c&j WinibtrSsX 3Si0srajT)e» [bru to stimulate the republican army under Dumourier, and he was compelled to retreat. The ill success of this expedition caused him to resign the command, and occupy himself with the domestic affairs of his new^ province. In 1806 he was again appointed leader of the Prussian armj', and was mor- tally wounded at the battle of Auerstadt in that year. BRUNSWICK OELS, Frederic Au- gustus, Duke of, younger brother of the above, and a general officer in the Prussian service. lie was more distinguished as an author than as a general, his treatise on Great Men, "Remarks on the Character and Actions of Alexander the Great," and nume- rous other works, having been much admired, though only privately circulated. Born, 1741 ; died, 1805. BRUNSWICK, Frederick William, Duke of, youngest son of Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick, and brother of the persecuted queen Caroline of England, was born in 1771. He soon entered the Prussian army, and, stimulated by his father's un- happy fate and the wrongs of his country, took an active part in the war against revo- lutionary France. In 1809 he raised a body of volunteers in Bohemia ; but finding no chance of making an effectual stand against the power of France, he embarked his troops for England, where they were taken into the British service, and employed in the Peninsula. Foreseeing that great changes were likely to take place on tlie Continent, he hastened to his paternal dominions in 1813, raised a large body of troops, and was among the foremost to meet the French army in 1815, when, two days before the decisive battle of Waterloo, he fell, gallantly fighting at the head of his "brave Bruns- wickers." BRUNTON, Maey, the daughter of Colo- nel Balfour, was born in one of the Orkney isles ; married a minister of the Scotch church ; and is known as the authoress of the excellent novels, " Discipline," " Self Control," and other valuable works. Bom, 1778 ; died, 1818. BRUSONIUS, L. DoMiTius, author of a work entitled " Facetiarum Exemplorumque Libri VII. ; " but better known by the title of" Speculum Mundi." BRUTO, JoHx Michael, an eminent tra- veller and writer of the IGth century ; au- thor of a " History of Hungary," " Critical Annotations on the Works of Cicero, Ho- race," &c., and of the "Eight first Books of the History of Florence." Died, 1594. BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, one of the most celebrated characters of antiquity, was the son of Marcus Junius, a wealthy patri- cian of Rome. The father and brother of Lucius Junius were assassinated by order of their relative, Tarquin the Proud ; and Lucius Junius owed the preservation of his life to an assumed idiotism. So completely did this impose upon the tyrant, that he not only spared his young relative's life, but brought him up m his own family, where he was treated as a mere idiot, and sur- named Brutus. He bore all contumely with patience until the outrage of Sextus Tar- quin [see LucEETiA] afforded him an oppor- tunity to arouse the people against both the king and his sons. Throwing off his pre- tended want of intellect, and displaying an energy the more startling by contrast with his former manner, he joined with Lucre- tia's husband, CoUatinus ; caused the gates to be shut, assembled the senate, dilated upon the tyrannies of Tarquin, and caused a decree to be made for banisliing the king and establishing a republic. This great change accordingly took place, and Brutus and Collatinus were appointed chief magis- trates of the commonwealth with the title of consuls. Terrible as the tyranny of Tar- quin had been, his expulsion and the entire change in the form of government gave great offence to many of the Roman patri- cians ; and among tliose who were opposed to the new constitution were the two sons of Brutus and three nephews of Collatinus, all of whom conspired, with other malcon- tents, to murder the two consuls and restore Tarquin and the monarchy. The intentions of the consjiirators were disclosed by a slave to Poplicola Valerius, a senator ; and the conspirators were brouglit before the consular tribunal for judgment. Mischievous as were the intentions of the criminals, the people would fain have punished tliem only by banishment ; and Collatinus, in his af- fection for his nephews, was equally dis- posed to be lenient. Brutus, on the con- trary, determined to show that no rank or relationship should avail the enemies of Roman liberty ; and disregarding the en- treaties of the multitude and his own feel- ings as a parent, he sternly sentenced his sons to death. Collatinus, even after this signal proof of the inflexibility of Brutus, endeavoured to save his nephews. But the young men were executed, and Collatinus retired from the consulship. Poplicola Va- lerius was elected as his successor, and, ir^ conjunction with Brutus, proceeded against the Veientcs, who with Tarquin and his partisans were marching against Rome. The Roman cavalry was commanded by Brutus, while the enemy's cavalry was led on by Aruns, one of the sons of Tarquin. These leaders were speedily engaged hand to hand ; and so great was their mutual hate, that each in his desire to wound his opponent neglected to protect himself ; and they both fell dead upon the field. The conflict end- ing in the victory of the Romans, the body of Brutus was interred with great solemnity, and a statue was erected to his memory. His death took place u.c. 509. BRUTUS, Marcus Junius, an illustrious Roman, and a descendant of the preceding. His mother was the sister of Cato ; and as she had disgraced herself by an intrigue with Julius Caesar, Marcus was by many thought to be his son. He at first sided with Pompey, but being treated with great lenity and consideration after the battle of Phar- salia, he attached himself to Caesar, by whom he was greatly caressed and en- trusted. But the stern republican spirit of his reputed ancestor, which he inherited, rendered it impossible for all Ca;sar's kind- ness to him to reconcile him to Caesar's am- bition ; and he at length conspired with Cassius and others, and slew liim, b.c. 39. BRU] ^ IJeto Bnibtv^Kl 23t0OTaji!)i?. [buc Antony succeeded in exciting the popular indignation against the murderers of Caesar, who fled from Kome, and raised an army, of which Brutus and Cassius took the com- mand ; but being totally defeated at the bat- tle of Pliilippi, where they encountered the army of Antony, Brutus escaped with only a few friends, passed the night in a cave, and, as he saw his cause irretrievably ruined, requested Strato, one of his confi- dants, to kill him. For a long time his friend refused ; but on hearing Brutus call one of his slaves to perform the fatal office, he exclaimed, "Forbid it, Gods, that it should ever be said that Brutus died by the hand of a slave for want of a friend 1 and presenting tlie sword as he turned awoy his face, the noble Roman fell on it and expired, B.C. 42, in the 43d year of Ids age. BRUYERE, Jons de la, an eminent French writer ; author of " Dialogues on Quietism," published after his decease ; and of" Theophrastus, translated from the Greek, with the Manners of the present Age." Of this admirable and admired work Voltaire says, " Its rapid and nervous style struck the public at once ; and the allusions to living persons, which abound through its pages, completed its success." Born, 1644 ; died, 1696. BRYAN, Michael, a connoisseur of paint- ings, whose judgment was highly esteemed, though he lost large sums by his own pur- chases. He was the author of a valuable " Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers." Born, 1757; died, 1821. BRYAN, or BRIANT, Sir Francis, a distinguished soldier and statesman. He served with great credit against the French in the Earl of Surrey's expedition, and sub- sequently became chief justiciary of Ire- land, lie is chiefly memorable, however, as a poet ; his works being printed with those of his friends Wyatt and Lord Surrey. Died, 15.50. BRYANT, Jacob, a distinguished an- tiquarian and philologist ; author of an able, though singular, " Analysis of Ancient Mythology," published in three vols. 4to ; a treatise on the Truth of Christianity, a work iu denial of tlie existence of Troy, and various other publications of great erudition and ingenuity. Born, 1715 ; died, 1804. BRYDGES, Sir Samuel Egertox, bart., a gentleman of versatile talents and eccentric character, was born in 1762, at Wootton Court, in Kent, and was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and at Queen's College, Cambridge. In 1790, after the death of the last Duke of Chandos, he in- duced his elder brother, the Rev. E. T. Brydges, to prefer a claim to the barony of Chandos, the consideration of which was long procrastinated ; but at length, in 1803, the House of liords decided against its va- lidity. On the death of his brother, in 1807, Sir Egerton pertinaciously adliered to his favourite, though illusory notion, of obtaining a coronet ; maintaining that, though defeated by parliamentary law, he could, when he pleased, asseri his rights by commou law, while he regularly added 125 to the signature of his name — "per legem terroe,B. C. of S." — meaning Baron Chan- dos of Sudely. Ue made several unsuc- cessful attempts to obtain a seat in par- liament, but was ultimately (1812) returned for Maidstone, which borough he continued to represent about six years. In 1814 he was created a baronet ; and in 1818, upon the loss of his seat in the House of Commons, he visited many parts of the Continent. In 1826 he returned to England, for two years, and took uj) hia abode at Lee Priory, the seat of Col. Brydges Barrett, his eldest son ; at the expiration of which time, his affairs becoming inextricably embarrassed, he finally quitted his native land, and removed to Geneva, where he remained in great se- clusion until his death. His literary labours were exceedingly • multifarious ; poetry, romance, politics, genealogical antiquities, and topography, were the principal ; and in many he acquitted himself with consider- able skill. His abilities as a genealogist, topographer, and bibliographer, are attested by his " Ceusura Literaria Ilestituta," 10 vols. ; " Theatrum Poetarum ; " " Stemmata lUustria;" "British Bibliography-," "Lex Terra;," &c. Besides these, he published the novels of "Mary dc Clifford," " Arthur Fitz-Albini," and "The Hall of Ilelling- sey;" "Imaginary Biography," 3 vols.; " Recollections of Foreign Travels," 2 vols. ; " The Autobiography, Times, Opinions, and Contemporaries of Sir Egerton Brydges," 2 vols. ; and numerous others ; independ- ent of contributions to mony periodicals on almost every subject. Died, September, 18.37. BRYDONE, Patrick, a Scotch gentle- man ; author of " Travels into Sicily aud Malta," &c. Bom, 1741 ; died, 1819. BRYENNIUS, Manuel, an early musical composer ; he published, in the 14th cen- tury, a treatise on harmonics, of which a Latin translation, together with the compo- sitions of the author, was published by Dr. Wallis in 1699. BUACHE, Philip, an able French hy- drographer ; author of some valuable hydro- graphical and geograpliical works. Born, 1700 ; died, 1775. BUAT NANCAY, Louis Gabriel du, an eminent French diplomatist and writer ; au- thor of a " History of the Ancient Nations of Europe." "Maxims of Monarchical Go- vernment," &c. Born, 1732 ; died, 1787. BUC, Sir George, historian and anti- quary, was gentleman of the privy chamber to James I. ; and author of " The Life of Richard III.," " The Art of Revels," &c. BUCHER, Martin, a friend of Luther, and so eminent a preacher of the reformed faith, that Cranmer, when archbishop of Canterbury, invited him to England, and he became professor of theology at Cara- biidge. Born, 1491 ; died, 1551. BUCHAN, Right Hon. Stuart Erskixe, Earl of, a noblemau iiidefatigably devoted to literary and scientific pursuits, and who may justly be styled the fotmder of the Antiquarian Society in Scotland. In 1791 he instituted an annual commemoration at Eduam, the birthplace of Tliomson, in honour of tlie poet ; and on that occasion BTJC] ^ ^^to Hitibn-j^ar 23t03Taji]5u. [bul Bums composed his " Address to the Shade of the Bard of Ednam." Died, 1829. BUCHAN, William, M.D., a native of Scotland, and avithor of the well known " Domestic Medicine," &c. Eoru, 1729; died, 1805. BUCHANAN, George, an eminent Scotch historian and poet. Tlie few works which he wrote in his Tcrnacular tongue are greatly admired ; but his fame chiefly rests on his Latin works, which are singularly beautiful in their style. Born, liOC ; died, 1582. BUCHANAN, Claudius, D. D., a Scotch divine, chaplain at Bengal, and professor and vice-provost of the college at Fort William. Of his numerous works the most interesting are " Christian Researches in Asia " and a " Memoir on the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment in India." Born, 1766 ; died, 1815. BUCHOZ, P. JosKi-n, a naturalist and botanist of Metz, who must have been one of the most industrious compilers that ever lived, his works forming more than 300 volumes. Born, 1737 ; died, 1807. BUCKINGHAM, Gkokge VILLIERS, Duke of, the unworthy favourite of James I. and Charles I., was raised to tlie highest offices in the state, became the dispenser of all favours and honours, and conducted him- I self with so much pride and insolence as to excite popular hatred and disgust. Being entrusted with the command of an army, he lost the flower of it in an ill-conducted at- tack on the Isle of Rh^, and returned to refit his shattered armament. When he was again about to sail, he was assassinated at Portsmouth, by a lieutenant of the name of Felton, August 23. 1628. BUCKINGHAM, George VILLIERS, Duke of, son of the preceding, was born in 1627 ; studied at Cambridge ; served the king in the civil wars ; had his estates seized by the parliament, which, however, were af- terwards restored to him ; and he eventu- ally became a minister to Charles II., and was one of his most profligate courtiers. His political conduct was, like his general behaviour, characterised by unprincipled levity and imprudence ; and though his lite- rary and conversational powers were far above mediocrity, yet he was an object of contempt, and died, unregretted, at Kirby Mooreside, Yorkshire, in 1688. BUCKINGHAM and CHANDOS, Anke Eliza, Duchess of, daughter and heiress of the last Duke of Chandos ; born in 1779 ; married to the Marquis of Buckingham, then Earl Temple, in 179C. Throughout life this amiable and accomplished woman displayed those traits of character which shed the brightest lustre on exalted rank, and hallow tlie memory of their possessors. She was boundless in her charities ; pious, affectionate, and sincere ; withdrawing from the " pomps and vanities " of the world, to indulge in the charms of retirement, where slie could eneoiirage the deserving, reform tlie erring, and minister to the ne- cessities of the distressed. Died at Stowe, 1836. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, Joiix SHEF- FIELD, Duke of, son of the Eari of Mul- grave, was born in 1649 ; served under Marshal Turcnne, and took a part iu the revolution of 16()8. He also distinguished himself as a poet. Buckingham House, iu St. James's Park, since converted into a royal palace, was originally built for him. Died, 1720. BUCKINK, Arnold, an artist of the 15th century, and the first who engraved maps on copper. He illustrated an edition of Ptolemy, which was printed by Sweyn- heim, of Rome, one of the earliest printers iu that country. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, an American divine, of great reputation as an orator and man of letters ; author of nume- rous sermons and orations ; and editor of an American edition of " Griesbach's Greek Testament." Born, 1784 ; died, 1812. BUDDiEUS, JouN Francis, a Lutheran divine ; professor of theology at Jena, and author of a " German Historical Dictionary," &c. Died, 1729. BUDGELL, Eustace, a distinguished writer, lionoured with the friendship of Ad- dison, and other great men of his time, was born at Exeter, in 1685. He wrote memoirs of the "Boyles," " The History of Cleome- nes," and numerous papers in the Guar- dian and other periodicals. He committed suicide in 1737. BUFFON, George Louis le Ci.erc, Count de, an eminent French writer ; au- thor of the well known " Histoire Naturelle, Generale et Particuliere," a work replete with majestic descriptions of nature and profound thoughts, and one which, however the vagueness of some of its hypotheses may be criticised, will ever command the admi- ration of mankind. Born at Montbard, Burgundy, 1707 ; died, 1788. BUGEAUD, Marshal, duke of Isly, a distinguished French soldier, was born at Limoges in 1784. By the maternal side he was descended from an old Irish family. At an early age he showed a decided predi- lection for the army; but his family thwarted his views, and he only succeeded by running away from home, and becoming a private soldier. He was promoted to the rank of corporal on the field of Austeilitz ; and rose through all the grades of his profession, till he reached the rank of general in 1832. His attachment to the cause of Louis Philippe led, in 1833, to his appointment of command- ant of Blaze, a fortress in which the Duchess de Berri was imprisoned ; and his conduct in that capacity having been called in question by Dulong, a member of the opposition, a duel ensued, in which the latter fell. His subsequent exploits in Africa gained for him the baton of a field-marshal, and the title of duke from the scene of his victory over the Moors in 1844. Died of cholera at Paris, 1849. BULL, JouN, doctor of music, was cham- ber musician to James I. His compositions were very numerous, the national anthem " God save the King " being among them. The time of his death is uncertain, but he was alive in 1622. BULL, George, bishop of St. David's, a learned prelate, and a very industrious and able theological writer ; author of " Har- i bul] ^ j2eU) Btiibtx^al 28t0firiqil)g. [bun monia Apostolica," "Defensio Fidei Nicc- nae," &c. Born, 1634 ; died, 1709. BULLER, the Kight Honourable CiiAiJLEs, a politician of rare promise, was the only sou of Charles BuUer, esq., of tlie East India Civil Service, and bom at Cal- cutta in 1806. He received his education partly at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cam- bridge, and froiTi an early age gave promise of more than ordinary abilities. In his 24th year he entered parliament on the eve of tlie Reform Bill for the borough of West Looe, which belonged to his family. But family interest was to him as nothing com- pared with that of the public. He voted for the bill ; and the borough of West Looe was consigned to schedule A ; but he was sub- sequently returned for Liskeard, a seat which he retained till his death. In all questions that came before parliament he took an active part ; and on many occasions his opinions were far in advance of tlie Whig party, witli whom he subsequently took office. In 1838 he accompanied Lord Durham to Canada as his private secretary ; and in this capacity drew up the masterly report upon the afl'airs of that colony, v/hich is con- sidered as one of the most effective state papers of the age. In 1841 he was appointed secretary to the Board of Control, an office, however, which he relinquished in 1842 on the formation of tlie Peel ministry. From that time forward his attention was specially directed to the state of the British colonies and to emigration ; and in the meantime he had gained the ear of the House of Commons, which had perceived in the young statesman a desire to achieve something beyond the mere triumph of a party : the playfulness of his manner had become not the mask but the ornament of his political talents, and the attachment universally felt for the man had ripened into confidence in the judgment and courage of the statesman. In 1846, on the formation of the Whig Cabinet, he was appointed judge advocate; in November of the same year he was nominated a queen's counsel, sworn of the privy council in July 1849, and in November exchanged the easy office of judge advocate for the onerous duties of chief commissioner of the poor laws, an office which he held till his death. Besides discharging faithfully his official duties, he found leisure for literary pursuits, and many able articles in the Globe and the Edinburgh Review emanated from his versatile pen. As a companion and friend in private life no man's society was more enjoyed by persons of all shades of politics. His wit always told, but never offended. With nothing of the cant of patriotism, and little of the creed of party, he lived in singleness of devotion to the public good ; and though, from his untimely end, he has left no conspicuous monument of his public labours, few men have descended to the grave more universally beloved and respected for public virtue and private ex- cellence. Died, November 28. 1848. BULLET, Peter, an eminent French architect of the 17lh century. He con- structed the church of St. Thomas Aquinas, and many other splendid edifices in Paris, and wrote some good architectural works. BULLIALDUS, Ism-vel, a French astro- nomer and mathematician ; author of " Phi- lolaus — a Dissertation on the True System of the World," " Tabulas Philolaicas," &c. Born, 160,5 ; died, 1C94. BULLIARD, Pierre, a French botanist ; author of " Dictionnaire El<?mentaire Bota- nique," " Herbier de la France," &c. He designed and engraved his own plates. Bom, 1742 ; died, 1793. BULLINGER, Henrv, a Swiss pastor of the Reformed Church, and the intimate friend of Zuinglius, whom he succeeded as pastor of Zurich. His writings were very numerous, but being almost entirely con- troversial, they are now little regarded. Bom, 1504 ; died, 1575. BULOW, FuEUERic William, count von Dennewitz, a gallant Prussian general, whose services were most essential to his country on many perilous occasions. He was actively engaged against the French at the earliest periods of the late war ; and, in 1808, was made a general of brigade. His memorable victories, in 1813, at Mock- em, Luckau, Grosbecren, and Dennewitz, were rewarded by promotion and a title. He afterwards distinguished himself in Westphalia, Holland, Belgium, &c. ; and, as commander of the fourth division of the allied army, he contributed essentially to the victorious close of the battle of Waterloo. Born, 1755 ; died, 1816. BULOW, Baron Henry von, distin- guished in the annals of diplomacy, was born in 1790, at Mecklcnburgh Schwerin, wliere his father filled a high office. While student at Heidell>erg, in 1813, he was sum- moned home to take part in the defence of his country against the French, and after ob- taining great distinction in various engage- ments under Count Wallmoden, he once more returned to Heidelberg to finisli his studies, whence he passed into the diplomatic service of Prussia througli the influence of Prince Hardeuberg and Baron Humboldt, whose daughter he subsequently married. In 1826 he was appointed ambassador of Prussia at the court of St. James's ; and to his talents were due several of the most important treaties which allayed the warlike spirit of the times. Here he remained till 1841, when he was nominated minister of foreign affairs at Berlin ; but the crisis of affairs in Prussia proved too much for his exhausted energies, and the overstraining of his intellect, in his attempt to guide the vessel of the state, produced a mental aliena- tion, under which he succumbed in 1846. BUNYAN, Joiiy, the celebrated author of " The Pilgrim's Progress," &c., was the son of a travelling tinker, and for a time followed his father's occupation. Mean, however, as was his origin, and dissipated as his early habits confessedly were, it appears that he abandoned the latter, and attached himself to the Anabaptists, among whom he soon became distinguished as a preaclier. Being imprisoned for contravening the laws against Dissenters, he employed the twelve years of his confinement in writing the most popular allegory in our language, " The Pilgrim's Progress." He was at length re- leased through tlie interposition of the Bishop of Lincoln, and resumed his ministry at BUO] ^ ^tbj ^Rm'ticriSal 28t0grajpl;j). [buo Bedford, in the gaol of which town he liad been imprisoned. Bom, lG2d ; died, 1688. BUONAFEDE, Appian, an Italian abbot, author of " Tlie Poetical Chronology of Great Men," "The History and Spirit of Philosophy," &c. Died, 1792. BUONAPARTE, Napoleox, emperor of the French, Icing of Italy, &c., was born at Ajaccio, in the island of Corsica, August 15. 1769. His father, Charles Buonaparte, was an advocate of consideraJ)le reputation, and his mother, whose maiden name was Marie Letitia Ramoline, was well descended, re- marlcable for beauty, strong-minded, and accomplished. Napoleon was their second child ; Joseph, afterwards king of Spain, being his senior. He was educated at the military school of Brienne, and entered the army as a second lieutenant of artillery, in 1785. At the age of 20, the French revolu- tion opened a field to the exertions of Napo- leon ; and during his correspondence with the Corsican general, Paoli, who had vainly endeavoured to enlist him on his side, the germs of future ambition began to be deve- loped. In 1793, during the reign of terror, he was actively employed at the siege of Toulon, on wliich occasion the convention gave him the command of the artillery ; and by his courage and exertions the city was recovered from the English and royalists. Subsequently to this he displayed great talents in the army employed against Pied- mont ; and, in October, 1795, we find him at Paris, commanding the conventional troops which defeated those of the sections, and quelled the revolt. In March, 1790, he mar- ried Josephine, widow of Viscount de Beau- hamois, who suffered under Robespierre : he was now appointed to the command of the army of Italy, and on the 10th of May fol- lowing he gained the battle of Lodi. The subjugation of the various Italian states, and his repeated successes over the Austrians, ended in a peace, when he was within 30 miles of Vienna. Thus disengaged, a new theatre for the display of his genius pre- sented itself. With a large fleet, and 40,000 troops on board the transports, he set sail for the intended conquest of Egypt in May, 1798. On his way tliither lie took Malta ; and on the 22d of September we find him celebrating the battle of the Pyramids at Grand Cairo, but his progress was checked by the heroism of Sir Sidney Smith and his handful of British troops at St. John d'Acre; and the various reverses which the French army continued to meet with, coupled with the fact that his presence seemed necessary at home, induced Buonaparte to embark secretly for France, accompanied by a few officers wholly devoted to him, and to leave his brave but shattered army to the care of General Kleber. He landed at Frejus, in October, 1799 ; hastened to Paris ; overthrew the directorial government ; and was raised to the supreme power by the title of First Consul. He now led a powerful army over the Alps ; fought the celebrated battle of Marengo, in June, 1800 ; and once more be- came master of the whole of Italy. A peace with Austria followed these successes ; and, soon after, a brief and hollow peace with England. On the 20th of May, 1804, he was raised to the imperial dignity ; and in December was crowned, with his empress Josephine, by pope Pius VIII. Here, brief as our space is, we must notice an incident too striking to be overlooked : — As soon as the holy pontiff had blessed the crown, the emperor, without waiting for the remainder of the ceremony, eagerly seized it, and putting it first upon his own head, after- wards placed it on the head of Josephine. He now seriously meditated the invasion of England, assembling a numerous flotilla, and collecting 200,000 troops, which were encamped in the neighbourhood of Boulogne, ostensibly for that purpose ; but Austria and Russia appearing in arms against him, and the battle of Trafalgar having nearly anni- hilated the French navy, he abandoned the design, and marched his troops to the banks of the Danube. On the 11th of November, 1805, the French army entered Vienna ; the memorable battle of Austerlitz took place on the 2d of December, and the humiliating treaty of Presburg followed. This year, 1806, may be regarded as the era of king- making. New dynasties were created by him, and princes promoted or transferred according to his imperial will : the crown of Naples he bestowed on his brother Joseph, that of Holland on Louis, and Westphalia on Jerome ; while the Confederation of the Rhine was called into existence to give sta- bility to his extended dominion. Prussia again declared war ; but the disastrous battle of Jena annihilated her hopes, and both she and Russia were glad to make peace with the French emperor in 1807. Napoleon now turned his eye on Spain ; treacherously causing the abdication of Charles IV., and the forced resignation of Ferdinand, while he sent 80,000 men into that country, seized all the strong places, and obtained possession of the capital : but this was the great error of his life, and one of the main causes which led to his downfall. In 1809, while his armies were occupied in the Peninsula, Austria again ventured to try her strength with France. Napoleon thereupon left Paris, and at the head of his troops once more entered the Austrian capital, gained the decisive victory of Wagram, and soon concluded a peace ; one of the secret conditions of which was, that he should have his marriage with Josephine dissolved, and unite himself to the daughter of the emperor, Francis II. His former marriage was accordingly an- nulled ; Josephine, with the title of ex-em- press, retired to Navarre, a seat about 30 miles from Paris ; and he espoused the Arch- duchess Maria Louisa in April, 1810. The fruit of this union was a son,boni March 23. 1811, who was named Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph, and styled king of Rome. Dissatisfied with the conduct of Russia, he now put himself at the head of an invading army, prodigious in number, and admirably appointed, and marched with his numerous allies towards the enemy's frontiers, gained several battles, and at length reached Mos- cow, where he hoped to establish his winter quarters, but which he found in flames. A retreat was unavoidable ; and now was pre- sented to the eye of ambition the most ap- palling scene recorded in modern history — BUO] ^ |5£fio Winihcxial MiaQva^ffv, [buo a brave and devoted army encountering all the horrors of famine in a climate so in- supportably cold that their freezing bodies strewed the roads, wliile an exasperated phalanx of Cossacks hung upon the rear of the main army, hewing down without re- morse tlie enfeebled and wretched fugitives. Buonaparte fled to Paris, partially disclosed his losses, and called upon the senate for a new armj' of 3rA),(K>0 men ; which was unani- mously agreed to, and he marched to meet the combined Russian and Prussian forces. Victory still for a time hovered over his banners ; but Austria having joined the co- alition, the great battle of I^ipsic, in wlxich lie lost half of his army, was decisive as to the war in Germany. Napoleon, however, again returned to Paris, and demanded another levy of 300,000 men. The levy was granted, and the new campaign, 1814, was attended with various success ; till the over- whelming number of his enemies, who en- tered the French frontiers at different points, at lengtli compelled him to abdicate, and accept the sovereignty of the Isle of Elba, with the title of ex-emperor, and a pension of 2,000,000 livres. From tliis place he soon found means to escape, secretly embarking on the night of the 25th of February, 1815, in some hired feluccas, accompanied by about 1200 men ; he landed at Frejus on the 1st of March, speedily reached Paris, and expelled Louis XVIII. from tlie kingdom. But the confederated armies were now in motion ; and though he marched against them with a large army and an immense supply of stores and ammunition, the ever memorable battle of Waterloo put an end to his political career. He withdrew from the army, and proceeded to the coast, with the intention of embarking for America ; but fearful of being captured by the British cruisers, he resigned himself, on the 15th of July, into the hands of Captain Maitland, and went on board the Bcllero- phon. By the joint determination of the allies he was sent to the isle of St. Helena, where, accompanied by several of his old friends and domestics, he arrived on the 13th of October, 1815, as a state prisoner. During his exile he was subject to much an- noyance, real or imaginary, and died on the 6th of May, 1821, of cancer in the stomach : a disease which was evidently hereditary, his father Imving, at about the same age, died of a similar malady. In giving this sketch of Napoleon's life, we have somewhat exceeded our usual limits ; and it is neither our purpose nor our wish to make a single comment on his character as a man. His wondrous deeds will long afford matter for deep reflection ; and while some may be dazzled by his amazing military talents and stupendous achievements, others will turn from them with sickening disgust. BUONAPARTE, Nai-oleox Fraxcis Charles Joski-h, duke of Reichstadt, only son of the emperor Napoleon by his second wife, Maria Louisa of Austria. After his father's downfall, he was wholly under the care of his grandfather, the emperor of Austria. He was from infancy of a weakly constitution, and a rapid decline terminated his life in 1832, at the early age of 21. It would appear, from a work by M. de Montbel, 129 entitled "I.« Due de Reichstadt," that the young Napoleon possessed many amiable qualities, and was greatly beloved by those who knew him ; while he had all tlie enthu- siasm and passion of youth hi extreme force, •alternating with a distrust, a caution, and a rapidity in fathoming the characters of the persons with whom he was necessarily brought into contact, which are the usual qualities of age ; and that he took the deep- est interest in every thing connected with his father's former greatness, or relating to military affairs. BUONAPARTE, Joseph, an elder brother of Napoleon, was born in Corsica, in 1708. Educated for the law at the college of Autun in France, he became a member of tlie new administration of Corsica under Paoli ; but soon afterwards emigrated to Marseilles, where he married the daughter of a banker named Clari. In 179G he was appointed commissary of the army in Italy then com- manded by his brother Napoleon; and in 1797, having been elected deputy to the Council of Five Hundred b^ Ids native department, he repaired to Pans, whence he was shortly afterwards sent by the executive directory as ambassador to the pope. During the revolution wliich broke out at Rome under Dupliot, he displayed considerable energy ; and on Itis return to Paris he was made councillor of state, and was subsequently employed by Napoleon to negotiate the treaties of Luneville with tlie emperor of Germany, and of Amiens with England. When Napoleon attained the imperial crown, Joseph was recognised as an imperial prince, and in this capacity he headed the expedition against Naples in 180G, which resulted in liis being proclaimed king of Naples and Sicily. Here he reigned till 1808, effecting beneficial changes in the admi- nistration of tlie law and the institutions of the country. In 1808 he was appointed king of Spain, Murat having succeeded him as king of Naples. But in Spain lie en- countered much greater dilficulties than at Naples ; and during the five years of his reign he was tiirice obliged by the successes of the allied armies to quit his capital ; the last time, in 1813, after the battle of Vittoria, to return no more. He now retired to France. In January of the following year, when Napoleon set out for the army, he was appointed lieutenant-general of the empire and head of the council of regency to assist the empress-regent ; but in tliis capacity he displayed little firmness, and consented to the capitulation of Paris, which resulted in the abdication of Napoleon and his banishment to Elba. He then retired to Switzerland ; but he rejoined Napoleon on his return to Paris in March 1815, and after the defeat at Waterloo he embarked for the United States, where he purchased a large property, and continued for many years to reside there under the name of the Count de Survilliers. Died at Florence, 1844. BUONAPARTE, Luciex, prince of Ca- nino, the next brother after Napoleon in birth, and after him, too, the ablest of tlie family. He was born at Ajaccio in 1775 ; and having quitted Corsica, with his family, in 1793, he became a commissary of the army BUO] ^ 0cia UnibtxitiX 2St0tjrajpTjtJ, [buo in 1795, and soon after^vards was elected deputy from the department of Liamone to the Council of Five Hundred. It was here that he first distinguished himself by the energy of his manner, tlie fluency of his language, the soundness of liis arguments, and his apparent devotion to the existing govern- ment. During Napoleon's absence in Egypt, he maintained a constant corre- spondence -with him ; and, on his return, Lucien was the chief instrument of the re- volution which followed. When the sen- tence of outlawry was about to be pro- nounced against his brother, he opposed it with all the force of his eloquence ; and when he perceived that remonstrances were of no avail, he threw down the ensigns of his dignity as president, mounted a liorse, harangued the troops, and induced tliem to clear tlie hall of its members. By his sub- sequent energy, coolness, and decision, lie led the way to Napoleon's election as first consul, and was himself made minister of the Interior, in the room of Laplace. But, great as were the services which Liicien had performed for his brother, the latter became jealous of his abilities, and feared his popu- larity. A coolness between them soon took place ; and, with that cunning which marked so many of his actions, he took care to re- move Lucien from the immediate scene of action, by sending him ambassador to Madrid. In the spring of 1802 he returned to Paris, was outwardly reconciled with the first consul, and entered a second time upon the tribuneship. He had married, at an early age, the daughter of a wealthy innkeeper ; and, his wife liaving been now some time dead, he united himself to one Madame Jouberthou, tlie widow of a stock-broker, a woman distinguished for her gallantries. Tills gave great offence to Napoleon, and was a severe blow to the system he had long contemplated of forming royal alliances for his relatives. He therefore used every means in his power to induce Lucien to consent to a dissolution of the marriage ; but, to his honour be it recorded, he constantly spumed all the proposals that were made to him to sacrifice his wife. For several years he took up liis residence in Rome, where he was a welcome visitor, having merited the grati- tude of the pope by the zealous support he had given the concordat ; and when, in 1807, he found that the enmity of his bro- ther rendered his stay in that city no longer safe, he retired to an estate which he had purchased at Canino, and which his holi- ness had raised into a principality. It was not long, however, before he found that the emissaries of Napoleon were hovering round his retreat, and he fled secretly to Civita Vecchia, from which place he embarked in Aug. 1810, with the intention of proceed- ing to the United States. A storm threw him on the coast of Cagliari ; but the king of Sardinia refused him permission to land : he was accordingly forced to put out to sea ; and being captured by two English frigates, he was conveyed first to Malta and after- wards (Dec. 18.) to England. After a time he was permitted to purchase a beautiful estate near Ludlow, in Shropshire, where he spent three calm and peaceful years, com- pleting, during that period, a poem upon which he had long meditated, entitled " Charlemagne, or the Church Delivered." Tlie peace of 1814 having opened his way to the Continent, he returned to his old friend and protector, Pius VII. After the battle of Waterloo he urged the emperor to make a desperate stand for the throne ; but the cause was hopeless ; and Lucien, having retired to Italy, devoted the remainder of his days to literature and the fiine arts. He died at Viterbo, June 29. 1840. BUONAPARTE, Louis, a younger brother of Napoleon and ex-king of Holland, was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, September 2. 1778. He entered the army at an early age, accompanied his brother to Italy and Egypt, and on Napoleon's successive ele- vations to the consulsliip and the empire rose to be a councillor of state and a general of division, and received the titles of con- stable of France and colonel-general of carabineers. After having been successively appointed governor of Piedmont, and go- vernor ad interim of the capital, in place of Murat, he took the command of the army of the North in Holland ; and in 1806 the Ba- tavian republic having been changed into a kingdom by Napoleon, Louis was nomi- nated king at the request of the States of Holland. In this capacity he conducted him- self with equal skill and humanity, and such was the affection with which his Dutch subjects had inspired him, tliat he refused without hesitation tlie crown of Spain which was offered him by the emperor. In 1810, Louis, having long resisted the emperor's commands to enforce the continental block- ade, which would, as he believed, have proved detrimental to his people's interests, abdi- cated in favour of his son ; but the abdication was rejected by Napoleon, who thereupon united Holland to the French empire ; and the ex-king leaving Holland secretly, repaired to Gratz in Styria, where he resided several years under the title of Count de Saint Leu. After the fall of Napoleon, he finally retired to the Papal States with some members of his family, where he devoted himself chiefly to literary pursuits down to the period of his death. His only surviving son, Louis Napoleon Buonaparte, the offspring of his marriage with Hortense Eugenie de Beauharnois (which see), daughter of the empress Josephine, is the first pre- sident of the French republic, established in 1848. Died at Leghorn, 25th June, 1846. BUONAPARTE, Makie Lktitia, the mother of Napoleon. From the widow of a poor Corsican officer she saw herself ele- vated to the dignity of being the mother of monarchs ; and she lived to witness their removal from the thrones they liad respec- tively usurped. Died, Feb. 3. 183(5. [The most authentic genealogical docu- ments ascribe a Florentine origin to the Buonaparte family, and trace them back to the year 1120, when one of them was ex- iled from Florence as a Ghibelline j and in 1332 we find that John Buonaparte was po- destd. of that city. In 1404, his descendant and namesake, who was plenipotentiary to Gabriel Visconti, duke of Milan, married the niece of pope Nicliolas V. His son BUO] ^ ^cto CInibcrsal 38t0jji7fjp]5i?. [buk (Nicholas Buonaparte) was ambassador from the same pontiff to several courts, and vice- gerent of the holy see at Ascoli. In 15G7 Gabriel Buonaparte established himself at Ajaccio, and for several generations his descendants were successively heads of the elders of that city. But Napoleon Buona- parte ridiculed the pride of ancestry, and was ready on all occasions to declare, that the exalted station lie liad attained was due to his own merits alone] BUONO. a Venetian architect of the 12th century, who erected the well-known tower of St. Mark at Venice, a campanile or bell- tower at Arezzo, and several other grand ediftces. lie is deservedly reckoned among the earliest improvers of modern architec- ture. BUONONCINI, Giovanni Baptista, a celebrated Italian composer, and one of Handel's most powerful rivals in England. Besides operas, he composed various can- tatas and sonatas, and the grand funeral anthem for the Duke of Marlborough. He is supposed to have died at Venice about the middle of the 18th century. BUPALUS. a famous sculptor of the isle of Chios in the 6th century, B.C. He is said to have hanged himself in vexation at a satire written upon him by Ilipponax, a poet, whose leanness he had caricatured in a statue. BURCARD, or BROCARDUS, bishop of Worms, in the 11th century. Assisted by the abbot Albert, he compiled the famous collection of Canons, in 20 books, entitled "Magna Decretorum, seu Canonura Vo- lumeu." Died, 102<!. BURCHARD, John, a native of Germany ; master of the ceremonies to the pope, and, subsequently, bishop of Citta di Castello ; autlior of a journal or diary of pope Alex- ander VI., the MS. of which, with a con- tinuation by some other hand, is in the Chigi Library at Rome. Died, 1305. BURCKHARDT, John Lewi-^, a Swiss gentleman, who proposed to the English as- sociation for exploring Africa to be their missionary. He was unfortunately carried off by dysentery while waiting for the cara- van with which he was to go to Timbuctoo. His papers were sent to England, and from them have been published his " Travels in Nubia" and "Travels in Syria and the Holy Land." Born, 1784 ; died, 181G. BURCKHARDT, John Cuakles, a learned German astronomer ; author of " Tables de la Lune," &c., and of a German translation of La Place's " LaMycanique Celeste." Born, 1773 ! died. 1825. BURDER, Georgk, an eminent dissent- ing minister ; author of " Evangelical Truth defended," &c., and one of the editors of the Evangelical Magazine. Died, 1»32. BURDETT, Sir Erancis, bart., an aris- tocrat by birth and fortune, but for a long series of years one of the most popular members of the British parliament, was bom in 1770, and received his education at Westminster School and Oxford University. On returning from a continental tour, during which he had ample opportunities of wit- nessing the progress of the French revolu- tion, he was evidently imbued with some portion of its spirit, which waa in no small degree fostered and encouraged by his friend and instructor, the celebrated John Home Tooke, the well-known author of the Diversions of Purley, of whom, indeed, Sir Francis may fairly be considered the el^ve. In 1793 he married the youngest daughter of Thomas Coutts, esq., the wealthy banker, with whom he received a large fortune ; and in four years afterwards, on the death of his grandfather, succeeded to the baronetcy. In 175)0, Sir Francis was returned to parliament, by the interest of the Duke of Newcastle, as member for Boronghbridge, his colleague being Mr. Scott, afterwards Lord Eldon j and he soon distinguished himself by his resolute hosti- lity to the measures of government, which he denounced as being inimical to the li- berties of the people. In 1802 he offered himself as a candidate for Middlesex in op- position to Mr. Mainwaring, and was re- turned ; but, on a new election in 1804, he was defeated by Mr. Mainwaring, jun., poll- ing a majority of five votes, 2H28 to 2823. At the next general election (1806) he again became a candidate for the county, but was defeated by Mr. Mellish, who outnumbered him by more than 2000 votes. At this time Sir Francis was a person of great influence in the city of Westminster; and a vacancy in its representation occurring through the death of Mr. Fox, the baronet started for the prize, in company with Lord Cochrane, against three other candidates, viz. Sheridan, Elliot, and Paul, with the latter of whom he fought a duel, in which both the combatants were wounded. Sir Francis was returned by a vast majority, at the head of the poll, his colleague being Lord Cochrane. His opposition to ministers was now formidable, unceasing, and so indiscreet, that an oppor- tunity soon presented itself to his political enemies, of making his conduct the subject of legal proceedings. In 1810, having ad- dressed a letter to his constituents, in which he declared that the House of Commons had exercised their power illegally by com- mitting John Gale Jones to prison, the publication of this letter was deemed a gross breach of privilege, and the speaker was directed to issue his warrant for the apprehension and commitment of Sir Fran- cis Burdett to the Tower. He refused to surrender, and barricaded his house ; where- upon, after a lapse of two days, the ser- geant-at-arms, accompanied by police offi- cers and a military force, succeeded in breaking in, and conveyed him to the Tower. On the return of the military the infuriated mob attacked them, and in their defence they shot one man and wounded several others. The prorogation of parlia- ment put an end to his imprisonment ; and recollecting the excitement which prevailed at the time of his committal, he wisely pro- ceeded privately by water to his home, rather than jeopardise the lives of his "iriends and supporters," by indulging them, as they wished, with a public proces- sion through the streets of the metropolis. He afterwards brought an action against the speaker, &c., but was, of course, unsuc- cessful. Though we mention some of the bur] ^ i^t^ Winihtt^al MiOQtapl)^* [bur most important events of his life, we cannot follov him through his parliamentary ca- reer — his vehement opposition to the sus- pension of the habeas corpus act, his re- iterated speeches in favour of parliamentary reform, his advocacy of Catholic emancipa- tion, &c. ; but pass on to tlie year 1819, when he was prosecuted by the attorney- general for addressing a letter to his con- stituents, strongly animadverting on the proceedings of tlie magistrates and yeo- manry at the memorable meeting of the people at Manchester. The letter was pro- nounced a libel, and he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in the King's Bench, and to pay a fine of lOOOi. Sir Francis Burdett had ever been a loud and zealous advocate for parliamentary reform, yet, unlike thousands of the demagogues who seized upon the word " reform " when they meant "revolution," he never desired to see the prerogatives of the monarch or the privileges of the house of peers in the slight- est degree invaded. But we feel bound, however reluctantly, to say, that the absurd turbulence of Sir Francis Burdett's earlier years seemed to spring from a restless vanity, and an eager craving after mob applause ; while his departure, at a very advanced period of life, from the party of which till then he liad for nearly two score years been the avowed champion, savoured less of true and higli conservative feeling, than it did of petulant vanity. He died, Jan. 23. 1844, aged 74. — Lady Burdett, who had for many years suffered greatly in her health, died the same month. BURDON, William, an able English writer ; author of " Materials for Think- ing," of which Colton largely availed him- self in his Lacon ; " Thoughts on Politics, Morality, and Literature," " Life and Cha- racter of Buonaparte," &c. Died, 1818. BURGER, GoDFUEY Augustus, a cele- brated German poet ; well known in this country by his ballad poems of the " Wild Huntsman's Chase " and " Leonora," both of which have been translated into English, and become highly popular. Born, 1748 ; died, 1794. BURGESS, Daniel, a dissenting preacher, ver^ popular in his day on account of his quaint and familiar style of pulpit oratory, of which a single specimen will suffice. " If," said he, on one occasion, " any among you want a cheap suit, he must go to Mon- mouth Street ; if a suit for life, he will go to the Court of Cliaucery ; but if you want an eternal suit, you must go to Christ, and put on his robe of righteousness." Born, 1645 ; died, 1713. BURGESS, Right Rev. Thomas, bishop of Salisbury, was born in 1756, at Odiham, in Hampshire, where his father carried on business as a grocer. He was educated at Winchester; obtained a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1775 ; and, by his talents and diligence, in a short period be- came logic reader and tutor of the college. He had by this time distinguished himself as a scliolar of very considerable pretensions, by the publication of several able works ; and he found a patron in Dr. Shute Bar- rington, who collated him, in 1787, to the prebend of Wilsford and Woodford, in Salis- bury cathedral, and afterwards preferred him to a prebendal stall at Durham. His next advancement took place under the adminis- tration of Mr. Addington (who had been his fellow student at Winchester and Oxford), and who conferred on him, in 1803, the vacant see of St. David's. From the moment of his elevation to the episcopal bench, he displayed the most devoted and exemplary attention to tlie concerns of his diocese ; he planned and formed a society for the founda- tion of a provincial college for tlie instruction of ministers of the Welsh Church ; and the establishment at Lampeter stands as a noble monument of his activity and benevolence. On the death of Dr. Fisher, in 1805, he was translated to the bishopric of Salisbury; and throughout the twelve years of liis episcopal duties in that diocese, he zealously contri- buted to promote the interests of those com- mitted to his charge. Among his numerous works are editions of " Burton's Pentalogia " and " Dawes's Miscellanea Critica," " Con- siderations on the Abolition of Slavery," an " Essay on the Study of Antiquities," " First Principles of Christian Knowledge,"^ "Re- flections on the Controversial Writings of Dr. Priestley," " Emendationes in Suidamet Hesychium et alios Lexicogranhos Graecos," 4 vols. ; " Tlie Bible, and Nothing but the Bible, the Religion of the Church of Eng- land ; " with many others, theological, clas- sical, and political. Bishop Burgess was mainly instrumental in founding the Royal Society of Literature, of which, in 1821, he became the first president ; but in 1832, on account of his loss of sight, and other in- firmities, he resigned the office in favour of the late Lord Dover. Died, Feb. 19. 1837. BURGH, James, the able author of the " Dignity of Human Nature," &c., was a native of Scotland, and educated at St. I Andrew's. Though brought up to a trade, I he afterwards filled several situations, more I or less connected with literature, and for the last twenty years of his life was master | of an academy at Stoke Newington. Born, 1714 ; died, 1775. BURGOYNE, John, an English general. During the American war he led the army which was to penetrate from Canada into the revolted provinces, in which he en- countered difficulties too great for its suc- cessful issue. Little interest is now attached to his memory as a commander, but he de- serves our notice as the author of "The Maid of the Oaks," "The Lord of the Manor," and some other dramatic works. Died, 1792. BURIDAN, John, a philosopher of the 14tli century. Being expelled from Paris through the influence of his philosophical opponents, he souglit shelter in Germany, and was instrumental in founding the uni- versity of Vienna. He wrote commentaries on the logic, ethics, and metaphysics of Aristotle ; but is now chiefly remembered as the inventor of the well-known dilemma of the ass between two bundles of hay, by which he used to illustrate the doctrine of free-will. Died, 1358. BURKE, Edmund, an eminent modem writer, an orator of the first class, and an bur] ^ |!c£d BnibttSnl 28t0flrajp!)»» [bur able statesman, was the eon of a higlily re- spectable attorney in Dublin, where he was born, January 1. 1730. ^Vfter completing his studies at Trinity College, Dublin, he en- tered himself as a law student in the Temple ; but he applied himself far more zealously to letters than to law. His " Vindication of Natural Society" and his "Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful " introduced hira to the best literary society ; and he at length determined upon devoting himself to that pursuit for which he was undoubtedly the best fitted — politics. Of his public course, particularly his hostility to the doctrines of revolutionary France, we need not here speak, for it is a portion, and a prominent portion, of the history of his time. In pri- vate life he waskind andamiable; in public, ardent and indefatigable. As an orator and writer, he was almost without a rival. Died, 1797. BURKITT, William, an English divine ; author of a "Practical Exposition of the New Testament." Born, IGM ; died, 1703. BURLEIGH, William Cecil, lord high- treasurer of England in the reign of Eliza- beth ; bom in 1520, and brought up to the sifidy of the law. He was patronised by the protector Somerset, in Edward the Sixth's reign, and made a privy councillor ; and when Elizabeth came to the throne, his po- litical sagacity and the devotion he sliowed to his sovereign earned for him the liighest honours. His state policy has been admitted on all hands, but it squared little with humanity, as may be gathered from the persecutions which he encouraged against the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. Died, 1598. BURMAN, Peter, a celcbrat«d Dutch critic and scholar ; professor of history, rhetoric, and Greek at the university of Leyden. He wrote a variety of disserta- tions and epistles, philological and critical, and published editions of various Latin classics M ith notes. Born, 1(>C8 ; died, 1741. BURMAN, Petek, a nephew of the above, professor of history and rhetoric at Amsterdam ; editor of the works of Claudian, Aristophanes, &c. Born, 1714, died. 1778. BURMAN, John, brother of the prece- ding, and eminent equally as a phj'sician and a botanist ; author of " Thesaurus Zei- lanicus," &c. Born, 1707 ; died, 1779. BURN, RicuARD, LL.D., an English clergyman ; author of a " History of the Poor Laws," joint author with Mr. Nichol- son of a " History of Westmoreland and Cumberland," and compiler of the well- known work " Burn's Justice." Died, 1780. BURNES, Sir Alexander, a lieutenant- colonel in the Indian army, and political resident in the court of the Soojali at Cabool, was born at Montrose, in 1805. Having ob- tained tlie appointment of cadet, he arrived at Bombay in 1821 ; and, on account of his proficiency in the Persian and Hindostanee languages, was at first employed as an in- terpreter and translator. His regiment, the 21st native infantry, having been ordered to Bhooj in 1825, Lieut. Bumes joined it, and during the disturbances in Cutch was ap- pointed quarter-master of brigade, though at the time he was under 20 years of age. His superior talents and zeal soon attracted tlie attention of the authorities, and he was speedily appointed Persian interpreter to a force of 8,000 men, assembled for the invasion of Scinde, under the command of Colonel M. Napier of the Cth foot. In Sept. 1829, he was appointed assistant to the political agent at Cutch, and was engaged in surveying the north-west frontier. Early iu ISJM) a present of horses having arrived at Bombay from the king of England, to be sent to the Maharajah Runjeet Singh, Lieut. Bumes was selected to proceed with them to La- hore, the capital of the Punjaub country. He was also entrusted with presents to the Ameers of Scinde ; but though this was the ostensible object of his mission, the chief motive was to obtain full and complete information in reference to everything per- taining to the geography of the Indus. This extraordinary journey was performed amid delays, obstructions, and difficulties, but with admirable tact and perseverance ; and the work recording these travels, which was published some little time after his return to England in 1833, possesses the highest in- terest. Soon after his return to India in 1835, Lieut. Bumes, in acknowledgment of his diplomatic and other services, was knighted and advanced to the brevet rank of lieut.-colonel ; and on the final restoration of the Shah Soojah, in Sept. 18;}9, he was appointed political resident at Cabool, with a salary of ;iOOO/. But he was not long des- tined to fill the post which his merits had gained ; for, at the very outset of tlie insur- rection in Cabool, it was the melancholy fate of this enterprising and deserving officer — then only in his 37th year — to be assassin- ated, together with his brother, Lieut. Charles Bumes, and several others. Died, Nov. 2. 1841. BURNET, Thomas, an English divine and philosopher ; author of " ArchsBologia Antiqua de Rerum Originibus," &c. lie was master of the Charter-house, and is distinguished for the bold resistance he made to James II., who wished to make a Roman Catholic a pensioner of that esta- blishment. Died, 1715. BURNET, Gilbekt, bishop of Salisbury ; a learned prelate and an able and industrious writer ; author of the well-known and va- luable " History of the Reformation," " His- tory of his own Times," &c. Born, 1(>43 ; died, 1715. BURNETT, James, Lord Monboddo, a distinguished Scotch judge ; author of a " Dissertation on the Origin of Language," &c. Though both learned and acute, he exposed himself to much ridicule by as- serting the existence of mermaids and satyrs, and by other ridiculous theories, particu- larly his whimsical speculations relative to a supposed affinity between the human race and the monkey tribe. Born, 1714 ; died, 1779. BURNETT, Gilbert Thomas, F.L. S., the lineal descendant of the celebrated Bishop Burnet, was bom in 1800, and hav- ing received a classical and scientific edu- cation, studied with success under medical and anatomical professors ; and, ultimately 133 bur] ^ ^(ia Winihtx&Hl 23i0C|:rapIj». [bus became profeasor of medical botany at King's College, London. Died in 183.5. BURNEY, Charles, the well-kno\vn author of the "History of Music," and per- haps still more celebrated as the father of the authoress of " Evelina," &c., was bom at Chester in 172(5. He early showed a taste for music, and having acquired considerable knowledge of the art under the celebrated Dr. Arne, he settled in London with every prospect of success. But his health failed, and he accepted the place of organist at Lynn, where he resided nine years. In 17G0 he returned to London with his health re- stored, and he at once obtained as many pupils as enabled him to support his family in comfort and independence. His profes- sional merit obtained for him, in 1769, the degree of doctor of music from the university of Oxford ; and his attainments, the sua- vity of his temper, and the gentle simplicity of his manners not only gained for him ready admission to the first literary circles, but his own little house in St. Martin's Street, Leicester Square, was long tlic resort of all that was distinguished for talent, rank, or fashion. In 1800 he obtained a pension of 3001. per annum. Besides his History of Music, Dr. Bumey published " The Life of Metastasio," a " Musical Tour through France and Italy," and he contributed nearly all the musical articles to Rees's Cyclopa;dia, for which he obtained lOOOZ. Died, 1814. BURNEY, Charles, second son of the musical composer, was a classical scholar and critic of high reputation. Dr. Burney's classical acquirements were first displayed in the Monthly Review, and there were few Greek scholars who could compete with him. Among his works are an Appendix to Sca- pula's Greek Lexicon, the choral odes of .^schylus, &c. His valuable library was purchased by parliament for the British Museum. Bom 1757 ; died, 1817. BURNT:Y, Rear-Admiral James, eldest son of the above, entered the navy at an early age, and accompanied the ill-fated Cook on his two last voyages. After long and arduous 8ervices,he attained the rank of rear-admiral. He was an able geographer ; and his " His- tory of Voyages of Discovery " and other valuable writings show him to have been an accurate thinker. Bora, 1759 ; died, 1821. BURNEY, William, LL.D., master of the Royal Academy, Gosport; a school where many distinguished naval and military offi- cers have been educated. He was the author of "Lives of the Naval Heroes of Great Britain," &c. Born, 1762 ; died, 1832. BURNS, John, M. D., and professor of surgery in Glasgow University, was bora in 1780. Besides being the author of many valuable works relating to his profession, he published a work on the evidences and principles of Christianity, which has gone through many editions. It was at first published anonymously ; but it was obvi- ously the production of a medical man ; and it is related that the father of Dr. Burns, who was for sixty years a minister in Glas- gow, having read it, expressed himself much pleased with it, and said to his son, "Ah John ! I wish you could have written such a book." Though in his eightieth year, Dr. Bums was still active both in body and mind ; but his vigorous old age was suddenly cut short by the calamity which befell the Orion on her passage from Liverpool to Glasgow, June 17. 1850. BIJRNS, Robert, a celebrated Scotch poet, whose rich humour, pathos, and energy have never been surpassed, was born in 1759, near the town of Ayr. His parents were in humble circumstances, but they gave him a good plain education, and as he grew up he added to it an acquaintance with French and mathematics. His poems are too well known and appreciated to need description in this place ; but it is not unnecessary to remark that his prose, consisting chiefly of letters hastily written and never intended for publication, are scarcely less honourable to his genius. He was naturally of a con- vivial turn ; and after having been unfortu- nate in various attempts to gain a living by agricultural and other pursuits, he was made an exciseman : this employment confirmed him in habits of dissipation, which caused an illness, of which he died, in the 37th year of his age, in 1796. An excellent edition of his works, with a Life, &c. by Allan Cunning- ham, was published in 1835. BURROW, Reuben, an able mathema- tician ; author of a tract on " Projectiles," a " Restitution of Apollonius on Inclina- tions," &c. He was making a trigonometrical survey of Bengal when he died, in 1791. BURTON, the Rev. Edwaud, D.D., regius professor of divinity in the university of Oxford, and rector of Ewelme, was bora in 1794 ; educated at Westminster, and matri- culated at Christchurch, Oxford. His talents, close application, and exemi)lary conduct, did not pass unnoticed ; and he rose from one honourable station to another. His various pamphlets and the works he edited, prove that he was able and industrious. Died, 1836. BURTON, John, an English divine and critic; author of various theological treatises; poetry in Greek, Latin, and English ; and other productions. Died, 1771. BURTON, Robert, an English divine ; author of that singular work, " The Anatomy of Melancholy ; " which Archbishop Herring describes as " the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense." The archbishop adds, that the wits of the reigns of Anne and the first George were deeply indebted to Burton ; and we may venture to say, that the " wits " of the suc- ceeding reigns have been no less so. Born, 1576 ; died, 1640. BUSBY, Dr. Richard, the venerable master of Westminster School — celebrated for his abilities as a classical teacher and as an unflinching disciplinarian — was born in 1606. He held the situation of head-master from 1640 to the time of his decease, in 1695 — a period of 55 years. BUSCHE, or BUSCHIUS, Herman von DER, a learned German, friend and fellow- labourer of Luther ; author of Scholia on ancient writers, Latin poems, &c. Died, 1534. BUSCHETTO DA DULICHIO, a Greek architect of the 11th century. He erected the cathedral church of Pisa, the first spe- cimen of the Lombard ecclesiastical style of building. bus] ^ ^m BnibtrinX mas^n^M* [bux BUSCHING, Anthony Fredeimc, an able and industrious writer, to whom tlie science of statistics is greatly indebted ; author of a " Magazine of Modem History and Geography," " Elements of Natural History," "Character of Frederic II. of I Prussia," " History and Theory of the Belles I^ttres," &c. His works, in short, amount to 100 volumes. Bom, 1724 ; died, 1793. BUSHE, the Right Hon. Sir Charles Kendal, was one of the most eminent of all the lawyers and the statesmen that made the courts and the parliament of Ireland so brilliant towards the close of the 18th cen- tury. Though he had to contend against such opponents aaPonsonby.Pluukctt, Flood, Grattan, Curran, and Saurin, he was never found unequal to the contest, whether at the bar or in the house. He was raised to the chief justiceship of Ireland, and made a privy councillor in 1822, and shone in that high office as brightly as he had shoue as advocate and orator. The infirmities of a very advanced age at length compelled him to retire upon a pension of 3000Z. per annum ; and he had scarcely done so, when he was attacked by effusion upon the brain, and died July 7. 1843. BUTE, John Stuart, Earl of, a British statesman, descended from an ancient Scotch family, was born early in the 18th century. In 1738 he was appointed one of the lords of the bedchamber to Frederic, prince of Wales, the father of George III. Soon after the young king's accession, over whom Bute possessed unbounded influence, he was made secretary of state, and, quickly after, first lord of the treasury. Under his ministry, a peace, whicli disappointed the hopes of the people, was concluded with France and Spain ; and what added greatly to his un- popularity, was the marked favouritism he showed for his countrymen, filling the most lucrative offices in the state with Scotchmen. He at length resigned his offices, and retired into private life, which he adorned by his be- nevolent disposition and his love of science. Botany was his favourite study, and he ex- pended vast sums in its pursuit. Died, 1792. BUTLER, Alban, an English Catholic divine. He was for some time chaplain to the Duke of Norfolk, but at length became president of the college of St. Omei's. The chief of his works is the "Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal Saints." Died, 1773. BUTLER, CuAKLES, a Roman Catholic, bred to the legal profession, and a most in- defatigable and accomplished scholar. His numerous works, with the exception of his "Notes to Coke upon Littleton" and his " Reminiscences," are of a religious or po- litical character ; and, indeed, as the able advocate of his own religious community, he is principally to be regarded. It may be truly said that neither the fire of youth, the interruption of business, the variety of his employments, nor the bustle of the world, could ever moderate his ardour for study. He was the author of " Lives of the Saints," " Historical Account of the Laws against the Roman Catholics," " Book of the Catholic Church," &c. Born, 1750 ; died, 1832. 133 BUTLER, Joseph, bishop of Durham, an extremely learned and able prelate ; author of the well-known and invaluable work, "The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Course and Constitution of Nature." Born, 1G92 ; died, 17.52. BUTLER, Sami'el, an English poet, whose principal work, "Hudibras," is pro- bably, both in design and execution, the most strikingly original we have. Wit abounds throughout it, and the odd double rhymes in which the author so much de- lighted, are singularly well adapted to add point to the ridicule he chose to inflict His other works are far inferior to Hudibras ; and of the thousand imitations of that work, not one has the true lludibrustic comming- ling of wit, humour, knowledge of the world, and facility of expression. Bom, 1612 ; died, 1680. BUTLER, Dr. Samckl, bishop of Lich- field, a learned and most exemplary English divine. He was born at Kenilworth, in Warwickshire, and received his education at Rugby School, to which he was admitted in 1783. In 1792 he removed thence to St. John's College, Cambridge, where his course was rapid and brilliant, nearly, if not quite, without parallel, his prizes and distinctions far exceeding in number those obtained by any of his contemporaries. In 1798 he was appointed to the mastership of Shrewsbury School, and, about the same time, he was selected for the arduous task of preparing a new edition of iEschylus for the university press. His learning and his indefatigable exertions soon produced for Shrewsbury a very high rank and reputation among our public schools. After receiving several minor preferments, he was, in 18.%, i)romoted to the bishopric of Lichfield. Tliough a perfect martyr to ill health, he was a very volu- minous author. His "Sketch of Ancient and Modem Geography " and his " Ancient and Modern Atlases" are the best works of their kind. Bom, 1774 ; died, 1840. BUTTNER, Christopuek William, a German naturalist and philologist, whose zeal in pvirsuit of his favourite studies was such, that, in order to buy books, he re- stricted himself to what was barely neces- sary to sustain life, never making more than one frugal meal a day. Bora, 171G i died. 1801. BUXHOWDEN, Frederic William, Count of, a general in the Russian army. He entered on a military life at an early age, and was engaged in the war against the Turks in 1769 ; till, rising by degrees, he, in 1794, obtained the command of Warsaw and the administration of Poland. In 1805 he commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Austerlitz, which advanced while the centre and right wing were beaten ; but, after the battle of Pultusk, he was unjustly superseded by Bennigsen. He was, however, again made commander-in-chief, and, in 1808, conquered Finland. Died, 1811. BUXTON, Jedediaii, a singularly gifted person, whose powers of calculation, derived solely from nature, have probably never been equalled. It is said that he was asked this most difficult question — " In a body whose three sides are, respectively, 23,145,789 yards. H 2 BUX] ^ ia^&j ^uibcr^al 33tO0rap]^i). [byr 6,642,732 yards, and 54,965 j'ards, how many cubical eiglilhs of an inch are there ? " and that, amid all the distractions of the labours of a hundred men, he gave tlie exact an- Bwer in little more than five hours ! But it was only in calculating that he had any intellectual superiority ; in other respects, his mind was rather below than above the average. He died towards the close of the 18th centuiy. BUXTON, Sir Thomas Fowei.l, bart. This distinguished philanthropist was born at Earl's Colne, Essex, in 1786 ; and received his academical education at Trinity College, Dublin. Having, in 1811, joined the firm of Truman, Hanbury, and Co., the eminent Liondon brewers, his connection with the locality of Sjutalfields made him personally acquainted with the sufi'erings of his poor neighbours ; and the powerful appeals he made in their favour in 1816 led to an ex- tensive and well-organised system for their relief. His success in this charitable un- dertaking induced him (in conjunction with his sister-in-law, Mrs Fry, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Hoare) to examine into the state of our prisons, and to publish the result of liis labours. This not only led to the formation of the Prison Discipline So- ciety, but was the basis upon which many of the modern improvements in our gaols are founded. In 1818 he was returned M. P. for Weymouth, which borough he continued to represent till 1837, when he was defeated by Mr. Villiers. During the time he held a seat in the house, liis energies were almost unceasingly directed to ameliorate the con- dition of the oppressed. He became the re- cognised successor of Mr. Wilberforce, and he had the supreme satisfaction of seeing his eflforts for the abolition of slavery crowned with complete success. To other subjects of paramount interest, viz. tlie reform of our criminal code — the civilisation of Africa, by commercial, agricultural, and missionary enterprise — the support of benevolent in- stitutions, particularly such as had for their objects the education and improvement of the poor — to these, and such as these. Sir Thomas Powell Buxton applied himself with a persevering assiduity tliat did honour to his name. In 1840 he waa created a baronet. Died Feb. 19. 1845. BUXTORF, John, a Calvinist divine, professor of Chaldee and Hebrew at Basle ; author of " Tliesaurus Lingua; Hebraicae," " Institutio Epistolaris Hebraica," &c. Born, 1564 ; died, 1629. BUXTORF, JoHX, son of the preceding, and his successor in tlie professorship atBasle ; author of a " Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon," &c., besides other classical and theological works. It is recorded of him, that, at the early age of four years, he was able to read Hebrew and Latin Two others of the same name, his son and nephew, were also noted for their skill in the Hebrew tongue. BYNG, John, fourth son of Viscount Tor- rington, was, like his father, an admiral. After having frequently and highly distin- guished himself, he was tried by court- martial for alleged cowardice. He was dis- patched to the relief of Minorca, at that time blockaded by a French fleet ; and bis hesitation to engage an enemy of superior strength excited the clamour of the nation against him. When the news arrived in England, the dastard ministry, wishing to avert the public odium from their unsuccess- ful measures, took advantage of the admiral's unpopularity ; and though tlie court by which the ill-fated commander was tried, recom- mended him to mercy, they suffered the un- just sentence to be carried into execution. He was shot at Portsmouth, March 14. 1767 ; meeting his death with the firmness of a hero and the resignation of a Christian. BYRNE, William, an eminent English engraver. His works are very numerous, and remarkable for the excellence of their aerial perspective. Died, 1805. BYROM, John, an ingenious prose writer and poet, and the inventor of a system of stenography. He was also a contributor to tlie Spectator, under the signature of "John Shadow." Born, 1691 ; died, 1763. BYRON, the Hon. John, an eminent na- val commander and circumnavigator, whose sufferings, when wrecked in the Wager, are graphically described in his "Narrative." He rose to the rank of admiral, and com- manded in tlie West Indies during the Ame- rican war. Born, 1723 ; died. 1768. BYRON, Right Hon. George Gordon BvKON, Lord, grandson of the preceding, bom, Jan. 22d, 1788, was the sixth in de- scent from his ancestor. Sir John Byron, who received the estate of Newstead as a grant from king Henry VIII. The noto- riously licentious conduct of his father, Capt. Byron, who had deserted his wife and squandered her fortune, made him an exile from England ; and he died in 1791, leaving his widow and son almost destitute. Mrs. Byron having previous to tliis event retired to her native city of Aberdeen, in order to live withiu the limits of her scanty income, she placed her son early in the grammar school of that city ; but when, in 1798, by the death of his great uncle, without issue, he became possessed of the family title and estates, he was placed under the guardian- ship of Lord Carlisle, who sent him to Har- row. His love of liberty and Independence were prominent traits in his disposition, and they were seconded by a fixed aversion to control. In 1804 he went to Cambridge, and there became chiefly remarkable for his ec- centric habits, and his defiance of the rules of discipline. On quitting Cambridge he took up his residence at Newstead Abbey, and soon after published his " Hours of Idleness." Although marked by some fea- tures of juvenility, this production gave un- doubted indications of poetic genius ; but it met with most severe and unmerited censure from the Edinburgh Review. The ridicule thus cast by the critic on the poet was not suffered to rest there: he exerted his powers, and amply revenged himself in the cele- brated satire of " English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." About that period he expe- rienced a great disappointment in seeing Miss Chaworth, who had been the early object of his love, married to another. His course of life was now marked by extrava- gance and dissipation, impairing both his health and fortune ; and it was probably to caa] ^ ^tlM Bnibsr^aX 38t05rap]^ii. [cab I extricate himself from the Circean snares by which he was surrounded, tliat he resolved on an excursion to the Continent. He was accompanied by his friend and fellow-col- legian, John Cam Ilobhouse, esq. ; an* after a stay of two years he returned, and gave to the world tlie first two cantos of "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage." This was quickly succeeded by " The Giaour," " The Bride of Abydos," " Lara," " The Corsair," &c. ; and the noble bard became the poetical idol of the day. In January, 1815, he married Anna Isabella, only daughter of Sir Ralph Milbanke Noel ; but the union was not pro- ductive of happiness, and they sejiarated 80on after the birth of a daughter. This rupture gave rise to many rumours re- dounding little to Ixird Byron's credit, and he again went to the Continent, with a de- termination not to return to his native country. He often changed his residence ; and during his various travels, while he visited the most celebrated parts of the south of Europe^ his admirers in England were indulged with the productions of his powerful and versatile muse : sometimes proudly soaring into the pure regions of taste, breathing noble sentiments and chi- valric feelings ; at other times, descending to impure voluptuousness, or grovelling in sheer vulgarity. In 182;5 the state of the Greeks awoke his noble feeling of independ- ence ; and, with a disinterested generosity that scarcely has its parallel, he resolved to devote his fortune, his pen, and his sword in their cause. Uia energies, however, were uo sooner called into action, than he was as- sailed by disease ; and he expired, of a fever, at Missolonghi, on the 19lh of April, 1824, in the 37th year of his age, to the inexpress- ible sorrow of the Greeks, by whom he was venerated for his personal exertions and liberal pecuniary aid. Few instances have occurred in which inconsistency appeared so glaring as in the various qualifications of this highly gifted nobleman. With powers of reasoning beyond the faculties of most other men, he was capricious and unfixed ; and with a poetic taste that approached the sublime was sometimes mixed a reckless im- alloyed profligacy, ev-idently the oftspring of sensuality, and the parent of immoral consequences in others. In proportion, there- fore, as we admire the commanding talents and poetic eloquence of Byron, so are we compelled to deprecate the unholy purposes to which they were too often made sub- servient. " Prostituted genius is but splendid guilt." We close this sketch by observing, that his only daughter, the Hon. Augusta Ada Byron, was married to Lord King (now Earl Lovelace), in 1835. B YTHNEK, Victokinus, was a native of Poland, but educated in England, where he finally established himself as a physician ; author of " Lyra Prophetica Davidis Regis," &c. Died, ltW4. BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, Abraham, a learned Pole ; professor of theology and philosophy. He wrote the "Lives of the Popes," " Annals of the Church," &c. Bom, 1507 ; died, 1037. c. CAAB, or CAB, Ben Zohaih, an Arabian Jew, rabbi, and poet. He satirised Mahomet so severely, that "the Prophet" made war on the Arabian Jews for tlie purpose of getting the poet into his power ; but when Mahomet's success was no longer doubtful, Caab became his zealous panegyrist, aban- doned Judaism for Mahometanism, and was greatly in Mahomet's favour. He is said to have assisted in the composition of the Ko- ran. Died, A.n. 022. CABALLERO, Marquis, a Spanish libe- ral, born in 1769. He adhered to Joseph Buonaparte on the abdication of Charles IV., and was made one of his chief ministers. On the fall of the former, Ferdinand VII. passed a decree of perpetual banishment against him ; but he was recalled by the Constitutionalists in 1818. CABANIS, Peteu John George, a French physician of considerable eminence. Becoming intimate with Mirabeau, he was made a member of the council of five hun- dred ; and under the government of Napo- leon he was one of the senators. His writings are cliicfly medical ; but in addition to these he published an interesting account of the last illness and death of Miiabeau. Born, 1757 ; died, 1807. CABARRUS, Francois, Count, a French- man, who having settled in Spain in a com- mercial character, rendered that country considerable service in establishing a paper currency, when cut off from her resources in America. He was afterwards the Spanish minister of finance ; to which ofiice he was appointed by Joseph Buonaparte. Born, 1752 ; died, 1810. CABESTAN, or CABESTAING, Wii, LiAM DE, a Provencal poet of the 13th cen- tury, celebrated alike for his talents and misfortunes. Having excited the jealousy of Raymond de Scillans, he had him put to death ; and his heart was dressed and served up to the lady, who, on learning the horrible nature of her repast, died of grief. CABOT, Sebastian, an English navigator of great eminence, was the son of a skilful Venetian pilot, who resided at Bristol. He made several voyages with his father (who had obtained from Henry VIII. letters pa- tent, empowering him and his three sons to discover unknown lands and conquer them), and they on one occasion discovered New- foundland, and on another saw the main- land of America, being the first Europeans who had done so. He was among the first to notice the variations of the needle. His cab] ^ ^ctu ^nihtr^Kl SStOflrapibJ?' [CJED skill in maritime affairs induced Edward VI to settle a pension on him as grand pilot of England ; and he was consulted on all ques- tions relating to trade and navigation. He published a map of the world, and a work, entitled " Navigazione nelle parte Septen- trionale." Born, 1477 ; died, 1557. CABRAL,, or C ABRARA, Pedro Alva- rez, a celebrated Bortuguese navigator of the 16th century. CACCIA, GuGLiELMO, surnamed, from his place of residence, II Moncalvo, a very excellent painter. He executed some fine altar pieces, but his fame chiefly rests upon his small Madonnas, which are highly valued. Died, 1625. CACCINI, GiULio, an Italian musician and composer. In conjunction with Peri, he composed the opera of " Eurydice," on the occasion of tlie marriage of Henri Quatre and Mary de Medici ; and it is said to have been the first opera performed in public. He was also the author of a work, entitled " Nuovo Musiche." Died, 1615. CACCINI, Fraxcesca, daughter of the above, much celebrated at Florence in the 17 til century, as a poetess and composer of music. CADAMOSTO, Louis, a Venetian navi- gator, patronised and employed by the king of Portugal. He discovered Cape Verd I lands. An account of hi voyages and dis- coveries was published after his death, which took place in 1464. CADE, Jous, a noted rebel, better known by the familiar appellation of Jack Cade, was a native of Ireland, from which country he had been obliged to flee for his crimes. During the feeble government of Henry VI. he put himself at the head of 20,000 men, collected from the populace in Kent, and marched into London, where he boldly pro- posed the rectifying of various abuses in the state. Elated with his popularity and success, he next assumed the title of Lord Jlortiiner, declaring himself tlie rightful heir to the throne, as a descendant of Ed- ward III. ; but this foolish and presumptuous extravagance induced the citizens to resist him, and the insurgents were soon compelled to submit to the royal authority. All who returned to their homes -were pardoned ; but Cade, who was excepted from the general amnesty, and for whose body 1000 marks were offered by the government, wandered about the woods of Kent and Sussex for a time, till at length he was discovered, and killed in a garden at Holkfield, Sussex, by a gentleman of Kent, named Alexander Eden. CADET, J. Maecil, a Corsican, born in 1751 ; inspector of the mines in Corsica, and author of some eminent geological, statis- tical, and mineralogical works ; among others, one on Corsican jaspers. CADET DE VAUX, Anthoxv Alexis, a French author, editor, and member of va- rious learned societies. He established tlie " Journal de Paris," and wrote several works connected with agriculture. Born, 1743 ; died, 1828. CADET DE GASSICOURT, CnARLES Louis, brother of the preceding ; author of the " Diction.ary of Chemistry," in 4 vols. ; various Travels ; " Letters on London and the English Nation," &c. Born, 1769 ; died, 1821. CADiMUS, the founder of Thebes. Ills history, like that of many other personages of high antiquity, is much mingled with fable. It seems certain, however, that he was born in Phoenicia or Egypt, and that Greece ow^ed to him the sixteen letters of which its alphabet originally consisted. He flourished in the 16th century b. c. CADMUS, the Milesian, the first Greek author who wrote a jirose history. Diony- sius, of Halicamassus, ascribes to this writer " The Antiquities of Miletus and all Ionia," but no portion of the work is now extant. CADOG, son of Brychan, a saint, and founder of some churches in Wales in the 5th century. CADOG, surnamed The Wise, a Welsh bard of the 6th century. He was the first who made a complete collection of British proverbs. CADOGAN, William, first earl of Cado- gan, entered the army early in life ; and, after he had attained the rank of a briga- dier-general, distinguished himself at the battle of Blenheim. In short, he was present with the Duke of Marlborough in all his great victories ; and, at his death, succeeded him as commander-in-chief and master of the ordnance. Died, 1727. CADOGAN, William, M.D., a skilful English physician ; author of a treatise on the gout, in which he wisely insists upon abstinence as the best preventive and cure ; an " Essay on Nursing," &c. Died, 1797. CADOtlDAL, Georges, a famous Chouan chief, born in 1769. After the ill success of his efforts for the restoration of the Bour- bons, he came to terms with General Brune, in 1800, dispersed his troops, and proceeded to London. While there, he was accused by the French government of planning the in- fernal machine, Georges having avowed a personal hostility to the First Consul. He afterwards, on receiving the cordon rouge from Monsieur (Charles X.), and a lieu- tenant-general's commission, embarked with Pichegru in a secret expedition, and landed at Falaise. It has been said that the object was to assassinate Buonaparte, as well as to excite a counter-revolution ; and Pitt was accused of sanctioning the enterprise, by a letter to Lord Hutchinson, which is denied. Tliat these charges were fabricated by the emissaries of Buonaparte there is every reason to believe. He was, however, traced by the Parisian police, and put under arrest by a violent seizure, while descending from a ca- briolet, during which he wounded two of the officers ; and, after a summary judicial process, was executed on the 6th of June, 1804. He died with great courage. The two brothers Polignac were also involved in the same process, and condemned to death, but escaped tlirough the humane ex- ertions of Murat. CADWALADYR, Casail, a Welsh poet of the 16th century ; some of whose works still remain in MS., and indicate much ability. CiED^ION, a Saxon ecclesiastic, sup- posed to have flourislied in the 5th century. A fragment of a hymn, by this author, is cxb] ^ ^c&) Bnibtx^Kl Miasx^'bV' [CAG preserved in king Alfred's translation of Bede ; and is the oldest specimen extant of Saxon poetry. C^SALPLNUS, Andrew, an Italian phy- sician and natural philosopher. Tliis en- liglitened man in some degree anticipated the grand discoveries of llurvey and Lin- naeus ; his " Quaestiones Peripatetica;," con- taining some hints on the circulation of tlie blood ; and his treatise " De Plantis," giving the first eacample of a system of bo- I tanical arrangement, based on similarity of ■ structnre. Died, 1003. C^SAR, Cails Julius, the first Roman emperor, and one of tlie greatest men that even Rome ever produced. At the early age of 16 he lost his father, who was a prsBtor ; and, very shortly after that event, he married Cornelia tlie daughter of Cor- nelius Cinna, the friend of Marius. This connection gave great offence to the pow- erful Sylla,who, having vainly endeavoured to bring about a divorce, caused Caisax to be proscribed. Ca38ar, however, escaped the search that was made after him, and Sylla was at length induced to exempt him from prosecution, though he did so very unwillingly, telling those who interceded with him that they would repent their kind- ness, as he could see in Cajsar the germ of man]/ Mariuses. Uavhig distinguished him- self as an orator in the impeachment of Cornelius DolabcUa, he speedily grew a public favourite, and became successively military tribune, quaistor, and sedile. The profusion with which he lavished his liber- ality while in these offices, involved hira very deeply in debt ; but having obtained the government of Spain, he contrived to amass money sufficient for their discharge, though 'tliey are said to have exceeded a million and a half sterling ; a fact which, as he held the government only a year, says but little for his scrupulousness as to the means he used for self-aggrandisement. Having united with Pompey and Crassus in the memorable coaliiion, called "the first triumvirate," he became consul, and then obtained the govermneut of Gaul, with the command of four legions. And now it was lliat his genius had ample scope. His mili- tary career was rapid and brilliant. Bel- gians, Helvetians, and Nervians succumbed to him ; the German tribes were repulsed, and Gaul was wholly subjected to the Roman power. These transactions, and his inva- sions of Britain, are beautifully and gra- phically related in his Commentaries. His successes had tlie effect of exciting the jealousy of Pompey, who had influence enough in the senate to Cause Casar to be recalled from the government of Gaul. He refused to obey this order, and marched with his army into .Italy, Pompey retiring into Greece. Having seized the public treasury, and commissioned Mark Antony to watcli over his interests in Rome, he proceeded to Spain, where a large army remained in Pom- pey's interest, which he defeated, and on his return to Rome was declared dictator. He then followed Pompey into Greece, and de- feated him in the memorable battle of Phar- Balia, from which Pompey escaped only to be assassinated in Egypt. Having crushed 130 every attempt at resistance on the part of the sons and friends of Pompey, and having been honoured with four several triumphs, he was declared perpetual dictator ; a title which some of his friends wished to alter to that of king. And as the great body of the I Roman people, dazzled by his military ge- nius, and gratified by the liberality of his largesses, were insensible of, or indifferent to, his insatiable thirst for domination, it is more than probable that he would have be- come on absolute king, but that Brutus and other republicans penetrated his designs, and sternly resolved to make his life the sacrifice to the freedom of his country. Notwithstanding dark hints had been given to him of his danger, he attended a meeting of the senate witliout taking any measures for the safety of his person, and fell beueath the daggers of the conspirators on the ides of March, in the year 43 b. c, and in the 56th of his age. C^SAR, Sir Julius, an eminent English civilian, who filled various important offices in the reigns of queen Elizabeth and kings James I. and Charles I. His last office was that of master of the rolls, which he held above 20 years. Born, 1557 ; died, KVK). CAFFA, Melchiok, an able sculptor, many of whose works adorned the churches of Rome. Died, 1687. CAFFARELLI, a republican French ge- neral, born in 1750. He protested against the despotism of Louis XVI., and served with great distinction under Kleber and Moreau on the Rliine* where he lost a leg, and under Buonaparte in Egypt. He was killed at St. Jean d'Acre, in 17i)0, by a can- non-ball ; and his tomb still remains, with- out the walls. C^VTF^VRELLI, Gaetano Majorano, a celebrated Italian singer. He studied un- der Porpira, who made him practise the elements of singing from a single sheet of music paper for five years. Me was so well rewarded for bis talent, that he purchased the dukedom of Santo Dorato. Died, 1783. CAFFIAUX, JosEi'H, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur ; author of the " Genealogical Treasury," an " Essay towards a History of Music," &c. Died, 1777. CAGLIARI, Pacl, or PAUL VERO- NESE, a celebrated painter. His works are somewhat deficient in correctness of draw- ing and propriety of costume ; but these defects are amply compensated by his ex- cellence of colouring, and by his grace and harmony of composition. His works are very numerous ; but the best of them are to be found in the churches of Venice, in which city he long resided, and where he died, in 1538. CAGLIOSTRO, AlexaiJder, Count, the assumed title of an impostor, whose real name was Joseph Balsamo. He was born at Palermo ; and having lost his father at an early age, he was placed under the pro- tection of tlie friars of mercy, whose order he entered as a novice. Here he acquired the elements of chemistry and physic ; but he speedily made his escape, and com- mitted so many frauds in Palermo, that he was obliged to abscond. After visiting va- CAl] ^ ipcljj Hniberj^aT SStOffrapibS* [CAJL nous parts, he at length reached Naples, where he married a woman of as abandoned a disposition as himself, with whom he tra- yelled to Spain, Portugal, and England, pre- tending to supernatural powers, and wring- ing considerable sums from those who be- came his dupes. In England this exem- plary couple established an order of what they called Egyptian Masonry, and as their dui)cs were of the higher order, they easily obtained from them the loan of valuable jewels, on pretext of some intended cere- monials. With these they went off to Paris, and lived there in the utmost extrava- gance. The count, however, was thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of being con- cerned in the fraud of the celebrated dia- mond necklace of Marie Antoinette ; and when he obtained his liberty, he judged it high time to quit France. He then went to Italy, wnere his wife divulged some of his crimes to the Inquisition, and lie was con- fined in tlie dungeons of the Castle of St. Angelo, and died there in 1794. CAIETAU, the assumed name, taken from that of his birthplace, of Thomas de Vio, a Neapolitan monk, and subsequently general of his order ; author of a work on the " Power of the Pope." which procured him the archbishopric of Palermo and a cardinalate ; " Commentaries on Aristotle and Aquinas," &c. Died, 1534. CAILLE, Nicholas Louis de la, an eminent French mathematician and astro- nomer; author of" Elements of Astronomy," and of numerous other valuable works of science. Born, 1713 ; died, 17(52. CAIUS, otherwise GAIUS, an eminent Roman lawyer ; author of a valuable body of legal institutes. He died about the be- ginning of the third century. CALiAMY, Edmund, a presbytcrian di- vine. He was educated at Cambridge, and obtained a living ; but he resigned it, and joined the Nonconformists, rather than com- ply with the order for reading the Book of Sports. He now entered waimly into the religious disputes of the time, and was one of the writers of the treatise against epis- copacy, entitled, from the initials of its au- thors," Smectymnuus." Though he preached before the House of Commons, and was one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, he opposed both the execution of Charles I. and the subsequent domination of Cromwell. At the death of the latter he actively aided in the restoration, and became chaplain to Charles II. The act of uniformity caused him again to secede, and he died in retire- ment in 1656. CALAMY, Edmuxd, grandson of the above, and a dissenting minister of great note. He was a very voluminous writer. Besides numerous sennous» and controver- sial tracts against Echard, Hoadley, and others, he published an abridgment of " Baxter's History of his Life and Times," with numerous supplementary articles. Died, 1732. CALANUS, an Indian philosopher, much esteemed by Alexander the Great. At the age of 83, being afflicted with a painful illness, he caused a funeral pile to be erected, which he ascended with a composed countenance, and expired in the flames, saying, that having lost his health and seen Alexander, life had no more charms for him. CALA8, Joiix, a merchant of Toulouse, memorable as the victim of judicial murder. His eldest son committed suicide ; and as he was known to be attached to the Uoman Catholic faith, a rabble cry arose that he had on that account been murdered by his father. It was in vain that the vinhappy pai-ent pointed out the fact that he had a Roman Catholic servant who was uninjured. He was condemned literally without the shadow of a proof of his guilt, and put to death by being broken on the wheel. Voltaire and others subsequently caused the process to be revised, and the unhappy widow procured a pension. The unjust and ignominious death of Galas took place in 1762. CALCAGNINI, CajLio, an Italian mili- tary officer, who bore arms under the em- peror Maximilian, and pope Julius II., and was distinguished equally as a soldier and a negotiator. Quitting the profession of arms, he became professor of belles lettres in the university of Ferrara. His Latin poetry was much esteemed, but as a prose writer he is more valuable for his matter than for his style. Died, 1541. CALCRAFT, John, a gentleman of Dor- setshire, and for many years an M.P., entered parliament in 1796. He voted with the Whig party, and especially distinguished himself in favour of George IV. while he was prince of Wales ; it was therefore, with surprise and indignation, that the Whigs saw their friend secede from them, and accept office in the Tory administration formed in 1828 under the Duke of W^ellington. He retired, of course, when that administration was dis- solved ; but he voted on their side until 1831, when he gave the casting vote in favour of the Reform Bill. From this time he seemed dejected, mental alieiiation succeeded, and he committed suicide. CALDA8, Francis Joseph, a distinguish- ed Spanish naturalist. He was employed by the Congress of New Granada to complete the Flora of Bogota, when the disturbed state of public affairs interrupted the work ; and this unfortunate gentleman and liis col- league, Don Lozano, having sided with the patriot party, were put to death by the Spanish general Muriilo, in 1816. CALDERON DE LA BARCA, PEDno, a distinguished Spanish dramatist of the 17th century. In his youth he bore arms, but subsequently became canon of Toledo, and employed his leisure in literature. His plays are very numerous, but, though popular in Spain, their chief merit to an English reader is in their plots ; his diction being generally inflated, and not unfrequently coarse. Bom, 1600 i died, 1687. CALDERWOOD, David, a Scotch pres- bytcrian divine of the reign of Charles II. His opposition to episcopacy caused him to be banished, and he went to reside in Holland, where he published his celebrated "Altare Demascenum." He subsequently returned to Scotland, and by his writings and personal exertions greatly aided in the establishment of presbyterianism. Died, 1651. CALENIUS, Waltee. a native of Whales, cal] ^ IJcto Bnibtxial 3Bui0ra|jTjjf. [cal and one of its historians. lie was arch- deacon of Oxford in 1120. C ALENTIUS, Elisujs, a Neapolitan poet, and prose author, lie was preceptor to Fre- deric, the son of Ferdinand, king of Naples, and the earliest writer on tlie illegality of putting crimiuals to death except for mur- der. Died, 1.503. CALEPINO, Ambkose, an Italian gram- marian and philologist ; author of a very valuable polyglot dictionary, and other learned and useful works. Died, 1.510. CALETTI, GiusEiTE, surnamed II Cre- MOXESE, an admirable Italian painter. His principal picture is that of St. Mark, in the church San Benedetto, at Ferrara. In some of his works he so closely imitated Titian, that connoisseurs can scarcely distinguish them. Died, 16C0. CALIGULA, Caius C^s.vr AugiTstus GEK.MA.vicus,theRomanemi)eror and tyrant, began his reign a.d. 37,with every promising appearance of becoming the real father and friend of his people ; but at the end of eight months he was seized with a fever, which, it is charitably presumed, must have iwrma- nently deranged his intellect, for his dispo- sition totally changed, and he committed tlic most atrocious acts of impiety, cruelty, and folly. Ue caused sacrifices to be offered to himself, his wife, and his favourite horse ; murdered many of his subjects with his own hands ; had others put to the rack while he was enjoying his meals, or beheaded in his presence. But in the midst of his enormities he was assassinated by a tribune of the people, as he came out of the theatre, a.d. 41, in the 29th year of his age. CALIPPUS, a Greek mathematician of the 4th century b. c, famous for having cor- rected the cycle of 19 years, invented by Meton, to show the correspondence of time in the revolutions of the sun and moon. CALLCOTT, John Wall, doctor of music, an eminent English composer. The Noble- man's Catch-club having proposed a prize, he sent in a hundred compositions I It was then ruled that no individual should send more than three compositions of a sort ; and Callcott accordingly, in 1789,senttwelve,four of which gained the four medals I For many years he carried olf at least one annual prize, until 1793, when the prizes ceased to be given. He wrote, besides glees, catches, and other compositions, a "Slusical Grammar," and made some progress with a "Musical Dic- tionary." Born, 17C(5 ; died, 1821. CALLCOTT, Sir Augustus Wall, R. A. an eminent English landscape painter, was bom at Kensington, in 1779, his eldest bro- tlier being Dr. Callcott, the celebrated mu- sical composer. Originally a chorister in Westminster Abbey, he was induced to try his hand at portrait painting ; and such was his success, that he immediately followed the new pursuit to which his inclination pointed. Year after year his reputation increased ; and from 1799, when he first submitted a specimen of his abilities for exhibition at the Royal Academy, till 1810, when he was elected a Royal Academician, he had ad- vanced almost to the summit of his profes- sion in his own particular branch of art, viz. landscape painting. For many years his pictures of sea-coast views and English in- land scenery were in considerable request ; nor were they ever deficient in number, his industry being on a par with his ability. On his marriage with the widow of Captam Graham, they made a continental tour, and it was evident soon after his return that his study of Italian scenery and the Italian masters had wrought an entire change in his style of composition. No longer did we see rural scenes of England — mills, market- carts, or ferry-boats ; but " Morning " and " Evening." Italian compodtions ; " Sunset near Canucglia," " Italian Girls at their first Communion," and others of that class. Though for a time, however, he had aban- doned, he had not forgotten, the studies of his earlier years ; and in 18.'}7 the public were both surprised and delighted with a large picture of " Ilaffaelle and the Foma- rina," with figures the size of life. In that year he received the honour of knighthood. Died, Nov. 2r>. 1844 ; aged fi6. CALLCOTT, Makia, Lady, daughter of Rear-admiral George Dundas, was born 1779. Married at a very early age to Captain Graham, R. N., she accompanied him to India, returned to England, and published her travels in the three presidencies before she was twenty-four years of age I Some years later she accompanied her husband to South America, where he died, and she was in Chili during the terrible earthquakes of 1822-3. Besides the " Travels " ab<ive named, she published a " History of Spain," a " Scrip- ture Herbal," and several minor works. Her second husband was Sir Augustus Callcott, R.A., the eminent artist. Died, Nov. 1842, aged 63. CALLET, Joux Francis, a celebrated French mathematician, hydrographcr, and engineer ; author of " A Memoir on the Dis- covery of the Longitude," a " Supplement to Bezout's Trigonometry," and a " Table of Logarithms, from 1 to J08/KK)." Died, 1798. CALLIMACHUS, a sculptor and architect of Corinth. He is said to have invented the Corinthianorderof architecture, and to have taken the hint of its capital from a plant ol' the acanthus which surrounded a basket covered witli a tile on a tomb. He flourished in the 6th century b. c. CALLIMACHUS, a Greek poet and his- torian. The remains of his writings, con- sisting of elegies, hymns, and epigrams, have been published by several eminent editors, and translated into English by Dodd and Tytler. CAI.LINUS, a Grecian orator and poet, supposed to have lived in the 8th century b.c. Some of his poetry is in the collection of Stobaius ; and he is said to have been the In- ventor of elegiac verse. CALLISTHENES, a Greek philosopher and poet, a relative and pupil of Aristotle, by whom he was recommended to Alexander the Great. He accompanied that prince in the exi)cdition against Persia, and was at first much esteemed by him. It seems, how- ever, that the philosopher had no small portion of arrogance, a quality not likely to serve him with a despotic and irritable prince. He crowned the offences of his free speaking by boldly reprobating Alexander's c.vl] ^ i^cbi mnbtt^al 3Siosrajj]^j). [cam assumption of divine honours. For this he was put to death. CALLOT, James, an eminent French en- graver. His plates are very numerous and highly esteemed, and his drawings scarcely less so. Died, 1636. CALLY, Pierre, a French divine and philosopher. lie was a staunch Cartesian, and was much engaged in controversies on that subject. He also distinguished himself in converting Protestants to the Church of Rome ; and envy of his theological success, added to enmity against his philosophy, raised him powerful enemies, who caused liim to be banished from Caen, of which he was cure, to Moulins. On his return, he again renewed his exertions among the Pro- testants, and published a work on the agree- ment between theology and philosophy, upon the subject of Transubstantiation. This work was condemned as heretical, and he was obliged to recant in liis own church. In addition to his controversial works, he wrote some sermons, and an " Introduction to Philosophy," and edited "Boethius de Consolatione." Died, 1709. CALMET, AuGUSTiJf, a French Benedic- tine abbot of Senones ; author of a " Uni- versal History," " Dictionary of the Bible," and other learned and well-known works. Born, 1672 ; died, 1757. CALO, John, or Johai^xitz, a Bulgarian cliief of the 13th century. He put the em- peror Baldwin to death, and committed most wanton cruelties in Greece ; but was cut short in his evil career by the hand of an assassin. CAI^ONNE, Charles Alilxandek de, an eminent French statesman, who succeeded Necker as comptroller-general of the finances in 1783 ; but after four years of incessant endeavours at financial reform, was obliged to retire to England. He wrote "Obser- vations sur plusieurs Matiferes du Droit Civile et Coutumier," &c. Born, 1734 ; died, 1802. CALPRENEDE, Walter de Costes, Lord of, a French nobleman and friend of the great Cond^, who is said to have aided him in the composition of " Cassandra," "Pharamond," &c., voluminous romances, once very popular, but now sunk into almost entire oblivion. Died, 1663. CALPURNIUS, . or CALPHURNIUS, Titus, a Sicilian Latin poet of the 3rd cen- tury. Seven of his eclogues are to be found in the "Poetae Latini Minores," published at Leyden in 1731, and are thought to be second only to the eclogues of Virgil. CALVABT, Denis, an eminent Dutch painter, who had the honour of giving the earliest instructions to Guido, Albano, and Domenichino. His chef-d'oeuvre is the picture of St. Michael, in the church of St. Peter, at Bologna. Died, 1619. CALVERT, George, first lord Balti- more, an English statesman. He was for some time secretary of state to James I., but was obliged to resign this oflace on be- coming a Roman Catholic. He did not lose the favour of the king, however ; but ob- tained a valuable grant of land in America, and by his wise and just conduct formed the colony which has in modern times increased to the populous and wealthy state of Mary- land. Died, 1032. CALVERT, Frederick, seventh lord Baltimore ; author of a " Tour to the East, vnih Remarks on Constantinople and the Turks," " Coelestes et Inferi," &c. Died, 1771. CALVERT, Frederick, an ingenious and enterprising artist residing in London, whose numerous drawings and lithographic prints afford ample evidence both of his versatility and untiring assiduity. Died, 1835. CALVI, Lazzaeo, an able Italian artist, but of so jealous and evil a disposition, that he poisoned an artist who rivalled him ; and, on finding Luca Cambraso's portion of the decoration of a church preferred to his own, abandoned his own profession, and did not resume it for 20 years. Died, 1606. CALVIN, properly CAUVIN, JohNj after Luther the most eminent of the religious reformers. His writings, both controversial and practical, were very numerous, and marked by great vigour and perspicuity ; and though they are now little read, the principles they inculcate are held by a vast body in all countries in which the reformed religion is established or tolerated. There is, however, a deep stain in the character of this reformer. While vindicating the li- berty of conscience, he so far forgot his own principles and disobeyed the behests of the gospel, as to consign to the flames the im- fortunate Servetus. The principal work of Calvin is his " Christian Institutes." Bom at Noyon, in Picardy, 1509 ; died, 1564. CALVISIUS, Sellius, a German writer ; author of " Opus Chronologicum," a work much praised by Scaliger and other learned men ; a treatise on music ; a work against the Gregorian calendar, &c. He also com- posed several psalms and other pieces of church music. Died, 1615. CAMBACERES, Jean Jacques Regis, duke of Rome, &c., raised to distinction by the French revolution, was born at Mont- pelier, in 1733, brought up to the legal pro- fession, and by his talents soon attracted the notice of the convention, by whom he was appointed to various judicial offices. In the discussion relative to the fate of Louis XIV., although he was one who declared him guilty, yet he disputed the right of the convention to judge him, and voted for his provisory arrest, or, in case of hostile invasion, his death. For a time he had the management of foreign affairs ; and when Buonaparte was first consul, Cambaceres was chosen second consul. After Napoleon became emperor, he was an especial favourite, and was created archchancellor, grand officer of the legion of honour, and ultimately duke of Parma, and president of the chamber of peers. In fine, he always showed a sincere attachment to Napoleon, and devoted his best energies to his cause ; and though he was banished on the second restoration of Louis XVIII. , yet he was afterwards allowed to return to Paris, where he died in 1824. CAMBRIDGE, II.R.H., Adolpiius Fre- derick, the seventh and youngest son of George III., was born Feb. 24th, 1774. He received his earliest education at Kew, and having completed his studies at Gottingen, cam] I he served as a volunteer under the Duke of I York, during the eampaign of 1793, in j Flanders, wliere he received two wounds ; j and he bore an active sliare in the various ] operations of the arduous campaign in 1794 I and 1795. In 1803 he was promoted to the rank of general, and appointed colonel-in- chief of the King's German I<egion ; in 1813 he received the field marshal's baton ; and at the close of the war in 1815 he was nominated ! vi(reroy of Hanover ; an office which he held j till 1837, when the death of his brother William IV. opened the succession to the i throne of Hanover to the Duke of Cumber- j land. His administration of the affairs of I that coimtry, if not brilliant, was character- I ised by great discretion ; and in 1831, his j mild yet firm conduct went far to extinguish the strong party animosities, which had I nearly kindled the flames of civil war. i Since the close of 1837 the duke chiefly re- I sided in this country, where he endeared ] himself to all classes of the community by j his affability and bonhommie. He was a zealous supporter of all charitable institu- tions, and few anniversary meetings or festi- vals were thought to be complete if the directors had not secured liim for the chair- man. In politics, tlie duke was a liberal conservative ; but he made it a point of never voting, though he might speak, against the ministers of the crown. Besides being patron of the Art Union, he was exceedingly fond of the fine arts, especially of music, and at one period of his life distinguished himself as an amateur performer on the piano and the violin. We have only to add that on the 7th of Mar, 1818, the Duke of Cambridge married the Princess Wilhelmina Louisa, daughter of Frederick, landgrave of Hesse Cassel, who with a son and two daughters, the issue of their marriage, still survive. Died, July 8. mw. CAMBRIDGE, Richard Owex, an Eng- lish writer of great and versatile ability j author of " The Scribbleriad," a satire ; a " History of the Coromandel War," &c. Died, 1802. CAMBRONNE, Pierkk Jacqi^es, Baron de, a distinguished French general, was bom at Nantes, 1770. Entering the army in 1790, he served with distinction in the campaigns of the republic and the empire. He accom- panied Napoleon to Elba in 1814, returned with him in 1815, commanded a division of the Old Guard at the battle of Waterloo, refused to surrender, though his men were nearly destroyed, and fell into the hands of the English, after being severely wounded. In 181(5 he was brought before a council of war ; but though unanimously acquitted, he was placed in retirement, and did not re- enter his country's service till 1830. The celebrated words, " La Garde meurt, et ne se rend pas," are attributed to him. Died, 1842. CAMBYSES, king of Persia, succeeded his father, the great Cyrus, in 529 B.C. He was of a violent and vindictive disposition, which he manifested equally by his invasions of Egypt and Ethiopia, and by his cruel treat- ment of his own subjects. Died, B.C. 521. CAMDEN, CiiAKLEs PitATT, Earl, a dis- tinguished British lawyer and statesman, was the third son of Sir John Pratt, chief 143 ^ i^tfsi HnibnM 3SiflcjrapT3j?. [cam justice of the court of king's bench, and was bom in 1713. On the advancement of Henley to the House of Lords in 1757, Mr. Pratt was appointed attorney-general ; and in 17C2 made chief justice of the common pleas. In 1765 he was created a peer, and the year following advanced to the dignity of lord chancellor. On the question of libels Lord Camden always opposed the doctrine laid down by high authority, viz. that juries were only the judges of the matter of fact, and not of the law. In 1782 lie was ap- pointed president of the council, which oflRce he resigned the following year ; but he was afterwards re-api)ointcd, and held it till his death in 1794. CAMDEN, Jonrr Jeffreys Pratt, Mar- quis, K. G., &c., was born in 1759, being the only son of Charles, first earl Camden, sometime lord high chancellor of England. He was educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; and in 1780 was returned to jiarlia- ment as one of the members for Bath ; shortly after which he received the appointment of one of the tellers of the exchequer. In 1794 he 8ucceede4 his father in the peerage, and the year following he was made lord lieu- tenant of Ireland. Besides various other important situations, he held the lucrative office of teller of the exchequer for sixty years ; and during almost half that term he had resigned the large income arising there- from, amounting in the whole to upwards of a quarter of a million of money. This patri- otic act alone throws a lustre over the name and character of the noble marquis, which will be rememl)ered long after the splendour attached to his rank and honours shall have faded from the memory. For his eminent services to the state, he was created marquis Camden and earl of Brecknock in 1812. Died, 1840. CAMDEN, WiixiAM, a learned English antiquary. lie received his early education at Christ's Hospital, and subsequently studied at Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree. After filling the situations of second and chief master of Westminster School, his pro- ficiency in antiquarian lore procured him the honourable and lucrative office of Claren- cieux kin"-at-arms. In addition to his great and well-known work, "The Britannia," he published " Annals of Queen Elizabeth," a Greek grammar, &c. Born, 1.551 ; died, 1623. CAMERARIUS, Joachim, a learned Ger- man writer, the friend and biographer of Melancthon. In addition to Ids original writings, he published several translations from the Greek. Born, 1500 ; died, 1574. CAMERARIUS, Joachim, son of the above ; author of some botanical essays, &c. Bom, 1534 ; died, 1598. CAMERON, Lieut.-gen. Sir Ar.r.AX. In 1793, he raised, from his private funds, the 79th, or " Cameron Highlanders ; " and after a long life spent in the service of his country, died in 1828. CAMERON, JoH.v, a Scotch Protestant divine, who after filling the divinity chair at Glasgow, obtained that of Montauban, in France. Mild by nature and tolerant by Christian philosophy, he endeavoured to me- diate l)etween Protestants and Papists ; but some furious zealots belonging to the latter cam] ^ i^cta WinibtrSKl MiasviipM' [cam caused him to be so severely assaulted, that I he died from the effects of the brutal attack. ! His works were collected and published in I three 4to volumes. Died, l<)2o. CAMILLA, daughter of Metabus, king of the Volsci. Ou siicceediug her father she 1 distinguished herself in arms, and fell in j battle assisting Turuus against ^neai^. I CAMILLUS, Marccs FtrEics, a Roman I general. After obtaining the highest ho- nours from his applauding compatriots, he j was charged with peculation, and went into I exile. But when Brennus and his Gauls I besieged the capital, Camillus nobly set I aside his private feelings, hastened to Rome, i and freed it from the barbarians ; after ! which he was made dictator. Died, B.C. 363. j CAMOENS, Louis, a Portuguese poet of I first-rate celebrity, was born at Lisbon about ; the year 1520, and received his education at Coimbra. He served with great credit against the Moors in Africa ; and subse- quently joined in an expedition to the East Indies, where he wrote a considerable por- tion of liis " Lusiad." This poem has been several times translated into English. Died, l.'-.ni. CAMP AN, Madame de, distinguished no less for her amiability than her acquire- ments, was born at Paris, 1752. Attached to the court in the capacity of companion to the French princesses, she was particularly dis- tinguished by Marie Antoipette, whose good and evil fortune she shared with affecting fidelity and devotion. After the revolution she instituted a celebrated educational es- tablishment at St. Germains ; she was subse- quently appointed by Napoleon head of the institution for the education of the daughters of officers whom he had enrolled in the Le- gion of Honour : but after the restoration of the Bourbons, this establishment was dis- solved, and her relationship to Marshal Key involved her in various unpleasant investiga- tions which embittered her life. She died in 1822, leaving behind her, besides a re- spected name, many educational works (of which her "Education des Filles" deserves particular notice) and valuable memoirs, rich in interesting sketches of the private life of her former mistress and friend. CAMPANELLA, Thomas, an Italian monk of the Dominican order. Having strongly opposed the peripatetic philosophy, his enemies caused him to be accused of con- spiracy, and he was confined first at Naples, and afterwards at Rome. From the latter place he escaped to France, where Cardinal Richelieu obtained him a pension. His best works are " De recta Ratione Studendi " and " Aphorisma Politica." Died, 1630. CAMPBELL, Archibald, marquis of Ar- gyle, a zealous and gallant partisan of the Covenanters. At the restoration of Charles II. the marquis was committed to the Tower. After remaining a prisoner about 5 mouths, he was sent to Scotland, where he was tried for high treason, and beheaded in 1661. CAMPBELL, Ajjcuibald, earl of Argyle, son of the above, and a most zealous and gallant adherent of the royal cause ; so much so, indeed, that he was excepted from the general pardon issued by Cromwell in 1654. Tliough he defeated the endeavours of his enemies to bring him to the scaffold, this noble man most unfortunately ventured to return from Holland, where he had found shelter, and being apprehended, was con- veyed to Edinburgh and beheaded in 1685. CAMPBELL, Jonx, duke of Argyle and of Greenwich, was distinguished equally as a soldier and a statesman. He was briga- dier-general at the famous battle of Rami- lies, and commanded with brilliant effect at Oudenarde and Malplaquet. To these ser- vices he added that of beating the Earl of Mar at Dumblain, and compelling the Pre- tender to quit the kingdom. These action?, and his exertions in bringing al>out the union, were rewarded with the Garter and the English dukedom of Greenwich. He also held several offices, of which Sir R. Walpole deprived him, but which he re- gained on that minister's removal. Born, 1G71 ; died, 1743. CjVMPBELL, AEcniBALT), a relative of the above, and bishop of Aberdeen ; author of the very scarce and curious work, " The Doctrine of a Middle State between Death and the Resurrection." He resigned his bishopric in 1724, and died in 1744. CAMPBELL, George, D.D., a Scotch divine, principal of Marischal College, Aber- deen, and professor of divinity there ; au- thor of the "Philosophy of Rhetoric," — still a standard work, — a " Reply to Hume on the Miracles," "Lectures on Ecclesiastical History," &c. Born, 1709 ; died, 1796. CAMPBELL, JoHX, a Scotch arcliitect, surveyor of the works at Greenwich : author of" Vitruvius Britannicus." Died, 1734. CAMPBELL, Jonx, a clever and indus- trious Scotch writer ; author of the " Mili- tary Histories of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough," a "Political Sur- vey of Britain," the "Lives of the Admi- rals," &c. Died, 1775. CAMPBELL, Major-gen. Sir Neil, was the officer selected by the British govern- ment to accompany Napoleon to the island of Elba ; and it was during a short excur- sion, which his bad state of health rendered necessary, that Napoleon effected his escape. This brave and meritorious officer, after spending thirty-one years in the service of his country, fell a sacrifice to the noxious climate of Sierra Leone, of which colony he had been appointed commander-in-cliief. Died, 1827. CAMPBELL, Thomas, LL.D., an eminent poet, was the son of a highly intelligent and respectable Scotch merchant, who gave him" an excellent education at Glasgow, where he greatly distinguished himself. A transla- tion of his from Aristophanes was pronounced by the best judges to be the finest college exercise they ha<l ever seen ; and, when little more than thirteen, he won a bursary in his college from a competitor nearly double his age ! Such a youth could not be followed by an undistinguished maturity. Leaving Glasgow at an early age, he settled in Edinlmrgh as a private tutor ; and here, when only in his twenty-second year, he published "The Pleasures of Hope" — by all judges allowed to be one of the most elegant poems in our language. The suc- cess of this work was such as to allow of cam] ^ ^tb) HiiitJcriJal 2iJi0srapI)y» [can his making a tour on the Continent, whence he gave the worhl tliose splendid lyrics, " Ye Mariners of England," " The Exile of Erin," and " llohenlinden." At the battle of llohenlinden he was so near, that he could see the returning conquerors wiping their blood-stuined sabres upon their horses' manes ; a circumstance to which, in after years, he was often heard to allude. Soon after his return from the Continent, Mr. Campbell married and settled in London, employing himself not only in occasional composition of poetry, but also in the hard literary drudgery of mere compilation. To such works he could not judiciously put a name which already stood so high on the list of England's noblest poets, but we have reason to believe that, from 1803 to 18()9, his labours in this way were as intense and ex- tensive as they were creditable to his love of inclei>endence. But he now published " Gertrude of Wyoming," " The Battle of the Baltic," " Lord TJUin's Daughter," and " O'Connor's Child ; " and he was engaged by Mr. Murray to write the admirable and well-known " Critical Essays and Si>cci- mens." Subsequently he edited the New Monthly and the Metropolitan Magazines ; and published " Theodoric," a poem, be- sides editing some few reprints and compi- lations. Early in his career he was relieved from the absolute want which too often slings genius into imprudence, by the kind- ness of Charles Fox, who put him on the pension list for 200/. per annum. His health had for some years been but feeble, and in 1843 he retired to Boulogne, where he died ; but his remains were conveyed to England and interred in Westminster Abbey. Died, June 15. 1H44, aged G". CAMPE, Joachim Hknrt, a German writer ; author of a German dictionary, "Letters from Paris, eulogistic of the French Revolution ; " " Tiieophron ? " and the " New Robinson Crusoe." The lost named work, by which he is chiefly known in England, is founded on the popular work of Defoe. Born, 1746 ; died, 1818. CAMPEGGIO, Lorenzo, originally a professor of civil law at Bologna, but on the death of his wife he entered the church, be- came a bishop, and at length a cardinal. In 1.119 he was sent as legate to England, and while here was nominated bishop of Salis- bury. After being for some time in Germany as legate, and employed in opposing Luther- anism, he again came to England to decide between Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon, on which occasion he oifended Henry without being of any real service to the queen. He appears to have been a man of considerable learning and natural ability; for he reckoned Erasmus and other eminent scholars among his friends. Died, 1539. CAMPEGGIO, brother of the above, and a bishop ; author of several treatises on canon law. Died, 1504. CAMPER, Peter, a Dutch physician and naturalist. His writings on various depart- ments of natural history and philosophy are collected in six volumes ; and, in addition to these, he wrote an ingenious treatise on the physiognomies of men of different nations. Bom, 1722 ; died, 1789. CAMPHUYSEN, Dyrk, a Dutch land- scape painter of the 17th century ; distin- guished for the excellence of his moonlight pieces. CAMPI, Bernaudin, an Italian painter, and author of an excellent treatise on the principles of his art. Died, 1584 — Various liersons of this name arc distinguialied in the annals of Italian art. CAMPIAN, Edmund, an English Jesuit. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, and graduated at Oxford ; but on a visit to Ire- land was induced to turn papist, and enter as a Jesuit at Douay. He wrote " Chrono- logia Universalis," and a drama, called " Nectar and Ambrosia." Being chosen by Gregory XIII. to come to England as a missionary, he was discovered, tried for high treason, and executed in 1581, CAMPISTRON, Jean Guaujeut de, a French dramatic poet. Three volumes of his plays are extant ; and some of them are thought to be but little inferior to those of his celebrated contemporary, Racine. Born, 16.K ; died, 1723. CAMPOMANES, Penno Rodriguez, Count de, a celebrated Spanish statesman, whose profound views in political economy obtained him, in 17fi5, the appointment of fiscal to the council of Castile. He was after- wards made minister of state i wrote many useful works ; and died in 17b9. CAMI*S, Francis de, abbot of Ligny ; author of a " History of France," " Disser- tation on Medals," &c. Died, 1723. CAMPSON, Gauri, raised by the Mame- lukes to the sultanship of Egypt ; and slain, after a beneficent reign of 12 years, in an action with Sclim, emperor of the Turks, in 1510. CAMUS, Armand Gaston, was one of the deputies from Paris to the states-general in 1789 ; and, when a member of the con- vention, voted for the death of the king. Although he opposed the establishment of the consular government, yet Buonaparte continued him in his office of archivist, which he held several years. Born, 1740 ; died, 1804. CAMUS, John Peter, a French prelate, remarkable for the raillery he introduced into his sermons. He was created bishop of Bellay by Henry IV., but his severe re- proofs of the monks, and his endeavours to check their irregularities, made him man^ enemies, and he at length resigned his bi- shopric and retired to a monastery. Among his writings were several religious romances, written with the intention to supplant the less edifying fictions which were just at that time so popular. Born, 1582 ; died, 1652. CAMUSAT, Nicuoi,AS, canon of Troyes ; author of " Melanges llistoriques," " Uis- toria Albigensium," &c. Died, 10.55. CANALETTI, or CAN ALE, Antonio, a Venetian painter, whose excellence was chiefly in landscape. To him is ascribed the merit of having been the first to make the camera obscura useful in painting. Born, 1G97; died, 1768. CANANI, John Baptist, an Italian ana- tomist, professor of anatomy and medicine at Ferrara ; author of a valuable and scarce work, entitled. " Musculorum Humani Cor- 115 cak] ^ ^eli3 ^Iniijcr^al aSiOffrajpl^y [can poris picturata Dissectio." Some writers attribute to him the discovery of tlie valves of the veins. Died, 1590. CANAYE, Philip, sieiir du Fresne, an eminent French statesman and lawyer. He was employed in several embassies from Henry IV., accounts of which are published in three folio volumes. He was converted from Calvinism in the well-known contro- versy between Du Perron and Du Plessis Mornay. Born, 1551 ; died, 1010. CANDAULES, a king of I^ydia, put to death by his favourite, Gyges, at the insti- gation of the queen. Gyges subsequently slew her also, and assumed the crowu, B.C. 718. CANDIDO, Peter, whose real name is said to have been De Witte, was a native of Bruges, where lie was distinguished as an historical painter. Many of his works have been engraved. CANDOLLE, Augustix P. de, whose knowledge of botany has placed him in the same rank with Linnaeus, was bom at Ge- neva, 1778. Having finished his studies at Paris, he soon attracted the notice of Cuvier and Lamarck, whom he aided in various scientific researches ; and in 1808 lie was appointed to the chair of botany in INIont- pelier. Obliged to quit France for having taken office under Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he found refuge in his native city, wliere a chair of natural liistory was expressly instituted for him, and where he continued, for many years, to extend the boundaries of his favourite science by his lectures and publications. His cliief works are a " Th^orie Eli5mentaire de Botanique," "Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale," " L'Organographie et la Pliysiologie "Vegi5- tales," &c. ; in all of which he seeks to enforce what is called the natural arrange- ment. Died, 1841. CANGE, Chakles du Fresxe du, a French antiquary ; author of a " History of the Empire of Constantinople," "Byzantine History," &c. Died, 1G88. CANNE, John, an English puritan of the 17th century. Being obliged to fly from England, he settled at Amsterdam, and succeeded Henry Ainsworth as pastor there. He published a Bible, with numerous mar- ginal references. CANNEMAN, Elias, a Dutch statesman, born in 1778. In 1798 he joined the revo- lution, and held a high financial post at the Hague, when Holland was united to France. In 1813 he was among the first to declare the independence of Holland, and chief contributor to the restoration of the house of Orange. CANNES, Francis, a learned Spaniard, born in 1737, and died in 1795. He was the author of " A Spanish and Arabian Gram- mar and Dictionary." CANNING, the Right Hon. Geoboe, a highly gifted orator and distinguished poli- tician, was born in London, April 11. 1770. His father, who was from Ireland, was a man of considerable literary abilities ; but having ofl^ended his family by marrying a lady without fortune, came to London, en- tered himself of the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar. Like many others simi- larly situated, he soon abandoned the law for literature ; but this failing to provide him with the means of support, lie com- menced business as a wine merchant, and failed. Repeated disappointments seriously affected his health and spirits, and he died, broken-hearted, on the very day that liis infant son was one year old. His widow, reduced by dire necessity, had recourse to the stage for support, and married an actor : he also died, and she then became the wife of Mr. Ilunn, a linendraper of Exeter. But she had the happiness to live to see the success of her son, and to receive from him at all limes the tenderest marks of filial af- fection. The friends of his father first placed him at Hyde Abbey School, Winchester, and afterwards at Eton, where he greatly distin- guished himself as a scholar, and formed many connections which were of great ser- vice to him in his after life. While at Eton, he displayed great skill as an author, in his contributions to the "Microcosm," a periodical work conducted by the senior scholars. At Oxford also he distinguished himself, and proceeded thence to Lincoln's Inn, his oratorical talents suggesting the bar as the profession best adapted for him. Being introduced to the House of Commons by Mr. Pitt, he abandoned the bar, and devoted himself wholly to politics. His strenuous and able support of the minister was rewarded in 179u with an under secre- taryship of state ; and in the year 1800 he was placed in aflluence by his marriage with Miss Joanna Scott, the daughter of General Scott, with a fortune of 100,000/. His talents as a poet and political writer were unques- tionable, and lie made an expert use of them in the articles he contributed to the " Antijacobjn," a celebrated publication, in which the Whigs were wittily, unmercifully, and in some cases unjustifiably, held up to popular contempt. After the death of Pitt, and the dissolution of the coalition ministry of Fox and Grenville, Canning became foreign secretary in Perceval's administra- tion ; and to him may justly be ascribed the line of British policy in Spain, which destroyed tlie hopes of Napoleon, and led to his final overthrow ; for, as he once empha- tically declared, " his had been the hand which committed England to an alliance with Spain." Having, as it was alleged, unfairly endeavoured to procure the removal of Lord Castlereagh from office, a duel took place, and both parties had to quit office. In 1812 he was elected a member for the great commercial town of Liverpool ; and in 1816 he again became minister, being ap- pointed president of the board of control. In this situation he made himself extremely unpopular by his defence of the Six Acts, and other no less obnoxious measures. On the return of queen Caroline to England in 1820, Mr. Canning retired from office, that he might not have occasion to vote against her. This did not prevent his being ap- pointed governor-general of India in 1822 ; and lie had already made preparations for his departure, when the melancholy death of the ^larquis of Londonderry caused the seals of the foreign office to ])e delivered to Mr. Canning. In conjunction with Mr. 14C can] ^ 0t^ Winihex^nl 3Ji05rapTj». [can Iluskisson, he now advocated a course of both home and foreign jiolity, strikingly at variance with that of which he had for years been the wittiest and readiest, if not the most profound, defender. His new policy was as popular as his old had been obnoxious ; and the Earl of Liveriwol being seized with paralysis, from which there was no hope of Ills recovery, Mr. Canning reached the grand object of his ambition — that of being the acknowledged head of administration. But though the new premier was popular with the country, the party with whom lie had in a great measure ceased to act rendered his task a difficult one. The opposition to hlra was fierce, almost rancorous ; and it was soon obvious that he was suffering both in mind and body from over-exertion and constant excitement. These, aggravating the effects of a severe cold, caught while attending the funeral of the Duke of York, brought on a most painful inflammatory disease, wliich teruiiuated his life at the age of 57, in 1827. As an orator, he has rarely been excelled for finished elegance and clas- sical taste ; pouring forth his eloquence in a persuasive, impassioned, and fearless tone ; or in a happy vein of caustic irony demolish- ing the arguments of his opponents. That he was ambitious of place and power, and that during his political career he made some sacrifices of principle to exi)ediency, no one will deny ; but, as a statesman, his great aim was to uphold the honour of his country, and to pursue a liberal line of po- licy at home and abroad ; while he was a decided enemy to all intermeddling with those institutions which the wisdom and ex- perience of ages had built up and cemented. CANO, Alonzo, a Spanish artist ; so mas- terly a painter, sculptor, and architect, that he was surnamed the Michael Angelo of Spain. His colossal statues of St. Peter and St. Paul were so admirably executed, that foreign artists from all parts travelled to see and copy them. Xrnhappily, in the midst of his triumph and celebrity, he became the victim of a horrible suspicion. During his absence from home his wife was murdered, and his house robbed by an Italian servant ; and Cano, being suspected, was put to the rack. The torture itself could not shake his firmness, and as there was no evidence against him he was released. He then en- tered the church ;" and although he strictly attended to his religious duties, yet his love of the arts was unabated, and the " ruling passion" was still so strong, that on his death-bed he averted his face from the crucifix of his confessor, because it was ill- carved. Born, 1C08 ; died, 1(570. CANO, James, a Portuguese navigator, who in the 15th century discovered the king- dom of Congo. C^iNO, John Sebastian, a Spanish na- vigator, who was employed as principal sur- veying officer by Magellan, who circumnavi- gated the globe in 1520-1. Died, 1526. CANORMUS, a German mineralogist of great celebrity, born in 1738 ; director of the mines to tlie emperor of Russia. He published numerous works on his favourite science. CAN OVA, Antonio, a celebrated modem sculptor. He was born, in 1757, at the little village of Passagno, in the Venetian terri- tory. The seigneur of the village, having seen the figure of a lion modelled by Ca- nova when only 12 years of age, was gene- rous enough to place him with Torretii, of Vienna, at that time the greatest living sculp- tor. At the close of his studies at Vienna he settled at Venice, and manifested the originality of his powers by various works. From Venice he passed to Rome, where he was greatly patronised, and in a compara- tively brief time he was admired by all Euroi)e, and more or less employed by every Euro|>ean potentate. Fortune and honours flowed in upon him, and he used them wisely and honourably. Among his numerous works the finest are "Cupid and Psyche," "Venus and Adonis," "Mary Magdalen," and " Napoleon holding the Sceptre." Died, 1822. CANOVAI, Stanislatts, an Italian ma- thematician, bom in 1740. He was brought into notice by a work to prove that Amerieo Vespucclo was the first discoverer of the New World. CANSTEIN, CiiAKLES Hildebrasd, Baron, a German nobleman, distinguished for an improvement in printing, analogous to stereotyping. He caused bibles and testa- ments to be printed from entire pages, the testaments being sold as low as fourpence each. How the baron's pages were formed does not clearly appear. Died, 1711). CANTACUZENE, Prince, a Greek pa- triot, descended from the famous Eastern emperor, John, and one of the first to join Tpsilanti in 1821, when declaring for the liberty of Greece, since re-established. CANTACUZENUS, JoH.v, emperor of Constantinople. After filling several im- portant offices he was proclaimed emperor by the nobles and soldiery ; and he endea- voured to heal the wounds which 5 years of civil war had inflicted on the state ; but the jealousy of Palaiologus, the rcljcUion of his own son, and other disasters, induced him to resign the crown and retire to a monastery, where he employed himself in literary la- bours. He died in 1411, being more tlian 100 years old ; and he may be considered as one of the greatest among the successors of Constantine. CANTARINI, Simon, surnamed the Pe- zarese, an Italian painter, whose works are frequently mistaken for those of his great master, Guido. Died, 1(548. CANTEMIR, Demethius, a Moldavian prince ; author of " The System of the Afa- hometan Religion," a "History of the Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire," &c. Died, 1723. CANTEMIR, ANTiocnus, son of the above. He was educated in Russia, and employed in some important embassies from that country. He was the author of several poems, and translated Anacreon into Rus- sian. Died, 1774. CANTERBURY, Charles Manners Sutton, Viscount, — eldest son of the Most Rev. C. M. Sutton, archbishop of Canterbury, — was bom in 1780; received his education at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge ; and, being destined for the legal profession, can] ^■i^thi SUniljcrs'nl SJaiogrHp!)!). [cap was called to the bar ia 1805. He entered parliament in 1807, as member for Knares- borough, which borough he represented till 1832, when he was elected for the university of Cambridge. In 1809 he was appointed to the office of judge advocate general ; and on Mr. Abbot (afterwards Lord Colchester) retiring from the speakership of the House Commons in 1817, the talent and political integrity of Mr. Manners Sutton recom- mended him to the house as one eminently qualified to fill so distinguished and honour- able a situation. To a commanding pre- sence, he added urbanity of manners, par- ticularly when addressing his political opponents, which won their esteem ; and he conscientiously discharged the important duties of his office. It being reported that he took an active part in the formation of the Peel ministry in 1834, tlie adherents and friends of Lord Melbourne put Mr. Aber- crombie in nomination for the speakership, and he was cliosen (Feb. 19. 1835) by a ma- jority of 10. Mr. Manners Sutton was shortly after called to the upper house by the titles of viscount Canterbury and baron Bottes- ford. He died July 21. 1845, aged 65. CANTIPKATANUS, Tuomas, a divine and philosopher of the 13th century ; author of two rare and curious treatises on the natural history of bees. He is also said to liave translated into Latin the whole of the works of Aristotle ; but Avcntiue attributes it to Henry of Brabant. CANTON, Joiiy, M.A., an ingenious Englisli mechanician and experimentalist. The chief of his discoveries was that of the means of making artificial magnets, for which the Royal Society gave him its gold medal, and elected him a member. He contributed some valuable papers to the Trausaciions of the Royal Society, but pub- lished no separate work. Born, 1718 ; died, 1772. CANUEL, Simon, a French general, born in 1767. He was in the army at the time of the revolution ; and, by embracing the royal cause, rose to the rank of general of brigade in La Vendi^e. Quitting this career on the guillotining of his leaders, in 1790, he took command under the Directory ; but was not emploj'ed under the consular or im- perial regime till the restoration of tlie Bour- bons, when he was made governor of Lyons. His accusation, by Colonel Fabvier, of pro- voking anti-Bourbon conspiracies there for the sake of persecution, gave birth to an action for libel against the former, which excited much notice. CANUTE, surnamed the Great, king of Denmark by inheritance, and of England by conquest. Though his authority in En- gland was ill-obtained, it seems to liave been both wisely and justly administered. Died, 1035. CANUTE IV.. surnamed the Pious, king of Denmark. He endeavoured to invade England, but was unsuccessful, and was slain by one of his subjects in a revolt, con- sequent on a grant he Jiad made to the church. His death took place in 1087. CAPASSO, Nicholas, an Italian divine, and professor of civil law in the university of Naples ; author ol some works on theology and jurisprudence, which are now but little known ; some spirited and popular poetry, Latin and Italian ; and a translation, which is highly popular in Naples, of " Homer's Iliad" into the Neapolitan patois. Born, 1671 ; died, 1746. CAPEL, Arthur, Lord, a distinguished royalist, who, in conjunction with Lord Norwich and Sir Charles Lucas, gallantly defended Colchester against the parlia- mentary troops. He at length surrendered on a promise of quarter, but was treache- rously beheaded. While confined in the Tower he wrote some beautiful verses ; and was the author also of a moral work, enti- tled " Daily Meditations." He suffered in 1048. CAPEL, Arthur, earl of Essex, son of the above. His own merit and the memory of his father caused him to have the honour- able employments of ambassador to Den- mark and lord lieutenant of Ireland. He subsequently, for a short time, held the office of first lord of the Treasury ; but lost his favour at court by voting for the exclu- sion of the Duke of York. Being accused of participation in the Ilj-e-house plot, he was committed to the Tower, where he cut his throat, or, as was suspected, was murdered, in leas. CAPELL, Edward, an eminent dramatic critic ; editor of a volunle of ancient poetry, entitled "Prolusions," &c. ; but chiefly known for his edition of Shakspeare, a task ■whicli is said to have occupied him more than 20 years. Born, 1713 ; died, 1781. CAPELLAN, T. F., a Dutch vice-admiral, born in 1700 ; colleague with LordExmouth in the victorious attack on Algiers. CAPELLEN, G. A. P., Baron, a Dutch statesman, born in 1770 ; minister of the interior to Louis Buonaparte. On the union of Belgium with Holland, in 1815, he was appointed secretary of state at Brussels by the new king, and in 1815 governor of the Dutch East Indies. CAPELLO, BiANCA, at first the mistress, and afterwards the wife, of Francis, son of the Grand-duke Cosmo de Medici. She was possessed of great ability, but was both artful and cruel, and her memory is literally de- tested by the Florentines. The fact that her husband and herself died within a few days of each other, caused it to be surmised that they were poisoned, and rumour charged the dark deed upon the brother of her husband, the Cardinal Ferdinand. Died, 1587. CAPILLUPI, Camillo, an Italian writer of the 10th century ; author of " The Stratagems of Charles IX. against tlie Huguenots." CAPISTRAN, JoHX, a friar, who distin- guished himself in the 14th century by the zeal with wliich he laboured against Turks and heretics. He headed a crusade against the Hussites, of whom he is said to have made many converts. He died in 1456 ; and nearly two centuries afterwards was canon- ised. CAPISUCCHI, Blasius, marquis of Mon- terio, and general of the papal forces. He signalised himself by great daring and zeal against the Huguenots, especially in defend- ing Poitiers against them in 1569. The cak] ^ ilelu Bnihtv^aX JStograp|)i|. [car tained permission to go to Brunswick, and, afterwards, to make the tour of Italy and Greece. On quitting England, she assumed the title of Countess of Wolfeubuttel ; and, while at Milan, took into her service an Italian, named Bartolomeo Bergami, in the capacity of a courier, whom she soon elevated to the office of chamberlain, and appointed his sister one of her maids of honour. For a time she resided at a villa on the banks of the lake of Como ; but afterwards visited Tunis, Malta, Athens, Constantinople, Ephe- 8U8, and lastly Jerusalem. While there she exhibited extraordinary munificence in gifts to the conventual fathers as well as to the poor ; and took upon herself to found a new order of knighthood, entitled the order of St. Caroline, of which she constituted Bergami grand master. Her indiscretion in thus ex- alting Bergami, and the improper familiarity with which it was alleged she treated him, became a theme of general conversation ; and commissioners were secretly sent out to Milan by the prince regent, in order to make iniiuiries into her conduct, and to furnish the necessary evidence on which to obtain a divorce. All circumstances appeared favour- able to him for the consummation of this long-desired object. While absent from England, death had deprived her of her friends, George III. and the Duke of Kent ; of her daugliter, the Princess Charlotte ; and her brother, the Duke of Brunswick, who fell in resisting the French previous to the battle of Waterloo. Yet, on the Prince of Wales ascending the throne, January 29. 1820, the ministrv offered her an income of 60,0(W/. sterling, the title of Queen of Eng- land, and all the dignities appertaining thereto, on the condition that she should continue to reside abroad. This proposal she rejected with great indignation, accused her enemies of the basest conspiracy against her, and returned to England, cheered by the enthusiastic welcome of nine-tenths of the people. She was now publicly accused by the minister. Lord Liverpool, of adultery; and, after a protracted trial, the bill of pains and penalties was passed to a third reading by a trifling majority ; but government thought it prudent to withdraw it, and the disgusting proceedings dropped. After this outrage on public decency, preparations were made for the king's coronation. Tlie queen at first demanded to be crowned with him ; and this being peremptorily refused, she requested to be present at the ceremony, but had to endure the mortification of being repeatedly turned froni the doors of West- minster Abbey and refused admission. The spirit of Caroline sunk under this last effort ; for though she endeavoured to display the courage of a Brunswick, and to appear daily in public, yet scarcely had a fortnight elapsed when she was taken suddenly ill, while witnessing a performance at Drury- lane Theatre, and she died on the 7tli of August, 1821. Having expressed a wish that she should not be buried in England, her remains were removed to Brunswick, and deposited between those of her father and brother. On tlie funeral procession passing through London, a violent conflict took place between the life-guards, who were conducting it, and the populace. To what extent the queen was guilty no one can say, the evidence being most conflicting and unsatisfactory ; but never was a woman more decidedly the victim of brutal ven- geance, or one who had so many pleas to urge in extenuation of her crime, if really guilty. CARPENTER, Dr. Laxt, an eminent theological writer.was born at Kidderminster, 1780. After finishing his education under the care of Mr. Pearsall, a relation of his mother, whose zeal in behalf of the Dissenters is well known, he was sent in 1797 to the academy of Northampton, with a view to the ministry, and on finishing his studies at Glasgow University, he became assistant in a school at Birmingham, subsequently one of the librarians of the Athenwum at Liverpool, where he formed an intimacy with Roscoe, Dr. Currie, and other eminent men, and in 1805 one of the ministers of the Unitarian congregation at Exeter. In this capacity he remained twelve years, in the faithful dis- charge of his ministerial duties, and gaining golden opinions even from those most hostile to his religious views, by the gentle yet un- yielding manner in wliich they were enforced. In 1817 he undertook the care of the Uni- tarian church at Bristol ; and here he la- boured till 182(i, when his health, which had long l)een precarious, began to decline, and he endeavoured to reinstate it by travelling in England and on the Continent. He re- turned to Bristol in 1829, and continued as- siduously to promote every good and use- ful work ; but in 18.'!9 his health once more gave way, and while sailing from Naples to Leghorn, whither he had gone for recreation, he fell overboard unperceived and was drowned, flth April, 1840. His body was afterwards found near the site of the ancient Antium, and was interred on the seashore. Dr. Carpenter was a most industrious wri- ter. Besides publishing numerous sermons and polemical pamphlets, he contributed largely to Rees's Cyclopaedia and many periodicals ; and lus substantial works, pub- lished both duriu^ his life and since his death, are masterpieces of style and argu- ment. His " Apostolical Harmony of the Gospels" is referred to as an authority even by his theological opponents. It should be mentioned that Dr. Carpenter was not more distinguished for his piety and moral excel- lence, than for his varied attainments and his literary eminence. CARPENTER, Riciiakd, an English di- vine of the 17th century. He was originally educated for the Established Church, but seceded from it, and became a Romish priest. He again recanted, and obtained a vicarage in Sussex ; but at the rebellion he quitted England, and again professed him- self a Catholic. The restoration caused him to return to England, and turn Pro- testant. Here it might have been supposed his turnings would end, but he in fact ahanged once more, and died a Catholic. The writings of this unprincipled man are, " Experience, History, and Divinity," and " The Pragmatical Jesuit." CARPI, Uiio DA, a painter and engraver of the IGth century, to whom is generally car] ^ i^cSD ^ntbcriSal ^BJiograjplip, [car attributed the invention of the kind of en- graving called chiaroscuro. CARPI, GiEOLAJii DA, a painter of the 16th century, and a very successful imitator of Correggio and Parmegiano. CARPINI, Jous j)E Plano, a Dominican friar of tlie 13th century, and one of tlie em- bassy from pope Innocent IV. to the de- scendants of Zenghis Khan, sent to prevent thera from invading Europe, and to induce tliem ratlier to turn their arms against the Saracens and Turks. CARPOCRATES, a heretic of the 2d cen- tury, who denied tlie divine nature of Christ. His followers were accused of lewd and im- moral practices, but Dr. Lardner thinks the accusation to have arisen rather from enmity than fact. CARR, Sir Jony, an English attorney and writer ; author of " Tlie Stranger in France," " The Stranger in Ireland," " A Tour through Scotland," &c. While in Ire- land, he was knighted by the lord lieutenant. Died, 1822. CARR, William IIolwell, an English clergyman, and a dis'.inguished patron of the fine arts. He spent large sums in pic- tures, wluch lie bequeathed to the National Gallery. Died, 1830. CARRA, Joiix Louis, a French writer and politician. In addition to a periodical, entitled "Les Annales Politiques et Litt^- raires," he published several essays. Ilav- ing joined the party of Brissot, he was con- demned on the fall of that leader, and guillotined, 1793. CARRANZA, BARTnoLOMEAV, a French Dominican. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent, and had the honour to accompany Philip II. of Spain to England, where he laboured so zealously to establish popery, that the king made him archbishop of Toledo. Here, however, liis success ended ; for being accused of heresy, he was impri- soned at Rome for ten years, and subse- quently sent to a monastery for the remainder of his life. His chief works are, a " Summary of the Council," and a '• Treatise on the Residence of Bishops." Died, 1570. CARRE, Louis, an eminent French ma- thematician. Besides many important con- tributions to the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, he published an elaborate " Method of measuring Surfaces and Solids, and finding their Centres of Gravity, Per- cussion, and Oscillation." Died, 1711. CARREL, Akmanr, chief editor of the National, and a distinguished political writer. Died of a wound he received in a duel with M. Girardin a few days previous, July 24. 1836. CARRENNO DE MIRANDA, Juax, Dox, an eminent Spanish painter, patronised by- Philip IV. In colouring he surpasses all his countrymen, with the exception of Murillo. Died, 1685. CARRERAS, Jose Miguel, JuAif, and Luis ; three brothers, distinguished in the revolution of Chili ; who for patriotism, talents, and purity of character had not their equals in that country ; yet, by a sin- gularly adverse fortune, they all perished at Mcndoza, under the merciless rule of O'Higgins and Sau Martin. With brutal cruelty the latter sent their aged father an account of the expenses of the execution of Juan and Luis, who suffered in 1818 ; with an order for its immediate payment. He paid it, and, two days afterwards, expired of a broken heart. Don Jose Miguel did not meet his unhappy fate till 1822, when endeavouring to take advantage of a popular movement in his favour, he was surrounded by a superior force, made prisoner, and executed on the very spot where his brothers had suffered. CARRIER, John Baptist, a monster of ferocity, gendered in the French revolution, was born near Aurillac in 1756. He was sent on a mission to La Vendee, where he caused thousands of victims, men, women, and cliildren, to be drowned, beheaded, or shot, the ordinary mode of execution being too tardy for him. Fifteen thousand indi- viduals jjerished in this way ; in short, tlie banks of the Loire were strewed with the dead bodies, and the water was so polluted, that it was prohibited to drink it. On the fall of the party called the Mountain, he was tried before the revolutionary tribunal, which condemned him to the guillotine, in 1794. CARRINGTON, N. T., a modern English poet, who for many years followed the ar- duous profession of a schoolmaster at Ply- mouth, devoting his leisure moments only to the service of the Muses. His principal works are, " The Banks of the Tamar " and " Dartmoor." His chief power lay in de- i Bcription ; and the latter poem, especially, ; has merits of a very superior order. Born, | 1777 ; died, 1830. CARRON, Guy Toussaint Juliex, a French ecclesiastic and writer ; author of . " Reflexions Chretiennes pour tous les Jours de I'Annde," " Pcnsees EccltSsiastiques," &c. Died, 1820. CARSTARES, William, a Scotch divine, but of more influence as a politician, was born at Cathcart, in 1049. In order to re- move him from the danger of being led into '< politics,his friends sent him from Edinburgh, where he had commenced his studies, to | Utrecht. Becoming known to the Prince of | Orange he soon obtained his confidence, and was much employed by him in forwarding his intentions upon England. Being privy to the Rye-house plot he was apprehended, and put to the torture, which he bore with much fortitude, but at length was induced j to make a statement, wliich was afterwards j used against his friend, Mr. Baillie. On \ his liberation he returned to Holland, where the prince received him very cordially, and ' made liim his chaplain. He accompanied William to England, and though nominally 1 only his chaplain, was in fact one of the most influential and able of his state advisers. Under queen Anne he liad no political power, but she caused him to be made principal of the university of Edinburgh, in which im- portant post he gave satisfaction equally to her majesty and to the Scottish public. By the house of Hanover he was equally patron- ised, and he continued a favourite till his death, which took place, in his 06th year, in 1715. CARSTENS, AsMus Jacob, a Danish car] ^ ^tia etm'beri^aT Miast^^Vi' [car painter of very considerable merit. Ilis Bubjects, nearly all taken from the classic authors, exhibit gracefulness of attitude with vigorous expression. Bom, 1754 ; died, 1798. CARTE, Samuel, an English divine and antiquary ; author of a valuable and elabo- rate work, entitled " Tabula Chronologica," &c. Died, 1740. CARTE, Thomas, son of the above, and like him an antiquary and historian, and a divine. On the accession of George I., feeling that he could not conscientiously take the required oaths, he abandoned his profession ; and during the rebellion of 171.') he was so strongly suspected, that a warrant was issued against him, but he was safely concealed in the house of a clergyman in Warwickshire. He was subsequently in- volved in political strife, but he escaped by timely flight. As an author he is chiefly known by his "History of England," and that of the " Revolution of Portugal ; " his other works, though numerous, being far less able. Bom, 1C86 ; died, 1754. CARTER, Elizabeth, an Englisli lady, daughter of a clergyman residing at Deal, In Kent. Under the instructions of her fa- ther she became an admirable Greek and Latin scholar, and was well skilled in Ger- man, French, Spanish Italian, Portuguese, Hebrew, and Arabic ; nor was she a mere reader. She translated Crousaz's critique on Pope's Essay on Man, Algarotti's ex- planation of Newton's philosophy, and Epic- tetus. These dissimilar labours appeared during her life ; and, after her decease, nix volumes of her correspondence was pub- lished, which are calculated to give even a higher opinion of her intellect than her more learned and masculine performances. Bora, 1717 ; died, 1806 ; aged 89. CAJITER, JoHff, an eminent draftsman, architect, and antiquary. In the latter character he wrote ably and zealously in re- probation of the disflgurement of the re- mains of ancient beauty by tasteless attempt^ at improvement. Of his ability as a drafts- man and engraver there is abundant proof in the plates of the " Views in England," &c. ; and it is worthy of notice, that his various powers were developed by his own industry, unaided by early education. Died, 1818. CARTER, Thomas, an eminent Irish mu- sician and composer of vocal music. Among his compositions are the songs, " Oh, Nannie, wilt thou gang wi' me 1 " and " Stand to your guns, my hearts of oak." Died, 1804. CARTERET, Jon.v, earl of Granville, an eminent English statesman, was born in 1G90. Immediately on attaining his ma- jority, he took his seat in the House of Lords. ^Varmly supporting the Hanoverian succession, he was noticed by George I., and employed by him in various posts until 1721, when he succeeded Craggs as secretary of state. In 1723 lie was appointed lord lieu- tenant of Ireland ; and though he gave the irritable natives some offence by prosecuting the printer of the Draper's (Swift's) letters, he was on tlie whole a popular viceroy. In the reign of George II. he again held that dis- tinguished post, and with even more success than before. On his return to England he 155 became a strong opponent of VValpole ; and when he had succeeded in removing that statesman, and procuring office for himself, he supported measures similar to those he had formerly condemned. But though as secretary of state, and as president of the council, in which office he died, his conduct was marked by much vacillation, he retained his court favour to the last. Died, 1703. CARTERET, Philip, a distinguished na- val officer of the 18th century. In conjunc- tion with Captain Wallis he commanded an expedition to the South Seas, in 1766. Of the discoveries they made, some account is given by Ilawkesworth in the introduction to his narrative of Cook's voyage. CARTIER, James, a French navigator of the 16th century, who made several voyages of discoverv on the coasts of North America. CART WRIGHT, JoHX, an English gen- tleman, distinguished for his zealous attach- ment to political reform. Early in life he served in the navy, but subsequently became a major in the Nottingham militia ; from wliich circumstance he was generally known as Major Cartwright, though he had been superseded for many years previous to his death. As what may be called an amateur politician he was before the public for many years, both by his writings in favour of American independence, and on universal liberty, as well as by the public addresses which he promoted in furtherance of a radical reform of the government. He also displayed great firmness and disinterested- ness on all occasions where multitudes as- sembled to advocate and petition for popular rights ; and he may be considered, on the whole, as a well-meaning rather than as a wise man. He d'ed in 1824. a*ed 84. CARTWftlGlIT, Dr. Edmund, brother of the preceding, and a clergyman of the established church. In 1770 he published a pleasing, poem called "Armine and Elvira ;" but he is chiefly known by some valuable discoveries in mechanics, which obtained for him 10,()00Z. from parliament as the reward of his ingenuity. Died, 1824. CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, an eminent puritan divine of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.; author of " Commentaria Practica in totam Historiam Evangelicam," a " Body of Divinity," "Commentaria Succinta et Dilucida in Proverbia Salomonis," &c. Died, 1603; aged 68. CARTWRIGHT, William, an English divine and poet. Both as a preacher, and as a member of the council of war at Oxford, he zealously and ably served the cause of the unfortunate Charles I. ; and his exertions in the latter capacity caused him to be for a short time imprisoned by the parliament. His literary talents must have been great, for Bishop Fell said that he was " all that man could arrive at ; " and Ben Johnson, in his familiar way, said, " my son, Cartwright, writes all like a man." But the remains of Cartwright are very disproportionate to these high praises, consisting only of four plays and a few poems. He died, at the early age of 33, in 1643. CARUSO, Lcioi, an eminent Neapolitan composer. His " II Fanatico per la Musica " is the work by which he is best known in cab] ^ ^etD Bnibtv^Kl MiaQxapf)^* [CAS this country ; but all his works are very popular in Italy and Germany. He died early in the present century ; but it is not precisely known at what date. CARY. See Falkland. CARY, Rev. IIenky Francis, the well- known translator of Dante, was born at Gibraltar in 1772. His father was a captain in tlie army ; but soon after the birth of his son he settled in Staffordshire, and sent him when eight years old to Uxbridge School, and aftei-wards successively to Rugby and Birmingham. In 1790 he was admitted as a commoner of Christchurch, Oxford, and after finishing his college studies he was presented successively with the livings of Abbot's Bromley in Staffordshire and Kings- bury in Warwickshire. The delicacy of his health having obliged him to have recourse to the best medical advice, he came to London in 1808, and after holding various cures in the metropolis and the vicinity, in 1825 he became assistant keeper of printed books in the British Museum, an oflBce, however, which he resigned in 1837, when his application for the chief librarianship was rejected. Mr. Cary was addicted to the muses and literature froTn his youth up ; he contributed largely to the Gentleman's and the London Afagazine, produced transla- tions of the " Birds " of Aristophanes and the Odes of Pindar, and wrote a series of Lives of the English Poets, in continua- tion of Dr. Johnson's ; besides editing the works of Pope, Cowiser, Milton, Thomson, and Young ; but his chief reputation rests on his admirable translation of Dante, which, though somewhat neglected on its first ap- pearance, has since received the meed of acknowledgment from all competent critics. Died, 1844. CARY, Robert, LL.D., an English divine and writer. During the civil war he dis- graced himself by leaving the Established Church and joining the Presbyterian party ; and, at the restoration, he disgraced the church by again espousing its principles. His tergiversation was rewarded by an arch- deaconry, from which, however, he was ejected in 1664. He wrote a learned and useful work, entitled " Palasologia Chronica." Died, 1688. CARYL, John, secretary to Mary, queen of James II. He remained faitliful to that unfortunate prince, and was rewarded for his fidelity with the titles of earl Caryl and baron Dartford. In the reign of queen Anne he was living in England, and was intimate with Pope. He was the author of some poems, some translations of psalms from the Vulgate, and of two plays — " The English Princess," a tragedy ; and " Sir Solomon, or the Cautious Coxcomb," a comedy. The date of his death is unknown. CARYL, Joseph, an eminent noncon- formist divine ; author of a voluminous and valuable "Commentary on Job." Died, 1673. CASA, JoHs DE LA, secretary of state under pope JPaul IV. He was distinguished as a statesman, and as an ecclesiastic ; but his fame rests upon his writings, which are considered among the pm-est specimens of Tuscan composition. His poems, both light and serious, are of a very high order, but his chief work is a prose dialogue, " Galateo, or the Art of Living in the World." Bom, 1503 ; died, 1.556. CASANOVA, Mark Antont, a modem Latin poet. He imitated Martial in his style, and made pope Clement VII. a fa- vourite object of his attack. He at length offended so greatly that he was condemned to die. Clement, however, was induced to pardon him. But the uulucky satirist es- caped execution only to perish still more miserably ; for, on the taking of Rome by the Imperialists, he was reduced to the ne- cessity of literally begging for bread, and at length died of disease, as it is said, produced by hunger, in 1527. CASANOVA DE SEINGALT, Jean Jacques, whose career of adventure and in- trigue in almost all the countries of Europe has gained for him the name of the Gil Bias of the 18th century, was born at Venice, 1725. It would be impossible within our limits to give even an outline of his remarkable career ; suffice it to say, that he figured as priest, soldier, and statesman, successively ; found means to gain the favour of some of the greatest potentates of Europe, among others, Frederick the Great and Catharine II. ; and after roaming from place to place (for his intriguing spirit frequently led to a forced change of quarters) he ended his long life of mingled charlatanerie, profligacy, and ability at Vienna, 1803. His love of litera- ture and science, and his proficiency in them, brought him acquainted with Voltaire and other celebrated literati of the day ; and besides other works he left copious memoirs of his life and times. Brockliaus, the Leipsic bookseller, to whom the MS. was entrusted for publication, published tliem in 1822. CASANOVA, Francis, brother of the pre- ceding an eminent painter, chiefly of land- scapes and battle-pieces. He was employed by Catharine II., of Russia, to paint the vic- tories of her armies over the Turks. Bom in London, 1727 ; died, 1805. CASANOVA, Jean Baptiste, another brother of the adventurer, was bom in Lon- don, 1730. He was a pupil of Mengs, and closely connected with Winckelmann in his antiquarian researches. It is well known that, by way of testing the sagacity of the German antiquary, he sent him two pictures, which he had himself painted in the style of those a short time previously found at Herculaneum, declaring them to be ancient discoveries ; and that Winckelmann was so taken in as to insert engravings of them in the first edition of his " History of Ancient Art," with an elaborate commentary upon their merits. Casanova was professor of painting in the Dresden Academy ; and his works on ancient art are still cited by the Germans as authorities. Died, 1798. CASAS, Bartholomew de las, a Spanish prelate, distinguished for his generous and constant, though unavailing, exertions in favour of the natives of South America. He was born in 1474, and in his 19th year ac- companied his father, who sailed with Co- lumbus, to the West Indies. On his return to Spain he embraced the ecclesiastical pro- fession, in order that he might act as a mis- sionary in the western hemi8i)here, "there I CAS] ^ ^c&j Winibtv^Kl aStofiraiilbs. [CAS to spend his days in preaching the gospel to the Indians, aiid iiunianity to t)ieir oppres- sors." Never did man more zealously en- deavour to effect a great and good object. Twelve times he crossed the ocean, to plead at the foot of the Spauisli throne the cause of the wretched Indi.ins, and passed fifty years of his life in attempting, though with little effect, their amelioration. lie was made bisliop of Chiapa in ir>44, but lie resigned his seu in 1,0.51, returned to his native country, and died at Madrid, ixa, in the 92d year of his age. Of t)ie writings of Las Casas, t)»e most valu- able is his " General History of the Indies." CASAUBON, Isaac, a native of Geneva, distinguished by hia great erudition and powers of criticism. For several years he held the Greek professorship at Geneva ; but at length feeling dissatisfied with the amount of remuneration, he gave up his professorship, and removed to- Paris. There he was made professor of the belles lettres, and had a pension, not very punctually paid, assigned him by Henry IV. ; at whose death Casaubon came to England, and James I. gave him two prebends. In return, however, the pedantic king required the aid of the great critic in writing against the Roman Catholics. Casaubon's editions of classic authors are very numeroiis, and ilisplay im- mense industry and erudition. Born, IMU ; died, 1014. CASAUBON, :MEnic, D.D., son of the above. His " Pietas contra Maledico«," written against the Catholics, and in vindi- cation of liis father, introduced him to the notice of king Charles I., by whom he was presented to some valuable church prefer- ments. During the commonwealth he was persecuted and imprisoned, but remained unshaken in fidelity. At tlie restoration he recovered his livings. Among his writings the best is " A Treatise concerning Enthu- siasm." Died, 1G71. CASE. JoHX, an English physician and philosophical writer ; author of " Sumina veterum Interpretum in universam Dialecti- cam Aristotelis." Died, 1599. CASENEUVE, PiKUitE ve, a learned French antiquarian ; author of " Origines au Etymologies Frungoises," "La Catalogue Francoise," &c. Died, l(i50. CASIMIR III., called the Great, one of the most illustrious sovereigns the world lias ever seen, was born, 1309. Having su<:ceedcd his father on the throne of Poland in lii3:i, he entered upon a course of vigorous and enlightened reform, and closed a long life of devotion to his people's welfare, in 1370. CASLON, William, an English letter- founder, to whom we are indebted for much of the superiority of our printing type. Bom, 1092 ! died, 1706. CASSAONES, Jacques, a French eccle- siastic and poet. He was of so irritable a natnre, that a satire of Boileau's actually drove him mad, and lie was obliged to be confined in the convent of St. Lazarus until his death, which took place iu 1079. CASSANOEK, Geouoe, an able German controversialist. Of his writings, which are very numerous, the ablest and most elabo- rate is his "Consultatio Cassandri." De Thou praises his mildness and modesty ; qualities but too rorely belonging to con- troversialists. Born, l.ll.T ; died, LIliO. CASSAS, Loris FnA.Vi'ois, an eminent Frencli antiquarian and artist ; author of " Voyage Pittoresque de la Syrie, de la PlK'nicie, de la Palestine, et dc la Basse Egypte." Born, 175<5 ; died, 1827. CAS8ERIO, or CASSERIUS, GiCLin, anatomical professor at Padua. He was at first the menial servant of the great anato- mist, FabriciuM, at Aquapendente, to whom he became assistant, and, finallj', successor in the professorship. His only published work is " Pentaisthesion," or a treatise on tlie five senses. Died, 1016. CASSINl, Jou.v Dominic, an eminent ostrouomer, was born at Perinaldo, near Nice, and studied at Geneva with the Jesuits. His fame reaching France, he was invited to pay a visit to that country, where the kind- ness shown to him by Louis XIV., and his great minister, Colbert, caused him to remain for the rest of his life. He was the first re- sident in the royal observatory at Paris, and he continued to inhabit it for upwards of 40 years. During that time his services to science were such as to do high honour to himself, as well as to the liberal monarch by whom he was patronised. He determined the parallax of Mars with the sun, demon- strated the diurnal motion of Jupiter round his axis, and discovered the four satellites of Saturn, in addition to that which Huygena had discovered. He died in 1712, having pre- viously been for some years deprived of sight. CASSINI, James, son of the precediug, and, like him, an eminent astronomer ; au- thor of " A Treatise on the Figure and Magnitude of the Earth," " The Elements or Theories of the Planets," &c. Burn, at Paris, 1077 ; died, 17r>(\. CASSINI DE TIIURY, CcsAn Fkancls, son of tlie last named, and his successor in the royal observatory. Like his father and grandfather, he did much to advance science ; and, having better instruments than theirs, he was enabled to improve upon their labours. Bom, 1714 ; died, 1784 The last member of this illustrious family, whose iiume is also associated with theirs in the pursuit of sci- ence, died in 1845. CASSIODORUS, Marci^s Aurelius, a Roman statesman and historian. He was of a noble family, and lield some of the highest offices of state, including that of consul. His writings arc* extremely valuable, especially his twelve books of epistles, on account of the light they throw upon the manners of his time ; but his style is condemned by Gibbon as being quaint and declamatory. Died, r,7.'>. CASSIUS, LoNGiNus Caius, a Roman of the last age of the republic, and the associate of Brutus in the assassination of Julius CsDsar. That his patriotism was sincere may fairly be inferred from liis reply to Antony, who, on the day after the assassination of Cajsar, tauntingly asked him if he had an- other dagger : " Yes," was the reply, " if you become a tyrant." At the battle of Philippi he commanded the left wing, and on its giving way he retired to a tent with his freedman, by whom, as it is thought, he was slain, as he was found with his head severed l.-,7 CAS] ^ llcSu SJni&erj^al 23t05rap1)». [cat from his body. Brutus, in lamenting him, called him " ultimus Romanorura." Died, B. c. 42. CASTAGNO, Andreas del, so called after the village in which he was born, was the son of very poor parents, and, being early left an orphan, he was adopted by an uncle, who employed him in tending cattle in the fields. In this situation he made some at- tempts at drawing, which caused Bernard de Medici to place him witli a master. While studying at Florence he became acquainted with Domenico Venctiano, who was ac- quainted with the new method of painting in oil and varnish. The splendour of tliis mode of colouring, the art of which was then unknown in Tuscany, was much admired, and Castagno availed himself of Domenico's friendship to obtain the secret ; but not satisfied with this, he was wretch enough 1 to murder his friend and benefactor, in order I to be tlie sole possessor. This he c^fccted I without suspicion, but just before his death confessed the horrid crime. Born, 140S) ; died, 1480. CAST ALIO, or CASTELLIO, Sebastian, one of tlie earliest friends and fellow labourers of Calvin. Unfortunately for Cas- talio's worldly condition, he differed from j the great reformer on some theological ques- tions. He was in consequence deprived of his office of teacher in the col lege of Geneva, and repaired to Basle, where he occupied himself witli a Latin and a French version of the Bible, gaining a scanty subsistence for his family by teaching Greek. Calvin, unmoved by the indigence to which he had reduced his conscientious and candid opponent, used all his influence to degrade him and thwart his exertions. He had even the meanness to bring against him an accusation of theft, from which Castalio cleared himself trium- phantly. Died, 15«3. CASTELL, Edmund, an English divine and lexicographer, was a native of Hatley, Cambridgeshire. He sperit a handsome for- tune, and occupied 17 j'cars in the composi- tion of his "Lexicon Hcptaglottou," a dic- tionary in seven languages ; but nearly all the copies remained unsold, and but for some preferment in the church, and the Arabic professorship at Cambridge, his zeal, learning, and diligence would have been unrewarded. Born, 1606 ; died, 16a5. CASTELLI, Bernardo, a Genoese painter, a friend of Tasso, for the plates of whose Jerusalem, engraved by Agostino Caracei. he drew the designs. Died, 1629. CASTELLO, Gabriel Launcelot, a Sicilian gentleman, distinguished for his zeal and talent as an antiquarian ; author of "The Litei-ary History of Sicily," " Critical Remarks on a Book printed in Catania, in 1747, " " Dissertation on a Marble Statue found in tlie Campagna of Alessa," &c. Born, 1727 ; died, 1794. CASTELNAU, Michael le, lord of Mauvissiere, an eminent statesman and soldier in the reigns of Charles IX. and Henry III. He was very often in England in the character of ambassador from France. While thus resident here he acted with great kindness towards the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He left memoirs of his negotiations, of wliich there is an English translation by his daughter. Died, 1592. CASTI, GiAMBATXisxA, an Italian poet ; author of an epic, entitled "Gli Animali Parlauti," translated into English by Mr. Rose; a satire, entitled "Tartaro;" some novels, &c. Born, 1721 ; died, 1803. CASTIGLIONE, Balthazar, an Italian statesman and writer. He was employed by various princes in very delicate negotia- tions. In particular he was sent by the pope, Clement VII., as nuncio to the emperor, Charles V., on which occasion he displayed great talent and dexterity. His celebrity, however, chiefly rests upon his writings. His poems, both Latin and Italian, are much admired, as are his letters, which throw much light on the affairs of his time. But Ills chief work is " II Cortegiano," the cour- tier. TJiis work, which is a body of inform- ation on the art of living at court, is so much admired bv the Italians, that they call it " The Golden Book." Born, 1468 ; died, 1529. CASTIGLIONE, Giovanni Benedetto, a Genoese artist. He excelled in landscapes and animals, but his picture of " The Na- tivity" shows that he had power for the highest walk of art. He was also an admir- able engraver. Died, 1670. CASTIlyLO, Bernal diaz del, a Spanish officer of the IGth century, one of the com- panions of Fernando Cortez in his expedi- tion to South America. He wrote a work, rough in style, but full of valuable inform- ation, entitled "Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de Nueva Espagna." CASTOLDI, Giovanni Giacomo, a mu- sical composer of the 16th century. CASTRACANI, Castruccio, an Italian general of great skill and courage. He ren- dered great service to the em.peror, Louis V. of Bavaria, who rewarded him with the duchy of Lucca. Though he was almost con- stantly in service, he found time to cultivate his mind, and his name is among the minor Italian poets. Born, 1281 ; died, 1328. CASTRO, John de, a celebrated Portu- guese general, who attended Charles V. in the expedition against Tunis, and was after- wards made governor of the Portuguese settlements in the East Indies. He was as disinterested as brave, and at his death only three rials were found in Ids coffers. Born, 1500 ; died, 1548. CASTRFCCI, PiETRO, a celebrated vio- linist, who led the orchestra at the King's Theatre in the early part of the last century. He was of a very irritable disposition ; and Hogarth has given an admirable caricature portrait of him in the well-known print of " The Enraged Musician." CATALANI, Angelica, one of the most celebrated singers of modern times, was born at Sinigaglia in the papal states, 1782. Her early years were spent in the convent of Gubio ; and so perfect were her vocal organs even in her infancj', tliat the sanctity of the church itself was violated by the applause which her choral performances called forth. Soon after quitting the convent, she made her debut in the theatre Argentina at Rome, in 1802 ; and the immense success which she achieved on this stage, procured lier imme- diate engagements in all the theatres of cat] ^ i^tio Bnibcvial ^Jtosraplji). [cat I Italy. At Lisbon, Madrid, and Paris new triumphs awaited her ; but even these were far outshone, in 1800, by tlie enthusiasm of lier reception in England, wiiere she re- mained 8 years, deligliting tlie metropolis with her appearance at tlie Italian Opera, and reaping large harvests both of fame and wealth in her provincial tours. After the restoration of the Bourbons, she returned to Paris, wliere she undertook the management of the Opera Buffa ; but this speculation was unfortunate, and Madame Catalani, to repair her shattered fortunes, made a pro- fesbional tour through all the capitals of Continental Europe, and at length returned to England in 1822, when the enthusiasm of her reception suffered no abatement. Here she remained three years. In 1825 she again visited Paris, and after once more going the round of Europe, she retired to Italy in 1S30, when she purchased a villa near Florence, and spent the remainder of her life in the bosom of her family. She had been long married to a French captain, called Vala- br&gue. To an agreeable person and a lively style of acting, Madame Catalani added a voice of extraordinary' brilliancy and power; and in this lay its chief merit, (or we do not find that she possessed the faculty of calling forth the tender and deep emotions for which subsequent performers in the same field have been remarkable. Died of cliolera, at Paris, 1849. CATESBY, Makk, an eminent English naturalist, patronised by Sir Hans Sloane and other wealthy lovers of science. He spent many years in America, for the pur- pose of collecting and describing the most curious natural productions of that country. He fixed bis residence in Carolina, whence he made excursions into Florida, Georgia, and the Baliama Islands. The result of his labours was "The Natural History of Ca- nada, Florida, and the Baliama Islands ; " a very splendid work in two folio Tolumes, illustrated by upwards of 200 plates. Bom, 1080 ; died, 1749. CATHARINE, St., of Sienna, was bom at Sienna in 1347, and when she was 20 years of age became a sister of the order of St. Dominic. Having considerable ability and a very lively imagination, she became cele- brated as a seer of visions. So great an in- fluence, in fact, did her pretended visions and revelations obtain her, that she was able to prevail on Gregory XI. to be recon- ciled to the Florentines, and to remove the papal seat to Rome from Avignon, after it had for 70 years been fixed at the latter place. She wrote six treatises on the " Pro- vidence of God," "The Divine Doctrine delivered by the Eternal Father speaking to the Spirits," some short prose pieces of devotion, and some poems. She died in 1380, and was canonised by pope Pius II. in CATHARINE OF FRANCE, daughter of Charles VI. of France, and the wile of Henry V. of England, who, on his marriage to her, was declared successor to the French crown. Their sou, afterwards Henry VI., was crowned in both countries while still an infant. Being left a widow, she privately espoused Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, ISd by whom she had two sons, the elder of whom, Edmund, earl of Richmond, was father of Henry VII. Born, 1401 ; died, 1438. CATHARINE OF ARRAGON, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, was born in 1483. In lier 18th year she was married to Arthur, prince of Wales, eldest son of Henry VII. The young prince dying in a few months aftef his marriage, Henry's mercenary dread of losing the rich dowry of Catharine, induced her brother-in-law, after- wards Henry VIII., to marry her. The vast religious changes to which this marriage gave place belong rather to history than to biography. Suffice it, therefore, to say, that after years of anxiety and spirited resistance, she was divorced. But though she was no longer called queen at court, her attendants at Kimbolton Castle, where she took up her residence, were never allowed to address her otherwise than as a queen, as she protested to the last that the divorce was unjust and illegal. Just before her death she wrote so pathetic a letter to Henry in favour of Mary, their daughter, that, stern as the tyrant was, he is said to have shed tears as he perused it. She possessed considerable literary ability, but some devotional pieces, which are some- times attributed to her pen, were in fact the production of queen Catharine Parr. Died, 153C. CATHARINE PARR, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, of Kendal, in Westmore- land. She was married early in life to Ed- ward Burghe ; and, surviving him, she was next married to Jolm Neville, lord Latimer. Her second husband, too, she survived ; and, in 1(543, was raised to the throne by king Henry VIII., being the sixth and last wife of tiiat polygamic monarch. If we may feel some surprise at her temerity in venturing to share a throne which had been so fatal to most of those whom her despotic husband had previously raised to it, we cannot deny that she conducted herself in her perilous situation with admirable tact and judgment. One proof of this will suffice. Her attach- ment to the reformed religion, and her kind- ness to those who supported it, gave deep and deadly offence to the still powerful popish faction. Gardiner, Wriothesley, and others, determined to remove, if possible, so dangerous an opponent from court. Taking advantage of the almost frenzied irritability to which continual pain had roused the always violent temper of the king, they ac- cused her to him of heresy and treason, and so far wrought upon him, that he actually signed a warrant for her committal to tlie Tower. Being informed of this appalling fact, she repaired at once to the king's pre- sence. The king turned the conversation upon theological topics, and endeavoured to draw her into argument. This, which to an ignorant person, or even to a person of tact, if not aware of the king's precise object, would have been ruinous, she skilfully con- verted into a means of escape from the peril in which she was placed. Instead of enter- ing into any argument, she humbly replied " that on such topics she always, as became her sex and station, deferred herself to the wisdom of his majesty, he being, under God, r 2 cat] ^ ilclB Uttiiiet^al IStocjvitijIjtn [cat her only supreme head and governor here on earth." "Not so, by St. Mary, Kate," replied the king, " you are, as we take it, become a doctor to instruct us, and not to be instructed by us." To this she rejoined, " that she had only ventured to object to his grace's arguments, in order to be bene- fited by his superior learning and wisdom, and in the hope of being able to divert him for the time from the bodily pain wliich he had endured." This prudent and ingenious reply did away at once with all the king's suspicions and anger ; and when Wriothes- ley, attended by some guards, called to con- vey her to the Tower, he found the queea in liigh favour with the king, and instead of making the former a prisoner, was sent from the presence of the latter with knave, fool, beast, and the like gentle terms. Tliough during the king's last illness he was, in tlie words of a writer of that time, " as furious as a chained lion," Catharine continued to retain her ascendancy over him, and at his death lie left her a legacy of 4000/. in addi- tion to lier jointure, " for her great love, obe- dience, chasteness of life, and wisdom." She afterwards married Sir Thomas Seymour, uncle of Edward VI., but they lived by no means happily together ; and when she died, though in childbed, it was currently reported that slie was poisoned. She was very mucli attached to the cause of the reformation ; and her letters, some of which have been printed, as well as some devotional treatises, show that she had literary talents by no means common to ladies at that period. Died, 1548. CATHARINE DE MEDICI, the wife of Henry II., king of France, was the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, duke of Urbino. In 1519, being then only in her 16th year, she was married to Henry, duke of Orleans, son and successor to Francis I. of France. Her beauty and accomplishments made her tlie ornament of the French court ; and, young as she was, she had deceit and cunning enough to make herself acceptable to all parties. For ten years she brought her husband no children, but she subsequently had ten, of wliom three successively were kings of France. With profound policy she secured the affection and confidence of her children in tlieir earliest youth, thereby as- suring to herself that influence which she desired to exercise over their maturer age. On the death of her husband, and the ac- cession of Francis II., tlie powerful Guises shared her political power ; and it is pro- bable tliat it was in order to avoid collision with them that she joined in their detestable fury against the Huguenots. But the reign of Francis was very brief ; and when Charles IX., then only in his 11th year, succeeded him, Catharine had all tlie authority of re- gent, though not the title. Tlie deatli of the Duke of Guise still farther increased her power, and she was joined heart and soul with the Catholics in persecuting the Huguenots. To characterise her political conduct at this time, we need only name the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, an atrocity wliich just and humane men of every creed, country, and age will join in reprobating. That Charles IX. was urged to this liorrid act by the persuasions of Ca- tharine most historians admit ; and in less than two years after the massacre he died, worn out in mind and body by the stings of remorse. At the death of Charles, Catharine was declared regent until the arrival of her son Henry from Poland. During her re- gency she governed rigorously and saga- ciously, and delivered up the kingdom to Henry III. on his arrival, in such order as with only common prudence and firmness, would have ensured him a peaceable reign. But the new king's weakness soon relaxed the bands which his mother had so firmly drawn around faction, and civil disturb- ances ensued, by which Catharine's later years were much embittered. Admitted by all to be a sagacious, adroit, and courageous woman, but detested by every party in the state, she died, aged 85, in 1581). CATHARINE OF BRAGANZA, daughter of Jolm IV. of Portugal, and queen of Charles II. of England. The dissolute con- duct of her husband, and the shameful openness of his illicit amours, gave licr much pain. But though neglected by him, she steadily and sternly preserved her own honour, and his so far as it depended on her. After his death she returned to Por- tugal, and when, in 1704, her brother, Don Pedro, was compelled by his increasing in- firmities to retire, she was made regent. She held this office but for a brief space ; but her conduct, both as regards her internal measures and her carrying on the war with Spain, showed considerable political ability. She died, in the C7th yearof her age, 1705. CATHARINE I., empress of Russia, was the illegitimate daughter of a Livonian pea- sant. After some years spent in the service of a clergyman, slie married a Swedish dra- goon, who shortly afterwards went on an expedition and never returned. She then resided, it is doubtful whether as servant or paramour, with the Russian general, Bauer, when Prince Menkzikoff became enamoured of her charms, and made her liis mistress. Peter I. now dislinguislied her by_ his notice, and she became at first his mistress and afterwards his empress. Dur- ing his lifetime she showed great devotion to him, and at his death she was proclaimed his successor. But her reign was short ; for her indulgence in intoxicating liquors pro- duced a disease of which she died in 1727, at the age of 41. CATHARINE II., empress of Russia, was the daughter of the prince of Anlialt-Zerbst, born in 1720, and in 1745 became the wife of the emperor Peter III. This prince was addicted to low society and to the most scandalous excesses ; and Catharine, even in her youth, was by no means remarkable for chastity. With the inconsistency usually to be observed in such cases, each party reproached the other ; Catharine, stung by her husband's brutality, became still more openly indecorous in her conduct, and Peter indulged in low wassail to such an extent that lie must have been deranged. He at length became so infatuated by his disgust for Catharine and his passion for one of his mistresses, the Countess Woronzoff, that lie 1 cat] ^ llctu mnibcr^JiT MiaQtnp'i)^, [cat » had detenniiied to divorce and imprison tlie former, and make tlie latter his empress. Informed of hio designs, Catharine promptly exerted herself, causad her liusband to be seized, and sent him as a prisoner to a small palace about 20 miles from St. Petcrsburgh, where Prince Alexis Orloff put him to death, with the connivance, if not at the positive command, of the empress. This occurred in July, 1702, and in the next month Ca- tharine was solemnly crowned empress of all the Kussias. Ill as lier power was ob- tained, she used it wisely and well. She trod firmly in the footsteps of Peter the Great, aiming at once to enrich and civilise her dominions. Scliools and towns were founded, public works of equal magnificence and use were commenced and fiuislied, and the horrible tortures which had been in- flicted on Russian criminals were almost totally abolislied. But her disgusting amours in the mean time disgraced her as a woman, and her tyrannous conduct towards Poland is a foul blot upon her escutcheon as a j sovereign. Ambition, however, and lack of female virtue did not wholly degrade her, for her internal policy was as much directed to the ueeful as to the grand ; and amid all the distractions of business and disjsipatiou she found time to encourage literature. In- deed, she was herself the author of instruc- tions for a code of laws, which she also j translated into German ; and she wrote some dramatic pieces, and some moral tales for ! the use of children ! Died, aged G7, 17S)6. ! CATlIAlilNUS, AiiuKosE, an Italian divine ; author of '* Treatises against the Doctrines of I^uther and Ochinus." He attended the council of Trent, and became successively bishop of Minori and arch- bishop of Canza. Died, l.'ioS. CATILINE, Lucius Skugius Catalixa, a Roman, of a noble family and great ta- lents, but of most depraved habits and evil ' ambition. He was high in favour with ! Sylla, who advanced him to the qucestorship I and other offices of honour and profit. After j the death of this powerful patron, Catiline I conspired with other dissolute nobles and . their followers, to murder the consuls and senators, and assume the government, lortunately for Rome, Cicero was one of I the consuls ; and he, on being made aware of Catiline's designs, branded him with them ; in that famous oration which alone would ' snliicc to give him the first rank among orators, ancient or modern. Even the effrontery of Catiline quailed before the ; indignant eloquence of the consul. He left I Rome and marched towards Cisalpine Gaul, ' Iiis confederates in the mean time endea- j vouring to corrupt the ambassadors of the I Allobroges. In this they were defeated by the vigilance and promptitude of Cicero j ! and Catiline being stopped in his march by th^proconsul Q. Metellus Celer, an engage- ment ensued, in whicli Catiline, at the head , of his associates, fighting with the most desperate courage, was slain, B.C. G2. CATINAT, Nicholas, an illustrious French general, as eminent for his virtues as for his military talents. He was educated for the law, but abandoned the bar for the army, and rose to tlie highest military ho- IJl nours by his skill and courage. He defeated the Duke of Savoy very signally in 1688, and in 1007 he took the fortress of Ath, in Flan- ders, after experiencing a desperate resist- ance. In 1701 he was appointed to the chief command of the army in Italy ; but either his skill was inferior to that of Prince Eu- gene, to whom he was opposed, or age had somewhat weakened his high qualities, for he was decidedly worsted and compelled to retreat. Died, 1712. CATO, Maucus PoRTius, BUinamed the Censor, an illustriouj Roman. At the early age of 17 he commenced his career as a sol- dier, and distinguished himself equally by his courage and by his singular temperance. After some time he was made military tri- bune in Sicily, and then qna;stor in Africa, under Scipio. In both these important situ- ations his conduct was marked by a rigid and honourable economy of the public mo- ney i and, in his 40th year, he arrived at the high dignity of the consulship. In this situation he strongly opposed the luxury of the Romans, and incessantly endeavoured to animate tlieir hatred of the Carthagi- nians, by speeches in the senate, usuallv concluding with " Delenda est Carthago > '' " Carthage roust fall." He composed many works; but only "De Re Rustica," and some fragments of Roman history, are all that we kijow of his writings. He was twice married, and had a son by each of his wives. Born, B.C. 232 ; died, 148. CATO, Marcus Poktjus, surnamed, from Ills birthplace, "of lltica," was grandson of the younger son of the last named. Being curly left an orphan, he m as taken into the family of his uncle, Livius Drusus. He served for some time in the army, and obtained the commission of tribune in the army sent against Macedonia. He then Iw- came quiestor, and exerted himself for the reformation of abuses. His conduct in this respect, and the unvarying gravity of his demeanour, rendered him almost proverbial for integrity ; and Cicero, to whose consular exertions he gave his support, called him " the father of his country." Perceiving the designs of Cajsar, he had the honesty and courage to oppose him ; and considering Csesar more dangerous than Pompcy, he ranged himself under the banners of the latter. The fatal battle of Pharsalia com- pelled him to fly to his native Utica j and when the triumphant Caesar arrived before that jdace, Cato calmly retired to his cham- ber, read Plato's Pha;do, or Dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul, and ended his life by falling upon his sword, b.c. 4.5. Cato, Valkuius, a Latin poet and gram- marian. All that remains of his writings is " Diras," a poem, which is to be found in Mattaire's " Corpus Poetarum." Died, B.C. ao. CATROU, Francis, a learned French Jesuit ; author of a translation of Virgil, " A History of the Empire of Mogul," " A Roman History," &c. ; and for many years a contributor to the Journal de Trcvoux. Died, 17:57. CATTENBURG, Adrian van, a Dutch divine of the sect of Remonstrants, professor of theology at Rotterdam j author of " Syn- cat] ^ ^ciu SJniiJcr^al ^Stosrapljy. [CAV tagma Sapientiie Mosaicos," " The Life of Giotius," in Dutch, &c. Died, 1737. CATULLUS, Caius "Valerius, an elegant but licentious lloman poet. Died, b.c. 40. CATZ, James, a Dutch statesman and poet, was born in 1577, at Brouwershaven, in Zealand. He held various important offices, was twice ambassador to England, and for 15 years filled the high station of pensionary in Holland. Died, 1C60. CAULAIJyCOURT, Akmand Augustix Louis ue, duke of Vicenza, a descendant of a noble and ancient family of Picardy. In the early days of the revolution he was im- prisoned as a suspected royalist, but was liberated on being drawn as a recruit for the republican army. There he rose from rank to rank until lie became aide-de-camp to Buonaparte, whom he attended in the campaigns of 1805-6-7. Subsequently he was employed in confidential missions, and in the post of foreign minister. After the restoration he lived in retirement. Born, 1773 ; died, 1827. CAULET, Fkancis Stephen de, a French bisliop. He was equally zealous for the purity and for the rights of his order ; and while lie took every opportunity to make useful reforms in his own diocese, lie boldly and strenuously opposed tlie riglit of tlie crown to dispose of ecclesiastical benefices during the vacancy of a see. He was de- posed ; and died, 1030. CAUSSIN, Nicholas, a French Jesuit, j confessor to Louis XIII. ; author of a trea- ' tise "De Eloquentia Sacra et Humana," &c. He was banished from court for opposing Cardinal Richelieu. Died, 1C51. CAVALCANTI, Baktolomeo, a learned Italian ; author of a work on rlietoric, and of another on the forms of a republic ; both able treatises. He served for some time as a mi- I litary officer, and was employed in some important negotiations by pope Paul III. Died, 1562. CAVALCANTI, Guido, a Florentine pM- losopher and poet of the 13th century, was a friend of Dante, and, like him, an active Ghilielline. His poems, which are cliiefly amorous, are above mediocrity. Died, 1300. CAVALIER, John, the sou of a French peasant in tlie time of Louis XIV., was bom in 1679. He became leader of the Camisardes, or Protestants of Languedoc, when they re- volted against the tyranny of the king ; and, led by him, they forced Marslial Villars to make treaty with them. Cavalier then be- came a colonel in tlie king's service, but fear- ing some treachery he transferred his skill and courage to England, and died governor of Jersey, in 1740. CAVALIERI, Bona VENTURE, an Italian friar, who became a disciple of Galileo. He was professor of mathematics at Bologna, and wrote some valuable treatises on geo- metry, conic sections, &c. Died, 1647. CAVALLINI, PiETRO, a Roman painter, lie was pupil of Giotto, whom he assisted in the famous mosaic in St. Peter's. Died, 1364. CAVAI^LO, Tiberius, an ingenious natu- ral philosopher, born at Naples in 1749, who, on coming to England for commercial objects, was so struck with the discoveries at that period in physical science, that he abandoned 102 his pursuits, settled in London, and devoted his future life to the advancement of science. He was author of many treatises on elec- tricity, aerostation, magnetism, &c., and con- tributed largely to the Philosophical Trans- actions. Died, 1809. CAVANILLES, AnthOxNY Joseph, a Spa- nish divine and botanist. After accompany- ing the Duke of Infantado's children into France as their preceptor, and remaining there 12 years, engaged in the study of various sciences, he was appointed director of the royal garden at Madrid, where he died, in 1804. His principal work in botany is in 6 vols., folio, with GOO plates, designed and engraved by himself. CAVE, EuwAKD, an enterprising book- seller, was born at Newton, Warwickshire, in 1691, and educated at Rugby School. Having been deprived of a clerkship in tlie post-office, in consequence of his resistance to some abuses of the privilege of franking, he took a shop by St. Jolin's Gate, Clerkenwell, and commenced the Gentleman's Magazine. The work was highly successful ; and among the contributors to it was the subsequently famous Dr. Johnson, of whom Cave was one of tlie earliest friends and employers. Died , 1754. CAVE, Dr. William, a learned English divine ; author of "Primitive Christianity," " Lives of the Apostles and Martyrs," and " Ilistoria Literaria." The last named work Is an account of the writers against and in defence of Christianity down to the 14th century. Born, 1637 ; died, 1713. CAVEDONE, GiACOMO, an 'eminent Ita- lian painter. He was a disciple of the Ca- racci ; but though some of his works are said to be equal to those of his masters, he died in absolute destitution, in 1660. CAVENDISH, Thomas, an English navi- gator in the reign of Elizabeth, was a native o"f Suffolk, where he inherited a good estate ; but having injured liis fortune by early ex- travagances, he fitted out three vessels to cruise against the Spaniards ; and sailing for the coast of South America, succeeded in taking several valuable prizes. After cir- cumnavigating the globe, he returned to England with a large fortune. This he soon dissipated, and agaiu went to sea ; but meet- ing with no success, died of chagrin while off the coast of Brazil, in 1592. CAVENDISH, Sir William, a native of Suffolk, was born in 1505. He obtained the office of usher to Cardinal AVolsey ; and the fidelity he displayed on the fall of his patron endeared him to Henry VIII., who took him into his service, and knighted him. In the succeeding reigns he was equally fa- voured, and his son became the earl of Devonshire. He wrote the life of his early friend and patron, Cardinal Wolsey. Died, 1557. CAVENDISH, William, duke of New- castle, son of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest son of the last named. By James I. he was made a knight of the Bath, baron Ogle, and viscount Mansfield. Charles I. appointed him governor to the Prince of M'alcs, and made him earl of Newcastle. | The earl proved himself worthy of the fa vour shown to him ; for, when Charles I. i cay] <B. J!cto Biiibtr^Kl JStOjjrjqjl^n. [CEC resolved on an expedition against the Scots, he contributed 10,00(M. — a very large sum at that time — besides raising a troop of horse. During the civil war he behaved with great gallantry ; and when the royal cause became liopeless, he joined Charles II. in his exile. At the restoration, he was created duke of Newcastle. He was the author of several poems and plays, but is now chiefly re- membered as an author for liis treatise on horsemanship. Born, ISOli i died, 1070. CAVENDISU, William, tirst duke of Devonshire, was the son of William, third earl of Devonsliire. He was born in lOiO, and attended James, duke of York, as a volun- teer against the Dutch ; but he soon made himself obnoxious at court by his opposition in parliament. He gave evidence in favour of Lord William liussell, and even oU'erod to excliange clothes with that unfurtunatc noblenmn to enable him to escape. In 10c4 he 8uccee<led to the title of earl of Devonshire, and was shortly afterwards inij>risoncd, and fined 30,(X)0/. for striking Colonel Culpepjier in the presence chamber. For the payment of this large sum he gave bond, but before it became due, the arrival of the Prince of Orange had put au end for ever to the ty- ranny of James. The earl now became a favourite at court, and in 10'>l his earldom was raised to a dukedom. Died, 1707. CAVENDISH, John, Lord, brother of the preceding ; an able statesman, who distin- guislied himself by liis opposition to Lord North, and succeeded that nobleman as chancellor of the exchequer. Died, 17'.W. CAVENDISH, Hknhv, a member of the Devonshire family, and one of tlieniost emi- nent natural philosophers of modern times, was the son of Lord Charles Cavendisli. He devoted himself exclusively to scicutiUc pur- suits, acquiring a distinguished rank among those wlio have most contributed to the pro- gress of chemistry j and his researches relative to hydrogen gas, or inflammable air, gave rise to the practice of aerostation. By the death of an uncle, iu 1773, he received a large addition to his fortune ; and, being extremely regular and simple in his manner of living, he left at his death the enormous sum of 1,200,000?. to liis relations. It has been truly said of him, that he was " the richest among the learned, and the most learned among the rich men of his time." Born, 1731 j died, 1810. CAWDREY, Daniel, a nonconformist diviue, and a leading member of the West- minster Assembly. He wrote some sermons and practical treatises, but tlie chief of his works are diatribes against the Established Church. Died, 1004. CAWTON, Thomas, a nonconformist di- vine. Being implicated in Love's plot against Cromwell, he fled to Holland, and became pastor of the English church at Rotterdam. He was skilled in the oriental languages, and assisted in the Polyglot Bible and Dr. Cas- tell's Polyglot Lexicon. Died, 1059. CAWTON, Thomas, son of the above, and, like him, a puritan divine and an ori- ental scholar. He officiated to a dissenting congregation in Westminster ; and was au- thor of "Dissertatio de Usu Linguae lle- braicsB in Plulosophia Theoretica," a Life of his Father, &c. Died, 1677. 163 CAXTON, William, the earliest English printer, was a native of Kent, and born about 1410. Having served his time as a mercer, he went abroad as agent to the Mercers' Company, and afterwards was taken into the suite of Margaret of York, wife of the Duke of Burgundy. While residing in Flanders, he acquired a knowledge of the art of printing, and translated and printed in that country the Recuyell of the History of Troy. Re- turning to England, he set up a press iu Westminster Abbey ; and in 1474 issued the " Game of Chess," the first book ever printed in England. Died, 1491. CAYLUS, Anne Claude PiiiLir nr.. Count of, a French writer ; author of the " Description of the Gems in the Koyal Cabinet," a truly splendid work ; " Disser- tations on the Arts," &c. ; and founder of a prize for drawing in the Academy of Paint- ing. Born, 1720 ; died, 1765. CAZALES. See De CazalIis. CAZES, PiEKKii Jacqi'Es, a French paint- er, pupil of Boulogne and the elder Houassc. His principal work is a noble Scripture iiiecc of " The Woman with an Issue of Blood," in the cliurch of Notre Dame. Born, 1070 ; died, 175-1. CAZOTTE,JouN,a French writer; autlior of "Le Diable Amoureux," "Olivier," and other poems, chiefly of the humorous kind. In the revolution, which he opposed with all his power, he was thrown into the prisons of the Abbayc, with his daughter £lizal)eth ; and when the massacre of the prisoners took place, his daughter threw herself between him and the murderers, thereby preventing the execution of their purpose i but he was again condemned to death, and perished by the guillotine, Sept. 25. 1792, at the age of 72. From the scaffold he cried with a firm voice to the multitude, "I die, as I have lived, faithful to God and to my king." CEBA, AiKALDo, a Genoese poet ; author of two tragedies, a history of Rome, and two heroic poems, " II Furio Cnmillo" and " Es- ther." The last-named poem was prohibited at Rome, on the ground of its blending sacred and profane. Died, 1623. CEBES, a Tlieban philosopher, pnpil of Socrates. The Tablature of Hunuin Life, usually printed with the Enchiridion of Epictetus, is generally attril)ute<l to liiin, but by some his authorship is disputed. CECCO DE ASCOLI, whose proper name was Fkancis degli Stabili, an Italian physician, mechanician, and itoet ; author of " L' Acerta," a poem, &c. In 1.322, he obtained the appointment of ptofessor of philosophy and astrology at Bologna, and subsequently that of physician and astrologer to the Duke of Calabria ; but being accused of magic, he was condemned by the Inquisition, and burnt to death in 1327. CECIL. See Burleigh. CECIL, RoBEKT, earl of Salisbury, was the second son of Lord Burleigh, the pru- dent minister of queen Elizabeth. Trained to business under his father, he beeame first the assistant and then the successor of se- cretary Walsingham. Towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, he sedulously cultivated the friendship of James VI. of Scotland. The event justified his foresight, for he was CKC] ^ |}c£a mnibtt^Kl 2Sia0rapT)». [CER made liigh treasurer and created earl of Salisbury almost immediately after James's accession to the English crown. He was an extremely able, and, generally speaking, upright minister ; but the share he had in causing the deaths of Essex and Raleigh, tends much to sink him in the estimation of posterit}'. Born, IMS ; died, 1G12. CECKOPS, an Egyptian, wiio married the daughter of Actaius, a Grecian prince; and founded Athens about 1.55G B.C. CEDREMIS, Geokge, a Greek monk of the lltli century, who wrote a " llij-tory of the World, from the Creation to the Year 10j7," which was printed with a Latin ver- sion at Paris in 1047. CELESTI, Andkea, a Venetian painter. He executed some beautiful landscapes and some fine altar-pieces. Died, 1700. CELESTINE I., saint and pope ; succes- sor of Boniface I. He became pope in 422, condemned the doctrine of Nestorius in 430, and died in 402, with a high reputation for piety and wisdom. CELESTINE IIL, pope, succeeded Cle- ment III. in 1191. He claimed the king- doms of Naples and Sicily, and conferred the latter on Frederic, son of the emperor Henry VI., on condition that he should be tributary to the holy see. Died, 1108. CELESTINE V., a pope and saiut. He was a Benedictine monk, and founder of an order called Celestines, which was suppressed in France. He led a life of great seclusion, and the fame of his austerity caused him to be elected pope in 1294. Cardinal Cajetan persuaded him to resign, and then, having caused himself to be elected, by the title of Boniface VIII., imprisoned Celestine, who died in confinement in 1296. In 1313, he was canonised by Clement V. CELLARIUS, CumsTOPiiEn, a learned German writer, professor of history at Halle ; author of "Notitia Orbis Antiqua;," " Atlas Coclestis," &c., and editor of several Greek and Latin authors. Died, 1707. CELLIER, Re.m, a learned French Bene- dictine ; author of an " Apology for the Morality of the Fathers," written against Barbeyrac, and compiler of a "General History of Sacred and Ecclesiastical Au- thors." Died, 1761. CELLINI, Bknvkxuto, a Florentine ar- tist, of equal genius and eccentricity. He was apprenticed to a goldsmith and jeweller, and at the same time learned drawing, en- graving, and music. Clement VII. employed him both as goldsmith and musician ; and such was his reputation for courage, that when Rome was besieged by the Duke of Bourbon, Cellini was charged with the de- fence of the castle of St. Angelo. During the life of Clement, Cellini was employed to make stamps for the mint, and his coins and medals are exquisite specimens of skill. On the death of hi^ patron he went to France, where he was patronised and employed by Francis I. ; but he soon returned to Rome, and being accused of having robbed the castle of St. Angelo while entrusted with its defence, he was there imprisoned. He how- ever escaped, was retaken, but finally re- leased at the intercession of tlie Cardinal Ferrara. He once more went to France, where he executed some magnificent works, especially some large figures in metal. In 5 years he left France for Florence, where he was employed by the Grand-duke Cosmo. Working equally well in metal and marble, on the largest and on the most minute scale, Cellini, even as an artist alone, was a most wonderful man. But when we remember that he was a musician, an author, and an admirable master of the sword, it is im- possible to withhold our admiration from the extent and variety of his genius. As an author, he produced a work on sculpture and the casting of metals, a treatise on the goldsmith's art, and an autobiography full of vivid and vigorous writing. This last work, which contains some details scarcely credible, even with a large allowance for the evident vanity of the author, was translated into English by Dr. Nugent in 1771, and a new edition of it, edited by T. Roscoe, ap- peared in 1822. Born, 1500 ; died, 1570. CELSIUS, Olaus, a learned Swede ; the early patron of Linnajus, and the first pro- moter of the science of natural history in Sweden. He published various theological and other works, particularly one entitled "Hierobotanicon," an account of the plants mentioned in the Bible. Born, 1070 ; died, 175<5. CELSUS, AuEELus Cornelius, a Roman physician of the time of Tiberius ; author of treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military alfairs, and of 8 books on medicine. All except the last work is lost, but that is | used in tlie medical schools of every nation i in Europe. CELSUS, an Epicurean philosopher of the j 2d century. He wrote a book against the Christian religion. It is not extant, but if | we may judge from Origen's reply to it, C<»lsus was a keen disputant, even with the disadvantage of assailing truth and defend- j lug error. j CELTES, CoKKAD, a modern Latin poet, ' native of Germany. He wrote odes, ama- , tory poems, and epigrams, and a prose history of Nuremberg. Died, 1508. I CENSORINUS, a Roman, twice consul. I In 270 the soldiery compelled him to accept I the purple, and murdered him a week after he had done so. | CENTLIVRE, ScsaxiTaII, an English i dramatic writer and actress ; author of i "The Busy Body," "A Bold Stroke for a ' Wife," &c. Her writings are vivacious and I elegant, but they occasionally approach very closely towards indelicacy. Died, 1723. CEOLWULF, a king of Nortliumberland in the 8th century, of whom the Venerable Bede makes honourable mention as a just and pious king. His dominion being over- run by Ethelbald, king of Mereia, Ceolwulf retired to tlie monastery of Lindisfarne, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement and prayer. CEPHALON, an Ionian author of an epitome of general history from the time of Kinus to that of the emperor Adrian, in whose reign he flourished, and of a history of Troy. In imitation of Herodotus, he divided his epitome into nine books. CERACCIII, Joseph, a Roman sculptor, a pupil of the great Canova. He unfortu- cek] ^ ^cta Hiiibcr^al MiaQta^l^v. [CES nately involved himself in political disputes, and was obliged to seek shelter in France, where he was engaged in a consiiiracy against the life of Buonaparte, for which he was executed in 18()1. CERATINUS, James, a learned Dutch- man, professor of Greek at Leipsic, which office he owed to the recommendation of Erasmus. His true name was Teyng, that which he adopted being a Greek derivative equivalent to Horn, the name of his native place. Ue wrote " De Sono Graecarum Lite- ramm," compiled a Greek and Latiu lexi- con, &c. Died, 1530. CERCEAU, JouN Ajs-tiiony nu, a French poet. He wrote several critiques, some comedies, and Latin and French poems. Born, 1G76 ; and accidentally shot, in 1730, by the Prince of Conti, to whom he was tutor. CERDA, BEit.NAKDA Fehreira de la, a Portuguese lady of the 17th century, re- markable for the extent and variety of her accomplishments. She was well versed in the ancient and modem languages ; ex,celled in rhetoric, mathematics, and pliilosopliy ; was a most skilful musician ; and wrote various poems and comedies of great merit. CERE, JoHX Nicholas, a distinguished French botanist, director of the botanic garden in the Isle of France. He greatly extended the culture of cloves and other 8)iices in the island, and published a valuable memoir on the cultivation of rice. Died, 1810. CERINI, Giovanni Domemco, an Ita- lian painter, chiefly of historical subjects. Born, 160(i ; died, 1081. CERINI, JohErH, an Italian poet and dramatist. Born, 17;{8 ; died, 1779. CERINTnUS,a heresiarch of the Ist cen- tury. He was by birth a Jew, and is sup- posed to have been a pupil of Simon Magus. His doctrine was a compound of Judaism, Christianity, and the speculations of the Gnostics. CERI8ANTES, Mark Duxcan de, the son of a Scotch physician, resident in France. He had considerable literary and political talents, but a violent temper. He wrote an account, in Latin, of a mission on which he went to Constantinople by order of •Richelieu, and two odes, which are in the Menagiana. He was killed while serving in Italy under the Duke of Guise, in 1G18. CERMENATI, John dk, an Italian writer of the 14th century. He wrote, in Latin, the " History of Milan," which is printed in Muratori's collection. CERRATO, Paul, an Italian writer of Latm poetry in the IGth century ; author of a poem, " De Virginitate," and other poems to be found in the " Delicias Poctarura Italorum." CERUTI, Frederic, a learned Italian schoolmaster. He wrote a Latin dialogue on the right Education of Youth, and an- other on Comedy ; and published editions of Horace, Juvenal, and Perseus, each with a paraphrase. Born, 1.541 ; died, 1579. CERUTTI, JosErii Antuony Joachim, a Jesuit, for some time professor in the society's college at Lyons ; author of an " Apology " for his order, and of various miscellaneous pieces. He entered with ar- dour into the affairs of the revolution, and conducted a paper called " Feuille Villageoise." Born, 1735 ; died, 1792. CERVANTES, de Saavedra, Miguel, the celebrated Spanish novelist, was born in 1547. Although he gave early promise of literary talent, he was compelled, through poverty, to seek a subsistence in some other profession, and became a page to the car- dinal Giulio Aquaviva, in Rome. He then entered the navy, and lost his left arm at the famous battle of I.epanto. After this, he joined the troops at Naples, in the service of the Spanish king ; but, returning home- ward, he was unfortunately taken i)risoiier by a corsair, and remained in slavery at Algiers 5 years. When he was at length ransomed, he settled at Madrid, married, and published in the course of JO years about 30 dramas ; but, though he showed great genius, he was not so successful as his rival Lope de Vega, and he reluctantly abandoned this species of composition for that whii-h has immortalised his name — the production of " Don Quixote." Cervantes had in view, by this work, to reform the taste and opinions of liis countrymen. He wished to ridicule that adventurous heroism, with all its evil consequences, which was the source of in- numerable novels on knight-errantry. The work was, at hrst, coldly received, but it soon met with applause, and it may now safely be said to be the most popular work tliat was ever written. Still its extraordinary good fortime did not extend to the author, who struggled on for many years with nothing to console him in his poverty but his genius, and a proper estimation of his own merit. He died in ICIO, leaving, in addition to his celebrity as on author, the character of a firm and noble minded man. CEKVETTO, a celebrated Italian musi- cian, who performed at Drury Lane in the time of Garrick. He much offended that irritable performer by loudly snoring one night, when the audience was in a state of the most perfect silence. Garrick reproached him in the green-room, but the fiddler ap- peased the actor by exclaiming, "Ah, Jlr. Garrick, it is alvay the vay ven I be ver much please ! " He died in 1783, at the ad- vanced age of 103. CESARINI, Julian, a cardinal. He was emi)loyed by Martin V. and by Eugenius IV. in political negotiations. Being sent by the latter pope to Hungary, he persuaded I^a- dislaus to break truce with the Turks. The battle of Varna ensued, and the cardinal was slain, 1414. CESARINI, ViRGiNio, an Italian writer, whose Latin and Italian poems are distin- guished by great elegance. Died, 1024. CESAROTTI,MELf inoR,an Italian poet, and professor of rhetoric, Greek, and Hebrew in the university of Padua; author of" Essays on the Origin and Progress of Poetry," "On the Italian Language," &c. ; and translator iiit« Italian of the " Iliad " and of " Ossian's Poems." Born, 1730 ; died, 1808. CESPEDES, Paul, an eminent Spanish •painter. His principal work is "The Last Supper," an admirable picture in the cathe- dral of Cordova. He was the author of a learucd treatise on ancient and modern painting. Died, 1G08. CEV] ^ ^c-iD Winiiitv^Kl 33tosnTjpTjj). [CIIA I CEVELLOS, the Chevalier de, formerly minister of foreign affairs tor Spain, and j successively ambassador at Naples, Lisbon, Vienna, and London. It was he who pub- lished the celebrated manifesto when Na- poleon invaded tlie Peninsula, and wliich at the time made a great impression through- out Europe. Born, 17C3 ; died, 1838. CEZELLI, CoifSTANCE, a heroine of the ICth century. Her husband, while defending Leucate, was taken by the Spaniards ; and they threatened Constance that they would put him to death if she did not surrender the fortress. She refused, but offered all her property to ransom him. This was unavail- ing ; and being foiled in two assaults, they raised the siege, and put their barbarous threat in force. CHABANON, N. de, a French writer; author of a " Dissertation on Homer," " Life of Dante," a " Treatise on Music," and several mediocre dramas. He also translated Tlieocritus and Pindar : tlie latter perform- ance is much praised by Voltaire. Died, 17'.):3. CirABERT,Josi5PiiBERNAnD, Marquis of, a distinguished navigator, astronomer, and geographer, born at Toulon, in 1724. He performed several distant voyages, and formed the project of a cliart of the ilcdi- tcrranean. But the American war inter- rupted the work, and called Chabert to jiis post, where he distinguished himself so higlily, that, in 1781, he was made com- mander of a squadron. The revolution drove him to England, and he was received bj' Dr. Maskelyne with great kindness. In 1800 he lost his sight, in consequence of his intense application to study ; and, in 1802, he returned to Paris, where Buonaparte as- signed him a pension. Died, 180o. CHABOT, Francis, a French Capuchin : on the breaking out of the revolution, he became a member of the convention, and was guilty of great cruelty, until executed, as a fellow-criminal of Dauton, in 175)4. CIIABRET, Pjekue, an able French ad- vocate ; author of a work entitled " Tlie French Monarchy and its Laws." Died, 1780. ClIABRIAS, an Athenian general, to whom a statue was erected, for aiding the Boeotians against Agesilaus. He conquered Cyprus for the king of Egypt, and was slain at Chio, iiSo B.C. ClIABRY, Mai!1c, a French painter and sculptor. His best works, including a fine equestrian statue of Louis XIV., adorned the city of Lyons, but they were destroyed by the revolutionary rabble. Died, 1727. CIIAIS, CiiAKLEs, a Protestant divine. He was a native of Geneva, but for many years officiated as pastor of the French church at the Hague. He was author of " An Apology for Inoculation," some theo- logical essays, and a French translation of the Bible. Died, 1785. CHAISE, Fkancis de la, a French Je- suit, confessor to Louis XIV., over whom he acquired a vast influence. Died, 1709. The site of his house and grounds at Paris is now occupied by the beautiful cemetery which bears his name. CHALCIDIUS, a Platonic philosoplier of the third century. He wrote a commentary 16rt on the Timseus of Plato, of which a Latin version was published at Lcyden. CH ALCOND YLES, De metiuus, a learned Greek, who, on the taking of Constantinople in 1479, established himself as a teacher of Greek in Italy. He wrote a Greek grammar, and edited the lexicon of Suidas. Died, 1513. CHALES, Claudius Fraxcis de, a French Jesuit, professor of hydrography and mathe- matics ; author of a " History of Mathe- matics," a " Treatise on Navigation," " Researches on the Centre of Gravity," &c. Died, 1G78. CHALLE, Charles Michael Anoelo, a French painter, and professor of painting in the Paris academy. He was a successful imitator of Salvator Rosa and of Guido. Died, 1778. CHALMERS, Alexander, M.A. F.S.A., was born in 1759, at Aberdeen, where his fatlier carried on business as a printer. When he was eighteen years of age, an ap- pointment of assistant surgeon in the West Indies was procured for him ; but, instead of sailing for Jamaica he proceeded to I>ondon, where he connected himself with the press. He became editor of the Public Ledger and London Packet newspapers, during the period of the American war. Party politics were then running high, and Mr. Chalmers obtained much credit as a political writer to other journals under the signature of Senex. He was for a long time a contributor to the Morning Chronicle, and afterwards editor of the Morning Herald : he also entered into engagements with several publishers, to edit their books, and published many works in his own name. In 1812 the first portion of the work appeared, which, of all his pro- ductions, has the most largely contributed to his fame, namely, " The General Biographi- cal Dictionary," which was completed in 1817 ; and he continued to occupy himself in literary pursuits till ill-health compelled him to abandon them. Died, 1834. CHALMERS, George, a Scotch writer of considerable ability and industry ; author of " Caledonia," " An Estimate of the comparative Strength of Great Britain," &c. His statistical ability procured him the situ- ation of chief clerk of the Board of Trade, which he enjoyed for many years. Born, 1744 ; died, 1825. CHALMERS, Rev. Dr. Tuomas, was bom at Anstruther, in Fife, on the 17th of March, 1780, and was early sent to study at St. An- drew's University. His college career was dis- tinguished by some of his subsequent pecu- liarities — energy,good humour, companion- ablencss, and ascendancy over others ; and it was then that his passion for the physical sciences was first developed. Besides theo- logy, he studied mathematics, chemistry, ani some branches of natural history, with more than youthful enthusiasm, and with such suc- cess that, besides assisting his own professor, he made a narrow escape from the mathe- matical chair in Edinburgh. On the com- pletion of his theological studies, he officiated for about two years as assistant in the parish of Cavers, and in 1803 lie obtained a presenta- tion to the parish of Kilmany in Fit'eshire. Here he remained for some years, in the quiet discharge of his clerical duties, -when he was Biuldenly awakened to a knowledge of " vital Christianity," while engaged in writing the article " Cliristianity " for Brewster'- ^''=" Edin- burgh Encyclopedia ; and from this moment I his quickened and concentrated faculties I were intent on reviving the old "evangelism ' of the Puritans and the Keformers." The I heroism with which he avowed his change, I and the fervour with which he proclaimed : the gospel, made a great sensation in the quiet j country round Kilmany j and at last the i renown of this upland Boanerges began to I spread over Scotland, when, in 1815, the town council of Glasgow invited him to be the ' minister of their Tron Church and parish. i Thither he repaired, and in that city for 8 I years sustained a series of the most brilliant ; arguments and overpowering appeals in be- i half of vital godliness, which devotion has I ever kindled, or eloquence ever launched into the flaming atmosphere of human thought. In 1817 he visited London. Here his popu- larity was not less overwhelming. The churches in which he was to preach were crowded to suffocation long before the service commenced ; and amongst his auditors were a number of the distinguished clergy, peers, members of parliament, and literary cha- racters of all classes and denominations. " All the world," writes Wilbcrforcc in his diary, " wild about Dr. Chalmers. Canning, Iluskisson, Lords Elgin, llarrowby, &c. pre- sent. I was surprised to see how greatly Canning was affected ; at times he was quite melted into tears." Alter continuing about four years minister of the Tron Church, he was removed to the new church of St. John's. In this new sphere he tried to give practical direction to the theories he liad propounded, relative to the support and tlje 8Ui)pression of pauperism. In manage- ment, he expected it to become a model for all the parishes in Scotland, in the inde- pendence of its provision for the abatement of paui)erisni, as well as iu the spiritual agency it was to adopt. But the work he had undertaken, and the invasions made upon his time, deprived him of that solitude so mucli required for pulpit preparations, especially for such pulpit exhibitions as he was wont to give ; and he was fain to seek relief in an academic retreat. In 1824 he accepted the chair of moral phi- losophy at St. Andrew's ; in 1828, he was re- moved to the chair of theology in the uni- versity of Edinburgh ; and here he prosecuted his multifarious labours, lecturing, preach- ing, publishing, organising schemes for the welfare of the church, and taking an active management in her courts, till the dis- ruption of the Church of Scotland in 1813, when he joined the Free Church, which he ha<l mainly contributed to found, and became principal and professor of theology to the seceding body. From that period till he finished his course, there was no fatigue in his spirit, nor hesitation iu his gait. In the spring of 1847 he repaired to London to give his evidence before the sites' committee of tlie House of Commons. " He preaclied all the sabbaths of his sojourn in England, will- iiigly and powerfully, and on the last sab- bath of May he was again at home. That 107 evening he is said to have remarked to a friend, that he thought his public; work com- pleted. Ue had seen the Disruption students through the four years of their course. lie had seen the Sustcntation Fund organised. lie had been to parliament, and borne his testimony in high places. To-morrow he would give in the college report to the Free Assembly ; and after tliat he hoped to be permitted to retire and devote to the West Port poor his remaining days. He was will- ing to decrease, and close his career as a city missionary. But just as he was preparing to take the lower room, the Master 8ai4, 'Come up hither,' and took him up beside himself. Next morning all that met the gaze of love was the lifeless form — in stately repose on the pillow, as one who beheld it said, ' a brow not cast in the mould of the sons of men.' " In this meagre outline of the life of Dr. Chalmers, we have not alluded to the many valuable works which from time to time he gave to the world. His works published during his lifetime, in 2.5 vols., embrace a variety of subjects, chiefly relating to theology and political economy; among these are his " Astronomical Dis- courses," first published in 1817, when they formed a new era in the history of pulpit oratory, and are even to this day rend witli the same avidit^^ which hailed their first appearance. Besides these, 9 vols, of post- humous works, consisting of" Daily Scripture Readings," " Institutes of Theology," &c., have been published by his son-in-law. Dr. Hanna, to whose interesting memoirs of Dr. Chalmers we must refer the reader for the fullest information concerning the life and works of this illustrious man. But we can- not conclude without briefly inquiring what were the mental powers to whicli Dr. Chal- mers owed the magic of his eloquence, and the energy of his character ? In an analysis of his mind, the first power that meets us is his brilliant imagination. Kept always in check by his capacity for generalising", and made a willing servant by his power of con- centration, it was at all times ready to illus- trate any subject he chose. It mattered not what the subject might be, defending his non- residence as a minister of the gospel, or pro- nouncing an eulogium on mathematics, maintaining his rights against the encroach- ments of heritors, enforcing the claims of patronage, propounding the civic economy of towns, or defending the Established Church, expatiating on the sublime trntlis of the gospel, or combating some popular prejudice — each and all he invested with such a splendour of imagination and mag- nificence of diction, as at once captivated and entranced. But these very powers sometimes led him into seeming incon- sistencies. Alive only to the discussion of his present tlicme, he was apt to forget those wliich liad previously engaged his min<l, and how the arguments previously advanced bore upon his present illustration. Hence a casuist might arraign Dr. Chalmers at the bar of strict political consistency, and object to the part he took in some public movements during his career ; but an acquittal would be given, on the ground, that he never pleaded any cause, unless convinced at the time thiit it was for the spiritual and temporal welfare of his fellow- men. But such defects in such a character are like motes in a sunbeam. Con- sidered in every view, — the preacher, sway- ing at will multitudes by the fascination of his eloquence, — the philosopher, pointing out and illustrating analogies between the sublime truths of the Scriptures and the wonders of nature, — the philanthropist, ac- tive and laborious in prosecuting the public good — or tlie man of God, humble and meek in disposition, and desirous of being con- formed to the will of heaven, — we see one great by intellectual power, great by sanc- tified attainments — one on wliose like Scot- land will not soon look again. Died, May 31. 1847. CIIALONER, Sir Thomas, an English Btatesnuin. lie obtained his knighthood by Ills gallantry at the battle of Musselburgh, and was afterwards employed as queen Elizabeth's ambassador to Si)ain and Ger- many. He translated " Erasmus's Praise of Folly," and wrote " De Republica Anglo- rum instauranda, libri decern," &c. Died, 15C5. CIIALONER, Sir Thomas, son of the above, was distinguished as a chemist and natural philosopher ; author of a tract on the virtues of nitre. Died, 1603. CIIALONER, EDWAun, an English di- vine, son of the above, chaplain to James I., and one of the most celebrated preachers of his time. He died of tlie plague, in 1023. CHALONER, James, brother of the pre- ceding, a member of parliament, and one of the judges of the ill-fated Cliarles I. His zeal in the parliamentary cause obtained him the governorship of Peel Castle, in the Isle of Man. At the restoration in 16C0, messengers were sent to apprehend him, when he committed suicide. CHALONER, Thomas, brother of the last named, and also one of the king's judges ; author of an account of the (pretended) dis- covery of the tomb of Moses. He absconded from England at the restoration, and died, m;\. CHAMBERLATNE, Robkut, an English poet ; author of" The Swaggering Damsel," a comedy ; " Nocturnal Lucubrations," &c. Died, 1(«7. CHAMBERLAYNE, Edward, LL.D. ; author of an able work, entitled "The present State of England," &c. Died, 1703. CHAMBERLAYNE. Johx, son of the above, translator of the "Religious Philo- sopher," by Nieuwentyt, &c. Died, 1724. CHAMBERS, Ephraim, an able and most industrious English writer ; compiler of the well-known " Cyclopajdia " which bears liis name. Died, 1740. CHAMBERS, Sir William, an able ar- chitect. He built that fine structure, So- merset House, and was the author of a valuable treatise on " Civil Architecture." Though of Scotch descent, he was by birth a Swede, and his knighthood was conferred by the king of Sweden. Died, 1796. CIIAMIER, Daniel, a French Protestant divine ; author of a treatise " De fficume- nico Pontifice," and other learned works. His reputation as a politician was so great, that he was entrusted with the important task of drawing up the edict of Nantes. He was killed during the siege of Moutauban, in 1021. CHAMILLARD, Stephen, a learned but very credulous French Jesuit and antiquary; author of " Dissertations on Medals, Gems, and other Monuments of Antiquity." Died, 1730. CHAMISSO, Adelbeht vox, son of Louis, vieompte d'Ormont, was born at Roncourt in Champagne in 1781. Driven with his parents from their home by the French revolution, he was educated in Berlin, where he became one of the royal pages, served in the Prussian army till the peace of Tilsit, and then re- turned to France, where he remained till 1812, as professor at Napoleonville. But his strong inclination for his favourite study, natural history, and the attachment he had imbibed for the land of his education, once more drew him to Berlin, where he seized the opportunity of accompanying Kotzebue in his voyage round the world in 1815 ; and on his return, in 1818, he was appointed superintendent of the botanic garden in Berlin, an office which he held till his death. Chamisso's works range over various depart- ments of literature. " His Views and Ob- servations during a Voyage of Discovery " are replete with interesting matter ; his poems take rank among his countrymen with those of Uhland ; and, as the author of " Peter tSchlemil," he has obtained a Euro- pean fame. Died, 1838. CHAMPAGNE, Philip, an eminent Flemish painter, was born at Brussels in 1002 ; went to Paris, where he studied under Poussin, and became painter to the queen Maria de Medici, who gave him the direc- tion of the paintings in the Luxembourg, and he was also made directqf of the aca- demy of flue arts. His paintings, which are very fine, adorn the dome of the Sorbonne, the museum of Paris, &c. Died, 1074. CHAMPEAUX, William de, a divine and philosopher, teacher of the celebrated Abelard, who subsequently became his rival. Champeaux rose to be bishop of Chalons, and wrote a treatise " On the Origin of the Soul." Died, 1121. CHAMPFORT, Sebastian Roche Ni- cholas, a French litterateur ; author of "Elegies of Fontenelle and Moliere ; " " Mustapha," a tragedy, and some other dramas, and conductor 'Of the Journal Encyclopedique. He was very intimate with Mirabeau, and friendly to the revolu- tion, until the outrages of the factious dis- gusted him. Robespierre threw him into prison, and in a fit of iusanity he committed suicide, in 1704. CIIAMPIER, Symphorien, a French phy- sician. He wrote several learned works, and founded the College of Physicians at Lyons. He also served under the Duke of Lorraine, by whom he was knighted for his courage. He compiled several works, of which the most valuable is " Les Grands Chroniques des Dues de Savoie." Died, 1.540. CIIAMPLAIN, Samuel pe, a French naval officer. He was governor-general of Canada, and founded the city of Quebec ; and there is a lake in Canada which still bears liis name. His " Travels in Canada " ciia] ^ f}cto Winiber^Kl 2SiogrHij!)i). [CIIA Died, contain much curious information, CHAMPMESLE, Mary Desmares de. a French actress. She was originally only a member of a strolling companj-, but when she appeared in Paris, the great Raciue praised her tragic performance, and even afforded her instruction. This raised her to eminence in her profession, and she became highly popular. Died, lOiW. CHAMPOLLION, J. F., a French writer, distinguished for his acquaintance with ar- chajology, especially as regards Egypt, In 1828 he went with an expedition of learned men to Egypt, at the expense of the king, and made many important discoveries there. Among his numerous works are "Pri-cis du Systeme Iliuroglyphique des Anciens Egyp- tiens," and " Pantluoa Egyptien." Born, 1790 ; died. 1832. CHANCELLOR, Richard, an English navigator, and founder of the English Russia Company. By this company he was sent to Russia a second time, and, while on his re- turn with the Russian ambassador and suite, he perished off Norway, in !.">.'>(!. CHANDLER, Edward, bishop of Dur- ham ; author of a " Defence of Christianity from the Prophecies of the Old Testament, ' &C. Born, 1(571 ; died, 175(). CHANDLER, Mary, au English poetess. Born, 1(W7 ; died, 1745. CHANDLER, Richard, a divine and an- ti(iuary. He travelled, in 17tJ4, through Asia Minor and Greece, at the expense of tlio Dilettanti Society; and wrote "Travels" in those countries. CHANDLER, Saiiuet,, an eminent dis- senting divine; author of a "Vindication of the Christian Religion," a "Vindication of the History of the Old Testament," a "History of Persecution," "History of the Life of David," &c. Born, ItJlty ; died, 170C. CHANDOS, Joii.v, an English general of great celebrity, in the 14lh century ; distin- guished not more for his bravery than for his generosity and moderation. He was killed at the bridge of Leusac, near Poitiers, in 13t)S». CHANNING, William ELLKRY,tlie Rev. D.D., was born at Newport, Rhode Island, U. S., in 1780. His maternal grandfather, William Ellery, was one of those who signed the declaration of independence, and his father was a partner in the eminent mer- cantile tirm of Gibbs and Chanuing, at New- j port. Educated at Harvard College, he was I early induced to abandon the profession of I medicine, for which his father intended him, [ and to prepare himself for the Unitarian j ministry ; and in 1803 he commenced his career by taking charge of the congregation <if the Unitarian chapel in Federal Street, Hoston. His eloquence rendered him from that time forth one of the most conspicuous men in America. To deny that his dis- courses display great genius would be absurd; tlicy are, indeed, beautiful specimens of pulpit eloquence ; but, in common with all the Unitarian discourses that we have ever seen, they are the discourses of a mere ora- torical moralist rather than those of a Chris- tian preacher. To the honour of Dr. Chan- niug, however, it must be said, that he was 109 ever the advocate of peace, and that though be could not but be aware that his oppo- sition to the slave system must needs di- minish his popularity, he was instant in season and out of season in denouncing it. Died, Oct. 2. 1K42, aged G2. CHANTEREAU LA FEVRE, Louls, a learned French antiquary ; author of the " History of Bar and Lorraine." Died, ]6")S. CHANTREY, Sir Francis, R.A., F.R.8., F.S.A., &c.,a sculptor of flrst-rate eminence, was born of village parents, at Norton, near Sheffield, in 1781. When a mere child he discovered considerable talent in drawing and modelling ; and during his apprentice- ship with Mr. Ramsey, a carver and gilder at Sheffield, the whole of his leisure hours were most assiduously devoted to the study and practice of his favourite pursuits. Hav- ing made a compensation to his master for the remaining term of his apprenticeship, he paid a short visit to London, and attended the school of the Royal Academy. He then returned to Sheffield, where, at 20 years of age, he may be said to have commenced business ; but his career of fame and fortune was not begun until 180i», when he received an order from Mr. Alexander, the architect, for four colossal busts of Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan, and Nelson, for the Trinity House, and for the Greenwich Naval Asylum. From this period he was unrelaxin^ in his efforts, and continually successful; and, among the admirable productions of his chisel, there api)eared, in 1817, that exquisite group of "The Sleeping Children" (the daughters of the Rev. W. Robinson) in Lichfield Cathedral ; universally a<iknow- ledged as " images of artless beauty and innocent and unaffected grace." Orders now crowded in ui)on him in numlwr beyond his ability to execute ; and as it would be impossible in our limits to enumerate the whole, the mention of a few of the leading busts and statues must suffice. Among them we notice his busts of Lord Castlereagh, Sir Walter Scott, the poets Wordsworth and Southey, Mr. Canning, John Rennic, George IV., William IV., Queen Victoria, Lord Mellwurnc, Sir Robert Peel, and the Duke of Wellington ; and his statues of James Watt, Dr. Cyril Jackson, Grattan, Washing- ton, Sir Joseph Banks, Spencer Perceval, Canning, Sir John Malcolm, Dr. Dalton, R<>scoe, General Gillespie, Lady Louisa Russell (when a child), Bishops Bathurst and Ryder, &c. To this list we ought perhaps to add his principal statues in bronze, viz. George IV. at Brighton and in Edinburgh, Pitt in Hanover Square and Edinburgh, and the equestrian statues of Sir Thomas Muiiro, at Madras, and the Duke of Wellington for the city of London. Died Nov. 25. 1841. CHAPELAIN, John, a French poet ; au- thor of " La Pucelle," &c. Died, 1074. CHAPELLE. Claude Emaxukl l'Hijil- LiEU, a French poet, and the friend and literary adviser of Moliere. Died, 1088. CHAPELLE, John de la, a French wri- ter ; author of the " I^ife of the Prince of Conti," dramas, &c. Died, 1723. CHAPMAN, Frederic Hexry, a Swedish vice-admiral ; author of a " Treatise ou Marine Architecture," Died, 1808, cha] ^ l^eiu 2lIui&crs?aX 3Siflcrrapl)i?. [cha CHAPMAN, George, an English poet. He wrote 17 dramatic pieces, but he is ciiiefly remembered for his vigorous translation of Homer, of wliicli Pope is said to liave made more use than lie cliose to admit. Died, 1G04. CHAPMAN, John, a learned English divine ; author of " Eusebius, or a Defence of Christianity," &c. Born, 1704 ; died, 1784. CHAPONE, Hestei!, was the daughter of a Mr. Mulso, of Twy well, Northamptonshire. Among her first productions is the interesting story of Fidelia, in the Adventurer ; but she is principally known by her valuable "Let- ters on the Improvement of the ^lind," ad- dressed to a young lady, and published in 1773. Died, 1801, aged 74. CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, Joiix, a Frencli astronomer. In 17(50 he went into Siberia to observe the transit of the planet Venus ; and, in 17C8, he gave the public an account of his journey in three volumes. He then went to California for the same purpose, but died there in 1769. CHAPPE, Claude, nephew of the pre- ceding, was born in 1763. He introduced tlie use of telegraphs into France ; and the first public event communicated by it was the capture of Conde, in 1793. The honour of the discovery being claimed by others, his mind was so much ulfected that he com- mitted suicide, in 1805. CHAPPEE, William, an English topo- grapher. He contributed largely to the Gentleman's Magazine, and edited a part of Risdon's Survey of Devonshire. Died, 1781. CHAPTAL, JEAfT AxTOixE Claude, count of Clianteloupe, a French peer, states- man, and writer. Being a younger son he was destined for the profession of medicine, and had completed his studies when he was induced to accept the professorship of che- mistry at Moutpelier. His lectures procured him great reputation, and on tlie breaking out of the revolution he took an active part in it, and was selected by the new govern- ment to supply the army with gunpowder. In 1799 the first consul made him counsellor of state ; and, in the following year, minister of the interior. CHAPUZEAU, Samuel, a Genevese wri- ter, preceptor to William III. of England ; author of an " Account of Savoy," a " De- scription of Lyons," &c. ; and editor «f Tavernier's Travels. Died, 1701. CHARAS, Moses, a Frencli physician. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he withdrew to Spain, where he became phy- siciau to Charles II. His jealous rivals caused him to be imprisoned in the Inquisi- tion, and he only obtained his release by abjuring his religion. His " PharmacopcEia " was translated into Chinese for the use of the emperor. Died, 1C98. CHARDIN, Sir John, a French traveller, whose travels in Persia and the East Indies are extremely valuable. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove him to England, where he was well received by Charles II., who knighted him. Died, 1713. CHARENTON, Joseph Nicholas, a French Jesuit, and for many years a mis- sionary in Persia. He translated Maricana's ]70 History of Spain into French, and appended some valuable notes. Died, 173.5. CHARETTE DE LA COINTRE, Fran- cis Athaxasius DE, a French royalist, and leader of the party in La Vendt'e. He dis- played great bravery in numberless combats ; but being at length defeated by the repub- licans, and wounded, he was taken prisoner, and shot at Nantes, in 1796. CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles the Great, king of tlie Franks, and subsequently em- peror of the West, was born in 742. He was the son of Pepin, and succeeded his elder brother, Carloman, in 771. Having defeated the Saxons, and overrun Lombardy, he was crowned emperor in 800. Though of a war- like turn, and continually engaged in war, he was a great friend to learning, founded several universities, and attracted by his liberality the most distinguished scholars to his court ; among others, Alcuin, from Eng- land, whom he chose for his own instructor. He completed many important national works, encouraged agriculture and the arts, and rendered his name immortal by the wisdom of his laws. In private life, Cliarle- magne was exceedingly amiable, a good father, and generous friend. His domestic economy afforded a model of frugality ; his person, a rare example of simplicity and greatness. He despised extravagance of dress in men, though, on solemn occasions, he ap- peared in all the splendour of majesty ; and as his person was commanding and his coun- tenance noble and beneficent, he inspired those who saw him with sentiments of love and respect. He died at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 814, aged 72. CHARLEMONT, James Cauxfield, Earl of, an Irish nobleman, distinguished as the political coadjutor of Burke, Flood, Grattan, and the other patriotic advocates of Ireland, and as the commander of the Irish volunteers. His lordship possessed considerable literary talents ; and, after his death, his correspon- dence with Burke and otlier eminent men was published. Born, 1728 ; died, 1799. CHARLES IV., emperor of Germany, son of John of Luxemburg, and grandson of the emperor, Henry VII., ascended the throne in 1347. His reign was distinguished by the golden bull of the diet of Nuremburg, by which the Germanic constitution was estab- lished. Died, 1378. CHARLES v., emperor of Germany and king of Spain, succeeded his grandfather, Ferdinand, on the throne of Spain, in 1516, and became emperor of Germany on the death of Maximilian, in 1519. His title to the imperial crown was disputed by Francis I. of France ; but, aided by Henry VIII. of England, Charles maintained himself, and, at the battle of Pavia, even took his rival prisoner. His whole reign, however, was stormy — France, the Moors, and the Pro- testant princes of Germany gave him full employment, until, in 1556, he resigned the crown to his son, and sought in private life the happiness he had not found in governing an empire. Taken altogether, he is one of the most remarkable cliaracters in history. He exhibited no talents in his youth, it not being till his 30th year that he showed him- self active and independent ; but, from that ciia] ^ ^eiu BixibtviKl 23iajjrai»!)S» [CHA time till his abdication, lie was, throughout, a monarch. lie was intlefatigable in busi- ness, weighing the reasons on both sides of every case with great minuteness ; very slow in deciding, but firm of purpose, and prompt to execute. Being equally rich in resources and sagacious in the use of them ; gifted with a cool judgment, and always ma.ster of himself, he steadily pursued his plans, and was generally able to overcome the greatest obstacles. Died, 1558. CHARLES VI., son of the emperor Leo- pold, was declared king of Spain by his fa- ther in 1703, and crowned emperor in 1711. Tlie taking of Belgrade by his general, Prince Eugene, compelled the Turks to make peace with him ; and his alliance with Holland, France, and England enabled him to obtain considerable advantages over Spain. Subsequently, however, he was at war with his allies, and thus lost Naples and Sicily j and was also engaged in an injurious contest with Turkey. Died, 1740. CHAKLES VIII., elector of Bavaria, was raised to the empire of Germany, in 1742, by the influence of France and Prussia, though he had a powerful rival in Maria Theresa of Hungary, who was supported by England and Sardinia. Died, 1745. CHARLES II., surnamed the Bold, king of France. He was crowned king in 840, and elected emperor by the Romans in 875. Died, siipposed by poison, in 877. CHAKLES III., king of France, surnamed the Simple. He ascended the throne in SiW. His whole reign was one of struggle against the Normans and his turbulent barons, who at length caused Robert, a prince of the blood royal, to be crowned. In the battle fought l)etween the two sovereigns, Robert was slain ; but his son, Hugh the Great, pressed Charles so hard, that he sought shelter in the castle of the Count of Verman- dois, where he died, in 929. CHARLES IV., son of Philip the Fair, succeeded to the crown of France in 1322. His reign lasted only 6 years, and in that brief time he was deprived by England of the province of Guienne. Died, 1328. CHARLES v., surnamed the Wise, was the first prince >vho bore the title of dauphin, on the death of his brother, in 13G4. His reign was very beneficial to his people, whose commerce and agriculture he greatly pro- moted. He founded the library of Paris, and gained several advantages over the English. Died, 1380. CHARLES VL, surnamed the Well- beloved, was son and successor of the above. Owing to the feuds of the dukes of Burgundy and Orleans, and the misconduct of his mi- nisters, he was unable to resist the warlike Edward V. of England, who conquered France and disinherited the dauphin. Died, 1422. CHARLES VII., surnamed the Victorious. He was crowned in 14i'2, and recovered the whole of his dominions from the English, with the exception of Calais. Died, 1401. CHARLES VIIL, king of France, sur- named the AtTable,wa3 the son of Louis XL, and ascended the throne of France in 1483, at the early age of 13. He was a warlike prince, and, in 1405, obtained a victory over an army of Italians five times as niunerous as his own. Died, 141)8. CHARLES IX., king of France, succeeded to the throne in 1650. The civil wars, and, above all, the massacre of Paris, have left an indelible stain upon the memory of this prince. Died, 1574. CHARLES X., ex-king of France, or ClIARLES-PlIILIPPE DE BoURBOX, (knOWn as Coxmt d'Artois until the accession of his brother Louis XVIII. , and afterwards as Monsieur,) was the fifth and youngest son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XV., and was born in 1757. In early life he had ac- quired a character for dissipation, extrava- gance, and hauteur, which bore a still more unfavourable appearance when contrasted with the conduct of his elder brothers ; and such indeed was his unpoi>ularity, that at the very onset of the revolution he found it necessary for his personal safety to quit his native land. In 1773 he married the prin- cess Maria Theresa, daughter of Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia, to whose court he now fled for refuge. He subse- quently visited other parts of Enro|>e, and eventually found an asylum with his bro- ther, Louis XVIIL, first at Holyrood House, Edinburgh, and afterwards at Hartwell, in Buckinglianishire. On his succeeding to the throne of France in 1824, it was seen tJiat he adhered too much to the exploded dogmas of the old rigime to acquire the same degree of popularity that, by good tact and a more complying disposition, his predecessor had enjoyed. On the 25th of July, 1830, in consequence of the result of a general election, Charles X. issued Iiis two fatal ordinances, one abolishing the freedom of the press, and the other changing the mode of election. A popular insurrec- tion, of three days' continuance, which has since been dignilied with the title of "the glorious revolution of 1830," took place in Paris, and paved the way for Louis Philippe. The king retreated from St. Cloud to Ram- bouillet, where he oft'ered to abdicate in favour of his grandson, the Duke of Bor- deaux, and requested from the provisional government a safe-conduct to a sea-port. Embarking at Cherbourg he sailed for England, and for a time took up Ids resi- dence at Lul worth Castle, and then removed to Holyrood House, the scene of his former exile. There he remained about a twelve- month ; afterwards retired to the Austrian ' dominions ; and died, in his 80th year, at Goritz, in Illyria, Nov. 4. 1837. The latter | years of this monarch were passed in acts \ of superstitious devotion : he constantly \ wore hair- cloth next his skin, he fasted much, \ and frequently imposed upon himself, as j a penance for some hasty expression, an absolute silence for several hours. The Dukes d'AngoulOme and do Berri were his I sons. I CHARLES II., surnamed the Bad, king of Navarre. He succeeded to his kingdom ' when only 18 years of age, and bis reign was marked by much wickedness. He mur- dered the constable, Charles of Angouleme ; seduced tlie dauphin, afterwards Charles V., into rebellion against his father ; and was accused of employing a person to administer qS ciia] ^ :pcU) ^uibcri^al 3BiO0rap]by. [ciia poison to Charles V. His dcatli was as hor- 1 rible as liis life had been wicked. Being ill j of a leprosy, liis physicians caused him to ] be swathed in cloths dipped in spirits of wine, and covered with brimstone ; and his j page accidentally setting ftre to these in- i flammable materials, Charles died in great I torture, in 1387. CHARLES I., king of Naples and Sicily. I He was the son of Louis VIII. of France, and, marrying the daughter of the Count of Provence, he became possessed of Provence, I and of Anjou and Maine. Defeating Man- : fred, the usurper of Sicily, he assumed the ! style of king of Naples ; and taking his rival, I Conradin, duke of Suabia, and the Duke of ! Austria prisoners, he eternally disgraced ! himself by causing them to be put to death j on the scaffold. His tyranny at length so ! much enraged the Sicilians, that on Easter I Monday, in 1282, they massacred S0()() of the 1 French — an event spoken of in history as the "Sicilian Vespers." After this they chose Peter of Arragon for their king instead of Charles, who died in 1285. CHARLES II., son of the above, and his successor on the throne of Naples. At the time of liis father's decease, he himself was a prisoner in the liands of the Sicilians, and lie would most probably have been put to death by them but for the humane interces- sion of Constantia, the wife of Peter of Ar- ragon. At her request he was set at liberty, in 1288, on condition of his renouncing all claim to the crown of Sicily ; a condition from which the pope absolved him. His attempts upon Sicil3' were, however, of no avail, and he was obliged to content himself with Naples, which he governed with wis- dom and moderation. Died, loOO. CHARLES IIL, king of Naples, great grandson of the last named. He married Margaret, niece of Joan, queen of Naples ; and when Joan was excommunicated, in lo80, he obtained that kingdom from the pope. He put the deposed queen to death, aud was in his turn excommunicated by the pope. This did not prevent his endeavour- ing to possess himself of the crown of Hun- gary, but he was slain in the attempt in 138fi. CHARLES GUSTAVUS X., king of Sweden. lie was the son of John Casimir, and ascended the throne on the abdication of queen Christina, in 1C54. He was very suc- cessful against Poland, but was compelled to raise the siege of Copenhagen, which he sought to possess himself of on accoimt of Denmark having allied itself with Poland. Died, lOGO. CHARLES XL, king of Sweden, son and successor of the preceding. He lost several important places during his war with Den- mark, but they were restored to him at the peace of Nimeguen. He greatly increased the power and resources of his kingdom, and died in HM. CHARLES XII., king of Sweden, son and successor of the preceding. He was only 15 years of age when he ascended the throne, and his youth encouraged Russia, Denmark, and Poland to unite against him. Those powers, however, found him fully equal to the task of humbling them. Denmark being subdued, he attacked Russia ; and in the fa- 173 mous battle of Narva, in 1700, he is said to have slain 30,000 of the enemy, besides making 20,000 prisoners, though his own force was short of 10,000. Poland next felt his power ; he dethroned Augustus, and made Stanislaus king in his stead. Thus far his whole course had been prosperous ; but in seeking utterly to crush Peter the Great, he sustained a terrible defeat at the battle of Pultowa, and was himself so severely wounded, that he was removed from the field on a litter, and compelled to seek shelter in Turkey. Here his conduct was so violent that the grand signior was compelled to be- siege his residence. After desperate resist- ance Charles was overjiowered, and for ten months he was kept a prisoner. He no sooner was allowed to return to his own do- minions than he commenced an attack on Norway, aud in besieging Frederickshall was killed by a cannon shot, in 1718. CHARLES XIIL, king of Sweden, was bom in 1748 ; and being appointed, at his birth, high admiral of Sweden, his educa- tion was directed chiefly to the learning of naval tactics, and in 1788 lie defeated the Russians in the Gulf of Finland. On the murder of Gustavus III. he was placed at the head of the regency ; but he resigned tiie government, in 179G, to Gustavus Adol- phus IV., who had become of age, and did not appear again in public life till a revo- lution hurled the king from the throne. He was then elected, and subsequenily be- stowed his entire confidence on Marshal Bernadotte, whom the estates had chosen to succeed Prince Cliristiau in 1810. Died, 1818. CHARLES ALBERT, king of Sardinia, son of Carlo Emanuele, prince of Carignano, was born 2d Oct. 1798. At his birth he had but little chance of ever swaj-ing the sceptre, for there were seven male heirs of the House of Savoy, through whom the crown might have descended. His early life was conse- quently passed in comparative insignificance, and his name was but slightly known to Europe until the revolution of 1821, which broke out in support of 'the so-called Spanish Constitution of 1812, compelled king Vittorio Emanuele to abdicate in favour of his bro- ther, and led to Charles Albert's nomination as regent of the kingdom. Charles Albert, who had all along been in the secrets of the conspirators, took measures to carry out their designs ; but the Duke of Genevois, in whose favour king Vittorio had resigned the crown, having refused to sanction the proceedings of the new government, and having taken instant measures to put down the insurgents, Charles Albert fled to Novara, and deserted and betrayed the party with whom he had co-operated. Renouncing the opinions he had adopted,. he acted as a volunteer in 1823, in Spain, under the Duke d'Angouleme, and there lent his aid to crush the constitution, the principles of which he had so lately at- tempted to establish in Sardinia. On his re- turn to Turin he remained in retirement until the death of Carlo Felice led to his accession to the throne, 27t]i April, 1831. During the first 17 years of his reign, few events occurred to give a clear insight into the natural bent of his mind ; but in March, cua] ^ |5^&) ^Btntbcr^al 3SiO(jrapTj5. [CIIA 1848, after the Milanese had driven out tlie Austrians from Northern Italy, lie a second time unfurled the revolutionary banner, and in a proclamation to the " people of Lom- bardy and Venice," espoused tlie cause of Italian regeneration against Austria. His arms were at first crowned with success ; hut the Austrian field-marshal Radetzky having regained step by step the positions he had lost, at lengtli compelled the Sardinian forces to evacuate Milan in August of the same year, and in September an armistice was signed by the contending parties. In March, 1849, Charles Albert was forced, by the clamours of his subjects, to renew the war with Austria. But the Sardinian army was defeated at all points by Marshal Ra- detzky in the shortest campaign on record, four days; and innnediatcly afterwards, on the 24th of March, Cliarles Albert abdicated the throne in favour of his eldest son, and precipitately leaving Turin, took up his residence at Oporto, where he died, as it is alleged, of a broken heart, July 18th, 1849. CHARLES, LoL'is DE LoHRAixE, arch- duke of Austria, a distinguished military commander, son of Leopold II., and younger brother of Francis II., was born, 1771. He first entered on the career of arms under Prince Coburg in 1793; and liis great abilities, not less than his exalted rank, rapidly pro- cured his elevation in command. After the battle of Nerwinde, which restored that rich province to the imperial power, he was ap- pointed governor of the Low Countries, and was soon after created a field-marshal. In 179(5 he was promoted to the command of the imperial armies on the Rhine, gained some advantages over the republican generals Jourdan and Moreau, whom he compelled to retire across the Rliine ; took Kehl in 1797 ; subsequently commanded in Italy against Buonaparte and Massena ; long disputed victory at Caldiero, Eckmuhl, and Essling ; but lost the decisive battle of Wagram, where he was wounded. After this event he lived in retirement, during which he wrote a luminous and impartial narrative of his campaigns, and enriched military science with the profound views set forth in his " Priucipes (le Strategic." Died, 1847. CHARLES I., king of England, was born in Scotland, in the year 1000. He was the second son of James VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, by Anne, daughter of the king of Denmark ; and upon the death of Prince Ilenry, his elder brother, in 1612, was created prince of Wales. On the death of his father, in 1G2."(, he ascended the throne, his kingdom being engaged in war with Spain, and much embittered against his friend and minister, Buckingliam. It unfortunately happened for Charles I. that he had to t)ie full as high and exacting a notion of the royal preroga- tive as either his father or Elizabeth, while he had to deal with an entirely different state of public opinion. The parliament impeached Buckingliam, and the king sup- ported him ; war with France was declared, against the popular wish, because Bucking- ham so willed it ; and while the parliament was vexatious in its resistance, the king was obstinate and impolitic in his enforcement and extension of his prerogative. To detail L^' the events consequent upon the disputes between the king and his people, belongs rather to history than to biography. It may suffice, therefore, to say, that previous to and during the civil war, king and people seem to have been pretty equally in the wrong ; the former closing his ears to the increased power of the public voice, and the latter exerting that power vexatiously and gratuitously, rather than with a just and wholesome reference to sound moral and political principle. The first battle between the king's forces and the parliamentary army was at Edgehill, in which neither party had much to Ixjast of. For some time, however, the royalists were generally successful ; but the battles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby were all signally unfavourable to the royal cause. Indeed, after the defeat at Naseby, the king was so powerless, that he took the resolution of throwing himself upon the good feeling of the Scottish army, then lying before Newark ; and by that army he was basely sold, and delivered into the hands of the parliament. For a time he was treated with much outward respect, but becoming alarmed for his jHjrsoual safety, he found means to make his escape from Hampton Court. On aiTiving on the coast, whither he went with the intention of quitting the king- dom, he could not obtain a vessel to go abroad, but crossed over to the Isle of Wight, where the governor, Hammond, confined him in Carisbrook Castle. While there, negotiations were carried on between him and the parliament ; but the dominant party, commanding the army, and, as it would seem, anything but sincere in wishing a re- conciliation between the king and his people, cleared the House of Commons of the mode- rate and just members, and erected a court for the trial of the king. Insulted by the rabble, and brow-beaten by the self-erected court, he was condemned to death, and on t!:? 3<)th of January, 1049, beheaded at Whitehall ; his last word to Bishop Juxon being a charge to him to admonish Prince Charles to forgive his father's miuderers. CHARLES II., king of England, son of the above, Mas born in 1030. He was living as a refugee at the Hague when the inhuman sentence on his father was carried into exe- cution. He, nevertheless, assumed the regal title, and finding that the Scots had pro- claimed him, he left the Hague for Scotland, and was crowned at Scone. Cromwell ! marched towards Scotland to give him bat- tle, and Charles took the spirited course of passing by forced marches into England. Cromwell, however, whose force was supe- rior, discovering the manoeuvre, retrograded in pursuit ; and the royal army was over- taken at Worcester, and utterly routed. After difficulties and escapes which have rather the air of romance than of stem mat- ter of fact, Charles escaped to France, where he resided for some years, keeping up the mimicry of a court, but frequently reduced to extreme distress. The death of Cromwell, the general discontent of the people with the sordid and narrow-minded bigotry which had thrown a gloom over the whole land, and the dexterous policy of General Monk, restored Charles to his crown and kingdom ; 03 cha] ^ ^fto 2iliul)eriSal 3tjiocimpf)n. [CIIA and he reigned witli a power far fjreater than j that for aiming at which liis father had been put to death. Untaught by_ adversity, he I was luxurious, selfish, and indolent. Tlie ' English Nonconformists were treated with jealous rigour, and the Scottish Covenanters I were shot and sabred without compunction. I And, perhaps, Charles's reply to some cora- I plaints made to him of Lauderdale's cruelty ; in Scotland, will give quite as full a clue to 1 Ills kingly character as can be required : — ! " I perceive," said Charles, " that Lauderdale ! has been guilty of many bad tilings against I the people of Scotland ; but I cannot find i that he has acted against my interest." j Died, 1(J85. During this monarch's reign, i the capital was visited by heavy calamities ; the plague in imn, and the fire of London in the following year ; while pretended plots and conspiracies were made pretexts for bringing some eminent persons, who were obnoxious to the court, to an ignominious death. As to the character of Charles II., he was, in the fullest acceptation of the terms, a sensualist and voluptuary ; en- couraging, by Ids example, a taste for disso- lute manners, which i)oisoned the moral health of society ; and though he preserved a degree of popularity with the multitude, from the easiness of his manners, yet he was totally destitute of exalted sentiments. CHARLES EDWAKD STUART, called the Prcttiulcr, was the grandson of James II., and born at Rome, in 1720. In 1745 he landed in Scotland, and published a mani- festo exhibiting the claims of his father to the English throne. He was joined by se- veral of the Highlanders, and on entering Edinburgh, he caused his father to be pro- claimed i on which General Cope hastened towards the capital, but was attacked by the Pretender at Preston Pans, and defeated. Instead of making a proper use of this vic- tory, by advancing into England. Charles returned to Edinburgh, wasting his time in an idle parade of royalty. Afterwards, on being joined by Lords Kilmarnock, Cro- marty, Balnierino, and other discontented chiefs, he marched as far as Manchester ; but hearing that the king was about to take the field, he returned to Scotland, where he defeated the English forces, under llawley, at Falkirk. In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland advanced to Edinburgh, and from thence to Aberdeen, the Pretender re- treating before him. At last the two armies met at Culloden, April 27. 1746, when, after an obstinate conflict, in which the High- landers displayed prodigious courage, his array was signally defeated, and entirely dispersed. Charles, after wandering about in different disguises, chiefly among the Hebrides, effected his escape to France. He died at Florence in 1788. CHARLETON, Lewis, bishop of Here- ford, an able prelate, distinguished for liis proficiency in theology and the matheniatics. Died, lfi()9. CHARLETON, Walter, M. D., an Eng- lish physician. He resided abroad with Charles II., and returned with him at the Restoration. His writings, in natural his- tory, medicine, theology, and natural phi- losophy, are very numerous and learned, 174 especially his " Ouomasticon Zoicon " and " Chorea Gigantum ;" the former a cla:^silicd arrangement of animals, the latter au essay on Stonehenge. Died, 1707. CIIARLE VILLE, Chaules William, the Earl of, was the son of John Bury, esq., of Ireland, who, having married a co- heiress of Charleville, the title was re\'ived, by patent, in the person of his son, in 1797 ; who, in 1800, was advanced to the dignity of viscount, and six years afterwards to that of earl. His lordship was possessed of high classical attainments, and was, for several years, pre- sident of the Royal Irish Academy. He was a firm supporter of the existing institutions of tlie country, in their connection with church and state ; and during the period of the Irish rebellion, in 1790, he commanded the Tullamore cavalry, and was very active in suppressing outrage. Died, 1835, in his 72nd year. CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xavier, a French Jesuit, and for some time a mis- sionary in America. On his return, he be- came conductor of the Journal de Tre- voiix. In addition to his numerous con- tril)utions to that work, he wrote " Histoire Genurale de Paraguay," " Histoire Gi5nijrale de la Nouvelle France," &c. Died, 17(51. CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA, daughter of George IV. and Queen Caroline, was born Jan. 7. 1796, and married to Prince I^eopold of Coburg (now king of Belgium), May 2. 1810. From her earliest years she gave strong indications of nobleness of mind and great capacity ; and as she grew up, a feeling of sincere and ardent attachment for her on tlie part of the people was universally dis- played. She was not merely accomplished, according to the common acceptation of the term, but was well- acquainted with history, statistics, and other more abstruse branches of knowledge ; spoke several modern lan- guages, and excelled in music, painting, &c. In tine, she possessed in a high degree the several qualities and endowments necessary for the dignified maintenance of an exalted station ; while her active benevolence and solicitude for the poor rendered her an object of their especial regard. Her marriage with Prince Leopold was the result of mutual esteem, and their domestic life may safely be held up as a pattern for universal imitation. But the hopes of the nation, and the anxious wishes of a husband, were suddenly blighted: on the 5th of Nov. 1817, the princess was delivered of a still-born child ; and, in a few hours after, she was seized with convulsions and expired. Never before, perhaps, wtis national and individual sorrow so strikingly or so sincerely expressed, and never, perhaps, was it more deservedly bestowed. The un- happy dissensions of her royal parents, and the vicious blandishments of courtly para- sites, were strikingly contrasted at Claremont by conjugal affection and the pure pleasures of a virtuous life. No wonder, then, tliat the people should have looked forward to her reign with delight ; nor can it be a matter of surprise that their grief should have been intense when thus bereft of " England's hope." CHARNOCK, Jonx, an English naval ofBcer and miscellaneous writer ; author of a ! ciia] ^ |3eU) ?Hiuljcv^al 3Sioj3;mjp]bfi« [ciia " History of Marine Architecture," " Bio- graphia Navalls," a " Supplement to Camp- bell's Lives of the Admirals," &c. Died, 1807. CHARNOCK, Stkphex, a nonconformist divine. He was a very eloquent and popular preacher, and advocated Calvinistical doc- trines with great force and originality. His " Discourse on Providence " is considered the best of his writings. Died, 1080. CIIARONDAS, an ancient legislator. He flourished in the 5th century u. c, and is celebrated for liis code of laws drawn up for the inhabitants of Thurium, in Magna Grajcia. Auiong his regulations, was one to prevent any citizen from apiK-aring with arms in the public assemblies. Having in- advertently broken through tliis law, lie plunged his sword into his breast, saying, that he would seal his law with Ids own blood. CIIARPENTIER, Fka>xis, one of the Frencli literati in the time of Louis XIV. He was the author of a treatise " On the Ex- cellence of the French Language," and other works ! but though he hart much talent, liis flattery of the king, and his praise of modern literature at the expense of the ancients, caused him to be severely satirised by Boi- leau. Died, 1703. ClIARRERIE, Madame de St. IFva- ciSTiiE DE, a French lady of versatile ability; authoress of " Lettrcs Neuchatclloiscs," " Ca- liste, ou Lettres ^crites de Lausanne," and several successful novels and diamas. Died, 180(5. CHARRON, Pkteu, a French, divine, and a friend of Montaigne, who, by will, left lilra the privilege of bearing his arms ; a strong proof, considering the pride of a Gascon, of his personal consideration. His chief works are "The Three Smiths," a "Treatise on Wisdom," and a volume of " Christian Dis- courses." CHASLES, Fraxcis James, a French writer of the 18th century ; compiler of the " Dictionnairc de Justice." CHASLES, Greoobv pe, a French naval officer and a witty writer ; author of " Les Illustres Francoises," " Journal d'un Voyage fait aux Indcs Orientales," &c. Died, 1720. CHASSENEUZ, Baktiiolomew ue, an eminent French lawyer ; author of " Cata- logus Glorias Mundi," " Consilia, or Consult- ations on Points of Law," &c. It is greatly to his credit that he used all his power as president of the parliament of Provence to delay the decree issued by that body against the Vaudois of Merindol and Cabrieres. In- deed, it was suspected that his humanity caused the Catholics to hasten his end by poison. Died, 1.541. CHASTELAIN, Clavde, a French eccle- siastical writer ; author of a " Universal Martyrology," the "Roman Martyrology," and a Journal of his own Life. Died,.1712. ClIASTELARD, Pikkre he Bi.scole de, a French gentleman, whom De Thou sup- I poses to have been grandson of the Chevalier Bayard. He went to Scotland in the suite of the unfortunate Mary, and became so violently enamoured of his royal mistress, as to secrete liimself in her apartment. Being discovered when the queen retired to rest, he was committed to prison, and finally be- headed on a charge of treason. CHASTELER, John G., Marquis of, an eminent Austrian general. He was severely wounded at the siege of Valenciennes in 179;?, and was subseijuently opposed succes- sively to Lefevre and Murat. In 1808, with Hormayer, he was the soul of the famous Tyrolese insurrection ; and he was charac- terised by Napoleon, in a wrathful procla- mation which he had the rashness to issue, as " tlie leader of a band of robbers," and an outlaw. In all his engagements he displayed equal skill and courage, and was at length rewarded with the honourable post of go- vernor of Venice. Born, 17<;3 ; died, 1820. CIIASTELET, Gahrieli.e Emilie dk Bheteuil, Marchioness of, a French lady, distinguished by her proficiency in science. She translated the Institutes of the Philoso- phy of Leibnitz from the German, and sub- sequently becoming acquainted ■with the pliilosophy of Newton, she translated his Principia, and added an able commentary. Born, 1700 ; died, 1749. CHASTELLUX, Francis John, Marquis de, a French field-marshal ; author of " Tra- vels in North America," and a treatise on " Public Happiness." Died, 17;W. CHATEAUBRIAND, Francois Au- of STE, Vicomtc de, whose chequered career and numerous productions gained him a prominent place in the history of his time, was born at St. Malo, in 1709, the year that witnessed the birth of Napoleon, Mehemet Ali, and Arthur Wellesley. After pursuing Ids studies at Dol and Rennes, in his 17th year he joined the regiment of Navarre as sub-lieutenant, and repaired to Paris, where he witnessed all the splendours of the throne soon doomed to fall. On the eve of the meeting of the states-general in 1789, ani- mated by a love of adventure, he went to America. Here he spent two years amid the wild grandeur of savage life, " the world forgetting, by the world forgot," when ac- cident threw into his hands a journal which revealed to him the immense events wliich three years had sutficcd to bring about in his native country. The French monarchy existed only in name, a turbulent democracy had takeu its place, and the emigrant nobi- lity were turning tlieir swords aj'ainst their country. It was in their ranks that honour, as understood among "gentils hommcs," had marked out his place ; and thither he betook himself. Wounded At the siege of Thionville in 1792, he was conveyed in a dying state to Jersey ; and after a partial recovery he sailed for England, where he sutfered great privations, which a few trans- lations, and, as he subsequently made known, the timely aid of the Literary Fund So- ciety, enabled him to mitigate rather than relieve. Here he published his first work, entitled "Essai llistorique et Politique sur les Revolutions Anciennes et Modernes," 1797. After the 18th Brumaire he returned to France, and contributed to the Mercure. His" Attala" appeared In 1801 ; and was fol- lowed in 1802 by his most celebrated work, the " Gt-nie du Christianisme," which lias become like a household word through the Christian world. Soon afterwards he was 175 cha] ^ ^clu Uni^tx^Kl 3Bt0srapTjy, [cha oppointed by Napoleon secretary to the French embassy at Home. In March, 1804, he was nominated minister plenipotentiary to Switzerland ; but he resigned on learning the melancholy fate of the Duke d'Eng- hien, and resisted all the overtures which Napoleon subsequently made to him. For a long time he had meditated a grand poetic work founded on the great events of Chris- tianity ; and to qualify liimselr for this un- dertaking, he visited in 180(5 the great scenes of Bible history, and on his return in 1807 hepublislicd " I>e3 Martyrs," and four years later his " Itineraire de Paris h Jerusalem." In 1814, Chateaubriand hailed the Restora- tion in a brochure, entitled "Buonaparte et les Bourbons." At Ghent he was considered one of the ministers of Louis XVIII. ; in 1815 he was created a peer of France, and the following year he became a member of the Institute. " La Monarchic selon la Charte," which he published the same year, threw him for some years into discredit with the court ; but in 1S20 tlie highest state appointments once more lay open to him, and he became successively' ambaseador at Berlin in 1820, and at London in 1822, and the same year minister of foreign aftairs in the Vilfcle ministry, wlien he organised the invasion of Spain under the Duke d'Angou- IGme, and took part in the Congress of Ve- rona, the history of which he afterwards recorded. In 1824, being summarily dis- missed from office, lie took refuge in the columns of the Journal des Dc'bats, where he \-igorously attacked liis fbrmer colleagues ; and on their fall in 1828, he was sent as ambassador to Rome, but resigned his office in 1829, on the formation of the Polignac administration. On the news of the outbreak of the revolution of 1830, he hastened to Paris, where he was hailed with acclamation by the people, but after delivering a glowing oration in favour oftlie Duke of Bordeaux, he retired from the chamber of peers, never to enter it again. From this period he personally took leave of politics ; but he continued to send forth from time to time pamplilets on the government of Louis Philippe, conceived in so bitter and violent a spirit, that he became an object of suspicion to the ministry, and was summarily arrested, but soon discharged. Hislast years were spent in domestic privacy, cheered by the sympathy of " troops of friends," who looked up to him with respect bordering on veneration ; and he expired almost at the moment when some of the most terrible scenes of his early life were renewed in the streets of Paris. Besides the works above mentioned, Wiateaubriand wrote " Etudes Historiques," "EssaisurlaLitti'ra- ture Anglaise " (a poor production) and many others, including numerous pamphlets upon historical subjects and the politics of the day. A splendid edition of his collected works was published at Paris in 1820, for which he received 25,000/. His " Mc'moires," to which great importance was attached during his lifetime, have been published since his death ; but even the events of his chequered career, set forth with all the gracefulness of his fluent pen and the fervour of his glowing imagina- tion, lose much of their interest from the overweening vanity which peers tlirough every page, and which has converted that which might liave been a grand "pifecc justiflcatif" of a life, as remarkable for poli- tical changes as tlie era in which it was passed, into a theme for the regret of the thoughtful, and the satire of the scornful. Died, July 4. 1848. CHATE AUBRUN, Jonx Baptist Vivian DE, a French dramatic writer ; author of " Philoctetcs," " Mahomet II.," " Les Troy- ennes," &c. Died, 1775. CHATEAIIRENAUD, FRANCia Louis RoussELET, Count of, a distinguished French admiral. lie was a great scourge to the Sallee rovers, and signally defeated the Dutch fleet in 1675. Died, 171C. CIIATEL, Fkakcis du, a Flemish painter of the lOth century. His chief work, which is in the town-hall of Ghent, represents the king of Spain receiving the oath of fidelity from the states of Flanders and Brabant. CHATEL, PiEKUE DU, bishop of Orleans, a strenuous defender of the Galilean Churcli. He was an excellent scholar, and assisted Erasmus in his translations from the Greek. He wrote a Latin letter against the emperor, Cliarles V., and two funeral orations for Francis I. Died, 1552. CIIATEL, Tanneguy du, an able French general. He was in the famous battle of Agineourt ; and when the Burgundians sur- prised Paris, he was fortunate enough to save the dauphin, between whom and the Duke of Burgundy he afterwards brought about a reconciliation. Died, 1449. CHATE LET, Paul du Hay, Lord of, a French officer of state in the reign of Louis XIII. ; author of the " History of Bertrand du Guesclin," constable of France. Died, 1036. CHATHAM, WiLT.iAM PITT, Earl of, one of the most illustrious statesmen that ever graced the British senate, was the son of Robert Pitt, esq., of Boconock, in Cornwall, where he was born in 1708. After studying at Eton and Oxford, he entered the army as a cornet of dragoons, but quitted it on being returned to parliament as a member for Old Sarum. His talents as an orator were soon displaj'ed in opposition to Sir Robert Wal- pole, and had so great an efiect, that the Duchess of Marlborough, who had a deadly hatred to that minister, bequeathed to Mr. Pitt a legacy of 10,000Z. On the change of administration, he was made joint vice- treasurer of Ireland and paymaster-general of the armj', which places he resigned in 1755 ; but the year following he was appointed secretary of state. In a few months he was again dismissed from office ; but an efficient administration being wanted in 1757, and the nation being enthusiastically attached to him, he returned to his former situation as secretary of state. His great mind now re- vealed its full force, and his ascendancy was complete over the parliament no less than in the ministry. lie aroused the Eng- lish nation to new activity, and, in the space of a few years, we recovered our superiority over France, annihilating her navy, and stripping her of her colonies. France was beaten in the four quarters of the world. In 1700, he advised the declaration of war against Spain, while she was unprepared for rcsist- 176 cha] ^ ^tbi Winihev^al 38t00rap1^tt, [cha ance, as he foresaw that she would assist France. The elevation of England on the ruins of the house of Bourbon was the great object of his policy. But his plans were sud- denly interrupted by the death of George II., whose successor was prejudiced against Pitt by his adversary, tlie Earl of Bute, a states- man of limited views. Pitt, therefore, re- signed his post in 17C1, only retaining his seat in the House of Commons. Foreseeing the separation of the American colonies from the mother country, if the arbitrary measures then adopted should be continued, he ad- vocated, especially in I'OtJ, a conciliatory policy, and the repeal of the stamp act. In the same year he was invited to assist in forming a new ministry, in which he took the office of privy seal, and was created vis- count Burton, baron Pynscnt,' and earl of Chatham ; but in 17G8 he resigned, as he found himself inadequately seconded by his colleagues. In the House of Lords, he con- tinued to recommend the abandonment of the coercive measures employed against America, particularly in 1774 ; but his warn- ing was rejected, and, in 1770, the colonies declared themselves independent. He still, however, laboured in the cause, and used all his efforts to induce the government to etfect a reconciliation with the Ameri(ian states ; and, na he was speaking with his accustomed energy on the subject, in the House of Lords, April 8. 1778, he fell down in a convulsive fit. He died on the 11th of the following month, and his body, after lying in state, M-as solemnly interred in Westminster Ab- bey, where a superb monument was erected to his memory at the national expense. CHATHAM, Joiix, Earl of, &.c.., eldest son of the celebrated statesman whose life we have just given, and brotlier of the late William Pitt. He was bom in 175C, and succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father, in 1778. In the following year he was appointed captain of the 86th regi- ment of foot, and served in the American war. He was afterwards appointed by his brother (then prime minister) first lord of the admiralty ; was sworn a privy-council- lor, and elected a kniglit of the Garter. His promotions, both civil and military, were rapid and numerous under his brother's ad- ministration, and he continued to hold office for many years after, under his successors. As lieutenant-general, he commanded the unfortunate expedition to Walcheren, in 1809, and was, tliree years afterwards, raised to the full rank of general. On the death of the Duke of Kent, he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, which he held, with other offices, to the time of his death, in IKi'u He was the last peer of the Pitt family, whose title has now become extinct, and with it the annual pension of 4,000/., besides another pension of 3,000/. per annum, granted to his father for three lives, in 1761. The late earl was married, in 1783, to a daughter of Viscount Sydney, but they had no children. CHATTERTON, Thomas, an English poet, whose precocious genius and melan- choly fate have gained him much celebrity, was born at Bristol, in 1752. Ilis father was sexton of Bedcliff church, Bristol ; and young Chatterton professed to have received from him several ancient MSS. These he palmed upon the world as the poems of Rowley, a priest of Bristol in the 15th cen- tury ; and so admirably was his forgery executed, that it is even now rather as- sumed than proved, though there can be little moral doubt of it, that he did forge and not find the MSS. Having vainly en- I deavoured to persuade Horace Walpole and other scholars of the genuineness of the MSS., Chatterton, though still a mere boy, became a party writer ; but even this resource failed him, and in a state of deep despondency, produced by absolute want, he destroyed himself by jwison, in 1770, at the age of 18 !! CHAUCER, Geokfuev, an admirable English poet, to whom is justly given the title of the father of English poetry. He studied law in the Temple, but soon turned his attention to the court, and became suc- cessively yeoman and shield-bearer to Ed- ward III., and comptroller of the customs of London. In the following reign, having embraced the doctrines of Wickliff, he was committed to prison, but released on re- canting his opinions. He now retired to Woodstock, where he composed his treatise on the astrolabe. He seems to have been fortunate beyond the usual lot of poets ; for, independent of bounties he had bestowed on him by the crown, he derived considerable property and influence from his marriage with a connexion of the great John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. As a poet, Chaucer is far less read and understood than he deserves; for his writing has a fresh ond lusty vigour, rarely to be met with in more modern poesy. Bom, 1328 ; died, 1400. CHAUDET, Antoixe Dexis, an eminent French sculptor and painter. His painting of " ^neas and Anchises amid the Conlla- gration of Troy," produced him great and well merited applause. Died, 1810. | CHAUDON, Lot IS Mavell. a French abbe ; author of " Lessons of History and Chronology," "Elements of Ecclesiastical History to the Pontificate of Pius VI.," &e. Bom, 17.37 ; died. 1817. CHAUFFEPIE, James George, a biogra- phical and critical writer, was the son of a French Protestant minister, but born in Friesland. In addition to sermons and the- ological essays, he wrote a " Historical and Critical Dictionary," designed as a continu- ation of the great work of Bayle. Born, 1702 ; died, 1786. I CHAULIEU, William Amfuye de, a. I French lyric poet. His poems, which with those of the Marquis de la Fare have been frequently reprinted, are a mixture of Aiia- creon and the good-humoured i)hilosophy of Horace. Bora, 1639 ; died, 1720. CHAULNES, ALBEKT,Duke de, a French nobleman and man of science. He was well skilled in chemistry, and contributed many valuable papers to the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences. Died, 1769. CHAUMETTE, Pierre Gaspard, one of the wretches who outraged humanity during the French revolution. He was of low origin, and after serving some time on board a ship he became clerk to an attorney. At the breaking out of the revolution he became cha] % ^c&j 5Unil)er^aT I3t0srnjp]^i). [cue one of the street orators, and was so oon- spicuous by his violence, that, in 1792, he was made lirst a member of the municipality of Paris, and then procureur, or attorney. AVhen the Mountain party, in 1793, wished to overwhelm the more moderate Girondists, Chaumette was one of the chief instruments of doing so, and was in consequence ex- tremely popular. During the confinement of the unfortunate Louis XVI. in the Temple, Chaumette and Herbert heaped every in- dignity upon him ; and with them, it is said, originated the most horrible of all the charges made against the queen. He at length met his reward. Robespierre, him- self already on the very verge of ruin, threw him into the prison of the Luxembourg, and lie was guillotined in 1794. CHAUNCEY, CiiAKLES, D.D., an Ame- rican divine, and one of the most eminent writers of the sect called Universalists ; au- thor of " Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England," "The Benevolence of the Deity considered," "A true Sketch of the Sufferings and Misfortunes of the Town of Boston," &c. Born, 170,5 ; died, 1787. CHAUNCEY, Sir IIexuv, an English lawyer and antiquarian. He was knighted by Charles II. in lOSl, and, in 168S, was made a Welch judge. Just before his death he published the " Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire," one of the most valuable of our county histories. Died, 17f)0. CHAUSSE, Michael Angelo pe la, a French archa:ological writer ; author of "Museum Romanum," 'Tietura; Antiquae Cryptarum Romanarum," &c. Died, 1724. ClIEKE, Sir Joiix, an eminent English statesman and scholar. Becoming regius professor of Greek at Cambridge, he strenu- ously laboured to improve the prevailing pronunciation of that language ; and the opposition he met with from Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, produced a literary correspondence between them, which was published at Basle by Ccelius Sccundus Curio. Having taken part in the education of Ed- ward VI., that king, on his accession, granted him considerable property in laud. He also made him a privy councillor and se- cretary of state, and conferred the honour of knighthood upon him. Unfortunately for him he engaged, on the death of Edward "VI., in the cause of Lady Jane Grey, and was consequently sent to the Tower on the ac- cession of Mary. His life was spared, and he was allowed to leave England ; but while he was abroad he gave some new oflfcnce to the queen, and his estates were confiscated. Visiting Brussels he was seized by order of Philip II. and sent to England, where, under fear of being put to death, he renounced Protestantism. Ha'^ing done this, the queen, though slie did not restore his estates, gave him some equivalent for them ; but she em- bittered them by compelling him to sit on the bench at the trial of Protestants whose attachment to their faith was stronger than their fears of death. Besides his correspon- dence with Gardiner, he wrote and translated several treatises. He also left in MS. nn English translation of St. Matthew, in which no word was admitted of other than Saxon origin. Born, 1514 j died, 1557. CHELSUM, Ja.mes, D.D., an English clergyman, chiefly known as an author by two pamphlets, in which he severely criti- cised "Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Koman Empire." Died, 1801. CHEMNIZER, Ivan Ivanovitcii, a Rus- sian soldier and poet. He served several campaigns in the imperial guards, and afterwards entered the corps of engineers. When he at length retired he published va- rious tales and fables, which the Russian critics compare to those of La Fontaine. Bom, 1744; died, 1784. CHENEVIX, Richard, an Irish gentle- man of great and versatile ability as a writer ; author of " Remarks on Chemical Nomenclature according to the System of the French Neologists," "Observations on Jlineralogical Systems," " The Mantuan Rivals," a comedy ; " Henry VII.," a tra- gedy ; " An Essay on National Character," &c. Died, 1830. CHENIER, Marie Joseph, a French writer ; autlior of " Charles IX.," " The Death of Calas," and some other dramas ; of several odes sung on public occasions during the revolution, and of "An Histo- rical Sketch of the State and Progress of French Literature. This writer, who de- dicated one of his dramas to Louis XVI., and commenced that dedication with " Mo- narque des Francois, roi d'un peuple fidfele," was among the most violent of the revolu- tionary agitators, and actually voted in the National Convention for the death of the king wliom he had thus apostrophised. He contrived to survive all the horrors of the "reign of terror," and to thrive equally under the directorial, the consular, and the imperial governments. He died in 1811. CHEOPS, a king of Egypt. Diodorus calls him Chemmis, and makes him eighth in succession from Rhampsinitus. It is said that he reigned .50 years, and built the largest of the pyramids in Egypt ; but little is certam of his history, or even of the time when he flourished. CIIERON, Elizabeth Sophie, a French lady, eminent as a portrait painter. She possessed considerable talent for music and poetry, and wrote several psalms and can- ticles in French. She remained unmarried until her sixtieth jear, when she gave her hand to M. le Hay, the king's engineer. Died, 1711. CIIERON, Louis, brother of the above, and also a painter. Being refused admit- tance to the Academy of Painting in Paris, on account of his being a Calvinist, he came to England in 1695, and remained here till liis death, which happened in 1713. ClIERUBIN, a French Capuchin friar, astronomer, and mathematician of the 17th century ; author of " Dioptrique Oculaire," " A Treatise on the Theory, Construction, and Use of the Telescope," and " La Vision Parfaite." CHERUBINI, Salvador, a distinguished musical composer, was born at Florence in 1700. His precocious skill in music attracted the attention of tlie Grand-duke of Tuscany, who gave him a pension, and this enabled him to complete his studies under Sarti, whom he afterwards assisted in his compo- cue] ^ ^cbj Hniberi^/il Btosrapl^i). [cm sitions. In 17»4 he repaired to liOnrlon, where lie produced the " Fiuta Principcssa " and " Giulio Sabino." In 1788 he settled in Paris, which thenceforward became his adopted country and the scene of his greatest triumphs. His operas of " Iiihigenia," " Lo- doiska," " Ali Baba " would alone have testified to the extent and variety of his powers ; but his fame chiefly rests npon his sacred music, of which his " Requiem," com- posed for his own obsequies, deserves par- ticular notice, lie was director of the Con- servatoire at Paris, where he died, full of years and honours, 1S42. ClIKSELDEN, William, an eminent English surgeon and anatomist ; author of a treatise on " The Anatomy of the Human Body," a treatise '• On the High Operation for the Stone," " Osteography, or Anatomy of the Bones," a translation of " T>e Dran's Surgery," &c. He was an admirable oculist; and though his system of lithotomy involved liim in much controversy, it is undoubted tliat he very greatly improved the means of relieving one of the most terrible complaints to which our nature is obnoxious. He was born in 1C.88, and died, 17.'>2. CHESTERFIELD, Piiiup Dohmkr Stanhoi'E, Earl of, was bom in 1694, and educated at Cambridge. He first sat in parliament as memlier forLostwithicl ; and in 172G, on his father's death, succeeded to the earldom of Chesterfield. He was a par- ticular favourite of George II., on whose accession he was sworn a privy councillor ; was appointed, in 1728, ambassador extraor- dinary to Holland ; made a knight of the Garter in 1730, and was appointed steward of the household. Tlie latter office he soon after resigned, and he continued for seve- ral years the strenuous opponent of Sir R. Walpole, distinguishing himself by lus writings in the Craftsman, as well as by his powerful eloquence in the house. In 174.5 the government once more availed itself of his talents, and he was sent to Ireland as lord- lieutenant, where he continued a year, exercising his power in a manner calculated to gain the approbation of the people. He was afterwards secretary of state, but deafness and declining health induced him to relinquish office in 1748. His lord- ship was a man of brilliant accomplishments, but tainted with vanity and infidelity. He wrote some papers in the World, and seve- ral poetical pieces, but he is principally known as the author of "Letters to his Son." Died. 177.3. CHETHAM, IIcsmiEUY, a wealthy mer- chant of Manchester, to whose well directed munificence that town owes its college and library. He left funds to purchase the col- legiate church, which, being suppressed at the Reformation, had become the property of the Derby family. Mr. Chetham's trustees having executed his will thus far, next ob- tained a cliarter of incorporation, and founded a college for the maintenance and education of 40 poor boys, and an excellent library. The number of boys is now increased to 80, and the library receives constant additions from funds left by Mr. Chetham for that purpose. Any one resident in Manchester, or merely a visitor, has free access, by merely writing his name and address in a book for that purpose. Died, KWO. CHETWOOD, Knigutly, Dr., dean of Gloucester; author of a "Life of Virgil," a " Life of Lveurgns," &c. Died, 1720. CHETWOOD, William Ruts, a dra- matic writer ; author of some plays, which have long since ceased to keep the stage, and of a "General History of the Stage." Died, 17IJC. CHEVALIER, Antony Rodolph de, French tutor to princess, afterwards queen, Elizabeth of England. At the death of Ed- ward VI. he went to Germany, and subse- quently to his native country, France ; but on the breaking out of the civil war there, again sought England, where he was well received by his former pupil, the queen. \Vhen the disputes seemed to be terminated, he again went to France ; but on the break- ing out of the troubles anew, with the hor- rible massacre of St. Bartholomew, he left France, intending again to seek shelter in England, but died at Guernsey. He was an erudite scholar, and published an excellent Hebrew grammar, an improved edition of the " Thesaurus of Sanct. Pagninus," &c. He had commenced a Bible in 4 languages, but did not live to finish it. Died, l'i72. CIIEVILLIER, A.MJKEW, a French eccle- siastic and antiquary, and librarian to the Sorbonne. He published a liatin disserta- tion on the " Council of Chalcedon," an historical dissertation on the " Origin of Printing in Paris.' &c. Died, 1700. CHEVRE.VU, Urban, an eminent French (scholar. He became secretary to queen Christina of Sweden, and is said to have had considerable share in converting her to Catholicism. After acting as tutor and se- cretary to the Duke of Maine, he at length retired from all public duties, and devoted himself to literature. He wrote " Eftets de la Fortune," a romance ; " A History of the World," some plays, &c. Died, 1701. CHEYNE, Geokge, an eminent physician and writer. He was born in Scotland, and was originally intended for the church, but preferring the profession of medicine, he pursued the necessary studies for it under Dr. Pitcairn, and having taken his doctor's degree, settled himself in London. His first publication was a mathematical treatise, entitled " Fluxionum Methodus inversa," which procured him considerable reputa- tion, and a'lmission to the Royal Society. Too free an indulgence in the pleasures of the table having rendered him enormously corpulent as well as asthmatic, he resolved on strictly adhering to a milk and vegetable diet ; and he experienced so much benefit from this course, that all his principal trea- tises urge it upon others. His chief works are "The English Malady, a Treatise on Nervous Disorders," " A Treatise on Gout," and an " Essay on Regimen." Died, 1743, aged 82. CHIABRERA, Gabriel, called the Ita- lian Pindar, was born at Savona, in 1552. Besides odes and epic poems, which are chiefly anacreontic, he wrote several dramas. Died, W.S7. CIIIARAMONTI, Scirio, an Italian ec- clesiastic and writer. His works are very 179 CHl] ^ i9fiD ^uibn^al IJiogmpIji), [CHI numerous, and are chiefly on the mathe- I matics and natural philosophy. He founded I the Academy of the Offuscati, at Osena, in I Bologna, and was president of it when he died, in 1652. CIIIARI, PiETEO, an Italian ecclesiastic and poet of the 18th century. He was a rival of Goldoni, and his comedies attained considerable popularity. Those of Chiari were, however, much inferior to those of his rival. Died, 1788. CHICHELEY, Henry, archbishop of Canterbury, an able and accomplislied scho- lar and statesman, was born at Higham Ferrers, in 1302. Tlie parliament having addressed the king, Henry V.,to appropriate some of the revenues of the church, the archbishop had the address to engage the young king in a war with France. On the accession of the infant king, Henry VI., Cliicheley became first privy councillor, and j he wisely directed all his attention to church I affairs, striving at once to check the pro- gress of WickliflSsm, and to moderate tlie ardour of the papal court. In the expendi- ture of his revenue lie was very liberal ; he founded and endowed All Souls College, Ox- ford, made many important improvements in Lambeth Palace, and built tlie western tower of Canterbury Cathedral at liis own expense. Died, 1443. CHICOYNEAU, Francis, an eminent physician and professor of medicine at Montpelier. When the plague was raging at Marseilles, he was sent to the relief of the sufferers, whom he re-assured by his calm courage. The important services he rendered on this occasion procured liim a pension and several appointments at court. His principal literary production is a work " On the Origin, Symptoms, and Cure of the Plague ; " a work doubly valuable on account of tlie narratives with which it is j interspersed, being the result of the author's own experience. Died, 1752. CHILD, Sir Josiaii, bart., an eminent London merchant of the 17th century, and author of several works on sul)ject8 connected with political economy, among which may be noticed his "Discourse on Trade," &c. Born, 1C30 ; died, 1C99. CHILD, William, an English musical composer and musician. He was for many years organist in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, and in the Chapel Royal at Wliite- hall. The simple style of Jiis compositions caused them to be neglected in his own time, but they are now much admired. Died, 1697. CIIILDEBERT I., king of France, who ascended the throne in 511. Aided by his brothers, Clotaire andClodomir, he attacked and defeated Sigismund, king of Burgundy. Cliildebert and Clotaire then turned their arms against Spain, but without success. Died, 558. CHILDEBERT II., king of France, suc- ceeded his father, Sigebert, in 575. On the death of his uncle, Chilperic, king of Sois- sons, he gained tlie kingdoms of Orleans and Burgundy. Died, by poison, 590. CHILDEBERT III., king of France. He ascended the throne at the very early age of 12 years ; of which circumstance Pepin, mayor of the palace, took advantage to govern both king and kingdom. Died, 711. ClilLDERIC I., king of France. He suc- ceeded his father, Merovaeus, in 450 ; was deposed in the following year, and rein- stated upon the throne in 463. Died, 481. CHILDERIC II., king of France, was the son of Clovis II., and succeeded his brother Clotaire III, in 673. He was a debauched and cruel tyrant, and, together with his wife and son, was assassinated in 073. CHILDERIC III., surnamed the Idiot, king of France, began his reign in 742, and was deposed in 752. CHILLIXGWORTH, William, an Eng- lish divine. He was a sound scholar, an able mathematician, and above mediocrity as a poet. But his chief bent was towards disputation and metaphysics ; and he was so acute in discovering difficulties, tliat he doubted where men of far less natural ca- pacity and acquired knowledge would have been presumptuously certain. By degrees liis habit of doubting became so confirmed and excessive, that Lord Clarendon says of him, " he had contracted such irresolution, and such a habit of doubting, that at length he was confident of nothing." In tliis state of mind a Jesuit convinced him of the truth of the tenets of Papacy, and he actually went to tlie Jesuit's college at Douay. While there, he meditated the publication of a vindication of his conversion to tlieCliurch of Rome, but Laud, then bishop of London, dissuaded liim from liis injudicious purpose. Tliis was the more fortunate, as he subse- quently returned to England and studied so" successfully, tliat he not only became a Pro- testant again, but also wrote and published the masterly treatise, entitled " Tlie Reli- gion of Protestants, a safe Way to Salva- tion," Some hesitation about signing the 39 articles prevented him from obtaining preferment in the church ; but he at length consented to sign, and became chancellor of Salisbury, &c. At the breaking out of the civil war, he warmly espoused the royal cause, and publiahed a treatise on the "Unlawfulness of Resisting the Lawful Prince, although most Tyrannous, Impious, and Idolatrous." He also invented a ma- chine, or rather imitated one described by some ancient authors, for the attack of for- tified places. Ill health at length compelled him to retire to Arundel Castle, whieli was surrendered to the parliamentarians under Sir William Waller, who, at his own re- quest, sent liim to Chichester, where he died, at the episcopal palace, in 1044. CHILMEAD, EnMUxn, an English mathematician and musician ; author of a treatise " On the Music of Ancient Greece ; " another, which was not printed, "On Sounds," and a "Catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Bodleian Library." Died, 1054. CHILO, one of the seven sages of Greece, He flourislied in the 0th century, B.C., and was celebrated for his just conduct as a magistrate. It was he who caused the cele- | brated " Know thyself," to be graven on the i temple of Delphi. CHITTY, JosErii, an eminent special I pleader, and the author of many well-known : works, which have become indispensable ; i ch<e] ^ ^elM Bni^itY&aX 38iojjrap]^i). [CHR auxiliaries to every legal student and prac- titioner. Died, Feb. 1841, aged 65, CUCERILUS, a Samian poet of the 5th century b. c. His poem on the victory of the Athenians over Xerxes obtained him a large pecuniary reward, and it was ordered to be solemnly recited every year. CHOISEUL, Stepbkn' Fuancis de, Duke of. lie entered the army early, and having attained a high rank, was appointed ambas- sador to Rome aud Vienna, and honoured with a peerage. He then became prime minister of France, to which station he was raised through the influence of Madame de Pompadour. I£e made many judicious re- forms and alterations in the French army, increased the navy, and brought about the celebrated family compact. In 1770 he was dismissed from office, and exiled to one of his estates. Born, 1714 ; died, 1785. CIIOISI, Francis Timoleov de, a French ecclesiastic and writer. In his youth he was of very debauched and abandoned habits. For some years he wore the dress of a woman, and passed by the name of the Countess dcs Barres ; but a severe illness had the good effect of awakening him to a sense of the disgrace and danger of his way of life, and he became an abh^. If his abandonment of vicious inclinations were not quite as entire as could hare been wished, his conduct was at least more decorous ; aud among his nu- merous writings some were well calculated to produce virtuous inclinations in their readers. Besides a Life of David, a Life of Solomon, and a History of the Church, he gave the " Memoirs of the Countess des Barres," containing some account of his youthful irregularities. He also wrote and translated several other pieces, but they are held in very little estimation. Died, 1724. CHOPIN, P'KEDEKic, a great modern com- poser and pianoforte player, was bom near Warsaw, 1810. Compelled to leave Poland in consequence of iwlitical convulsions, he played in public at Vienna and Munich in 1831, and soon afterwards repaired to Paris, where he continued to exercise his art till the revolution of 1848 drove him to England. He returned to Paris in 1849 ; but his con- stitution, which had never been robust, sunk under the rude changes of the preceding vear, and he died in the autumn of 1849, leaving behind him a reputation, both as a player and a composer, which will not soon pass away. Every note of his music, whether in his concertos or sonatas, or his scherzi, ballades, polonoiscs, preludes, breathes an unmistakable nationality ; and is marked by distinctness, expression, "and elegance. CHOPIN, Rg.Ng, an eminent French lawyer and writer ; author of " The Custom of Anjou," "The Custom of Paris," " De Sacra Politica Monastica," &c. Died, 1606. CHORIER, Nicholas, a French lawyer and writer ; author of a " General History of Dauphiny," &c. Died, 1692. CHOKIS, Louis, an eminent Russian artist and traveller, born in 1795. He was appointed draughtsman to Captain Kotze- bue's expedition round the world in 1814, and on his return published his "Voyage Pittorewiue," accompanied with Cuvier's de- scriptions. He also published " Les Crslnes Humains," with observations by Dr. Gall and others. In 1827, M. Choris sailed from France, with the intention of travelling through America ; but while on his journey in Mexico, in company with an English gentleman, they were attacked by robbers near Xalapa, and Choris lost his life, March 19. 1828. CHOUL, William dc, a French anti- quarian writer of the 16th century. He wrote an excellent treatise on the Religion of the ancient Romans, and on Greek and Roman Autiquities. CHRETIEN, Floue.vt, a French poet. lie was of noble family, and was tutor to Henry of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France. Besides writing satires and trage- dies, he translated Oppiau, some of the plays of Aristophanes, and Pacatus' pa- negyric of Theodosius. Died, 1596. CHRISTIAN, Edward, an English lawyer and law writer ; author of an " Account of the Origin of the Two Houses of Parliament with a Statement of the Piivileges of the House of Commons," a "Treatise on the Bankrupt Laws," &c. He was Downing professor of law in the university of Cam- bridge, aud chief justice of the Isle of I?ly. Died. 1823. CHRISTIE, James, the son of an eminent auctioneer in London, was distinguished for his critical taste in the fine arts, and his antiquarian knowledge. Though he followed his father's profession, he found time to give to the world some ingenious and valuable works, viz. an " Essay on the Ancient Greek Game invented by Palamedes," showiug the origin of the game of chess ; a " Disquisition upon Etruscan Vases ; " an " Essay on the Earliest Si)ecies of Idolatry," &c. Died, 1831. CHRISTINA, queen of Sweden. She was the only child of the famous Gustavus Adol- phus, whom she succeeded in 1632, being then only 6 years old. During her minority the kingdorn was wisely governed by the chancellor Oxenstiern ; and when she was crowned, in 1660, she formally declared her cousin, the count palatine Charles Gustavus, her successor. For four years she governed the kingdom with an evident desire to en- courage learning and science ; and at the end of that time, weary either of the task of governing, or of the personal restraint which royalty imposed on lier, she abdicated in favour of her cousin, and proceeded to Rome, where she surrounded herself with learned men, and busied herself with learned pur- suits. She also embraced the religion of Rome, though it would seem tliat her moral conduct was such as to evince no great respect for religion of any kind. On this point it will sutflce to say, that while at Paris, on one of the various occasions of her visiting that city, she had her equerry, an Italian, named Monaldeschi, murdered in her own residence, and almost in her own presence ; a crime which seems to have had no other cause than the unfortunate equerry's indif- ference to the blandishments of his mistress. In 1660, the death of the king, her cousin, caused her to go once more to Sweden ; but her change of religion, and the reports which had reached that country of her conduct elsewhere, had so disgusted her former sub- chr] ^ 0cb3 Winibtr^al Miast^i^l)^, [CHU jects,that they resolutely refused to reinstate her in the sovereignty. Being threatened with the loss of her revenues as well as her crown, she consented to preserve the former by finally renouncing the latter ; and she retired to Rome, whel^e she died in 1689. CHRISTOPIIE, Hexhy, a negro, one of the leaders of the insurgent slaves of St. Domingo. He possessed considerable ability, but his courage was carried to ferocity. He successfully opposed the French, whose per- fidious seizure of the negro chief, Toiissaint Liouverture, he amply revenged, and assumed the title of Henry I., king of Hayti ; but he acted so despotically that a conspiracy was formed against him ; and Boyer, the suc- cessor of Petiou, who had established a re- public in the south of Domingo, was invited to take part with the discontented subjects of Christophe, and demanded his deposition. At length, finding that even his body-guard •was no longer to be depended on, he shot himself through the heart, October 8th, 1820. CHRISTOPHERSON, John, bishop of Chichester. During the reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. he resided abroad on account of his religion, but on the accession of Mary he came to Rome, and was soon raised to the bishopric atwve named, which, however, he enjoyed barely a year. He translated, from Greek to Latin, Piiilo, Euse- bius, and other authors ; but he was rather industrious than learned, and succeeding authors have been much misled by him. Died, 1558. CHRYSIPPUS, a native of Ciljcia, who became a disciple of Zeno. He was fond of paradoxes, with which his writing and dis- course abounded ; and he was infinitely more subtle in starting diflleulties in the argu- ments of others, than clear in expounding his own views. He flourished in the 2d cen- tury B. c. CHRYSOLOGUE, Noel Axtjre, a French Capuchin, geographer, and astronomer ; au- thor of " Theorie de la Surface Actuellc de la Terre." He also published several maps, charts, and planispheres. Died, 1808. CHRYSOLORAS, Maxuel, a Greek of noble family. Being sent to Europe by the emperor Manuel Palaeologus to solicit the Christian princes to aid Constantinople against the Turks, he settled at Florence as a teacher of Greek. Subsequently he taught at Milan ; but when the emperor Manuel caine to that city, he was employed by him in a mission to the court of the emperor Sigismund, and afterwards to the general council at Constance, in which city he died. He was author of a " Greek Grammar," a " Parallel between Ancient and Modern Rome," &c. Died, 1414. CHRYSOSTOM, Joiis, St., was really named Secundus, but was called Chrysostom, which signifies " golden mouth," on account of his eloquence. He was born at Antioch, and was intended for the bar ; but being deeply impressed with religious feelings, he spent several years in solitary retirement, studying and meditating with a view to the church. Having completed his voluntary probation, he returned to Antiot^h, was or- dained, and became so celebrated for the eloquence of his preaching, that on the death of Nectarius, patriarch of Constanti- nople, he was raised to that high and im- portant post. He now exerted himself so rigidly in repressing heresy and paganism, and in enforcing the obligations of monach- ism, that Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria, aided and encouraged by the empress Eu- doxia, caused him to be deposed at a synod held at Clialcedon, in 403. His deposition gave so much olFence to the people, by whom he was greatly beloved, that the empress was obliged to interfere for his reinstate- ment. He soon, however, provoked her anger by opposing the erection of her statue near th€ great church ; and, in 404, another synod deposed him, and exiled him to Ar- menia. He sustained his troubles with ad- mirable courage ; but being ordered to a still greater distance from the capital, where his enemies still feared his influence, he died while on his journey. His voluminous works abound with information, and are very elo- quent. Thirty years after his death his re- mains were removed to Constantinople with great pomp, and he was honoured with the title of saint. Died, 407. CHUBB, Thomas, an English writer; author of " Tlie Supremacy of the Father asserted," " Discourse on Miracles," &c. His writings evince great acuteness, but however candid he might be when he commenced as an inquirer, he seems to have made a regular progress towards deism as he went on. Born, 1079 ; died, 1747. CHUDLEIGH, Mart, Lady ; author of "The Ladies' Defence," a poem, and a volume of "Essays" in verse and prose. Died, 1710. CHURCHILL, Charles, an English cler- gyman and poet. He was educated at Westminster, but m.ade so little use of the advantages afforded by that academy, that he was refused admission at Oxford on ac- count of classical deficiency. A marriage, as early as it was imprudent, rendered a profession doubly desirable : and after stu- dying for some time in private, he was ad- mitted to holy orders, and obtained a Welch curacy of about 80Z. a year. The death of his father, who was curate of St. John's, Westminster, brought him once more to London, and he obtained the vacant curacy. Still his income was small, while his love of gay and expensive pursuits was unbounded, and he was on the verge of imprisonment, when Dr. Lloyd, of Westminster School, in- terfered, and eflfected a composition with the creditors. He now determined to exert the talents he had so long allowed to lie idle ; and his first production was " The Rosciad," an energetic description of the principal ac- tors of that time. Public attention was fixed on this poem by the vehemence with which the players replied to it, and Churchill found it worth his while to give the town a new satire, under the title of an "Apology " for hid former one. " Night," " The Ghost " -- in which he assailed Dr. Johnson, at that time all but omnipotent in the literary world — and the "Prophecy of Famine," followed; and he at length threw aside all regard for his profession," separated from his wife, and became a complete " man of wit about town," and a professional political satirist. He now CHU] ^ ^tta Bnibtv^aX JStograpT^g. [cic rapidly produced an " Epistle to Hogarth," "The Conference," "The Duellist," "The Author," "Gotham," "The Candidate," " The Times," " Independence," and " The Journey." The vigour displayed in these makes it probable that he would in time have devoted himself to higher subjects than party politics, and have produced works cal- culated to give him higher and more lasting fame ; but a fever hurried him to the grave, at the early age of 34, in 1764. CHURCIIUX, Sir Wixstox, a cavalier, whose estates were- sequestered during the commonwealth ; but they were restored to him by Charles II., who also knighted him. He wrote " Divi Britannici ; " histories of the English monarchs. Died, 1688. CHURCHYARD, Tuomas, an English poet ; author of" The Worthiness of Wales," &c. He floiu-ished in the reign of queen Elizabeth, and died early in tlie 17th century. CIACONIUS, Petkk, an eminent Spanish «cholar. Pope Gregory XIII. employed him to superintend an edition of the Bible, the ♦'Decretal" of Gratian, and other works, which that pontiff caused to be printed at the Vatican press. He wrote some very learned notes on TertulUan, Pliny, Seneca, and other Latin writers ; a variety of tracts on Italian antiquities ; a treatise on the old Roman calendar, &c. ; and he aided Clavius in reforming the calendar. Died, ir>81. CIAMPINI, John Justin, a learned Ita- lian ; author of " Vetera Monumenta," a " History of the College of Abbreviators," "Lives of the Popes," &e. He was one of the literary associates of Christina, queen of Sweden, during her residence at Rome, and was much aided by her in forming an academy for the study of mathematics, and another for the study of ecclesiastical liis- tonr. Died, 1608. CIBBER, Collet, an actor and drama- tist, was the son of Gabriel Cibber, a cele- brated sculptor, and born in London, in ](!71. He was educated at Grantham Free- school, and being disappointed of a scholar- ship at Cambridge, he entered the army. The military profession did not suit his taste ; and when only about 18 years old he quitted it for the stage. For some time he had but little success ; but liis performance of Fondlewife, in the " Old Bachelor," made him very popular, and obtained him the monopoly of parts of that kind at Drury- lane. His first dramatic effort, " Love's Last Shift," appeared in 169.5 ; and it was followed ! by " Woman's Wit " and " the Careless Hus- { band." His next production as a dramatist j was an adaptation of Moliere's Tartuffe, ! under the title of the " Nonjuror," of which ' the " Hypocrite " of the more modem stage is a new version. The piece was wonderfully popular, and, in addition to the large profits Cibber derived from its performance, it pro- cured him the situation of poet laureate. This apiiointment drew upon him the rancour of contemporary wits and poets, and of Pope among the number ; but Cibber had the good jensc to think solid profit more important than the censure of the envious was injurious ; and he wore the bays, and performed in his own pieces till he was nearly 74 years of age. Besides tragedies and comedies, to the number of twenty-five, some of which still continue to be played as stock pieces, Cibber wrote an " Apology " for his own life ; au " Essay on the Character and Conduct of Cicero," and two expostulatory epistles to his assailant Pope. Died, 17.57. CIBBER, Thkophilus, son of the above, an actor and dramatist, but very inferior in both capacities to his father. He wrote a musical entertainment called " Pattie and Peggy," and altered some of Shakspeare's plays. " The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland " api)earcd with his name ; but the work was said to be written by Shields, subsequently anmnuen.sis to Dr. Jolinson, from materials furnished by Thomas Coxeter. Cibber was of very ex- travagant habits, and his life was conse- quently spent in much distress. He was drowned in his passage to Ireland, 1757. CIBBER, An.va Maria, wife of the last named, and an actress of the highest class. Her union with Theophilus Cibber was pro- ductive of both discomfort and disgrace, and she was separated from him for many years. Her conduct, however, made it evi- dent that he had been more to blame for the circumstance that dishonoured them both than she had ; and she was as muck respected in private life as she was admired on the stage. Her style of acting was well adapted to that of Garrick, with whom she frequently peribrmed. Died,.17(>6, CICCARELLI, Ali'Honso, an Italian phy- sician ; author of "De ClituninoFlumine," " Istoria di Casa Monaldcsoa," &c. Having forged genealogies, and committed other literary imj^stures, he was executed at Rome, in 1.580. CICERO, Marcus Tuluus, the prince of Roman orators. He was the son of noble parents, and at an early age gave such de- cided indications of his ability, that after having served in a single campaign under Sylla and P. Strabo, he devoted himself, by the advice of his friends, to the bar. For this purpose he studied under Molo, an eminent lawyer, and Philo the Athenian, then resident at Rome ; and, at the age of 26, he commenced practice as a pleader ; his first important cause being the defence of Sextufl Roscius Amerinus, who was accused of parricide by one Clirysogonus, a freedmau of the dictator Sylla. He saved his client, but was obliged to withdraw to Athens from fear of resentment of the dictator. As long as Sylla lived Cicero remained at Athens, turning even his exile into a benefit by dili- gently studying under Antiochus and other eminently learned men. When he returned to Rome he rapidly rose in his profession, and the quaestorship in Sicily was bestowed upon him. In this office he made himself very popular ; and henceforth his course was all prosperous, until he attained the great object of his ambition — the consulship. The bold and evil designs of Catiline made Cicero's consular duty as difficult and dangerous as his performance of it was able and honourable ; and he scarcely, if at all, exaggerated his services to Rome when he said that to his conduct " alone was owing the salvation of both the city and the com- monwealtli." But his popularity declined 183 cie] ^ ;j9c&) ^nibtt^nX 23iOQtap^p. [CIN very soon after the expiration of his consul- ship, and it was cMefly as an advocate and author that he for some time afterward ex- erted his splendid talents. At length the task of averting ruin from lus own head tasked even liis powers to the utmost. Publius Clodius who liad now become tribune of the people, raised such a storm against him, that he was a second time obliged to go into exile. This time he sought shelter with his friend Plancus.in Thessalonica, until the repentant Romans recalled him, making him magni- ficent recompense for the depredation and devastation by which he had been impover- ished. In the struggle between Csesar and Pompey, Cicero espoused the cause of the lat- ter ; but after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, he made Ids peace with the former, with whom he continued to all appearance friendly, nntil CiEsar fell under the daggers of Bru- tus and his friends. He now took part with Octavius, and pronounced the bitter philip- pics against Antony, which at once shortened liis life, and added to his fame. Antony, stung to the quick, insisted upon the death of Cicero, and Octavius basely consented to the sacrifice. In endeavouring to escape from Tusculum, where he was living when the news of his proscription arrived, he was overtaken and murdered by a party of sol- diers, headed by Popilius Laenas, whose life he had formerly saved by liis eloquence ; and his head and hands were publicly ex- hibited on the rostrum at Rome. Cicero was born at Arpinum, b. c. 106 ; and perished in his 04th year, b. c. 43. He was a perfect model of eloquence ; and, as Augustus truly said, " he loved his country sincerely." Of his works, which are universally known and far too numerous to be even named here, there have been almost innumerable editions. CIENFUEGOS, Alonzo de, a Spanish writer of the 18th century. Besides trage- dies, odes, and other poems, he wrote " Elo- gio del Marques de Santa Cruz," " Elogio del Senor Don J. Almazara," and " La Pen- sadora Gladitana." CIMALINE, John, a Florentine painter. He painted only in distemper, oil colours being then undiscovered ; and though he painted historical subjects, he had no idea of light and shadow. Dante praises him ; and, considering the barbarism of the time at which he lived, the praise was not unde- served, as all that he accomplished was ac- complished in despite of obstacles now happily unknown, lie died at the close of the 13th or very early in the 14th century. CIMAROSA, DosiENico, a Neapolitan, famous as a musical composer. When the army of revolutionised France took pos- session of Italy, Cimarosa so openly sympa- thised with revolutionary principles, that, when the French withdrew, he was thrown into prison, and treated with a rigour which is supposed to have materially shortened his life. Of twenty-six operas which he com- posed, and most of which are comic, "II Matrimonio Segreto " and " II Matrimonio per Susurro," are the most admired. Born, 1754 ; died, 1801. CIMON, a celebrated Athenian general. He was the son of Miltiades, and first dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Salamis. Aristides, surnamed the Just, thought so highly of him, notwithstanding his youth had been very dissipated, that he initiated him into public business. After having re- peatedly beaten the Persians, and enriched his country by the spoils he wrested from the enemy, the party of Pericles caused him to be ostracised, on a charge of having been bribed. At the end of Ave years, which wa» only half the term for which he had been banished, he was recalled, and again led the Athenians to victory over their Persian foe. While besieging Citium, in Cyprus, he died ; having served Athens, not only by his prow- ess as a soldier, but also by his wisdom in founding public scliools. He ilourished ia the 5th century b. c. CINCINNATUS, Lucirs Quintts, one of the most illustrious characters of ancient Rome. He was made consul when the se- nate and the people were striving for the ascendancy ; and, being much incensed against the latter for having banished hi» son, he sternly resisted their demands. He was named consul a second time, but refused the office and retired to. his farm, whence he did not again emerge until he was saluted dictator, and entreated to lend his aid against the ^qui, who had closely invested the consul Minucius, and the army under his command. Stepping at once from the petty details of a farm to the momentous duties of a general and a statesman, Cin- cinnatus exerted himself so efficiently, that the ^iqui were fain to retire, after having passed under the yoke. Having caused his- son to be recalled from exile, after the chief witness against him had been convicted of perjury, he laid down his vast authority and returned to his farm. He was again, though 80 years of age, made dictator, when Malius conspired to overthrow the republic ; and he put down the domestic conspirator as promptly as he had formerly repelled the .^ui. He flourished in the 5th century B.C. CINCIUS ALIMENTUS, Lucius, an old Roman historian, author of a " History of the Wars of Hannibal," and other worka which are now lost ; but Pliny frequently quotes the author of them, and speaks of him as a writer of integrity. CINELLI, Giovanni, a Florentine phy- sician ; author of " Bibliotheca Volante." Born, 1625 ; died, 1706. CINNA, Lucius Cornelius, a Roman ; the friend, partisan, and fellow consul of Marius. He it was who drove Sylla from Rome, and recalled Marius from his African exile. He participated in the numerous murders which followed the return of Ma- rius ; and when in his third consulship, and while preparing for hostilities with Sylla, was assassinated, b. c. 84. CINNAMUS, John, a Greek writer of the 12th century. He was secretary to the em- peror Manuel Comnenus, of whom, and of his father, the emperor John, he wrote a history. CINO DA PISTOIA, an Italian juriscon- sult and poet, born at Pistoia, in 1270,, whose | proper name was Guittone. He was very eminent as a lawyer, and became a senator of Rome, and professor successively at various universities. In addition to some cin] ^ jlefitj ?H[nfta:M SSio^rapIji?. [CLA elegant poetry, by wliieh he is chiefly kno^vn, he wrote a " Commentai-y on the Digest." Died, law. CINQ-M.\JIS, Henry Coiffikk, Marquis of, was son of the Marquis d'Effiat, marshal of France. He was introduced by Cardinal Richelieu to the notice of Louis XIII., and was for some time a most distinguislied fa- vourite of that monarch. Ungrateful equally to the cardinal and to the king, he instigated Gaston, duke of Orleans, the king's brother, to rebellion. They had proceeded so far in their treasonable designs as to set on foot a treaty with Spain, engaging that power to assist them. But the vigilance of the cardi- nal discovered their plans, and the marquis was apprehended, and beheaded in 1U42. CIPKIANI, John Baptist, an eminent painter, born at Pistoia, in Tuscany. In 1755 he accompanied Sir W. Chambers to London, and was one of the original mem- bers of the Royal Academy. His drawings are greatly admired for tlieir correctness, fertilityof invention, and harmonious colour- ing ; SLiid many exquisite engravings were made from them by Bartolozzi. Died, 1785. CIRCIONANO, Nicholas, an Italian painter, several of whose works are in the churches of Loretto and Rome. Died, 1588. CIRCIGNANO, ANTiioNr, son of the above, and also eminent as a painter. Died, 1(52(>. CIRILLO, Dominic, an Italian botanist, president of the Academy at Naples, and professor of medicine in the university of that city ; author of "The Neaiiolitaa Flora," a " Treatise on tlie Essential Cha- racters of certain Plants," &c. When the French entered Naples, Cirillo took an active part against his sovereign ; and when the legitimate government was restored, he was executed as a traitor in 1705. CLAGGETT, William, D.D., an English divine ; author of four volumes of sermons, and of some well written tracts against dis- sent and papacy. Died, 1727. CLAIRAULT, Alexis, a French mathe- matician ; author of " Elements of Geome- try," "Elements of Algebra," a "Treatise on the Figure of the Earth," &c. He was remarkable for the precocity of his talent i for at four years of age he could read and writ<5, at nine he had so far studied mathe- matics as to be able to solve some difficult problems, and at eleven he publi-shed a work on curves. Born, 1713 ; died, 176.5. CLAIRFAIT, Count de, an excellent Aus- trian general. He commanded tlie Austrian troops against those of the French republic, and evinced equal skill and courage, though inferiority in numbers frequently compelled him to give way before the enemy. Died, 1798. CLAIRON, Clairb Josephine de la TuDE, a celebrated French actress, born near Conde, in 1723, and who, commencing her histrionic efforts at the early age of 12 years, soon became the tirst tragic performer of her age and country. She died in 1803, having long before quitted the stage for a life of religious seclusion. CLAPPERTON, Captain IIuoH, the cele- brated African traveller, was bom in Annan, Dumfriesshire, in 1788, and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to the sea-service. Having during his api>renticeship inadvertently vio- lated the excise laws, by taking a few pounds of rock salt to the mistress of a house which the crew frequented, he consented (rather than undergo a trial) to go on board the Clorinda frigate, commanded by Capt.Briggs. Through the interest of friends he was soon promoted to be a midshipman, and in 1814 was raised to tlie rank of lieutenant, and appointed to the command of the Confiance schooner, on Lake Erie. In 1822 he was chosen to accompany Dr. Oudney and Lieu- tenant Denham on an expedition to Central Africa, and on his return to England he received the rank of captain. In six months afterwards he was dispatched on a second mission for exploring the country from Tri- poli to Bornou, but was not allowed to enter the place. It was during the period of his detention that he was attacked with dysen- tery, which proved fatal, at Stvckatoo, on the 13th of April, 1827. His journals, which were all saved, give an interesting account of the central part of Northern Africa, and the manners and customs of its inhabitants. CLARENDON, Edwakd Hyde, Earl of, lord high chancellor of England, was bom at Dinton, in Wiltshire, in 1008. He was educated at Oxford, and studied law under his uncle, Nicholas Hyde, chief justice of the king's bench. During the civil wars he zealously attached himself to the roval cause, and contributed more than any other man to the restoration. In his judicial capacity his conduct was irreproachable ; and as long as he held office, no one could be more decidedly the supporter of the privileges of royalty, or the defender of his country's freedom against the abuses of the royal power. But he at length became un- popular, was removed from his high employ- ments, and, in order to escape the conse- quences of inii)eachmcnt, found it prudent to go into voluntary exile. He died at Rouen, in 17G4. His " History of the Rebellion," taken as a whole, is an admirable work, and calculated to secure to his memory a lasting fame. His daughter Anne was married to the Duke of York, afterwards James II.; and two daughtei's, Anne and Mary, the fruit of this marriage, both ascended the English throne. CLARENDON, IIenky Hyde, Earl of, son of the foregoing, was born in 1638. He was for a short time lord lieutenant of Ire- land, in the reign of James II., and wrote a " History of the Irish Rebellion," &c. Died, 1709. CLARKE, Adam, LL.D., one of the most eminent modern scholars in the oriental languages and biblical antiquities; He was born in Ireland, and received the rudiments of learning from his father, who was a school- master in tiiat country ; but subsequently studied at the school founded by John Wes- ley, at Kingswood, near Bristol. At the very early age of 18, he became a travelling preacher in the Methodist connection, and for 20 years continued to be so. But though he was very popular as a preacher, it is chiefly as a writer that he demands notice here. He published a very curious and useful Bibliographical Dictionary ; a supplement %S cla] ^ ^tfa 2Snt&er^al 3Bt05rajpl)g. [cla to that work ; a most laborious Commentary on the Bible ; a Narrative of the last Illness and Death of Richard Person ; and Memoirs of the Wesley Family ; and edited Baxter's Christian Directory, and several other reli- gious works. His Commentary on the Bible alone would have been a long labour to a man of ordinary industry. But such were his energy and perseverance, that besides the above works and numerous sermons, he wrote four elaborate and valuable reports on the State of the Public Records, and edited the first volume of a new and labo- rious edition of Rymer's Fcedera. Bom, 1762 ; died, of cholera, 1832. CLARKE, Edwakd Daniel, LL.D., a celebrated modern traveller, and professor of mineralogy at Cambridge, was born in 1767. He accompanied I/ord Berwick to Italy in 1794 ; and in 1799 he commenced a tour through Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, Tartary, Circassia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Turkey, returning, in 1802, through Ger- many and France. By his exertions the library of Cambridge was enriched with nearly a himdred volumes of manuscripts, and the colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres. He also brought to this country tlic sarcophagus of Alexander, and a splendid collection of mineralogical specimens, which he turned to the best advantage in his sub- sequent popular lectures on mineralogy, when he was appointed to the professor's chair in 1808. He died in 1821, and a com- plete edition of his works, in II vols., was afterwards publislied. CLARKE, Henrt, LL.D., professor of mathematics at the military academy at Marlow ; author of " An Essay on the Usefulness of Mathematical Learning," a " Dissertation on Perspective, " another on "Calculating Numbers," a third on "Ste- nography," an "Introduction to Geogra- phy," &c. Died, 1818. CLARKE, JAiiES STAifiER,LL.D., having graduated at Cambridge, was for some years chaplain in the navy, and was in that capa- city with Nelson, at the battle of Trafalgar. On being introduced to George III., the king was pleased witli him, and he became chaplain and librarian at Carlton House, lie wrote numerous publications, which bear Ills name, and was tlie founder of the Naval Clironicle. Died, at Brighton, 1834. CLARKE, Jeremiah, Mus. Doc, organist to St. Paul's cathedral, and joint organist, with Blow, to his majesty. His compositions are not numerous, but they are remarkable for pathetic melody. An imprudent and hopeless passion for a lady of high rank so much disordered the mind of this amiable and gifted man, that he committed suicide, in 1707. CLARKE, John, an American divine and writer; autlior of "Funeral Discourses;" a popular tract entitled " An Answer to the Question, ' Why are You a Cliristian ? ' " &c. Died, 1798. CLARKE, Samuel, a learned English divine ; author of " Scientia Metrica et Rhythmica," &c. Died, 1669. CLARKE, Samuel, D.D., a celebrated English theologian and natural philosopher, was bom in 1675. He was a native of Nor- wich, of which city his father was an alder- man ; and was educated at Caius College, Cambridge. While at college, he translated " Rohault's Physics," in order to familiarise students with the reasonings of the New- tonian philosophy. When be took orders, he became chaplain to the Bishop of Nor- wich, and appeared as an author in his own profession, in 1699, when he published " Three practical Essays on Baptism, Con- firmation, and Repentance." By this work lie established his reputation as a pioijs and able writer ; and he now entered the lists as a controversialist, by publishing " Reflec- tions " on a book by Toland, entitled "Amyntor." In 1704-5 he was appointed to preach the sermons at Boyle's Lecture, and took for the subjects of his sixteen ser- mons, " The Being and Attributes of God" and "The Evidences of Natural and Re- vealed Religion." In 1712 he published a new and valuable edition of " Caesar's Com- mentaries," and a work entitled " The Scrip- ture Doctrine of the Trinity." This work involved him in a controversy, in which his principal opponent was Dr. Waterland ; and the heterodoxy of Dr. Clarke was made the subject of a complaint in the lower house of convocation. Subsequently he had a controversy with Leibnitz on the principles of religion and natural philosophy ; and gave considerable offence by altering the singing psalms at St. James's, where he wa» chaplain to Queen Anne. Although his alleged heterodoxy had deprived him of all chance of rising in the church, he had so just a sense of what was due to his profes- sion, that wlien offered the mastership of the Mint, on the death of Sir Isaac Newton, he declined it as incompatible with the clerical office and cliaracter. The latter part of his life was distinguished by his letter to Mr.Hoadley, " On the Proportion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in Motion," and his edition of " Homer's Iliad " with a Latin version. After his death, his sermons, in 10 vols., were published by his son. Died, 1720. CLARKE, John, D.D., brother of the above, dean of Salisbury ; author of " Ser- mons on the Origin of Evil," a translation of Grotiuji's " De Veritate," &c. Died,1729. CLARKE, William, an English divine and writer ; author of " Tlie Connection of the Roman, Saxon, and English Coins," " A Discourse on the Commerce of the Ro- mans," &c. Died, 1771. CLARKE. See Feltre, Duke of. CLARKSON, Thomas, a man whose whole life may be said to have almost passed in labouring to effect the extinction of the slave trade, was born at Wisbeach, in Suffolk, in 1760. He was first brought into notice as the friend and champion of the negro, by a Latin prize essay upon this important sub- ject, which was afterwards published in English, and became immensely popular. Associations were now formed, and the ques- tion was agitated and discussed throughout the country : at length Mr. Clarkson having become acquainted with Mr. Wilberforce, whose connections and influence were justly regarded as of the highest value, it was agreed cla] ^ i^ctu Bnibcrial 38tojn:npf)j). [cla that the latter gentleman should bring the subject under the notice of parliament. This ■was in 1787, and it there met with various success until 1807, when tlie memorable anti-slavery law obtained the sanction of the legislature. But though Mr. Wilberforce, by virtue of his position, was enabled to take a lead in this great measure, the original promoter of it was still indefatigable ; and, outside the wallsof parliament, he continued to labour with undiminished zeal. We are bound at the same time to observe, that Mr. Clarkson's active benevolence, though prin- cipally exerted in favour of the poor enslaved African, was by no means contined even to that wide sphere. lie died Sept. 26. 1846, aged S5. CLAUDE, JOHX, an eminent French Pro- testant divine. He composed a reply to a w^ork of the Port- Royalists on the eucharist, and was involved, in consequence, in a con- troversy with the Catliolic writers, in which he displayed immense controversial power. No better proof, indeed, can be desired of the formidable liglit in which he appeared to his opponents, than is aflForded by the fact, that at the revocation of the edict of Nantes he was i)eremptorily ordered to quit France in 24 liours, though the other Protestant ministers were allowed 15 days. His learn- ing, eloquence of style, and strict morality of life made him a truly powerful advocate of truth, and his polemical writings show liow well qualified he was to be its defender. Died, 1687. CLAUDE LORRAINE, so called from the place of his birth, was an admirable landscape painter. His real name was Claudk Gelee, and he was the son of poor parents, who put him apprentice to a pastry- cook. The love of art, however, prevailed over the circumstances in which he was placed ; and having received some instruc- tion in drawing from his brother, who was a wood-engraver, he went to Rome, and was employed by the painter Tassi, from whom he received instructions in the fundamental principles of his art. But it was from the study of nature that he derived his best lessons, and in that study he was unwearied, passing entire days in the fields, noting every change in the aspect of nature at the various stages of the day, from sunrise to dusk. Died, 1682. The principal galleries in Europe are adorned with his masterly productions, and his name and style are consequently familiar to the veriest tyro in the art. CLAUDIANUS, Claudius, a Latin poet, whose place of nativity is supposed to be Alexandria, in Egypt. He flourished under the reign of Theodosius, Arcadius, and Ho- noriuB j was patronised by Stilicho ; and a statue was erected to his honour in the forum of Trajan. His larger poems lose some of their value from the subjects of them being court panegyric ; but in all his poems he displayed a brilliant fancy, and much of the polished elegance of Virgil. CLAUDIUS, Tiberius Drusus, a Roman emperor, was bom B.C. 9, at Lyons, and originally called Germanicus. After spend- ing 50 years of his life in a private station, unhonoured and but little known, he was, 187 on the murder of Caligula, his uncle, pro- claimed emperor by the body-guard, and confirmed in the sovereignty by the senate. At first he performed some praiseworthy acts, but he soon became contemptible for his debauchery and voluptuousness ; and he died of poison administered by his second wife, Agrippina, a. d. 54. CLAUDIUS II., Marcus Aurelius Fla- vius, sumamed Gothicus, a Roman empe- ror, bom, A.D. 214, was raised to the throne on the death of Gallienus ; and by Ids virtues, as well as by his splendid victories over the Goths, he proved himself worthy of his ex- alted station. Died, 270. CLAUSEL, Bertkand, a distinguished French soldier, was born at Mircpoix, 1773. He had already gained distinction in the army of the Pyrenees, at St. Domingo, in Ital^, and Dalmatia, when he was sent to Spam in 1810, under Junot and Massena. He besieged Ciudad Rodrigo, was wounded at Salamanca, and having saved during a retreat, memorable in military annals, the army of Portugal, and led it into Spain, was appointed commander-in-chief in the north of Spain in 1813. He was one of the last to lay down arms in 1814 ; and among the first to declare himself in favour of Buonaparte during the hundred days, when he took the command of Bordeaux, and established the imperial government without striking a blow. Banished on the return of the Bourbons in 1815, he retired to the United States, where he remained some years. Immediately after the revolution of 1830 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in Algeria; but in consequence of some misunderstand- ing with the home government, lie returned to France in 1831, received the marshal's baton, and in 1835 returned to Algeria as governor-geneial of the colony ; but the check lie sustained at Constantine, in 1836, led to his resignation, and the rest of his days were passed in retirement. Died, 1842. CLAVEL, John, a highwayman in the time of Charles I. He was taken with some of his comrades and condemned to death, but was pardoned, probably on condition of giving information against his former asso- ciates. He is mentioned here on account of a poem which he wrote after his pardon, en- titled "The Recantation of an Ill-spent Life, or a Discoverie of the Highway Law, with vehement Dissuasions to all OflFenders in that kind ; as also cautclous Admonitions, and full Instructions how to know, shun, and apprehend a Thief." CLAVIERE, Etienne, a statesman and financier. He was a native of Geneva, and for some time conducted a bank in that city; but was forced to emigrate to France on ac- count of the part he took in some political oflTences. In conjunction with Brissot, he published a treatise " De la France et des Etats Unis." Displaying great zeal in re- volutionising France and her colonies, he obtained considerable influence, but on the fall of the Girondists he was arrested, and committed suicide in prison in 1793, aged 58. CL A VIGERO, Francesco Saveiro, a na- tive of Vera Cruz, in Mexico. Having made himself acquainted with the traditions and antiquities oi the Mexicans, he wrote a very cla] ^ 0t^ Unihtx^nl 23t00rajp1^y. [CLE valuable work, entitled "The History of Mexico." An English translation of this work was piiblislied in 1787. CLAVIUS, Christophek, a German Jesuit and matliematician. By order of pope Gre- gory XIII. lie corrected the calendar ; and he ably defended himself against the ani- madversions on liis labour of the elder Sca- liger and others. He also published some valuable mathematical works, among which was an edition of Euclid, with annotations. Died, 1612. CLAYTON, Robert, bishop of Clogher ; author of an " Introduction to the History of the Jews," "The Chronology of the Bible "Vindicated," " A Vindication of the Histo- ries of the Old and New Testament," written against Bolingbroke, &c. The heterodoxy of some portions of his writings gave so much offence, that measures were contemplated for depriving him of liis preferment ; a fact which had such an effect upon him, that he died of agitation on the very day proceedings against him were to commence. Born, IGOo ; died, 1758. CLAYTON, TiiCMAS, a worthy repre- sentative of the old school of English gentry, was colonel of the royal Lancashire volun- teers, and served with liis regiment many years in Ireland, during the disturbances before the Union. Colonel Clayton blended genuine courtesy of manners with firmness and decision of character. He was eminently loyal ; in times of danger, active and vigorous in repressing tumult T and up to the period of his death, he discharged his magisterial duties with energj' and promptness. He died in his 80th year, in 1835. CLEANTHES, a Stoic philosopher of the 3rd century b. c. He was a native of Assus, in Lydia ; but, visiting Athens, he became a zealous discii)le of Zeno ; and to enable him to attend on that master in the day, he was accustomed to labour by night. His mental and bodily strength was immense, and de- spite of all the obstacles of poverty, he studied so successfully as to become Zeno's successor. Of his writings only some inconsiderable fragments remain ; but his reputation was so great, that, after his death, the senate of Rome decreed him a ttatue in his native place. CLEAVER, William, bishop of St. Asaph, and principal of Brazenose College, Oxford ; author of " Directions to the Clergy on the Choice of Books," " Observations on Marsh's Dissertations on the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke," " Sermons," and other theological works, and a " Treatise on Greek Metres." He was also editor of the cele- brated " Oxford Homer," published under the patronage of Lord Grenville. Died, 1815. CLEGHORN, George, a Scotch physician, surgeon, and anatomist ; author of a " Trea- tise on the Diseases of Minorca," &c. He served for many years as an army surgeon, but ultimately settled as anatomical profes- sor at Dublin. Died, 1789. CLELAND, James, LL.D., a distin- guished statistical writer, who held the office of superintendant of public works at Glasgow, and by his numerous publications of a local nature, gained tlie est«em of all conversant with political economy. Bom, 1770: died, 1840. 1S3 CLEMANGIS, Nicholas, a French di- vine ; author of a " Treatise on the Corrupt State of the Church," "Letters," &c. His writings bear very bold testimony to the corruptions of the Romish Church ; and he has consequently been much censured by Papists, and much praised by Protestants. Died, 1440. CLEMENCET, D. C, a French Catholic divine ; author of " L'Art de verifier les Dates," "L'Histoire Litteraire de France," &c. The first named of his works lias been truly said to be " a model of chronological knowledge and exactness ;" and though he displayed too much of the odium theologicum id his opposition to the Jesuits, he was a learned, benevolent, and most industrioua writer. Died, 1778. CLEMENS, RoMANUS, an early Christian, a fellow traveller of St. Paul, and, subse- quently, bishop of Rome. His Epistle to the church of Corinth is to be found in the Patres Apostolici of Le Clerc. Clemens is said to have died at Rome, at the end of the Ist century. CLEMENS, Titus Flavius, known as Clement of Alexandria, one of the fathers of the church. Of his early career so little is known that it is doubtful whether he was born at Alexandria or at Athens ; but about the year 189 he succeeded Pantaenus in the catechetical school of the former city, and taught there until 202, when the edict of Severus compelled him to seek a new abode. In 210 he was in Cappadocia, and he was afterwards in Antioch, but when or where he died is unknown. His chief works are " Prajtrepticon, or an Exhortation to the Pagans," "Pa;dagogus, or the Instructor," " What Rich Man shall be saved," and " Stro- mata;" the last nam6d of which is a very valuable miscellaneous work, containing facts and quotations to be met with in no other writer. CLEMENT XIV., pope, whose real name was Ganganelli, was a native of St. Arch- angelo, near Rimini. In 1759 he was raised to the cardinalate by pope Clement XIII., and on the death of that pontiff he was elected his successor. He was at first apparently disinclined to the suppression of the powerful but mischievous order of the Jesuits, but he at length became convinced of the necessity for their suppression, and he signed the brief for it in 1773. Shortly after he had signed this important document he was seized with a disorder, supiwsed to have been the effect of poison ; and, after languishing in agonies, which reduced him to a mere skeleton, he died in 1775. Clement was one of the most enlightened and benevolent characters that ever wore the tiara. His manners were lowly and condescending, his appearance plain and simple ; and when he was told that the papal dignity required a more sumptuous table, he answered that " neither St. Peter nor St. Francis had taught him to dine splendidly." CLEMENT, Francis, a French Bene- dictine monk ; author of a completion of " L'Art de verifier les Dates," a " Treatise on the Origin of the Samaritan Bible," &c. Died, 1793. CLEMENT, Jean Marie Bernard, a French critic and dramatic writer, who dis- i CLE] ^ fJcfio ?Eluibcv^al 2Si05rapl)B. [CLl tinguished himself by his strictures on the worlts of Voltaire, La Harpe, and others. He is the author of the tragedy of " Medea." Born, 1742 ; died, 1812. CLEMEJ^TI, Muzio, an eminent composer and pianist ; the father of pianoforte music, and a genius whose fancy was as unbounded as his science ; was born at Rome, in 1762. He early evinced a taste for music, and made such progress in the s<;ience, that in liis 0th year he passed his examination as an organist, and in liis 12th he wrote a highly approved mass for four voices. Under the fostering patronage of the highly-gifted Mr. Beckford he came to England, living with him at his seat in Dorsetshire, where he learnt the English language, studied, composed, and gradually arrived at the acme of liis profes- sion ; enjoying throughout Europe tlie esteem of his brother musicians, receiving the well- merited admiration of amateurs, and ho- noured with public applause. la the year 1800 he was induced to engage, as the head of a highly respectable Arm, in the music trade ; in which he continued, but without any interruption of his duties as a composer, till his death, in 1832. CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was a native of the Isle of Rhodes, in the 6th century b. c. CliEOBULIN A, daughter of the above, is spoken of as possessing great genius ; but the enigmas which are attributed to her are by no means remarkable for excellence. CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt. She was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who, at his death, left his crown to her and her younger brotlier, Ptolemy ; but being mi- nors, they were placed nnder the guardian- ship of Pothinus and Achilles, who deprived Cleopatra of her share of tlic government. Caesar, however, who had met her at Alex- andria, being struck with her youthful charms, proclaimed her queen of Egypt ; and for some time Cleopatra exercised a very potent and injurious influence over the Roman warrior. After Csesar's death she exerted her consummate art, and used her beauty and accomplishments to entangle the triumvir, Mark Antony ; and becoming involved, notwithstanding her treachery and duplicity, in the ruin he brouglit upon him- self in his contest with Octavius, she put an end to her existence, by applying an asp to her arm, the bite of which caused her im- mediate death, b. c. 30, aged 39. CLEOSTRATUS, a native of Tenedos, and an eminent astronomer and mathema- tician. He first arranged the signs of the zodiac, Aries and Sagittarius, and corrected the error of the length of the Grecian year, by introducing the period termed Octoetaris. According to Dr. Priestley, he flourished in the 6tli century B. c. CLERFAYT, Fkancis Sebastian Cns. Joseph de Ckoix, Coimt de, an Austrian general, who served with great distinction in the seven years' war, particularly at the battles of Prague, Lissa, &c. From the conclusion of that war till 1788, when he took the field against the Turks, he lived in a state of happy retirement ; but in the war which arose^t of tlie French revolu- tion, he commanded the Austrian army with great credit to himself, in 1793 and 1794, though overborne by numbers, and often defeated in consequence. In 1795 he was made field-marshal, and general-in-chief on the Rhine, and closed his military career by totally foiling tlie plans of the French. He then resigned his command to the Arch- duke Charles, became a member of the Austrian council of war, and died in 1798, at Vienna, where a splendid monument is erected to his memory. CLERMONT TONNERE, Antoine Jules de, cardinal, and chief of the French bishops, was bishop of Chalons in 1782, and was an active member from his diocese to the states-general. He is chiefly mentioned, however, as the author of a most interesting " Journal of what occurred at the Temple during the Captivity of Louis XVI." Bora, 1749 ; died, 1839. CLERMONT TONNERE, Stanislaus, Count de, was one of the first among the nobility to side with the popular party in the opening scenes of the French revolution. Having at length given umbrage to his party, he was put to death in 1792. CLEVELAND, John, a political writer of the time of Charles I. He strenuously supported the cause of that monarch, and, for a time, prevented Cromwell from being returned member of parliament for Cam- bridge. When the civil war actually broke out he joined the royal army, and was made judge advocate to tlie troops which garri- soned Newark. When that town was sur- rendered to the parliamentarians, Cleveland made his escape, but was apprehended, in 1655, at Norwich. After a detention of some months he gained his liberty by a temjierate, but very manly letter, which he addressed to Cromwell, and in which he justified his opposition to him, on the ground that it was the result, not of any factious or personal motive, but of sincere principle. Of his satires several editions have been printed, but they have shared the fate of most works written on temporary subjects, and are now known to but few. Died, 1659. CLIFFORD, Geokge, earl of Cumber- land, an eminent naval commander and scholar of the time of queen Elizabeth. He was present at the trial of the unfortunate queen of Scotland, and in the same year sailed for the coast of South America, where he made himself veiy formidable to the Por- tuguese. He was captain of one of the ships engaged against the memorable " Armada " of Spain, and subsequently commanded several expeditions to the Spanish main and the Western Islands ; in one of which ex- peditions he had the good fortune to capture a galleon, valued at 150,000/. He was a great favourite with queen Elizabeth, who conferred on him the insignia of the order of the Garter. It seems, however, that fame and court favour were the chief rewards of his great talents and industry, as he is said to have died poor. Born, 1558 ; died, 1605. CLIFFORD, Anne, daughter of the pre- ceding. She was married first to Richard, lord Buckhurst, afterwards earl of Dorset, and second son to Philip, earl of Pembroke. She possessed considerable literary ability. and wrote memoirs of her first husband and of some of her ancestors. But slie was chiefly distinguished by her generosity and high spirit. She built two Iiospitals, repaired several churches, and erected monuments to the memory of Spenser and Daniels, the latter of wliom had been her tutor. She displayed her spirit when Williamson, secretary of state to Charles II., wished to put a member into parliament for her borough of Appleby. "I have been bullied by a usurper," was her reply, " and I have been neglected by a court ; but I will not be dictated to by a subject. Your man shall not stand." CLINE, Hexry, F.R.S., an eminent surgeon and lecturer on anatomy. Ife had a very extensive practice as a surgeon ; and as a lecturer he was lield in the liighest es- timation both by his pupils and by his pro- fessional brethren. Died, 1827. CJyINTON, Geokge, an American general and statesman. He first served under Gene- ral Amherst against the French, and, after the conquest of Canada, devoted himself to the study of the law. In 1775 he was a member of the congress ; and, being made brigadier-general, lie succeeded, though he had a very inferior force, in preventing Sir Henry Clinton from aiding General Bur- goyne. Born, 1739 ; died, 1812. CLINTON, Sir Hexry, an English ge- neral. He succeeded Sir William Howe as commander-in-chief in America ; and his ill success in 1781 and 1782 was so severely animadverted upon, that he thought it ne- cessary to exculpate himself through the medium of the press. After his return from America, he was for some time governor of Limerick, and had just been appointed governor of Gibraltar when he died, 1795. CLITUS, a distinguished Macedonian ge- neral, who saved the life of Alexander the Great at the battle of the Granicus, but who, having expostulated with liis imperial master when the latter was in a fit of intoxication, was slain by him. CLIVE, Robert, Lord Clive and Baron Pi/ASSEV, was born in 1725, and in liis 19th year went to India as a writer, but soon quitted that employment for the army. Being entrusted with the attack of Devi- cottali, a fort of the rajah of Tanjore, he performed this important duty so well, that he was shortly afterwards made commissary. The French having artfully obtained con- siderable territory in the Carnatic, Clive advised tliat an attack should be made on the city of Arcot, which being entrusted to him, a complete victory was obtained. This unexpected victory drew off the French from Trichinopoly, which they were then besieging, to retake Arcot, which Clive defended in such a manner that they were compelled to raise the siege. This was 1 followed by a series of victories ; and in I 1753 he embarked for England, where he received a valuable present from the East India Company, and was raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the king's service. After a short stay in England for the benefit of his healtli, he returned to India, and was shortly called upon to march to Calcutta, of which the nabob Surajah Dow- ISO lah had taken possession. He was again successful, and perceiving that there could be no permanent peace obtained until the nabob was dethroned, he made the ne- cessary arrangements, and in the famous battle of Plassey, put the nabob completely to the rout, and established the power of the English more firmly than it had ever ! before been. As governor of Calcutta, Lord i Clive performed great services, both civil and military ; and when he returned to j England he was raised to the first peerage by the titles which stand at the head of this article. He once more visited India, but was called upon only for civil measures, which lie took with his usual sagacity. In 1767 he returned to England, having done more to extend the English territory and consolidate the English power in India, than any other commander. But the large wealth lie had acquired during his long and arduous services exposed him to an accu- sation in tlie House of Commons of having abused his power. The charge fell to the ground, but it had the effect of injuring his mind so deeply that he committed suicide in 1774. CLIVE, Cathari>'e, a celebrated actress, was the daughter of an Irish gentleman named Ruftar. At an early age she gave her hand to Mr. Clive, a barrister ; but a separation taking place between them, she took the stage for her profession, and be- came a very great favourite. In private life her wit caused her to be souelit by persona of the highest rank. Died, 1785. CLOOSE, NiCHOJ-As, a bishop of Lich- field in the i4th century. He was possessed of considerable arcliitectural knowledge, and is considered as one of the improvers of the pointed style of the middle ages. CLOOTS, JoHX Baptist de, a Prussian baron, better known as Anacharsis Cloots, one of the wildest and most violent actors in the early scenes of the French revolution. He was born at Cleves, and very early dis- sipated the greater portion of his fortune. In 1790, being at Paris, he presented him- self at the bar of the National Assembly, attended by a number of men dressed to re- present various foreign nations ; and, de- scribing himself as the " orator of the human race," he demanded the right of confedera- tion. After making himself consj)icuou8 by a variety of foolisli projects set forth in no less foolish speeches, he was in 1792 sent to the National Convention as deputy from the department of the Oise. As might be expected from his previous conduct, he was among those who voted for tlie death of the unfortunate Louis XVI. His course, however, was now well nigh run, for, becom- ing an object of suspicion to Robespierre, he was arrested, and guillotined in 1794. CLOSTERMAN, John, a German por- | trait painter. He was employed in Spain, Italy, and England ; and in this country there are many of his works ; among them the great picture of queen Anne, in Guild- hall, London. It is said that when paint- ing the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough and their children, the disputes between her grace and the painter we$t so frequent and so obstinate, that the duke protested he had CLO] ^ ^ebi mnibtr^Kl 33i0srajpl;w« [cob as much trouble in mediating between them as in winning a battle. Died, 1713. CLOUET, M., a French cliemist and me- chanician. He published some valuable dis- quisitions in the Journal de Chimic, and some others on metallurgical subjects in the Journal des Mines. He was on his voyage to Cayenne, to make some experiments on vegetation, wlien he died in 1801. Clouet perfected the manufacture of cast steel in France, and added considerably to their skill in cutlery. CLO VIS. tlie first Christian kingofF.rance. From a comparatively petty tract he ex- tended his rule far and wide, partly by force of arms and partly by liis marriage with Clotilda, dauglUer of Childeric, the de- ceased king of the Burgundians. This princess was a Christian, and was very de- sirous tliat her husband should be converted to her faith ; an event which took place, though not precisely from her exertions in converting him. Being in some peril of losing a battle with a tril)€ of Germans, Clovis invoked the God of the Christians. The tide of battle changed ; Clovis was vic- torious, and shortly aftei-wards he and JJOK) of his subjects were baptized by St. Remi, bishop of Rheims. Ilaving conquered the petty independent states of Gaul, he added them to his dominions, and established the capital of his kingdom at Paris, where he died in 511. CLOWES, John, an Englisli divine, rec- tor of the church of St. John at Manchester. Embracing the doctrines of Swedenborg, he published translations of a large portion of his theological writings, and many works in agreement with them. Born, 1743; died, 1831. CLOWES, William, an eminent English surgeon in the ICth and 17th centuries ; au- thor of a treatise on syphilis, and of another on the cure of wounds. CLUBBE, John, an English divine ; au- thor of a satirical tract, entitled " The His- tory and Antiquities of Wheatfleld," in- tended as a satire on conjectural etymolo- gists ; " A Letter of Advice to a Young Clergyman," &c. Died, 1773. CLUBBE, William, son of the above, vicar of Brandeston, in Suffolk ; translator of Horace's Art of Poetry, and of six of the satires of that poet, and author of three lyric odes. &c. Died, 1814. CLUTTERBUCK, Robert, an English antiquary and topographer. He was a na- tive of Hertfordshire, and having an in- deiiendent fortune, he devoted his time to scientific and literary pursuits. Having collected materials for a new edition of Chauncey's History of Hertfordshire, lie changed his plan, and produced a new work instead of re-editing the old one. His work consists of three folio volumes, and is em- bellished in a style seldom surpassed. Died, 1831. CLUVIER, Philip, a Dutch soldier and scholar ; author of " Germania Antiqua," " Sicilia Antiqua," " Italia Antiqua," &c. He is said to have understood and spoken with fluency no fewer than uin« languages. Died. 1C23. COBB, JAME3, secretary to the East India Company ; author of " The Siege of Belgrade," " The Haunted Tower," and other dramatic pieces. Died, 1818. COBB, Samitkl, an English poet. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, of which admirable school he became head classical master. He wrote " Remarks on Virgil," a volume of "Poems," modernised Chau- cer's "Miller's Tale," &c. Died, 1713. COBBETT, William, one of the most remarkable men that ever attracted public attention by the force of mental superiority, aided by persevering industry, was born in the parish of Farnham, Surrey, in 17C2, and brought up from his earliest yea^s on his father's farm, in the useful and laborious occupation of husbandry ; so that, in after life, he was enabled, with honest exultation, to declare, " I do not remember the time when I did not earn my own living." In this humble and happy state he continued till 1783 ; but having, during the previous year, when on a visit to his uncle who lived in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth, "seen the grand fleet lying at Spithead," his heart be- came inflated with national pride, and he suddenly resolved to share the i)crils and cam the boasted glories of an English sea- man's life. He accordingly applied, first to Captain Berkeley, of the Pegasus, man-of- war, and afterwards to the port admiral, Evans, to get himself enrolled ; but he was refused, and thus " happily escaped," as he himself writes, " from the most toilsome and perilous profession in the world." — "I re- turned," says he, " to the plough, but I was spoiled for a farmer. I had, before my Ports- mouth adventure, never known any other ambition than that of surpassing my brothers in the difterent labours of the field ; but it was quite otherwise now ; I sighed for a sight of the world," &c. Graphic and in- teresting as Cobbett's account of his early adventures is, our limits warn us to indulge but sparingly in the descriptive throughout his " strange eventful history." An accident — the mere sight of the stage-coach on its journey to London while he was going to : Guildford fair — led him suddenly to quit [ his home and rustic pursuits, in order to seek i his fortune in a wider sphere. His first em- ! ployment, unfitted as he was for it by nature i and habit, was that of an " under-strapping ' quill-driver" in Gray's Inn, the miseries of i which he eloquently and wittily depicts, and j thus apostrophises : " Gracious" heaven I if I am doomed to be wretched, bury me beneath Iceland snows, and let me feed on blubber ; ! stretch me under the burning line, and deny | me thy propitious dews ; nay, if it be thy will, suffocate me with the infected and j pestilential air of a democratic club-room ; I but save me from the desk of an attorney I " After nine months' toilsome drudgery in I Gray's Inn, his desire for a different mode of life induced him to enlist as a soldier, and he was sent to the depot at Chatham, where he remained about a year, attending closely to his duty, but applying every leisure moment to the improvement of his mind, and particularly to a knowledge of grammar, with which he was before totally unac- quainted. The regiment at length sailed for i Nova Scotia, and was then ordered to St. cob] ^ i?cfit) ^nihex^aX SSiflgrapTjt). [cob John's, New Brunswick, where he soon at- tracted tlie notice of his superiors by his in- dustry, regularity, and habitual temperance; and was rewarded by being appointed ser- jeant-major of the regiment. To early rising, and the grand secret of husbanding his time, Cobbett attributes not only his rapid promotion in the army, but much of his future fame. After seven years' service, the regiment returned to England ; and Serjeant- major Cobbett solicited and received his dis- charge. Having by his unparalleled assiduity while he was in the army gained an insight into many branches of knowledge, and being determined on gaining more, he went to France, in order, chiefly, to perfect himself in tlie language ; but seeing that a war with England was inevitable, he embarked for America, where, under the sobriquet of Peter Porcupine, he quickly began to exercise his talents by the publication of his " Observa- tions " and other political pamphlets, all calculated to uphold the dignity of his native country, and oppose the prevalence of French principles. But he found it necessary to quit America ; and, on his return to this country, he commenced a daily paper called the Porcupine,in which at first he strenuously supported the government. But whether it ■was that he became disgusted with the com- promising character of the Addington ad- ministration, or felt indignant at the cold hauteur of Mr. Pitt, who refused to meet him ; or whether some new light had dawned on him, which made him the advocate of the " rights of the jieople," certain it is that his publication, now styled " The Weekly Re- gister," contained various articles which were severely denominated lil)els, and he was arrested, fined, and imprisoned. From this period a gradual change may be discovered in the tone of Cobbett's political disquisitions, and ere long he was looked upon as the mighty leader of the radical reformers. In 1809 he again attracted the notice of Sir Vicary Gibbs, at that time his majesty's attorney-general. The libel related to the flogging of some men in the local militia, at Ely, in Cambridgeshire; he was found guilty, sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Newgate, to pay a fine of 1000?. to the king, and at the expiration of the two years to give security for his good behaviour for seven years, himself in 300?., and two securities in 100/. each. This severe sentence Cobt)ett never forgot or forgave ; and, in truth, it would require no ordinary share of Christian forbearance to do either. No sooner was he liberated than he showed his enemies that his active mind had received a fresh stimulus ; he reduced his " Register " to 2c?., whereby its sale was immensely increased, and he sought for every possible means of annoying those who had persecuted him. At length the arbitrary " Six Acts " were passed ; and as he firmly believed they were passed for the express purpose of silencing him (particularly the Power of Imprisonment Act), he in- stantly took his departure for America, and settled in Long Island ; from which spot his future " Registers " were dated, till his return to England, in 1819, after that act was re- pealed. Strange and paradoxical as it may appear, and not less so than discreditable, Cobbett announced, on his arrival at I^iver- poof, that he had brought with him the bones of the celebrated republican, Tom Paine — the man whom above all others he had for- merly decried as a regicide and an infidel ! yet to the remains of that man he pretended to pay homage, and called upon his coun- trymen to honour them by a magnificent public funeral, and the erection of a splendid monument 1 In 1820 Mr. Cobbett was induced to become a candidate for the representation of Coventry, but met with a signal defeat ; and in 1826 he made a similar unsuccessful attempt at Preston, against Messrs. Stanley and Wood. In 1821) and the two following years, the events in Europe gave a more impassioned tone to his writings than they had for some time exhibited. He had the revolutions abroad — the reform bill at home — and tlie fearful spirit of incendiarism through the agricultural districts, to write about all at once. Nor did the greatness of the several themes exhaust his powers ; his spirit hurried on ; and each subject, as the other was dismissed, came like a fresh sup- ply of oil to brighten and perpetuate the flame. He wrote about the regeneration of France, and here was a stimulus to indig- nation J he passed to talk of borough- mongers and corruption, and here the sti- mulus increased ; but when he leaped from the rotten boroughs into the green fields — peered over burning barns and coni-ricks, and sought the cause of the incendiarism in the distress and despair of the class of men from wliom he, William Cobbett, had sprung, the stimulus waxed stronger than } mere indignation ; and, in giving it expres- sion, he nearly swelled it into sedition against a government, which he had always regarded with an avenging hate. In con- sequence of an article of this description which had appeared in the "Weekly Po- litical Register" on the 11th of December, 1830, he was, on the 7th of July following, tried before Lord Tenterden and a special jury for the publication of "a libel, with intent to raise discontent in the minds of the labourers in husbandry, and to incite them to acts of violence, and to destroy corn stacks, machinery, and other property." Sir Thomas Denman, then attorney-general, was the leading counsel for the crown ; while Mr. Cobbett conducted his defence in person ; and a more lucid, vigorous, or powerful answer to charges brought by a public prosecution has rarely, if ever, been delivered. The jury deliberated from six o'clock at night till nine the next morning, and then, stating to the judge that there were six of them of one opinion, and six of another, solicited the court to grant their discharge, and they were discharged accord- ingly. Thus ended this memorable trial. From that hour till the day of his death he never ceased to hold up those to scorn and ridicule who had made this last desperate, but impotent, effort to crush and overwhelm him. From the time of his trial, in 1831, up to the passing of the reform bill, in ia32, Cobbett's time was almost equally divided between tlie three several occupations of writing, travelling, and lecturing ; and as hia fame was evidently again on the increase, he cob] S IJclM ^m'ljcr^al 3Ui0grap]^«. [coc looked forward to a seat in parliament at the approaching elections. When the proper period arrived (Dec. 1832) he was put in nomination both for Manchester and Old- ham ; and though defeated at the former place, he gained his election at the latter by an immense majority. In 1833 William Cobbett was a British senator — tlie long- Bought object of liis ambition ; and, though far advanced in years, and engaged as ar- dently as ever in his accustomed active pur- suits, he devoted himself to his new duties witli all the energy by which his whole life had been characterised. But it was an ele- ment unsuited to liis habits ; late hours and confinement in a heated atmosphere were never intended for him who " usually went to bed at nine o'clock and rose at four." During a debate on the malt tax, on the 2.')th of May, he was suddenly attacked with a disease of the throat, from which he never recovered, and on the 17th of June, 1833, he expired. As an author, independent of his long-continued political pamphlets and peri- odical works before referred to, he was ex- ceedingly industrious ; and in those which, relate to rural life he was decidedly the most useful writer of the age, as his " Cottage Eco- nomy," "Advice to Young Men," "Rural Rides," &c. abundantly prove. lie also wrote Grammars of the English and French languages, both of which had a most exten- sive circulation ; also, " A Year's Residence in America," 20 volumes of "Parliamentary Debates," &c. ; but his last work, " The His- tory of the Reformation," is so distorted by party views, and so evidently written to serve the cause of popery, that it is difficult to say whether the impartial reader is more likely to be disgusted with its want of can- dour as a book of history, or amused with the time-serving tirades on the popular topics of the day with which it is so copiously in- terlarded. Altogether it is a failure, and does the fame of Cobbett more discredit than all the coarse invectives and political tergi- versations that f^re to be met with in his voluminous writings. [Having so much exceeded our usual limits in the preceding sketch of the life of William Cobbett, we plead, as our excuse, the valuable example it affords (to youth especially) of what may be effected by early rising, habitual temi>erance, and unrelaxing industry. We have no fear that we shall be charged with eulogising his public conduct, or of exhibiting his political life as worthy of imitation. On all occasions he appears to have followed the dictates of a proud, indomitable will ; while he indulged in the most offensive personalities against those who differed from him, and supported his dogmas with a coarseness of language, and a disregard for the feelings of others, alike disgraceful and disgusting. What his cha- racter might have been under other circum- stances, or how the powerful energies of his mind might have been directed, had not the all-engulphing vortex of party borne him away, it is useless to speculate on : we are bound to regard liim as one whose " birth, station, employment, ignorance, temper, cha- racter in early life, were all against him; but who emerged from, and overcame them all."] 193 COBENTZEL, Chari.es, Count de, an eminent statesman. Ue was a native of Laybach, and at an early age commenced his public career. During the troubles in the reign of the empress Maria Theresa, his services gave so much satisfaction, that in 1753 he was placed at tlie head of affairs in the Austrian Netherlands. In this important situation he showed great resi)ect for lite- rature and the arts, and several useful re- formations were carried into effect by him. Among his other services was that of found- ing the Academy of Sciences at Brussels. Died, 1770. COBENTZEL, Loris, Count de, son of the above, and, like him, a diplomatist. At the early age of 27, he was entrusted with a mission to Catharine II. of Russia, and his gallantry and compliance with her taste for theatricals made him a great favourite with her. From 1795 he was concerned in many of the important negotiations between Aus- tria and other powers, until the treaty of Luncville, in 1801. That treaty restoring peace between Austria and France, he was shortly afterwards made minister of state for foreign affairs at Vienna. In 1805 he was dismissed from tliis ofiice, and he died in 1809. COBENTZEI,, John Philip, Count de, a cousin of the last named, and also a di- plomatist. Being sent to Brabant to treat with the Netherlanders, who resisted some edicts of the emperor which they considered oppressive, they refused to receive him, and the edicts were in consequence revoked. This failure prevented him from being em- ployed again during the following ten years ; but at length, in 1801, he was sent ambassa- dor to Paris. Died, 1810. COBURO, Fredekic Josias, duke of Saxe-Coburg, an Austrian field marshal, was born in 1737. In 1789 he commanded the imperial army on the Danube, and, in connection with the Russian general, Su- warroff, defeated the Turks, and conquered Bucharest. In 1793 he defeated the Prench at Neerwinden, expelled them from the Netherlands, and invaded France, taking Valenciennes, Cambray, and other places ; but when the English army, under the Duke of York, separated from him, he sus- tained several defeats, retreated across the Rhine, and resigned Ids command. Died, 1815. COCCEIUS, JoHX, a Dutch scholar of the 17th century, professor of theology at Ley den. He taught that the Old Testament was merely a type of the New ; and the book of Revelation being a principal object of his attention, he warmly asserted the doctrine of the Millenium. His followers formed a rather numerous sect, called Cocceians. Besides ten folio volumes of writings on di- vinity, wliich he published during his life, he left a work, not printed till many years after his death, entitled "Opera, .\necdotica Theologica et Philologica." Born, 1603; died, 1CG9. COCCEIUS, Hexry, an eminent Dutch civilian ; author of " Prodromus Justitise Gentium, " " Theses," &c. He was raised to the dignity of a baron of the empire in 1713, and died in 1719. coc] ^ ^eia ^nibtx^BX SSiojjrajpl^M. [COF COCCEIUS, Samuel, son of the last named, and successor to his title. He became grand chancellor of Prussia under Frederick tlie Great, and was a chief author of the Frede- rickian code. He also publislied a valuable edition of Grotius, "De Jure Belli et Pacis." Died, 175.5. COCHIN, Charles Nicholas, an eminent French engraver and writer, of the 18th cen- tury ; author of " Travels in Italj', " " Let- ters on the Pictures of Herculaneum," " Dissertation on the Eflfect of Light and Shade," &c. His plates are numerous and well executed. COCHLyEUS, Johx, an able hut bitter opponent of Luther, Calvin, and other re- formers, but more especially of the first named, whom he censured with great as- perity in his work, "De Actis et Scriptis Lutheri." He published, besides this work, a very curious " History of the Hussites," and he maintained a fierce controversy with Dr. Morrison, an English clergyman, on the subject of the marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. Died, 1552. COCHRAN, WiLLiAJf, a Scotch artist of considerable talent and reputation. After studying at Rome, he settled at Glasgow, where his abilities were so well appreciated, that he realised a respectable fortune. Of his historical pieces, "Endymion" and "Daedalus" are held in high estimation. Born, 1738 ; died, 1785. COCHRANE, Archibald, earl of Dun- donald, born, 1749. He became a cornet of dragoons, but exchanged from the army to the navj% and had risen to the rank of lieu- tenant when he succeeded to the earldom. He now devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits, with the intent of making improve- ments in tlie commerce and manufactures of the kingdom. Among the numerous works published by him in the prosecution of this patriotic intention, were " The Prin- ciples of Chemistry applied to the Improve- ment of Agriculture," " An Account of tlie Qualities and Uses of Coal Tar and Coal Varnish," &c. lie made many useful disco- veries, for some of which he obtained patents; but unfortunately, though he did good ser- vice to his country, he was so far from enrich- ing himself, that "he was at one time actually obliged to receive aid from the Literary Fund. Died, 1831. COCHRANE, JoHjr Dundas, nephew of the above, an Englisli naval ofiicer. On re- tiring from the naval service, he travelled on foot through France, Spain, and Portu- gal ; and then through the Russian empire to Kamschatka. Of tliis latter journey he published an account in two volumes, which contain much curious information. He was about to travel on foot across South Ame- rica, when he died at Valentia, in Colombia, in 1825. COCKBURN, Catharixe, an English authoress. Though almost self-educated, she began to publish at the early age of 17, her first production being a tragedy, entitled " Agnes de Castro." In two years more she produced another tragedy, entitled " Fatal Friendship," which was received with much approbation at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Besides these, and a tragedy, enti- tled " The Revolution of Sweden," she pub- lished some poems, a " History of the Works of the Learned," "Vindications of the Philosophy of Locke," and several meta- physical treatises. Born, 1G79 ; died, 1749. COCKER, Edward, an English penman and arithmetician ; whose fame as a com- putist was formerly held in such .repute, that " according to Cocker " is still used as an arithmetical proverb. Died, 1G77. COCLES, Publius Horatius, a valiant Roman. He was a descendant of the Ho- ratii, and proved himself worthy of liis line. When Porsenna, king of the Etruscans, had pursued the Romans to the wooden bridge over the Tiber, Codes and two companions boldly withstood the enemy until the Ro- mans had crossed the bridge. His two com- panions then retired, but Codes remained until the bridge was broken down behind him, and then plunged into the river, and swam to tlie city. CODRINGTON, Christopher, a native of Barbadoes, was educated at All Souls College, Oxford ; to which he bequeathed the sum of 10,000?. for the erection of a library, leaving his West Indian estates to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. As an author, this munificent gen- tleman is only known by some verse? ad- dressed to Garth, on the publication of his " Dispensary," and by some Latin poems in the "Musaj Anglicanaj." Born, 1G68 ; died, 1710. CODRUS, the 17th and lasfking of Athens. Disguised as a common person, he rushed into the midst of the army of the Heraclidte, and was slain ; a sacrifice he was led to make by the oracle having pronounced that the leader of the conquering party must fall. At his death, the Athenians deeming no one worthy to be the successor of their patriotic monarch, established a republic. COELLO, Aloxzo Sanchez, an eminent painter, a native of Portugal, whose works obtained for him the appellation of the Por- tuguese Titian. Born, 1515 ; died, 1710. COEN, John Peterson, governor of the Dutch settlements in the East Indies, and founder of the city of Batavia. He went to India as a merchant, and in 1617 succeeded to the governorship of Bantam, when in 1619 he removed to the new factory he had founded. After passing a short time in Europe, he, in 1027, returned to Batavia, and bravely defended that place against the emperor of Java. So many men perished in tliis memorable contest, that their bodies produced a pestilence, of which Coen died, in 1629. COEUR, James, a French merchant of the 15th century. His trade surpassed that of any other individual in Europe ; and he is said to have had 300 agents in the Medi- terranean. He lent Charles VII. an immense sum, to enable him to conquer Normandy, which was never repaid ; for being falsely accused of peculation, and of poisoning the king's mistress, he was so disgusted, that, on getting his release, he went into voluntary exile. Died, 1456. COFFEY, Charles, a poet and dramatist ; author of " The Devil to Pay," &c., and editor of an edition of the works of Drayton. He cog] ^ |3eU) Bnibex^sX 33iaQr?qp]bl»» [col was deformed in person, and perfonned the part of ^sop for his own benetit. Died, 1745. COGAN, Thomas, an English physician, born in Somersetshire, and educated at Oriel College, Oxford. In 1574 he was chosen master of the school at Maucliester, where he also practised in his proi»er profession. He wrote the " Haven of Ilealth, " A Preser- vative from the Pestilence," and an " Epitome of Cicero's Epistles." Died, li)07. COGAN, Thomas, a physician, bom at Kib worth, Leicesterslure, in 1730 ; who, in conjunction with Dr. Hawes, founded the Humane Society. He translated tlie works of Camper, and was the author of" A Philo- sophical Treatise on the Passions," " Theolo- gical Disquisitions," &c. Died in 1818. COGGESHALLE, Ralph, an English Cistercian monk of the 13th century. He was at Jerusalem wlien that city was besieged by Saladin ; and wrote a " Chronicle of the Iloly Land," which was printed in a collec- tion published at Paris in 1725. COHAUSEN, JoHX Henuy, a German physician. He wrote a curious work, in- structing his readers how to live to 115 years of age ; It was translated into English by Dr. Campbell, under the title of " Hermippus Redivivus, or the Sage's Triumph over Old Age and the Grave." Died in his 85th year, in 1750. COHORN, Mknito, Baron, a celebrated Dutch engineer, who, after distinguishing himself as a military officer on many im- portant sieges and battles, fbrtitied Namur, Bergen-op-Zoom, and other towns. He was the author of a " Treatise on Fortification." Died, 1704. COKAYNE, Sir Astox, a poet and dra- matist of the 17th century. He was educated at Cambridge ; and, after having made the grand tour, tixed his residence at a family estate in Warwicksliire. Espousing the cause of Charles I., he was despoiled of his proper- ty by the triumphant parliamentarians, to whom he was doubly obnoxious as a royalist and a papist. A collection of his plays and poems was printed in 1658, but it is now not often to be met with. Died, 1C34. COKE, Sir Edward, a celebrated English judge and law writer, born at Mileham, Norfolk, in 1549. He pleaded his first cause in 1578 ; and having married a sister of the minister Burleigh, he possessed considerable political influence. In 1592 he had obtained a high reputation, and was appointed so- licitor-general ; and in 1600, being then at- torney-general, he prosecuted the Earl of Essex ; and tlie asperity with which he con- ducted himself to that nobleman amounted to very little less than brutality. In 1603 he was knighted ; and we find him pro- secuting Sir Walter Raleigh, and behaving to him as unfeelingly as he had formerly behaved to Essex. In 1606 he was made chief justice of the common pleas; and in 1613 he was sworn of the privy council, and removed to the court of king's bench. His activity in the case of Sir Thomas Over- bury's murder made him many enemies ; and his opposition to the king and chancellor Egerton caused him to be removed from office in 1616. Having vainly endeavoured to get into favour with the court, he in 1621 joined the popular party, and was committed, though only for a short time, to the Tower. In 1628 he represented the county of Buck- ingham in parliament, and distinguished himself by his zeal against the Duke of Buckingham. In mere legal knowledge he has never perhaps been equalled ; but for the nobler qualities of his mind we may seek in vain. His "Commentary on Littleton" and his " Reports " are invaluable. Died, 16;i4. COLBERT, Jony Baptist, marquis of Seguelai, a celebrated French statesman, to whose talents, activity, and enlarged views, France owes much of its financial and com- mercial prosperity, was descended from a Scottish family, but bom at Rheims, in 1619, where his father was a wine merchant. In 1648 he l)ecame clerk to the secretary of state, Le T«llier, whose daughter he married ; and his conduct in this situation recom- mended him to the king as intendant of finances. Subsequently he became superin- tendant of buildings, secretary of state, and minister of the marine ; and in every capacity he acted so as to merit the love of his coun- trymen, and obtain the approbation of his king. To literature and the arts he con- stantly gave encouragement ; he instituted the Academy of Sciences, and that of sculp- ture and painting ; and it was at his recom- mendation that the Royal Observatory was erected. To him, too, Paris owed the erection of many elegant bulldinjts ; and, if a less brilliant minister than some of his prede- cessors, he certainly conferred more sub- stantial benefits upon his country than most of them. Died, 16H3. COLBERT, JoHX Baptist, marquis of Torcy, son of the preceding. He filled, suc- cessively, the offices of secretary of state for the foreign department and director-general of the posts ; and wrote " Memoirs of the Negotiations from the Treaty of Ryswick to the Peace of Utrecht." Born, 1665 ; died, 1746. COLCHESTER, Charles Abbot Lord, was bom at Abingdon, Berks, in 1757 ; and having received the rudiments of his edu- cation at Westminster School, was entered of Christchurch, Oxford, in 1775. While there he was greatly distinguished for his attainments ; and a Latin poem on the czar Peter gained him not only the prize, but also a valuable gold medal Irom the empress of Russia. After spending some time abroad, he was called to the bar, and practised with every prospect of becoming a popular advo- cate. His forensic pursuits, however, were but of short continuance, for on entering par- liament for Helston he was speedily noticed for his talent and business-like habits, and on the formation of the Addington ministry he was appointed secretary for Ireland, and keeper of the privy seal. He now com- menced some useful reforms in Ireland, but before he could complete them he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. In this situation he <lisplayed not only the talent but the tact and address necessary for the duties of his office ; and so far was he from being bigoted to his party, that on the divi- sion concerning Lord Melville, the numbers 195 col] ^ 0tisi Winibtx^nl ISiograpl^g. [col for and against that nobleman being equal, he gave the casting vote against him. In 1817 an attack of erysipelas obliged him to resign the office of speaker ; on which occa- sion he was called to the upper house by the title of Baron Colchester, with a pension of 4000/. per annum. Much of the remainder of his life was passed abroad and in Scot- land ; and he died in May, 1829, lea\ing two sons. He was chiefly remarkable for his knowledge of the forms of the House, though he was also a fluent and elegant speaker COLDEN, Cadwalladek, a Scotch phy- sician and writer. He emigrated to America, and having become a very large and prospe- rous landowner in New York, he was in 1761 made lieutenant-governor of that pro- vince. In this office he displayed great talent ; but he is chiefly spoken of here on account of his " History of the Five Nations," which is a valuable work. Linnagus, to whom he sent many American plants, gave the name of Coldenia to a new genus. Died, 1776. COLE, Hexry, dean of St. Paul's, and judge of the arches' court. In the reign of Henry VIII. he held numerous valuable appointments, all of which he resigned on the accession of Edward VI. The reign of Mary restored his prosperity ; and it was he who preached the sermon when the ve- nerable Cranmer was sacrificed. On the ac- cession of Elizabeth, this fact was doubtless remembered to his prejudice ; for he was not only stripped of all his preferments, but kept in prison till Ms death, in 1519. He was the author of some controversial tracts and sermons ; and a disputation between him and Cranmer and Ridley is also in print. COLE, Thomas, a dissenting minister ; author of " A Discourse on Regeneration, Faith, and Repentance," &c. Died, 1607. COLE, William, an English herbalist. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and became secretary to Dr. Duppa, bishop of Winchester. His works are, " The Art of Simpling," and " Adam in Eden, or Nature's Paradise." Died, 1662. COLEBROOKE, Henry Thomas, F.R.S., an eminent Orientalist, and director of the Royal Asiatic Society, was the third son of Sir George Colebrooke, hart., a director of the East India Company. He was born in 1765, and in 1782 was appointed to a writership in India. Being sent as one of a deputation to investigate the resources of a part of the coimtry, it led to his publishing " Remarks on the Husbandry and Commerce of Bengal ; " in which treatise he advocated a free trade between Great Britain and her eastern possessions. Soon after this he began the study of the Sanscrit language, in which he subsequently became so eminent. The translation of the great "Digest of Hindti Law," which had been compiled under the direction of Sir W.Jones, but left unfinished at his death, was confided to Mr. Colebrooke; and while engaged in this work, he was ap- pointed to a judicial situation at Mirzapore, where he completed it in 1796. His other works consist of a" Dictionary of the Sanscrit Language," the " Algebra of the Hindoos," and various treatises on their laws, pliilo- Bophy, and arithmetic ; besides numerous communications to the society of which he was director. He died in March, 1837. COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, eminent as a poet, essayist, and moral philosopher, was born at Bristol in 1770, where he re- ceived the rudiments of his education. He was afterwards sent to Christ's Hospital, London, at which establishment he made great progress in the classics ; and he com- pleted his studies at Jesus College, Cam- bridge, where, in 1792, he obtained the gold medal for the best Greek ode. It appears that he was first inspired with a taste for poetry by the perusal of Lisle Bowles's Son- nets ; and his intimacy with such men as Southey and Wordsworth (which commenced eaily in life) was likely to produce a con- geniality of feelings and lead to similar re- sults. But, great as Coleridge was as a poet, he was equally great as a writer on morals, philosophy, and politics ; and as a public lecturer he was almost without a rival; while such were his powers as an argument- ative debater, that he riveted the attention of his audience by the charm of his elo- quence, and astounded them by the depth of his reasoning. The chief of Mr. Coleridge's works are, " Sibylline Leaves," a collection of poems ; " Biographia Literaria," or bio- graphical sketches of his life and opinions ; " Aids to Reflection, in the Formation of a manly Character," &c. ; and " The Friend," a series of essays, 3 vols. ; besides a variety of minor poems, many of which are replete with beautiful imagery and sublime feeling ; and numerous treatises and essays connected with public events in the moral and political world, some of which were published in a se- parate form, but the major part appeared in the public journals. Died, at Highgate, 1834. His " Specimens of Table Talk," and some of his other productions, were published after his death by his nephew Henry Nelson Cole- ridge, who distinguished himself by various valuable contributions to Knight's Quar- terly Magazine and other works, and who died a victim to rheumatism, 1843. COLERIDGE, Haktlky, one of the most original and pleasing writers of the day, son of the above was born in 1797. He was the author of many minor poems of great merit, of " Biographies of Northern Worthies," and an extensive contributor to Blackwood's Magazine. Died, Jan. 6. 1849. COLET, Dr. John, dean of St. Paul's, and founder of St. Paul's School, was born in Loudon, in 1436. He was an excellent scholar, and took great pains to encourage learning in others, of which his endowment of the noble institution above mentioned leaves ample testimony. Died, 1519. COLIGNI,Gapard de, admiral of France. On the death of Henry II., he became chief of the Calvinist party, and the most efficient of its leaders against the Guises. When peace was temporarily established in 1571, he appeared at court, and was received with every appearance of cordiality. But at the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1.572, he was among the victims of party rage ; and the infamous Catharine de Medici ordered hi* head to be sent to the pope. COLIGNI. Odet, brother of the above, archbishop of Toulouse. He was deposed 196 col] ^ |!etD ^nibcrjSal 3StOjaTap^L». [col for having embraced the Protestant faith, and retired to England, where he was poi- soned by a servant, in 1571. COLIGNI, Henrietta, countess de la Suse ; an ingenious French poetess, whose odes and songs are printed with the poems ofPelisson. Died, 1673. COLLADO, DiKOO, a Spanish Dominican, Buperintendant of the convents of the Phi- lippines ; autiior of a Japanese dictionary, and a treatise on the Japanese grammar. While lie was on his voyage to Europe, tlie vessel was wrecked, and lie perished in 1C38. COLLANGE, Gabriel de, a French writer ; author of " Polygraphy, or Uni- versal Cabalistical Writing." This book, which he published under the name of J. M. Trithemius, subjected the autlior to the charge of magic. At the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572, he was mistaken for a Protestant, and murdered — as one of his biographers naively savs — "by mistake." COLLATINUS, L. Takqui.mi's, a nephew of Taniuin Superbus, and husband of liU- cretia. He aided Brutus in expelling the Tarquins, but soon after went into volun- tary exile. COLLEGE, STEruEN, a mechanic of the time of Charles II. He was a very zealous supporter of Protestantism, whence he ob- tained the sobriquet of the '• Protestant joiner ; " and probably it was on this ac- count that some villanous informers charged him with being concerned in a plot against tiie king. He defended himself with spirit and ability, but was condemned and ex- ecuted in 1(J81. COLLEONE, Bartuolomew, an Italian soldier of fortune, born at Bergamo, in 1400. He served at first under De Mon- tone, and then in the army of Queen Joan of Naples. Passing into the service of Ve- nice, he totally destroyed the army of Nicholas Piccinino ; but being ill rewarded, he left the Venetians, and took his troops to the aid of Philip Visconti. He next served with Francis Sforza, and gained the battle of Frascati over the French. The Ve- netians now made him their generalissimo, and when he died, in 1475, the senate erected a statue to his memory. COLLET, Philiuert, a French advo- cate ; author of treatises " On Usury," " On Alms," " On Tithes," and on " Excommuni- cation ; " besides some works on botany. Died, 1718. COLLIER, Jeremiah, an English non- juring divine and learned writer, was bom In ItioO. He received his education at Cam- bridge, and was presented with the rectory of Amptoii, in Suffolk ; which he resigned on being chosen lecturer at Gray's Inn, At the revolution he refused to take the oaths, and was imprisoned in Newgate for writing in favour of James II. He attended Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins when they were executed for the " assas- sination plot." Two nonjuring clergymen who accompanied him on this occasion were taken up, but Collier escaped, and lay hidden until the affair had blown over, when he again made his appearance, and published "Essays on Miscellaneous Subjects." Tliis work, in three volimies, obtained him con- siderable reputation ; and his next publica- tion was a spirited attack upon the licen- tiousness of the stage. He was, as a matter of course, replied to by many of the dramatic writers of the time ; but he had truth on his side, and his works had good effect. He next translated . and continued Moreri's Dic- tionary ; and his reputation had now so much increased, that queen Anne's govern- ment offered him valuable church prefer- ment, which, with a rare consistency, he steadily declined. His remaining works were, an "Ecclesiastical History," brought down to the death of Charles II., some ser- mons, pamphlets, and a translation of Mar- cus Antoninus. He was consecrated a bishop by Dr. George Hickes, who was himself consecrated suffragan of Tlietford by three deprived bishops ; and of course Collier's consecration was as illegal and void as theirs. Died, 172«!. COLLIN D'HARVILLE, John Fran- cis, a French advocate, dramatist, and poet ; author of "The Inconstant," "Le Vieux Celebataire," and various other dramas. Bom, 1750 ; died, 180«;. COLLIN, Henkv de, a German poet ; author of six tragedies, some fragments of an epic poem, entitled " The Kudolphiad," and a number of spirit-stirring war songs. Born, 1772; died, 1811. COLLIN, Henry Joskpii, a German phy- sician and medical writer ; author of a very valuable work on acute and chronic diseases. He has the merit of having added some powerful vegetable remedies to the Materia Medica. Died, 1784. COLLINGS, John, D.D., a nonconformist divine ; author of " The Weaver's Pocket Book, or Weaving Spiritualised," and other works of a similar class. At the restoration he was one of the Presbyterian divines at the famous Savoy conference. Died, KjyO. COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbekt, Lord, a celebrated English admiral, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1748. He entered the navy when only 13 years of age, and his services were long, arduous, and valuable. In the action of June 1. 1794, he was flag- captain to Admiral Bowyer on board the Prince ; and at tlie battle of Cape St. Vin- cent, in 1797, he commanded the Excellent. Having attained the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and being second in command at the battle of Trafalgar, where the hero of England's navy fell, the command of the fleet devolved upon Admiral Collingwood, whose gallant conduct at the onset had called forth an exclamation of delight from Nelson, and to whose admirable skill and judgment, after the battle, the preservation of the captured vessels was chiefly attribu- table. For this and his other important services he was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral of the red, and elevated to the peerage. He was brave, indefatigable, just, and kind ; strictly preserving discipline, while he gained the love of his compatriots, and merited all that a grateful country could bestow on liim. His letters, published since his death, which took place while cruising off Minorca, in 1810, show him to have pos- sessed considerable literary ability. COLLINGWOOD, Francis Edwari), a col] ^ ^rbj Hntticr^al SStograjplbs. [col captain in the English navy, was a mid- shipman on board the Victory, at the battle of Trafalgar ; and to liim is ascribed the honour of being the avenger of Nelson's death, having shot the Frenchman in the maintop of the Redoubtable, who was seen to take deliberate aim at the English hero the moment before he fell. Died, 18;}.5. COLLINS, Anthony, a deistical contro- versialist, was bom at Ileston, Middlesex, in 1676, and completed his education at Cambridge. Among his works are " A Dis- course on Free Thinking," " A Discourse on the Grounds and Reasons of the Cliristiau Religion," "Priestcraft in Perfection," &c. Though he was intimate with Locke and other great men, and spent his life in literary pursuits, his writings exhibit him as an in- sidious and determined foe to Cliristianity. Bom, 1676 : died, 1729. COLLINS, Akthur, a celebrated English genealogist ; author of an English " Peer- age " and " Baronetage ; " lives of " Cecil, Lord Burleigh" and "Edward the Black Prince," &c. He waa rescued from poverty by a pension of 4001. per annum, granted to him by George II. Born, 1682 ; died, 1760. COLLINS, David, grandson of the above, a distinguished military officer, and gover- nor of Van Dicmen's Land ; author of " A History of Botany Bay," which is written in a very unpretending style, and abounds with interesting information. Died, 1810. COLLINS, Fkancis, doctor of the Am- brosian college at Milan ; author of a trea- tise, " De AnimabuB Paganorum," &c. Died, 1640. COLLINS, John, an able English mathe- matician and accountant. He was for some time in the naval service of Venice against the Turks ; but at the restoration he was appointed to the office of accountant to tiie excise office, the court of chancery, &c. He, however, found time to contribute largely to the Transactions of the Royal Society ; corresponded with Barrow, Newton, and other eminent mathematicians ; and wrote various mathematical works. Born, 1624 ; died, leas. COLLINS, William, a highly gifted but ill-fated English poet ; autlior of odes, eclogues, &c. He was born, in 1720, at Chicliester, and received his education at Wincliester and Oxford. In 1744, he settled himself in London, but suffered from poverty even beyond the common lot of poets. The death of his uncle. Colonel Martin, who be- queathed liim a legacy of 200^, raised him from this abject condition ; but his health and spirits were broken, and after lingering for some time in a state of mental imbecility, he died in 1756. His odes, which when pub- lished were utterly disregarded, are unques- tionably among the first productions of British poesy ; and the fate of their author is an indelible disgrace to the pretended patrons of genius, and the age in which he lived. COLLINS, William, an artist of distin- guished merit, was born in London, 1787. He inherited an enthusfastic admiration for the beauties of nature from both liis parents. His father, who was one of the first picture dealers of his time, was a man of considerable 198 literary attainments; and his friendship with Morland the painter early led to his son's initiation into the mysteries of the pencil. In 1807 lie became a student of the Royal Academy, and having prosecuted his studies witli great zeal and success, he was chosen an associate in 1814, and elected an acade- mician in 1820. From this period he con- tinued to produce without interruption those coast and cottage scenes which gained for him his early reputation, and marked him out as one of the most thorough English artists, in the best and truest sense, of his time. With a view of studying the works of the great masters and of observing nature in new forms, lie visited Italy in 1836, and liaving for two years occupied himself un- remittingly in advancing his knowledge of painting, he returned to England provided with a new class of subjects, and prepared for a new field of action in his art. Down to the year 1846 he contributed regularly to every exhibition, displaying the versatility of his powers by most elaborate productions illusitrative of history, and by frequent re- vivals of those more domestic subjects by which he had won his early fame. True to his " first love," his last production, " Early Morning," was an English sea-piece. Mr. Collins was imbued with earnest but unaf- fected piety ; and his death, though not un- expected, caused deep regret to a large circle of attached friends and admirers. Died, 1847. COLLINSON, Peter, an English bota- nist, to whom we are indebted for the in- troduction of many ornamental shrubs and plants in our gardens, was born in 1604. He was intimate with Franklin and Lin- naeus, the latter of whom gave the name Collinsonia to a genus of plants. Died, 1768. COLLOT D'HERBOIS, Jean Marie, a French actor of little repute, but a lieartless savage, and unprincipled republican. On the breaking out of the revolution he be- came a conspicuous agitator, and was the first who voted for the abolition of royalty. When Robespierre was falling he joined in impeaching him, though he so far resembled him in cruelty, that his treatment of the royalist Lyonese obtained him the sobri- quet of the Tiijcr. He wrote some dramatic pieces, and the almanack of Father Gerard. Being transported to Cayenne, he died there, in 179(5. COLLUTHUS, an Alexandrian lieresi- arch of the 4th century. He assumed the episcopal office without authority, and was condemned by a council at Alexandria, in 324. COLLYER, Joseph, senior associate en- graver of the Royal Academy, was born of parents who were conspicuous in the lite- rary world by their translations from Ges- ner and Boder, when the German language was but little known in England. One of those productions, the Death of Abel, by Mrs. Collyer, was received with peculiar marks of public favour. The late artist showed superior talent in the stippled style of engraving ; his portraits in that line stand unrivalled. Died, 1827. I COLMAN, George, a dramatic writer I and accomplished scholar of the 18th cen- i col] ^ ^etD Bnibtvi^l aSiosrapIjij. [col tury. He was born at Florence, in 1733, where his father at that time resided as tlie British envoy, and his mother was sister to the Countess of Bath. Having received his education at Westminster School and at Christchurch, Oxford, he turned his atten- tion to the law as a profession ; but his writings in The Connoisseur having met with success, gave him a bias towards polite literature, and he accordingly aban- doned the graver pursuits of legal science. His first dramatic attempt was "Polly Honeycombe," which was performed at Drury Lane with great, though only tem- porary, success. In the following year, 1761, he produced his comedy of the "Jealous Wife," which at once became popular, and has ever since kept tlie stage. " The Clan- destine Marriage," " The English Mer- chant," &c., added to liis fame ; and he wrote a number of other pieces, which, though inferior to these, were by no means deficient in merit. Lord Bath and General Pulteney, at their deaths, left him considerable legacies, I which enal)led him to purclmse a share in I Covent Garden Theatre. Disputes arising I between liimself and the other proprietors, I he very soon disposed of this property, and ! purchased the little theatre in the Hay- I market, which he conducted until an attack ! of paralysis reduced him to a state of mental j imbecility. In addition to his writings, men- tioned above, he translated the comedies of Terence and Horace, Dc Arte Poetica, Died, 1794. COLMAN, Georoe, "the younger," an eminent dramatist and wit, son of George Colman, was born in 1762, and received his education at Westminster School, Christ- church College, Oxford, and at King's Col- lege, Aberdeen. On his return from college, he was entered a student of Lincoln's Inn. Circumstances, however, as well as incli- nation, led him to abandon the profession of the law, and betake himself to that for which he was so well qualified. In 1784 his first acknowledged pla^', called " Two to One," was brouglit forward, and introduced to the public by a prologue from the pen of his father, who announced it as the produc- tion of "a chip of the old block." The success of this exceeded his most sanguine expectations, and naturally strengthened his bias in favour of dramatic composition. In 1787 his celebrated opera of "Inkle and Yarico " appeared, and at once stamped his fame. Shortly after this, the elder Colman was attacked with paralysis, which termi- nating in mental imbecility, his son presided over the destinies of the Haymarket Theatre, and subsequently became its proprietor, ca- tering for the public amusement most felici- tously. The prolific pen of " George Colman the younger" seemed never idle; and yet, perhaps, there was scarcely a man in London who spent more hours in convivial pleasures, or whose brilliant flashes of wit so often "set the table in a roar." His principal works, chronologically arranged, were " The Mountaineers," "The Iron Chest," "The Heir at Law," "Blue Beard," "The Re- view, or Wags of Windsor," "The Poor Gentleman," "Love laughs at Locksmiths," " John Bull," " Who wants a Guinea ? " "We fly by Night," "The Africans," and " X.Y.Z." These, with numerous preludes and interludes, prologues and epilogues, may be said to embrace his dramatic works : his other compositions, entitled " Itandom Re- cords," " My Nightgown and Sli|)pers," " Broad Grins," " Poetical Vagaries," " Vagaries Vindicated, or Hypocritic Hyper- critics," complete the list. George IV. ap- ix)inted him to the situation of licenser and examiner of plays, an office for which he was admirably qualified. Died, 1836. COLOCCI, Angklo, an Italian bishop ; author of some very elegant Latin poems. After the fashion of his time, he assumed a Latin name ; that of Angelus Colotius Bas- sus. Died, 1.549. COLOCOTRONIS, Thkod., one of the regenerators of modern Greece, was born in Messenia, 1770 ; distinguished himself in numerous engjigements with the Turkish oppressors of his country, and contributed, by his heroic conduct during tlie insurrection, to the final triumpli of the Greek cause in 1828. After the death of Capo d'Istria, he became a member of the provisional govern- ment ; but having conspired against the regency established till the majority of king Otho in 1834, he was condemned to death, and owed liis escape to the clemency of the king. Died, 1843. COLOGNE, Pktek de, a Protestant divine of the 10th century. He was a native of Ghent, but settled first at Mentz, and finally at Heidelberg. He wrote on the eucharist, and in defence of the Protestant doctrines. COLOM A, Don Carlos, marquis of Espina, a distinguished Spanish officer of the 16th century, and at one time ambassador to Eng- land. He wrote " The Wars of the Nether- lands," and translated Tacitus. COLOMBIERE, Claude ue la, a French Jesuit. He instituted a new rite, a service to be performed to the heart of Jesus, which he is said to have stolen from Goodwin, chap- lain to Oliver Cromwell. Six volumes of his sermons were published. Died, 1682. COLOMIES, otherwise COLOMESIUS, Paul, a French scholar and critic. He was librarian to the archbishop of Canterbury, but lost that office on the deprivation of Sancroft. He wrote " Icon Theologorum Presbyterianorum," "Bibliothfeque Choisie," &c. Died, 1692. COLONNA, Francis, an ingenious philo- sopher ! author of tlie " Natural History of the Uiviverse." He was burnt to death in his house, at Paris, in 1726. COLONNA, Pkospero, son of Anthony, prince of Salerno, was a distinguished mili- tary officer. He assisted Charles VIII. of France to conquer Naples, but subsequently aided in retaking it for the house of Arragon. Died, 1523. COLONNA, PoMPEO, nephew of the above, a restless and intriguing Roman cardinal, who at length became viceroy of Naples. A poem of his is extant, entitled " De Laudibus Muliebrum." Died, 1532. COLONNA, Vjttoria, marchioness of Pescara, a celebrated Italian poetess, whose works are alike remarkable for the l)eauty of tiieir thoughts and the elegance of their diction. Born, 1490 ; died, 1547. col] ^ i^fto ^nibcv^nl 28tosra)jT)y. fcOL COLOTHES, or COLOTES, a Grecian sculptor, contemporary with Pliidias, whom he is said to liave assisted in the statue of Jupiter Olympius. Several of his works are spoken of in very high terms, especially an ivory figure of ^Esculapius. COLQUHOUN, Patrick, LL.D., a cele- brated writer on statistics and criminal ju- risprudence, lie was a native of Dumbarton, in Scotland, born in 1745, and early in life went to America. On his return from that country he settled at Glasgow as a merchant, and became lord provost of the city, and president of its chamber of commerce. Sub- sequently he removed to London, and in 1792 he was made a police magistrate, in wliich situation lie was distinguished by great ability and untiring assiduity. He published several valuable works, including a " Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis," a tract on the " Education of the Labouring Classes," "A Treatise on the Population, Wealth, Power, and Resources of the British Empire," &c. Died, 1820, aged 75. COLSTON, EuwARD, an English mer- chant, memorable for his munificence and philanthropy. During his lifetime he ex- pended upwards of 7(),000i. in aiding various public charities, and he is supposed to have privately given away an equal amount. Not- withstanding his public and private benevo- lence, however, he left 100,000/. among his relatives and dependants. In addition to his other good works, he founded and endowed St. Augustine's School, Bristol, for the edu- cation of 100 boys, besides almshouses in other places. His statue, executed by Rysbach, stands in the church of All Saints, Bristol. Bom, 1636 ; died, 1721. COLTON, Caleb C, a writer of consider- able talent, but of eccentric and discreditable habits, wos educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated and obtained a fellowship. He first attracted notice by the publication of a pamphlet, entitled " A plain and authentic Narrative of the Sampford Ghost," in which he at- tempted to prove that certain occurrences which took place in a house at Sampford Peverell, near Tiverton, originated in super- natural agency. He also wrote a satirical poem, entitled "Hypocrisy," and another on " Napoleon ; " but he obtained most of his fame from " Lacon, or Many Things in Few Words," which he published in 1820. Though a beneficed clergyman, holding the vicarage of Kew with Petersham, in Surrey, he was a well-known frequenter of the gaming-table ; and suddenly disappearing from his usual haunts in the metropolis about the time of Weare's murder, it was strongly suspected that he had fallen by the hand of an assassin. It was, however, afterwards ascertained that he had absconded, to avoid his creditors ; and, in 1828, a successor was appointed to his living. He then went to reside in America ; but subsequently lived in Paris, a professed gamester ; and it is said that he gained by this vicious course of life, in two years only, the sum of 25,000?. He blew out his brains while on a visit to a friend at Fontaiubleau, in 1832. We almost shudder while we copy from his own " Lacon" the following apophthegm : — " The game- ster, if he die a martyr to his profession, is doubly ruined. He adds his soul to every other loss, and, by the act of suicide, re- nounces earth, to forfeit heaven ! " COLUMBA, St., a native of Ireland, who went to Scotland, and founded the famous monastery of Icolmkill. Died, 597. COLUMBUS, CiiRiSTOPHEU, the most ce- lebrated navigator, and in many respects one of the greatest men recorded in history, was born at Genoa in 1437, and is supposed to have been of humble descent. He soon evinced a strong passion for geographical knowledge, together with an irresistible in- clination for the sea. After many years spent in the active duties of a maritime life, with his mind bent on the acquisition of geogra- phical and nautical science, he went to Lis- bon, where an elder brother of his was settled; married the orphan daughter of Palestrello, an Italian navigator ; and studied all the maps and charts he could procure, making occasional voyages ; in which alternation of theoretical and practical improvement he spent several years. IIi« own reflections, corroborated by facts of which he was in- formed by various seamen, led him at length to feel convinced that there were unknown lands separated from Europe by the Atlantic. After vainly seeking aid from Genoa, Por- tugal, and England, he at length induced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to equip and man three vessels for a voyage of dis- covery ; it being stipulated that Columbus should have a 10th of all profits, and be vice- roy of the land he expected to discover. He set sail from Palos, on his daring adventure, en the 2nd of August, 1492 ; and, after sailing for two months, was in imminent danger of losing the reward of all his study and toil, tJie variation of the needle having so much alarmed his crews, that they were on the point of breaking into open mutiny, and he was obliged to promise that if three days pro- duced no discovery he would commence his homeward voyage. On the third day they happily hove in sight of one of the Bahamas, and subsequently explored some other of the West India Islands. Having thus far suc- ceeded, he built a 'fort at Hispaniola, left some of his men there, and then set out on his return to Europe, where he was received with ever J' mark of admiration and regard. The gold and other valuables which he pre- sented to the king and queen in token of his success, excited the spirit of adventure in both the sovereigns and their subjects, and in his 2nd voyage he had no difficulty in obtaining followers. It was not until his 3rd voyage, made in 1498, that he saw the mainland of America, which both Americus Vespucius and SebastianCabot reached before him ; and though there has been much dis- pute as to the actual priority, the honour of giving a name to the new world remains with Americus Vespucius. Having assumed the command of the settlement at Hispaniola, various complaints were made against him by his bitterest enemies, and Columbus was not merely displaced, but Bobadilla, a new governor, who had been dispatched thither by the court of Spain, even sent him to that country manacled as a prisoner, Columbus endured tliis outrage with noble equanimity; 200 I col] ^ ^tlD Bnibtvitd 3Si0tjTajpTu»« [com I and on his return, having obtained an audi- j eiu;e of his sovereigns, was partially restored I to 1113 dignities ; but he found that full justice I was never intended to be awarded him. Yet, notwithstanding this unworthy treat- ment, he made another voyage, in which lie encountered every imaginable disaster from storms and shipwreck ; and, two years after his return, his noble mind sunk under the load of injustice and oppression. lie died at Valladolid, in 1506, in the 70th year of his age. COLUMBUS, Bartholomew, Don, bro- ther of the above, famous for his skill in con- structing sea charts. Died, 1501. COLUMELLA, Lucius Junius Modera- TUS, a native of Gades in Spain. He resided at Rome in the reign of the emperor Clau- dius ; and, besides other works, wrote a trea- tise on agriculture. COLUTHUS, a Greek poet of the 5th cen- tury. Suidas mentions the " Calydonics " and the " Persies " of this writer ; but all that has reached us from his pen is "The Rape of Helen." COMBE, Dr. Andrew, one of the most eminent medical practitioners and writers of our time, was born at Edinburgh, 1797. After going through the customary curriculum of the High School, with the addition of two sessions at the college, he was apprenticed in 1812 to a general medical practitioner. Up to this period he had given little indica- tion of any peculiar talents ; but the arrival of Dr. Spurzheim in Edinburgh, in 1815, opened a new era in his life. Attracted and interested by the lectures of the great apostle of phrenology, he sought his acquaintance, and having in 1817 obtained his diplonja from the College of Surgeons, he proceeded to Paris to prosecute his studies in the hos- pitals of that capital, under the advice of Dr. Spurzheim. Here he remained for two years; and after a short tour in Switzerland and Italy he returned to Edinburgh in 1819, eagerly intent upon the practice of his pro- fession. But in this he was disappointed. Soon after he reached home he was seized with symptoms of pulmonary consumption ; and from this time, 1820, to the day of his death, he was, though with many intervals of comparative health, a confirmed invalid. But as if the element of bodily suftering, which usually impairs the powers and the usefulness of other men, had been necessary to the full development of his, it is to the exertions of these years of pain and anxiety that we owe the remarkable works which have placed Dr. Conil)e so high in the rank of the men whose noble privilege it has been to push visibly onwards the great wheel of human progress, by conferring on man the means of improving his mental and physical condition upon earth. For not alone did he learn in suffering how suffering could best be soothed and ameliorated ; the sympathy it awakened in his heart led him to trace the poisoned stream to its source, and hence resulted those admirable expositions of the causes of the more ordinary forms of diseased action, and also those clear and practical lessons of prevention, which have advanced hygiene almost to the rank of a positive Kience. Immediately upon his seizure he determined to go to the south of France, but had not got farther than London when he found himself too unwell to travel, and re- turned home; there he temporarily recovered, helped to found the Phrenological Society, and in the ensuing August set off again to the Mediterranean, on whose shores ho spent two years. At the end of the second year he felt so strong, fliat he determined to begin practice in Edinburgh, where his high stand- ing among his professional brethren, and general character for good sense, talent, and strict conscientiousness, did not leave him long unemployed. During the next few years he attained great repute from his able papers in reply to the opponents of phre- nology, and also rose high in his profes- sion. In 1825 he took the degreee of M.D., and two years later was elected president of the Phrenological Society. During these and several following years, he contributed many interesting papers to the Phrenolo- gical Journal, and published a work on mental derangement ; and in the course of an extensive practice addressed those in- valuable letters to his patients, which, combining so happily the earnest and bene- volent friend with the able physician and philosopher, must have strengthened his in- fluence as well as greatly added to his use- fulness. In 1831 his health again gave way, and he was obliged to pass the winter in Italy, and for some years altogether to abandon the practice of his profession. Indeed, he was never able fully to resume it; for though, by a strict application of his principles to his own state, and an unflinching adherence to the rules he laid down, he seems to have prolonged his life, and enjoyed many inter- vals of comparative health — and of useful- ness (perha[>8 of a higher kind than lies within the scope of mere practice) — he was unfit for hard work, and must soon have sunk under exposure, exertion, or unfavourable circumstances of any sort. In 1830 he had the gratification of being appointed physician to the king of the Belgians, but the moist atmo- sphere of Belgium was probably injurious to his delicate frame, for after a short trial he was obliged to resign the resident appoint- ment, from finding his strength inadequate to the due performance of his duties, and he only returned occasionally to examine, and inspect, and to advise the royal family in hygienic matters. Between the years 1834-39, he published the three great works for which he had been so long and so carefully collect- ing and arranging the materials, " The Prin- ciples of Physiology applied to the Preserva- tion of Health and to Education," " The Physiology of Digestion," and " The Moral and Physical Management of Infancy." In 1838 he was appointed one of the physicians extraordinary to the queen in Scotland. By making occasional seasonable journeys to Belgium, Germany, and elsewhere, his health was so far preserved, that for months at a time he was able to act as a consulting physician in Edinburgh, where his well- merited high reputation brought abundance of patients about him. In the autumn of 1844 his health at last gave way so threaten- ingly, as to oblige him to give up all work, and to try the climate of Madeira. There 201 com] ^ 0c^ WinibtvSaX MiOQVKpf^p. [com he passed two successive winters in tolerable comfort, returning to spend the summer months among those he loved. After this he only left home once again, and that was to make a voj'age to America (which seemed to have been injurious to him), in the sum- mer immediately preceding his death. Sur- rounded by attaclied friends, and tended with faithful and most loving care, his life of usefulness was peacefully closed in the autumn of 1847. COMBE, Charles, an eminent classical scholar and a physician, born in 1743. His father wiw an apotliecary in Bloomsbury, and the son was brouglit up to the same pro- fession, but determining to practise in the higher branches of medicine, he obtained a Scotch degree, and became physician to the London Lying-in Hospital. In conjunction with Dr. Parr and Mr. Homer, he produced an edition of Horace, in 2 vols. 4to., and lie was well versed in the science of numis- matics. Died, 1817. COMBER, Dr. Thomas, dean of Carlisle. On the breaking out of the civil war he was deprived of his preferments and thrown into prison ; but helived to witness the restoration of Charles II. Died, 1063. COMBER, Dr. Thomas, dean of Durham ; author of " A Companion to the Temple," " A Companion to the Altar," " An Account of the Roman Forgeries in the Councils dur- ing the first Four Centuries," &c. Died, 1690. COMBER, Thomas, LL.D., grandson of the last named. He was the author of " An Examination of Middleton on the Miraculous Powers," " Tlie Heathen Rejection of Chris- tianity in the first Ages considered," &c. Died, 1778. COMENIUS, JoHX Amos, a Moravian mi- nister. He for some time officiated as pastor to a congregation at Fulnec, but was driven thence by the invasion of the Spaniards, and settled in Poland, wliere he published a work, entitled "Janua Linguarum," which ob- tained him so great a celebrity that he was invited to England ; but the breaking out of the civil war rendered his stay both brief and unprofitable, and he settled for the re- mainder of his life at Amsterdam. Born, 1592 ; died, 1(571. COilES, Natalis, the Latinised name of Natai, Conti, an Italian writer ; author of poems in Greek and Latin, &c., and of a system of mythology. Died, 1590. COMMANDINE, Feederic, an Italian mathematician ; the autlior of some original ■works, and translator of Archimedes, Apol- lonius, and other ancient mathematicians. Died, 1575. COMMELIN, Jerome, a learned French printer. He established his press first at Geneva, and subsequently at Heidelberg ; and published several of the Greek and Latin fathers, with notes from his own pen. Died, 1598. COMMENDOUE. Joh.v Francis, cardi- nal. He was a native of Venice, and at 10 years of age was so far advanced in learning as to write Latin verses. Pope Julius III. made him his chamberlain, and entrusted him with several important missions. He was made a bishop by Paul IV., and a car- dinal by Pius IV. Died, 1584. 202 COMMERSON, Philibekt, a French physician and botanist. In the latter cha- racter he evinced great zeal and industrj^, and his collection was immense. He wrote " Icthyology," two quarto volumes ; and the " Martyrology of Botany," an account of those who had lost their lives in botanical pursuits. Born, 1721 ; died, 1773. COMMINES or COMINES, Philip te, lord of Argenton ; an eminent historian, statesman, and courtier of the reign of Louis XL, born in Flanders, in 1445. His "Memoirs of his own Times " abound with valuable facts and observations, though he is too lenient when speaking of the atrocities of Louis XL On the dea*.h of that monarch, Commines was thrown into prison and treated with great severity, but was at length liberated. Died, 1509. COMMIRE, John, a French Jesuit, dis- tinguished for his Latin poetry. Among his works are fables, which some have con- sidered equal to Phaedrus. Died, 1702. COMISIODI, Andrea, an Italian historical painter. His best work is a picture painted for Paul v., of tlie angels falling from heaven. Died, 1638. COMMODUS, Lucius Aurelius Anto- ninus, a Roman emperor, son and successor of Antoninus the philosopher. lie was guilty of the worst crimes, and was poisoned by liis concubine, Marcia, wlio had discovered that he intended to put her to death, a. d. 122. COSINENUS Demetrius Stephanopoli CoNSTANTi.NE, the supposed descendant of the celebrated family of the Comueni, which for ages sat upon tlie throne of the eastern empire, was born in 1749, in the island of Corsica. Having been driven from their possessions in the East by the Turks, they at length emigrated in the 17th century, and, with a colony of Greeks, settled in Corsica, wliere their leader inherited the title and dignity of capitano, until Corsica became united to France. After studying at Rome, with the intention of becoming an ecclesiastic, Demetrius entered into the ser- vice of France, and obtained a captaincy in a regiment of dragoons in 1778. At the beginning of the revolution, he fought under the banners of Condo, and went into exile with other royalists ; but he returned to France in 1802, and lived on a pension of 4000 francs, assigned to him by Napoleon. Louis XVIII. confirmed this stipend, and made him mareclial de camp, and knight of St. Louis. He died in 1821. COMPTE, Louis le, a French Jesuit and mathematician. He was for some time a missionary in China, and on his return to Europe published memoirs of tliat country. Died, 1729. COMPTOX, Spencer, earl of North- ampton, one of the bravest and most zealous adherents of Charles I. Being overpowered at the battle of Hopton Heath, lie was offered quarter, but indignantly refused it, and was slain. March 19. 1643. COMPTON, Henry, son of the above. At the Restoration he obtained a cornetcy of dragoons. He soon, however, quitted the army for the church ; and, after various preferments, was, in 1675, promoted to the con] ^ j^eltj ^nihnSaX Maqva^\)ij* [con bishopric of London. He opposed the spirit of popery during the reign of James II., and was one of the most zealous friends of the Prince of Orange. Wlxen Archbishop Bancroft refused to crown William and Mary, Compton performed that ceremony. Besides many sermons and letters, he wrote a treatise on the Communion, and translated from the Italian the life of Douna Olympia Maldachini. Died, 1713. CONANT^ JoHX, an English divine. He was originally a Nonconformist, but con- formed in l(i70, and became arclideacon of Norwich and a prebendary of Worcester. Six volumes of sermons are all that he is known to have contributed to literature. Died, 1(593. CONCA, Sebastiajt, an eminent Italian painter. Died, 1761. CONCANEN, Matthew, a political writer of some talent. I lis devotion to the ministry procured him the appointment of attorney-general of Jamaica, in which office he acquired a good fortune, lie published, besides his political writings, some poetry, and by no means deserved that place in tlic Dunciad wliich Pope was induced, in mere party spite, to give him. Died, 1749. CONCINA, Danikl, a Dominican monk of Venice. He was very celebrated as a preacher, and so complete a master of canon law, that he was frequently consulted by pope Benedict XIV. Besides numerous other works, he wrote a " System of Theo- logy," in 12 volumes. Died, 175<). CONCINO CONCINI (more celebrated and better known by his title of Marshal d'Ancre) was by birth a Flbrentine, and accompanied Mary do Medici, the wife of Henry IV., to France. lie obtained great preferment, and after the death of Henry IV. 80 much abused the influence he had over the queen regent, that wlien her son, Louis VIII., became old enough to act for himself, he consented to the assassination of the marquis, which accordingly took place in 1617 ; and in the same year his wife was burned to death as a sorceress. The judges who tried her on this absurd charge, de- manded of her by what arts she had gained her ascendancy over the queen ; when she made tlie memorable reply, " My only sor- cery has been the influence of a strong mind over a weak one." CONDE, Louis, first Prince of. He was the son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and greatly distinguished him- self at the battle of St. Quintin, though he was then very young. At the death of Henry II. he became a leader of the Hugue- nots, and was killed at tlie battle of Jarnac, in 1.569. His memoirs were published after his death. CONDE, IlEjfKY, Prince of, who at the request of Henry IV. became a Catholic, was bom in 1.588. In 1616 he was sent to the Bastile, where he remained for three years. After the death of Louis XIII., the prince was lil)erated, and was made minister of state to the regent. Died, 1646. CONDE, Louis, Prince of, duke of En- ghiei), the illustrious son of the preceding, and usually called Die Great, was born at Paris in 1621. When he was a mere boy. 203 his conversation evinced so much talent, that Cardinal Richelieu predicted that he would become " the first general in Europe and the first man of liis time." When only 22 years of age, he gained the victory of Rocroi over the Spaniards ; and followed up that achievement by the capture of Thion- ville and other important places. Subse- quently he distinguished himself in various actions in Germany, whence he was recalled and sent to Catalonia, but was repulsed before I^rida. In 1641 he defeated the Im- perialists iu Flanders, on which occasion the slaughter was prodigious. For a time he sided with the queen mother and her ad- visers, and even succeeded in reconciling them to their opponents ; but being ill treated by Cardinal Mazarin, he joined the malcon- tents and fought against the court in the civil war of 16.52. Refusing to accede to the peace made between the contending parties, he entered into the service of Spain ; but at the peace of 1659 he was restored to the favour of France, and greatly distinguished himself, particularly in the conquest of Franciie CompttS until infirmity of body compelled him to retire to private life. Died, 1686. CONDER, JoH.v, D.D., an eminent dis- senting minister ; author of an " Essay on the Ministerial Character," some sermons, &c. Died. 1781. CONDILL.\C, Stephen, a French meta- physician ; author of an " Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge," a "Treatise on Animals," a "Treatise on the Sensa- tions," " A Course of Study drawi up for the Instruction of the Prince of Parma," to whom he was tutor, &c. Died, 1780. CONDORCET, Joiix Axtony Nicholas Cakitat, Marquis of, a French mathema- tician and pliilosophcr, was born at Ribe- mont, in Picardy, in 174:5, and educated at the college of Navarre. When only 22 years of age he distinguished himself among ma- thematicians by the publication of his work on "Integral Calculations." Two years afterwards he publislied a treatise on "The Problem of the Three Bodies," and in the following year his " Analytical Essays." In 1769 he was chosen member of the aca- demy, and in 1773 became its secretary, in which situation he distinguished himself by the graceful elegance of his elogcs. In 1791 he became a member of the national assembly and of the Jacobin club ; and he soon became as noted for his political viru- lence as he had already been eminent for his scientific genius. Becoming obnoxious to Robespierre, that tyrant threw him into prison, where, on the third morning, 28th March, 1794, he was found dead in his bed. Besides the works named above, he wrote " A Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind," an "Elementary Treatise on Arith- metic," and a tract on "Calculation." CONFUCIUS, or CONG-FU-TSE, a Chi- nese philosopher, was born 551 b. c. He sjient his life in endeavouring to enlighten and improve his fellow-subjects ; and his advice was attended to by the king of Lu with a respect little short of reverence. His descendants to this day are mandarins of the higliest button, and his books arc regarded con] ^ i^tia SUm'ber^al SStatrrnpTja. [con by the Cliinese as treasures of the purest morality. Died, b. c. 470. CONGLETON, IIenky Brooke PaRnell, Lord, was the second son of Sir Jol»n Par- nell, bart., chancellor of the exchequer, and was born July 3rd, 1776. His elder brother was born dumb, and a cripple, and, by a somewhat unusual stretch of authority, par- liament set aside the entail upon the family estates, so that the younger son succeeded to the estates on the death of his father in 1801, and to the title on the death of his brother in 1812. He entered parliament in 1802, but ceased to be a member at the close of the same year. He was again returned in 1806, and retained his seat, in spite of all opposi- tion, until 1832, when he voluntarily retired. From 1833 to 1837 he sat for Dundee ; and in 1841 he was raised to the peerage. During his whole parliamentary career he was an extremely useful, though by no means bril- liant, member. Finance in all its various branches he was very familiar with, and upon such subjects he very early became a sort of authority to both sides of the house. Died June 8. 1842, aged 65. CONGREVE, William, an eminent Eng- lish dramatist, was born near Leeds, in 1670, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He entered himself as a student at the Mid- dle Temple, but, like many more before and since, abandoned the law for literature. His first piece, written at the age of 17, was a romance, entitled "Incognita, or Love and Duty Reconciled." In 1G93, being then only 21 years old, he wrote his first comedy, " The Old Bachelor." This produced him not only great reputation, but also the substantial benefit of a commissionership in the hackney- coach office, which was given to him by the Earl of Halifax, who afterwards still further patronised and favoured him. He wrote also "Love for Love," "The Double Dealer," " The Mourning Bride," '• The Way of the World," an opera ; and some poems. Died, 1729. Witty and spirited as Congreve's plays are, they are too licentious to keep possession of the stage at the present day ; and in bis own time they received severe castigatiou from the celebrated Jeremiah Collier. CONGREVE, Sir William, the son of a lieutenant-general, and the inventor of the Congreve rockets, was born in 1772, and entered the military service early, in which he obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He possessed much inventive talent, which he applied to the mechanic arts ; and for several years the rocket which bears his name, and whlcli was first used in the attack of Boulogne in 1800, was considered a grand auxiliary in warlike operations, although it has now fallen into comparative disrepute. Sir William was a fellow of the Royal So- ciety, and represented Plymouth in parlia- ment. Died, 1828. CONNOR, Bernard, an Irish physician, for some time settled at Warsaw ; author of a "History of Poland," and also of a Latin work on the miracles of our Saviour. Died, 1698. CONON, an Athenian general, was the son of Timotheus. Having been defeated in a naval engagement at ^gospotamos by Lysaudcr, he for a time went into exile ; but being aided by Artaxerxes, king of Persia, he returned and defeated the Spar- tans near Cnidos. He then fortified Athens, and restored it to liberty and security ; but being betrayed into the power of Tiribazus, a Persian, he was put to death, 393 b. c. CONON, an astronomer of Samos, a friend of Archimedes. To flatter Ptolemy Euergetes, he affirmed that the locks of Berenice his queen were made into a constellation. He flourished in the third century, b. C. CONRAD I., count of Franc»feia. In 912 he was elected king of Germany, but Arnaul, duke of Bavaria, disputed his title, and en- gaged the Huns to overrun Germany. Con- rad, however, avoided the threatened ruin by engaging to pay a yearly tribute. Died, 918. CONRAD 11., son of Herman, duke of Franconia, was elected king of Germany in 1024. Attempts were made to displace him, but he beat his opponents, and in 1027 was crowned emperor at Rome. By the will of Rodolphus the kingdom of Burgundy became his in 103;J. Died, 1039. CONRAD III., emperor of Germany, was son of Frederic, duke i)f Suabia, and before his election was duke of Franconia. His election produced civil war ; but he termi- nated that and went to the Holy Land, where he lost a vast number of his troops through the Greeks poisoning the fountains. He died, in his own dominion, 1152. CONRAD IV., duke of Suabia, was elected emperor at the death of his father, Frederick II. The pope. Innocent IV., pretended that the right of appointment lay in him, and preached a crusade against the new emperor. Conrad replied to this by marching into Italy, and taking several important places. Died, 1254. CONRAD or CONRADIN, son of the last named, who left him the kingdom of Naples. Pope Urban IV. gave that kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who defeated Conrad, then only 16 years old, and caused him to be beheaded in 1268. CONRI, Florence, an Irish Franciscan friar. He was educated in Spain, and when king Philip wished to make a conquest of Ireland, Conri was sent there to influence the people, the pope making him titular archbishop of Tuam to give him the greater power ; but he was unable to effect the wishes of his patrons, and returned to Spain. He was the author of some Latin commen- taries on St. Augustin, " The Mirror of a Christian Life." Died, 1629. CONRINGIUS, Hermann, professor of physic and politics at the university of Helm- stadt ; autlior of valuable treatises on law, German antiquities, and on the Aristotelian system. Died, 1681. CONSALVI, Ercole, cardinal and prime minister of pope Pius VII., was born at Toscanella, in 1757. As he had ever op- posed the French party in Rome to the ut- most of his power, he was banished from that city when the French took possession of it. When, however, the papal affairs were in a better condition he returned ; and, as secretary of state, he concluded the famous concordat with Napoleou ; continuing, in fact, at the head of all the political and ecclesiastical affairs of the Roman state till con] ^ i!etD ^niberSnl SBtograpfjg, [con the death of the pope, his friend and master. Died, 1824. CONSTABLE, Archibald, the most en- terprising bookseller that Scotland has ever produced, was bom at Kellie in Fifeshire, 1775. After serving liis apprenticeship to Mr. Peter Ilill of Edinburgh, the friend and correspondent of Burns, he commenced business for himself in 171)5 ; and his oblig- ing manners, general intelligence, and inde- fatigable activity gained him the esteem of all who came in contact with him. Ilis reputation as a publisher dates from 1802, when he published the first number of the Edinburgh Review ; and in 1805 he pub- lished, in conjunction with Messrs. Longman ■and Co., " The Lay of the Last Minstrel," the first of that long series of original and romantic publications in poetry and prose which has limmortalised the name of Walter Scott. His tact in appreciating literary merit, his liberality in rewarding it, and the sagacity he displayed in placing it in the most favourable manner before the public, were amply rewarded by the unpa- ralleled success of his literary projects; but in 182(5 he was overwhelmed by the disasters consequent on the rage for speculation that marked the preceding year, and the fruits of a life of activity, industry, and exertion were all sacrificed in the prevailing wreck of commercial credit. The well-known "Miscellany " that bears his name was his last project : soon after its commencement he was attacked with dropsy, and died in 1827. CONSTABLE, John, R. A., one of the most eminent landscape painters of our time, was born at East Bergholt, in SufiTolk, 177(5. Having early displayed a love of art, he visited London in 1795, for the purpose of ascertaining what might be his chance of success as a painter. Encouraged by the flattering commendations of Farrington, himself a landscape painter of some note, and of " Antiquity " Smith, he laboured hard at the mechanical part of his profes- sion, and in 1802 sent his first picture to the exhibition of tlie Royal Academy. From this period he was a regular contributor down to the year of his death. Few pencils, indeed, have been more prolific ; and the works he has left behind him, both in num- ber and excellence, have earned for him a distinguished place among the landscajie painters not only of England but of the world. In 1829 he was elected an academi- cian. Died, 1837. " Memoirs of the Life " of Mr. Constable have been published by his friend and brother artist Mr. Leslie, full of interest, and showing that both artists could wield the pen no less ably than the pencil. CONSTANS I., Flavius JuLirs, one of the sons of Constantine the Great, and his successor in the sovereignty of Africa, Italy, and Western Illyricum. His brother Con- stantine endeavoured to dispossess him of it ; but being defeated and sluin in the at- tempt, Constans became master of the whole empire. His conduct was, however, so of- fensive to the people, that the standard of revolt was hoisted, and Constans was put to death, a.d. 350. CONSTANT DE REBECQUE, Bk»ja- Mix TIE, a distinguished onitor and nuthor, attached to the liberal or constitutional party in France. He was born at Lausanne in 17(57, and at the commencement of the French revolution went to reside at Paris, where he soon distinguished himself, both by his political writings and his eloquent speeches in the senate ; and when, under the government of the directory, he was elected to the oflSce of tribune, he zealously endeavoured to maintain the equality of citizens, the freedom of the press, and the regular administration of justice. His con- duct, however, rendered him obnoxious to the first consul, and he was dismissed from his office in 1802. After retiring to Ger- many, he again appeared at Pans in 1814, and publicly advocated the cause of the Bourbons; yet we soon after find him as- sisting in forming the constitution of the Champ de Mai. Though, like many others, he had suflicient cause to retire from France on the second restoration of Louts XVIIL, he was allowed to return, and in 1819 was elected a member of the chamber of deputies, where he long remained as a distinguished leader of the opposition, particularly in all the discussions relating to the censorship of the press and the rights of the people. He wrote many works on political questions, was one of the editors of La Minerve, and a contributor to the Biographic Univer- selle. As an orator he was eloquent and profound ; and as a writer lively, imagina- tive, and acute. Died. 1830. CONSTANTINE, Cails Fi.avuts Vale- rius AuiiELiLs Claudius, surnamed the Great, emperor of the Romans, was the son of Constantius Chlorus, by Helena, and born A.D. 274. On the death of his father, in 306, he was proclaimed emperor by the troops. After defeating the Franks, he crossed the Rhine into Belgium, which he overran. In 307 he married Fausta, the daughter of Maximan, but he was soon involved in a war with his father-in-law, who assumed the title of emperor. The usurper's reign was brief ; and on his being taken prisoner, Constantius caused him to be strangled. This involved him in a war with Maxentius, son of Maximinian, in which the latter was defeated and drowned in the Tiber. It was at this time that the emjieror, as he alleged to Eusebius, saw a luminous cross in the heavens witli the inscription, " In hoc signo vinces " (Under this sign thou shalt con- quer). He accordingly caused a standard to be made in imitation of this cross ; marched to Rome in triumph ; published the me- morable edict of toleration in favour of the Christians ; and was declared by the senate, cliief, Augustus, and pontifex nuixhnus. Con- stantine had married his daughter to Li- cinius ; but the latter, jealous of his fame, took jup arms against him, and they met in Pannonia, a.d. 314. Constantine, surrounded by bishops and priests, invoked the aid of "the true God;" while Licinius, calling upon his soothsayers and magicians, relied upon them and their gods for protection. Tlie Christian emperor was victorious, and a peace was granted to Licinius ; but he afterwards renewed hostilities, was again defeated, and finally put to death. Thus con] ^ iJ^ciD ^nihtx^al SStffffrap?)!?. [con Constantine became, in 32.% sole head of the Eastern and Western empires ; and his first care was the establishment of peace and order. He displayed great courage and love of justice, and evinced an ardent zeal for the Christian religion, whicli he eventually established in his vast dominions. He also endeavoured to increase tlie solid greatness of his empire, and among other useful works, founded tlie city of Constantinople. But though his actions on the whole entitled him to the proud surname of " Tlie Great," yet various acts of cruelty, and, above all, the murder of his son Crispus, Jmve left a stain upon his character _alike as a man, a Chris- tian, and an emperor. He died in 'MT, after a reign of 31 years ; and he divided his empire between his tliree sons, Constantine, Constantius, and Constans. CONSTANTINE II., son of the above. In tlie division of the empire he had for his share, Gaul, Spain, and Britain ; but, dis- contented with the arrangement, he marched against his brother Constans, and was killed at Aquileia, 340. CONSTANTINE, Flavius Julius, a pri- vate soldier, who was raised by the army in Britain to the imperial dignity in 407^ on which he crossed over to Gaul, and con- quered that country and Spain. He fixed his court at Aries, where he was besieged by Constantius, the general of the emperor Ilonorius, to whom he surrendered on the promise that liis life should be spared ; but it was basely violated, and both Constantine and his son were put to death, a. d. 411. CONSTANTINE IV., who was called the Bearded, was son of Constans II., whom he succeeded in 668. The army having set up his two brothers as his coadjutors, he ordered their noses to be cut off. As a soldier he was prompt and brave. He defeated the Saracens, and called a council at Constanti- nople, at which the doctrine of the Mono- thelites was condemned. Died, 685. CONSTANTINE VI., was son of Leo H., whom he succeeded. Being only 10 years old when his father died, his mother Irene was his guardian and regent of the empire. On arriving at a mature age lie assumed the government himself ; but Irene, made cruel by ambition, took advantage of an invasion of the Bulgarians to cause her son to be seized and deprived of his eyes. This occurred in 792, and the unfortunate em- peror languished some years in obscurity, and when he died was succeeded by his un- natural parent. CONSTANTINE VII., sumamed PoR- PUYKOGENITUS, succeeded I>eo tlie Wise in 912. He drove the Turks from Italy, and defeated the Lombards. But military affairs did not prevent him from attending to let- ters ; and besides other writings, he left a treatise on state afiairs, the geography of the empire ; and the "Life of the Emperor Basilius the Macedonian." Died, 959. CONSTANTINE IX., was son of the em- peror Romanus, and, in conjunction with his brother Basil II., succeeded John Ri- misces in 976 ; the actual power, however, was chiefly wielded by Constantine. Died, 1028. CONSTANTINE, Dkacoses or Pal^:- OLOGus, the last of the Greek emperors, succeeded to the throne in 1449. He was killed in bravely defending Constantinople against Mahomet II., who, in 14.'>3, besieged the city with 300,000 men. The heroic valour displayed by Constantine in this un- equal contest demands our admiration ; but valour was of no avail, the city was taken by storm, and thus ended the Greek empire. CONSTANTINE, CiiSAROViTCH Paulo- viTCH, grand-prince of Russia, second son of the emperor Paul, and brother of Alexander, was born in 1779. He attended his brother in all his campaigns, and was distinguished for bravery in the field ; but he possessed the characteristics of a half-civilised ruler, being cruel and tyrannical in all that related to the government of the Poles, over whom he was placed. He formally renounced his right of succession to his younger brother, the emperor Nicholas, and was present at his coronation. Died, 1831. CONSTANTIUS, Chlorus, the son of Eutropius, and the father of Constantine the Great. He obtained the title of Cccsar from his victories in Germany and Britain ; and on the abdication of Diocletian was chosen the colleague of Galerius. He died at York, in 306. CONSTANTIUS, Flatius Julius, the second son of Constantine the Great, was bom in 317, made Cassar in 323, and elected emperor in 337. The soldiers, to secure the throne to the three sons of Constantine, massacred the uncles and cousins of tliose princes, with the exception of Julian the Apostate and his brother Gallus. After this the sons of Constantine divided the em- pire, Constantius taking the east to his sliare. Magnentius, governor of Rlioetia, murdered Constans, who had reigned over Italy 13 3'ears; on which Constantius marched against the murderer, whom he defeated, and his elder brother being also dead, he became sole emperor. lie died on his march against Julian, who had assumed the purple in 361. CONTARINI. This is the name of a noble Venetian family, of which several filled the oflice of doge ; but their lives pre- sent nothing sufficiently remarkable for separate notice here. CONTAT, Louise, madame de Parny, a French actress, remarkable for her beauty, vivacity, grace, and dignity ; born, 1760 ; sustained her station on the stage 32 years ; and died in 1813. CONTE, Nicholas Jacques, a French painter, but more distinguished for the in- genuity of his mechanical contrivances. He accompanied the expedition to Egypt, where his services were of the greatest value ; for, the machines and instruments of the army having fallen into the hands of the Arabs, he constructed corn and gunpowder mills, manufactured swords, engineering instru- ments, telescopes, and, in short, every tiling necessary for a military and scientific ex- pedition. Born, 1755 ; died, 1805. CONWAY, Henry Seymour, second son of Lord Conway, was a distinguished military officer and statesman, born in 1720. He served with applause in the seven years' war, was secretary of state from 1765 to 1768, ap- pointed commander-in-chief in 1782, and con] ^ ^cli) Unihzx^al 3Si0gra}j]^p. [coo died in 1795, being at that time the senior British field-marshal. CONYBEARE, JoH.v, bishop of Bristol ; author of " An Able Defence of Revealed Religion," against Tindal's " Christianity as Old as the Creation," and of 2 volumes of excellent sermons. Died, 1757. CONYBEARE, Joux Josias, a learned I English divine, critic, and antiquary ; au- thor of a volume of admirable sermons, preached at the Bampton Lecture ; and of various articles on Saxon literature, con- tributed to the Censura lateraria, and the British Bibliographer. He also contributed some valuable papers, on chemistry and mineralogy, to the Annals of Philosophy and the Transactions of the Geological So- ciety. Died, 1824. COOK, IlEXKY,an English painter. He studied in Italy under Salvator Rosa ; but for many years after his return to England he lived in obscurity and distress. He was at length employed by king William to re- pair the cartoons, from which time he seems to have been comparatively prosperous, as Horace AValpole mentions several public works which were either wholly or iu part performed by him. Died, 1700. COOK, Captain James, a celebrated English navigator. He was bom at Marton, in Yorkshire, in 1728 ; and his parents being poor, his early education included only reading, writing, and the rudiments of com- mon arithmetic. He commenced his naval career in the merchant service, then entered on board the Eagle man-of-war, and after 4 years meritorious service was made master of tlie Mercury. This vessel formed part of the 8(iuadi on sent against Quebec ; and Cook performed the difficult task of taking sound- ings in the St. Lawrence, in the very face of the French encami>ment, and of making a chart of the St. Lawrence below Quebec. After various and arduous services he was at length raised to the rank of lieutenant ; and then commenced that series of voyages, the details of which form one of the most popular and delightful books in our language. Un- happily, while touching at Owhyhee, Captain Cook, in s^iiite of the utmost prudence and i humanity, was involved in a dispute with I the natives, and while endeavouring to reach j his boat was savagely murdered, on St. ; "Valentine's Day, 1779. — Ilis wife, Elizabetu Cook, survived him X years ! having died at her residence at Clapham, in 1835, aged 03. But she had to mourn the loss of her 3 sons in a few years after the unhappy fate of her husband. Nathaniel, their second son, was lost in the Thunderer, which foundered at sea, in 17«0 ; High, a student at Cam- bridge, died in 1793 ; and James, the eldest son, was lost, with his boat's crew, while commander of the Spitfire sloop-of-war, off the Isle of Wight, in 1794. COOKE, Sir Anthony, an eminent En- glish scholar. He was one of the tutors of Edward VI., who highly esteemed him. Born, 1508 ; died, 1576. COOKE, Benjamin, Mus. Doc, an able musicidn and composer ; author of " How sleep the Brave," " Hark, hark ! the Lark," and many other beautiful and popular elees. Died, 1814. COOKE, George Fkederick, an eminent modern English actor, was born in 1750. In early life he was apprenticed to a printer, but his attention to theatricals so completely absorbed his mind, that his master soon had his indentures cancelled. He then tried the navy with no better success, his inclination for the stage being unconquerable. After the usual probation among itinerant com- panies, he became a star at the larger pro- vincial theatres, as York, Manchester, and Liverpool, and was at length engaged at Dublin for 3 years. Thence his fame tra- velled to Ix)ndon ; and in October, 1800, he made his appearance at Covent Garden in the character of Richard III. His perform- ance of this character gave him at once a place among the very first histrionic artists of the day, and he soon became highly po- pular in that part, and in Macbeth, lago, Sir Pertinax Mac Sycophant, Shylock, &c. He afterwards accepted an engagement in Ame- rica, where he performed with similar success, but his indulgence in riotous and debauched habits completely broke up his originally vigorous constitution, and he died in 1812. COOKE, Thomas, an English poet ; trans- lator of the works of Ilesiod, and of some of those of Cicero. He also wrote some political tracts, dramas, and poems ; the latter of which gave offence to Pope, and procured their author a place in the Dunciad. Died, 17.56. COOKE, Thomas, whose versatility of musical talent has had few equals in our time, was bom at Dublin, 1781. He evinced even in his infancy a genius for music ; and so assiduously did he tultivate his talents, that at the age of 15 he became leader of the band at the Theatre Royal of his native city. His first appearance as a singer was in the character of Seraskier, in the " Siege of Belgrade ;" and so well did he fill the part, that he at once took rank as a first-class vocalist. In 1813 he appeared on the boards of the English Opera House, now the Ly- ceum, in London, where he at once became a public favourite ; and having soon after- wards joined Drury Lane, he filled to the entire satisfaction of all parties, private, dra- matic, and public, the various situations of vocalist, director of the musical department, composer, and leader of the orchestra. On his retirement from the stage, he became successively conneetedwith the Philharmonic Society, the Catch Club, and other musical associations, reaping fresh laurels every year by his glees, duets, and ballads, and gaining golden opinions by his agreeable manners, ready wit, and kindly disposition. Besides being the leader of tliePhilharmonic Concerts for many years, and a conductor on many occasions, he was appointed, in 1846, leader of the Concerts of Ancient Music, and was repeatedly engaged in the same capacity for the great musical festivals throughout the country. Died, 1848. COOKE, William, an eminent English lawyer ; author of a " Compendious System of the Bankrupt Laws, with an Appendix of Practical Precedents." He was one of the commissioners who were sent to Milan to take depositions against Queen Caroline, wife of George IV. Died, 1832. T 2 coo] ^ ^cfio mnibtv^Kl 38tOQrap]b2). [coo COOKE, William, a poet and biographer, bom at Cork, in Ireland ; author of " The Art of Living in Tiondon," " Elements of Dramatic Criticism," " Biographies of Macklin and Foote," "Conversation," a didactic poem, &c. Died, 1824. COOMBE, AViLLiAM, an industrious and clever writer ; author of" "Mie Diaboliad," a satire ; " The Devil upon Two Sticks in England," "Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of the Picturesque," " History of Johnny Quae Genus," "English Dance of Death," &c. Died, 1823. COOPER, Antiioxy Ashley, first earl of Shaftesbury, an eminent statesman, bom in 1621. lie studied for a short time in Lin- coln's Inn, but at the early age of I'j he was elected member of parliament for Shrews- bury. From this time his whole life was spent in business or political intrigue. At the breaking out of the civil war he at first sided with the king, but afterwards went over to the parliament, raised troops, and stormed Wareham, in Dorsetshire. After serving in the long parliament, and in the convention which succeeded it, and being also one of Cromwell's privy councillors, he be- came one of Monk's colleagues in bringing about the restoration of Charles II. For this important service he was raised to the peerage by tlie title of baron Ashley, and made a lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. As a member of the noto- rious Cabal ministry, great odium has been thrown upon him by some writers, while others afiirm that he opposed some of its worst measures. At all events, his conduct was satisfactory to the king, who, in 1672, created him earl of Shaftesbury, and raised him to the high and important post of lord high chancellor. This office, however, he held only a year ; and on the seals being taken from him he became one of the opposi- tion. In this capacity he was so violent, that he was at length sent to the Tower, where he remained more than a year, and only obtained his release at last by making a full submission. When he again got into power, he had the merit of bringing forward, and causing to be passed, the invaluable law called the Habeas Corpus act. His unre- mitting efforts to exclude the Duke of York from the succession, "oused that prince to such strenuous exertions, that in 4 months the ministry was turned out, and shortly afterwards the earl was sent to the Tower on a charge of high treason. On this perilous charge he was acquitted, to the great joy of the people at large ; but his triumph was somewhat damped by the withering satire with which his character was depicted in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel. Wearied with incessant toils, much worn in health, and, probably, apprehensive of a time arriv- ing when corruption might render his ac- quittal on charges, however false, by no means certain, he retired to Holland, where he died in 1683. COOPER, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury, and grandson of the last named, was a very eminent English writer, born in 1671. In 1693, after the usual course of education and foreign travels, he was elected member of parliament for Poole, in Dorsetshire ; and his parliamentary conduct was marked by an honourable and earnest support of every measure tending to increase the prosperity and maintain the freedom of his fellow subjects. But his public career was stopped by the delicacy of his health ; and from the year 16S)8 he chiefly resided abroad, devoting himself to study, and cor- responding with Bayle, T^ Clerc, and other eminent literati. lie was the author of various works, the principal one of which is entitled " Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times ; " but though lively and elegant, they are all tinged with a degree of indecorous levity. As a man, however, both in his public and private life, he was beloved and respected by all parties. Died, 1713. COOPER, Sir Astley Paston, bart., a surgeon of distinguished celebrity, was born at Brooke, in Norfolk, in 1768. He was placed with a medical gentleman at Yar- mouth, in 1782, but was soon removed to London, in order to attend the hospitals, and was articled to his uncle, W. Cooper, Esq., then surgeon to Guy's Hospital. With him, however, he remained but a few months, being transferred to Mr. Cline, in which situation his extraordinary aptitude for his profession quickly developed itself. In his twentieth year he went to Edinburgh, but quickly returned to Tx)ndon,and took up his abode with Mr. Cline, his former instructor, who found him so able a coadjutor, in his situation of demonstrator to the students, as to assign him a share in his anatomical lec- tures also. In this prominent position he outshone all who had preceded him as a popular teacher. His class of students in- creased from .50 to 400, which was the largest ever known in London. " He was," says Mr. Pettigrew, " the idol of the Borough school ; the pupils followed him in troops, listening with almost breathless anxiety to catch the observations wliich fell from his lips upon the several cases presented to his view. But on the days of operation, this feeling was wound up to the highest pitch — the sight was altogether deeply interest- ing ; the large theatre of Guy's crowded to the ceiling — the profound silence obtained upon his entry — that person so manly and truly imposing, and the awful feeling con- nected with the occasion, can never be for- gotten by any of his pupils." In 1792 he visited Paris, and attended the lectures of Desault and Chopart ; and on his return he took up his resideuce in the city, first in Jeffery Square, and afterwards in Broad Street. Kis practice had now become im- mense ; and, long before he removed to New Street, Spring Gardens, he was de- cidedly affluent : while there he for many years realised from 18,000?. to 20,000?. per annum. Satisfied with the acquisition of a splendid fortune, and a reputation for ana- tomical and surgical skill never surpassed. Sir Astley Cooper some years before his death retired for a time to the country ; but he found that a life of quiescence and re- tirement would not suit his active mind, and he returned to London, once more to resume his professional avocations. Notwithstand- ing the immensity of his surgical operations, coo] ^ l^eb) CIntbcrM SJtffgrajpIji), [cor and the time he devoted to aiiatomical and physiological inquiries, he still found time to publish several works of great utility ; but his imperishable fame rests mainly upon his accurate anatomical knowledge, and the ex- traordinary facility with which he performed the most difficult operations. The honour of a baronetcy was conferred on him at the coronation of George IV., to whom he had been appointed surgeon. Died Feb. 12. 1841, aged 72. COOPER, John- GiLBEnr, a clever English writer ; author of " The Tower of Harmony," a poem i " The Life of Socrates," "Letters on Taste," "The Tomb of Shakspeare," &c. Died, 1769. COOPER, Samuel, an eminent English painter, whose excellence in miniature paint- ing gained him the name of the Miniature Vandyke. One of his best works is his por- trait of Oliver Cromwell. Died, 1C72. COOPER, Samuel, an American clergy- man, distinguished both as a preacher and a patriot. He was among the foremost in opposing Great Britain in her dispute with the colonies, and wrote many political tracts; and he was also an eminent critic and theo- logian. Born, 172.5 ; died. 182^3. COOPER, Thomas, D.D., bishop of Win- ch<rster ; author of " An Ei)itome of the Chronicles," " An Exposition of the Sun- day Lessons," " Thesaurus Lingua; Romanae et BritannicsB, et Dictionarium Historicum et Poeticum," &c. He was a very learned and zealous prelate, and much favoured by queen Elizabeth. Died, 1.194. COOTE, Sir Eyre, a distinguished mili- tary officer. He was born in Ireland, in 172«, and as early as the rebellion of 1745 bore arms in the king's service. His regi- ment being ordered to the East Indies in 17.')4, he greatly distinguished himself at the siegesofllaughlej-, Chandernogore, andPon- dicherry, and at the battle of Plassey,|&c. In 1780, Hyder Ally having invaded the Camatic, Sir Eyre Coote, with a vastly in- ferior force, arrested his progress, and in various encounters signally defeated liim. He died at Madras, in 1783. COPERNICUS, Nicholas, a celebrated mathematician and astronomer. He was a native of Thorn, in Prussia, and received his education at the university of Cracow. He then travelled into Italy, and became a professor of mathematics at Rome. On his return to his native country, his uncle, the bishop of Warmia, gave him a canonry ; and being thus at ease as to fortune, he diligently laboured to improve the science of astronomy ; and the fruits of his re- searches appeared in his Latin treatise " On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs," in which he represented the sun as occupy- ing a centre round which the earth and the other planets revolve. Aware that bigotry would probably assail him, he says, in his prefatory address to the pope — " If there be any who, though ignorant of mathematics, shall presume to judge concerning them, and dare to condemn tliis treatise because they fancy it is inconsistent with some passages of Scripture, the sense of which they have miserably perverted, I regard them not, but despise their rash censure." In fact his great work remained in MS. some years after he had completed it, so I diffident was he as to the reception it might meet with ; and it Mas only a few hours before his death that a printed copy was presented to him, giving him assurance that his opinions would see the light, though he would be beyond the reach of censure and persecution. Born, 147;5 ; died, 1.54.3. COPI>ESTON, RiglitRev. EnwAitn, bishop of Llandaft', and dean of St. Patil's, was bom at Ott'well in Devonshire, of which parish his father was at once the patron and incum- bent, 1770. His early education was con- ducted under the paternal roof. AVhen he was 15 years old, he was elected to a scholar- ship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In 1793 he gained the chancellor's prize for a Latin poem ; and in 1795 he was elected fellow of Oriel under the most lionourable circumstances, became college tutor 2 years later, and after filling various higher offices connected with the university, he exchanged his professorial career for the honours of the church, being in 1826 appointed dean of Chester, and in 1827 bishop of Llandaff and dean of St. Paul's. At an early period of his life, Dr. Copleston gained great distinction by his polemical pamphlets in favour of the university ; and besides contributing various articles to the Quarterly Review, gave to the world numerous sermons and charges, all of them distinguished by vigour, clear- ness, and precision of thought. Died, 1849. COPLEY, John Sixoleto.v, an eminent painter, was bom at Boston, in the United States, in 1738; visited Italy in 1774; and in 1776 came to England, and was chosen a member of the Royal Academy. As an artist he was self-educated, and had exe- cuted many works of merit l)efore he left America ; but his " Death of I-ord Chat- ham " established his fame in this country. Many other fine historical subjects were subsequently produced by him, among which were " The Siege of Gibraltar," "Death of Major Plerson," "Charles I. in the House of Commons," &c. He died in 1815. Mr. Copley was the father of Lord Lyndhurst, late lord chancellor of England, and since chief baron of the exchequer. CORAM, Thomas, a man who deserves the gratitude of his country for devoting a long life to the cause of philanthropy. After great sacrifices, and persevering ex- ertions for years, he established and obtained a charter for the Foundling Hospital, which, added to other benevolent undertakings, so impaired his fortune, that in his old age it became necessary to relieve his necessities by a public subscription. Died, 1751. CORBET, RiCHAKD, D.D., an English divine, and a poet ; author of a spirited " Narrative of a Journey to France," and of various other poems, published under the title of " Poetica Stromata." He was remarkable for wit, and no less so for an eccentricity and mirthful jocularity, which did not very well accord with the character of his profession. It did not, however, pre- vent him from being raised, successively, to the bishoprics of Oxford and Norwich. Bom, 1582 ; died, 1635. CORDARA, Julius Ccsab, an Italian cor] ^ ^eto Winiiitr^aX 28togvapi^s. [cor Jesuit ; author of an able work, entitled, " Historia Societatis Jesu," &c. Died, 1784. CORDAY D'ARMANS, Marie Anne Charlotte, a female of great beauty and courage, who, in revenge for the death of her lover, an officer in the garrison of Caen, j became the murderer of Marat, a wretch more execrable for his sanguinary fury than any of his infamous compeers. This mon- ster had denounced her lover as an enemy of the French republic, and caused his as- sassination ; and slie determined to rid the country of one whose enormities had risen to such a height, that he was everywliere regarded as the head of that class so em- phatically called buveurs de sang (the drinkers of blood). That she was actuated by a sense of duty, and felt that she was about to perform an act of patriotic hero- ism, there is not the slightest doubt ; and as the circumstances attending it possess more than ordinary interest, the following detailed account will perhaps be here ad- missible, although our limits generally for- bid the insertion of so long a narrative. In- spired with a deep-rooted hatred against Marat, Charlotte Corday left her liome, and on arriving at Paris (July 12. 1793), she went to liis liouse, but was not admitted. On tlie same evening she wrote to him as follows : — " Citizen, I have just now come from Caen. Your love for your country no doubt makes you desirous of being in- formed of the unliappy transactions in tliat part of the republic. Grant me an inter- view for a moment. I liave important dis- coveries to make to you." Tlie following day came, and, with a dagger in her bo- som, she proceeded to the house of Marat, who, just on the point of coming out of his bath, immediately gave orders that she should be admitted. The assemblies at Cal- vados were the first subjects of conversation, and Marat heard with eagerness tlie naniea of those who were present at them. " All these," he exclaimed, " shall be guillotined." At these words Charlotte plunged lier dagger into his bosom, and lie instantly expired, uttering the words, " To me, my friend ! " Meanwhile the maid remained calm and tranquil as the priestess before the altar, in the midst of the tumult and confusion. Slie was afterwards conducted as a prisoner to the Abbaye. A young man, who begged to die in her place, was also condemned to death. Her first care was to implore the forgiveness of her father for disposing of her life without his knowledge. She then wrote to Barbaroux as follows : " To-morrow, at 5 o'clock, my trial begins, and on the same day I hope to meet with Brutus and the other patriots in elysium." She appeared before the revolutionary tribunal with a Signified air, and her replies were firm and noble. She spoke of her deed as a duty which she owed lier country. Her defender (Chaveau Lagarde), full of astonishment at such courage, cried out, " You hear the ac- cused herself I She confesses her crime ; she admits that she has coolly reflected upon it ; she conceals no circumstance of it ; and she wishes for no defence. This unshaken calmness, this total abandonment of herself, these appearances of the utmost internal 210 tranquillity, are not natural ! Such appear- ances are not to be explained only by that political fanaticism, which armed her hand with the dagger. To you then, gentlemen of the jury, it belongs to judge of what weight this moral view may be in the scale of justice 1 " His words could make no im- pression on the minds of the judges. She was condemned, and led to the scaffold ; retaining her calmness and presence of mind to the last, though pursued by the crowd with yells and shouts of execration. She was born at St. Saturnin, near Seez, in Nor- mandy, 1768 ; and suffered by the guillotine, July 17. 1703. CORDIER, Mathhrix, an eminent pro- fessor at Taris in the 16th century, better known by liis Latin name, Cordekius ; author of the "Colloquies" so much used in the education of youth, and various other works. Died, 1,564. CORDLNER, Charles, an antiquarian and topographical writer, was born at Peter- head in 1746. He completed his education at King's College, Aberdeen, and was soon after admitted to the order of priesthood by Dr. Traill of Down and Connor. He was afterwards appointed to the charge of St. Andrew's Episcopal Chapel, Banff. Mr. Cordiner was the first of the clergy of English ordination who united with the Scottish Episcopal Church after the abrogation of tlie very remarkable and severe penal laws passed in the reign of George II., and abo- lished under the more paternal government of George III. He early displaj-ed a taste for drawing and painting, which he culti- vated afterwards as an amusement for his leisure liours ; and, during his residence at Banff, he designed the paintings of the win- dows of the mausoleum of Duff House for the Earl of Fife. He was also devotedly attached to the study of antiquities, more especially those of the northern parts of Scotland. He was introduced to Mr. Pen- nant, when on his tour througli Scotland, and at his suggestion he was induced to write "The Picturesque Scenery and An- tiquities of the North of Scotland," 1780, London, 1 vol. 4to ; in a series of letters to Mr. Pennant, being a continuation or supplement of such places in the north of Scotland which had not been visited by that gentleman in the course of his tour. The engravings which accompany this work are from designs by Mr. Cordiner, and are much admired for their accuracv. He died at Banff, 19th November, 1794," aged 48. CORDOVA, Jose M., general in chief of the auxiliary Colombian army in Bolivia, who repeatedly distinguished himself by his bravery, and was for a long time the faith- ful adherent of Bolivar ; but he set up the standard of revolt in Antioquia, where he was attacked by General O'Leary, and slain, Nov. 17. 1829. CORELLI, Archangelo, a Bolognese musician and composer. His fame chiefly rests upon his solos, which are considered a complete standard work for forming the hand of young violinists. Died, 1713. CORIATE, or CORYATE, Thomas, an English traveller and writer. For a consi- derable time he held a situation in the cob] ^ ^ctD SantfatriSal 3Bidfitajj!)s. [cor 1 household of Prince Henry, son of James I., I and was so remarkable for oddity and ec- : centricity, that, as Anthoiiy Wood remarks, ! " he was the whetstone for all tlie wits of I tlie age." In 1(508 he commenced a pedes- I trian tour of Europe ; and having walked j '900 miles with one pair of shoesi, he hung I them up, on his return, in the parish church I of his native place, Odcombe, in Somerset- I shire. This eccentric traveller, who is said j to have introduced into England the use of ; table forks, published " Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months' Travel in France, ', Savoy, Italy, Rhetia, Helvetia, Germany, I and the Netherlands ; " " Coriate's Crambe, I or his Colewort twice Sodden," "Traveller j for the English Wits," and " A I-etter from ! the Court of the Great Mogul." He died j while travelling in the East Indies, in 1617. I CORILLA, Maria Marelina Fernax- ' PEZ, a celebrated improvisatrice. Her abi- lities, both as a poetess and a musician, were very great, and so versatile, that a mere enumeration of the subjects upon which ehe could extemporise would demand more space than we can afford. She became a member of the academy of the Arcadi at Rome, and was solemnly crowned at the accession of Pius VI. She was married to a signor Morelli, of Leghorn ; but her conduct after marriage was very unwortliy of her great genius. Died, 1800. CORINNA, a celebrated poetess, to whom the Greeks gave the appellation of the Lyric Muse. She composed a great number of poems, of which only a few fragments have come down to us ; and five times obtained the poetic wreath from her great competitor, Pindar. She flourished in the 5th century B.C., and a tomb was erected to her memory in her native city, Tanagra, in Bccotia. CORIOLANUS, Caius Marcjus, was a descendant of the patrician family of the Marcii, and was from an early age distin- guished for the courage and pride so much prized by the Romans. In a war with the Volscians, the Romans besieging Corioli, the capital of the Volscians, were driven back to their lines. Marcius rallied his countrymen, pursued the enemy, and pos- sessed liimself of Corioli ; for which he was rewarded with a large share of the spoil, and with the surname of Coriolanus. Sub- sequently, in disputes which took place be- tween the patricians and plebeians, Corio- lanus made himself so obnoxious to the latter, that he was banished. Stung by the ingratitude of his countrymen, he joined the Volscians, and, jointly with TuUus Aufidius, led a numerous army against Rome. He had encamped within five miles of the city, and its ruin seemed inevitable, when, at tlie urgent entreaties of his mother, he with- drew his army. It is generally supposed that, in a tumult of the enraged Volscians, he was assassinated as a traitor to their cause ; but the historian Fabius affirms that he lived many years after this event, b. c. 448. CORNARO, LcDovico, a Venetian noble, whose precepts derive great force from the food result of his own practice of them, [aving greatly injured his health by too free indulgence in the pleasures of the table, he had the resolution entirely to abandon that indulgence, and to restrict himself to 12 ounces of food aud 14 ounces of wine in the 24 hours. Having by this re- gimen restored himself to health, he wrote various treatises recommendatory of the system from which he had derived so much benefit. Besides these, which are collected under the title of " Discorsi della Vita Sobria," he wrote " Trattato delle Acque." He commenced his dietary rule when he was 40, and died at the great age of 104, in 1566. CORNEILLE, Pierre, the greatest of the French dramatic poets. He was bom at Rouen in 1606, and for some time prac- tised in that city as an advocate. His first dramatic performance was " M^lite," a comedy, which met with such distinguished success, that he was encouraged to devote his rare powers to the drama. The tragedies of " Medea," " The Cid." " The Horatii," and " Cinna," followed, and established for their author a pre-eminent station among French dramatists. Besides the foregoing, he wrote many other tragedies ; and trans- lated Thomas A Kempis, " On the Imitation of Jesus Christ." It is melancholy to reflect that the great Corneille, who had achieved fame equally for himself ami his country's literature, ended his days in po^-erty and distress. Died, 1684. CORNEILLE, Thomas, brother of the preceding, and also a fertile and successful dramatist, was born in 1625. Several of his tragedies are admirable ; in fact, there seems to be a good deal of truth in Voltaire's asser- tion, that Thomas Corneille would have had a great reputation, if he had not had a great brother. Besides dramatic works, he wrote a ** Dictionary of Arts and Sciences," a " Geo- graphical and Historical Dictionary," and a translation of the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Died, 1708. CORNELIA, an illustrious Roman lady. She was daughter of Scipio Africanus, wife of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, and mo- ther of the two famous tribunes. She was of a grave and dignified deportment, and possessed so great a control over her feelings, that when a friend condoled with her on the death of her sons, she replied, " The woman who had the Gracchi for sons cannot be con- sidered unfortunate." Her literary talents must have been considerable, as Cicero very highly commends some of her epistles. She flourished in the second century b.c, and after her death the Romans erected a statue to her memory, bearing the inscription, " To Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi." CORNELISZ, or CORNELIUS, Lucas, a Dutch painter, who came to England, and was much employed by Henry VIII., who appointed him his painter. CORNWALLIS, Sir Charles, an able English statesman. He was sent to Spain as ambassador from James I., and was trea- surer to that king's son, Prince Henry. Died, 1630. CORNWALLIS, Charles, Marquis of, son of the first Earl Cornwallis, was born in 1738, and entered the army as soon as he had completed his education at Cambridge. In America he acted a conspicuous part. cor] ^ ^tia ^nihtxSaX 28iOflrapIjj|. [cos and greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Brandywine, and at the siege of Charlestown. After gaining the important battles of Camden and Guildford he deter- mined to invade Virginia ; but his plans failing, and owing, as he affirmed, to the inefficient conduct of Sir Henry Clinton, upon ■whom he had relied for support, he and his army were made prisoners. In 1786 he was made governor-general and com- mander-in-chief in India. The government of Bengal found it necessary to uphold the rajah of Travancore against the sultan of the Mysore, and the first campaign being unsuccessful, in 1791 he invaded the Mysore, besieged Seringapatam, and compelled Tip- poo Sahib to submit to the humiliating terms imposed on him by his conqueror. Having performed this important service. Lord Corn- wallis returned to England, was raised to the rank of marquis, and made master-general of the ordnance. In 1798 he was sent to Ireland as lord lieutenant ; and in the trying and terrible scenes of the rebellion so con- ducted himself as to gain the good opinion of the public, while vigorously upholding and vindicating the laws. In 1801 his lord-lieu- tenancy expired, and he was sent on a mission to France, where, in 1802, he signed the peace of Amiens. In 1804, he was a second time appointed governor-general of India ; but his arduous services had now completely worn out his frame, and he died, soon after his arrival in India, at Ghazepore, in the province of Benares, in 1805. CORONELLI, ViNCXNT, a Venetian eccle- siastic, and a professor of geography and roathematics. He was the author of a very extensive atlas, and the founder of the geo- graphical society at Venice, Died, 1718. CORREA DA SERRA, JosEnt Fraxcis, a botanist, and the founder of the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon, was born at Serra, Por- tugal, in 1750. Having gone to France just previous to the revolution, and been intimate with Broussouet, the naturalist, he was charged with being a Jacobin and freemason, and compelled to fly his country, in order to escape from the fangs of the Inquisition, In 181(5 he was sent to the United States as Portuguese envoy ; re-called in 1819, to be a member of finance ; and died in 1823, CORREGGIO, AsTONio Allegri da, a painter of transcendant ability, was bom in 14»t, at Correggio, in the duchy of Modena. He is the founder of the Lombard School, and unrivalled by all competitors for the grace and loveliness of his figures, and the exquisite harmony of his colouring. An absurd story, since disproved, was long cur- rent illustrative of his poverty, and the ill usage he met with from the ecclesiastics of Parma, for the cathedral of Which city he painted the " Assumption of the Virgin," and other noted pictures. Died, 1534. CORRI, DoMENico, an Italian musician and composer. Having settled in England he produced '• The Travellers, or Music's Fascination." He also published a variety of songs and other compositions, but his re- putation is chiefly founded upon " The Tra- vellers." Died, 1825. CORSLNI, Edward, an Italian monk, pro- fessor of philosophy and metaphysics at Pisa ; 2J2 author of " Philosophical and Mathematical Institutions," in six volumes ; " Elementary Geometry," several classical works, " A History of the University of Pisa," &c. Died, 1765. CORTEZ, or CORTES, Ferkattdo, the conqueror of Mexico, was born, in 1485, at Medelin, in Estremadura, and, after studying the law, quitted it for the military profession. In 1511 he went with Velasquez to Cuba ; and the conquest of Mexico being determined upon, Cortez obtained the command of the expedition for that purpose. In 1518 he set sail with 700 men in 10 vessels ; and on land- ing at Tabasco he caused his vessels to be burned, in order that his soldiers might have no other resource than their own valour. Having conquered the Tlascalans, and in- duced them to become his allies, he marched towards Mexico, where he was amicably re- ceived ; but having seized upon their inca, Montezuma, and treated the people with the utmost insolence, the Mexicans first mur- mured, and then resisted. Cortez besieged the city of Mexico ; and in the desperate strnggle which ensued, it is said that upwards of 100,000 of the faithful and unfortunate Mexicans were killed or perished by famine. Having reduced the devoted city, Cortez completely overran the ^Mexican territories ; in doing which he committed atrocities which would be incredible if related on any less irrefragable testimonies than those which compel our belief. In reward for the addi- tion he bad made to the wealth of Spain, he had a grant of land and the title of marquis ; but on returning he found that the court of Madrid were become jealous of his power, and treated him with cold neglect. Died, 1554. CORTONA, PiETRODA, properly Pietro Berrettini. an Italian painter. He was a native ofCortona, in Tuscany, and at an early age was placed under the tuition of ! Baccio Ciarpi at Rome. The Barberini I palace, the new works at the Vatican, and many of the churches of Rome, were deco- | rated by him ; and at Florence he adorned i the Pitti palace for the Grand-duke Ferdi- nand II. In addition to being an eminent painter, he was almost equally eminent as an architect. Died, 1669. CORVISART, JoHir Nicholas, an emi- nent French physician, was born in 1755. He was intended for the law, but his pre- dilection for medical science induced his friends to change his destination. He was chief physician to Napoleon, who made him a baron, and an officer of the legion of honour. Nor was his great merit over- looked by the Bourbons, the place of ho- norary member of the royal academy of medicine being conferred on him a short time previous to his death, which happened in 1821 . He was the author of some valuable medical books, and translated others. C08IN, JoHJf, a learned, pious, and cha- ritable prelate, was born at Norwich, in 1594, and educated at Cambridge. In 1640 he was made dean of Peterborough ; but the Puri- tans deprived him of his preferments, and even went the length of impeaching him on a charge of being inclined to popery. On this he retired to France, where he remained cos] ^ lieto ^nCticriSal 3Bt0(irajplb!?» [cot until the restoration of Charles II., who raised him to the see of Durham, Among his writings are "A History of Transub- stantiation " and " A Scholastical History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures." Died, 1672. COSMAS, sumamed Indicopleustes, a celebrated merchant of Alexandria, living in the 6th century ; who, after making a voyage to India, and writing sereral books on cosmography, quitted commerce and became a monk. COSMO I., grand-duke of Tuscany, bom in 1519, was the son of John de Medici ; and on the assassination of Alexander, chief of the house of Medici, was elected head of the republic of Florence, though strenuously opposed by a party who favoured the Floren- tine exiles. Several attempts were made to shake the power of Cosmo, but he succeeded in defeating them ; and it was probably in order to secure himself able and rcalous defenders in case of open revolt, that he instituted the military order of the Knights of St. Stephen. He restored tlic university of Pisa, and held out tl»e most liberal en- couragement to men of scientific and literary eminence to settle there as professors. He also founded tl»e academy of Florence, established its gallery of paintings, and per- formed many other wise and honourable actions ; thus procuring himself a celebrity «nd influence which probal)ly he would in vain have sought by the more dazzling, but infinitely less useful, achievements of the warrior. After a prosiierous reign of 34 years, lie died in 1.574. COSTA, Emanx^el Mkndez da, a learned naturalist, foreign secretary to the Royal Society ; author of " A Natural History of Fossils, " " Elements of Conchology," and of various useful papers in the Philosophical Transactions. COSTA FURTADO DE MENDOCA, HiPPOLYTO Joseph da, a Portuguese gen- tleman of sdentiflc and literary attainments, who, being charged with freemasonry, woa thrown into the prison of the Inquisition at Lisbon. Here he was repeatedly examined. And his answers not being satisfactory to his persecutors, he was remanded to his dungeon, with little prospect that his sufleriiigs would terminate otherwise than in death. By one of those fortunate accidents which some- times make " truth stranger than fiction," his cell was left open, and he was enabled to possess himself of a bunch of keys which opened every lot-.k that was between him and liberty. Having taken these keys, and a, book which lay beside them, he made his escape ; and after lying hidden several weeks in the immediate neighbourhood of his late dungeon, he found means to embark for England. The book which he brought from ills prison contained, iater alia, notes of his examinations before the inquisitors ; and soon after his arrival he published a nar- rative of the persecutions he had under- gone, the aecount of his examinations being taken from the official document of which lie had thus oddly become possessed. His talents, and the interest excited by his ad- ventures, obtained him considerable notice, aad he became foreign secretary to tlie Duke of Sussex, and charge d'affaires in this country for the Brazilian government. Died, 1824. COSTANZA, Angelo di, a Neapolitan poet, of noble birth ; author of sonnets and other poems, and of " Istoria del Regno di Napoli," containing the history of Naples from 12.'» to 1489. Died, 1591. COSTARD, George, a learned English divine ; author of " Letters on the Astrono- my of the Ancients," a treatise on "The Use of Astronomy in Chronology and His- tory," " A Commentary on tlie Book of Job," &c. Born, 1710 ; died, 1782. C08TE, PiEKUK, a learned French Pro- testant, for some time resident in England, and who acted as amanuensis to Locke, but subsequently returned to his own countrj'. He translated into French Locke's Reason- ableness of Christianity, Newton's Optics, &c. He also wrote the " Life of the Great Condu." Died, 1747. COSTER, Lavkenck Jansen, a native of Haerlem, in Holland, to whom his country- men ascribed the invention of the art of printing, in the year 14;}0. The Germans, however, with sufficient proof assert, that the merit is due to Guttemberg, Coster having merely used wooden blocks, and not, as Junius asserts, metal types. Born, 1370 ; died. 14,39. COSWAY, RtCHARD, an eminent English artist. He painted miniatures admirably, and was almost equally great as an oil painter. He was much admired and em- ployed as an artist, and highly esteemed as a man, in despite of the most preposterous mysticism and a host of credulous eccentri- cities, which he constantly indulged in to such a degree, that it is but charitable to suppose they had their source in a disordered imagioatian. He was one of the oldest members of tl>e Roj^l Academy, and died at the age of !)0, in 1821. COTELIER, Johw, a learned French di- vine and critic ; the author of " Ecclesia Graecaj Monumenta," and the coadjutor of Du Cange in making a catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the royal library at Paris. Died, 1686. COTES, Francis, an English artist of great eminence as a portrait painter, as well in oil as in <:rayons. Died, 1770. COTIN, Charles, a French poet of the 17th century, chiefly known now from the satires levelled at him by Boileau and Mo- liere. He was counsellor and almoner to the king, and a member of the French aca- demy. Born, 1604 ; died, 1682. COTOLENDI, CuAitLES, a French advo- cate ; author of " Biographies of S. Francis de Sales, Columbus, and Madame de Mont- morenci," and other works. Died, 1701. COTTA, J. G., Baron, an eminent book- seller of Germany, and the proprietor of the Allgemeine Zeitung, a political daily paper, as well as of several others devoted to literature and the arts, was bom at Stutt- gard, in 1764 ; for many years carried on an extensive and flourishing concern ; and died in 1802. COTTERELL, Sir Charles, an excellent linguist and scholar of the 17th century. He was master of the requests to Charles II., &o cot] ^ ^efio ^nihtt&Kl 23iflsrapf)ii. [coti oiRce which was filled by his descendants for several generations. He translated the ro- mance of Cassandra from tlie Frencli, besides some works from the Spanish and Italian. Died, 1087. COTTIN, SopuiA DE, an accomplished French lady; authoress of "Matilde," "Claire d'Albe," the well known and highly popular " Elizabeth, ou les Exiles de Siberia," &c. Born, 1773 ; died, 1807. COTTON, Charles, an English poet of the 17 th century ; author of " Scarronides, or Virgil Travestie ; " a supplement to Walton's Treatise on Angling, and a vo- lume of original poems, &c. He also trans- lated Cornell le's tragedy of the Horatii and Montaigne's Essays. Born, 1G30 ; died, 1(587. COTTON, Nathaniel, an English ph;^- sician and poet ; author of " Visions in Verse for the Instruction of Younger Minds." He for some years kept a lunatic asylum at St. Alban's, and the poet Cowper was for a time one of its inmates. Born, 1707 ; died, COTTON, Sir Robeet Bruck, a distin- guished English antiquarian, was bom at Denton, in Huntingdonshire, in 1570. In 1629 he was brought before the privy council, in consequence of a political treatise of liis in MS. being lent by liis librarian, the con- tents of which gave so much offence at court, that although Sir Robert was unaware of his librarian'sconduct, he was sent to the Tower. He wrote "The Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments ; " and assisted, both with his literary treasures and his purse. Speed, Camden, and other writers on British ar- chaaology. His valuable library is now in the British Museum. Died, 1631. COTUGNO, DoMENico, an Italian phy- sician and anatomist ; author of " De Aqua- ductibus Auris humana; internai Disser- tatio," &c. He discovered that part of the organ of hearing which is named after him Aqueductus Cotunii. Died, 1822. COUDRETTE, Cukistoi-her, a French priest, and a very able opponent of the Jesuits ; author o^ " A General History of , the Jesuits," "Memoirs relative to the I Formulary," &c. His bold and liberal tone of thought caused him to be twice impri- soned ; at Venice in 173.5, and at Paris, in the Bastile, in 1738. Died, 1774. COULOMB, Charles Augustin de, a French philosopher and officer of engineers, to whose scientific labours many discoveries in electricity and magnetism are owing. He was born at Angouleme in 1736, and died in 1806. COUPLET, Philip, a Flemish Jesuit and missionary to China ; author of " Clirono- logical Tables of Chinese History," " A Treatise on the Philosophy of Confucius," &c. He died, while on a second voyage to China, in 1693. COURAYER, Petek Francis le, a Nor- man ecclesiastic, was bom in 1681. Al- though of the Catholic Church, he wrote zealously and ably in defence of the ordi- nances of the Church of England, which work was formally censured by an assem- bly of French cardinals and nrchbisliops ; and Courayer consequently left France for England. Here he was well received, and the University of Oxford conferred the de- gree of LL.D. upon him. Died, 1776. COURIER, Paul Louis, a witty and able French writer, Avas born in 1774. He served for some time as an officer in the army ; but his republican principles prevented his ad- vancement under Buonaparte ; and after the battle of Wagram, he threw up his com- mission, and resided for some time in Italy. On his return to France his name became notorious as the author of several admirable political pamphlets, but his career was cut short by assassination, in 1825. COURT AN VAUX, Francis Cesar le Tellier, Marquis de, a French military officer, and also a distinguished natural philosojiher. He served with great ability and courage in Bavaria and Bohemia under his uncle, tlie Marshal de Noailles ; but was obliged to quit the service in 1745 on account of ill health. He then devoted his time to science, and became a member of the acadtmy. He was a good astronomer and mechanician. Died, 1781. COLTRT DE GEBELIN, Anthony, a na- tive of France, minister of the reformed church at Lausanne, in Switzerland ; author of " Le Monde Primitif analyse et compariS avec le Monde Moderne," a pamphlet in praise of animal magnetism, &c. Died, 1784. He twice received the prize of 1200 livres annually given by the French aca- demy. COURTILZ, Gamen de, a French mili- tary officer, remarkable for his strong pre- dilection for literature. His works are " The Annals of Paris," "A History of the Dutch War," "The Lives of Coligni, Turenne, and Rochfort," &c. Some of his opinions giving offence to the court, he was thrown into the Bastile, where he jemaiaed nine years. Died, 1712. COURT'NEY, John, a member of the noble Devonshire family bearing that name, was bom in Ireland, and became secretary to Marquis Townshend when lord-lieuten- ant. Being elected member of parliament for Tamworth, he attached himself to the Whig party, and was a commissioner of the treasury in the Fox ministry of 1806. He was a witty and eloquent speaker, and also distinguished himself as an author by his " Poetical Review of the Literary and Mo- ral Character of Dr. Johnson," "Philoso- phical Reflections on the French Revolu- tion," &c. Died, 1816. COURTNEY, William, archbishop of Canterbury, bom, 1341. He was the fourth son of Hugh Courtney, earl of Devonshire, and Margaret, daughter of Edward I. In 1376, then being bishop of London, he dis- tinguished himself by a violent opposition to the king's demand for a subsidy. In 1381 he became archbishop of Canterbury and lord high chancellor, in which office he showed a rancorous spirit of persecution against the Wickliffites. His character was resolute and arrogant ; and though he pro- fessed a desire to support the king and the people against the encroachments of the pope, his actions invariably showed that he was in heart a domineering prelate, thorough- ly devoted to Rome, and caring little for the 214 dignity of the crown, or the weal of the people. Died, 1396. COURTOIS, James, sumamed II Bor- GONONE, a French painter, especially emi- nent in battle-pieces. His wife dying of poison, which lie was suspected of liaving administered, he took the habit of a lay brother of the Jesuits, with whom, though he still practised his art, he remained till his death. in 1G76. COURTOIS, William, brother of the above, and also an eminent painter. Heex- ce41ed in liistorical pieces, and assisted his brother in some of his works. Died, 1679. COUSIN, John, a native of France, and generally regarded as the earliest French historica"! painter. He chiefly painted on glass, but his " Last Judgment," painted on canvass for tlie convent of the Minions at Vineennes, is esteemed an excellent work. He was the author of** Livre de Perspective," and some other treatises connected with the art. Died, 1.J90. COUSIN, Louis, a French advocate and miscellaneous writer ; author of transla- tions from Eusehius and other early church historians, &c. He also edited tiie Journal des Savans, from 1687 to 1701. Born, 1627 ; died, 1707. COUSTON, Nicholas and William, brothers ; two French sculptors of consider- able eminence in their profession : the former born at Lyons, in 1658 ; died, 1733 : the latter born in 1678 ; died, 1746. COUTHON, George, a French advocate and president of the court of justice at Clermont. Becoming a member of the le- gislative assembly and of the national con- vention, .he voted for the trial and death of Louis XVI.; and after hesitating awliile as to the party with which he should act, gave in his adhesion to that of Robespierre. When troops were sent against Lyons, he was com- missioner from the convention, and gave with his own hand the signal for tlie de- struction of the noble buildings of that de- voted city. Sharing the power and par- ticipating in the atrocities of Robespierre, he was also involved in his ruin. Guillotined, 1794. COUTTS, Thomas, a London banker, emi- nent for his wealth and connexions. He came from Scotland at an early age ; and from being a junior partner in a mercantile house in the city, rose to be one of the most considerable bankers in England. He was twice married ; ttrst to Susan Starkie, by whom he had three daughters ; Susan, mar- ried,in 1796, to the Earl of Guildford; Frances, married, in 1800, to the Marquis of Bute ; and Sophia, married, in 1793, to Sir Francis Burdett. In 1815 his first wife died ; and, three months afterwards, he married Harriet Mellon, an actress of some celebrity, to whom he bequeathed the whole of his immense pro- perty, consisting of 60O,0O0Z. in personals, besides real estates in lands and houses, to a great amount. He died in 1821, aged 86 ; and Jus widow in due time bestowed her hand and fortune on the youthful Duke of St. Al ban's. COUVREUR, Adrie.vne le, a celebrated French actress. Slie was tlie mistress of the great Marshal Soxc, and when that celebrated 21.5 commander was in great distress for money and troops, she pledged her plate and jewels for 40,000 livrcs, and sent the money to him. Died, 1730. COVELL, JoHX, D. D., a learned English divine. He was for some time chaplain to the English embassy in Turkey, and, while resident in that country, obtained much va- luable knowledge on the early constitution of the Greek Church, on which subject, when he returned to England, he published a very valuable work. Died, 1722. COVENTRY, Henry, author of " T>etters of Philemon to Hydaspes," and one of the authors of the well-kuowu " Athenian Let- ters." Died, 1752. COVENTRY, JoHK, a skilful, self-taught English mechanician, whose genius led him to make experiments in mechanics. He in- vented an hygrometer, which met with the approbation of the Royal Society, and was presented to the king. Subsequently he em- ployed himself in drawing micrometers on ivory and glass ; and to such a perfection did he bring them, that his squares were only the millionth part of an inch super- ficial. He also made two chamber organs, telescopes of extraordinary power, and some balances for the assaying of gold, of such nicety that they would weigh to the thousandth part of a grain. Died, 1812. COVENTRY, Thomas, lord keci)er of the great seal in the reign of Charles I., was the son of Thomas Coventry, a justice of the court of common pleas. He was born in 1578 ; educated at Baliol College, Oxford ; studied the law in the Inner Temple j and having by various gradations become soli- citor-general, attorney-general, and lord keeper, in 1628, he was raised to the peerage ; and, according to the character given of him by Clarendon, he was well worthy of his great and uninterrupted success. COVENTRY, William, son of the above. He was knighted in 166.5, and made a com- missioner of tlie treasury in 1667 ; but having offended the Duke of Buckingham, he was forbidden to apijear at court. On this he retired to his seat in Oxfordshire, and passed the remainder of his life in privacy. He was author of several works of a political tendency, but not now worth enumerating. Died, 1(586. COVEKDALE, Miles, an English divine, and one of the earliest reformers. He wiis educated at Cambridge, and became a canon of the order of St. Augustin. Having em- braced the reformed doctrines he went abroad, and, in 1532, joined William Tyn- dale in translating the Scriptures. On his return to England he was made almoner to queen Catharine, and subsequently bishop of Exeter. On the accession of queen Mary he retired to the Continent, but returned on the accession of Elizabeth. He died in 1580, aged 81. COWARD, William, an English physi- cian, and author of " Thoughts on the Hu- man Soul ; demonstrating the Notion of the Human Soul united to the Human Body to be an Invention of the Heathens, and not consonant to the Principles of Philosophy or Reason." This work excited considerable indignation among the more zealous divines, cow] ^ ^etu WinihiviKl Btcgraplj^. [cow who procured an order to have it burned by tlie common hangman. He died about the year 1722. COWELL, JoHX, an English lawyer and antiquary ; author of " The Interpreter," a law dictionary, which was burned by the common hangman on account of some un- constitutional doctrines on the king's pre- rogative, and " The Institutes of the Laws of England." Died, 1611. COWLEY, Abraham, an eminent English poet, born in London, 1C18. Educated as a king's scholar at Westminster, he very early evinced a taste and aptitude for poetry ; and, while only in his 17th year, published a volume entitled " Poetical Blossoms," which procured him considerable reputation. In 1()3C he was elected a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge ; where he produced a pastoral comedy, entitled " Love's Riddle," and "Naufragium Joculare," a Latin comedy, which was performed by the mem- bers of his college. He resided at the uni- versity until 1643, when he was ejected by the Puritan visitors, and becanie an active partisan of the royal cause. He was much esteemed by Lord Falkland, and accom- panied the king in several journeys. Wlien the queen left the country he accompanied her majesty, and remained abroad for some years ; during which time he was a chief agent in managing the correspondence be- tween the king and qiieen. In 1656 he re- turned to England, and soon after published a volume containing most of the poems printed in the final collection of his works. Being suspected by the party in power, he was thrown into prison, but released on the bail of Dr. Scarborough. He again went abroad, and was again employed in aiding the royal cause. On the Restoration taking place he was for some time neglected ; but at length, by the interest of the Duke of Buckingham, he obtained the lease of a farm at Chertsev, which produced him about 3001. a year. Died, 1067. COWLEY, Hannah, an accomplished English dramatic writer ; authoress of " The Runaway," " The Belle's Stratagem," " More Ways than One," &c., besides some poems and farces. The sprightliness of dialogue, and the variety of characters and incidents which this lady introduced in her dramatic works, evince much versatility of genius. Garrick, it is said, could hardly be persuaded that her first piece was the production of a mere boarding-school girl. Died, 1809. COWLEY, Henrv Wellesley, Lord, a distinguished diplomatist, and a scion of that illustrious family of which the Duke of Wel- lington is the last surviving representative, was born 1773. His first public debtit was made as a precis writer in the Foreign Office; he then joined the embassy of Lord Malmes- bury to Lille, where he became initiated in diplomatic aff"airs, and in 1797 he accom- panied his brother Lord Wellesley to India, in the capacity of private secretary. Here he was employed in various offices and mis- sions of great delicacy and responsibility ; but Europe had more attractions for him than the East, and he returned to England in 1804. In 1807 he was returned to parlia- ment for Eye, and became one of the secre- taries of the Treasury ; but he did not make any great figure in parliament, and in 1809 he exchanged his parliamentary duties for the embassy at Madrid ; a mission which, amid great difficulties and obstructions of all kinds, he fulfilled for thirteen years, to his own increasing reputation, and the wel- fare of his country. In 1823 he went as am- bassador to Vienna ; here he remained till 1831 ; and for the ability he displayed there, coupled with his length of service, he was raised to the peerage with the title of baron Cowley — the original patronymic of the Wellesley family. In 1841 he was appointed ambassador to the Tuilleries. This office he held till the fall of Sir Robert Peel's ministry in 1846 ; but, long before this event, his declining health had made his voluntary retirement advisable, and, in fact, he did not sur-vive it above a twelvemonth. Died, 1847. COWPER, William, Earl, an eminent English lawyer, who, after passing through various gradations of office, was raised to the peerage in the reign of queen Anne, by the title of viscount Fordwick, and made lord higli chancellor. Tliis office he resigned in 1710, but accepted it again in 1714. lu 1717 he was created earl Cowper, and in 1718 wholly retired from office. During the latter years of his public life, he very ably exerted himself in favour of religious liberty; and particularly in causing a bill to be thrown out, by which Unitarians would have been subject to severe penalties. Died, 1723. COWPER, William, a . distinguished English poet, was bom at Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, in 1731. He was the son of a clergyman of good family, and was at an earlj' age removed from a country school to that of Westminster. Being naturally of a timid temper and slight frame, the rough usage he met with from stronger and less sensitive boys rendered his school a place of complete torture to him, as may be seen from the tone of his " Tirocinium." On quitting school, he was articled to an attor- ney, with whom he remained for three years, and then entered himself of the Middle Temple. He seems, however, to have been by nature unfit for the rough paths of life ; for though tlie interest of his family had procured him the valuable and honourable place of clerk to the House of Lords, his nervousness and mauvatse honte were such, that he was obliged to resign it. He now fell into so terrible a state of nervous and mental debility, that he was for some time placed in the "lunatic asylum of Dr. Cotton. Tlie skill and humanity of that gentleman restored him, and he re- tired to Huntingdon. Here he became ac- quainted with the family of the Reverend Mr. Unwin ; and after that gentleman's death he removed, with Mrs. Unwin, to Olney, Bucks, where he contracted a close friendship with the curate of Olney, the Reverend John Newton, and subsequently with Lady Austen. His natural melancholy gave him so gloomy a view of religion, that his mind was frequently reduced to imbe- cility. While this was the case, the influ- ence of Lady Austen tended to rouse and sustain him ; though that of his other friends cox] ^ ^ctD Slni'ijer^al aSiOffrajpibtn [CHA seems rather to have increased liis weak- ness, by coinciding with his delusions. But although liis mind was so frequently as- sailed by gloom, and bent down by despond- ency, he was not only a very voluminous writer, but a poet or first-rate merit. In addition to translating Homer, which ))£ did with more accuracy than Pope, if with less polish, he wrote " The Task," — the best of all his poems, — " Tirocinium," and a host of smaller poems ; and translated gome of Madame Guyon's spiritual songs ; and his correspondence, which exhibits him as one of the most elegant of English letter- writers, was extremely voluminous. To- wards the close of his life, his gloom deep- ened into absolute despair, from which he never wholly emerged, and he died, 18()(). Ample justice has of late been done to the poet, in splendid rival editions of his com- plete works, —the one by Dr. Southey, the other by the Rev. T. Grimshawe, botli pub- lished in 1836. COX, Mrs. Letitia. The name of this female, who died at Bybrook, in Jamaica, June 2(>. 1838, is inserted here as affording the most surprising instance of longevity to be met with in modern times. By her own account she was a grown-up young woman at the time of the destruction of Port Royal by an earthquake (June 9. 1092), bo that she must have been upwards of KiO years of age. It is worthy of observation also, and esi>c- cially interesting to those who advocate the " temperance " system, that slie declared she never drank anything but water during her whole life. COX, RiciiARD, bishop of Ely ; was bom at Whaddon, Bucks, in 1500. While at New College, lie embraced the opinions of the Reformation, and was consequently thrown into gaol, but obtained his release through the influence of Cranmer. He was then made master of Eton School, and subsequently became tutor to Edward VI., in whose reign he was made a privy coun- cillor, almoner to the king, dean of West- minster, and chancellor of Oxford. Dur- ing the reign of Mary he resided abroad ; but returned to England on the accession of Elizabeth, and was made bishop of Ely. He contributed the Gospels, the Acts, and the Epistle to tlie Romans, to the " Bishops' Bible," besides writing various controversial tracts. COXE, William, an liistorian and tra- veller, was born in 174". After receiving an university education, he successively accom- panied several young noblemen to the Con- tinent in the capacity of tutor ; and on his return obtained various preferments in the church till he became a canon residentiary of Salisbury and archdeacon of Wilts. He was the author of" Travels in Switzerland ; " " Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark;" a "History of the House of Austria ; " " Historical Memoirs of the Kings of Spain ; " " Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole ; " and many other works equally interesting, and valuable for their research and adherence to truth. Died, 1823. COYER, Gabriel Francis, a French writer, bom in 1707. His principal works are the " History of John Sobleski," " Travels into Italy and Holland," and his translation into French of Blackstone's Commentaries. Died, 1782. COYPEL, the name of several eminent French painters. Nokl Coyi'el was born in 1028, and died in 1707. He adorned the old Louvre and the Tuilcries, painted some fine pictures for the council hall of Versailles, and executed several scriptural pieces of great merit. His son, Anthony, was dis- tinguished by the richness of his imagination and the dazzling nature of his colouring ; and his fame laid the foundation for the mannerism of the French school. Died, 1721. Noel Nicikilas, usually called Coypel the uTiclf, despised the false glitter of this school, and aimed only at truth and nature. He died in 173.5. Charles Anthony, the son of Anthony, was a decided copyist of his father's manner, and accommodated himself to the prevailing taste of the times for gaudy colouring. Bom, 1694 ; died, 1752. COYSEVOX, Antoink, a celebrated sculi)tor, was born at Lyons, in 1040, and died at Paris, in 1720. Among his best works are the statue of Cardinal Mazarin, in the museum at Paris ; an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. ; Castor and Pollux, &c. On account of the beauty and anima- tion of his portraits, he was called the Van- dyke of sculpture. CRABBE, Rev. George, rector of Trou- bridge, Wilts, and author of" The Library," "The Village," "Tales of the Hall," &c. j a poet, whose " short and Bim])le annals of the i)oor" exhibit an accurate knowledge of human nature, and show that liowever homely or painful the scenes may be which he depicts, there is no want of skill or truth in his representations. He had the good fortime to receive the early patronage of tlie celebrated Eilmund Burke, whicli led to other valuable connections, of whom Dr. Johnson was one ; and eventually to church preferment at the hands of the Duke of Rutland. Born, 1754 ; died, 1832. Crabbe's poetry is distinguished for minuteness of description and close analysis in depicting human character, however dark or dis- gusting ; yet, though searching, minute, and often repulsive, it abounds with vigour, pathos, and originality. An elegant edition of his works, with a life and notes, by his son, was published by ilr. Murray, in 1834. CRAIG, John, a Scotch mathematician, of the 17th century j famous for a work en- titled "Theologiae Christianae Principia Mathematica." The object of this curious tract is to apply mathematical calculation to the credibility of the gospel history ; j upon which principle he maintains that the I Christian religion must end, according to ] the doctrine of chances, in the year 3150, when our Saviour will make his second appearance ! CRAIG, Sir Thomas, an eminent Scotch lawyer, bom in 1,548 ; author of a treatise on feudal law, which has often been re- printed. Died, 1008. CRAIG, William, a Scotch judge, and a literary character of no mean ability, was born in 1745, received his education at the university of Glasgow : entered at the bar , cra] ^ f?c&j mnibtvial I3t0sfajpl)u. [cra in 1768, and succeeded Lord Hailes on the bench in 1792. He was a principal con- tributor to the Mirror, wrote many papers in the Lounger, and numbered among his friends some of tlie most eminent literary men of the age. Died, 1813. CRAKANTHORPE, RicqARD, a learned English divine, and tlie author of some able worlcs in support of Protestantism. Died, 1624. CRAMER, Francis, an eminent musician, was born at Mannlieim, 1772. Under tlie di- rection of his fatlier, formerly leader of the opera band in London, he prosecuted the study of music, for which he had sliown an early predilection. In 1799 he succeeded his father as leader of the Ancient Concerts ; for many years he was alternate leader of the Philharmonic Concerts with Loder, T. Cooke, Weichsels, &c. ; and for upwards of 40 years lield the chief place at the great provincial festivals. Died, 1848. CRAMER, Gabriel, an eminent geome- trician ; editor of the works of Wolf and the Bernouillis, and author of several mathe- matical and algebraic works. Born, 1704 ; died, 1752. CRAMER, Joiix Andrew, a German mineralogist, was born at Quedlinburg, in 1710. He was the first who systematised the art of assaying, upon which subject he wrote a very able work. Died, 1777. CRAMER, JoHX Axdrew, a German poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in Saxony, 1723, but principally resided in Denmark, where he died in 1788. Besides his poems, he wrote " The Northern Spec- tator," and " Sermons," in 22 vols. He also translated Bossuet's Universal History and other works. CRAMER, John Anthoxy, D.D., dean of Carlisle, a well-known writer on subjects of classical antiquity, was born in Switzer- land, 1793. He received his education in England, and in 1811 was admitted a student of Christchurch, Oxford, where he greatly distinguished himself, and gradually rose through all the university honours, till, in 1831, he was appointed principal of New Ilalllnn. During this period he was actively engaged in literary pursuits ; and his de- scriptions of Ancient Italy, Asia Minor, and Ancient Greece are enduring monuments of his accuracy and research. In 1842 he suc- ceeded Dr. Arnold as regius professor of modern history ; and in 1844 he was nomi- nated to the deanery of Carlisle. IMed, 1848. CRANMER, ThoMAS, archbishop of Can- terbury, whose life is rendered so memorable by the part he took in the R/'formation, was born at Aslacton, Nottingliamshire, in 1489, and educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. The opinion which he gave on the question of Henry Vlllth's divorce from his first wife, Catharine of Arragon, recommended him to that monarch, who employed him to vindicate the measure, and sent him to the foreign universities to obtain their opinion upon the point. On Cranmer's return, the king raised him to the archbishopric of Can- terbury, in which oflice he zealously promo- ted the cause of the Reformation. Through his means the Bible was translated and read in churches ; and he greatly aided in sup- pressing the monastic institutions. In 1536, when Anna Boleyn was destined to lose her reputation and her life, Cranmer meanly stooped to promote the sentence of divorce. This and other compliances with the mo- narch's will ensured him the gratitude of Henry ; who upheld him in all his contests with Bishop Gardiner and others who ae^ cused him of heresy and faction. By Henry's will he was appointed one of the council of regency to Edward VI. ; and as the young king was brought up chiefly under the arch- bishop's care, it enabled him to further the objects of the Reformation in a regular and consistent manner, by framing the liturgy, the homilies, articles of religion, &c. When Edward was prevailed on to alter the suc- cession in favour of I^ady Jane Grey, the archbishop opposed it for a considerable time, but at length' consented. On the ac- cession of Mary he was tried on charges of blasphemy, peijury, incontinence, and he- resy, and sentenced to be deprived of office. Tempted however, by the promise of pardon, he was induced to sign a recantation of his principles, and avow his sorrow for having entertained them. This was the great object of his enemies. But when Cranmer, who had been sent to Oxford, was brought into St. Mary's church to read his recantation in public, instead of doing what was required of him, he besought the forgiveness of God for the apostasy of wliich he had been guilty, and exhorted the people against the errors of the Church of Rome, declaring that nothing could afford him consolation but the prospect of extenuating his guilt by en- countering the fiery torments which awaited him. This greatly enraged his adversaries, who, after vilifying him as a hypocrite and heretic, dragged him to the stake opposite Baliol College, which he approached with a cheerful countenance, and met his death with the utmost fortitude, exclaiming, as he held out his right hand for the flames to consume it, " This unworthy hand 1 this unworthy hand I " thus Strikingly proving the remorse he felt at having been induced to sign his recantation. Whatever may be said with regard to his submission to the will of a despotic sovereign, or his occasional unsteadiness of principles, it is certain that no man contributed so much as Cranmer to the establishment and independence of the English Churcli. Died, March 21. 1556. CRANZ, or KRANZ, David, a Moravian preacher, born 1723, and resided several years as a missionary in Greenland, of which coimtry he wrote a valuable history ; also "A History of the Moravians." Died, 1777. CRASHAW, Richard, a poet, bom in London, and educated at Cambridge. He was a friend of the poet Cowley ; and having embraced the Roman Catholic faith, was ap- pointed to a canonry at Loretto. His poems have considerable merit, and contain ideas | which were thought worthy of imitation | both by Milton and Pope. Died, 1650. CRASSUS, Lucius Licinius, a Roman | orator, of wliom Cicero speaks in terms of , the highest praise. He was consul B.C. 96, and afterwards censor. I CRASSUS, Marcus Licinius, sumamed ' cra] ^ ^cixj Huiljer^al 'MiaQCK^f^u* [CRE Dives from his riches, was of tiie same family as the preceding. lie defeated Spartacus, and put an end to the Servile war. He was first consul, tlien censor, and formed one of the triumvirate with Ctesar and Pompey. He perished, witli a great part of his army, in an exi^editiun against the Parthions, B.C. 53. CRATINUS, an Athenian poet, to whom the invention of satirical comedy and comic poetry is attributed. Ills powers of sarcasm are said to have been unriMilIed. He was an exception to the rule that iubcmperance leads to an early grave, having attuined the age of 97, tliough a (x)n vuHxtU in its fullest sense* Died b. c 431. CRATIPP'US, a peripatetic philosopher, and tutor to the younger Cicero at Athens, where his lectures were well attended. CRAWFORD, Adam, a physician and naturalist of considerable eminence im his profession ; physician to St. Thomas's Hos- pital, and professor of chemistry at Wool- wich. He was the author of several chemi- cal works, and the first who prescribed muriate of barytcs for tltc Bcrofula. Bom, 1749 ; died, 1795. CRAWFORD, Anne, an actress of great ability, which, combined with her personal beauty, caused her for many years to be highly attractive on the stage. Died, 1801, aged 67. CRAWFORD, David, historiographer for Scotland in the reign of queen Anne, and the author of several works relative to that coimtry. Died, 1720. CRAYER, Gasi'ak, an eminent painter, born at Antwerp in 1582. His productions are allowed to possess great fidelity to nature and excellence of colouring. Died, 1C69. CRE BILLON, pKosrER Jolyot de, a French dramatic poet, denominated the Freuch ^Eschylus, was bom at Dijon, in 1674. He was intended for the legal pro- fession, but evincing a decided predilection for the drama, the solicitor with whom he was placed encouraged him to pursue the bent of his inclinations. He accordingly devoted himself to the tragic muse, and produced " Idomeneus," which met with success. This was followed by "Atreus," " Electra," and " Rhadamistus," wliich were 49till more successfuL He then led a secluded life for many years, but again resumed his dramatic labours, a«d producwl tlie tragedies ot "Catiline" and •* The Triumvirate." Died, 1762. CREBILLON, Cr.AUDE Prosper Jolyot DE, sou of the foregoing, was born in 1707. He acquired the name of the French Petro- nius from liis novels ; one of which, entitled "Les Egaremens du Coeur et de I'Esprit," is alluded to by Sterne in his Sentimental Journey. Died, 1777. CREECH, Thomas, an English poet, was born at Blandford, Dorsetshire, in 1659 ; and after receiving the rudiments of a classical education at Sherborne free-school, finished liis studies at Wadham College, Oxford. He translated, into English verse, Lucretius, Horace, Theocritus, &c. Died by his own hand, 1700. CREIGIITON, Robert, D.D., an English divine and musical composer. He shared the exile of Charles II., and spent the leisure thus unhappily afibrded him in the study of music. Among his comiwsitions is the cele- brated anthem, " I will arise and go to my father," which is performed in nearly all our cathedrals. Died, 1736. CRELLIUS, John, a German divine. He was a Unitarian, and one of the ablest ad- vocates of that sect, which he defended at once ably and courteously against Grotius. His chief works are " Answer to Grotius," " Two Books concerning the One God, the Father," "A Treatise concerning the Holy Spirit," and "A Defence of Religious Li- berty." Died, 1633. CRESCEMBINI, Giovanni Makia, an Italian Jesuit and miscelliincous writer ; author of " Istoria della Volgar Poetia," " History of the Academy of Arcadi," of which he was the founder ; " I^ Rime et le Prose degli Arcadi ; " "Notitie Istoriche di diversi Capitani Illustri," &c. Died, 1728. CRESCENZI, D. Juan Baptiste, mar- quis de la Torre, was an eminent jiainter, bom at Rome towards the end of the 16lh century. Philip IV. made him a grandee of Castile, and honoured him with his title. CRESCENZI, PiETHo, the restorer of the scientific study of agriculture in Europe, M-as born at Bologna in 1230. He spent a long life in acquiring and disseminating agricultural knowledge j and his " Ruraliuni Commodorum" is a masterly production, founded on simple principles, and free from many errors that continued to prevail even for centuries after. CRESPI, Giovanni Maria, surnamed II Spagnuolo on account of the coxcombry of his attire, an eminent Bolognese painter of the 18th century. His chief talent lay in caricatures ; but there are many of his more ambitious compositions iu tlie palaces and churelies of Bologna. In order to command a nice observation of the force of light and shadow, he used to point in a room iu whicli there was only a sufficient aiJerture to admit a single ray of liglit. CRESSEY, or CRESSY, Iluaii Paulin, on eminent Catholic divine and writer ; au- thor of " Exomologesis," a narration of the cause of his conversion to the Catholic faith ; " The Church History of Brittany," &c He was an able writer, and as much distinguished for his candour and good tem- per in disputation as for his ability in argu- ment. Died, 1674. CREUTZ, Gustavus Philip, Count of, a Swedish poet and statesman, born in 1720. His poem, entitled "Atis og Camilla," is considered a very fine producliDU. He was appointed Swedish minister at Paris, where he remained twenty years, and became par- ticularly acquainted with Marmontel and other celebrated French writers. Died, 1785. CRE VIER, John Baptist Louis, a French historical writer; author of a continuation of " Rollin's History," " History of tlie Roman Emperors to Constantine inclusive," " History of the University of Paris," " Ob- servations on the Sx)irit of Laws," &c- Died, 176-.. CREW, Nathaniel, bishop of Durham. He arrived at his episcopal dignity partly through the influence of James II., then U 2 CRl] ^ ^ctD ^nibtv^td 2iSt00rapl^ji. [CBO duke of York, and partly througli his con- senting to be guilty of simony, paying a large sum to one of the king's mistresses. During the reign of the ill-fated James this prelate aided and counselled him in all his most obnoxious measures, and yet was among the earliest of tlaose who abandoned the fallen monarch, and voted that the throne was abdicated. But las base and time-serving conduct would not have pre- vented him from losing his bishopric, on the accession of king William and queen Mary, but that he was spared from degradation at the intercession of Tillotson. Died, 1721. CRICIITON, James, a Scottish gentleman of the IGth century, who, on account of his remarkable endowments, obtained the sur- name of the Admirable. The most extraor • dinary tales of his prowess, both bodily and mental, have been handed down to us ; but, so far as the latter is concerned, the verses that remain go far to show, that, however astonishing he might be on account of his versatility, he received at least as much praise as he deserved. The late Mr. Ilazlitt remarks, "The Admirable Crichton was a person of prodigious capacity ; but I know of no proof that he had an atom of genius." And, in continuation, he remarks, " he could learn all that was known of any subject ; lie could do any thing if others would shmc him the waytodo it." It seems quite clear, how- ever, that he possessed great powers, and was altogether an extraordinary person. He was educated at St. Andrew's, and gave such early proofs of his learning, that he obtained the degree of M.A. when on'y 14 years of age. He is said to have excelled in eloquence ; to have overcome every op- ponent in logic and scientific disputation ; to have known ten languages ; and to have been a perfect master of all military and athletic exercises. Dr. Johnson, who cannot be accused of showing much partiality for Scotchmen, has devoted a paper in the Adventurer to the character of Crichton, which he commences by saying, that " what- ever we may suppress as surpassing credi- bility, yet we shall, upon incontestable authority, relate enough to rank him among prodigies." He is said to have l)een stabbed by his pupil, Vincenzo Gonzaga, son of the Duke of Mantua, and to have died of the wound, in 1.583, aged only 28. CRILIyON, L.OU1S DK BKExnojr, an emi- nent French military officer. Though he was a very zealous Catholic, and one of the leaders at the siege of Rochellc in lOTS, lie yet felt bound to aid Henry III. against tlie league. It being proposed to him, by that king, that he should assassinate the Duke of Guise, he nobly replied, " I cannot stain my honour with a deed of shame." On the ac- cession of Henry IV., he became one of the most devoted of that great monarch's friends and generals. By the army he was called " Vhomme sans peur ; " but Henry gave him the name of "te brave dcs braves." His independence and nobleness of spirit were equal to his bravery, and his humanity and virtue were not less famous than his heroic achievements. Born, 1541 ; died, 1616 ; CRILI,ON MAHON, Louis de Berton^ DES Balbes be Quiees, Duke de, a descend- ant of the above, and, like him, an eminent military officer. He served against England in her war with the United States of America. He commanded at the celebrated siege of Gibraltar, wliere he was repulsed by the ability and courage of General Elliot. He wrote "Military Memoirs," and died in 1796. CRILLON, LfOuis Atiianasius Balbes Bekton de, brother of the last named ; an | eminent French divine and scholar ; author | of " M^moires Philosophiques de M. le Baron de * * *,Chambellan de S. M. I'lmp. Reine," a treatise "De I'llomme Morale," &c. Died, 1789. CRITIAS, an Athenian. He was a pupil of Socrates, but his political conduct was such as to render hira by no means a credit to his great tutor. He was among the number of the rulers who are made noto- rious- in history under the title of the " thirty tyrants," and is said to have dis- tinguished himself even among tliem for cruelty and avarice. When Thrasybulus and his patriotic friends took arms against " the thirty," Critias was slain in an attack made on the Piraeus, in the year 400 b. c. CRCESUS, the fifth and last king of Ly- dia. He succeeded his father Alyattes in the year 557 B.C., and was so fortunate in all his enterprises, that he soon became one of the richest monarchs of that time. Vain of his great wealth and influence, he asked the philosopher Solon what he thought of his good fortune : " I pronounce no man fortunate until his death," was the sage's reply. Subsequently the wealthy and pow- erful monarch was overpowered and made a prisoner by Cyrus, king of Persia. Ac- cording to the barbarous practice of the time, the unhappy captive was bound to the stake and about to be burnt to death. In this miserable condition he recalled the impressive words of Solon, and thrice re- peated that philosopher's name. Cyrus, struck with the earnestness of his tone, de- manded an explanation. Croesus gave it ; and Cyrus, probably impressed by it with a more than usual feeling of the mutability of all human greatness, not only spared his life, but also took him into his favour and protection. At the death of Cyrus he re- commended Croesus to the favour of Cam- byses. Tliat prince treated him with great insolence and cruelty, and at length ordered liim to be put to death ; but, through the mercy of the officers to whom it was directed, it was not put into execution, and they were themselves put to death for their disobedi- ence. On tlie time and place of the death of Croesus history is silent. CROFT, Sir Herbert, an English baronet and divine. He was originally intended for the bar, but took holy orders, though he never held any benefice. He wrote a life of Dr. Young, which was introduced into Johnson's " liives of the Poets," and a volume of letters entitled " Love and Mad- ness," and supposed to be written by the Rev. James Hackman, who was hanged in 1779 for shooting Miss Ray. Died, 1816. CROFT, Sir Richard, a relation of the last named, and his successor in the ba- ronetcy. He was very eminent as a sur- CRO] ^ ^efio BniSiex^al 38ioj5rajpl)j?. [CRO geon and accoucheur ; and was selected to attend the princess Charlotte, the lamented daughter of George IV. and queen Caroline. The unfortunate death of his illustrious patient, in 1817, so preyed on his mind, that lie committed suicide a few months after. CROFT, William, Mus. Doc, an excel- lent English musician and composer, llis best anthems and a sublime burial service were published in 1724 in two folio volumes, under the title of "Musica Sacra." Born, 1(577 ; died, 1727. CROKE, Sir Alexander, knt,, D.C.L., was the son of a private gentleman, and born at Aylesbury. He was an eminent civi- lian, and a most voluminous writer, on both general topics and those more immediately connected with his profession. Died 27th December, 1842. Aged 42. CROKE, Dr. Richard, an English divine and scholar ; tutor to the Duke of Rich- mond, the natural son of Henry VIII. He was one oi the earliest English cultivators of the Greek language, and wrote some valuable treatises ou philosophical subjects. Die<i, 1558. CROMWELL, TuOMAS, earl of Essex ; one of the ablest statesmen of the time of Henry VIII. Being confidentially employed by Cardinal Wolsey, he got a seat in the Ilouse of Commons ; and to his honour be it said, that when the full tide of popular as well as courtly hate ran against his once powerful friend and patron, he boldly and ably defended him. In all probability tltis very circumstance tended to recommend him to the truculent Henry VUI., who, on the death of Wolsey, distinguished and employed him. In the various high offices he held, he served the king zealously, ably, and faithfully ; but his merit in that respect is greatly diminished by the indifference he displayed as to the welfare of the people. Having, after ail his services, given offence to the king, bj^ promoting the marriage be- tween his majesty and Anne of Cleves, he was arrested while sitting at the council table on a charge of high treason, con- demned even without a hearing, and not- withstanding a most humble and affecting letter to the king, beheaded on Tower Hill, July 28. 1.540. CROMWELL, Olivkh, one of the most extraordinary characters in English history, was the grandson of Sir Henry Cromwell, and the son of Robert Cromwell, a man of good property, though he carried on the business of a brewer at Huntingdon, where Oliver was born, April 25. 1599. Having been educated at the free-school of that city and at Sydney College, Cambridge, he be- came a law student at Lincoln's Inn. Here, however, he did not remain long ; as in his 2l8t year he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, and settled at Huntingdon. In his youth he is said to have manifested a degree of wildness, that too often marks that period of life ; but as soon as he married he threw the follies of youth aside, and assumed a staid and grave aspect and deportment, well calculated to obtain the esteem and confidence of his neighbours : one ofthe consequences of wliich was his being elected member of parliament for Huntingdon in 162,?. Shortly after his election he openly deserted the Church of England, and attached himself to tlie Puri- tans, who were just then rapidly rising into power and influence. In his parliamentary career he was remarkable rather for his Imsiness-like habits and energy of character, than lor elegance of language or graceftil- ness of delivery. His appearance and dress, too, were plain and unprepossessing. He notwithstanding acquired considerable in- fluence even in parliament ; and in 1642, when it was resolved to levy forces to op- pose the king, Cromwell received a com- mission from the Earl of Essex, and raised a troop of horse at Cambridge, of which he, of course, had the command. Small as was this beginning, the energy and self-posses- sion of the man made it sufficient. The steps by which he kept ever risiiiff, until he attained a power greater than that for which the unfortunate Charles I. had been slaughtered for only endeavouring to attain, are matters rather of history than of bio- graphy. Suffice it, therefore, for us to say, that in his case, as in all other cases, great power ill obtained was fatal to his happi- ness as an individual. His courage and his singular slirewdncss and skill in selecting and employing the agents of a system of es- pionage, more extensive and detailed than England had ever before been cursed with, maintained him in power ; but he was at loat both feared and hated by a majority of the people at large, while in his own family even his favourite daughter, Mrs. Claypole, frequently and severely reproached him for his unrignteous tyranny. Conscious of ge- neral dislike, even his strong and stern mind gradually succumbed to wearing and carking anxieties. He constantly carried loaded fire-arms, and wore defensive armour under his clothes. At length he fell into a nervous fever, of which he died, in the 60th year of his age, Sept. 3. 1658. The political administration of Cromwell was energetic and decisive ; the army was regularly paid, and the public revenues were strictly and economically managed ; while the honour of England was well maintained on the ocean, and her foreign commerce assumed a flourishing aspect. He lived without parade or ostentation ; he was temperate, indefatigably industrious, and exact in his official duties ; yet, uuder the guise of piety and virtue, he practised the most subtle Machiavelism, using mankind as the tools of his ambition, and maintaining his power as he had acquired it, by boldness, cunning, and tyranny. He had appointed his eldest son, Richard, to succeed him ; but the reins of government were not to be held by one 60 mild and virtuous ; and having been compelled by the mutinous officers to dis- solve the parliament, he voluntarily ab- dicated the protectorship, April 22. 1659, and ended his days in tranquil seclusion at Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, in 1712. His brother Henry, whose Upright administra- tion, as viceroy of Ireland, had gained him many friends, also retired to private life, and died in 1(74. CROMWELL, Oliver^ great grandson of Henry, second son of tlie Protector. He 221 CRO] ^ ^ctD Uiiihtr^Kl 2Stotira})l)5. [CUF was for several years a solicitor in London, and held the appointment of clerk to St. Thomas's Hospital. He is noticed here chiefly on account of his valuable publica- tion, entitled "Memoirs of the Protector Cromwell, and his sons Richard and Henry ; illustrated by Original Letters and other Family Papers." He succeeded to the family estate of Theobalds, which descended to him through the children of Richard Cromwell, above named, and died at Cheshnftt Park, Herts, in 1821, aged 79. CROUSAZ, John Peter de, a distin- guished Swiss divine, philosopher, and ma- thematician ; author of a " Treatise on Education," an able work on geometry, a powerful criticism on Pope's Essay on Man, a " Treatise on the Human Understanding," &c. Died, 1748. CROWNE, Jonrr, a poet and dramatist of the 17th century, and the contemporary of Dryden. He was a native of Nova Scotia, but passed the greater part of his life in England. At the command of Charles II. he wrote the " Masque of Calisto ;" and sub- sequently he ridiculed the Whig party, in liis comedy of " The City Politics." But though he was a very useful writer to the party whose principles he had embraced, he had more stem honesty of speech than was agreeable to a licentious monarch and a cor- rupt court. He consequently lived in com- parative retirement for some time ; but at length was ordered by the king to write that admirable comedy, " Sir Courtly Nice." As the reward for this task, the king had pro- mised to give him a place ; but his majesty died on the very day on which the piece had its flnal rehearsal. Besides seventeen dramas, he wrote " Da;neids," a burlesque poem ; and " Pandion and Amphigeria," a romance. CBOXAET/, Samttel, an English divine and writer of the 18th century. He attached himself early in life to the Whig party, and wrote several clever pieces in their favour. These however, as is usually the case with party effusions, are now almost wholly for- gotten. But, besides these, he wrote an " Imitation of the Song of Solomon " and " Scripture Politics." He also translated .SJsop's Fables, and edited, or, as some aver, wrote, " The Royal Manual," a poem which was attributed to Andrew Marvell ; also various sermons, dedications, &c. CROZE, Mathurix Veyssuke de la, a French writer and eminent oriental scho- lar ; author of " Histoire du Christianisme des Indes," and other works. He was for some time an ecclesiastic of the Benedictine congregation of St. Maur at Saumur ; but in 169(5, being then living at Brazil, he re- nounced the Catholic fiiith. Died, 1739. CRUDEN, Alexander, who was better known during his life by his assumed title of " Alexander the Corrector," was a native of Aberdeen, born in 1701, and educated with a view to his becoming a minister of the kirk of Scotland. Unhappily he exhibited such an unsteadiness of intellect, that he was not considered fit for so important a profes- sion ; and, proceeding to London, he for some time maintained himself by giving private lessons in the classics ; but in 1732 he com- menced business as a bookseller, near the Royal Exchange. While thus employed, he devoted his leisure in compiling a very ela- borate and useful " Concordance of the Old and New Testaments," which he dedicated to queen Caroline. Soon afterwards he be- came decidedly Itmatic, and was placed by his friends in a madhouse at Bethnal Green ; from which place, however, he contrived to make his escape, and subsequently brought an action for false imprisonment, but was nonsuited. He subsequently resumed his old employment of correcting the press, superintending several classical works ; but he again exhibited such marks of a deranged intellect, that although he continued pretty generally to employ himself in literary matters, and even amassed some money by his labours, the whole tenor of his future life was characterised by a series of intellectual obliquities. As a literary man, however, he was extremely industrious, patient, and able; and his " Concordance " holds, and ever will hold, a very high place in the estimation of all biblical students. Died, 1770, aged 69. CRUIKSHANK, William, an eminent English surgeon, anatomist, and writer ; author of " The Anatomy of the Absorbent Vessels of the Human Body," "Experi- ments on the Insensible Perspiration of the Human Body," &c. Died, 1800. CRUZ CANO Y OLMEDILLA, Dow Juan ue la, an eminent Spanish geographer of the 18th century ; author of the " Mapo Geographico de America Meridional." CTESIAS, a Greek physician and histo- rian, was a native of Cnidus in Caria. Being taken prisoner in the battle between Cyrus the Younger and his brother Artaxerxes Mnenion, he was employed to cure Artax- erxes of a severe wound. ' He wrote a history of the Assvrians, and other works. CTESIBIUS, of Alexandria, an eminent ancient mathematician. He is said to have invented the pump ; and he constructed a clepsydra, or water-clock, in which the moving power was a falling column of water. A work of his, entitled " Geodesia, or the Art of dividing and measuring Bodies," is to be found in the Vatican library. He flourished in the 165th Olympiad, or about B.C. 120. CTESIPIION or CHERSIPHRON, a famous Ephesian architect. He gave the design for the first temple of Diana of the Ephcsians, which was fired by Erostratus. He flourished in the sixth century b. c. CUDWORTH, Ralph, D.D., an English divine and philosopher ; author of a " Dis- course concerning the true Nature of the Lord's Supper," " The True Intellectual System of the Universe," &c. He was an extremely learned and powerful writer ; and, independently of holding some valuable church preferment, he was master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Died, 1688. CUFF, Henry, an eminent English scho- lar of tlie 16th century. He was for some time Greek professor at Merton College,'Ox- tord ; but growing weary of a secluded life, he became secretary to Robert, earl of Essex, and in that situation accompanied his lord- ship on the expedition to Cadiz. Being im- plicated in the transactions which led to the CUJ] ^ ^eto Hniber^al 3Bi0j3Tap1b^. [CDN I apprehension and trial of the Earl of Essex, j the latter charged him with being liis adviser j and abettor in all his violent measures. Cuff I was accordingly tried, condemned, and exe- I cuted in ItJOl. Camden, who was well ac- I quainted with him, says, " he was a man of most exquisite harmony and penetrating will ; but of a seditious and perverse dispo- sition." CU.IACIUS, or CUJ AS, James, a cele- brated French jurist. He was professor of law at Turin, and was held in the highest esteem as an exi)Ounder of difficult questions. His writings were collected into live folio volumes. Died, 1590. CULLEN, William, a celebrated physi- cian and medical writer, was a native of Scotland, being born at I^anark, in 1712. After serving his apprenticeship to a surgeon and apothecary at Glasgow, he went some voyages as a surgeon. He subsequently settled at Glasgow, and was appointed lecturer on chemistry in the university of that city ; in wliieh capacity he obtained so high a reputation, that he at length became medical professor in the university of Edin- burgh. As an author, he is well known by his " Ivcctures on the ^lateria Medica," " Sy- nopsis Nosologiao rracticac," and his " First Lines on Medical Practice." Died, 1790. CULPEPER, Sir Thomas, an English writer of the 17th century ; author of " Con- siderations on Marriage," a "Discourse on Usury," " Brief Survey of the Growth of Usurv in England," &c. CULPEPPER. Nicholas, on English her- balist of the 17th century. He was educated at Camb.idge ; and, after serving his appren- ticeship to an apothecary, settled in that profession at Spitalflelds, in London. He wrote a "Herbal" and a "Dispensary;" but the science and industry which he indis- putably possessed were in a great degree marred by his absurd pretensions to astro- "^MBERLAND, Ricuaud, bishop of Pe- terborough ; author of a treatise " De Legibus Naturae" — a very popular work, in opposition to the philosophy of llobbes ; a translation from Eusebius of Sanconiathon's Phcenician History, an "Essay on the Jewish Weights and Measures," " Origines Gentium Anti- quissimiE," &c. He was an extremely learned man, but not more remarkable for learning than for modest and luiaspiring virtues. CUMBERLAND, RiciiAKn, an able dra- matic and miscellaneous Writer, was a son of Dr. Cumberland, bishop of Clonfert, and born in 1732. From Westminster School he went to Trinity College, Cambridge ; and was introduced to public life as the secretary of Lord Halifax, when viceroy of Ireland. His first literary efforts obtained for him but little fame ; but on the appearance of his comedy of " The West Indian," in 1771, his reputation as a dramatist was at once esta- blished. From this period till the time of his decease he continued to be one of the most prolific writers for the stage, though none of his subsequent pieces were so successful as the comedy before mentioned. In 1780 he was employed by the government to conduct a secret negotiation with the courts of Ma- drid and Lisbon ; which, to the disgrace of the ministry, involved him in great distress, as they refused to reimburse his expenses, to the amoimt of 50007., which compelled him to part with his hereditary property. To add to his distress, the board of trade was broken up ; and he retired, with a trifling pension, to Tnnbridge Wells, where he devoted him- self to literary pursuits with the most un- abating ardour and industry. Besides his numerous dramatic productions, he published a collection of essays, under the title of " The Observer;" also the novels of "Arundel," " Henry," and " John de Lancaster ; " " Cal- vary," a poem ; and various other works, the lost of which was his own " Memoirs." The comic drama was certainly his forte ; but throughout the whole of his writings there is much merit, and many of them possess the elements of a lasting vitality. Died, 1811. CUMBERLAND, William Augustus, Duke of, second son of George II., was bom in 1721, and at an early age entered on the duties of a military life. At the battle of Dettingen, in 174:?, he was wounded, while fighting by the side of liis father ; and in 17-15 he signalised himself, when commander- in-chief of the British army in Flanders, at the battle of Fontenoy, where, however, he was obliged to yield the palm of victory to Marshal Saxe. On his return to England he took the field against the Scottish rebel troops, wlioin he defeated at the battle of Culloden ; but he stained his laurels by un- necessary crueltv. Died, 176.5. CUNNINGHAM, Alkxandeh, a Scotch historical writer of the 18th century ; author of a " History of Great Britain, from the Revolution to the Accession of George I." This was elegantly written by him in Latin, but a translation of it was published by Dr. Thompson in 1787. Cunningham also held some government employments, among which was that of resident at Venice. Died, 17.S7. CUNNINGHAM, Allan, an eminent poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Blackwood, in Dumfriesshire, in 1785. His parents were in very humble circum- stances, and he was taken from school when only 11 years of age, and apprenticed to a stone-mason. These disadvantageous cir- cumstances did not prevent him from acquir- ing, by great though desultory reading, much information ; and in 1810 he repaired to London, where he at first earned a main- tenance by contributing to periodicals, and reporting for the press. At a later period he obtained employment in the studio of the eminent sculptor Chantrey, as principal assistant, which enabled him to prosecute his literary tastes without hazard ; and he so well improved his advantages, that he not merely distinguished himself as a critic and historian as to the arts, and as a poet and novelist, but also, by combining the pru- dence and tact of the man of business with the fervour and feeling of the man of genius, acquired considerable pecuniary resources. Among his numerous works are " Sir Mar- maduke Maxwell," a drama ; "Paul Jone?," and " Sir Michael Scott," novels ; the "Lives of Burns and Sir David Wilkie," besides many poems, ballads, and lyrics ; but his cun] ^ ^^J» Winibev^nl ISiniji'ajij]^!), [cus most important work, and that by which he is best known south of the Tweed, is " The Lives of British Painters, Sculptors, and Architects." Died, 1842. CUNNINGHAM, John^, an ingenious Irish poet and dramatic performer ; author of " Tlie Landscape," and other poems, and of "Love in a Mist," a farce, upon which Garrick is said to have founded tliat of the " Lying Valet." Died, 1773. CURIO, Celius Secundus, a learned Piedmontese. Becoming a convert to the reformed religion, the boldness of his preaching gave so much offence to those in power, that he was obliged to fly from Milan, and subsequently from Venice and Ferrara. He at length obtained the ap- pointment of professor of eloquence and the belles lettres at the university of Basle. His principal works are " De Amplitudine beati Regni Dei" and " Pasquillorum tomi duo." Died, 1569. CURL, Edmund, a bookseller, whose name is handed down, like many others, by the satirical wit of Pope, kept a shop in the purlieus of Covcnt Garden, and had his ears cut off in the pillory as a just reward for publishing obscene books. What pity it is that a punishment so salutary should have become obsolete ! CURRAN, John Puilpot, a celebrated Irish barrister, of humble origin, was born near Cork in 1750 ; received his education at Trinity College, Dublin ; and, coming to London, studied the law in the Temple. In course of time he was called to the bar ; and though at first he had to struggle with great difficulties, his brilliant talents, ex- erted in defence of various persons charged with political offences, overcame all ob- stacles, and he quickly rose to forensic emi- nence. He became a member of the Irish House of Commons in 1784 ; and was a powerful member of the opposition until the Whigs came into office, in 1806, when he was made master of the rolls in Ireland. This office he held till 1814, and received a pension of 3000Z. on retiring ; after which period he generally resided in London. His oratorical powers were of the most splendid kind ; his wit, pathos, and withering sar- casm being alike irresistible ; and though mean in personal appearance, and not always using his intellectual weapons with good taste, they enabled him to support the cha- racter of a popular advocate and an effective debater. Died, 1817. CURRIE, James, M.D. He was a native of Scotland, but settled as a medical man at Liverpool, where he enjoyed an extensive and very lucrative practice. The fatigues necessarily attendant upon this did not, however, prevent him from devoting con- siderable time to literature ; and he is fa- vourably known as a professional writer by a paper " On Tetanus and Convulsive Dis- orders " and " Medical Reports," &c. But his literary celebrity rests less upon his pro- fessional treatises than upon his biography of the poet Burns, an edition of whose works was superintended by Dr. Currie in a manner which obtained him great and well-merited applause. Died, 1805. CURTIS, William, an eminent English botanist. He was a native of Alton, in Hampshire, and was apprenticed to an apothecary in that place. But his love of botanical pursuits induced him to relin- quish his profession to establish a botanical garden, and exhibit as a botanical lecturer. Besides his lectures, which were published with expensive and handsome illustrative plates, he wrote " Practical Observations on the British Grasses," "Flora Londinensis," an accurate and beautiful work ; a Botanical Magazine, &c. Died, 1799. CURTIS, Sir William, hart., a well- known citizen and magistrate of London, I whose father had carried on, in an extensive i way, the business of a sea-biscuit baker. The son, however, quitted that trade, to engage in the Greenland fisheries ; and having secured a considerable portion of wealth, employed it in the banking business, under the firm of Robarts, Curtis, and Co. He was senior alderman of Bridge-ward, and father of tlie corporation of the city of London, which he represented in parliament during 28 years. Sir William was a loyal and benevolent citizen, of most honourable character in his public transactions, greatly beloved in his private connections, and ho- noured with the notice and friendship of his majesty George IV. He was raised to the baronetcy in 1802, and died, possessed of great wealth, in 1829. CURTIUS, Marcus, a celebrated Roman. Livy relates, that in the year 362 B.C. a vast chasm appeared in the midst of the Forum, which the oracle pronounced could only be closed by the Romans throwing into it that by which they were most powerful. Curtius declared that the arms and courage of the Romans were their most valuable possessions, and having solemnly devoted himself, he put on his armour, mounted his horse, and galloped headlong into the gulf. CURTIUS, RuFUs QuiNTUs, a Roman historian, who wrote the History of Alex- ander the Great in ten books, the first two of which are lost. The exact period in which he flourished is not known ; for though his style would indicate that he lived in one of the best periods of the Latin language, no -wTiter of any earlier date than i the 12th century has made any mention of j him. CURWEN, John Chiiistian, a member I of the ancient family of M'Christen, of the ] Isle of Man, was for many years the repre- ! sentative in parliament for the county of Cumberland. He devoted a great portion of his useful life to the study of agriculture ; and his skilful operations have banished many erroneous practices in the science, and \ given a new impulse to agricultural ex- ! ertions throughout the kingdom. Died, ! 1828. j CUSA, Nicholas de, an eminent cardiual, j who took his name from that of the village ] of Cusa, in the diocese of Treves, where he i was bom. After some minor preferments in [ the church, he was sent by pope Eugeuiua [ IV. as legate to Constantinople, to endeavour j to bring about a union between the Greek ! and Latin Churches. He was made a car- j dinal by pope Nicholas V., who also gave him the see of Brixen, in the Tyrol. Besides CDS] ^ ^ebi mnihexidLl aSiflsrajptjy. [CZE metajihysical, theological, mathematical, nnd other treatises, which form three vo- lumes folio, he wrote a very learned and powerful refutation of the Koran. Died, 14(i4. CUSS AY, M., the governor of Angers at the time the infamous Charles IX. carried into effect the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He deserves a niche in every biographical work, for having refused to obey the tyrant's orders, in tliese memorable words : — "I will not stain 50 years of a spotless life by the most cowardly of assassinations." CUSSON FiERKE, an eminent French botanist and physician. During his travels in Majorca and Spain he made a very valuable collection of the plants of those countries, which, unfortunately, a female of his family, niistaking it for so much mere lumber, threw into the street, and it was ut- terly destroyed. Besides assisting Sauvagcs in his celebrated work on nosology, he wrote, and had completely prepared for the press, an elaborate treatise on the umbelliferous plants ; a work which could not but have been a valuable contribution to science, but wliich from some unexplained cause has not been printed. Died, 1784. CUSTINE, Adam Puimp, Count de, was born at Metz, in 1740 j and having entered the army early in life, attracted the notice of Frederic of Prussia, under whom he served in the seven years' war. He afterwards ac- cepted a commission in one of the French regiments that assisted the Americans in resisting the English ; and on returning to France was made governor of Toulon. In 1792 he had the command of the army of the Rhine ; but being suddenly summoned to France, the tyrants of the hour sent him to the guillotine, August, 1793, there to expiate the crime of non-success. CUTHBERT, an English saint, who had the honour to baptize Egfred, king of Nor- thumberland, and the good fortune to be made bishop of that district. lie founded a monastery at Lindisfarne, and died in 666. CUVELI-IER DE TRIE, John William AuuusTus, a French dramatist of great fe- cundity and considerable talent, was born in 1700, and died in 1824. He was sometimes called the Corneille of the boulevards. CUVIER, Geouoe Leopold Christian Fredkric Daoobert, Baron ; the most eminent naturalist of modern times ; was born at Montbeliard, in the duchy of Wir- temberg, in 1709. Having a decided par- tiality for natural history, he devoted his leisure hours to the pursuit of that inter- esting science, while acting in the capacity of private tutor in the family of Count d' Hericy,in Normandy. As soon as he quitted this situation he established himself in Paris ; and such was his talent, and such the per- severance with which he followed up his examinations and inquiries, that he was ere long acknowledged to be one of the first zoologists in Euroiie. His profound know- ledge and comprehensive views, his inge- nious classifications and elegant illustra- tions, delighted the accomplished visitors of the Lycie, where he lectured ; and his fame reaching the ears of Napoleon, the most important offices in the department of pub- 223 lie instruction were given to hipi. He twice visited England, namely, in 1818 and in 1830 ; and died at Paris In 1832. To Baron Cuvier, France is indebted for the finest os- teological collection in the world ; while the whole world is indebted to him for the immense addition he has made to the ge- neral stock of zoological science. CYAXARES I., king of the Medes, was a very powerful prince, and subdued all Asia beyond the river Halys. Died, B. c. 685. CYPRIAN, TiiASCius C.kcilius, was a learned father of the church, born at Car- thage, and who embraced Christianity in 240. He wrote a work, entitled "Gratia Dei ; " succeeded Donatus, as bishop of Car- thage ! and suffered martyrdom in 258. CYRII*. St., originally named Constax- TIXE, and called the Philosopher, was the apostle of the Slavi, in the 9th century, and invented the Sclavonic alphabet. He died at Rome, in 822. CYRUS, king of Persia, a renowned con- queror, was the son of Cambyses and Man- dane, daughter of Astyages, king of Media, by wiiom he was sent to Persia. Here he soon collected a formidable army, and de- posed his grandfather, b. c. 500. He also conquered Croesus, the rich and powerful king of Lydia, and Nabonadius, kin^ of Babylon, whose capital he took, after a siege of two years. Extending his conquests on all sides, till his dominions in Asia rcoched from the Hellespont to the Indus, he at length marched against the Massugctse, a people of Scythia, then ruled by a queen named Tomyris ; but though successful in the first great battle, he was defeated in the second, and slain, b. c. 529. CYRUS the Youxoeu was the son of Darius Nothus, and brother of Artaxerxes, whose life he attempted, in order to obtain the throne. He was, however, pardoned, and made governor of Lydia; but he treaclierously raised an army, marched against his brother, fought a desperate battle, and was killed, B. c. 400. CYRUS, of Panapolls, a Latin poet and soldier, in the time of Theodosius the Younger. He was made consul and prefect of Constantinople ; afterwards embraced Christianity, and was made bishop of Phrygia, where he died. CZERNI-GEORGE, whose real name was GEonoE PETKoviT.scH, the appellation of " George the Black " being given him on account of the darkness of his complexion, was born of humble parents, near Belgrade ; but he raised himself to the rank of a prince by the force of his natural talents, and a degree of courage rarely equalled. With an ardent desire to liberate Scrvia, his native country, from the Turks, he first raised a small troop, was succefsful in various en- counters, and at length, in 18(W, made him- self master of Belgrade. A long and arduous struggle followed ; and though for a time Czerni-George was the acknowledged prince of Servia, he was eventually compelled to retire to Russia, where he was received with distinction, and created a Russian prince. But he was still bent on repossessing Servia ; and having entered that territory, in 1817, he was taken prisoner and beheaded. DAC] ^ ^tbi mniiiex^sX JStosrajiTjg. [dai. D. DACIER, Andhew, a critic and classical commentator of some eminence, bom, in 1651, at Castres, in Upper Languedoc. He was made perpetual secretary of the French Academy in 1731, and had tlie care of the cabinet in the Louvre entrusted to him. He translated Horace, Plato, Plutarch, Epic- tetus, &c. into French. Died, 1722. DACIEK, Annk Lefevre, vrife of the preceding, was born, in 1C51, at Saumur, at the university of which place Tanaquil Lefevre, her father, was a professor. Her love of classical literature was displayed at an early age ; and her proficiency was so great, that at tlie age of 22 she produced an admirable edition of " CalHmachus," whicli was followed by various others of the Del- phin classics. She subsequently translated Homer, Anacreon, Sappho, Terence, with portions from Aristoplianes, Plautus, &c. In 1(583 she married M. Dacier, and soon after they both renounced the Protestant religion. Though her life was spent in con- stant literary labour, she was far from being ostentatious of her eminent abilities. Died, 1720. DiEDALtrS, a celebrated Greek architect and sculptor, who is said to have flourished at Athens in the 10th century B.C., and to have been the inventor of many useful in- struments, viz. the axe, the saw, the plum- met, the auger, &c. There was also an- other Daedalus of less note, a sculptor of Sicyon. DAGOBERT, Loms Augustus, a French general, who in 1793 was chief commander of the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and was killed in the following year at the cap- ture of Urgel, where he greatly distinguished liimself. He waa also the author of a work on military tactics. DAGOBERT I., king of the Franks, sur- named the Great on account of his military successes, began his reign in G28, and died at the age of 32. D'AGUESSEAU, Hexry Francis, called by Voltaire the most learned magistrate that France ever^produced, was born at Limoges in 1668, and'died 1751. His works were pub- lished in 13 vols. 4to. DAILLE, John, a Protestant minister of the 17th century ; author of several theo- logical works, the chief of which is entitled " Of the Use of the Fathers." As a contro- versialist he was singularly impartial, and is esteemed even by Roman Catholics. Bom, 1593 ; died, 1670. DALBERG, Charles Theodore An- thony Maria, a baron of the German empire, prince-primate of the confederation of the Rhine, grand-duke of Frankfort, and, finally, archbishop of Ralisbon, was bom near Worms, in 1744. He always espoused the new ideas to which the French revolu- tion gave impulse ; and though he opposed the invasion of Germany by the French in 1797, he assisted at the coronation of the emperor Napoleon in 1804. Throughout life he was distinguished for industry in the discharge of his official duties, and for an incorruptible love of justice ; he was also the encoiirager of learning and science, and himself the author of several ingenious trea- tises, legal, scientific, and philosophical. In 1813 he voluntarily resigned all his posses- sions as a sovereign prince, and retired to private life, retaining only his ecclesiastical dignity. Died, 1817. D'ALBRET, Charlotte, sister of John d'Albret, king of Navarre, and wife of Caesar Borgia. She was a poetess of no mean poM'crs, and as remarkable for virtue as her husband was for vice. Died, 1514. D'ALBRET, Charles, constable of France in the reign of Charles VI., to whom lie was related by blood. He commanded the French army at the famous battle of Agincourt, in which he lost his life, 1514. D'ALBRET, Jeanne, daughter of Marga- ret, queen of Navarre, and mother of Henry of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., of France. Died suddenly in 1572. DALE, Richard, an American naval officer, was born, in Virginia, in 1756; was sent to sea at 12 years of age, and at 19 had the command of a merchant-vessel. HTiile serving as a midshipman on board of the American brig of war Lexington, he was taken by a British cutter ; but, after being confined a twelvemonth in Mill prison, he effected his escape into France, where he joined the celebrated Paul Jones, then com- manding the American ship Bon Homme Richard, and was the first man that boarded the English frigate Serapis, which was cap- tured. In 1801 he had the command of an American squadron, and hoisted his pendant on board the President. He was a brave, honourable, and intelligent seaman. The adventures of his early days were of the most romantic and perilous kind ; but his latter j-ears were passed in the peaceful enjoyment of a competent estate at Phila- delphia, where he died, in 1826. DALE, David, a skilful mechanic, and the originator of the well-known Lanark Mills, was bom. in 1739, at Stewarton, in Ayrshire. From being a journeyman weaver he became a cotton manufacturer on a most extensive scale, first in conjunction with Sir R. Arkwright, and afterwards on his own account. By his means employment was given to thousands, old and young ; nor did he leave the latter without the means of mental instruction, but provided teachers and established schools at all Ma works. Died, 1806. D'ALEMBERT, Jean le Rond, a cele- brated philosopher and mathematician, and an elegant writer, born at Paris, 1717. He had the name of Le Rond from the church near which he was exposed as a foundling. The sciences were greatly enriched by him ; and his writings display great genius, judg- ment, and taste. His name will remain for ever attached to the great " Encyclopudie " DAI.] ^ |5cto SIniljcriSal 3Si0Q:raj|jTjji. [dal wliich he founded, and to wliich he con- tributed numerous articles. Died, 1783. DAI.IN, Oi,AUS Vox, called the father of modern Swedish poetry, was the author of many spirited satires, songs, epigrams, and fables. He also wrote " The Argus," a work on tlie plan of the Spectator ; " A General History of Sweden;" "Brunihilda," a tra- gedy, &c. He was born in 1708, and died chancellor of the coiu-t of Sweden, in 17G3. Queen Louisa Ulrica erected a mausoleum to his memory. DAL.LAS, Ai.EXANDEK James, an Ame- rican statesman and financier, was a native of Janraica, where his father was an eminent and wealthy physician. He was sent at an early age to England, and completed his education at Westminster Scliool. Finding, at his father's death, that the wliole of his property was left at the disposal of his widow, who married again, he went to the United States, was naturalised, and admitted to practise in the supreme court of Pennsyl- vania, filling up his leisure time by being a contributor to the periodical press. He subsequently obtained several government appointments, and in 1801 was made se- cretary of the treasury of the United States. This situation he discharged with consum- mate ability, and in 1815 he undertook the additional trust of secretary of war. Died, 1817. DALLAS, Sir Geouoe, lord chief justice of the common pleas, was born in liondon, 1758, educated principally at Geneva, and at the age of 18 he went to India as a writer, where his talents soon raised him to high civil offices. He warmly esiwused the cause of Hastings when impeached, and in 1789 he wrote a pamphlet, in which he attributed to him tlie British supremacy in India. In 1793 he published his " Thoughts upon our present Situation, with Remarks upon the Policy of a War with France," wliich created con- siderable sensation, and especially excited the admiration of Mr. Pitt. He was also the author of various other political works, relating more particularly to the state of Ireland ; besides some elaborate treatises on the subject of the East India trade and policy ; and, lastly, a " Biographical Memoir of his son-in-law, Captain Sir Peter Parker." The works of Sir George Dallas were all elegant and correct compositions, displaying a thorough knowledge of the subjects on which he treated. Died, Jan. 1833. DALLAS, RoBEiiT Charles, known as the friend and biographer of Lord Byron, was born at Kingston, Jamaica, and studied the law in the Inner Temple. After resid- ing for a time in France and America, he returned to England, and devoted himself to literature. He translated several works from the French, and wrote the novels of " Aubrey," " Perceval," " The Morlands," &c. ; but he is now more remembered for his •' Recollections of Lord Byron." Died, 1824. DALRYMPLE, Alexanueij, hydrogra- pher to the Admiralty and the India Com- pany, was born at New Hailes, near Edin- burgh, in 1737, and spent the early part of his life in India, as a writer. He wrote "The Oriental Repertory," three "CoUec- tiong of Voyages," &c. Died, 1808. DAUIYMPLE, Sir David, a Scotch judge and antiquary, was born at Edinburgh in 1726, and educated at Eton and Utrecht. On his becoming a judge of tlie court of session in 1700, he took the title of lord Hailes. His principal works are " Annals of Scotland," which Dr. Johnson assisted in revising, and " Memorials relating to the History of Great Britain." Died, 1792. DALRYMPLE, Sir John, for many years a baron of exchequer in Scotland, and the author of "Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland," in 3 vols. Died, aged 84, in 1810. DALTON, JoHX, an English divine and poet, was born at Dean, in Cumberland, in 1709, and educated at Queen's College, Ox- ford. He obtained the living of St. Mary-at- Hill, London, and a prebend at Worcester. He wrote a volume of sermons, some poems, &c. ; and adapted Milton's Comus to the stage. Died, 1763. DALTON, JoHX, D.C.L., F.R.S., a ma- thematician and natural philosopher, was born at Eaglesfleld, near Cockermouth, in 17(;(>, and gave early indications of his future scientific celebrity. From teaching a school as a boy in his native village, we find him at a subsequent period similarly engaged at Kendal ; and in 1793, when in his 2;5rd year, he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the new college in Moscley Street, Manchester, with which he remained until the removal of that estab- lishment to York. He made his first ap- pearance as an author in a volume of " Me- teorological Observations and Essays," in 1793. In 1808 he published " A New System of Chemical Philosophy," and a second part in 1810. He also frequently contributed to Nicholson's Journal, the Annals of Phi- losophy, and the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, of which for half a century he was an active member, and latterly the president. In 182(j he was presented with a gold medal by the Roval Society for his scientittc discoveries ; and in 1833 the sum of 2000?. was raised by his friends and townsmen for the erection of a statue (by Chantrey) to perpetuate his remembrance. His "atomic theory" must ever render his name memorable. Contem- poraneously with Gay-Lussac, with whom many of his researches run parallel, he dis- covered the important general law of the expansion of gases ; and his contributions to meteorology were also of the most Important kind. A severe attack of paralysis in 1837 considerably impaired his powers, and he died in August, 1844. DALTON, MiciiAET,, an eminent lawyer of the IGth century ; the author of a book on the " Office of a Justice of the Peace," and another on the " Duties of Sherifi"8." Died, 1620. DALZIEL, Thomas, a Scotch general, who was with Charles II. at the battle of Worcester ; after which he entered into the Russian service, but was recalled at the Restoration. After the tragical fate of Charles I. he never would suffer his beard to be shaved, and he was also remarkable for other eccentricities in regard to his dress. Hia devotion to the royal cause rendered 227 dam] ^ ^ciu SHiiibcr^al 28tflgi\"CjpIj». [dan him an especial favourite at the court of the "merry monarch." DAMER, Anne Seymour, eminent as a sculptor as well as for lier general accom- plishments, was the daughter of Field-mar- shal Conway, and born in 1748. She took lessons in the art from Ceracci and Bacon, and afterwards studied in Italy. Died, 1808. D AMI AN, General, born in 17G3 ; a French royalist, engaged in repeated abortive at- tempts to rouse France against the revolu- tionary and imperial regimes, in favour of the Bourbons ; and afterwards enjoying a pension of 300i. per annum from the British government. DAMIENS, Robert, who, owing to his vicious inclinations, obtained the appella- tion of Robert-le-diahJe, was born in 171.'), at TieuUoy, a village of Artois. While at Paris, in a menial employment, he was accused of having poisoned one of his masters and robbed anotlier ; and having evaded the law by flight, he in course of time returned, to practise new enormities. In January, 17.57, he stabbed Louis XV. in the midst of his guards, as he was getting into his carriage. Fortunately, the wound was not mortal, and Damiens was instantly seized ; but the most cruel tortures wliich lie was doomed to suffer could not induce him to confess that he had any accomplices ; and the horrid sentence, which condemned him to be torn in pieces by horses, was executed. March 28. 1757. DAMM, CuRiSTiAN Tobias, a Protestant divine, eminent as a Greek scholar, was born at Leipsic in 1699. His principal work is a "Greek Etymological Lexicon." Died, 1778. DAMOCLES, a sycophant at the court of Dionysius of Syracuse. He was one day extolling the happy condition of princes, on which the king invited him to a sump- tuous entertainment, but caused a naked sword to be suspended over his head bj' a single hair ; thereby intimating the danger that awaited the great, though surrounded by vassals and revelling in luxury. This is said to have produced a salutary effect on the courtier, wlio begged that the king would dismiss him to any mean station, so that he might live in safety. DAMON, a Pythagorean philosopher, rendered memorable for his friendsliip with Pythias. Dionysius having condemned him to death, he obtained leave of absence to go home and settle his affairs, Pythias pledg- ing himself to endure the punishment in his Btead if he did not return at tlie appointed time. Damon was punctual ; and this in- stance of friendship so pleased the king, that he pardoned Damon, and requested to be- come one of his friends. DAMPIER, William, an English navi- gator, was born at East Coker, Somerset- shire, in 1652, and became a mariner at an early age. During many years of active service in privateers and trading vessels, he several times visited the South Seas ; and the result of liis observations were given to the public in a work of 4 vols., entitled " Voyages round the World," which for accuracy and interest, as well as for profes- sional knowledge, possess very considerable merit. He died, as is supposed, in 1712, but tlie exact time is not known. DANCER, Daniel, a noted miser, was born in 1716, near Harrow, in Middlesex. In 1736 lie succeeded to his family estate, and led the life of a hermit for above half a century. His only dealings with mankind arose from the sale of his hay ; and he was seldom seen, except when he was out gather- ing logs of wood from the common, &c. As he was frequently robbed, he nailed up his door, and by means of a ladder, which he drew up after him, got into his liouse through the upper window. This miserable specimen of humanity continued to vegetate till 1794, when he died, bequeathing his estates to. liady Tempest, for the cliaritable attentions she had bestowed upon him. DANCKERTS, the name of a family of Dutch artists, of whom Cornelius, born in ]5<)1, appears to have been the first of any note. He excelled as a portrait and historical engraver, and several among his successors attained celebrity in the same art. DANCOURT, Flore .N'CE Carton, a French actor and dramatic poet, was born in 1G61, at Fontainbleau, and was originally a barrister, but quitted that profession for tlie stage. He produced an immense number of plays, and was particularly successful in introducing subjects of real occurrence, whicb gave to his comic pieces great pi- quancy. Died, 1726. DANDINI, C^SAR and Vincent ; two Florentine painters of the 16th century, both eminent for their historical pieces ; as was also their nephew Pietro, who died in 1712. DANDOLO, Henry, a celebrated doge of Venice, to which liigh office he was chosen in 1192, when in his 84th year. At the siege of Constantinople, during the fourth crusade, the venerable doge commanded his men to run up to the walls, and was himself the first who leaped on shore. He died in 1205, aged 97. DANDOLO, Vincent, a Venetian chem- ist, descended from the famous doge and captor of Constantinople, was born in 1758. At all times zealous for the independence of Italy, he became a member of the council of the Cisalpine republic, after the treaty of Campo Formio. He died in 1819. Among his works are "Fondamenti della Scienza Fisico-Chemica," &c. D'ANDRADA, Anthony, a Portuguese Jesuit, who discovered in 1624 the country of Cathay and Thibet, of which he published an account. He died at Goa, 1634. D'ANDRADA, Diego de Payva, a learned Portuguese divine, who distin- guished himself at the council of Trent by his talents and eloquence, and wrote an elaborate defence of it against tbe attack of Chemnitius ; he died, 1575 — His brother, Francis D'ANDRADA,was historiographer to the king of Spain, and wrote the History of John III., king of Portugal Another brother, Thomas d' Anprada, an Augustine friar, called by his order Thomas of Jesus, attended Don Sebastian in his expedition against the emperor of Morocco, was taken prisoner, and shut up in a cave by the Moors, in which place he wrote a book called " The Sufferings of Jesus." DANGEAU, Philip de Coukcillon, dan]. ^ ^tbi BnihtrgKi 38tOffrap]^M. [dan Marquis of, was born in 1G38, and distin- guislied himself not less by his own talents than by the patronage he afforded to the literati of his day. He wrote an extensive "Journal of the Court of I^ouis XIV.," ex- tracts from whieh have been published, but not the work entire. Died, 1720, D'ANGIIIERA, Pktkii Martyr, an Italian scholar of a noble Milanese family, born, 145.5 ; died, 152ii, at Granada ; leaving several historical works, which are usually quoted under the name of Peter Martvr. DANICIAN, Andre, better known" by the name of Philidok, a celebrated player and writer on chess, was born at Paris, and resided several years in England, where he published his " Analysis " of that celebrated game, and also some musical compositions. Died, 17S)5. DANIEL, Gabriel, a French Jesuit ; author of a " History of France," and a " Voyage to the VVorld of Descartes," a severe satire on the system of that philoso- pher. Born, 1649 ; died, 1728. DANIEL, Samuel, a poet and historian, was born in 1562, near Taunton, Devon, and educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. He became poet laureate on the dcatli of Spenser, and was subsequently ai)pointed to the office of groom of the bed-cliamber to James I. Besides various poems, some of wliich possess considerable merit, he wrote a " History of England " to the end of the reign of Edward III. Died, 1619. DANIELI, F., an Italian savant, medal- list, and antiquarian, l)orn in 1741. In the Neapolitan revolution of 1799, he joined the French republican party i and on the resto- ration of the king of Naples, by Lord Nelson's means, suffered by the loss of his post in the academy, and the confiscation of his pro- perty. Joseph Buonaparte made him per- petual secretary of the Academy of Anti- quities at Naples, and in tikis employment he was continued by Murat. He died in 1812. Among his works are " 1-e Forche Caudine Illustrate," " Monete Antiche di Capua," " I Regali Sepolclxri del Duomo di Palermo," &c. DANIELL, John Frederick, D.C.L., professor of chemistry in King's College, and foreign secretary to the Royal Society ; au- thor of " Meteorological Essays," an " Intro- duction to Chemical Philosophy," &c., be- sides numerous papers in the Quarterly Journal of Science and Art, and the Phi- losophical Transactions, was bom in Essex Street, London, in 1790. As a proof of the estimation in which his scientific attainments were held, it is only necessary to state that he obtained all the three medals in the gift of the Royal Society, an honour never before conferred on any individual. While attend- ing a meeting of the council of the R. S., Marcli 14. 1845, he was seized with apoplexy, and immediately expired. In his official capacity he was zealous and indefatigable ; in his private character, irreproachable. DANIELL, Samuel, an artist, who tra- velled into the interior of Africa, made nu- merous drawings there, and on his return published a work entitled " African Scenery." He also spent six years in the island of Cey- lon, where he died in 1811. He left an ex- tensive collection of drawings, chiefljr iUus- | trative of the natural history of the island ; and a volume was published, entitled " The Scenery, Animals, and Native Inhabitants of Ceylon." DANIELL, William, R.A., an eminent draughtsman, bom 1769, was initiated in the pictorial art at a very earlj' age, and accompanied his uncle to India, when he was only 14, for the express purpose of assisting in depicting the scenery, costume, &c. of that interesting country. Immediately on their return, the large work, entitled " Orien- tal Scenery," in 6 folio volumes, was com- menced, and continued with the most per- severing ardour, until its completion in 1808. He also published " A Picturesque Voyage to India," a work entitled " Zoography," and a great variety of separate views, &c. In 1814, he commenced the " Voyage round Great Britain," a most gigantic undertaking for an unassisted individual. Two or three months in each summer were devoted to collect drawings and notes, and the work was finished in 1825. In 1832, Mr. Daniell, and his friend Mr. Parris, executed the '•Panorama of Madras)" and he subse- quently painted two others, without assist- ance, namely, the "City of Lucknow " and the "Mode of Hunting wild Elephants in Ceylon." He was particularly successful in depicting the ocean in all its varied aspects ; and his glowing representations of Eastern scenery are well known to the public by his splendid " Oriental Annual." Died, 1837. DANNECKER, John Henuv, whose statue of Ariadne on the leopard, in M. Bethmann's garden at Frankfort, would suffice to place him in the first rank of modem sculptors, was bom at Stuttgard, in 17.'>8. He early gave indications of a talent for art ; and after passing some years in the school of design, he set out for Paris in 1783, where he studied under Piijou, and sub- sequently spent 5 years at Rome.in the con- templation and imitation of tlie master- pieces of art that adorn that metropolis. The rest of his life M'as spent chiefly at Stuttgard. His female figures have rarely been surpassed ; and his busts of Schiller, Lavater, Gluck, and many of the members of the royal family of Wurtemberg, are models of artistic skill. Died, 1841. DANTE, Alighieki, or more properly DURANTE, the most renowned of all the Italian poets, was born at Florence in 1265. In the early part of his life he served his country both as a soldier and a statesman, and was employed on many occasicms as tlio Florentine envoy to Rome. Unfortunately for himself, he was made one of the priors, or principal magistrates of his native city, in 1300, during the time it was divided be- tween two parties, the Bianclii and the Neri ; and the former (to whom he belonged) being the weakest, he was banished, his property confiscated, and he was long doomed to en- dure all the sorrows and sufferings of pro- tracted exile. At length he found an asylum with Guido Novello, lord of Ravenna, who, as a friend of the muses, willingly afforded him protection during the remainder of his life. Dante's fame chiefly rests on that ex- traordinary production, entitled "Divina dan] ^ jjHeiu Winibtx^Kl Mia^vK^'^tj* [dar Commedia," consisting of three parts, Ilell, Purgatory, and Heaven ; a work alike re- markable for its terrific grandeur and wild display of creative genius, while at times it is equally graceful, tender, and pathetic. He died in 1321. DANTE, Ignatius, 0. Dominican, of the same family as the poet. He was a celebrated mathematician, and wrote a treatise on the astrolabe. He became bishop of Alatri, and died in 1586. DANTE, Jony Baptist, professor of ma- thematics at Venice in the loth century, was also a member of the above family, and is said to have made a pair of wings, with which he flew over the lake Thrasimenus. DANTON, Georoe James, born in 1759, was an advocate by profession, but became one of the most active among the sanguinary demagogues of the French revolution. After the imprisonment of Louis XVI. at Varennes, he took the lead in the meeting of the Champ de Mars, which paved the way to the de- thronement of the king, and ended in those scenes of blood and cruelty that has for ever rendered execrable the name of Jacobin. Well qualified for the position he assumed, by his colossal figure, stentorian voice, and fierce demeanour, he became one of the executive council, and prepared measures for the defence of the capital when it was threatened by the Prussian invaders under the Duke of Brunswick. He was afterwards a member of the convention and of the com- mittee of public safety, and was a chief pro- moter of all the sanguinary acts of that terrible period. At length a struggle for supremacj^ took place between him and Ro- bespierre, in which the latter succeeded, and Danton was sent to the guillotine, in 1794. D'ANTONELLE, Peter Antony, Mar- quis ; a conspicuous character in the French revolution. He voted for the death of the queen, and for the destruction of the Girond- ists. He was himself near meeting the fate to which he so readily consigned others, as he was tried for complicity in the conspiracy of Babeuf ; but he was fortunate enough to be acquitted, and died at an advanced age, in 1817. D'ANVILLE, JeanBaptiste Bourguig- NON, first geographer to the king of France, member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, of the Antiquarian Society of London, and adjoint-geographer to the Pa- risian Academy of Sciences ; born at Paris, 1697 ; died, 1782. D' Anville devoted his whole life to geographical studies, and the nume- rous valuable maps and works he published left him without a rival. Among the best of his works are the " Atlas of Ancient Egypt," " Orbis Veteribus Notus," and " Orbis Ro- manus." He published 78 treatises and 211 maps, all of which are distinguished for their accuracy and perspicuity. DANZI, Francis, an eminent musical composer and performer on the violoncello, born at Mannheim in 1763 ; author of several operas, " Azakia," the "Midnight Hour," "Iphigenia," &c., and a great variety of instrumental music. He held the situation of director of the opera at Carlsruhe. Died, 1826. DARAN, James, an eminent French sur- geon, born in 1701, was celebrated chiefly for his skill in diseases of the bladder. For a considerable time he was surgeon-major in the imperial army, but settled in Paris, where he acquired both fame and fortune by his practice. Died, 1784. D'ARBLAY, Madame (Frances Btns- NEY), was the daughter of Dr. Bumey, the celebrated composer and author, and may be reckoned among the most distin- guished novelists of the last century ; her first work, "Evelina," having created a greater sensation among the literati of her time than was probably ever caused by any similar production. Her other chief works were " Cecilia, or the Memoirs of an Heiress," "Camilla, or a Picture of Youth," "The Wanderer, or Female Difficulties," and " Memoirs of Dr. Burney." In 1793 she was married to M. d'Arblay, a French emigrant artillery officer ; and having quitted Eng- land for a short residence at Paris during the peace of 1802, their detention by Napoleon was the consequence. Her husband after- wards resumed his rank in the army of his native country ; and they continued to re- main in France till the peace of 1814, when they came to England, and took up their residence at Bath. In that city M. d'Arblay (then a general) died, in 1818. There also died Madame d'Arblay, Jan. 6. 1840. Her memoirs have since been published. DARCET, John, a French chemist and physician, who contributed much to the pro- gress of chemical science, was bom, in 1725, at Douazit, in Guienne. He made several improvements in the manufacture of porce- lain, tried the effect of fire on various mine- rals, and demonstrated the combustibility of the diamond. During the reign of terror his name was in Robespierre's list ; but the in- terest of his friend Fourcroy saved him from the tyrant's murderous fangs ; and he died in 1801, a member of the Institute and of the conservative senate. — His son, John Peter Joseph, also an ingenious practical chemist, has greatly contributed to the improvement of science by a number of valuable disco- veries. D'ARCQ, Philip ArousTus, Chevalier, a supposed natural son of the Count de Tou- louse, born at Paris, and died, 1779 ; he wrote several works on history, &c., and at the close of his life retired to Gentilly, where he devoted the remainder of his days to re- ligion. DARCY, Patrick, Count, an eminent en- gineer, was born at Galway, in Ireland, in 1725, and educated at Paris. He entered the French army, and progressively rose to the rank of major-general. He also distinguished himself by his mathematical works, viz. " An Essay on Artillery," " A Memoir on the Du- ration of the Sensation of Sight," &c. Died, 1779. D'ARGENSOLA, Lupercio Leonardo, a Spanish poet, born at Balbastro, Arragon, in 1565, was secretary of war at Naples, under the viceroy there. He was the author of three tragedies and various poems. Died, 1613. D'ARGENSOLA, Bartholomew, brother of the preceding, was chaplain to the empress Maria of Austria, and the writer of some dar] ^ ^t\33 mnibtviKl masta^fft). [das historical works of merit, viz. a " Ilistorv of the Conquest of the Molucca Islands, " Annals of the Kingdom of Arragon," &c. Died, 1731. D'AJtGENSON, Mark RCn^ lk Voter Paulmv, Marquis, a distinguished states- man in the reign of Louis XIV., born at Venice, 16.52 ; died, 1721. He was lieutenant- general of the police in Paris, and the first who introduced lettres-de-cachet : he was subsequently chancellor ; but finally retired under some disgrace to a monastery, in wliich he died. D'ARGENTAL, Chahles Augustin Fkukiol, Count, a French writer of the 18th century, to whom some writers attribute the novel, entitled " Mt'moires du Comte de Comminges." Died, 1788. D'ARGENTRE, Chables DuI'lessis, a learned French prelate ; bom, 1C73 ; died, 1740 : he became doctor of the Sorbonne, almoner to the king, and bishop of Tulles. D'ARGENVILIiE, Antoine Joseph De- SALLiER, a native of Paris, in which city his father was a bookseller. He was one of the members of the French academy, en- gaged in the compilation of the Encyclo- pt^die, and a corresponding associate of most of the European literary societies. He died, 1766. D'ARGILLATA, Peter, a physician and professor of logic at Bologna ; died, 1423 : his surgical observations in six books passed through many editions, and are very valuable. D'ARGONNE, Norl Bonavexture, a French Carthusian monk of the 17th century. His " MtManges d' Histoire et de Litterature," published under the name of Vigneul de Marville, is a very clever collection of anec- dotes, accompanied by striking and just re- marks. Argonne is also favourably known as the author of "Traits de la Lecture des Pferes de TEglise." D'ARGOTA, Jerome Contador, a Por- tuguese monk, born at Collares, 1076 ; died, 1749. He was a member of the Portuguese academy of history, and author of several works on antiquities, &c. D' ARGUES, Gerard, a mathematician, born at Lyons, 1597 ; died, 1661. He wrote several treatises on perspective, conic sec- tions, stone-cutting, &c. DARIUS, surnamed the Mede, by some supposed to be the same as Cyaxeres, son of Astyages, and maternal uncle to Cyrus, died at Babylon about 348 b. c. DARIUS I., king of Persia, was the son of Hystaspes. He entered into a conspiracy, with six others, against the usurper Smerdis, and having slain him, they agreed that he should have the crown whose horse should neigh first in the morning. By a well-con- certed plan of his groom, the horse of Darius neighed immediately he came to the spot where they were to meet, in consequence of which he was saluted king. He took Babylon after a siege of ten months, rebuilt the temple of Jerusalem, and sent the captive Jews to their own country. His forces suflfered a defeat from the Greeks at Marathon ; on which he resolved to carry on the war in person, but died in the midst of liis prepara- tion, iJ. c. 485. DARNLEY, Henry, Earl of, the husband of Mary, queen of Scots, whose hand he re- ceived in 1565, and perished about two years afterwards, owing to the house in which he resided being blown up with gunpowder. Whether Mary was privy to this horrid crime, or not, has never been clearly proved ; but there are strong reasons to conjecture that her illicit passion for Bothwell, or resentment for the death of her favourite, Rizzio, might have been the cause of the catastrophe. D'ARNAUD, Francis T. M. Baculakp, a French writer of the 18th century ; author of numerous poems, plays, and prose fictions. He was favourably noticed by Voltaire, and Frederic, king of Prussia. D'ARNAUD, George, a French critic, whose works are very numerous and erudite. He gave promise of critical excellence, but was cut short in his learned career by death, at the early age of 29. Born, 1718 ; died, 1747. DARQUIER, AcousTiN, a French astro- nomer, was born at Toulouse in 1718, and died in 1802. He was a member of the na- tional institute ; and his observations were printed in Lalande's " Histoire Ctleste." DARU, Pierre Antoink Noel Bruno, a i)eer of France, eminent as a statesman, poet, and historian, was born at Montpelier, in 1767. At the age of sixteen he entered the army, and at the breaking out of the revolu- tion adopted its princii)les ; but though en- gaged in active service, he devoted much of his time to literary pursuits. He first pub- lished a translation of the works of Horace, which, with his " Cli?op(-die," or Theory of Literary Fame, established his reputation as a poet. It was not long before Napoleon discovered his abilities, and rewarded him by various oflflcial appointments of trust, in which Darn conducted himself with zeal and ability ; and at the time of the first restora- tion of the Bourbons he held the portfolio of the war department. Though his estate at Meulan was sequestrated by Blucher, the allied monarchs soon restored it, and he was called to the chamber of peers by Louis XVni. He afterwards wrote the " Life of Sully" and the "History of Venice," the latter work being one of the most important productions of modern literature. Died, 1829. DARWIN, Erasmus, a poet and physician, was born at Elton, near Newark, in 1721. He was educated at Cambridge, took his doctor's degree at Edinburgh, and settled at Lichfield as a physician till 1781, when he removed to Derby, where he died in 1802. He was a man of great talent but of remark- ably eccentric opinions, as his works abun- dantly prove. His poetic fame rests upon his "Botanic Garden," the versification of which is highly polished but too mechanical. His other great work is entitled " Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life," which, though able and ingenious, is built upon the most absurd hypotheses. He also wrote " Physo- logia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening," several papers in the Philoso- phical Transactions, &c. DASCHKOFF, Catharine Romanowna, Princess of, born in 1744, was a woman of great courage, and of considerable literary abilities. Having led a body of troops to the xa empress Catharine, the latter placed herself at their head, and precipitated her husband from the tlirone. Tor tliis service she desired to have the command of aregiment of guards, which the czarina refused ; but was made director of the academy of sciences, and president of the newly established Russian academy. She was the author of some co- medies and other works. Died, 1810. D'ASPREMONT. Francis, Viscount, the famous governor of Bayonne, wlio, when commanded by Charles IX. to massacre the Calvinists, heroically replied, " Sire, among the citizens and soldiers I have found men devoted to your Majesty j but not a single executioner." DASSIER, John', a French medallist, who engraved a great number of medals of emi- nent men of the age of Louis XIV. Died, 1763. DASSIER, Jacob Axtiiony, son of the preceding, was also a medallist, and engraved numerous medals of illustrious men, in a very suijerior style of workmanship, preserv- ing the likenesses with wonderful correct- ness. He was for some time actively em- ployed in the mint of England, but went to St. Petersburgh, and died at Copenhagen, while on his return to London, in 1709. DAT AMES, a general of the army of Ar- taxerxes, king of Persia, to which station he was raised from the ranks. He was assassin- ated B c 361 D'ATTAIGNANT, Gabkiel Charles, a French ecclesiastic and poet; author of " Pieces Derobees & un Ami," &c. Born, 1697 ; died, 1779. DAUBENTON, Louis Jean Marie, a French naturalist and physician, was born at Montbar, Burgundy, in 1716. He was the friend and coadjutor of Buflfon in his Na- tural History of Quadrupeds, the anatomical part of which was prepared by him with great clearness and accuracy. He is the author of " Instructions to Shepherds," " A Methodical View of Minerals," and other works ; and at the time of his death, in 1800, was a member of the senate and the institute. His wife was the author of a popular ro- mance, called " Zelie dans le Di-sert." She died in 1824. D'AUBIGNE, Theodore Agrippa, a French Calvinist of good family, remark- able for his attachment to Henry IV., and for the honesty with whicli he spoke the truth to that king even when it was least agreeable. He spent the latter part of his life in retirement at Geneva. Died, 1630. D'AUBIGNE, Constant, son of the above, and father of the notorious Madame de Maintenon. His moral character was very inferior to that of his father ; but as an author, his Universal History, and his satires, poems, memoirs, &c., do him considerable credit. D'AUBUSSON, Peter, surnamed the Buckler of the Church, after having served with great distinction under the emperor I Sigismund against the Turks, entered the j order of St. John of Jerusalem, became j grand-master, and, in 1480, compelled Ma- homet II. to raise the siege of Rhodes. 1 Died, ].-)03. D' AUDIGUIER, Vital, a French noble- man ; author of a " Treatise on the true and ancient Usage of Duels." Died, 1630. DAUN, Leopold Joseph Maria, Count, an Austrian field-marshal, was born in 1705. He commenced his military career in the war against the Turks, and greatly distin- guished himself; but it was as commander- in-chief, when opposed to Frederic of Prussia, during the seven years' war, that he obtained Ills fame as a great general. He died in 1766. DAUNOU, Pierre Claude Francois, a very learned French writer and professor, was bom at Bovilogne-sur-mer. Being sent to the convention by the department of Calais, he strove to save the king and the Girondists, was thrown into prison by Ro- bespierre, and only owed his escape from death to that monster's full. He was a very voluminous writer, and his " Course of His- torical Study " fully displays the pliiloso- pher, the critic, the writer, and no less the honest man, who were all united in his person. Bom, 1761 ; died, 1840. DAVEN^VNT, Sir William, an eminent poet, was born at Oxford, in 1606, and there educated. After liaving been in the service of the Duchess of Richmond and Lord Brooke, he began to write for the stage ; and upon the death of Ben Jonson, he was created poet laureate. During the civil wars he fought for the king, was made a lieutenant-general, and received the honour of knighthood. On the decline of the royal cause he went to France, and formed a design for carrying over a number of artificers to Virginia ; but his ship was taken by a vessel belonging to the parliament, and brought to England, where an ignominious death would have awaited him, had it not been for the in- tercession of Milton ; an act of kindness which he afterwards returned. On the resto- ration of Charles II., he obtained a patent for a theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He died in 16(i8, and was interred in Westminster Abbey. His works consist of plays and poems, all of which display talents far above mediocrity. DAVENANT, Charles, eldest son of the preceding, an eminent author and civilian, was bom in 1656. He was successively joint inspector of plays, commissioner of excise, and inspector-general of exports and imports. His "Essays on Trade," in 5 vols., was his principal work ; but he also WTOte " Circe," a tragedy, and some other plays. Died, 1714. DAVENANT, John, bishop of Salisbury, was the son of an eminent merchant in London, where he was born in 1570. He was elected professor of divinity at Cambridge in 1609 ; but is chiefly known as liaving been sent bv James I. to the synod of Dort. DAVENPORT, Christopher, an English Franciscan friar and theological writer. He was chaplain to the queen of Charles I. Born, 1598 ; died, 1680. DAVID, St., the patron saint of Wales, was the son of the prince of Ceretica, now Cardiganshire, and born towards the end of the 5th century. On the death of St. Du- bricius, he became archbishop of Caerlon, at that time the metropolitan church of Wales; but he translated it to Alenevia, now St. David's. He had the reputation of great DAV] ^ ^eia BnibtvM Mio^VKp'^n, [dav learning and piety, and was tlie founder of twelve monasteries, the principal of which was in the vale of Ross. DAVID I., king of Scotland, succeeded his brother Alexander the Fierce in 1124. He married Maud, grand-niece of William the Conqueror ; and was earl of Northumberland and Huntingdon when called to the Scottish throne. On the death of Henry I., king of England, he maintained the claim of his daughter Maud against king Stephen, and seized Carlisle, but was defeated at the battle of Northallerton in 1138. A negotiation was entered into the following year, by which Carlisle was suifered to remain in the pos- session of David. He died tliere in 1153. DAVID II., king of Scotland, was the son of Kobert Bruce, at whose death he was only five years old. On the invasion of Scotland by Baliol, David was sent to France ; but his party prevailing, after a bloody contest, he returned home in 1342. He made several inroads on England, but was taken prisoner after a brave resistance, and conveyed to the Tower, and did not recover liis liberty till 1357, on paying a heavy ransom. Died, 1371. DAVID, Francis Anne, an eminent French engraver, who published many illus- trated works, among which were " Uistoire de France, sous le K6gue de Napoleon le Grand," " EK-mens du Dcssin," &c. Died, 1824. DAVID DE St. GEORGE, John Joseph Alexis, a French litterateur, who devoted much time to the formation of a sclieme, originally suggested by the president Des Brosses, for showing tlie connection between the roots of all languoges. He was a member of several learned societies, and tlic trans- lator of some of Smollett's novels and other English works. Born, 1759 ; died, 1809. DAVID AB GWILYM. a celebrated Welsh poet, of the 14th century. DAVID, Jacques Louis, a celebrated modem French painter, was born at Paris in 1750, and was a pupil of Vien. In 1774 he went to Rome, where his talents for historical paintings were quickly developed ; and in 1789 he finished a large picture, representing Brutus condemning his son to death. But whatever were his merits as a painter, his character as a man is for ever degraded by the blind idolatry with which he worshipped those human demons, Robespierre and Marat, as well as by the eagerness with which he accepted oflice in the worst periods of the revolution. Seated in the National Conven- tion, he became one of the Jacobin Mountain, and appears to have worked himself up to the imaginary belief of a similarity between Collot d'Herbois and Marias — of Phocion and Robesi)ierre. He presented paintings of republican heroism to the National Assem- bly ; he depicted, in a funeral oration, the patriotic deatti of Marat ; avowed his destiny as for ever joined with Robespierre ; voted for the death of Louis XVI., and for the civic festival destined to the goddess of Liberty, and the re-acknowledgment of a God for some of the constituent details of which he supplied gratuitous designs. In the sudden changes, however, which at that time took place, he was committed to the Luxembourg, and only escaped the guillotine from the celebrity he had gained as an artist. In 1800, Buonaparte appointed him painter to the government ; and, during the imperial domination, David exercised considerable | influence over the measures adopted for the cultivation of the fine arts. On the restora- , tion of the Bourbons he was banished from France, and died at Brussels in 1825. His best paintings are, the Rape of the Sabines, the Oath of the Horatii, the Death of Socrates, | Napoleon presenting tlie Imperial Eagles to j the Troops, Mars disarmed by Venus and the Graces, and the Coronation of Napoleon, j David's style of painting, formed on a fas- tidious deference to the classic models of j Greece, has a cold and statue-like tameness in the midstof striking elegance of form, and | accuracy of costume and design, being defi- | cient in that vitality which forms the beau ideal of the English school. DAVIDSON, John, a celebrated traveller, was the son of Mr. Davidson, an opulent tailor, in Cork Street, Dublin. In 1814, he was apprenticed to Messrs. Savory and Moore, chemists, and became a partner in that firm at the expiration of his time ; but his in- clination for travel induced him to quit the business in 1826 ; and from that period up to the time of his death, he had been almost constantly en^'aged in exploring distant re- gions. He visited North and South America, India, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Greece, Italy, France, and Germany ; enriching his mind with the most valuable information, and afterwards imparting it to the public in his lectures. His last exj)edition was to Africa, and it proved a fatal one. Whilst vainly attempting to reach the great object of European curiosity, the far-famed city of Timbuctoo, and when about 25 days' journey from it (near the southern confines of the district of Egucda), he was robbed and mur- dered by a party of the tribe of El Harib, Dec. 18. 1836. DAVIDSON, LrcRETiA Maria, an Ame- rican poetess of extraordinary talent, in- dustry, and precocity, was born at Platts- burg in 1808. When she was only four years old she was in the habit of retiring to some secluded place, while her schoolmates were at play, and there occupying herself in making rude drawings, with verses de- scriptive of them, written in the characters of the printed alphabet. Her parents not being in good circumstances, she was much employed in domestic services ; but still she devoted every interval of leisure to intel- lectual pursuits, and with such a fatal ar- dour, that it laid the foundation of a dis- ease which terminated in death, August 27. 1825, in the 17th year of her age. Her poetical pieces were afterwards published, with a biographical sketch by Mr. Morse. Her features were singularly beautiful, but an expression of melancholy pervaded them, and in her latter effusions there is an evident consciousness of her premature decay. DAVIE, William Riciiakuson, a native of England, but brought up in America, and graduated at the college of Nassau llall, New Jersey. He was intended for the law ; but yielding to the military spirit which the war of independence had excited in Carolina, he obtained the command of a X3 DAV] % ^t^ Wnxi'ozx^^X 33ifl0rHjiT)i?. [dav company in Count Pulaslti's legion, quickly rose in rank, and greatly distinguislied himself by his zeal, courage, and skill. In 1799 he was elected governor of North Carolina, and, soon after, appointed by President Adams one of the envoys to France. He possessed a commanding figure, a noble and patriotic spirit, and was gifted with a masculine, ready eloquence, alike serviceable to himself and the cause of his country. Died, 1820. DAVIES, Sir John, an English poet and judge, born in 1570, was a native of Wilt- shire, and studied at Queen's College, Ox- ford ; from whence he removed to tlie Middle Temple, and was called to the bar. On tlie accession of James I. he was created a knight, and appointed to the oflRce of at- torney-general for Ireland. In 1G2(> he was made chief justice of the king's bench, but died during the same year. His principal poem, entitled "Nosce Teipsum," has very considerable merit, and his work on the state of Ireland contains many sound political arguments and reflections. DAVIES, Dr. Johx, a learned Welsh divine ; author of a grammar of the Welsh language, and a dictionary, Welsh and Latin. Died, 1044. DAVIES, Robert, a modern bard of Wales, and one whose knowledge and love of Cambrian literature were never exceeded, died at Nantglyn, near Denbigh, on New- year's Day, 183G, aged 66. lie gained nu- merous medals and premiums at tlie diiferent Eisteddfodan, for his Welsh effusions on popular and patriotic subjects ; and was also the author of an excellent " Welsh Grammar," &c. Among the admirers of the ancient British language, Mr. Davies was known by the bardie appellation of Bard Nantgh/n. DAVIES, Rev. Walter, vicar of Llhan- rhai-adhr, one of the Cambrian patriots, to whom, since the middle, and, more particu- larly, since the last decenniura of the 18th century, tlie principality became indebted for a new epoch in the development of old British literature, and, at the same time, of the national life and spirit of the Welsh people ; was born at Wern, in the parish of Llhan-y-Mechain, in 1761. Though born of poor parents, he could trace his origin to a long line of illustrious ancestors. At the age of 11, he was teacher in a rural school ; and afterwards matriculated at All Saints, Oxford. Among his countrymen, he ranks with their most distinguished bards, both ancient and modern ; and besides innume- rable minor prose contributions to various Welsh journals, illustrative of the liistory, topography, and language of his native country, lie wrote " A General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of North Wales and South Vv^ales," published by order of the Board of Agriculture, four volumes, 1810—1818 ; a work full of shrewd observa- tion, lively description, and excellent prac- tical advice : and published an edition of Haw Morus and of Lewis Glyn Gothi, a historical poet of the 16th century. Died, 1840. DAVILA, Arrigo Cateeixo, an eminent historian, Was born in the territory of Padua, in 1576 ; and being brought up in France, served with reputation in the French army. On his return to his native country, he held several high offices under the Venetian go- vernment ; but in 1631, while on his jour- ney to take the command of the garrison at Crema, he was assassinated. He wrote " The History of the Civil Wars of France," a work which still ranks among the best Italian productions. D'AVILER, Augustine Charles, a French architect of the 17th century ; author of some valuable works on architecture. DAVIS, Hexut Edward, an English di- vine, born at Windsor, in 1756. He was the author of " An Examination of Gibbon's Rome," and the only opponent whom the historian deigned to answer. Died, 1784. DAVIS, John, an eminent navigator, was born near Dartmouth in Devonshire, and went to sea at an early age. In 1585 he was sent out with two vessels to find a north- west passage, when he discovered the straits which still bear liis name. He afterwards explored the coasts of Greenland and Ice- land, proceeding as far as latitude 73"^ N. In 1571 lie went, as second in command, with Cavendish, in his unfortunate voyage to the South Seas. After this he made five voyages to the East Indies, in the last of wliich he was killed in an engagement with some Japanese pirates off the coast of Malacca, 1605. He wrote an account of his voyages, and invented a quadrant. DAVIS, Richard Hart, an eminent mer- chant and banker in Bristol, and for many years one of the representatives of that city in parliament, from which, however, he withdrew on the passing of the reform bill. On four different elections he maintained his seat after severe contests, having for his opponents on two occasions, Henry Hunt and William Cobbett, and Sir Samuel Ro- milly. On his secession from parliament, a handsome service of plate, of the value of 756/., was raised by subscription, and pre- sented to him by the electors, as a mark of their esteem. Died February, 1842, aged 75. DAVIS, Thomas, a miscellaneous writer, by turns a bookseller and an actor, was the author of "The Life of Garrick," "The Life of Henderson," " Dramatic Miscel- lanies," &c. Died, 1705. DAVISON, William, a native of Scot- land, and secretary of state to queen Eliza- beth. A great part of his life was spent in diplomatic missions ; but he was ultimately | sacrificed on the pretence of precipitating j the death of Mary, queen of Scots. In order ; to give a colour of probability to the charge, I he was condemned to pay a fine of ten I thousand marks, and to be imprisoned during pleasure. I DAVOUST, Louis Nicholas, duke of | Auerstadt and prince of Eckmuhl, a marshal i and peer of France, was born of a noble ! family, at Annoux in Burgundy, in 1770. | He studied at Brienne with Buonaparte, and entered the array in 1785. Being an ardent republican, and distinguishing him- self on many previous occasions, he accom- panied Buonaparte to Egypt ; but it was in those brilliant campaigns which took place from 1803 to 1800 that he obtained his high DAV] % i2c&) ^nibcr^al JJin^rapl^n. LDEC reputation, and was rewarded with the titles of marshal, duke, and prince. He adhered to the fortunes of Napoleon through all his reverses ; and was commander of the army which, in 181.5, capitulated to the allies under the walls of Paris. Died, 182:3. D'AVKIGNY, Hyacinth Robillard, a French Jesuit and liistorical writer, was born at Caen in 1075, and died in 1719. DAVY, Sir Uumpiirv, bart., one of the most eminent among modern chemists, was born at Penzance, in Cornwall, in 1778. He was intended for the medical profession, and placed with an ajjotliecary for the ne- cessary initiation ; but he gave himself up to the study of chemistry, and, with the consent of his master, quitted him in his Ifith year, in order to prepare for graduating as a physician at Edinburgh. Indefatigable in the pursuit of his favourite science, his pro- gress in it was most rapid ; his friends en- couraged the bent of his genius, and he was induced to suspend his design of going to Edinburgh, and to accept the superintend- ence of a pneumatic institution at Bristol. While there he published his "Chemical and Philosophical Researches," the fame of which immediately obtained him the pro- fessorship of chemistry at the Royal Insti- tution, where his popularity as a lecturer was unbounded. In 1802 he became pro- fessor to the Board of Agriculture ; in 1818 he was created a baronet ; and in 1820 he was elected president of the Royal Society ; and a series of scientific discoveries and pro- fessional honours flowed on without inter- ruption till his death, which took place at Geneva, in 1829. The invention of the safety-lamp, the discovery of the metallic baaes of the alkalies and earths, and of the principles of electro-chemistry, and nume- rous other discoveries and inventions not less important, attest his skill and industry, and give him an imperishable fame. Be- sides his separate works of a scientific cha- racter, he was the author of numerous papers in the Philosophical Transactions ; and when, during his illness, he was dis- posed to divert his mind with lighter studies, he wrote " Salmonia, or Days of Fly-fishing," and " Consolations in Travel." DAVY, JoH.v, a musical composer of some notoriety, was bom in 1765, and died in 1824. He was a pupil of Jackson, discovered a very early genius for music, and composed some successful operas and songs. DA WE, Gkokge, R. A., an eminent pain- ter, who held the situation of first painter to the emperor of Russia, and was a mem- ber of the academies of St. Petersburgh, Stockholm, and Florence, excelled both in portraits and historical subjects, and for several years was a regular exhibitor at Somerset House. He was the author of " The Life of George Morland." Died, 1829. DAWES, Manasseh, a barrister of the Inner Temple, but wlio had long retired from practice, and distinguished lumself as a writer of tracts and pamphlets on juris- prudence, morals, and political economy. Died, 1829. DAWES, Riciiakd, a learned critic, was born in 1708, and educated at Market Bos- worth, tmder Anthony Black well. In 1738 235 he was appointed master of the grammar school at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1745 he published his "Miscellanea Critica," or a collection of remarks on various ancient autliors, a work of high value. In 1749 he resigned his school, and died in 17()0. DAY, Thomas, an English writer, was bom in 1748, and received his education at the Charterhouse, from whence he was removed to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, after which he entered of the Middle Tem- ple, but never followed the law as a pro- fession. His manners were eccentric, and his opinions romantic. He wrote many works, but the only one by which his name will be perpetuated is the " History of Sandford and Merton." Died, 1789. DE BERNARD, Chaklks, one of the most graceful and lively modern writers of fiction, was bom in 1803. His works, " La Femme de Quarante Ans," "Gerfaut," &c., are chiefly illustrative of French domestic life ; and some of his most attractive tales appeared in the feuilleton of the Journal des Debttts. He was of a shy anil reserved dis- position, and many curious anecdotes arc told of his abstraction and absence of mind. Died at Paris, 1850. DECATUR, STErnEjf,an American naval officer, distinguished for skill and bravery, was bom in 1779, became captain of the President frigate, and performed many gal- lant exploits during the late war with this country. In 1812 he fell in with and cap- tured the Macedonian, English frigate, a vessel of inferior class to hi« own, after an engagement of an hour and a half. In 1815 he endeavoured to elude the vigilance of the British squadron blockading New York, but was captured after a running fight of two hours and a half. He lost his life in a duel with Commodore Barron, in 1820. DECEBALUS, king of the Dacians, who resisted the Romans in the reign of Do- mitian. He entered the province of Mcesia, defeated and slew Oppius Sabinus, the Roman commander, and took a number of places. Afterwards he was defeated him- self, but still resisted till Domitian agreed to pay him a tribute yearly, which was con- tinued by Nero, but refused by Trajan, who subdued Dacia, on which Decebalus put an end to himself, a. d. 105. DECIUS, Mus. P., a valiant Roman, who served as military tribune under the consul Cornelius Cossus, B.C. 343, and when the army was in danger of being cut oflf by the Samnites, he volunteered his services with his party, and completely routed them. Two years afterwards he was chosen consul with Manlius Torquatus, at which time the Romans were at war with the Latins. On this occasion it was agreed between the two consuls, that he whose army first receded from the enemy should devote himself for the good of his country. The division un- der Dccius being hard pressed, gave way, on which he stripped himself of his military habit, and, rushing into the midst of the enemy, was slain. The army under Man- lius then gained a terrible victory, and the body of Decius was buried with military honours. DECIUS, the son of the above, was consul dec] ^ fim Unittv^iil 28tot!TajpT;p. [del three times, and also censor. Being engaged against the Gauls and Samnites, and victory dubious, he imitated his father by devoting himself, and was slain, after which the Romans defeated the enemy with great slaughter. DECIUS, a Roman emperor, was born in Pannonia. He distinguished himself by an expedition against the Persians, and by per- secuting the Christians. In his marcli against the Goths he entered a morass, where he and his army perished by the attack of the enemy, in 251. DECKER, Thomas, an English dramatist of the 17th century. He was cotemporary with Ben Johnson, who satirised him in his Poetaster, imder the name of Crispanus, but Decker retorted in his Satyromastix, or untrussing of a humorous poet. He wrote several plays, some of which possess merit. He died after 1638. DECRES, a French admiral, bom in 1761. He commanded the Guillauine Tell at the battle of Aboukir, and when that vessel was blown up, was saved and made prisoner by the victors. It is singular that he peri<*hed, after rising to the portfolio of minister of marine in 1820, by being blown up by a train of gunpowder deposited in his mattrass, the mj'sterious cause of which (although robbery by a servant is alleged) has never been discovered. DE DUNSTANVILLE, Francis, Lord, a descendant of the Bassets of Devonshire, whose ancestoi-8 came over to England at the time of the Norman conquest, was bom at Walcot, Oxfordshire, in 1757. He was elected to represent Penryn in 1780, and joined the Tory party under the adminis- tration of Lord North. He had however, in the year preceding, gained much credit in havinig headed the miners of Cornwall, and led them on to the relief of Plymouth, wlien the combined fleets of France and Spain had cast anchor in the Sound. Upon that occasion, Mr. Francis Basset was created a baronet. He afterwards clianged his view of political affairs, and withdrew his hitherto strenuous support of Lord North and his party. He was created a peer in 1796. Died, 1835. DEE, John, a mathematician and astro- loger, was born at London in 1527, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. In the reign of Mary he was imprisoned on a suspicion of treasonable practices ; but was in great favour with queen Elizabeth, who visited him at Mortlake, where he had collected a library. In 1581 he and Edward Kelly commenced their magical operations, which lasted two years, and in which they were joined by a Polish nobleman called Laski, who persuaded them to go to Poland, where they remained some time. The two worthies at length quarrelled, and their adventures abroad made so much noise, that Dee thought it prudent to return to England. In 1596 he was made warden of Manchester College, and died in 1608. He published several mathematical works in Latin and English, and wrote many more which were never printed. DEERING, J. P., R.A., a distinguished English architect, better known to the pub- lic by his original family name of Gandy, was born in 1780. He took the name of Deering for a large estate, and sat in par- liament for Aylesbury after the passing of the reform bill. In his early life he travelled in Greece under the auspices of the Dilettanti Society ; some of the results of which he exhibited in very fine drawings at the annual exhibitions of the academy, of which, in 1827, he was chosen an associate, and, in 1838, an R.A. Several buildings in the metropolis are altogether or partly the fruits of his talents. Exeter Hall is his de- sign. Died, 1850. DEFFAND, Maria de Vichy Chamroud, Marchioness du, a French lady, who for many years was a conspicuous character among the literati of the age, and whose "Correspondence" has been published, was born in 1697. Few females possessed more natural or cultivated talents, and her abode was regarded as the rendezvous of wit and genius ; but the laxity of her morals formed a sad contrast to the superiority of her in- tellectual powers. Died, 1780. DEFOE, Daniel, an English writer, whose family name was Foe, was the son of a butcher, and born in 1600. In 1688 he kept a hosier's shop in Cornhill, but failing, he had recourse to his pen for a subsistence. In 1695 he was made accomptant to the commissioners of the glass duty, which office he held till that impost was taken off. In 1701 he produced his " True-born Eng- lishman," a satire, coarse but characteristic. The year following appeared his "Shortest Way with the Dissenters," for which he was sentenced to the pillory, fined, and impri- soned. He was instrumental in promoting the union of England and Scotland. In 1713 he was again committed to prison for some political pamphlets, but Lord Oxford procured his pardon. In 1715 he published the "Family Instructor," a religious per- formance of merit ; and in 1719 appeared his admirable "Robinson Crusoe." Defoe wrote a number of other books, among which was a " Journal of the Plague in 1665," by a supposed witness of it ; and died in 1731. DELABORDE, Jean Benjamin, a cele- brated French musical composer and per- former on the violin. He was born in 1734 ; was a great favourite with Louis XV., in whose household he was originally ; be- came afterwards fermier-general, and was guillotined during the reign of terror, as a favourer of monarchy. DELACAPEDE, Bernard Germain Stephen Laville, a celebrated French na- turalist, bom in 1756. He held the situation of keeper of the cabinets in the Jardin du Roi at Paris, which he greatly improved ; but the events of the revolution interfered with his scientific employments, and he was by no means an inactive spectator of the 6c«ne. He was successively secretary and president of the National Assembly, and on the formation of the Institute he was chosen one of the first members. Under the regime of Buonaparte he became president of the conservative senate, and grand-ohancellor of the legion of honour ; but when, in 1814, the reverses of the emperor tried the fidelity of his friends, Delacapede appeared to waver. del] ^ ^ebi Bnibtv^nX 38i0sraj)Iji). [del At the restoration of the Bourbons he re- turned to his studies in natural liistory, and he died in 1825. DELACOUR, Jamks, an Irish poet ; au- thor of " The Prospect of Poetry," and a poem in imitation of Pope's, entitled " Abe- lard to Eloisa." His intellect becoming de- ranged, he possessed the notion that he was gifted with the spirit of prophecy ; and hav- ing, it is said, made one lucky guess respect- ing the exact day when the garrison at the Havannali, which was then in a state of siege, would surrender, he went on prophesy- ing ever after. Born, 1709 ; died, 1781. DELAMBRE John Baptist Joseph, one of the most eminent French astronomers, and a pupil of Leiande, was bom at Amiens in 1749. Though he did not commence the study of astronomy till he was 3(5 years of age, he rapidly acquired great fame, and produced numerous works of great merit ; among whicli are his "Theoretical and Practical Astronomy," 3 vols. 4to., and a "History of Astronomy," iu 5 vols. 4to. Died. 1822. DELANDINE, Anthony Francis, a modern French writer, born at Lyons in 1756, of which city he became the librarian. In the early part of the revolution he dis- tinguished himself by his judgment and moderation ; but this was too great a crime for tlie terrorists to pardon, and lie was de- nounced and imprisoned. To the overthrow of Robespierre's party he owed his life, and he devoted the remainder of his days to literature. He wrote " Mt'moircs Biblio- j graphiques et Littcraires," aud other works. ' Died. 1820. DELANY, PATr.iCK, a learned divine, was a native of Ireland, and bom about 1686. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and obtained some church preferment from Lord Carteret. In 1732 he publislied " Reve- lation examined with Candour ; " and in 1738 appeared his " Reflections upon Poly- gamj'." His next publication was the " Life of David ; " and in 1754 he published "Observations on Lord Orrery's Remarks on the Life and Writings of Swift." Died, 1768. DE LA RITE, Gekvaise, a French abbd and an eminent antiquarian ; knight of the legion of honour, and a member of many learned societies in Europe ; died, at the age of 87, in September, 1835. His works are chiefly elucidatory of Anglo-Norman poetry. DELAVAL, Edwakd Hl'SSEY, a chemist and natural philosopher. He particularly directed his attention to optics ; and his principal work was " An Experimental In- quiry into the Cause of the Clianges of Colours in opaque and coloured Bodies." He was brother to LordDelaval. Died, aged 85, in 1814. DELAVIGNE, Casimir, one of the most eminent of the modern French poets, was born of respectable parents at Havre-de- Orace. His works were very numerous, and to the honour of French taste be it said, they were very popular also ; for never since the days of Conieille has French verse em- bodied sentiments more noble or magnificent. Died, December, 1843, ogcd 49. DELAUNEY, Count d'Antraigues, a distinguished political agent during the revolutionary era of France. When Robes- pierre was in his zenith he emigrated to Germanj', and in 1797 he was employed in the service of Russia. While thus engaged in Italy, he was arrested by the agents of France, and thrown into prison ; from whicli he was liberated through the intercession of Madame St. Iluberti, a celebrated actress belonging to the French opera, whom he afterwards married. In 1806 he was sent on a mission to England by the emperor of Russia, and he was often emploved by the government. He resided at Barnes, Surrey ; and, from some cause wholly unaccounted for, he was there assassinated by his Italian servant, in the following manner: — As he was about to step into his carriage to go to London with his wife, on the 3rd of July, 1812, Lawrence, the Italian footman, fired a pistol at the count, wliich slightlv grazed his hair ; but perceiving he had missed his aim, the fellow rushed into the Jiouse^ and immediately returned with a pistol in one hand and a dagger in the otlier, with wliich he stabbed both the count and his wife, who expired almost instantaneously. He then ran into the house again, aud blew his own brains out. DEIiEYNE, Alexander, an ingenious French writer ; author of " An Analysis of the Works of Lord Bacon," "The Genius of Montesquieu," " The Spirit of St. Evre- mond," several articles iu the Encyclopedic, &c. Died, 1797. DELILLE, Jacqi'es, 'a modern French poet, of first-rate eminence, was born at Aigue Perse, in V'iS. His translation of Virgil's Georgics, in 1769, established his fame, and obtained him admission to the French academy ; and though a royalist, his poetical genius ensured him the respect even of the tyrant Robespierre. He was professor of Latin poetry at the college of France, and of the belles lettres at the uni- versity of Paris ; but in 1794 he witlidrew from France, though lie relumed again in 1801, and was chosen a member of the In- stitute. He again, however, emigrated ; and it was in London that he translated the " Paradise Lost " of our divine poet. After his final return to his own country he wrote his admired poem, " La Conversation," be- came blind, and died in 1813. Besides the poems already mentioned, the most pro- minent of his productions are the " Three Reigns of Nature," "Imagination," and " Misfortune and Pity." Without pos- sessing so large a share of creative genius as some others, he was excelled by none in exquisite versification, purity of moral sen- timent, or true pathos. DELISLE, Claude, a French historian, was born at Vaucoleurs, in 1644, and died in 1720. His works are, " Relation llistoriquc du Royaurae de Siam ;" "Abridgment of the Universal History," 7 vols. ; and a " Ge- nealogical and Historical Atlas." — William DE, son of the preceding, was born at Paris, in 1675. He was appointed geographer to the king, to whom he had the honour of giving lessons in that science. Died, 1726 Louis DE, brother of the preceding, an able astronomer and geographer, made several del] ^ ^0lu Unibtv^nl MiaQtnpl)^, [dem journeys on tlie coast of the frozen ocean, to determine the situation of a variety of places in the countries lying nearest to the north pole ; after which lie traversed Siberia ; and in 1741 went alone to Kamtschatka.with the same object ; but died the same year. — Joseph Nicholas de, the youngest and most celebrated of the three brothers, was born at Faris, in 1G88 ; visited England, where he formed an acquaintance with Newton and Halley ; and in 1726 was ap- pointed astronomer-royal at Petersburg, where he resided twenty-one years, during which he published " Memoirs illustrative of the History of Astronomy," 2 vols. 4to.; and an atlas of Russia. On his return to Paris, in J 747, he was appointed professor of mathematics iu the royal college. Died, 17(18. DELISLE, John- Baptist Isoard, a French writer, known also under the name of Delisle de Sales, was born at Lyons in 1743. He was the author of "La Philoso- phic de la Nature," which being denounced as immoral and irreligious, he was tried and imprisoned, thereby acquiring a temporary celebrity. He afterwards wrote romances, histories, and Platonic dreams ; was im- prisoned during the reign of Robespierre ; subsequently became a member of the Insti- tute ; and died in 1816. DELIUS, Christopher Frauoott, a mineralogical writer, was bom at Walhau- sen, in Thuringia. He died in Italy in 1799, aged 51. He wrote a " Dissertation on Moun- tains," 8vo. ; and an " Introduction to the Art of Mining," 4to. ; both highly esteemed. DELLA MARIA, Dominique, a musical composer, of Italian extraction, though bom at Marseilles, in 1778. He studied under the first masters in Italy, and acquired a style at once pure, natural, and graceful. He died, aged 28, in 1806. DELMONT.Deodat, a painter of history, born at St. Tron in 1581, was a disciple of Rubens, who highly valued liim for his genius. He died in 1634. DELOLME, JoHx Louis, a native of Geneva, was born in 1745, and bred to the practice of the law ; but, taking an active part in the political events of his country, he was obliged to repair to England, where he at length became known by liis cele- brated work on the " Constitution of Eng- land." He also wrote a "History of the Flagellants ; " and, returning to Switzer- land in 1775, died there in 1806. DELPINI, Charles Anthony, was born in the parish of St. Martin, Rome, and drew his last breath in the parish of St. Martin, London, Feb. 13. 1828. He was the best clown of his day, and the author of several dramatic works. He got up the grand masquerade called " La Fiera di Venegia," which was intended for the entertainment of George IV. on his attaining the age of ma- jority. It was the most superb thing of the kind ever exhibited in this country ; and, though the tickets of admission to the Pan- theon were three guineas each, Delpini was considerably out of pocket by it. Like too many of his professional brethren, he had failed to provide for the exigencies of old age, and suffered great distress for many years, which being told to the late king, his majesty sent him a present of 200?. DELUC, John Andrew, a Genevese na- turalist, latterly residing in England, where he obtained a pension from queen Charlotte, who appointed him her reader. He was the author of several geological works. Bom, 172<J ; died, 1817. DEMARATUS, king of Sparta, who ac- cused Clemens before the ephori, as the dis- turber of Greece, for which he retorted upon Demaratus the charge of illegitimacj', and having bribed the priests of Delphi, the oracle, when consulted, confirmed the charge. Demaratus then resigned the crown, and entered into the Persian service, where he was entertained by Darius Hystaspes and Xerxes as a king. DEMETRIUS, sumamed Poliorcetes, king of Macedou, was the son of Antigonus. At the age of twenty-two his father en- trusted him with an army against Ptolemy, by whom he was defeated near Gaza. But he soon repaired the loss, and with a fleet of 250 ships sailed to Athens, which he delivered from Demetrius Phalereus. He afterwards defeated Cassandcr at Thermopylae ; but the successors of Alexander, alarmed at his pro- gress, collected their forces, and marched against him. They met at Ipsus, b. c. 301 1 and after an obstinate battle, the army of Demetrius was defeated, and his father slain, but he himself fled to Ephesus. He, how- ever, mustered a new army, and relieved Athens from the tyranny under which it groaned. He then slew Alexander, the son of Cassander, and seated himself on the throne of Macedonia. At the end of seven years he was obliged to quit his dominion and retire into Asia, where he was reduced to great distress ; on which he went to the court of Seleucus, his son-in-law ; but a dif- ference breaking out between them, war en- ensued, and Demetrius was defeated. De- serted by his soldiers, he surrendered him- self at length to his son-in-law, who exiled him to PcUa, iu Syria, where he died, B.C. 284. DEMETRIUS L, king of Syria, sur- named Soter, was the son of Seleucus Phi- lopater. He was sent hostage to Rome by his father, on whose death Antiochus Epi- phanes, and after him his son Antiochus Eupator, the one the uncle, and the other the cousin of Demetrius, usurped the throne of Syria. He applied to the Roman senate for assistance to recover his right, but in vain. The Syrians, however, recognised him for their lawful prince, and at last he obtained the throne. He then declared war against the Jews, in which Jiulas Macca- bajus lost his life, bravely fighting for the liberties of his country. A confederacy of the neighbouring kings was formed against Demetrius, who was slain b. C. 150. DEMETRIUS II., called Nicator (con- queror), was the son of the preceding. Pto- lemy Philometor, king of Egypt, placed him on the throne of his father, after expelling the usurper, Alexander Balas, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra, the wife of the same Alexander, and daughter of Ptolemy. He was subsequently taken prisoner by the king of Parthia, who gave him his daughter in dem] ^ ^rttj BnihtrgaX ^BmtjrajplbC. [dem marriage, which so incensed Cleopatra, that she married Antiochus Sidetes, her brother- in-law. Sidetes, however, fell in battle, and Demetrius recovered his throne ; but he did not retain it long, for he waa once more ex- pelled by Alexander Zebina, and was killed by the governor of Tyre, b. c. 127. DEMETRIUS, PHALEKEUS,a philosopher of the peripatetic sect. The Athenians were BO charmed with his eloquence, as to erect statues to his honour, lie afterwards fell into disgrace, and retired to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, whose son banished lum from his dominions, and he died by the bite of an asp, 2:34 n. c. He wrote several books, and, it is said, furnished the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. DEMETRniS, czar of Russia, commonly called the false Demetrius, was, according to most historians, a native of Jarowslaw, and a novice in a monastery, where he was tutored by a monk to personate Demetrius, son of the czar John Basilowitz, wlio liad been murdered by Boris Gudenow. Having learnt his tale he went into Lithuania, embraced the Roman Catholic religion, and married the daughter of the palatine Scndomir. In 1604 Demetrius entered Russia at the head of a small army, was joined by a number of Russians and Cossacks, and defeated an army sent against him. On the death of Boris, the people strangled his son, and placed Deme- trius on the throne ; but his partiality to the Poles, and contempt of the Greek religion, occasioned an insurrection, and he was as- Bossinated in 1606, after reigning about eleven months. DEMOCEDES, a Grecian physician, who with his family became captives to the Per- sians, and were carried to Susa, where he worked with the other slaves. But happen- ing to cure Darius, he was liberally re- warded, and admitted to the royal table. He returned to his own country, and married the daughter of Milo. DEMOCRITUS, one of the most cele- brated philosophers of antiquity, and of the Eleatic school was born at Abdera, B.C. 460. He studied under Leucippus ; and on the death of his father, who was a wealthy citizen, he travelled to Egypt, Chaldea, and other countries, by which he greatly en- larged his stores of knowledge ; and when he returned to his native city, though at first slighted, his intellectual acquisitions gained the respect of his countrymen, and he was placed at the head of public affairs ; but, indignant at the follies of the Abde- rites, he resigned his office, and retired to solitude, devoting himself wholly to phi- losophical studies. In his system he de- veloped still farther the mechanical or atom- ical theory of his master Leucippus, and applied it not only to the formation of the universe, but to the soul of man, the senses, the elements, &c. He was also a practical philosopher and a moralist, his grand axiom being, that the greatest good consists in a tranquil mind. He has been absurdly called the " laughing philosopher " (in contrast to the weeping Heraclitus), which epithet is supposed to have originated in his prac- tice of humourously exposing the absurd- 209 ities of his countrymen, whose stupidity was proverbial. He wrote numerous works, but none of them now exist ; and he lived to the great age of 105. DEMOIVRE, Abraham, bom at Vitri, in Champagne, in 1677, was driven from his native country by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and settled in England, where he obtained a livelihood by his skill in teaching the mathematics. He waa un- doubtedly one of the first calculators that ever existed ; and published " Tlie Doctrine, of Chances," " Miscellanea Analytica," &c.' Died, 17.54. DEMOSTHENES, the greatest orator of antiquity, was tlie son of an opulent sword- blade manufacturer at Athens, and was bom about 380 B.C. Having lost his fatlier when a mere child, his education was neglected ; but at the age of seventeen he determined to study eloquence, though his lungs were weak, his pronunciation inarticulate, and his gestures awkward. These impediments he conquered by perseverance, till by de- grees he surpassed all other orators in the power and grace of eloqjience. When tlie encroachments of Pliilip of Macedon alarmed the Grecian states, he depicted his ambi- tious design with so much etfcct, that similar orations are to this day called Pliilippics. When that monarch was about to invade Africa, Demosthenes was sent as ambassa- dor to prevail on the Bceotians to assist them, in whicli mission he succeeded. He was also at the battle of Cheronea, but his conduct tlicre showed that he was as defi- cient in personal courage as he was inimi- table in the senate. The influence of De- mosthenes being on the decline, ^schines took advantage of it to bring an accusation against him on tlie subject of his conduct at Cheronea, and his having had a crown of gold awarded him ; but the orator so well defended himself in his celebrated oration De Corona, that he was honourably ac- quitted, and his adversary sent into exile. Shortly after, however, Demosthenes was convicted of receiving a golden cup and twenty talents from Ilarpalus, one of Alex- ander s generals, who had retired to Athens with a quantity of plunder, which he had gathered in Asia. To avoid punishment, he fled to ^gina, where he remained till the death of Alexander, when he was recalled by his countrymen, and brought home in triumph. But this change of fortune was of short duration. The victory of Antipater was followed by an order to the Athenians to deliver up Demosthenes, who fled to the temple of Neptune, at Calauria, where he , poisoned himself, b. c. 322. The speeches | of Demosthenes were natural, concise, vi- gorous, and logical : he was by turns calm, vehement, or elevated, as the ease required ; in energy and power of persuasion, in beauty and vigour of expression, and in language at once strong and melodious, he surpassed all his predecessors. DEMOUSTIER, C. A., a French author of celebrity, descended by the father's side from Racine, and by the mother's from La Fontaine. He was born in 1760, and died in 1801. Among his works are "Le Sii'ge de Cythfere," a' poem, and many successful dem] ^ ^f£D Bnibtv^al ^taiflflrapTjw. [deo comedies, " Les Femmes," " Les Troix Tils," " Le Divorce," " Alceste," " La Cliauniifere Indienne," &c. DEMPSTER, Thomas, a Scotch writer, was born in 1579, and studied at Cambridge, from whence he removed to Paris. He was afterwards professor of philology at Pisa, and died at Bologna in 1C25. He wrote several works, the most curious of which are a " Mar- ty rology of Scotland," a "List of Scottish Writers," and a " History of the Etruscans." DENHAM, Lieut.-col. Dixon, an enter- prising traveller and intrepid soldier, was born in 1786, and entered tlie army as a volunteer in 1811, serving with honour in the peninsular war, where he obtained a lieu- tenancy. In 1821 he was chosen to proceed to Central Africa, in company with Captain Clapperton and Dr. Oudney, for tlie purpose of exploring those regions ; liis courage per- severance, address, and conciliatory manners peculiarly fitting him for such an under- taking. On his return to England, in 1824, he published a "Narrative" of his travels. In 1826 he was sent to Sierra Leone as super- intendant of the liberated Africans, and in 1828 was appointed lieutenant-governor of the colony ; soon after which he was seized witli a fever, which quickly proved fatal. DENHAM, Sir John, a poet of some ce- lebrity, was born in 1615, at Dublin, where his father was chief baron of tlie exchequer, but afterwards became a judge in England. In 1641 appeared his tragedy of" The Sophy," and soon after he was made governor of Fareham Castle for the king. In 1643 he published his " Cooper's Hill." He attended Charles' II. in his exile, and was sent by him ambassador to Poland. At the Restoration he was knighted and appointed surveyor- general of the royal buildings. Died, 1668. DENINA, GiACOMO Carlo, an Italian historian, was bom in 1731, at Revel, in Piedmont. For many years he was a pro- fessor of rhetoric at Turin, and ultimately became librarian to Napoleon. His principal works are " History of the Revolutions of Italy," " The Political and Literary History of Greece," " The Revolutions of Germany," &c. He died at Paris, in 1813. DENMAN, Dr. Tuomas, an eminent phy- sician and medical writer, was bom at Bake- well Derbyshire, in 1733. He first ser\ed in the navy as a surgeon, and having obtained much experience, on quitting it he com- menced practice in I^ondon, where he even- tually attained great professional celebrity. In 1770 he commenced giving lectures on the obstetric art, and was appointed licentiate in midwifery of the College of Physicians in 1783. He wrote an " Essay on Puerperal Fever," an " Introduction to the Practice of Midwifery," and " Aphorisms " for the use of junior practitioners. His son was the late distinguished chief justice of the court of king's bench. Died, 1815. DENNIS, John, a dramatist and critic, was born in London, in 1657, studied at Cambridge, and devoted himself to litera- ture. Tliroughout life he was almost per- petually in broils with one or other of the wits of the age ; and Pope, in return for his animadversions, gave him a conspicuous place in the Duneiad. He originally had a 240 considerable fortune ; but having dissipated it, the Duke of Marlborough obtained for him the place of land -waiter at tlie Custom House; this he mortgaged, and his latter days were spent in poverty, aggravated by blindness. Died, 1734. DENON, Dominique Vivant, Baron de, was born, in 1747, at Chalons-sur-Saone, in Burgundy. Though originally destined for the law, he was appointed to the office of " gentUhomme oj-dinaire " about the person of Louis XV. He afterwards resided several years in Italy, as secretary of embassy, during which period he applied himself sedulously to the study of the arts. He was so fortunate as to pass through tlie years of terror without incurring the displeasure of any of the re- publican tyrants ; and having attracted the notice of Buonaparte, he accompanied him to Egypt, alternately wielding the pen, the pencil, and the sword. On returning to Paris, he was appointed general director of the museums, and had the superintendence of the medallic mint, and all works of art executed in honour of the French victories. After the abdication of the emperor, he re- tained his office, but was deprived of it in 1815, in consequence of having joined him on his return from Elba. He was a man of great and varied talents ; and his able work, entitled " Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt during the Campaign of General Buona- parte," has gained him an imperishable fame. Died at Paris, 1825. D'EON, the Chevalier. Eon de Beau- mont, Charles Genevieve Louise Au- GUSTE d', was bom at Tonnerre, in 1728, and known until 1777 as the Chevalier D'Eon, He was equerry to Louis XV., chevalier, doc- tor of law, parliamentary advocate, military officer, ambassador, royal censor, &c. ; oc- cupying in short, during his eventful life, the most varied stations with consummate skill, and involving his sex and real charac- ter in unparalleled^ mystery. Sent as envoy on a difficult mission to the Russian court, his insinuating manners gained him tlie fa- vour of the empress Elizabeth, and for five years he was the medium of a secret corre- ' spondence between her and the king of ' France. In consequence of these services, he : was made captain of dragoons, and received a pension of 2400 livres. He returned to France in 1758, and subsequently distin- guished himself in the military service. After the conclusion of peace, he went to London as secretary of legation, under the Duke of Nivernois, and obtained possession of some important papers. On the return of the duke, he remained as resident, and afterwards as minister plenipotentiary, but was finally dismissed from his employment, and lived 14 years at London in a kind of exile. During this period, suspicions arose as to his sex, which led to several extraor- , dinary wagers. In July, 1777, a curious ' trial took place before Lord Chief-justice Mansfield, on an action brought against Mr. Jaques, a broker, who had received several premiums of 15 guineas, to return 100, when- ever it should be proved that the chevalier was a woman. By the evidence of Louis Legoux and M. de Morande this fact was supposed to be so well established, that Hayes, der] ^ ^t\a Winibtx^al 33i0fira|iTjy. [des the plaintiff, obtained a verdict, but it was afterwards set aside on the ground of the illegality of the wager. D'Eon after this put on female attire, and returned to France ; but on the commencement of the revolution, which deprived him of Ids pension, lie re- turned to England. Being reduced to po- verty, he supported himself for some time by giving lessons in fencing, and by publicly exhibiting his skill in that art in the prin- cipal towns in the kingdom. When age had enfeebled him, and the notoriety of his cha- racter had abated, he depended in a great measure for subsistence on the aid of his friends. Among these was Elisee, first sur- geon of Ijouis XVIII., who kindly assisted him till his death, in London, in 1810, and attended the dissection of his body. Tlie account of this witness, with other unde- niable evidence, leaves it beyond doubt that D'Eon was of the male sex. What the reasons were that could induce the cheva- lier, who was undoubtedly a brave soldier and an able diplomatist, to assume female attire, and to join in the deception when there was no apparent reason for it, remain undiscovered ; but they were probably of a political nature, and might have been sug- gested by the manoeuvring policy of the French court to attain some particular ob- ject. That D'Eon was a man of talent is sufficiently evident by his works, which ap- peared under the title of " Loisirs du Che- valier D'Eon," in 13 vols. 8vo. DERBY, James Stanlkv, Earl of, a gal- lant English nobleman, who in the action at Wjgan, in Lancashire, with (}00 horse bravely withstood a body of 3000 horse and foot, commanded by Colonel Lilbume. lie was taken prisoner at the battle of Worces- ter, and beheaded, in violation of a promise of quarter which hod been given him, in le.'-.i. DERHAM, William, D. D., a learned divine and philosopher, was bom at Stow- ton, near Worcester, in lCo7. lie was a large contributor to the Transactions of the Royal Society, and published many separate works upon theologico-philosopliical sub- jects. Died, 1735. DERMODY, TuoMAS, a poet of some merit, was the son of a schoolmaster, and born at Ennis, Ireland, in 1775. He ob- tained through Earl Moira a commission in the army ; but so confirmed were his habits of intemperance, that he died, a victim to disease, in 1802. His poems, which were written under the pressure of necessity, and often in great haste, possess considerable merit. DERRICK, Samuel, a native of Ireland, who, on the death of Beau Nash, was ap- pointed master of tlie ceremonies at Bath and Tunbridge Wells. On coming to London he attempted the stage ; but being unsuc- cessful as an actor, he had recourse to his pen. He wrote "A View of the Stage," "The Third Satire of Juvenal in English Verse," " Sylla," a dramatic piece ; and edited " Dryden's Poems," 4 vols., a " Col- lection of Voyages," &c. Born, 1724 ; died, 1769. DERSCHAWIN, or DERZHAVINE, Oabki£lRomanovitscu, a Russian poet and statesman, was born at Casau, in 1743. In 1700 he entered the army as a common sol- dier, but soon distinguished himself; and, after a military service of 14 years, entered the civil service, in wlxich he arrived at the important situations of treasurer of the em- pire and minister of justice. He holds a high place among the bards of his country. Died, 1819. DERYCK, or DERICK, Peter Cor- nelius, a painter of Delft, born in 1508, and died in 1630. He excelled in landscape. DESAGULIERS, John Theoi-hilis, an ingenious philosopher, was born in 1683 at Rochelle, and educated at Oxford, where he succeeded Dr. Keil as lecturer in experi- mental philosophy. He published a " Course of Experimental Philosophy," a "Disser- tation on Electricity," &c. He was a useful member of the Royal Society, and contri- buted several papers to their Transactions. Died, 1749. DESAIX DE VOIGOUX, Louis Charles Anthony, a French general, was born in 1768. In the early part of the revolution he became aide-de-camp to General Custinc ; and contributed greatly, by his talents, to the famous retreat of Aloreau. In the buttle of Rastadt he commanded the left wing, and forced the Archduke Charles to retire. He afterwards defended tlie bridge of Kehl with great bravery, and was wounded. He ac- companied Buonaparte to Egypt, was ap- pointed governor of the upper part of the country, and signed tlie treaty of El-Arish with tlie Turks and English. He was killed at the battle of Marengo, to which victory he greatly contributed, June 14. 1800. DESAULT, Peteu Joseph, a French sur- geon, born in 1744, who, during the violence of the revolution, was confined some time in the Luxembourg prison, but his usefulness saved his life. He died while attending the dauphin, June 1. 1795, which induced a sus- picion that he was dispatched because he would not poison that unfortunate prince. He wrote a work, entitled " Traite des Ma- ladies Chirurgicales," &c. DESCARTES, Rene, a celebrated French philosopher, was born at I^a Haye, in Tou- raine, in 1596, and received his education at the Jesuits College at La Flcche. On leaving that seminary he removed to Paris, and ap- plied to the study of mathematics. In 1616 he entered into the arm^ of the Prince of Orange ; and, while serving in the garrison at Breda, solved a difficult mathematical problem which had been posted in the public streets. This introduced him to the ac- quaintance of the learned Beckmann, the principal of the college of Dort. Wliile at Breda, he wrote, in l^atin, a treatise on music, and projected some other works. He next served in the army of the Duke of Bavaria, but soon after quitted the military life, and travelled into Italy, where he saw the famous Galileo at Florence. In 1629 he settled at Amsterdam, and applied assidu- ously to the mathematical sciences, particu- larly dioptrics, in which he made some im- portant discoveries. About this time he visited England, and during his stay made observations on the declination of the mag- netic needle. His philosophy now became 2H DES] ^ 0t^ mnihtx&Kl 2Stfl(irapl)y. [des the subject of much discussion, and met with an extensive reception, tliough with considerable opposition. At the invitation of Christina, queen of Sweden, he went to j Stockholm, where he died in 16">0. His prin- I cipal works are " Principia Philosophise," I " Dissertatio de Methodo recte regendoB Rationis," &c. ; " Dioptricas," " Medita- tiones," and " Geometry." DESEERICIUS, or DESERITZ, Joseph j Innocent, an Hungarian divine, was born : in 1702. Being called to Rome, he was i created a cardinal, and was appointed by j Benedict XIV. ambassador to the hospodar of Wallachia. He wrote several books, and died in 1765. I DESEZE, Raymond, or Romain, a native ' of Bourdeaux, and an able counsellor of the parliament of that city, was born in 1750. He afterwards practised at Paris, and his acknowledged talents caused him to be : named one of the counsel for the unfortu- nate Louis XVI., whose cause he most ably defended, after Target had declined the 1 dangerous task. He was imprisoned for a I time, but escaped the scaffold ; and on reco- j vering his liberty, he was never induced to i serve the directory, the consulate, or the I imperial government. On the return of the ! Bourbons he received, as the only survivor I of the three selected by Louis for his counsel, j the grateful notice of Louis XVIII. for his I devotedness to his royal and unfortunate ! predecessor. He held several distinguished j offices : was a peer of France, a knight of the order of Malta, a member of the French academy, and president of the court of repeal. Died, 1828. DESFORGES, Petek John Baptist Choudakd, a dramatic writer and actor, was born at Paris, in 1746. His taste for the drama was very early evinced ; and he not only wrote for the stage, but commenced his career as a performer in 1769. He, however, quitted the stage in 1782, and de- voted his time principally to dramatic com- position. He is the author of 24 comedies, besides some romances, which latter afford unequivocal proofs of a sensual mind. DESGODETS, Anthony, a French ar- chitect, was born in Paris, in 1653. On his passage to Rome in 1674, he was taken by the Algerines, and kept in slavery 16 months. On being exchanged he repaired to Rome, where he composed a work, entitled " The Ancient Edifices of Rome ; " and, on his return to Paris, he was made comptroller of the royal buildings, and architect to the king. Died, 1728. DESHAYS, John Baptist Henry, a ce- lebrated painter, was born at Rouen, in 1729. Died in 1765. DESHOULIERES, Antoinette du Li- GiER, a handsome, witty, and accomplished woman, and a writer of much versatility, was born at Paris, in 1634 ; married a gen- tleman of family, and was on terms of friendship with the principal literati of the age. She produced numerous plays and operas, few of which were successful ; but her "Idyls," "Eclogues," and "Moral Re- flections " are still admired. She died, after 12 years of suffering, of a cancer in her breast, in 1694. ^DESHOUT.IERES, Antoinette The- KESE,a daughter of the preceding, and the inheritor both of her talents and her suffer- ings ; having written various poems, &c., and been for 20 years the victim of cancer. Died, 1718. DESIDERIUS, or DIDIER, the last king of Lombardy, succeeded Astolphus in 756. His daugliters were married to the two sons of Pepin, king of France, Carloman and Charlemagne. DESMAIZEAUX, Peter, a biographical writer, was born in 1666. On the revoca- tion of the edict of Nantes he took refuge in England, became fellow of the Royal Society, and died in London, in 1745. He translated into English Bayle's Dictionary, and wrote the Lives of Cliillingworth and John Hales. DESAIOULINS, Benoit Camii.le, bom in 1762, was a fellow-student with the tyrant Robespierre. He was a man of strong mind, possessing powerful talents, which became injurious owing to the extreme vio- lence of the measures at that time adopted. In 1789, Desmoulins was the favourite orator of the people, whom he harangued in all places, and on all occasions. His colleagues having no further need of him as an aux- iliary, conspired to hasten him to the scaffold, where he suffered on the 4th of April, 1794. DESPARD, Edward Marcus, an officer in the British army, was a native of Queen's County, in Ireland. At the close of the American war he served in the West In- dies, where he distinguished himself by an expedition on the Spanish main. For his services there he was made lieutenant- colonel, and in 1784 appointed superintend- ant of the English affairs at Honduras ; but his conduct giving offence to the settlers, complaints were sent home against him, and he was suspended. He applied to go- vernment for an investigation of his con- duct, which was rejected, as were also his claims. This naturally irritated him ; and conceiving that he was at least entitled to a fair hearing, he became a violent democrat, and for his inflammatory conduct was im- prisoned. Having collected some followers from the lowest classes, they held secret meetings, to which no persons were admitted without taking a treasonable oath. At these assemblies various plans were devised for the murder of the king ; and at last it was determined to make the attack when his majesty went to the parliament house. The plot being discovered, the colonel and se- veral others were taken up, and brought to trial by a special commission, Feb. 5. 1803 ; when the charges being proved, Despard and 7 others were found guilty, and executed. DESPARD, General John, entered the army at an early age, and saw much service in different quarters of the globe. He had been in 24 engagements, had two horses shot under him, was three times shipwrecked, taken prisoner once, and had the standard of his regiment shot out of his hand, when an ensign, at 15 years of age. After all these " hair-breadth escapes " he lived to attain his 85th year, and died in 1829, at Swan Hill, Shropshire. DES] ^ Jiefio Unibttiiil 38i0flraji]^g. [dia DESSALINES, John James, originally a slave in St. Domingo, but having an oppor- i tunity of showing great courage and talents I during the disturbances in that colony, became second in command to Toussaint Louverture ; on whose imprisonment he was chosen emperor of Uayti, under the title of James I. Tliis was in 18()4 ; but he retained his imperial dignity only two years, having perished the victim of a conspiracy, in 1806. DESTOUCriES, PiiiLTP Nericault, an eminent French dramatic writer, was born at Tours in 1080. Being sent to London, in 1717, to aid the negotiations then carrying on, he continued there seven years, and married. On his return to France ne re- tired into the country, where he devoted himself to agriculture and the belles lettres. His principal pieces are " Le Pliilosophe Marie " and " Le Glorieux." Died, 1754. DEVEREUX, RoBEKT, Earl of Essex, born in 1567, accompanied the Earl of Lei- cester to Holland, wJiere he beliaved with mucli bravery at the battle of Zutpheu, and on his return to England was made master of the horse. In 15'J1 he commanded the forces sent to the assistance of Henry IV. of France ; and in 1.596 he was apiKjinted joint-commander with Lord Howard in an expedition against Spain, where he contri- buted to the capture of Cadiz. In 15WI he was made earl marshal of England, and, on the death of Lord Burleigh, chancellor of Cambridge. About this time he incurred queen Elizabeth's displeasure in a remark- able manner : at a private council lield re- specting tlie appointment of a proper per- son to govern Ireland, he had the impru- dence to oppose her majesty with rudeness, on which slie gave him a box on the ear. The earl instantly laid his hand on his sword, and swore he would not have taken such treatment even from her father. He then withdrew, and instead of making his submission, continued to complain of tlxe treatment he had received. At length a reconciliation was effected ; and on the breaking out of the rebellion of Tyrone, Essex was appointed to the government of Ireland ; but being unsuccessful there, the queen became displeased, and sharp letters passed between them. He, therefore, re- turned to England, and waited on the queen, wlio gave him a better reception than could have been expected. However, he soon fell into disgrace, and was imprisoned. In 1000 he regained his liberty, but instead of conducting himself with caution, he gave vent to his indignation in coarse and viru- lent terms. His enemies having intelligence of his actions and speeches, sent for him to attend the council, which he refused, and began to arm in his own defence. Some blood was shed before he surrendered, on which he was made close prisoner, tried, and beheaded, in 1001. Essex was rash, bold, and presumptuous, but at the same time generous and affectionate : he was also the friend and patron of literature. DEVEKEUX, RoBEUT, earl of Essex, son of the preceding, was born in 1502, and re- stored to his family lionours by James. In 1020 Essex served under Sir Horatio Vere in the Palatinate, and afterwards under Prince Maurice in Holland. On his return to England he appeared as a member of the opposition against the court ; and on the breaking out of the rel>ellion had the com- mand of the parliamentary army. He gained the battle of Edgehill, after which he took Reading, raised the siege of Glou- cester, and fought the first battle of New- bury. By the self-denying ordinance in 1645 he was deprived of his command, and died the year following. DEVONSHIRE, Georoiana Catendish, Duchess of, a female alike remarkable for personal graces and mental accomplish- ments, was the eldest dauglitcr of Earl Sijencer ; born in 1757, and married to the Duke of Devonshire in her 17th year. Her " Passage of Mount St. Gothard,' and such other of her poems as have been published, bear the impress of a highly cultivated mind. She also evinced very considerable powers in musical composition, and had a decided taste for the fine arts. Died, 180(5. D'EWES, Sir SiMOXUS, an antiquary, was born in 1602, and created a baronet in 1C41 ; but on the breaking out of the civil war he espoused the cause of democracy, and died in 1650. He was the author of " The Journals of the Parliaments during the Reign of Elizabeth." DE WINT, Petek. a distinguished artist, whose numerous drawings formed for forty years an attractive feature in the exhibitions of the Old Society of Painters in Water Colours, was born at Stone, in Staffordsliire, where his father practised as a physician, 1783. English landscape scenery formed the chief theme for his fertile pencil ; and his free and masterly handling of his sub- jects was only equalled by their truthfulness to nature, and the care which he bestowed on the minutest details. Died, 1849. DE WITT, John, an enlightened states- man, was born in 1025, at Dort, in Holland. At the age of 23 he published an excellent mathematical work, entitled " The Elements of Curved Lines." In 1650 he was chosen pensionary of his native city ; and, after distinguishing himself in public affairs, was elected pensionary of Holland. While in that capacity he concluded a peace with Cromwell, one article of which excluded the House of Orange from the stadtholder- ship ; and in 1667 he established the per- pelual edict for abolishing the oflice of stadtholder, for which he received public thanks. However, in 1072, when Holland was invaded by the French, and civil dis- sension overspread the country, both John de Witt and his brother Cornelius were bar- barously murdered by the populace. DIAZ, Bautholomew, a Portuguese navigator, who, in 1486, with two small vessels, discovered the Cape of Good Hope, which he named the Cape of Tempests, and perished there in a storm, in 1500. The king, however, changed it to its present more auspicious appellation. DIAZ, JoHx, a martyr to the frantic zeal of his brother, was a native of Cuenza, in Spain. He studied at Paris, where, by reading the works of Luther, he became a Protestant. He then quitted France, and dib] ^ iSSclM Unibtv^Kl 3Si0ffx*apT)y. [dig visited Calvin at Geneva ; afterwards he went to Strasburg, and lastly to Neuberg, whither he was followed by his brother Alphonsus, a zealous Catholic. Alphonsus finding his exhortations could not reclaim him, pretended to close his visit and take his departure, but secretly returned at break of day, with a companion, and murdered him with an axe. The assassins were pursued and taken ; but as they were about to be brought to trial, Charles V. took tlie affair into his own hands, by saying that he would take cognisance of it at the approaching diet. This horrid deed was perpetrated in 1546. The miserable fratricide afterwards hanged himself. DIBDIN, Charles, a dramatist, poet, and actor, but mostly celebrated as a writer of songs and a musical composer, was bom at Southampton, in 1745. He was intended for the church, and received his early edu- cation at Winchester ; but, seduced by his love of music, and relinquishing all thoughts of the clerical profession, he flrst became a candidate for the situation of organist at a village church in Hampshire, and then took up his abode in London. He made his first appearance as a performer, in 1762, at the Richmond theatre, and two years afterwards appeared on the London boards, as Ralph, in the Maid of the Mill ; but he never shone as an actor, though both as a writer of light dramatic pieces and musical compositions he was very successful. He invented a new kind of monodramatic entertainment, con- sisting of music, songs, and recitations, of which he was the sole author and performer. His sea songs were eminently popular ; some, indeed, are of a very superior character, and doubtless had a most favourable influence with British sailors, whose feelings they de- scribed, and whose heroism they lauded. For a while Dibdin enjoyed a pension of 200?. a-year from government, but lost it by a change of the ministry ; and so improvident had he been while in the zenith of his popu- larity, that in the closing years of his life he would have suffered extreme indigence, had not an anrtuity been purchased for him by public subscription. Altogether he produced about 1400 songs and 30 dramatic pieces ; besides which he wrote " A History of the Stage, " his " Professional Life, " " A Musical Tour," three novels, &c. He died in 1814. DIBDIN, Thomas, a dramatic author and song writer, was the eldest son of the cele- brated Charles Dibdin, whose " naval songs " he was engaged in editing at the time of his death. He had tlie honour of having Garrick for his godfather ; and in 1775, when only four years of age, he arpeared on the stage as Cupid, in Shakspeare's "Jubilee," to the Venus of Mrs. Siddons. At 10 he was ap- prenticed to itr. (afterwards Sir William) Rawlins, to learn the trade of an upholsterer ; but bom and bred to " the profession," it was no wonder that after a few years he quitted the shop, and sought his fortune on the boards of various provincial theatres. From that time until 1795 he is said to have performed in every department of the drama, and written more than 1000 songs. He after- wards obtained an engagement at Covent Garden Theatre ; and numerous were the operas, farces, and entertainments which, for that and other establishments, were pro- duced by his fertile and inventive genius, during the term of half a century. From among them we may select "The Cabinet," "The English Fleet," "Mother Goose" (which yielded more than 20,000Z. profit to the managers of Covent Garden Theatre), " The Iligli-mettled Racer " (a clear gain to the proprietors of Astlcy's of 13,000Z.), " The Jew and Doctor," " Past Ten o'Clock," &c. But, alas I prolific as was his brain, and suc- cessful as were his pieces, the latter days of liis long and active life were uncheered by tlte result of his previous labours. Died, Sept. 1841. DIBDIN, the Rev. Thomas Frogxall, D.D., nephew of the celebrated song writer, and himself the most zealous bibliographer, and one of the most voluminous and miscel- laneous writers of his time, was bom at Calcutta, 1775, and after receiving his edu- cation under the care of an uncle at Reading, matriculated at Oxford, as a commoner of St. John's College, where his taste for lite- rature and history commenced. The law being his destination, he became a pupil of Mr. Basil Montague ; but he subsequently changed his views, and after waiting some time for a degree, he was ordained a clergy- man in 1804. His early preferments con- sisting chiefly of preacherships or lecture- ships in the metropolis, he was enabled to prosecute his favourite studies with equal zeal and satisfaction ; and for nearly thirty years the press may be saicnto have teemed with the works that emanated from his fertile and versatile pen. A bare list of these would inconveniently crowd our columns ; but we must make room for the "Bibliomania," which was published in 1809, and at once established the author's fame in this peculiar department ; the " Bio- graphical Decameron," published in 1817 ; a "Biographical, Antiquarian, and Picturesque Tour," the result of a continental sojourn in 1818 ; " Reminiscences of a Literary Life," in 1836 ; a " Northern Tour," in 18.38, besides various sermons and innumerable other works on literary, bibliographical, and kin- dred" topics. Dr. Dibdin was one of the founders of the Roxburghe Club, founded in 1812. In 1823 he obtained, through Earl Spencer, whose filendship he enjoyed through life, and in whose magnificent library he could at ease pursue his favourite studies, the vicarage of Exming, near New- market ; and in 1824 he was presented to the rectory of St. Mary's, Bryanstone Square, which he held till his death, Nov. 18. 1847. DICK, Sir Alexander, a Scotch physi- cian, was born in 1703, and studied at Ley- den under Boerhaave. In 1750 he was chosen president of the college of physicians at Edinburgh, to which he was a benefactor. He died in 1785. He was the flrst who paid attention to the culture of the true rhubarb in Britain ; for which he received, in 1774, the gold medal from the London Society for promoting arts and commerce. DICK, Major-general Sir Robert Henry, was the son of the late Dr. Dick, of Tul- limet in Perthshire. He entered the army Die] ^ i^m ^ffitibcrrfat SBirrgrapl^s. [die aa an ensign in the 75th foot, in 1800 ; and in 1804 obtained a company in the 78th. He accompanied the expedition to Sicily, and was wounded at the battle of Maida ; joined Abercromby, and was present at tlie battle of Alexandria, and was severely wounded at Rosetta. In 1808 he was appointed to the 42d Highlanders ; accompanied the 2d battalion to the Peninsula, and commanded a light battalion at Busaco and Ciudad Rodrigo, and the Ist battalion of the 42d at the storming of Fort St. Michael, and during the siege of Burgos, &c. He served in the campaign of 1815, and was severely wounded at Quatre Bras while commanding the 42d. On the restoration of peace lie retired to his paternal estate at Tullimet ; but his wife dying in 1830, retirement had no longer any charms for him, and he again sought the tented field. He obtained an honour- able command in India, and fell in the memorable victory over the Sikhs at Sobraon, Feb. 10. 184<>, while (as the commander-in- cliief expressed it) "personally animating, by his dauntless example, the soldiers of her majesty's 80th regiment in their career of noble daring." DICKONS, Mrs. (whose maiden name was Poole) was a celebrated singer, who, though not equal to Mrs. Billington, many years sustained the same cast of characters at the opera, and was regularly engaged as a principal vocalist at the oratorios. She was the pupil of Rauzzini, who also taught Braliam ; commenced her professional career at Covent Garden, in 1793 ; and retired from public life, in consequence of long-contiaued illness, in 1818. Died, 1833. DICKSON, J.\MKS, a Scotch divine, but known chiefly as a writer on agriculture, was a native of East Lothian ; and died, by a fall from his horse, in 177G. His " Treatise on the Agriculture of the Ancients " is much esteemed. DIDEROT, Dexis, a French writer, was born at I.angres, in 1713. In 174(5 he pub- lished "Pensc-es Philosophiques," and was concerned in a Medical Dictionary, which suggested to him the idea of a Dictionnaire Encyclopi'dique ; which, with the assistance of D'Alembert and others, he completed. While engaged in the Encyclop<5die, he wrote a licentious novel, called "I^s Bi- joux Indiscrets," and two comedies, "Le Fils Naturel" and "Le Pfere de Famille." In 1749 appeared his " Letters to the Blind," the free sentiments in which occasioned his being imprisoned six montlis at Vincennes. He died in 1784. DIDO or ELISSA, queen and founder of Carthage, was the daughter of Belus, king of Tyre. Died, B.C. 950. DIDOT, FuANcis Ambrose, a celebrated printer, was born at Paris in 1730. He greatly raised the typographic art ; improved the construction of paper-mills ; and in- vented many curious and useful machines relative to the art of type-founding, stereo- typing, and printing. At the age of 73, he read over five times, and carefully corrected, every sheet of the stereotyjie edition of Mon- taigne, printed by his sons. Died, 1804. — His brother, Pierke Fkaxjois (who died in 1795), aa well as his sons and nephew, have each eminently contributed to the improve- ments of the arts of type-founding and print- ing. Nor were their abilities entirely con- fined to the mechanical part. They paid the greatest attention to correctness as well aa beauty ; and the elder sou, Pierre Didot, is known aa an excellent classical scholar, and the author of several works, both prose and verse. DIDOT, FiRMiN, the most celebrated and skilful of modern printers, and son of Fran- cois Didot, (whose editions, especially of classic works, are in request all over Europe,) was born in 1764, and was carefully in- structed in both the ancient and the modern languages with a view to succeeding his father. Not only, however, did he prove to be in the highest sense of the word " a learned printer," but he also made some most im- portant improvements in the details of the art, and invented stereotyping. His editions of Sallust, the Lusiad, and the Henriadc, are much sought. He was an excellent translator, and no mean original writer. Born, 17(i4 ; died, 1830. DIEBITSCH, Count Sabalkaxskv, a distinguislied Russian general, was the son of a brave olfiecr who had served under Frederic the Great, but who afterwards quitted the Prussian service for the Russian, where he obtained an important command. Through his father's influence and liis own talents, young Diebitsch rose rapidly in the army. In the campaigns of 1812, lbI3, and 1814, he signalised himself by his skill and bravery, and was advanced to the rank of quarter-maater-general to the emperor Alexander. He displaced great courage in the battles of Austerlitz, Dresden, Eylau, and Friedland. He at length became head of the stafl'; and in 1829 was entrusted by the emperor Nicholas with the chief com- mand of the Russian army in the expedition against Turkey. For his brilliant services in that campaign he was promoted to the rank of field-marshal, and rewarded with the title of count Sabalkansky (or the crosser of the Balkan), the orders of St. Andrew and St. George, a million of roubles, &c. Possessing the entire confidence of his sove- reign, it was natural that, on the breaking out of the Polish insurrection, he should be selected to command the forces sent thither for its suppression ; but a variety of unfore- seen obstacles presented themselves, and his plans were in a great measure baffled, when that dreadful scourge, the cholera, which had carried off great numbers of his troops, attacked him, and he died in a very few hours after the first symptoms had appeared, June 10. 1831. DIEFFENBACII, Johanx Friederich, one of the most distinguished surgical ope- rators that ever lived, was bom at Konigs- berg, in 1795. After studying for the church at Greifswalde, he took part in the war of liberation of Germany ; and it was not till a year or two after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, that he began the study of medicine and sur- gery, in which he has secured undying fame. His surgical studies being finished at Vienna and WUrtzburg, he took up his residence at Berlin, where hi« operative talents soon raised him to distinction, and in 1832 he was ap- 245 die] ^ ^t^ WiwihtvM JSiatjrffpl^M. [dim pointed to the cliair of surgery. In this capacity he published several valuable works; but his chief fame rests on the skill with which he performed the most difficult surgical operations, such as supplying artificial noses, lips, cheeks, and ej'elids ; and to him also the world is indebted for the recently discovered method of curing or removing the most in- veterate cases of strabismus or squinting. Died, 1848. DIEMEN, Anthony Van, governor of the Dutch East India possessions, was born at Kuilenberg, of which place his father was a burgomaster. He went to India, where he was employed as accountant to the govern- ment. In 162') he became a member of the supreme council. In 1C31 he returned to Holland as commander of the India fleet, but the year following went out again as director-general ; and not long after he became governor-general, greatly extending the Dutch interest in the East, In 1642 he sent Abel Tasman on a voyage to the South, the consequence of which was, the discovery of that part of New Holland called "Van Dicmen's Land. He died in 1645. DIETRIC, JouN CoNKAT), a Lutheran divine, was born at Butzbach, in Wetteravia, iu'1612. After studying at various imiver- sities, he became professor of Greek and his- tory in his own country, and in 1653 removed to Giessen, where he died in 1667. He wrote "De Percgrinatione Studiorum," "Anti- quitates llomanaj," "Lexicon Etymologico- Graecum," " Antiquitates Biblicae," &c. DIETRICH, John William Eknkst, an excellent painter, was born in 1712 at Weimar, where his father was painter to the court, and celebrated for his portraits and battle pieces. After studying under his father, he went to Dresden, and was in- structed in landscape painting by Alexander Thiele. He next visited Italy, and in 1763 became professor in the academy of Dresden, and director of the school of painting at Meissen. He died in 1774. For versatility and general excellence few have surpassed him. DIEZ, Juan Martin, better known as the Empecinaclo of modern Spanish guerilla warfare, was the son of a peasant of Valla- dolid, and born in 1775. He first served in the regular army as a dragoon ; but in 1808, with a chosen band of about 50 brave fel- lows, he commenced that harassing guerilla system, which so much contributed to the disasters of the enemy in the Peninsula ; and the value of his services being properly appreciated, he was at length made a bri- gadier-general of cavalry. Wheu the Duke of Wellington entered Madrid in triumph, Diez attended him, and received his com- mands to join the army at Tortosa, at the head of 5000 men. On the re-establishment of Ferdinand's government, the Empecinado became obnoxious to the ruling powers, who, regardless of his former great services, had him seized on a charge of conspiracy, tried, and executed, in 1825. DIGBY, Sir Evekakd, an English gen- tleman, who, though born of Protestant parents, became a partisan in the Gun- powder Plot, for which he was executed in DIGBY, Sir Kenelm, son of the preced- ing, was born at Gothurst, in Buckingham- shire, in 1603, and educated at Gloucester Hall, Oxford. He was knighted by James I., and by Cliarles I. he was appointed to seve- ral offices. On one occasion, when some dif- ference existed between England and the "Venetians, he was sent with a fleet into the Mediterranean, where he attacked the fleet of the republic in the bay of Scanderoon. About 1686 he quitted the Church of England for that of Rome. At the commencement of the civil war he was imprisoned by the par- liament in Winchester House, but in 1643 he regained his liberty, and went to France. When Cromwell assumed the government, heventured to visit his native country, and paid great court to that usurper. He wrote a " Treatise on the Nature of Bodies," " On the Operations and Nature of Man's Soul," and " Peripatetic Institutions." Died, 1665. DIGBY, John, earl of Bristol, bom in 1580, was gentleman of the bedchamber to James I., who sent him to Spain to negotiate a marriage between prince Charles and the Infanta, and the same year he was created carl of Bristol. When the civil wars broke out he emigrated, and died at Paris in 1653. DIGBY, Lord George, son of the above, was born at Madrid in 1612. He received his education at Oxford, and became a mem- ber of the long parliament, wherein he at first opposed the court, but afterwards joined the royal partj', and exerted himself in the service of Charles I. Died, 1676. DIGGES, Thomas, an astronomer and mathematician ; author of " Alse sive Scalse Mathematicaj," " Perfect Descriptions of the Celestial Orbs," &c. Died, 1595. DIGGES, Sir Dudley, son of the preced- ing, was born in 1583, and educated at Oxford. He was knighted by James I., who sent him ambassador to Russia ; but in the parliament of 1621 he resisted the court measures, and so continued to do till 1086, when he was brought over by the grant of the mastership of the rolls. He died in 1639. He wrote " A De- fence of Trade," " A Discourse concerning the Rights and Privileges of the Subject," &c. His son Dudley, M-ho died in 1643, was a loyal and learned man, and wrote some tracts against rebellion. DILLENIUS, John James, an eminent botanist, was born in Darmstadt, in Germany, in 1087, and educated at the imiversity of Giessen. In 1721, he accompanied Dr. Sher- rard to England, where he spent the remain- der of his days. Soon after his arrival he undertook a new edition of Ray's Synopsis ; and was appointed the first botanical pro- fessor at Oxford on Sherrard's foundation. He wrote " Hortus Elthamensis" and a " History of Mosses." Died, 1747. DILLON, Wentworth, earl of Roscom- mon, was born in Ireland about 1633, and educated at Caen in Normandy, by the fa- mous Bouchart. After dissipating his pro- perty by gaming, he was made master of the horse to the Duchess of York. He then married a daughter of the Earl of Burlington, and applied to poetry. Died, 1684. DIMSDALE, Thomas, a physician, who became celebrated by his successful mode of inoculating for the small-pox. In 1768 he din] ^ llttD BnibtviKl Bi0sr«jpf)e. [dis went to Russia, and inoculated the empress and grand-duke, for which Dr. Dimsdale was created a baron of the empire, physician to her majesty, and counsellor of state. A gratuity of V2,000l. was given him for his journey, and a pension of 5001. a-year. In 1781 the baron again visited Russia, to in- oculate the two sons of the grand -duke. In the year preceding he was elected into par- liament for Uertford, and again in 1784, on which he quitted practice. lie wrote Tracts on Inoculation, in which is an account of his first journey to Russia. Died, 1800. DINEZ DA CRUZ, Antuon v, au eminent Portuguese poet, was born in 1730, and die<l in 1798. As a writer of odes, sonnets, and lyrical pieces generally, he holds the first rank among his countrymen. DINOCRATES, a Macedonian architect, who was employed by Alexander in building the city of Alexandria. He also rebuilt the temple of Ephesus, and proposed to cut Mount Athos into a statue of the Macedonian liero. He died ia Egypt, under the reign of Ptolemy. DIOCLETIAN, Caius Valerius, a Ro- man emperor, in whose reigu the Christians suffered a persecution, was born of au obscure family in Dalmatia. He rose from being a common soldier to the rank of general, and on the death of Numerian, in 284, was chosen emperor. He renounced the crown in 304, and retired to Salona, where he died in 313. He was prudent, beneficent, and brave. DIODATI, JoHS, an eminent divine, born at Lucca, in 1589, was descended from a noble family, and brought up in the Catholic faith ; but he embraced Protestantism, be- came professor of Hebrew at Geneva, and is much celebrated for a translation of the liible into Italian. Died, 1049. DIODORUS, SicuLus, a native of Argj- rium, in Sicily, who wrote a Universal His- tory, of which only 15 books and a few frag- ments remain. He flourished about 44 b. c. DIOGENES, sumamed the Ci/nic, was born at Sinope, a city of Puntus, u.c. 414. He accompanied his father to Athens, where he applied to the study of philosophy under Antisthenes, the founder of the cynics. He distinguished himself by the excessive rude- ness of his manners, with which was blended a great knowledge of human nature, and a zeal for the interests of virtue, on which ac- count Plato called him the " mad Socrates." Being on a voyage to ^gina, the vessel was taken by pirates, who sold Diogenes to a rich Corinthian citizen named Xeniades, who entrusted to him the care of lus sons. His famous interview with Alexander took place at Corinth, where, at the age of 90, he died. DIOGENES, sumamed the BaJbylonian, was a stoic philosopher, who flourished about 200 B. c. DIOGENES, Laertius, a Greek historian, was born in Cilicia. He wrote the " Lives of the Philosophers," in 10 books, and died, 222. DIOGENES, a Cretan philosopher ; suc- ceeded his master Anaximenes in his school of Ionia, about 3(iO B. c. DION, a celebrated patriot of Syracuse, was the disciple and friend of Plato when that philosopher was at the court of Dio- 247 nysiusi whose daughter Arete he married. Bein^ accused of treason, he was banished by Dionysius, and went to Athens, where he acquired considerable popularity ; which so provoked the tyrant, that he confiscated his estates, and compelled his wife to marry another man. Dion, irritated at this treat- ment, resolved to attempt the deliverance of liis country ; and with a small force he landed in Sicily during the absence of Dionysius, and entered Syracuse in triumph. After various successes he perished, the victim of a conspiracy, headed by one Calippus, au Athenian, b.c. XA. DION CASSIUS, an historian of the third century, born at Bithynia; was twice consul; and wrote, in Greek, the " History of Rome, from the Building of the City to the Reign of Alexander Severus." DIONYSIUS I., of Syracuse, who, from being a citizen, became commander of the forces, overthrew the government, and as- sumed the title of king b. c. 404. DIONYSIUS II., the Y'ounger, the son and successor of the above, was diiven from Sy- racuse B.C. 343, but again returned about 10 years afterwards, and was expelled by Ti- moleon, on which he fied to Corinth, where he supported liimsclf as a schoolmaster. DIONYSIUS, an ancient geographer, who was sent by Augustus to survey the Eastern part of the world, was called Peimeoetes, from his poem of " Pcriegesis, or Survey of the World." Died about 150. DIONYSIUS, an historian and critic of Halicamassus in Caria, who was invited to Rome about 30 years B.C., and there wrote his "Roman Antiquities," only H books of which are extant. PIONYSIUS, the Areopagite, was a na- tive of Athens, and a member of the Are- opagus, where he sat when St. Paul was brought before it, and made his famous speech respecting the " unknown God." DIOPHANTUS, a mathematician of.Alex- andria, to whom is attributed the invention of algebra, is sujiposed to have existed at the beginning of the Christian era. DIOSCORIDES, Pkdanius, a physician and botanist, was born at Anazarba in Ci- cilia, in the 1st century of the Christian era ; and distinguished himself as tlie author of a work on the Materia Medica, in which the medicines are nearly all taken from the vegetable kingdom. DIPPEL, John Conrad, a German phy- sician and celebrated alchemist, was born at Frankenstein, in Hesse, in 1072. He led a wandering kind of life, made himself ob- noxious to various governments, and was often imprisoned. He pretended to have discovered the philosopher's stone, and i>ro- phesied that he would not die till 1808. He, however, falsified his prediction, by suddenly departing this life in 1734 ; and instead of finding the philosopher's stone, he discovered Prussian blue, and the animal oil which bears his name. DISNEY, John, an English divine and magistrate, was born in 1077 at Lincoln. He zealously distinguished himself, botli by Jiis writings and his actions, in the suppression of immorality, for which he repeatedly received the thanks of the judges on the circuits. At DIS] ^ 0e\3i Hniijer^al ISwffrajpl)". [dod the age of 42 he took orders, and in 1722 ob- tained the living of St. Mary in Nottingham, where he died in 1730. DISRAELI, Isaac, the illustrious author of the " Curiosities of Literature," the " Quar- rels " and " Calamities of Authors," " Illus- trations of the Literary Character," was born at Enfield, 1767. lie was the only child of Benjamin Disraeli, a Venetian merchant ; and was originally destined for his father's occupation ; but having shown a premature inclination for the muses, he was sent off first to Amsterdam, and afterwards to Bourdeaux, to be initiated into the mysteriesof a mercan- tile life. But all in vain. Rousseau and Vol- taire had superseded the ledger in his estima- tion ; and he returned to England with such an antipatliy to embark in commerce, that he at length gained a reluctant consent from his father to abandon it altogether ; and he thenceforward devoted his long life to lite- rary pursuits. Besides the works above men- tioned, which have carried liis name through- out the whole civilised world, he published " Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I.," the " Amenities of Literature," and was for many years a contributor to the Quarterly Review and the Gentleman's Ma- gazine. Mr.Disraeli was smitten with blind- ness in 1839, and the last years of liis intel- lectual pursuits were impeded, though not interrupted, by this affliction. Few writers have been so much devoted to literature from a pure love of it for its own sake ; and many a mind has been excited to literary effort by his graceful and entertaining works. Died, 1848. DITTON, HuMPUKY, a learned mathe- matician, was born at Salisbury in 1675, became mathematical master of Christ's Hospital, and died in 1715. He wrote several papers in the Philosophical Transactions ; but he is best known by a treatise, entitled " the Institution of Fluxions." DOBSOX, WiF>LiAM, an English painter, wlio succeeded Vandyke in the appointments he held under Charles I., was born in 1610, and died in 1646. Some of his portraits pos- sessed great merit. DODD, Ralph, a civil engineer, to whom several important public works owe their origin, was a native of Northumberland, and born in 1761. He was the projector of Vaux- hall Bridge, the South Lambeth Waterworks, tJie Gravesend Tunnel, &c. ; and wrote seve- ral able works connected with his profession. He died in 1822, at Cheltenham, in conse- quence of an injury he had sustained by the explosion of the boiler of a steam-boat. His eon, Geokoe Dodd, who followed the same profession, was the planner, and for a time the resident engineer, of Waterloo Bridge. He died in 1827. DODD, Dr. William, was born in 1729, at Bourne, Lincolnshire ; and after being ediicated at Cambridge, entered into orders, became a popular preacher in London, and was made one of the king's chaplains. But he kept high society, and was extravagant ; and finding himself unable to support an expensive establishment, he endeavoured to procure the living of St. George's, Hanover Square, by offering a bribe of 3000?. to tlie lady of the lord chancellor. She was, how- ever, indignant at the offer, and on her in- forming the chancellor, Dodd was struck off the royal list. The Earl of Chesterfield, to whom he had been tutor, afterwards pre- sented him with a living ; but being pressed for money he forged a bond for 4200/. on his former pupil and patron, probably intending to take it up before it became due ; but the fraud was soon discovered, and he was tried, convicted, and executed at Tyburn, in 1777, notwithstanding great interest was used, and the most extraordinary efforts made to ob- tain his pardon. He was the author of several works ; the principal of which are "Sermons on the Miracles and Parables," in 4 vols., " Sermons to Young Men," 3 vols., "Poems," " Reflections on Death," "Thoughts in Prison," and " The Sisters," a novel. DODDRIDGE, or DODDERIDGE, Sir John, an English judge, and the author of several works on le^al science, was born in 1555, at Barnstaple m Devonsliire, and edu- cated at Exeter College, Oxford. In 1613 lie became one of the judges of the king's bench, and died in 1028. His chief works are " Tlie Lawyer's Light," " Tlie English Law- yer," "The Law of Nobility and Peerage," " Tlie Complete Parson," &c. DODDRIDGE, Philip, a pious and highly-gifted dissenting minister, was born in the metropolis in 1702. He was succes- sively a minister at Kibworth, Market Har- borough, and Northampton, and acquired, a great and deserved reputation. Being afflicted with a pulmonary complaint, he went to Lisbon for the benefit of his health, but died there in 1751 . His principal works are " The Family Expositor," 6 vols. 4to., " The Life of Colonel Gardiner," " Sermons," and " Hymns." DODINGTON, Geohoe Bubb, Lord Mel- combe Rkgis, a statesman, remarkable for political versatility, was born in 1691, in Dorsetshire, and educated at Oxford. In 1715 he came into parliament for Winchel- sea ; was soon after appointed envoy to Spain ; became a lord of the treasury during Walpole's administration ; and, after years of political intrigue, in which the most shameless dereliction of principle was mani- fest, he was raised to tlie title of lord Mel- combe. Tliough servile as a politician, he was generous, witty, and hospitable in pri- vate life ; and had the merit of associating with and patronising men of talent. His celebrated " Diary," publislied in 1784, is liighly interesting, revealing, as it does, much of the art and mystery of statesmanship. Died, 1762. DODSLEY, Robert, an author and book- seller, was born in 1703, at Mansfield, Not- tinghamshire. His parents being poor, he was apprenticed to a stocking-weaver, which trade he left, and became footman to the Hon. Mrs. Lowther. While in this situation he published a volume of poems, entitled "The Muse in Livery," and a dramatic satire, called "The Toyshop," which being patronised by Pope, and successfully brought out on the stage, enabled Dodsley to com- mence business as a bookseller in Pall Mall. He still continued his literary pursuits, and produced "Cleone," a tragedy, and four light dramas ; many poems ; " The Economy of Human Life," &c. He also edited and dod] ^ ^eia Umhtvial 33tagrajpTjy. [dom published a "Collection of Old Plays," in 12 vols, i and was the projector of " The An- nual Register." After a prosperous career, he retired from business, and died in 17G4. DODSON, MiciiAiiL, a theological writer of some eminence, was born at Marlborough, Wilts, in 17o2, brought up to the legal pro- fession, and in 1770 became a commissioner of bankrupts. His principal works are a translation of Isaiah, with notes and re- marks, and a life of Judge Foster, his ma- ternal uncle, to whose instruction he wua indebted for his professional knowledge. Died, 1709. DODS WORTH, Roger, an English to- pographer, was bom in Yorkshire, in 1585, and died in 1G54. lie collected the anti- quities of his native country, in 1(;2 folio volumes, which are in the Bodleian library, Oxford. DODWELL, Henry, a learned critic and theologian, was born at Dublin, in 1041, and educated at Trinity College. In 1G«8 he was appointed Camden professor of history at Oxford, but lost his office soon after the Revolution. He wrote several books : but the work which excited most notice was " On the Natural Mortality of the Soul." Died, 1711. — His sons, Hkkky and Wil- liam, were also both distinguished by their writings ; the former, who was bred to tlie law, by his scepticism ; the latter, who was a prebendary of Salisbury, by his orthodoxy. DOEDERLEIN, John Cubistoi'Ueu, a learned Lutheran divine, professor of theo- logy in the university of Jena. He was the author of several works illustrative of the sacred writings, and enjoyed a high repu- tation for biblical knowledge. Died, 179:i. DOES, Jacou Van dek, a Dutch painter, born in 1(523, aad died in 1673 ; he studied at Rome, and adopted the style of Bamboccio, — His sons, Jacob and Simon, were both good artists ; the former, celebrated for his historical pieces, died in 1013; the latter, who excelled in landscapes and cattle, died in 1717. DOGGETT, Thomas, an actor and dra- matic poet, was a distinguished comic iier- former at Drury Lane, of which liouse he was joint-manager. He is now remembered for the legacy he left to provide a " coat and badge," wluch is rowed for annually on the Ist of August, from London Bridge to Chelsea, by six watermen. Died, 1721. DOLABELLA, T. Cornelius, the son-in- law of Cicero, who attached himself zealously to Julius CiEsar, by whom he was made consul. Cassius besieged him in Laodicea, where he killed himself, in the 27th year of his age. DOLCE, Louis, a Venetian writer, was bom in 1508. He translated into Italian great portions of Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Euripides, &c. ; but was chiefly celebrated for his heroic poem, entitled "L'Achille et I'Enea." He also wrote a life of Charles V. Died, 1508. DOLCI, Carlo, a celebrated painter, bom at Florence, in 1010, was remarkable for the felicitous manner in which he treated sacred subjects. His heuds of madonnas and saints are inimitable. Died, 1080. DOLGORUCKI, John Michaelovitsch, a Russian noble, who greatly distinguished himself in several campaigns against tlie Turks and Swedes, was born in 1704, and died in 1824. Latterly he held several high offices, and he was also known as a poet of considerable merit. DOLLOND, John, an eminent optician, was born in Spitalfields, London, in 1706, and brought up as a silk-weaver ; but, de- voting himself to the study of astronomy, his attention became directed to the im- provement of telescopes, &c. ; and, in con- junction with his eldest son, Peter, lie commenced business as an optician. He invented the achromatic object-glass, the application of tlie micrometer to reflecting telescopes, Stc. Died, 1701. — His son Peter also, who died in 1820, made many valuable improvements in optical instruments, and tliey Iwth enjoyed a well-deserved repu- tation. DOLOMIEU, Deodatus, a French geo- logist and mineralogist, was born in Dau- phin*.', in 1750, and entered into the order of Malta. He accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt, and on his return was taken prisoner and confined at Messina. Sir Joseph Banks obtained his release in 1801, but he died during the same year. Dolomieu had tra- velled, for scientific purposes, in many parts of EurojJC ; and he was the antiior of many esteemed works, of which his " Mineralogical Philosophy" and a "Voyage to the Lipari Islands " are the chief. DOMBEY, JosEi'H, one of the most emi- nent French botanists of the last century ; born in 1742. After a life of i^crsecution, from which his ultra-philanthropy did not protect him, he was captured by corsairs, in returning from St. Domingo, and died in the prisons of Montscrfat. DOMENICHINO, a celebrated painter, whose real name was Domenicho Zampieki, was born at Bologna, in 1581, and was a pupil of the Caracci. Though at first his progress was so slow that his fellow-students in derision called him " the Ox," yet he rose to first-rate eminence in his art. He was also well skilled in architecture, and held the situation of architect to Gregory XV. Died, 1041. DOMINIC, St., founder of the order of monks which bears his name, was born, in 1170, at Calahorra, in Old Castile. He was employed by pope Innocent to convert the Albigenscs ; but, failing in his endeavours, he commenced a horrible crusade against them ; and, dying iu 1221, was canonised for his zeal. DOMINIS, MAR* Anthony de, a Dal- matian archbishop, who came to England, and was made dean of Windsor ; but being disappointed of higher preferment, he ac- cepted an invitation from pope Gregory XV. and went to Rome, where he abjured his "errors," in the expectation of receiving a cardinal's hat ; but instead of receiving preferment, he was sent to the castle of St. Angclo, where he died in 1625. He wrote " De Ilepublica Ecclesiastica ; " and was the first who gave a true explanation of the colours of the rainbow. DOMOTT, Admiral Sir William, was l>orn in Devonsliire, and entered the navy dom] ^ ^ctD HnibenJal Btotjrap!)!). [dob tinder the patronage of Lord Bridport. He served several years on tlie West India station, and afterwards took a share in many actions under Sir Samuel Hood and Sir George Kodney ; and in 1793 received the command of the Royal George, which he retained more than 7 years. He was then made a captain of the fleet, to act in the Baltic, under Sir Hyde Parker. In 1808 he was called to a seat at the admiralty board, which he resigned to act as com- mander-in-cliief at Plymouth. In 1819 he was promoted to the rank of admiral, and died in 1828. DOMITIAN, Titus Flavius, the second son of Vespasian, and the last of the 12 Cassars, was born a. d. 51, and succeeded his brother Titus in 81. He was voluptuous, cruel, and malignant ; and though at his accession he made some show of justice, ajid even of kindness to the citizens, yet the cruelty of his disposition was too deep-rooted for concealment, and he was both feared and hated for his tyranny. He was in continual dread of conspirators, and at length fell by the hands of an assassin, in the 45th year of his age, a.u. 96. DOMITIANITS DOMITIUS, general of Diocletian's army in Egypt. He caused him- self to be proclaimed emperor at Alexandria, and was put to death, in 288, two years afterwards. DONALD v., king of Scotland, succeeded his brother Kenneth II. The ancient laws of Scotland were revised and confirmed under his authority. He died, after a reign of four years, in 8C4. DONALD VI. succeeded Gregory the Great on the Scottish throne, in 891. In this reign the Danes liaving invaded his kingdom, he fought and defeated them. He died at Forres in 904. DONALD VII., commonly called Donald Bane, usurped the throne in 1093. He was expelled from the throne by Duncan in 1094, but regained it again by the murder of that prince. He did not, however, long enjoy it, for he was finally dethroned by Edgar Atheling in 1098. DONALDSON, Joseph, a native of Glas- gow, and author of " The Eventful Life of a Soldier," and " Scenes and Sketches of a Soldier's Life in Ireland." Died on the 5th of October, 1830, at Paris. DONATELLO, or DONATO, an eminent sculptor, was born at Florence, in 1383. His statues and ba?so-relievos adorn many of the Italian churches ; and it is said that Michael Angelo held his works in high esteem. Died, 14G(3. DONATI, ViTALiAxo, an Italian physi- cian, born at Padua, in 1717 ; author of a " Natural History of the Adriatic Sea." He travelled to the East for scientific purposes, and died at Bassorah, in 17C3. DONDUCCI, Geokge Axdeew, a Bo- lognese artist. He was born in 1575 ; studied under Annibale Caracci ; and his pictures «re remarkable for their strong contrasts of light and shade. DON 1) US, or DONDI, James, a physician of Padua, who acquired the name of Aggre- gator, on account of the numerous medicines he made. He was also well skilled in me- chanics, particularly in horology. He died in 13.50. DONNE, JoHX, an English divine and poet, was bom in London, in 1573. Being the son of a Catholic, he was brought up in that faith ; but after completing his studies at Oxford, he embraced Protestantism, and became secretary to the lord chancellor Ellcsmere. After having lost tliis office, and even been imprisoned for clandestinely marrying the chancellor's niece, lie took orders ; when king James made him one of his chaplains, and he afterwards became preacher of Lincoln's Inn and dean of St. Paul's. He died in 1631. Donne has been termed by Dr. Johnson the founder of the metaphysical school of poetry. Though rugged in his versification, he often displays great force and originality ; and his prose works, though quaint and sometimes pe- dantic, show deep thinking and strong powers of reasoning. His works comprise letters, sermons, theological essays, &c. DOODY, Samuel, F.R.S., superintendant of the botanical garden at Chelsea, was a native of Staffordshire, and a member of the medical profession. His knowledge of botany was very extensive ; he assisted in the publication of Ray's Synopsis ; but he devoted his attention more particularly to the class cryptogamia, in which he made some interesting discoveries. Died, 170<5. DORAT, or DAURAT, John, a French poet, born in 1507, was professor of Greek at the Royal College, and poet laureate to Charles IX. He has the reputation of greatly contributing to the revival of clas- sical literature in France, and of having written a host of Greek and Latin verses, besides some French poems. Died, 1588. DORAT, Claude Josepu, a French poet, born in 1734. His works are voluminous, and embrace poetry of every class, with dramas and romances. They possess con- siderable merit ; but, though popular at the time, are now generally neglected. Died, 1780. DORIA, Andrew, a Genoese naval com- mander of great renown, was born of a noble family at Oneglia, in 1468. Having dis- tinguished himself in the service of dif- ferent Italian states, and successfully con- tended against the African pirates and other enemies of his native country, he entered the French service, in the hope of counter- acting the revolution that had broken out in Genoa by putting that city in posses- sion of the French ; but failing in his de- sign, he joined with the Imperialists in en- deavouring to expel them. This object being effected, the Genoese senate gave him the title of " the Father and Defender of his Country," erected a statue to his honour, and built a palace for him. His whole life was a scene of great exploits and brilliant successes ; and he died, at the great age of 92, in 1560. DORIGNY, Michael, a French painter and engraver in aqua-fortis, was born in 1617, and died in 1665. DORIGNY, Nicholas, a son of the fore- going, born in 1657, was the engraver of the celebrated cartoons of Raphael at Hampton Court, for which he received the honour of I dor] <xi ^clu ?aiu'l)C«lal ^StOflTHpT)!?. [dou knighthood from George I. lie died at Pans, in 174<5, aged 90. DORISLAUS, Isaac, a Dutchman, and doctor of civil law at Ley den, from wlience he came to England, and was made lecturer of history at Cambridge ; but avowing re- publican principles, he was silenced. lie next became judge advocate in the king's army, but deserted his monarch and assisted in drawing up tite charges against liim. In 1()49 he was sent ambassador to Holland, where he was assassinated by some exiled royalists. The honour of interment in Westminster Abbey was decreed by the par- liament, but at the Restoration the corpse was removed to St. Margaret's churchyard. D'ORLEANS, Petek Joseph, a i'rench historian, and one of the society of Jesuits, was the author of " A History of the Re- volutions of England," 3 vols. 4to. ; and " A History of the Revolutions of Spain," 3 vols. 4to. Bom, 1C44 ; died, 1698. DORSCH, EvEKAKD, a celebrated engraver on gems, was born at Nureraburg in 1(549, and died in 1712. DORSET, Thomas SACKVILLE, Earl of, the son of Sir Richard Sackville, was born in 15'27, and educated at Oxford and Cambridge. He was distinguished both as ' a statesman and an author ; havini; been I ambassador to Holland, chancellor of Ox- ford, and lord treasurer. He was first cre- ated lord Buckhurst, and subsequently in- vested with the order of the Garter, and made earl of Dorset. He wrote the " In- duction to the Mirrour for Magistrates," and the "Complaint of Henry, Duke of Buckingham," &c. Died, ir.08. DORSET, Chaiu.es SACKVILLE, Earl of, was bom in 16.17. He was one of the distinguished wits and revellers at the court of Charles II. ; but he was of an heroic turn ; and while acting as a volunteer, un- der the Duke of York, in the Dutch war, he wrote on the eve of a battle the cele- brated song, "To all you ladies now on land." At tlie revolution he was made lord chamberlain of the household. His poems possess considerable point and liveliness. Died, 1706. DOSSI, Dosso, a painter of Ferrara, some of wliose works have much of tlie style both of Titian and Raphael. Ariosto mentions him in terms of liigh commendation. Born, 1479 ; died, 1560. DOUCE, FRAifcis, an antiquarian, well known to the literary world by his "Illus- trations of Shakspeare and of Ancient Manners." He also contributed various papers to the Archseologia, the Gentleman's Magazine, &c. ; and shortly before his death published a beautiful volume, illus- trating the "Dance of Death," by disser- tations on the claims of Holbein and Maca- ber. He was for many years a member of the Royal Antiquarian Society, and for- merly keeper of manuscripts in the British Museum. Died, \SM. DOUGLAS, Gawkv, a Scotch divine, and poet of some eminence, was the son of Archibald, (>th earl of Angus, and born at Brechin in 1474. After receiving a liberal education he entered the church, was made provost of St. Giles's, and eventually ob- tained the abbacy of Aberbrothick and the bishopric of Dunkeld. Political dissensions induced him to seek refuge in England, where he was lil)erally treated by Henry VIII., but he fell a victim to the plague of London, in 1522. He wrote "The Palace of Honour," and other works ; but his chief performance is a translation of Virgil's ..Eneid. DOUGLAS, James, an eminent anato- mist, was born in Scotland in 1675 ; settled in London, and was patronised by the cele- brated Dr. John Hunter ; and died in 1742. He is the author of a " Comparative De- scription of all the Muscles," and other works on medical science. DOUGLAS, Sir James, a renowned war- rior, who on the death of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, was commissioned to carry the king's heart to the holy sepulclire at Jerusalem ; upon which errand he sailed in June, 1330. On arriving off Sluys, in Flanders, where he exjicctcd to find com- panions in his pilgrimage, he learned tliat Alphonso XL, the young king of Leon and Castile, was engaged in a war with Osman the Moor ; and such was the crusading zeal of Douglas that he entered the lists against the foes of Christianity. The Moors were defeated ; but Douglas, giving way to his impetuous valour, pursued tliem too eagerly, and throwing among them the casket which contained the heart of his sovereign, cried out, " Now pass onward as thou wert wont, Douglas will follow thee or die." The fugitives rallied, surrounded the Christian knight, who with a few of his followers perished while attempting the rescue of Sir Walter St. Clair of Roslin. DOUGLAS, Archibald, brother of the preceding, was appointed regent for Scot- land for king David Bruce, and fell at the battle of Halidon Hill, July 22. 1333. DOUGLAS, William, lord of Liddisdale, was a warrior of considerable renown in the 14th century ; but whose fame was tar- nished by an act of baseness and inhumanity. The brave Alexander Ramsay having taken the castle of Roxburgh from the English, was rewarded with the custody of the castle and the shrievalty of the adjoining district; and while holding his court at Howick, Douglas suddenly entered with a band of armed followers, slew several of Ramsay's attendants, and having bound him with fetters, threw him into a dungeon of Her- mitage castle, and left him tliere to perish. Enormous as this crime was, the king par- doned him, but he was killed by the Earl of Douglas, in 1353, while hunting in Ettrick Forest. DOUGLAS, William, first earl of Doug- las, was taken prisoner with David Bruce at the battle of Durham, but soon ransomed. He recovered Douglasdale and other districts from the English; afterwards went to France, fought at the battle of Poictiers, and died in 1384. DOUGLAS, James, second earl of that name, after performing many valorous ex- ploits, was killed at the battle of Otterbum, in 1388. DOUGLAS, William, lord of Nithsdale, called "The Black Douglas," whose very DOU] ^ ^rfit) Winibtx^aX 33t05rapT)i). [dou name was said to be a terror to the English, married Egedia, daughter of Robert II. ; and after a life of bold and successful war- fare, was murdered by the Earl of Clifford, in 1390. DOUGLAS, Akciiibald. the fourth earl of Douglas, succeeded his father Archibald in his title and estates, and married Mar- garet, daughter of Robert II. When Henry IV". of England laid siege to the castle of Edinburgh, in 1400, Douglas successfully defended it ; but he lost an eye and was taken prisoner at the battle of Ilomildon. He afterwards joined Percy in his rebellion against his king, was taken prisoner at the battle of Shrewsbury, but recovered his li- berty and went to France, where he was slain at the battle of Vernoil, in 1424, DOUGLAS, AucHiBALD, the fifth earl of Douglas, was the ainbassador to England for the release of James I. Died, 1438. DOUGI>AS, Wu.r.iAM, the sixth earl of Douglas, is remembered on account of the tragical fate wliich awaited him, almost as soon as he came to his family titles and estates. Under the specious pretext that the young earl's presence was necessary at the meeting of parliament, which was about to be held at Edinburgh, after the recon- ciliation of Livingston and Crichton, he and his brother accepted an invitation to a royal feast at the castle. The entertainment was prolonged with unusual pomp, and every delicacy spread on the table ; till at length a bull's head was suddenly placed before the two noble guests, which they knew to be the herald of death. They then hastily sprung from their seats, and made some vain efforts to escape ; but a body of armed men, at a given signal, rushed in, bound their hands, and led them to instant execution. This happened in 1437. DOUGLAS, William, the eighth earl of Douglas, was a haughty and ambitious noble, wielding at times an imcontrolled in- fluence over tlie king, and at others openly bearding his authority. He raised the power and grandeur of the house of Douglas to its loftiest height ; and, not content with the sway he exercised at home, caused himself to be received at Rome and France with those honours which are only due to sove- reign princes. Among other despotic acts which he committed, was his beheading Macallan of Bombic, for having refused to join the earl in his attack on Crichton, between whom and Douglas tliere was a deadly feud. The indignation, however, with which king James received the news of this and similar actions, determined him at length to get rid of the opposition of a subject so daring and powerful. The earl was therefore invited to attend his sovereign in parliament at Stirling, which he accepted; and while vainly remonstrating with him on the impropriety of his conduct, the king drew a dagger and plunged it into the heart of Douglas, Feb. 13. 1452. DOUGLAS, James, brother of the fore- going, and ninth and last earl of Douglas, took up arms to revenge his brother's death, and, assembling all the members of tlie league, brought a large army into the field. The king, however, being active, and well provided with forces, lay siege to the castle of Abercorn, the best fortified seat of the earl, and the two armies lay encamped within a short distance of each other ; but without coming to an engagement, Douglas fled to Annandale, with his brothers, the Earls of Ormond and Moray. Thither they were pursued by the king's forces, under the command of the Earl of Angus ; Moray slain, Ormond made prisoner, and Douglas himself driven to provide for his safety in England. Several years after, Douglas returned with Percy, earl of Northumber- land, upon an expedition against his coun- try, in which Douglas was taken prisoner ; and James contented himself with sending his rebel captive to the abbey of Lindores, where he died, in monkish confinement, in 1488. DOUGLAS, George, fifth earl of Angus, was commander of the forces that defeate<l the Earls of Douglas and Northumberland, when Douglas was taken prisoner, and his estates forfeited. Died, 1402. DOUGLAS, Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, commanded the right wing of the royal army at the battle of Torwood, where James III. lost his life ; and at the fatal battle of Flodden Field he endeavoured, though unsuccessfully, to dissuade James IV. from that engagement. His eldest son, George, was there slain ; and the earl died in the year following. DOUGLAS, Jamks, earl of Morton, was for some time regent of Scotland, and was a chief actor in the transactions which took place in that country during the reign of !Mary, and in the minority of her son James VI. He was beheaded in WSl. DOUGLAS, James, earl of Morton and Aberdeen, was bom at Edinburgh in 1707. He established the Edinburgh Philosophical Society, and in 1733 was elected president of the "Royal Society of London. Died, 1768. DOUGLAS, JoH?r, a learned divine and critic, born at Pittenweem, Fifeshire, in 1721 ; was travelling tutor to Lord Pulteney ; obtained the deanery of Windsor ; was raised to the see of Carlisle in 1787 ; trans- ferred to that of Salisbury in 1792 ; and died in 1807. Dr. Douglas was a distinguished writer, and the friend of Dr. Johnson and most of the eminent literary characters of his day. He vindicated Milton from the charge of plagiarism brought against him by Lauder ; entered the lists against David Ilume, by publishing " The Criterion, or a Discourse on Miracles," and prepared for the press Captain Cook's second and third voyages. bOUSA, JoHJT, whose real name was VANDER DOES, was born at Noordwick, Holland, in L545. He became eminent both as a soldier and a scholar. After being sent as ambassador to England, he was made governor of Ley den in 1574, and heroically defended it against the Spaniards : he was also the first curator of the university of that city, and died there, of the plague, in 1604. As an author, Dousa distinguished himself by his " Annals of Holland," in Latin verse, as well as by various other Latin poems and criticisms. His son JoHX, who died in his 20 th year, assisted his father in the Annals, |dou] ^ i^clD Bnihex^aX 28t0ffrap]^». [dra ! ttiid vas an emii^cnt classical scholar and I mathematician. He had also three other sons, of great classical attainments. DOUW, or DOW, Gekakd, an eminent Dutch painter, and the pupil of Ilcmbrandt, was born at Leyden in 1C13, and died there in 1674, or, as some say, iu 1C80. For the excellence of his colouring, delicacy of finish, and attention to every minutia of his art, this master's compositions are un- rivalled i and the prices which some of his paintings have obtained arc almost without parallel. DOVER, Gkorge James Wei.hork Agar Ellis, I^ord, was born in the year 1797, and completed his education at Christchurch, Oxford. In 1818 he was returned as member for Heytesbury ; in succeeding parliaments he sat for Seaford, Ludgershall, and Oak- hampton ; and in 1830 he was appointed cliief commissioner of woods and forests. But it is us a patron of the fine arts, and as a pro- moter of literature, that Lord Dover will be chiefly remembered ; his acquaintance with the former entitling him to the character of a connoisseur, and liis talents as an author being highly respectable. In 1828 he pub- lished "Historical Inquiries respecting the Character of Edward Hyde, Earl of Claren- don ; " after which appeared the " Ellis Cor- I respondence, " which was followed by his " Life of Frederick the Great j " and his last literary task was that of editing the " Inciters of Hoiace VValpole to Sir Horace Maim." He was also an occasional contributor to the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews, &c. ; and in 1832 he was elected president of the Royal Society of Literature. Died, 183^3. DOW, ^tLEXAXDKR, was a native of Scot- land, and a lieutenant-colonel in the East India Company's service. He translated several works from the Persian, was the author of two unsuccessful trogedies, and died in 170<t. DOWNMAN, IIuou, a physician and poet, born at Exeter, in 1740 ; studied at Oxford J and settled in his native city, where he died in 1809. He is the author of " Editlia," a tragedy ; " Infancy," a iK)em ; " Tlie Land of the Muses," &c. DOYEN, Gabuiel Francis, an eminent French painter, pupil of Vanloo. The " Death of Virginia." " Death of St. Louis," and other works of great merit, were pro- duced by him. He afterwards resided in Russia, and died there in 180«. DRACO, an Athenian legislator, the ex- traordinary and indiscriminate severity of whose laws has rendered his name odious to humanity. During the period of his archou- ship, n. c. (523, he enacted a criminal code, in which the slightest offences were punished with death, no less than murder or sacrilege. Hence it was said to be " written in blood." It was abolished by Solon ; and its san- guiiiary author was, according to tradition, smothered by the populace of ^gina, on his appearance at the theatre there. DRAKE, Sir Fraxcis, an eminent navi- gator and commander, was born at Tavi- stock, Devon, iu 1545. He first served in the royal navy under his relative. Sir John Hawkins ; and distinguished himself by his valour at the unfortunate expedition against 2ra the Spaniards, in the harbour of Vera Cruz. Iu 1570 he went to the West Indies, on a cruise against the Spaniards, which he soon repeated with success ; and in 1572, having received the command of two vessels, for the purpose of attacking the commercial ports of Spanish America, he took possession of two of their cities, and returned laden with booty. On his return he equipped three frigates at his own expense, with which he served as a volunteer, under tlie Earl of Essex, in Ireland, where he distinguished himself so much by his bravery, that Sir Christopher Hatton introduced him to queen Elizabeth. Drake disclosed to her his i)lan, and being furnished with five ships, he sailed, in 1577, to attack the Spaniards in the South Seas. In this expedition he ravaged the Spanish settlements, coasted the North Ame- rican shore as far as 48° N. lat., and gave I the name of New Albion to the country he I had discovered. He then went to the East Indies, and having doubled the Cape of Good Hope, returned to Plymouth in 1580. U'he queen dined on board his ship at Deptford, and knighted him. In 158.') he ogain sailed to the West Indies, and succeeded in taking several places and ships. In 1587 he com- manded a fleet of 30 sail, witli which he entered the liarbour of Cadiz, and destroyed the shipi)ing ; and, in the following year, he commanded as vice-admiral under Lord Howard, and had his share in the destruction of the Spanish armada. He died off Nombre de Dios, in 1596. Sir Francis represented Plymouth in parliament ; and to him that town is indebted for a supply of water, which he caused to be conveyed to it from springs at several miles distance. His victories have been equalled, nay surpassed, by modern admirals ; but his generosity has never been rivalled ; for he divided, in just proportional shares among liis seamen, the booty Jie took from the enemy. DRAKE, Fran'Cis, an eminent antiquary and surgeon at York j author of " Ebora- eum" or the history and antiquities of that city. Died, 1770. DRAKE, James, an English physician and political writer, was born at Cambridge in l(i(i7, and ediicutcd at tJiat university. In 1704 he published a pamphlet, entitled " The Memorial of the Church of England," which gave such offence, tliat a proclamation was issued for discoveiing tlio author, who kept concealed. He was afterwards prose- cuted for the publication of a newspaper, called " Mercurius Politicus ; " but though he was acquitted, it produced in him such violent excitement as to cause his death. He was also the author of a "System of Anatomy," 3 vols.; a translation of Herodo- tus, &c. Died, 1707. DRAKE, Dr. Nathan, was born at York, in 176<> ; graduated at lidinburgh in 1789 ; and settled as a physician at Hadlcigh, Suf- folk, in 1792, where he practised 44 years. He was an author of considerable powers, and devoted them chiefly to essays and ingenious illustrations of our standard lite- rature. Died, June 7. 183<5. DRAPARMAUD, James Philii' Ray- mond, a French physician, and professor of natural history at the School of Medicine, was born at Montpelicr, in 1772, and died in 1805. lie left behind him in MS. two aide works on natural history, which have since been printed. DRAPER, Sir William, a military officer, well known also as a controversial writer, ■was born at Bristol in 1721. He received his education at Eton and Cambridge. Having entered the army, he distinguished himself in the East Indies, was raised to the rank of a colonel in 17(50, and in 17G3 he commanded the troops at tlie capture of Manilla, for which he received the honour of knighthood. In 1779 he was appointed lieutenant- governor of Minorca ; and when that place surrendered to the enemy he preferred charges against General Murray, the go- vernor, but which lie failed to substantiate, and was commanded by the court to make an apology to him. He owes his literary celebrity to the circumstance of his having imdertaken the defence of his friend the Marquis of Granby against the attacks of Junius. He died in 1787. DRAYTON, Michael, a poet, was bom at Atherstone, Warwickshire in 1,5(5.3, and educated at Oxford. He was indebted for a great part of his education to Sir Henry Goodere, and afterwards lived for a long time in the family of the Earl of Dorset, as it would seem, in a state of dependence. He wrote " The Shepherd's Garland," "Baron's Wars," "England's Heroical Epistles," " Polyolbion," " Nymphidia," &c., and is reckoned a standard author among the early poets. Died, 1031. DREBBEL, Cornelius Van, a Dutch chemist and natural philosopher, was born at Alkmaar in 1572. With a considerable share of cliarlatanism, he combined real talent, and made several useful discoveries ; such as the invention of the thermometer, the method of dyeing scarlet, and the im- provement of telescopes and microscopes. He died at liondon in ir>34. DRELINCOURT, Charles, a French Protestant divine, was born at Sedan in 159.'>, and died at Paris in 1(5(59. He was the author of several religious books, but the only one by which he is now remembered is tliat entitled "Consolations against the Fears of Death." DREW, Samuel, M.A., the son of poor parents at St. Austell, Cornwall, was born in 17(55, and at ten years of age apprenticed to a shoemaker. Though he was almost destitute of education, as he grew up he became a shrewd and subtle disputant among his shopmates ; while his jocose manner and vivacious disposition led him, in early life, not only to slight the solemn truths of re- ligion, but to ridicule those of his acquaint- ance who embraced tliem. He was at length, however, aroused to a sense of their import- ance by the preaching of the late Dr. (then Mr.) Adorn Clarke ; and, joining the Metho- dist society, he determined to abandon his former practices, and devote every moment he could spare to the acquirement of re- ligious knowledge. Indefatigable in its pursuit he soon appeared as a local preacher, while he still carried on his business ; not venturing before the world as an author till 1799, when he published his " Remarks on Paine's Age of Reason." This was very favourably received ; but it was from his next production, entitled " An Essay on the Immiiteriaiity and Immortality of the Soul," that Mr. Drew is cliiefly indebted for his re- putation as a theological metaphysician Quitting trade, he now wrote several valu- able works, among which must be noticed his " Treatise on the Being and Attributes of God ; " and from the year 1819 to his death he edited the Imperial Magazine with singular ability ; his knowledge ex- tending to various branches of science, and the careful and dispassionate view he took of every subject under his review eminently qualifying him for the office of critic. He died in March, 1833. DROUET, John Baptist, one of the French revolutionists, was born in 1763. He was postmaster of Menehould when Louis XVI. and his family, in 1791, passed through that town in their endeavours to escape from France ; and it was owing to Drouet that they were conducted back to Paris. For this important service the Na- tional Assembly offered hiin 80,000 francs, which he refused. In 1792 he was nomi- nated a deputy to the convention, in which he distinguislied himself by his support ot the most violent measures. He was after- wards sent a commissioner to the army of the north, and being taken prisoner by the Austrians, was exchanged in 1795, with others of Jiis party, for the daughter of the unfortunate Louis. He subsequently be- came a member of the council of five hun- dred ; and, under the consulship, sub-pre- fect of St. Menehould. In 1815 li£ was cho- sen deputy from the department of Marne to the chamber of representatives ; but, being excepted from the amnesty at the be- ginning of the following year, and con- demned to exile, he returned to Macon, where he died in 1821. DROUOT, General Count, the well-known commander of the artillery of the guard under Napoleon, was born, as he himself says, " of poor parents, who earned by the sw-eat of their brow the bread of a numerous family," at Nancy, 1774. Scarcely had he finished liis education when the wars of the revolution broke ont in 1792. The following 3'ear he was admitted into the school of artillery as sub-lieutenant, and gradually rose through the different ranks to that of general of division, which he attained in 1813. It would occupy more space than we can afford to give even an outline of the achievements of this remarkable man. In abilities as an officer of artillery, in bravery and steadiness, and above all in single- minded honesty, staunch fidelity, and unim- peachable virtue, he had no superior and but few equals in all that band of heroes who raised the emperor to his throne of glory. Nor must his fervent piety be oveilooked. He always had a small Bible with him ; to read this constituted his chief delight, and he did not scruple to avow the fact. His modesty was equal to his skill, and his fidelity to his courage ; and he gave a strik- ing proof of the latter by accompanying Napoleon to Elba amid the general defection that disgraced the emperor's proteges. After DRO] ^ ^tta mm'brrtfal 3Bt0j3Tnp!)l». [dby the defeat at Waterloo, General Droiiot was included in the ordinance of proscription ; but he immediately surrendered to take his trial, and having been found "not guilty," he returned to liis native town, where he " gave himself up to the charms of a quiet private life." The return of the a-shcs of tlie emperor in 1840 filled him with great joy ; all his last hopes and wishes were fulfil led by this event ; and it should seem that from this iHiriod he longed for the moment to arrive when he should be admitted " to that everlasting dwelling, where those who have well loved and well served their country will meet their recompense." Died, 18-t7. DUOZ, Peter JAcyvEX, a skilful me- chanician, was a native of Switzerland, and bom in 1721. Among other curious things he made a writing automaton, the motions of whose fingers, &c. corresponded exactly with those of nature. Died, 179(). DllOZ, llE.VKY Louis Jacquet, a son of the foregoing, born in 17.59, excelled even his father, by whom he was taught, in the construction of mechanical figures. At the age of 22 he went to Paris with some of the products of his ingenuity ; among which was an automaton, representing a female play- ing on the harpsichord, which followed tlie notes in the music book with the eyes and I head, and having finished playing, got up and made an obeisance to the comiwiny. lie died at Naples, in 1791. DKUMMOND, Geohoe, an active, en- terprising, and patriotic Scotchman, was born in 1(^87. When the Earl of Alar reared the standard of rebellion in 171.5, Mr. G. Drummond was the first to apprise the mi- nistry of it ; and, raising a company of volunteers, he joined the Duke of Argyle, and assisted at the battle of SheritFinoor. This loyal conduct he repeated, upon the approach of the rcljcls in 174.5, and was present at the battle of Preston, lie held various offices in the excise and customs from an early age ; and in 1737 he was made one of the commissioners of excise, an ofiice which he retained during the remainder of his life, lie was also lonl provost of Edin- burgh, and to his patriotic, zeal the city is indebted for many of its improvements and most valuable institutions. He died in 1766, aged 80. DRUMMOND, TuoitAS, under-gecretary of state for Ireland. Very early in life he was distinguished for his mathematical pro- ficiency ; and when he became private se- cretary to Lord Althorp, who was then chan- cellor of the exchequer, his punctuality in attendance to his official duties, and the at once tried and unpretending plainness of the various official communications which his position obliged him to make, as well to public bodies as to individuals, marked him, in the opinion of those who were best able to appreciate such qualities, and who, fortunately for the public service, had both the will and the power to reward and em- ploy them, as the fittest possible person for the situation of under-seci-etary for Ireland — as difficult a post, from circumstances to which we need not allude, as any in the whole range of our civil service. But the cares of oflicc did not prevent him from indulging his taste for study and experi- mental service ; one of the fruits of wliich is the brilliant light which he invented, and which bears his name. Died, 1840. DRUMMOND, William, a Scotch poet, was the son of Sir John Drummond of Uawthomden, and bom there m 1,58.5. He was educated at the university of Edin- burgh, and studied civil luw at Boursres ; but Parnassus had more charms for liim than legal science, and, on coming to the family estate, the romantic beauties of Uawthomden inspired him with a love for poetry and polite literature. His poems are replete with tenderness and delicacy. He died in 1649 ; and his death is said to have been accelerated by grief for the tragical fate of Charles I. DKUMMOND, Sir William, F.R.S., a learned antiquary, a statesman, and the au- thor of several works, classical and histori- cal. He was a i)rivy councillor, and at one period filled the office of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from Great Britain to the king of the Two Sicilies ; and at another (1801), went on an embassy to Constantinople, when he was invested with the Turkish order of the Crescent. His prin- cipal works are " A Review of the Govern- ments of Sparta and Athens," " Herculauen- sia," "Odin," a poem; and " Origincs, or Remarks oh the Origin of several Empires, States, and Cities." He died at Rome, in 1828. ■ DRYANDER, Jonas, a naturalist, by birth a Swede, who came to England, and was patronised by Sir Joseph Banks. He became librarian to the Royal Society, and vice-president of the Linnroan. Died, 1810. DRYDEN, JoH.v, one of the most cele- brated English i>oet8, was born at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, in 1(K31, and received his education at Westminster School and Tri- nity College, Cambridge. On the death of his father, in 16.54, he came to London, and acted as secretary to his relation. Sir Gill)ert Pickering, who was one of Cromwell's coun- cil ; and on the death of the protector, he wrote his well-known laudatory stanzas on that event. At the Restoration, however, he greeted Charles II. with a poem, entitled " Astrea Redux," which was quickly fol- lowed by a panegyric on the coronation ; and from that time his love for the royal house of Stuart appears to have known no decay. In 1661 he produced his first play, " The Duke of Guise," but the first that was performed was " The Wild Gallant," which appeared in the year following. In 1667 he published his "Annus Mirabilis;" and his reputation, both as a poet and a royalist, being now established, he was appointed poet laureate and historiograjjher royal, with a salary of 2001. per annum. He now became professionally a writer for the stage, and produced many pieces, some of which have been strongly censured for their licentious- ness and want of good taste. In 1681 he commenced his career of political satire ; and at the express desire of Charles II. composed his famous poem of " Absalom and Achito- phel," which he followed up by " The Medal " and " A Satire on Sedition." His next satire was " Mac Fleckuoc ; " after wliich appeared z2 dub] ^ Him mniUx^nX SSmsrap^y. {[dug " Religio Laici," a compendious view of the arguments in favour of revelation. At the accession of James II., Dryden became a Roman Catholic, and, liki; most converts, endeavoured to defend his new faith at the expense of the old one, in a poem called " The Hind and Panther," which was ad- mirably answered by Prior and Montague, in " The Country Mouse and City Mouse." The abdication of James deprived Dryden of all his official emoluments ; and during the 10 concluding years of his life, when he actually wrote for bread, he produced some of the finest pieces of which our language can boast. His translation of Virgil, which alone would be sufficient to immortalise his memory, appeared in 1(5{)7 ; and, soon after, that master-piece of lyric poetry, "Alex- ander's Feast," his " Fables," &c. Tlie freedom, grace, strength, and melody of his versification have never been surpassed ; and in satire he stands unrivalled ; but as a dramatic writer, though he has mafiy strik- ing beauties, he does not generally excel. His prose essays afford a fine specimen of composition, and are replete with critical ability. He died in 1700, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. DUBOCAGE, Marie Akne le Page, a French lady of considerable literary abili- ties, and a member of the academies of Rome, Bologna, &c., was born at Rouen, in 1710. She translated Pope's Temple of Fame, Milton's Paradise Lost, The Death of Abel, &c.,into French; and wrote " The Colum- biad," an epic poem on the discovery of America ; " The Amazons," a tragedy ; and " Travels through England, Holland, and Italy." Died, 1802. DU BOIS, Edward, who gained a high reputation in the lighter literature of the day, was born, 1775. Educated at Christ's Hos- pital, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1809, but he took little interest in his profession, though it subsequently enabled him to fill with advantage the only two public offices he ever held, the deputy judgeship of the court of requests, and the secretaryship to the commissioners in lunacy. He commenced his literary career as the editor of the Monthly Mirror, while Thomas Hill was its proprietor, and Theodore Hook was a contributor. He at the same time filled the lighter departments of the Jlorning Chronicle, under Air. Perry ; and he main- tained his connection with the press to liis latest years. In 1808 appeared " My Pocket Book, or Hints for a ryghte merry e and con- ceitede Tour in Quarto," written in ridicule of the books of travels manufactured by Sir John Carr. This little work, which was anonymous, ran through numerous editions. The only works published with liis name i were the " Wreath," " Old Nick," a satirical j story, 3 vols., the " Decameron of Boccaccio, : with Remarks on his Life and Writings," i 2 vols., and an edition of Francis's Horace. We ought also to add, that among his ano- nymous writings was a work attributing the authorship of " Junius " to Sir P. Francis, with wliom he was, it is said, in some way i connected. M. Du Bois' powers of conversa- tion were great, and his good-humoured ■ pleasantry and knowledge of the world made him the idol of a large circle of friends. Died, 18 -.0. DUBOIS DE CRANCE, Edmund Louis Alexis, a modern French statesman, was born at Cliarleville in 1747. He was one of the deputies to the states-general in 1789, and in tlie convention he voted for the death of tlie king. To him tlie republican army owed its first organisation, by his having procured the decree for the levy of 3(X),000 men, promotion according to seniority, &c. While at Lyons, whither he was sent to suppress the insurrection, he was accused of moderatism, recalled, and arrested, but recovered his liberty ; and was subsequently appointed by the directory inspector-general and minister of war. He opposed Buona- parte, and was consequently deprived of his posts. He died in 1814. Dubois wrote several works connected with passing events of tlic revolution. DUBOIS, William, a French cardinal and statesman, notorious for his ambition and his vices, was the son of an apothecary, and born at Brive la Gaillard, in the Li- mousin, in l')5(5. Having obtained the situ- ation of preceptor to the Duke of Orleans, he pandered to the passions of his pupil, and secured his attachment ; till at length he became his privy councillor, and overseer of the household; and, when the duke became regent, he was appointed to the situation of minister of foreign affairs. The archbishopric of Cambray having become vacant, Dubois, though not even a priest, liad the boldness to request it, and succeeded ; and by his con- summate address he afterwards obtained a cardinal's hat, and was made prime minister. Died, 1723. DUBOS, Jean Baptiste, an author of merit, and secretary to the French academy, was born at Beauvois in 1670, and distin- guished himself both as an historian and a writer on the polite arts. Died, 1743. DUBY, Petkk Auciier Tobiesen, a cele- brated Swiss medallist and antiquarian, was born in 1721, and died in 1782. He was linguist to the royal library at Paris, and the author of an able and extensive work on medals. DUC AREL, Andrew Coltee, an eminent antiquary and civilian, was born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1713. After receiving his education at Eton and Oxford, he became a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian So- cieties, and held a situation in the state paper office. His piincipal works are " Anglo-Norman Antiquities " and " Histo- ries of Lambeth Palace and of St. Catherine's Church." Died, 1785. DUCASSE, Jean Baptiste, a French naval officer in the reign of Louis XIV., who as governor of St. Domingo rendered himself formidivble to the English, and who also had the good fortune to obtain a victory over the gallant Benbow. Died, 1715. DUCHANGE, Gaspard, a clever French engraver, and coimsellor of the Academy of Painting. Born, 1G()2 ; died, 1756. DUCHESNE, Andrew, geographer ajid historiographer to the king of France, was born in 1584, and died in 1640. So prolific a writer was he, that he published 22 works, among wliich were Histories of England, of dug] ^ l^rlij SJuibcriSaT 3^iac[inp\)}}, [dud the Popea, and of the Dukes of Burgundy, &c. ; and he left in MS. more than a 100 folio volumes. DUCHESNE, JosEPiT, better known bv the Latin name of Quercetanus, a French physician and writer ; author of a " Phar- niacopccia," and several medical works now very rarely referred to. In bis own time he was very popular, and became physician and conncillor to Henry IV. Died, WOO. I DUCHESXOIS, Jo.sEnnxE Ki'fin, acele- brated French actress of whom it is said that 8hc was so much attracted by the rei)re8cn- tation of MeiUa, which she witnessed when only 8 years of age, that she secretly begun to prepare for her future career, and api)eared in the i)art of Puliiii/ra, in '• Mahomet," when only 1.1. Slie performed at the Theatre Fran- <;ais from 1802 until 1830. Bom, 1777 ; died, DUCIS, Jean Fraxcois, a distinguished French dramatist, was born at Versailles in 173;i. He took Shakspcare for his model, and the majority of his pla3'3 arc free imi- tations of the English hard ; though some of them are so altered to suit the taste of his countrymen, that the genius of Shaks- pcare is but dimly discovcruLle. He died in 1817. aged 84. DUCK, STEriiEy, an English poet, was originally an agricultural labourer, born near Marlborough, Wilts. Some of liis po- etical attempts having l)een sliown to queen Caroline, she first granted liim a small an- nuity, but afteiR'arda had him ordained, and procured for him the living of Byfleet, in Surrey, where he lived several years, but, in a fit of mental derangement, drowned liimself, in \7'>Ct. DUCKWOUTir, Admiral Sir John Tho- mas, an English admiral, was born in Surrey, in 1748, and entered the navy in 1709. He had frequent opportunities of distinguishing himself during the late war, from the me- morable action of the first of June, 17!H, in which he took a conspicuous part, to his destruction of the French squadron otf St. Domingo, in 1800. He was appointed go- vernor of Newfoundland, in 18i0, which si- tuation he held three years, and died in 1817. DUCLOS, Chaules Pineau, a French novelist and biographer, was born at Dinaut, in Brittany, in 170.5 ; became secretary of the French academy, and on the death of .Voltaire was appointed to the office of histo- riographer of France. All his writings are lively and satirical, descriptive of love, women, and intrigue ; the principal are "Memoires sur le Moeurs du XVIIIme Sit'cle," " Confessions du Compte de B." Died, 1772. DUCREST, Ciiari.es Louis, Marquis, was a brother of Madame de Genlis. Having, in 1790, made claim for a large sum on the Duke of Orleans, who was then at the height of his popularity, and who refused to pay the debt, Ducrest sued him ; but as no ad- vocate would plead his cause, the marquis himself conducted the proceedings, and gained the suit. He publit^hed, in 1817, "Faite de la Monarchic Absolue," a work containing, among other singular proposi- tions, one to teach the military discipline on the Lancasterian system. DUDIiEY, EnMixn, a celebrated states- man, born in H<j2, who on the death of Henry VII. was sent, with Empson. to the Tower, and beheaded in l.')10. While in confinement, Dudley wrote a piece entitled "The Tree of the Commonwealth." DUDLEY, John, duke of Northumber- land, was a son of the preceding, and born in 1502. He was first created vi.scount Lisle, then carl of Warwick, and after being ap- pointed lord high admiral, reached his dukedom in IMl. He clfected a marriage between his son. Lord Guildford Dudley, and Lady Jane Grey, daughter of the Duke of SufiblK. He afterwards prevailed on the young king, Edward, to set aside his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, from the succession in favour of Lady Jane, whom he caused to be proclaimed at the king's death. But an in- surrection being raised in favour of Mary, she was proclaimed in London, and the duke executed as a traitor, in 15.53. DUDLEY, RouEKT, earl of Leicester, a son of the preceding, was born in 1.5,S2. Queen Elizabeth proposed him as a husband for Marv queen of Scots, but she rejecte<l him with disdain i and in 1.572 he married privately Lady Douglas, but never acknow- ledged her as his wife. He afterwards mar- ried the Countess Dowager of Essex, and finding Lady Douglas intractable to his pro- posals tor a separation, is charged with having poisoned her. For a short time he held the situation of governor of the Pro- testant I>ow Coimtries ; but returning to England by command of the queen, he was made lieutenant-general of the army as- sembled at Tilbury in 1588, and died during the same year. DUDLEY, Sir Robert, the son of the Earl of Leicester by the l>a<ly Douglas, was born in 1573. Having commenced a suit to prove his legitimacy, the Countess Dowager of Leicester filed an information against him for a conspiracy, on whicli he went to Florence, and was appointed chamberlain to the grand duchess, sister to the emperor Ferdinand II., who, creating him a duke of the Roman empire, he assumed the title of the duke of Northumlierland. He drained the morass between Pisa and the sea. by which Leghorn became one of the finest ports in tiie world. He was the author of "Del Arcauo del Mare," and other works. Died, 1630. DUDLEY, Sir Hexry Bate, was born in 1745, educated for the ehureh, and took orders. Much of his early life was, how- ever, spent in political, literary, and con- vivial society ; and, in spite of his sacerdotal calling, he was engaged in several duels. " Parson Bate," as he was familiarly called, established the Morniug Post and Morning Herald daily papers; and wrote "The Woodman," "Rival CandidateK," and se- veral other dramatic pieces. His political connections eventually procured him a ba- ronetcy and valuable cliurch preferment. Died, 1824. DUDLEY, the Right Hon. John Wil- liam Ward, Earl of, was a man of powerful talents, but remarkable for his absence of mind and the haljit of " thinking aloud," of wliieh many ludicrous anecdotes are told. 7. 3 duf] ^ ^t^ ?SiTtl3cr^al 3S{ff5rajp!)u. [duh The following is recorded as a fact. When he was secretary for foreign affairs, in Mr. Canning's administration, he directed a let- ter intended for the French to the Russian ambassador, shortly before the affair of Na- varino ; and, strange as it may appear, it gained him the highest lionour, Piince Ivieven set it down as one of the cleverest ruses ever attempted to be played off, and gave himself immense credit for not falling into the trap laid for him by the sinister ingenuity of the English secretary. He re- turned the letter with a most polite note, in which he vowed, of course, that he had not read a liiie of it, after he had ascertained that it was intended for Prince Polignac ; but could not help telling Lord Dudley at an evening party, that he was " trap fin, but that diplomatists of his standing were not so easily caught." His lordship was born in 1781, and entered parliament first for Down- ton in 1802 ; he afterwards successively re- presented Worcestershire, Warcham, and Bossiney. In 1823 he succeeded to the peer- age ; was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs, and sworn a member of the privy council in 1827 ; raised to the rank of an earl in the same year ; and died in 1833. DUFAU, FoirruNE, a native of St. Do- mingo, who studied under David, and be- came an excellent painter. His "Count Ugolino in Prison " is an admired produc- tion. Died, lb21. DUFRESNOY, Ciiaules Alphoxso, a French painter and poet, was born in 1611. He was intended by his father for the legal profession ; but the sister arts of poetry and painting were more attractive than the law, and lie devoted his undivided attention to them. In 1631 he went to Italy, where he completed his well-known poem, "De Arte Graphica;" though it did not appear till after Ids death, when his friend De Piles published it, with annotations. It has been three times translated into English, by Drj'den, Graham, and Mason. In painting, Titian and tlie Caracci appear to have been his models ; and though he benefited but little by his artistical labours, they are now highly valued. Died, 1665. DUFRESNY, Charles Riviere, a ver- satile and witty French dramatist and comic writer, was born in 1648, and died in 1724. He held a situation in the household of Louis XIV., and is said to have been a great- grandson of Henry IV. DUGDAliE, Sir William, an eminent antiquary and herald, was born near Coles- hill, Warwickshire, in 160.5, and educated at St. John's College, Oxford. He was made Chester herald in 1644, accompanied Charles I. throughout the civil war ; and after the Restoration, on being appointed garter-king-at-arms, received the honour of knighthood. His chief work is the '• Mo- nasticoii Anglicanum ; " but he also wrote "The Baronage of England," 3 vols., "The History of St. Paul's Cathedral," " Origines Juridicales," and several other works of merit. Died, 168:>. DUGOMMIER, General, was a native of Martinique, where he possessed a large es- tate previously to the French revolution. He espoused the republican cause, and being nominated colonel of the national guards of the island, he defended it against a body of } royalist troops sent from France. He after- wards went to France, and being made com- | mander-in-chicf of the army in Italy, he i gained many important advantages over the I Austro-Sardinian arIn}^ He took Toulon, after a sanguinary contest, in 1793. He next commanded the army of the Eastern Py- renees, and, in 1794, gained the battle of I Alberdes, and seized the post of Montes- | quieu, taking 200 pieces of cannon and 2(X)0 ■ prisoners. He continued his career of victory ; till he fell in an engagement at St. Sebastian, < on Nov. 17. 1794. | DUGUAY TROTJTlSr, Rene, one of the | most celebrated naval officers of France, was born at St. Malo in 1673. His love for a maritime life soon showed itself, and at the age of 18 he was the commander of a privateer. -At 20, he maintained an action with a 40-gun ship, which he commanded, against 6 English vessels, but was captured. After a series of gallant exploits, by which he essentially served his country, and raised its naval rejjutation, he died in 1736. DUGUESCLIN, BektkanD, a renowned French warrior and statesman, who was constable of France in the 14th century, may be regarded as a model of valour, pru- dence, and high-minded heroism. Though deformed in person, and of an unamiable disposition in his youth, he persevered in his endeavours to eclipse these defects by the brilliancy of his actions ; and mainly to him must be attributed the expulsion of the English from Normandy, Guienne, and Poitou. So highly, indeed, was he esteemed even by his enemies, that, at his death, which took place while he was besieging Randam, the governor insisted on placing the keys of the fortress on the coffin of the hero. DUIIALDE, John Baptist, a French Jesuit, was the author of " A Geographical and Historical Description of China," which he compiled from the records of successive missionaries, and is allowed to furnish the best account ever published of that immense empire. BOrn, 1074 ; died, 1743. DUU>;1lMEL, Joiix Baptist, a French ecclesiastic and a philosopher, was born at j Vire, in Lower Normandy, in 1624. He studied at Caen and Paris ; became a mem- i ber of the Congregation of tlie Oratory, but left it for the living of Neuilli upon the | Marne ; and when the Royal Academy of , Sciences was established, he was appointed I secretary. In 1G78 appeared his "Philo- i Sophia Vetus et Nova," 4 vols., to which were aftei-wards added two more volumes. In 1697 he resigned Ms situation in the aca- demy, to devote himself to theology. His chief works, besides the one mentioned above, are " Regiis Scicntiarum Academiaa llistoria," 4to., and an edition of the Vulgate Bible, with notes and tables, chronological and geograpliical. He died, 1700. DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, Hexkt Louis, an eminent French philosopher and writer on agriculture, born at Paris, in 1700. His whole life was dedicated to the cultivation of useful science ; and besides largely contributing to the transactions of DUl] ^ ^etn dixiberj^nl 3i5t0grapfj». [JDCM I different learned societies, of which lie was a member, the following are among hia separate works : — " Traite de la Culture dcs Terres," 6 vols., "Elements of Agriculture," 2 vols., "Traite des Arbres et Arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine Terre, 2 vols. 4to., "Physique dea Arbres," 2 vols. 4to., "De I'Exploitation dea Eois," 2 vols. 4to., " Traite dcs Arbres Fruiticrs," 2 vols. 4to., " Ek'mcns de 1' Architecture Navale ; " besides many otlier treatises on various arts and manufactures. Died, 1782. DUIGENAN, Dr. Patieick, an Irish ci- vilian, was born of humble parents in 173.5, and obtained his education as a sizcr at Trinity College, Dublin, lie practised as a barrister, was afterwards king's advocate, then judge in the prerogative court ; till by persevering Industry he raised himself to tlie post of vicar-general of the diocese of Armagh, witli a seat in the Irish House of Commons, and the rank of a privy councillor, lie was a strong promoter of the Union, and as firm an opponent of Catliolic emancipation. He wrote " Laclirymne Academicaj," and various political pamphlets. Died, 1816. DU.JAKDIN, CuAitLES, an eminent Dutch painter, a pupil of Berghem, was born at Amsterdam, iu IG40 ; and died at Venice, in 1(578. DU JAKRY, LAUREJfCK Juillahd, emi- nent botli for his pulpit oratory and liia poetry, was born in 16.>8, and died in 1730. He gained the poetical prize of the French academy in 1G79, and again in 1714, on which last occasion he had Voltaire for a comi)eti- tor. His works consist of theological trea- tises, sermons, and poems. DULAVKE, M., author of the " Histoire de Paris ct sea Environs." He wasameml-er successively of tlie constituent assembly, the national convention, tlic council of five hundred, and the legislative body. Died at Paris, in his 80lh year, Aug. 1835. DULON, Louis, a <listinguished ilute- playcr and musical composer, was born at Orianenburg, near Berlin, in 17(59. He lost his sight at a very early ago, but evincing a decided taste for music, he was put uiider the first ijerformers, and soon arrived at singular eminence in his profession. He prepared an autobiographical work, enti- tled " The liife and Oi>inions of tlie Blind Flutist," which was edited by tlie celebrated Wieland. Died. 182(5. DULONG, a celebrated French chemist, was one of the many pupils of the Poly- technic School, who have done it lionour. To him we owe the discovery of the " Chlo- rure d' Azote," by an exiilosiou of wliich dangerous substance he lust an eye and a finger. Born, 1785 ; died, 1838. DUMANIANT, John Andrew, an actor and dramatic writer, was born, in 1754, at Claremont, and died in 1828. He produced about 50 pieces, some of which possessed considerable merit, and were popular. DUAIARESQ, Lieut.-colonel Henky, who at the time of his death was chief com- n\is3ioner of the Australian company in New South Wale.?, entered the army as a lieu- tenant in the 9th foot, at the age of 16 ; and served in 8 campaigns, of which 6 were in tlie Peninsula, one in Canada, and the 2c-9 last that of VV^aterloo. He was present in the 13 battles for which medals were be- stowed, and at several sieges ; attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel after years' service ; was employed on the stuff upwards of 18 years ; and was twice dangerously wounded. At the battle of Waterloo he was on tlie stalfof General Sir John Byng, and was shot through the lungs at llougo- mont; but being at the time charged with a message for the Duke of Wellington, he, as if supported by the resolution to do his duty, rode up to the duke, delivered his message, and then, as Sir Walter Scott de- scribes it, dropped from hia horse, to all appearance a dying man. The ball, wliicli waa never extracted, is sui)posed to have eventually induced paralysis, and caused his death, March, 1838. DUMESNIL, Maime Frak<?oise, a cele- brated French actress, who rose to the liigheat eminence aa a tragical performer, was bom in 1713, first appeared on the stage in 17.37, retired from it in 1775, and died in 1803. Like our Siddoiis, she sur- passed all her con tern poraiies in parts re- quiring queenly dignity, deep pathos, or the vehement display of the fiercer paasiona. DUMONT, GKoiuiE, a statistical writer, and at one time secretary to the French embassy at St. Petersburgh, was born at Paris in 172.5, and died in 1788. Among his works are a "History of the Commerce of the English Colonies," a "Treatise on the Circulation of Credit," &c. DUMONT, John-, an eminent publicist, was a native of France, but settling in Austria, became historiographer to the em- peror, by whom he was created baron of Carlscroon. He published a voluminous work, entitled "A Universal Diplomatic Code of the Law of Nations," besides " Voyages," &c. in 4 vols. Died, 1726. DUMONT, STEi'HE!f, a distinguished writer on legislation, and a member of the order of Jesuits, was born at Geneva, in 17.50. He resided for several years in Eng- land, and was on i'riendly terms with the celebrated Jeremy Bentlmm, who entrusted him with the manuscript of his "Traite de Legislation Civile," which Dumont pub- lished in 1802. He subsequently translated and edited Bentham's " Theorie des Peines et des R>'compenses," and also published his "Tactics of Legislative Assemblies." Since his death, which happened in 1829, at Milan, an interesting work by him, under the title of "Souvenirs sur Mirabeau," has been published. DUMONT D'URVILLE, Jples Sebas- tian C.iiSAi!, one of the most skilful and in- trepid navigators that modern France, rich as she undoubtedly is in naval skill and in- trepidity, can boast of. He was not merely a good sea-captain ; he was a good botanist, entomologist, draughtsman, and writer, us may be seen from his interesting account of the French expedition of 1819-20 to the shores of the Archipelago ami the Black Sea. As second in command to M. Duperre, in La C'oquillc, he visited Peru, China, Oceana, &c., and he brought home immense stores of both knowledge and specimens of natural history. In 1828 he was entrusted with a dum] ^ ^c£d ^uibcr^aX Ma^vn^fiU' [dun mission to discover, if possible, some traces of the unfortunate La Perouse. On his return lie published a most interesting ac- count, in which he pretty clearly proved that the shipwreck occurred oif an island to the south of Santa Cruz. Being 6ul)se- quently sent to approach as nearly as pos- sible to the south pole, he acquitted himself with his usual skill. We have from his pen, besides the narrative already mentioned, " A Picturesque Journey round the World." This skilful and brave man was killed with his -wife and child, by the fatal Versailles railway accident. May 8. 1842, aged 52. DUMOURIER, CuAULES Fkaksois, an eminent French general, was born at Cam- bray, in 1739. He entered the army early in life, and at 24 years of age had received 22 wounds, and was made a knight of St. Louis. In 1772, Louis XV. sent him with communications to Sweden, but he was ar- rested, and for a long time coniined in the Bastile. However, in 1789, we lind him a piincipal director of the Jacobin Club, which was composed of all who aspired to be ac- counted the friends of libertj'. He after- wards became a minister of Louis XVI., and he strongly advised the monarch to yield the direction of the interior affairs of the kingdom to the council of the assembly then sitting, and to declare war against the foreign foes of France. " Such a step," said Du- niourier, " would cool the democratic fever now raging, would restore public confidence, and disperse all the evils which now threaten France." The advice was disregarded, and Dumourier was dismissed. Still determined to devote himself to the service of the army, he proceeded to Valenciennes, where he soon gained immortal fame by his valour and his firmness, displayed at the head of the French soldiers, having succeeded La Fayette in the command of the army of the Nortii. Notwithstanding the success which con- tinued to result from his superiority of military talents, the directory entertained suspicions regarding his designs, because it was known that he was desirous to spare the life of the king, and Dumourier retired into Switzerland. Finding that a reward of 300,000 francs was offered for his head, he went to Hamburgh, where he lived on a small pension from the landgrave of Hcsse- Cassel until 1804, when he accepted an asylum in England, wrote his own memoirs, and employed Ids mind in otlier literary pursuits, at Turville Park, near Henley- upon-Thames. He was honoured with the friendship of his late royal highness the Duke of Kent, with whom he kept up a correspondence. Died, 182.'5. DUNBAR, William, a Scotch poet of considerable merit, was born about 1465, and died in 1535. For the age in which he lived, his poems display much skill, and are not deficient either in imagination or energy. " The Thistle and Rose " and " The Friars of Berwick " are favourable specimens of his poetical vein. DUNCAN, Adam, Viscount Duxcax, of Camperdown, &c., a gallant and distin- guished naval officer, was a native of Dun- dee, and born in 1731. He went to sea when young, rose to the rank of post-cap- tain in 1761, and steadily advanced till he became admiral of the blue, and commander of the North Sea fleet in 1795. He was with Lord Keppel at the taking of the Havannah, and had a full share in Rod- ney's victory over the Spaniards, the relief of Gibraltar, &c. While in command of the North Sea fleet, he had for two years the tedious duty of watching the motions of the Dutch squadron, and was at length forced to quit the station, in consequence of a mutiny breaking out among his men, during which the enemy put to sea. The gallant admiral, however, after displaying tlie most undaunted resolution during the mutiny, came up with the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, totiUiy defeated them, and captured 8 sail of the line, June 11. 1797. Upon this he was created a viscount, with a pension of 3,000/. per annum to himself and the two next heirs of the peerage. Died, 1804. DUNCAN, W^iiuam, a learned writer, was born, in 1717, at Aberdeen, wliere he was educated, and afterwards became pro- fessor of philosophy in tlic Marischal Col- lege. He was the author of a " Treatise on Logic," and tlie translator of Cicero's Orations and Caesar's Commentaries. DUNCOMBE, William, born in London, in 1690, was tlie author of "Lucius Junius Brutus," a tragedy. He also translated Horace, and wrote various minor poems and prose pieces. He died in 1709. — His sou John, who was born in 1730, and died in 1786, was the author of " The Femeueid " and other poems. DUNDAS, Sir David, a general in the English army, and a member of the privy council, was born at Edinburgh in 17;j6, and entered the military service in 1758. He became colonel of the first regiment of dragoon guards, and had the reputation of being a most able tactician. On the tem- porary resignation of the Duke of York, he was made commander-in-chief. His " Prin- ciples of Military Movements" and "Regu- lations for the Cavalry ]' are both acknow ledged standard works iu the army. Died; 1820. DUNN, Samuel, a mathematician, who having acquired considerable property in the exercise of his profession, bequeathed it at his death towards the foundation of a mathematical school at his native town of j Crediton, in Devonshire. He publisheil an j atlas, treatises on bookkeeping, navigation, &c. ; and died in 1792. i DUNNING, Jonx, Lord Asiiburtox, a celebrated lawyer, was born at Ashburton, I Devon, in 1731. After serving his clerkship ! in his father's office, he studied for the bar ; and rapidly attaining an eminence in the profession, he became counsel for Wilkes, [ whose cause he conducted in such a manner i as to establish his fame as a sound lawyer and adroit pleader. He became attorney- general in 1767, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1782, and was raised to the peerage, but died in the following year. DUNOIS, JoHX, count of Orleans and Longueville, an illegitimate son of the Duke of Oi leans, was born in 1402. So successful was he in his military career, particularly in the share he bore in the expulsion of the English from France, that Charles VII. honoured him with the title of " Kestorer of his Country." Died, 14(!8. DUNS, Joii.v, usually styled Duns Scottis, a. theological disputant, who acquired the title of " the most subtle doctor " by his metaphysical abstractions, was born at Dunstance, in Northumberland ; studied at Mcrton College, (Jxford ; and having en- tered the University of Paris, was soon ap- pointed professor and regent in the theo- logical schools. Great as was his fame, the works which obtained it are now disregarded as a mass of misapplied talent and intel- lectual lumber. Died at Cologne, in 13<)9. DUNSTAN, St., archbishop of Canter- bury, an accomplished prelate and eminent statesman, was born at Glastonbury, in 925, in the reign of Athelstan. lie took a con- spicuous part in the political struggles of the day; and assumed, as was the custom of the clergy in that age, as great a share in the temporal authority of the kingdom as in its spiritual affairs. Died, !)88. DUNSTEH, Charles, an English divine and scholar, was the son of the Kev. Siimuel Dunster, who is known as the translator of the satires and art of poetry of Horace into English prose. Besides Mr. Charles Dunster's theological writings, of wliich " Discursory Considerations on the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke " is the prin- cipal, he wrote a treatise "On the Early Reading of Milton," a commentary on Pa- radise Regained, and other works. lie died at Pctworth, Sussex, of which place he was the incumbent, in lsl6. DUNTON, Joiix, a noted London book- seller, was born at Graffliam, lluntingdou- shire, in 16.')9. He projected and carried on "The Athenian Mercury," a selection from which, under the title of " The Athe- nian Oracle," in 4 vols., was reprinted. He was also tlie author of " Alheniauism," consisting of numerous treatises in prose and verse j and a curious work, entitled " Dnnton's Life and Errors." Died, 1733. DUPATY, .Teax Baptibte Meucier, president in the parliament of Bourdcaux, was born at Rochelle, in 174(i ; and died at Paris, in 1788. He was the author of " Historical Reflections on Penal Laws," "Academical Discourses," and "Letters on Italy." DUPATY, Charles, son of th« president, was a celebrated sculptor, whose produc- tions are remarkable for their classic purity. Died, 182.). DUPERRON, James Davy, a Swiss Pro- testant, who, having abjured his religion, was successively promoted by Henry III. and IV., till he at length obtained the arch- bishopric of Sens, and was elected a cardinal. Born, 15.^ ; died, 1(318. DUPIN, Louis Ellis, an eminent French historian and ecclesiastic, was born in Nor- mandy, in 1637. He became professor of divinity in the Royal College, but lost the professorship in consequence of his religious moderation. He was the author of an ex- tensive and valuable work, entitled "Bib- liotlu'que UniverscUe des Auteurs Ecclesi- astiqucs," in 58 vols. ; and for the freedom and tolerance of his opinions therein he was exposed to much persecution. He was also the author of various other works on church government and practical divinity. He died in 1719. DUPLEIX, Joseph, was a celebrated French merchant, who, as the head of the factory at Chandemagore, had raised it to such a pitch of prosperity, that, in 1742, he was appointed governor of Pondicherry, and director-general of the French factories in India. In 1748 he successfully defended it against the English, for which he was raised to the rank of marquis ; and during his whole administration lie displayed first- rate talents, both civil and military. But his valuable services did not shield him from the shafts of envy : he was recalled ; and ll»e man who had been surrounded by all the splendour of an eastern court, was left to languish in poverty, vainly soliciting justice from an ungrateful government. He died, the victim of anxiety, iu 1703, 9 years after his recall. DUPLEIX, SciPio, h58toriograr)her of France, was born in 15<5(5. He wrote " Me- moirs of the Gauls," a "History of France," « vols, folio ; a " History of Rome," 3 vols, folio ; " A Course of Philosophy," &c. It is asserted, that, having written a work on the liberties of the Galilean Church, which he took to the chancellor Scguier to be li- censed, that magistrate threw it into the lire ; which so preyed upon his mind that it caused his death, in 10(51. DUPONT DE NEMOURS, Peter Samuel, a French political economist, was born at Paris, in 1739. Though he twice sat as president of the constitutional assembly, and held other high official situations under the revolutionary government, he invariably opposed the anarchists, and narrowly es- caped becoming their victim, in 1797, by his timely retreat to America. From that country he returned in 1805, and became president of the chamber of commerce ; and in 1814 he was appointed secretary to the provisional government. In the following year he finally retired to America, where he died in 1817. Dupont was the author of various treatises on different branches of political economy J he also wrote "Philo- sophic de rUnivers," and other works of merit. DUPPA, Brian, a loyal prelate and the faithful friend of Charles I., was born at Lewisham, Kent, in 1589, and educated at Christchurch Oxford, of which he was after- wards dean. He attended the captive king in the Isle of Wight, and is said to have assisted him in his Icon Basilikc. He was successively bishop of Chichester, Salisbury, and Winchester. Died, 1';G2. DUPPA, Richard, a barrister, and as a literary character remarkable for the ver- satility of his talents, was educated at Trin- ity College, Oxford, and took the degree of LL.B. at Cambridge, in 1814. He wrote many interesting works, among which are "The Life and Works of Michael Anselo Buonarotti," " The Life of Raffaclle," " Tra- vels in Italy," &c. Died, 1831. DUPUIS, Charles Fraxcis, a modem French philosopher, was born at Trie-le- i 261 ^ OF THC A UNIVERSITY \ DUPj ^ ^cbi ^nibtx^til 38t0jgTapl)?n [dujr Chateau, near Gisors, in 1742, and educated at Harcourt Collc're. During tlie revolu- tionary era he was a distinguished politician, became president of the legislative body, and was also a member of the Institute and of the legion of honour. lie was the in- ventor of the telegraph, and the author of a noted work, entitled "Origine de tons les Cultes, ou la Religione universelle." Died, 1800. DUPRE DE ST. MAUR, Nicholas Francis, a French writer, born in 1G95, and died at Paris, in 1775. lie translated Mil- ton's Paradise I^ost, and wrote some works on numismatics. DUPUYTREN, Baron William, one of the most renowned surgeons of modern times, was born of poor parents in the de- partment of Haute Vienne in France, 1777. At the age of 3 years he was stolen from his home by a lady of rank, who wished to adopt him ; but he was subsequently returned to his parents, and he owed his future eleva- tion to the accidental circumstance of an ofiBcer seeing him in liis native village, and being struck with Ills address, made pro- posals that he should go with liim to Paris, where his education should be attended to. Placed by this olficer in the College de la Marche, he soon evinced a great aptitude for medical science ; in 1«03 he took his degree of M. D., and after passing with distinction through various grades of the profession, he obtained in 1815 the chair of clinical sur- gery in the Hotel Dieu, the laborious duties of which he discharged with equal ability and success for 20 years. Dupuytren was equally distinguished as a physiologist and as a surgeon ; and there are few among the most enlightened practitioners of France who do not acknowledge him as tbcir master. Died in 18o5. DUQUESNE, AuKAiiAM, a brave and skilful naval officer in the French service, was born at Dieppe, in ICIO. He distin- guished himself by numerous acts of intre- pidity during a long career, and added much to the maritime character of his country. Died, 1088. DURAND, David, a French Protestant minister, who, after some perilous escapes from the dangers of death and the Inquisi- tion, came to England, and was preacher at the Savoy chapel , London. He was the author of a "Life of Vanina," a "History of the Sixteentli Century," and a Continuation of Rapin. Born, KiHl ; died, 17C3. DURAND DE MAIIXANE, Peter Touissast, an eminent French lawyer, was born in 1729, and died in 1811. He was a member of the National Convention, and published many able works relating to the canon law. DURANTE, Fraxcesco, a celebrated musical composer, was born at Naples, in 1693, where he died in 1755. He is prin- cipally known as the composer of vocal church music. DURAS, Duchesse de, a French lady of considerable literary talents and accom- plishments. Her father, Count Kersaint, fell a victim to his loyalty, in liaving voted against the regicides in the National Con- vention. Died, 1827. DURE AU DE LAMALLE, Joiix Baptist Joseph Rexe, a native of St. Domingo, where he was born in 1782. He was a member of the legislative body and of the Institute ; and as a literary character distin- guished himself by his versions of Tacitus, Sallust, and other classics. Died, 1807. DURELL, JouN, an eminent divine, bom at Jersey, 1020 -, became dean of Windsor, and died in 1683. He translated the Liturgy into French and Latin, and wrote a " Vin- dication of the Church of England against Schismatics," &c. DURELL, David, a descendant of the preceding, was born at Jersey in 1728, and died in 1775. He was the author of various dissertations on parts of the Old Testament. DURER, ALiiEiiT, an eminent painter and engraver, was born at Nuremberg in 1471. His father was a goldsmith, in wliich profession tlie non had made considerable progress before he turned his attention ex- clusively to the arts. He was the first who in Germany taught the rules of perspective, and of the proportions of the human body, according to mathematical principles. Though particularly eminent as a painter, he also excelled as a sculptor and architect, wrote several works illustrative of those arts, and made great imi)rovements in copper- plate and wood engraving. He was patronised by the emperors Maximilian I. and Charles V., and died at his native town, in 1523. D'URFEY, Thomas, a facetious poet, once highly popular, but now nearly forgotten, was the son of a French refugee, and born at Exeter in 1628. He abandoned the study of the law for the life of a dramatist, and was the author of about 30 comedies, all of which have justly become obsolete from their licen- tiousness. He was also a writer of songs and party lyrics, which were printed in 6 vols., under the title of " Pills to purge Slelan- choly ; " and being the boon companion of Charles II. his society was courted by the witty and profligate frequenters of his court. Died, 1723. DURHAM, JoHX Georoe Lambtok, Earl of, was the eldest son of W. H. Lamb- ton, esq., of Lambton Castle, M. P. for the city of Durham, by Lady Anne Villiers, daugliter of the Earl of Jersey. He was educated at Eton, served in the 10th hussars, and at the age of 20 married Miss Harriet Cholmondeley, by whom he had three daughters, all now deceased. In 1815 this lady died ; and in the following year he formed a matrimonial alliance with Lady Louisa Elizabeth, the second daughter of Earl Grey. During the whole of his par- liamentary career he denounced Tory influ- ence, and steadily adhered to the doctrine of reform as originally propounded by his noble father-in-law ; but in 1827 we find him a supporter of Mr. Canning's ministry, and on the dissolution of Lord Goderich's cabinet, in 1828, he was raised to the peer- age by the title of Baron Durham. On the formation of Earl Grey's government in 1830, he became a member of the cabinet, as lord privy seal ; and to him is mainly at- tributed the great extent and liberality of the reform bill, and its eventual triumph. duk] ^ ^etx) ainibcriSal 38t0flrapl;p. [dutI He was now hailed as tlie great leader of the movement party, and became a popular idol ; Ilia presence was eagerly solicited at all the great radical meetings, and his ad- mirers were on tip-toe in the expectation that he would be raised to the head of pub- lic aftairs. In ISiW his lordship went to Russia as ambassador, and remained there till the summer of 1S37, when he returned to England ; and in the following year he went out as governor-general to Canada, entrusted with extraordinary powers ; but finding himself not supported as he expected by the ministry, he returned home the same year. So opposite have been the sentiments with regard to Lord Durham's general policy and his cxualiflcations as a statesman, that to a mind disposed to be impartial it is dilHcult to form a correct opinion of them ; but we believe that we may safely reiterate the following encomium on him : — "From his first appearance on the field of politics to the last, no man ever thought of even doubting his rectitude and determined ad- herence to his conscientious convictions." Born, April 12. 1792 ; died, Julv 28. 1840. DURHAM, Admiral Sir Philip Ciiakles Caldeuwood, was born at Largo, in Fife- shirc, in 17(>3, and entered the navy in 1777, as a midshipman on board the Edgar, of 74 guns. He was afterwards acting lieutenant in the Viceroy, lOl, flag-ship of Admiral Kempenfclt, whom he followed on his re- moving to the Royal George. When that I noble ship " went down " at Spithcad, Aug. j 29. 1782, the subject of this memoir was officer of the watch ; and his miraculous escai)e on that fatal day is so extraordinary and interesting, tliat we shall briefly relate ; the circumstances. Finding the ship m'hs sinking, Lieut. Durham threw off his coat and plunged into the water, where he was seized by a drowning marine, by whom he was twice carried down ; on rising the second time, lie succeeded in extricating himself from the dying man's grasp by tearing olF his waistcoat, and he, with one of the sea- men, was eventually saved by seizing the halyards from the mizen-topmast-head, by which they reached the mast-head, from wlienee they were taken with great difficulty by a boat. The poor marine's body was washed on shore a fortnight afterwards, with tlie waistcoat by which he had caught liold of Lieut. Durham so firmly twisted round his arm, that a pencil case, bearing the lieutenant's initials, was found in the pocket, and restored to the owner. When Lieut. Durham had reached a place of tem- porary security, he observed the captain (Waghorn) holding by the weather mizen- topsail-yard-arm, and sent a boat to his aid ; and these two were the only officers saved. Soon after this event he was ap- pointed acting lieutenant of tlie Union, 98, at the relief of Gibraltar, by Lord Howe; and after various promotions, to which his services well entitled him, he commanded the Defence, of 74 guns, at the battle of Tra- falgar, Oct. 21. 180.",; but, in fact, he was almost continuously employed from 1780 to 181.'), when the last Buonapartcan flag that waved in the AVest Indies struck to liim. He was made vice-admiral in 1819, and full 20.3 admiral in 1820. His last service was that of commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, which post he resigned in 18;19. Sir Philip was M.P. for Queenborough in 18.jO. and for Devizes in 18.'5.5. Died, April 2. \Mr>. DUROC, Michael, duke of Friuli and a marshal of France, was bom in 1772, and entered the army in 1792. Being subse- quently appointed aide-de-camp to Buona- parte, he accompanied him to Egypt, where lie eminently distinguished himself, and was severely wounded by the bursting of a howitzer. On the formation of the imperial court in 180.'5, he was created grand -mar- shal of the palace ; and was afterwards em- ployed in diplomatic missions, though he still took his full share of peril and glorj- in the wars of France, till the time of his death, which happened at the battle of Wurtzen, in 1813. Napoleon, who was firmly attached to Duroc, wept over him on his death-bed ; and perhaps he never had to lament the loss of a more faithful friend or a braver soldier. DUSART, CoiiNKLius, a Dutch painter, who cxeclle<l in tavern scenes, revelry, &c. was the discijile of Adrian Ostade. Bom, !&]', ; died, 1704. DUSSAULT, John Josei-ii, a French journalist and critic, was bora at Paris, in 17C9. He contributed largely to the Journal des IX'bats, and the articles he furnished were afterwards published in .'> vols., entitled " Annules Littoraires." He also wrote va- rious pamphlets and essays, and was, in short, a litterateur of considerable notoriety. Died, 1824. DUSSEK, Jonx Louis, an eminent mu- sical composer, was born at Czaslau, in Boiiemia, in 17(;2, and studied at Hamburgh, under the famous Emanuel Bach. From the north of Europe he went to France, but being compelled to leave that country dur- ing the revolution, he came to London in 179(5, and, in conjunction with Corri, opened a musical establishment. In 1799 he re- turned to the continent, and died in 1812. DUTENS, liOiiis, a miscellaneous writer, was born at Tours in 1730. He became secretary and chaplain to the British mi- nister at Turin, who left him there, on his return to England, as charge d'affaires. He afterwards obtained the living of Elsdon. in Northumberland, and died in London, 1812. His principal works are, " An Inquiry into the Origin of Discoveries " and " Memoirs of a Traveller in Retirement." DUVAL, Alexandre Vince.vt Pindkr, a popular and voluminous French author. He so well understood the difficult art of constructing a diamatic piece, says a French critic, that he could naturally and grace- fully introduce touching scenes even into a comedy, and that too without sinking to melodramc. He was a member of the In- stitute and keeper of the arsenal library. Born, 1707 ; died, 1842. DUVAL, Valenti.ve Jamerai, the son of a peasant, was born at Artonay, in Cham- pagne, in 1095. Being left an orphan at the age of 10, he was employed as a shepherd's boy. and underwent great privations ; but at 18, he became keeper of the cattle belong- ing to the hermits of St. Anne, near Lune- and by one of that fraternity he was igtc ille. DITV] ^ ^eSn miitbcr^aX Btograp!)!). [eak tauzlit to read. Thenceforth he displayed at) earnest desire for acquiring knowledge ; and being discovered by two noblemen while he was studying geography under a tree, with his maps stretched out "before liini, they were so pleased with his conversation, that they introduced him to the Duke of Lorraine, who sent him to college, afterwards made him his librarian, and eventually procured him tlic situation of keeper of the books and medals ef the imperial cabinet of Vienna. He died in 1775. DUVERNEY, Joseph Guiciiard, a cele- brated French anatomist, was born at Feurs, in 1G48 ; apiKiinted professor of anatomy at tlie royal garden in 1C79, and died in 17.J0. He was the author of several works illus- trative of the science he professed. DU VOISIN, JoHX Bai'tisx, a French ec- clesiastic, who, in 1792, suffered deportation with a great number of his clerical brethren ; but, on returning in 1802, he was raised to the bishopric of Nantes, and obtained the esteem of Buonaparte, who created liim a baron, and made him a member of the legion of honour. He wrote several theological works, and died at Paris in 1813. D WIGHT, Timothy, an American divine, of great reputation both as a pulpit orator and a writer, was born in Massachusetts, in 1752 ; became president of Yale College in 1795 ; and died in 1817. His " System of Theology," in 5 vols., is regarded as a work of great merit, and has been frequently re- printed. DYER, Sir Edward, a poet of the Eliza- bethan age, was born about 154(), and educated at Oxford. He received many proofs of the royal favour after he had returned from his travels, being employed in various embassies by tlie queen, who conferred on him tne chancellorship of the garter in 159G. His poetical pieces consist chiefly of pastoral odes . and madrigals. | DYER, George, a classical scholar and miscellaneous writer, whose long life of literary toil may in some sort be exem- plified by quoting from the Gentleman's Magazine the following mournful record : " Tlie greatest labour of his life was the share he had in the production of Valpy's ; edition of the classics in 141 volumes, being a combination of the Delphin, Bipont, and i Variorum editions. With the exception of i the preface, Dyer contributal all that ions original in this ixist work, upon wltich lie was engaged from the year 1819 to 1830 1 He had scarcely completed this work whera his eyesight gave way, and sho7-tly after- ivards left him in total blindness." The writer adds (and let %is not grudge the space which the iniatFected tribute occu- pies), " Tlie memory of George Dyer -will be ever cherished by his friends as of one who passed through the world without hav- ing contracted one blemish of worldliness ; his gxiileless simplicity endeared him esj)e- cially to his friend Charles Lamb, wlio would often, indeed, indulge his humorous vein at the expense of one whom he knew to be of invulnerable innocency, but who has also declared that, in doing so, it M'as his ambition to make familiar to the public a character which, for integrity and single hcartedness, he has long been accustomed to rank among the best patterns of his spe- cies." Mr. Dj'er was born in 1755 ; received his education at Clirist's Hospital and Ema- nuel College, Cambridge ; and died in 1841, aged 85. His writings are varied and nume- rous ; historical, poetical, classical, and political; amongst them his "History of the University and Colleges of Cambridge," 2 vols., and "The Privileges of the Uni- versity of Cambridge," &c., 2 vols., are the most important. DYER, Sir James, chief justice of the common pleas, and speaker of the House of Commons, was born in 1512, and died in 1581. Dyer's " Reports " are still highly valued by the profession. DYER, JoHx, a poet of considerable re- putation, was born at Aberglasney, Caer- marthenshire, in 1700, and educated at Westminster School. He was intended for the law, wliich he abandoned for painting, but not arriving at excellence as an artist, he took orders, and obtained some respectable church preferment. In 1727 he published his poem of " Grongar Hill," which met with deserved success. He then made the tour of Italy, where, besides the usual study, he often spent whole days in the country about Rome and Florence, sketching those picturesque scenes tliat there abound ; and it is very naturally imagined that the beauti- I ful landscapes depicted in his two subsequent ! poems owe their existence in no slight degree to tiiat cause. These are entitled "The Ruins of Rome " and " The Fleece." His , poetry displays a lively imagination, and ! combines great originality with the warmest | sentiments of benevolence and virtue. He died in 1758. E. E ACHARD, JoHX, an English divine, was bora in 1636. After studying at Catharine Hall, Cambridge, ho was chosen master in 1675, and died in l';97. He wrote a work, entitled " The Grounds and Reasons of the Contempt of the Clergy and Religion inquir- ed into," and was also known as the author of two dialogues, in which the system of Hobbes is attacked with satiric humour. EADMER, an English Benedictine monk of the 12th century, wlio became abbot of St. Alban's. He wrote a " History of the Liberty of the Church," and various other ecclesiastical works. Died, 1124. EARLE, JoHx, an English prelate, was horn at York, and entered of Merton College. Oxford, in 1620. He became chaplain and j tutor to Charles, prince of V.'ales, and suf- I 2G4 ear] ^ llffio ^niijtvial MiaQvupX)^. [kdq fcred much in the rebellion. At the Restora- tion he was made dean of Westminster and bishop of Worcester, from which see lie was translated to Salisbury in 1C38. Dr. Earle was the author of an ingenious work, entitled " ALicrocosmography, or, a Piece of the World characterised, in Essays and Characters." lie also translated the Icon Basilike into Latin. Died, 1(5(55. EARLOJI, RuiiAiiD, a mezzotinto engra- ver, was born in London, in 17-10. His taste for design is said to have been excited by in- Bpecting the ornaments on tlie lord mayor's coach, which had been painted by Cipriani. He was employed by Boydell to make draw- ings from the celebrated collection of pictures at Houghton, which he afterwards engraved in mezzotinto — an art in which he was his own instructor. He also engraved and pub- lished two volumes of plates from Claude's Liber Veritatis ; several fine flower pieces from Van Huysum ; a tiger hunt, and other subjects, from Zottuny, S:c. Died, 1822. EATON, William, an American officer, whose adventures have furnished incideuts for an interesting volume, was born at Wood- stock, in Connecticut, in 17G4, and at the I age of 16 enlisted as a soldier. Being dis- charged in 1783, he studied Latin and Greek, and after filling the situation of classical assistant in a school at Vermont, was ap- pointed clerk to the house of delegates of that state. In 1792 he received a captain's commission in the American army, and in 1794 obtained the appointment of American consul at Tunis. War being declared in 1801 against tiie United States, by the bey of Tripoli, who was an U8uri>er, Haniet Pacha, the ex-bey, who was then an exile at Tunis, induced Mr. Eaton to join him in the des- perate attempt of recovering possession of his dominions. A series of singular events followed, which our limits prevent us from eiitering on ; but his services were so highly valued by his countrymen, that on his return home he was received with the most flattering marks of favour ; and the legislature of Massachusetts bestowed on him a tract of land insisting of 10,000 acres. Died, 1811. EBELING, CiiKisToi'HEK Daniel, a dis- tinguished geographer, was born in 1741 ; died, 1817. ECIIARD, Laukence, an English divine and historian, was born in lt571 ; received his education at Cambridge ; became arch- deacon of Stowe, and obtained some valuable livings in his native county, Suffolk. He was a very voluminous writer : " Tlie Roman History," "A General Ecclesiastical His- tory," a " History of England," and a " Ga- zetteer," are the moat promineut of liis works. Die.l, 1730. ECHINUS, Sebastiak, a Venetian noble- man, eminent for his writings, particularly on medals. Died, 158o. ECKIIARD, Joii.v Fkkderick, a learned and voluminous writer on philology and bi- bliography, was director and librarian of the college of Eisenach ; born in Saxony in 1723, and died in 1794. ECKHARD, John George, an antiquary and historian, was born in the duchy of Brunswick, in lf!74, and brought up a Pro- testant ; but abjuring his religion, he vas made historiograi)her and keeper of the ar- chives at Wurzburg. His principal works are, " A Body of History of the Middle Ages," " The Origin of the Families of llapsburg and Cruclph," &c. Died, 17;ki. ECKHEL, JosKPU Hilauy, a learned Jesuit, well skilled in numismatics, was born in Upper Austria, in 173(5. He was keeper of the imperial cabinet of medals at Vienna, and few men possessed so extensive a know- ledge of the science. His two works, entitled "Doctrina Nummorum Veterum" and " Nummi Veteres Anecdoti,"are both replete with sound information on the subject. Died, 1798. ECLUSE, Charles de l', better known by the name of CLi:.sri;s, was born at Arras, in Flanders, in l.'iSt;, and became eminent as a physieian and botanist. He travelled into various i)arts of Europe, in searcli of botanical information; was made superintendant of the imperial garden at Vienna; and ultimately accepted a professorship in the imiversity of Leyilen, where he died in 1C09. EDELIXCK, Gerard, an eminent en- graver, born at Antwerp, in 1049, was patnm- ised by Louis XIV. of France, and executed many great works from historical subjects, as well as the portraits of distinguished cha- racters. Died, 1707. EDEN, Sir Freuerick Morton, a writer on statistics and political ecouimiy. His principal work is entitled "The State of the Poor, or a History of the Labouring Classes in England, from the Conquest to the present Time,^' 3 vols. 4to. Died, 1809. EDEN, Sir Morton, a diplomatist, who, after being employed as ambassador to va- rious continental powers, at the commence- ment of the late war, was raised to the peerage by the title of lord Hexlev, and died in 1802. EDGAR, one of the most distinguished Saxon kings of England, succeeded his bro- ther Edwy in 9.")9, at the age of 1(J. The moderatitm of his reign procured him the name of Peaceable. He vanquished the Scots, and laid Wales under a yearly tribute of a certain number of wolves heads, which cleared the country of those animals. He subdued part of Ireland, and maintained u large fleet, which secured his kingdom from invasion. On the death of his queen Egel- flida, he sent Earl Athelwold to see whether the report of the beauty of Elfrida, daughter of the Earl of Devon, was true. The earl fell in love with the lady, gave his master a false report, and married her. He was af- terwards killed while hunting, and Elfrida became the wife of Edgar, who died in 975, aged ;W. Edward the Martyr succeeded him. EDGEW(3RTH, RicHARU Lovell, of Edgeworthtown, Ireland, was born at Bath, in 1744, and completed his studies at Oxford. Being jwssessed of a good fortune he devoted mucli of his time to agricultural improve- ments, as well as to the amelioration of the existing modes of education, by writing, in conjuuotion with his highly gifted daughter, many usefid works. He also wrote his own " Memoirs ; " and among his various meelian- iciil inventions was a telegraph. Died, 1817. EDGEWORTH, Mauia, the celebrated Irish novelist, whose works have had great edg] ^ ^e£o ^aitibcr^al Miao^n^\)\j, [edr influence in promoting the cause of educa- tion, and of social morality, was born in Oxfordshire, in 17B6. She was the daugliter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth above men- tioned, and was 12 years old before she was taken to her paternal home. She commenced her career as an authoress about 1800 ; and 1 in her early literary eltbrts slie was greatly assisted by the advice and sound practical suggestions of her father, to wliom she was in tlie habit of submitting the first designs of her works. The famous " Essay on Irish Bulls," the joint production of lierself and her father, was published in 1801. Her " Castle Rackrent" abounds in some of those admirable sketches of Irish life and manners, for which most of her tales and novels are 80 much distinguished. Her " Belinda," a novel of real life and ordinary characters, is also descriptive of some of the striking traits of the Irish character. In 1804 she published her " Popular Tales," 3 vols. ; and two years afterwards, " Leonora," a novel in 2 vols. In 1809 she issued 3 vols, of " Tales of Fashionable Life," of a more powerful and varied cast than any of lier previous productions. Three other vols, of " Fashionable Tales " appeared in 1812, and fully sustained the high reputation which she had now attained. In 1814 her novel of " Patronage," in 4 vols., was pub- lished. Its object is to show the miseries resulting from a dependence on the great, and she paints the manners and charac- ters of high life with her usual vigour and fidelity. In 1817 appeared two tales named " Harrington " and " Ormond ; " the inten- tion of the first of these being the removal of the prejudices entertained by many against the Jews ; the other is an Irish story. In 1822, Miss Edgeworth published a work of a diffeient kind, namely, "Rosa- mond," a sequel to " Early Lessons," which liad been previously published, being tales for the young. In 182.5 she issued 4 vols, of similar tales, under the title of " Harriet and Lucy," being a continuation of that course of moral instruction for youthful readers on which she had so ably and so successfully entered, and in which she had so few predecessors or equals. Miss Edge- worth's last work of fiction, a novel entitled " Helen," in 3 vols., appeared in 1834. It is not inferior to any of her other works. Be- sides those already mentioned, she also wrote "The Modern Griselda," "Frank," "Garry Owen," "Laurent le Paresseux," " Little Plays for Young People," " Moral Tales," " Parent's Assistant," " Patronage and Comic Dramas," &c. For many years, indeed, literary composition formed the chief business of her life. Originality and fertility of invention, and a power of depict- ing Irish manners, unequalled among mo- dern authors, are her chief characteristics as a novelist. She especially shone, however, in her stories, which are written in a beauti- fully simple style, and in which the youth- ful mind is made first to comprehend its part in the great drama of social life. But ntuTierous and valuable as her producti(ms are, these were not the only serWce which she rendered to literature. Sir Walter Scott, with whom she lived in the closest ties of friendship, has acknowledged that to her descriptions of Irish character and manners we are indebted, in a great measure, for the " Waverley Novels." " The rich humour, pathetic tenderness, and admirable tact " of her Irish delineations, he declared, led him first to think that something might be at- tempted for his own country of the same kind witli that which Miss Edgeworth so fortunately achieved for Ireland. In private life. Miss Edgeworth was highly beloved and respected by all who knew her ; and, in her intercourse with society, slie was most un- alFeeted and agreeable. But she had long ceased to take an active part in life, or in the world of literature of which she was once so bright an ornament, her last years being passed in tranquillity at the family seat at Edgeworthtown. Died, 1849. EDGEWORTH DE FIRMONT, Henry Es.sKX, confessor to Louis XVI., was born at Edgeworthtown. Ireland, in 1745. His father, who was a Protestant clergyman, be- came a Catholic, and went with his family to France, where Henry was educated. Being devoted to the cause of royalty, he offered | personally to attend the kiiig to the place of | execution, ascended the scaffold with him, and exclaimed, as the axe fell, " Son of Saint Louis, ascend to heaven I " He succeeded in escaping to this country, in 1790, when Mr. Pitt, in the name of the king, offered him a pension, which he declined. He followed Louis XVIII. to Blankenburg,iu Brunswick, and thence to Mittau, where he died in 1807. EDMONDES, Sir Thomas, a statesman in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I. He was also distinguished as a political writer. Died, 1639. EDMONDSON, Joseph, a genealogist and heraldic painter, died in 1780. His principal works are, " A Body of Heraldry," 2 vols, folio ; and " Baronagium Genealogicum, or the Pedigrees of English Peers," 6 vols. EDMUND, St., king of the East Angles, was so illustrious for his piety as to obtain a place in the Roman calendar. In 870 he was defeated and taken prisoner by the Danes under Ivar, who caused him to be fastened to a tree, and to be shot to death with arrows. His remains were interred at Bury St. Ed- mund's. EDMUND I., king of England, son of Edward the Elder, succeeded his brother Athelstan in 941. He subdued Mercia, North- umberland, and Cumberland. He was killed in 948, while at a banquet, by an outlaw, named Leolf, who entered among the guests, and provoked the king to a personal attack upon him. EDMUND II., surnamed Ironside, on account of his prodigious strength, was the son of Ethelred, whom he succeeded in 1010; but being opposed by Canute, he agreed to share the crown with him. After a reign of nine months only, he was treacherously murdered, in 1017, at Oxford, by two of his chamberlains. EDRIDGE, Henry, an eminent landscape and miniature painter, was born at Padding- ton, in 1768. His earlier portraits are prin- cipally drawn on paper, with black lead and Indian ink ; but in later years he produced [ an immense number of elaborately finished edr] ^ ^e&) mnibtxial mastai?l)v» [edw jjictures, in wliich were combined the depth und richness of oil-paintings with the free- dom of water-colour drawings. Died, 1821. EDKISSI, Ai;u Abuai.lah Moiiammkd BEN Mohammed, adcscendantof the African princes of the race of Edris, was born in Spain in 10t>9, and settled at the court of Roger, king of Sicily ; for whom he framed an inunense terrestrial globe of silver, and wrote in ^Uabic a geographical work to cx- pluiii it. EDWARD THE Ei.r-KR, son of Alfred the Great, succeeded his father in 901. He en- couraged learning, and improved the uni- versity of Cambridge. Northumbria and East Anglia were subdued by him ; and he cxtcn<led his dominions by conquests in Scotland and Wales. Died, 023. EDWARD THE MAKXvit, son of Edgar, king of England, was born in !)G2, and crown- ed in i)7r>. He was murdered by order of his steiimother EUVida, at Coric Castle, after a reign of three years. EDWARD THE Coxfkssok, king of Eng- land, was the son of Ethelred, and suc- ceeded llardicanutc in 1041. He restored Malcolm to the throne of Scotland, which had been usurped by Macbeth. He caused the Saxon laws to be revised, amended, formed into one body, and translated into I/atin ; hence they were called his laws. He consulted William of Normandy about the choice of a successor, which fumialied that prince with a plea for invading the kingdom after the death of Edward, whicli liappened in 1W3. EDWARD I. (of the Norman line), king of England, called I-ongshnnks, succeeded his father, Henry III., in 1272. After firmly establishing his authority at home, he led an army iuto Talestine against the Saracens, where lie signalised his valour on many occasions ; and having, on his return, con- quered Wales, he created his son prince of that country, which title has from that time been given to the heir-apparent. He also brought Scotland into subjection, and took the king, John Baliol, prisoner. Edward died at Carlisle in 1307, aged 68. EDWARD II. was the son of the pre- ceding, and born at Caernarvon. He was governed by his favourites, Gaveston and the Spencers, which occasioned the barons to rise against him. After resigning his crown, he was confined in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, where he was traitorously murdered by the contrivance of his queeu, Isabella, and her favourite, Roger Mortimer, carl of ^larch, in 1328. His deposition took place in 1327. EDWARD in., the son and successor of the above, was one of the most celebrated heroes of his country. Being but fifteen when the crown devolved t > him, the queen dowager and her inlanions paramour go- verned during the first three years of his reign ; but in 13.'!() the king took the reins of government into his own hands ; dis- graced and confined his motlicr ; and caused Mortimer to be tried and executed for the murder of his father, and his uncle the earl of Kent. He then put himself at the head of his army, reduced the Scots, and took their king, David, prisoner, lie next in- vaded France, laid claim to the crown, as heir to liis mother, the sister of Chailes the last king, who died without issue. Victo- rious by sea and land against France and Spain, he was cle(;tcd emperor of Germany, but refused the hni)eriul throne, and re- turned in tritmiph to England ; leaving his sou, Edward the Black Prince, to command the army in his absence. He died in 1377, m the 51st year of his reign, and the C'.th of his age. His gallant son dying before him, he was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. EDWARD, Prince of Wales, surnamed the Black Prince, son of Edward III., was born in 1330; and, accompanying his father to France iu 1345, took a leading part in gain- ing the glorious victory of Crcey in the year following. During his stay in France he performed many other acts of heroism, till at length, in 135(5, he won the great battle of Poictiers, when he took king John and his son prisoners, and distinguished himself as much by his courtesy and true chivalry to his captives, as he had in the field by his unrivalled valour. He was created prince of Aquitaine by his father ; and died, univcrsallv regretted, in 137<i, aged 45. EDWARD IV., son of Richard duke of York, succeeded Henry VI. in 1461. He married l^ady Elizabeth Grey, which so dis- gusted the Earl of Warwick, commonly Allied the king-maker, that he joined the Lancastrian party, and defeated Edward's forces near Banbury in 1469. Soon after- wards he took Edward prisoner, who ef- fected his escape, and obtained a victory over Warwick at Stamford Wells. That nobleman fled to France, from whence he returned with a supply of troops, and pro- claimed Henry. Edward on this escaped beyond sea, and Warwick released Henry from the Tower, aiul set him on the throne ; but Edward returned with succours, and marched to Eondon, where he took Henry prisoner. He shortly after defeated War- wick, who was slain. Another victory at Tewkesbury secured to him the quiet pos- session of the tluoue. He died in 1483, aged 41. EDVV^ARD v., son of the preceding, whom he succeeded at the age of 12 years. Richard duke of Gloucester, his uncle, took the guardianship of him ami his brother into his own hands, and placed them in the Tower, where they were smothered in their beds in UKi. EDWARD VI., the only son of Henry VIII., by Jane Seymour, his tliird queen, ascended the throne when only nine years old ; and, considering his extreme youth, displayed many qualities of the fairest pro- mise. He promoted the Reformation, and established the service of the Church of England, in 1552, by act of parliament. He founded the hospitals of Christchurch, Bridewell, and St. Thomas ; but the hopes of the nation were blighted by his imtimely death in 1553, in the seventh year of his reign, and the 16tli of his age. EDWARD Plantaoexet, earl of War- wick, the only surviving male descendant of the house of York, was kept a iirisoner iu the Tower several years, through jcalou.sy, EDW] ^ |}ctM mnibtx^aX BtograpTjj), [ege that he entered into a conspiracy with j Perkin Warbeck against Henry VIII. EDWARDS, Bryax, an ingenious writer, I was bom in 1743, at Westbury, in Wiltshire, I and, on the dcatli of liis father, was taken j under the care of an uncle in Jamaica. He afterwards settled in England, and was re- turned member of parliament for Gram- pound in Cornwall. Mr. Edwards wrote *' The History;, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies," 2 vols. 4to. ; " The Proceedings of tiie Governor and Assembly of Jamaica in regard to the Maroon Negroes ; " and " An Historical Survey of tlie French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo," 8vo. He died in 1800. EDWARDS, George, an eminent natu- ralist, was born in 1693, at Stratford, in Essex. He was bred to trade, but on the expiration of his apprenticeship he went I abroad, and f(jr some years applied himself I to the study of natural history, for which he had alwaj's shown a predilection. On his return to England he was appointed libra- rian of the college of physicians ; and wliile holding that situation he published a " His- tory of Birds," in 7 vols. 4to ; " Gleanings of Natural History," in 3 vols. 4to. ; and a volume of Essays. Died, 1773. EDWARDS, Jonathan, an American, celebrated for his metaphysical knowledge, was born at Windsor, in Connecticut, in 1703. In 1722 he became a preacher at New York to a presbyterian congregation, and in 1724 was chosen tutor of Yale College. In 1726 he resigned that station, and became assistant to his grandfather, who was a minister at Northampton. Here he con- tinued till 17.J0, when he was dismissed for refusing to administer the sacrament to those who could not give proofs of their being con- verted. The year following he went as missionary among the Indians, and in 1757 was chosen president of the college of New Jersey, where he died in 1758. He wrote a " Treatise concerning religious Affections ; " the " Life of David Brainerd, a Missionary ; " an "Inquiry into the modern prevailing Notion of that Freedom of Will, which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency," &c. EDWARDS, TnoMAS, an ingenious poet and critical \\iriter, was born in London in 1699, and bred to the bar. In 1744 he at- tacked Warburton's edition of Sliakspeare, which being coarsely noticed by the haughty editor, was followed by a humorous publi- cation, entitled, " Canons of Criticism, with a Glossary," which passed through several editions. He was also the author of some sonnets. Died, 1757. EDWARDS, Thomas, an English divine, was educated at Cambridge, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1609. He was a fu- rious presbyterian, and wrote with equal zeal against the episcopalians aud inde- pendents. When the latter party gained the ascendancy, he withdrew to Holland, where he died in 1647. His " Gangrajna " exhibits a curious picture of the religious divisions of that period. EDWARDS, William, a self-taught ar- chitect, was born in Glamorganshire, in 1710. He was only a common mason, but by the force of genius he acquired an extra- ordinary skill in building bridges, the prin- cipal of which is that on the river Taafe. It is the segment of a circle, the chord of which at the surface of the water is 147 feet. His skill aud success in this instance soon brought him into note, and he left many other proofs of his great abilities as a bridge- builder. Died, 1789. EDWIN, John, a comic actor of very con- siderable talents, was born in London, in 1750. He made his first appearance on the London boards, at the Haymarket Theatre, in 1775, and subsequently performed at Covent Garden, where he was a decided favourite. Died, 1790. EDWY, king of England, son of Edmund I., succeeded his uncle Edred in 955. He ojiposed the temporal power of St. Dunstan, and called him to account for his share in the administration of the preceding reign ; but the wily ecclesiastic proved too much for the monarch, and Edwy was driven from his throne, to make way for his brother Edgar. He died in 959. EGBERT, the first king of all England, and the last of the Saxon heptarchj-, was a prince of great accomplishments ; but, while young, he was obliged by Brilhric, king of Wessex, to withdraw to France, where he lived at the court of Charlemagne. There he acquired both the arts of war and govern- ment ; and being recalled to take possession of the kingdom of Wessex, to which he was the rightful heir, he soon united all the other kingdoms under him, giving the whole the name of England. His dominions were twice afterwards invaded by the Danes with great force, but he signal Ij' defeated them on both occasions. He died in 838, and was succeeded by Ethelwolf. EGEDE, Hans, a Danish divine, bom in 1686, was the fonnr'er of the religions mis- sions to Greenland, whilher he went in 1721, and presided over the establishment there for fifteen years, gaining the confidence of the natives by his piety and benevolence. Died, 1758. EGEDE, Paul, son of the preceding, was his assistant in the mission, and imitated his example. He composed a dictionary and grammar of the language ; translated into it a part of the Bible ; and published a journal of his residence in Greenland, from 1721 to 1788. Died, 1789. EGERTON, Daniel, a theatrical per- former, who, for many years, supported an extensive range of characters of a second- ary class at Covent Garden Theatre. He was bom in 1772, made his debut at Birmingham in 1799 ; and after taking the lead at Bath for some years, came to Covent Garden in 1809, where he remained till 18o2, when, in conjunction with Abbot, he embarked his money and talents in the management of the Victoria Theatre. This was an unfortunate speculation, and proved liis total ruin. Died, 1835. I EGERTON, John, an eminent prelate, born in London in 1721, was the son of the I Bishop of Hereford ; studied at Eton and i Oxford ; was made dean of Hereford in 17.50; and afterwards successively preferred to the ege] ^ ^ebi Wittibtr^al 'Miatixnp'^i}, [eld bishoprics of Bangor, Liciifielil, and Dur- ham, lie was an eloquent preaclier, and a liberal contributor to several impoitaut works in his diocese. Died, 1787. EGEIITON, Thomas, lord chancellor of England in the reign of James I., was the natural son of Sir Richard Egerton, in Cheshire, and born in 1540. He was made attorncy-geueral in 15ST2 ; soon after, master of the rolls ; and then lord-keeper. In 1(51)3 he was appointed lord-ciiancellor, with the title of baron Ellesmcre ; and in ItilO he was created yiscount Bracklcy, but died tlie year following. His principal work is en- titled " Tlie Privileges and Prerogatives of the High Court of Cliancery." EGG, JoHX Ga.spak, a Swiss agricultu- rist and political economist, born in 17^8. He was the founder of several industrious agricultural colonics, working with common funds, iu the manner of those projected by Mr. Owen of Lanark. EGIL, ScALLEGiiiM, an Icelandic warrior and poet of the 10th century, wlio distin- guished himself by his warlike exi)loit8 in predatory invasions of Scotland and North- uinl)erlaud. The son of Eric Blodtcxe, king of Norway, being slain by him in combat, he was doomed to death on being subse- quently taken prisoner by that prince ; but having extemporaneously composed and re- cited a poem in praise of Eric, he obtaiucd his life and lilK-rty. EGINIIAUT, or .(EGINIIARD, a cele- brated lilstoi'ian, was a native of Germany and the pupil of Alcuin, wlio reconuntnded him to Charleniagne. At lirst he was the emperor's secretary, and it appears that he gained his esteem and confidence ; but the story of his nightly interview and marriage witli Clmrlemague's daughter, Imma, is now believed to be as fabulous as it is incredible. He wrote a "Life of Charlemagne," "Annals of France, from 741 to 829," and some Epis- tles. He became abbot of the monastery of Seligenstadt, and died there in 8^!). EGINTON, Fkancis, an artist celebrated for Ills paintings on glass, and to whom we are indebted for the restoration of that art, was born in 1737, and died at Handsworth, in Shropshire, in 1805. EGLANTINE, Fabre d', was one of those misguided beings who played a conspicuous part in the French revolution. He possessed a degree of playful talent, which is pour- trayed in some light dramatic pieces, but his character wanted consistency ; for he aimed at being a painter, an engraver, a musician, and a poet, but did not acquire excellence in any profession. At length his puerile ambi- tion led him to become a violent revolu- tionist ; and he tried to l)e loudest in the assembly of the Convention in voting for the death of Louis XVI. without appeal. Yet the same man shortly after was an acknow- ledged moderate, a, sin for which Robespierre and llebert persecuted him with a bitterness that brought his head to the block, at the age of 39. Eglantine suffered with Danton and others in April, 1794. EGMONT, Lamoual, Count of, a distin- guiehed nobleman in Flanders, was born in 1522, and served in the armies of Charles V. with great reputation. lie was made gene- SCO ral of horse bv Philip II., and distinguished himself at the battle of St. Quintin in 1557. But the Duke of Alva fearing his power, and that his designs wei-e in favour of the Prince of Orange, caused him to be beheaded at Brusfcls, in 15fi8, together witli Count Horn. EGllEMONT, GK01K5K O'BuiE.v Wvnd- ham. Earl of, was born in 1751, and suc- ceeded to the peerage when lie was only 12 years old. This illustrious nobleman dis- played throughout the whole course of his long and useful life a liberal spirit and pa- trician magnificence. Though he never took a very prominent part in the dis^cussions of the legislature, he enjoyed much political consideration ; and in times of pressure and peril, his purse, his example, and his exer- tions were nobly devoted to his country's cause. His mansion at Petworth contained the noblest productions of genius, including one of the best libraries iu the kingdom ; and his patronage of British artists was un- bounded. When the earl succeeded to the title and estates, the yearly rental amounted to not quite 45,000/. per annum, which at tlie time of his decease had been increased to81,(KHJ/. ; and in the last CO years he had distriliuted in acts of charity and liberality the immense sum of 1,200,000/., or about 20,000/. per annum I Died, Ibi^J, aged 85. EICHHOliN, John Gkouuk, an eminent German divine and biblical critic, was \mrn in 1752, and became professor of Oriental literature at Jena ; from which place he went to the university of (iolti)igen, where he was long one of its brightest ornaments. His works are erudite und voluminous ; but our limits will allow us to mention only a few of the principal. "The History of Literature from the Earliest to the Latest Times," 11 vols.; a "General Library of Biblical Literature," 10 vols. ; " Repertory of Biblical and Oriental Literature," 18 vols.; "Introductions to the Old and New Testaments," each 5 vols. &c. Died, 1827. ELBEE, GicoT v\ generalissimo of the "Vendean royalists, was bom at Dresden, in 1752. lie entered the French army as lieu- tenant of cavalry ; and having, at the com- mencement of the revolution, retired to his estate in Anjou, the insurgent peasants of La Vendee, in 1793, chose him their leader. He displayed great courage and firmness, won many victories, and was often defeated by superior numbers ; at length he was wounded and taken prisoner, brought before a court-martial, and sliot, January 2. 1794. ELDON, John Scott, Earl of, a distin- guished lawyer and statesman, who for 25 years filled the office of lord high chancellor of England, was the third son of William Scott, coal-fitter, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and a younger brother of the late Lord Sto- well. He was born on the 4th of June, 1751 (the birthday of his friend and master, George III.) ; and, after receiving the rudiments of his education at the grammar-school of New- castle, was admitted a commoner of Uni- versity College, Oxford. He was elected fellow in 1767 ; gained the chancellor's prize, " On the Advantages and Disadvan- tages of Foreign Travel," in 1771 ; and there was every prospect of his obtaining college preferment, had he remained single. Having, ele] ^ i^tbi Bnihtv^Kl JSmsrapTjy, [eli however, contracted a marringe with Miss Surtees, a young lady of Newcastle, he re- solved on making tlie law his profession, and to that end he studied late and early. In 1773 he was admitted a member of the Middle Temple ; but he resided chiefly in or near Oxford, till he was called to the bar in 1776. Years of laborious study passed away, with little encouragement to him, and he had seriously resolved to quit London, to practise as a provincial counsel in his native town ; but his knowledge and application had not been unobserved by some of the brightest ornaments of the profession, who persuaded him to remain, assuring him his success was certain ; and the result quickly I)roved the correctness of their predictions, for he shortly after became the leader on the northern circuit. In 178.3, Mr. Scott came into parliament for the borough of VVeobly, and attached himself to tlie parly of Mj. Pitt, wIjo was his personal friend. His pro- gress towards the highest legal honours now appeared certain : he was made solicitor- general in 1788, received the honour of knighthood, and became attorney-general in 1793. In 179(5 Sir John Scott was returned for Boroughbridge, fts the colleague of Sir rrancis Burdett ; succeeded Sir James Eyre as lord chief justice of the common pleas ; and in July, 1799, was raised to the peerage as baron Eldon, of Eldon, in the county of Durham. In 1801 he became lord high chancellor of England, and in the same year was elected high steward of the university of Oxford, when tlie degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him. In February, 1800, he resigned the great seal ; but was re-appointed in April, 1807, from which period he held it until April 30. 1827, being altogether nearly 2.5 years. At the coronation of George IV. the lord cliancellor was promoted to the dignities of viscount Encombe and earl of Eldon. His whole life was an example of unremitting diligence in the most arduous of all professions ; and there are few who will dispute the character given of him by that able and upright advocate Sir Samuel Romilly, who in the House of Commons declared, " there never was a man in the court of chancery who more endeared him- seli" to the bar, or exhibited more humane attention to the suitors : there never presided in that court a man of more deep and various learning in his profession ; and in anxiety to do justice, that court had never seen, he would not say the superior, but the equal of the lord chancellor. If he had a fault, it was an over-anxiety to do justice." His politics will yet be viewed through the various lights and shades of party feeling ; but no one, with due reflection, will attribute to Lord Eldon a want of integrity, or a de- parture from any principle which lie con- scientiously believed would tend to the good of his country. He died at his house in Hamilton Place, London, Jan. 13. 18;58, being in his 87 Ih year. [Lady Eldon died in 1831.] ELEANOR, duchc.^sofGuienne, succeeded her father \^'illiam IX. in 1137, at the age of 1.5, and the same year married Louis VII. king ol France, whom she accompanied to the Holy Land. A separation ensued be- tween her and Louis, and in 1153 she married i the Huke of Normandy, afterwards Henry II. king of England, which occasioned a succession of wars between the two king- doms. Her jealousy of Henry, and her con- duct to Fair Rosamond, have aflforded a copious subjeat to poets and romance- writers. She excited her sons to rebel against their father, for which she was imprisoned 16 years. On the accession of Richard I. she was released, and in his absence to the Holy Land she was made regent. Died, 1204. ELGIN and KINCARDINE, Thomas BisrcE, Earl of, was born in 1771, succeeded to the peerage in his childhood, and received his education at Harrow and Westminster Schools, and at the university of St. An- drew's. On many occasions the Earl of Elgin was honoured with diplomatic missions, the last of which was as ambassador extraor- dinary to the Sublime Porte, in 1789, where he continued till the French were finally driven out of Egypt. Being desirous of rescuing the remains of Greece also from destruction and oblivion, he availed himself of the opportunities of his station, and suc- ceeded in forming a vast collection of statues, specimens of architecture, medals, and other valuable antiquities, which were eventually purchased by government for 3.5,000/., and deposited in the British Museum. Much censure has been lavi-shed by l.,ord Byron and others on the Earl of Elgin for removing these antiquities from Athens ; but if it be true, as is asserted, that the cost, including interest of money, amounted to 74,W0l., the " mercantile spirit" with which he has been charged is altogether without foundation, inasmuch as he lost more than one half of that sum in endeavoin-ing to secure these invaluable treasures. Died, 1841, aged 7.5. ELIAS, Matthew, an eminent painter, was born at Cassel in 10.58, and settled at Dunkirk, where he painted a grand altar- piece. His portraits are iu high estimation. Died, 1741, ELICAGARY, Dosiinique, a Frencli ecclesiastic, was born at Bayonne in 17<>0 ; quitted France in 1791, because he would not subscribe to the new constitution of the chmch, but returned under the directorial government, and exercised the functions of rector of the academj'. During the " hun- dred d.'iys " he accompanied the Duchess of Anaoulerae to England, as almoner. Died, 1822. ELIO, FnANCis Xaviek, a Spanish gene- ral, who nobly defended his country against the French, and at the restoration of Ferdi- nand VII. was appointed governor of Va- lencia ; but when the resolution took place, in 1820, part of tlie population rose against the governor, and declaring him guilty of tyrannical acts, he was imprisoned, tried by a military commission, and sentenced to the punishment of death, whi(rh was inflicted, Sept. 3. 1822. When Ferdinand recovered his authority in 1823, the proceedings were reversed, and a pension was granted to his widow and family. ELIOT, Joux, an English divine, styled the apostle to the Indians, was born in 1C04 ; went to New England in 1031 ; and there learned the Indian language, that he might devote himself to the conversion of the na- ^70 ELl] ^ f.tta Winibtri:d I3iogr?tj)^i»» [ell lives. In this he met with great success, and obtained a considerable influence over tlie ! various tribes. lie translated the Bible into their language, and wrote several pieces of practical divinity. Died, 1689. i ELIOT, Thomas, an English writer in the reign of Henry VIII. lie was a native of Suttblk, but resided chiefly at Cambridge. He compiled a Latin and English dictionary, and died in 154<;. I ELIOTT,or ELLIOT, George AcorsTus, lord Ileathfield, was the son of Sir Gilbert Eliott, of Stobs, lioxlnughshirc, and l>orn about 1718. After receiving his education at I^eyden he in 1735 attaclied himself to the engineer corps ; from which Jie re- • moved, and obtained an adjutancy in the 2nd troop of horse grenadiers, with which he went to Germany, and was wounded at the battle of Dettingcn. In 1759 he was appointed to raise the 1st regiment of light horse, with wliich he served on the Continent witii great reputation; and on his recall from Germany he was sent to the Huvannali, in the reduction of which he had an eminent share. In 1775, General Eliott was ap- pointed commander-in-chief in Ireland ; from whence lie returned soon after, and was ' made governor of Gibraltar, which fortress he deliended with consimimate talent and i persevering fortitude. He was very abste- , miuus, his constant food being vegetal)Ie8, ; and his drink water. He never allowed himself but four hours sleep at a time ; and was so accustomed to hardiness that it was become habitual. On his return to Kngland 1 he was raised to the peerage by the title of lord Heathfleld, baron Gibraltar; and died in 179(). ELISSE (Perc), a name once of great diplomatic influence ; born in 17()9, died in 1817. He was surgeon to I^uis XVIII., while at Hartwell, and returned to France in 1814, in his train, on tlie restoration. He has been accused, in conjunction with Blacas, of having contributed to tlie return of Napoleon from p]lba, by the re-action wliich tlieir ultra-royal zeal provoked. ELIZABETH, queen of England, was the daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, and born in 1.533. She was educated in the Protestant religion ; and in the reign of Mary, in consequence of her known attachment to it, she was sent to the Tower, from whence she was afterwards removed to Woodstock. On the death of her sister in 1558, she was proclaimed queen, amid the acclamations of assembled multitudes, and to the great joy of the nation. Philip of Spain made her an offer of marriage, which she declined. The French and Spaniards having formed a league for the extirpation of heresy, Elizabeth was induced to protect the Protestants ; and this she did so effectually as to separate tlie United Provinces from the Spanish throne. The king of Spoin, in return, sent a body of troops to invade Ireland, but they were all cut off by Lord Grey, tlie deputy. In the me.in time various offers of marriage were made to the queen, the most remarkable of which was that of the Duke of Anjou, who came to Eii;;land for the purpose, but after staying some time, the affair was broken off. In 1588, Pliilip sent against England lua famous Ar- 271 mada, to which the pope gave the appellation of Invincible. On this occasion the queen distinguished herself by her great presence of mind and inflexible courage. She rode on horseback in the camp of Tilbury, and inspired her people with heroism by her deportment and her speeches. The English fleet, however, assisted by the winds, pre- vented the Spaniards from landing, and their boasted armada was destroyed. Eliza- beth combined prudence with fortitude, and judgment with vigour ; but she was violent, haught}', and insatiably fond of admiration. During her reign the nation was raised to a high degree of prosperity, and its foreign enemies were eftcctually humbleil ; but her deceptive and cruel contluct in the afiair of Mary, queen of Scots, has left an indelible stain on her memory. She had strong na- tural talent, was well versed in Greek and Latin, and gave repeated proofs of her skill in the art of governing a brave and free people. Died, 1002. ELIZABETH PETROWNA, daughter of Peter the Great, was born in 17t»9. In 1741 she usurped the imperial throne, bydetliron- ing the infant Ivan, which revolution was effected without the shedding of blood. At her accession she made avow that no capital punishments should take place in her reign. But her humanity was equivocal, as is in- stanced in the shocking inini.-^hment which she inflicted upon the Countess Bestuchef and Lapookin, who were ptd)licly knouted, and had their tongues cut out, for betraying some Beciets relating to the amours of the empress. She died in 17(!1. ELIZ.VBETH, PniLii-nxK ^Iarie He- lens, sister of Louis XVI., was born at Ver- sailles, in 1704, and perished by the guillo- tine, in 1794. When Louis fled from Paris, she Bccomi>anied him, and was brought back with him from Varennes. With the royal family she was carried into the Temple, but removed from it. May 9lh, 1794, to the Conciergerie, because it had been discovered that she corresponded with the princes, her brothers. The next morning, when carried before the revolutionary tribunal, and asked her name and rank, she replied with dignity, " I am Elizabeth of France, and the aunt of your king." Though she was compelled to submit to the horrible necessity of witness- ing the execution of 24 victims who were sentenced with her, she met her fate with heroic calmness, and breathed not a word against her merciless judges. ELLENBOROL'GU, EiJWART) Law, lord chief justice of the king's bench, and a distinguished lawyer, was the son of the Bishop of Carlisle, and born in 1748 at Great Salkfleld, Cumberland. On the trial of Warren Hastings, in 1785, Erskine having refused to undertake the defence, he served as leading counsel, and obtained the victory. In 1801 he was made attorney-general, and next year, on the death of Lord Kenyon, became lordchief justice of the king's bench, and was created a peer. During a period of great difliculty. Lord Ellcnborough filled the arduous office with great acuteness, and pro- found legal knowledge. It is said, that the result of the trials of Hone, who was pro- secuted for impious parodies and libels (the ell] ^ iflrio Hntiier^al JJiogvajpT)!?. [ell jury having found verdicts contrary to liis lordship's charges), hofl a great ettbct on liis declining state of health ; and though he continued to appear in court, and performed his functions with his usual energy of mind, his frame was fast sinking. Died, 1318. EIxLEY, Lieutenant-general Sir Jonx, a distinguished English otficer, whose services are the more worthy of record, because, by his own sheer merit, he rose to almost the highest military rank, and to a liost of other honours, from the very humble situation of a private iu the royal horse guards blue. After passing through the inferior grades, and serving with great credit as a quarter- master, he, in 1791, obtained a cornctcy in the Blues. He served in the campaigns of the Low Countries in 179-'5 and two following years, and was present at nearly every action, including the siege of Valenciennes. By the year 180d he had fought his way up to a lieutenant-colonelcy ; in 1808 and 1809 he served as assistant adjutant-general to the cavalry iu Spain, and was present at all the sanguinary affairs in that country and Portugal throughout the remainder of the Peninsular war. He subsequently served in the Netherlands, and was at the final shock of battle, " Waterloo," where he was service- able not merely as an officer, but even as an individual trooper ; for we read in Sir Wal- ter Scott's " Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk," that several of Napoleon's cuirassiers were found cleft to the very chine by Ellcy's stal- wart arm. In addition to his high military rank, Sir John was K. C. B., K. C. H., and governor of Galway. Died, 18o9. ELLIOTT, Ejsknezek, " The Corn-Law Rhymer," was born at Masborough near Rotherham in 1781, where his father was a commercial clerk in the iron works. His early years were not marked by any of the shrewdness or ability for whiclx he was after- wards distinguished ; but his love of nature was intense, and his first publication, "The Vernal Walk," written in his 17th year, showed to what extent the scenery of his native country had impressed itself on his mind. From this period his poetic effusions were unceasing. Poem after poem succeeded each other without interruption ; he con- tributed to the New Monthly Magazine, Tait's Magazine, and many other periodi- cals ; and in originality, power, and beauty, his writings may vie with those of any con- temporary writer. The great object of his political life was the abolition of the corn laws ; and it is not too much to say that the "Corn-Law Rliymes " were as instrumental, especially in the manufacturing districts, in fanning the excitement which ultimately led to the abolition of the corn laws, as the eloquence of any member of the Anti-Corn- Law-League. But while Ebenezer Elliott courted tlie muses, he did not neglect the more practical business of life ; and though at first unsuccessful in the iron trade, his energy and perseverance were ultimately crowned with great success. The last edition of his poems appeared in one volume in 1840. Died, 1849. Some posthumous poems have also been published, besides a not very felicitous account of his life. ELLIS, Geouge, a miscellaneous writer of considerable talent, was born in London in 1745, and died in 1815. He commenced liis literary career as the author of various political satires and essays ; and he subse- quently produced " Specimens of early Eng- lish Poets," "Specimens of early English Metrical Romances," &c. ELLIS, Joiix, an English poet, was bom in London in 1698, and brought up a scri- vener. Mr. Ellis was the intimate friend of Dr. Johnson, and wrote several pieces in Dodsley's Collection. Died, 1791. ELLIS, John, a naturalist, was born in London in 1710, and died in 1770. Ilis prin- cipal works are " An Essay towards a Na- tural History of British Corallines," and "A Natural History of inicommon Zoophytes." ELLIS, William, a practical agriculturist of the 18tli century, who lived at Great Gad- desdcn, Herts, and enjoyed considerable re- putation both as an inventor of farming im- plements, and as the author of" The Modem Husbandman," in 8 vols. ELLISTON, RoBEuT William, an emi- nent comedian, was born in London in 1774. lie was educated at St. Paul's School, and intended for the church ; but at the age of 1(5 he quitted school, without the knowledge of his friends, went to Bath, and there first gratified his ambition for scenic celebrity. With the Bath company he remained one season ; he then joined that of York, under Tate Wilkinson, but returned to his former quarters in 1793, where for about four years he continued to play a variety of characters in tragedy, comedy, opera, or pantomime ; for such was his versatility and tact, that he appeared advantageously in all. His first bow to a London audience was made at the Haymarket Theatre, June the 24th, 179G ; but though engaged occasionally for Covent Garden, it was not till 1804 that he became fixed at either of the winter houses. This occurred on Kemble's retirement from Drury Lane ; and till the destruction, by fire, of that edifice in 1809, he continued to be one of its most active and etiicient supporters. He then took the Circus, and having given it the name of the Surrey Theatre, he com- menced performing the plays of Shakspeare, &c. under new titles, and with such inge- nious alterations as brought them within the licence granted to the minor theatres. His speculation, however, turned out by no means successful : he relinquished it, and returned to Drury Lane, where for several years he maintained his ground as a decided public favourite ; but becoming the lessee of tliat theatre in 1819, at an annual rent of 10,200/., it ended in his bankruptcy in 1826. After this he was concerned in the Olympic Theatre ; and, lastly, he a second time under- took the superintendence of the Surrey, which appeared to be in a prosperous state at the time of his death, which took place in 1831. No man who ever trod the stage was more at home on it ; and while he excelled in a varied range of first-rate characters belong- ing to genteel comedy, he was more than merely respectable in tragedy ; but comedy was decidedly his forte, and nature had given him a large share of those main re- quisites for it — buoyant spirits, mirthful hilarity, dry humuur, and fervid gallantry. I ell] ^ ^ctD ?lfm'bcrs'al 33t0firapTj|). ELLWOOD, Thomas, was born at Crowell in Oxfordshire, in 16o!). He was bred in the tenets of tlie Cliurch of England, but was induced to join tiie Quakers, tlirough which he lost the favour of his father. He became reader to Milton, whicli tended greatly to his iinprovcmciit in learning. Eliwood suft'ered imprisonment for lus pro- fession, and wrote a number of books iu its defence. He also edited George Fox's Jour- nal, and publi.-ihed a History of the Old and New Testaments ; a sacred poem on the life of Huvid, &<;. Died, 1713. ELMSLEY, Pkter, D.D., an eminent philologist and classical scholar, was bom in 1773, and received his education at West- minster and Oxford. In pursuit of his phi- lological studies he visited the principal libraries on the Continent ; and iu 1819, in conjunction with Sir Humphry Davy, he accepted a comn\ission from government for the development of the Hercuianean papyri, but their labours proved abortive. On his return lie settled at Oxford, where he ob- tained the Camden professorship of ancient history, and was elected principal of St. Alban's Hall. He produced editions of various classics, and contributed to the early numbers of the Edinburgh Review, and at a subsequent period to the Quarterly. Died, 1«L>5. ELPHINSTON, ABxnuR, Lord Balme- KiNO, was born in 1688. He had the com- mand of a company of foot in Lord Shan- non's regiment in the reign of queen Anne ; but at the accession of George I. resigned that commission, and joined the Earl of Mar, under whom he served at the battle of Sheriffmuir. After that engagement, James's affairs being in a desperate situation, Elphin- ston found means to escape out of Scotland, and to enter into the French service, in which he continued till tlic death of his brother Alexander in 1733, when he returned home. When the Chevalier de St. George arrived in Scotland in 1744, Elphinston was one of the flrst that repaired to his standard, and was api)ointed colonel and captain of the second troop of life-guards. At the decisive battle of CuUoden, Lord Balmerino (for he had succeeded to the title a few weeks preceding) was taken prisoner by the Duke of Cumber- land's army. Being conducted to London, he was committed to the Tower, and brought to trial iu Westminster Hall, 29th July, 1746, along with the Earls of Kilmarnock and Cromarty, both of whom pleaded guilty. Tlie Earl of Cromarty obtained a pardon, but the other two suffered decapitation on Tower Hill, 18th August, 1746. El>PUINSTON, Jamks, a native of Edin- burgh, whose attempts to effect an ima- ginary reformation iu the orthography of the English language, by spelling all words as they are pronounced, occupied a great part of his life, and ended, as he ought to have foreseen, in complete disappointment. In this vain pursuit he published various works, among which we may mention " En- glish (Jrthography epitomised," and " Pro- priety's Pocket Picture." Born, 1721 ; died, 18(>9. ELPHINSTONE, George Keith, Vis- count KEITH, born in 1747, was a distin- [els guished naval officer. He entered the ser- vice early in life, and arrived at the rank of post-captain in 1775. During the American war he served with great credit at the attack on Mud Island, at Charlestown, &c. ; he also captured L'Aigle of 40 guns and COO men ; and when the war broke out with France he was among the first who so nobly sustained the credit of the British navy. In 17i)3 he o-isisted at the reduction of Toulon ; and iu 1795 he commanded the fleet destined for the capture of the Cape of Good Hope, in which he not only succeeded, but compelled the Dutch, who advanced to tlie relief of the colony, to surrender at discretion. His services on numerous other occasions were highly valuable j and at length, afrer his exertions in the Foudroyant on the coast of Egypt, lie was elevated to the peerage. Died, 1823. ELPHINSTONE, Major-general Geokok William Keith, C. B., was born, 1782. Early in life this distinguished, but even- tually unfortunate, officer entered the service as ensign in the 24th infantry. After serv- ing with much distinction in various parts of the globe, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 33rd foot in 1813 ; and being present with that regiment at Waterloo, his services were rewarded witli the distinction of C.B. He was made major-general in 18,37, and was commander-in-chief of the Bengal arm}', when our arms received so awful and disgraceful a check in Affghanistan. He was at this period enfeebled by long service and by the climate of India, and was, more- over, almost heljiless from the effects of gout, yet he was assailed by calumny, and waa to have been tried by court-martial, had not death occurred while proceedings were pending, and thus proved, alas I too fatally, at once the reality of the sutfcring that he had endured, and the malice of his slander- ers. Died, April 23. 1842, aged 60. ELRINGTON, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Leighiin and Ferns. In 1781 he was elected a fellow of Dublin University, and in 1794 became the first Donnellau lecturer. In 1811 he was appointed provost of Trinity College ; and in 1820 was consecrated bishop of Limerick ; from which he was translated, in 1822, to the see of Leighiin and Ferns. I He distinguished himself by various polem- ical writings, and produced excellent edi- | tions of Euclid and Juvenal, which of them- | selves are sufficient to hand down his name | as a scholar of first-rate merit. Died at | Liverpool, July, 1835. ELSTOB, William, a learned divine, was horn at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1673, ! und died in 1714. He was profoundly skilled | in the Saxon language and antiquities, and published a Latin translation of the Saxon ; Homily of Lupus ; and the Homily on St. i Gregory's Day, in Saxon and Latin. He also wrote "An Essay on the Affinity and Agreement between the Two Professions of Law and Divinity," &c. ELSTOB, Elizabeth, sister of the pre- ceding, was born at Newcastle, in lUbS. She resided with her brother at Oxford, and became the partner of his studies. She ac- companied his Homily on St. Gregory with an English version and a preface, and i)ub- els] ^ ^t^ Winihtv^al 33tograpT)w. [-EKP lished a Saxon grammar. After lier bro- ther's death, queen Caroline allowed her a small pension, which slie lost on the death of her benefactress ; but was saved from want by the kindness of the Duchess-dowager of Portland. Died, 1750. ELSYNGE, Hexrv, born at Battersca, Surrey, in liiOS ; held the place of clerk of the House of Commons, which he resigned in 1048 ; and died in 1054. lie wrote an ex- cellent book, entitled " The Ancient Method and Manner of holding Parliaments in Eng- land." ELVIUS, Peter, a Swedish mathema- tician, and secretary of tlie royal academy of sciences at Stockholm, was born at Upsal, in 1710 ; and died in 1749. ELWES, Joux, an extraordinary miser. His family name was Meggot, which he al- tered in pursuance of the will of Sir Harvey Elwes, his uncle, who left him at least 250,000/., and he was possessed of nearly as much of his own. At tliis time he attended tlie most noted gaming houses, and after sitting up a whole niglit at play for thousands, he would proceed to Smithficld to meet his cattle, wliere he would stand disputing with a cattie-bntcher for a shilling. He would sit in wet clotlies to save tlie expense of a fire ; eat his provisions in the last stage of putre- faction ; and, in short, subject liimself toany privation, or be guilty of any beggarly con- duct, by whicli a sixpence might be saved ; yet, if by liis personal exertions l>e could assist another, provided it cost him nothing but his labour, he was active and ready. In 1774 he was chosen member for Eerksliire, and liis conduct in parliament was perfectly independent. He died in 1789, aged about 77, leaving a fortuue of 500,000/., besides entailed estates. ELZEVIK. Tlie name of a celebrated family of printers, residing at Amsterdam and Lcj'den, whose beautiful editions were chiefly publislied between the years 1594 and 1680. — Louis, the first of them, began to be known at Leyden in 1595, and was the first who made the distinction between the V consonant and the u vowel. He took for his device an eagle holding seven ar- rows, with the motto, " Concordia res parva3 crescunt." This he afterwards ex- changed for that of a man standing, w^ith the motto " Non solus;" and this was adopted by his successors. Tlieir names were Joiix, Daniel, Mattuew, Isaac, BuoNAVENTUUA, and Abuaiiam. The two latter prepared the smaller editions of the classics, in 12mo. and lOmo., which are still valued for their beauty and correctness. Although the Elzevirs were surpassed in learning, and in Greek and Hebrew editions, by the Stephenses of Paris, they were un- equalled in their choice of works, and in the elegance of their typography. EMANUEL, king of Portugal, succeeded John II. in 1495. He restored the nobility to their privileges, and greatly encouraged maritime adventures, by which means a new passage to India was discovered by Gama, and to Brazil in 1501, by Cabral. Emanuel also sent an expedition to Africa, and es- tablished a conmiercial intercourse with the kingdom of Congo. He died in 1521. EMERY, John", an actor of very consi- derable merit (.particularly in rustic cha- racters, where his perfect knowledge of the Yorkshire dialect rendered him so effective), I was bom at Sunderland, in 1777. For many years he drew from a London audience the most unequivocal proofs of their delight ; and he will long be remembered for the power he evinced when pourtraying the rough nature and genuine simplicity of un- sophisticated country life. Died, 1822. EMILIANUS, Maucl's Julius, pro- claimed emperor by the army in 253, was a native of Mauritania, who had risen by his courage to be governor of Moesia. Like Gallus, whom he succeeded on the throne, he too was murdered by those who advanced him to it, after a reign of only four months. EMLYN, TuoMAS, a Protestant dissent- ing minister, memorable for the persecution he sustained in consequence of his religious sentiments with regard to the Trinity, was born at Stamford, Lincolnshire, in 1003, and studied at the university of Cambridge. In 1091 he settled at Dublin, as assistant to the Rev. Joseph Boy ce, but was soon interdicted from his pastoral duties, on suspicion of Arianism. Finding himself the object of much odium and misconception, he published " A Humble Enquiry into tlie Scripture Account of Jesus Christ;" upon w^hich he was arrested on the charge of blasphemy, tried, and sentenced to a year's imprison- ment and a fine of lOOOl. The fine was afterwards reduced to 70/., through the in- terposition of the Duke of Ormond and other humane persons ; and after a little more than a year's confinement he was set at liberty. His character was amiable, and he was on terms of intimacy with Dr. Clarke, Whiston, and other eminent men. Died, 1743. EMMETT, Robert, the son of a physi- cian at Cork, was educated for the legal profession ; but, on the breaking out of the Irish rebellion, he was drawn into its vor- tex, became secretary to the secret direct- ory of United Irishmen, and in 1803 suffered the death of a traitor. His youthi'ul ardour, eloquence, and intrepidity have been greatly extolled. EMMETT, Thomas Addis, elder brother of the preceding, was also bred to the pro- fession of the law, but becoming involved in the Irish rebellion, he fled his country, and settled in the United States of America, where he practised as an advocate. He died at New York, in 1S27. EMPEDOCLES, a Greek philosopher, whose doctrines were nearly allied to those of Pythagoras, was born about b. c. 400, at Agrigentum, in Sicily. The sovereignty was offered him by his fellow citizens ; but being a friend to pure democracy he refused it, and established a popular government. He was skilled in philosophy, poetry, and medicine. The time and manner of his death are uncertain ; the story of his having thrown liimself into the crater of Mount Etna being, in all probability, a fiction. ENFIELD, Dr. AVilliam, a dissenting minister, and a writer of much judgment, was born at Sudbury, in 1741 ; and after filling the situation of resident tutor and eng] ^ i5eto mntber^flT JJiosrapT^tn [epi lecturer on the belles lettres at Warrington Academy till the dissolution of that esta- biishinent, he died in 1797. lie was one of the principal contributors to Dr. Aikiu's Biographical Dictionary ; and is known as the author or compiler of several useful works, viz. "Tlie Speaker," "Exercises on Elocution," " Natural Pliilosophy," &c. ENGEL, Joiix James, a German writer, whose philosophical works are held in high esteem, was born in the territoiy of Mcck- lenburgh, in 1741 ; and, after studying at several German universities, he accepted the oliice of professor of morals and litera- ture at Berlin, where he was made a mem- ber of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and wrote tlie greatest parts of his works. He died in 1802. ENGELBRECIIT. John-, a religious fa- natic, was born at Brunswick, in 1,")99. lie travelled for several years through Ger- many, fasting at times for a forlniglit to- gether, and not unfrequently falling into trances, during which he pretended to re- ceive divine revelations and missions for proselytising mankind. Died, 1C42. ENGIIIEN, Louis Antoine IIen'ri dk BouiJBON, Duke of, son of the Duke of Bourbon, and a descendant of the great Condi', was born at Chantilly, in 1772. Having served witli credit in the armies op- posed to the French republic, he went to Baden, in 1804, married, and lived there as a private citizen. He was, however, re- garded with tt jealous eye, as one who might bectmie a dangerous foe to the ambitious designs of the lirst consul ; and an order to arrest him was accordingly issued. The situation of his house having been ascer- tained, it was surrounded on the night of March 17. 1804, witli a body of soldiers and gendarmes. The duke at first wished to defend himself, but the force was too great to lie opposed ; and thus, with several friends and domestics, he was seized and carried prisoner to Strasburg. Early upon the 18th, the escort set oft' with the duke for Paris ; but upon arriving at the gates of the ca- pital, they received an order to conduct their prisoner to Vincennes, where he ar- rived exhausted by hunger and fatigue, and, just as he had dropix-'d- asleej), he was awakened, at 11 o'clock at niglit, to un- dergo his trial. Tlie troops, which were marched to Vincennes on this occasion, were commanded by Savary, who formed a court-martial, consisting of General Hullin, the president, together with five colonels, and a cai)tain. lie was accused of having taken part in conspiracies against tlie life of the first consul ; and though nothing was proved against him. he received sen- tence of death^ and was led into the fosse of the castle, where he heroically and firmly submitted to it. Tliis atrocious as- sassination, without even the plea of state necessity to justify it, has notwitlistandiiig found its defenders in some of those who, with the sacred name of freedom on their lips, have done servile homage to the me- mory of the arch assassin. EN'GLEFIKLD, Sir Henry Chaeles, a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Soci- eties, to whose " Transactions " he contri- buted largely, was born in ]7.';2. He was the author of a work "On the Determina- tion of the Orbits of Comets," "A Descrip- tion of the Picturesque Beauties and Geo- logical Phenomena of the Isle of Wight," &c. Died, 1S22. ENNIUS, QuiNTCs, a celebrated Latin poet of the earlier times of the republic, was bom at Calabria, b. c. 2,'iO. Cato the Censor became acquainted with him in Sar- dinia, was his pupil, and brought him to Rome, where he soon gained the friendship of the most distinguished individuals, and instructed young men of rank in Greek. Of all his writings, nothing is extant but a few fragments. Died B. c. 2(;0. ENTICK, Jonx, an English divine, died in 1780. He published a "History of the War which ended in 17(x?," 5 vols. 8vo. j a "History of London," 4 vols. 8vo. ; a well known and approved "Latin and English Dictionarv," &c. ENTINOPUS, an eminent architect of Candia in the 4th century, who may pro- perly be styled the founder of Venice. Having fled from the ravages of the Goths to the morasses on the Adriatic coast, he built the first house there for himself, and afterwards assisted the inhabitants of Pa- dua, who also took refuge there, in building tlie 80 houses which formed the first city. Died about 420. EPAMINONDAS, a Theban general, il- lustrious for his talents and his virtues, was the son of Polymnis. He was the friend of Pelopidas, and by him appointed to tlie command of tlie Theban armies. He de- feated Cleombrotus, and gained the battle of l/cuctra ; overcame Alexander, tyrant of Phcraja ; and fell in the moment of victory at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 'MS. He was brave, patriotic, and incorruptible ; and to him Cicero assigns the first place among the heroes of Greece. EPEE, Charles Michael pe l*, a French abbe, founder of the institution in Paris for the deaf and dumb, was born at Versailles in 1712, and deserves grateful remembrance for the philanthropic occupation in which the greater part of his life was spent. He entered into holy orders, and became a Ca- tholic priest ; but his great object being to impart instruction to the deaf and dumb, he spent his whole income, besides what was contributed by benevolent patrons, in the education and maintenance of his pupils, for whose wants he provided with such dis- interested devotion, that he often deprived himself of the necessaries of life, restricting himself to the plainest food, and clothing himself in the coarsest appaiel. Dc I'Epec died in 1789, and was succeeded by the Abb^ Sicard, who much improved the sys- tem of cultivating the minds of that unfor- tunate class for whom his j)redecessor had so benevolently laboured. EPICHARMUS, of Cos, a philosopher of the Pythagorean school, lived in the latter part of the ."ith century Ijcfore Christ, at Syracuse, and there wrote his celebrated comedies, all of which are now lost. He also wrote upon medical and philosophical subjects, and attained the age of 97 years. EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher, who EPi] ^ 0tbi ^nibtr^Kl IJmsrapIjn. [era lived in the 1st century, was a native of Hierapolid, in Plirygia, and was originallj' a slave to Epaphroditus, one of Nero's' fieed- men. Having been emancipated, he gave himself up wliolly to the study of ijliilo- eophy, and his life alTorded an example of unblemished virtue. When Domitian ba- nished the philosophers from Rome, Epic- tetus settled at Nieopolis, but returned on the death of that tyrant, and was in great esteem with Adrian ami Marcus Aurelius. lie resided in a humble cottage, where he wrote his admirable " Enchiridion ; " and such was the esteem in which he was held, that the earthen lamp which gave him light sold, at his death, for 30()0 draclimas, being upwards of 90Z. of our money. EPICURUS, tlie founder of the Epicurean sect of philosophers, was born at Gar- gcttui, B.C. 312, and studied at Athens. For a time he resided successively at Colo- phon, Mitylene, and Lampsacus, but finally •ettled at Athens, where he purchased a garden, and there expounded his system of philosophy. His doctrines became popular ; and though the pursuit of pleasure was the chief aim, yet he taught nothing that ad- ministered to sensual gratification, or that was inconsistent with virtue. In short, he recommended moderation, temperance, firmness of soul, and the contempt of Hie. lie died B.C. 271. EPIMENIDES, a celebrated philosopher and poet of Crete, who flourished during the 6tli century before Christ. He is represented as favoured with divine communications, and as an infallible prophet. EPINAY, Louise, Madame d', a female of considerable talents, and notorious for her connection witli Rousseau, was the wife of M. Delalive de Bellegarde, who filled the office of farmer-general. During the earlier part of her life, she formed an acquaintance with the philosopher of Geneva, to wliom •she gave a cottage in her park of Chevrette (afterwards the well-known hermitage), where he passed many of his days, which were rendered happy by this romantic attach- ment, until he became jealous of Baron Grimm, whom he had himself introduced to his mistress. She was the author of "Les Conversations d'Emilie," " Lettres h mon Fils," and " Mes Moments heureux." Died, 1783. EPIPHANIUS, a father of the church, who displayed great zeal against the writings of Origen. He was chosen bishop of Salamis, and died in 403. EPIPHANIUS, an heresiarch, who al- lowed liis followers a community of wives ; and after his death he was worshipped by them as a deitv. EPISCOPIUS, SiMOX, a learned divine, born at Amsterdam, in 1.583. In 1G12 lie was chosen divinity professor at Eeydeu ; was the princitml of the remonstrants, or Arminians, at the synod of Dort, which arbitrary assem- laly deposed him and the other deputies from tlieir ministerial functions, and banished them tlie republic. He then went to An- twerp, but in 1626 he returned to Holland, and became minister to the remonstrants at Rotterdam, where he died, in 1()-13. EPONINA, a Roman female, whose strength of conjugal affection is worthy of record, was the wife of Julius Sabinus, who. after being defeated in his revolt against Vespasian, took shelter in a subterranean cave, where during nine years he and Epo- niua lived concealed. Their retreat being at length discovered, and Sabinus being condemned to sutt'er deatli, the faithful wife having vainly implored the emperor's cle- mency for her husband, heroically refused to survive his loss, and died a willing mar- tyr to her cimstancy, a. d. 78. ERASISTRATUS, an ancient physician, who acquired great reputation at the court of Seleucus Nicanor, king of Syria, was one of the first who dissected human bodies, and accurately described the brain. He was decidedly averse to the practice of blood- letting ; and is said to have put an end to his own existence, at an extreme old age, rather than endure the pain of an ulcer in his foot. ERASMUS, DERiDEnius, one of the most eminent scholars of the age in which he I lived, was born at Rotterdam, in 1467. He [ was tiie illegitimate son of one Gerard, by ! the daughter of a physician ; but his father j and mother dying when he was only nine years old, he was left to the care of three guardians, wlio determined on bringing him up to a religious life that they miglit enjoy his patrimony ; for which purpose they removed him from one convent to another, till at last, in 1486, he took the habit among the canons-regular at Stein, near Tergou. The monastic life being disagreeable to liim, he accepted an invitation iVom tlie Arch- bishop of Cambray to reside with him. During his abode with this prelate he was ordained priest ; but in 1496 he went to Paris, and supported himself by giving pri- vate lectures. In 1497 he visited England, and met with a liberal reception from the | most eminent scholars. On liis return he j spent 12 years in France, Italy, and the Netherlands ; and during that time he pub- I lished several works of great merit. In 1^0(5 j lie took his doctor's degree at Turin, and j went to Bologna, where he continued some ; time ; thence he removed to Venice, and [ resided with the famous Aldus Manutius. i From Venice he went to Padua and Rome, where many offers were made him to settle ; | but having received an invitation from i Henry VIII. he came to England again in 1510 I wrote his " Praise and Folly," while residing with Sir Thomas More ; and was appointed Margaret professor of divinity, and Greek lecturer, at Cambridge. In 1514 j he once more returned to the Continent, and lived chiefly at Basle, where he vigorously continued liis literary labours, and prepared Ills edition of the New Testament, with a Latin translation ; his "Ciceronianus," and his celebrated " Colloquies," which latter gave such oflFence to the monks, that they used to say, " Erasmus laid the egg which Luther hatched." With Luther, however, whom he had provoked by his treatise on Free Will, he was in open liostility. In 1528 appeared his learned work, "De recta Latinis Gra:cique Serraonis Pronunciatione," and his last publication, which was printed the year before his death, was entitled era] ^ llelD ?atiilJCi'^aT JJioffrajpTjj?. [ers " Eficlesiastes, or the Manuer of Preaching." Ue <lied at Basle, in 1530. ERATOSTHENES, a native of Cyrenc, in Africa, B.C. 275, was librarian at Alcxaiuliia, and improved the science of mathematical geography, which he corrected, enlarged, and reduced to system. He was also a phi- losopher, poet, and grammarian ; while he rendered much service to the sciences of astronomy and geography, by first observing the obliquity of the ecliptics, and by disco- vering the method of measuring the circum- ference of the globe. ERCILI.A y ZUNIGA, a Spanish poet and soldier, was born in the province of Biscay, about 1530. He was brought up at the court of Charles V., and joined an ex- pedition which was sent out to Chili against u tribe of natives called the Aracoaniaus. Hence came his admirable epic of "La Araucana," which desciibes the perils and exi)loit8 of that fierce and dangerous contest: this he wrote on scraps of paper, and on bits of leather when paper could not be had, during those brief intervals wliicli could be snatched from active duty. EKEJIITA, Daniel, a writer of the 17th century, was a native of Antwerp, and be- came secretary to the Duke of Florence. He was very unsettled in his religious opinions, being successively a protestant, catliolic, rieijt, and at his death an avowed atheist. He wrote several works, the principal one being entitled "De Aulicd Vitd ac Civili." Died, IC13. ERIC IX., king of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, succeeded Margaret in 1412. He married the daughter of Henry IV. of Eng- land. He made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, but was taken prisoner in Syria, and paid a large ransom for his liberty. Soon after his return the Swedes revolted, and were followed by the Danes, on which he withdrew to the Isle of Gothland. In 1439 he was formally deposed. He afterwards settled in Pomerania, where he died in 1459. He compiled a " History of Denmark to the year 1288." ERIC XIV., son and successor of Gusta- vus I., king of Sweden. lie courted the prin- cess Elizabeth, afterwards queen of England, but being refused, he married the daugliter of a j)easant. This alienated from him the hearts of his subjects, and, together with his cruel- lies, occasioned a revolt. Eric was compelled to renounce his throne in 1508. He died iu prison, in 1578. ERICEIRA, Fekdinand de Mexezes, Count, a Portuguese historian, was born at Lisbun, in 1(!14. He devoted himself to military service, and distinguished himself as an able general at Tangier. He wrote "The History of Tangier," "History of Portugal," &c. ERICEIRA, Fraxcis Xavieh Mexezes, Count, great-grandson of the above, was born at Lisbon, in 1703 ; and died in 1713. Ue wrote on " Academical Studies," " Pa- rallels of illustrious Men and Women," &c. ERIGENA, Joiix Scotus, a learned man of the 9th century, was born in Scotland, though some make him a native of England, and others of Ireland. He is said to have travelled to Athens, where he acquired the Greek and Oriental languages. He resided many years at the court of Charles the Bald, king of France, with whom he lived on terms of the greatest familiarity. At the request of his patron he translated the works of Dionysius into Latin, which drew upon him the resentment of the pope, to avoid whose fury he went to England, where he was courteously received by Alfred the Great, who placed him at the head of his newly- founded college at Oxford ; but after a resi- dence there of about three years, he retired to the abbey of Malmesbury. His greatest work was the " Division of Nature, or the Nature of Things," printed at Oxford in KWl. ERNESTI, John Augustus, an eminent German critic, and professor of theology at Leipsic, was born in 1707. He published several valuable editions of Xenoidion, Ci- cero, Suetonius, Tacitus, Homer, and Cal- limachus, accompanied with learned notes ; and a "Theological Library," in 10 vols. Died, 1781. ERNESTI, Augustus William, a nephew of the preceding, was also a distinguished classical scholar, and published several learned works. Born, 1753 ; died, 1801. ERSCH, John Samuel, a German bibli- ographer, born in i7W, was principal libra- rian, and professor of geography and statis- tics, at the university of Halle. He wrote a " Manual of German I^itcrature ; " a " Dic- tionary of French Writers, from 1771 to 1805 ;" was ^oint editor with Professor GrUber of the " Universal Encyclopaidia," published at I^ii)sic ; and editor of the " Jena Literary Gazette." Died, 1828. ERSKINE, Rev. Ebenezer, the founder of the secession church in Scotland, was bom at Dryburgh, in Berwickshire, 1080. Having passed through the usual literary and theo- logical curriculum at Edinburgh University, he was ordained minister of Portmoak, in Kinrosshire, in 1703, and soon began to take a prominent part in the religious contests of the period. In 1731 he accepted of a call to Stirling ; and circumstances soon after- wards having occurred to augment the hos- tility he had always shown to the law of patronage, he declared the church judicato- ries to be illegal and unchristian, and, after some delay and discussions, was " deposed from the olfice of the holy ministry " in 1740. But he was soon joined by his brother Raii)h, minister of Dunfermline, and other min- isters ; and having constituted themselves into a presbytery, they founded the Secession church of Scotland, which has since shot up into a goodly tree, and borne ample fruit. Died, 1704. ERSKIXE, Dr. Joiix, son of an eminent Scotch lawyer of the same name, was born at Cardross, in 1721, and destined for the bar ; but his inclination leading him to the study of theology, he was, in 1742, licensed to preach by the presbytery of Dumblane ; and in July, 1759, he and Dr. Robertson were admitted collegiate ministers of the Old Grey-Friars church there. His " Theological Dissertations " appeared in 1765 : but his " Sketches and Hints of Church History and Theological Controversy " were not pub- lished till many years after. These, with a ERS] ^ jjiclj) ^m'ber^al SSiasrapf)!?. [esp volume of sermons, are his principal works. Died, 1803. ERSKINE, Thomas, Lord, third son of David Henry Erskine, earl of Buchan, was born in 17,50. lie received his education at Edinburgh High School and St. Andrew's University ; but the contracted means of his family rendering a profession necessaiy, he went to sea as a midshipman ; but he quitted the service after four years, and en- tered into the royals, or 1st regiment of foot, with whom he embarked for Minorca in 1770. Ilis friends, however, and par- ticularly his mother, who properly appre- ciated his great talents, advised him to laj' aside all thoughts of a military life, and embrace the legal profession. Accordingly, at the age of 26, he entered at Trinity Col- lege, Caml)ridge, in 1777, mei-ely to obtain a degree, to which he was entitled as the son of a nobleman ; and, at the same time, became a student of Lincoln's Inn. He also placed himself as a pupil in the office of Mr (afterwards judge) Buller, then an eminent special pleader, and subsequently in that of Mr. (afterwards baron) Wood. He was called to the bar in 1778, and obtained im- mediate success. In May, 1783, he received a silk gown, and, the same year, was elected member of Parliament for Portsmouth, and unanimously rechosen for the same borough on every succeeding election, until raised to the peerage. In 1792, being employed to defend Thomas Paine, when prosecuted for the second part of his Rights of Man, he de- clared that, waiving all personal convictions, he deemed it right, as an English advocate, to obey the call : by the maintenance of w liich principle, he lost his office of attorney-gene- ral to the Prince of Wales. The rnost ar- duous eflFort, however, in his professional life, arose out of the part cast upon him, in con- junction with Mr. (afterwards Sir Vicary) Gibbs, in the trials of Hardy, Tooke, and others, for high treason, in 1794. Tliese trials lasted for several weeks, and tlie ability displayed by Mr. Erskine on this eventful occasion was admired and acknow- ledged by all parties. He was a strenuous opposer of the war with France ; and wrote a pamphlet, entitled " A View of the Causes and Consequences of the War with France;" when such was the attraction of his name, that it ran through the unprecedented num- ber of 48 editions. In 1802, the Prince of Wales not only restored him to his office of attorney-general, but made him keeper of his seals for the duchj' of Cornwall. On the death of Mr. Pitt, in 1806, when Lord Gren- ville received the commands of George III. to form a new administration, Mr. Erskine was created a peer, and raised to the dignity of lord high chancellor of Great Britain ; but the dissolutioia of the administration of wiiich he formed a part happening during the following year, he retired with the usual pension. During the latter years of his life Lord Erskine laboured under considerable pecuniary difficulties ; while numerous follies and eccentricities (to use no harsher epithets) obscured the brilliancy of his former fame. He was the author of a political romance, in 2 vols., entitled " Armata," and some pam- phlets on the Greek cause. But it was at j 278 the bar that he shone with peculiar lustre. There the resources of his mind were made apparent by instantaneous bursts of elo- quence, combining logic, rhetorical skill, and legal precision ; while he triumphed over the passions and prejudices of his hear- ers, and moulded them to his will. He died in 1823. ERXLEBEN, Jons CiiRisTrAir Poly- CAKP, a German naturalist, born at (iued- linburg, in 1744. He studied physic at Gottingen, and gave lectures there on the veterinary art and natural history. His "Principles of Natural History " is par- ticTilarlv valuable. He died in 1777. ESCOBAR Y MENDOZA, Anthont, a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, born at Valla- dolid, in 1589, and died in 1669. He was a popular preacher and a voluminous author. His most noted works are his " Moral The- ology," and his " Cases of Conscience." ESCOIQUIZ, Dox JiTAN, a Spanish di- plomatist and author, born in 1762. He was the confidential friend of Ferdinand VII., whom he defended zealously against the machinations of the Prince of Peace, and of Napoleon at Bayonne ; jet for having ad- vised the king to accept, at least in part, the constitution of the Cortes, he was banished on his restoration, and died in exile, in 1820. Among liis works are the "Conquest of Mexico " anl translations from Milton and Young. ESMENARD, Joseph Alphoxse, a French poet and political writer, was born, in 1770, at Ptlissane, in Provence. During the revo- lution he was connected with many literary and political journals ; accompanied General Leclerc to St. Domingo ; and on his return became acquainted with Marmontel. His poem, "La Navigation," is highly descrip- tive ; lie also wrote the operas of " Trajan " and " Ferdinand Cortez." He died in 1811. ESPAGNAC, John Baptist, Baron d', a French general, born in 1713. He served under Marshal Saxe, and wrote a number of books on the military art, and a history of the marshal, in 3 vols. 4to. ESPEJO, N., bom about 1764 ; one of the earliest champions of Spanish South Ameri- can liberty. He was massacred in 1814, with the garrison of Valencia, by the royalist general Boves, after capitulation. ESPER, John- Frederic, a naturalist and astronomer, was born at Drossenfeld, in Bayreuth, in 1732. He published " A Method of determining the Orbits of Comets, and other celestial Bodies, without astronomical Instruments, or mathematical Calculations;" and was the first who examined and described the curious fossil remains in the subterranean caverns of Barreuth. Died, 1781. ESPREMENIL, James Duval d', a coun- sellor of the parliament of Paris, and deputy from the nobility to the states-general in 1789. He had from his youtli entertained the project of restoring to France the states- general ; and for the violence of his speeches on that subject he was seized and banished to the isle of St. Margaret ; but being re- called to Paris in 1789, he defended the mo- narchy against innovators with as much warmth as he had before opposed the despo- tism of the ministry. He was ultimately est] ^ ^flD Winihct^al 38i0grap!)M. [eto condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, and perislicd on the scaffold in 1793. ESTAIMG, CUAKLES IIknry, Count, a French commander, was born of a noble family in Auvergne ; and commenced his career in the East Indies, under Lally, when he was taken prisoner by the English. In the American war he was employed as vice- admiral and general of the French armies on that station, where he took the island of Grenada. In 1787 lie became a member of the assembly of notables, and commandant of tlie national guards at Versailles at the commencement of the revolution ; but like many others who had promoted the revolu- tion, he was accused of counter-revolution- ary projects, and suffered, in 1793, by the guillotine. ESTE, one of the most ancient and illus- trious families of Italy, wliich owed its ori- gin to those petty princes who govenied Tuscany in the time of the Carlovingians. In later times, they received from the em- perors several districts and counties, to be held as fiefs of the empire, with the title of marquis. Of this family was Guelfo IV., who. having received the investiture of the duchy of Bavaria, founded the house of Brunswick. ESTRADES, Godfrey, Count, a French general and diplomatiist, born in 1G07, and died in 161(5. He served with distinction in the Netherlands, under Prince Maurice ; concluded several important treaties ; and for his various services was created a marshal of France. ESTllEES, Gabrielle, duchess of Beau- fort, mistress to Henry IV. of France, was born about 1571, and was descended from an ancient and noble family in I'icardy. So passionately was she loved by Henry, tliat he intended to raise Gabrielle to the throne as his lawful consort ; for which purpose he procured a divorce from Margaret of Valois. The design was strongly opposed by Sully, who often represented to tlie mo- narch the bad consequences of such a measure, and succeeded in rendering it abortive. Her death took place under very suspicious circumstances, in 1599. Having eaten an orange one day after dinner, she was suddenly seized with convulsions, and died during the same week in excruciating torments. She is descril>ed as possessing qualities of rare occurrence in one so situ- ated, namely, gentleness, amiability, and a modest demeanour. ETHELBEKT, king of Kent in 500. He married Bertha, daughter of Caribcrt, king of France, by whose means he embraced Christianity, which he had permitted to be preached to his subjects by Augustine the monk, who made many converts, and was afterwards canonised. Etlielbert enacted a code of laws, and died in CIC). ETHELBEKT, king of England, the se- cond son of Ethelwolf, succeeded his bro- ther Ethelbald, in 8(iO. He was a virtuous prince, and beloved by his subjects. ETHELIIED I., king of England, son of Ethelwolf, succeeded his brother Etlielbert in atV). The Danes became so formidable in his reign, as to threaten the conquest of the whole kingdom. Assisted by his brother Alfred, Ethelred drove them from the centre of Mercia, where they had penetrated ; but the Mercians refusing to act with him, he was obliged to trust to the West Saxons alone, his hereditary subjects. After various successes, the invaders continualljr increas- ing in numbers, Ethelred died, in conse- quence of a wound received in an action with them, in 871. ETHELRED II., king of England, the son of Edgar, succeeded his brother Edward the Martyr in 978, and, for his want of vi- gour and capacity, was surnamcd the Un- ready. He paid a tribute to the Danes by a tox levied on his subjects, called Danefjc.lt. To free himself from this ojipression, he caused all the Danes in England to be trea- cherously massacred in one daj'. On this, Sweyn, king of Denmark, entered Ids king- dom, and compelled him to fly to Kor- mandy, but Sweyn dying soon after, Ethelred returned and resumed the government. He died in lOlC. ETHELWOLF, king of England, suc- ceeded his father, Egbert, in 838, and gave to his son, Athelstan, the sovereignty over Essex, Kent, and Sussex. In the year 851 tlie Danes invaded the kingdom in excessive numbers, and threatened its total subjuga- tion ; for, thougli vigorously opposed by Athelstan and others, they fixed tlieir win- ter quarters in England, and next year burnt Canterbury and London. During these troubles, Ethelwolf, accompanied by Alfred, his youngest son, made a pilgrimage to Rome, where he remained a year, and, on his return, found Athelstan dead, and suc- ceeded by his next son, Ethelbald, who had entered into a conspiracy with some nobles to prevent his father from again ascending the throne. To avoid a civil war, the king gave up the western division of the kingdom to his son, and soon after, summoning the states of the whole kingdom, solemnly con- ferred upon the clergy the tithes of all the produce of the lands. Died, S.")?. ETHEREDGE, Sir Gkoi:«k, an English dramatist, and one of the wits of the court of Charles II., was born about 1(53(5. After he returned from his travels, he studied at one of the inns of court, but soon relin- quished legal science for the pursuit of that fashionable course of dissipation which cha- racterised the era in which he lived. Not- withstanding this, he devoted considerable attention to light literature, and wrote songs, panegyrics, lampoons, and dramas ; which, though tinctured with licentiousness, possess humour, ease, and spirit. His comedies are entitled " The Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub," " Slie Would if She" Could," and "Tlie Man of Mode." Having injured his I constitution and fortune, he sought to ! marry a rich elderly widow, who made his ' acquirement of the honour of knighthood the condition of her acceptance. This, on the accession of James II., he attained, and was appointed envoy to Ratisbon, where he is said to have lost his life, in 1083, by falling down stairs when in a state of intoxication. ETOILE, Peter pe j/, a French writer, born in ir>4(», wliote diary of events fumished the matter for the "Journal of Henry HI.," ett] %. i2cl\3 mniSitx^Kl 3St0SVKi3lj». [eul in 6 vols. ; and the "Journal of IlcnrylV.," in 4 vols. Died, 1011. ETTY, William, R.A., a distinguished artist, was born at York, 1787. At a very early age he evinced a talent for drawing and colours ; and having served his appren- ticeship asa printer, he abandoned that vo- cation for one in which he ultimately at- tained so eminent a position. On his arrival in London in 180,5, he soon attracted the attention of Ojiie, Fuseli, and Sir Thomas Lawrence ; and the death of an uncle, who t)equeathed him a considerable fortune, having enabled him to prosecute his studies as he pleased, he proceeded on a tour to Italy, the home of art, where he applied himself with zeal and perseverance to his profession, and imbibed that taste for Vene- tian art which he subsequently carried out in the numerous works that proceeded from his pencil. :Many of liis works were of colossal magnitude. A year liefore his death, a collection of them was made in the rooms of the Society of Arts, under his own super- intendence ; and their dazzling brilliancy surpassed the expectations of even his most cordial admirers. His " Judith " and " Joan of Arc " may rank with the best compositions of modern times. Died at York, 1850. EUBULIDES, a philosopher and dramatic writer of Miletus, was a disciple of Euclid, and preceptor to Demosthenes and Alexinus. He wrote some comedies, and a book against Aristotle. There was another of the same name, but of the cynic sect. EUCLID, an eminent philosopher of Megara, and the disciple of Socrates, from whom he differed in the manner of teaching; for, instead of instructing his pupils in mo- rals, he confined their attention wholly to the subtleties of logic. He flourished about four centuries before the Christian era, and was the founder of the Megaric sect. EUCLID, a celebrated mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished B.C. 300. He immortalised his name by his books on geometry, in which he digested all the pro- positions of the eminent geometricians who preceded him, as Thales, Pythagoras, and others. Ptolemy became his pupil, and his school was so famous, that Alexandria con- tinued for ages the great university for ma- thematicians. His " Elements " have gone through innumerable editions ; and though he wrote on music, optics, and other subjects, it is as a geometrician that he will ever be remembered. EUDOCIA, a learned female of Athens, whose original name was Athenais, was the daughter of Leontius tlie philosopher. In 421 she was married to the emperor Theodo- sius, who afterwards divorced her in a fit of jealousy. She then went to Jerusalem, where she built churches, and led a life of great devotion. She died in 4G0. This empress wrote several Greek poems, and paraphrases on some of the prophets. EUGENE, Franci,^, of Savoy, known as Prince Eugene, a distinguished military commander, and a grandson of the Duke of Savoy, was born at Paris, in 16G3. He was intended for the church ; but his predi- lection for a military life was so strong, that I on being refused a regiment in the French ai-my, he entered the service of the emperor, as a volunteer against the Turks ; where his bravery attracting notice, he was soon appointed to the command of a regiment of dragoons. He was afterwards placed at the head of the army of Hungary ; and so highly did Louis XIV. think of his abilities, that he offered Mm a marshal's staff, a pension, and the government of Champagne ; but these he indignantly refused. He was the companion in arms of the great Duke of Marlborough, and participated in the vic- tories of Blenheim, Oudenarde, &c. He like- wise saved Turin, expelled the French from Italy, reduced Lisle, and, in short, raised his name to the very pinnacle of military renown by repeated demonstrations of skill and bravery. He routed the Turks at Peter- waradin, in 1716, and compelled Belgrade to surrender, after inflicting on them another ruinous defeat. After the peace in 1718 he retired to private life, and spent his time in cultivating and patronising the arts, till he was again, in 1733, called into the field as commander on the Rhine : this service, how- ever, was unproductive of any remarkable action. He died, aged 72, in 1736 ; and, in- dependently of his military renown, he left behind him a character in private life worthy of imitation. EUGENIUS, an obscure man, who from being a grammarian, was proclaimed em- peror in Datii)hin<5 by Count Arbogastus, after the death of Valentinian the Younger, in 392. He crossed the Alps, and made himself master of Milan ; but in 394 he was defeated and slain by the emperor Theo- dosius. EULER, LEONAno, a celebrated mathema- tician, born at Basle, in 1707, and was a pupil of John Bemouilii. He was one of the lite- rati invited to St. Petersburg by Catharine I., and for a time sustained the whole weight of the mathematical department in the new university, with great talent and industry. In 1741 he accepted an invitation from Fre- derick the Great, and remained at Brienne till 1766, when he returned to the Russian capital, where he died in 1783. Though he had been blind for many years before his death, he still continued his literary labours; and in that state he produced his " Elements of Algebra " and his " Theory of the Moon." His writings, which are numerous, are able and original, both in metaphysics and philo- sophy ; and, in fact, he may justly be re- garded as one of the greatest mathematicians of the age. EULER, John Albert, Charles, and CHinsToriiER, three sons of the preceding, were each eminent in their respective walks of lil'e. — The eldest, John Albert, an able mathematician, was born at St. Petersburg, in 1734, and died there in 1800. He was a counsellor of state, and secretary of the Imperial Academy of Sciences ; and wrote many treatises on astronomy, optics, &c — Charles, the second son, who was bom at St, Petersburg, in 1740, was physician to the cburt, and a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He died in 1766 ; and to him is attributed an able treatise on the motion of the planets Christopher, the youngest son, was born at Berlin, in 1743 ; eum] ^ ^cU) ^nibrrj^fll 3Si0jQT<ip!)y» [eva besides being eminent as a mathematician, l>e was an excellent astronomer, and was one of the persons selected to observe the transit of Venus in 1709. He first held a commis- sion in the Prussian artillery service, and afterwards in that of Russia ; but the time and place of his death are unknown. EUMENES, a celebrated general under Alexander the Great, after whose death he became very powerful, the government of Cappodocia and Faphlogonia being assigned to him ; but he was at last conquered by Antigonus, and put to death B.C. 316. He was a man of strict probity, and of a mild and generous nature. EUNAPIUS, a writer and physician of the 4th century, who wrote a book of the Lives of the Pliilosophers and Sophists, in which he speaks rancorously of Cliristinnity. lie also composed the history of the Ccesars, which is lost, but the substance of it may be seen in Zosimus. EUPHUllION, a Greek poet and histo- rian, born at Chalcis in Euba-a, is. c. 274. Only a few fragments of his poems are extant. EUPIIRANOR, an Athenian painter and sculptor, who lived about uii2 years B.C. He wrote some books on the arts which he professed, but they are lost. EUPOLIS, a comic poet of Athens, who lived about 435 b.c. Alcibiades is said to have caused him to be cast into the sea for writing a play against him, but yElian says that he died at Egiua. Some fiagmeutsof his remain. EURIPIDES, a Grecian tragic poet, was born in the island of Salamis, B.C. 480. He studied at Athens under Anaxagoias the philosopher, and Prodicus the rhetorician ; but left that city in disgust, on account of the rivalship of Sophocles and the raillery of Aristophanes, and went to the court of Archelaus, king of Maeedon. He wrote an immense number of tragedies, nineteen of which are extant. As he was walking one evening in a wood, he was attacked by the king's hounds and torn in pieces. He was then in his 7.")th year. EUSDtIN, Laurexce, an English poet, was born in Yorkshire. In 1718 he obtained the laureateship, which raised him seve- ral enemies, particularly Pope, who placed him in the Dunciad. He became rector of Coningsby, in I.incolnshiie, where he died in J730. His poems are in Nichols's collection. EUSEBIUS, Pampiiimts, an ecclesiastical historian, was born in Palestine about 270. In the i>ersecution by Diocletian, he assisted the suffering Christians by his exliortations, particularly his friend Pamphilus, whose niinie out of veneration he assumed. liuse- bius was chosen bishop of Ca;sarea about 013. He was at first the friend of Arius, because lie considered him as persecuted, but on per- ceiving the dangerous extent of his opinions, he abandoned Iiim, and assisted at the coun- cil of Nice, which he opened with an address. He was also at that of Antioch. The emperor Omstanline had a particular esteem forliim, and showed liim several tokens of favour. He died about 338. He wrote an "Ecclesi- astical History," the "Life of Constantinc," and other works, the principal of which is "Evangelical Preparation." EUSTACUIUS, Baktholomeav, an emi- nent Italian physician of the ICth century. He settled at Rome, wlicre he formed his anatomical tables, and nuide several im- portant discoveries, among which is the passage from the throat to the internal ear, called the Eustachian tube. Boerhaave pub- lished this author's Opuscula Anatomicu in 1707. He died in 1570. EITSTATHIUS, an eminent critic and archbishop of Thessalonica, was born at ConstantiJiople, and lived in the 12lh century. He wrote commentaries on Homer and Dio- njsius the geographer ; displaying, in the former more especially, profound philological learning. EUTROPIUS, Flatii-s, a Latin historian of the 4th century. He was secretary to Constantine the Great, and served under Julian in his Persian expedition. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, of which numerous editions have been printed. EUTYCHES, an ecclesiastic of the 5th century, from wliom the sect of Entychians sprung, was a man of strict piety, l)Ut who, in opposing the doctrines of Nestorius, fell into the opposite extreme, and denied the human nature of Christ. For this he was excommunicated ; but he had many follow- ers, and the sect existed for a long period after hia death. EVAGORAS, a Greek writer in the time of Augustus. He wrote a History of Egypt, the Liie of Tlmagencs, "De AriiflcioThucy- didis Oratorio," &c. EVANS, Abkl, commonly called Dr. Evans, the epigrammatist, was one of the Oxford wits, and intimate with the most eminent poets of the age. He was a member of St. John's College, and viciir of St. Giles, Oxford. He took his degree of D.D. in 1711. EVANS, Akise, an astrologer of the 17th century, was a native of Wales, and educated at Oxford. He removed to London, where he taught the mathematics, practised astro- logy, and had the reputation of a necro- mancer. EVANS, Caleb, was an eminent Baptist minister at Bristol, and the author of " Ser- mons on the Scripture Doctrine of the Son and Holy Spirit," " Christ Crucified, or the Scripture Doctrine of tlie Atonement," &c. He died in 1791. EVANS, Cornelius, an impostor, was born at Marseilles, but his father was a Welsliman. In 1048 he came to P^ngland, and pretended to be the prince of Wales, to wliom he bore a great resemblance. After carrying on this farce a few weeks he was sent to Newgate, from whence he effected his escape, but what became of him afterwards is not known. EVANS, Joiix, n general Baptist minister, and theological writer, was I)orn at Uskc, in Monmouthshire. Having completed his studies at the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, in 1792 he became pastor of a congregation in Worship Street, London, and 8ul)se(itiently opened an academy for youth at Hoxton, which he removed to Is- lington, and finally rclintiuished it in 1K25. He wrote and compiled several works, but 281 eva] ^ flfin mntbtr^al SSiagraiJl^M. [exji is chiefly known as the author of " A Brief Sketch of the several Denominations into which the Christian World is divided." Died, 1827. EVANSON, Edward, a divine, was born at Warrington, in Lancashire, in 1731, and educated at Cambridge. He obtained the rectory of Tewkesbury, but liaving adopted Sociuian doctrines, he was compelled to quit his living, and afterwards settled at Mitcham, in Surrey. He wrote the " Dissonance of the Four generally received Evangelists," " A Letter to Bishop Hurd on the Grand Apos- tasy," " Reflections on the State of Religion in Christendom," and some other works. Died, 180.5. EVELYN, John', was the son of Richard Evelyn, esq., of Wotton, Surrey, where he was born in 1G20. Throughout life he evinced a love for the liberal and useful arts ; and having at an early period been induced to leave England on account of the civil war, he added greatly to liis stock of knowledge by the good use he made of his time while travelling in France and Italy. He re- turned home in 1(5.51, and made some efforts in favtjur of the royal cause ; on which ac- count he was much favoured by Charles II. after lii.s restoration. On the foundation of the Royal Society, he was nominated one of the first fellows ; soon after which he pub- lished his most celebrated work, entitled " Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees," &c. In 1004, Evelyn was appointed one of the commissioners of sick and wounded seamen; also a commissioner for rebuilding St. Paul's cathedral; and he afterwards had a place at the board of trade. Jn the reign of James II. he was made one of the commissioners for executing tlie oflice of lord privy seal, and after the Revolution he was appointed trea- surer of Greenwich Hospital. Evelyn has the honour of being one of the first who im- proved horticulture, and introduced exotics into this country. Of liis garden at Sayes Court, a curious account may be seen in the Philosophical Transactions. Besides liis " Sylva," he wrote " Xerra, a Philosophical Discourse of Earth," "Kumismata, or a Dis- course of Medals," " Sculptura," " Acetaria," &c. His "Memoirs," comprehending a curious Diary and Correspondence, have been published ; besides an interesting " Me- moir of Mrs. Godolphiu " (which he left in MS.), edited by the present Bishop of Ox- ford ; and still more recently a " History of Religion." Died, 1706. EVELYN, Sir George Augustus Wil- liam Shuckburgii whose original name was Shuckburgh, but having married the daughter of James Evelyn, esq., of Fal- bridgc. Surrey, heiress of the Evelyn estates, he took that name. lie was M.P. for War- wick, and a member of tlie Royal and An- tiquarian Societies ; to the " Transactions " of the former of which he was a valuable contributor. Born, 1751 ; died, 1804. EVERARD, Johannes Secl-xdus, son of Nicholas Everard, president of tlie council of Holland, was born at the Hague in 1511, and became Latin secretary to tlie emperor Charles V.. wliom he accomjianied to the siege of Tunis. He wa.s the author of "Basia," a collection of Latin poems, ele- gant in language, but licentious in principle: it is therefore to be lamented that they have been translated into most modern Eu- ropean languages. Johannes Secundus, as he is usuallv called, died in 1536. EVERDINGEN, Aldek Van, a Dutch painter, celebrated both for landscapes and sea pieces, was born in 1021. The date of his death is unknown. EVREMOND, St., Charles Marquetel DE St. Dknis, Lord of, was born in 1613, and became one of the most lively and amusing writers of his time. He studied the law, but subsequently entered the military service, and obtained the rank of general under the Prince of Conde ; but he lost his commission for having indulged his propensity for satire at the expense of the prince. He then got embroiled with Cardinal Mazarin, was im- prisoned in the Biistile, and afterwards es- caped a second arrest only by flying to Eng- land. He was well received at the gay court of Charles II. ; and, after indulging in a life of ease and enjoyment, died in 1703. EWALD, John, an eminent Danish poet, was the son of a clergyman, and born at Copenhagen, in 1743. Having lost his father while young, and disliking the clerical life, he left his home when but 15 years of age, and enlisted in the Prussian army. Desert- ing to the Austrian service, he was made a Serjeant, but not being able to obtain his discharge when he wished, he deserted again and returned to Denmark. His youthful follies being now at an end, he pursued a literary life with great ardour, and produced several very excellent works ; but that one to which he owed his earliest distinction as a poet, was an " Elegy on the Death of Fre- deric V." His " Songs of the Scalds," and other pieces after the manner of Ossian,g.'ive him great reputation ; and he may be said to have surpassed all preceding Danish poets in spirit and originality. Died, 1781. EWING, JoUN, an eminent American divine, natural philosopher, and mathema- tician, was born in Maryland, in 1732. He was pastor to the first Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia ; and on visiting Great Bri- tain in 1773, he received from the university of Edinburgh the diploma of D.D. In 1775 he returned home ; and in a few years after- wards was made provost of the university of Philadelphia. He also became one of the vice-presidents of the American Pliilosophi- cal Society ; and was justly esteemed as a mathematician of distinguished reputation. Died, 1802. EXMOUTH,EDAVARn Pellew, Viscount, was descended from a Cornish family of respectability, and born at Dover in 1757. At the age of 13 he entered the navy as a midshipman on board the Juno frigate ; and during the American war we find him in the Blonde frigate, contending for naval su- premacy on Lake Champlain, where he at- tracted" the notice of his superiors by his bold and matchless daring. Continuing to signalise himself in various ways, during the American contest, he was at length sent home with disjjatches, and strong recom- mendations for promotion ; and having ob- tuined it, he proved, by repeated successes, how much he deserved it. At the com- I etc] ^ iUeiD 5Huiber^aI 38iOffrapTjn. [fab meiiccment of the war \iitli France in 1703, his services were called into immediate action as captain of the Nymphe, a 3(5-gun frigate, which he manned chiefly with Cornish mi- ners ; and meeting the Cleopatre, of 4() guns, a "crack ship of France," he had the good fortune to make her his prize, after sustaining one of the most gallant lights on record. Tiiis being the first frigate captured after the commencement of hostilities, he was gra- ciously received at court, and had the honour of knighthood conferred on him. lie was now appointed to the command of the Are- thusa of 44 guns, and hence followed many gallant exploits, wlule cruizing in the Chan- nel with Sir J. B. Warren's squadron. After this he commanded the Indefatigable, and his devotion and energy continued to be re- warded with liis usual succesa. But it was not merely by beating the enemies of his country that Sir Edward distinguished him- self : many acts of self-devotion, courage, and presence of mind were displayed by him in saving human life : for one of which, namely, the preservation of tlic crew of the Button, which was shipwrecked, he was created a baronet, and received for an honourable augmentation to his arms a stranded ship for a crest. From 179G to 17tt8 a series of daring enterprises well sus- tained his hourly increasing reputation. lu 1799 he removed into L'Impetueux, of 74 guns ; and in 1800 was dispatched, with a squadron, to assist General Maitland in co-operating with the French royalists at Quibcron. During the short peace he was ( elected to represent Barnstable in parlia- i ment ; but on the resumption of hostilities he hoisted his flag on board Le Tonnant, of 80 guns. Soon after this he was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral, and proceeded to the East Indies, as commander-in-chief on that station, which he held till 1809. He ' had not long returned to this country before he received the command of the fleet in the North Sea ; and a year afterwards succeeded Sir Charles Cotton in the more important I command of the Mediterranean fleet. For I a long period he was incessantly engaged I in upholding the patriot cause on the eastern i coast of Spain, and in co-operating with the British forces there. His valuable ser- vices were properly appreciated, and on his return he was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Exmouth, with a pension of 2000L per annym. In March, 181(5, his lord- ship proceeded to the Barbary States, and concluded a negotiation for the liberation of all Christiou slavea in those dominions ; but he had scarcely been welcomed home before it was discovered they had violated all their engagements ; and he returned to Algiers witli a force sufficient to carry into effect the object of his former mission. He drew up his fleet in order of battle, and sent in a flag of truce ; but no answer being re- turned, it was followed by one of the fiercest and most destructive bombardnients ever known. The result of this was, that the ferms prescribed by the British government, for the total abolition of Christian slavery, &c. were nnconditioually subnutted to. Lord Exmouth was now created a viscount, and on the death of Admiral Duckworth, in 1817, he was appointed to the chief command at Plymouth, where he continued till 1821, when he finally retired from the active du- ties of his profession, but obtained the high station of vice-admiral of England, in 18;}2. Few men in the naval service of this coun- try, eminently distinguished as many have been, ever bore so prominent a part, or evinced more determined courage and cool- ness in discharge of their arduous duties, than did this gallant, humane, and active officer. He seemed to be the very beau ideal of a British sailor ; his undaunted courage and enterprise was strikingly denoted in his manly aspect ; and, though a perfect disci- plinarian, his hearty and encouraging ex- pressions produced a magic eftect on his officers and men, while they always felt the fullest confidence in his skill and intrepidity. He died in January, 1HS3. E YCK, UuBEUT and John Vak, brothers, both eminent as painters, were born at Maaseyk, in Holland ; the former in l.'iGO, the latter in 1.J70. Hikekt is regarded as the founder of the Flemish school ; and JouN, who from his place of residence is known as Johii of lirugcs, was certainly the first who brought the art of painting in oil to perfection. He also made great improve- ments in the art of perspective ; and is allowed to have excelled all others in paint- ing on glass, delicately blending his colours, and yet so firmly fixing them that oblitera- tion was impossible. He died in 1441. EYKE, FKA^•cls, a gentleman of the Ro- man Catholic persuasion, and a public ad- vocate of its principles, was descended from a respectable family in Northamptonshire, many years resident at Warkworth Castle. He engaged in a theological controversy with Mr. Churton, and wrote " Remarks on the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," &c. Died, 1801. FABER, BASir,, a learned German Pro- testant, who published in 1.571, a work, entitled " Thesaurus Eruditionis Scholias- tica!," since improved by Cellarius and others into 2 vols, folio. He was a native of Sorau, and died in l.">7<!. FABER, Joiix, a German divine, was bom at Heilbron in 1600. His works were printed at Cologne, in 3 vols, folio. There was another of this name, termed Malleus Ifereticontm, or the Cruslier of Heretics, who wrote several publications against the Protestants, for which he was raised to the archbishopric of Vienna. Died, 1542. fab] % iSclD Winibtr^aX 2St05rapT)p, [fab FABERT, Abraham de, a French mili- tary commander of great reputation, was ))orn at Metz in 1599. When oniy 1 a years old, his father procured him a commission in the army ; and such was his skill and ardour for the service, that he rose to the first rank in his profession, and distinguished liimself by a series of exploits which have had but few parallels in modern warfare. He refused the cordon bleu, which was offered to him by Louis XIV., and to which none but those of ancient descent were pro- perly entitled, because, said he, " I will not have my mantle decorated by a cross, aud my name dishonoured by an imposture." In fact, so highly was lie esteemed for his sense of honour, that Mazarine declared, "If Fabert can be suspected, there is no man living in whom we can place con- fidence." Died, 1GC2. FABIAN, Robert, an English chronicler of the 1.5th century. He was a tradesman of London, anil ser\'ed the offices of alder- man and sheriff. His " Chronicle of Eng- land and France " was first printed at Lon- don in 1510. FABIUS, Maximus Rijllianus, an illus- trious Roman. In 303 B.C. he served the office of censor, and obtained the name of Maximus for lessening the power of the populace in elections. He triumphed over seven nations, and served the office of dic- tator a second time, b.c. 287. FABIUS MAXIMUS, QtnxTtrs, surnamed Va-rucosiis, was a lineal descendant of the above. He was employed against Hannibal, in opposition to whom he adoi)ted a liarassing and protracted mode of warfare, instead of risking the fortunes of Rome upon the event of a single battle ; and thus the Fabian manner of conducting a campaign lias be- come an adage. He distiiiguislied himself by his prudence, valour, and generosity. He was consul tlie first time b. c. 233, when he gained a great victory over the Ligurians. In his advanced years he was superseded by Scipio, yet his death was lamented by the people as a common loss. Died b.c. 203, aged near 100. FABIUS PICTOR, the first wiitcr of the Roman history, who flourished B. c. 225. There is a work extant under his name, but it is a manifest forgery. FABRE, John Cj.AtDius, a French writer of some note, was born at Paris in l(>i;8, and died about the middle of the last cen- tury. He wrote a Continuation of Fleu- ry's Ecclesiastical History, a French and l^atin Dictionary ; and translated Virgil, Phajdrus, &c. FABRE, John, a native of Nismes, whose name deserves to be handed down to pos- terity as a noble instance of filial piety. At a period when the spirit of persecu- tion was rife in France, his father was con- demned to the gallej's for having made one of a Protestant congregation. The son was no sooner informed of the cruel sentence than he solicited to be exchanged for him, and was accepted. Though compelled to herd with the vilest of mankind, he remained in this degrading state of slavery upwards of G years, having refused to purchase his li- berty on the condition of prevailing upon the Protestant pastor to quit the kingdom. Bom, 1729 ; died, 1797. FABRETTI, Raphael, an Italian anti- quarian of great merit. Ilia principal works are " De Aquis et Aquaeductibus veteris Roma;, Dissertationes Tres ; " " De Columna Trajana," and " Inscriptionum Antiquarum Explicatio." Born, at Urbino, 1G20 ; died, at Rome, 1700. FABRI, HoNORius, a learned Jesuit, was born in 1007 at Bellay, and died at Rome in 1088. He wrote " Physica sen Rerum Cor • porearum Scientia," 6 vols. 4to. ; " Synop- sis Optica," 4to. ; " De Plantis, de Gene- ratione Animalium, et de Homine," 4to. &c. He is said by some to have discovered the circulation of the blood before Harvey. F ABRIClUS, Caius (surnamed Luscinus), a Roman general, who was twice consul, and gained several victories over tlie Sam- nites and Lucanians. He was a pattern of virtue, in his integrity and contempt of riches. When consul, he discovered to Pyr- rhus, king of Epirus, a plot formed to poison him by his physician ; and in gratitude for so noble an act, Pyrrhus released the Roman prisoners without ransom. He died in po- verty about 2.")0 B. c. F ABRICI US, Davip, a German astrono- mer and divine, who is chiefly remembered for his attempting to reconcile the Pto'e maic system with the observations of Kep- ler, ife is also the author of a Chronicle of East Friesland, of which country he was a native, and where he died in l.'')79. FABRICIUS, John, son of the foregoing, was also an astronomer, and the first who, by means of refracting telescopes, disco- vered the spots on the sun's disk, before, as it appears, they were noticed l)y Galileo. Died, about 1025. FABRICIUS, or FABRIZIO, Jerome, an Italian physician, usually called Aquapcn- detite, from the place of his birth. He was a pupil of Fallopius, and professed anatomy with extraordinary reputation at Padua 40 years. He died in 1619. His works on ana- tomv and surgery form 2 vols, folio. FABRICIUS, John Albert, a learned critic and divine, was born at Leipsic in 1668. He became professor of eloquence at Hamburgh, where he died in 1736 ; leaving behind him a justly-acquired fame for pro- found and comprehensive erudition. He is the author of "Bibliotheca Latina," 2 vols. 4to. ; " Bibliotheca Grseca," 14 vols. 4to. ; " Codex Ai)ocryphus Novi Testamenti," 3 vols. 8vo., and many other learned works. FABRICIUS, JoHX Christian, a distin- guished entomologist, and the friend and pupil of Linnajus, was born at Tundern, in Sleswick, in 1742, and died at Copenhagen in 1807. He was counsellor to the king of Denmark, and professor of rural and poli- tical economy ; on both of which subjects he wrote ; but his life was mainly devoted to the pursuit of liis favourite science, and for the purpose of improving it he visited most of the museums in Europe. Ilis "Systema Entomologiae," and other works on entomology, are in high repute. FABRIS, NiciioLA-s, an Italian mecha- nician, was born at Chioggia in 1739, and was made counsellor to tlie bishop of that fab] ^ |leh) BniiinSKl ^ia^ra^f^^. [fai city in 1801. He was of the clerical pro- fession, but studied mathematics and music with singular ardour and success, lie made a pianoforte, which, while it played, wrote down the music ; also a time-piece, which at thesame time marked the French and Italian hours, minutes, and seconds, with the equi- noxes and solstices ; besides various other curious instriunents. FABROXI, Anoiolo, a learned Italioji, was born at Marradi, in Tuscany in 1732. lie is generally known by his biographies of Italian literati of the 17th and 18th cen- turies, of wliich work he published IB vo- lumes, and left another ready for the press. lie also wrote the lives of l-oreuzo and Cosmo de Medici, and of Leo X. ; besides editing a literary journal, which exteuded to 110 volumes. Towards the close of his life he retired to Pisa, became curator of that university, and there died in 1802. FABRONI, Giovanni, an Italian writer of great celebrity, whose works on political economy, agriculture, and physical science are alike remarkable for the sound maxims they contain, and the extensive views in which they abound. He was director of bridges and highways (under the imperial government) for the department beyond the Alps, and held many honourable situa- tions connected with literature and science. Born, 1752 ; died, at Florence, 1823. FABllOT, Charles Anniual, a learned jurist, was professor of jurisprudence at Aix, in Provence, where he was born in l.TSl. His principal work, entitled " Basilicon," in 7 vols, folio, is a translation of the basilics or laws of the Eastern empire ; but he wrote several professional works, and edited many of the Byzantine historians. Died, lGo9. FABRY, John Baptist Gkumain, secre- tary to Fouche, duke of Otranto, Buona- parte's minister of police. He was the au- thor of " Le Spectateur Frangais au 19me Sitcle," 12 vols., and many other works. Born, 1780 ; died, 1821. FACCIOLATI, James, an Italian philo- logist, was bom at Torreglia, near Padua, in 1682. He devoted great attention to re- viving the study of ancient literature ; and having conceived the idea of a Latin lexicon, in which every word, with all its significa- tions, should be contained and illustrated l>y examples from the classical writers, this immense undertaking occupied for nearly li» vears both him and his pupil Forcellini. Died, 1 700. PACINI. Petei!, a native of Bologna, who was first a t)Upil, and afterwards tlic rival, of Aunibal Caracci. He was extensively em- ployed in ornamenting churches and man- >i(;ns ; but his works being painted in fresco, few of them are preserved. Born, 15(51 ; died, 1S02. FADLALLA, an oriental historian in the 13th century, was the son of a physician of Hamadan, in Persia ; and, on being ap- pointed vizier to the sultan Cazan, who reigned at Tauris, was ordered by him to write a history of the Moguls ; which hav- ing performed, he afterwards added to it a civil and geographical description of all the territories and people of the Moguls and Tartars. FAGE, Raimond de la, a French artist, celebrated for the extraordinary facility and beauty of his pen-and-ink drawings, some of which have been engraved and published. Died, lf)90. FAGEL, Gaspar, an eminent Dutch statesman, born at Haerlem, in 1(529, was grand pensionary of Holland, and distin- guished himself not more by the firmness with which he opposed Louis XIV., when he invaded his country, than by the activity with which he supported the Prince of Orange in his plans for the expulsion of James II. from England. Died, l(i88. He was never married ; but the name has been well kept up by his nephews and great nephews, live of whom have filled the most important offices in the state; and one of them, Francis Nicholas, was a renowned military com- mander. He greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Fleurus, 1(!!)0 ; the defence of Mons, 1G91 ; the siege of Namur, and the capture of Bonn, 1703 ; in Portugal and Flanders ; and at the great battles of Ramil- lies and Malplaquet. He died in 1718 Henrv, the last of the Fagels, who has figured as a statesman, signed the treaty of peace between Great Britaiu and the Nether- lauds, in 1814, and has at all times sliowii a devoted attacliment to the House of Orange. FAGIULOLI, John Baptist, an Italian poet, celebrated for the fucetiousness and drollery of his writings, was born at Flo- rence, in 1(5(50, and died in 1742. He wrote seven volumes of comedies, two volumes of burlesque poetry, and one of miscellanies in prose. FAHRENHEIT, Oabhiel Da:tiel, an experimental philosopher, whose arrange- ment of the thermometer and barometer which bear his name, was a work of great utility. He was a native of Dantzic ; born in 1(58(5, and died in 1730. FAIPOULT, Guillaume Marie, was a French republican statesman, born of a noble family in Champagne, in 17.52. For ten. years he was prefect of the department of the Scheldt ; he subsequently held the otfice of minister of finance under Joseph Buonaparte in Spain, and on his return to France in 1813, he was sent on a mission to Italy by Napoleon. On the second restora- tion he was made prefect of the department of Saone and Loire. Died, 1817. FAIRFAX, Edward, was the son of Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, in Yorkshire, and is regarded as one of the great improvers of English versification. Settling at New- hall, in Knaresborough Forest, he led the life of a retired country gentleman, devoted to literary pursuits. His chief reputation as a poet rests on his translation of Tasso's " (jrodfrey of Bouillon," which is written in the same stanza with the original, and com- bines fidelity to the sense of the author, with striking harmony of style. He also wrote Eclogues, and a prose work on Demonology, in which he was, it seems, a believer. He died about 1632. FAIRFAX, Thomas, Lord, a distinguished commander in the civil wars, and one of the leading characters of that turbulent period, was the eldest son of Lord Fairfax, to whose title and estates he succeeded in PAl] ^ ^cto Winihtv^nl ^fiiasrapfju. [fal 1647. When the disputes between Charles I. and tlie Parliament terminated in open rup- ture, Fairfax warmly espoused the cause of the latter, and joined his father in making active preparations for the approaching contest. In the earlier part of his career, he suffered various checks from the royalist forces, but he retrieved his character at Marston Moor, and was appointed general- in-chief when Essex resigned. He was after- wards victorious at Naseby, reduced the west to obedience, and compelled Colchester to surrender. But he was hostile to the exe- cution of the dethroned monarcli ; and con- siderable jealousy appears to have been en- tertained of him by Oliver Cromwell. At length he resigned the command of the army, and retired for awhile from public life. At the Restoration he crossed over to Holland for the purpose of congratulating Charles II. on his accession, and was formally recon- ciled to that monarch. He devoted his lei- sure hours to the encouragement and cul- tivation of letters, and left behind him a volume of poems and miscellanies, including an interesting sketch of his own life. Died, 1671. FAITHORNE, William, an English engraver and painter of the 17th century, whose works, though numerous and popular in his day, seldom rise above mediocrity. Died, 1691. ■ FALCONER, Thomas, an ingenious scholar, and the author of " Chronological Tables," &c., was born at Chester, in 1736, and died in 17S2. FALCONER, William, an English poet and writer on naval aflfairs, was born at Edinburgh, about 1730. When very young, he went to sea in the merchant service, and had risen to the situation of second mate, when the vessel to which lie belonged was cast away. Thus furnished with the inci- dents of his " Shipwreck," it was published in 1762, and dedicated to Edward, duke of York, by whose patronage the author was appointed a midshipmivn on board the Royal George, and next a purser in the Glory. In 1769, he was appointed purser of the Aurora, which ship was never heard of after she quitted the Cape of Good Hope, in De- cember, 1769, and was therefore supposed to have foundered at sea, and all her crew to have perished. Besides " The Shipwreck," he wrote some minor poems, and a " Marine Dictionary." FALCONER, William, a skilful physi- cian, residing at Bath, was an able writer on chemical and medical subjects ; and many able treatises owe their existence to liis professional skill and industry. To him belongs the discovery of the properties of carbonic gas, which has been erroneously attributed to Dr. Priestley. Born, 1743 ; died, 1824. FALCONET, Stephen- Mairice, a cele- brated French sculptor, was born at Paris, in 1716. Although, owing to his humble origin, he had been apprenticed to a cutter of barber's blocks, he became an excellent modeller, and, assisted by Lemoine, the sculptor, rose to eminence as an artist ; while, owing to his persevering application, he also shone as an author. In 1766 he was 286 invited to Russia, to execute the colossal statue of Peter the Great, and there he re- sided 12 years. His writings on the fine arts form 6 vols. 8vo. Died, 1791. FALCONETTO, John Maria, an Italian architect, was born at Verona, in 14j8. He built palaces, and much improved the style of architecture in the Venetian states ; and a building of his at Padua is said to liave suggested to Palladio the idea of the famous Villa Capra, which served as the model of Lord Burlington's villa at Chiswick. lie died in 1534. FALCONIA, Proba, a Christian poetess, born in Etruria, who flourished in the reign of the emperor llonorius, in the 4th century. FALIERI, Makino, a Venetian noble, succeeded Andrew Dandolo as doge of Venice, in 1354. He had previously com- manded the troops of the republic at the siege of Zara, in Dalmatia, where he gained a brilliant victory over the king of Hun- gary ; and was afterwards ambassador to Genoa and Rome. When he succeeded to the office of doge, he was 76 years of age, and had a young and beautiful wife. Jealous of Michael Steno, he quarrelled with and was insulted by him at a masquerade ; but Steno being sentenced to no more than a month's imprisonment for his offence, Fa- lieri, burning with revenge, entered into a conspiracy with the plebeians to overturn the government and massacre the patri- cians. On the night before it was to be carried into effect, the plot was discovered, and Falieri suffered decapitation, April 17. 1355. His character is delineated with his- torical truth by Lord Byron, in one of his noblest tragedies. FAI<K, Jonx Daxiel, was the son of a poor wig-maker at Dantzic, who would scarcely allow him to be taught even to read and write before he employed him in his trade ; but his love of knowledge was sufficient to overcome the difficulties that lay in his way of attaining it, and all his little savings were laid out at the circulating library. Having thus obtained a tolerable education, he published some admirable satires, but afterwards wrote principally upon religious subjects. Born, 1770 ; died, 1826. FALK, or FALCK, Jonx Petek, a Swe- dish naturalist and traveller, and a pupil of Linnceus. Having finished his studies at Upsal, he went to St. Petersburgh, and was engaged by the Imperial Academy of Sci- ences to assist in exploring the Russian dominions. After some years spent in this employment, he was afflicted with hypochon- dria to such a degree, that, while at Kasan, in 1774, in one of his paroxysms, he put a period to his existence with a pistol. His travels were afterwards published in 3 vols. FALKENSTEIN, Johx Henry, a volu- minous writer, was born in Franconia, in 1682. He wrote the " Antiquities of Nord- gau," 3 vols, folio ; and other works of a similar kind. He died at the court of the Margrave of Anspach, in 1760. FALKLAND, Henrv Cary, Viscount, son of Sir Edward Cary, master of the jewel office to queen Elizabeth and to James I., was made comptroller of the king's house- fal] ^ ^cix) mntbcriEfaX 38t00rapl)J?. [far hold, and elevated to the (Scotch) peerage of Falkland in 1<!17. Subsequently he was made lord deputy of Ireland, but did not long hold the office, the Catholic party being much opposed to him. lie was a man ot considerable literary talcut, and published "Letters to the Duke of Buckingham," " A Ilistory of that unfortunate Prince, Ed- ward II.," &c. Died, IG33. F.(\X.KLAND, Li c:ius Caky, Viscount, son of the preceding. His course is a strong and painful proof that the best intentions may lead to fatal results, if not guided by solid judgment. lie was much favoured by Charles I., and was one of the gentlemen of the bed- chamber to that monarch. Yet, unaware of the extremities to which the (so called) pa- triots of the day desired to proceed, he warmly supported them. It is true that when he did perceive the real intentions of the parliamentarians he decidedly embraced the cause of the king. But he had done immense mischief by lending the weight of his high character, social, intellectual, and moral, precisely at the time when the weight of that character would most have benefited the cause of social order. Learned, and the patron of learning, he was also as brave as he was gentle ; and when he discovered the error of liis opposition, he fought boldly and zealously for his king ; and died honourably at the battle of Newbury, in the 34 th year of liis age, KiW. FALKLAND, TIe.vuy Lucius Gary, Vis- count, son of the above, died young. He is said to have been a man of talent, but the only proof we have of it is a play, culled " The Wedding Night." Died, If56i5. FALKNEB, Thomas, was originally an English surgeon, but afterwards a Jesuit, and employed as a missionary in Paraguay. After the suppression of the order to which he belonged, he returned to England, and passed the remainder of his life in retire- ment. He wrote a "Description of Pata- gonia," &c. Died, 1780. FALLOPIUS, CxAnuiEL, an eminent ana- tomist and physician, was born at Modcna ; studied at Ferrara and Padua ; was professor of anatomy for three years at Pisa ; and, lastly, filled the chair of anatomy and sur- gery at Padua, where he remained till his death, in LW.^. He was the first who accu- rately described the vessels and bones of the foetus ; and his account of the Fallopian tubes has served to i)erpetuate his name. His chief work is entitled " Observationes Anatomicae." FALLOWS, Feakox, was a distinguished mathematician and astronomer, who in 1821 was appointed to the office of astronomer royal at the Cape of Goo<l Hope. During the two following years, though furnished with but few instruments, he formed a cata- logue of 27;i stars belonging to the southern hemisphere ; nor is there a doubt but that, had his life been spared for a few years, and his observatory made complete, he would have succeeded in making the catalogues of the stars in the southern hemisphere equal in accuracy to those of the northern. He died in IS-Sl. FANSHAWE, Sir Richard, a statesman and poet, was bom at Ware Park, Herts, in 1008, and educated at Cambridge. In 1C35 he was sent ambassador to Spain, whence, in 1(>41, he returned, and acted steadily for tlie royal cause. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester, and closely confined for a considerable time ; but at last recovered his liberty, and went to Breda, where he was knighted by Charles II., in 1(5«5. At the Restoration he was made master of requests, and sent to Portugal to negotiate the marriage with the king and the Infanta Catharine. In 1004 he was sent ambassador to Spain, and died there in 1000. He translated into Eng- lish the Pastor Fido, or Faithful Shepherd, of Guiarini ; also the Lusiad by Camoens. His letters during his embassies iu Spain and Portugal were printed in 1702. FANTIN-DESODOARDS, Antoine Eti- ENNE Nicolas, a French historian and po- litical writer, was born, in 17^8, at Pont de Beauvoisin, in Dauphine. He was originally an ecclesiastic ; but becoming acquainted with Danton and Robespierre, he employed his pen in defending the revolutionary career of his cotemporaries. He was the author of several extensive works, but his " Histoire Philosophique de la R''volution Fran(;aise," in vols. 8vo., is sufficient of itself to attest liis principles. FARE, Charles Augustus, Marquis de la, a French poet, and captain of the guards to the Duke of Orleans, was born iu 1044, and died in 1712. According to Voltaire, Fare did not begin to write poetry till he was nearly 00. His compositions are remarkable for sweetness and elegance. He was also the author of "Mcmoires sur le Regne de Louis XIV.," a work containing satirical reflections on cotemporary characters. FAREL, William, a Protestant divine, and one of the associates of Calvin in the re- formation of the church, was born at Gap, in Dauphin^. While at the university of Paris, he greatly distinguished himself by his phi- losophical and classic attainments; but being invited by the Bishop of Meaux to preach in that city, he propagated the principles of the Huguenots, and was consequently soon com- pelled to seek safety in flight. He found an asylum at Strasburg, wlience he removed to other parts of German J', exercising his talents as a preacher, with great zeal and success. It seems, liowever, that he was intemperate and bigoted : and, though defended by Cal- vin, the portrait drawn of niin by Erasmus places him in a very unfavourable light. He wrote some theological treatises ; but the cause of the reformed church was more pro- moted by his preaching than by his writings. He died at Neufchatel in 150.5. FAREY, John, an eminent surveyor and geologist, was born atWoburn, Bedfordshire, in 1700. He made a survey of the county of Derby, which was published in 2 vols. ; but his great merit consists in the pains he took to examine the relative position of the strata throughout Britain, and to collect mineral specimens to illustrate this useful branch of science. Died, 1820. FARIA Y SOUSA, Ma.vuel de, a Por- tuguese historian and poet, was born at Souto, in Portugal, about 1 '.90, and for some time secretary to the Marquis of Castel Rodrigo, ambassador of Rome. He wrote FAR ^ ^tiD Wnihu^Hl ^iastn^iyyi* [far various historical works relative to Portugal and its distant possessions, 7 volumes of poems, &c. Died in 1649. FARINATO, Paul, an eminent painter of Verona, whose numerous works were dis- tinguished by freedom of design, boldness of colouring, and great facility of execution. Born, 1522 ; died, lOOfi. FARINELLI, a Neapolitan singer of great eminence, whose real name is said to be Carlo Bho.sciii, was born at Naples, in 1705. He studied under Porjwra, and went from Rome to Vienna, M'here the emperor, Charles VI., loaded him with rich presents. In 1734 lie came to l^ondon, and, by the magic of his singing, so delighted the public, that Handel was obliged to dismiss a rival com- pany over which he presided, in spite of all his powers and popularity. Manj' extra- ordinary stories are related of his vocal skill, and his command over the feelings and sympathies of his audience appears to have been unrivalled. FARINGTON, Geokoe, an historical painter, and a pupil of West. In 1780 his painting of the incantation scene in Macbeth was rewarded with a gold medal by the Royal Academy. Died at Arcot in the East Indies. Born, 1754 ; died, 1788. FABINGTON, JosKi-ii, brother of the preceding, and eminent as a landscape painter. lie made many drawings for the "Britannia Depicta," and left behind him several good pictui-es of lake and landscape scenery. Died, 1818. FARMER, Hugh, a dissenting minister, was born in 1714, near Shrewsbury ; studied under the celebrated Dr._ Dodd.Mdge ; and was pastor of a congregation at A\'altliam- stow, where he died in 1787. He was the author of several tlieological tracts ; "On Miracles," " On the Temptation in the Wil- derness," " On Demoniacs," " On the Worship of Human Spirits by the Heathens," &c. FARMER, Richard, a divine and anti- quary, was born at Leicester in 1735, and educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge. In 17(j7 lie took the degree of B.A., and became one of the preachers at Whitehall, lie subsequently became vice-chancellor and librarian of the university ; and also obtained prebends at Lichfield and Canter- bury, the latter of which he exchanged for a canonry at St. Paul's. In his " Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare," which is a work of great critical merit, he proved that all the knowledge of ancient history and mythology possessed by the immortal bard, was drawn from translations. Died, 1797. FARNABY, or FARNABIE, Thomas, an eminent schoolmaster, was born in London about 1575, and admitted a servitor of Merton College, in 1590. Hence he was drawn away by a Jesuit, whom he accompanied to Spain ; but being disgusted with his new connection, he escaped, and entered on board the Eng- lish fleet ; after which he served as a soldier iu the Low Countries. On his return to England he kept a school at Martock, in Somersetshire, whence he removed to Lon- don, and gained great reputation as a teacher. From Loudon he removed with many of his pupils to Sevenoaks, in Kent ; in the neigh- bourhood of which town he purchased an estate, still in the possession of the family, which has been raised to the baronetage. He wrote various school books ; and his Commentaries on Juvenal, Persius, Martial, and other classic authors, are clear, com- prehensive, and erudite. Died, 1047. FARNESE ; the name of an illustrious family in Italy, many of the members of which filled the highest situations in church and state Alexander, the s(m of Peter Louis the first grand-duke of Parma and Placentia, was born in 1520, and created a cardinal by his grandfather, pope Paul III. He was dean of the sacred college, and dis- tinguished himself highly by his learning and his virtues ; while as a statesman his talents were such as to obtain for him the office of nuncio to the courts of Vienna and Paris. Died, 1589 Alkxandek, nephew of the preceding, was the third Duke of Parma, and highly distinguished as a mili- tary commander under Philip II., who sent him to Flanders, where the situation of the Spaniards was becoming desperate. He re- covered several cities, and succeeded iu re- conciling the Catholic part of the population to the Spanish government, lie afterwards invaded France, and compelled Henry IV. to raise the siege of Rouen. On his return from that expedition, he received a wound in his arm before Caudebec, in consequence of the neglect of which he died, at Arras, in 1592, aged 4(5. FARNEWORTH, Ellis, an English di- vine, was born in Derbyshire, and educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1762 he obtained the rectory of Carsington in Derby- shire, where he died the year following. He translated the Life of Vope Sixtus V. from the Italian, 1754, folio ; Davila's History of the Civil Wars of France, in 1757, 2 vols. 4to. ; the works of Macliiavel, 1761, 2 vols. 4to. ; and Flcury's History of the Israelites, 12mo. FARQL'HAR, Geokge, a comic writer was born at Londonderry, in Ireland, iu 1678, and educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin, from which he either eloped or was ex- pelled for irregular conduct, and repaired to London with his friend Wilks the actor, where he commenced his career of dramatic authorship. His first production was " Love in a Bottle," performed at Drury Lane Thea- tre with success in 1698, about which time I he attracted the favour of I^ord Orrery, who procured him a lieutenancy in his own regi- ment. In 1700 he added to his reputation by " The Constant Couple," a comedy in which, under the character of Sir Harry Wildair, he exhibited a lively picture of the foppish tine gentleman of the end of the 17th century. He died in 1707, at the premature age of 29, and during the run of his last and best play, " The Beaux Stratagem." Farquhar's wit is genuine and spontaneous, his characters are obviously drawn from nature, and his in- cidents well arranged. His libertinism of language and sentiment are, however, highly reprehensible ; but it was the vice of the age rather than of the author, whose offence may be extenuated on the ground of its being less glaring than in many of his cotemporaries. FARRANT, Richard, an English musi- cian. He held situations in the Chajjcl far] ^ ^ctD jam'tjcnSal 3Si00rajpl)». [fah Royal and St. George's Chapel, Windsor, from 1564 to l.'iSO, and is remarkable for tlie devout and solemn style of his compositions. FAIIREN, Ei.izA, countess of Dekby, was the daugliter of a surgeon at Cork, who failing in his profession, became a provincial actor, and died young, leaving liis family in destitute circumstances. Eliza was born in 1759 ; made lier first appearance at Liverpool, wlien 14 years of ;ige ; and, in 1777, apjjeared at the llaymarket Theatre, London, as Miss Hardcastle, in "She Stoops to Conquer." She afterwards played at Drury Lane and Covent Garden rand eventually succeeded Mrs. Abington in her principal characters, which she played with great eclat, and es- tablitihed her theatrical fame. At this peri(xi she was much noticed bj' persons of distinction, and conducted the private the- atricals at the Duke of Newcastle's house in Privy Gardens, where Lord Derby, Lord Henry Fitzgerald, Cliarles Fox, Lord John Towushend, the Hon. Mrs. Darner, and others, assumed the principal characters. An honourable attachment for the accom- plished actress was soon after formed by Lord Derby ; and, in 1797, on the death of Lady Derby, from whom his lordship had been for some years separated, he raised Miss Farren to the rank of a countess. Died, 1H29. FASTOLF, Sir John, the supposed proto- type of Shakspeare's Falstatf, was a native of Norfolk. Adopting the profession of a soldier, he served with some distinction in Ireland, under Sir Stephen Scrope, deputy to the lord lieutenant, and married his ■widow, who was an lieiress ; through the ac- quisition of wliose property he obtained the honour of knighthood, and the order of the garter. He was wounded at the battle of Agincourt, and rewarded for his bravery ; but at the battle of Patay he shamefully tarnished his laurels by fleeing, panic- stricken, from Joan of Arc. Died, 1469. FATIO DE DUILLIER, an ingenious mathematician, was bom at Basle, in 1664 ; settled in London in 1087, and distinguished himself as a geometrician and astronomer ; but, becoming a zealous partisan of a fana- tical sect, called the French prophets, he was tried and put in the pillory. Many inven- tions in the mechanical arts owe their ex- istence to him ; among others, was the jew- elling of watches. FAUCHET, Claude, a French historian and archajologist in the 16th century, and historiographer to Henry IV. He wrote various antiquarian works, of which his " Antiquitt's et Histoires Gauloises et Fran- coises " is the chief. Died, 1601. FAUCHET, Claudk, a native of Dome, France, was grand-vicar to tlie archbishop of Bourges and preacher to the king. Just previous to the French Revolution he joined the sect of the lUuminati, and became one of theirchiefs ; and during the popular com- motions in Paris, he took an active part, ap- pearing sword in hand at the head of the mob which attacked the Basiile. In 1791 he was elected constitutional bishop of the de- partment of Calvados, and chosen a member of the legislative assembly. He continued to distinguish himself by his revolutionary furor till the trial of Louis XVL, for whose imprisfmment he voted instead of his death ; and having joined the Girondists, he was persecuted by the opposite party. At last he was condemned to death on the unfounded charge of being an accomplice of Charlotte Corday in the assassination of Marat, and suffered by the guillotine in October, 1793. FAUJAS DE ST. FOND, Baktiiolo- MEW, an eminent French geologist, was born at Montclimart, in 1750 ; became professor at the Museum of Natural History ; and wrote various works connected with his favourite pursuit ; among which are " The Miner- alogy of Volcanoes," " A Natural History of Dauphini'," "A Journey in England, Scotland, and the Hebrides,' &c. FAULHABER, John, an ingenious ma- thematician, and the friend of Descartes, was born at Ulm, in Suabia, where he died, in 16.^5. FAUQUE, a French authoress, known in England by the name of Madame de Vau- cluse, was born at Avignon, at the beginning of tlie ISth century. She had been forced by her parents to become a mm against her will ; and having obtained a dispensation from her vows, slie retired to England, where she supported herself by writing for the press. Among her productions are " Dialogues Moraux et Amusans " and " Histoire de Madame de Pompadour." Died, 1777. FAUST, or FUST, John, one of the three artists to whom the invention of printing has been ascribed, was the son of a goldsmith at Mentz. The other two were Guttemberg and Schajffer ; to the former of wliom the invention of printing with wooden blocks is attributed ; and to the latter, who married the daughter of Faust, is allowed the honour of having invented punches and matrices, by means of which this grand art was carried to perfection. It has been pretended that, when Faust went to Paris to sell a second edition of his Bible of 14(i2, he was arrested on the supposition that he effected the print- ing of them by magic ; but this story appears to be a mere fiction. There is reason to believe that he died of the plague in 1466. FAUST or FAUSTUS, Dr. John, who lived in the beginning of the 10th century, was born at Knittlingen, in Suabia. After receiving an education at Wittemberg, he went to Ingoldstadt, where he studied me- dicine, astroh>gy, and magic ; and occupied himself in alchemical experiments. That he was a man of great scientific acquire- ments there is little doubt ; and, according to legendary tradition, he made use of his power in a manner calculated to inspire his countrymen with a firm belief that he had familiar dealings with the devil. The super- natural feats performed by him and his ser- vant, Mephistopheles, have been immortal- ised by the genius of Goethe. FAVART, Cuables Simon, a dramatic poet, to whom the comic opera in France is greatly indebted, was born in 1710. At an early period he devoted himself to poetical pursuits, continuing, with little intermission, to write for the stage till his death, which happened in 1792. FAUVEL, , an eminent French anti- quary, chiefly known for his researches, at first alone in Greece, and subsequently in the FAV] ^ ^t\33 Winibtxial SStDflrapT)^. [fea East with M. de Choiseul-Gouffler, whom he aided in valuable researches. M. Fauvel is well-known in connection with the " Voyage Pittoresque de la Grfece." Born, 1753 ; died, 1838. FAVIER, , an eminent French statesman, was bom at Toulouse, in the beginning of the 18th century ; and at the age of 20 he succeeded liis father as secretary general to the states of Languedoc. He afterwards sedulously applied himself to the study of politics, and was employed on several secret missions in Spain and Russia, under the ministry of the Duke de Choiseul ; but engaging in certain covert transactions of the French government at the instigation of the Count de Broglie, he became involved in difficulties, and was obliged to quit France. He was subsequently arrested at Hamburgh, and taken to Paris ; but procured his liber- ation in 1773, and on the accession of Louis XVI. obtained a pension. He was the au- thor of several political treatises, some of which have been collected and published by M. Segur ; and he was one of the principal contributors to, and conductors of, the Jour- nal Etranger. Died, 1784. FAVORINUS, a Platonic philosopher and rhetorician of the 2nd century, was a na- tive of Aries, in Gaul, and taught at Athens. Being once on a visit at Rome, in the reign of Adrian, and being reproached with having meanly submitted to the emperor, with whom he was disputing on some literary topic, he ironically exclaimed, " Would you have me pretend to be wiser than the com- mander of thirty legions ? " FAVRAT, Francis Andrew, a Prussian general, so remarkable for his strength, that he is said to have once lifted up a horse and its rider, and to have often carried a cannon on his shoulder with as much apparent ease as a soldier carries his firelock. He was governor of Glatz, and wrote " Memoirs of the History of the War of the Polish Revo- lution from 1794 to 17%." FAWCETT, John, an eminent theatricial performer, was the son of an actor of humble pretensions at Drury Lane, and was born in London, in 17C9. At the age of 13 he was ap- prenticed to a linendraper, but clandestinely left the shop for the Margate Theatre, where, under the name of Foote, he made his first appearance. He afterwards joined Tate Wilkinson on the York circuit ; and in 1791 made liis bow to a LondoH audience, at Covent Garden, as Caleb, in " He would be a Soldier." His dramatic reputation wasNit length fixed by his representation of Dr. Pangloss, OUapod, Caleb Quotem, and Job Thornberry. In 1798 he joined the Haymar- ket company, and became acting manager, in 1800, of that theatre. In 1813 he appeared at the English Opera, and in 1816 rejoined the Hayraarket. He afterwards became manager of Covent Garden Theatre, which situation he held till his retreat from the stage in 1836. In private life his conduct was irreproachable, but there was a bluntness in his manners, which, to a stranger, often appeared like intentional rudeness. Died, 1837. FAWCETT, Sir William, a distinguished military officer, was a native of Yorkshire. 290 Entering young into the army, he served under General Elliot, with reputation, in the German wars of George II., and vl^s made aide-de-camp to the Marquis of Granby. He was soon after promoted to the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel in the guards, and continued to rise gradually till he became a general in the army, a knight of the Bath, and governor of Chelsea Hospital. Sir William wrote some useful " Rules and Regulations," and trans- lated the " Reveries of Marshal Saxe." Born, 1728 ; died, 1804. FAWKES, Francis, an English poet and divine, was bom in Yorkshire about 1721, and educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. On entering into orders he settled at Bram- ham in his native county, but afterwards he obtained the vicarage of Orpington in Kent, which he exchanged for the rectory of Hayes, where he died in 1777. He published a volume of poems and translations of Ana- creon, Sappho, Bion, Moschus, and Tlieo- critus. His poetry, though not of first-rate talent, is elegant and correct. FAY, Charles Francis de Cisternai DU, the son of an officer of the French guards, was born in 1698 ; and though he first em- braced the military profession, soon quitted it for pursuits more congenial to his nature, the study of chemistry and natural philoso- phy. He was a member of t).-; Academy of Sciences, and distinguished himself by his researches concerning the phosphoric light in the mercurial vacuum of the barometer, the magnet, and tlie nature of electricity, which ! he divided into two kinds, the vitreous and the resinous, answering to the positive and negative electricities of Franklin. Died, 1739. FAYDIT, Anselm, a troubadour of the 13th century, patronised by Richard Coeur de Lion, whose praises he celebrated in a funeral elcgv. FAYETTE, Marie Madeleine de la Verge, Countess of, a female of great lite- rary attainments, wife to the Count de la Fayette, in the reign of Louis XIV. She was in habits of friendly intimacy with many of the most distinguished men of letters ; and her romances of " Zaide " and " The Princess of Cleves" affind ample testimony that the fame she acquired for delicacy of sentiment and graceful description was not exaggerated. She wrote also " Memoirs of the Court of France." Died, 1693. FAZIO, Bartholomew, an historian and biographer of the 15th century, was by birth a Genoese, and patronised by Alphonso, king of Naples, at whose instance he translated Arrian's History of Alexander into Latin ; but his most important work is entitled "De Viris lUustribus," containing brief accounts of the most famous of his cotemporaries. FEARNE, Charles, a writer on meta- physics and jurisprudence, was bom in London, in 1749, and educated at West- minster School. He became a student at the Inner Temple, and attained a first-rate re- putation as a chamber counsel and convey- ancer. He was the author of " An Essay on Contingent Remainders," &c. Died, 1794. FEATLEY, Daniel, an eminent Eng- lish divine of the 17th century, was bom at Charlton Kings, Oxfordshire, in 1582 ; FEC] ^ |3eto ^Kmbrr^al 3Bi0gra|jT;g, [fel studied at Corpus Christi College, where he obtained a fellowship ; and was afterwards presented with the rectory of Lambeth by Archbishop Abbot. Soon after this he dis- tinguished himself by maintaining a public dispute with two Jesuits, for which he was rewarded by the archbishop with the livings of All Hallows, Bread Street, and Acton, Middlesex. He was the author of " Clavis Mystico, a Key opening divers difficult Texts of Scripture," &c. ; and among his controversial tracts is one bearing the quaint title of "The Dipper dipt, or the Anabaptist plunged over Head and Ears, and shrunk in the Washing." FECKENHAM, Joii.v de, the last abbot of Westminster, was born in a village of that name in Worcestershire. VViien the Reformation commenced, he opposed it with spirit, and was sent to the Tower, where he continued till the accession of queen Mary, when he was made abbot of Westminster. Died, 1585. FEITU, Rhyxtis, a modem Dutch poet, was born at Zwolle in 17.>J. He studied law at Leyden, and, returning to his native city, was made burgomaster, and afterwards receiver at the admiralty college ; but he did not relinquish tlie art of i)oetry. He wrote " Inez de Castro," and several other good tragedies ; many poems, hymns, and odes, remarkable for feeling and elevated sentiment; and his "Grave" stands fore- most among the best didactic poems in the language. Died, 1824. FEITHIUS, EvEKARD, a Protestant phi- lological writer of the 6th century, was a native of the Netherlands, who, flying into France to escape the persecution of the Spanish government, then dominant in his own country, is supposed to have been assassinated at Rochelle in 1590. He wrote " Antiquitates Homericae," a useful work, descriptive of tlie sacred and profane rites and customs of the Greeks, &c. in the heroic ages. FELIBIEN, Andhew, a writer on and encourager of the fine arts, was born at Chartres, France, in l(il9. He studied at Paris ; after which he went as secretary to the French embassy at Rome, where he formed an intimacy with tlie celebrated painter, Nicholas Poussiu, wliich naturally heightened and matured his taste for the works of art. On his return to France he was appointed superintendant of the royal buildings, and of arts and manufactures. His works, which are much esteemed, illus- trate the principles of i)aintiug, architecture, and sculpture. Died, 1(!95. FELIBIEN, Joan Fiiancis, eldest son of the foregoing, succeeded to the offices held by his father, and wrote a work on the lives and writings of the most celebrated archi- tects. Died. 1733. FELIX I. succeeded pope Dionysius in 269. He suffered death in 274, and was ca- nonised. An epistle by him against Sabel- lius and Puulus Samosanctus is extant — FELIX II., antipope. He was placed in the papal chair in 355 by the emperor Constans, during the exile of Liberius, on the return of whom he was expelled. Constans would have bad the two popes reign together, but the people exclaimed. One Ood, one Christ, and one binhop! Felix was then exiled, and died in .365 FELIX III. succeeded Simpli- cius in 483. He had a violent dispute with the emperor Zeno in behalf of the Western charch, and died in 492. — FELIX IV., a na- tive of Beneventum, ascended the chair after John I. in 526. He governed the church with zeal and piety, and died in 630. He introduced extreme unction. FELL, John, a dissenting minister, was bom at Cockermouth, in Cumberland, in 1735, and bred a tailor; which occuiiation he followed in London for some time ; but his turn for literary pursuits, and his natural talent being too obvious to escape notice, he was enabled by a friend to pursue his studies at an academy, after which he became in succession pastor of a congregation at Beccles, near Yarmouth, Thaxted. and Homerton. He wrote " An Essay on the Love of One's Country," "Genuine Protestantism," "A Letter to Mr. Burke on the Penal Laws," " An Essay towards an English Grammar," &c. Died, 1797. FELL, Samuel, dean of Christchurch, was born in London in 1594, and educated at Westminster School, wlience he pro- ceeded to Christchurch, Oxford, in 1601. During tlie civil wars he was a staunch ad- herent of the royal cause, on which account he was ejected in 1647, from the office of vice-chancellor of the university ; and he died in the following year. The news of the execution of Charles I. is said to have broken his heart. FELL, Dr. Jonx, bishop of Oxford, son of the preceding, was born at Longworth, in Berkshire, in 1625, and educated at Christ- church, Oxford, of which his father was dean. In the rebellion he was, like his father, ejected from the college for his loyalty. At the Restoration he was made canon and dean of Chri^-tchurch, and 10 years after he had obtained the deanery he was raised to the see of Oxford. He was a learned prelate, and a liberal benefactor to his college, the magnificent tower of which, called the "Tom Gate," he built. Several valuable works from his pen are extant ; among others, a Latin translation of Wood's " History and Antiquities of Oxford," in 2 vols, folio ; " In Laudem Musices Carmen Sapphicum," a " Paraphrase on St. Paul's Epistles," &c. Died, 1686. FELLENBERG, Emanuel de, whose la- bours in the cause of education have earned for him immortal fame, was bom at Berne in Switzerland, in 1771. His father was of patrician rank, and a member of the govern- ment of Berne ; his mother, a great grand- daughter of the celebrated Dutch admiral Van Tromp. After a somewhat desultory education at home and luidcr different mas- ters, young De Fellenberg repaired to the university of Tubingen in 1790, to complete his studies in civil law ; but these he soon abandoned for the more congenial pursuits of politics and philosoi)hy. In order to ac- quaint himself with the moral state of his countrymen, he spent much of his time in travelling through Switzerland, usually on foot, with his knapsack on his back, residing In the villages and farm-houses, mingling in fel] ^ i^m Huifacr^al 3St05tapl)tt. [fen the labours and occupations and partaking of the rude lodging and fare of the peasants and mechanics, and often extending his jour- ney to the adjacent countries. Immediately after the fall of Kobespierre in 1795 he visited Paris. During his sojourn there he perceived the storm which was impending over Swit- zerland from tlie schemes of the French Re- volutionists, and hastened hack to warn his countrymen of their danger, and to concert measures to avoid it. But his predictions were disbelieved, and his warnings disre- garded. Berne was consequently taken, and the cause lost, before any efficient force could be organised ; and Fellenberg, wlio had taken an active part in raising and leading on tlie levy en masse to resist the invaders, was pro- scribed, a price was set upon his head, and he was compelled to fly into Germany. He was, however, soon afterwards recalled to Switzerland, and sent on a mission to Paris, to remonstrate against the rapacity and op- pressive conduct of the agents of tlie French republic ; but the want of faith and public spirit which he found on the part of his own government confirmed his disgust with public life, and he resolved to exchange the tortuous paths of political career for the more peaceful pursuits of agriculture and educa- tion. To promote the object so dear to his heart, he became a member of the council of education at Berne, but was soon convinced that nothing adequate could be accomplished on this subject through the medium of legis- lative commissions ; and having come into possession of an ample fortune, he resolved to devote this to his great object, and to form on his own estate, and on an independent basis, a model institution, in which it should be proved what education could accomplish for the benefit of humanity. In pursuance of his great design, he purchased, in 1799, the estate called Hofwyl, two leagues from Berne ; and his life forms, henceforward, an important page in the records of benevolent enterprise. But it would be impossible within our limits to give even an outline of the various schemes for the improvement and diffusion of education that emanated from M. de Fellenberg during the long period of forty-five years that followed ; of the skill and tact with which he defeated the combinations of interested and jealous opponents ; and the success which ultimately crowned his labours. Died, Nov. 21st, 1844. FELLER, Francis XAViER,born at Brus- sels in 1735 ; author of an " Historical Dic- tionary," " Remarks on the Newtonian Phi- losophy," &c. Died, at Ratisbon, 1802. FELLER, Joachim, a German poet, was born at Zwickaw in 1638 ; chosen professor of poetry at Leipsic in 1601 ; and became librarian to that university in 1676. His death, which happened in 1691, was occa- sioned by his falling from a window, in a fit of somnambulism. His talent for poetry was very early developed, and his compo- sitions were chiefly in Latin. FELLER, Joachim Fkederic, son of the foregoing, was secretary to the Grand-duke of Weimar ; a situation he filled during 20 years ; travelling a considerable part of the time, under his patron's auspices, for the purpose of examining the principal libraries of Europe. He wrote a valuable work, en- titled " Monurnenta varia Inedita," and some others. Died, 172G. FELLOVVES, Robert, LL.D., a writer chiefly on religious and political subjects, was born in Norfolk, 1770. He was educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, where he attained the degree of M.A. in 1801 ; and was ordained in 1795 ; but he gradually relinquished the doctrines of the Church of England, and at length adopted the opinions maintained in the work which he published in 1836, unde? the title of " The Religion of the Universe." He was tlie intimate friend of Dr. Parr and the Baron Maseres : the former presented him to queen Caroline, whose cause he es- poused with great zeal ; and the latter left him nearly 200,000Z., which enabled him at once to gratify his own tastes for literature, and to benefit his fellow-creatures. He en- tered with much spirit into the project of establishing a university in London, support- ing it both by his counsel and his purse ; and on recovering from a tedious illness, to indi- cate his gratitude to Dr. EUiotson in a way which he thought would be most agreeable to tliat gentleman, he founded two annual gold medals, called the Fellowes medals, for the greatest i)roficicnts in clinical science. Died, 1847. FELTHAM, OwEX, was born about the middle of the 17th century in Suffolk. I-ittle more is known of him than that he resided many years in the family of the Earl of Tho- mond, during which period he published a work of great merit, entitled " Resolves, Divine, Political, and Moral," which went through 12 editions before the year 1709. Died, about 1678. FELTRE, Henry James Wiliiam Clarke, Duke of, was born in 1765, at Landrecies, where his father was a keeper of the public stores. In 1781 he entered the military school at Paris ; in 1790 he went to London with the French embassy, and after- wards served in the infantry and cavalry, until he was suspended, and imprisoned as a noble. He was subsequently employed by Carnot ; and the directory, in 1795, created him general of division. In 1807 he was \ made minister of war, and shortly after created duke of Feltre. Though indebted to Buonaparte for his dukedom, he contributed towards the restoration of the Bourbons, and held office under the government at Ma. death, which took place in 1818. FENELON, Fkaxcis de Salionac de la MoTTE, archbishop of Cambray, was born in 1651, at the chateau Fenelon, in Perigord, of a family illustrious in cliurch and state. He studied at Cahors and Paris, where he made such astonishing progress in the most difficult studies, that, in his loth year, he preached with great applause. At tlie age of 24, Fenelon took holy orders, and com- menced his regular ministerial functions in the parish of St. Sulpice. He was after- wards appointed chief of a mission for the conversion of heretics in Saintonge and Aunis ; and on his return he became knowTi to the public as a writer, by a work, " Sur le Ministere des Pasteurs," and a treatise, " De 1 Education des Filles." In 1689, Louis XIV. entrusted to him the education fen] ^ ^cfa iHuihcrjSal 3Bi0flTap^i.K [fer of his grandsons, the Dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri. Fenelon was successful in forming the mind of the young Duke of Burgundy, heir presumptive to the throne of France, and sowed the seeds of every princely virtue in his lieart ; but his prema- ture death blasted the pleasing anticipations entertained resi)ecting him. In KJVH, Fenelon was created archbishop of Cambray ; soon after which, a theological dispute with Bos- suet, his former instructor, respecting the devotional mysticism of the celebrated Ma- dame Guyon, whose opinions Fenelon fa- voured, terminated in his condemnation by pope Innocent XII., and his banisliment to his diocese by Louis XIV. From this time he lived in his diocese, sustaining the ve- nerable character of a Christian philoso- pher, and scrupulously performing his sa- cred duties. His works in the departments of pliilosophy, theology, and the belles lettres, liave immortalised his name. He was familiar with the best models of an- cient and modern times, and his mind was animated by a mild and gentle spirit of be- nevolence. In person and manners Fene- lon was one of the most engaging of men, joining to a noble manner a distinguishing politeness, and adding to a flowery elo- quence the jwwer of making himself under- stood upon the most abstruse subjects. He wrote many excellent works ; among the chief of which may he reckoned his " Dia- logues of the Dead," "]Jialogues on Elo- quence," " Letters on diiferent Religious and Metaphysical Subjects," &&. But his most celebrated production, and the one which for ages will survive, is his " Adven- tures of Telemachus," in which he endea- voured to exhibit a model for the education of a prince ; and more pure and elevated maxims were never woven into a tale either of truth or fiction. His death was accele- rated by the overturning of his carriage, which brought on a fever, and the amiable and virtuous prelate expired in Jan. 1715. FENESTELLA, Lucius, a Roman his- torian, who flourished during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Died, a. d. 20. I ENN, Sir Joiuv, on antiquary of great research, was born in 1739, at Norwich ; educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and died in 1794. He published two volumes of an interesting collection of letters, written by members of the Paston famil3', with which he was proceeding when his death took place. FENTON, Elijah, a poet of considerable talent, was born in 108;5, at Shelton, near Newcastle, in Staffordshire. Having re- ceived a classical education, the Earl of Orrery, in 1710, made him his private sec- retary, and placed his eldest son under his care. He afterwards lived with Lady Trum- bull as tutor to her son, and died at her seat in Berkshire, in 1730. He became acquainted with most of the wits of the age, and as- sisted Pope in his translation of the Odyssey. Besides this, he published " Mariamne," a tragedy, and the lives of Milton and Waller. FENTON, Sir Geoffkev, an English writer, was born in Nottinghamshire, and died at Dublin, in 1608. He translated Guicciardini's History of the Wars of Italy. FERAUD, JoH.v Fraxcis, a French gram- marian, and a professor of rhetoric and phi- \o8ijphy at Besan^on, was born in 1725, and died in 1807. He wrote "A Grammatical Dictionary of the French Language," 2 vols. 8vo., and " A Critiual Dictionajy," 3 vols. 4to. FERBER, Jon.v James, a Swedish miner- alogist of note, was born at Carlscrona, in 1743 ; and died in Switzerland, while on a scientific tour. In 1790. He wrote "Letters from Italy," wlijch are much esteemed ; and his other works are all more or less de- scriptive of mines and minerals in different parts of Germany. FERDINAND V., king of Arragon, sur- named the Catholic, on account of the ex- pulsion of the Moors from Spain, was the son of John II. of Arragon, and born in 1453. By his marriage with Isabella, queen of Castile, he founded the union of the differ^ ent Spanish kingdoms ; overcame Alphonso, king of Portugal, at the battle of Toro, in 147C ; totally subjugated the Moorish i)ower in Spain, which had for so many centuries baffled all the efforts of his ancestors ; and brought under his rule a large proportion of the Neapolitan dominions. But the most extraordinary feature in his reign is the discovery of America by Columbus, which opened to him and his successors the sove- reignty of a new hemisphere. He died in 151(5 J having, by a course of sinistrous policy, lost the rc8i)ect of his contemporaries, al- though the splendour of his arms placed him at the head of European princes. FERDINAND I., emperor of Germany, succeeded his brother, Charles V., in 1558, at which time Ferdinand was king of the Romans, and of Hungary and Bohemia. — FERDINAND II. was the son of the Arch- duke of StyrJa ; elected king of Bohemia in 1017, and of Hungary in Kill. Soon after- wards he succeeded Muthias as emperor. He died in 1037.— FERDINAND III., sur- named Ernest, was the son of the preceding, and born in 1008 ; made king of Hungary in 1025, of Bohemia in 1027, and succeeded his father in 1(537. He died in 1057. FERDINAND, king of Naples and of Si- cily, succeeded Alphonso in 1458. He died in 1494, aged 70, detested for his debauche- ries and cruelties ; yet he enacted many good laws, and restored the university of Naples. FERDINAND of Cordova, a learned scholar and accomplished cavalier of the 15th century, whose attainments in every art and science that can adorn the mind, or add a dignity to manliood, have been handed down for the admiration of posterity. That he was possessed of great and versatile abi- lities may fairly be supposed ; but the ac- counts related of him are so extravagant as to stagger the belief of the most credulous. FERDINAND I., king of the Two Sici- lies, was born in 1751, and succeeded his father Charles III. on the throne of Naples, in 1759, on the accession of the latter to that of Spain. During his minority, the govern- ment was conducted by a council of regency; and at that time Ferdinand was a great favourite with the people, in consequence of the familiarity of his demeanour. In 1708 cc 3 FEB] <M 0t^ ^nibn^nX 2Si0fi^np]^g. [fer he married Maria Caroline, daughter of the empress Maria Theresa, who soon acquired sucli a decided influence over him, that he consulted her upon all occasions. His faith- ful minister, Tanucci, who had been the president of the council of regency, having lost the favour of Charles III. of Spain, gave in his resignation in 1777, and was succeeded by the Marquis Sambuca. This minister, observing that the influence of the queen over her husband was unbounded, attempted to alienate the king from her, by means of a beautiful English woman, who had married a Frenchman named Goudar, at Naples ; but the queen discovered the plot ; M. and Mme. Goudar were banished from Naples, and Sambuca thought it prudent to retire. Acton, his successor, followed implicitly the wishes of the queen ; and the cabinet of Madrid now lost all influence in that of Naples, which became more closely united with that of Austria and Britain. But a new era was approaching. The French revolutionary government demanded that Naples should renounce all connection with Britain, and enforced its demand by sending a fleet into the bay of the Neapolitan capital. On the death of Louis XVI., however, Fer- dinand joined the coalition against France, and took part in the general war from 1793 to 179(3. After two years of peace, the victory of Nelson at Aboukir again engaged Ferdi- nand against the French, who, on the defeat of the Neapolitans under General Mack, took possession of the whole kingdom, and pro- claimed the Partlienopean republic, in 1799. But, during the same year, the capital again fell into the hands of the royalist army, under Cardinal Ruffo, and many adherents of the republic were executed. In this way, under the imbecile rule of Ferdinand, Naples continued to change sides, according to the power and influence of the two great belli- gerent nations, until the Congress of Vienna, in 1814, Bnally re-established him in all his riglits as king of the Two Sicilies. Unfit as this monarch was to wield the sceptre, all agree that he felt a strong sympathy for the sufferings of his subjects, that he was a pa- tron of charitable institutions, and decidedly good-natured. He died Jan. 24. 182.). FERDINAND VII., king of Spain and the Indies, son of Charles IV. and Maria Louisa of Parma, was born at St. Ildefonso, in 1784. He was recognised prince of Astu- rias when 6 years old. It was at this epoch, in 1790, that the deputies of the Spanish provinces demanded the re-establishment of the Cortes, which Charles IV. had abolished; but after some difflculties the claim was abandoned. The Duke of San Carlos and Don Juan Escoiquiz were appointed go- vernors of the young prince, who is said to have made brilliant progress in mathe- matical studies. Spain was at that time governed by Godoy (prince of Peace) with little short of absolute royal power. This minion saw an insurmoinitable obstacle to his ambition in the heir apparent to the crown, and aimed at obtaining the same influence over Ferdinand as he had obtained over his parents ; but the design was defeated . by his two governors, who succeeded in in- spiring him with a disgust and dread of 294 Godoy. Finding he could not sljcceed, he sought to thwart him in all his designs and wishes. In 1801, Ferdinand married Maria Antonia, a princess of Naples, who was highly accomplished, possessed great inde- pendence of character, and attracted all hearts by her beauty and talents. The envy of the queen-mother, thus excited, was speedily converted into hatred ; and the princess from that time was subjected to the most cruel persecutions ; nay, it is even alleged that she was despatched by poison given to her in a cup of coffee, in 1806. The designs of Napoleon on Spain now began to operate. Beauharnols, the French ambas- sador at Madrid, was instructed to open a secret conference with Ferdinand, to detach him from the projects of Godoy, and induce him to connect himself with the Buonaparte family by marrying the eldest daughter of Lucien Buonaparte. Ferdinand assented by letter to this overture. Godoy was informed of it, and, trembling for his interest, hastened to detail the secret transaction to Charles IV., taking care to paint it in the most odious colours, and accusing Ferdinand of a design to possess himself of the throne. The king was so enraged, that he immediately ordered the prince to be imprisoned at the Escurial, and his papers to be seized. On the 30th of October following, a decree was addressed to the council of Castile, declaring Ferdinand, and all those who had abetted his design, traitors to the state. This extreme measure was the work of Godoy ; but, with his usual hypocrisy, he opened negotiations with Fer- dinand, offering to act as mediator between him and his father. He induced him to write a letter of unconditional submission to the king, and the consequence was a public re- conciliation of the parties. But astonishment succeeded to the expressions of public joy caused by this event, when it was now for the first time learned that the French army had crossed the frontiers, and was marching directly on Madrid. The king then gave out that he was on the point of setting out for Andalusia. The mob rose at Aranjuez and elsewhere, proceeding to violence, and asserting a determination not to allow the king to quit the kingdom ; but it was against Godoy, and with a view to his dismissal, that the public indignation was chiefly excited. Alarmed at these popular tumults, Charles abdicated his throne ; and Ferdinand, being proclaimed his successor, began his reign by reducing taxes, and issuing a decree for devoting the crown lands to public purposes. Meanwhile, the French advanced towards Madrid, and all parties (including the new king) were ignorant that this proceeding was the result of a treaty concluded between Godoy and Napoleon at Fontainebleau. Fer- dinand sent the latter a deputation request- ing tlie preservation of amity ; to which Napoleon replied, that Charles IV. was his ally and friend, and that he could not re- cognise the rights or pretensions of any j other claimant to the throne. Muratj then | advancing on Madrid, returned a similar | answer, and was in actual possession of that | capital when Ferdinand made his public I entry. Being apprised by Murat and the | Duke of Kovigo that Napoleon was coming i fer] ^ iSttD ^anibcr^al Biograplb^ [FEB to Bayonne, the former persuaded Ferdi- nand to meet Napoleon there, with a view to separate him from his subjects. On his arrival lie was not long before he was made aware of tlie'snare into which he had fallen. After diuing with Napoleon, wlio treated liim witli cordiality, he was apprised by I Savary that Napoleon claimed the title of disposing of the Spauisli crown, and abso- I Ititely demanded his renunciation of it. I Napoleon afterwards proposed to give him one of liis nieces in marriage, and make him king of Etruria ; but Ferdinand refused to I assent, and was from that time, notwith- standing the remonstrances of his minister j Cevallos, treated with the rigour of a pri- I soner. Godoy shortly after arrived with j Charles IV. and the queen. The latter in- I stantly reclaimed the crown of Ferdinand, who then made a public resignation of it I to his father. Meanwhile, the Spaniards, I stimulated by the junta left by Ferdinand I at Madrid, with powers to convoke the I Cortes, were rising ia arms in all directions ; ; and Napoleon, alarmed, now induced the I whole of the royal family of Spain to go to Bourdeaux, and there make a formal cession ; of the crown. lie immediately proclaimed his brother Joseph king, and placed Ferdi- nand in confinement at Valengay, where he and his family were kept under the rigorous surveillance of the police, and remained in custody till December, 1813 ; when Napo- leon, after his disasters in Russia, found it inii)o3sible to retain possession of Spain, and a treaty of peace was signed at Valengay between him and Ferdinand ; by which the latter was restored to the exercise of his royal powers. Tlius released from a captivity of six years, the young monarch reached the Catalonian frontier, March 24. 1814. lie was received every where with the distinctions api)ertaining to royalty by the retiring French army, and with the warmest testi- monies of affection by the people. But he constantly refused to sign the constitution established by the Cortes during his absence, although he had promised to do so before quitting Valen^ay. On arriving at Madrid he dissolved the Cortes, and assumed all the odious privileges of absolute power. The old institutions were replaced, and the inquisition was re-establislied. These causes of dissatisfaction were long producing their effects, but at length, in 1»20, Riego, a lieu- tenant-colonel, placed himself at the head of a party at Cadiz, and, although supported by a very trivial force, proclaimed the con- stitution of 1812, established by the Cortes ; and Ferdinand, compelled to yield, convoked the Cortes on the 7th of March, and shortly after swore fidelity to the constitution of 1812. But from this time the noblesse and the dig- nitaries of the church set themselves secretly and openly to oppose the march of the revo- lution, and perpetual shocks and collisions occurred between them and tlie popular party. Popular tumults occurred, which were instantly pleaded against the cause of the constitution. Protests were made by Russia against the continuance of this revo- lutinnary anarchy ; France was prompted to adopt a pretended cordon sanitaire, with an obvious intention to seize the first oppor- 295 tunity of invading Spain ; mutual charges and recriminations were made between the Spanish and French ministers ; and Eng- land's voice, as an umpire, was appealed to, but was scarcely heard. At length France declared war ; and the Duke d'Angouleme entered Spain, with an avowed design of putting down the constitutionalists, and re- storing Ferdinand to absolute power. It-is not our place in this biography to detail the events of the campaign. It is sufficient to record that Ferdinand was restored, at its termination, to the exercise of an unmiti- gated arbitrary tyranny, which he indulged m, without compunction, till his death. In 1816, Ferdinand married Maria Theresa, a princess of Portugal, for his second wife ; in 1819, Maria-Josepha Amelia, a princess of Saxony, for his third. She died in 1828j and in 1829 he married Maria Christina, the daugh- ter of Francis I., king of Naples, mother of the present queen of Spain. Died, 1833. FERDINANDI, Erii'HANius, a physician of Otranto ; author of several professional treatises — " De Vita Propaganda," "De Peste," &c. Bom, 1.509 ; died, 1G38. FERDUSI, or FERDOUSI, a celebrated Persian poet, whose talents having attracted the notice of Mahmoud, the reigning sultan, he gave him a distinguished reception at Ills court, and employed him to write a metrical history of the Persian sovereigns. This work, which is called the Schahnameh, contains UU,(X)*j stanzas, and occupied him 3(1 years, during wluch long period the enemies of Ferdusi succeeded in prejudicing Mahmoud against him. Instead of being rewarded, according to promise, with fiO,()00 liieces of gold, the same number of the smallest silver coin was sent to him, which the poet indignantly distributed among the menials, wrote a severe satire on the sultan, and tted to Bagdad. Born, 91« ; died, 1020. FERGUSON, ADAMvan eminent historian and moral philosopher, was born, in 1724, at Logierait, Perthsliire, of which parish his father was minister. He was educated at Perth, St. Andrew's, and Edinburgh ; was chaplain to the 42nd regiment, in Flanders, till the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ; and, on his return to Edinburgh, was chosen pro- fessor of natural philosophy, which chair he subsequently resigned for that of moral phi- losophy. In 17C7 appeared his "Essay on Civil Society," which procured him the de- gree of LL.D. In 1773 he accompanied the Earl of Chesterfield on his travels ; and, in 177G, having replied to Dr. Price on Civil Liberty, he was appointed to the secretary- ship of a reconciliatory mission sent out to America in 1778. On his return he resumed his professorial duties, and composed his "History of the Roman Republic," in 3 vols. 4to. Several years after this appeared his " Treatise on Moral and Political Sci- ence," 2 vols. 4to. ; and " Institutes of Moral Philosophy." Died, 1816. FERGUSON, James, an experimental philosopher, astronomer, and mechanist, was the son of a labourer, and born, in 1710, at Keith, in Banffsliire, Scotland. His ex- traordinary genius quickly displayed itself, as he learned to read in infancy by hearing his father teach one of his brothers ; and fer] ^ I^cUj Bnibev^nt 3BtflfltaptJ?« [fer when only 8 years of age he constructed "a wooden clock. Wlien old enough to work, he was placed out as a servant to a farmer, who employed him in keeping sheep ; iu which situation he acquired a surprising knowledge of the stars ; and his abilities being discovered by some neighbouring gentlemen, one of them took him to his house, where he learnt decimal arithmetic and the rudiments of algebra and geometry. From a description of the globes in Gordon's grammar, he made one iu three weeks suffi- ciently accurate to enable him to work pro- blems ; and, having a taste for drawing, began to draw portraits with Indian ink, by which he supported himself creditably some years. In 1743 he came to London, where he published some astronomical tables and calculations, and gave lectures in experimental pliilosophy, which he repeated with success throughout the kingdom. In 1754 he published a brief description of the solar system, with an astronomical account of the year of our Saviour's crucifixion, 8vo. ; also an idea of the Material Universe, de- duced from a Survey of the Solar system. But his greatest work is liis " Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's Princi- ples, and made easy to those who have not studied Mathematics*" On the accession of George III., who had attended his lectures, he received a pension of 501. a year ; and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. lie published numerous works on astro- nomy, mechanics, drawing, electricity, &c., all of which were successful ; and he died possessed of considerable property — the sole result of a persevering industry in the application of those talents with which nature had so liberally endowed him. In his manners he was meek and unassuming ; in his religious principles, sincerely devout. Died, 1776. FERGUSSON, RoBEijT, a poet, was born at Edinburgh in 1750. He was educated for the ministry, but a love of poetry and dissi- pation disqualified him for tliat profession, and he obtained a place in the sheriff-clerk's office at Edinburgh. His conversational powers rendered his company highly attrac- tive ; and the excesses into which he was led are said to have impaired his naturally feeble constitution, and rendered him an inmate of tlie Edinburgh lunatic asylum, where he died in 1774. His poems, written in the Scottish dialect, have considerable merit, but those in English are often below mediocrity. FERISHTA, Mohammed Casem, an In- dian historian, who flourished in the ICth and 17th centuries, was born at Ahmedna- gur, in the Deccan. He was liberally pa- tronised by the sovereign of Visapour, under whose auspices he published his " History of India under the Mussulmans," a work of ac- knowledged merit for impartiality and truth. FERMAT, Petek de, an eminent mathe- matician, civilian, and poet, was bom at Toulouse, in 1590, and died in 1664. He was a good scholar, and wrote poetry in the Latin, French, and Spanish languages. His prose works were collected and published under the title of " Opera Varia Mathe- matica." FERNANDEZ, Juan, a Spanish pilot and navigator, who, in 1572, discovered the island which bears his name. FERNANDEZ XIMENES DE NAVA- RETTE, John, a celebrated Spanish pain- ter, and a pupil of Titian, was born, at Logrono, in 1526, and surnamed El Mudo, in consequence of being deaf and dumb. He was appointed painter to Philip II. ; and died in 1579. FERRACINO, Baetholomew, a self- tauglit genius of Padua. He was bom in 1095, and bred a sawye/. His first invention was a saw worked by the wind. He made curious clocks and hydraulic engines, but his greatest work is the bridge over the Breuta^ which is remarkable for the bold- ness of the design, and its firmness. He died about 1764. FERRAND, Anthony, a French coun- sellor, who died at Paris in 1719 ; author of various songs, epigrams, and madrigals. FERRANDO, Gonsalvo, a native of Oviedo, in Spain ; author of a tract on the virtues of the Lignum Guiacum, which he brought from America at the close of the 15th century, and introduced into Europe for its valuable medical properties. FERRAR, Robert, an English prelate of the 16th century, was born at Halifax, Yorkshire, and became prior of the monas- tery of St. Oswald, which he surrendered on the dissolution in 1540, and, embracing the principles of the Reformation, was made bishop of St. David's by Edward VI. But, neglecting some form admissive of the king's supremacy, he was fined beyond bis ability to pay, and imprisoned. On the accession of Mary he was brought before Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, tried, and declared guilty of heresy, and burnt at Caermarthen in 1555. FERRARI, the name of a Milanese family, many of whose members, during the 16th and 17th centuries, were distinguished by their scholastic attainments. Octavian Ferrari, born in 1518, professor of politics and ethics successively at Milan and Padua, translated the works of Athenaeus into Latin, and wrote two treatises on the works of Aristotle, &c. He died in 1586.— Francisco Bernardino Ferrari, born in 1577, was a doctor of the Ambrosian college of Milan, and celebrated thoughout Europe for his intimate acquaintance with books and lite- rature in general. His collection of rare books formed the foundation of the cele- brated Ambrosian library ; and his own writings, several of which are yet extant, display great erudition. Died, 1669 — Oc- TAVio Iekrari, born in 1607, was pro- fessor of rhetoric and historiographer at Milan. He aftei-wards settled at Padua, where the fame of his learning brought him numerous scholars, and the patronage of crowned heads. Among these were Christina of Sweden and Louis XIV., from the latter of whom he enjoyed a pension of 600 crowns. Distinguished as he was by his great talents, he was not less remarkable for suavity of manners and disposition, uni- versally acquiring thereby the appellation of Pacificator. He followed Scaliger in an able work, entitled " Origines Linguae FEr] ^ i9etM Huiber^al 3SiflcjrnpTjy. [fes Italicffi," and wrote various treatises on an- cient manners, customs, &c. Died, 1682. FERRAKI, Gaudexzio, an eminent painter, was born at Valdugio,in 1484, and assisted Raffaelle in ornamenting tlie Vati- can. Died, 1.5.50 Giovanni Anduea, ce- lebrated as well for Jjis paintings of fruit and flowers, as for his landscapes and liis- torical pieces, was born at Genoa, in 1599, and died in 1G69. FERRARI, L.OUIS, an Italian mathema- tician, was born, in 1552, at Bologna, wliere he became professor, lie was a pupil of Cardan, and the discoverer of the metliod of resolving biquadratic equations. FERRARIS, JosEPU, Count de, an Aus- trian general, distinguislied as a geogra- pher and skilful engineer. He was born at Luneville, in 1720 ; entered the army in 1741, and in 177(J was appointed director- general of artillery for the Netherlands, at which time he undertook and completed the 2d sheet map of that country, which bears his name. lie served against the French in the campaign of 1793 ; afterwards became vice-president of the aulic council of war at Vienna ; was made a field-marshal in 1808 ; and died in 1814. FERRARS, Edward, a native of War- wickshire ; author of some tragedies and comedies. Died, 1.564. FERRARS, George, a lawyer and poet, was born in 1512, near St. Alban's ; edu- cated at Oxford ; and studied at Lincoln's Inn. He was in great esteem with Henry VIII., who gave him a large grant of lauds in Hertfordshire. He wrote some pieces inserted in the Mirror for Magistrates, ijub- lished in 1559 ; and the History of Queen Mary, in Grafton's Chronicle. One event of his political life is, however, more memor- able than his personal history, as it records the recognition of a valuable parliamentary privilege. While attending his duty as a member of the House of Commons, he was arrested and sent to prison for debt, which the Commons no sooner heard of than they demanded his release. This was refused, and their serjcant had his mace broken while defending himself in an affray with the officers of the Compter. The case was referred to the lords, who judged the con- tempt to be very great ; and although the city magistrates at length submittedto the autho- rity of Parliament, their tardy obedience did not exempt the parties from punishment ; for the sheriffs, and the plaintiff at whose suit Ferras was arrested, were committed to the Tower, and the clerks to Newgate ; and an act of parliament passed, discharging Ferrars from liability for the debt. Died, 1579. FERREIRA, Antonio, a poet ranked by the Portuguese as one of their classic authors, was born at Lisbon, in 1528. He carried to perfection the elegiac and epistolary style, and his " Ines de Castro " is the second regular tragedy that appeared after the revival of letters in Europe. Died, 1560. FERRERAS, Joiix DE, a learned Spanish historian and ecclesiastic, was born at La- baneza, in 1652, of a poor but noble family, and completed liis studies at Salamanca. He wrote several works in philosophy, theo- logy, and history, the most considerable of 297 which is his " History of Spain," in 10 vols. 4to. He also assisted in the compilation of the great Spanish Dictionary. Died, 1735. FERRETI. or FERRETO, an historian and poet of Vicenza, was born about 129C, and contributed greatly to the restoration of polite literature in Italy. FERRIAR, Jou>% a physician and mis- cellaneous writer, was born at Chester, in 1764 ; took his medical degree at Edinburgh, and settled at Manchester, where he was chosen physician to the infirmary and lunatic asylum, and became an efficient and active member of the Literary and Philosophical Society. He wrote many professional tracts, published under the title of " Medical His- tories and Reflections ; " also " Illustrations of Sterne," which display much research in tracing that eccentric author's literary ob- ligations to Burton, Hall, and other satirical moralists ; besides other works, in verse and prose. Died, 1815. FERRI, CiBO, an eminent Italian painter and architect, was born at Rome in 1634. He was a pupil of Pietro de Cortona, to whose style his pictures bear a strong re- semblance. Died, 1689. FERRIER, Arnold du, an eminent French lawyer and diplomatist, was born at Toulouse, in 1506. Having a strong predilec- tion for the Protestant religion, although brought up a Catholic, he at length openly avowed his opinions, and availed himself of the patronage of the King of Navarre, who made him his chancellor. Father Paul was greatly indebted to Ferrier for his assistance in compiling the History of the Council of Trent, where he had attended in his capacity of advocate, and been distinguished for the boldness of his language. Died, 1585. FESCH, Joseph, senior priest-cardinal of the sacred college, and archbishop of Lyons, and brother of La;titia Ramolini, mother of Napoleon Buonaparte, was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, in 17<>4, educated in France, and was in that country when the revolution broke out. Young and ardent, he instantly became attached to the new state of things, threw off the clerical attire of the seminary at which he was studying, and entered the army at Montesquieu, in Switzerland, in the capacity of a store-keeper. In 1796 we find him commissary-general to the army of Italy, which was then commanded by his nephew, Buonaparte. Having in this capa- city realised a princely fortune, he retired from the army, resumed his clerical studies and profession, and in 1802 was consecrated archbishop of Lyons. Early in the following year he received a cardinal's hat, and went to Rome as ambassador from France. There he was received with peculiar distinction ; but it would seem that the cardinal's hat, any more than the monk's hood, does not always cover true piety. His luxurious way of living, and a certain air of the camp that appeared both in his mien and in his con- versation, gave considerable scandal to the graver Romans ; and that scandal was es- pecially increased by his obstinately persist- ing in giving concerts at his palace, even in Lent, in defiance of a jiarticular and very strict order to the contrary. In 1804 the cardinal accompanied Pius VII. to FarLn, feu] ^ 0tbi Wiuibtr&aX 23tO0raj)l)2). [fib and assisted in the consecration of Napoleon; by whom, in tlie following j'ear, he was made grand almoner of France, a principal officer of the legion of honour, and a member of the senate. As president of the council of Paris, he opposed his self-willed nephew in many of his unjust schemes, and both boldly and constantly, though ineffectually, protested against tlie violence with which he insulted the unfortunate pope. Naisoleon, who was as incapable of sympathising with such true greatness of mind as he was of practising it, showed how deeply he felt his uncle's opposi- tion, by depriving him of his succession to the arch-chancellorsliip, and nominating in his stead Eugene Beauharnois, with the title of grand-duke of Frankfort. When his disgrace with the emperor was thus published, he retired at first to Lyons, and subsequently to Rome, where, with Madame Buonaparte, he lived a quiet but most luxurious life. His library and picture gallery were the finest that even Rome, that city of the arts, could boast. Died, 1839. FETJILLEE, Louis, an eminent natu- ralist, geograplier, and mathematician, was born at Provence, about the middle of the 17th century. Louis XIV. sent him to South America to make researches in natu- ral history and philosophy, of which he wrote a "Journal," in 2 vols. 4to. He was afterwards employed in an expedition to the Canary Islands, to ascertain the relative position of the meridian of Ferro, which, having satisfactorily performed, he was re- warded with a pension and the situation of botanist to the king. Died, 1732. FE VRE, Guy le, a French poet, was born, in 1541, at La Boderie, in Lower Normandy. He was the autlior of several works relating to oriental literature, besides several poems, which obtained for him considerable reputa- tion. Died, 1598. FEVRE, Anthony le, a brother of the preceding, an eminent statesman, was am- baasador at Brussels in 1597, when he dis- covered the conspiracy of Marshal Biron against his master, Henry IV. He was twice ambassador to England, and died in 1615. FEVRE, or FABER, Tanaquil, a classi- cal sdiolar, of great eminence, was horn at Caen, in Normandy, in 1C15. Cardinal Richelieu procured liim a pension of 2000 livres, with the office of inspector of works printed at the Louvre. He was subsequently professor of classical literature at Saumur, and died there in 1672. His works, which are very numerous, chiefly consist of com- mentaries on, and translations from, the Greek and Latin authors. The celebrated Madame Daeier was his daughter. Died, 1672. FEYJOO Y MONTENEGRO, Benedict Jerome, a Spanish Benedictine monk of the last century, who published his thoughts on a vast variety of topics, in the form of essays designed for popular use, whence he has been sometimes styled ihQ Spanish Addison. His " Teatro Critico Universal," and his " Cartas eruditas y curiosas," both works of merit, are devoted to a common object — the refuta- tion of error, and the removal of prejudice. A selection from Ma essays and discourses was translated into English, and published in 4 vols, in 1780. FICHTE, John Theophilus, a celebrated German philosopher and metaphysician, was bom, in 1762, in Upper Lusatia ; studied at Wittenberg and Leipsic ; and was succes- sively professor of philosophy at Jena, Er- langen, and Berlin. In most of his writings he unfolds the doctrines of transcendental idealism, representing the life of the mind as the only real life, and all the reality in the universe being expressed in what he called the "absolute I." His works have been translated into English. Died, 1814. FICINUS, or FICINO, Marsilius, an eminent scholar of the 15th century, and one of the revivers of a taste for Platonic phi- losophy in Europe, was born at Florence, in 1433. His father was physician to Cosmo de Medici, and was himself patronised by Cosmo, Peter, and Lorenzo. He was such an enthusiastic admirer of the writings of Plato, that he not only made a Latin version of them, but descanted upon them in an academy, and even preached their doctrines from the pulpit. Died, 1499. FIDDES, Richard, a clergyman of the Church of England, and author of several works, was born at Hunmanby, Yorkshire, in 1671 ; educated at University College, Oxford ; and obtained the rectory of Hail- sham. W^hile there he contracted an illness, which ever after nearly deprived him of utterance, and this led him to devote himself to literature. Among his various works are, " A Body of Divinity," 2 vols, folio ; " Fifty- two Practical Discourses ; " and a " Life of Cardinal Wolsey ; " the last evidently a party work, written to favour the views of the Pretender and of popery. Died, 1725. FIELD, Richard, a learned divine, was born in 1561, at Hemel Hampstead, Herts, and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1598, being then a D. D., he was made chaplain in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth, and afterwards a prebendary of Windsor. He was a great favourite of James I., who bestowed upon him the deanery of Glouces- ter, and proposed sending him into Germany to compose the differences between the Lu- therans and Calvin ists ; but for some reason this appointment did not take place. He gained great reputation by a work, entitled " Of the Church ; " and he commenced "A View of the Controversies in Religion," which he did not live to finish. Died, 1616. FIELDEN, John, M.P., whose exertions in behalf of the labouring classes deserve honourable mention, was originally him- self a labouring man, but gradually worked his way up to competence, influence, and authority ; and when through the medium of his combined industry and intelligence he had become a master, his fidelity to his caste made him the earnest and untiring champion of the rights of his fellow toilers. He sat in parliament for Oldham, from 1832 to 1847. His exertions in regard to the me- morable ten hours' bill will not speedily be forgotten. Died, 1849. FIELDING, Henry, an English novelist and a political writer, pre-eminently distin- guished for genuine humour and a know- ledge of the world, was the son of Lieut.- fie] ^ ^etn mnihtv^aX 3B{0JirapTjy. [fii, general Fielding, of Sharpham Park, Somer- set, where Henry was born, April 22. 1707. He waa first sent to Eton,\vhence he removed to Leyden ; but the straitened circumstances of his father shortened his academical studies, wliich, added to a love of gaiety and dissipa- tion, led him to turn his attention to the stage. His first piece, which came out in 1727, was entitled " Love in sevei-al Masks," and its success induced him to iwrsevere. Some of his dramatic eflForts were, however, failures ; tliough neither wit, humour, nor spriglitliness is generally wanting in them. In his 27th year, he married Miss Craddock, a lady of some fortune ; and, at the same time, by the death of his mother, became possessed of a small estate in Dorsetshire. Unfortunately, instead of husbanding these resources, he immediately set up for a country gentleman, on a scale which, in 3 years, re- duced him to greater indigence than iCver, with a young family to support. He then, for the first time, dedicated himself to the bar as a profession, and, for immediate sub- sistence, employed his pen on various mis- cellaneous subjects, " The History of Jona- than Wild " being among the early fruits of his literary industry. In 1742 appeared his first novel, " Joseph Andrews," in which the Cervantic style of humour is admirably imi- tated. It immediately received the attention to which it was entitled ; but success as a novel-writer was not very likely to advance his practice at the bar ; nor was the emolu- ment attached to it sufficient for a manner of life never sufficiently regulated by the rules of prudence. He was further impeded in his profession by repeated attacks of the gout ; added to which, his domestic affliction was greatly increased by the death of his wife. Neither disease nor grief, however, paralysed the efforts of his pen. In rapid succession he brought forth 4 periodical papers, called " The Champion," " The True Patriot," "The Jacobite Journal," and "The Covent Garden Journal," " Essays on Con- versation, and on the Knowledge and Cha- racters of Men," " A Journey from this World to the Next," and the novels of " Tom Jones " and " Amelia." During the rebel- lion of 1745, he lent the assistance of his literary talents to the government, and was rewarded with the then not altogether re- putable office of a Middlesex justice. To the credit of Fielding, however, he did much to render it more respectable by the prevention of crimes, and the improvement of the police. Ill liealth at length obliged him to try the milder air of Lisbon, and a Narrative of his "Voyage to that place was the last of his works. He, unhappily, received no benefit from the change, but died in the Portuguese capital, in 1754. Notwithstanding the lapse of a century, and the change in manners, the inimitable wit of Fielding is still relished, and his accurate knowledge of character uni- versally admitted. FIELDING, Sir Jonif, half-brother of Henry, and his successor as a justice for Middlesex. Though blind from his child- hood, he discharged his office with great credit, and in 1701 received the honour of knighthood. He published some tracts on the penal code, and a miscellaneous coUec- 299 tion, entitled "The Universal Mentor." Died, 1780. FIELDING, Sarah, the third sister of Henry Fielding, was born in 1714, lived un- married, and died at Bath, in 17C8. She was a woman of talent, and wrote several novels, &c., of which " David Simple " is the principal. She also translated from the Greek " Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates." FIENNES, William, lord Say and Sele, was bom in 1582, and educated at New College, Oxford. In 1624 he was made a viscount ; yet, like many others who had ex- l)erienced the favours of" the court, he joined the parliamentarians. He, however, con- curred in the Restoration, and was made lord privy seal and chamberlain of the household. He died in 1662. FIENNES, Nathaniel, second son of the above, was born in 1608, and educated at New College, Oxford, after which he went to Geneva. He was a considerable leader of the independent party, and commanded at Bristol when that city was taken by Prince Rupert, and would have suffiired death for his disloyalty, but for the influence of his father. Died, 16(!9. FIESCO, Joii.v Lotns, count of Lavagna, a Genoese of an illustrious family, and a victim of unsuccessful ambition, was at the head of the conspiracy which was formed against the celebrated Andrew Doria and his nephew. On the evening of the Ist of January, 1547, Fiesco, who had prepared a galley under pretence of a cruise against the corsairs, waited upon Doria to request per- mission to depart from the harbour early in the morning. Having succeeded in lulling his intended victims into a false security, he sallied forth in the night at the head of 500 men ; and dispatching parties to take posses- sion of different posts, himself proceeded to the dock, where the galleys lay ; but in pass- ing on a plank from one galley to another, he fell into the water, and, owing to the weight of his armour, was unable to rise again. His confederates failed in their at- tempt on Andrew Doria, though Giannetino, his nephew, fell beneath their swords ; and the family of Fiesco were made to pay the penalty of liis ambition by ruin and pro- scription. FIESOLE (so called from the monastery to which he belonged) was one of the most celebrated restorers of painting in Italy. His family name was Santi Tosini. Born, 1387 ; died, 1584. FIGUEROA, Bartholomew Carascosa DE, a Spanish poet, was a native of Logrono, and studied at the university of Salamanca. Born, 1510 ; died, 1570. FILANGIERI, Gaetano, a celebrated writer on political economy and legislation, was born at Naples, in 1752. He was at first intended for the army, but being of studious habits, he was allowed to gratify his inclina- tion for a literary life. His great work, en- titled "The Science of Legislation," not- withstanding it was never completed accord- ing to his original design, attracted great attention, from its bold and original views, and the liberality of its sentiments ; and places him in the rank of a first-rate writer upon one of the most difficult and important fil] ^ iflciM Winibti'Sal MiaQtKpffVi. [fI8 subjects that can engage the mind of man. In 1787 he was made a member of the su- preme council of finance, and died in 1788. FILICAIA, VixcENZO da, an eminent Italian poet, was born at Florence, in 1642, and studied at Pisa. His " Canzoni," com- memorating the deliverance of Vienna by John Sobieski, fully establislied his poetical fame, and obtained for him from the Duke of Tuscany the title of senator, while more solid rewards awaited him in being appointed governor, first of Volterra, and afterwards of Pisa. Died, 1707. FILMER, Sir Robekt, an English writer, was born in Kent, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He wrote " The Anarchy of a limited and mixed Monarchy," " Patri- archa," in which he contends that govern- ment was monarchical in the patriarchal ages ; and " The Freeholder's Grand In- quest." He was a man of talent, but a more bigoted champion of absolute monarchy has seldom appeared ; and it was to refute the doctrines of Filmer that l/ocke wrote his Treatises on Government. Died, 1747. FINCH, IlEN-EAOE, first earl of Notting- ham, was the son of Sir Heneage Finch, re- corder of London. He was born in 1621, and educated at Westminster School, from whence he removed to Cliristchurch, Oxford, and afterwards to the Inner Temple. Charles II. made him solicitor-general, and created him a baronet. He was returned to parliament for the university of Oxford, in 1061. In 1670 he was appointed attorney-general, and soon after lord-keeper, with the rank of a peer. In 1675 he was made lord chancellor, and in 1681 created earl of Nottingham. His powers as an orator were highly rated ; and Dryden has handed down his portrait to posterity in his poem of " Absalom and Achi- tophel," under the character of Amri. Died, 1682. FINCH, Daniel, eldest son of the preced- ing, was born in 1647, and finished his edu- cation at Christchurch, Oxford. In 1680 he was appointed first lord of the Admiraltj% and in 1692 succeeded his father as the earl of Nottingham. On the death of Queen Anne, he was one of the lords justices for the administration of affairs, and 800n after was made president of the council ; but in 1716 he was dismissed, on account of a speech which he made in behalf of the Scottish lords condemned for high treason. He devoted his remaining years to tlie enjoyment of re- tirement and literary leisure, the fruits of which appeared in an eloquent reply to Whiston, on the subject of the Trinity. Died, 1730. FINCH, Robert, an ingenious antiquary, was born in London, in 1783 ; educated at St. Paul's School and Baliol College, Oxford; and entered into holy orders. He travelled through the south of Europe and Palestine ; and died at Rome, in 1830 ; bequeathing to the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford, his valuable library, medals, coins, pictures, and antique curiosities. FINET, Sir John, a man of wit in the court of James I. and Charles I., was born near Dover, in 1571, and died in 1641. He was the author of "Fineti Pliiloxenus, or Observations touching the Reception, Pre- cedency, &c. of Foreign Ambassadors in England." FINGAL, celebrated in the poems of Os- sian his son ; was prince of Morven, a pro- vince of ancient Caledonia, and was bom about the year 282. He constantly strug- gled with the Romans, who at that time ruled in England ; and frequently made ex- peditions to Sweden, the Orkney Islands, and Ireland. Fingal's character, as sketched by Ossian, is that of a noble hero, the father of his people. FINIGUERRA, Tommaso, a celebrated sculptor and goldsmith, to whom is ascribed the invention of copperplate printing. He lived at Florence, about the middle of the fifteenth century, and practised the art called niello, which consisted in encliasing dark metallic substances into cavities worked on gold or silver, and fixing them by fusion. Died, 1475. FINLAY, John, a modem Scotch poet, was born at Glasgow, in 1782, and educated at the university of that city. He was the author of " Wallace of Ellerslie," a " Life of Cervantes," and the edition of " A Col- lection of Scottish Ballads, historical and romantic," in 2 vols. Died, 1810. FIRENZTJOLA, Angelo, an Italian dra- matic poet, born at Florence in 1493. He was originally bred to the bar, but left it for the church, and devoted himself to literary pursuits. Died, 1545. FIRMIAN, Chakles, Count de, adminis- trator of the Austrian government at Lom- bardy, was born in 1718. So exemplary was his love of justice, and his zeal for the hap- piness of the people, that the Austrian go- vernment rewarded him with the highest honours ; while he emploj'ed his wealth and influence in the encouragement of literature and the arts, of which he was a liberal and discriminating patron. Died at Milan, 1782. FIRMIN, Thomas, a distinguished phi- lanthropist, was born at Ipswich, in 1632, and brought up to business in London, as a linen- draper, which he carried on with good suc- cess. Although he had adopted anti-trini- tarian opinions, in consequence of having formed an intimacy with the persecuted Socinian, John Biddle, whose necessities he relieved ; yet his upright conduct, piety, and liberality were so conspicuous, that Arch- bishop Tillotson and other eminent prelates were proud of his friendship. Having es- tablished a linen manufactory for the pur- pose of giving employment to those who would otherwise have been vagrants, he pub- lished, in 1678, " Some Proposals for the Em- ployment of the Poor, and especially in and about the City of London, and for the Pre- vention of Begging," &c. His charity was extended to all sects and parties, and his useful life terminated in 1697. FISCHER, John Bernard, an eminent German architect, born at Vienna, in 1560. He erected the palace of Schoenbrunn, the church of St. Boromeo, and a number of other fine edifices at Vienna ; and was ap- pointed chief architect to Joseph I., wlio created him baron d'Erlach. Died, 1724. FISH, Simon, a native of Kent, and a member of the legal profession, who, having acted a part in a play written for the pur- FIS] 91 j5ctD ^mbcrM 2St05rapT;i». [fit pose of ridiculing Cardinal Wolsey, was obliged to flee to the Continent. lie there wrote a satire upon the Popish clergy, en- titled " The Supplication of the Beggars," which was answered by Sir Thomas More in his "Supplication for Souls." Fish was ultimately recalled home by Henry VIII., but died of the plague soon after his return, in l.Wl. FISHER, John, bishop of Rochester, a learned divine, was born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, in 1459. He became vice-chan- cellor of Cambridge ; and being appointed confessor to Margaret, countess of Rich- mond, it was through his influence that she founded St. John's and Christ's colleges. In 1504, he was unexpectedly promoted to the see of Rochester, and subsequently declined translation to a more valuable bishopric ; styling his church his wife, and declaring that he would never exchange her for one that was richer. Deeply prepossessed in fa- vour of the ancient faith, he opposed with zeal and perseverance the principles of Lu- ther and his followers ; and having denied the supremacy of Henry VIII. as head of the church, he was convicted of high trea- son, and beheaded on Tower Hill, in 15.3.5. FISHER, John, bishop of Salisbury, was born at Hampton, Middlesex, in 1748 ; edu- cated at St. Paul's School, and at Peterhouse, Cambridge ; became a fellow and tutor of St. John's ; and subsequently was apjiointed tutor to Prince Edward, the late duke of Kent. In 1803 he was raised to the bishopric of Exeter, and had the honour of superin- tending the education of the late princess Charlotte of Wales, which he performed with equal ability and success. In 18W he was translated to the bishopric of Salisbury, which diocese he continued to hold till his death in 1825. FISHER, Payjte, a poet of the 17th cen- tury, chiefly memorable for having held the otttee of laureate under Oliver Cromwell. He was a native of Dorsetshire, studied at Oxford and Cambridge ; and served on the royalist side in the civil wars ; but on the decline of the king's affairs he joined the republicans, and celebrated their successes in several Latin poems. He also wrote a " Synopsis of Heraldry," and various poems. Died, 1G93. FISHER, Thomas, F.S. A., a gentleman whose love of literature and antiquarian research rendered him a most acceptable contributor to many periodical works, was a native of Rochester, and for many years held the situation of searcher of records in the service of the East India Company. To the Gentleman's Magazine, Mr. Fisher was a contributor for nearly 50 years. He was also a contributor to the Asiatic Journal, and one of the first projectors of the Con- gregational Magazine. He was also a di- rector of the London Missionary Society, of which the knowledge he had obtained of the East made him a valuable member. Few persons, indeed, were more earnest in their endeavours to extend the empire of Chris- tianity generally, or who were better ac- quainted with its progress and success ; nor was he ever known to shrink from assisting, to the utmost of Ms ability, in a pecuniary 301 way, any cause which could plead for its object religious instruction, or Christian be- nevolence. Born, 1772 ; died, IH'M, FITZGERALD, Euwakd, Lord, a mis- guided and unfortunate political partisan, was the son of the Duke of Leinater, and born on the 15th of October, 17(53. At a time wken the revolutionary spirit was at its height in Ireland, he joined the malcon- tents, became the object of i)ro8cription, and met with his death in the following manner. Having disguised himself as a countryman, and taken refuge in a house in Thomas Street, Dublin, a party commissioned to ap- prehend him arrived, headed by the two town majors, Sirr and Swan, and a Captain Ryan. Swan and Ryan entered the room together, and summoned I^ord Edward to surrender ; but he made a bold attempt to escape, and closing with Captain Ryan, killed him with a dagger on the .<!pot. Be- fore, however, he could well disengage him- self from the dying man. Swan threw himself upon l-.im, and pinioned him round the body ; and Sirr, who had been standing at the door during the conflict, shot him through the body with a pistol. He was instantly removed to a plac* of security, where, after lingering for a day or two in extreme agony, he died, 1798. He had before attracted con- siderable notoriety, not merely from the rashness of his jwlitical conduct, but from having married the celebrated Pamela, the protege and supposed natural daughter of the Duke of Orleans and Madame de Genlis. FITZGERALD, Lady Edward, wife of the preceding, (commonly called Pamela), was supposed to be the daughter of Madame de Genlis, by the Duke of Orleans (Egaliti-). But according to the statement of Madame de Genlis, she was the daugliter of a man of high birth, named Seymour, who married, in spite of his family, a young woman of the lowest cla.s8, called Mary Syms, and went off' with her to Newfoundland, on the coast of America, where he established himself at a place called Fogo. There Pamela was born, and received the name of Nancy. Her father died, and the mother returned to England with her child, then 18 montlis old. As her husband was disinherited, she was reduced to great misery, and forced to work for her bread. She had settled at Christchurch, and a Mr. Forth having been commissioned by the Duke of Orleans to send him a young English girl, he saw Pamela, and obtained her from her mother. " When I began," continues M. de Genlis, " to be really at- tached to Pamela, I was very uneasy lest her mother might be desirous of claiming her by legal process ; that is, lest she might threaten me with doing so to obtain grants of money it would have been out of my power to give." She at length got over this difficulty, by the mother's acceptance of 25 guineas, and signing an agreement not to claim her child till she had paid M. de Genlis all the expense she had been at for her maintenance and education. Pamela's arrival at the Palais Royal, however, had occasioned odd conjectures. She was educated with the princes and princesses, as a companion and friend : she had the same masters, was taken equal care of, partook of their sports ; and fit] ^ ^tia mntljer^al 3StOffrap]b«. [fit I her astonishing resemblance to the duke's I cliildren would have made her pass for their ristPr, were it not for her foreign accent. ! Whilst Pamela and the young princesses I were pursuing their studies in the delightful I retreat of Belle-chasse, the revolution broke I out. The Duke of Orleans and his two sons, [ the Dukes of Chartres and Montpensier, I warmly supported its principles. Madame j de Genlis was then an admirer of the con- I stituent assembly ; Pamela participated in I her enthusiasm for liberty ; and every Sun- day the distinguished members of that as- 1 Bembly met at Belle-chasse. When the con- stituent assembly had terminated its labours, Madame de Genlis proceeded to England with Mademoiselle d'Orleans and Pamela, and attended by two deputies, Petion and i Voidel. It was then Lord Edward Fitz- gerald first saw Pamela. The brilliancy of her beauty, the graces of her mind, and the free expression of her feelings of liberty, made a deep impression on the young Irish- man ; and when Madame de Genlis, alarmed at the turn things were taking in France, retired with her pupils to Tournay, where the presence of Dumouriez and the duke assured them a safe asylum. Lord Fitzgerald accompanied them, and soon became the husband of Pamela. A few years after his unhappy fate, she married a Mr. Pitcaim, an American, and consul at Hamburgh ; from whom she was subsequently divorced. Slie then resumed the name of Fitzgerald, and lived in great retirement in one of the provinces, until the revolution of 1830 placed the associate of her childhood upon a throne. Lady Fitzgerald was, in consequence of this event, tempted to visit Paris; but she received little notice from Louis Philippe, or any of his family. She died in indigence, at Paris, Nov. 1881. FITZGIBBON, Joiix, first earl of Clare, and lord chancellor of Ireland, was born in 1749 ; and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Oxford. He rapidly rose in the legal profession, till he became a chan- cellor, in 1789, with the title of baron Fitz- gibbon i and in 1795 was raised to the peerage as the earl of Clare. He was an eminent lawyer, and a decided promoter of the Union. Died, 1802. FITZUERBERT, Sir Anthoxy, an able and learned judge in the reign of Henry VIII., was born at Norbury, in Derbyshire, and educated at Oxford, from whence he removed to one of the inns of court. In 1523, he was made a judge in the court of common pleas, and died in 1538. He wrote "The Grand Abridgment," a " Collection of Law Cases," "Tlie Office and Authority of Jus- tices of the Peace," " The Office of Sheriffs," " Natura Brevium," &c. He is also supposed to have written a book on the Surveying of Lands, and another on Husbandry, .tliough some have ascribed these to his brother, Jolm Fitzherbert. FITZUERBERT, Nicholas, grandson of the preceding, was born about the middle of the 16th century ; was educated at Oxford ; went to Italy, and held the situation of secre- tary to Cardinal Alan, whose life he wrote ; and is said to be the author of a treatise on the " Antiquity and Duration of the Roman Catholic Religion in England." He was accidentally drowned in 1012. FITZHERBERT, Sir William, a de- scendant of tiie same family as the preceding, was born in 1748, and received his education at Cambridge. Though called to the bar, he did not practise as a counsellor, but employed himself in writing on professional subjects. He held the office of gentleman usher to the king, who created him a baronet in 1784. Died, 1791. FITZHERBERT, Maria Anxe, a lady who at one period of her life occupied a pro- minent place in the history of this country, was the sister of the late Walter Smythe, esq., of Bambridge, near Winchester, and was married in 1775 to Edward Weld, esq., of Lulworth Castle, uncle to the late Cardinal Weld. Her husband died, without issue within a twelvemonth after their marriage, and she was soon after united to Thomas Fitzherbert, esq., who also died, leaving no offspring, in 1781. Having found it necessary to allude to Mrs. Fitzherbert, at some length, in our memoir of George IV., we shall here merely observe, that, attracted by the beauty and fascination of the blooming widow, the prince urgently pressed his suit, and a marriage, according to the forms of the Catholic Church, is believed (but never was thoroughly ascertained) to have taken place about 1787. She naturally became the ob- ject of great public and political interest ; but the influence she possessed was always exercised for the honour of him to whom she was united ; and she found, after her retire- ment from the meretricious splendour that had once surrounded her, ample means for the employment of her mind in acts of un- ostentatious benevolence. Died, March, 1837. FITZJAMES, Edward, Duke of, was the great-grandson of the Duke of Berwick, who was natural son of James II. of England, by a sister of the Duke of Marlborough. At the time of the French revolution, the name of the Duke of Fitzjames was placed on the list of proscription, in consequence of his having emigrated ; but, at the restoration of the Bourbon family, he returned to France, and became aide-de-camp and first nobleman of tlie chamber to the Count d'Artois, after- wards Charles X. In the chamber of peers he was remarkable for the constancy yet mo- deration with which he upheld the monarch. After the revolution of 1830, he was no less a favoured person than before it, having readily sworn allegiance to the new state of things. He is chiefly noticeable as being in some sort a member of our ill-fated Stuart family. Died, 1839. FITZSTEPIIEN, William, a learned English monk of the 12th century, and the friend of Thomas k Becket, archbisliop of Canterbury, whose life he wrote. Prefixed to this life is a " Description of the City of London, and of the Manners and Customs of its Inhabitants," which is curious on account of its being the earliest account of London extant, and has been preserved by being printed at the end of Stowe's Survey. Died, 1191. FITZWILLIAM, the Right Hon. Wil- liam Wentwoktu FiTZWiLLiAM, Earl, was born in 1748 ; commenced his education at fla] ^ ij^ftn Bnihtr^aX SSiflflrajpljM. [fle Eton, finished it at Oxford, and took his seat in the House of Peers in 17G9. Inheriting a good fortune from his father, and coming into possession, on the death of tlie Marquis of Rockingham, of tlie fine domain of Went- worth and other large estates, his lordsliip was naturally looked up to as a nobleman of influence and high connections, which his marriage with Lady Charlotte Ponsonby had of course extended. Up to the period of the French Revolution, Earl Fitzwilliam acted with the Whigs ; but when Mr. Fox held up the Gallic system of liberty and equality as a model for imitation, and the levelling prin- ciple was spreading far and wide throughout the kingdom, the warning voice of Edmund Burke was not lost upon him ; and seeing the necessity of sacriflcing the attachments of party to the general good, like many others of the hereditary nobility, he joined the Duke of Portland and Mr. Pitt, thus giving strength to the ministry and confi- dence to the nation. This was an extraor- dinary period of popular clamour and dis- content ; and at this critical juncture Earl Fitzwilliam was appointed to the government of Ireland. Finding that the Catholic party there was all powerful, and dreading the propagation of revolutionary principles at the very time the French fleet was hovering on the island, his lordship favoured those who were seeking " emancipation," and en- deavoured to conciliate, rather than punish, the disaffected ; but his measures were not approved of by the ministry, and he was re- called, to make room for Earl Camden. In 1798 he was appointed lord lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire ; and on Mr. Pitt's death, in 180<3, he became president of the council, which he retained until the fall of the Grenville administration in the following year. After this he gradually retired from public life ; and on the 8th of February, 1833, he died, aged 84. FLACCUS, Caius Valerius, was a Ro- man poet of the 1st century, who lived at Padua, and died young. He wrote an epic poem, entitled " Argonautica," of which seven books, and part of the eighth, were completed by himself, and the others sup- plied by ApoUonius. FLAMINIO, GiovAJfxi ANTOmo, M-hose family name was Zarrabini, was a Genoese, and born in 14(54. He was a teacher of the belles lettres in the university of Bologna, wrote the lives of Albertus Magnus and St. Dominic, and was also the author of various poems. Died, 1.5.'36. FLAMINIO, Makc Antoxio, son of the preceding, was born, in 1498, at Seravale, educated by his father, and distinguished himself by the extent and variety of his erudition. He was secretary to the cardinals Pole and Farnese, at tlie council of Trent, and died, at Rome, in looO. He was the author of " Carmina Sacra," and other poetical works in Latin, which are admired for their sweetness and purity. FliAMSTEED, John, an eminent astro- nomer, was born at Denby, in Derbyshire, in 1C4<5, and received his education at tlie free-school of Derby. He was led to the study of astronomy by perusing Sacrobosco's work, "De Sphaera;" and he prosecuted his studies with so much assiduity, as to be inferior only to Sir Isaac Newton, his co- temporary, who, in fact, availed himself of some of Flamsteed's calculations in his " Principia." He was appointed astronomer- royal, and the observatory at Greenwich was erected for him, where, during the remainder of his life, he assiduously cultivated the sub- lime science. His principal work is entitled "Historia Ccelestis Britaunica;" Died, 1719. FLAVEL, John, a nonconformist divine, was born in Worcestershire, and educated at University College, Oxford. In 1G50 he settled at Dartmouth, in Devonshire, where he wrote his " Navigation Spiritualised." He was ejected from his living in lG(i2, but continued to preach privately. At the ac- cession of James II. he returned to Dart- mouth. He died suddenly at Exeter, in 1(591. He was a man of exemplary piety and conduct, and his works are liighly esteemed by all who hold Calvinistic sen- timents. FLAXMAN, Jous, an eminent sculptor, whose father was for many years cm- ployed by Roubillac, was born at York, In 1755 ; and was admitted a student of the Royal Academy, in 1770. Having made considerable progress in his own country, he visited Italy, and, during a seven years' residence there, executed several im- portant works in sculpture, besides making drawings for the illustration of Homer, .^Cschylus, Hesiod, and Dante. This esta- blished liis fame as an artist of classical taste, and he was elected a member of the academies of Florence and Carrara. In 1794 he returned to England ; and from that period till his death, he was almost unin- terruptedly employed in works of first-rate character. Among them may be named. Lord Mansfield's monument in Westminster Abbey ; and those of Collins, the poet ; Lord Nelson, Earl Howe, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and tlie Baring family. He also finished a set of drawings and a model for the shield of Achilles, as described in Homer's Iliad. In 1810 he was appointed professor of sculp- ture to the Royal Academy ; and died in 182(5. FLECHIER, Esprit, a famous French bishop, was born in 1()32, at Femes, in the county of Avignon. He was greatly admired as a preacher at Paris, and his funeral ora- tions set him on a level with Bossuet. In 1(579 he published his " History of Theodo- sius the Great." In 1685 he was made bishop of Lavaur ; on which the king said, "I should have rewarded you much sooner, but that I was afraid of losing the pleasure of hearing your discourses." Shortly after he was promoted to the see of Nismes ; and died in 1710. His entire works were pub- lished after his death, in 10 vols. 8vo. FLECKNOE, Richard, an English poet and dramatic writer, whose name is now more remembered on account of its having been held up to ridicule by Drj'den, in his invective against Shadwell, than for the value of his own compositions. Died, 1C78. FLEETWOOD, Charles, a parliament- ary general in the civil wars, was the son of Sir William Fleetwood, who belonged to the household of Charles I. He entered the fle] ^ i5el» Hnilicr^aX ^tSiOflrapl^t). [fle army, and, on the breaking out of the civil wars, declared against the king ; commanded a regiment of cavalry in 1(344 ; and at the battle of Worcester bore the rank of lieu- tenant-general. Becoming allied to the family of the protector, by marrying his daughter, on the decease of her first hus- band, Ireton, he was sent as lord deputy to Ireland ; but, on the death of Cromwell, he joined in inducing his son Richard to abdi- cate ; thus hastening the restoration of Charles II., an event which, he did not long survive. FLEETWOOD, William, an English lawyer, and recorder of London in the reign of Elizabeth, was born in Lancashire. He received his education at Oxford, from whence he removed to the Inner Temple. He wrote the history of Edward V., Rich- ard III., Henry VII. and VIII. ; the " Office of a Justice of Peace," &c. He was a great favourite of Dudley, earl of Leicester ; and his professional writings were much es- teemed. Died, irm. FLEETWOOD, William, an eminent prelate, was born in London, in 165G, and educated at Eton and Cambridge. Soon after the Revolution he became chaplain to William and Mary, and fellow of Eton. In 1702 he obtained a canonry of Windsor, and in 170G he succeeded Bishop Beveridge in the see of St. Asaph, from whence, in 1714, he was translated to Ely. He wrote " In- 8crii)tionum Antiquarum Sylloge," " Chro- nicon Preciosum, or an Account of the English Money, the Price of Corn," &c. 8vo., "A plain Metljod of Christian Devotion," 8vo., " An Essay on Miracles," &c. Died, 1723. FLEMING, a poetical writer and trans- lator of the Elizabethan age. He was the author of numerous poems, chiefly devo- tional, translated some of the classic au- thors, and was the editor of Hollinshed's Clironicle. FLEMING, Robert, a Scotch Presbyte- rian minister, who retired from his pastoral charge at Cambuslang on the establishment of prelacy, and went to Rotterdam, and is known as the author of a work, entitled "The Fulfilling of the Scriptures." Born, 1630 ; died, 1694. FLEMING, Robert, son of the preceding, accompanied his father to the Continent, and was a member of the universities of Leyden and Utrecht. He was for some years minis- ter to the Scotch church at Amsterdam ; but on coming to England he was chosen pastor to the. Scotch church at Lotlibury, and lec- turer at Salter's Hall. He is principally known by his work entitled " Christiology,'' a "History of Hereditary Right," and a discourse on the rise and fall of Popery, in which are many passages that correspond remarkably with the early events in the French revolution. Died, 171(5. FLEMING, or FLEMMYNGE, Richard, an English prelate, was born at Croston, in Yorkshire. He received his education at University College, Oxford, and in 1408 ob- tained a prebend in the cathedral of York. He founded Lincoln College, and died in 1431. FLETCHER, Andrew, a Scottish politi- cal writer, was the son of Sir Robert Fletcher of Saltoun, and born in 1653. When a child, he had been placed under the tuition of Dr. Gilbert Burnet, and he acquired from him that attachment to free principles of government which distinguished him through life. Having given offence to the Scottish parliament, of which he was a member, he was outlawed ; but in 1683 he came over to England to concert with others who were opposed to the designs of James II. ; and in 1685 joined the enterprise of the Duke of Monmouth. While on this expe- dition, having killed in a quarrel another partisan of the same cause, the duke dis- missed him. He then repaired to Spain, and afterwards to Hungary, where he dis- tinguished himself in a war against the Turks. When the revolution took place, he resumed possession of his estate, and opposed the Scottish union. As a political writer he possessed great powers ; and, as he wrote with great boldness on the popular side, his readers were generally willing con- verts to his opinions. Died, 1716. FLETCHER, James, author of a "His- tory of Poland," a volume of poems, &c., was bom in 1811, and filled the situation of assistant in a school at St. John's Wood, London ; which, in consequence of the suc- cess of his work on Poland, he relinquished ; but shortly after meeting with unexpected pecuniary disappointments, he committed suicide, in a fit of temporary insanity, ia 1832 ; being then only 21 years of age. FLETCHER, Richard, an English pre- late, was bom in Kent, and educated at Cambridge. In 1583 he was made dean of Peterborough, and in 1586 he attended Mary, queen of Scots, at her execution, with a view of converting her to the Protestant religion, but failed. He was raised to the see of London, and died in 1596. FLETCHER, Jonx, an eminent English dramatic poet, was the son of the Bishop of London, and born in 1576. He received his education at Cambridge, and wrote several plays in conjunction with Beaumont. In this dramatic partnership, it is said that Fletcher found fancy, and Beaumont judg- ment. He died of the plague at London in 1625, and was buried in St. Saviour's church, Southwark. The principal piece of his own writing is a dramatic pastoral, entitled " The Faithful Shepherdess," and there is no doubt it suggested the idea of Milton's " Comus." Edward Phillips, the nephew of Milton, classes him with Shakspeare and Ben Johnson, as one of the "happy trium- virates" of the age. FLETCHER, Giles, brother of Dr. Rich- ard Fletcher, in the reign of Elizabeth, was a native of Kent, and finished his education at Cambridge, where he acquired the repu- tation of being a good poet. In 1588 he was sent ambassador to Russia, of which country he published an account on his return, but it was quickly suppressed, lest some strictures on the brutal tyranny of Ivan Basilovitch should offfend the reigning prince. He enjoyed some civic oflSces, and was treasurer of St. Paul's. Died, 1610. FLETCHER, Giles, son of the preceding, ■was born in 1588 ; educated at Cambridge ; fle] ^ Jlcto ^nihtr^al 33ioflTap]^y. [flo and died at his living of Alderton, Suffolk, in 1<)23. He was the author of a fine poem, entitled " Christ's Victory and Triumph in Heaven and Earth, over and after Death." FLETCHER, Piiineas, brotlier of the foregoing, was born about 1582, and educated at Eton and Cambridge. In l(i2l he obtained the living of Hilgay, in Norfolk, where he died in 1G50. He is best known by a poem, entitled " The Purple Island," which is an allegorical description of man, in 12 books, written in Spenserian verse. He also wrote "Piscatory Dialogues," "Poetical Miscel- lanies," and a work in prose, entitled "De Literatis Antiquse Britanuise." FI-EURIEU, CUAULE3 PiEURE Claret, Count de, a French naval officer, and one of the most learned hydrographers of mo- dern times, was born at Lyons, in 1733. Having turned his attention to nautical studies, he invented the sea-chronometer. In 179<)he was made minister of the marine ; but the revolution obliged him to discon- tinue his public occupations, and he was committed to prison in 1793. Having, how- ever, survived the reign of terror, he was nominated by Buonaparte, in 1799, a mem- ber of the council of state ; and he was also made intendant of cavalry and governor of the Tuilleries, which offices be resigned iu 1805, and died in 1810. FLEURY, Andre Hercule de, a car- dinal and prime minister of France, imder Louis XV., was born at Lodlve, in Langue- doc, in 1053. Coming to court, he won general favour by his pleasing person and fine understanding ; became bishop of Fre- jus ; and, through the interest of Madame Maintenon, was appointed instructor to Louis XV. In 1720 lie was made cardinal, placed at the head of the ministry, and from his 73rd to his 90th year, he administered the affairs of his country with great success. Died, 1743. FLEURY, Claude, a French historian and divine, was born in 1040. He was edu- cated as an advocate, and became a coun- sellor of the parliament of Paris in 1068 ; but subsequently took orders, and acquir- ing a great reputation for learning, was ap- pointed preceptor to the Princes of Conti, and afterwards associated with Fenelon in the task of educating the young Dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri. He subse- quently obtained the priory of Argenteuil, where he resided till 1710, when he left it to become confessor to Louis XV. His most important works are " Ecclesiastical History," "Manners of the Israelites," and " Manners of the Christians." Died, 1723. FLINDERS, Matthew, an eminent Eng- lish navigator, was born at Donnington, Lincolnshire, and entered early into the merchant service, from which he removed into the royal navy, as a midshipman, in 1795, In 1801 he was appointed to the com- mand of an expedition of discovery to New Holland, having previously distinguished himself by the discovery of Bass's Straits ; and after exploring a considerable part of the coast, his vessel was wrecked on a coral reef, and he was obliged to return to Port Jaekson. On his passage homeward, in 1803, having touched at the Mauritius, he 305 was detained liy General Decaen, the go- vernor, who, notwithstanding he had pass- ports from the French government, thought proper to make him a prisoner. There he was kept till 1800, when, through the inter- cession of the Royal Society of London and the National Institute of France, lie was set at liberty, and had his vessel restored. He died in 1814, having prepared an account of his researches, under the title of " A Voy- age to the Terra Australis," &c,, which wa» published after liis decease. FLOIUAN, Jean Pierre Claris de, a popular French writer, was born in 1755. He was recommended by Voltaire as i)age to the Duke of Pentluevre, who gave him a company in his own regiment, and on dis- covering his talents and literary tastes, ul- timately treated him as a confidential friend, and afforded him the means of pursuing a literary career. Among his earliest works were "Galatea," "Estelle," and " Numa Pompilius." He also produced some ad- mirable " Fables," and various dramatic pieces. During the tyranny of Robespierre he was arrested and imprisoned for having affixed to his Numa some verses in praise of Maria Antoinette ; and while in confinement he composed the first book of his "Guil- laume Tell." His life was distinguished by a spirit of benevolence and moral feeling ; and sucli, indeed, is the characteristic sen- timent of all his writings. Died, 1794. FLORIDA BLANCA, Francis Antony MoNiNA, Count de, a Spanish statesman, distinguished as an opponent of the French revolution, but who, becoming unpopular, was dismissed fiom office in 1792, and sub- sequently committed to the castle of Pam- peluna. He was, however, speedily re- leased ; and, after several years of seclu- sion, chosen president of the cortes in 1808, in which year he died, aged 80, FLORIO, John, the descendant of a fa- mily of Italian refugees iu England, was bom in London, in the reign of Henry VIII,; taught French and Italian at Magdalen College, Oxford ; and on the accession of James I. was appointed tutor to Prince Henry, and clerk of the closet to the queen. His works are, "First Fruits," "Second Fruits," and the " Garden of Recreation," besides a " Dictionary, Italian and English." Died, 1025, FLORIS, Francis, a Flemish painter, who acquired the title of the Raphael of Flanders, was born at Antwerp, in 1620, and died there in 1570. FLORUS, Lucius Ann^us, a Latin his- torian of the same family as Seneca and Lucan, He is the author of a " Compen- | dium of Roman History," in four books, which is concise and elegant. He lived in the reisns of Trajan and Adrian. FLOWER, Benjamin, a political writer, who, while engaged in commercial pur- suits in 1783, lost the whole of his property by a speculation in the funds. He after- wards became a printer at Cambridge, where, in 1793, he commenced the publica- tion of a weekly newspaper, called "The Cambridge Intelligencer," which he con- ducted for some time successfully ; but the freedom of his remarks subjected him to a FLO] ^ ^c&j mniljcrgaX 2SiflcrraajI;j). [fol prosecution for a libel, and he was im- prisoned. His paper henceforth declining, he went to Harlow, in Essex, where he commenced a periodical journal, called "The Political Review," which was con- tinued montlily for some years. He was the author of many political tracts ; and died, aged 74, in 1829. FLUYER, Sir Joux, an eminent physician, was born at Hinters in Staffordshire, in 1C49 ; settled at Lichfield ; was knighted ; and died in 1734. His works are, "The Touchstone of Medicines, 2 vols., " The Virtues of Cold Water," 2 vols., '• The Physician's Pulse Watch," 2 vols. ; " The Galenic Art of Pre- serving Old Men's Health," &c. FLUDD, Robert, an English philosopher, was the son of Sir Thomas Fludd, and bom at Milgate, in Kent, in 1574. His writings are wholly on alchemy, and the mysticism of the Rosicrucians. Died, 1637. FOGLIETTA, Ubekto, an historian and orator of Genoa, from which city he was banished and his property confiscated, for censuring the nobles, in a book entitled " Delia Republica di Genova." He wrote several works of merit during his exile. Born, 1518 ; died, 1.581. FOIX, Gaston de, the nephew of Louis XII. of France, was born in 1489. He had the command of the army, and on account of his daring exploits was denominated the thunderbolt" of Italy. After performing prodigies of valour, lie was killed at the battle of Ravenna, in 1512. FOIX, Loiis DE, a French architect in the employ of Philip II., of Spain, who was en- gaged in the erection of the Escurial, near Madrid. On his return to France he con- structed tlie canal of the Adour, and built the tower of Cordouan. FOIX, Paul ue, archbishop of Toulouse, was born in 1528, and distinguished himself as much lor his diplomatic abilities as for his virtuous and tolerant conduct as a church- man. He was employed on embassies in England, Scotland, Venice, and Rome ; and died in 1.584. FOLARD, JouN Charles, an eminent military tactician, was born at Avignon, in 1609, and entered the army early in life. He served with distinguished reputation under Vendome, in Italy, during the war of succes- sion. In 1714, he volunteered his services, and assisted in the defence of Malta against the Turks ; and fought under Charles XII. of Sweden till the death of that prince, when he returned to France and obtained the com- mand of a regiment. His system of tactics was allowed to be very judicious, and the works he published were held in considerable repute. Died, 1752. FOLCZ, John, a barber of Nuremberg, born at Ulm, in the loth century, was a ce- lebrated German poet, belonging to the class called Mastersingers, — a class which sprung up in Germany in the 14th century, after the extinction of the Minnesingers, or Suabian bards. Tliese Mastersingers belonged to the humbler sort of artisans, who met at taverns, where they established clubs for the cultiva- tion of this branch of literature. Their great merit was that of being able to invent some new and difficult species of metre, subject to certain rhythmical laws laid down for this species of" composition ; and Folcz distin- guished himself by the invention of a number of them. The earliest of his pieces was printed at Nuremberg, in 1474. FOLENGO, TiiEOPiiiLUS, an Italian bur- lesque i)oet, who wrote under the name of Merlin Coccaie, was born near Mantua, in 1491 ; became a monk of the Benedictine order, which he quitted for several years, and wrote Macaronic verses ; and died in 1554. FOLEY, Sir Thomas, a veteran admiral, was descended from a respectable family in Wales, and served as lieutenant in the Prince George, of 98 guns, at the time his majesty, William IV., was a midshipman in that ship. In 1790 he was promoted to post rank ; and, at the commencement of the war in 1793, he had the command of the St. George, and assisted in the recapture of the St. Jago, a Spanish ship of immense value. He also bore a part in capturing the Ca Ira, of 80 guns, and the Censeur, of 74, wlien engaged, under Admiral Hotham, with the Toulon fleet. At the me- morable battle off Cape St. Vincent, as well as at the Nile, Captain Foley displayed great skill, having, on the latter occasion, tlie honour to lead the British fleet into action ; and again, with his friend the gallant Nelson, he shared in the danger and glory of the conflict before Copenhagen. In 1812 he was advanced to the rank of vice-admiral ; and in 1830" received the appointment of com- mander-in-chief at Portsmouth, in which station he died, January, 18.53. FOLKES, Maktin', an English philoso- pher and antiquary, was born at Westmin- ster in 1690, and educated at Clare Hall. At the age of 23 he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1741 he succeeded Sir Hans Sloane as president of that learned body, and was elected a member of the royal academy of sciences at Paris. Mr. Folkes wrote, besides a number of papers in the Philosophical Transactions, a " Table of English Silver Coins, from the Norman Con- quest to the Present Time." Died, 1754, FOLLETT, Sir William Webb, an emi- nent lawyer, was born at Topsham, Devon, in 1798. His education commenced imder Dr. Lempriere, at the Exeter Grammar School, and was completed at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. In 1818 he became a member of the Inner Temple, commenced practice as a special pleader in 1823, and in the following year lie was called to the bar. His legal abilities were of the first order, and his rise to eminence was rapid, his superiority as an advocate on the western circuit being universally admitted. Sir William aspired to parliamentary honours in 1832, but he did not succeed till three years later, when he was returned for the city of Exeter. On Sir R. Peel's accession to place as prime minister, in 1834, Sir W. Follett was appointed soli- citor-general ; but upon Sir Robert's resigna- tion in 1835, he also quitted office, and was knighted. At the general election of 1837, and again in 1841, he was re-elected member for Exeter. On Sir Robert Peel's resumption of office, he was once more appointed solicitor- general. On Sir F. Pollock's elevation to the judicial bench in 1844 he succeeded him 306 fon] ^ ^eta Hiiiljcr^al 3SiD5raj|)T)B, [fon as attorney-general. The health of Sir V»\ Follett had never been robust in his youth, and it was unequal to the exertions neces- sary to fulfil the duties of his extensive practice. After repeated attacks of illness in previous years, and occasional relaxations from his professional labours, he at length sought to restore his health by a residence ' on tiie Continent : it was thought that he had received benefit from the change ; but he had not long returned to his native country, and engaged agabi in the busy scene of his for- mer activity, before the hand of " the De- I stroycr " was upon him. Died, June 28. 1845. I roNBLANQUE, John de Gkeniek, an ' eminent barrister, was descended from a i noble family in the south of France, some of whom, on the revocation of t)ie edict of I Nantes, came to England, and founded the ! celeljrated house of agency, into which they ' subsequently admitted as a partner, Mr. Thelluson, originally their book-keeper, but who afterwards realised that prodigious j fortune whicli has since so often occupied public attention, through its singular testa- j mentary disposition. John Fonblanque, the subject of this article, was born in 1759 ; received his education at Harrow and Ox- ford ; and in 1783 was called to the bar. In 1790 he acted as leading counsel for tlie liOndon merchants, in opposition to the Quebec bill, at the bar of the House of Commons. In 1793 appeared his celebrated " Treatise on Equity," wliicli went through several editions, and is regarded by the courts as an authority on the subject. In 1802 he was elected M. P. for Camelford, and con- tinued a member until the dissolution in 18U(3. In 1804 he obtained a silk gown with a patent of precedency, and for many years enjoyed an extensive equity practice. He was an able advocate of the Whig party, and a per- sonal friend of the Prince of Wales, for whom he now is supposed to have written the cele- brated letters to the king, on the subject of his royal highness's exclusion from the army, which were generally attributed to Lord Moira. He died, Jan. 4. 18:^7. FONESCA, Eleaxoka, Marchioness de, a lady of great beauty and talents, was bi.rn at Naples, in 17G8. She cultivated the study of botany, &e. with success, and assisted Spallanzani in his philosophical investiga- tions. She warmly espoused the cause of the French revolution, and when the French invaded Italy, she engaged in intrigues against that court, though less perhaps from principle than from her having formerly been dismissed from her situation of attend- ant on the queen. During the triumph of the republican party she was in the zenith of her fame, and edited a paper called " The Neapolitan Monitor ; " but the royal cause again succeeding, she was ultimately arrested and hanged, in 1799. FONTAINE, John de la, the inimitable fabulist, was born in 1621, at Chateau Thierry, where his father was overseer of the forests. His taste for poetry was first aroused by hearing one of Mallierbe's odes recited ; but to the patronage of the Duchess of Bouillon, who invited him to Paris, and encouraged him to write his Tales, he owed much of the distinction in literature he afterwards acquired. For 35 years he lived in Paris, residing successively with the Duchesses of Bouillon and Orleans, Madame de Sabliere, and Madame d'Hervart ; and was in habits of intimacy with Moliere, Boileau, Racine, and all the first wits of the French capital, by whom he was much beloved for the can- dour and simplicity of his character. Yet, with this simplicity, which amounted almost to stupidity, he united the talent of making severe, shrewd, and sensible observations on human life, and decorating his verse with touches of exquisite grace and delicacy. Be- sides his " Tales " and " Fables," I^a Fon- taine was the author of "Les Amours de j?8yche," " Anacreontiques," two comedies, &c. Died, 1095. FONTAINE, Nicholas, a voluminous French writer, of the Jansenist connection, was born at Paris, in 1G25, and died at Melun, in 1709. FONTANA, Charles, an Italian archi- tect, and the author of various architectural works, among which arc descriptions of the Vatican and the Amphitheatre of Vespasian, was born in 1034, and died in 1714. FONTANA, Dominic, an eminent Italian architect, was born, in 1.543, at Miii, on the lake of Como. He was employed by popes Sextus V. and Clement VIII., and after- wards appointed to the situation of first architect to the two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. Among the many edifices he built, no one is more remarkable thun the Egyp- tian obelisk in front of St. Peter's at Itome. Died, lti07. — John Fontana, his brotiier, was distinguished as a hydraulic architect, and performed some extremely imi)orlant works in that department of the art. Born, 1540 ; died, 1640. FONTANA, Felix, an eminent philoso- pher and naturalist, was born at Pomarlo, in the Tyrol, in 1730. He was ai)|)ointed professor of philosophy at Pisa by the Grand- duke of Tuscany ; and afterwards invited to Florence by Leopold II., who made him his physician, and employed him to form a cabinet of natural history. To this he added a variety of anatomical figures in coloured wax, most exquisitely finished, which, with other objects of interest and curiosity, to- gether form at present one of the attractions of the Florentine capital. He was the author of some important works on chemistry, physics, and physiology. He died iu 1806. FONTANA, Gkeookv, a mathematician, and brother of the preceding, was born in 1735. He filled the oflice of mathematical professor at Pisa for more than thirty years, was elected a member of the Cisalpine re- public in 17%, and died in 1805. FONTANA, FuANCis, a Neapolitan astro- nomer of the 17th century, to whom the in- vention of the telescope has been erroneously attributed, first studied jurisprudence and re- ceived the degree of doetor of laws, but after- wards devoted himself to astronomical and mathematical researches, and mode improve- ments in several instruments. Died, 16.>(>. FONTANA, Fkancis Louis, an Italian cardinal, who adhered to pope Pius VII., whom he accompanied to Paris, and was afterwards imprisoned in the castle of Vin- ceunes. Died, 1822. ^ i^tio Winihtv^nX SStosrapTig, [for FONTANA, Gaetano, an astronomer of Modena, who corresponded with Cassini, and was regarded by him as one on whose accuracy he could ever depend. He died, aged 74, in 1719. FONTANEL.LE, John Gaspar Dubois, a popular French writer ; author of " Averi- tures Philosophiques," " Naufrage et Aven- tures de Pierre Viaud," " Cours de Belles Lettres," several plays, &c Born 1737 ; died, 1812. FONTANES, iMVis DE,an eminent French writer, was born in 1761. At the commence- ment of the revolution he edited a journal, called " The Moderator," and after the fall of Robespierre joined La Harpe and others in the publicatioii of anotlier, culled " The Memorial," which with many others was suppressed by the National Convention in 1797, and the proprietors, editors, &c. in- cluded in one common sentence of banish- ment and confiscation of property. When the amnesty was granted on the elevation of Buonaparte to the consulship, he took a share in the management of the " Alercure de France," and soon after obtained a seat in the legislative assembly of which he be- came the president. He afterwards at- tained the rank of senator, and was one of the first in 1814, to propose the recall of Louis XVIII., who made him a peer and a privy-councillor. He died in 1821, having acquired the reputation of being a good orator and political writer, and a poet of no mean rank. FONTENAY, Peter Clacde, a French Jesuit ; author of a " History of the Gal- lican Church," 11 vols. Born, 1683 ; died, 1742. FONTENELLE, Bernard LE Bovierde, a nephew of the great Corneille, and an author of great and varied talents, was born at Rouen, in 1657. He studied the law at the request of his father, who was an advocate ; but soon devoted himself exclusively to lite- rature. At the outset of his career he met with little encouragement in his poems and dramas, but on the appearance of his " Dia- logues of the Dead," and his " Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds," his fame was at once fully established. In 1699 he was made secretary to the Academy of Sciences, which post he held forty-two years, and of the proceedings of which body he published a volume annually. He continued to write on general subjects, agreeably combining a taste for the belles lettres with more ab- struse studies, with little intermission, till he had almost reached the patriarclial age of 100 years. He died in 1757. FOOTE, Sir Edavaed James, a British vice-admiral, was the son of a clergyman in Kent, and entered the naval service when a boy. In 1799 he took charge of the blockade of the bay of Naples, by order of Lord Nelson ; and whilst engaged on that service, in con- junction with Cardinal RuflTo, he signed a treaty, with the insurgents. This was disap- proved of and annulled by Nelson, and the circumstance ^ave rise to much animadver- sion at the time ; some considering that Captain Foote had been the dupe of the car- dinal, and others blaming the British ad- miral for having greatly exceeded his au- thority. He was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral in 1812, and vice-admiral in 1821. Died at his residence, Highfield House, near Southampton, 1833, aged 66. FOOTE, Samcel, a comic writer and actor (whose satiric wit and imitative powers, though perhaps never surpassed, were often indecent and personally ott'en- sive), was born, in 1721, at Truro, Corn- wall ; educated at Worcester College, Ox- ford ; and intended for the bar. After a course of dissipation, to which his small fortune fell a sacrifice, he turned his atten- tion to the stage, and appeared in " Othello," but having little success, he struck out an untrodden path for himself in the double cliaracter of dramatist and performer. In 1747, he opened the Haymarket Theatre with some very humorous imitations of well known individuals ; and tlius, having dis- covered where his strength lay, he wrote several two-act farces, and continued to perform at one of the winter tlieatres every season, usually bringing out some pieces of his own, and regularly returning to Ms summer quarters. In 1766, he was thrown from his horse, and fractured his leg in such a manner, that amputation was rendered necessary. He soon, however, recovered his health and spirits, and even improved the incident to the suggestion of characters for his own acting. This accident also proved of service to his fortune, as it induced the Duke of York to procure for him a patent for life of the Haymarket Theatre. In 1777, having been charged with an infamous crime by a discarded manservant, he was tried for the crime, and, though fully ac- quitted, it had such an effect upon his mind and health, that he died in a few months after. He wrote twenty-six dramatic pieces, all replete with wit, humour, and satire ; but "The Mayor of Garratt" is the only one which at present keeps possession of the stage. FOPPENS, JoHx Francis, a learned Flemish divine and critic, was bom about 1689, and died in 1761. He was professor of divinity at Louvain, and canon of Ma- lines ; compiler of the " Bibllotheca Bel- gica," 2 vols. 4to., containing an account of Flemish writers ; and the author of various works, historical and theological. FORBES, Sir Charles, bart., an eminent Indian merchant, was born in Aberdeenshire, 1773. He was for more than 40 years the head of the first mercantile and financial house in India ; and his name stood in the highest repute in the commercial world for ability, foresight, and rectitude of character. He was returned to parliament in 1812 for Beverley ; and during five parliaments, from 1818 to 1832, he sat for IMalmesbury. Connected from early youth with India, and devoted to the welfare of its people, he was ardent in his advocacy for " justice to India ; " and he had tlie happiness to see many of his benevolent schemes for the well- being of his numerous clients completely realised. On returning from India he was presented by the natives with a magnificent service of plate j and 27 years after his departure from Bombay, a statue from the chisel of Chantrey was erected to his honour fob] f[ ^t\o Winihixitd 3StOQTajJl)M. [for in the town hall of Bombay. But it was in his private cliarities tliat the character of Sir C. Forbes was peculiarly manifested : they were distributed without reference to any other consideration than the necessities of the recipient ; and so unostentatiously were they administered, that almost literally it ought to be said of him, that his riglit hand knew not what his left bestowed. . He was created a baronet in 182.3. Died, 1849. FORBES, DUxNCAN, an eminent Scottish judge, was tuorn atCulIoden,in 1G85 ; studied at Paris, Utrecht, and Ediuburgh ; and rose to the rank of president of the court of session, discharging the functions of his high office with zeal, ability, and patriotism. It was mainly owing to his exertions that the rebellion of 174.5 was prevented from spreading more widely among the clans ; but so ungratefully was he treated by the government, that he was never able to ob- tain repayment of the various sums he had expended to uphold it. He was the author of •' Thoughts on Religion," &c. Died, 1747. FORBES, Patrick, bishop of Aberdeen, descended of a noble family, was born in 15ti4, took orders in 1592, and was raised to the episcopal bench by James VI. in 1618. He was a munificent patron to the university of Aberdeen, which owes to him the revival of the dormant professorships of theology, medicine, and civil law. He was the author of an elalwrate " Commentary on the Apocalypse." Died, 1013. FORBES, RouEKT, nn eccentric Scotch- man, was born at Peterhead, about the year 172.5. He completed his education at King's College, Aberdeen, where he took the degree of A. M. He was soon after appointed schoolmaster of the parisii of Peterculber, where he continued for some time, but found it expedient to leave, on account of an in- trigue, which he has humorously described in a well-known local poem, called the " Do- minie Deposed," written in the Buchan dia- lect, published about 1750. He then removed to London, where he commenced the busi- ness of a hosier, in a shop on Tower Hill. Here he composed that celebrated travestie on "The Speech of Ajax to the Grecian Chiefs," also in the Buchan dialect, begin- ning with " The Grecian chiefs upo' their doupa sat down, A rangel o' the common folk in bou- racks a* Steed roun," &c. The MS. having been shown to Ruddiman, the grammarian, he pronounced it the best he had ever seen on any subject. It was printed at Edinburgh, in 8vo., in 1754. Forbes is supposed to have died about the year 1783. FORBES, William, the first bishop of Edinburgh, to which see he was raised on its foundation in 1633, was born at Aber- deen in 1585 ; and died three months after he came to his episcopal dignity, early in UVM. FORBES, ALEXANnER, lord Forbes of Pitsligo, commanded a troop of horse in the rebellion of 1745; and after the battle of CuUoden he fied to France, but returned to Scotland in 1749, and died in 1762. He was the author of "Moral and Philosophical Essays," and is said to have been the pro- totype of the Baron of Bradwardine in the novel of Waverley. FORBES, Sir William, born at Pitsligo, in 1739, was the founder, in conjunction with Sir James Hunter Blair, of the first banking establishment in Edinburgh. Al- though born to an ample fortune, he de- voted himself to the commercial prosperity of his country, though without neglecting the study of elegant literature, to which he was greatly attached. He was an early member of the celebrated literary club, which numbered, amongst its illustrious as- sociates, the names of Johnson, Reynolds, Garrick, and Burke. Some time previous to his death, wliich happened in 1806, he published an account of the life and writings of Dr. Beattie, which exhibits throughout sound judgment and discriminating taste. The support and encouragement of all pub- lic concerns engaged much of his attention ; and in public and private charity his libe- rality was at once exemplary and unosten- tatious. FORBIN, Claude, Chevalier de, a dis- tinguished French naval commander, born in 1656. In l(i8.5 he accompanied the French ambassador to Siain, where he remained two years, as high admiral, general, &c. to his Siamese majesty ; and on his return to Europe he signalised himself on several occasions. In 1708 he was entrusted with conveying the Pretender to Scotland, but owing to the vigilance of Admiral Byng he could not effect a landing. Died, 1733. FORCELEINI, Giles, an eminent critic and lexicographer, was born at Treviso, in the Venetian States, in 1688, and died there in 1768. He was associated in his literary labours with Facciolati ; jointly producing, among others of less note, that important work, " Lexicon totius Latinitatis." FORD, John, an English dramatic author of the 17th century, was born, in 1586, at Ilsington, in Devonshire, where his father was a justice of the peace. He became a member of the Middle Temple in 1602, and died about 1639. His first tragedy, "The Lover's Melancholy," was printed in 1629 ; and he was the author of many other plays, besides some which he wrote in conjunction with Drayton and Decker. FORD, Sir Joux, was bom at Harting, Sussex, in 1605 ; educated at Oxford ; and knighted by Charles I., after having served the office of sheriff for his native county. During the civil wars he commanded a re- giment of horse, and suffered much in the royal cause, being imprisoned on suspicion of aiding the king's escape from Hampton Court ; but owing to the interest of Ireton, whose sister he had married, he obtained his release. He was a man of considerable mechanical ingenuity ; and at the request of the citizens of London, he contrived ma- chinery for raising the Thames water into all the high streets, which machinery was afterwards used to drain mines and lands in other parts of the country. He projected various other beneficial improvements, and died in 1670. for] ^ ^fiD HititJCr^aX 23tO0r<tpf;s. [roR FORDUN, John de, a Scotch historian of tlie 14th century ; author of a history of Scotland, entitled " Scotichronicon," which would be a valuable document, were it not disfigured by much that is absurd and fabulous. rORDYCE, David, an ingenious writer, was born at Aberdeen, in 1711. He was educated at that university, and became professor of moral philosophy in Maris- chal College. In 1750 he made a tour to Italy, and on his return the following year, was drowned on the coast of Holland. He wrote "Dialogues concerning Education," 2 vols. 8vo. ; " The Elements of Moral Phi- losophy," &c. FORDYCE, James, brother of the pre- ceding, was born, in 1720, at Aberdeen, and educated at that university. His first settle- ment, as a minister, was at Brechen, from whence he removed to Alloa ; and having obtained the degree of D.D. from the uni- versity of Glasgow, he came to Monkwell Street Chapel, London, where he drew crowded audiences by his eloquence and the beauty of his sermons. In 1782 he resigned his situation, and went to live first in Hamp- shire, and next at Bath, where he died in 1796. He published "Sermons to Young Women," 2 vols. ; " Addresses to Young Men," 2 vols. ; " Addresses to the Deity ; " a volume of poems ; and some single sermons. FORDYCE, Geokge, an eminent physi- cian, nephew of the preceding, was born in 1736 ; educated at the university of Aber- deen, and obtained the degree of M. A. at tlie age of 14. The year following he was placed with his uncle, who was a surgeon and apo- thecary at Uppingham, in Rutlandshire. He went from thence to Edinburgh, and next to Leyden, where, in 1758, he took his doctor's degree. In 1759 he settled in London, and commenced lecturer on the materia medica and practice of physic, in which he acquired an unrivalled reputation. In 1770 he was chosen physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, and in 1776 a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1787 he was elected, speciali gratia, a fellow of the College of Physicians. Dr. Fordyce is known by his " Dissertations on Fever," a " Treatise on Digestion," " Ele- ments of the Practice of Physic," &c. He was also an excellent experimental chemist, and published " Elements of Agriculture and Vegetation." He died in 1802. FOREST, JoHx, painter to the king of France, was born at Paris in 1636, and died in 1712. His landscapes are much admired. FORESTI, or FORESTA, James Philip, usually called Philip of Bergamo, an Augus- tine monk, and author of a " Chronicle from the earliest Period to 1203," &c. Died, 1520. FORKEL, JoHX Nicholas, an eminent writer on the history and theory of music, and director of music in the university of Gottingen, was born in 1749, and died in 1819. His " General History of Music," 2 vols. 4to., is reckoned tlie most valuable of his numerous works. He was also a com- poser and a good pianist, and a man of ge- neral and extensive knowledge. FORSKAL, Petek, a young Swedish na- turalist, the scholar and friend of liinnaeus, who, after completing his studies at Upsal, travelled into the East with Niebuhr, but died at Djerim, in Arabia, during the 2nd 3'ear of his travels, and before he had at- tained his 28th year. On Niebuhr's return he published, in 3 vols. 4to., Forskal's re- marks on the productions of the countries through which he had passed. FORSTER, Geokge, an English traveller, was in 1782 engaged in the civil service of the East India Company. He was well ac- quainted with the oriental languages, which rendered him a fit person to undertake a journey from Bengal to Persia, and thence through Russia to England. A full narra- tive of this was published in 1798, in 2 vols. 4to. Died at Allahabad, in 1792. FORSTER, John Reinuold, an eminent naturalist and geographer, was born, in 1729, at Dirschau, in Polish Prussia ; edu- cated at Berlin and Halle ; and officiated as minister of Dantzic, and afterwards at Nas- senhuben. He then came to England, as teacher of the French and German lan- guages, and natural history, at tlie dis- senting academy at Warrington. In 1772 he accompanied Captain Cook in his second voyage round the world, as naturalist to the expedition, and took his son with him as a companion. On his return, in 1775, the university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of LL.D.,and he seemed on the high road to preferment ; but he was appointed professor of natural historj', &c. at Halle, in Saxony, to which place he retired ; and died in 1798. Besides his "History of Voyages and Discoveries in the North," he wrote several other original works, and translated many into German. He united great pene- tration and quick apprehension with asto- nishing powers of memory. He spoke or wrote 17 living and dead languages, and was well-acquainted with almost every depart- ment of literature ; while in history, botany, and zoology, he stands among the first in- vestigators of the last century. FORSTER, John Geokge Adam, son of the preceding, was born in 1754 ; accompanied his father in the voyage round the world ; was professor of natural history in Hesse Cassel, and afterwards at Wilna. He subsequently settled at Mentz as a bookseller, and entered warmly into the revolutionary principles of France ; on which account he was nominated a deputy to the Rhenish convention, and sent to Paris, but Mentz being besieged and taken by the Prussians, Forster was obliged to re- main at Paris, where he died in 1794, while preparing, as it is said, for a voyage to Hin- dostan and Thibet. He was the author of several works on geography, natural history, philosophy, and politics. FORSTER, Nathaniel, a learned divine and writer, was born, in 1717, at Plymstock, Devon ; educated at Eton and Oxford ; ob- tained a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Bristol, and the vicarage of Rochdale, in 1754 ; in the following year elected F. R. S., and appointed one of the royal chaplains ; and died in 1757. He was the author of " Reflections on the Antiquity, Government, Arts, and Sciences in Egypt," " A Disserta- tion on Josephus's Account of Jesus Christ," and a " Hebrew Bible without points." FORSYTH, Alexander John, A. M., for] ^ ^etu Winibtr^al %ia^Kpf)v, [fos LL.D., "the discoverer of the percussion principle," was bom 1st of January, 1769. He was the son of the Rev. James Forsyth, minister of Belhelvie, near Aberdeen, and Isabel Syme, daughter of the Rev. Gilbert Syme, minister of Tullynessle. (A son of Mr. Syme married a daughter of Principal Robertson, of Edinburgh, whose only daughter, Eleonora Syme, was married to Henry Brougham, esq., of Brougham Hall, Westmoreland, and was the mother of Henry, lord Brougham and Vaux.) He completed his education at the nniversity of King's College, wliere he took the degree of A. M. He succeeded his father in the pas- toral charge of the parish of Belhelvie, 24th of August, 1791. Soon after his settlement, lie commenced for his amusement, a series of chemical experiments, principally on fulminating powders, and other explosive compounds. In the year 1805, he was called to London, to make experiments for the government on the percussion principle, which he had about two years previously discovered. His stay in London was pro- longed to nearly a twelvemonth, and he had all but succeeded in convincing the officials at the ordnance office of the propriety of adopting the percussion lock, when a change of ministry, and the bustle of new appoint- ments, or tlie contempt for every thing done or proposed by predecessors, led to an order to him to remove from the Tower, where he had been experimenting, and take his " rub- bish " with him. That " rubbish " consisted of beautiful and ingenious applications of the percussion principle ; a principle which, now after nearly half a century has elapsed, is partially, and will soon be generally, used in the British army, as it has long been in the armies of our continental neighbours. About a year previous to his death, his claims were acknowledged by government, who gave liim an annuity of 2007. As a parish clergyman he was much esteemed, and by the gentleness and modesty of his demeanour secured for himself the warm attachment of a wide circle of friends and acquaintance. He died suddenly, 11th June, 1843, aged 74. FORSYTH, William, an able horticul- turist, was bom at Old Meldrum, Aberdeen- shire, in 1757. He was a pupil of the cele- brated Philip Miller, and succeeded him at the physic-gardens of the apothecaries' com- pany at Chelsea. In 1784 he was made superintendant of the royal gardens at Kensington and St. James's, and died in 1804. FORTESCUE, Sir Jonx, an eminent judge and writer on the law, was a son of Sir Henry Fortescue, lord chief justice of Ireland. He studied at Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar, and in 1442 was made chief justice of the court of king's bench. He was a principal counsellor in the court of Henry VI., aud for his devotion to that mon- arch he was attainted by the Parliament under Edward IV.; and in 1403 he fled, with Queen Margaret and her suite, to Flanders, where he remained in exile several years ; during which time he wrote his well-known work,"De Laudibus Legum Anglite." Re- turning to England, to join in the struggle for the restoration of the house of Lancaster, he was taken at the battle of Tewkesbury ; 311 but obtained his pardon from Edward, and was allowed to retire to his seat in Gloucester- shire, where he died, in his 90th year. FORTESCUE. See Aland. FORTIGUERRA, Nicholas, an Italian prelate and poet, was bom at Pistoia in 1674, and died in 1735. He was the author of a burlesque poem, entitled " Ricciardetto," a lively and elegant production, in which the style of Ariosto and Pulci is by turns very happilv imitated. FOSBROOKE, Rev. Thomas Dudley, F.S.A.,a learned and industrious antiquary and archaBologist, was born in 1770, and received his education at St. Paul's School, London, and Pembroke College, Oxford. Mr. Fosbrooke commenced his literary ca- reer in 1796, with a poem entitled " The Economy of Monastic Life ; " and in 1799 he produced his "British Monachism," 2 vols. 8vo., having previously api)lied himself with extraordinary diligence to the study of the Saxon language. His next great work was the " History of Gloucestershire," in 2 vols. 4to. ; and in 1819 appeared his " History of the City of Gloucester." These were fol- lowed by the " Wye Tour," " Ariconensia," and the " Berkeley Manuscripts." In 1824 he published his most important work, the " Encyclopa:dia of Antiquities, and Ele- ments of Archaeology," 2 vols. 4to. ; and, in 1828, a kind of sequel to it, called "Foreign Topography." " The Tourist's Grammar," and several other works, also appeared from his pen ; and he was for many years a pro- lific contributor to the " Gentleman's Ma- gazine." Mr. Fosbrooke's church prefer- ment was aa scanty as his literary industry was great. For 16 years he officiated as curate of Horsley, in Gloucestershire; during the next 20 years he was curate at Walford (on tiie banks of the Wye) ; and for the last 12 years of his life he was its vicar. Died on New-year's-day, 1842. FOSCOLO, Ugo, a distinguished Italian writer, was born at sea, in 1776, in a Vene- tian frigate, lying near Zante, of which island liis father was governor. He was educated at Padua, and produced his tragedy of "Thyestes" before he was 20. He wag soon after employed as secretary to Battoglia, who was sent ambassador to Buonaparte, to endeavour to preserve the independence of the Venetian republic. The embassy was j unsuccessful, and Foscolo retired into Lom- bardy, where he produced his celebrated "Letters of Ortis," which established his ' fame. Having enlisted in the 1st Italian | legion that was formed, he was shut up in I Genoa during the famous siege of 1799, with j General Massena, and while there he com- posed two of his finest odes. He remained in the Italian army till 1805, when he was sent to Calais with the troops professedly destined for the invasion of England ; but he soon after quitted the service. He was ap- pointed professor of literature at Pavia, in 1809 ; when the bold language of his intro- ductory lecture is said to have oflfended Buonaparte, and the professorship was imme- diately suppressed. In 1812 he produced his tragedy of " Ajax," which was represented at the theatre Delia Scala, at Milan ; but it being supposed to convey a satire on the FOS] ^ ^cijj mniiitr^nl ^iaQtapf)^, [fou character of Buonaparte, he found it neces- sary to withdraw to Florence. He is said to liave subsequently engaged in a conspiracy to expel the Austrians from Italy ; but a dis- covery taking place, he was obliged to de- camp, first to Switzerland, from whence lie shortly after removed to England, where he was well received by the most eminent lite- rati, and noticed by people of distinction. Besides publishing his " Essays on Petrarch," "Disputations and Notes on Dante," &c., he contributed to the Edinburgh, Quarterly, and other reviews ; and he might have en- joyed an easy competence, if he had not unnecessarily involved himself in pecuniary diffleulties. Died, 1827. FOSSE, Chakles de la, an eminent pain- ter, was born at Paris, in H'AO. He became suc- cessively professor, director, and chancellor of the academy of painting, and died in 1716. FOSSE, Anthoxyde la, sieurd'Aubigny, nephew of the preceding, was bom at Paris, in 1653. He was secretary to the Duke d'Aumont, but he devoted considerable time to literary pursuits, and wrote several suc- cessful tragedies, of which the best is entitled " Manlius Capitolinus." Died, 1708. FOSTER, Henrv, a naval officer who ac- companied Sir Edward Parry in his voyages to the arctic regions ; and, in 1828, had the command of the Chanticleer sloop of war, to prosecute a voyage of scientific research in the southern regions of the globe. After having visited various islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, in order to determine points relative to the figure of the earth, meridians, &c., he was drowned, by falling out of a canoe which he had used in ascend- ing the river Cliagres, Feb. 5. 1831. FOSTER, James, D.D., an eminent dis- senting minister of the sect called Independ- ents, was born at Exeter, in 1697 ; and com- menced preaching there in 1718. He after- wards removed to Trowbridge, in Wiltshire, where he turned Baptist ; and in 1724 was cliosen successor to Dr. John Gale, of the chapel in Barbican, London, where he acted as a pastor nearly 20 years, and also as a lecturer at a meeting-house in the Old Jewry. He was so eloquent a preacher that crowds flocked to hear him, and Pope has made honourable mention of him in his satires. In 1746 he attended Lord Kilmarnock to the scatTuld, which is said to have made so strong an impression upon his own spirits as to aflSict him with a settled melancholy, from whicli he never entirely recovered. He wrote a "Defence of Revelation," in reply to Tin- dal ; " Tracts on Heresy," " Discourses on Natural Religion and Social Virtue," &c. Died, 1753. FOSTER, Jonu^, a learned divine, was born in 1731, at Windsor, and educated at Eton, from whence he was sent to King's College, Cambridge. He was for a time head-master at Eton, and was appointed to a stall at Windsor, in 1772 ; but died in 1773 at Spa, wliither he had gone for liis health. He published an " Essay on the Nature of Accent and Quantity," &c. FOSTER, Rev. John, one of the most able writers and original thinkers of modern times, was born in Yorksliire, 1770. At an early age he entered the Baptist college at Bristol, and on the completion of his theologi- cal studies, was successively settled as a prea- cher at various places, the last of which was Downend, near Bristol ; but he afterward re- linquished his pastoral duties, and the last 20 years of his life were chiefly devoted to lite- rary pursuits. He was a frequent contributor to the " Eclectic Review " (some of his articles have been collected and published separate- ly) ; but his chief reputation is founded on his " Essays," which have gone through nu- merous editions, and whose popularity seems to increase with the lapse of time. Died, 1843. FOSTER, Sir Michael, an eminent law- yer, was born at Marlborough in Wiltshire, m 1689, entered the Middle Temple, and in regular course was called to the bar. In 1735 he was chosen recorder of Bristol ; and, in 1745, appointed one of the justices of the king's bench, on which occasion he received the honour of knighthood. He published a tract against Bisliop Gibson's Codex on Church Power, and a Report of the Trials of the Rebels in the year 1746. He was an independent and fearless asserter of the liberty of the subject. FOTHERGILL, George, an eminent di- vine, was bom in Westmoreland, in 1705, and educated at Kendal School, from whence he removed to Queen's College, Oxford, where he became fellow and tutor. In 1751 he was elected principal of Edmund Hall, and presented to the vicarage of Bramley in Hampshire. He wrote 2 vols, of sermons, which were highly esteemed. Died, 1760. FOTHERGILL, John, an eminent phy- sician, was born in 1712, at Carr End, in Yorkshire, his parents being highly respect- able members of the Society of Friends. He served his time to an apothecary, after which he went to Edinburgh, where, in 1736, he took his doctor's degree. In the same year he became a pupil in St. Thomas's Hospital, and in 1740 made a tour of the Continent. On his return lie settled in London ; and in 1748 acquired much reputation, by a tract entitled "An Account of the Sore Throat attended with Ulcers." In 1754 he became a member of the Edinburgh College of Phy- sicians, and in 1763 a fellow of the Royal Society. For 30 years he may be said to have stood at the head of the medical pro- fession, and died in 1780. His works, con- sisting chiefly of medical pieces, have been printed in 3 vols. 8vo., with his life prefixed. FOUCHE', Joseph, duke of Otranto, was the son of a captain of a merchant ship, and born at Nantes in 1763. It was intended he should follow the same profession as his father, but he adopted that of the law, and the events of the Revolution soon brought him into notice. He headed a popular so- ciety at Nantes, by which he was sent, in 1792, as their deputy to the National Con- vention ; and on the trial of Louis XVI. he voted for his death. In 1793 he was sent to Lyons with CoUot d'Herbois, and the cold- blooded cruelties he tliere committed are recorded in his own letters and reports. Re- turning to Paris, he joined in the destruction of Robespierre, merely from the fear of be- coming one of his victims. He, however, had several narrow escapes during the turbulent times that followed ; but circumstances at FOC] ^ ^tto mnihtvinl 2Si0gra4jTji?. [fou length placed him at the head of the Parisian police, in which office he was a useful in- strument in the hands of Buonaparte, who thought it might be easy, through Fouch^, to hazard a political stroke without compro- mising his own character. To the superin- tendence of police Buonaparte added the management of the interior, and in 1805 he made him duke of Otranto. He then opened his drawing-room to the ancient nobility, many of whom he employed as spies ; but the emperor grew suspicious of this minister, and after his second marriage he resolved on dismissing him, for which an opportunity goon offered. As they felt no conlidence in each other, both employed a secret agent at the English court ; which agents, not being known to each other, had no means of con- certing measures together ; consequently their communications did not agree, and the English minister concluded, from the want of coincidence in their proposals, that France was merely trifling, and complained loudly of the insult. This led to some investigation, when tlie contractor Ouvrard was proved to have been secretly employed by the Duke of Otranto. Immediately upon this, the Duke of Rovigo was made prefect of the interior, and Fouche was required to deliver up his papers. He was then sent into a sort of honourable exile, with the empty title of governor of Rome. In 1814 he returned to France, and was well received by the restored government. When Napoleon re-appeared in France, Fouche was suddenly called to the ministry, and filled his post with skill. After the battle of Waterloo he was appointed i)re- sident of the provisional government, when he appeared as negotiator between the em- peror and the allied powers ; and seeing the uselessness of Paris offering a defence, he acted honourably in advising Napoleon to abdicate. Louis XVIII. continued Otranto as one of his ministers, until by the law of the r>th of January, 181(5, he was obliged to quit France. After travelling some time in Germany, he took up his residence at Trieste, where he died in ISliO. He was certainly one of the most celebrated, and, perhai)s, the most designedly wicked of all the French revolutionists. One of his countrymen has summed up his character in this short sen- tence. "Fouche effected some good, and a great deal of evil." FOULIS, Robert and Axorew, two eminent printers in Glasgow, distinguished for the beauty and accuracy of their books, particularly the Latin and Greek classics. They continued for 30 years to carry on business with great success ; but having endeavoured to establish an acailemy for the instruction of youth in painting and sculpture, their resources were unequal to the undertaking, and it ultimately ruined them. Andrew died in 1774, and Robert in 1776. FOUNTAINE, Sir Andrew, an English antiquary, was born at Narford, in Norfolk, and educated at Christchurch, Oxford, where he studied the Anglo-Saxon language, and wrote a piece inserted in Dr. Hickes's Thesaurus, entitled " Numismata Anglo- Saxonica et Anglo-Danica." King William conferred on him the honour of knighthood, and in 1727 he was appointed warden of the mint. Died, 1753. FOUQUIER TINVILLE, Aktiiony QL'ENTi>',one of the most execrable monsters of the French revolution, was born in 1747. As director of Robespierre's revolutionary tribunal in 1793, he boasted of pronouncing only one word — "Death." It was he that accused Marie Antoinette of incest with the dauphin ; to which infamous accusation she replied, "I appeal to all mothers whether the charge is possible." He called the guil- lotine the coining machine of the revolution) and to such a state of savage. fury had his thirst for blood risen, that its repeated grati- fication appears to have produced a real in- sanity. At length, after the fall of Robes- pierre, in 1795, this human demon was de- nounced by Freron in these appropriate words, "I demand that Fouquier Tinville may wear off the remains of his drunken surfeit of blood in hell." Being tried and condemned to the guillotine, the people used his own death-dealing phrase as he went to execution, while he replied with hoarse curses and distorted gesticulations to their execrations, but his courage failed him at the foot of the scaffold, and he died like a coward. FOUQUIERES, James, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp in 1580. He was the disciple of Velvet Breughel, and became so excellent in painting landscapes, as to be ranked with Titian. Died, UVjQ. FOURCROY, Antoixe Francois t>e, an eminent French chemist and natural phi- losopher, was born at Paris, in 175,'> ; and, having adopted the profession of medicine, he applied himself closely to the study of the sciences connected with it, especially to chemistry. In 1784 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the Jardin du Roi ; and about this i>eriod he became as- sociated with Lavoisier, Berthollet, &c. in researches which led to vast improvements and discoveries in chemistry, and, in con- junction with them, he drew up the new "Methode de Nomenclature Chimique." When the Revolution took place, he en- gaged in politics, and was chosen a deputy from Paris to the National Convention. In 1794 he became a member of the committee of public safety, and, next year, passed into the council of ancients. In 1799, Buona- parte gave him a place in the council of state, when he was entrusted with the management of all affairs relating to public instruction, and acquitted himself in a manner highly meritorious. He was the author of many valuable works on chemical science and natural philosojihy. Died, 1809. FOURCROY, Charles Rkxe de, an eminent French officer and engineer, who served with distinction in various campaigns, and attained the rank of marechal de camp. Born, 1718 ; died, 1791. FOURIER, Charles, the son of a Be- sangon clothier, is known as the author of the co-operative system, in which he pro- posed a division of profits proportioned to the labour, talent, and capital employed. He has left several works bearing on his favourite views, which, under the names of Socialism and Communism, have since taken FOU] ^ ^fUj mnibcrs'al Mia^VKpf)^, [fox such deep hold of the French character, that it is to be feared nothing will eradicate tliem until the tremendous ordeal through which they must pass in the experiment shall prove them to be impracticable. Bom, 1772 ; died, 1837. FOURMONT, Stephen, an eminent lin- guist, was bom, in 1083, at Herbelai, near Paris. He was member of many learned so- cieties, and held the situation of secretary to the Duke of Orleans. Died, 1746. FOURNIER, PiEiiRE SiMOX, a Parisian tyiie founder and engraver ; author of " Manuel Typographique," and other works illustrative of his art. Born, 1712 ; died, 1768. FOUVIER, Baron, a secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Paris ; who had been a priest of the Oratory, but devoted himself to the study of mathematics. He accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt, but afterwards lost liis favour, as he also did that of the Bourbon family ; neither of the governments reposing confidence in his services. He published some discussions in the journal of the Polytechnic School, &c. Died, 1830. FOWLER, Edward, a learned English prelate, was born, in 1.632, at Westerleigh, Gloucestershire. Though at first a non- conformist, he was afterwards distinguished for his attachment to the Church of Eng- land ; and, after enjoying several livings, he was raised to the see of Gloucester for his refusal to read the faMous declaration of James II. in 1668, and his subsequent exertions in favour of the Revolution. He was the author of various theological tracts, and died in 1714. FOX, Edward, an eminent English pre- late and statesman in the 16th century, was born at Dursley, Gloucestershire ; educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge, at which latter he became provost ; and was sent by Cardinal Wolsey on a mission to Rome, in conjunction with Gardiner, to procure the divorce of Henry VIII. from queen Catliarine. He was subsequently en- gaged in embassies to France and Germany ; and, in 1535, he was promoted to the see of Hereford. He is said to have secretly pro- moted the cause of the Reformation ; but though he might have used his influence in that cause as a politician, as a divine he never openly espoused it. Died, 1536. FOX, George, founder of the society of Friends, or Quakers, was bora at Drayton, Leicestershire, in 1624, and apprenticed to a_ grazier. At the age of 19 he persuaded himself that he had received a divine com- mand to devote himself solely to religion. He accordingly forsook his relations, and wandered from place to place, leading a life of itinerancy, in which he fasted much, walked abroad in retired places, studying the Bible, and sometimes sat in a hollow tree for a day together. In 1648 he began to propagate his opinions, and commenced public preacher. _ At Derby, his followers were first denominated Quakers, in conse- quence of their tremulous manner of de- livery. He was taken up in 1635, and sent a prisoner to Cromwell, who, being satisfied with his pacific intentions, set him at liberty. In fact, he was more than once indebted to the Protector for his freedom, when committed to prison by the country ma- gistracy for his frequent intermption of ministers while performing divine service. In 1666 he was liberated from prison by order of Charles II., and immediately com- menced the task of forming Jiis followers into a formal and united society. In 1669 he married the widow of judge Fell, and soon after went over to America, for the express purpose of making proselytes. On his return he was again thrown into prison, but was soon released, and went to Holland. Returning to England, and refusing to pay tithes, he was cast in a suit for the recovery of them, and again visited the Continent. His health had now become impaired J)y the incessant toil and suffering he had endured, and he again revisited his native land, living in a retired manner till his death, in 1690. He was sincere in his religious opinions, and a rigid observer of the great moral duties. His writings consist of his "Jour- nals," " Epistles," and " Doctrinal Pieces." FOX, Sir Stephex, a statesman, was bom at Farley, Wilts, in 1627. From his attachment to Charles II., he was at the Restoration made clerk of the green cloth, and paymaster of the forces. By opposing the bill for a standing army, he lost the favour of King William, but was replaced in the reign of Anne. He built a new church at Farley, founded some almshouses, and was the first who projected Chelsea College as a military asylum. He was twice mar- ried, being father by his first wife to the first Earl of Ilchester", and by the second to the first Lord Holland, the subject of the following paragraph. FOX, Henry, the first Lord Holland, an eminent statesman, was born in 1705, and educated at Eton. After filling lower oflSces in the state, he was in 1746 appointed sec- retary at war ; retired in 1756, to make way for Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, but returned to office the following year as paymaster of the forces ; and in this situa- tion his public conduct has been much ani- madverted upon. In 1763 he was created baron Holland of Foxley, and died in 1774. FOX, Charles Jame.s, the second son of the preceding, was bom Jan. 13th, 1748 ; and received his education at Westminster, Eton, and Oxford, where his proficiency in classical literature attracted considerable notice. It was the intention of his father, who had a high opinion of his capacity, that he should occupy a prominent station in the political world, and he accordingly procured for him a seat in parliament for the borougli of Midhurst when he was only 19. He, however, prudently remained silent till lie had attained the legal age of a member, and then we find him, in 1770, aiding the ministry, who rewarded him witli the oflSce of one of the lords of the admiralty ; but he resigned that situation in 1772 ; and, in 1773, was nominated a commissioner of the treasury, from whence he was suddenly dismissed, in consequence of some disagreement with Lord North. Mr. Fox now entered the lists of opposition, and throughout the whole of the American , fox] ^ ^cU) ?am'&crjSal 3Sioj5ra}j]^i). [fra •war proved a most powerful antagonist to tlie ministers of tliat period. On the down- fall of Lord North he was appointed, in 17it2, one of the secretaries of state, whicli situ- ation he resigned on the death of tlie Mar- quis of Rockingliam ; when the Earl of Sliel- burne, afterwards Alarquis of Lansdowne, was appointed to succeed him. On the dis- solution of that short-lived administration, he formed the coalition with Lord North (a coalition which was odious to the great mass of the people), and resumed his for- mer oSice. He now brought in his India bill, which, after having passed the House of Commons, was unexpectedly thrown out by the House of Lords, and occasioned tlie resignation of the ministry, of which he formed a part. Mr. Pitt tlien came into power ; while Mr. Fox placed himself at the head of the opposition, and a long eon- test took place between these illustrious rivals. Worn out, and perhaps disgusted, with public business, he, in 1788, repaired to the Continent, in company with Mrs. Fox, and after spending a few days with Gibbon, the historian, at Lausanne, entered the classic regions of Italy. In conse- quence, however, of the sudden illness of the king, and the necessity of constituting a regency, he was soon recalled. Tlie re- gency, the trial of Mr. Hastings, and, above all, the French revolution, and its relative effects on this country, gave ample scope to display his talents and eloquence, both of which he continued to exert against the administration of Mr. Pitt ; inveighing against the war with France, and denoun- cing tlie measures of his great rival on every sul)ject of importance. However men may differ as to the soundness of Mr. Fox's po- litical views, no one denies that he was a sincere friend to the freedom and best in- terests of mankind, or that in private life a more amiable and pleasant companion could not be found. In the senate he was argumentative, bold, and energetic ; in the domestic circle, no one was more ingenuous, bland, or courteous. His literary abilities were of the first order ; and had he lived in less stirring times, tliere is every probability his country would have benefited by his writings. As it was, he left little beliind him for our admiration but his eloquent speeches, and " The History of the early Part of the Reign of James II." On the death of Mr. Pitt ht- was again recalled to power, and set on foot a negotiation for peace with France, but did not live to see the issue of it. He died in the 59th year of his age, on the 13th of September, 1806. FOX, John, a celebrated church historian and divine, 'syh-s born, in 1.517, at Boston, Lincolnshire, and educated at Oxford. Applying himself closely to the study of theology, he became a convert to the prin- ciples of the Reformation, was expelled liis college on a charge of heresy, and suffered great privation. A short time before the death of Henry VIII., he was employed as tutor in the family of the Duchess of Rich- mond, to educate the children of her brother, the Earl of Surrey, then a state prisoner. In the reign of Edward VI. he was restored to his fellowship ; but when Mary ascended 815 the throne he found it prudent to retire to tlie Continent, where he gained a livelihood as corrector of the press for an eminent printer at Basle. On Elizabeths accession he returned to his native country, and settled in the family of his former pupil, the Duke of Norfolk, where he remained till his death ; and he also received a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Salisbury. He was the author of many controversial and other works ; but the only one which now obtains perusal is his "History of the Acts and Monuments of the Church," commonly called "Fox's Book of Martyrs." There is scarcely any book in existence, perhaps, concerning which such opposite opinions have been en- tertained ! but, while we are ready to admit that a recital of liorrid cruelties practised by persecuting bigots is repulsive to the feelings of humanity, and calculated to per- petuate the animosities arising from religious feuds, rather than to promote peace and good-will, these " Acts and Monuments " are in general too veracious in their details to be regarded as the fictions of a zealot. Fox died in 1587, aged Cy. FOX, RiciiAUi), an English prelate and statesman, was bom about 14(i(j, at Ropes- ley, near Grantham, and educated at Ox- ford and Cambridge. He was in high fa- vour witli Henry VII., who employed him on various missions ; and successively made him bisliop of Exeter, Bath and Wells, Durham, and Wincliester. But in the fol- lowing reign he found himself supplanted by Wolsey, whom he had introduced and fostered ; lie therefore retired to his dio- cese, and passed the remainder of his days in acts of charity and munificence. He was a patron of leaiTiing, and the founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and of the free-schools of Taunton and Grantham. Died, 1528. FOY, Maximilian- Sebastiait, General, was a native of Ham, in Picardy, wliere he was born in 1775. He entered the army at 15 years of age, and made his first campaign under Dumouriez in 1792. He displayed his military talents to great advantage in Italy, Germany, and Portugal ; and suc- ceeded Marmont, as commander-in-chief after the battle of Salamanca ; where he conducted a skilful retreat to the Douro. He received hia 15th wound on the field of Waterloo, but refused to quit his post until the close of tliat engagement. He was af- terwards employed as inspector-general of infantry ; and in 1819 was elected a member of the chamber of deputies at Paris ; when he distinguished himself as an orator, and was a great public favourite. He died in 1825 ; and having left his widow and family in destitute circumstances, a most liberal subscription was immediately entered into, to provide for them, and to erect a monu- ment to his memory. From his MS8. a "History of the Peninsular War" has been published by his widow. FRA DIAVOLO, a Neapolitan robber, whose real name was Michael Pozzo, was born about 1769. He was at first a stocking- maker, afterwards a friar, and in the latter capacity united himself as leader to a gang of outlawed banditti in Calabria. In hia fka] ^ |5fto BnibtY^Rl SStflffrnplii'. [fra double character of robber and priest, he offered his services, in 1799, to Cardinal RufFo, who headed the counter-revolution- ary party in favour of the Bourbons of Na- ples. For his services, altliough a price had been previously set on his head, he obtained pardon, distinction, and a pension of 3600 ducats, with which he retired to an estate which he purchased. On Joseph Na- poleon becoming king, the expelled govern- ment again set him in motion. He made a descent in 180G, with a large body of ban- ditti and recruits, at Sperlonga, threw open the prisons, and was joined by numerous lazzaroni ; but, after a severe action, he was defeated and taken prisoner, condemned by a special commission, and executed. He died with disdainful indifference. He often, like Robin Hood, restored their liberty and property to captives who interested him, especially females, even making them pre- sents, and affecting to protect the poor. FRAMERY, Nicholas Stephen, an emi- nent French musician and dramatist ; born at Rouen in 174.5. lie was the composer both of the poetry and music of several operas ; wrote many critical tracts, &c., and for a time conducted the Journal de Mu- sique. Died, 1810. FRANCIA, Francesco, an eminent pain- ter, was born at Bologna in 1450. He had been a goldsmith and an engraver of me- dals, but afterwards applied wholly to paint- ing. Being employed by Raphael to place a pictixre of his in a church at Bologna, it is said that he was so struck with its beauty, and convinced of his own inferiority, that he fell into a desponding state. Died, 1518. FRANCIA, Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodei- odez, the celebrated dictator of Paraguay, was the son of a small French proprietor in the country, and born at Assumgion, in 1767. His mother was a Creole. Arrived at the proper age, he was sent to the university of Cordova, with a view to entering the church ; but his plans underwent a change while he was still a student, and on his return to his native town with the degree of doctor of laws, he began his public career as a bar- rister. His high reputation for learning, but still more for honesty and independence, procured him an extensive practice ; and he devoted himself to legal pursuits for thirty years, varying his professional avocations with a perusal of the French Encyclopedian writers, and with the study of mathematics and mechanical philosophy, to which he re- mained addicted throughout his life. In 1811, soon after the revolution of the Spanish possessions of South America became gene- ral. Dr. Francia, then in his 54th year, was appointed secretary to the independent junta of Paraguay ; and such was the ability he displayed in this capacity, that on the for- mation of a new congress, called in 1813, Ire was appointed consul of the republic, with Yegros for his colleague. From this moment the affairs of his country underwent a fa- vourable change ; the finances were hus- banded ; peace was obtained in Paraguay, while the rest of the South American conti- nent was a prey to anarchy ; and the people's gratitude to their deliverer was characteris- tically exhibited In conferring upon him, in 1817, unlimited despotic authority, which he exercised during the remainder of his life. Died, 1840. FRANCIS I., king of France, ascended the throne in 1515, at the age of 21. He was the son of Charles of Orleans, and of Louisa of Savoy, grand-daughter to Valen- tine, duke of Milan, in riglit of whom he laid claim to that duchy. Tiie Swiss op- posed his passage through their territories, and were defeated at the battle of Marig- nana. Francis then entered the Milanese, and forced Maximilian Sforza to relinquish the sovereignty. A war afterwards broke out between him and the emperor Charles v., in which Francis lost a considerable part of his territories, was made prisoner, and conveyed to Madrid. In 1526 he regained his liberty, after renouncing his claim to Naples, the Milanese, Flanders, and Artois. In 1635 he marched again into Italy, and possessed himself of Savoy ; but a peace was hastily made up, which was soon after broken, and Francis again lost a consider- able part of his own dominions. He died in 1547. He was the patron and friend of literature, and possessed a generous and chivalric spirit ; and had he been content to reign in peace, France might have been happy imder his rule. He founded the Royal College of Paris, and furnished a magnificent library at Fontainebleau, besides building several palaces, which he orna- mented with pictures and statues, to the great encouragement of the fine arts. He is frequently termed " the Great," and " the Restorer of Learning ; " and though, per- haps, not entitled to these appellations in their strictest sense, he may be fairly con- sidered as one of the most distinguished sovereigns that ever swayed the sceptre of France. FRANCIS, of Lorraine, emperor of Ger- many, was bom in 1708, and married in 1736 Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI. On the death of her father in 1740, Maria Theresa appointed her husband to tlie ad- ministration of the government, and on the death of Charles VII. in 1745, he was elected emperor. Died, 1765. FRANCIS, St., or FRANCIS OF ASSISI, the founder of the order of Franciscan friars, was born at Assisi, in Umbria, in 1182. He was the son of a merchant, and said to be of dissolute habits ; but on recovering from a dangerous illness he became enthu- siastically devout, and devoted himself to solitude, joyfully undergoing every species of penance and mortification. Thinking his extravagance proceeded from insanity, his father had him closely confined ; and at length, being taken before the bishop of Assisi, in order formally to resign all claim to his paternal estate, he not only assented to it, but literally stripped himself. He was now looked upon as a saint ; and great numbers joining him in his vow of poverty, he drew up rules for their use, which being sanctioned by pope Innocent III., the order of Franciscans was established. So rapidly did they increase, that in 1219 he held a chapter, which was attended by 5000 friars. After having made a fruitless effort to con- vert the sultan Meleddin, he returned to fKA] ^ ^m Winibtx^Kl l8t0Qtajp]^j). [fra Aseisi, where he died in 122<;, and was ca- iioiiised by pope Gregory in 1230. FRANCIS or PAULO, a Romish saint, born ut Paulo, in Calabria, in 14iG. He was brought up in a Frauciscau convent ; and in order to exceed the preceding saint in austerity of life, he retired to a cell on the desert part of the coast, where he soon ob- tained followers, built a monastery,, and thus commenced a new order, called Minimt. He enjoined on his disciples a total absti- nence from wine, flesh, and fish ; besides Which they were always to go barefoot, and never sleep on a bed. He died in France, aged 91, in 1508, and was canonised by Leo X. FRANCIS DE SALES, another samt of the Roman calendar, was born of a noble family at the castle of Sales, near Geneva, 1507. He obtained great praise for the suc- cess which attended his missions for the conversion of his Protestant countrymen. He was ultimately made bishop of Geneva ; and he performed the duties of his station with exemplary diligence and charity. He died in 1022, and was canonised in 10G5. FRANCIS, Philip, son of the dean of Lismore, M-as a poet and dramatic writer, though much more celebrated for his trans- lation of Horace and other classic authors, than for his original compositions. He was educated at Dublin ; and having taken or- ders, first settled at Esher, Surrey, where he kept an academy, and had Gibbon the historian among his pupils. He afterwards held the living of Barrow, Sufl:olk, and was chaplain to Chelsea Hospital. He wrote "Eugenia" and " Constantia," two tragedies, some controversial tracts, &c. Died, 1773. FRANCIS, Sir Philip, a i)olitical cha- racter of some distinction, and a son of the preceding, was boin at Dublin in 1740, and received his education at St. Paul's School. He entered into public life as a clerk in the secretary of state's office ; after which he went out as secretary to the embassy to Portugal ; and, in 1773, he became a mem- ber of the council of Bengal. He remained in India till 1780, during wliich time he was the constant and strenuous opponent of the measures of Governor Hastings ; and his opposition savouring too much of personal hostility, a duel was the result. On his re- turn to England he was chosen member for the borough of Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight ; and, joining the opposition, he took a prominent part in most of their measures, particularly in the impeachment of Mr. Hastings. He published many political pamphlets and speeches, all of which are imbued with considerable spirit and party feeling. The celebrated " Letters of Junius " have l)een attributed to him, and many cir- cumstantial proofs are brought forward to support the opinion ; he, however, always disavowed the authorship ; the supposition therefore rests only on strong conjecture, founded on certain events of his life and a supposed similarity of style between them and his acknowledged productions. He died in 1818. FRANCIS I., Joseph Charles, emperor of Austria, king of Lombardy, &e., was born in 17()8, and succeeded his father, Leopold 317 II., in 1792. At that time he was styled emperor of Germany, by the name of Fran- cis II. ; but, in 1804, when France had been declared an empire, he assumed the title of hereditary emperor of Austria ; and, on the establishment of the confederation of the Rhine in 1806, he renounced the title of Roman emperor and German king, and re- signed the government of the German em- pire. At the age of 20 he accompanied his uncle, the emperor Joseph II., on a campaign against the Turks. From his position, he necessarily became a most important pivot upon which the mighty attkirs of Europe turned during the continuance of the wars arising out of the French revolution. France declared war against him in 1792 ; and Prussia, though at first his ally, concluded a separate peace with the republic ; but the emperor Francis continued the war with energy. In 1794 he put himself at tlie head of the army of the Netherlands, and defeated the French at Cateau, Landrecy, and Tour- nay. In 1797 he procured a temporary repose by the peace of Campo Formio ; but in 1799 he entered into a new coalition with Russia and England against France ; which was dissolved by Austria and Russia being com- pelled to conclude the peace of Luneville in 1801. War again broke out between France and Austria in 1805 ; but, after the battle of Austerlitz, the terms of an armistice and basis of a treaty were settled in a personal interview between Francis and Napoleon, at the bivouac of the latter. This peace lasted till 1809, when the restless ambition of the French emperor induced Francis to declare war against him once more. A disastrous campaign followed.; but a favourable peace was obtained, and, by the marriage of his eldest daughter, Maria Louisa, to Napoleon, a strong tie seemed to be formed between the two imperial houses. Tins family tie, however, was not sufficient to appease the aggrandising ambition of his son-in-law. In 1813, Francis found himself again com- pelled to enter into an alliance with Russia and Prussia against France ; and, to the close of the contest, he was present with the allied armies; He died, March 3. 1835, leaving a more extensive empire to his successor than any of Ixis ancestors ever possessed; FRANCKLIN, Dr, Thomas, was the son of the printer of the celebrated anti-minis- terial paper called Tiie Craftsman, and born in 1721. He was educated at West- minster School and Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; became Greek professor at Cam- bridge ; obtained successively the livings of Ware, Thundridge, and Brasted, and was made king's chaplain, and died in 1784. He translated Lucian, Sophocles, and other classic authors ; wrote a " Dissertation on Ancient Tragedy," four volumes of Ser- mons, " The Earl of Warwick," and various other dramas ; and left behind him the cha- racter of a learned but eccentric man. FRANCKS, or FRANKEN, Fkancis. There were two eminent Dutch painters of this name, father and son ; distinguished for the beauty of their scriptural pieces. The elder Francks died in 1016 ; the other in 1642. tRX] ^ ^cto ^m'ber^al ISwgrajpIjy. [fra FRANCO-BARRETO, a Portuguese poet, soldier, and churchman, was born in 1606, and died in KiO-l. After flgliting against the Dutch in Brazil, Jie returned to Portu- gal, entered the church, and became vicar of Barreiro. FRANCOIS DE NETJFCHATEAU, Ni- cholas, was born in 1750, at Neufchateau, in Lorraine. He was bred to the law, and sent as attorney-general to St. Domingo in 1782 ; but returning at the commencement of the revolution, he espoused its principles, and obtained a seat in the legislative as- sembly. In 1797 he was chosen one of the five directors ; and under the reign of Na- poleon lie became a count, a senator^ and grand officer of the legion of honour. He was a man of great ability, both as a states- man and an author ; and left various works in different branches of polite literature. FRANK, Pkter, a German pliysician, born in 1735 ; was director-general of the hospitals of Jyombardy ; but quitte<l Italy in 1795, to become clerical professor at Vi- enna. He afterwards went to Russia as imperial archiater, but ill health compelled him to return : and after having refused to visit France, whither he was invited by Na- poleon, he died in 1821. Professor Frank's most important works are, " Systfeme de Police Medicale," 11 vols. 8vo. ; " Choix d'Opuscules appartenant ii la Medecine," 12 vols. 8vo. ; and " De I'Art de Traiter les Maladies," 9 vols. 8vo. FRANKLIN, Benjamin, an eminent phi- losopher and politician, was born at Bos- ton, in the United States, in 1706. His fa- ther, who had emigrated from England, was a tallow-chandler ; and Benjamin^ the fif- teenth of seventeen children, was appren- ticed to his elder brother, a printer and publisher of a newspaper at Boston. His early passion for reading, which lie had always manifested, was now gratified ; and lie was able also, through the medium of the newspapert to try his powers at literary composition. Some political articles in this journal having offended the general court of the colony, the publisher was imprisoned, and forbidden to continue it. To elude this prohibition, young Franklin was made the nominal editor, and his indentures were os- tensibly cancelled. After the release of his brother, he took advantage of this act to assert his freedom, and thus escaped from a severity of treatment which he thought savoured more of the rigorous master than the kind relation. He therefore secretly embarked aboard a small vessel bound to New York, without means or recommenda- tions ; and not finding employment there, he set out for Philadelphia, where he arrived on foot with a penny roll in his hand, and one dollar in his purse. Here he obtained employment as a compositor, and having attracted the notice of Sir William Keith, governor of Pennsylvania, was induced by his promises to visit England, for the pur- pose of purchasing types, &c., to establish himself in business. TJpon reaching London, in 1725, he found himself entirely deceived in his promised letters of credit and recom- mendation from governor Keith ; and being, as before, in a strange place, without credit or acquaintance, he went to work once more as a compositor. While he was in London (a period of about eighteen months) he be- came a convert to deistical opinions, and wrote a "Dissertation on Liberty and Ne- cessity, Pleasure and Pain ;" wlierein he endeavoured to show that tliere was no dif- ference between virtue and vice. This he afterwards regarded as one of the grand errors of his life. In 1726 he returned to Philadelphia ; soon after which he entered into business as a printer and stationer ; and in 1728 he established a newspaper. His habitual prudence, combined with ac- tivity and talents, soon raised him to tlie rank of a highly respectable tradesman ; and, chiefly by his exertions, a public li- brary, an Insurance company, and other useful institutions were established in Plii- ladelphia. In 1732, he published his " Poor Richard's Almanack ; " which became noted for the concise and useful maxims on in- dustry and economy with which it was sprinkled. In 1736 he was appointed clerk to tlie general assembly at Pennsylvania, and, the year following, post-master of Phi- ladelphia. In the French war, in 1744, he proposed and carried into elfect a plan of association for the defence of that province ; whicli merits notice, as it served to unfold to America the secret of her own strength. About the same time he commenced his electrical experiments, making several dis- coveries in that branch of philosophy, the principal of which was the identity of the electrie fire and lightning ; and as practical utility was, in his opinion, the ultimate object of all philosophical investigation, he immediately applied his discoveries to the invention of iron conductors for the pro- tection of buildings from lightning. In 1747 he was chosen a representative of the general assembly, in which situation he distinguished himself by several acts of public utility. By his means a militia bill was passed, and he was appointed colonel of the Philadelphia regiment. In 1757 he was sent to England as agent for Pennsylvania. At this time he was chosen fellow of the Royal Society, and honoured with the degree of doctor of laws by the universities of St. Andrew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. In 1762 he returned to America ; but two years afterwards he again visited England, in his former capacity, as agent ; and it was at this period that he was examined at the House of Commons concerning the stamp act. In 1775 he returned home, and was elected a delegate to the congress. He was very active in the contest between England and tlie colonies ; and was sent to France, where, in 1778, he signed a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, which produced a war between that country and England. In 1783 he signed the definite treaty of peace, and in 1785 returned to America, where he was chosen president of the supreme coun- cil. He died in 1790. Besides his political, miscellaneous, and philosophical pieces, he wrote several papers in the American Trans- actions, and two volumes of essays, with his life prefixed, written by himself. He was a man of much practical wisdom, possessing a cool temper and sound judgment ; and fra] ^ ^cio Sluiljcr^al l3i0£n:ai>I)M. [frb though never inattentive to liis own interest, he united with it a zealous eolicitnde for ttie advancement of the general interests of mankindi IRANKLIN, Eleanor Anne, the wife of Captain Franklin, the celebrated navi- gator, but known as an authoress as Miss rordcn, was the youngest daughter of Mr. roiden, an architect ; and born in 1795. In early youth she exhibited great talent and a Btrong memory, and acquired a considerable knowledge of Greek and other languages. Her ttrst poem, " The Veils," was written when she was seventeen. Her next was " The Arctic Expedition," wliich led to her acquaintance with Captain Franklin ; but her principal work is the epic of " Cceur de Lion." She died in 1»25, a few days after her husband had sailed from England on his second expedition. FBAUENliOFER, Joseph VON, professor of philosophy in the Koyal Bavarian Aca- demy, was the son of a glazier at Straubing, and apprenticed to a glass-cutter. After struggling with many difficulties, he ac- quired a knowledge of the theory of optics and mathematics, constructed a glass-cut- ting machine, and ground optical glasses. His subsequent discoveries and inventions in optics, the excellence of the telescopes which he manufactured, and his " Researches con- cerning the Laws of Light," printed in Gil- bert's Annals of Physics, all contributed to establish his fame ; and he died in 182(5, after having been raised to deserved celebrity as a man of science. FREDERIC I., Bumamed Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, born in 1121, was the son of Frederic, duke of Suabia, and suc- ceeded his uncle Conrad on the imperial throne in 1152. His principal efforts were directed to extend and confirm his power in Italy, but the events of the war, which lasted almost twenty years, were not particularly favourable for him. Saladin having retaken Jerusalem from the Christians, the pope preached a new crusade, and Frederic, with an immense army, undertook it. The Greek emperor had secretly entered into an alli- ance with Saladin, and attempted to pre- vent the march of the Germans through his dominions ; but Frederic, after gaining two great battles, penetrated into Syria, where he met his death in 1190, by being drowned while bathing. Independent of his military prowess, this monarch deserves notice for his political capacity and literary talent. FREDERIC II., the grandson of the pre- ceding, and son of Henry VI., was born in 1194 ; elected king of the Romans in 1190, and emperor in 1210, in opposition to Otho. He afterwards went to the Holy Land, and concluded a truce with the sultan of Baby- lon, which so provoked pope Gregory IX. that he anathematised him. On this, Fre- deric returned to Europe and laid siege to Rome, which occasioned the famous parties of the Guelphs and the Ghibelines. Gregory was obliged to make peace, but in 123ti he again excommunicated Frederic, and the war was renewed, which proved unsuccess- ful to tlic emperor. He was brave, bold, and generous ; possessed enlightened views of government ; and, for the age in which 319 he lived, was highly accomplished. Died, 1250. FREDERIC -SVILLIAM, generally called the sp-eat elector, was born in l(i20, and at the age of 2U years succeeded liis father as elector of Brandenburg. He is considered as the founder of the Prussian greatness ; and from him is derived much of that mili- tary spirit which is now the national cha- racteristic. By affording protection to the French Protestant refugees, he gained, as citizens of the state, 20,000 industrious manu- facturers, an acquisition of no slight import- ance to the north of Germany ; and he also gave great encouragement to agricultural improvements. He founded the library at Berlin, and a university at Duisburg ; and at his death he left to his son a country much enlarged, and a well supplied treasury. Died, 16H8, aged t)9. FREDERIC WILLIAM I., king of Prus- sia, son of Irederic I., and father of Fre- deric the Great, was bom in 1088, and as- cended the throne in 17 Ui, having i)reviou8ly married a daughter of the elector of Ha- nover, afterwards George I. of England. His habits were entirely military ; and his constant care was to establish tlie strictest discipline among his trooi)S. But he had such a ridiculous fondness for tall soldiers, that, in order to fill the ranks of his favour- ite regiment, he would use force or fraud, if money would not efl'ect his object, iu order to obtain the tallest men in Europe. Being void of science and ornamental litera- ture, he treated their professors with every kind of discouragement. He was rigorous in his punishments, and always showed an inclination to aggravate rather than miti- gate them. He died in 1740, leaving an abundant treasury, and an efficient army of Oe.WX) men. FREDERIC II., king of Prussia, com- monly called the Great, and sometimes erroneously styled Frederic III., was born in 1712. He obtained but a scanty educa- tion, owing to his father's predilection for military discipline, and his determination to check the strong inclination which he perceived in the heir-apparent to cherish literature. This led him, in 1730, to at- tempt an escape from Prussia ; but the scheme being discovered, the prince was confined in the castle of Custrin, and his young companion, Katte, executed before his lace. After an imprisonment of some months, a reconciliation was eft'ected ; and in 1733 he married the Princess of Bruns- wick VVolfenbuttel, in obedience to his father's command ; but it is said the mar- riage was never consummated. In 1740 he succeeded to the throne, and it was not long before he added Lower Silesia to his do- minions. In 1744 he took Prague, with its garrison of 10,000 men. In 1745 he de- feated the Prince of Lorraine at Freidburgh, and then marched into Bohemia, where he defeated an Austrian army. Shortly after he took Dresden, laid it under heavy exac- tions, and there concluded a highly favour- able peace. During the ten years of com- parative tranquillity that followed, Fre- deric employed himself in bringing his troops into a state of discipline never be- fre] ^ i^elD Unihn^aX SStngrapIjn, [fre fore equalled in any age or country. He also encouraged agriculture, the arts, manu- factures, and commerce, reformed the laws, and increased the reveniics ; thus improving the condition of the state, and rendering it more than a match for foreign enemies. Secret information of an alliance between Austria, Russia, and Saxony gave him reason to fear an attack, which he hastened to anticipate by the invasion of Saxony, in 1756. This commenced the seven years' war, in which he contended single-handed against the united force of Russia, Saxony, Sweden, France, Austria, and the great majority of the other German states ; till at length, after various changes of fortune, he was left, in 1763, in the peaceful posses- sion of all liis paternal and acquired domi- nions. He now entered into a league with his former enemies, which in 1772 was ce- mented by the partition of Poland, an act which was then, as it is now, denounced by every lover of freedom and national secu- rity. The remainder of his life, with the exception of a short demonstration of hos- I tility towards Austria, which was termi- nated by the mediation of Russia, was passed in the tranquillity of literary leisure, and in an unreserved intercourse with learned men ; among wliom Voltaire and Mauper- tuis were for a long time his especial fa- vourites. His own literary attainments were far above mediocrity, as may be seen by his " History of his own Times," " The History of the Seven Years' War," "Con- siderations on the State of Europe," " Me- moirs of the House of Brandenburgh," poems, &c. Frederic, on ascending the throne, found in his states a population of only two millions and a quarter, and left it with six millions, a result to which nothing but his talents as a general and a legislator contributed. His talents, his armj', and his treasure were his sole means of govern- ment. His habits were singularly simple and unostentatious ; he rose constantly at five, when he employed himself in reading despatches and reports, all of which were addressed to himself in person, and to each of which he marked an answer in the margin, consisting generally of no more than a single word ; at eleven he reviewed his regiment, and dined at twelve ; the re- mainder of tlie day was passed in literary pursuits, and in the enjoyment of musical performances ; and at ten he invariably re- tired to rest. He was an avowed sceptic in matters of religion, yet he encouraged the observance of it among his subjects ; and though he is justly chargeable with immo- derate ambition, by which his subjects were continually involved in war, yet his vigor- ous understanding and undaunted courage rendered him equal to Ixis position ; while the splendour of his reign endeared him to the people, and they willingly accorded to him the epithet of "the Great." He died in 1786, aged 75. FREDERICK- WILLIAM III., king of Prussia, was born in 1770, and ascended the throne, on the death of his father, in 1797. It is rather the province of history than of biography to describe the events, important though they be, which distinguish the reign 820 of a monarch : we shall therefore observe generally, that during all the extraordinary vicissitudes to which he and his country were subjected by the successes of Napoleon, his conduct ensured fbr him the confidence of his army and the regard of liis subjects ; though an impartial biographer feels him- self called on to state, that the convulsions which shook the Prussian throne to its foundations in 1848 may in no small de- gree be traced to his refusal to grant those constitutional privileges which Jiad long been promised to his people, and which they were well fitted to exercise. Died, June 7. 1840. FREDERICK, Colonel, son of the un- fortunate Theodore, commonly called King of Corsica, of whose misfortunes and im- prudence he partook. He obtained the rank of cohmel, with the cross of the order of merit, from the Duke of Wirtemburg, for whom he acted as agent in England. Being greatly reduced in circumstances, he shot himself in the portal of Westminster Abbey, in 1796. He wrote "M^moires pour servir h I'Histoire de Corse," a "Description of Corsica," &c. FREELING, Sir Francis, bart., secre- tary to the general post-oflSce, was born at 13ristol, in 1764, and commenced his offi- cial career in the post-office of that city. On the establishment of the new system of mail coaches by Mr. Palmer, in 1785, he was selected by that gentleman, on account of his superior ability and intelligence, to assist him in carrying his improvements into effect, and was introduced into the general post-office, in 1787, where he suc- cessively filled the offices of surveyor, joint secretary, and sole secretary, for nearly half a century. The luiremitted attention which he bestowed upon the duties of his office, the skill with which he managed its most difficult transactions, and the un- bounded confidence which he enjoyed both of his sovereign and the highest function- aries in the state, together with his unim- peachable character, enabled him to effect improvements of the highest importance and value to the interests of commerce and the prosperity of the country. The honour of a baronetcy was conferred upon him in 1828, and was the spontaneous act of George IV., from whom, as well as from his royal father, he had received many flatter- ing testimonials of approval. Sir Francis was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and one of the original members of the Roxburgh Club. He died July 10. 1836, aged 72. FREEMAN, William Peere Williams, Admiral, entered the service in 1757, and Was, at the time of his death, the senior officer in the British navy. Though he dis- tinguished himself in the American war, he was not employed during the late war with France, owing to his political principles being opposed to those of the Pitt ministry ; but on the accession of William IV. to the throne, the situation of admiral of the fleet became vacant, and his majesty appointed him to it. He died in 1832, aged 90. FREIND, JoHx, a learned physician and writer on medical science, was born in 1675, pre] ^ ^ctxj Hnil) tribal 23i0gTajpl)S» [fri at Croton, in Northamptonshire. In 1703 he distinguished himself by an able work on diseases peculiar to females, which raised him to eminence as a physiologist. Tlie next year lie was appointed chemical pro- fessor at Oxford ; and in 1705 he accom- panied the Earl of Peterborough in his ex- pedition to Spain, as physician to the army. On his return in 1707 he published a vindi- cation of the earl's conduct in Spain, which gained him considerable reputation. He tlien obtained his diploma of M.D., and in 1709 publislied his " I^ectures on Chemistry." In 1711 he was chosen a member of tlie Koyal Society, and the same year he accom- panied the DukeofOrmond in his expedi- tion to Flanders. In 171(5 he was elected a fellow of the college of physicians, and in 1722 he was brought into parliament for Launceston. The year following he was sent to the Tower on suspicion of being con- cerned in Atterbury's plot, but was soon released on bail. While in confinement, he wrote an epistle to his friend Dr. Mead, "De quibusdam Variolarum Generibus." He also formed the plan of his greatest literary undertaking, which he afterwards published, under the title of "The History of Physic," &c. At the accession of George II. he was appointed physician to the queen. Died, 1728. — Dr. Rt)BEnT Fkeind, his bro- ther, was master of Westminster Scliool, and died in 1754, ased 83. FREINSHEM, or FREINSHEMIUS, John, a learned German, was born at Ulm, in 1608, and became professor of rhetoric in the university of Upsiil, and librarian to queen Christfna of Sweden ; but returned to Germany in consequence of ill health, and died at Heidelberg, in 1G60. He showed himself a profound scholar, particularly by his celebrated supplements to the lost books and passages of Curtius and of Livy. FREMINET, Maktuv. chief painter to Henry IV. and Louis XIII., was born at Paris, in 1.507, and died in 1(J19. FRENICI.E DE BESSY, Beuxard, a French mathematician, celebrated for his skill in solving mathematical questions without the aid of algebra. He kept his method a secret during his life, but a de- scription of it was found among his papers, and is called the method of exclusion. Died, 1675. FRERE, Right Hon. John Hookham, a gentleman distinguished for his diplomatic talents, was born in 1769, and was educated at Eton, where, in conjunction with Can- ning, &c., he appeared as one of the youth- ful writers of the Microcosm. He entered parliament in 1796 as member for West Looe ; in 1799 succeeded his friend Mr. Canning as under- secretary of state for foreign affairs, and subsequently filled va- rious diplomatic missions in Spain, Portugal, and Prussia. Mr. Frere was a good scholar, and a man of great and varied talents ; but most of his writings were of a fugitive kind, and have not been published in a col- lected for"i. He had resided at Malta many years, and there he died, of apoplexy, Jan. 7. 1840. FRERET, Nicholas, a French writer, was born at Paris, in 1688, and abandoned 821 his profession of law to devote himself to the study of history and chronology. His trea- tises and controversies on these subjects, among others with Newton, compose a great l>nrt of the memoirs of the academy at that time. His first work, " On the Origin of the French," wounded the national vanity so deeply, that it occasioned his imprisonment in the Bastile. Died, 1749. FRERON, Elie Catiiekine, a French critic, was born at Quimper, in 1719, and was originally a Jesuit, but quitted the so- ciety at the age of 20. In 174!) he com- menced his " Letters on certain Writings of the Times," which extended to 13 vols. ; and, as he freely criticised the works and actions of others, it procured liim some powerful enemies, among whom was Vol- taire. He then began his "Aunte Litt^- raire," which he continued till his death, in 1776. Resides the above works, he wrote Miscellanies, " Les Vrais Plaisirs," " Opus- cules," &c. FRERON, Loris Stanislaus, son of the preceding, was one of the most violent of the French revolutionists. In 1789 he com- menced an incendiary journal, called "L'Orateur du Peuple," associated him- self with Marat, and was guilty of many enormities at Toulon and elsewhere. Born, 17.^)7 ; died, 1802. FRESNEL, AVGUSTINE JoiiN, an expe- rimental Irench philosopher, distinguished by his admirable experiments on the inflec- tion and polarisation of light ; was born at Broglie, in 1788, and died in 1827. FRESCOBALDI, Gikolamo, an eminent musician and composer, born at Ferrara, in 1601, and appointed organist at St. Peter's, Rome, in 1624. He is the first Italian who composed in fugue for the organ, which is a German invention ; and is considered as the father of that species of organ playing known in England by the name of " volun- taries." FRISCH, John Leonard, a German naturalist and divine, was born in Sulzbach, in 1666. He was the founder of the silk manufactory in Brandenburg, and was the flrot who cultivated mulberry-trees in that country. He was the author of a " German and Latin Dictionary," a "Description of German Insects," &c. Died, 1743. FRISCHLIN, NicoDEMUs, a German writer, who distinguished himself by his classical attainments, and still more by his poetical satires. He was born at Balingcn, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, in 1547 ; stu- died at the university of Tubingen, where he obtained a professorship at 20 years uf nge ; and wrote a critical work, entitled " Strigil Grummatica," which involved him in much angry controversy. Having written an abusive letter to the Duke of Wirtemburg, for refusing to grant him some pecuniary favour, he was arrested, and sent to the prison of Aurach ; from which he attempted to escape, but fell down a frightful precipice, and was dashed to pieces. This hai)pened in 1590. FRISI, Paul, a mathematician and phi- losopher, was born at Milan, in 1727 ; ob- tained professorships in several colleges ; and ultimately was placed by the govern- fro] ^ ^c&) mm'tjcrj^al aSiosrajpTjj). [PRT ment at the head of the architectural de- partment in the university of his native city. He was the author of many useful treatises on electricity, astronomy, hydraulics, &c. Died, 1784. FROBENIUS, or FROBEN, Johx, a learned printer, was born at Ilammelburg, in Franconia, in 14t;0. He established a press at Basle, at wliich Erasmus, wJio was his intimate friend, and lodged in his house, had all his works printed. Died, 1527. FROBISHER, Sir Martin, a celebrated English navigator, was born near Doncaster, Yorkshire, and brought up to a maritime life. The discovery of a north-west passage to the Indies excited his ambition ; and, after many fruitless attempts to induce merchants to favour his project, he was enabled, by the ministers and courtiers of queen Elizabeth, to fit out a private adven- ture, consisting only of two small barks and a pinnace. In tliis enterprise, he explored various parts of the arctic coast, and en- tering the strait which has ever since been called by liis name, returned to England with some black ore, which being supposed to contain gold, induced queen Elizabeth to patronise a second, and even a third voyage, but all of them proved fruitless. In 158,5, Frobisher accompanied Drake to the West Indies ; and, at the defeat of the Spanish Armada, was honoured with knighthood for his bravery. In 1590 and 1592, he com- manded squadrons successfully ag.ainst the Spaniards ; and in 1594, being sent with four sliips of war to the assistance of Henry IV. of France, he was wounded in attack- ing fort Croyzan, near Brest, and died on his return home. FROISSART, John, an early French chronicler and poet, was born at Valen- ciennes, in 1337. He was originally destined for the church ; but liis inclination for poetry was soon apparent, and was accom- panied by a great passion for the fair sex, and a fondness for feasts and gallantry. In order to divert liis mind from the chagrin attendant on an unsuccessful love-suit, or, what is more likely, a desire to learn from their own mouths the achievements of his cotemporary warriors, induced him to travel; and he visited England, where he was kindly patronised by Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III., whose court was always open to the gay poet and narrator of chival- ric deeds. In 13t>6 he accompanied Edward the Black Prince to Aquitaine and Bour- deaux. On the death of his protectress, Philippa, Froissart gave up all connection with England ; and, after many adventures as a diplomatist and soldier, he became domestic chaplain to the Duke of Brabant, who was a poet as well as himself, and of whose verses, united with some of his own, he formed a kind of romance, called " Me- liador." On the duke's death, in 1384, he entered the service of Guy, count of Blois, who induced him to continue his chronicles. He paid another visit to England in 1395, and was introduced to Richard II., but on the dethronement of this prince he returned to Flanders, where he died, in 1401. His historical writings strikingly exhibit the character and manners of his age, and are 322 highly valuable for their simplicity and minuteness. FRONTINUS, Sextus Jrnus, a Roman autlior, of a patrician family. He was thrice consul, and commanded the Roman army in England as pro-consul. He died in the reign of Trajan, early in the 2nd century. FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius, an orator and teacher of eloquence at Rome. He was a native of Crete, and received his education at Cirta, a Roman colony in Numidia. He lived in the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, both of whom he instructed in oratory, and the former in ethics. AH his works, except a few grammatical frag- ments, were supposed to have been lost, till so lately as 1815, wlien Angelo Maio, libra- rian of the Ambrose library at Milan, found several, and then first published them. A critical edition of his works, by Niebulir, was published in 1816. FRUGONI, Charles Innocent, a cele- brated Italian poet, born at Genoa, in 1692. He originally belonged to one of the mo- nastic orders, but obtained leave to quit it, settled at Parma, {ind was appointed court poet. He was a fertile and elegant writer, and his works include almost every variety of poetical composition. Died, 1768. FRUMENTIUS, St., usually called the Apostle of Ethiopia, was a native of Tyre, flourished in tlie 4th century, and estab- lished numerous churches tliroughout the empire. FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth, whose active ex- ertions and pious zeal in administering to the moral and spiritual wants of the wretched will hand down her name to pos- terity as a benefactor of mankind, was the wife of Joseph Fry, esq., of Upton, Essex, and sister to Joseph Gurney, esq., of Earl- ham Hall, near Norwich ; also sister to Lady Buxton, widow of Sir Fowell Buxton. Mrs. Fry has been emphatically called " the female Howard ; " and although she did not confine her sphere of observation to the un- happy inmates of the prison alone, but dis- pensed her blessings to the poor and helpless wherever found, her main object through life was the alleviation of the sorrows of the captive. " She took the gauge of misery, not as a matter of curiosity and philosophical speculation, but with the hope of relieving it. The lips that had been seldom opened but to blaspheme their Maker, were taught to praise him ; the hands hitherto employed in theft were employed in honest labour. Infants, in a doubly- lamented sense, born in sin and bred in vice, were snatched from a destruction which had appeared inevitable, and put into a train of improvement. The gloomy mansion, which had lately been a scene of horror only to be exceeded by those more dreadful future mansions to which it was conducting them, changed its face. The loathsome prison, which had witnessed no- thing but intoxication and idleness, and heard no sounds but those of reviling and of imprecation, gradually became a scene of comparative decency, sobriety, and order." Died, Oct. 12. 1845, aged 65. FRYE, TuoMAS, an artist, bom in Ire- land, in 1710. He ia said to have been th« fry] ^ ^tlo mniiitv^Kl 3Bt0ffrai)lbS» [fug first manufacturer of porcelain in England, but the heat of the furnaces having injured his health, lie adopted the profession of a portrait painter and mezzotiuto engraver. Died, 1762. FRYTH, John, a martyr to the Protest- ant religion, in the reign of Henry VIII. He was the son of an inn-keeper at Scvenoaks, in Kent, and educated in King's College, Cambridge. Thence he removed to Oxford, where he became- acquainted with William Tyndale, a zealous Lutheran, who converted him to Lutherauism. Avowing his opinions publicly, he was apprehended, examined, and coi'-flued to his college. After under- going various hardships, he was apprehended for making proselytes, and sent to the Tower. Refusing to recant, he waa burnt in Smith- field. July 4. 153a. FUCA, Juan de, whose real name was Apostolos Valerianos, was a native of Ce- phalonia, and died at Zante, in 1632. For upwards of forty years he acted as a pilot in the Spanish American possessions ; and, in 1592, he was sent i)y the viceroy of Mexico to explore the west coast of North America for an inlet which might lead to a commu- nication with the Atlantic. But the account of his discovery was mingled with such romantic tales, that it remained disbelieved in modem times, until the trading vessels which frequent this coast, in the fur trade, having approached the shore from which Captain Cook had been driven by contrary winds, discovered the inlet mentioned by De Fuca between the 48th and 49th paral- lels. This strait was thoroughly explored by Vancouver, in 1792. FUCHS, or FUCHSIUS, Leovaiid, a Ba- varian physician and botanist, was born in 1501, at VVembdingen, and educated at In- goldstadt. He settled at Tubingen, where he practised for 35 years, and was ennobled by the emperor Charles V. Besides works on medicine and anatomy, he was the author of " Historia Plantarum," and his name has been perpetuated by being applied to a genus of plants, of which the scarlet fuchsia is a well-known species. FUCHS, Theophilus, a German poet, born at I^eppersdorf, in Upper Saxony, was the son of a poor peasant, whose labours he shared till he was 18. He afterwards stu- died theology at Leipsic, became a country clergyman, and wrote many lyrical pieces. Died about 1810. FUENTES, Don Pedro HEireiQnEZ d'Azevkdo, Count of, a Spanish general and statesman, born at Valladolid, in 1.560. He served his first campaign in Portugal, under the Duke of Alva, and greatly distinguished himself ; as he also did in the Low Coun- tries, under Alexander Farnese. lie was afterwards sent on important embassies to foreign courts. In the reign of Philip III. he was made governor of Milan, and ren- dered himself formidable to the Italian states, by causing them to feel the superi- ority of the Spanish power. In 1643, when Spain wished to take advantage of the death of Louis XIII., and the minority of his suc- cessor, Fuentes, then 82 years of age, was sent with an army into Champagne. He laid siege to Rocroy ; but the young and brave Duke d'Enghien (afterwards the great Conde) attacked the besiegers with inferior forces, and, falling with his cavalry upon the Spanisli infantry, destroyed nearly the whole army. The old general, who at the time was severely afflicted with the gout, caused himself to be carried, in a chair, into the midst of the fight, and there pe- rished by the sword. FUESSLI, JoHx Gaspard, a Swiss artist, born at Zurich, in 1706 ; author of a " His- tory of the Artists of Switzerland," in 5 vols. &c. He died in 1781, leaving three sons : — RoPOLi'H, afterwards librarian to the emperor of Germany ; Henry, the eminent painter, better known by the name of FusELi [which see] ; and Caspar, a skilful entomologist, who resided at Leipsic, and published several works on his iavourite science. FUGER, Frederic Henry, an eminent painter, and director of tlie imperial picture- gallery in Belvidere, at Vienna, was born at Heilbron, in 1751. He began by painting miniatures while a mere child; but as he grew up, his passion for historical subjects led him to emulate the great masters in that branch of the art. In 1774 he went to Vienna, and w;is sent as a pensioner to Rome by the empress Maria Theresa. After a diligent study of seven years there, he went to Naples, and resided two years in the house of the imperial ambassador. Count Von Laml)erg. where he had a fine oppor- tunity of exerting his talents. On his return to Vienna in 1784, he was appointed vice- director of the school of painting and sculj)- ture at Vienna. He painted many large portraits, miniatures, and historical pieces ; some of which are highly esteemed. His " St. John in the Wilderness," painted for the imperial chapel, in 1804, is a master- piece, and for it he received 1000 ducats. Died, 1818. FUGGER. The name of a rich and noble family, whose founder was John Fugger, a weaver, residing in a small village near Augs- burg. His eldest son, John, likewise a weaver, obtained, by marriage, the rights of a citizen of Augsburg, and carried on a linen trade in that city, then an important commercial place. He died in 1409. His eldest son, Andrew, acquired such great wealth, that he was called the rich Fugyer. He died without issue; and his three nephews, Ulrich, George, and James, married ladies of noble families, and were raised to the rank of nobles by the emperor Maximilian. Under the emperor Charles V. this family rose to its highest splendour. When Cliarles held the memorable diet at Augsburg, in 1530, he lived for a year and a day in Anthony Fugger's splendid house near the wine market. The emperor derived considerable pecuniary aid from him, and in return raised him and his brother Raimond to the dignity of counts and bannerets, invested them with the estates of Kirchberg and Weissenhom, and granted them letters giving them princely privileges, and the right of coining money. Anthony left at his death 6.000.000 gold crowns, besides jewels and other valu- able property, and possessions in all parts of Europe and the Indies. It was of him that ful] ^ ^ciB Mm'facr^aX 2St0flrap!)». [ful the emperor Charles, when viewing the royal treasure at Paris, exclaimed, " There is at Augsburg a linen weaver, who could pay as much as this with his own gold." And it was he also who did one of the most graceful and princely courtesies on record, as the following anecdote will show : — When Charles V. returned from Tunis, and paid Anthony a visit, the latter produced the em- peror's bond for an immense sum of money with which he had supplied him ; and on a fire made of cinnamon wood which had been lighted in the hall, he nobly, though somewhat ostentatiously, made a burnt- oft'ering of it to his imperial visitor. " This noble family," says the Mirror of Honour, " contained, in live branches (1G19), 47 counts and countesses, and, including the other members, young and old, about as many persons as the year has days." Even while counts, they continued to pursue commerce, and their wealth became such, that, in !)4 years, they bought real estate to the amount of 941,«)0 florins, and in 1762 owned 2 coun- ties, 6 lordships, and 57 other estates, besides their houses aud lands in and around Augs- burg. They had collections of rich treasures of art and rare books. Painters and musi- cians were supported, and the arts and sciences were liberally patronised by them. Their gardens and buildings displayed good taste, and they entertained their guests with regal magnificence. But while the industry, the prudence, the honours, and the influence of the Fugger family is mentioned, we ouglit also to state that these were equalled only by their unbounded charity and tlieir zeal to do good. In acts of private benevolence, and in the foundation of hospitals, schools, and charitable institutions, they were un- rivalled. FTJLDA, Charles Frederic, a Protestant divine, born at Wimpfen, in 1722 ; author of several learned treatises, viz. " On the Goths," " On the Cimbri," " On the Ancient German Mythology," &c. Died, 1788. FULLER, Thomas, an eminent historian and divine of the church of England, in the 17th century, was born at Aldwinkle, North- amptonshire, in 1008, and educated at Queen's College, Cambridge. His first clerical ap- pointment was that of minister of St. Ben- net's parish, Cambridge, where he acquired great popularity as a preacher. He was afterwards collated to a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, and obtained the rectory of Broad Winsor, Dorsetshire. His first literary pro- duction was entitled "David's heinous Sin, hearty Repentance, and heavy Punishment." In 1(540 he published his "History of the Holy War ; " soon after which he removed to London, and was chosen lecturer at the Savoy church, in the Strand. On the de- parture of Charles I. from London, previously to the commencement of hostilities. Fuller delivered a sermon at Westminster Abbey, ou the anniversary of his majesty's inaugur- ation in 1642, from 2 Samuel, xix. 30 " Yea, let them take all, so that my lord the king return in peace ; " which greatly offended the popular leaders of the day, and endangered the safety of the preacher. About this time he published his " Holy State." In 1643 he went to Oxford, and joined the king, became chaplain to Sir Ralph Ilopton, and employed his leisure in making collections relative to English history and antiquities. In 1650 appeared his " Pisgah Sight of Palestine," and liis " Abel Redivivus ; " but it was not till after his death that his principal literary work was published, entitled " The Wor- thies of England" — a production valuable alike for'the solid information it affords re- lative to the provincial history of the country, and for the profusion of biographical anec- dote and acute observation on men and manners. In 1648, he obtained the living of Waltham, in Essex, which in 1658 he quitted for that of Cranford, in Middlesex ; and at the Restoration he was reinstated in his prebend of Salisbury, of which he had been deprived by the parliamentarians. He was also made D. D. and chaplain to the king. Dr. Fuller's writings possess much learning, wit, and humour, with an elaborate display of quaint conceit — a quality highly esteemed at the time he wrote, aud one which appears quite natural to him. Many extraordinary stories are told respecting his prodigiously retentive memory, which we omit ; but the following punning anecdote, old as it is, and tliough not strictly biographical, we take the liberty of here introducing. The " worthy " Dr. Fuller was, it seems, an inveterate pun- ster ; but once attempting to play off a joke upon a gentleman named Sparrowhawk, he met with the following retort : — " What is the difference," said the Dr. (who was very corpulent), " between an owl and a sparrow- hawk ? " " It is," replied the other, " fuller in the head, fuller in the body, and fuller all over." FULLER, Andrew, an eminent Baptist minister, and secretary to the Baptist Mis- sionary Society, was born at Wicken, in Cam- bridgeshire, in 1754. His father was a small farmer, who gave his son the rudiments of education at tlie free school of Soham ; aud though principally engaged in the labours of husbandry till he was of age, yet he studied so diligently, that in 1775 he became, on invitation, the pastor of a congregation, first at Soham, and afterwards at Kettering. In the establishment of the Baptist Missionary Society, by Dr. Carey and others, Mr. Fuller exerted himself with great energy, and the whole of his future life was identified with its labours. He was also an able controver- sialist. His principal works are, a treatise " On the Calvinistic and Socinian Systems compared as to their Moral Tendency," " So- cinianism Indefensible," " The Gospel its own Witness," " Discourses ou the Book of Genesis," &c. Died, 1815. FULTON, Robert, an American engineer and projector, of considerable celebrity, was born in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Having acquired some knowledge of portrait and landscape painting, he came to England, and studied under his distinguished country- man. West, witli whom he continued an in- mate several years ; and, after quitting him, he made painting his chief employment for some time. He afterwards formed an ac- quaintance with another fellow-countryman, named Rumsey, who was well-skilled in mechanics, and hence he ultimately adopted the profession of a civil engineer. He also 1 fun] ^ ^fiu Unihtv^al %iatp:K^\)ij, [fus became acquainted with the Duke of Bridge- water, 8o famous for his canals, and with Earl Stanhope, a nobleman celebrated for his attachment to the mechanic arts. In 170(5, he published a treatise on " Inland Naviga- tion ; " and after making public some clever inventions and useful contrivances, in spin- nin;?, sawing, &c. Mr. Fulton went, in 17'J7, to Paris, where he lived seven years, and studied the higher mathematics, physics, chemistry, and perspective. It was there, in 18(K), that he projected the first panorama ever exhibited ; and there also that he perfected the plan for his submarine boat, or torpedo. Returning to America in 1800, he imme- diately engaged in building a steam-boat, of what was then deemed very considerable di- mensions, and which began to navigate the Hudson river in 1807, its progress tlirough the water being at the rate of five miles an hour. He had meditated on this experiment since 1793, and was the first who applied water-wheels to the purpose of steam-navi- gation; and though he claimed the invention, lie certainly was not the real inventor — tliat credit being due to Mr. Miller, of Dalswinton, Dumfries-shire. [See the Scots Magazine, for Nov. 1788.] It is said that vexation at being denied the merit of this discovery, and prevented from deriving the whole benefit of it, preyed on his mind, and hastened liis death. FUNES, Gregorio, a patriot of La Plata, in South America. He was dean of the ca- thedral church of Cordova, in which station he employed all his influence in support of the revolution. In 1810 he was sent as a deputy from Cordova to the congress of Buenos Ayres, and on various subsequent occasions he took a prominent part in the political transactions of his country, lie was also distinguished as an historical writer, especially by his " Essays de la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, y Tucumau." Died, 1829. FURETIERE, Axtiioxy, abbot of Cha- livoy, was a French philologist, born in 1620. He distinguished himself by various literary productions, and was a member of the French academy, but was expelled from it on a charge of having pillaged the unpublished lexicographical labours of his colleagues to enrich a dictionary of his own ; and his ex- pulsion gave rise to a virulent paper war between him and his former associates. Be- sides this "Dictionary," which served as the basis of the " Dictiunnaire de Trevoux," he published" Gospel Parables," " Five Satires," " I^ Roman Bourgeois," &c. Died, 1083. FURIETTI, Joseph Alexaxdeu, a car- dinal, born at Bergamo, in 1085 ; author of a treatise on the mosaic art of painting. Died, 1704. FUIIIUS, Frederic, sumamed Coriola- nus, was a learned Spaniard, whom the em- peror Charles V. sent into the Netherlands, and placed with his son Philip, who made him his historian, and with whom he re- mained during his life. He wrote some es- teemed works, and died in 1592. FURNEAUX, PiiiLir, a Nonconformist divine, born at Totuess, Devon, in 1726. In 17.>5 he was appointed pastor of the congre- gation at Clapliom, where he continued till 325 1777, when he retired in consequence of an illness, which ended in mental derangement, and he died in 1783. He was the author of " An Essay on Toleration." FURST, Walter, was a native of Altorf, Switzerland, by whose means, aided by the heroic William Tell and Arnold of Melcthal, the liberty of liis country was established, in 1307. FURSTEMBERG, Ferdinand de,, an eminent prelate, born at Bilstern, in West- phalia, in 1(!20. He was raised to the bishop- ric of Paderbom in 1061, by pope Alexander VII., who afterwards made him apostolical vicar of all the north of Europe. He collected a number of MSS. and other monuments of antiquity, and published them under the title of " Monumenta Paderbornensia : " he also published a valuable collection of Latin poems. Died, 1083. FUTRADO, Abraham, a French Jew, who was one of the leading members of the Sanhedrim, convoked by Buonaparte in 1808, at Paris. He wrote several works, and is said to have possessed great eloquence. Bom. 17.'')9 ; died, 1817. FUSELI, Henry, or FUESSLI, the more correct way of spelling the family name, was the second son of Gaspard Fuessli, and born at Zurich, about 1739. He was originally in- tended for the church ; but he had employed Itimself, while under his father's roof, in making copies from the works of Michael Angelo and Raphael, and this had inspired him with an insurmountable desire to devote himself to the profession. While at the Humanity College, in Zurich, he formed an intimate friendship with the celebrated La- va ter, and became enamoured with literature. He studied English, read the be.^t authors in that language, and translated the tragedy of Macbeth into German. In 1703, Fuseli came to England ; he was then in his 22nd year ; and on his showing his specimens of painting to Sir Joshua Reynolds, the latter expressed himself in terms of high commendation, and advised him to go to Rome. This he did ; and after eight years spent in studying the Italian masters, he returned to England. Having suggested to Alderman Boydell tlic idea of forming his " Shakspeare Gallery," for which he painted eight of his best pic- tures, that splendid design was accordingly executed. In 1790, Fuseli became a royal academician; and during the next nine years he painted a series of 47 pictures, afterwards exhibited as the " Milton Gallery." In 1799 he was appointed professor of painting, and, j in 1804, keeper of the Royal Academy. Fu- seli was an excellent scholar, and enjoyed the friendship of his most eminent literary cotcmporaries. His imagination was lofty and exuberant ; but, in aspiring to the sub- I lime, which he often reached, he occasionally j fell into extravagance and distortion. His anatomical knowledge was extensive ; and ! so predominant is it in some of his paintings, | that while admiring the grandeur of his con- | ceptions, the thoughts of the spectator are involuntarily carried to the dissecting-room. Fuseli experienced the unchanged attach- ment of the late Mr. Coutts, the banker, who was on all occasions his sincere and generous friend ; and the artist was on a visit to Lady res] ^ !Jl?c&) 2Entbtr^aI 23totjr«P^S. [gad Guildford, when he was seized with his short, but fatal illness ; and he died at lier house, Putney Hill, on the 16th of April, 1825. in the 84th year of his age. I'USS, Nicholas xo's, a distinguished mathematician and natural philosopher, born at Basle, in 175.5. He first studied under Bernouilli, then professor of mathe- matics at the university of that place, who procured him a situation, when he was 17, with his friend, the celebrated Euler, at St. Petersburgh, who wished to obtain a young man of talent in the prosecution of his phi- losophical inquiries. Here he soon obtained distinction and preferment. In 1770 he was appointed adjunct of the Academy of Sciences for the higher mathematics. In 1784, Ca- tharine II. gave him a professorship in the corps of noble land cadets ; and in 1792 he was appointed secretary to the free econo- mical society. In 1800 he was raised to the dignity of a counsellor of state ; in 1805 he was constituted one of the council for the organisation of military schools ; and, con- tinuing to advance tiie interests of science in the various honourable stations to which he was promoted, he was rewarded with the order of Vladimir and a pension. He was a regular contributor to the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh during a period of 50 years, and published various works, chiefly on mathematics and astro- nomy. Died, 1826. rUX, John JosEre, a celebrated musical composer during the reigns of the emperors Leopold I., Joseph I., and Charles VI., was born in Styria, about the year 1660, and held the office of imperial chapel-master for about 40 years. He composed several operas, and had great influence on the musical taste of his time. His Musical Gradus and some of his sacred pieces are still highly esteemed. Died, UM. FUZELIER, Louis, a French dramatic poet ; born, 1672 ; died, 1752. He wrote a number of operas, light comedies, and other theatrical piece.^, some of which are still occasionallv performed. FYOT DE LA MARCHE, Claitde, Count de Bosjan, nlmoner to Louis XIV., and an honorary counsellor of the parliament of Dijon, was born in 1630, and died in 1721. lie was abbot of the collegiate church of St. Stephen, at Dijon, of which abbey he wrote a history, and founded and endowed a seminary for the education of young ecclesi- astics there. FYT, Joiix, a Dutch painter, born at Antwerp, iu 1625. His pencil was so prolific, that almost every important collection of paintings has some of his productions. His [ subjects are chiefly game, beasts, birds, fruit, j and flowers ; and they are remarkable for their fidelity to nature in the drawing, and for their rich and glowing colours. The year of his death is unknown. G. G ABBI ANI, AxTONY Domimc, an Italian painter ; born at Florence in 1652, and ac- cidentally killed by falling from a scatt"old, while employed in painting the large cupola of Castello, in 1726. GABRIEL, Severus, a Greek bishop in the 16th century, born at Monembasia in the Peloponnesus. He was consecrated bishop of Philadelphia, and was afterwards bishop of the Greek church at Venice. GABRIEL, SiosiT.4, a learned Maronite, and professor of the Oriental languages at Rome and at Paris, where he died in 1648. He assisted Le Jay in his Polyglot Bible, and published a translation of the Arabic geo- graphy, with the title of " Geographia Nu- biensis." GABRIELLI, Julio, a Catholic prelate and a cardinal, who held the office of pro- secretary of the holy see, during the period of discussion between the pope and Buona- parte, and was driven into exile by the latter. He returned to Rome in 1814, and attained his 74th year, dying in 1822. An interesting account of the proceedings, which were con- ducted by Cardinal Gabrielli, are to be found in " Correspondance authentique de la Cour de Rome avec la France." GACON, Francis, a French satirist, who wrote against Eossuet, Rousseau, and Le Motte. He was born at Lyons, in 1666, and became a priest of the Oratory ; gained the prize for poetry of the academy in 1717, and died at his priory of Baillon in 172.5. GADBURY, John, an astrologer, who, in the latter part of the 17th century, attracted considerable notice. He was originally a tailor ; afterwards became an assistant to Lilly the fortune-teller (the Sidrophel of Butler) ; and, like his master, he published astrological almanacs and other works of a similar description. He was a Roman Ca- tholic, and having made some ambiguous remarks iu his almanacs, he was taken up as an accomplice of Titus Oates, but after- wards liberated. He is said to have perished by shipwreck, iu a voyage to Jamaica. GADD, Peter Adrian, a Swedish chem- ist and natural philosopher ; professor of chemistry in the university of Abo, in Finland. He wrote several treatises on geology, &c. ; and died about the end of the 18th century. GADDESDEN, John of, an English phy- sician of high repute in the 14th century. He was appointed physician to Edward III., and was the first Englishman that held that oflSce. He wrote a work on the practice of physic, entitled " Rosa Anglica," which is replete with absurdities and superstitious ceremonies, proving how low medical science in this country must have been at tliat time ; yet it appears he was acquainted with the mode of procuring fresh water from salt by gae] ^ iSit\3i l^nibtv^Kl 38fosrap]^», [OAL distillation ; a process supposed to have been a modem discovery. GAELEN, Alexander vatt, a Dutch painter, was born in 1C70, and died in 1728. lie settled in London, and painted some battle pieces, particularly one of the Boyne. GAEKTNER, JosiiPU, an eminent Ger- man naturalist, was born at Calu, in Suabia, in 1732. Ilaving graduated in the uuivtrsity of Gottingen, he travelled through a great part of Europe in the pursuit of his botanical studies. In 1759 he went to Leyden, where he attended the botanical lectures, and ap- plied himself to vegetable anatomy. With this view he visited England, and commu- nicated some interesting papers to the Plxi- losophical Transactions. In 17C8 he went to Petersburgh, and was appointed professor of botany and natural Iiistory. After fllling that place with great credit, and exploring the Ukraine for botanical discoveries, he returned to liis native place in 1770. Died, 1791. GAFFARELLI, James, a French vriteT, who applied himself to tlie study of the lie- brew language and rabbinical learning, was born at Maunes, in Provence, about 1001. lie adopted the doctrines of the Cabala, in defence of which he wrote a quarto volume in Latin. He became librarian to Cardinal llichelieu, who gave him several preferments, lie died at Sigonce, of which place he waa then abbot, in 16«i. Besides the above, he wrote a book, entitled " Unheard-of Curi- osities concerning the Talismanic Sculpture of the Persians, the Horoscope of the Patri- archs, and the Reading of the Stars." GAFURIO, Franchixo, an eminent Ita- lian composer and professor of music, was born at Lodi in 1451. He was in orders, and l)ecame head of the choir in the cathedral of Milan, where also he was appointed musical professor. lie died about 1520. His works are, " Theoricum Opus Musicae Disciplinae," "Practica Musicaj utriusque Cantus," " An- gelicum et Divinum Opus Musicae," " De Harmonica Musicorum Instrumentorum," &c. UU works were highly esteemed at the time, and his rules generally adopted. GAGE, Thomas, a native of Ireland, who, travelling into Spain, assumed the tonsure in a convent of Dominican monks, whence he was sent as a missionary to the Philippines, in l(j2.5. lie contrived to amass a good pro- perty during his journey ; and on his return to Europe, he settled in England, abjured the Romish religion, and obtained the living of Deal, in Kent. In 1(551 he published "A Survey of the West Indies." GAGER, William, a dramatist of the 16th century, and vicar- general to the dio- cese of Ely. His dramatic works are written in Latin. GAGNIER, Joiix, a celebrated orientalist, was a native of Paris. He was bred a Ro- man Catholic, entered into holy orders, and became a canon in the church of St. Gene- vieve ; but turned Protestant and settled in England. He was patronised by Archbishop Sharp and many other eminent persons, and received the degree of M. A. at Cambridge and Oxford. In 170(5 he published an edition of Ben Gorion's History of the Jews, in He- brew, with a Latin translation and notes. In 1723 he edited Abulfeda's Life of Mo- hammed, in Arabic, with a Latin translation and notes, folio. He succeeded Dr. Wallis in the Arabic professorship at Oxford ; and died in 1740. GAILLARD de LonjumeatJ, bishop of Apt, in Provence, was the first who pro- jected a universal historical dictionary, and employed Moreri, who was his almoner, to execute the work. Died, IfiOS. GAILLARD, Gabriel Hknry, a French historian, born at Ostel, near Soissons, in 1728, and died in 1806. He was the author of" Histoire de Charlemagne," " Rhdtorique Fran^oise," " Histoire de Francis I.," and many other works of a similar character. GAILLARD, Joii.v Ernest, a musical composer of considerable merit, was born at Zell, in 1087, and became a pupil of Farinclli. He came over to England with George, prince of Denmark, the husband of queen Anne, qnd was appointed chapel-master to the queen dowager. At that time the whole musical world was occupied with the rivalry between Handel and Buononcini, and Gail- lard was glad to enter into an agreement with Rich, the manager of the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, to compose the music for his operatic and pantomimic entertain- ments, some of which were very popular. Died, 1749. GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas, a celebrated landscape painter, waa born at Sudbury, in Sutfolk, in 1737. He was self-taught, and used to entertain himself by drawing land- scapes from nature, in the woods of his native county. From Sudbury he came to London, and commenced portrait painter, in which line he acquired great eminence. His chief excellence, however, was in landscape, in wliich he united the brilliancy of Claude with the precision and simplicity of Ruys- dael. He was highly esteemed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who bestowed on him a high but well-merited compliment in one of his aca- demical discourses. Died, 1788. GALAS, Matthew, one of the greatest generals of his time, was bom at Trent in 1589. He served in Italy and Germany, and rendered eminent services to the emperor Frederic II. and Philip IV. king of Spain. He was deprived of the command, after being defeated by the Swedes near Magdeburg, but was restored, and died at Vienna in 1047. GALATEO, Antonio, a learned phy- sician, was descended from a Greek family, and born, in 1444, at Galatino, in the terri- tory of Otranto. He was appointed physi- cian to the king of Naples, and died at Leece, in his native province, in 1510. He wrote "De Situ lapygiae," "De Situ Ele- mentorum," " De Situ Terrarum," " Dc Marl et Aquis," &c. GALATIN, Peter, a Franciscan monk, who flourished about 1530. He wrote "De Arcanis Catholicaa Veritatis," a work of considerable reputation. GALBA, Sekvius SuLncius, emperor of Rome, was descended from the ancient family of Sulpicii. He was successively praetor, proconsul of Africa, and general of the Roman armies in Germany and Spain. He retired to avoid the jealousy of Nero j but the tyrant having issued an order for his V» gal] ^ ^ctn Winibtr^aX 23tagrajjTj». [gal '' death, Galba revolted against the emperor ; and Gaul declaring for him, Nero put a period to his own existence. Galba gave himself up to the government of 3 obscure men, whom the Komans called his school- masters ; and he was slain by the prtEtorian band, who proclaimed Otho in his stead, A. D. 09. GALE, John, an eminent Baptist divine, was born in I^ondon, in 1C80. At the age of 17 he was sent to Leydeu, where he received the degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosoi)hy. The History of Infant Baptism by Mr. Wall, published in 1705, attracting his notice, he wrote a reply to it ; which, however, did not appear till 1711. About this time he was chosen minister of the Baptist congregation in Barbican, where he continued till his death, in 1721. His ser- mons, in 4 volumes, were subsequently pub- lished. GALE, Theopiiilus, an eminent noncon- formist divine, was born, in 1628, at King's Teignton, in Devonshire, and in 1(547 entered as a student of Magdalen College, Oxford. He commenced as a preacher at Winchester to a congregation of Independents, from which lie was ejected in consequence of tlie act of uniformity, in lOGl. He then became tutor to the sons of Lord Wharton, with whom he went to Caen in Normandy. In 1665 he returned to England, and was pastor of a dissenting congregation, and master of a seminary at Newington. He died in 1078. He wrote many works, the principal of which is his " Court of tlie Gentiles," 3 vols. 4to. ! in which he proves that the theology and philosophy of the pagans were borrowed from the scriptures. GALE, Thomas, a learned English divine, was born in 1630 at Scruton, in Yorkshire. He was educated at Westminster School, and elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. In 1600 he was chosen Greek professor, and in 1672 master of St. Paul's School. In 1697 he was pro- moted to the deanery of York, where he died in 1702. He published a collection of tlie Greek Mythologists, " Historise Poeticae antiqui Scriptores GrjEcae et Latinos," " lle- rodoti Halicarnassensis Historiarum," " Uis- torise Britannicae, Saxonicas, Anglo-Danicse," &c. Dr. Gale corresponded with some of the most eminent scholars on the Continent, by whom his abilities were highly esteemed. GALE, Roger, the eldest son of the pre- ceding. He published some valuable books, the principal of which was an edition of his father's Commentary on Antoninus. Died, 1744 — Samuel, his brother, was also eminent for his knowledge of antiquities. Died, 1754. GALEANO, JosEi'H, a physician of Pa- lermo, was born in 1005, and died in 1675. Besides several works on medical subjects, he published a collection of the Sicilian poets, in 6 vols. GALEN, Christopher Bernhard vax, the warlike bishop of Munster, first entered the military service, which he afterwards left for the church. In 1660 he was chosen prince- bishop of Munster, but was obliged to besiege the city on account of the opposition of the citizens ; he, however, conquered it, and built a citadel to secure his power. In 1604 he was appointed one of the leaders of the | imperial army against the Turks in Hungary, j He afterwards fought against the Dutch, first in alliance witli England, and then with France, taking from them several cities and fortresses. After this he joined the Danes against the Swedes, and made new conquests; and in 1764 he formed an alliance with Spain, and again gave battle to his old ene- mies the Dutch. He was a man of extra- ordinary enterprise, one of the greatest gene- rals of his time, and an adroit diplomatist. Died, 1678, aged 73. GALEN, Claudhts, one of the most cele- brated pliysicians of ancient times, was born at Pergamus in Asia, in 131. After studying philosophy and general literature, he tra- velled though Egypt and other countries in the East for the purpose of acquiring medical and anatomical knowledge. On his return, he practised 4 years in his native city, and then went to Kome, but was driven from thence by the intrigues of his jealous rivals, who attributed his success to magic. From Home he returned to Pergamus ; but was re- called by an especial mandate of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, who, on quitting Rome to make war on tlie Germans, confided to Galen tJie care of the health of his son Commodus. The place.and time of his death are uncer- tain ; but he is supposed to have died at Rome, in about the 70th year of his age. A part only of his very numerous writings has been preserved ; but even that part forms 5 folio volumes, and afltords undoubted proofs of his practical and tlieoretical skill. GALERIUS, Caius Valerius Maximi- anus, a Roman emperor. Entering tlie army as a common soldier, he rose to the highest ranks by his bravery, and was adopted by Dioclesian, who gave hira his daughter in marriage. He ascended the imperial throne in 305, and died in 311. He was naturally of a cruel disposition, and during his reign the Cliristians suffered great persecution. GALILEI, Galileo, an illustrious astro- nomer, mathematician, and philosopher, was the son of a Florentine nobleman, and born at Pisa, in 1504. He was intended by his father for the medical profession ; but his love for mathematical studies was so deci- dedly evinced, and his aversion for the other so strong, that he was allowed to pursue >he former, which he did with such unwearied diligence, that at the age of 24 he was ap- pointed mathematical professor at Pisa. There he was constantly engaged in asserting the laws of nature against the Aristotelian philosophy, which raised up such a host of enemies against him, that, in 1592, he was obliged to resign his professorship. He then went to Padua, where he lectured with un- paralleled success, and students flocked to hear him from all parts of Europe. After remaining there 18 years, Cosmo III. invited him back to Pisa, and soon after called him to Florence, with the title of principal ma- thematician and philosopher to the grand duke. Galileo had heard of the invention of the telescope by Jansen ; and making one for himself, a series of most important as- tronomical discoveries followed. He found that the moon, like the earth, has an uneven gal] ^ i^efio ©IntbcriEfal 2SiOfli*apT)e» [gal surface ; and he taught liis scholars to mea- sure the height of its mountains by their shadow. A particular nebula he resolved into individual stars ; but his most remark- able discoveries were Jupiter's satellites, Saturn's ring, the sun's spots, and the starry nature of the milky way. The result of his discoveries was his decided conviction of the truth of the Copernicau system ; though the blind and furious bigotry of the monks charged him with heresy for it, and he was twice persecuted by the Inquisition, first in 1015, and again in 1633. On both occasions he was compelled to abjure the system of Copernicus ; but it is said, that in tlie last instance, when he had repeated the abjura- tion, he stamped his foot on the earth, indig- nantly muttering, " yet it moves 1 " The latter years of his life were spent at his own country-house near Florence, where he de- voted himself to the perfecting of his tele- scope ; and he died, at the age of 78, in 1G42, the year in which Newton was born. GALL, Joiix JosBru, the celebrated phrenologist, was born, in 1758, at Teifen- brunn, Wirtemburg. He studied medicine under Professor Shermann, and settled in Vienna, where he attracted much attention by his " Anatomical and Physiological In- quiries respecting the Brain and Nerves," on accoimt of the principles it contained, that certain talents and tendencies depend on the formation of certain parts of the head, — that, in fact, each faculty of the mind has a se- parate organ in the brain, and that those organs are marked externally by elevations or protuberances on the cranium. lie after- wards travelled through the north of Ger- many, Sweden, and Denmark, delivering lectures ; and, in 1807, established himself in Paris, thinking France the most likely part in wliich to circulate his doctrines. Prince Metternich consulted him m his physician, and, in 1810, guaranteed the expense of pub- lishing the work of Gall and Spurzheim on phrenology. Dr. Gall died at Paris in 1828. He directed that no clergyman should attend his funeral, and that his head should t>e dissected and placed iu the museum he had collected. G ALLAND, Antuony, an able orientalist, was born, in 1(540, at RoUot, in Picardy. He was employed to travel on account of the French government ; and his zeal and in- dustry are evinced by several treatises, wliich he published on his return, illustrative of the manners and customs of the Mohammedan empire and religion. He is now principally known by his " Mille-et-un Nuits," a curious collection of eastern romances, translated into all the languages of Europe, and known to us as the " Arabian Nights' Entertain- ments." Galland was Arabic professor to the college of France, and antiquary to the king. Died, 1715. GALLI ANI, Ferdixand, an Italian abb^, celebrated for his writings, was born at Chieti, in the province of Abruzzo, Naples, in 1728. He made a rapid progress in his studies, and was no less remarkable for playful wit than for more solid acquirements. Having made a collection of specimens of the various volcanic productions of Vesuvius, he sent them to the pope in a box, thus la- belled, " Beatissime Pater fac ut lapides isti panes fiant " — " Holy Father, command that these stones be made bread," which the pope virtually attended to by giving him the canonry of Amalfl, worth 400 ducats per annum. One of his earliest productions was a volume written on the death of the public executioner, in order to ridicule the academi- cal custom of pouring forth lamentations, in prose and verse, on the death of great per- sonages. In 1759 he was appointed secretary to the French embassy, and soon took a lead among the wits and literati in Paris. He wrote a number of able works ; among which are a " Treatise on Money," " Annotations upon Horace," " Dialogues on the Corn Trade," " On the Reciprocal Duties of Neu- tral and Belligerent Princes," &c. He held several important offices under the Nea- politan government, and died, greatly es- teemed, in 1787. GiVI^LIENUS, PuBLius LiciNius, a Ro- man emperor, who reigned in conjunction with Valerian, his father, for seven years, and became sole ruler in 2ijO. Iu his youth he gave fair promise to become an excellent sovereign, but he grew indolent and sen- sual ; and was at length assassinated, at Milan, in 208. GALLOIS, John, a French critic of the 17th century, celebrated for the univer- sality of his knowledge. He was one of the projectors of the "Journal des Savans," and its conductor for many years. Died, 1707. GALLOWAY BEY, second son of Alex. Galloway, esq., engineer of London. This young man had devoted his talents and energies in the service of the pacha of Egypt, whose chief engineer he had been for 12 years ; and in reward for his services, and as a high token of his esteem, the pacha was pleased to confer on him, in 1824, the title of l>ey. Died, July, 18;J0. GALLUS, Caius Vibius Trkboniaxus, emperor of Rome, was an African by birth ; but holding a command in Mojsia, under Decius, at the time that monarch was slain in a battle with the Goths, he was pro- claimed emperor by the army, in 251. He proved unworthy of his station, and he fell by assassination in 253. GALLUS, CoKNELius, a Roman poet, was born, b. c. 70, at Forum Julii, and was intimate with Virgil, whose tenth eclogue is inscribed to him. He was employed by Augustus in his war with Antony, and re- warded for his services with the government of Egypt. He was there guilty of excessive tyranny ; and being charged with peculation and conspiracy, he was condemned to exile ; upon which he committed suicide, aged 42. His works are lost. G^VLT, John, a voluminous author on a great variety of subjects, but chiefly known as a novelist, was born in Ayrshire, 1779. The scene of his novels is in general laid in Scotland, and his intimate acquaintance with every light and shadow of Scottish life, makes them really important to all who would know Scotland — especially the Scot- land of middle and lower life — as it really is. The list of his works is formidably long: perhaps the licst of them arc, " The Entail, ' gal] ^ i9e&3 Winibtr^Kl 3St0ffraj>f)t)» [gan *' The Annals of the Parish," " The Ayrshire Legatees," and " Kingan Gilhaize." Inde- pendent of his numerous novels, he pub- lished tragedies, minor poems, voyages, and travels, and several biographies. He was for some time editor ©f the Courier newspaper, and it is asserted that he gave up that ap- pointment rather than allow the insertion, though at the request of a minister, of an article whicli he considered objectionable. For several years previous to his death he suffered very severely from paralysis of the limbs. Died, 1839. GALUPPI, Baldessaeo, a distinguished composer, was born near Venice, in 1703. His operas, about 50 in number, are almost all of the comic kind, and had, at one time, the chief run throughout Italy. He died in 1785. GALVAM, Antiioxy, a Portuguese, who in 1527 was appointed governor of the Mo- luccas. With 500 men he defeated a native army of 20,000. He governed well, and used his efforts to convert the natives ; but on his return to Portugal, in 1540, he was treated with such ingratitude, that he sunk into abject poverty, and died in the hospital of I'isbon, in 1557. GALVANI, Louis, an Italian physiologist, celebrated as the discoverer of galvanism, was born at Bologna, in 1737. lie studied medicine under Galcazzi, whose daugliter he married. In 1702 he became lecturer in anatomy at Bologna," and obtained a con- siderable reputation. By experiments on frogs, he discovered, that all animals are endued with a peculiar kind of electricity ; and he followed up this discovery with so much perseverance and success, as to give his name to a system of pliysiology, wliich has excited universal attention. His first publication on this subject was in 1791, and entitled " Aloysii Galvanii de Viribus Elec- tricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius." Upon this system tlie famous Volta made vast improvements. Galvani, on the death of his wife, in 1790, fell into a state of me- I lancholy ; and died in 1798. Besides the above work, lie wrote several memoirs upon professional subjects. GAM, David, a native of Wales, and an officer in the army of Henry V. Having I returned from reconnoitring the enemy on " the evening preceding the battle of Agin- court, he reported, that there were enough of the enemy to be killed, enough to be taken prisoners, and enough to run away. He was killed defending his sovereign, who was exposed to imminent danger, and was knighted by him on the field. GAMA, Vasco or Vasquez de, an illus- trious navigator, was born at Sines, in Por- tugal, of a noble family ; and to him belongs the merit of having discovered the route to the East Indies by sea. Having under his command 4 vessels, manned with 160 ma- rines and sailors, Gama set sail, July 9th, 1497 ; in the beginning of the next year reached the eastern coast of Africa, and, holding Ills course straiglit towards the coast of Malabar, arrived in May, at Cali- cut, a city inhabited by Hindoos, where the ruler over the country, called tlie zamorin, or king, had his residence. He returned to 830 Lisbon in two years and two months from the time of his setting out ; and the result of this expedition promised such great ad- vantages, that, in 1502, he went out with 20 ships, but he was attacked by an opposing fleet on the part of the zamorin, which he defeated, and returned the following year with 13 rich vessels which lie had captured in the Indian Seas. Jolm III. of Portugal appointed him viceroy of India ; on which he went there a third time, and established his government at Cochin, where he died in 1525. Tlie Lusiad of Camoens, who accom- panied Gama, is founded on the adventures of his last voyage. GAMBARA, Vbrokica, an Italian poet- ess, born of a noble famjly in 1485. On tlie death of her husband, Giberto, lord of Cor- reggio, whom she survived many years, she devoted much of her time to the cultivation of literature ; and her poems possess origin- ality and spirit. Died, 1550. GAMBIER, the Right Hon. James, Lord, a British admiral, was born, in 1756, at tlie Bahama Islands, his father being at that time the lieutenant-governor. He entered the naval service at an early age, was ac- tively engaged on various occasions, and was rewarded by difterent gradations of rank, till he reached that of post-captain, with the command of the Raleigh, of 32 gims, in 1788. In this frigate he was en- gaged in repelling the French in their at- tempt upon Jersey, in 1781 ; he afterwards served on the American coast, was present at the reduction of Charlestown, and cap- tured the Mifflin, an American sliipofwar, mounting 20 guns. When hostilities com- menced with France in 1793, Captain Gain- bier was appointed to the Defence, of 74 guns, and had the merit of sharing in Earl Howe's celebrated victory. On the first anniversary of that battle (June 1. 1795), he was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral. Passing over minor events, we find him, in 1807, entrusted with the command of the fleet sent to Copenhagen to co-operate with Lord Cathcart in demanding possession of the Danish navy ; which, though at first re- sisted, ended in the surrender of 19 sail of the line, 23 frigates, sloops, &c. For his share in this important service, his lordship was created a baron of the united kingdom, and offered a pension of 2000?., which he declined. He was next appointed t® the command of the Channel fleet ,- and in 1809, in conjunction with Lord Cochrane, who commanded the fire-ships, an attack was made on a French squadron in the Aix Roads, which, though successful to a consi- derable extent, was considered by Lord Cochrane, as inefficiently performed, and caused a serious misunderstanding between them. A court-martial on Lord Gambler, and his honourable acquittal, were the re- sults of this disagreement. His lordship occupied a scat at the admiralty for many years, and on the accession of William IV. he was advanced to the rank of admiral of the fleet. He was pious and benevolent ; and is memorable for his zeal in inculcating moral and religious principles among the seamen. Died, April, 1833. GANDOLPHY, Pjetei:, a Catliolic priest, gan] ^ ^tfji Uni^tx^nl 23iograpI)n. [gar greatly distinguished as a preacher, was bom about 1760. He was a controversialist, and published "A Defence of the Ancient Faith," in 1811 ; and " A full Exposition of the Christian Religion," in 1813 ; but a ser- mon "On the Relations between Spiritual and Temporal Authority " exposed him to the censure of his diocesan, in 1810. He appealed to Rome, and made an able de- fence of his opinions ; but the alfair caused him to quit his situation as missioucr at tlie Catholic chapel in Lincoln's Inn 1' ielda. He died at East Sheen, Surrey, in 18:il. GANDOX, Jamks, an eminent English arcliitect, and the first who received the ar- chitectural gold medal of the Royal Aca- demy. His reputation was much enhanced by his editorial labours iu producing the "Vitruvius Britanuicus ; " alter which he went to Ireland, and remained there till he died, in 1824, aged 84. He designed the custom house, the four courts, and many other elegant structures in Dublin. GARAMOND, Clalue, a celebrated French engraver and letter-founder, was born at Paris towards the close of the 15th century. He brought the art of letter- founding to such perfection, that all parts of Europe were supplied with his types. Among Ids works are some beautiful spe- cimens of Greek, and it was lie wlio brought the Roman character to perfection. Died, 1561. GARASSE, Francis, a French Jesuit, bom at Angouleme, in 1.585. He became a very popular preacher, but is chiefly re- membered for the wit and asperity of his controversial writings. His principal work was entitled " A Tlieological Summary of the Truths of theCliristian Religion," which was condemned by the Sorbonue. He died of the plague which he caught at Poictiers, while attending a person afflicted with that disorder, in 1031. GARAT, D. J., a French metaphysician and philosopher. He was one of the best- intentioned men of the revolution, and yet, such was the force of circumstances, ap- pearing to sanction its worst crimes, and acting with men whom his heart abhorred. He succeeded Dan ton as minister of justice. He was ennobled by Buonaparte, on be- coming emperor ; but his liberal steadiness gave ottence, and he did not re-appear on the political stage till the hundred days. He was in consequence dismissed from the academy by the Bourbons. He is the au- thor of " Mumoires sur M. Suard." Born, 1700 ; died, 1.S21. GARAY, Joiix DE, a brave Spanish offi- cer, born at Badajoz, in 1541. He went to America, as secretary to the governor of Paraguay ; where he displayed so mucli en- terprise and talent, tliat he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general and governor of Assumption. He founded Santa Fe, re built and fortified Buenos Ayres, and eu- duavoured by kindness to civilise the In- dians. He was killed on the banks of the Parana, about 1592. GARAY, Don Martin de, a Spanish statesman, who acted a conspicuous part iu the management of public attairs from 1808 till tlie restoration of Ferdinand VII. He 831 was made minister of finance in 1816, dis- missed in 1818, and died in 1822. GARCIA, Manukl, a distinguished mu- sical performer and composer, was born at Seville, in Spain, in 1782. He showed great proficiency at an early age, and appeared as a public singer at the opera-houses of Madrid, Paris, Rome, Naples, Turin, and London. He was engaged as principal male singer at the king's theatre, I^ondon, iu 1824 ; and his abilities attracted much atten- tion, botli as a vocalist and as an actor. His drumatic compositions are too numerous for insertion here, and many of them possess great merit. Madame Mali bran de Beriot was his daughter. Garcia died in 1832. GARCIA DE MASCARENHAS, Blaise, a Portuguese, who figured both as a soldier and poet, was born in 15%, at Avo. In 1014 he entered into the military service, and went to Brazil, where he remained twenty-six years, and on his return to Lis- bon wai appointed governor of Alfayates. Having been falsely charged with treason and imprisoned, and being denied the use of pens and ink, he composed a letter in verse to the king, in the following ingenious manner : — he procured a printed book, cut out the words he wanted, and pasted them on a blank leaf; this he threw from his window to a friend, who delivered it, and it procured his liberation. Died, 10.56. GARCIAS LASSO, or GARCILASO DE LA VEGA, called the prince of Spanish poets, was born at Toledo, in 1503. He was early distinguished for lus wit and fancy, wrote several pathetic pastorals and sonnets, and did much towards reforming that taste for bombast, wliich, at the period in which he flourished, disfigured the productions of his countrymen. Garcilaso followed the pro- fession of arms, and attended Charles V. in many of his expeditious, and fell in battle, in 1536. GARCILASO DE LA VEGA, suraamed the Inca, because, by his mother's side, he was descended from the royal family of Peru, was born at Cusco, in that country, in 1530. Philip II. dreading the influence of Garcilaso among the natives, summoned him to Spain, where he died. He wrote an interesting and faithful History of Peru, and also a History of Florida. GARDEN, Alexander, an eminent bo- tanist and zoologist, was born in Scotland, in 1730, and educated at the university of Edinburgh. He went to America, and settled as a physician at Charlestown, South Carolina, where he engaged in botanical researches, and was very successful in the discovery and verification of new species among the animal and vegetable tribes of North America. He opened a correspond- ence with Linnaeus, which was attended with many reciprocal advantages. After a residence of 20 years in America, he returned to England, where he died in 1791. GARDINER, James, a Scotch military officer in the reign of George II., distin- guished for his bravery and his piety. He was born, in 1088, at Carriden, Linlithgow- shire ; entered the army when only 14, and obtained a cotnmission in the Dutch service. He afterwards distinguislied himself at the gar] ^ ^cJu ^nibtx^nX I3i0srapf)i?. [gar battle of Ramillies; and at the breaking out of tlie rebellion, he commanded a regi- ment of dragoons, and fell at the battle of Preston Pans, being cut down by a blow from a Liochabar axe, in sight of his own house, Sept. 21. 1745. Dr. Doddridge, his biographer, says, that in his youth he was very gay and licentious, but the accidental perusal of a book, entitled " Heaven taken by Storm," made him serious, and ft-om that time he became as distinguished for his piety as he had before been for the absence of all religion and a course of vice. It is also said that he received a supernatural iutimation 4 of his own approaching death. GARDINER, SxEniEX, a celebrated pre- late and statesman, was born at Bury St. Edmund's in Suffolk, in 1483. lie was the illegitimate son of Dr. Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, and brother of Elizabeth, queen of Henry IV. He was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; from whence he went into the family of the Duke of Norfolk, and afterwards into that of Cardinal Wolsey, who made him his secretary. In this situ- ation he acquired the confidence of Henry VIII., to whom he was serviceable in pro- curing his divorce from Queen Catharine : he also defended tlie king's supremacy, and for these services he was promoted to the see of Winchester. Gardiner drew up ar- ticles accusing Henry's last queen, Catha- rine Parr, of heresy ; but the queen avoided the storm, and he fell into disgrace. At the accession of Edward VI. he opposed the Reformation, and was committed first to the Fleet, and afterwards to the Tower, where he was a prisoner during the remainder of the reign. He was also deprived of his bishopric ; but on the accession of Mary he was restored to his see, and appointed chancellor of England. His conduct to- wards the Protestants was cruel and sanguin- ary. He died in 1555. He was a learned man, but artful, dissembling, ambitious, and proud. GARDINER, William, an Irish engraver, of talents rarely excelled, born in 1760 ; who, after a life of great vicissitude and distress, during which he had been alternately jockey, bookseller, painter, priest, and actor, wrote a paper on the miseries of life, and destroyed himself in 1814. GARDNER, Alax* Lord, an English na- val officer. At the age of 13 he became a midshipman, and, passing 'through various promotions, was made post-captain in the Preston, of 50 guns, in 1766. In the action with the French fleet on the 12th of April, 1782, he commanded the Duke, of 98 gims, in which ship he first broke the French line. In 1793 he was raised to the rank of rear- admiral, and appointed commander-in-chief on the Leeward Island station ; and in the action of the 1st of June, 1794, he so ably supported Lord Howe, that he was rewarded with a baronetcy and further promotion. During the mutiny of the fleet at Ports- mouth, it was with difficulty that he escajied with his life, in consequence of his en- deavours to quell it by severe measures. In 1800 he was created an Irish peer, and in 1807 succeeded Earl St. Vincent in the com- mand of the Channel fleet. He sat in three successive parliaments, was finally raised to the English peerage, and died in 1809, GARNERIN, James Andrew, a cele- brated French aeronaut, to whom belongs the merit (.if it can be called such) of first making the daring experiment of descending in a parachute. His first attempt was made at St. Petersburgh, in 1800 ; and he success- fullj' repeated it in England on the 21st of September, 1802. Died, at Paris, 1823. GARNET, Henky, an English Jesuit, memorable for being concerned in the Gun- powder Plot. He was executed in 1606. GARNET, Thomas, an English physi- cian, was born in 1766, at Casterton, in Westmoreland ; received his education at Sedburgh, in Yorkshire ; and went to Edin- burgh, where he took his degree of M. D. He commenced professional practice at Bradford, removed to Knaresborough, and afterwards to Harrowgate ; but his practice being small, he went to Liverpool, with a view of emigrating to America. From this scheme he was diverted at the request of some of his friends, who persuaded him to commence a course of lectures on chemistry and natural philosophy. He repeated this course at JManchester ; after which he was chosen Anderson's lecturer in the univer- sity of Glasgow. On the foundation of the Royal Institution in 1800, he was chosen professor of chemistry, but was obliged to resign the situation on account of ill health, and he died, in 1802, aged 36. Dr. Garnet was the author of " An Analysis of the Mi- neral Waters at Harrowgate," a " Tour tlirough Scotland," 2 vols. 4to. ; " Outlines of Chemistry," several papers and essays on medical and physical subjects ; and " Zoonomia," wliich was published after his death. GARNIER DE LANDE, bom in 1770. As deputy to the National Convention, he voted for the death of Louis XVI. ; joined the Girondists ; vainly tried to save Danton ; and, in the sitting of the 9th Thermidor, 1795, when Robespierre, being impeached, could not speak through fear and rage, he addressed that falling tyrant with the words, " It is Danton's blood which suffocates you! " He retired into private life when Buonaparte abolished the republic. GARNIER, Count Geemaix, a French statesman, was born, in 1721, at Auxcrre. He became prefect of the department of Seine and Oise, and president of the senate ; and was known as the translator of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, and other Eng- lish works on political economy. Died, 1821. GARNIER, Jean- Jacques, historiogra- pher of France, was born in 1729, at Goron- sur-Maine, and at the breaking out of the revolution was professor of Hebrew in the university of Paris. He was the author of " The Man of Letters," 2 vols. ; a treatise on "The Origin of the Government of France," a " Continuation of Velley 's History of France," a treatise on "Civil Education," &c. During the reign of terror he fled from the French capital to Boujival, where he died in 1795. GAROFALO, Bexvexuto, an artist of Ferrara, born in 1481. During his stay in gab] ^ ^cttt ?an(t»er!SaT iSioffrapibJ?* [gas Rome he formed an intimacy with Raphael, and frequently assisted him. His works unite the grace and clearness of Raphael with the rich colouring of the Lombard Bchool, and his Madonnas and angels are full of beauty and expression. Died, 1559. GARRICK, David, the most celebrated actor that ever appeared on the English stage, was descended from a French family, who, being Protestants, fled to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. His father, Peter Garrick, was a captain in the army, and generally resided at Lichfield ; but being on a recruiting party at Hereford, David was born there in 171(5. He received his education partly at the grammar school at Lichfield, and partly under Dr. Johnson, with whom he first came to London, in IT.'W, and prepared himself for the study of the law. The death of his father, however, disturbed this arrangement ; and having been left lOOOZ. by his uncle, he went into partnership with his brother in the wine trade. A love for the stage had long been deeply rooted in his mind, and, abandoning the wine trade, he resolved on being an actor. His first attempt was at Ipswich in 1741, under the assumed name of Lyddal j and the applause he met with induced him to make his appearance at the theatre, Good- man's Fields, in the character of Richard III. The effect of this was immediate and deci- sive. The other theatres were quickly deserted, and Goodman's Fields became the resort of people of fashion, till that theatre was shut up. Garrick then formed an en- gagement with Fleetwood, the patentee of Drury Lane, where his reception was equally flattering. In the summer of 1743 he visited Dublin ; and in 1747 he became joint- patentee of Drury Lane Theatre. In 1749 he married Mademoiselle Violctte, a sketch of whose life forms the subject of our next article. The remainder of his career was a long and uninterrupted series of success and prosperity until its close, which took place in 177«, when he determined upon a retreat, and sold his moiety of the concern for 37,000?. The last part which he performed was Don Felix, in " The Wonder," for the benefit of the theatrical fund. At the conclusion of the play, he addressed a brief farewell to the audience. The general feeling with which this was delivered and received, rendered it truly impressive ; and few persons ever quitted the stage with plaudits so loud and unanimous. In 1709 he projected and car- ried into effect the famous Stratford Jubilee, a striking proof of his enthusiasm for Shak- speare. It occupied three days there, and its representation at the theatre lasted for 92 nights. He died, Jan. 20th, 1779, his remains being interred, with great pomp, in Westminster Abbey. As an actor, Garrick seems never to have been equalled for truth, nature, variety, and facility of expression, though perhaps surpassed by some of his contemporaries in the enunciation of calm, sentimental eloquence. He wrote or adapted for the stage nearly 40 pieces, besides pro- ducing a great number of prologues and epilogues. The style of acting introduced by Garrick was the very opposite of that formal declamation practised before his time i it was natural, vigorous, and im- passioned ; the plays of Shakspeare grew into greater repute ; and a reform both in the conduct and licence of the drama, honourable to his taste and genius, was eftected by his example. GARRICK, Eva Maria, wife of the pre- ceding, was born at Vienna, in 1725. Her maiden name was Viegel, which she changed to that of Violette, by command of the em- press-queen, Maria Tlieresa, whose notice she had attracted as an opera dancer. In 1744 she arrived in England, bringing with her a recommendation from the Countess of Stahreml)erg to the Countess of Burlington, who received her, on her obtaining an en- gagement at the oiiera-house, as an inmate of Burlington House, and ever after treated her with maternal affection. A mutual attachment having been formed between htr and Garrick, their nuptials were celebrated June 22. 1749, and the Earl of Burlington gave the bride a marriage portion of COOOi. From this circumstance a notion prevailed that she was the earl's natural daughter ; such, however, was not the fact. Died, 1822, aged 97. GARTH, Sir Samuel, an eminent phy- sician, and a poet of no mean rank, was a native of Yorkshire, and educated at Peter- house, Cambridge, where, in 1(591, he took his degree. He was admitted a fellow of the colleire of physicians in the following year, and" soon attained the first rank in his profession. His taste for general literature, his companionable talents, and his attach- ment to the principles of the house of Han- over, acquired him patrons of rank and influence ; and on the accession of George I. he received the honour of knighthood, and was appointed physician-in-ordinary to the king, and physician-general to the army. His principal poem is '' The Disiiensary," which contains much lively and polished satire. Died, 171«. GARTH, Thomas, an English general, and colonel of the Ist regiment of dragoons. From the year 17C2 to that of 1814, when he attained the rank of general, this officer was employed in active service. It had long been whispered that he was the husband of one of the royal princesses of England, though the circumstance was never made public during his life ; but certain unfortu- nate events which occurred in 1830 caused the subject to be much alluded to. Died, 1829, aged 85. GARZI, Louis, a painter, was bom at Rome in 1640. He was a disciple of Andrea Sacchi, and considered by many as equal, if not superior, to Carlo Maratti. Died, 1721. GARZONI, Thomas, an Italian writer, boni in 1549, at Bagnacavallo, near Ferrara, and died in 1589. He was the author of se- veral works ; the chief of which is entitled " La Piazza universale di tutti le Professioni del Monde ;" a work of great labour, and one of infinite utility at the time it was written. GASCOIGNE, George, a poet of the Elizabethan age, was the son of Sir John Gascoigne, of Walthamstow, Essex, and is said to have been disinherited by his father. He studied at Cambridge, from whence he 333 gas] ^ i^e^ Wittibtx^al 28i0flrap5y. [gat removed to Gray's Inn, which he soon left for a military life in Holland, where the Prince of Orange gave him a captain's com- mission ; but having a quarrel with his colonel, he resigned it soon afterwards. On his return to England lie became an attend- ant at court, and accompanied the queen in some of her progresses, during whicli he wrote masques for her entertainment. Be- sides his original and translated dramas, he wrote " The Steel Glass," a satire, and other poems. Till of late, when it became the fashion to search after the relics of old Eng- lish literature, the works of Gascoigne were quite neglected, but his poems will repay I)erusal. Died, 1577. GASCOIGNE, Sir William, an eminent judge in the reigns of Henry IV. and V. He was born at Gawthorp, in" Yorksliire, in 1350 ; became serjeant-at-law in 1398 ; and on the accession of Henry IV. was appointed one of the justices of the common pleas, and afterwards made chief justice of the king's bench. In tliis high ollice he distinguished himself on many occasions, particularly for refusing to pass sentence upon Archbishop Scroop as a traitor, by the king's command- ment, as being contrary to law ; and still more remarkable by committing the Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V., to prison, for striking him wlien on the bench. Like maiiy other prominent events in English history, tliis has furnislied Shakspeare with materials for a most etfective scene. Sir Williiim died in 1413. GASCOIGNE, William, an ingenious natural philosopher of the 17th century, was born in 1621, and is considered as the inventor of the micrometer, though the merit of that invention was claimed long after his time by»M. Azout. Gascoigne was killed wliile fighting in the royalist army at Marston Moor, Julv 2. 1644. GASPARINI, Fraxcesco, one of the ablest musical composers of the last century, was a native of Lucca, and born in 1G50. His works are not numerous, but possess much merit. Died, 1724. GASSENDI, Plter, a celebrated French philosopher and mathematician, was born, in 1592, atChantersier, in Provence. Before he was 20 years of age he became professor of philosophy at Aix ; but he soon resigned the chair, and gave himself up wholly to his scientific pursuits. In 1645 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the college-royal of Paris, and his lectures were exceedingly popular. In fact, he was distinguished as an astronomer, naturalist, theologian, and mathematician. Gassendi combated the me- taphysics of Descartes, and divided with that great man the philosophers of his time, almost all of whom were Cartesians or Gassen- dians. Gibbon calls )iim the most philo- sophic among the learned, and the most learned among the philosophic of his age. He died in 1655, leaving nine volumes of his philosophical works. GASSICOURT, Charles Louis Cadet DE, a modern French philosopher and advo- cate, was the son of an apothecary at Paris, and first attracted notice by a pamphlet, published in 1797, on the Theory of Elec- tions i which he followed up by a variety of essays on political subjects, viz. " On the Private Life of Mirabeau," " On tlie Influence of the Masonic Societies in the Process of the Revolution," " Tlie Four Ages of the National Guard," &c. On the death of his father, who was himself a man of scientific pursuits, and the personal friend of Buffon, Lalande, and Condorcet, he turned his at- tention somewhat from politics to chemistry and physics ; and in 1803 appeared his new "Dictionary of Chemistry," afterwards in- troduced into the Polytechnic School. He followed the French army into Austria in 1809, and wrote a history of the campaign. The modern plan for the organisation of the French board of health owes its origin to him, and he had not only the satisfaction of seeing it eagerly adojjted, but that of obtain- ing tlie appointment of reporting secretary, which situation he held till his death, in 1823. Besides many other productions not here enumerated, he was the author of a series of epistles on London and the English nation ; and a treatise " On the Applica- tion of the Physical Science to Military Purposes." GASTRELL, Francis, an English bishop, was born in 15G2, at Slapton, in Northamp- tonshire. He was educated at Westminster School, and at Christchurch, Oxford. In 1797, he preached the Boyle's lectures, which he published as one discourse ; to which he afterwards added another, on the " Necessity of the Christian Revelation." In 1702 he was presented to a canonry of Christchurch, at which time he published "Considerations concerning the Trinity." In 1707 he printed his excellent scriptural manual, entitled " Oiristian Institutes ; " and in 1714 he was promoted to the bishopric of Chester. He was a sound scholar and an able polemic. Died, 1725. GATAKER, Thomas, an English divine, was born, in 1574, in London, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He be- came preacher to the society of Lincoln's Inn, and in 1011 obtained the rectory of Rotherhithe. In 1619 he published a curious treatise on the "Nature and Use of Lots," which occasioned considerable controversy. He was also the author of " Opera Critica," and other eminent works, chiefly of biblical criticism. In 1620 he made a tour through the Low Countries ; and, in 1624, published in London a work, entitled " Transub- stantiation, declared by the confession of the popish writers to have no necessary foundation in God's word." He wrote also a defence of this discourse. In 1642 he was chosen one of the famous assembly of divines at Westminster ; but he disapproved of the introduction of the covenant, and declared in favour of episcopacy. He zealously op- posed the trial of Charles I. Died, 1654. GATES, Horatio, an American officer who greatly distinguished himself in the war of independence, was born in England, in 1728. After serving in the army, and obtain- ing considerable promotion, he purchased an estate in Virginia, and resided on it until the commencement of the revolutionary war in 1775, when congress appointed him adjutant-general ; and during the struggle which followed, he rendered many brilliant gat] ^ IJclx) i2In(t»a:^aT 38iosrajpl)o. [OAT services to his adopted country. On the 8th of October, 1777, he totally deleated General Burgoyne, who, on the ICth, wa3 compelled to surrender his whole army, which was considered the most important acliievemcnt of the whole war, and had the fp-eatest ettect in obtaining the result that followed, lie was, however, unfortunate after he had ob- tained the chief command of the southern districts, being signally defeated at Camden, by Lord Cornwallis. Died, 1800, aged 77. GATTERER, John Cuhistopher, a learned German historian; author of a " His- tory of the World to the time of Cyrus," "An Essay towards a General Universal History," &c. His treatises display a spirit of deep research and sound criticism. Died, 1799. GATTEY, F. C, bom in 1756 ; a French royalist iKJokseller, sentenced to death b^ the revolutionary tribunal, in 1795. His only sister, on hearing his sentence, repeat- edly exclaimed " Vive le Jioi," and was guillotined with him. GAUBIL, ANTHomr, a learned French missionary in China, was born at Caillac, in 1708, and died at Pekin in 1759, where lie was interpreter to the court. He wrote the history of Genghis Khan, and an " Historical and Critical Treatise on Chinese Astronomy." GAUBIUS, Jekome David, a celebrated physician, was born at Heidelberg in 1705. After studying medicine under his uncle, a physician at Amsterdam, he went to Han- derwyck, and from thence to Leyden, where he contracted an intimate friendship witli Boerhaave, whom he succeeded as lecturer in botany and chemistry ; and in 1734 he obtained the medical professorship. His treatise on the " Method of Prescribing, or of Writing Receipts," contains the best rules on that important subject. But liis greatest work is his " Principles of Nosology." Died, 1780. GAUDEN, Jonrr, an English divine, bom at Mayland, in Essex, in 1G05 : though he professed reforming principles, and was even nominated one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, and presented with a living, yet as soon as he saw the king was in per- sonal danger, he changed sides, and strongly protested against his trial. He had also committed to his care tlie collating and pub- lishing the king's meditations, to which he fave the name of "Icon Basilike, or tlie 'ortraiturc of his Sacred Majesty in his Solitude and Sufferings." In 1659, he became pi-eacher at the Temple i and when Charles 11. was restored lie was preferred to tlie see of Exeter, and in 1622 to that of Worcester, where he died soon after. GAUDENTIO, an historical painter of Milan, was born about 1480. He painted in fresco and oil a number of pictures for the churches in his native city. GAUDENTIUS. St., bishop of Brescia, in the 5tli century. He was sent to Constanti- nople to hold a general council in that city, in 405 ; and died about the year 427. GAUI/riER, Louis, a Frei>3h abbd, whose life was laudably spent in rendering educa- tion a scientific amusement rather than a task, was bom about the year 1745. He had observed that the ordinary course of scho- lastic discipline deprived children of that portion of happiness so necessary to the development of their moral and physical faculties, and he endeavoured to smooth tlie rugged path of education by inventing va- rious games which should combine amuse- ment witli instruction. The horrors of the revolution drove him from France ; and he retired to the Hague, where he became tutor to the children of the British ambassador, whom he accompanied to England. After the peace of Amiens he returned to France, and continued to teach according to his system until his death, which took place in 1818, the abbe being then in his 75th year. Ilis works are well known, and very popular. GAUTIIEY, Em LI AN Marie, an eminent civil engineer, was bom at Chalons-sur- Saone, in France, in 1732. He tilled several important posts ; and under his direction many public works of magnitude were un- dertaken and completed. He conceived the idea of forming a canal from Chalons to Dijon, wliich is termed tlie " canal du cen- tre," and is 23 leagues in extent. This was completed in 1791. He also executed the junction canals of tlie Saone, Yonne, and Duubs J and built several bridges and quays. He wrote several professional treatises, the principal one of which is entitled " Traitu complet sur la Construction des Ponts et des Canaux navigables." Died, 1806. GAVARD, HyACiNTHE, one of the most able anatomists of the 18th century, was born at Montmelian, in K.W, and was a pupil of Desault. He published treatises on osteology, myology, and splanchnology, the latter of which especially has been highly praised. Died, 1802. GAY, Jons, an eminent English poet, was bora at Barnstaple, Devon, in 1688, and was apprenticed to a silk-mercer in London ; but, showing a marked aversion to trade, liis indentures were cancelled by mutual agree- ment, and he devoted himself to literature. In 1711 he published his "Rural Sports," wliicli he dedicated to Pope, then a young poet like himself ; a compliment that intro- duced them to each other, and proved the foundation of a friendship which lasted for life. The year following he was appointed secretary to the Duchess of Monmouth. About this time came out his burlesque poem, entitled " Trivia, or the Art of Walk- ing the Streets of London ; " which was suc- ceeded, in 1714, by the " Shepherd's Week, a series of Pastorals," in ridicule of Phillips. The same year he went to Hanover with the Earl of Clarendon, as secretary to the em- bassy ; but tliough he had great expectations from the court, they were never realised. In 1720 he published his poems, in 2 vols. 4to., by subscription ; which produced him a con- siderable sum, but he lost it all in the South Sea scheme. After producing many inge- nious and agreeable works, some instances of court favour encouraged him to employ himself in his well known "Fables," written professedly for the instruction of the Duke of Cumberland, and published with a dedi- cation to that prince in 1726 ; but though they were popular, they failed to serve him at court. He tliereupon wrote " The Beg- gar's Opera," which was first acted in 172", and ran for 63 successive niglits ; but it so offended the persons in power, that the lord chamberlain refused to license for perform- ance a second part of it, entitled " Polly." This resentment induced his friends to come forward on its publication with so handsome a subscription, that his profits amounted to 1200Z. The cause of Gay was taken up by the Duke and Duchess of Queensberry, who gave him a residence in their house, where he died, Dec. 11. 1732. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, and a monument was erected to his memory. GAY-LUSSAC, Nicola sFraxoots, whose important discoveries in numerous brandies of physics and chemistry have placed him in the foremost ranks of science, was born at St. Leonard, in France, 1788. At an early age he distinguished himself by his aerial voyages for the observation of atmo- spheric phenomena at great heights ; and the numerous experiments he made in conjunc- tion with Humboldt, Renard, and Berthol- let, on an infinite variety of subjects con- nected with the general laws that regulate the composition of bodies, have proved of eminent practical utility. He closed a long life of almost unparalleled scientific indus- try, May 9. 1850. GAY VERNON, J., a French military officer and mathematician, was born at St. Leonard, in the Limousin, in 1700. lie entered the army, and, having obtained a captaincy, greatly distinguished himself, in 1793, on the Rhine and in Flanders. He was one of the founders of the Polytechnic School, and acted as second director of it for 17 years. In 1813 he defended the fortress of Torgau with great gallantry, but was made prisoner, and died in 1822. GAYOT DE PITAVAL, Fkakcis, a French writer, was born at Lyons, in 1673. He was at first an ecclesiastic ; next he entered into the army j and, at the age of .50, he became an advocate. He compiled the "Causes Celebres," in 20 vols. 12mo. Died, 1743. GAYTON, Edmuxd, was bom in London, in 1609, and educated at Merchant-Tailors' School, and at St. John's College, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. He became superior beadle of the university, but was ejected, in 1647, by the parliamentary visi- tors. However, he recovered his place at the Restoration, and died in 1606. He wrote several books, the chief of which is entitled " Pleasant Notes upon Don Quixote." GAZA, Theodore, one of the chief re- vivers of Greek literature in the 15th cen- tury, was born at Thessalonica, in 1398. On the invasion of his country by the Turks, in 1430, he went to Italy, where he obtained the patronage of Cardinal Bessarion, to whom he presented a manuscript of the Iliad. He was afterwards employed at Rome in translating Greek authors into Latin ; but, on presenting one of his finest performances to Sixtus IV., who gave him a trifling sum for it, he threw the money into the Tiber, exclaiming, "It is time to return home, since these asses have no relish for anything but thistles." He then went to Ferrara, whence he removed to Calabri^a ; but it appears that he again went to Rome, and died there in 1478. GEBER, an Arabian philosopher of the 8th century, whose skill in astronomy and alchemical researches obtained for him in that dark age the character of a magician. He is said to have been a Greek by birth, and to have apostatised from Christianity to Mahometanism. His works, under the title of "Lapis Philosophorum," prove that his knowledge of chemistry was by no means so limited as that of many who wrote subse- quently to his time. GEBHARDI, Louis Albert, a volumi- nous historical writer ; author of the histo- ries of Denmark and Norway, the Wendes and Sclavonians, Courland, "Hungary, the Sovereign Houses of Germany, and various portions of the Universal History published at Halle. He was librarian at Hanover, where he died in 1802. GED, William, the inventor of the art of stereotyping, which he practised in 1723, was a goldsmith of Edinburgh. In 1729 he entered into partnership with Fenner, a stationer of London, but no advantage to him resulted from the connection, and he returned to Scotland. Died, 1749. GEDDES, Dr. Alexajtoer, a Roman Catholic priest, born in Ruthven, Banflf- shire, in 1737. He had the charge of a congregation at Auchinhalrig, where he remained 10 years ; and in 1779 the univer- sity of Aberdeen granted him the degree of LL. D., being the first Catholic since the Reformation to whom it had been given. About this time he removed to London, and began to devote himself to a translation of the Bible into English. In 1786 he pub- lished his prospectus of that work ; and in its progress he was liberally supported by Lord Petre. The first volume of it appeared in 1792, comprising the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua ; and in 1797 appeared the second volume ; after which he published " Critical Remarks," iii vindication of his work, and an " Apology for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain." He died in 1802. Dr. Geddes was a man of learning ; but he assumed so many new views in respect to scriptural authority and doctrine, that he was regarded with suspicion by orthodox Christians of all denominations. GEDDES, James, an ingenious writer, was born in Tweeddale, Scotland, in 1710 ; educated at Edinburgh ; entered on the study of the law, and was admitted an ad- vocate. He was the author of " An Essay on the Composition and Manner of Writing of the Ancients, particularly Plato." Died, 1749. GEDDES, Dr. Michael, an eminent English divine of the 17th century. He was chaplain to the factory at Lisbon, wliere he was apprehended by the Inquisition in 1080, and interdicted from officiating in his mi- nisterial capacity ; on which he returned to England, and was made chancellor of Salis- bury. He wrote the " History of the Churcli of Malabar," the " Church History of Ethi- opia." Died, 1741. GEDOYN, Nicholas, the translator of Quiutilian and Pausanias into French, was born at Orleans in 1667, and died in 1744. gee] ^ ipctD ?Suil)eriSaI SStosraplbl'. [gen He was abbot of Beaugency, and a member of the academy. GEER, Chakles de, a celebrated Swedish naturalist, was born in 1720. He studied at Utrecht and Upsal, and at the latter place had Linnajus for his master. He possessed a share in the iron-works at Dannemora, wliicli mines he improved by the application of new macliinery. He also invented an apparatus for drying corn by the lieat of the smelting houses. By these means he gained great wealth, whicli lie applied to the noblest purposes, in feeding the poor, repairing churches, and establishing scliooU. He was appointed marshal of the court, kniglit of the polar star, and created a baron. He wrote "Memoires pour servir h rUistoire des Insectes," &c. 7 vols. Died, 1778. GEHLEN, Adolphls Ferdinand, a Ger- man chemist, and a member of the academy at Munich. He was one of the conductors of tlie Journal of Chemistry, published at Berlin, and the author of some original treatises on the science. Died, 181.5. GEIH^ER, John Samuel, an eminent na- tural philosopher and a senator of Lcipsic ; author of a " Dictionary of Natural Pliilo- sophy," vols. Died, 1795. GELASIUS, bishop of Caesarea in the 4th century, was the author of a history of the church, of which some portions arc still extant. Died, 394. GELASIUS I., was elevated to the papal chair on the death of Felix III. in 492. He had a contest with the patriarch of Constan- tinople, and by his arrogance prevented a union between the two churches. He con- demned the practice of communicating only in one kind, though that practice became afterwards a standing rule in the Roman church as far as relates to the laity. Several of his works are extant. He died in 49(5. GELASIUS II., a native of Campania, was elected pope in 1118. Cencio, marquis di Frangipan, who was in the interest of the emiieror Henry V., drove him from Rome ; and he retired to the abbey of Clugny, where he died in 1119. GELL, Sir Wilmam, a celebrated anti- quarian and classical scholar, was bom in 1777, and graduated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, where he had been a fellow. He devoted his time to literary pursuits, and published " The Topography of Troy," " The Geography and Antiquities of Ithaca," " The Itinerary of Greece," " The Itinerary of the Morea," "The Topography of Rome," and, lastly, his interesting and beautiful work, entitled " Pompeiana, or Observations upon the Topography, Edifices, and Orna- ments of Pompeii ; by Sir W. Gell and J. P. Gandy, esq." For many years Sir William had resided in Italy ; first at Rome, and afterwards at Naples. He was knighted on liis return from a mission to the Ionian Islands in 18<)3 ; and in 1820 the late Queen Caroline appointed him one of her chamber- lains. Died, 18;50. GELLERT, Chkistian Furchteoott, a German poet and writer on morals, was l)orn at Ilaynichen, in Saxony, in 1715. He received his education at l,eipsic, and ac- quired great celebrity by his tales, fables, 1 1 and essays. He was appointed extraordi- I ■ 317 nary professor of philosophy at Leipsic, where he read lectures on poetry and elo- quence, which were received with great ap- plause. His complete works were published in 10 vols. Died, 17C9. GELLERT, Christueb Eiiregott, bro- ther of the preceding, was a celebrated metallurgist. He introduced very important improvements into the method of separating metallic substances by amalgamation, and wrote on the arts. Born, 1713 ; died, 1795. GELLI,GiAMBATisTA,an Italian poet and dramatic writer, born at Florence, in 1498. He was bred to some low trade, but became a member of the academy of Florence, and had a high reputation in his day. Besides his original works, consisting of comedies, poems, and remarks on the Italian language, he translated the " History of Euripides, into Italian. Died, l.^OS. GELLIBRAND, Henry, a mathemati- cian, born in London, in 1597, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. In 1027, he was elected professor of astronomy at Gresliam College ; but, in 1G31, he was brought into the high commission court for publishing an almanac, in which the names of the saints were changed for the Protestant martyrs. As, liowever, similar almanacs had Iwen printed, the information was dismissed. He wrote several useful works on the longitude, the variation of the magnetic needle, on trigonometry, and on navigation. Died, 1C30. GELLIUS, AiJi-rs, a Roman lawyer, bom in 130. He studied at Athens, and is the author of "Noctes Atticae," a work full of interesting observations, critical aud philo- logical. GEMINIANI, Francesco, an eminent musical composer, was bom at Lucca, in lOiKj, and completed his studies under Co- rcUi. In 1714, he came to London, and was patronised by George I. He published va- rious compositions, all of which are re- markable for the excellence of their style, and for the skill necessary for their proper execution. His chief work is entitled," Guida Harmonica, or a sure Guide to Harmony and Jfodulation." Died, 1702. GEMISTUS PLETHO, George, a philo- sopher, bom at Constantinople, in 1390, but who resided chiefly in the Peloponnesus, where he acquired great fame for his wis- dom and virtue. He was a zealous defender of the Platonists against the Aristotelians, and of the Greek Church against that of Rome. On going to the council of Florence, 1433, his zeal and eloquence gained him the admiration of all parties. He contri- buted to the revival of Platonism, in Italy ; j and was the means of laying the foundation of the academy in that city. He died in his native country, at the age of 101. His works are chiefly controversial and theological. GENDEBIEN, a distinguished Belgian, born in 1753 ; took part, in 1789, in shaking off the yoke of Austria ; in 1790, sat as a deputy for the Belgian republic, when united with France in the council of five hundred. In 1815 he was nominated one of the com- mission for drawing up the constitutional act, uniting Belgium and Holland as the kingdom of the Netherlands. Aa a member gen] ^ ^t^ mnttJcr^al 2St0frraj)l)j?, [gen of the second chamber, he steadily opposed the arbitrary acts of the royal autliority, especially those which emanated from Van Maanen, the minister of justice ; and took a decided part in the Belgic revolution of 1831, by which Belgium again separated itself from Holland, and declared its in- dependence. GENGHIS-KUAN, or JINGHIS-KHAN, the son of a petty Mongolian prince, ii'as born in Tartarj', in 1103. After a species of intestine warfare with various Tartar tribes, this renowned conqueror invaded China, the capital of which was taken by storm, in 1205, and plundered. The murder of the ambassadors whom Genghis-Khan had sent to Turkestan, occasioned the in- vasion of that empire, in 1218, with an army of 700,000 men ; and the two great cities of Bokhara and Samarcand were stormed, pil- laged, burnt, and more than 200,000 indi- viduals destroyed with them. He continued his career of devastation for several years ; and in 122.5, though more than 00 years old, he marched in person, at the head of his whole army, against the king of Tangut, who had given shelter to two of his enemies, and refused to surrender them. A great battle was fought on plains of ice, formed by a frozen lake, in which the king of Tangut was totally defeated, with the loss of S00,l»00 men. This ambitious warrior, whose ravages had cost the human race upwards of 5,000,000 human beings, by dint of successive vic- tories, became monarch of a territory ex- tending 1,500 leagues, including Northern China, Eastern Persia, and the whole of Tartary. He died in 1227, in the GOth year of his age, and in the 52nd of his reign : having, before his death, divided his im- mense territories between the four princes whom he had by the first of his four wives. GENI-IS, Stkpuaxik ITELiciTfi, Countess de, celebrated for her literary talents, and by many for the independent principles which prevail through all her writings, was born near Autun, in 1740. Her maiden name was Ducrest de St. Aubin, and the connection of her family with that of St. Aubin procured her admission, at four years of age, to enter as a canoness into the noble chapter at Aix ; from which time she was called La Comptesse de Lancy. At 17, a letter of her writing having fallen into the hands of the Count de Genlis, he was so fascinated with its style as to make her the oifer of his hand and fortune, which she accepted. By this marriage she became niece to Madame de Montesson, who was privately married to the Duke of Orleans ; and his son, the Duke de Chartres, chose her, in 1782, to superintend the education of his children. It was, soon after, rumoured that an improper attach- ment existed between her and the duke ; and Pamela, afterwards the wife of the un- fortunate Lord Edward Fitzgerald [which see], was supposed to be the issue of that connection. At that period, Madame de Genlis wrote several excellent works, pro- ducing, in rapid succession, " Adela and Theodore," " The Evenings of the Castle," " The Theatre of Education," and " Annals of Virtue," all of which were highly po- pular. In 1791 she came to England with her pupil, Mademoiselle d'Orleans ; and on their return to France, the following year, both were ordered to quit the territories without delay. After some time, they went to Switzerland, but were not permitted to reside there ; and General Montesquieu ob- tained them an asylum in the convent of St. Clair. In 1800, she returned to France ; and in 1805, Napoleon gave her apartments in the arsenal at Paris, and allowed her a pension of 5000 francs. On the return of the Bourbons, she seemed to forget her old patron, and her love of republicanism gave way to admiration for the restored dynasty. When her old pupil, Louis Philippe, as- cended the throne, both he and his family paid the kindest attention to the comforts of JIadame de Genlis ; and her pen was actively employed to the last day of her existence. So numerous are her works, amounting altogether to about 90 volumes, that the mere enume-ation of their titles would occupy too much of our space. They embrace nearly all subjects, and are cha- racterised bv fertility of imagination and a pleasing style. Died, 1830. GENNARI, Cesar and Benedict, two painters, who were the nephews and dis- ciples of Guercino. After working together some years, Ca;sar established himself at Bologna, and Benedict went to England, where he became painter to James IL, on whose expulsion he returned to Italy. He died in 1715, aged 82. GENNAllO. Joseph Aurelius, a civilian, was born at Naples, in 1701. He became chief magistrate in his native city ; and his works, which are all on legal subjects, are remarkable for purity of style and dei^th of erudition. ]5ied, 1702. GENOVESI, Anthoxt, an Italian philo- sopher and metaphysician, was born at Cas- tiglione in 1712. lie read lectures in philo- sophy at Naples with great reputation for some time ; but at length he was attacked by numerous enemies for publishing his me- taphysics, in which he recommended the works of Galileo, Grotius, and Newton. The king of Naples, however, protected him, and made him professor of political eco- nomy and moral philosophy in the Nea- politan university. He was the author of " Philosophical Meditations on Religion and Morality," a "System of Logic," " Hunio rous Letters," and " Italian Morality," which last is accounted his principal performance. Died, 1709. GENSONNE', Armand, fatally distin- guished in the French revolution, was born in 1758. He was one of the best and most eloquent of the Girondist party, who strug gled first to save Louis XVI., and next to arrest the sanguinary violence of Robes- pierre and the Jacobins of the " Mountain," by which they were finally overwhelmed. The 10th of August, 1792, which established the republic on Louis XVIth's destruction, was fatal to Gensonnd ; for Robespierre then became paramount, and never forgave his bitter witticisms on liim. Gensonn? re- fused to fly, and he and his 28 Girondist colleagues were guillotined, on the Slst October, 1793. A tranquil heroism cha- racterised his death. "Respect the laws," 338 oen] a ^m muiljcrisfal 23t0Jirai)t)B. [GEO he said, " ray countrymen, while you reject tyrants." GENT, Thomas, a native of York, and by trade a printer iu that city, lie was author of " An Ancient and Modern History of York," "Tlje History of Kingston-upon- IIuU," and other similar publications. Born, IG'Jl ; died, 1778. GENTILIS, or GENTILI, Alberico. nn Italian civilian, bom at Ancona, in IS.')*). His father, who was a physician, embraced the refonned religion, and came to P^ngland, where Alberico became professor of law at Oxford ; and died in 1608. He wrote " De Jure Belli," and other works on jurispru- dence. — His brother Scirio, who was pro- fessor of civil law at Altdorf, and died in lfil(>, was the author of " De Jure Publico Populi llomani," &c. GENTLE.MAN, Francis, a dramatic writer and actor ; born in Ireland, in 1728. Besides some theatrical pieces, he was the author of " Tlie Dramatic Censor," in 2 vols., and a volume of " Royal 1-ables, in imitation of Gay." Died, 1784. GENTZ, FitKDEnic von, a distinguished publicist and an uncompromising antagon- ist of revolutionary France, was bom at lires- lau, 1704; studied at KUnigsberg ; and after a short sojourn in England, where he gained the good will of Pitt, he repaired to Vienna in 1803, where he entered into the Austrian civil service, under the most favourable auspices and hopes. Here his skilful and facile pen was soon turned to account. His able manifestoes and pamphlets proved almost as formidable obstacles to the in- vasions of Napoleon as the combined forces that opposed him ; and Austria and Prussia hastened to do honour to the man who could so vigorously support their views and defend their cause. He was appointed one of the secretaries at the Congress of Vienna in 1814, and at Paris in 181 ">, and he took an active part in the various congresses that sprung out of the restoration. A selection from his various works, comprising political questions, a " lAfe of Mary Queen of Scots," and numerous articles written for the Journal Historique, was published in 1838. Died, 1832. GEOFFREY OF Monmouth, a British his- torian who flourished in the 12tli century. He was a native of Monmouth, became its archdeacon, and was raised to the see of St. Asaph ; but, in consequence of the dis- turbed state of the north of Wales, he left his bishopric, retiring at lirst to the monas- tery of Abingdon, and then taking up his abode at the court of Henry II. His chief work is entitled "Chronicon sive Historia Britonum," and is full of legendary tales re- specting the early British monarchs. GEOFFKOI, Stki'Uen Fkancis, a French physician, and professor of chemistry at Paris, where he was bom in 1072. He was tlie author of a Pharmacopoeia, called " l^e Code Mi'dicamentaire de la Faculte de Paris," and was a niember of the Royal Society of I^ondon. Died, 1731. GEOFFRoY, Jui-iAX Louis, a French critic, remarkable for the severity of his dramatic censures. He conducted tlie Lite- rary Annala after the death of Frcron, and 339 published a "Course of Dramatic Litera- ture," in 5 vols. ; a " Commentary on Racine," &c. Bom, 1743 ; died, 1814. GEOFFROY, SxKiniKX Louis, an eminent French pliysician and naturalist ; author of a «' Manual of Practical Medicine for Sur- geons," a " Dissertation on the Organ of Hearing," a " History of Insects," S:c. Born, 172.5 ; died, 1810. GEOFFROY SAINT HILAIRE, Eti- ENNE, a distinguished zoologist and compara- tive anatomist, sprung from a family well- known in science, was born at Etampes, 1772. He was originally destined for the church, but he preferred dedicating himself to the science of nature, a taste for which he had imbibed from the instructions of Brisson, at the college of Navarre, and in the companjy^ of IlaUy his colleague at the college of Cardinal Lemoine. During the massacres of September, 1792, he saved, at the risk of his life, several priests, and among others HaUy, who had been im- prisoned for recusancy. This act of devotion so endeared him to his teachers, especially Daubenton, that he was through their in- strumentality, in 1793, appointed to an office in the Jardin des Plantes, where he founded the vast zoological collections, which are one of the glories of Paris. In 1798 he formed one of the great scientific expedition to Egypt, explored all the conquered countries, and was one of the founders and most active members of the Institute, of which he after- wards became professor. In 1808 he went on a great scientific mission to Portugal; in 1815 he was a member of the chamber during the hundred days ; but, on the return of the Bourbons, he retired from political life, and thenceforward devoted himself solely to study. The great merit of Geoflfroy Saint Hilaire as a naturalist consists in his dis- covery of the law of unity that pervades the organic composition of all animal bodies — a theory glanced at by Buffon and Goethe; and in his having founded the theory of " Analogues," or the method by which the identity of organic materials is determined in the midst of all their transformations. With him too originated the doctrine of " development," which has found so able a supporter among ourselves in the author of the " Vestiges of Creation." His chief works are " Histoire Naturelle des Mammif&rcs," "Philosophic Anatomlque," "Principes de la Philosophic Zoologique," "Etudes Pro- gressives," &c. Died, 1844. His " Life, Works, and Theories " has since been pub- lished by his son, who bids fair to emulate his father's scientific zeal and ability. GEORGE, Lewis, I., king of Great Bri- tain, was the son of Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover, by Sophia, daughter of Frederic, elector-palatine, and grand-daughter of James I. He was born in 1000 ; was trained to arms under his father ; married his cousin, Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the Duke of Zell, in 1682 ; served in three campaigns with the emperor's army, against the Turks in Hungary ; and succeeded to the electorate in 1700. In 170<) he was created Duke of Cambridge, and succeeded to the throne of England on the death of Queen Anne, in 1714. The next j-ear a rebellion broke out in Scotland, in favour of tlie Pretender, but GEO] ^ i^cfco mnibtr^^l 33iOffra}Ji^i). [GEO this was Boon entirely quelled, and several of the leaders lost their lives on the scaffold. The new family, however, was by no means popular ; and the Whigs, with a view to support it, introduced septennial parlia- ments ; while the king, who probably con- sidered tlie British crown precarious, endea- voured to increase his continental power by the purchase of Bremen and Vcrden. This involved him in a quarrel with Charles XII. of Sweden, who, in conjunction with the czar Peter, meditated an invasion of Scotland in favour of the Pretender ; but the death of Charles XII., in 1717, put an end to this alarm. The same project was afterwards attempted by Spain, whose minister. Cardinal Alberoni, had formed the celebrated quad- ruple alliance to carry it into effect. This was met on the part of England by the sail- ing of a naval expedition under Sir George Byng, who nearly destroyed the whole of the Spanish fleet, and recovered Sicily and Sardinia, which the Spaniards had seized. In 1720 the famous " South-sea Bubble " was the source of great calamity to thousands of families, and produced such disturbances, that the king, who had gone to visit his German possessions, was suddenly recalled. In 1722 a new conspiracy against the govern- ment was discovered, but no serious result occurred from it. In 1725 a treaty between Spain and the emperor excited the jealousy of the king, who deemed it necessary to coimteract it by another between Great Bri- tain and most of the other European powers. Tlie Spaniards then commenced the siege of Gibraltar ; but all disputes being arranged by negotiation, the British monarcli set out on a journey to the Continent, where he was seized with a paralytic attack, and died at Osnaburg, June 11. 1727, in the G8th year of his age, and the 13th of his reign. George I. was plain and simple in his taste and appearance ; though grave and sedate in public, he was gay and familiar witli his in- timates ; combining a good share of sense vith natural prudence, and showing much skill in the management of his hereditary dominions. His marriage was an unhai)py one, and he had repudiated his wife many years before his death. GEORGE, Augustus II., son of George I., was born in 1G83 ; married, in 170,5, the Princess Caroline, of Brandenburg- Anspach, who died in 1737 ; came to England with his fatlier at the accession of the latter ; was created Prince of Wales ; and in 1727 suc- ceeded to the throne. The country was at this time in the most flourishing condition both at home and abroad, and liad a powerful influence in all the courts of Europe, Spain excepted; but peace being restored in 1729, great attention was given to the private safety and welfare of the subjects. At length, owing to an infraction of the late treaty by the Spaniards, and their repeated encroach- ments on our foreign trade and settlements, war was declared against Spain in October, 1739 ; and Admiral Vernon was sent with a squadron to the West Indies, where he de- molished Porto Bello, but failed in his at- tempt on Carthagena. In 1743 the king headed his army on the Continent, and gained the battle of Dcttingen. In 1745 the Pre- tender's eldest son, Charles Stuart, called the young Pretender, landed in the Higlilands, and was joined by several clans. After ob- taining various successes, the rebels were finally defeated by the Duke of Cumberland, at CuUoden, in 174(5. During these events the king received numerous demonstrations of attachment to his person and family ; and it was obvious that the majority of the nation were satisfied that, by supporting the House of Hanover, they, in fact, maintained the in- terests of civil liberty. In 1748, the war, which had produced no good to England, was concluded by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1751 died, universally lamented, Frederic, prince of Wales, between whom and his father there never was any cordiality. In 1755 war broke out between England and France, which was at first very unpromising; but soon after Mr. Pitt (first Earl of Chatham) took the helm of state, public affairs wore a different aspect. In 1758 a treaty was en- tered into between England and Prussia. Tlie French power was nearly destroyed in the East Indies. In America, Louisburg was taken ; and the capture of Quebec was followed by the conquest of Canada. The island of Gaudaloupe and the settlement of Senegal were taken by the English. Ad- miral Hawkc defeated the French fleet under Conflans, and the British flag waved trium- phant in every part of the world. Amid these triumphant successes, George II. died suddenly, Oct. 25. 1760, in the 77th year of his age, and the 33d of his reign, lie was a plain, blunt man ; of an ingenuous dispo- sition, but hasty, obstinate, and parsimo- nious ; and wholly regardless of science or literature. Still he was not unpopular ; for dying in the midst of a successful war, the blaze of national glory would have been strong enough to eclipse his personal defects, had they even been much more glaring. GEORGE III., king of Great Britain, el- dest son of Frederic, prince of Wales, and grandson of George II., was bom June 4. 1738, being the first sovereign of the Hano- verian line that could boast of England as the place of his nativity. On the death of his father, in 1751, his education was en- trusted to the Earl of Harcourt and the Bishop of Norwich ; though he was greatly indebted to the princess-dowager, his mo- ther, for the formation of his mind and cha- racter. He ascended the throne on the death of his grandfather, in 1760, being then in his 23rd year ; his reputation was unspotted; and the first speeches he delivered to his council and parliament were hailed as omi- nous of a patriotic regard for the liberties of the people, over whom he was destined to rule. A highly prosperous war had made the existing administration exceedingly po- pular, and no immediate change was thought necessary ; but the Earl of Bute had always possessed great influence with the king, while Prince of Wales ; and when Mr. Pitt (who had been outvoted in the cabinet on the subject of a war with Spain) resigned, and was raised to the peerage as earl of Chatham, Lord Bute was made prime mi- nister. On the 8th of Sept. 17(51, he-married the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz. The new administration, formally GEO] a ^c&j ^nihtv^nX JStagrajpl^i). [GEO headed by Tjord Bute, having entered into negotiations with France and Spain, pre- liminaries of peace were signed Nov. 3. 17G2, at Fontaiiiebleau. In 1763, the country was kept in continual agitation by political pam- phlets and libels of various kinds ; foremost among which was the memorable " No. XLV. of the North Briton," by Wilkes ; tlie result of which is said to have been favourable to the interests of civil liberty. Be that as it may, there was at the time a sort of infatu- ation in favour of licentious and abusive writings, ill calculated to beuciit public morals, or to afford satisfaction to a well-in- tentioned king. In 17«!4, Lord Bute retired, and Mr. George Grenvillc, the new premier, began those measures iu relation to the American colonies, the consequences of which proved so momentous, and the Ame- rican stamp act was passed the following year. The most alarming irritation pre- vailed among the colonists. In the lower house of representatives at Virginia, Patrick Henry, a popular orator, exclaimed, " Cssar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Crom- well, and George the Third" — cries of "Treason I " here interrupted the speaker ; but, after a moment's pause, he continued, " and George the Third may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it." Early in this year, the king was at- tacked by an illness of six weeks' duration, which is supposed to have been similar in its nature to, though less in its degree than, the malady which obscured his latter days. Soon alter his recovery, he went down to Uie House of Peers, and, in a speech from the throne, proposed a legislative enactment, by which he might be enabled, under his sign manual, from time to time, to appoint the queen, or some other member of the royal family, guardian to the heir apparent, and regent of the kingdom. The bill was soon afterwards brought into parliament, and eventually passed ; although it met with so much opposition in its progress, even from some of the ministry, who wished the term " royal family " to include only the descend- ants of the late king, to the exclusion of the princess dowager, that another change in the administration ensued, and the Marquis of Rockingham was placed at the head of the treasury. The Rockingham party repealed the obnoxious stamp act ; yet, notwithstand- ing this and some other popular measures of the new cabinet, it was dissolved in July, 1766. The Duke of Grafton succeeded the Marquis of Rockingham as first lord of the treasury, and the Earl of Chatham once more took office ; but in 1768, being disgusted wtth the conduct of his colleagues, he re- signed the privy seal, and was succeeded by Lord Bristol. The same year was distin- guished by the return of Mr. Wilkes for Middlesex, and the popular tumults attend- ing upon his imprisonment and outlawry. The aspect of affairs in America grew more serious every day, and public discontent was at its height ; when, at the close of the year 1769, Junius published his famous letter to the king. At the beginning of 1770, Lord North succeeded the Duke of Grafton, and increased rather than alleviated the national calamities. Popular clamour kept pace with ministerial folly ; blood had been already spilled in America ; and the city of London delivered a bold and spirited address and remonstrance to the king, which the king replied to in terms expressive of his dis- pleasure. In 1772, at the express recom- meudation of his majesty, who felt highly indignant at the recent union of his brother, the Duke of Cumberland, with Mrs. llorton, the royal marriage act was passed, whereby all members of the royal family are prevented from marrying before the age of 25, without the king's approbation; as also, subsequently, if disapproved of by both houses of parlia- ment. The public events which followed, important as they undoubtedly are, hardly fall within the province of the biographer ; we shall accordingly mention them only in- cidentally, where they are necessary to con- nect and render the narrative more complete; suffice it to say, therefore, that after a long war, during which France, Spain, and Hol- land hostilely interfered in behalf of Ame- rica, the independence of the United States was formally acknowledged. In 1782, Lord North resigned, and the Rockingham party went into office ; but the new administration soon afterwards broke up, on account of the sudden death of the premier, and Lord Shel- burne was placed at the head of the state, with Mr. Pitt, son of the Earl of Chatham, as chancellor of the exchequer. In 1783, the memorable coalition ministry between the parties respectively headed by Mr. Fox and Lord North was formed, and they soon succeeded in forcing themselves into office. To this the king was decidedly hoctile ; and as soon as Mr. Fox's famous India bill had been rejected by the lords, he sent a message to him and Lord North, commanding them immediately to return him their seals of office, bjf a messenger, as a personal inter- view with them would be disagreeable to him. On the following day Mr. Pitt became prime minister ; and the firmness which the king had displayed in the affair, and the intrepidity with which he opposed the coali- tion faction, gained him considerable popu- larity. On the 2nd of August, 1786, a woman, named Margaret Nicholson, attempted to assassinate his majesty, at the garden en- trance of St. James's Palace. While he was in the act of receiving a paper from her, she struck at him with a knife, which pierced his waistcoat ; but, fortunately, did him no injury. She was about to repeat the thrust, when a yeoman of the guard caught her arm, and at the same moment a footman wrenched the knife from her grasp. The king, with extraordinary coolness, said, "Don t hurt the woman : poor creature, she is mad 1 " which proved to be the case, and she was at once consigned to Bedlam. In 1789, the king was afflicted with mental aberration, which lasted from the beginning of Novem- ber till the following February ; when on the 22na, to the surprise and joy of his minister, he received a note, stating that " the king renewed, with great satisfaction, his communication with Mr. Pitt, after the long suspension of their intercourse ; " and when Mr. Pitt waited on him at the ap- pointed time, he found him quite rational. On the 23rd of April, the king, accompanied o a 3 GEO] ^ f.ebi Winiittr^Kl l3t0rjrapTu'« [GEO by his family, proceeded to St. Paul's, in the midst of a vast concourse of spectators, to return solemn thanks for his recovery ; and so extravagant was the loyalty of the public at this period, that the congregation were with difficulty restrained from bursting out into plaudits. A war with revolution- ised France now appeared inevitable ; and it was evident that the views of ministers met witli the king's full concurrence in re- gard to its vigorous prosecution. But it was an awful time for the sovereign ; for though he could depend on the loyalty of the great body of his subjects, there were not a few who were infected witli the regicidal mania of France, and who thought tliat a republic would be cheaply purchased by the blood of a king. On the 2yth of Oct. 1795, an attempt was made to assassinate him while he was proceeding to the House of Lords, to open parliament in person. In 1798, public dis- tress appeared to liave readied its climax ; but we must pass over tliese scenes, as well as the Irish rebellion, which broke out during this year, and the events of the war, as matters which pertain to the history of our country, rather tlian to that of the king ; and proceed to the narration of anotlier attempt on his life. On the loth of May, while liis majesty was present at a review in Hyde Park, a gentleman standing near him was wounded l)y a musket-ball, and carried off the ground. Whether this was the effect of accident or not, no one could tell ; but it pro- duced a great sensation in the minds of the king's attendants, and they endeavoured to persuade him to forego his intention of visit- ing Drury Lane Theatre that evening. However, the royal visit had been publicly announced, and his majesty was determined not to disappoint those who expected him. The king and queen, with some of the prin- cesses, accordingly went. A moment after tlie king had entered his box, and while he was in the act of bowing to the audience, a man who sat in the middle of the pit, near the orchestra, fired off a horse-pistol at him ; but the assassin's arm having fortunately been a little elevated by a person near him, who had observed his intent, the charge lodged in the roof of the royal box. The culprit was immediately seized, and the pistol, wliich he had dropi^ed, was found beneath the seat. Terror and indignation were depicted on every countenance, except that of the king, who stepped back, with the greatest composure, to the box door, saying to the queen and princesses, who were at that moment entering, " Keep back, keep back ; they are firing squibs for diversion, and per- haps there may be more." The loyalty of the spectators was raised to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by his majesty's firmness. The audience rose, and, amid repeated cheers, " God save the king 1 " was three times sung by the whole house, witli the following stanza, supplied impromptu by Sheridan -.-^ " From every latent foe, From the assassin's blow, God save the king 1 O'er him thine arm extend, For Britain's sake defend Our father, prince, and friend : God save the king 1 " On interrogating the man who had com- mitted this outrage, it was found that his name was Hatfield, and that he had for- merly belonged to the loth light dragoons ; but, having received eight sabre wounds in the head, he had been discharged on account of insanity, and admitted an out-pensioner of Chelsea Hospital. He was, notwithstanding, subsequently indicted for high treason ; but the jury being satisfied that he was of un- sound mind, he was transferred to the cus- tody of the keepers of Bethlem Hospital. Some time after, when Sheridan was com- plimenting his majesty on the extraordinary resolution he had displayed, and observing what an awful confusion would have taken place had he abruptly quitted the theatre, the king replied, "I should have despised myself for ever had I stirred a single inch : a man, on such an occasion, should need no prompting, but immediately feel what is his duty, and do it." This year (1800) the act of union between Great Britain and Ire- land was passed ; and in order to bring those over who opposed the measure, the ministers allowed a tacit understanding to prevail, that it would be followed by cer- tain political concessions. George III., how- ever, could never be persuaded that he could admit the Catholics to political power, with- out violating the spirit of his coronation oath ; the consequence of which was, the retirement from office of Mr. Pitt and his colleagues in 1801, and the formation of a new ministry, headed by Mr. Addington. Negotiations were now speedily entered into, and preliminaries of peace signed, wh: ch led to the treaty of Amiens. The king, however, considered that peace at that time was impo- litic, unsafe, and unwise ; and he consented to it with great reluctance. It was, in fact, very unpopular ; and when the resumption of hostilities took place in 1803, there was an evident demonstration of public satisfac- tion throughout all ranks. The Addington administration proved incompetent to the task they had undertaken ; and Mr. Pitt, with his friends and adherents, in 1804, again took the helm of state ; but this highly gifted statesman died in 180G, and the Greii- ville party, which Fox had joined, went into office. In 1807, Lord Grenville and his col- leagues attempted to change the king's opinions with regard to Catholic emancipa- tion ; but his majesty was inflexible, and declared, "that although he had firmness sufficient to quit his throne and retire to a cottage, or place his neck on a block, if his people required it, yet he had not resolu- tion to break the oath which he had taken, in the most solemn manner at his corona- tion ! " This led to the ejection of the Fox and the Grenville party, and the Perceval administration succeeded them. On the 2jth of October, 1809, the venerable monarch commenced the oOth year of his reign ; and a jubilee took place on the occasion, which, from its universality, its splendour, and the large sums which were raised by subscrip- tion for the benefit of the poor, reflected the highest credit on the national character for loyalty and true benevolence. The rapid decay of the king's sight at this period was very apparent, and considerably aflccted his Geo] ^ iSitbi Unibn^nl MiaQva^\)\j, [GEO spirits ; and the death of liis youngest and ! darling child, the Princess Amelia, which happened towards the close of 1810, gave him a shock from which he never recovered. His former malady returned, and, early in December, it had assumed so violent a cha- racter, that but slight hopes were entertained of his recovery. A regency bill Avas there- fore passed, similar to that proposed by Mr. Pitt in 1788. The remaining years of the king's life are little more than a blank in biography ; for his lucid intervals were " few and far between ; " but, it is said, that in 1814, when the allied sovereigns visited Eng- land, he evinced indications of returning reason ; and on being made acquainted with the astonishing events which had recently occurred, he appeared greatly delighted, and even expressed a wish to see the royal visitors — a wish which it was not deemed proper to indulge. At length deafness was added to his other calamities ; and his manner and appearance are described as pitiable in the extreme. On the 17th of November, 1818, the queen died ; but the king never became acquainted with her death, or the subsequent appointment of the Duke of York to the office of custos of his person. At the latter end of 1819, his appetite began to fail ; his weakness rapidly increased ; and on the 29th of January, 1820, he breathed his last, in the 82nd year of his age, and the 51)th of his reign. The political character of George III. may be deduced from the course of policy pursued during his long and eventful reign, for no limited monarch ever had a more decided influence on public affairs. He lived in i)erilou8 times, when thrones and states tottered around him ; but he was firm and consistent ; and, rather than give up any opinion he had conscientiously formed, or deviate from what appeared to him to be the strict line of duty, he would have descended from the throne, though it were to mount the scaffold. If his obstinacy were censur- able on some occasions, his unflinching firm- ness, even in the face of danger, was ad- mirable on others ; and he certainly merits the credit of having formed his principles upon just grounds, and of steadily adhering to them. His deportment as a father and a husband accorded with the strictest notions of propriety ; and the morality and decorum of his court afforded a happy contrast to the lewdness and profligacy of many others, and had a decided tendency to discountenance the shameless practices which were else- where notoriously prevalent. He was re- ligious, temperate, and sincere ; and, in all his tastes and amusements, so plain and practical, that he may be said to have ap- proached almost to patriarchal simplicity. Without being a patron of literature and the arts, in the most extensive sense of the word, George III. was favourable to their advancement. He was particularly fond of music, and afforded considerable encourage- ment to its professors. He granted a charter to the society of artists ; knighted its first president, Reynolds ; and patronised his successor. West ; who, in the course of thirty years, painted sixty-four pictures for the king, and received for them 34,187i!. He also aided the cause of science by the en- 313 couragement he afforded to Cook, Byron, and Wallis, the navigators ; Hersciiel, and other men eminent for their professional attainments. But it is for the qualities we have before enumerated, and not for bril- liant attainments, or his patronage of the learned and scientific, that the name of George III. will be transmitted to posterity. GEORGE IV., Augustus Fukokhic, king of Great Britain, &c., the eldest son of George III. by Queen Charlotte, was born, Aug. 1*2. 17C2. His education, together with that of his brother Frederic, was entrusted to Dr. Markham, subsequently archbishop of York, with the assistance of Dr. Cyril Jackson, as sub-preceptor ; and after, 177(5, to Dr. Hurd, bishop of Worcester, and Mr. Arnold of St. John's College, Cambridge. Tlie prince was by no means deficient in natural abilities ; and under his tutors he acquired a competent knowledge of literature and science. Nor was the ornamental part of education ne- glected ; and, as he possessed a handsome person, buoyant spirits, and agreeable man- ners, he soon Injcamc tlie idol of the world of fashion, and attained considerable popu- larity among all classes. It was, however, apparent that, great as his talents might be, his love of dissipation, whicli preys on the intellect while it debases the heart, was still greater, and, apparently, unconquerable. Up to his eighteeutli year, the prince had been restricted as much as possible to the society of his relatives and tutors ; but he now associated with the Whig nobility, and formed political connections with Lord Moira, Fox, Sheridan, &c., while he figured in the annals of intrigue and gallantry as the protector of the beautiful and accomplished Mrs. Robinson. This lady, although only three years older than the prince, had for some time been married ; and, as an actress, had first attracted his notice when perform- ing Perdita, in the Winter's Tale. The public prints for a time teemed with minute details of this " romantic attachment ; " novels " founded on fact " were written, and " authentic histories" invented ; when, on a sudden, some new beauty presented herself, and " the lovely Perdita " was doomed to weep over the faithlessness of princely love. At length these evanescent amours gave way to a more permanent connection with Mrs. Fitzherbert, a widow lady of good family, and a professed Catholic ; who, although seven years older than himself, still retained a good share of personal beauty, and, to use the prince's own expressive term, was " fat, fair, and forty." It was understood at the time, and it has never been disproved, though denied, that a private marriage actually took place. This circumstance not only seriously displeased the king, but also became the subject of public animadversion ; such a contract being a violation of the act of settle- ment, which seated tlie House of Hanover on the throne, and a direct opposition to the more recent royal marriage act. His dissi- pated mode of life, and the building of Carlton House, had loaded him with a debt of more than 250,000/. sterling, his annual income being at this time .50,000/. He adopted a variety of expedients to raise sufficient funds for the satisfaction of his creditors ; GBO] ^ i^cbi Winibtv^aX IStosrajjI^w. [GEO all of which having apparently proved fruit- less, he, at length, applied to his majesty. The king, however, was so irritated by his extravagance, tliat he refused to afford liim any aid whatever. He tlierefore adopted a system of retrenchment, which lie persevered in for nearly a year. He sold off his stud of racing horses, discharged many of his ser- vants, and intimated his resolution of living in a state of retirement, so that he might be enabled to save such a portion of his income, as would, in time, liquidate his debts. At length, in 1787, his case was brought before parliament ; and the king having announced his intention of adding 10,000^ per annum to his son's income out of the civil list, the house voted IGl.OW/. to satisfy the prince's creditors, and 20,000?. for the completion of Carlton House. This for a time patched up I his credit ; but his habits of expense frus- trated all hopes of his living within his in- come. A sumptuous residence had been prepared for Mrs. Fitzherbert at Brighton, which place he had previously raised from obscurity into fashionable importance, by I making it his usual place of abode during the summer months : her furniture and equipages were magnificent ; and in dia- monds she is said to have been almost as rich as the queen. But though attached to Mrs. Fitzherbert, he was not wholly hers. Many demireps of fashion fluttered round him, and shared his attentions, the most no- torious of whom was the Countess of Jersey. Yet in the midst of his dissipation, foppery, and extravagance, many traits of noble- mindedness were seen ; and hopes were en- tertained that the blandishments of beauty would ere long cease to lead him from com- panions and pursuits so degrading to tlie princely character, and so inimical to the welfare of those over whom he might soon be called to govern. The king and his ministers were anxious that the heir-ap- parent should marry ; but he had repeatedly expressed his aversion to a royal union, and even said, that he would willingly forfeit Ids right to the throne, rather than agree to it. At length, being encumbered with debts, he was induced by the conditional promise of their liquidation, together with an increase of his income, to consent to a match with his cousin, the Princess Caroline Amelia Eliza- beth, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick. She arrived in this country, April 5. 179,) ; their marriage was celebrated on the 8th, and on the following day they proceeded to Windsor, whither they were accompanied by Lady Jersey, for whose establishment in his household the prince had peremptorily provided. The princess soon discovered his close intimacy with her ladyship, and also found that Mrs. Fitzherbert had procured from him a superb mansion in Park Lane, a magnificent outfit, a pension of 10,000?. per annum, and an assurance that, notwith- standing his marriage, the attention he had pre\aously shown her should still be con- tinued. By degrees the whole of the mor- tifying circumstances were disclosed to her — iiis debts and dissipation, his reluctant consent to the marriage, and the true object of it, — and, lastly, the neglect with which he treated her, while he lavished liis caresses on others — all tending to wound her pride and rouse her just resentment. But it is needless to particularise the scenes of domes- tic discord. The Princess of Wales gave birth to a daughter (the Princess Charlotte) in January, 1796 ; and the prince, shortly after, sent her proposals for a separation, to which she promptly acceeded. Little else occurred to disclose to the public their mutual aver- sion till the year 1804, when the right to the guardianship and charge of their daughter was maintained on both sides with mucli acrimony. The result was that George the Third undertook the care of the young prin- cess, and her mother retired to a private residence at Blackheath, where she re- mained, subject to many indignities and mortifying suspicions, till she quitted the country in 1814. When Napoleon threatened England with an invasion, the prince, then only colonel of a regiment of dragoons, while his brothers were generals, and the Duke of York was commander-in-chief, desired to be placed in a more ostensible situation ; but the ministry coolly declined his request. He accordingly appealed to the king, imploring permission " to display the best energies of his charac- ter," and, if necessary, " to shed the last drop of his blood in support of his majesty's per- son, crown, and dignity ; " to which his father briefly answered that if the enemy should land, his royal highness would have an op- portunity of showing his zeal at the head of his regiment. In consequence of George the Third's incapacity, through mental derange- ment, to exercise the regal functions, the prince was appointed regent, with certain re- strictions, in February, 1811 ; but in the fol- lowing year the restrictions were taken off, and he entered into all the substantial attri- butes of royalty. The state of public affairs had long been truly critical ; but our re- peated victories in the Peninsula had ren- dered the prospect more cheering ; and, at length, its final abandonment by the French, and the failure of Napoleon's invasion of Russia, made way for the restoration of Louis XVIII., who declared himself indebted for his crown, under God, to the prince re- gent of England. Soon after (in 1814), the prince received a visit from the emperor of Russia, the king of Prussia, and other foreign, princes, heroes, and statesmen, whom he en- tertained with dignified hospitality. The battle of Waterloo gave a successful issue to the long and desperate struggle between the allied powers and the ambition of Napoleon ; who, hurled from the pinnacle of greatness, supplicated the prince regent for an asylum in this country, in the following words : "Like Themistocles, I throw myself upon the protection of the most persevering, but the most generous, of my enemies." What- ever inclination the regent might have had to comply with this request, certain it is that he had not the power individually to grant it ; and the French emperor was accordingly sent to his solitary and distant exile. In May, 1816, his daughter, the Princess Char- lotte, was united to Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg (now king of Belgium) ; and when, in the following year, she died, it threw her father into such a paroxysm of grief, as to or OEO] ^ llefiD ^nibcriJat 33i0flra|)]^g. [gek bring on a serious illness. Notwithstanding the war had been splendidly terminated, peace did not bring with it its usual atten- dant, plenty ; a spirit of discontent, for several years, pervaded a large mass of the people ; and an unsuccessful attempt was made on tlie life of the prince regent, as he was going to Westminster, .January 28. 1817, to open the session of parliament. In 1819 and 1820, very serious riots occurred in the large manufacturing towns ; and in tlic me- tropolis, a few desperate men, known after- wards as the Cato Street conspirators, were tried and executed for plotting to assassinate the prince and tlie leading members of the administration. On the 29th of January, 1820, George IV. succeeded to the tlirone on the death of his father ; and was crowned in Westminster Abbey, with great pomp, July 19. 1821. Previous to this, a process was in- stituted in the llouse of Lords, against the queen, for the purpose of depriving her of the rights and privileges of the queen of England. [See Caroline.] In the August of 1821, the king visited Ireland ; in September he went to Hanover ; and in 1822, he paid a similar visit to Scotland. On his return, he sent the Duke of Wellington to the congress of Verona ; and, at the earnest solicitation of Lord Liverpool, he appointed Mr. Canning to succeed Lord Londonderry as secretary of foreign affairs, although his opposition to the proceedings against the queen had greatly offended liim. Lord Liverpool still con- tinued premier, but the new secretary made a considerable alteration in the system pur- sued by gavernment, by the introduction of more liberal measures, and the secession of England from the Holy Alliance. In 1825, our army in India gained great advantages over the Burmese, by whicli our empire in the East was materially augmented. In April, 1827, the Earl of Liverpool became totally incapacitated for office, owing to a paralytic affection, and Mr. Canning was appointed premier ; but in less than four months this enlightened and popular minis- ter expired. Lord Goderich succeeded him ; but he retained office only till the following January, when most of the leading Tories, with the Duke of Wellington at their head, returned to power. The most remarkable event in the latter part of the reign of George IV. was the bill for abolishing the political disabilities of the Roman Catholics, passed in April, 1829. During the latter period of the king's life he had suffered much from the gout and other infirmities of age ; on which account, in some measure, but prin- cipally, it is said, owing to his excessive dis- like of being exposed to public gaze, he was seldom seen out of his own circles ; till at length he lield his courts entirely at Wind- sor, and passed nearly the wliole of his time in comparative seclusion at the royal cot- tage. He lingered for a long time, and suf- fered greatly ; at length, on the 2(5th of June, 1830, a blood-vessel burst in his stomach, and he almost instantly expired, faintly ex- claiming " This is death." As regent and sovereign, George IV. held the sceptre of Great Britain twenty years ; and the mighty events which took place during the early part of that period were such as cannot fail 345 to give lilm a prominent situation in the annals of his country. In the spirit of im- partial biography we liave been compelled to notice a long course of dissipation and ex- travagance, which, whatever be the age or station of him who indulges in it, inevitably tends to degrade the manly character, and to debase the noblest faculties. But let us not, in closing this article, omit to state, that he had many redeeming points of cha- racter, and possessed some splendid qualities; that he was naturally kind and generous ; that his whole life was sprinkled with acts of private l)enevolence ; that he encouraged the literature of his country ; that he was the munificent patron of our public institu- tions, whether for charitable objects, or for the advancement of science ; and that, in short, had he quaffed less from the intoxi- cating cup of pleasure, he might have been every way worthy of tlie age in which he lived, and the people over whom he ruled. GEORGEL, John Fkancis, originally a Jesuit, but on the suppression of the order he became secretary to the French ambas- sador at Vienna. In tlie early part of the revolution he was compelled to emigrate, but returned in 1800, and refused a hJsliop- ric. He wrote a work, entitled "Memoirs towards a History of Events from 1760 to 180()." (5 vols. Born, 1721 ; died, 1813. GEORGES, Chevalier de St., a violinist and musical composer. He was a native of Guadaloupe, and usually resided in Paris, where, as well as in England, he was equally celebrated for his skill as a sword-player as for his performances on the violin. Died, 1801. GEORGIADES, Anastasif.s, a modern Greek author, bom in 1770, at Philippolis. He published at Lcipsic a work in mo<lern Greek, called " Anthropology," and another on the pronunciation of Ancient Greek. He was a physician at Bucharest. GERAMB, Baron Fekdixaxd, bom in 1770 ; an adventurer (descended from a Hun- garian noble family), who headed a corps of partisans against France, when she in- vaded Austria in 1805 and 1806. On the re- volution breaking out in Spain, he offered his services to the Cortes ; and was em- ployed till the unfavourable results of the campaign urged liim to visit England, in 1811, to obtain supplies and assistance. In this he failed ; but being pursued by his creditors, and hunted by bailiffs, he distin- guished himself by a defence of liis villa against the latter, who besieged him for 15 days. The alien act was now, however, brought to bear on him, and he was deported, as a mauvaM svjet, to Denmark. There he was claimed by Napoleon, who shut him up in Vincennes, in 181 2. The first abdication set him free, 1814 ; and he finished his career by becoming a monk of La Trappe. His letters to Earl Moira, on the affairs of Spain, and to Sophia, in 1810, made some noise ; and lie was for some time the " lion " of the fashion- able circles. GERANDO, Baron de, a distinguished writer on philosophical subjects, was bom at Lyons, 1772 ; educated by the Oratorians, took part in 1793 in the defence of his native city against the troops of the Convention, gek] ^ ^ci3) iJntljfr^al MitfcpcapM' [ger was forced to flee in consequence, returned in 1796, and was present ret tlie battle of Zuricli, 1799. But in the heart of the camp he had found time to cultivate literature ; for his " Comparative History of the Systems of Philosophy " (first published as a small tract, and gradually augmented till, in 1847, it extended to eight volumes) attracted the notice of Lucien Buonaparte, who made him secretary-general to the minister of the in- terior in 1804 ; and in 180") he accompanied Napoleon to Italy, where he remained for some years endeavouring to introduce the French system of administration. The rest of his life was spent chiefly in promoting Bclicmcs upon the moral and physical im- provement of the people. In 1837 he was raised to the peerage. Died, 1842. GERARD, Alexander, a Scotch divine and writer, was born at Garioch, Aberdeen- shire, in 1728. He was educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and in 17.")2 he became pro- fessor of moral philosophy in Marischal Col- lege. In 1759 he was appointed professor of divinity, took his doctor's degree, and in 1771 he obtained the theological professorship in King's College, Aberdeen. He was the author of " An Essay on Taste," " Disserta- tions on the Genius and Evidences of Chris- tianity," " An Essay on Genius," two vo- lumes of sermons, and a " Discourse on the Pastoral Care." GERARD, Fran?ots, a French liistorical painter, of the highest merit. lie became, at the early age of 14, a pupil of the cele- brated David, and is thought by many good judges to have equalled, if not in some cases to liave surpassed, his master. His battle- pieces are extremely grand ; but probably liis portraits of the Buonaparte family and of tlie allied sovereigns are his finest achievements. Born. 1770 ; died, 1837. GERARD, Louis, an eminent French phy- sician and botanist, born in 1733. He was distinguished for his researches in various branches of natural science ; and he first noticed the natural affinities of plants, in liis " Gerardi Flora Gallo-Proviucialis." Died, 1819. GERARD DE RAYNEVAL, JosErn Matthias, a French diplomatist, who for a long series of years was employed as secretary in political missions, and subsequently be- came chief of the division in the office of foreign aflFairs. He greatly distinguished him- self both by his diplomatic talents and his published opinions. Born, 1736 ; died, 1812. GERARD THOM. or TENQUE, founder of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was born at Amalfl, about the year 1040. He first visited Jerusalem for commercial ob- jects ; but in 1100 he took the religious habit, and associated with others, who^ made the vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience : the object of their institution being to defend Christian pilgrims in their journey to and from the Holy Land. Thus arose the power- ful order of knights hospitalers of St. Jolm, who afterwards became the knights of Malta, and acquired such distinguished fame» Died, 1120. GERARDE, John, an English botanist and surgeon, bom at Nantwicli in Cheshire, in 1545, and died in 1607. He was the author of " Catalogus Arborum, Fruticum, et Plan- tarum," and the " Herbal, or General His- tory of Plants," a work which contributed to diffuse a taste for botany. GERARDEN, Sebastian, an eminent French naturalist; author of" Tableau Ele- mentaire de Botanique," &c. Born, 1751 ; died, 1810. GERARDS, Mark, a painter of Bruges, was bom in 1561. About 1580 he came to England, and was appointed painter to queen Elizabeth. He was eminent in history, por- traits, and landscapes ; and died in 1635. GERBAIS, Jean, a French civilian, doctor of the Sorbonne, professor of rhetoric at the roj'al college of Paris, and principal of the college of Rheims, died in that city in 1609. He wrote " De Causis Majoribus," "A Letter on the Ornaments and Luxury of Female Dress," &c. GERBj:LrUS, Nicholas, professor of ju- risprudence at the university of Strasburg ; autJior of the " Life of Cuspinian," a treatise on the " Rise and Progress of the Anabap- tists," &c. Died, 1500. GERBERT, Maktin, a dignified eccle- siastic, born in the Austrian states in 1790. He was prince-abbot of the Benedictine mo- nastery at St. Blair, in the Black Forest ; and was eminent for his knowledge of, and taste for, the fine arts, particularly music. He travelled throughout the Continent for the materials of a work on the history of church music, and in 1774 it appeared under the title of" De Cantu et Musica Sacra a prima Ecclesiae ^tate usque ad presens Tempus." A still more valuable one, now very scarce, appeared in 1784, entitled " Scriptores Eccle- siastioi de MusicA Sacra potissimum." Died, 1703. GERBIER, Sir Balthasae, a painter, was born at Antwerp in 1592. He came to England with Reubens, and was knighted by Cliarles I., who made him his agent at Brus- sels, and employed him in different nego- tiations. At the Restoration he prepared the triumphal arches for the reception of the king. Died, 1607. GERBILLON, John Francis, a Jesuit missionary in China, horn in 1654. He wrote "Observations on Great Tartary," and an account of his travels is inserted in Du Halde's History of China. He was in great favour with the emperor, for whom he com- posed the Elements of Geometry,, and was his instructor in mathematics and philoso- phy. He was also allowed to preach the Christian religion in Cliina, and finally became superior-general of all the Jesuit missionaries sent from France. He died at Pekin in 1707. GERDIL, HrACiNTn Sigissiond, an Ita- lian cai'dinal, was born at Samoeus, in Pied- mont, in 1718. He entered the Barnabite order, and in 1742 was chosen professor of philosophy at Macerata ; from which place he went to Turin, where he was appointed tutor to the prince royal of Sardinia. In 1777 he was made a cardinal, and removed to Rome, where for many years he lived in comparative retirement ; but he strenuously opposed the negotiations with the consular government of France in 1801, and treated the concordat proi>osed by Buonaparte as a ger] ^ l^cto mixibtv^Kl 2Stogtai)]by» [get liypocritical farce. He wrote several works on religious subjects, aud died at Rome in 1802. GERLACH, Stephen, a German Protest- ant divine, was born in Suabia in 1540. He was educated at Tubingen, and t)ecame chaplain to the imperial embassy at Con- stantinople, where he resided five years. On his return he was appointed professor of divinity and dean of Tubingen, and died in 1(512. His works are, " An Epitome of Ec- clesiastical History," "Journal of the Em- bassy to the Porte," " Dissertations," &c. j GERLE, A. C, a Frencli revolutionary I ecclesiastic, born in 17(J9, who in the states- general, in 1789, pronounced against his order. He subsequently connected himself with a prophetess, named Suzannel, who proclaimed the political millenium ; and in 1793, he was head of the sect of the pro- phetess, Catherine Theor, who called herself the Mother of God, and was believed in and protected bv Robespierre. GERMANICUS, C^ar, the son of Clau- dius Drusus Nero, and the younger Antonia, a niece of Augustus, was adopted by Tiberius, bis paternal uncle. He was at the head of the Roman armies in Germany when Au- gustus died ; and after gaining many great victories there, Tiberius, jealous of liis ne- phew's glory, called him home under pre- tence of granting him a triumph. In order, however, to get rid of a man whose popu- larity appeared dangerous, he sent him, in- vested with almost absolute power, into the east, where he died, under strong suspicions of being poisoned, a.d. 19, aged 34. His death was regarded at Rome as a public loss, and all tlie houses were closed on the day of his funeral. GERM ANUS, patriarch of Constantinople in the 8th century, was a zealous defender of image-worship, for which he was de- graded, in a council held at Constantinople, in 7.'iO. GERSON, Jony Charliee de, an emi- nent French divine, born at Gerson, in Cliampagne, in 13(]3. He was chancellor of the university of Paris, and canon of Notre Dame ; and he distinguished himself by his piety, his writings, and his defence of the council of Constance against the authority of the pope. Died, 1421. GERSON, JouN, abbot of Vercei, in the 12th century, by whom the book entitled "De Imitatione Christi," which bears the name of Thomas &-Kempis, was, as it now appears, really written. GERSTEIN, CuKiSTiAN Louis, a mathe- matician, was bom at Giessen, in 1701 ; ap- pointed to the professorship of mathematics there in 1733 ; but was afterwards deprived of it for not submitting to the decision of a court of justice in a lawsuit. He died in 17(32. He wrote some Latin works on ba- rometrical observations j a " New Method of calculating Eclipses," &c. GERVAISE, Armand Franxjis, a French ecclesiastic of the order of the Carmelites. He abridged the works of St. Cyprian, and wrote his life. He was also the author of the lives of Abelard, and Hcloise, and other biographical and theological works. Died, 1744. GERVAISE, Nicholas, brother of the preceding. He went to Siam, where he remained 4 years as a missionary ; and on his return published the natural and civil history of that kingdom ; also a descrip- tion of Macassar. After a time he was con- secrated bishop of Horren, in Guiana, and went thither ; but was murdered, with all his clergy, by the natives, in 1729. GESENIUS, Frederic Henry Wiixiam, one of the most distinguished orientalists of modem times, was born at Nordhausen, 178C. He was professor of theology at Halle ; and during the 30 years that he lectured in that university, he published numerous works, which have made a new era in oriental lite- rature. His " Hebrew Grammar " aud many analogous productions enjoy a universal reputation, and some of them are translated into most European languages. Died, 1842. GESNER, Conrad, an eminent physician and naturalist, was born at Zurich in Swit- zerland in 151(5, and was professor of philo- sophy there for 24 years. His fame as a botanist was spread over Europe, and he maintained a correspondence with learned men of all countries. He wrote numerous able works on different branches of natural history; of which his "Historia Animalium" is reckoned his greatest performance, and procured him the appellation of the Pliny of German!/. His " Bibliotheca Universalis," a full catalogue of all writers extant in three languages, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, is a monument of immense learning and industry. He otherwise rendered much ser- vice to science, and, for his various and great meritihe was ennobled. Died, l.Wl. GEiNER, SoLOMOX, a poet and painter, was bbm at Zurich in 1730. He was placed under a bookseller at Berlin, but soon eloped from his master, and employed his time in painting and poetry. On his return to Zurich he published "Daphnis," which was followed by " Inkle and Yarico ; " but his fame was established by his Idylls and Pastorals. He next added to his celebrity by the very popular piece of " The Death of Abel," which appeared in 1758, and made his name known throughout Europe. He then published his "First Navigator," " Moral Tales," "Dramas," &c.; and after- wards turned his attention more particularly to painting and engraving, and produced several landscapes ; at the same time in- structing with his pen, while he pleased the eye, and contributed to the progress of art. Died, 1788. As a pastoral poet, Gesner, if he has been equalled, has never been excelled. GESaNER, John Matthias, a profound scholai»and critic, was born at Roth, in Anspach, in 1(591. His most esteemed works are, editions of some of the classics, aud an excellent Latin Thesaurus, 4 vols, folio. GETA, Sei'Timuis Antonius, second son of the emperor Sevems, and brother of the infamous Caracalla, whom he joined in the government on the death of his father. Caracalla, wlio envied his virtues and was jealous of his popularity, after having en- deavoured to effect his death by poison, murdered him, and wounded their mother, who was attempting to save him from the GEZ] ^ 0tbi WinibevSaX SSujgrapIjy. [gib 1 worthless fratricide. lie was born, a.d. 189; I and liad not readied his 23rd year when 1 the Romans had to lament his untimely death. GEZELIUS, John, bishop of Abo, the capital of Finland, was the author of a " Pentaglot Dictionary," an abridged "En- cyclopedia of the Sciences," &c. Born, 161.5 ; died, IGDO. His son John, who succeeded liim in the bishopric, was also a learned scholar, and translated the Bible into the Findlandish tongue. Died, 1718, GEZEIilUS, GEoncE, a Swedish divine, and almoner to the king. He was the author of a " Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Swedes." Born, 173(5 ; died, 1769. GHENT, Henry of, archdeacon of Tour- nay in the 13th century, was a German by birth, and is said to have excelled all his cotemporaries in knowledge of the Scrip- tures, and to have l)cen intimately ac- quainted with the Aristotelian plulosophy. Died, 1293. GHERARDESCA, ITooLmA della, im- mortalised in the " Inferno " of Dante, under the appellation of Count Ugolino, was a Neapolitan, who in the 13th century endea- voured to usurp the government of Pisa, and found a new principality, after the example of Delia Scala at Verona. After a time he succeeded, but governed his countrymen with great despotism; and Roger d'Ubaldini, the archbishop of Pisa, who was as cruel and ambitious as himself, formed a conspiracy against him; the result of which was, that Count Ugolino was attacked in his palace, and, after a brave resistance, taken prisoner, with three of his sons and one of his grand- sons ; all of whom were imprisoned, and left to die of starvation. GHEZZI, Sebastian, Joseph, and Peter Lko, father, son, and grandson ; three Italian artists, of the 17th and ISth centuries, each of whom was more or less eminent in orna- menting churches and palaces. GIIIBERTI, LouENZo, a celebrated sculptor, bom in 1378, at Florence, who early learned the arts of drawing, model- ling, and casting metals. At Florence he executed two bronze doors, which still adorn the baptistery of St. John, and, according to the hyi>erbolical praise of Michael Angelo, were worthy of decorating the entrance to paradise. It contains 24 panels, represent- ing various sulyects from the New Testa- ment. Died, 14j5. GIIIRLAND/VIO, Domenico, one of the elder Florentine painters, was distinguished for fertility of invention, and has therefore been imitated by later artists. He was born in 1449, and had the honour of being teacher to Michael Angelo. — His son Ridolfo was also an excellent artist, and highly esteemed by Raphael. He died in 15C0. GIAMBERTI, Francesco, a Florentine architect of the 15th century, who made the designs for many buildings in Florence and Rome, composed a work containing tlie drawings of ancient monuments remaining in the Roman territory and Greece — His son, GiuLiANO, was architect, sculptor, and engineer to the house of Medici ; built a magnificent palace for the Grand-duke Lo- renzo, besides many other palaces, churches, and fortresses ; in short, he was one of the first architects of the age. Born, 1443 ; died, 1517. GIANNI, Francis, an Italian poet, was born at Rome about 17C0 ; and for a time exhibited as an improvisatore in the cities of Italy. He was nominated the imperial poet by Napoleon, whose victories he sung in the true laureate style. Died, 1823. GIANNONE, Peter, a fearless historian, was born at Ischitella, in Apulia, in 107(5, and became an advocate at Naples. He wrote a valuable " History of Naples," in 4 vols. 4to., -which, for its dauntless exposure of papal usurpation, gave great offence to the court of Rome, and exposed him to its fury. His book was prohibited, himself ex- communicated, and, after having been driven into exile, he died at Turin, in 1748. GIARDINI, Felix, a Piedmontese musi- cian, who in 1750 came to England, where he met with great encouragement, and re- mained about 30 years. He afterwards went to Russia, where he died in 1793. GIBBON, Edward, the celebrated histo- rian, was born at Putney, in 1737 ; sent to Westmiuster School, but soon transferred to a private tutor ; then to Magdalen College, Oxford, for a short time, and finally to Lausanne, where he renounced the Roman Catliolic faith, without embracing any other, and became a confirmed sceptic. On return- ing to England, he entered upon the duties of active life, but read much, and prepared lumself for authorship. In 17(53 he went on his travels ; and while sitting amidst the ruins of the capitol at Rome, he formed the idea of writing the history of the decline and fall of that city. In the mean time, he joined M. Dey\'urdun in a journal called "Mc'moires Litteraires de la Grand Bre- tagne," which met with no success. In 1770 he began his celebrated history of the " De- cline and Fall of the Roman Empire ; " the 1st vol. of which, in 4to., appeared in 1776 ; the 2ud and 3rd in 1781 ; and the concluding 3 vols, in 1788. Previous to this undertak- ing, Mr. Gibbon was chosen into parliament for Liskeard ; and when hostilities com- menced between this country and France, in 1778, lie was employed to draw up the manifesto on that occasion ; for which he was made commissioner of the board of trade, but lost the place on the change of administration in 1783. He then went to reside at Lausanne, where he continued till the French Revolution obliged him to return to England ; and died in 1794. Mr. Gibbon's celebrated history abounds with proofs of unexampled learning, of a mind penetrating and sagacious, and of almost unrivalled talents "for ridicule. Upon Christianity, however, he has inflicted a serious injury, by unsettling the faith, or offending the feel- ings of many who, influenced by the philo- sophical spirit of the writer, or captivated by his style, gave a too ready acquiescence to his specious infidelity. GIBBONS, Gkinling, an eminent sculp- tor and statuary, was born in London about the middle of the 17th century. His flowers and foliage carved in wood have almost the lightness of nature ; and he executed se- veral fine pieces also in marble and bronze. oib] ^ i^elu Hiii&cr^al 3SiO0rapTjp. [GIF Among his works are St. Paul's and Windsor clioirs, the wooden throne at Canterbury, the monument of Viscount Camden, at Ex- ton, in Rutlandshire, the font in St. James's Church, the statue of Charles II. at Charing Cross, and that of James II. in Privy Gar- dens, lie died in 1721. GIBBONS, Oklaxdo, an eminent musi- cian, was born at Cambridge, in 1583. He became organist of the chapel royal at the age of 21, and in lCt>2 was created doctor of music. He was the best church composer of his time ; and he also published madrigals. His two brothers and son were likewise good musicians ; the latter. Dr. Christopher Gib- bons, was organist to Westminster Abbey. GIBBS, Jame.^, an architect, was born at Aberdeen, in 16«.J. He designed tlu; churclies of St. Martin's and St. Mary-le-Strand, Lon- don ; the senate- house, and the new build- ings of King's College, Cambridge ; the Radcliffe Library, Oxford, &c. Died, 1754. GIBBS, Sir Vicauy, chief justice of tlie common pleas, was bom in 1752, at Exeter, in which city his father was a surgeon. He was educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge ; entered at Lincoln's Inn ; and, through the friendship of Mr. Dunning, afterwards Lord Ashburton, he obtained briefs in abundance. On the death of Mr. Richard Burke, he was appointed recorder of Bristol, and was soon distinguished as an eloquent pleader and an able advocate. The trials of Home Tooke, Hardy, and others, for high treason, brought the talents of Mr. Gibbs still more conspicuously before the public ; and soon after he became king's counsel. He was also elected into parlia- ment for the university of Cambridge ; made chief justice of Chester ; next solicitor, and afterwards attorney-general, with the honour of kniglithood. In 1813, he was appointed a puisne judge of the common pleas ; and, the year following, lord chief justice. After discharging the duties of this office about four years, he resigned it, at the end of 1818, ou account of infirmities, and died in 1820. GIBSON, Edmuxd, a learned prelate and antiquary, who was born at Knipe, West- moreland, in 1C69. After receiving a gram- matical education at a free-school in his native county, he was sent to Queen's Col- lege, Oxford, where he applied particularly to the study of the northern languages. In 1091 lie published a new edition of Drum- mond's Polemo Middiana, and James V. of Scotland's Cantilena Rustica ; translated the Saxon Chronicle and Camden's Britannia ; and produced several original works, the principal of which was liis "Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani," in 2 fol. vols. In 1715, he was made bishop of Lincoln ; was transferred to London in 1720, and died in 1748. GIBSON, RioHARD, known by the name of the dwarf, an English painter in the time of Sir Peter Lely, whose manner he studied. In his youtli he was servant to a lady at Mortlake, who, perceiving his taste for paint- ing, put liim under De Cleyn, for instruction. He was page to Charles I., and when he married Mrs. Anne Shepherd, who was also a dwarf, the king honoured tlie wedding with his presence, and gave away the bride. They were of equal stature, each measur- ing 3 ft. 10 in. They had 9 children, 5 of whom arrived at years of maturity, and were of the usual stature. Gibson died in his 75th year, and his wife in 1709, at the age of 89. GIFFORD, Andrew, a Baptist minister, and a learned antiquary, was born in 1700. He was assistant librarian of the British Museum manj^ years, and died in 1784. He Ijcqucathed his library to the Baptint aca- demy at Bristol. GIFFORD, Jon.v, a political and histo- rical writer, whose real name was Joun RiciiAKD GuEEX, was bom in 1758 ; edu- cated at St. John's College, Oxford ; and was intended for the law ; but having dis- sipated liis property, he went to the Conti- nent, and assumed the name of Giifurd, which he ever after retained. He returned in 1788, and, on the breaking out of t)>e French Revolution, devoted his pen to the defence of government in cliurch and state. He contributed to the establishment of the British Critic, and afterwards of the Anti- Jacobin Review, wliich last arose out of a newspaper of the same name. He also wrote (besides many pamphlets), " The History of France," 5 vols. 4to. ; the " History of the French Revolution," 4to. ; and " The Life of the Right Hon. William Pitt," 3 vols. 4to. Died, 1818. GIFFORD, WiLUAM, a celebrated critic and satirist, was born at Ashburton, Devon. His father, who was a plumljer and glazier, at South Molton, died when he was 12 years old. The widow soon followed her husband to tlie grave ; and the orphan was at first sent to sea in a coasting vessel, but shortly after apprenticed to a shoemaker in his native town. There he remained till he was in his 20th year ; but being disgusted with his employment, and evincing talents of a superior order, Mr. Cookesley, a surgeon of the town, proposed to some of the inhabit- ants to raise a subscription, with a view of purchasing his freedom, and giving him an education. This being effected, he was sent to Oxford, to pursue studies more congenial to his mind. While at the university he was fortunately introduced to the late l^ord Grosvenor, who engaged him to accompany his son. Lord Belgrave, on his travels over the Continent. On his return to England, he settled in London, devoting his time to literature ; and thenceforward fortune smiled on his career. In 1791, he published "The Baviad," a poetical satire, in which he severely lashed the poets and poetasters of the day ; and, in 1794, appeared " The Maeviad," a satire on the degraded state of the drama. In 1797, Mr. Gifford became editor of the Anti-Jacobin, a weekly paper, established by the late Mr. Canning, and others of brilliant talents and high connec- tions ; and in which a corner was reserved for the insertion of a critical notice of the misrepresentations displayed by contem- porary editors — which it was Gilford's pecu- liar province to detect and expose. This publication, which continued only one year, involved him in a quarrel with Dr. Wolcot, against whom he published a poetical squib, entitled " An Epistle to Peter Pindar." In 349 oil] ^ ^cttj ^Hitibrr^al Masr^'i)V!* ["GIL 1802, appeared his translation of Juvenal ; in 1805, an edition of Massirger's plays ; and, subsequently, the works of Ben Jonson, Ford, and Shirley ; but it was in his capa- city of editor of the Quarterly Review, (which he conducted from its commence- ment in 1809 till 1824), that he was most generally known. He died in 1826 ; and his remains were interred in Westminster Abbey. Mr. Gilford held the office of pay- master of the baud of gentlemen pensioners, with a salary of 300/. a year ; and for a time he was comptroller of tlie lottery, with COO?. a year. He also enjoyed an annuity from Lord Grosvenor. His poetical satires are caustic and powerful ; his prose writings, vigorous and correct ; and his criticisms are generally distinguished by sound judgment and good taste. GIL, Father, a Spaniard, born in 1748, who took an active part in the insurrection of 1808 ; greatly contributed to the surrender of Baylen ; and is generally supposed to have originated, or greatly etfectuated, the guerilla warfare carried on by order of the juntas of Seville and Cadiz, of which he was a member. GILBERT, Davies, an eminent man of science, vice-president of the Royal Society, and member of numerous other learned aiid scientific societies, was born at St. Erth, in Cornwall, 17(57. His family name was Giddy, but having in 1808 married the daughter of a wealthy Sussex gentleman named Gilbert, he assumed his name and arms in 1817. En- dowed with large wealth, Mr. Davies Gilbert did not content himself with aiding the ad- vance of science by his own most inde- fatigable exertions, but took every oppor- tunity of bringing forth talent from obscurity, and of aifording its possessor those advan- tages which his own poverty might otherwise have denied him, to the utter destruction of his hopes and prevention of his usefulness. He it was to whom the great Sir Humplvry Davy mainly owed it, that his great talents were not lost to himself and society in the obscurity of a Cornish apothecary's shop ; and several less distinguished, but able and useful, men were equally indebted to him. He contributed several papers to the Trans- actions of scientific societies, and published "A Plain Statement of the Bullion Question;" but he seems to have been far less ambitious of bringing his own abilities before the pub- lic, than of indirectly exerting them for the public good. It may be said, indeed, that he communicated largely to the wants of others from his own great stores of knowledge, and shone more by those reflected lights, than by the direct ditfusion of his rays. He repre- sented the borough of Bodmin in parliament from 1806 to 1832. Died, 1840. GILBERT, Francis Hilary, a French writer on veterinary medicine and rural economy, was born at Chatelherault, in 1757. He devoted much of his time to the improvement of tbe system of cultivation, and to the management of sheep ; and the French directory, in 1797, employed him to go to Spain for the purchase of a flock of Merinos ; but they neglected to supply him with sufficient means, and the disappoint- ment he experienced on that account caused him to destroy himself, while residing in Castile, in 1800. GILBERT, Sir ITuMPHKEr, an enter- prising English navigator in the reign of Elizabeth, was born at Dartmouth, in 1,')39. He lost his father at an early age, and his mother married Mr. Raleigh, by whom she had the celebrated Sir Walter. Humphrey received his education at Eton and Oxford ; after which he went, in a military character, to Ireland, where, for liis services, he was knighted in 1570. He returned soon after to England, and married a rich heiress, but lost great part of his property in a speculat- ing concern with Sir Thomas Smith, for converting iron into copper. He published, in 1570, a discourse to prove the practica- . bility of a north-west passage to China : and ' in 1578 he himself sailed on a voyage of j discovery to the coast of America. In a i second voyage, in 15Ji.3, he took possession j of Newfoundland ; but his ship foundered | on her return to England, and all on board perished. GILBERT, Nicholas Peter, an eminent French physician. After serving as a naval surgeon, and practising at Rennes as a physician, he was appointed chief physician to the army of the Sombre and Meuse, and subsequently held a professorship at the hospital of instruction formed at Paris, in 1796. He was chief physician to the army of St. Domingo, in 1802, and held a similar post in the grand army from 1806 to 1812. He was the author of several medical works. Died, 1814. GILBERT, WiLLiAJf, a physician, and exi)erimental philosopher, who discovered several of the properties of the loadstone, was born at Colchester, in 1540 ; educated at Cambridge ; elected a fellow of the college of physicians, and became physician to queen j Elizabeth. He was a strenuous advocate | for the inductive mode of philosophical matters, and was the first who asserted tlie theory of a great central magnet in the earth, afterwards applied by Dr. Halley to tlie explanation of the variation and dipping of the needle in the mariner's compass. Died, 1003. GILCHRIST, John BoRTinviCK, a dis- tinguished orientalibt, was born at Edin- burgh, 1759. He was for many years pro- fessor of Hindostauee aud Persian at the college of Calcutta, wlience he returned to England with a large fortune, and he subse- queutly taught these languages in Edinburgh and London. His works gave a great im- petus to the study of Eastern languages. Died at Paris, where he had long resided, 1841. GILCHRIST, OcTAVius, a distinguished literary character, was bom at Twicken- ham, in 1779 ; and received his education at Magdalen College, Oxford. His writings consist of essays, &c. relating to the rise and progress of the British stage, and of the respective merits of the elder dramatists. Died, 1823. GILDAS, surnamed the Wise, a British ecclesiastic and historian of the 0th century, was the son of Caw, a British prince, who emigrated to North Wales, in order to avoid submission to the Anglo-Saxons. He oil] ^ ^c&) Bnibtr^aX 38ioriT«P^». [gin appears to have been a monk ; and, after residing in one of the small ides called the Holmes, in the Bristol Channel, retired to the abbey of Glastonburj', where he died. A book, ascribed to Gildas, lias been re- peatedly published, entitled "Epistola de Excidio Britannicaj, et Castigatio Ordinia Ecclesiastici;" but it exhibits so frightful a picture of the depravity of manners, wliich pervaded all classes of Britons, that its authenticity has been questioned by some critics, who presume it must have been the work of a foe rather than of a friend to their race. Died, 570. GILL, Ai.KXAXDEU, a famous school- master, was born in Lincolnshire, in 15H4. He received his education at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts, and entered into orders. In l(i08 he became master of St. Paul's School, where he brought up many eminent persons, and among the rest John Milton. Dr. Gill wrote a "Treatise concerning the Trinity in Unity," "Logonomia Anglica," " Sacred Pliilosophy of Holy Scripture," &c. Died, 1(53.';. — His son Alexandeu, who succeeded him in the head-mastership of St. Paul's Scliool, had also the honour of having Milton for liis scholar while he was at Trinity College, Oxford J and it appears that the pupil had a great esteem ior his preceptor in after life. Died, 1G42. GILI/, Jonx, a divine of the Baptist per- suasion, was born at Kettering, in Nor- thamptonshire, in 1«;97. His education was limited, owing to the contracted circum- stances of his parents ; but, by application, he became a good classical and oriental scholar. He commenced as a preacher at Higham Ferrers, from whence he removed to a congregation at Horsleydown, South- wark. He wrote an " Exposition of the Song of Solomon," and " The Cause of Go<l and Truth," 4 vols. 8vo. But his great work was an "Exposition of the Bible," 10 vols. 4to. GILLIES, Joii:^, LL.D., F.R.S., and his- toriographer to his majesty for Scotland, was born at Brechin, Forfarshire, Jan 18. 1747, and received his education at the uni- versity of Glasgow. When quite a young man he came to London, with the view of making literature his sole pursuit, and was engaged as travelling tutor by the Earl of Hopetown. Dr. Gillies was appointed his- toriographer for Scotland on the death of Dr. Kobertson ; and he continued his literary labours to a late period of his life. His chief works are, " A History of Ancient Greece," 4 vols. 8vo. ; " The Reign of Frederic II.," " History of the World, from Alexander to Augustus ; " translations from Aristotle, Iso- crates, &c. Died, Feb. 15. 1830, aged 90. GILPIN, Bekxard, one of the English Protestant reformers, was bom at Kentmire in Westmoreland, in 1517, and educated at Queen's College, Oxford, of which he became fellow. But he afterwards removed to Christ- church, where, by reading the works of Erasmus, he secretly embraced the principles of the Reformation. In 1550 he was presented by his imcle to the archdeaconry of Durham, and the rectory of Easington, where he la- boured with truly apostolical zeal ; and, in 351 his capacity of archdeacon, made strict visita- tions, being a great enemy to non-residence and pluralities. He was next presented to the rectory of Houghton-le-Spring, where his labours in promoting the Protestant faith were so remarkable, that the sanguinary Bishop Bonner threatened to bring him to the stake in a fortnight, and sent a messenger into the north for that purpose. On the road, however, Mr. Gilpin broke his leg, and, while he lay in the hands of the surgeon, the queen died ; so that, instead of being carried to London, he returned to his parishioners. In the reign of Elizabeth he was offered the bishopric of Carlisle, and the provostship of Queen's College ; but refused both, content- ing himself with Houghton, where he died, deeply lamented by his parishioners, in 1583. His piety, unwearied exertions, and bene- volence, earned him the glorious titles of the Apostle of the North, and the Father of the Poor. GILPIN, William, a divine of the Church of England, and an elegant writer, was born in 1724, at Carlisle, and received his educa tion at Queen's College, Oxford. For many years he kept a school at Cheam, in Surrey, and afterwards became vicar of Boldre, in the New Forest, and prebendary of Salisbury. He died In 18(H, aged 80. Mr. Gilpin pub- lished the "Life of Bernard Gilpin," his ancestor, above-mentioned ; the " Lives of Latimer, Wickliff, Huss, and Archbishop Cranmer," an "Exposition of the New Tes- tament," 2 vols. ; " Observations relative to Picturesque Beauty," 8vo. ; a " Tour to the Lakes," 2 vols. ; " Remarks on Forest Sce- nery," " Sermons to a Country Congrega- tion," 2 vols. ; "Moral Contrasts," &c. And it is especially worthjr of note, that he left the profits of his publications for the eudow- ment of a school at Boldre. GILPIN, Sawrey, brother of the preced- ing, was bom at Carlisle in 1733. He was placed with a ship-painter, and his first works which attracted notice were some market groups, which he sketched from his window. But it was principally as an ani- mal iiainter that he acquired his reputation, though his historical subjects were above mediocrity. Died, 1807. GIL POLO, Gaspak, a Spanish poet and advocate, was born at Valencia, in 1510, and died there in 1572. He is the author of " Di- ana Enamorada," so highly extolled by Cer- vantes, OS combining elegance, sweetness, and purity. GILRAY, James, a celebrated caricatu- rist, unrivalled in his art for the rich broad humour and keen satire of his ready pencil. Died, 1815. GIL VICENTE, a Portuguese dramatist of the leth century, who wrote nearly fifty plays, and excelled all the dramatic writers of that period in elegance of style and fer- tility of invention. He was born at Barccl- los, in 1485, and died at Evora, in 1557. GINGUE'NE', Peter Louis, a French writer, bom in 1748, at Rennes, in Britany, was descended from an ancient but impo- verished family, and obtained a small go- vernment office. At the revolution, in which he took an active part, he associated himself witli the more moderate writers upon the GIO] ^ |1c£d Winibtr^aX 23io5riipTjy. [gik affairs of the times, and narrowly escaped the scaffold during the reign of the Jacobins. The Directory appointed liim ambassador at Turin, and Buonaparte gave him a seat in the senate. Upon being removed from this he applied himself wholly to literature. The work to which he is chiefly indebted for Ids fame is his " Histoire latt^raire d'ltalie," in 9 vols. He died iu 1810. GIOCONDO, or Jocundus, Jony, an Italian architect and antiquarian, born at Verona about the middle of the 15th century. He built the bridge of Notre Dame, at Paris, and various other ediliccs both there and in Italy ; fortittcd the city of Treviso ; and was summoned to Kome by Leo X. after the death of Bramante, to assist in the building of St. Peter's. He belonged to the Dominican order ; and as an antiquary and a literary character, lie also greatly distinguished liimself. GIOJA, Fl.vvio, an Italian mathematician of the 14tli century. He was a native of Pasitano, near Amalfi, and is considered as the inventor of the mariner's compass, in consequence of his having properly applied it ; but that valuable instrument seems to have been known in Europe before his time. GIORDANI, Vital, a mathematician, was originally a soldier in the papal galleys, where he studied arithmetic, and on going to Rome, was made keeper of the castle of St. Angelo. Louis XIV. ajjpointed him teacher in the academy which he founded at Rome ; and he was also made engineer to the castle of St. Angelo, and mathematical professor in the college La Sapicuza. Born, 1633 ; died, 1711. GIORDANO, LucA, a Neapolitan painter, the pupil of Spagnoletto and Peter of Cor- tona, who imitated the style of Titian so closely that his pictures are not easily dis- tinguished from the works of that great inaster. In fact, he imitated the best ar- tists so successfully, that even connoisseurs were often deceived ; while his celerity of execution was wonderful. Born, 1C32 ; died, 1704. GIORGI, Augustine AxTnoxr, a learned Italian ecclesiastic, was born, in 1711, at St. Maur, in the diocese of Rimini ; entered the Augustine order ; and liecame an eminent orientalist. In 1740, he was invited to Rome by pope Benedict XIV. to fill the theological chair of La Sapienza ; he also made him librarian del Angelica. The emperor Fran- cis I. gave him repeated invitations, and the most liberal offers, to settle at Vienna, all of which Giorgi declined. He wrote an able work, entitled " Alphabetum Thibetanum," relating to the geography, mythology, and antiquities of Thibet ; besides several others on antiquities, subjects of oriental criticism, and polemics. Died, 1797. GIORGIONE, or George BARBARELLI, was an eminent painter of the Venetian school, born in 1477, at Castelfranco. He received his first instructions from John Bel- lino ; but studying afterwards the works of Leonardo da Vinci, he soon surpassed them both, and became the first colourist of his time. He died of the plague, in 1.511. Gipr- gione excelled in fresco painting, and was the first of the Lombard School who found out the effects of properly contrasting strong lights with strong shadows. GIOTTO, or ANGIOLOTTO, an ingenious painter, sculptor, and architect of Florence, was born in 127(3. He was. the son of a pea- sant, and his real name was Ambrogiotto Burdone ; but being observed by Cimabue drawing figures on the ground while feeding his sheep, he took liim, and instructed him iu the art of painting. He soon surpassed his master, and acquired such a reputation, that Benedict IX. sent a person to Tuscany to make a report of his talents, and to bring a design from each of the Florentine artists. When the messenger came to Giotto, and in- formed him of his business, the painter took a sheet of paper, and, with one stroke of his pencil, drew a circle as perfect as if it had been performed by a pair of compasses. On presenting this, the man said, "I want a design ; " to which Giotto replied, " Go about your business ; his Holiness asks nothing else of me." The pope on being made acquainted with this, sent for him to Rome, where, besides painting many pictures, he made a ship of mosaic, which is over the portico at the entrance of St. Peter's church, and still known by the name of Giotto's vessel. In 1334 he undertook the famous tower of Santa Maria del Fiore, at Florence, for which lie was made a citizen, and rewarded with a pension. Among the men of genius with whom he was intimate, he could number Dante and Petrarch as his particular friends. Died, 1336. GIRALDI, LiLio Greoorio, better known by his Latin name of Gvkaldus, a learned Italian writer and Latin poet, was born at Ferrara, in 1479 ; and has been considered by Casaubon and other authorities as one of the most learned men whom modem Italy has produced. At the sacking of Rome by the troops of Charles V. he lost all his pro- perty, and was reduced to indigence ; but he wrote numerous works, the principal of which is a " History of the Heathen Deities," and eventually triumphed over his adverse fortune, having accumulated 10,000 crowns before his death, which took place in 1552. GIRALDI-CINTIO, John Baptist, a re- lative of the preceding, was an Italian poet and ph3'sician, born at Ferrara, in 1504. He was secretary to the Duke of Ferrara, and professor of philosophy and medicine in the university of his native city, and afterwards professor of rhetoric at Pavia. He wrote nine tragedies in Italian, but his principal work is entitled " Hecatommiti," which con- sists of 100 tales, in the manner of Boccaccio. Died, 1573. GIRARD, Gabriel, an ingenious French ecclesiastic, born at Clermont, in Auvergne, in 1678. He was the author of a celebrated work, entitled " Synonymes Francois ;" was almoner to the Duchess de Berri, and the king's interpreter for the Russian and Scla- vonian languages. He also wrote a work, entitled " Principes de la Langue Frangoise." Died, 1748, aged 70. GIRARDON, Francis, a sculptor and architect, was born at Troyes, in 162S. His chief works are the mausoleum of Richelieu, in the church of the Sorbonne; the equestrian statue of Louis XIV., and the Rape of Pro- gik] ^ ^etu BmhtrSal 2Stosra))I)!t. [glb scrpine, iu the gardens of Yersaillcs. Died, 1715. GIRODET, Trioson Nicholas, the most original, versatile, and ecientific of the mo- dern school of French painters, was born at Montargis, in 17G7 ; was first a pupil of Reg- nault, and afterwards studied under David. His subjects are distinguished for fulness and beauty, and his colouring is rich, trans- parent, and harmonious. Among his prin- cipal works are Eudymion sleeping, Iliiipo- crates refusing the Tresents of Aitaxerxes, the Deluge, the Burial of Attala, &c. lie also painted Napoleon receiving the keys of Vienna; full-length portraits of tiiu Veudean leaders, Bonchainp and Cathclineau ; and St. Louis iu Egypt, wliich was his last great work. Died, 1824. GIRTIN, Thomas, an artist, was l)om in London, in 1773. He was a pupil of Dayes ; after which he studied the works of Canaletti, and the colouring of Rubens. He first intro- duced the custom of drawing upon cartridge paper, and he also painted excellently in oil colours. He took many beautiful views in Scotland, Wales, and various parts of England and France. He also painted a panorama of Loudon, which was cxlubited in Spring Gardens. Died. 1802. GISBORNE, Rev. Thomas, prebendary of Durham, an eminent philosophical, tlieo- logical, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Derby, 1758. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where he greatly distin- guished lumself, and on soon after entering holy orders, in 1792, he obtained the living of Barton in Stafford, and the same year removed to Yoxall Lodge, near Barton, where he ever after resided. It would oc- cupy too much of our space to enumerate the long series of works which Jlr. Gis- borne gave in succession to the world. Many of them have attained great and lasting popularity ; among which maybe mentioned the " Principles of Moral Philosophy in- vestigated," &c., " An Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex," '^ Familiar Survey of the Christian Religion and His- tory," &c., besides sermons, and two volumes of poetry, which, under the title of " Walks in a Forest," and " Poems, Sacred and Aloral," gave him no inconsiderable poetic fame. Died, 184*5. GIULIO ROMANO, the most distin- guished of Raphael's scliolars and assistants, was born at Rome, in 1409. He resided principally at Mantua, and there found a I wide field for the exercise of his powerful ! genius, both in architecture and in painting. He was unequalled for the boldness of his I style, the grandeur of his designs, and tlie loftiness of his poetical conceptions. Died, 1546. I GIUSTINIANI, P-3MPEY, by birth a j Corsican, was an eminent general in the ' Spanish service, and obtained the name of Iron-arm, by having one of iron made to replace the arm he lost at the siege of Ostend. He was governor of Caudia, where he was killed, in 1616 ; and the Venetian senate ' erected an equestrian statue to his memory. GLANVIL, Sir J(j!I>', an eminent lawyer I and statesman in the reign of Charles I. He graduated at Oxford ; entered at Lin- .■553 ! coin's Inn ; obtained a Serjeant's coif in 1639; and, being a member of parliament, was chosen speaker of the House of Commons in the year following. His attachment to the royal cause rendered him obnoxious to the republicans, who imprisoned him, and he was not restored to liberty till 1()48. He re- covered his rank on the return of Charles H., but died soon after, in 1061. GLANVIL, Joseph, an English divine and philosopher, was born at Plymouth, in 1036. He was first of Exeter College, Ox- ford, and afterwards of Lincoln College. At the Restoration he became one of the most active members of the Royal Society. In lOtW he was presented to the rectory of the abbey church at Bath, where he died in 1680. He was a strenuous opponent of the Aristotelian philosophy, but a believer in witchcraft. GLANVIL, or GLANVILLE, Ranulph DE, an English baron of the 12th century, celebrated as a lawyer and a warrior. Du- ring the reign of Henry II., he was chief justiciary of the kingdom, and signalised his valour by repelling the invasion of William, king of Scotland, who was taken prisoner while besieging Alnwick Castle. Richard I. is said to have extorted from him the sum of lfi,0(K)/. towards the expenses of a crusade to the Holy Land. The aged magistrate ac- companied his master on the expedition to which he had so largely contributed, and was killed at the siege of Acre, in 1190. A cu- rious treatise on the laws and customs of England is attributed to his pen. GLASS, John, founder of the religious sect of Glassitcs in Scotland ; born iu Fife- shire, 1095 ; died, 1773. GLAUBER, John Rodolph, a chemist, alchemist, and physician, of Amsterdam, who died in 1688. Chemistry is indebted to liim for facilitating many useful processes, as well as for the discovery of the purgative salt which bears liis name. Like others of i his day, he was incessantly occupied in j attempts to find out the philosopher's stone; j and his experiments, however futile fOr his professed object, threw light on the composi- tion and analysis of various metals, inflam- mable substances, &c. GLEIM, Frederic "William Louis, a celebrated poet, sometimes called the Ger- man Anacreon, was born in 1719, at Erms- leben ; filled the office of secretary to the chapter of Halberstadt ; and died in 1803, aged 84. He owes his chief fame to his war songs, composed for the Prussian army ; and they will long be remembered by his country- men for their spirit-stirring power. GLENDOWER, Owex, a celebrated Welshman lineally descended from Llew- ellyn, the last prince of Wales, and who op- posed Henry IV. fourteen years, declaring him a usurper of the English throne. Bom, 1350 ; died, 1410. GLENIE, James, an eminent mathema- tician, was born in Ireland, and educated at St. Andrew's. During the American war he distinguished himself as an officer of artillery ; but having written a pamphlet, ridiculing the Duke of Richmond's plan of fortification, he was compelled to leave the service, and he afterwards experienced much of the vieissi- GLl] ^ i^fln SSnUjcrs'al ^tograpl)!). [gme tudes of life. He was a member of the Royal Society ; and the author of a " History of Germany," aud several mathematical works. Died, 1817. GLICAS, or GLYCA8, Michael, a Greek historian of the 13th century. His "Annals from the Creation," and the " History of the Byzantine Emperors," are extant, and were published by Labbe at Paris, 1660. GLIS80N, Fkancis, an anatomist and physician, was bom at Rampisham, in Dor- setshire, in 1.596 ; educated at Caius College, Cambridge ; and appointed regius professor of physic, which office he held 40 years. On the breaking out of the civil wars, he settled at Colchester, but removed to London, and became president of the college of physicians. Among his works, which have been warmly praised by Boerhaave and Haller, are " Trea- tises on the Rickets, and the Anatomy of tlie Liver," and; a metaphysical work of great profimdity, entitled " De Natura Substantias Energetica, seu de Vita Naturse," 4to. Died, 1677. GLOUCESTER, Robert of, the oldest of our English poets, lived in the time of Henry II. Camden quotes many of liis old English rliymes, and speaks highly of him. He died, at an advanced age, about the be- ginning of the reign of king John. GLOUCESTER, William Fkederic, Duke of, the son of prince William Henry, duke of Gloucester (brother to George III.), by his wife the Countess-dowager of Walde- grave, was born at Rome, in January, 1776 ; and his education was completed at the uni- versity of Cambridge. He entered the armj', served a campaign under the Duke of York, in Holland, and subsequently attained the exalted rank of fleld-marshal. In 1805 he married his cousin, the princess Mary, fourth daughter of George III., but had no issue by her. The duke usually acted with the Whig opposition, and was generally distinguished by the support of popular philanthropic measures, especially of the Anti-slavery So- ciety. But he opposed the reform bill, in- troduced by his quondam political friends, and voted and spoke against it. He was of an open disposition and affable manners, and utterly devoid of ostentation. He was chan- cellor of the university of Cambridge ; in which office he was succeeded by the Marquis of Camden. He died in 1834, bequeathing to his illustrious widow the greater portion of his property, which was very large, owing to the inexpensive, though not illiberal, style with which lie supported his high rank. GLOVER, Richard, a poet and drama- tist, was the son of a London merchant, and born in 1712. He was educated at Cheam School, where, at 16, he wrote some verses to the memory of Sir Isaac Newton, which ob- tained considerable attention. On leaving school, he entered on the mercantile line under his father, who was engaged in the Hamburgh trade. In 1737, he married a lady of fortune ; soon after which he published his " Leonidas," an epic poem. His poem of " London, or the Progress of Commerce," appeared in 1739. The same year he pub- lished his popular ballad, entitled "Hosier's Ghost," intended to rouse the national spirit against the Spaniards. About this time he 354 distinguished himself as a city politician ; and his oratorical talents and knowledge of public alfairs were so great, that he was ap- pointed to manage an application to parlia- ment in behalf of the London merchants ; on which occasion his speech at the bar of the House of Commons was printed, and much applauded. In 1753 his tragedy of "Boa- dicea" was brouglit out at Drury Lane, but, though supported by Garriek, Mossop, Mrs. Cibber, &c., it was performed only 9 nights : his " Medea," some years after, met with greater attention. At the accession of George III. he was chosen M.P. for Wey- mouth, and was esteemed by tlie mercantile interest as an active and able supporter. He died in 1785, aged 73 ; leaving the world with a most estimable character as a man, a citizen, and an author. GLOVER, Mrs., a distinguished actress, was born at Newry, in Ireland, in 1781. Un- der the auspices of her father, Mr. Betterton, she commenced her theatrical career at the age of six ; and after a highly successful ap- pearance in the provinces, she was engaged by Mr. Harris, ©f Covent Garden, where she made her debut, as Elvina, in Hannah More's " Percy," in 1797. She soon afterwards ex- changed the "buskin" for the "sock," and it will be long before her impersonations of " Dame Heidelberg " and " Mrs. Malaprop " will be forgotten. For the last few years Mrs. Glover appeared chiefly at the Haymarket. Latterly she had no equal in her theatrical walk; her Shakspearian readings also ranked very high. Died, July 16. 1850, a few days after she had appeared at Drury Lane, m support of a fund which her friends had instituted on her behalf. GLUCK, Christopher, one of the most eminent musical composers of modern times, was born in Bavaria, in 1714, devoted him- self to the study of music, and became a skilful performer on several instruments. He came to London in 1745, and composed for the Italian opera. He then went to the Continent ; *nd Vienna, Naples, Rome, Milan, and Venice, were in turn the the- atres of his glory. His " Alceste," and " Or- pheus," produced at Vienna, between the years 1702 and 1769, had an overwhelming effect by their boldness and originality, and served, together with some later ones, to establish the fame of their author. In 1774, Gluck went to Paris ; and the celebrated Pic- cini arriving there shortly after, the French capital was divided upon the merits of the two composers. Such a scene, indeed, of musical rivalry had never before been known. He now brought out his long promised opera of "Iphigenia in Aulis." It was received with enthusiastic applause, and represented 170 times in the course of two seasons. In 1787 he returned to Germany, with a large fortune, and died at Vienna in the same year. GMELIN, JoHX George, a botanist and phj'sician, was born at Tubingen, in 1700. He went to Petersburgh, where he became member of the academy, and professor of chemistry and natural history. In 1773, he was sent with a company employed to ex- plore the boundaries of Siberia. He pub- lished "Flora Siberica" and "Travels through Siberia." Died, 1755. ome] ^ i^eU) WinibsvM 3B{03raj)!)g. [god GMELIN, Samuel Tiieophilus, nephew of the preceding, was boru at Tubingen, in 1743 ; went to Tetersburgh, and obtained a professorship. He spent some years in tra- velling through Tartary, where he died in prison, into which he had been thrown by one of the chiefs, in 1774. He wrote his " Travels tltrough Russia," and a " Journey from Astracan to Czaricyn." GMELIN, John Fkkderic, a pli^sieian and chemist, was born at Tubingen, m 174». He became professor of chemistry and na- tural history at Uottingeu ; and published several works on chemistry, mineralogy, and natural history. One of the most celebrated is his edition of the " Systenia Naturaj " of Linnaeus. He was also the author of " A History of Chemistry ; " and the world is in- debted to him for the discovery of several excellent dyes, extracted from mineral and vegetable substances. Died, 1805. GNEISENAU, NEiDiiAitn, Count, an able and highly distinguished Prussian general, was born in 17C0. He was educated with a view to the military profession ; and, at the age of 20, he entered into the service of the Margrave of Anspach. His fust employ- ment was in America, whither he was sent with the auxiliary troops of the margrave in British pay. In 1792, ke became attached to the Prussian army as a subaltern ; and, in 1807, he had attained the rank of a lieu- tenant-colonel, and defended tlie fortress of Calberg against the forces of Buonaparte. For his skill and bravery on that occasion he was promoted ; and he was afterwards em- ployed in a secret mission to England. In 181.% he commanded in the memorable retreat of the combined forces of Russia and Prussia, after their defeat at Lutzen and Breslau ; and subsefiuently, under Blucher, he greatly contributed to the victories over the French on the Katzbach, at Brienne. In reward of his numerous services, the king of Prussia raised him to the dignity of a count, made him a field-marshal and governor of Berlin, and granted him an estate in Silesia, producing an income of more than 10,000 dollars a year. Died, 1829. GOAD, John, an eminent schoolmaster, was bom in London, in 1015 ; educated at Merchant' Tailors' School, and St. John's College, Oxford, where he obtained a fel- lowship. He also became vicar of St. Giles's, Oxford ; and afterwards of Yarnton, wlieu ho took his degree of bachelor of divinity. In 1061, lie was made master of Merchant Tailors' School j but lost the mastership in consequence of his inclining to popery. He then kept a private seminary, and died In 1689. His works are, " Genealogicon Lati- num," " Astro- Meteorological Aphorisms and Discourses of the Bodies Celestial, their Natures, Influences," &c. The subject of this is a kind of astrology founded on reason and experiment, and gained him great reputation. GOBBO, Pexeu Paul Coktonese, a celebrated painter of fruit and landscapes, born at Cortona, in 1.580. He copied nature with the greatest accuracy ; and, by his skill in the chiaroscuro, he gave an exact and expressive roundness to his fruits, &c., but he cliiefly excelled in colouring. Died, 1640. GOBELIN, GiiES, a French dyer of the Z5S 17th century, who resided at Paris, and is said to have invented or greatly improved the process of dyeing scarlet. In ICiCA), a royal establishment for tlie manul'actory of fine tapestry was founded on the spot where his premises stood, whence the work produced there was termed the Gobelin tapestry. GODDARD, JoNATUAN, an able chemist and physician, born at Greenwich, about the year 1617. He was educated at Oxford, graduated at Cambridge, and on the break- ing out of the civil war was attached to tlie parliament. He attended Cromwell in his expeditious to Scotland and Ireland, as physician to the forces ; was appointed warden of Mertou College ; and, in the par- liament of lO-W, sat as sole representative for OxfonL Died, 1674. GODDARD, Rev. William Stanley, D. D., a prebendary of St. Paul's and Salisbury cathedrals, and formerly head- master of Winchester Scliool, was born in 1757. To his qualificutions as an able scholar and diligent instructor, he added the firmness, vigour, and impartiality, so neces- sary in conducting a large public establish- ment ; and when, in 1809, he resigned the mastership, the school was overflowing in numbers, ond high in reputation. Some years since he invested in tbe Ixands of trus- tees a sum of 25,00<)/., to provide annual stipends for the masters of Winchester Col- lege, on condition that they should cease to receive gratuities from the parents of scholars on the foundation ; and his whole life was spent in deeds of charity and bene- volence. Died at Andover, where he had resided for many years, 1845, aged 88. GODEAU, Antoine, an eminent French prelate, and one of tlie earliest memlxirs of the French Academy, was bom in IWo, at Dreux. He translated tlie book of Psalms, wrote an ecclesiastical history, and manjr devotional treatises. By tlie exercise of his talents, seconded by the patronage of Car- dinal Richelieu, he was raised to the bishop- ric of Vence. Died, 1671. GODFREY OF BuuiLLoy, chief of the first crusade, and king of Jerusalem, was the son of Eustace II., count of Boulogne and Lens. He served with great gallantry in the armies of tlic emperor Henry IV., who conferred upon him the title of duke of Lorrain ; and when the first crusade was set on foot, the fame of his exploits caused his election as one of the principal com- manders. In 1096, accompanied by liis brothers, Eustace and Baldwin, he com- menced his march, and on arriving at Phi- loppolis, in Thrace, he compelled the em- peror Alexis Comnenus to allow him a free passage to the East. Several difhculties oc- curred ; but at length the Turks were van- quished, and the great object of his ambi- tion was effected. Jerusalem was carried by storm, after a siege of five weeks (July 15. 1099) ; and, in eight days after, Godfrey was proclaimed king, by the unanimous voice of the crusading army; but tlie piety and humility of the conqueror would not suffer him to wear a crown in the lioly city, and he declined the regal title, contenting him- self with that of Defender and Guardian of god] ^ ^ftD Uiiibtv^al l3i00rajpl^|). [god the Holy Sepulchre. Tha sultan of Egypt, at the head of 400,000 men, now attempted to dispossess Jiim of his newly acquired territory, but Godfrey gave him battle in the plain of Ascalon, and 100,000 men were left dead on the field. He died after one year's reign, in 1100. GODFREY OF YiTERBO, an historian who lived in the 12th century, was chaplain and secretary to Conrad III. and the em- perors Frederic and Henry VI. He laboured 40 years in compiling a chronicle from the creation of the world to the year 1186. It is written in a mixture of prose and verse ; and was first printed at Basle in 1.559. GODOLPHIN, Joiix, a learned civilian of the 17th centurj', was a native of one of the Scilly islands. During the protectorate of Cromwell, he was appointed a judge of the admiralty court ; but at the Restoration he became a warm asserter of royal supre- macy, and was one of the king's advocates. Died, 1678. GODOLPHIN, SinxEY, Earl of, lord high I treasurer of England, was a native of Corn- wall, and educated at Oxford, ire was em- ployed in the reigns of Charles II. and James II., though he had voted for the ex- clusion of the latter, in 1680. In tlie con- vention parliament, lie voted for a regency ; notwithstanding which he was made first commissioner of the treasury ; and on the accession of queen Anne was placed at the head of that office ; which situation he dis- charged to the public satisfaction. In 1704 he was honoured with the order of the gar- ter ; and, two years after, was raised to an earldom. Died, 1712. GODOLPHIN, SiDXET, a poet, was born in Cornwall, in 1(510 ; educated at Exeter College, Oxford ; and having joined the king's army, he fell in an engagement at Chagford, Devon, in 1643. Besides several poems, he translated that part of Virgil which recites the loves of Dido and ^iieas. GODWIN, earl of Kent, a powerful Anglo-Saxon lord. In 1017 he accompanied Canute in an expedition against Sweden, where he behaved with such valour as to receive the daughter of that monarch in marriage, and large grants of land. On the death of Canute, the envl sided with Hardicanute against Harold, but afterwards he espoused the cause of the latter. He was charged with murdering Alfred, one of the sons of Ethclred II., from which he vindi- cated himself by oath. On the death of Hardicanute he joined Edward, who mar- ried his daughter, but afterwards he rebelled against Edward, and, being unsuccessful, fled to Flanders. Having gathered fresh forces, he sailed up the Thames, and ap- peared before London, which threw the country into such confusion, that the king M'as obliged to negotiate peace with God- win, who was restored to his estates. He died suddenly, while dining with the king at Winchester, in 1053. GODWIN, Feaxcis, was bom at Having- ton, in Northamptonshire, in 1,561. He re- ceived Ilia education at Christchurch College, Oxford ; and greatly assisted Camden in Jiis topographical inquiries. In 1601 lie was promoted to the see of Llandatf. and was 856 translated to that of Hereford in 1617. He died in 1633. He was the author of " Rerum Anglicarum Hen. VIII." &c. ; and a curious book entitled " The Man in the Moon, or a Discourse of a Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonzales." GODWIN, Thomas, a distinguished scho- lar, who in the 17th century was the master of the foundation school at Abingdon, Berks. He was the author of a useful work, entitled "Romanae Historiae Anthologia," a "Sy- nopsis of Hebrew Antiquities," and a trea- tise on Jewish rites and ceremonies. Died, 1643. GOD^VIN, William, the well-known author of " Political Justice," " Caleb Wil- liams," &c., was the son of a dissenting minister, and born at Wisbeach, in 1756. He was designed for the same calling as his father : but, while studying at the Dis- senters' College, Hoxton, his religious opi- nions had undergone repeated changes ; and though he commenced as a preacher, he ultimately abandoned the pulpit in 1783, and came to London as a literary adven- turer. His first publication was a scries of six sermons, called "Sketches of History ; " and he soon after had the good fortune to obtain employment as a principal conductor of the Annual Register, from which he de- rived a small but certain income. Asso- ciating with the violent democrats of the day, and expressing opinions in unison with theirs, he soon became notorious, and enlisted under their banners. But it was the stormy elements of the French revolution which called forth his extraordinary powers of mind, and gave birth to that bold and as- tounding masterpiece of republicanism, his "Political Justice." Lauded and flattered as he was by those of kindred feelings, he yet had the discretion to retract, in a second edition, many of the most wild and destruc- tive tenets which appeared in the first ; but the poison was disseminated, and the author's character fully understood. In 1794 he pub- lished his celebrated novel of " Caleb Wil- liams," a work which produced nearly as great a sensation as the former, its object being to decry the existing constitution of society, while it pourtrayed, with appalling force, the effects of crime. He was now an avowed freethinker, a despiser of revealed religion, and the advocate of every leveller. After the trial of his friends. Hardy, Thel- wall, and Home Tooke, he published a pamphlet, containing strictures on Judge Eyre's charge to the jury, the circulation of which government tried in vain to prevent. Mr. Godwin did not appear again as an au- thor till 1797, when he published a series of essays, under the title of " Tlie Enquirer." In the following year he produced the " Me- moirs of Jlery Wolstoncroft," authoress of a " Vindication of the Rights _ of Woman," whose congenial mind in politics and morals, and whose masculine spirit of defiance to the authority of man, lie ardently admired. He had lived with her some time before their marriage; and in her "Memoirs" he says, " the principal motive for complying Avith the ceremony, was the circumstance of Mary's being in a state of pregnancy." She, however, died a few months after, in giving god] ^ ^etu Winibexial 23i00rapT^n. [goe birth to a daughter. In 1791) lie produced another work, entitled "St. Leon," a ro- mance ; and it was evident his opinions had undergone some modification. In IHOl he again married, and shortly after opened a bookseller's shop in Skinner Street, where ushered forth a variety of juvenile publi- cations, many of which were his own com- position. Though engaged in trade, he con- tinued to wield the pen of an experienced author. He wrote the novels of " Fleetwood " and " Mandeville ; " a " History of the Life and Age of Geoft'ry Chaucer," a "History of the Commonwealth of England," two unsuccessful tragedies, an " Exposition of Mr. Malthus'a Theory of Population," " Cloudesley," a novel ; " Thoughts on Man ; his Nature, Productions, and Disco- veries ; " " The Lives of the Necromancers," &c. As a novelist, Godwin is decidedly original, combining a depth of thouglit, singular independence, and energy of style ; but the dark and repulsive picture whicli he draws of mankind, and the scenes of vice which he depicts, will often, it is to be feared, contaminate the innocent, and disgust those whom they are intended to reform. During the administration of Earl Grey, he was appointed to the sinecure office of yeo- man-usher of the exchequer, by which his latter days were rendered comfortable. Died, April, 18;36. GODWIN, Mrs., wife of the preceding, though better known as Maky Wolston- CROKT, was born in 17.59. The poverty of her parents could only afford her the commonest mode of education. Reading and reflection, with extraordinary talents, her biographer tells us, supplied all deficiencies ; so that, at the death of her mother, she opened a school with her sisters at Islington, from whence they removed to Newington Green. Shortly after, Mary quitted her sisters to attend upon a sick lady who had been her benefac- tress, and who died at Lisbon. Upon her return she engaged herself as governess to Lord Kingsborough's children. In 17»G, she fixed her residence in London, and began her literary pursuits with " Thoughts on the Education of Daughters." In 1797, she was married to William Godwin, and died a few months afterwards. GODWIN, William, son of the author of " Caleb Williams," and the brother of Mrs. Shelley, was a contributor to some of the best periodicals of the day, and a parlia- mentary reporter. His essays showed that ! he was an attentive observer of men and manners, and were written witli consider- able tact and vivacity. He was attacked with cholera in 18^2, and died, sincerely lamented by a large circle of friends. GOECKINGK, Lioi-old Fkedekic Gun- TUKK VON, a German poet, born at Grun- ingen, 1748 ; studied the law ; wrote songs, epigrams, and fables ; and filled several important situations in the Prussian govern- ment. Died, 1828. I GOERTZ, Okokoe Hen ry, Baron, was an active and intelligent statesman, born of a noble family in Ilolstein. He joined Charles XII. of Sweden, at Stralsund, on his return from Turkey ; and, by his activity and in- telligence, was soon placed at the head of affairs. But scarcely had Charles fallen be- fore Frederickshall (Dec. 11th, 1718), when the foreign minister fell a sacrifice to the hatred of the nobility and of the successor to the throne. He was arrested, and charged with having induced the Swedish monarch to engage in ruinous enterprises, and of having mismanaged the sums entrusted to him ; no time for repelling the accusations was allowed ; and on the 28th of February, 1719, he was condemned and beheaded, with- out a hearing. GOETHE, John Wolfgang von, the greatest modem poet of Germany, and the patriarch of German literature, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, August 28. 1749. His father was doctor of law and imperial counsellor ; and being in good circumstances, possessing a taste for the fine arts, and having made a tolerable collection of pictures and other objects of virtd, young Goethe had an early opportunity of indulging his fancy and improving his mind. Drawing, music, natural science, the elements of jurispru- dence, and the languages, occui)ied his early years ; and when he was 15, he was sent to the university of Leipsic, but did not follow any regular course of studies. In 1708 he quitted Leipsic, and subsequently went to the university of Strasburg, to qualify him- self for the law ; but he paid more attention to chemistry and anatomy than to his no- minal pursuit. In 1771 he took the degree of doctor of jurisprudence, and then went to Wetzlar, where he found, in his own love for a betrothed lady, and in the suicide of a young man named Jerusalem, the subjects for his " Werlher ; " which appeared in 1774, and at once excited the attention of his countrymen, while it produced an instanta- neous effect on his country's literature. Having, in 1782, entered the service of the Duke of Saxe- Weimar, whom he had met in travelling, he was made president of the council chamber, ennobled, and loaded with honours. A splendid galaxy of talent as- sembled at Weimar, and united itself to Goetlie. The direction of the theatre was confided to him, and ho there brought out some of the noble dramatic clieJ's-cVoeuvre of Schiller, with an effect worthy of them. There, too, his own dramatic works first appeared, viz. " Goetz von Berlichingen," " Faust," " Iphigenia in Tauris," " Tasso," " Clavigo," " Stella," and " Count Egmont." In 1786 he made a journey to Italy, where he remained two years, visited Sicily, and remained a long time in Rome. In 1792 he followed his prince during the campaign in Champagne. He was afterwards created minister ; received, in 1807, the order of Alexander-Newsky from Alexander of Rus- sia, and the grand cross of the legion of honour from Napoleon. He died at Weimar, March 22. mi2, aged 80. Goethe was an intellectual giant ; and his profound know- ledge of life and of individual character places his works among the first ever pro- duced. His greatest production is his " Faust," emphatically a philosophical poem, which has been repeatedly translated into English. His beautiful songs and shorter poems, ele- gies, distichs, &c. have the same peculiar character j for, though many or most of them goe] ^ ^fto ^nibtv^iil ^StnjprapIjM. [gol cannot be called pre-eminently philosophi- cal, yet they are all tinged with' the prolound reflections of his philosopliical mind, and continually remind us of the deep springs, whence flow our griefs and joj^s, our fears and hopes, and all the emotions of the soul. Goethe's writings are by far too voluminous to be here enumerated ; but we must men- tion " William Aleister's Apprenticeship," an ethic fiction ; " Herman and Dorothea," the " Elective Aflinities," &c. GOETZE, Jonx Augustus EPHnAiM, a German naturalist, was born at Ascher- leben, in 1731 ; and died in 179o. lie made many microscopic discoveries, and wrote several books on natural liistory ; among which are "Entomological Memoirs," 4 vols. ; " A History of Intestine Vermes," and an " European Fauna," 9 vols. He was pastor of the church at Quedlinburgh, and died in 1793. GOGUET, AxTiifixY Yves, a Parisian advocate, and a writer on jurisprudence. His principal work, exhibiting much indus- try and learning, appeared in 1758 (the year in wliich he died), and is entitled " Origine des Loix, des Sciences, et des Arts, et de leurs Progrts chez les Anciens Peuples." GOICOECHEA, Joseph Antiioxt de LiEUDOV, professor of philosophy and theo- logy at Guatimahi, in South America, and founder of the Economical Society there, was a Franciscan friar, but at the same time a public spirited member of the state. He published a number of memoirs on botany, agriculture, &c., and imported into his own country many valuable inventions and dis- coveries. Died, 1814. GOLDING, Arthur, an English writer, of the Elizabethan era, patronised by Cecil, Sir Philip Sidney, and other cotemporary literati, was the translator of Ovid's Meta- morphoses into English verse, and of Csesar's Commentaries into prose. He was likewise the author of an account of the earthquake of ].')80, and of several devotional and other treatises. GOLDONI, CiiARi-ES, a celebrated Italian dramatist, was born at Venice, in 1707 ; and so early did his taste for the drama appear, that before he was 8 years old he had sketched the plan of a comedy. His father, who was a physician, having settled at Perugia, intended tliat liis son should follow the medical profession ; but Goldoni, dissa- tisfied with this pursuit, obtained permission to study law in Venice. After committing many youthful follies, he brought a few pieces upon the stage, which procured but little profit, and not much praise ; and he continued to live in a continual scene of dissipation and intrigue, until he married the daughter of a notary in Genoa, and re- moved to Venice. Here he first began to cultivate that department of dramatic poetry in which he was to excel ; namely, descrip- tion of character and manners, in wliich he took Moliere, whom he began to study about this time, for his model. Having taken the direction of the theatre at Rimini, he set about the reformation of the Italian stage, and in 1761 to undertake a similar office at Paris. On the conclusion of his engagement, 358 he was appointed Italian master to the prin- cesses, with apartments in Versailles, and a pension. For 30 years he resided in the French capital ; but the Revolution having deprived him of his chief resources, he sank into a profound melancholy, and died in 1792, aged 8.5. GOLDSMITH, Oliver, a celebrated poet, historian, and essayist, was born in 1731, at Pallas, in tlie county of Longford, Ireland. He was the son of a clergyman, and was educated at the universities of Dublin, Edin- burgh, and Leyden, witli a view to the medical profession. But his eccentricities and careless conduct were the prolific source of difficulty to himself and friends ; and when he abruptly quitted Eeyden he had but one shirt, and no money, though he in- tended to make the tour of Europe on foot, and actually travelled through Flanders, part of France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, often subsisting on the bounty of the peasants, and returning the obligation of a niglit's lodging, or a meal, by his skill on the German flute, which he for- tunately carried with him as his stock in trade. In 1758 he arrived in England ; and, by the assistance and recommendation of Dr. Sleigh, his countryman and fellow-col- legian, obtained a situation as usher in a school at Peckham ; where, however, he did not remain long, but settled in London, and subsisted by writing for periodical publica- tions. One of his first performances was an " Enquiry into the State of Polite Learning in Europe ; " but lie emerged from obscurity, in 17fi5, by the publication of his poem, en- titled " The Traveller, or a Prospect of So- ciety," of which Dr. Johnson said, " tliat there had not been so fine a poem since Pope's time." The year following appeared his well-known novel of the " Vicar of Wakefield." His circumstances were now respectable, and he took chambers in the Temple ; but the liberality of his temper, and a propensity to gaming, involved him in frequent difficulties. In 1768 he brought out his comedy of the " Good-Natured Man " at Covent Garden, but its reception was not equal to its merits. In 1770 he published " The Deserted Village," a poem, which, in point of description and pathos, is above all praise ; yet such was his modest opinion of j its merits, that he could hardly be induced to take the proffered recompense of lOOZ. from his bookseller. In 1772 he produced his comedy of " She Stoops to Conquer," which was highly successful and iirofitablc. Besides these performances, he produced a number of others ; as a " History of Eng- land, in a Series of Letters from a Nobleman to his Son," 2 vols. ; " A History of Eng- land," 4 vols. ; " A Roman and a Grecian History," each 2 vols. ; " A History of the Earth and Animated Nature," 8 vols. ; " Chinese Letters," &c. Goldsmith was the friend of Johnson, Reynolds, and Burke, and a member of tlie Literary Club es- tablished by the former. He died at his chambers, in the Temple, April 4. 1774 ; and was buried in the chamber-yard of the Temple ; but a monument was after- wards erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. GOLDSMITH, Lewis, by birth an Eng- lishman, but by a creed a Jew, was born in 17(53. He exercised the business of a no- tary in London, till the French revolution ; when he attracted persecution by writing liis " Crimes of Cabinets." To escape the pecuniary consequences of a sentence for libel and sedition, lie went to France, and tliere edited the " Argus," with funds sup- plied by the minister of foreign affairs. In this paper he attacked every thing English with the same ferocity as he subsequently attacked every thing Frencli in the " Anti- gatlican," and the " Cabinet of Buonaparte." Being informed of a base plot of the police, to deliver him up to tiie British government in exchange, lie made overtures for a recon- ciliation with the latter ; returned to this country ; and, after being subjected to the form of a trial for high treason, which ended in his discharge on giving recognisances, he l>egan a weekly attack on Buonaparte in the " Antigallican Monitor;" continued it till the time of his abdication ; renewed it during the hundred days ; and is said to have subsequently (in 1817) obtained a large sum and a pension from Louis XVIII. GOLIUS, Jamks, an eminent oriental scholar, was born at the Hague, in liOti ; educated at I^eyden ; and in 1(522 went as interpreter to the Dutch embassy in Morocco. On his return he was appointed professor of Arabic at Leyden, and afterwards also nominated professor of mathematics, and interpreter of the oriental languages to the United States. His principal works are, an " Arabic Lexicon," a " Persian Dictionary," "The History of the Saracens, translated from Elmacin," and "The Life of Tamer- lane." He died in 1(5G7 His brother Pkter, who was also an excellent orientalist, be- came a Catholic, and founded a Carmelite convent on Mount Libanus. He died, in 107;}, at Surat, in the East Indies, whither he had proceeded as a missionary. GOLTZIUS, HuBEKT, an eminent anti- quary, born at Venloo, in 152G. He was patronised by the emperor Ferdinand, and made several tours through the Low Coun- tries, Germany, France, and Italy, in pur- suit of his favourite study ; in illustration of which he published some valuable works. Died, 1583. GOMAR, or GOMARUS, FnANCis, a Protestant divine, born at Bruges, in 1563 ; educated at Oxford and Cambridge ; and became theological professor at Leyden, in 1573 J and afterwards professor of Hebrew and divinity at Groningen, where he died in 1641. He was the great opponent of his fellow-professor Arminius, and is chiefly remarkable for the intolerant bigotry he displayed while defending the points of elec- tion and predestination. His partisans in Holland were called Gomarites. GONGORA, LoL'is, a celebrated Spanish poet, was born at Cordova, in 15<S2, and is called by his countrymen the prince of lyric poets. His style, however, is often difficult to comprehend, even to the Spaniards them- selves, among whom he has had almost as many censurers as admirers. Died, 1627. j GOX8ALVO OK Cordova, Hekjtandez Y AouiLAB, a celebrated Spanish warrior, was born at Montilla, near Cordova, in 1443. He entered the army when only 15 ; distin- guished himself against the Moors, Turks, and Portuguese ; was appointed viceroy of Naples, after having conquered that king- dom ; and universally obtained the appella- tion of the Great Captain. Died, 1515. GOOD, John Masox, a physician, poet, and philologist, was the son of a dissenting minister, and born, 1764, at Epping, in Essex. Having been apprenticed to a surgeon, he first practised at Coggeshall ; but in 175)3 he settled in London, as a surgeon and apothe- cary ; and having obtained a diploma from the university of Aberdeen, he commenced practice as a physician in 1820. Dr. Good exercised the most indefatigable persever- ance in the attainment of knowledge, with- out allowing his literary studies to interfere with the duties of his profession. It is stated of him, that so incessant and multifarious were his labours in 1803, that he was finish- ing a translation of "Solomon's Song," carrying on his " Life of Dr. Gcddes," walk- ing from 12 to 14 miles a day to see his patients (.his business as a surgeon then producing ui)wards of 1400/. per annum), editing the Critical Review, and supply- ing a column of matter, weekly, for the Sunday Review ; added to which he had, for a short period, the management of the British Press Newspaper. In the winter of 1810, Mr. Good commenced his lectures at the Surrey Institution, which were published in 182(5, in 3 vols., entitled "The Book of Nature." He produced many other valu- able works, among which arc " The Study of Medicine," 4 vols. Died, 1827. GOODAL, Walter, a Scotcli antiquary, was born in Banftshire, in 170ti ; studied at King's College, Aberdeen ; and afterwards became keeper of the Advocates' Library, at Edinburgh. His principal literary per- formance is " An Examination of the Letters said to be written by Mary, queen of Scots, to James, earl of Bothwell," 2 vols. 8vo. ; in which he proves (to the satisfaction of many who have investigated the subject), that the whole are forgeries. GOODRICH, Thomas, an English pre- late, was born in Lincolnshire, and educated at Bennet College, Cambridge. He was chosen Bishop of Ely, in 1534, and proved a zealous promoter of the Reformation. He was made lord-chancellor in 1551 ; and, though the seals were taken from him by queen Mary, he was suffered to retain his bishopric. Died, 1554. GOODWIN, Francis, an eminent archi- tect, the chief of whose public works are to be seen in the churches erected of late years in various provincial towns. He was also the architect of many municipal buildings, of which the Manchester town hall may be termed his clwfd'ceuvre. When public buildings were offered to competition, Mr. Goodwin frequently furnished plans, and in several instances he obtained premiums ; and it was owing to his intense application, while engaged in producing plans for the erection of the new houses of parliament, that he fell a victim to an attack of apo- plexy, Aug. 30. 1835. GORDIAN, Makccs Antonius, the elder, 359 gor] ^ ^fto mnihtv^nl 23i0srap!)2). [gor a Roman emperor, surnamed Afncanus,-\vas descended from the Gracclii, and the family of Trajan. He was born A. d. 157, and the early part of his life was spent in literary pursuits. After being edile, twice consul, and proconsul of Africa, he was, at the age of 80, raised to the throne, in conjunction with his son ; who being slain in battle eix weeks after their accession, the father, in an agony of grief, put a period to his own existence. GORDIAN, Marcus Axtonius, grandson of the preceding, was called to the tlirone when he was only 13 years of age. He be- came a renowned warrior, and was styled the Guardian of the Commonwealth. He died, near Circesium, in 244 ; and it is said he was treacherously assassinated by Philip- pus, the Arabian, who was one of his gene- rals, and his successor in the empire. GORDON, Alexandeu, a Scotch anti- quary, who lived many years in Italy, and other parts of the Continent, and, in 17.3(5, was appointed secretary to the society for the encouragement of learning. In 1741, he went to Carolina, where he held several oflfices, and had some grants of land. He died in 1750. Among his works are the "Lives of Pope Alexander VI. and his son Caesar Borgia," "A Complete History of Ancient Amphitheatres," &c. GORDON, Lord Geokge, son of Cosmo George, duke of Gordon, was born in 1750. He entered when young into the navy, but left it during the American war, in con- sequence of a dispute with Lord Sandwich, relative to promotion. He sat in parliament for Luggershall, and became conspicuous by his opposition to ministers ; but, though eccentric, he displayed no deficiency of wit or argument. He soon, however, became an object of great notoriety ; for a bill having been introduced into the liouse, in 1780, for the relief of Roman Catholics from certain I penalties and disabilities, he collected a mob, at tlie head of whom he marched to present a petition against the proposed measure. The dreadful riots which ensued, led to his lordship's arrest and trial for high treason ; but, no evidence being adduced of such a design, he was acquitted. In tlie beginning of 1778, having been twice convicted of libel- ling the French ambassador, the queen of France, and the criminal justice of his coun- try, he retired to Holland ; but he was arrested, sent home, and committed to New- gate, where he died, in 1793. GORDON, Thomas, a political writer, was born at Kirkcudbright, in Scotland, and settled in London as a classical teacher, but Boon turned his attention to politics, and was employed by Harley, earl of Oxford. Mr. Trenchard next took him to live with him, and they wrote in conjunction " Cato's Letters " and the " Independent Whig." On the death of Trenchard, Gordon married his widow, and thus gained possession of a fine estate. They were both zealous Whigs, and inveterate enemies of religion. Sir Robert Walpole employed Gordon to defend his administration, and made him a com- missioner of wine-licences. He translated Tacitus and Sallust ; and after his death, which happened in 1750, appeared " A Cor- dial for Low Spirits," and the "Pillars of Priestcraft and Ortliodoxy shaken." GORDON, William, M.D., whose phi- lanthropic virtues and Christian graces have gained for him a wider celebrity than falls to the lot of most private persons, was born at Fountain's Hall, near the abbey of the same name in Yorkshire, in 1801. He ac- quired the rudiments of learning at the grammar school of Ripon, where his great abilities and his amiable disposition won for him the esteem botli of his teachers and his schoolfellows. After leaving school he was articled to a general practitioner at Otley, where he gained "golden opinions" from the warm interest he took in the welfare of the poor. Soon afterwards his father having suffered from a reverse of fortune before he had completed his studies, he borrowed money and repaired first to London and then to Edinburgh, where it was his intention to graduate as a physician. But his design was thwarted for the present ; and after three years of intense study and application, he re- tired to Welton, where he commenced his professional career as a general practitioner. In 1826 he married the daughter of James Lowtrop, esq., of Welton Hall ; and after 12 years successful practice in that neighbour- hood, varied by the cultivation of many branches of literature and science, he re- paired once more to Edinburgh, where he remained two years, and took his degree of M.D. in 1841. He then settled in Hull, devoting himself with ardour to liis profes- sional duties, and at the same time taking a prominent part in every movement, which he thought likely to promote the welfare of the people. Freedom in trade, education, religion, parliamentary and financial reform, extension of the suffrage, peace, temperance, and other kindred subjects, found in him an earnest advocate ; and the Chiistian graces of his temper, displayed in harmonious concert with his high intelligence, benevo- lence of disposition, and disinterestedness of character, emphatically earned for him the lofty title, — engraved upon a tomb, which the gratitude of many has erected to his memory,— of the "People's Friend." Died, 1849. GORE, Christopher, a governor of the state of Massachussetts, was born at Boston, in 1758, his father being an opulent mechanic there. In 1789, Washington appointed him the first United States' attorney for the dis- trict of Massachussets ; and in 179C he was selected by the president as the colleague of the celebrated William Pinkney, to settle the American claims upon England for spoliations. In this situation he evinced his wonted energy and talent, and recovered property to a very great amount for his fellow-citizens. In 1803, he was left in Lon don as charge d'affaires, when Rufus King, the American minister, returned to America. In 1809, he was chosen governor of Massa- chussets, but retained his dignity only for one year. In 1814, he was called to the senate of the Union, and served in this ca- pacity for three years ; when he retired from public affairs, and died in 1827, aged 68. He was a good scholar, and had an excellent knowledge of the world ; which qualities oor] ^ j5ciij 2Snitjerslal ^itftpcapffv. [gou were set off to the best advantage by his fine person and graceful manners. GORGIAS, Leontinus, a celebrated ora- tor, of tlie school of Empedocles, was a native of Leontium in Sicily, and flourished in the fifth century, B.C. A statue of gold was erected to hia honour at Delphi ; and Plato has given his name to one of his dialogues. lie lived to the age of 105. GOSSEC, Fkancis Joseph, an eminent French musical composer, was born at Ver- guiers, in 1703 ; and died at Passy, in 1S29. His compositions are numerous, and the character of his music is light, pleasing, and spirited. In 1770, he founded the Concert of Amateurs, at which the Chevalier dc St. George played the first violin. He composed the apotheoses of Voltaire and J. J. Kousseau, and the funeral hymn for Mirabeau. GOSSELIN, Pascal Fkakcis Joseph, an eminent French geographer, born at Lille, in the Netherlands, in 1751. He was engaged in a tour through Europe, for several years, and made many valuable researches con- cerning ancient geograjihy. In 1789, he was admitted a member of the National Assem- bly, and, in 1791, nominated a member of the central administration of commerce. He was subsequently employed in tlje war de- partment, became a member of the legion of honour ; and was ultimately made keeper of the king's library and cabinet of medals, &e. at Paris. His works relate to ancient geography, and possess much merit. Died, 1830. GOSSELINI, Julian, an Italian writer, was born at Rome, in 15.55. He became se- cretary to Ferdinand Gonzaga, viceroy of Sicily (whose '• lafe " he wrote), and after- wards was in the service of Spain, where he was imprisoned on a charge of conspiracy, but soon obtained his liberty ; on which he went to Milan, and there died in 1587. GOSSON, Stephen, a divine and poet ; bom in Kent, in 1554 ; educated at Christ- church. Oxford ; held the living of St. Bo- tolph, Bishopsgate ; and died in lt)23. He wrote three dramatic pieces ; notwithstand- ing which, he published " Play confuted in Five several Actions," and " The School of Abuse," against poets and actors. GOTHOFRED, Denls, an eminent French lawyer, born of an illustrious family at Paris, in 1.549. France being involved in confusion by the leaguers, he accepted of a professor's chair at Geneva, until he was employed by Henry IV. ; but being after- wards deprived of his office, as a Huguenot, he retired to Heidelberg, and died in 1622. He wrote many books, the chief of which is the " Corpus Juris Civilis." GOTHOFRED, Theodore, son of the preceding, was born at Geneva, in 1580. As soon as he had finished his studies, he went to Paris ; where he conformed to the Komish religion, and applied with ind«- fatigable industry to the study of history. In 1032, Louis XIII. made him one of his historiographers, with astipend of SOOOlivres; and, in 1636, he was sent to Cologne, and subsequently to Monster, to assist at the treaty of peace negotiating there. He died in 1649. His principal work is an " Account of the Ceremonial of the Kings of France." GOTHOFRED, Denis, son of Theodore, was born at Paris, in 1615. He studied his- tory, after his father's example ; became as eminent in that department of knowledge, and obtained the reversion of his father's place of historiographer royal, from Louis XIIL, when he was but 25 years of age. He finished the " Memoirs of Philip de Com- mines," began by his father ; and was pre- paring a history of Charles VIII., when he died, in 1681. GOTTSCHED, John Christopher, a German writer, was born at Konigsberg, in 1700 ; and is considereQ to have contributed much towards the reformation of German literature. He was successively professor of the belles-lettres, philosophy, metaphysics, and poetry, in the university of Lcipsic"; and died in 1766. He was assisted in his dramatic writings by his wife, who was a woman of splendid talents. GOUFFIER, Marie Gabriel Auouste Laurent, count de Choiseul, was born in 1752. At the age of 22 he travelled through Greece and the neighbouring islands ; and on his return to France he published a splen- did work, entitled " Voyage Pittoresrjue de la Grfece," beautifully illustrated. In 1784, he was appointed ambassador to Constanti- nople i but the events of the French revolu- tion having disarranged his plans for the continuation of his great work, he went to Russia, where he was made a privy council- lor, director of the academy of arts, and su- perintendant of the imperial libraries. lu 1802, his name being erased from the list of emigrants, he returned to France ; and the year following was chosen a member of the National Institute. He now published a continuation of his work upon Greece ; but became involved in disputes with Le Che- valier and Cassas, who had, as he conceived, injured him, by sending to the press their works on the same subject, after having been employed under his auspices. On the return of Louis XVIII., he was made a peer of France ; and died in 1817. GOUGE, William, an English divine, was born at Bow, in Middlesex, in 1575. He be- came fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and, in 1608, obtained the living of Black- friars, London. He was a member of the as- sembly of divines at Westminster, officiated there as moderator, and was also one of the annotators on the Bible appointed by that body. He died in 1653. GOUGH, Richard, an eminent antiquary and topographer, the son of a London mer- chant, was bom in 1735. He received a pri- vate education, and at the age of 11 years translated from the French, a " History of the Bible," of which 25 copies were printed at the expense of his mother, who, with a pardon- able fondness for his precocious talents, made presents of them to her friends. This was followed by a translation of Fleury's treatise on " The Customs of the Israelites," when he was only 15. In 1752, Mr. Gough became a student of Bennet College, Cambridge; but antiquities were his favourite study, and he left the university without taking a degree, and devoted the rest of his life to antiquarian researches. Besides many papers in the Archaeologia, the Bibliotheca Topographica, GOtj] ^ 0tbi ^niiitriaX ^Bifffirapi^e. [gr^ and the Gentleman's Magazine, he published "Anecdotes of British Topography," 2 vols. 4to. ; " Tlie Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain," 2 vols, folio ; an enlarged edition of Camden's Britannia, &c. Died, 1800. GOUJON, Jeax, a French sculptor and arcliitect in the IGtIi century, wlio, being a Protestant, fell in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572. He designed the fine facade of the old lyouvre, and other works, which procured him the title of the French Phidias. GOULSTON, Theodore, an English phy- sician, was born in Northamptonshire, and studied at Merton College, Oxford. He died in 1632, bequeatliing 200/. for a pathological lecture to be read yearly in the college of physicians. GOUVION ST. CYR, General Laurent, Marquis de, an eminent French commander, commenced his military career during the revolution. In the campaign on the Rhine, in 1795, he repeatedly distinguished himself ; and in tlie following year he attracted the particular attention of Moreau, who hesitated not to attribute to his skill and bravery, much of the success wliich attended the French arms. He was afterwards entrusted witli some diplomatic missions ; and when these were performed, he returned to the camp, and in 180f) commanded the centre of the army of the Rhine. In 1804 he was made colonel-general of the cuirassiers, and grand officer of the legion of honour. He continued to pursue a successful career during the following campaigns in Italy and Germany ; and when the French first invaded Spain he was employed in Catalonia, where he also displayed considerable ability. In the dis- asterous campaign of Buonaparte in Russia, he succeeded Marshal Oudinot in the com- mand of the central army ; and for his ser- vices on tliat occasion he was promoted to the rank of marshal. He behaved with great judgment and bravery at the battle of Dres- den, and was left there with a garrison of 16,000 men ; but succeeding events rendered it impossible for him to maintain the place. On the restoration of the Bourbons he was created a peer, and made a commander of the order of St. Louis. In 1817 lie was ap- pointed minister for naval affairs, and he subsequently filled the highest office in the war department. Died, 1830. GOWER, John, an English poet of the 14th century, supposed to have been bom in Yorkshire, about 1320. He was a member of the society of the Inner Temple ; and some writers assert that he became chief justice of the common pleas ; though the more gene- ral opinion is, that the judge was another person of the same name. He died in 1402, and was buried in the conventual church of St. Mary Overy, Southwark, to which he was a benefactor, and where his tomb is still to be seen. He was author of a tripartite work, entitled " Speculum Meditantis," " "Vox Cla- mantis," and " Confessio Amantis." GOYEN, John van, a painter of land- scapes, cattle, and sea-pieces, was born at Leyden, in 1596 ; and was the pupil of Van- dervelde. He possessed great facility and freedom ; his works are consequently more general throughout Europe than those of 362 any other master, but such as are finished and remain undamaged are highly valued. GOZON, Deodati, grand-master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was cele- brated for his courage and other virtues. A fabulous story is told of his killing a dra- gon of a monstrous kind, that infested the island of Rhodes. Died, 1353. GOZZI, Gaspar, Count, an Italian ; au- thor of" Dramatic Pieces," " Poems," " Fa- miliar Letters," and a work on the plan of the Spectator, called the " Venetian Obser- ver." Born at Venice, 1713 ; died, 1786. GOZZI, Charles, Count, brother of the preceding, a dramatic writer, known as the persevering enemy and rival of Goldoni. GRABE, John Ernest, a learned divine and critic, was bom in 1666, at Konigs- berg, Prussia. Being dissatisfied with Lu- theranism, he was prevailed upon to go to England ; here he received considerable patronage, king William III. allowing him an annual pension of 100?., and the univer- sity of Oxford conferring on him the degree of D. D. He also entered into orders, and published several valuable works, the prin- cipal of which is, an edition of the Septua- gint, from the Alexandrian MS. in the royal library. He died in 1712. GRACCHUS, Tiberius Sempronius, was a celebrated Roman, of eminent talents and patriotism, who distinguished himself at the taking of Carthage, and was elected tribime of the people. Having, in their name, de- manded of the senate the execution of the agrarian law, by which all persons possessing above 500 acres of land were to l>e deprived of the surplus, for the benefit of the poor citizens, among whom an equal distribution of it was to be made, it met with violent op- position, and Tiberius fell a victim to his zeal and the fury of the offended patricians, B. c. 133. GRACCHUS, Caius, a younger brother of the preceding, who possessed similar talents and principles, and pursued similar mea- sures. He was twice tribune, and obtained the passing of various laws obnoxious to the patricians ; but, at length, he was slain in battle, when contending with the consul Opimius, B. c. 121. GRACIAN,BALTHASAR,a Spanish Jesuit, and one of the most popular preacliers and writers of his time, was born in 1584, and became rector of the college of Tarragona. He wrote several works ; tlie chief of which are, " The Courtier," '• The Hero," and " The Art of Prudence." Died, 1658. GR^FE, or GR^VIUS, John George, a learned classical scholar, born at Naum- burg. Saxony, in 1632. His avidity for study in his early years was astonishing. He suc- ceeded Gronovius in the professorship of history at Deventer, and removed from thence to Utreclit, where he died in 1703. He published editions of several of the clas- sics ; but his greatest works are his " The- saurus Antiquitatum Romanorum," 12 vols, folio, and " Thesaurus Antiquitatum et His- toiiarum Italise," 6 vols, folio. GRiEME, John, a Scotch poet, was bom at Carnwarth, in Lanarkshire, in 1749. He was the son of a poor farmer, but discover- ing a superior genius, obtained a liberal ora] ^ ^e&j ^nibtriaX aStOffiajp^ji. [gra education, first at Edinburgh, and next at St. Andrew's. He was preparing for the ministry, wlien he died in 1772, leaving be- hind liiin a volume of elegiac and miscella- neous poetry, which was afterwards pub- lished. GRAFFIGNY, Frances d'Issembocko d'Happoncoukt de, was bom at Nancy in 1694. She was the wife of Graffigny, cham- berlain to the Duke of Lorraine, from whom she was legally separated on account of his brutal conduct. Her best literary produc- tions are a sentimental work, entitled " Let- tres d'une Peruvieiuie," and the drama of " Cenie." Died at Paris, in 1758. GRAFTON, AtGUSTi's Henjcy Fitzroy, Duke of, was born in 1736 ; succeeded his grandfather in the family honours in 1757 ; and in 1765 was appointed secretary of state; but the year Ibllowing he relinquished that station, and soon after became first lord of the treasury, which he held till 1770. During his administration, he was virulently at- tacked by Junius, who seems to have been actuated quite as much by personal enmity, as by political hostility. In 1771 the duke was nominated lord privy seal, which office he resigned in 1775, and acted in opposition to the court till 1782, when he was again in place for a short time. After this, he was uniformly an opponent of ministers, till his death. He was the author of a volume of theological essays, &c Died, 1811. GRAFTON, Richard, an English histo- rian, who carried on an extensive business in London as a printer, in the 16th century. He greatly assisted in the compilation of *♦ HiUl's Chronicle," and also produced Another, entitled " A Chronicle at large of the Affayres of England from the Creation of the Worlde unto Queene Elizabeth." Grafton's Chronicle was republished, in 2 vols. 4to., in 1809. GRAGGINI, Antuont Francis, an Ita- lian poet of the 16th century. He was the originator of the Delia Crusca Academy ; and the autlior of jioems and tales, the lat- ter rivalling, in purity of style, those of Boccaccio. Bom, at Florence, 1503 ; died, 1583. GRAHAM, George, an ingenious watch- maker, and a most accurate mechanician, was born at Kirklington, Cumberland, in 1675. He came to London, and lived with Tompion the watchmaker, whom he suc- oceded in business, but far excelled in scien- tific attainments. He invented various as- tronomical instruments, by which the pro- fress of science was considerably furthered, "he great mural arch in tlie observatory of Greenwich was made for Dr. Hal ley, un- der his insjiection, and divided by his own hand. He invented the sector with which Dr. Bra<lley discovered two new motions in the fixed stars. He furnished the members of the French Academy, who were sent to the north to measure a degree of the meri- dian, with the instruments for that purpose ; and he composed tlie whole planetary sys- tem, within the compass of a small cabinet, from wliich model all succeeding orreries have been formed. Mr. Graham was a mem- ber of the Royal Society, to which he com- municated several useful discoveries. He 363 died in 1751, and was interred in Westmin- ster Abbey. GR.\H.1M, Sir John, the faithful compa- nion and fellow-patriot of Sir William Wal- lace. He fell, at the battle of Falkirk, July 22. 1298. GRAHAM, John, of Clavcrhouse, Vis- count Dundee, " a soldier of distinguished courage and professional skill, but rapacious and profane, of violent temjjcr, and of obiu- rate heart," whose name, " wherever the Scottish race is settled on the face of the globe, is mentioned with a peculiar energy of hatred," was born in IdrrO. His career m arms commenced as a soldier of fortune in France ; lie subsequently entered the Dutch service ; and on his return to Scotland in 1677, he was nominated to the command of a regiment of horse that ha<l been raised against the Covenanters. His subsequent career we will not dwell upon. Among many cruel instruments of a tyrannous so- vereign, he made himself conspicuous by liis barbarity, and has obtained an unenviable notoriety in history, romance, and local tra- dition. The services which he rendered to his sovereign were rewarded from time to time by various liigh offices ; and he was finally raised to the i)eerage by the title of viscount Dundee. Killed at Killicraukic, in the hour of victory, in 1689. GRAHAM, Sir Richard, lord viscount Preston, was bom in 1648. He was sent ambassador by Charles II. to Louis XIV., and was master of the wardrobe and secre- tary of state under James II. When the Revolution took place, he was tried and condemned, on an accusation of attempting the restoration of that prince, but, through the queen's intercession, he was pardoned. He spent the remainder of his days in re- tirement, and published an elegant transla- tion of Boethius on the Consolations of Phi- losophy. Died, 1695. GRAHAME, James, a Scottish poet, was bom, in 1765, at Glassgow, and educated at tlic university of tliat city. He was bred to the law, but relinquished forensic pursuits for clerical ; and died iu 1811, curate of Sedgefield, near Durliam. His poetry is mostly of a religious character, solemn, yet animated, flowing, and descriptive. His principal pieces are, " The Sabbath," " The Bards of Scotland," and " British Georgics." GRAINGER, James, a poet and i)hysi- cian, was born at Dunse, in Scotland, iu 1723. After serving his time to a surgeon at Edinburgh, he became a regimenial sur- geon in the English army iu Germany ; but on the restoration of i>eace in 1748, he took his doctor's degree, and settled as a physi- cian in London ; where, however, he prin- cipally supported himself by writing for the press. An " Ode to Solitude," published in Dodsley's collection, first procured him re- putation ; and, among others, the acquaint- ance of Shenstone and Dr. Percy. In 1759 he publislicd his Elegies of TibuUus, which, owing to some severity of criticism, involved him in a paper war with Smollett. He then went to the West Indies as tutor to a young gentleman, and, during the voyage, formed an attachment to a lady, whom he married on his arrival at the island of St. Christo- ti2 gka] ^ ^tbi mnlbtv^Kl 3St0firajpl)g. [gra pher's, of which her father was governor. Here he successfully established himself as a medical practitioner, but did not lay aside bis pen. He wrote a West Indian Georgic, or didactic poem, entitled " The Sugar Cane," and the ballad of " Brian and Pereene." He died at Basseterre, St. Christopher's, in 1767. GRAMAYE, Joay Baptist, a Flemish traveller, poet, and historian ; born at Ant- werp ; was made historiographer of the Netherlands, and became provost of Arn- heim. He travelled through Germany and Italy ; but as he was proceeding by sea to Spain, he was taken by an Algerine corsair, and carried to Barbary. On his liberty being obtained, he travelled into Moravia and Silesia ; was made president of the col- lege of Louvain ; and died near Lubeck, in 1635. His works chiefly relate to the liis- tory and antiquities of liis native country ; but he also published " Africse lUustrata;," " Dlarium Algeriense," some Latin poems, &c. GRAMMONT, Piiilibekt, Count of, a celebrated wit of Cliarles the Second's court, was the son of AnDiony, duke of Gram- mont. After serving in the army under Condi? and Turenne, lie came to England iu the early part of the reign of Charles II., with whom, as well as his mistresses, he became a great favourite. He married the daughter of Sir George Hamilton, fourth son of the Earl of Abei-corn, and died iu 1707. He is described as possessing, with a great turn for gallantry, much wit, polite- ness, and good-nature; but he was a great gamester, and seems to have been indebted for his support chiefly to his superior skill and success at play. His memoirs were written by his brother-in-law, Anthony, usually called Count Hamilton, who fol- lowed the fortunes of James II., and ended his days in the service of France. GRAMMONT, the Duke of, father of the DukeofGuiche and the Countesses of Tank- erville and Sebastiani, died at Paris, aged 81, Aug. 1836. Some years ago he instituted a suit in the Frencli courts to establish his claim to the citadel of Blaye and its depend- encies ; and the cour royale of Bourdeaux decreed that, at the expiration of three years, the state should pay the duke an annuity of 100,t)00 francs, or reinstate him in the pos- session of the citadel. The present Duchess de Grammont is sister to Count Alfred d'Orsay. GRANBY, John Manners, Marquis of, a famous English general, was the eldest son of the Duke of Rutland, and commanded with honour during the seven years war in Germany. After the peace of 1763, he retired to private life, greatly beloved by all ranks for his many virtues. He died in 1770, aged 50. GRANDIER, Uhbaix, curate and canon of lioudon, whose tragical end disgraced France in the 17th century, was born at Bouvere, near Sable. On obtaining the living of Loudon, lie became so very popular as a preacher, that the envy of the monks was excited against him. He was first ac- cused of incontinency ; but being acquitted, his enemies instigated some nuns to play the part of persons possessed, and in their con- vulsions to charge Grandier with being the cause of their visitation. This horrible though absurd charge was countenanced by Cardinal Richelieu, who had been persuaded that Grandier had satirised hira ; and he was tried, declared guilty, ari burnt alive, April 18. 16;M. GRANDIUS, or GRANDI,Guido, anlta- lian mathematician, was born in 1671, at Cremona. He became professor of philosophy at Florence, and zealously advocated the Cartesian doctrines ; subsequently removed to Pisa ; was appointed professor of mathe- matics in that university ; and died in 1742. He corresponded with Newton, Leibnitz, and Bemouilli, and published several works, the chief of wliich is a Latin treatise, " De Infi- nitis Infinitorum." GRANDMAISON, Michael, bom in 1771; a French terrorist, of infamous notoriety ; member of the revolutionary committee of Nantes, and chief agent in Carrier's horrible Noyades and Fusillades. On the reaction of 1794, against his patrons, he was himself con- demned to the guillotine. It was proved on his trial, that he armed himself with a sabre, and chopped off the hands and fingers of those who tried to save themselves from the Noyades by grasping the edges of the boats. GRANET, Francis, deacon of the church of Aix, and an able critic, was born in 1692, at BrignoUes in Provence. He continued Desfontaines's "Nouvelliste du Parnasse," till the work was suppressed ; after which he published " Reflexions sur les Ouvrages de Littt^rature," in 12 vols. He also trans- lated Newton's Chronology, and edited Lau- noy's works. Died, 1741. GRANGE, Joseph dk Chancel de la, a poet, was bom in 1676, in Perigord. He wrote a comedy at 9 years old, and a tragedy at 16 ; but the work which made him known was a satire, entitled "Philippics," contain- ing many infamous accusations against Philip, duke of Orleans. For this he was seized, and ordered to be imprisoned in the Isle of St. Margaret ; but he contrived to effect his escape, and on the regent's death returned to France, where he was allowed to live unmolested. His works, consisting of operas, tragedies, and miscellaneous poems, form 5 volumes. Died, 1758. GRANGER, James, an English divine, who published a valuable and highly inter- esting work, entitled " The Biographical History of England," in 4 vols. 8vo. He was a native of Berkshire ; received his education at Christchurch, Oxford ; became vicar of Shiplake, in Oxfordshire ; and his death was occasioned by a fit of apoplexy while admi- nistering the sacrament, in 1776. GRANT, Anne, usually designated Mrs. Grant of Laggan, a popular and instructive miscellaneous writer, whose maiden name was M'Vicar, was born in Glasgow, 1755. Her early years were passed in America, wliither her father, who held a commission in the British army, had removed with the intention of permanently settling there ; but circumstances interfered with his design, and on his return to Scotland he was ap- pointed barrack-master of Fort Augustus. Here his daughter became acquainted with 33i ora] ^ ^c&) Bnibevial 3BCflflrap]^j?. [gra the Rev. James Grant, chaplain to the fort ; and a mutual attachment having sprung up between them, on his appointment to tlic living of Laggan, Invemesshire, tliey were married in 1779. In 1801 left a widow with a large family, and but acanty means, slie was induced, by the persuasion of her friends, to publish a volume of poems, which proved successful beyond her most ardent wishes ; and the literary ice once broken, she now adopted literature as a profession, and at various periods produced her " Inciters from £he Mountains" (which have been often re- printed), "Memoirs of an American Lady," ♦' Essays on the Superstitions of the High- landers of Scotland," " Popular Models and impressive Warnings from the Sons and Daughters of Industry," &c. Nearly the last 'M years of her life were spent in Edin- burgh, where she formed the centre of a highly accomplished circle, numbering among her friends Sir Walter Scott, Lord JeflFrey, Uenry Mackenzie, and all the Scotch "notables" of the day ; and where tliOiChris- tian resignation which she displayed amid many calamitous events, and her amiable character, no less than.her literary celebrity, procured her general esteem and regard. Died, 1838. Her " Memoirs and Correspond- ence " have since been published. GRANT, Charles, an eminent and be- nevolent East India proprietor and director, was born in Scotland, in 1746. By the death of his father, who fell at the battle of Cul- loden, the care of his education devolved on his uncle, who sent him out to India. Here he soon found patronage in the civil service, and in 1770 returned to Scotland and married. In 1772 he went out to Bengal as a writer ; and was shortly after appointed secretary to the board of trade. In this situation he became the patron of several Christian mis- sions ; and in 1790, on his return to England, he obtained a seat in the East India direction. He was also a member of the House of Com- mons, where his opinion on Indian affairs obtained great attention. He wrote " Obser- vations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain." Died, 1822. GRANT, FnAycis, lord Cullen, an emi- nent Scotch judge, was born about 1660. He studied at Leyden under Voet, and on hia return home was admitted an advocate. He distinguished himself by his publications in favour of the Revolution, for which he was rewarded, first by a baronetcy, and soon after by being appointed one of the judges, or senators in the college of justice, when he took the title of lord Cullen. He continued to discharge the duties of his office for twenty years, with the highest reputation ; and died in 1726. GRANT, James, a Scotch barrister, and at the time of his death the father of the Scottish bar. He was early distinguished for his liberal political principles, and could number among his friends Henry Erskine, Sir James Mackintosh, and many others, eminent for their attainments and the lead they took in the politics of the day. He was the author of " Essays on the Origin of So- ciety," " Thoughts on the Origin and Descent of the Gael," &c. Died, 1835, aged 92. 865 GRANT, Sir William, late master of the rolls ; an excellent equity judge, the promp- titude and wisdom of whose decisions were appreciated no less by the public than b^ the profession, of which he was a distinguished member. Born at Elchles, in Scotland, 1754; died, 1832, GRANVILLE, or GREENVILLE, Sir RiCHAKD, was a native of Cornwall, born in 1540, and entered early into the military service, as a volunteer against the Turks. He afterwards joined Sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition to America ; and, in l.'iOl, be- came vice-admiral under Sir Thomas Hovr- ard, who was sent out to the Aeores to inter- cept the Plate fleet. The Spaniards, however, being apprised of the design, dispatched a powerful squadron, which succeeded in cut- ting off Greenville's ship from the rest ; and in a desperate contest with them he was mortally wounded. GRANVILLE, or GREENVILLE, Sir Bkvil, grandson of the preceding, was born in 1596, At the commencement of the civil war, he raised a troop of horse at his own expense, and was killed at the battle of Lansdowne, in 1643. GRANVILLE, George, lord Lansdowne, a nobleman of very considerable talents, was grandson to Sir Bevil Granville (or Green- ville), who fell in the royal cause at Lans- downe, in 1643, and descended from the family of Rollo, the first duke of Normandy. He was born in 1667 ; sent to Trinity College. Cambridge, when only 11 years of age ; ad- mitted M.A. at 13 ; having, before he was 12, spoken a poetical address of his own com- position to the Duchess of York, when she visited the university. He had a strong inclination for a military life ; but this was checked by his friends, and he employed himself, during the various political changes that occurred, in cultivating hia taste for literature. In 1690, his comedy, called " The Gallants," was performed at the theatre royal in Lincoln's Inn Fields, as was his tragedy of " Heroic Love " in 1698. On the accession of queen Anne, he made his first appearance at court ; took his seat in the House of Commons as member for Fowey ; became successively secretary of war, comptroller of the household, trea- surer, and one of the privy council. On the queen's death he not only lost his post, but being suspected of disaffection to the I Hanoverian succession, was arrested and i sent to the Tower, where he remained upwards of a twelvemonth. He then re- tired to the Continent for ten years ; and on his return passed his life as a country gentleman, amusing himself with the repub- lication of his poems, and in writing a vindication of his uncle. Sir Richard, against the charges of Clarendon and Burnet. Died, 17a5. GRANVILLE, Lord. See Cakteret. GRATIAN, a Roman emperor, was the son of Valentinian I. by his wife Severa, and bom in 359. His father took him as his i associate in the empire when he was only j 8 years old. In his 17th year he succeeded j to the tlirone, on the death of his father, i Oratian defeated the Goths, and exerted ; himself with energy and success in defend- i gra] ^ i^tin WiiiihtriKl JSiOffrapfjjf. [ghb ing the empire, but was put to death in a revolt, in Gaul, A. D. S83. GRATI AN, a Benedictine in the 12th cen- tury, was a native of Chiusi, in Tuscany. He employed 24 years in compiling an abridgment of the canon law, commonly called Gratian's Decretal. GRATIUS, Faliscus, a Latin poet, sup- posed to be contemporary with Ovid. He wrote a poem, entitled " Cynogeticon," or the " Art of Hunting with Dogs." GRATTAN, Henuy, an eminent Irish orator and statesman, was born about the year 17o0, at Dublin, of which city his father was recorder. He finished his edu- cation at Trinity College, whence he re- moved to England, and became a student in the Middle Temple. He was called to the Irish bar in 1772, and brought into the parliament of Ireland in 1775, where he immediately became distinguished for his patriotic speeches, and that vigorous op- position to the statute of 6th Geo. I., which roused the whole island, and produced its repeal, in 1782. For his share in this trans- action, Mr. Grattan received addresses from all parts of tlie country, and was rewarded with the sum of 50,0(X)/. voted to him by the parliament of Ireland. In 1790, he was returned for the city of Dublin, principally for the purpose of opposing the union ; but when that measure was carried, he did not refuse a seat in the united House of Com- mons. The latter years of his parliamentary attendance were chiefly devoted to a warm and energetic support of Catholic emanci- pation ; and it may be truly said, that he died in the service of this cause. Mr. Grattan was the zealous and unequivocal friend to Ireland, and to what he deemed her best interests, from first to last. There was no- thing temporising or uncertain about him ; he was a warm friend, or a bitter enemy. As a public speaker, he had to contend with a defective voice ; but his eloquence was at all times animated, combining strength with beauty, and energy with elegance. Died, 1820. aged 70. GRAUN, Karl Henrich, an eminent German musician, chapel-master to Fre- deric the Great, was born in 1701, and died in 1769. He enjoyed a reputation in Ger- many scarcely inferior to that which Han- del enjoyed in England ; and was tlie author of an immense number of masses, oratorios, and other musical compositions. GRAUNT, Edwakd, a scholar of the IGth century. He was appointed master of Westminster School in 1572 ; resigned tlie mastership jn 1591 ; and died, rector of Toppersfleldj in Essex, 1601. He was the author of "GraeciB Lingute Spicile- gium," &c. GRAVES, Richard, a clergyman of the Church of England, but better known as a novelist and poet tliau as a divine, was bom at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire, in 1715. He was a student at Pembroke Col- lege, Oxford, and afterwards obtained a fellowship of All Souls. In 1750, he was presented to the rectory of Claverton, near Bath ; and in that pleasant sequestered vil- lage he resided till the time of his death, in 1804. Among his various works are, " The Festoon, or a Collection of Epigrams," " Lucubrations in Prose and Rhyme," " The Spiritual Quixote," a novel ridiculing the extravagancies of Methodism, as they ap- peared among the immediate followers of Whitfield and Wesley, and combining much shrewdness, wit, and humour. GRAVES.\JSrDE, William James, an eminent Dutch geometrician and philo- sopher, was born at Bois-le-Duc, in 1688. He was bred a civilian, and practised some time at the bar with reputation ; but, about 1715, he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Leyden. where lie taught the Newtonian system. He died in 1742. GRAVINA, John Vixcent, a celebrated jurist and literary character, was born in Calabria, in 1664 ; became professor of civil and canon law at Rome ; was one of the founders of the Arcadian Academy, and the early protector of Metastasio ; and died in 1718. His works are numerous ; and the principal one, " Origines Juris Civilis," is said to be replete with learning. GRAY, Stephen, a gentleman belonging to the Charter House, who, early in the 18th century, distinguished himself as an experi- mental philosopher. He discovered the me- thod of communicating electricity to bodies not naturally possessing it, by contact or contiguity with electrics ; and he projected a kind of luminous orrery, or electrical planetarium ; thus leading the way to future discoveries and improvements. GRAY, Thomas, a celebrated English poet, was born in London, in 1716 ; edu- cated at Eton, and Peter House, Cambridge ; and entered himself at the Inner Temple, with a view of studying for the bar. Be- coming intimate, however, with Horace Walpole, he was easily induced to accom- pany him in his tour of Europe ; but they parted at Reggio, and Gray returned to England in 1741. Here he occupied himself several years in laying literary schemes and plans of magnitude, which he admirably commenced, but wanted energy to mature. So slow was he to publish, that it was not until 1747, that his " Ode on h. distant Pro- spect of Eton College " made its appearance ; and it was only in consequence of the printing of a surreptitious copy, that, in 1761, he published his " Elegy written in a Country Church-yard." He declined the office of laureate on Cibber's death, in 1557 ; and the same year published his two prin- cipal odes, " On the Progress of Poesy " and " The Bard." In 1768, the Duke of Grafton presented him with the professorship of mo- dern history at Cambridge. But though Gray published little besides his poems, he was a man of extensive acquirements in natural history, the study of ancient archi- tecture, &c. ; his correspondence places him among our best epistolary writers ; and some of his posthumous pieces afford proof of his profound and varied erudition. As a poet, he is energetic and harmonious ; and his lyrics, though few, have been rarely, if ever, surpassed. Died, 1771. GREATOREX, Thomas, an eminent mu- sician, was born at North Winfield, Derby- shire, in 1758. He was a pupil of Dr. Cook ; and he afterwards went to Italy, where he studied vocal music under Santarelli, at Rome ; and having made himself acquainted with all the knowledge he could gather by a professional tour to \he principal cities of Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and the Ne- therlands, he returned to England in 1788, and established himself in London as a teacher of music, in which he was emi- nently successful. He harmonised various airs, adapted many of Handel's productions, and arranged parts for the grand orchestra with great ability. But he did not devote his attention wholly to music, mathematics, astronomy, botany, and chemistry, each oc- cupied his mind by turns ; and he was a fellow of the Royal Society. Died, 1831. GREAVES, RicHAKD, an orientalist and mathematician, was born at Colmore, Hants, in 1602; educated at Baliol College, Ox- ford ; and chosen professor of geometry at Gresham College, in 1630. He next went to Leyden, where he studied the Arabic lan- guage under Golius ; after whicli he tra- velled into the Levant, to purcliase manu- scripts for Archbishop Laud. He also visited Egypt, and made a survey of the pyramids ; and, in 1640, returned to England, when he was deprived of his Gresham professor- ship ; but the king gave him tliat of astro- nomy, at Oxford, which he also lost on the ruin of the royal cause. While in Egypt, he had made an accurate measurement, &c. of the principal pyramids, which he gave to the world under the title of "Pyramido- graphia ; " he also published an ingenious work, entitled "Epochae Celebriores ;" and a "Dissertation on the Roman Foot and Denarius." Died, 1652. — His brothers, Tho- mas and Edwaud, were also men of learn- ing ; the former, a good orientalist ; the latter, eminent as a physician, and createcT a baronet by Charles II. GRECOURT, Jean Baptiste Joseph ViLLART DE, a French ecclesiastic, famous as a wit and a poet, was born at Tours, in 1C84. He was a general favourite in the fashionable circles of Paris, among which he threw oflF tlie restraints of his profession to reside. lie excelled in epigrams, tales. Bonnets, and fables, a collection of which was published in 4 vols. Died, 1743. GREEN, John, bisliop of Lincoln, was born at Hull, in 1706 ; became a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge ; was elected master of Corpus Christi, in 1750 ; vice- chnncellor in 1756, and obtained the see of Lincoln, in 1764. He wrote a treatise " On Religious Enthusiasm," &c. ; and contri- buted to the "Athenian Letters." Died,1779. GREEN, Valentixe, a celebrated en- graver in mezzotinto, was a native of War- wickshire, and intended for the legal pro- fession ; but he left it for the art in which he afterwards excelled. He settled in Lon- don in 1765 ; was keeper of the Royal In- stitution, and associate of the Royal Aca- demy ; and produced many fine engravings ft-om Reynolds, West, the Dusseldorf Gal- lery, &c. He was also known as the author of a " History of Worcester," and some other works. Died, 1813. GREENE, Robert, a humorous poet in the reign of Elizabeth, was bom at Nor- wich, about 1560. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; and after mak- ing " the grand tour," took orders. But he disgraced his profession by a life of liber- tinism, and died of a surfeit, in 1592. He wrote five plays, and various tracts in prose ; among which is one, lately reprinted, with the quaint title of " A Groat's W^orth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance." GREENE, Matthew, author of "The Spleen," a clever poem, was a native of London. He held a situation in the custom house, and is described as a man of great probity and suavity of manners. Died, 1737. GREENE, Dr. Maurice, a musical com- poser, was a native of London, and brought up in the choir of St. Paul's, of which he became organist in 1718. He was after- wards appointed to the same situation in the chapel royal ; and, in 1730, was chosen professor of music in the university of Cam- bridge, from whicli he had previously ob- tained his musical degree. Besides his an- thems, which are mucli esteemed, he pro- duced several excellent catches, duets, &c. Died. 1755. GREENFIELD, William, celebrated as an oriental scholar and linguist, was editor of the "Compreliensive Bible," and made many valuable translations of the Bible into Eastern dialects. His literary acquirements were made under great difficulties, and while pursuing his dail^ occupation of a book- binder. He died m 1832, in consequence, it is said, of neological sentiments being attri- buted to him during the Trinitarian con- troversy. GREENVILLE. See Granville. GREGORY I., sumamed the Great, was born of a noble family at Rome, about the year 544. He discovered such abilities as a senator, that the emperor Justin appointed him prefect of Rome ; after which he em- braced the monastic life, in a society founded by himself. Pope Pelagius II. sent him as nuncio to Constantinople, and on his return made him apostolical secretary. He was elected successor to that pontiif in 590 ; and, among other instances of his zeal, we may mention that of his being the means of con- verting the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, by sending over some monks, under the direction of St. Augustin. Pope Gregory was pious and charitable, had lofty notions of tlie papal authority, was a reformer of the clerical discipline, and after his death was canon- ised. He is, however, accused of destroying the noble monuments of Roman magnifi- cence, and of burning a multitude of the works of ancient authors, lest the attention to heathen literature should supersede the monkish and ecclesiastical studies of the age. His works are comprised in 4 vols. Died, 604. GREGORY VII., pope, who is said to have been the son of a carpenter, and his real name Hildebrand, is chiefly memo- rable for his extension of the usurped au- thority of the popes. This he carried so far as to depose Henry IV., emperor of Germany; and to send legates into all the kingdoms of Europe, to support his pretended rights. He died in 108.5, and for ambition aiKl want of principle he has never been exceeded. GREGORY XIII. was a native of Bo- gbe] ^ ^tbi ^nihtx^Kl 38t00ra3pTj». [grb logna, and succeeded pope Pius V. in 1572. He was the most deeply versed in the canon and civil law of any in his time. He or- namented Rome with many fine buildings and fountains ; but his pontificate is chiefly memorable for the reformation of the ca- lendar, which took place under liis auspices, and bore his name. Died, 1585. GREGORY XV. was. a native of Bologna, and descended of an ancient family ; but his real name was Alexander Ludovisio. He was elected to the papal dignity in 1621 ; and was the author of several works, one of which, entitled ' Epistola ad Regem Per- garuni, Schah Abbas," particularly deserves mention. GREGORY XVI., Macro Cafellari, was born at Belluno in 1765, and succeeded Pius VIII. in the papal chair, 1831. His reign embraced a period of no ordinary interest and difficulty in the history of the church, and in the relations of the Vatican with the temporal powers of Christendom. Simple in his habits, though narrow in his ideas and timid in his manners, he nevertheless displayed great energy in conducting the affairs of the church ; but incajmble of civil government, he displayed a bigoted resistance to the practical improvements of the age ; and the volcano, on which his temporal throne rested, has since broken out with an eruption, the subsidence of which no man can foretell. Died, 184G. GREGORY, Nazianzen, St., eminent for his piety and extensive learning, was born in 324, at Nazianzum, in Cappadocia, of which place his father was bishop. He re- ceived an excellent education, which he improved at Athens, where he formed an acquaintance with St. Basil. On his return home he was ordained ; and having dis- played great theological and classical ta- lents, he was chosen bishop of Constanti- nople, which appointment was confirmed by Theodosius in 380. After filling the archi- episcopal throne for several years, he re- signed it, and returned to his native place, where he died in 889. He far excelled all his contemporaries ; and, indeed, his style has been compared to that of the most ce- lebrated orators of ancient Greece. GREGORY, king of Scotland, contem- porary with Alfred, succeeded to the throne in 883. He delivered his country from the Danes, acquired the counties of Cumber- land and Westmoreland, performed many brilliant exploits in Ireland, and built the city of Aberdeen. Died, 894. GREGORY, bishop of Neocassarea, in the Srd century, was surnamed Thaumaturgus, or the Wonder-worker, on account of the miracles which he is said to have performed. The church flourished under his care until the Dacian persecution, in 250, when he thought it prudent to retire for a time. lie was a pupil of the celebrated Origen, and appears to have been a man of learning. Died, 265. GREGORY OF Nyssa, St. was ordained bishop of Nyssa, in 372. The zeal he dis- played against the Arians excited the re- sentment of the emperor Valens, who be- longed to that sect, and he was banished ; but, on the accession of Gratian, he was restored to his see. He drew up the Kicene creed at the council of Constantinople, and died in 396. GREGORY, George, D.D., a divine and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Ireland, and born in 1754. With an intention of fol- lowing mercantile pursuits, he was placed in a counting-house at Liverpool ; and it was not till 1778 that he took orders. In 1782 he settled in London, where he obtained the curacy of Cripplegate, and was chosen even- ing preacher at the Foundling. Having written in defence of tlie Addington ad- ministration, Lord Sidmouth, in 1804, pro- cured for him the living of West Ham, in Essex, which he held till his decease. Among Dr. Gregory's works are, " Essays, Historical and Moral;" a " Church History," 2 vols. ; » The Life of Chatterton," " The Economy of Nature," 3 vols. ; " Sermons," " Letters on Pliilosophy," 2 vols. ; and a Translation of "Lowth's Lectures on Hebrew Poetry," 2 vols. Died, 1808. GREGORY, George Florence, com- monly called Gregory of Tours, a Romish saint, was bom in 544, in Auvergne. He died in 595. He was the author of a " His- tory of the Franks," in 10 books ; and other works. GREGORY, James, an eminent mathema- tician and philosopher, was born at Aberdeen, in 1{'>88. He received his education in the Ma- rischal College of his native place, where he published, in 1663, his " Treatise on Optics," in which he imparted his invention of the reflecting telescope. About 1665, he went to Padua, where he printed a work on the " Quadrature of the Circle and Hyperbola." On his return from his travels, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society of London ; and merit procured him the mathematical chair at St. Andrew's. In 1674, he removed to Edinburgh, on being appointed to the mathematical professorship ; but he held the situation only for a short time, for while showing the satellites of Jupiter to some pupils, in October 1675, he was suddenly struck blind, and died a few days after. GREGORY, David, nephew of the pre- ceding, and the inheritor of his abilites and his fame, was born at Aberdeen, in 1661, studied at Edinburgh, and became professor of mathematics in that university. He was afterwards elected Savilian professor of as- tronomy at Oxford, carrying his election against Halley, who was also a candidate for that situation. In 1695, he published his " Catoptricse et Dioptrics Sphericae Elemen- ta." His demonstration of the cui"A'e, called the catenarian, appeared, in 1697, in the Philosophical Transactions ; but his greatest work was published in 1702, and entitled " Astronomiae Physicae et Geometricae Ele- menta." It was afterwards translated into English, in 2 vols. 8vo. Dr. Gregory died while engaged in superintending an edition of Apollonius's Conies, in 1710. GREGORY, James, M.D. andF.R.S., was born at Aberdeen in 1753, and was long one of the brightest ornaments of the university of Edinburgh. He was the author of " Phi- losophical and Literary Essays," 2 vols ; "CuUen's First Lines of the Practice of Physic, with Notes," 2 vols. ; and " Con- gke] ^ ^ettj SluibcriSaT aStograpT)!?. [gke spectus Mediciuae Theoreticse," 2 vols. Died, 1821. GREGORY, John, M.D. a physician and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1724, at Aberdeen ; studied at Edinburgh and Leyden ; became professor of pliilosopliy at Aberdeen, and afterwards professor of physic at Edin- burgh ; and was appointed first pliysician to the king for Scotland. His works are, " A Comparative View of the State and Faculties of Man with those of the Animal World," " Observations on the Duties and OfBces of a Physician," " Elements of the Practice of Physic," and " A Father's Legacy to his Daughters." Died, 1773. GREGORY, Olinthus, IX. D., was born at Yaxley, in Huntingdonshire, in 1774. He commenced his literary career at the age of 19 ; but the works whicli chiefly brought him into notice were his "Treatise on Astronomy " and the " Pantalogia," a com- prehensive dictionary of the arts and sciences, of which he undertook the general editor- ship. Through the interest of his friend Dr. Ilutton, he was appointed, in 1802, mathematical master at the royal military academy, Woolwich ; in which establish- ment he eventually obtained the professor's chair, filling it with reputation until he was obliged through ill-health, brought on by intense study, to resign it in IHSS. Besides the works above mentioned, and many others. Dr. Gregory was the author of "Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigono- metry," "Mathematics for Practical Men," " Letters to a Friend, on the Evidences, Doctrines, and Duties of the Christian Re- ligion," 2 vols., and "Memoirs of the Life, Writings, &c. of the late John Mason Good, M. P." His original papers and editorial labours, also, on difterent branches of art and science, were numerous ; and from the year 1817 he had the whole of the general superintendence of the almanacks published by the stationers' company. Died, 1841. GHEGORIE, IIexky, Count, bishop of Blois, a French prelate, distinguished by his love of democracy, no less than by his in- flexible integrity and active philanthropy, was born in 1750, at Vatro, near Luneville. In 1789, he was nominated by the clergy of his province a member of the states-general; and in the constituent assembly he distin- guished himself by the boldness of his opi- nions relative to civil and religious liberty. He was among the first of the clergy who Bwore fidelity to the constitution ; but during the reign of terror, when the Bishop of Paris abdicated his office, and several of the clergy abjured Christianity, the Bishop of Blois stood forward as the supporter of the reli- gion of his country, undaunted by the exe- crations of infidel regicides, and the horrors of the blood-stained guillotine. He also op- posed the accession of the first consul to the throne of France ; and he, alone, objected to the obsequious address of the senate to the new sovereign. On the restoration of the Bourbons, he was excluded from the Insti- tute, and deprived of his bishopric. He spent the remainder of his life in retirement, and died at Paris, in 1831. As a literary cha- racter, the constitutional Bishop of Blois was also distinguished. Among liia writings are, "Essai sur I'Am^lioration Politique, Phy- sique, et Morale des Juifs ;" " Memoires en favcur des Gens de Couleur, ou Sang-mSltSs de St. Domingue;" "Essai Historique sur les Liberties de I'Eglise Gallicane'," "Les Ruines de Port Royal," &c. GREIG, Samuel Carlowitz, an eminent naval officer in the Russian service, was a native of Scotland, and first served in the navy of Great Britain : distinguishing him- self at the defeat of Conttans, by Admiral Hawke, the taking of the Ilavannah, and several other engagements. After the peace of 1703, he entered into the Russian service ; and, at the battle of Chio, contributed greatly, by his advice and exertions, to the destruc- tion of the whole of the Turkish fleet. Sensible of his great professional merit, the empress promoted him to the chief command of the Russian navy, gave him an estate in Livonia, and honoured him with many other marks of her favour. Died, 1788. GRENFEL, Pascok, an eminent mer- chant, and for many years an active mem- ber of the British parliament, where his efforts in favour of the abolition of slavery, and the opposition generally manifested by him to the i)roceedings of the Bank of Eng- land, rendered him a prominent character. He was also governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Company. Born, 17(52; died, 1838. GRENVILLE,Geokoe, an English states- man in the reigns of George II. and III., was younger brother of Richard Grenville, Earl Temple, and the father of Lord Gren- ville. He entered parliament as member for Buckinghamshire, and was distinguished for his eloquence. He successively filled the situations of treasurer of the navy, first lord of the admiralty, and first lord of the treasury. In 1763, he became chancellor of the ex- chequer, but, in 176.5, he resigned his post to the Marquis of Rockingham. His adminis- tration having been violently attacked by the press, he published "Considerations on tlie Commerce and Finances of England, and on the Measures taken by the Minis- ters," &c. in its defence. He died in 1770. GRENVILLE, Rt. Hon. William Wysd- iiAM, Lord, third son of the preceding, was born in 1759. On completing his studies at Oxford, he entered one of the inns of court, with an intention of studying for the bar ; but forming an early acquaintance with Mr. Pitt, it caused him to abandon all thoughts of the law, and seek distinction in the senate. In 1782 he accompanied Earl Temple to Ire- land as his secretary, and after a stay of only one year, he succeeded Mr. Burke in the office of paymaster-general of the army. He began his parliamentary career as the representative for Buckinghamshire, filled tlie speaker's chair 6 months, and then suc- ceeded Lord Sidney as secretary for the home department. In 1790 he was raised to the peerage, and in the following year made secretary of state for foreign affairs. The revolutionary principles of that period were making rapid progress, and it appeared to Lord Grenville that a war with France was inevitable. Acting on this opinion, he re- fused to admit the visits of the ambassadors from the French Directory, which being contrary to the opinion of Mr. Pitt, his lord- ore] ^ ^eftj ^niber^al JStograjpf)!?. [gee ship resigned, and was succeeded in his office by Lord Dundas. He signalised himself as a powerful orator on the debate following the bill for " providing for the better secu- rity of his majesty's person;" which had been introduced in consequence of the king haWng been grossly treated by the mob on his way to the parliament house. Lord Grenville took an active part in promoting the union with Ireland, and joined with Mr. Pitt in favourable intimations to the Catho- lics ; and when, afterwards, ministers found that there were strong reasons why those in- timations could not be fulfilled, they resigned. Lord Grenville then took part with the op- position, and adhered to that party till the death of Mr. Pitt, in 1806. In the cabinet which followed that event, he was made first lord of the treasury, which office he held but for a short period ; and he lost his popularity by filling, at the same time, the office of auditor. On the dissolution of the ministry, his lordship principally confined his senatorial exertions to the cause of Ca- tholic emancipation, for which he was always a steady and consistent advocate. He was distinguished for his general literary attain- ments, as well as for his political knowledge; and he held the office of cliancellor of the university of Oxford ; to which, on his death, in 1834. the Duke of Wellington was elected. GREPPI, Charles, an Italian dramatist, was born at Bologna, in 1751. He quitted the profession of an advocate to write for the stage, became a zealous liberal, and held considerable offices under the Cisalpine re- public. He wrote several comedies and tra- gedies, besides poems. Died, 1811. GRESHAM, Sir Thomas, a patriotic merchant and citizen of London, the son of Sir Richard Gresham, a merchant and lord mayor of London, was bom in 1519, and educated at Cambridge. On leaving the university he was placed under his uncle. Sir John Gresham ; and being designed for a mercantile life, was enrolled a member of the mercers' company. His father had been the king's agent at Antwerp ; and the person who succeeded him having mismanaged the royal affairs there, Sir Thomas was sent over, in 1552, to retrieve them. This he did so effectually, that in 2 years he paid off a heavy loan, and raised the king's credit con- siderably. Elizabeth, on her accession, re- moved him from his office, but soon restored it, and knighted him. He now planned and erected a burse or exchange for the merchants of London, in imitation of that of Antwerp ; and in 1570 it was opened by the queen in person, who dined with the founder, and named it the Royal Exchange. Sir Thomas was also anxious to promote the interests of science ; for which purpose he determined on founding a college. Having built a mansion in Bishopsgate Street for his town residence, he directed by his will that it should be con- verted into habitations and lecture-rooms for seven professors or lecturers on the seven liberal sciences, who were to receive a salary out of the revenues of the Royal Exchange; but Gresham College has since been converted into the general excise office, and the lectures are now given in a room over the exchange. This munificent patron of commerce and 370 science also founded various almshouses, and made many charitable bequests ; and his liberality, together with the situation he held, universally procured for him the name of " the royal merchant." He died in 1579. GRESSET, Jean Baptiste Louis, a French poet and dramatist, bom in 1709 ; entered the society of Jesuits, but withdrew from them at the age of 2(5. For a long time he excited the admiration of Parisian circles, wrote some elegant poems, became a member of the academy, and was the companion of the wits and literati of the French capital ; but at length he renounced his favourite pursuits, and retired from the gay world, to enjoy the tranquillity of retirement. Died, 1777. His literary fame rests principally on his " Ver Vert," his " Chartreuse," and " Le M^chant." GRETREY, ANDnfi Erneste Modeste, an eminent musical composer, was born, in 1744, at Liege ; and such was the precocity of his talents and the sweetness of his voice, that his future fame was very early pre- dicted. He first studied under Moreau, then went to Rome, and finally settled at Paris in 1768. He produced upwards of 40 operas, of which about 20 retain possession of the stage, and 2 of them, " Zemire et Azor " and " Richard Coeur de liion," have been trans- lated, and played in London with success. Died, 1813. GREVILLE, Fplke, lord Brooke, a patron of letters and an ingenious writer, was born in 1554, and descended from the noble families of Neville, Beauchamp, and Willoughby de Brooke. He was in great favour with Elizabeth, and was created lord Brooke by James I., who gave him Warwick Castle. In 1614 he was made under- trea- surer, chancellor of the exchequer, and one of the privy council. He founded a history lecture at Cambridge. This accomplished nobleman was stabbed by a servant, named Haywood, whom he had reprimanded for an insolent expression ; after which the assassin committed suicide with the same weapon. This was in 1628. After his death appeared several of his poetical works, and the life of his friend Sir Philip Sidney, written by him. GREW, Nehemiah, a leamed physician and botanist, born at Coventry, in 1628. He was one of the first who illustrated the doc- trine of the sexes of plants. Died, 1711. GREY, Charles, Earl, a British states- man, distinguished for his senatorial abilities generally, but more especially for his long and inflexible advocacy of parliamentary reform, was bom at Falloden, near Alnwick, March 15. 1764. He received his education at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, en- tered parliament at the age of 21, as member for Northumberland ; and espousing Whig politics with all the vehemence of youth, he soon ranked among the most prominent of that party. To detail the chief events of his public life from its commencement, would be like writing the parliamentary history of England for that period. We can therefore only say, in brief, that he was almost con- stantly occupied in the discussion of the most important questions that engaged the attention of parliament. At the onset of his qre] ^ ^eti) ^utbrri^al Ui0srap]bfi» [gri career, his oratorical powers were displayed as one of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings ; and from that time he always held a conspicuous station among the Wliigs. At that period also he was fore- most among the leaders of the great political confederation styled " The Friends of the People," from which even Charles Fox thought it prudent to stand aloof. The war of the French revolution had now com- menced ; and at a time when most men of property, rank, or influence in this country considered it their duty to quench the revo- lutionary furor that was widely spreading, Mr. Grey, by constantly opposing tlie vigor- ous measures brought forward by the mi- nister, Mr. Pitt, appeared to uphold prin- ciples which seemed to threaten our existence as an independent nation. But when in January, 180(3, Mr. Pitt was removed from the helm of state by deatli, Mr. Grey took office, under Mr. Fox, as first lord of the admiralty ; and when, in the following October, the great Whig leader died, Lord Howick (for he had tlien so become) was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs. The Whig ministry was soon after dismissed ; parliament was dissolved ; and, on the death of Lord Grey's fatlier, in 1807, he removed to the Upper House. On several occasions, subsequently, negotiations were entered into to promote such a union among the leading men of both parties as should give public contidence and satisfaction, but insuperable ditticulties presented themselves. The Perceval administration was succeeded, in 1812, by that of Lord Liverpool ; and, on his retirement in 1827, Lord Grey declined to support Mr. Canning, Lord Liverpool's successor. But on the sudden termination of tlie W^ellington administration, in 1830, a fairer field seemed to lie before liim ; and, in obedience to his sovereign's wisli, he as- sumed the reins of government, and had the satisfaction, during his four years of office, to see two of the great measures for which he long contended, triumphantly carried, namely, parliamentary reform and tlie abolition of slavery. After his retirement from office, he took no part in politics. Died, July 17. 1845, aged 81. GREY, Lady Jane, an illustrious female, whose accomplisliments and misfortunes have rendered her an especial object of in- terest, was the daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset (afterwards duke of Suffolk), by the Lady Frances, daugliter of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary, younger sister of Henry VIII. Slie was born in 1537, at Bradgate, her father's seat in Leicestershire ; and early in life tave proofs of talents of a superior order, he wrote an incomparable hand ; played well on diflferent instruments ; and acquired a knowledge of the Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, as well as of the French and Italian languages. Roger Ascham has given a beautiful and affecting narrative of his interview with her at Bradgate, where he found her reading Plato's Phaedo in Greek, while the family were amusing themselves in the park. In 1551 lier fatlier was created Duke of Suffolk ; and at this time Lady Jane Grey was much at court, w^here the ambitious Duke of Northumberland pro- jected a marriage between her and his son. Lord Guildford Dudlev, which tot)k place at the end of May, 1553. Soon after this Edward "VI. died, having been prevailed upon, in his last illness, to settle the crown upon the Lady Jane, who reluctantly ac- cepted the crown, and was proclaimed with great pomp. This gleam of royalty, how- ever, was of short duration ; for the pageant reign lasted but nine days. The kingdom was dissatisfied, and the nobility indignant at the presumption of Northumberland ; so that Mary soon overcame her enemies, and was not backward in taking ample revenge. The Duke of Northumberland was beheaded; and Lady Jane and her husband were ar- raigned, convicted of treason, and sent to the Tower. After being confined some time, the council resolved to put these innocent victims of a parent's unprincipled ambition to death. Lord Guildford suflfered first ; and as he passed her window, his lady gave him her last adieu. Immediately afterwards she was executed on the same scaffold i suffering with calm resignation, and a firm attachment to the Protestant religion, Feb. 12. 15,>4. GREY, Dr. Richard, a learned English divine, was bom in 1093. He was educated at Lincoln College, Oxford. He obtained successively the livings of Kilncote, Lei- cester, and Uinton in Northamptonshire ; and a prebend in St. Paul's Cathedral. His principal works are, " Memoria Technica, or a new Method of Artificial Memory ; " " A System of English Ecclesiastical Law," " A new and easy Method of learning He- brew, without Points," &c. Died, 1771. GREY, Dr. Zachauv, an English divine, well known for his edition of Iludibras. He also published " Notts on Shakspeare," 2 vols. ; and an " Answer to Neale's History of the Puritans," in 3 vols. Died, 1766, aged 79. GRIESBACH. Jony James, an eminent German theologian, born in 1745, at Butz- hach, in the duchy of Hesse Darmstadt. He studied successively at Frankfort, Tu- bingen, Halle, and Leipsic ; became rector of the university of Jena, and ecclesiastical privy councillor to the Duke of Saxe- Wei- mar ; and died in 1812. His works, which are too numerous to particularise here, pos- sess great erudition ; but the most valuable is an edition of the Greek Testament, with various readings. GRIFFIER, John, known by the appel- lation of Old Griffier, an eminent painter, was born at Amsterdam in 16.">8, and died at London in 1718. He succeeded chiefly in landscapes, and painted several views on the Thames. He also etched prints of birds and beasts. His son Robert, called the Younger Griffler, was born in England, and was a good landscape painter, though not equal to his father. GRIFFITH, Elizabeth, a native of Wales, who jointly with her husband wrote two novels, entitled "Delicate Distress," "The Gordian Knot," and "The Letters of Henry and Frances." She also produced several works of her sole composition, among wliich are, " Lady Juliana Harley," 371 GRi] ^ ^cia Winibtt^aX 28t0ffrapljji. [gki " The Morality of Shakspeare's Drama illus- trated," and some plays. Died, 1793. GRIMALDI. The Grimaldi family have ever been of great importance in Genoa, and many of its members are conspicuous in the history of that republic. — 1. Ranieei Grimaldi was the first Genoese who con- ducted the naval forces of the republic be- yond the Straits of Gibraltar. In the service of Philip the Fair of France, Grimaldi sailed to Zealand, in 1304, with 16 Genoese galleys and 20 French ships under his command ; and defeated and made prisoner the Count Guy of Flanders, wlio commanded the enemy's fleet of 80 sail. — 2. Antonio Gri- maldi was also a distinguished naval com- mander. His victories over the Catalonians and Arragonese, who had committed aggres- sions on the Genoese, for a long time gave the latter a decided maritime ascendancy ; but at length, in 1353, the Catalonians, assisted by the Venetians, under the com- mand of Nicholas Pisani, gave him battle, and nearly destroyed his whole fleet — 3. Giovanni Grimaldi is celebrated for the victory he gained over the Venetian admiral Trevesaui, on the Po. in 1431 ; when, in sight of Carmagnola's army, he succeeded in taking 28 galleys, and a great number of transports, with immense spoils — 4. Dome- Nico Grimaldi, cardinal, archbishop, and vice-legate of Avignon, was eminent both as a naval commander and as a zealous ex- tirpator of heresy from the Romish Church. At the battle of Lepanto, in 1571, though a bishop at the time, he is said to have distin- fuished himself by his skill and courage — . Geronimo Grimaldi, born in 1597, was sent by Urban VIII. as nuncio to Germany and France ; and the services he rendered the Roman court were rewarded, in 1G43, by a cardinal's hat. His whole career was highly honourable. He was bishop of Aix, and endeavoured to reform the manners of the clergy in his diocese, by establishing an ecclesiastical seminary ; he also founded an hospital for the poor, and annually dis- tributed 100,000 livres of his vast property in alms. He died at Aix, in 1(585, aged 89. GRIMALDI, Francesco Maria, a learned Jesuit and an eminent mathematician, was born at Bologna, in 1G13. He assisted Riccioli in his scientific labours ; and was the author of " Physico-mathesis de Lumine Coloribus et Iride, aliisque aiinexis," &c. Died, 1663. GRIMALDI, Giovanni, an eminent painter, also called Bolognese, was born at Bologna, in 1606. He studied under Annibal Caracci, to whom he was related ; and be- came distinguished chiefly as a landscape painter, though he was also employed on historical subjects, particularly in the Va- tican. Nor was he merely a painter ; as an architect he was greatly distinguished, and as an engraver also liis merit was conspi- cuous. Cardinal Mazarin invited him to Paris, where he enjoyed a pension, and was much noticed by Louis XIII. He died at Rome in 1680. GRIMALDI, Joseph, an unrivalled pan- tomimic clown, born in 1779, was the son of Signior Grimaldi, an artiste, noted for his humour and eccentricities, who by day followed the profession of a dentist, and by night that of ballet-master at Drury Lane. For a period of 40 years, "Grimaldi the clown" delighted the laughter-loving au- diences of Drury Lane, Covent Garden, and Sadler's Wells, with a rich and (paradoxical as the term may seem) intellectual species of buffoonery, peculiarly his own — pourtraying to the life all that is grotesque in manners, or droll in human action. Died, 1837. GRIMALDI, William (Marquis Gri- maldi, of Genoa), was born, in 1785, in Westminster, and in early life entered into the service of the East India Company, but afterwards held a situation in the war- office at the Horse Guards. In 1828 he travelled in search of his hereditary rights, and discovered that he was sole heir of the late Marquis of Grimaldi ; but he never enjoyed any advantage from it, being at- tacked by a flt of apoplexy while at his prayers. GRIMANI, Dominic, a cardinal, was born, in 1460, at Venice, of which city his father was doge. The son was, in conse- quence, employed in many negotiations ; and in 1493 was raised to the cardinal dig- nity, by Alexander VI., as a reward for his filial piety in oflTering to become a prisoner instead of his father, who had fallen under popular displeasure, by having been defeated in an action with the Turks. Died, 1523. GRIMBALD, St., a learned ecclesiastic of the 9th century, who was invited over from Flanders by Alfred the Great. He brought with him several learned associates, and settled at Oxford ; but disputes arising between the strangers and the students before placed there, he retired to a monas- tery, founded by Alfred, at Winchester. It is supposed that he was skilful as an archi- tect, and that the crypt of St. Peter's Church, Oxford, is his work. GRIMM, Frederic Melciiior, Baron de, counsellor of state of the Russian empire, and a man of letters, was born, in 1723, at Ratisbon. Going to Paris, he became prin- cipal secretary to the Duke of Orleans, and acquainted with Rousseau and other Parisian philosophers ; an account of whose writings, friendships, disputes, &c., has been preserved in liis " Correspondence," which extraordi- nary medley, after a lapse of 30 years, was published in 16 vols. In 1776, being ap- pointed envoy from the Duke of Saxe-Gotha to the French court, he was honoured with the title of baron, and invested with several orders. On the revolution breaking out, he retired to the court of Gotha, where he found a safe asylum. In 1795, the empress of Russia made him her minister plenipoten- tiary to the states of Lower Saxony ; and he was confirmed in that post by Paul I., and retained it till ill health obliged him to relinquish it. He then returned to Gotha, ■v^^here he died, in 1807. GRIMOARD, Count Philip de, a French diplomatist, general, and author, descended from an ancient family, one of whose mem- bers was pope Urban V. Louis XVI. en- trusted him with a negotiation in Holland ; and on his return he formed the plans, offensive and defensive, for the campaign of 1792. The fall of the king interrupted 372 GRi] ^ ^tbi Winibtvial 23tosr«JP5J?« [gro his career, and he retired to private life, devoting himself to literature. He wrote "Essai Th^orique et Pratique sur les Bat- tailes," " Recherches sur la Force de I'Armt'e Francaise," &c.; and "Tableau Historique de la Guerre de la Revolution de France," 1808, in conjunction with General Servan ; of which work only 3 vols, were published, when it was suppressed by order of Buona- parte. Died, 181.5. GRIMSTON, SirllARBOTTLE, an eminent English lawyer in the time of Cromwell, was bom in Essex, about l.'>94. He studied in Lincoln's Inn, and in 1638 became re- corder of Colchester, for which place he was also returned to parliament in 1640. He acted for some time in opposition to the king, but disapproved of the violent mea- sures to which his party had recourse, and after the king's death he went abroad. In 1660 he was chosen speaker of what was called "the healing parliament," and he was one of the commissioners who waited on Charles II. at Breda ; on whose restora- tion he was made master of the rolls. He published the " Reports of Sir George Croke," and died in 1683. GRINDAL, Edmund, archbishop of Can- terbury, was bom at Hensingham, in Cum- berland, in 1519. In 1.5.59, he was chosen master of Pembroke Hall, and the same year preferred to the see of London ; in 1570 he was translated to York ; and in 1575 to Canterbury. Two years afterwards he was suspended from his archicpiscopal functions, for refusing to obey queen Eliza- beth's order to suppress prophesyings, or associations of the clergy to expound the scriptures. At length his sequestration was taken off, though he never completely re- covered the royal favour. He contributed to " Fox's Acts and Monuments," and founded the celebrated school of St. Bee's, in Cum- berland. He was a man of great learning, piety, and moderation ; and an ornament to the church of which he was a prelate. Died, 1583. GRISAI7NT, William, an English phy- sician, astronomer, and mathematician, in the 14th century. He was suspected of ma- gic, and retired to France, where he dedi- cated himself to the study of medicine. His son became pope Urban "V. GROCYN, William, a distinguished classical scholar, bom at Bristol, in 1442, and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. He was the friend of Dean Colet, tlie tutor of Erasmus, and god-father to Lilly the grammarian. A Latin epistle of his to Aldus Manutius is prefixed to Linacre's translation of Proclus de Sphaera. GROHMANN, John Godfrey, a native of Upper Lusatia, and a lecturer on philo- sophy at the university of Leipsic. As a compiler and translator, particularly of works relating to the fine arts, he was both able and industrious. Among his labours are — " A New Historico-Biographical Dic- tionary," 7 vols. ; " An abridged Dictionary of the Fine Arts," 2 vols. ; " Vestiges of Egyptian Architecture ; " "A Dictionary of Civil Architecture," &c. Died, 1805. GROLI^IER, John, a patrou of learned 373 men, was bom at Lyons, in 1479. He was grand treasurer to Francis I., who sent him on an embassy to Rome, where he employed the Aldnses to print some classics for him. He also made a large collection of valuable books, and settled pensions on many emi- nent scholars. Died, 1,565. GRONOV, or GRONOVIUS, John Fre- deric, an emdite writer, born at Hamburgh, in 1611. He studied at Leipsic and Jena ; travelled through France, Holland, and England ; and became professor of belles lettres at Leyden, where he died in 1671. With extensive knowledge he combined indefatigable industry, a modest opinion of his own merit, and amiable manners. He published a number of classics, with valu.ible notes and improved readings ; of which " Commentarius de Sesterciis," and his edi- tion of Hugo Grotius's work, " De Jure Belli et Pacis," will serve as instances. GRONOVIUS, James, son of the preced- ing, was born at Deventer, in 1645. He was educated entirely under his father, whom he surpassed in learning, though he fell short of him in modesty and liberality. After studying the civil law, he visited England, where he resided some months in both uni- versities ; and, on his return to Leyden, published an edition of Macrobius, and an- other of Poly bins. In 1672 he went to France, an<l from thence to Italy, where the Grand-duke of Tuscany gave him a pen- sion, and obtained for him a professorship at Pisa. This he held two years, and then returned to Leyden ; and was .appointed to the professorship of belles letters and geo- graphy in that university. His acquire- ments in criticism and philology were very extensive ; he compiled the valuable " The- saurus Antiquitatum Graecarum," 13 vols, folio ; and edited a variety of classics. Died, 1716. GROS, Antoine Jean, Baron, a distin- guished French painter, professor of painting at the Ecole Royale des Beaux Arts, was bom at Paris, 1771. His pencil was chiefly devoted to the illustration of subjects from the history of France during the career of Napoleon ; and his pictures, though coarse, are conspicuous for vigour and facility of execution. Died, 1835. GROSE, Francis, an eminent English antiquary, was born in 1731, at Richmond, in Surrey. His father was a jeweller, and left him a good fortune, which he soon spent, and became adjutant and pay-master in the Surrey militia. He was remarkable for his wit and humour, and of a generous disposi- tion, but his imprudences involved him in great difficulties ; to clear himself from which, he published his " Views of Antiqui- ties in England and Wales," 8 vols. 4to. The success of this elegant work induced him to make a tour of Scotland with the same object ; and before he had completed this publication, he went to Ireland, with the design of surveying and sketching the antiquities of that kingdom, but while thus employed he died, at Dublin, in 1791. Be- i sides his " Antiquities," he published a I " Treatise on Ancient Armour and Wea- pons," "Military Autiquities," and other works. GUO] ^ 0t^ Uniber^Kl MoQVKpfi}). [gru GROSLEY, PiEKKE Jkan, a French writer, born at Troyes, in 1718. lie was educated for the legal profession, but de- clined it for the belles lettres. lie was the author of many works ; among which are, " Essais Historiques sur la Champagne " and " Observations sur I'Angleterre," 2 vols. Died, 1785. GROSSETESTE, or GROSTHEAD, Ro- bert, an English prelate, was born at Stradbrook, in Suffolk, about 1175, and died in 1253. His " Opuscula Varia " were pub- lished at Venice in 1514, and his " Comjien- dium Sphasrae Mundi " in 1508. Some of his discourses and letters are extant. GROSSMANN, Gustavus Fuederic William, a celebrated actor and dramatist, born at Berlin, in 174(;. He was originally employed in some subordinate diplomatic situations at Warsaw and Berlin ; but having become acquainted with Lessing at the latter place, an accidental hint from that celebrated writer induced him to try his fortune as a dramatist ; and he wrote seve- ral successful plays. He afterwards became an actor and manager ; manifesting consi- derable talents, and effecting many reform- ations in the German stage ; but his bad success as a manager led to habits of in- temperance, and involved him in great dis- tress. Died, 1796. GROTIUS, or DE GROOT, Hugo, an eminent scholar and statesman, was born at Delft, in Holland, in 1583. He was de- scended from a noble family, received an excellent education, and gave early mani- festations of surprising talents. In 1599 he commenced his career as a legal advocate, and also as an author ; and he was succes- sively appointed historiographer, advocate- general of Holland and Zealand, a member of the states-general, and envoy to Eng- land. Hitherto his life had been marked by splendour, but now it began to be clouded by the part which he took in the Arminian controversy. In 1613 he became syndic, or pensioner, of Rotterdam ; and, declaring himself on the side of Bameveldt, he sup- ported him, and the cause of the Arminians, by his pen and influence. But he narrowly escaped the fate of Bameveldt, who suf- fered on the scaffold, and received sentence of imprisonment for life in the fortress of Louvestein. From tliis, however, at the expiration of 18 months, which he had em- ployed in writing his celebrated "Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion," he succeeded in escaping. This was effected by the management of his wife, who con- trived to have him carried out of the castle in a chest that had been used for the con- veyance of books and linen. Grotius at first sought an asylum in France ; and it was during his residence there that he composed his great work, "De Jure Belli et Pacia." After an absence of 12 years, he returned to his native country, relying on the favour of Frederic Henry, prince of Orange, who had written him a sympathising letter. But, by the influence of his enemies, he was condemned to perpetual banishment. He passed the remnant of his life in the di- plomatic service of Sweden, and died, at Rostock, in 1645. With the talents of the most able statesman, Hugo Grotius united deep and extensive learning. He was a pro- found theologian, a distinguished scholar, an acute philosopher, a profound jurist, and an erudite historian. Among his works not mentioned above, may be noticed, " De Antiquitate Reipublicae Biitavisc," "Insti- tutions of the Laws of Holland," a " History of the Goths," &c. GROTO, Lewis, an Italian poet, sur- named II Cieco, was bom at Adria, in 1541. He was blind from his infancy ; notwith- standing which he displayed an uncommon facility for learning, and at the age of 14 delivered public orations at "Venice. He died in 1585, having a short time before performed the part of OEdipus in a play at Vicenza, with great reputation. GROUCHY, Emanuel, Marquis of, a dis- tinguished marshal of France, and a scion of a noble Norman family, was born at Paris, 1766. In 1789 he was a sub-lieutenant of the royal gardes du corps ; but embracing the new ideas, he took part in the wars of the revolution, and gained great distinction, especially in the Alps and La Vendee, where he was named general of division in 1793. The decree which deprived all the nobles of France of military rank fell heavily upon him ; but nothing daunted he joined the army as a private, and his distinguished gallantry soon led to his restoration. Despatched in 1798 to the army of Italy, under the command of Joubert, he planned the abdication of the king of Sardinia, and thus united Piedmont to France. He took a glorious part in the battle of Novi, where he received 14 wounds, and fell into the enemy's hands. His bravery was no less conspicuous on the fields of Hohenlinden, Eylau, Friedland, Wagram, Moscow, &c. J and he obtained the marshal's baton from the hands of the emperor shortly before his abdication. During the hundred days he was opposed to the Duke d'Angou- Ifeme in the south, and made him prisoner. He was then summoned into Belgium, where he played an important part. He had al- ready carried the villages of Fleurus (June 16.) and Ligny (June 17.), and was marching according to his instructions in pursuit of Blucher with a body of 30,000 men, when the battle of Waterloo was fought. Not getting instructions in time, he could not take part in the battle, and his absence may in some measure be said to have decided the fortune of the day. At the restoration, his title of marshal was not acknowledged, and remained so till 1830, a year which righted a good many wrongs. In 1832 he was created a peer. Died, 1847. GROVE, Henry, a dissenting minister, . born at Taunton, Somersetshire, in 1683. He was the author of several religious works; ' among which are "An Essay towards a I Demonstration of the Soul's Immortality," " The Evidence of our Saviour's Resurrec- tion," " Wisdom the First Spring of Action in the Deity," &c. Died, 1738. GRUBENM ANN, John Ulric and John, two Swiss mechanics, who having been brought up as carpenters, devoted their en- tire attention to the construction of wooden bridges without the support of piers. The most extraordinary of these were at Reich- gry] ^ iitbi Huibcrtfal ISurgtiqjTjjj, [gub enau, Wettingen, and Schaft'hausen ; the latter, over the Rhine, being nearly 400 feet long. During the campaign of 1799 they were all destroyed by the French. The ingenious builders died about tlie end of the 18th century. GRYPUIUS, Andrew, a celebrated Ger- man dramatist, was born at Glogau, in 1616. He was called tlic Corneille of Germany, and his tragedies acquired great popularity. He also wrote a keen satire on tlie old come- dies of his countrymen, and produced some smart epigrams. Died, 1664. GRYPHIUS, Sebastian, a printer in the 16th century, who settled at Lyons, and was distinguished for the beauty of his Greek and Hebrew types. Died, 1556. GUA, JouN Paul DE, a French ecclesiastic, was born in Languedoc, in 1712. He laid the plan of the Encyclopt'die, and wrote a numlier of mathematical papers in the Me- moirs of the Academy ; besides which he translated some Euglisli works into French. Died, 1785. GUALDO PRIORATO, Gai.easso, an Italian historian, born at Vicenza, in 160(! ; author of a " History of the Troubles in France," an " Account of the Administra- tion of Cardinal Mazarin," and hii "Life," a " History of the Wars of the Emperors Ferdinand II. and III.," &c. Died, 1678. GUARINI, Battista, a celebrated Ita- lian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1537. He was secretary to Alphonso, duke of Ferrara; next, to Ferdinand de Medici, grand-duke of Tuscany ; and, subsequently, to the Duke of Urbino. He was well acquainted with polite literature ; wrote several admired poems ; but his chief composition is his pastoral drama, entitled "II Pastor Fido." Died, 1612. GUARINI, GUARINO, a native of Verona, descended of an illustrious family, and cele- brated as having been tlie first who taught Greek after the restoration of letters in Europe. Died, 1460. GUAY-TROUIN, Rf-N^ du, a French naval officer, was born at St. Maloes, in 1673. He commanded a slilp at the age of 18, and had great success on the coast of Ireland, but at last fell in the hands of some English cruisers, and was carried into Ply- mouth ; from whence he made his escape, and in a short time renewed his depredations in the British Channel, and also on the coast of Spain. In 1709 he was ennobled, and two years afterwards he made himself master of Rio Janeiro. Died, 1706. GUDIN DE LA BRENELLERIE, Paul Philip, a French dramatist and miscel- laneous writer, bom in 1738. Among his works are " Observations on Good Manners," "On the Progress of the Arts under Louis XV.," "The Conquest of Naples," 3 vols. ; several tragedies, poems, &<;. Died, 1812. GUELF, or GUELPH (from the Italian Guelji and the German fVel/en), the name of a celebrated family, which, in the 11th century, was transplanted from Italy to Germany, where it became the ruling race of several countries. The family still con- tinues in the two lines of Brunswick — the royal in England, and the ducal in Ger- many. The memory of this ancient name was revived by the foundation of the Hano- verian Guelphic order. GUERCINO (properly Gianfrance.sco BAiiBiEUi, but surnnmed Gucrcino da Cento from his squinting), was a celebrated painter, bom at Cento, near Bologna, in 1590. He studied under Cremonini and Gennori ; but adopted two or three styles in succession, and afterwards perfected himself in the school of I<odovico Caracci. He executed 106 altar-pieces for churches, and 144 histo- rical pieces, besides numerous performances in fresco ; in short, such was the uncommon rapidity of his pencil, that, having been re- quested by some monks, on the eve of a festival, to paint Jehovah for the grand altar, he finished the picture in one niglit by torch light. The Duke of Mantua conferred on him the honour of knighthood ; and several sovereigns endeavoured, in vain, to draw him into their service. He died in 16<i6, very rich, notwithstanding he had expended large sums in building chapels, founding hospitals, and other acts of charity and devotion. GUERICKE, Otto von, a distinguished exi)erimental philosopher, was bom, 1602 ; studied at Leipsic, Jena, and Leyden ; tra- velled in France and England ; and settled at Magdeburgh, where he eventually became burgomaster. He invented the air-pump, and in 1654 made the first public experi- ments with his machine at the diet at Ra- tisbon, before the emperor Ferdinand III., several electors, and other estates of the empire. The pressure of the atmosphere he exhibited by means of two large hollow hemispheres of copjier and brass, an ell in diameter. These being fitted closely toge- ther, the air contained in the hollow sphere thus formed was exhausted by means of an air-pump. Guericke then harnessed horses to strong rings, attached to the hemispheres, and they attempted in vain to separate them. The number of the horses was increased to 30 without success : but an additional num- ber at length made them separate with a loud report. His electrical and astronomical knowledge also was considerable. Died, 1686. GUERRERO, Vicente, elected president of the United Mexican States, in 1829, was by birth a Creole. At the very commence- ment of the revolution in Mexico he took arms against the royalists, and never ceased to occupy a prominent position in the affairs of that country. On repeated occasions, from 1819 to 1828, General Guerrero became the rallying point of the liberal or popular party, the Yorkinos, and was repeatedly called into active service in his military capacity. Having been successful in various contests with the aristocratical party, he at length, in 1829, was elected to the presidency. The expedition of Barradas soon gave em- ployment to the new government ; and the better to enable the president to meet the exigency, he was invested with extraordinary powers ; but after the victory over the Spanish troops, and when the invading ex- pedition was destroyed, Guerrero evinced an unwillingness to relinquish the dictatorship, which became the pretext of another revo- lution ; and Bustamente, the vice-president, 375 que] ^ sJ^cU) ^nibti'^^l 2Si0srapTjD. [gtti assumed the reins of government. Guerrero, however, was not long idle : in September, 1830, he collected a large force at Valladolid, and established a form of government in I opposition to that of Bustamente, and the whole country was agitated by troops in arms. But his career was almost run. In February, 1831, he was taken, and shot. GUEVARA, Louis Velkz de las Duenas T, a Spanish dramatist and romance writer, was born, in 1574, at Ecija, in Andalusia. He was an advocate, and by his flashes of wit often drew forth peals of laughter from the court. He was a great favourite of Philip IV., who, knowing his peculiar talent, encouraged him to write for the stage. Se- veral of his comedies are excellent ; but the work which especially established the fame of Guevara was his "Diablo Cojuelo," an admirable romance, which afforded the idea of I^ Sage's famous " Diable Boitcux." Many of his witty sayings have become fami- liar to the people, and to this day are often heard as proverbs in Spain. Died, 164G. GUIBERT, Jacques Antoine Hvpolite, Count de, a celebrated French tactician, was born at Montauban, in 1743. He studied the military art under his father, with whom he served in the German war ; and, in the expedition to Corsica, he was made a colonel, with the cross of St. Louis. On his return to France, he published his " Essai Gt5nerale de Taclique," which work being diametri- cally opposed to Folard's, excited a vehement controversj'. He was also the author of some tragedies ; historical eulogies on Mar- shal Catinat. the chancellor de I'llopital, and Frederic the Great ; " Travels in Ger- many," and " Travels in Switzerland." Died, 1790. GUICCIARDINI, Francis, an Italian historian, was born at Florence, in 1482. He was bred to the law, and appointed pro- fessor of jurisprudence in his native city. Politics, however, occupied the rest of his life. In 1512, he was sent ambassador, on the part of the republic, to the Spanish court at Bruges ; for his services in which mission he was received with great honour by his countrymen ; and Leo X. constituted him advocate of the consistory. In 1518, he was made governor of Modena and Reggio, and next of Parma, where he drove out the French, and confirmed the inhabitants in their obedience. He was afterwards re- appointed to the government of Modena, and the presidency of the Romagna ; and, in 1531, he was made governor of Bologna, where he assisted at the coronation of Charles V. After a life of great activity, he returned to his native city, and there began his great work on the " History of Italy during his own Time," which he 'had nearly completed at the time of his death, in 1540. He was a man of great gravity of temper and demeanour, and displayed much political sagacity and love of justice. When the courtiers of Charles V. once complained of the preference he gave to Guicciardini and other Florentines, he replied, " I can make a 100 Spanish grandees in a minute, but I cannot make one Guicciardini in a 100 years." GUEROULT, Petek Claude Bernard, a learned Frenchman, born at Rouen, in 1745. He was the author of "La Journ^e de Marathon," " Histoire Naturelle des Ani- maux de Pline," &c. He was director of the normal scliool at Paris, from which he retired in 1815, and died in 1821. GUIDI, Alessandro, an Italian lyric poet, was born at Pavia, about 1650 ; and died in 1712. He was patronised by Chris- tina, the abdicated queen of Sweden, who allowed him apartments in her palace. GUIDO RENI, one of the most eminent among the Italian painters, was born at Bologna, in 1575. Combining the beauties of Albert Durer and Caravaggio with the school of Caracci, he soon gave his teachers occasion to admire his talents, and is even said to have excited the jealousy of Annibal Caracci. He was honoured, caressed, and employed by the great, and might have ac- cumulated great wealth ; but, to satisfy an unfortunate passion for gambling, he often sold his paintings at any price, and became involved in pecuniary embarrassments, so that, in 1642, he died in a state of poverty and dejection. Guido imitated the beautiful in nature, and was pre-eminently the painter of youth and female loveliness. GUIDO, Cagnacci, an historical painter, born at Bologna in 1600, and a disciple of Guido Reni. He died in 1680. GUIGNES, Joseph de, born at Pontoise, in 1721, was distinguished for his knowledge of the oriental languages, and obtained the appointment of royal interpreter in 1745. He was the author of "Histoire Gt^nerale des Huns, des Tures, des Moguls, et des autres Tartares Occidentaux," 5 vols. 4to., and many other able works, but was reduced to poverty by the revolution, and died at Paris, in 1800. GUILLEMINOT, a native of Belgium, an able military ofl[icer, who fought in the in- surgent army against the Austrians, in 1790 ; but, at the defection of Dumouriez, having been made prisoner, he found an asylum in the ranks of the French army, and became a valuable officer under Buonaparte. In 1814, the king made him a knight of St. Louis, and an officer of the legion of honour. GUILLIM, JoHX, the reputed author of the celebrated work, entitled " The Display of Heraldry," which was in reality written by Dr. Barkham, was bom about 1565, and died in 1621. He was rouge croix pursuivant at arms. GUILLOTIN, Joseph Ignatius, a French physician, who, during the revolution, pro- posed the use of the guillotine, an instru- ment made after the fashion of the maiden, which was used on tl»e Scottish borders in the 16th century. Mons. Guillotin prac- tised medicine in Paris many years, and was much respected for his general conduct. He was a member of the National Assembly, where his political principles were marked by moderation ; and his introduction of this instrument of death was from a humane motive — that of rendering capital punish- ment less painful, by ddSapitation. He was not, as has been reported, the victim of his own contrivance, though greatly annoyed by its being called by his name. He died, in peaceful retirement, in 1814. GUl] ^ ^ttD mnibertfal 38iOflra|i^i). [gun OUTRAN, Galliakd, counsellor of state to the Prince of Orange in the 17th century ; autlior of an " Historical and Chronological Register of the Seneschals of Nisnies and Beaucaire." Died, IGtX). GUISCIIARD,CuAKLEsGoTLiEB, an able writer on military tactics, was a native of Magdeburg. He entered into the service of Holland, from which he removed into that of Prussia, where Frederic the Great ho- noured him with the appellation of Quintus Icilius, the commander of Caesar's 10th legion, in compliment to his military know- ledge. His works arc, " Mt-moires Mili- taires sur leg Grecs et les Romaius" and " Memoires Critiques et Historiques sur plusieurs Points d'Antiquit^s Militaircs." Died, 1775. GUISE, Francis of Lorkaixe, Duke of, an illustrious warrior of France, but as am- bitious and bigoted as he was brave. He was bom in 1019 ; distinguished himself by his bravery at the siege of Boulogne, the defence of Metz, the conquest of Calais, &c. ; and lost his life by assassination, in 1.563. GUISE, CuAitLES OF, usually called the Cardinal ok Lorraine, was the minister of Francis II. and Charles IX. He is no- torious for his violent and intolerant spirit, and his meinorj' will ever be held in exe- cration for the furious persecution he pro- moted against the Protestants of France. Bom, 162r, ; died, 1574. GUISE, Henry of Lorraine, eldest son of Francis, duke of Guise, was born in \r>oO. He is memorable in the history of France ft)r his bravery ; but he was of a turbulent, ambitious, and cruel disposition. After having distinguished himself in Hungary by his valour against the Turks, he placed himself at the head of an armed band, which he called the League, under the pretext of defending the Roman Catholic religion, Henry III. the king, and the state, against the designs of the Huguenots, or French Protestants. This plan was formed by his brother the cardinal, and the Huguenots were massacred by thousands. But their violence did not stop here. Guise now be- came an open rebel ; he entered Paris against the king's express order, and put to the sword all who opposed him ; and the streets being barricaded to prevent his pro- gress, this fatal day is called in French his- tory, "the day of the barricades." The king escaped to Blois, and convened an assembly of the states ; and the Duke of Guise had the boldness to appear there to a summons sent liim for that purpose. A forced reconciliation then took place between Oiem, by the advice of this assembly j but it being afterwards discovered that Guise had formed a plan to dethrone the king, the latter, wanting the resolution to bring him to fv trial, procured his assassination as he was entering t^e ooujicil chamber, Deo. 23, 1658, GUISP, HpNRY JI.iDlTKE OF T^ORRAJ.VE, a grandson of the preceding, wos born in IG14. He is described as prodigal and brave, ad» dieted equally to love and war. After having joined m the rebellion of the Count de Soissons, and received a pardon, he was in- duced to join the i-evolted Neapolitans ; and, ^77 at their head, displayed great but he at length fell into the hands of t^e Spaniards. Died, 1664. GUISE, William, an English divine, was i born near Gloucester, in 16")3, and educated ] at Oriel and All Soul's Colleges, Oxford, j Died, 1684. His son was the celebrated | General Guise, who left his collection of paintings to Cliristchiu-ch, Oxford. He died in 1765. GUITON, John-, a citizen of Rochelle, who was chosen mayor of the town when It was besieged by Cardinal Richelieu, in 1637. He refused the post, unless permitted to have a poniard to stab the first who should offer to surrender. Being told that famine had carried off many of the inhabitants, he an- swered, " It matters not, provided there is one left to shut the gates." GUIZOT, Elizabeth Charlotte Pau- line, a French lady, whose works written for the instruction of youth have given her a deserved celebrity, was born at Paris, in 1773. Her father died when she was a child, and her family having been brought to dis- tress by the revolutionary changes, she was induced to attempt authorship, in order to provide for their exigencies. She accord- ingly produced the novels, entitled "Les Contradictions" and "La Chapelle d' Ayton ; " she also wrote in the public jour- nals ; and her articles on manners, the drama, &c. attracted considerable attention. At length she became acquainted with M. Guizot, a gentleman of superior talent, and since distinguished also as a statesman ; in 1812 they were married ; and she subse- quently acquired no small share of literary distinction for her " L'Ecolier ou Raoul et Victor," 4 vols.; " Nouveaux Contes," and " Lettres de Famille sur I'Education Do- mestique." Died, 1827. GULDENSTAEDT, John Anthony, a native of Riga, who became professor of natural history at St. Petersburgh. He spent 3 years in travelling through Tartary, on a scientific tour, and on his return published the result of his researches. Died, 1781. GUNDLING, Nicholas Jerome, a Ger- man philosopher, bom in 1G71. He became successively professor of philosophy, of rhe- toric, and of the law of nature and nations, at Halle : he was also privy councillor to the king of Prussia. Among his numerous works are, " The Road to Truth," 3 vols. ; " A History of Moral Philosophy," " Otia," a miscellaneous collection of essays, &c. Died, 1729. GUNDUIiF, bishop of Rochester, was one of the Norman ecclesiastics brought over by William the Conqueror. He was a cele- brated architect ; and built that part of the Tower of London called the WJiite Tower, He also erected Rochester Castle, and re- built the cuthedral. Died, 1108. GUNNER, John Ernest, bishop of Dron- theim, was born at Christiana, in Norway, in 1718. He founded the Royal Norwegian Society, in the Transactions of which he published several valuable papers on natural history. On account of his zeal for botany, Linnaeus gave his name to a plant in his system. He published " Flora Norvcgica," and died in 1773. GDIJ] ^ 0tio Bxiibtv^aX 33iosrajpT)|). [gus GUNNING, Peter, a learned and munifi- cent English prelate, was born at Hoo, in Kent, in 1G13. He was a principal manager on the side of episcopacy in the Savoy con- ference ; and, in 1670, was made bishop of Chichester ; from which see he was trans- lated, in 1674, to Ely, where he died in 1684. GUNTER, Edmund, a mathematician, was born in Herefordsliire, in 1581. He was educated at Westminster School ; from •whence he went to Christchurch, Oxford. He was promoted to the professorship of astronomy in Gresham College, where he died in 1626. He invented a portable quadrant for astronomical purposes, and the famous " rule of proportion," which, in its mechanical form, is styled " Gunter's scale." He also discovered the variation of the magnetic needle. His works were col- lected into one volume, and have been re- peatedly published. Died, 1626. GURVVOOD, Colonel John, the celebrated editor of the "Duke of Wellington's Des- patches," entered the army as an ensign in the 52nd foot, in 1808, and served in the Peninsula with that regiment from that year to 1812. At the assault of Ciudad Rodrigo, he led the forlorn hope at the lesser breach, and received a wound in his skull from a musket ball, which affected him for the remainder of his life ; and on this occasion he took the governor. General Banier, prisoner, whose sword was presented to him by Lord Wellington. After serving with great credit during the closing cam- paigns of the war, we find him among the heroes of Waterloo, where he was again severely wounded. He obtained his rank as full colonel in 1841 ; but he had been placed on the unattached list in 1830. Having filled the highly honourable post of private secretary to Field-marshal the Duke of Wellington, he imdertook the grateful office of editing the Wellington Despatches, in connection with which his name will be handed down to posterity. In order to testify the high opinion the duke had of his services, he appointed him deputy-lieu- tenant of the Tower of London. The Wel- lington Despatches, which had been in the course of publication during many years, was a work of labour, requiring great care and scrupulous fidelity, while it continually called into exercise great vigour of thought and judgment ; and it had not long been concluded when the health of the gallant soldier and faithful secretary gave way, and he put an end to his valuable life in a fit of temporary insanity, at Brighton, Dec. 25. 1845. GCJSTAVUS I., king of Sweden, knoT(Ti by the name of Gustavus Vasa, was born in 1490. Having delivered Sweden from the Danish yoke, he was, in 1523, elected king of that country ; reigned gloriously for 37 years ; and died in 1560. GUSTAVUS ADOLPIIUS, king of Swe- den, the grandson of Gustavus Vasa, was born at Stockholm, in 1595, and ascended the throne in 1611. He brought the war in which his country was tlien involved with Denmark, Russia, and Poland, to a success- ful issue ; and afterwards led an army of eixty thousand men into Germany, for the noble purpose of rescuing the Protestants from the tyranny of the house of Austria. He penetrated from the Vistula to the Danube, and twice defeated the celebrated Tilly. This great prince fell in the battle fought on the plains of Lutzen, in 1632. He was humane, pious, and charitable ; unosten- tatious in his manners, moderate in his con- duct, and possessed a vigorous understanding. GUSTAVUS III., king of Sweden, was the son of Adolphus Frederic and Louisa Ulrica, sister of Frederic II., king of Prussia. He was born in 1746, and succeeded his fa- ther in 1771. He abolished the practice of torture, and introduced other good regula- tions in the administration of justice. He also formed a college of commerce, and re- formed his army and navy. In 1788 he was involved in a war with Russia, which power was assisted by Denmark. Gustavus headed his army himself, and stormed the defences of Frederickshall, where he took and de- stroyed a great number of vessels. On the breaking out of the French revolution, a coalition was formed between the northern powers and Spain, by which it was agreed that Gustavus should march against France at the head of a considerable army ; but while preparations were making, he was shot at a masquerade by Ankarstroem, a dis- banded officer of the army, March 15. 1792, and died on the 29th. GUSTAVUS IV., ex-king of Sweden, -was bom in 1778, and ascended the throne when his father fell by the hand of an assassin, March 29. 1792. When the Duke of Enghein was so unjustifiably seized, and after a mock trial shot, by the orders of Napoleon, Gus- tavus resolved upon an eternal hostility to the French emperor. He ordered his am- bassador to leave Paris, and dismissed the French ambassador from Sweden, while at the same time he returned to the king of Prussia the order of the black eagle, with which Napoleon had been invested, nobly saying, " that he never could, according to the laws of knighthood, consent to be brother companion of an assassin." After this he continued to join every party opposed to, and to wage war with every party in alli- ance with, the emperor. His hostile pro- ceedings, however, became at last so preg- nant with danger to his country, that a council of state entreated him to make peace. This he refused to do ; a revolution in Swe- den was the consequence ; Gustavus was imprisoned, and he afterwards signed his abdication. His uncle, the Duke of Suder- mania, was then raised to the throne by the title of Charles XIII., and Christian Au- gustus, of Ilolstein Augustenburg, was in- vested with the title of prince royal of Sweden, or heir apparent. This prince dying soon after, the succession was transferred to Marshal Bernadotte, who in 1818 as- cended the Swedish throne, as Charles John XIV. After his abdication, Gustavus was for years known as a mere wanderer upon the face of Europe, sometimes bearing the designation of Count Gottorp, sometimes that of the Duke of Holstein, and again the more humble one of Gustavson. He was in England, at Hartwell, with Louis XVIII. His latter years were spent in poverty, his gut] ^ IJeto Wniljcrtfal 3Btflgraji]^|). [guy ■mall annuity being less than 1001. From his relations and friends he would receive nothing ; and his son, Prince Gustavus Vasa, a general in the Austrian service, naturally anxious to render his father's condition less miserable, was compelled to adopt various devices to assist him. Died, 1837. GUTCH, JoHX, an antiquarian writer, who was registrar of the university of Ox- ford, rector of St. Clement's, and chaplain of All Soul's College, lie publislied " Col- lectanea Curiosa," from the MSS. of Arch- bishop Bancroft, 2 vols. ; " The History and Antiquities of the Colleges, &c., from MSS. In the Bodleian library, written by Anthony Wood;" "The Antiquities and Annals of the University," &c. Died, 1831, aged 8G. GUTHRIE, William, an indefatigable writer, was born at Brechin, Scotland, in 1708 ; and after receiving his educatioi^ at King's College, Aberdeen, settled in London as an author. Among the various works which bear tliis author's name are, a " His- tory of England," 3 vols, folio ; a " History of Scotland," 10 vols. ; an " Universal His- tory," 13 vols.; the "Geographical Gram- mar;" " The Friends," a novel ; "Kemarks on English Tragedy ; " also a translation of Quintilian, 2 vols., and Cicero's Offices. Died, 1770. GUTTEMBERO or GUTTENBERG, John, usually called the inventor of print- ing, was bom at Mentz, in 1400. In 1427 he resided at Strasburg, as a merchant ; but re- turned to Mentz in 1430. About 1438, Gut- tenberg made use of moveable types of wood; and, in 1450, formed a co-partnership with John Faust, or Fust, a ricli goldsmith, wlio furnished money to establish a press, in which the Latin Bible was first printed. Guttenberg, whose printing-office remained in Mentz, till 1465, died in 1468. GUY, Thomas, the founder of Guy's Hos- pital, was the son of a lighterman of Hors- ! leydown, and bom in 1644. He was brought { up to the business of a bookseller, and had a I lucrative trade by dealing largely in the im- portation of Bibles from Holland, and after- wards contracting with Oxford for those ' printed at that university ; but his principal j gains arose from the disreputable purchase j of seamen's prize tickets, and jobbing in South Sea stock. By these means, joined to most penurious habits, he amassed a fortune of nearly half a million sterling, of which he spent about 200,00<J^ in building and endow- ing the hospital in Southwark, which bears his name. He also erected almsliouses at Tamworth, and made bequests to Christ's Hospital and various other charities ; besides leaving 80,000i. to be divided among those who could prove any degree of relationship to him. He died in 1724, aged 80. GUYON, jEAiV Makie Bouviere de la MoTUE, a French lady, celebrated as a re- ligious enthusiast, was born at Montargis in 1648, and become a widow with three children, at the age of twenty-eight. Having a strong predilection for a kind of mystical devotion, she relinquished the care of her children to others, and gave up a part of her fortune for their maintenance, while she professed to be wholly guided by "divine impulses," thereby implying a complete re- nunciation of self, the silence of the soul, and the annihilation of all earthly cares and emotions, wliicli has since obtained tlie name of quietism. Misled by tlie ardour of her zeal and a heated imagination, slie imagined that heaven destined lier for an extraordinary mission. Thus for several years she wandered from place to place, preaching her doctrines, and making con- verts ; till her fame reaching Paris, and calumny having been busy with her charac- ter, she was by the king's order eliut up in a convent. Through the intercession of Madame de Maintenon, however, she soon obtained her liberty ; and such were the at- tractions of her eloquence, and the tender- ness and apparent fervour of her piety, that she not only made proselytes of many ladies of the court, but enlisted the illustrious Fenelon in her cause. Her doctrines and conduct at length excited the resentment of Bossuet and other rigid ecclesiastics, and she was compelled to sign a recantation. But again pursuing the same career in Paris, she was confined in the Bastile. On being libe- rated, in 1702, she retired to Blois, and there passed the remainder of her life in the pri- vate exercise of "quietism." Her works, wliich are very voluminous, are now scarcely remembered, except the one entitled " The Song of Songs interpreted according to its Mystical Sense." Died, 1719. GUYON, Makie Claui>e, a priest of the Oratory at Paris ; author of a " History of the Amazons ; " a " History of Empires and Republics," 12 vols.; a "History of tlie Indies," 3 vols., &c. Born, 1701 ; died, 1771. GUYS, Peteu AuousTiNK, a French mer- cliant, born at Marseilles, in 1720 ; whose love of letters induced him, when trading to the Levant, to make frequent excursions into Greece, with Humcr in his hand, for the purpose of making his comments on the spot, and tracing the vestiges of its ancient glories. The fruit of his researches appeared in a work, entitled " Voyage Litturaire de la Grfece." He also wrote " Relation Abrf^gte de les "Voyages en Italic et dans le Nord." GUYTON DE MORVEAU, Louis Bek- NAED, an eminent French chemist, was the son of a lawyer at Dijon, where he was born in 1737. He was bred to the bar, and became advocate-general to the parliament of his native city ; but he applied chiefly to natural philosophy and chemistry, in which latter science he made many discoveries. In 1777 he was appointed to examine the coal-mines of Burgundy, on which he made a miuera- logical tour of that province ; and, in the course of these inquirie?, he discovered a ricli lead mine. Soon after this he was engaged in writing the articles on chemistry in the Encyclopedic Methodique ; in 1782 he pub- lished his new chemical nomenclature, paid great attention for a time to the science of aerostation, and by various discoveries materially promoted the advance of science. He figured among the earliest and most vio- lent of the revolutionists ; bore a decided enmity to the kingly authority and the priesthood ; became successively a member of the legislative assembly, tlie convention, the committee of public safety, and the council of five hundred ; was made a GWl] ^ i^m Bnihtr^Kl 33iO(prajpi^ji. [hac member of the legion of honour, and a baron of the empire by Buonaparte ; and was di- rector of tlie Polytechnic School and ad- ministrator of the mint. Besides his share in the Encyclopedic M^thodique, he was one of the principal editors of the Annals of Chemistry, and wrote some other che- mical works. Died, 181C. GWILYM, David ap, a British bard, known by the name of David of Glamorgan, and styled the Welsh Ovid, was born in 1340, in the county of Cardigan. He was one of the itinerant bards, and became steward and tutor in the family of Ivor Hael, where he died, in 1400. His poems were published in 1792, and are said, by those who profess to be judges, to be unsurpassed by any of his bardic successors. GWINNE, Matthew, was a physician of Welsh descent, but born in London. After taking his degrees at Oxford, he commenced practice there ; but, on the settlement of Gresham College, he was chosen professor of physic, and in 1G05 appointed physician to the Tower. Dr. Gwinne seems to have known and practised tlie courtier's art pretty well ; for, knowing the mortal antipathy James I. had to tobacco, he took occasion, when that sapient monarch visited Oxford, to make an oration against that " filthy weed." He also wrote a comedy called " Vertumnua," which was performed before tlie king at St. Jolin's College. His other works consist of " Orations," " Letters on Cliemical and Magical Secrets," &c. Died, 1627. H. HAAK, Theodore, a German writer, bom at Newhausen, in 1605. He studied at Ox- ford ; translated the Dutch " Annotations of the Bible," 2 vols. ; was one of the founders of the Royal Society ; and died in 1690. HAAS, William, a letter- founder at Basle, who improved the art of printing by the in- vention of a balance-press, &c. Died, 1800. HABERLLN, Francis Dominic, a Ger- man historian and antiquary ; author of the " History of the German Empire," 20 vols., but which, owing to his death, in 1787, was left incomplete. He was a native of Suabia, and professor of history at Helmstadt. HABERLIN, Charles Frederic, son of the preceding, was professor of jurisprudence in the university of Helmstadt, and the author of various legal works. Died, 1808. HABERT, Germain, a French poet, was abbot of Notre Dame de Cerisi, and one of the first members of the academy. He died in 1655. His principal poem is entitled " Me- tamorphose des Yeux d'Iris changds en As- tres." He also wrote the "The Life of Cardinal de Berulle." HABERT, Isaac, bishop of Vabres, in France ; distinguished himself as a contro- versialist against Jansenius, and left a trans- lation of the pontifical of the Greek Church, some Latin poems, and other works. Died, 1668. HABINGTOX, Thomas, a gentleman of landed property, at Henlip, in Worcester- shire, who was implicated in various trea- sonable practices, but who had the good for- tune, though detected, to escape from the full i)enalty of them. He was found guilty of engaging in a conspiracy to release Mary, queen of Scots, for which he was imprisoned six years ; and he was afterwards convicted of concealing some of the agents in the gun- powder-plot, and received sentence of death ; but obtained a pardon, owing, as some assert, to his having been the godson of queen Elizabeth ; though, more probably, to the circumstance of his daughter being the wife of Lord Monteagle, and the supposed \iTiter of the mysterious letter that led to its dis- covery. He was, however, restrained from ever leaving Worcestersliire : in consequence of this, he employed the rest of his life in collecting a mass of topographical materials, which subsequently formed the foundation of Dr. Nash's history of that county. Born, 1560 ; died, 1647. HABINGTON, William, son of the pre- ceding, was born at Henlip, Worcestershire, in 1605 ; and was both a poet and an his- torian. He was educated at St. Omer's and Paris ; married the daughter of the first Lord Powis ; and published a volume of poems, under the title of " Castara ; " which, accord- ing to the judgment of modern critics, possess much fancy, elegance, and moral feeling. His other works are, " The Queen of Arra- gon," a tragi-comedy ; " Observations upon History," and " A Ilistory of Edward IV." Died, 1645. IIACKET, Dr. John, bishop of Lichfield, was born in 1592 ; received his education at Westminster, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; and became chaplain to James I. This appointment soon led to other church preferment. In 1623 he was presented ta a stall in Lincoln cathedral, and, shortly after, to the rectory of St. Andrew's, Holborn, with that of Cheam, in Surrey. In 1631 he was made archdeacon of Bedford ; and in 1641 he exchanged his prebend at Lincoln for a residentiaryship at St. Paul's. At the Re- storation he was made bishop of Lichfield and Coventry ; and in that situation he ex- hibited a degree of munificence worthy of his station, by expending 20,000?. in repairing his cathedral, and by being a liberal bene- factor to the college of which he had been <^ member. He was the author of " A Ceptury of Sermons," " Loyola," a Latin play, twicie performed at the university before James J. i and the " Life of Bishop Williams." Died. 1670. HACQUET, BAt,THASAB, an eminent n^,-. had] ^ ^clB WLnibex^iil JSiograjilbl'* [hah taralist, born at Conquet, in Britany, in 1740. After making a scientific tour, he settled at Laybach, in Camiola ; became professor of surgery at the Lyceum there ; and in 1788 professor at Lemberg, and a member of the council of mines at Vienna. lie produced several works illustrative of the natural his- tory and state of the countries he explored ; and died in 1815. H ADDICK, Andrew, Count de, a German field-marshal, who distinguished himself in the seven years' war, and who, in 1780, had the chief command of the Austrian forces against the Turks, lie was alike renowned for his bravery and skill, and, as a commander of cavalry, he ha« rarely been equalled. Died, 1790, aged 80. HADDON, Walteh, an eminent English lawyer, who, on the deprivation of Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, from the masterslup of Trinity Hall, was selected to fill the va- cant situation. He was afterwards president of Magdalen College, Oxford ; but during the reign of Mary he was compelled to seek obscurity. Under Elizabeth he became judge of the prerogative court ; and he was one of the three commissioners who met at Bruges in 15C6, to arrange a treaty of commerce be- tween England and the Netherlands. lie was otherwise much employed for the govern- ment ; particularly in drawing up the cele- brated code, " Reformatio Legum Ecclesias- ticarum ; " and he wrote various poems and treatises in Latin, the purity and elegance of which are highly commended. Died, 1.072. UADLEY, John, an English philosopher, who lived in the early part of the 18th cen- tury. He invented the quadrant which bears his name, and also a reflecting telescope ; was vice-president of the Royal Society ; and contributed several papers to the Philoso- phical Transactions. HAEN, Anthony de, or VAN HAEN, a celebrated physician, was born at Leyden, where he studied under Boerhaave. He first settled as a physician at the Hague ; but, after 20 years' residence, he removed to Vienna, where he obtained a prolessorship, and died in 1776. HAFIZ, or HAFEZ, Mohammed Schem- SEDDiN, the most popular of the Persian poets, was born at Shiraz, and flourished in the 14th century. lake Anacreon, his muse is dedicated to love and wine, and, it is said, he practised what he preached. If we may judge of their general merit from the odea which have been translated by Sir W. Jones and others, we must admit that the fame of Uafiz has never been overrated. He died in 1389 ; and his countrymen erected a monu- ment to his memory, which w^as destroyed by an earthquake in 182.5. HAGEDORN, Fkedekic, a celebrated German poet, was born at Hamburgh, in 1708. He was educated in the college of his native city ; came to London in the suite of the Danish ambassador ; and, in 1733, was appointed secretary to the English factory at Hamburgh. He was the author of Fables, Songs, Tales, and Moral Poems ; in all of which there is considerable originality, and many of them are extremely graceful. Died, 1754. HAGEDORN, Cueistian Lewis, brother of the preceding, held the rank of counsellor of legation, and was eminent as a connois- seur of the fine arts. He wrote " Remarks on Painting," 2 vols. Sec. Born, 1717 ; died, 1780. IIAGER, Joseph von, professor of the oriental languages in the university of Pavia, was born at Milan, in 1750 ; studied at Vi- enna ; and devoted himself to the acquisition of a critical knowledge of the Chinese tongue. He resided some time in London, where he published several works explanatory of the Chinese language ; but meeting with little success, he went to Paris, and there published many more. Among his works are, " The Chinese Pantheon," "An Explanation of the Elementary Characters of the Chinese Language," " A Dissertation on the newly discovered Babylonian Inscriptions," &c. Died at Milan, 1820. HAGUE, Dr. Charles, an eminent mu- sician, born at Tadcaster, Yorkshire, in 1769. Manifesting a talent for music at a very early age, he was sent to Cambridge, where he received lessons from Manini and the elder Hellendaal. He was indebted for his subsequent instnictions to Salomon and Dr. Cook ; and in 1799 he succeeded Dr. Randall in the professorship of music at Cambridge. He composed a variety of excellent glees and other pieces, all remarkable for purity and good taste. Died, 1821. HAHN, Philip Matthew, a celebrated mechanical genius, born in 1739, at Scharn- liauseJt. While at the university of Tubin- gen, he spent his leisure hours in making sundials and siieaking-trumpcts, grinding glasses, &c. He contiuued his labours with unremitting assiduity, and eventually pro- duced works of great ingenuity ; as, a clock showing the course of the earth and other j planets, as well as that of the moon and other satellites, and their eccentricities ; a calculating machine ; and many other in- genious inventions. Died, 1790. HAHNEMANN, Samuel, founder of the system of medicine called Homoeopathy, was born at Meissen, in Saxony, in 1755. Edu- cated at the high school of his native town, he studied successively at Leipsic, Vienna, and Erlangen, where his zeal in the pursuit of knowledge procured him the regard of all his teachers ; and having taken his degree of M.D., he was appointed, in 1781, district phy- sician at Gomern, near Magdeburg, where he relieved his professional labours by an ar- dent study of chemistry and mineralogy. In 1784 he removed to Dresden, where he gained a high reputation as a practitioner ; but struck with the absence of a guiding principle in therapeutics, and the great uncertainty of I the healing art, he retired from practice, and devoted himself exclusively to chemistry and literary occupations. While thus em- ployed, the great law of " similia similibus curantur " dawned upon him, and, in 1796, he announced his new discovery to the medi- cal world, and his whole time was now spent in testing his principles by practice, and in making known the results in various public- ations. In 1813 he removed to Leipsic as Magister Legens ; but the persecutions of the j apothecaries drove him thence to Cothen, where the Duke of Anhalt-Cothen offered ; HAl] ^ ^tbi Bnihtx^Kl 3St00rapf)ii. [hal him an asylum in 1820. Here he remained for 15 years, extending his fame and practice; but in 1835, having married a French lady when in his 80th year, he removed with her to Paris, where he remained in the active exercise of his profession, and surrounded by numerous disciples from all parts of the world, till his decease, which took place in 1843. His chief works are the " Organon of the Healing Art," published in 1810 ; and " Chronic Diseases, their peculiar Nature and Homoeopathic Cure," published in 1828. IIAIIiLAN, Bernard de Gikard, Sieur d', a Frencli liistorian, was born at Bour- deaux, in 153.5. He was originally a Pro- testant, but changed his religion for inte- rest at court, where he was appointed histo- riographer of France. Besides some poems and translations, he published a curious work, entitled " Of the State and Success of the Affairsof France," which went through several editions. He also wrote a " History of France, from Pharamond to Charles VII.," and some other works. Died, 1610. HAKEM-BAMRILLAH, caliph of Egypt, a sovereign remarkable for the impious ex- travagance of his conduct, succeeded his father Azis, in 996, at the age of 11. At first he was a zealous Maliometan, founding mosques, colleges, &c. ; but after a time he took a fancy to establish a religion of his own. He styled himself the visible image of God upon earth, and claimed the honours of adoration. He persecuted the Jews and Christians, and having gained many fol- lowers, he attempted to reform Mahomet- anism, by suppressing the pilgrimages to Mecca, &c. ; but this proved his destruction, and he perished in a conspiracy of his sub- jects, in 1020. HAKEWILL, George, an English divine, was born at Exeter, in 1579. lie studied at Alban Hall, Oxford, after-which he became fellow of Exeter College. Having taken his degree of D. D. he was made chaplain to Prince Charles, and archdeacon of Surrey ; but never rose higher in the church, owing to his writing a tract against the proposed marriage of his patron with tlie infanta of Spain. For this he not only lost his chap- laincy, but was sent to prison, though he soon obtained his release. Some time after, he waa elected rector of Exeter College, which he held with the living of Heauton, in Devonshire, where he died in 1649. His greatest work is entitled " An Apology or Declaration of the Power and Providence of God in the Government of the AVorld." HAKLUYT, RtCHARD, a naval historian, was born at Eyton, in Herefordshire, in 1553. He received his education at West- minster School, and atChristchurch, Oxford, where lie made cosmography liis favourite study, and read lectures on it. About 1584 he went to Paris as chaplain to the English ambassador, and, during his absence, was made prebendary of Bristol. On his return to England he published several works, par- ticularly, a translation from the Spanish of " Leo's Geographical History of Africa," and Peter Martyr's " History of the West Indies," In 1605, he was promoted to a prebend of Westminster, and the rectory of Whetheringset, in Suffolk. His principal work Is a valuable collection of the " Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation," in 3 vols, folio. HAJiE, Sir Matthew, an eminent Eng- lish judge, was born at Aldersley, in Glou- cestershire, in IGOO ; educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford ; and removed to Lincoln's Inn, where he studied the law with great application. He acted as counsel for Straf- ford, Laud, Hamilton, and even for Charles himself; yet, by dint of importunity, Crom- well prevailed upon him to become one of the justices of the bench ; but, refusing to warp the laws, lie offended the protector, and refused to try any more criminal causes. In the parliament which recalled the king, he sat for his native county ; and, soon after the Restoration, was made chief baron of the exchequer ; from which he was advanced to the chief-justiceship of the king's bench. He resigned his office in 1675, and died the following year. He was a learned man, an upright judge, and an exemplary Christian, His writings are numerous on theological, philosophical, and legal subjects. The principal are, " The Primitive Origination of Mankind considered and explained ac- cording to the Light of Nature," "The History of the Pleas of the Crown," and "Contemplations, Moral and Divine," 3 vols. 8vo. He also wrote various mathe- matical and philosophical works ; and left a very valuable collection of manuscripts relating to history and jurisprudence, which are preserved in the library of Lincoln's Inn. HALES, JoHX, commonly called " the ever-memorable," was born at Bath, in 1.584. He suffered great hardships in the rebellion, and died in 1656. He was a man of learning and skill in argument, as ap- pears from his works, which were collected after his death, and published under tlie title of " Golden Remains of the ever-me- morable Mr. John Hales, of Eton College," 3 vols. HALES, Stephen, a divine and philoso- pher, was born in Kent, in 1677, and edu- cated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow in 1703. He in- vented a machine for demonstrating the motions of the planets, nearly similar to the orrery, and in 1741 published his inven- tion of ventilators. He contented himself with the rectory of Teddington, near Hamp- ton Court, refusing higher dignities ; and died in 1761. He was indefatigable in his scientific researches, particularly in those which relate to vegetable physiology ; and his communications to the Philosophical Transactions were very numerous ; besides which he published four volumes of " Statical Essavs," &c. HALFORD, Sir Hexrt, bart., M. D., G. C. H., one of the most eminent and suc- cessful of modem English physicians, was the son of Dr. John Vaughan, of Leicester, and was educated at Rugby and Oxford. His extraordinary success, Sir Henry owed not only to great tact and gentleness, aided by a most gentlemanly appearance and man- ners, but also to consummate skill, which inspired such confidence, that he attended George m. and queen Charlotte, George IV., hal] ^ ^clM ?ffntljfrjSaI 3Bi0srai)!)5. [hal and queen Victoria, besides other members of the royal family, and a perfect host of the nobility and gentry. In 18()9, he was already so eminent and so much esteemed by his illustrious patients, that he was created a baronet ; and he exchanged his paternal name of Vaughan for that of llalford in 1815, by act of parliament, on his inheriting a pro- perty. He published a vast variety of essays, Latin poems, and some very valuable works on professional subjects ; and it may be very truly said of him, that if few of his profession have ever been more successful, very few, if any, have better deserved success. Died, March 9. 1844 ; aged 78. HALUED, Nathaniel Bkassey, an eminent orientalist, was educated at Har- row School, and afterwards became a civil officer in tlie East India Company's service. lie published " A Code of Gentoo Laws on Ordinations of the Pundits, from a Persian Translation ;" " A Grammar of the Bengal Language ; " and " A Narrative of the Events whicli have happened in Bombay and Ben- gal, relative to the Mahratta Empire since July, 1777." After this he returned to England, and obtained a seat in parliament as a member for Lymington ; but it appears that he laboured under a species of mental delusion, or he never could have patronised and defended the lunatic prophet Brothers, whose confinement in Bedlam he denounced in parliament as an instance of tyranny and oppression. Born, 1751 ; died, 18.'W. HALIFAX, Geokge Saville, Marquis of, an eminent statesman, was bom in 1630 ; contributed to the restoration of Charles II., who made him a privy councillor, and re- warded him with a coronet. On the acces- sion of James, he was appointed president of the council, from which he was dismissed for refusing his consent to a repeal of the tests. In the convention parliament he was chosen speaker of the House of Lords, and at the accession of William and Mary was made lord privy seal. He died in 1095. His lordship wrote an excellent piece, entitled " Advice to a Daughter," and various po- litical tracts. HALIFAX, Samuel, bishop of St. Asaph, was born at Mansfield, Derbyshire, in 1733 ; received his education at Cambridge ; gra- duated as LL. D.,aud obtained the profes- sorship of Arabic, which he resigned soon after for that of civil law. In 1775 he was presented to the rectory of Worksop, Not- tinghamshire, and made king's chaplain. In 1781 he was raised to the see of Glou- cester ; from wliich he was translated to the more valuable diocese of St. Asaph, in 1789. He was a prelate of deep erudition, and much beloved for lus benevolent disposition and amiable manners. His writings are select rather than numerous, and consist of ser- mons, a volume on the Prophecies, and an " Analysis of Butler's Analogy." Died, 1790. HALKET, Lady Axne, the wife of Sir James Halket. She was the daughter of Mr. Robert Murray, of the Tullibardin family, and born in 1G22. Her father was preceptor to Charles I., and afterwards provost of Eton College i and her mother was sub-governess to the Duke of Gloucester and the Princess Elizabeth. Anne received a liberal educa- tion ; but theology and physic were her fa- vourite studies, iler skill in the latter was so great, that persons came from Holland, and other countries, to benefit by her advice and treatment. Died, 1099. HALL, Edward, an old English chro- nicler, whose works rank with those of Holingshed and Stowe. He was a native of London, and being a lawyer by profession, attained the rank of a judge in the sheriff's court. His death took place in 1547 As affording delineations of the manners, dress, and customs of the age, his " Chronicle," which Grafton completed, is verv curious. HALL, Sir Jame.s bart., F.Ii.S. and S.A., Edinburgh, was the eldest son of Sir John Hall, the third baronet of Dunglass, and born in 1700. He was the author of " An Essay on the Origin, Principles, and His- tory of Gothic Architecture," and of many papers in the Transactions of the Royal So- ciety of Edinburgh. He devoted much of his time to scientific pursuits, and made some ingenious researches and discoveries in mineralogy aud geology, particularly by his experiments in the fusionof stony substances — tending to establish the truth of the Ilut- tonian theory of a central fire against the Wcmerian or aqueous system. Died, at Edinburgh. 1832. HALL, Basil, Captain, R. N., a distin- guished writer of voyages and travels, &c. ; the son of Sir James Hall, who has also found a niche in our Biographical Treasury ; was born at Edinburgli in 1788. Entering the navy in 1802, he gradually rose througli the minor ranks till he became post-captain in 1817. But though, like most other British officers, he discharged his official duties with great distinction and success, it is on the field of literature that he reaped his most honoured laurels ; for to whatever quarter of the world he was summoned at the call of duty, he viewed men and manners with a searching eye, and various interesting and popular works were the result of his eager and indefa- tigable pursuit of knowledge. Besides con- tributing numerous papers on scientific sub- jects to various journals and encyclopsedias, Capt. Hall wrote " A Voyage of Discovery to the Western Coast of Corea and the great Loo-Choo Island in the Japan Sea ;" a most interesting work, which went through many editions ; " Extracts from a Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822," " Travels in North America," " Fragments of Voyages and Travels," " Schloss Hcinfeld, or a Winter in Lower Styria," &c. His last work was pub- lished in 1841, under the title of " Patch- work," consisting, as its name implies, of detached papers, embracing recollections of foreign travels ; incidents worked up into short talcs, and a few essays. Having been unfortunately seized with insanity, Capt. Hall was placed in the Royal Hospital, Has- lar, Portsmouth, where he died 1844. HALL, Joseph, an eminent and learned English prelate. He was born, in 1574, at Ashby-de-la-Zouch ; was educated at Ema- nuel College, Cambridge ; and became dean of Worcester. In 1024 he refused the bi- shopric of Gloucester ; but, three years af- terwards, he accepted that of Exeter ; from hal] ^ 0eb3 mnibtv^al MiaQVKi^^yi, [lIAL which see he was removed, in 1641, to that of Norwich. In a few weeks after his translation, he was sent to the Tower, with twelve other prelates, for protesting against any laws passed in parliament during tlieir 1 forced absence from the house. In June, 1642, he obtained his release ; but the next year he suffered much persecution from the Jpuritans, who plundered his house, and de- I spoiled tlie cathedral. His estate also was j sequestered ; and tlius, in liis old age, he was reduced to poverty, which he endured with fortitude, and continued still to preach I occasionally. His " Meditations " are well i known ; and his poetical talents, chiefly ex- ercised in satire, were very respectable. He is universally allowed to have been a man of great wit and learning, and of as great meekness, modesty, and piety. His works have gained him the appellation of the " Christian Seneca." Died, 1656. HALL, RiciiAHD, an English divine of the Romish church, who, in tlie reign of Elizabeth, went to Flanders, and became professor of divinity at Douay, and canon of St. Omer. He published, among other works, a " History of the Troubles of his Time ; " and is very severe on the Protest- ants. Died, 1604. HALL, Robert, a celebrated Baptist preacher, and a distinguished theological writer, was bom at Arnsby, in Leicester- shire, in 1764. His father, who was also a Baptist minister, earlj' remarked his preco- city of talent, and in 1773 placed him under the instruction of the learned and pious John Ryland, of Northampton. At 15 he became a student in the Baptist college at Bristol ; and at 18 he entered King's College, Aberdeen, where he took the degree of M.A. He then was chosen as colleague with Dr. Caleb Evans, in the ministry at Bristol, and adjunct professor in the institution. Here he attained great popularity ; but he was obliged to retire from this situation, in consequence of approacliing symptoms of mental derangement. By judicious treat- ment, during a long seclusion from the world, his powerful mind regained its former vi- gour ; and, in 1791, he removed to Cam- bridge, being chosen successor to the cele- brated Robert Robinson. He now appeared as the author of a pamphlet, entitled "Christianity not inconsistent with the Love of Freedom." This was shortly after followed by his " Vindication of the Freedom of the Press," which passed through several editions, and is still regarded as a standard work. But it was his " Sermon on Modern Infidelity " that established his fame as a divine. In 1802, Mr. Hall's mind again received a shock, which obliged him to sus- pend his pulpit labours ; and on his recovery he removed to Leicester, where he remained as pastor of the Baptist congregation upwards of 20 years. On the death of Dr. Ryland, in 182(;, he succeeded to the presidency of the Bristol Academy, and the pastorsliip of Broadmead chapel ; and there he continued till his death, which took place in 1831. Mr. Hall was gifted with a powerful and persuasive eloquence ; and to great talents and learning he united a benevolent dispo- sition and a truly liberal mind. Dr. Parr, who was his intimate friend, says of him, in his last will and testament, "Mr. Hall has, like Jeremy Taylor, the eloquence of an orator, the fancy of a poet, the subtility of a schoolman, the profoundness of a philo- sopher, and the piety of a saint." His works have been collected and published since his death, in 6 vols. 8vo. HALLER, Albekt von, an eminent Swiss physician, was born at Berne, in 1708. The early display of his abilities was most ex- traordinary ; and when in his 13th year, he was not only distinguished for his know- ledge in Greek and Latin, but also for his poetical genius. In his 16th year he began to study medicine at Tubingen, but the fame of Boerhaave induced him to remove to Leyden, where, animated by the example of the great geniuses around him, he spent his days and nights with the least possible intermission, in the most intense study. In 1727 he visited England, and formed an acquaintance with Sir Hans Sloane, Che- selden, and other eminent men. He received the title of physician and counsellor to king George II., at whose request Francis I. gave him a patent of nobility, as a baron. After 17 years absence at Gottingen, the fame of whose medical school he had greatly extended, he returned, in 1753, to Berne, where his countrymen received him with the respect due to his great fame and talents. Having been elected a member of the sove- reign council of the state, he soon obtained one of its magistracies ; and his various duties as a statesman, a physician, and a medical teacher, occupied his attention till his death. His " Elementa Physiologias " and " Bibliotheca Medicina; " afford ample proofs of his penetrating genius and solid judgment ; and his philosophical and de- scriptive poems display great depth of thought and richness of imagination. He was, in short, a profound philosopher, an admirable poet, and a first-rate physician and botanist ; yet not more eminent for his various scientific knowledge, than for his piety and active benevolence. He died in 1777. HALLEY, Edmund, an eminent English astronomer and mathematician, was born, in 1656, at Haggerston, near London. He received his education at St. Paul's School, and Queen's College, Oxford, where he made so great a proficiency in his mathematical studies, that in 1676 he published observa- tions on a spot in the sun, by which the motion of that body on its axis was deter- mined. The same year he went to St. Helena, where he determined the position of 350 stars, which procured him the name of tlie Southern Tycho. On his return to England he was created master of arts, and chosen a fellow of the Royal Society ; which learned body deputed him to go to Dantzic, to adjust a dispute between Hooke and Hevelius, respecting their proper glasses for astronomical purposes. In 1680 he made the tour of Europe with Mr. Nelson ; and on the passage to Calais was the first to observe the great comet — the same erratic body which visited our hemisphere again in 1835, and was visible in England, to the naked eye, about the middle of October, as hal] ^ ^cfio Winibtxial aStoffraplbfi* [ham a tolerably bright star, just above the con- stellation of the Great Bear. After his re- turn, he turned his attention to the theory of the planetary motions, which brought him acquainted with Isaac Newton, who en- trusted to him the publication of his Prin- cipia. To ascertain exactly the cause of the variation of the compass, he was made commander of a ship in 1698, and sent to the Western Ocean ; but his crew being mutinous, he was obliged to return. The year following he sailed again, and pro- ceeded as far south as the ice would permit ; the result of which observations he published in a general chart. Soon after this he was employed to observe the course of the tides in the Cliannel, and to make a correct chart of the same. Having accomplislied this object, he went to make a survey of the coast of Dalmatia, for the emperor. In 1703 he was appointed Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford ; in 1705 he made public his valuable researches on the orbits of comets ; in 1713 he became secretary to the Royal Society ; and in 1719 he succeeded Flamstecd as astronomer royal. Tlie re- mainder of his life was chiefly spent in the sedulous performance of his duties in that situation, especially incompleting the theory of the motion of the moon. He died at Greenwich, Jan. 14. 1741-2. Fontenelle thus speaks of Halley : " To his great extent of knowledge was added constant presence of mind, and a freedom of expression, at once pertinent, judicious, and sincere. He was naturally of an ardent temper and a gen- erous disposition, open and punctual in his transactions, candid in his judgment, simple and blameless in his manners, affable, com- municative, and disinterested." His prin- cipal works are " Catalogus Stellarum Aus- tralium,'* "Tabulae Astronomica:," "An Abridgment of the History of Comets," &c. HALLIDAY, Sir Andrew, an eminent physician, K. H. ; was originally educated for the church, but being of an ardent and active disposition, he prevailed on his friends to allow him to embrace a more active pur- suit. After the usual routine of education, Mr. Ilalliday travelled throughout Russia, Hungary, and Poland ; and on his return to England commenced practice at Birming- ham, where he met with very considerable success. His active nature, however, soon induced him to obtain a medical appoint- ment on the staff of the army, and he served witli great credit to himself, and no less advantage to the troops, in Spain and Por- tugal. He was present at the memorable assault upon Bergen-op-Zoom, and at the still more memorable battle of Waterloo. His great professional talents, his stock of general knowledge, and his amiable and pre- possessing manners, gained him an enviable distinction, both abroad and at home, to which circumstance he doubtless partly owed the honour of being selected to fill the post of travelling medical attendant to William IV., when that sovereign, then Duke of Cla- rence, was obliged to travel for the restora- tion of liis health. The principal of his works are a " Memoir on the West Indies," " Observations on Ephysema, or the Disease which arises from the Diffusion of Air into 385 the Cavity of the Throat," " Remarks on the Lunatic Asylums in Ireland," " Observations on the State of the Portuguese Army, 1811," a translation of Professor Franck's " Expo- sition of the Causes of Diseases," " Memoir of the Campaign of 1815," a " History of the House of Brunswick and Lunenburg," and " Annals of the House of Hanover." Died, 1840. HALS, Francis, an eminent portrait painter, bom at Mechlin, in 1584, who was considered as ranking next to Vandyke. Died, 1CG(). — His brother, Dirk Hals, was famous for painting merry-makings and subjects of drollery. Died, 1656. HAMILTON, Alexander, adistinguished American officer and legislator in the war of independence, was born in 1757. While a student of Columbia College, at the age of 17, he published several essays concerning the rights of the colonies, which were marked by vigour and maturity of style, as well as by soundness of argument. Before he was 19 he entered the American army, with the rank of captain of artillery ; and by the time he was 20, the commander-in-chief had made him his aide-de-camp, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. From this time he continued the inseparable companion ^of Washington during the war, and was always consulted by him on the most important occasions. After the war. Colonel Hamilton, then about 24, commenced the study of the law, and was soon admitted at the bar. In 1782 he was chosen a member of congress from the state of New York, where he quickly acquired the greatest influence and distinc- tion. He contributed greatly to the favour- able reception of the constitution, by the essays he wrote, in conjunction with Madi- son and Jay, in the " Federalist." On the organisation of the federal government in 1789, he was appointed secretary of the trea- sury ; and during his continuance in that ofllce, about five years, he raised the public credit from the lowest state of depression to a height altogether unprecedented in the history of the country. In 1798, when an invasion was apprehended from the French, and a provisional army had been called into the field, his public services were again required ; and on the death of Washington, in 1799, he succeeded to the chief command. U'hen the army was disbanded, Hamilton again returned to the bar, and continued to practise, with increased reputation and suc- cess, until 1804. A quarrel having taken place between him and Colonel Burr, the latter challenged liim, and they met at Ho- boken on the 11th of July, At the first fire Hamilton fell, mortally wounded, on the same spot where, a short time previously, his eldest son had been killed in a duel. The sensation which this occurrence pro- duced throughout the United States, was very great ; for, of all the American states- men, he displayed the most comprehen- sive understanding and the most varied ability. | HAMILTON, Anthony, Count, a poet, courtier, and man of letters in the 17th cen- tury. He was descended from an ancient Scotcli family, but born, in 1646, in Ireland ; from whence he was taken to France, when a child, by his parents, who were attached to Charles II. When James II. was obliged to contend for his crown in Ireland, he gave Count Hamilton a regiment of infantry, and made him governor of Limerick ; but on the ruin of the royal cause, he accompanied James to France, where he passed the rest of his life. His wit and talents secured him admission into the first circles ; and he died at St. Germain, in 1720. Count Hamilton is chiefly known as an author by his " Memoirs of Count Grammont," a lively and spirited production, exhibiting a free and faithful delineation of the voluptuous court of Charles II. His other works are, " Poems and Fairy Tales," wliich, as well as the Memoirs, are in French, and display ele- gance of style with fertility of invention. HAMILTON, Elizabeth, a lady of great literary attainments, was born at Belfast, in Ireland, in 17.58. She wrote the " Letters of a Hindoo Rajah," 2 vols. ; '• The Life of Agrippina," 3 vols. ; " Memoirs of Modem Philosophers," " Popular Essays," 2 vols. ; •' On the Elementary Principles of Educa- tion," " Letters on the Formation of the Religious and Moral Principle," and other works, replete with sound sense and inform- ation. Died, 1816. Hamilton, Gavin, an historical painter, and connoisseur of ancient art, was born at Lanark, in Scotland. Having discovered an early genius for painting, he was sent to Italy, and placed under Augustine Massunhi, by whose instructions he profited consider- ably ; after which he applied with great diligence to the study of the antique, which has given his paintings of ancient subjects that propriety with regard to costume, which distinguished them at the time from the generality of modern compositions. One of his greatest works was his Homer, con- sisting of a series of pictures, representing scenes taken from the Iliad. The latter part of his life was employed in making excavations, at Tivoli, among the ruins of Adrian's villa, and in various other places in Italy ; by which he was enabled to bring to light many of the long buried treasures of antiquity ; so that the success which crowned his researches made ample amends for the loss which painting may have suf- fered by the intermission of his practice. He died at Rome, in 1796. HAMILTON, James, Duke of, was born in Scotland, in 1G06 ; became a favourite at court ; and, when the troubles broke out in Scotland, had the command of the fleet. In 164.3 he was created a duke ; but soon after- wards his loyalty became suspected, and he was sent prisoner to Pendennis Castle, and next to that of St. Michael's Mount, in Cornwall. There he remained till 1646, when he regained his liberty and went to Scotland, where he was accused of having betrayed the king, and received a share of the money. To wipe off this disgrace he raised some forces, and entered England ; but was defeated at Preston, in Lancashire, August 17. 1648, and sent to Windsor Castle. After a summary trial before Bradshaw, he was sentenced to be beheaded, which was put in execution March 9. 1648-9 His brother William, who succeeded him in the title, was mortally wounded at the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3. 1651. HAMILTON, James, inventor of the Hamiltonian system of teaching languages, died at Dublin, where he had gone for the purpose of giving lectures, Sept. 16. 1829. HAMILTON, Patrick, the first Scotch reformer, was nephew to James, earl of Arran, and born in 1503. He was educated at St. Andrew's ; after which he went abroad, where he imbibed the opinions of Luther. On his return home he was made abbot of Feme, in the shire of Ross, where he promulgated the new doctrines with so much zeal as to excite the wrath of the clergy, who caused him to be apprehended and sent to Beaton, archbishop of St. An- drew's. After a long examination he was declared contumacious, and burnt at a stake opposite St. Salvador's College, March 1. 1527. HAMILTON, Captain Thomas, is chieflv known as the author of " Cyril Thornton," a stirring novel of military adventure, com- bining the elegant style of an excellent clas- sical scholar with the graphic description and vivid feeling of one who had participated in the scenes and circumstances that he de- scribed. After serving through the Penin- sular and American campaigns, Capt. Hamil- ton devoted his time chiefly to literature, and he was a voluminous contributor to Black- wood's Magazine, in which Cyril Thornton originally appeared. His chief separate works after Cyril Thornton are, " Annals of the Peninsular Campaign" and "Men and Manners in America." Died, Dec. 7. 1842, aged 53. HA3IILT0N, William, an historical painter, was bom in 1750. He went to Italy when very young, and was there placed under the instruction of Zucchi, the painter of arabesque ornaments, at Rome. On his return to England he acquired considerable employment ; and, in 1789, was admitted a roval academician. Died, 1801. HAMILTON, William, a Scotch poet, was born at Bangour, in Ayrshire, in 1704. He joined the Pretender in 1745, and nar- rowly escaped being taken after the battle of CuUoden. Died, 1754. Among his songs and ballads is the well known "Braes of Yarrow." HAMILTON, William Gerakd, a states- man who obtained the appellation of " Single Speech Hamilton," from the extra- ordinary impression produced by the first and almost only speech he ever made in the British parliament, was the son of a barris- ter of Lincoln's Inn, where he was born in 1729. He was educated at Winchester School and Oriel College, Oxford. In 1754 he was elected into parliament for Petersfleld, and the year following delivered the speech alluded to. In 1761 he went to Ireland as secretary to I/Ord Halifax, and in the par- liament of that kingdom he confirmed the reputation which he had gained in England by his oratory. He was above twenty years chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland, but retired from public life in 1784. His works, consisting of " Parliamentary Logic," " Speeches," &c. were printed in 1808, witli the life of the author prefixed. Among the ham] ^ ^cbj Winihtri^l Jiiastn^'i)^, [ham many to whom the Letters of Junius were once ascribed, Mr. Hamilton was one ; but there was scarcely the shadow of an argu- ment to support the conjecture. Died, 1796. HAMILTON, Sir Williasi, bart., was a native of Scotland ; born in 1730. His mother having been the nurse of George III., young Hamilton very naturally obtained that prince's patronage. Sir William was gene- rally distinguished for his taste in the polite arts, employed a large portion of his life in the study of natural history, and supplied the Philosophical Transactions and the Archasologia with many learned articles. During his residence as ambassador from England to the court of Naples, he published his " Campi Phlegraei," from his observations of Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna, and other volcanoes. He presented many books, manuscripts, and geological curiosities to the British Museum ; and, after his death, his superb collection of antique vases was purchased by parliament for that institution. Died, 1K0.3. HAMILTON, Emma, Lady, wife of the above-mentioned Sir William, was the daughter of a female servant. At the age of 13, she obtained a situation for her daughter, called Emma Harte, in the house of Mr. Thomas, of Howardcn, Flintshire, to wait on his children. Emma, it seems, thought the situation dull, and left it. At 16, she went to London, got a place in the house of a shopkeeper in St. James's Market, and soon after was hired to wait uiion a lady of rank, where, having only the duty of dressing her mistress, she passed her lei- sure time in reading novels and plays. She soon acquired a taste for the drama ; and employed herself in imitating the attitudes and manners of persons on the stage, from a desire to become an actress. She thus laid the foundation of her extraordinary skill in pantomimic representations. But she neglected her business, was dismissed, and went to serve in a low tavern, frequented by actors, painters, musicians, &c. In this service, she formed an acquaintance with a W^elsh youth, who, being pressed upon the river, she hastened to the captain and ob- tained the boy his liberty. The captain loaded her with presents, and with him she remained for some time. At J^ength she quitted him for a gentleman of large fortune, who kept her in great affluence for a short period ; but disgusted by her extravagance, and induced by domestic considerations, he dismissed her. Reduced to the greatest poverty, she became one of the most com- mon of degraded females. From this state she was relieved by the infamous Dr. Gra- ham, who, perceiving the beautiful sym- metry of her person, took her to his house, and there exhibited her, covered only with a transparent veil, under the name of the goddess Uygeia. Painters, sculptors, and others, paid their tribute of admiration at- the shrine of this new goddess. The artful quack had her bust modelled ; numbers purchased it, and a greater number came to admire the original. She was an adept in deceit ; with a violent and impassioned temper, she assumed the appearance of can- dour, innocence, and simplicity. Charles Greville (of the Warwick family) became enamoured with, and would have married her, but for the interference of his uncle. Sir W. Hamilton, who, according to some accounts, made an agreement with Greville to pay his debts, on condition that he should give up his mistress ; or, as others state the Circumstance, in his endeavours to save his nephew, fell into the snare himself, and became the victim of her arts. He made her his wife in 1791 ; introduced her at the court of Naples, where the queen became so inl'atuated with the new ambassadress, as frequently to keep her a visitor at the pa- lace. It was there that she imbibed a violent passion for England's naval hero, then com- manding the "Agamemnon ; " and, from that period, she became the companion of Nel- son, to whom she was sometimes useful as a political agent. After the victory of Aboukir, when the conqueror was received in Naples with extravagant rejoicings. Lady Hamilton was the heroine of the crowd, and accom- panied the slave of her charms wherever he went. To her advice is attributed the igno- minious death of Prince Caracciolo, the oldest and the best officer in the Neapolitan navy. She died in 1816, in the neighbour- liood of Calais. HAMMOND, Axxnomr, an ingenious writer, wos bom at the family scat of So- mersham Place, Huntingdonshire, in 1668. He woa educated at St. John's College, Cam- bridge, and became a member of parliament, where his eloquence procured him the name of " Silver Tongue." He was also a com- missioner of the navy ; but died a prisoner in the Fleet, in 17-J8. He was the author of a " Miscellany of Original Poems." HAMMOND, Jajiks, an elegiac poet, was bom in 1710 ; received his education at Westminster School ; was appointed equerry to Frederic, prince of Wales ; and sat in parliament for Truro. He died in 1741, his health, if not his intellect, having been disordered by an unfortunate attachment to a young lady who rejected his addresses. After his death, a. small volume of his " Love Elegies " was published, which, though chiefly imitations of Tibullus, are obviously the fruits of a cultivated taste, and possess much warmth and tenderness. HAMPDEN, John, a political character of great celebrity in tlie reign of Charles I., was descended of an ancient family in Buck- inghamshire, and bom in London, in 1594. In 1636 he distinguished himself by his spirited opposition to the payment of ship- money, by which he acquired great popu- larity. He became a leading man in the House of Commons ; and at the commence- ment of the civil war he took up arms against the king, and accepted the command of a regiment in the parliamentary army, under the Earl of Essex. Prince Rupert having beaten up the quarters of the parliamentary troops near Thame, in Oxfordshire, IlainiKlen eagerly joined a few cavalry that were rallied in haste, and, in the skirmish that ensued, received a wound, which in a few days proved fatal. His character and conduct throughout his contest with the crown showed great firmness and moderation ; and his name has become a sort of watchword to 387 L L 2 ham] ^ ^cia BnibtviaX 33t03Taji]^i). [han many who, lacking his stem republican virtues, exult in displaying their patriotism by resisting not merely taxation by prero- gative, but the law of the land. Died, 1643. HAMPER, William, an antiquarian and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Bir- mingham. His principal publication is " The Life, Diary, and Correspondence of Sir William Dugdale." He was a contri- butor to several archaeological works, and furnished the Gentleman's Magazine with numerous sketches and descriptions. Died, 1831. HANDEL, George FnEDKRic, an illus- trious musician, was born at Halle, in Saxony, in 1684. His father, who intended him for the law, perceiving his propensity to music, discouraged it as much as possible, and especially forbade liim to touch an in- strument. The boy, however, contrired to have a small clavichord concealed in the garret, where he used to amuse himself wlien the family were asleep. At the age of 7 he went with his father to the court of the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, to whom Handel's brother-in-law was valet. While there, it was impossible to keep the child from the harpsichords, and he sometimes went into the organ loft at church, and played after service was over. On one of these occasions, the duke going into the church, was surprised at hearing some person playing on the organ; and more so at finding that it was a child of 7 years old, the brother of his own valet. Upon this he reasoned in strong terms with the father, who agreed to place his son under Zuckau, the organist of the cathedral at Halle, a man equally capable and disposed to do justice to so promising a pupil. At the age of 9, Handel composed the church service, for voices and instruments ; and when he was 14 he far excelled his master, and was sent to Berlin, where the sovereign made him liberal presents. On the death of his father, in 1703, he proceeded to Ham- burgh, then celebrated for the excellence of its musical performances, and procured an engagement there, in the orchestra at the opera. In 1704 lie brought out his first opera, " Almira." Soon after this he visited Italy, and at Florence produced the opera of " Rodrigo." He subsequently went to Venice, Naples, and Rome ; and having altogether remained in Italy about 6 years, he accepted the pressing invitations he had received from many of the British nobility to visit London, and set out for England, where he arrived in the latter end of 1710. The flattering reception he experienced in- duced him to prolong his stay, and he rose, during the 50 years which followed, to the height of professional honour. In 1741 he brought out his chef-d'oeuvre, the oratorio of the " Messiah ; " and although this sublime composition was not at first duly appreciated, yet its vast merits were soon made known, and it increased constantly in reputation. Some time previous to his decease, he was af- flicted by total blindness ; but this misfor- tune had little effect on his spirits, and he continued not only to perform in public, but even to compose, till within a week of his death, which took place in London, in 1759. Handel's manners were rough, and his temper even violent ; but his heart was humane, and his disposition liberal. His musical powers can hardly be estimated too highly. In boldness and strength of style, and in the combination of vigour, spirit, in- vention, grandeur, and sublimity, he has never been surpassed. " Conceive," said Arbuthnot to Pope, " the highest you can of his abilities, and they are much beyond any thing you can conceive." This great composer was buried in Westminster Ab- bey, where a monument is erected to his memory. HANMER, Sir Thomas, an English statesman and writer, was born in 1676, and succeeded his uncle in his title and the family estate of Hanmer. He was elected M. P. for Suffolk, and, in 1713, chosen speaker of the House of Commons, an office which he dis- charged with great impartiality. Towards the close of his life he withdrew altogether from public business, and occupied himself in elegant literature ; the fruits of which ap- peared in a corrected and illustrated edition of Shakspeare's dramatic works, in 6 vols. 4to. Died, 1746. HANNEMAN, Adrian, an eminent his- torical and portrait painter, was born at the Hague, in 1611. He imitated Vandyke so closely, that his portraits are not often to be distinguished from those of that great master. He came to England in the reign of Charles I., and continued here several years. Died, 1680. HANNIBAL, general of the Carthagi- nians, was the sou of Amilcar, who caused him, at the age of 8 years, to swear be- fore the altar eternal enmity to the Romans. In the year of Rome 534, and b. c. 220, he took the command of the army, on the death of his brother Asdrubal. After achieving several conquests in Spain, he turned his arms against the Romans, and crossed the Alps by a new road. Having defeated Scipio and other commanders, in separate actions, he marched towards Rome, and gained the victory of Cannae, b. c. 216. Instead of fol- lowing up this advantage, Hannibal rested at Capua, which enabled the Romans to re- cover from their fright, so that when the Carthaginians encamped before the city, their appearance created no alarm. Hanni- bal, finding it hopeless to make any attempt upon the»eapital, retreated. Two years afterwards he defeated Marcellus ; but not- withstanding this, finding his aflFairs growing desperate in Italy, where he had now been 16 years, he made overtures of peace, which terminated without effect. The battle of Zama, in which he lost 20,000 men, com- pletely ruined Hannibal, and he retired to Asia, where he took refuge with Prusias, king of Bithynia ; but being apprehensive that he should be delivered up to the Romans, he took poison, at the age of 64, B.C. 183. HANNO. There were several Carthagi- nian generals of this name. — One of them made a voyage on the western coast of Africa, of wliich he has left a description, called the " Periplus of Hanno." The pur- pose of this voyage was to make discoveries for the benefit of commerce, and to settle colonies, of which he established several — Two Carthaginian generals, of the name of i han] ^ ^cU) Hni&trsal 3Bi0flrapIjy. [hab Hanno, commanded in Sicily, successively, during the first Punic war. — Another Hanno was one of the commanders under Hanni- bal in Italy, and was successful on several occasions. U ANKIOT, or HENRIOT, Fransois, one of the most infamous Wfctches that ever soiled the annals of any people, was born at Nauterre, in 17(J1. Having robbed his master, an attorney in Paris, he was driven on the town without resource, and became a spy of the police. He first appeared in his revolu- tionary character the day after the taking of the Tuileries, in 1792. A few months after, he was one of the most sanguinary of the Septembriscrs ; and presided at the massacre of the prisoners of Orleans. The execrable commune of Paris then made him chief of the sans-culottes section ; their object being to organise a system of terror and sanguin- ary predominance over the national repre- sentatives. With these banditti, armed with bayonets and cannon, he marched to the Convention, and demanded the proscription of the Girondists. Under terror, the assembly consented to give up 29 of their most talented and trustworthy members to the guillotine. He afterwards became tlie willing and blood- thirsty satellite of Robespierre. When that wretch was outlawed, and condemned to death by the Convention, Henriot and Cof- finhal, the vice-presidents of the revolu- tionary tribunal, made an efibrt to raise the Jacobin factions in his favour ; and might have succeeded, but his courage failed just as the brigands were pointing their cannons against the Convention, and the moment was lost : some of the sections, and a body of gens-d'armes, rallied in favour of the latter, and Henriot was outlawed, and arrested in a state of powerless intoxication, produced by drinking large draughts of brandy in order to sustain his courage. His colleague, Coffiuhal, was so maddened by the loss of the day, that, rushing upon him in the upper room of the Hotel de Ville, where both were confined, he threw him out of the window. He lell into a drain, and tried to hide him- self, but his groans discovered his hiding- place ; he was dragged out, and sent next day to the scaffold, with Robespierre and his colleagues. Tliis monster was only 33 when he suffered. It was he that made a motion for burning all the public libraries and books in France. HANS SACHS, a German poet of the 16th century. Prolific as German writers in general are, honest Hans must ever be re- garded as an extraordinary instance of poetical fertility, if what his countrymen as- sert be true, namely, that he wrote no less than 10,840 compositions in verse, among which are 218 comedies and tragedies 1 To this we are bound to add, as an additional proof of his industry, that he was a shoe ■ maker, and worked all his life at the trade. HANSARD, Luke, an industrious and successful printer, was born at Norwich, in 17.52. He served his apprenticeship in his native city ; and, at its expiration, he started for I^ondon, with a good character, and one solitary guinea in his pocket. His first situation in London was that of a compositor In the printing office of Mr, Hughs, printer 8ti9 to the House of Commons ; in which he ac- quired the full confidence of his employer, and, by his indefatigable attention, extended the business. In 1774, Mr. Hansard became a partner in the concern ; and when the whole of the business devolved upon him, by the death of Mr. Hughs, he spared no cost nor personal labour in performing the important duties entrusted to him. He amassed a very considerable property, and finished his useful and laborious life in 1828, aged 7(j. HANWAY, Jonas, an eminent philan- thropist, was born at Portsmouth, in 1712, and being bred a merchant, formed a con- nection with a commercial house at St. Petersbur^h, in consequence of which he travelled mto Persia, of which country he published an account, in 2 vols. 4to. He was the chief founder of the Marine Society and the Magdalen Hospital ; and contributed to the establishment of Sunday schools. He wrote several religious books ; the best of which is entitled " Domestic Happiness pro- moted." But it is by his numerous acts of benevolence, more than by his writings, that Mr. Hanway will be remembered. He died in 178(!, and a monument was erected to his memory in Westminster Abl>ey. H AliCOURT, William, Earl of, was bom in 1743, and entered as ensign in the 1st foot guards, in 1759. He accompanied his father m 17(il, when the earl was sent to conduct the destined consort of fJeorge III. from the court of Strelitz ; and at his return received an appointment in the queen's household. While on duty in America he performed a singular service, by going in one day 70 miles, on the same horse, through an enemy's country, with only a patrol of 30 men, and bringing back General Lee, who had deserted from the British army j and whom he took out of his quarters when surrounded by 2000 of the American troops. On his return he was made aide-de-camp to the king, and had the command of the queen's regiment of light dragoons, which he held from 1779 till his death. Died. 1830. HARDENBERG, Chakles Adoustus, (Baron, afterwards Prince of) ; a famous Prussian statesman, born in 1750 ; became j cabinet minister in 1793 ; and his signature will be found to most of the treaties of coa- | lition against Napoleon, with Russia and I Austria, till the battle of Austerlitz, in 1805 ; after which he retired (having been accused by the French party of wishing to preserve Hanover to England) for some time from public affairs ; but returned to his post soon after, and in 1810 was made chancellor of state. He was one of the Russian pleni- potentiaries signing the treaty of Paris in 1814 ; was created prince ; accompanied the allied sovereigns to London ; was one of the most prominent actors at the congress of Vienna ; and afterwards made president of the council of state. He was present, in 1818, at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ; in 1819, at Carlsbad; in 1820, at Vienna, at Troppau, and Verona. He died at Genoa, in 1822. HARDENBERG, Frederick von (better known by his literary cognomen Novalis), was bom at Mansfeld, near Eisleben, 1772 j studied at Jena, Leipsig, and Wittenberg ; har] ^ 0t\3i ^niljfr^aX MiaQxapff^. [har and finally became superintendant of the mines in Saxony, having acquired a com- petent knowledge of the science of miner- alogy under the celebrated Werner. His lyric poems have gained him great celebrity; and his romance, " Heinrich von Ofler- dingen," though unfinished, has called forth the a'dmiration even of such fastidious critics as Tieck and Frederick Schlegel. Died, 1801. HARDER, John James, a physician of Basle, born in 1656, and died in 1711. He was professor of medicine, anatomy, and botany, at his native place, and for his merit was created a count of the empire. He wrote " Prodromus Physiologicus," and several other medical works. HARDI, Ai.EXA.vDEK, a French drama- tist, who died at Paris in 1630. He wrote above 600 plays, of which 34 were published, in 6 vols. 8vo., 1628. He has been reckoned the father of the stage, and, previous to Cor- neille's appearance, he ranked as their first tragic writer. HARDICANUTE, king of England and Denmark, was the son of Canute, and suc- ceeded his father on the Danish throne in 1038 ; and at the same time laid claim to that of England, which had devolved to his half-brother, Harold. A compromise was effected, by which he governed the southern part of the kingdom during Harold's life, and succeeded to the whole on his death. His conduct was violent and tyrannical : he revived the odious tax called dancgelt ; and his subjects rejoiced at his early death, which happened in 1041. HARDING, Thomas, an English divine, born at Combe-Martin, Devonshire, in 1512. He was educated in the Romish faith at Winchester, and New College, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1542 he was chosen Hebrew professor, and conformed to the established religion during that reign and the next. He was also tutor to Lady Jane Grey, whom he instructed in the Pro- testant faith. But on the accession of Mary he apostatised ; for which his excellent pupil remonstrated with him, as appears by an admirable letter of hers preserved by Fox. In 1554 he took his dwtor's degree, and was made prebendary of ^^'inchester and trea- surer of Salisbury. When Elizabeth came to the crown, Harding went to Louvain, where he carried on a long polemical con- troversy with Bishop Jewell. Died, 1572. HARDION, James, a French writer, was born at Tours, in 1686. He became a mem- ber of the Academy of Inscriptions, and was appointed keeper of the library and antiquities in the royal cabinet. He had also the honour to instruct the princesses in history and geography, and for their use wrote his "Histoire Poetique," 3 vols. 12mo ; and his Universal History, 18 vols. 12mo. Died, 1766. HARDOUIN, JoHX, a learned French Jesuit, the author of several works, but re- markable as the autlior of one in particular (which excited equal interest and animad- version at the time), the object of which was to show that almost all the writings under the names of the Greek and Roman poets and historians are the spurious productions of the 13th century. Bom, 1647 ; died, 1729. HARDOUIN, John Stephen, a French writer ; the translator of Young's Night Thoughts, and Fenelon's Telemachus, into rhyme. Born, 1735 ; died, 1817. HARDT, Herman von der, a German writer of great merit, bom in 1660, at Melle, in Westphalia. He was librarian to the Duke of Brunswick, and professor of the oriental languages in the university of Hclmstadt. He was afterwards rector of the gymnasium of Marienburg. Among his works are "Magnum Consilium Constan- tiense de universali Ecclesi» Reformatione, Unione, et Fide," and " Historia litteraria Reformationis." Died, 1746. HARDWICKE, Philip Yorke, Earl, an eminent English lawyer, was born at Dover in Kent, in 1690. After serving the otflces of solicitor and attorney general, he was in 1733 appointed chief justice of the king's bench, and created a peer. In 1736 he was made lord chancellor, which situation he held 20 years. In 1754 lie was created earl of Hardwicke. Died, 1764. HARDWICKE, Philip Yorke, Earl of, eldest son of the preceding, was born in 1720. In 1738 he was appointed one of the tellers of the exchequer ; and in 1764 succeeded his father in the earldom. He died in 1790. Lord Hardwicke wrote a poem on the death of queen Caroline ; and with Ms brother, the Honourable Charles Yorke, projected the "Athenian Letters, or the Epistolary Correspondence of an Agent of the King of Persia, residing at Athens during the Pelo- ponnesian War." A few copies only of this work were at first printed for private circu- lation ; but in 1798 an elegant edition, in 2 vols. 4to., was published. Lord Hardwicke also printed "The Correspondence of Sir Dudley Carleton, in the Reign of James I. ; " and " Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726." HARDWICKE, Philip Yorke, the third Earl of, was the eldest son of the Right Hon. Charles Yorke, lord chancellor of England, and was born in 1757. From 1801 to 1805 he filled the office of lord lieutenant of Ireland, and his viceroyalty was distinguished by wisdom and moderation, combined with firmness, courtesy, and hospitality. His lordship was through life, in fact, considered as a model of an English gentleman, muni- ficent, accomplished, and public-spirited. He was high steward of the university of Cambridge, registrar of the court of admi- raltv, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. Died, 1834. HARDY, Sir Charles, an English ad- miral, and the grandson of an eminent naval commander of the same name, in the reign of queen Anne. He had the command of the Channel fleet in 1779, but died the same year at Spithead. HARDY, Vice-admiral Sir Thomas, G.C.B., a gallant oflScer, of whom, for his own fame's sake, it might suffice to say that he was the friend and brother in arms of the gallant Nelson, whose last breath he received on board the Victory. At the early age of 12, he entered the royal navy as a midshipman on board the Helena, of 14 guns, and in No- vember, 1793, was made lieutenant in the Meleager, of- the squadron of Nelson, under whose notice he was thus brought. He was har] ^ iSitb) mxihtv^al JStagraijlbS' [har thenceforth constantly employed under the hero, who, in 1797, promoted him to the command of the brig La Mutine, of the cap- ture of which he was the main cause, liis constant gallantry, and especially his con- ! duct ot the battle of the Nile, iu which his ' vessel, La Mutine, was the only single decker I that was present, caused Nelson to promote 1 him to the command of the Vanguard. In I July, 1803. he became flag-captain to Nelson, ! on board the Victory, and he it was who, on the fatal though glorious 21st of October, j 1805, received the last orders of the greatest naval chief the world has ever seen. For his services at Trafalgar he was created a ba- ronet. After 3(5 years of arduous and efficient service in every quarter of the globe, he was, in 1834, appointed to the honourable post of governor of Greenwich Hospital, where he constantly resided till the close of his valu- able Ufe. Born, 17G9 ; died, 1839. HARE, Dr. Fkancis, bishop of Chiches- ter, and author of some celebrated polemic tracts, particularly those relating to the Bangorian controversy, in which lie was an ; opponent of Hoadley. Died, 1740. ! HARGRAVE, Fkancis, an eminent legal writer and barrister, born in 1741. He was less distinguished at the bar than as a cham- ber counsel, and the author of numerous professional works. Among his publications are " State Trials," 11 vols, folio ; and "Ju- ridical Arguments and Collections," 2 vols. 4to. Died, 1821. HARIOT, Thomas, an English mathema- tician, was born at Oxford, in 1560, and educated at St. Mary Hall. He accompa- nied Sir Walter Raleigh to America, and published an account of the discovery of Virginia. He lived some time in Sion Col- lege, and died in 1621. His " Artis Analy- ticae Praxis" was printed after his death, and tliere is great reason to believe that Descartes drew from it all his pretended discoveries in algebra. HARLEY, Robert, ;earl of Oxford and Mortimer, a distinguished English states- man, was born in lC(jl. At the revolution he was returned to the House of Commons for Tregony, in Cornwall ; and in 1702 he was chosen speaker, which office he held while secretary of state, but resigned the latter place in 1708. In 1710 he again came into office, as a commissioner of the treasury, and chancellor of the exchequer. Shortly after he was stabbed by the Marquis of Guiscard, a Frenchman, when under ex- amination at the council-board ; but he re- covered from his wound, and the assassin died in prison. He was then advanced to the peerage, and mode lord high treasurer ; which office he resigned a few days before the death of queen Anne, in 1714. On the accession of George I. he was impeached by the House of Commons, and committed to the Tower, where he was kept two years, and then, after a public trial, he was ac- quitted. After this, he retired wholly from public business, and died iu 1724. Lord Oxford was a liberal eneourager of litera- ture, a decided patron of Pope and Swift, the author of some few pamphlets himself, and a great collector of books. HARLOW, Geouoe Henry, on English 391 painter, was bom in 1787 ; studied under Drummond and Sir Thomas Lawrence i and died in 1819. He produced several good pictures ; among which is the well-known scene from Shakspearc's Henry the Eighth, containing portraits of the Kemble family and other distinguished actors. HARMER, Thomas, a dissenting minister at Wattesfield, in Suffolk, was born in 1715, and became eminent as an Oriental scholar. His chief work is entitled " Observations on divers Passages of Scripture, illustrated by Accounts of Travellers in the East." Died, 1788. HAROLD I., sumamed Harefoot, king of England, succeeded his father, Canute, in 10.35. He reigned four years, and died in 1039. HAROLD II., king of England, was the second son of Godwin, earl of Kent. Upon the death of Edward the Confessor, in lOCfj, he took possession of the throne, without attending to the more legal claim of Edgar Atheling, or the asserted be<iue8t of Edward in favour of William, duke of Normandy. The latter accordingly invaded England with a large army, and Harold fell at the memorable battle of Hastings, Oct. 14. lOGG ; by which the conquest of the kingdom was effected, and the Norman rule began. HAROUN, or AARON AL RASCIIID, a celebrated caliph of tlie Saracens, ascended the throne in 78<>, and was the most potent prince of his race, ruling over territories extending from Egypt to Khorassan. He gained many splendid victories over the Greek emperors, and obtained immense renown for his bravery, magnificence, and love of letters ; but he was cruel and tyran- nical. Died, 808. HARPALUS, an ancient Greek astrono- mer, who flourished about 480 B.C. HARRINGTON, James, a celebrated political writer, was born, in 1611, in North- amptonshire. His chief work is entitled " Oceana," a political romance, in which he defended republicanism. In 1661, he was, on a charge of treason, sent to the Tower, from whence he was removed to St. Nicho- las's Island, near Plymouth, but was after- wards released on bail. He died, deranged in his intellects, in 1677. HARRINGTON, John, Lord, was the eldest son of Lord and Lady Harrington, to whose care James I. committed his daughter Elizabeth, afterwards the wife of Frederic, elector palatine and king of Bohemia. He died at the age of 22, in 1613. His lordship was the intimate companion and corre- spondent of Henry, prince of Wales, and the letters which passed between them, in Latin, are extant. HARRIS, General Lord George, colonel of the 73rd foot, and governor of Dumbarton Castle, entered the army as a cadet in the royal artillery, before he was 13 years of age, in 1769. He served during the cam- paign in America, and received a wound in the head at the battle of Bunker's Hill, which obliged him to be trepanned and to be sent home ; but he returned in time to take the field previously to the army land- ing on Long Island. He subsequently dis- tinguished himself in India, and continued har] ^ i^m mnibex^Kl SJtograpi^e. [har in active seryice until the capture of Sering- apatam ; when his services were rewarded with the honours of the Bath, and a British peerage. Died, 1829. HARRIS, James, a philological writer, was born at Salisbury, in 1709. In 1774 he was made secretary and comptroller to the queen ; and died in 1780. He wrote " Three Treatises ; the first concerning Art ; the second concerning Music, Painting, and Poetry ; and the third concerning Happi- ness; " " Hermes, or a Philosophical Enquiry concerning Universal Grammar ; " " Philo- logical Enquiries," &c. His " Hermes " displays much ingenuity, and an extensive acquaintance with the writings of the Greek poets and philosophers. HARRIS, John, an English divine and mathematician, who was secretary to the Royal Society, and died in 1719. He pub- lislied a translation of Pardie's Elements of Geometry, a " History of tlie County of Kent," &c. ; but he is best known by having been the first projector of a Cyclopedia, or Dictionary of Sciences. This work was en- titled " Lexicon Technicum," in 3 vols, folio. HARRIS, Walter, a physician, was born in 1(!47, and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. He embraced the Roman Ca- tholic religion, and went to France ; but afterwards returned to London, renounced popery, and at the Revolution was appointed pliysician to the king. HARRIS, William, a Baptist minister at Honiton, in Devonshire. He wrote the Lives of James I., Charles I. and II., Oliver Cromwell, and Hugh Peters, in the manner of Bayle, in 5 vols, folio. Died, 1770. HARRISON, John, celebrated as the inventor of the time-keeper for ascertaining the longitude at sea, was born at Foulby, near Pontefract, Yorkshire, in 1693. His father, a carpenter or builder, brouglit him up to the same occupation ; but by dint of his own ingenuity and perseverance, he learned to make clocks and watches ; and having turned his attention to the improve- ment of pocket watches, he was induced to make a time-keeper, in that form, which he finished in 1759. This chronometer, in two voyages, having been found to correct the longitude within the limits required by the act of parliament, Harrison applied for the proposed reward of 20,000i., which he received. Died, 1776. HARRISON, JoHX, one of the regicide judges who sat upon the trial of Charles I., was the son of a butcher, and became a general in the parliamentary army. He was one of the ten who were executed for that act, after the Restoration. HARRISON, William Hexry, president of tlie United States of America, was born in "Virginia, in 1773 ; his father being one of the most conspicuous among the patriots of the revolution. After receiving the cus- tomary education at Hampden Sydney Col- lege, he studied for the medical profession ; but participating in the general excitement whicli prevailed throughout the country against the barbarous mode of warfare at that time practised by the Indians on the north-western frontiers, he suddenly aban- doned the precepts of Galen, and joined his brethren in arms, as an ensign in the U. S. artillery, in 1791. Both as an officer of the government, and subsequently as an able representative in congress, he displayed the principles of a disinterested patriot. During the years 1811, 1812, and 1813, General Harrison assemljled a body of militia and volunteers, and marched against the Indians, who, under Tecumesh, had created serious disturbances on the frontier. The most signal success crowned his efforts, and he was appointed by Mr. Madison to negotiate with those enemies against whom his military skill had been so ably directed. In 1828, he was sent as United States' minister to Co- lumbia : and, in 1840, he received the highest honour that can be bestowed upon a citizen of a free country, in being elected to preside over it as its chief magistrate. But just as his measures were coming into operation, and when at tlie height of his popularity, he was seized with an illness, and died April 4. 1844. HARTE, Walter, an English poet and historian, was born and educated at Marl- borough in Wiltshire. He published a poet- ical collection, called the "Amaranth," a " History of GustavusAdolphus," 2vol8.4to.; and "Essays on Husbandry." Died, 1773. HARTLEY, David, an English physician, was born at Armley, in Yorkshire, in 1705, and died at Bath, in 1757. He wrote an excellent work, entitled " Observations on Man," 2 vols. 8vo. HARTLEY, David, son of the preceding, was born in 1730 ; educated at Merton Col- lege, Oxford ; became M. P. for Hull ; was distiiiguislied by his strenuous opposition to the American war ; and was appointed one of the negotiators to treat with Dr. Franklin. He had the merit of several ingenious in- ventions, one of which is a mode of securing buildings from fire. Died, 1813. HARTSOEKER, Nicholas, a Dutch me- taphysician and natural philosopher, was born at Gouda, in 1656. He became pro- fessor of philosophy at Heidelberg, and ma- thematician to the elector palatine. He died in 1725. He wrote a " Course of Na- tural Philosophy," " Physical Conjectures," and other scientific works. He was very successful in the construction of telescopes ; and to his discovery of the spermatic ani- malcules, physiologists are indebted for a new theory of generation. HARTZHEIM, Joseph, a learned Jesuit, was born at Cologne, in 1694. He became professor of Greek and Hebrew at Milan, but afterwards returned to Cologne, where he held the chair of philosophy and divinity. Among his works are " Suinma HistorijE omnis ab Exordio Rerura ad Ann. h Cliristo nato," "Bibliotheca Scriptorum Colonien- sium," " Dissertationes Historico-critica in Sacram Scripturam," &c. He also edited and published the Councils of Germany, 4 vols, folio. Died, 1763. HARVARD, JoHx, a Nonconformist divine, who died in 1688, at Charlestown, in New England. He is deserving of comme- moration by being the founder of a college bearing his name, at Cambridge, in North America. har] a ^etD ?Sntbertfal 38t0tn:apl)ij. [has I HARVEY, William, a celebrated phy- sician, was bom at Folkstoue, in Kent, in 1 1578. lie discovered the circulation of the ' blood, of which he publislied an account in 1G28, entitled " Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis." In 1632 he was made physician to Charles I., and adhered faithfully to the king ; for which, in 1G45, he was chosen warden of Merton College, Oxford ; but when the parliamentary visi- tor* came there, he left it for I/ondon. In 1651 appeajted his " Exercitatioiies de Genc- ratione Animalium." The following year he presented to tlie college a convocation room and museum filled with books and instruments. After this he gave up his pa- ternal estate to their use, on condition that a yearly oration (now called " the Harveian") should be delivered in the college, and pro- vision made for the keeper of the library and museum. Died, 1658. HAKWOOD, Sir BusiCK, an English physician and anatomist, was a native of Newmarket. After attending the London hospitals, he went out to India as an army- surgeon ; and tliere, having tlie good luck to cure one of the native princes of a dan- gerous wound, it speedily raised liim to fortujie luid reputation. In 1790 he was appointed professor of medicine at Downing College, was knighted iu 1806, and died in 1814. UASE, TiiEODOKE DE, a German divine, was born at Bremen, in 1682. On com- pleting his studies, he became professor of belles lettres at Uanau ; was next appointed professor of Hebrew and minister ut Bre- men ; and in 1723 he obtained tlie theolo- gical chair. He was the author of "Dis- sertations," which are much esteemed ; and he assisted I^ainpe in his " Bibliotheca His- torico-Philologico-Theologica." Died, 1731. HASSAN PACHA, grand vizier of the Ottoman empire, was an African by birth, and, when young, served in the Algerine navy. Being taken prisoner by the Sim- niaj-ds, and sent to Naples, he found means of obtaining his liberty, went to Constanti- nople, and entered into the Turkish service. Here he soon distinguished himself by his superior skill and bravery, and was appointed capitan pacha, or high admiral. He van- quished the Egyptian insurgents ; took Gaza, Jaffa, and Acre ; and beheaded the famous Daher, sheik of the latter city, who had for years defied the power of the Porte. He twice reduced t)ie beys of Egypt to sub- jection, and carried with him vast treasures to Constantinople. In the war between Turkey and Russia, in 1788, although Has- san was then 85 years old, lie was appointed to the supreme command of all the forces, and made grand vizier ; but though there was no want of energy on his part, age had impaired his abilities, and the Ottoman forces were subjected to repeated discomfi- ture- The vizier was accordingly dismissed from his high command, and he died in 1790. HASSE, Jonsr Adolphus, chapel-master of Augustus, king of Poland, and elector of Saxony, was born at Bergedorf, near Ham- burgh, in 1699. After making several tours tlirough the Continent, and gaining great success, by composing operas for the chief theatres of Italy, he came to London, in 1733, where he was received with great dis- tinction. He soon, however, went to Dres- den, and finally removed to Venice, where he died, in 1783. Hasse is deservedly cele- brated as the most natural, elegant, and judicious composer of his time His wife Faustina, who died in the same year, aged 90, was eminent as the inventor of a new method of singing, by running divisions with astonishing neatness and precision. HASSELQUIST, FnEDEuic, a Swedish naturalist, and one of the most celebrated of all the pupils of Linnaeus, was born in 1722. Having formed tlie scheme of making researches, on the spot, into the natural his- tory of Palestine, he embarked for Smyrna in August, 1749, went to Egypt, remained some time at Jerusalem, and afterwards visited other parts of the country Return- ing to Smyrna, he brought with him an ad- mirable collection of plants, minerals, fishes, reptiles, insects, and other natural curiosi- ties. His " Iter Palsestinum, or a Journey to the Holy Land," was derived from his journal, and was drawn up by LinnKUS. HASTED, EuwAKi), a topographer and antiquarv, was born at Hawlcy, the seat of his family, in Kent, in 1732. He devoted the greatest part of his life to the labour of compiling a history of his native county, which was published in 4 vols, folio, 17'.i9. He was master of the hospital at Corshain, in Wiltshire, where he died in 1812. HASTINGS, Lady Elizabeth, daughter of Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon, was born in 1682. She remained single through life, and distinguished herself by works of piety and benevolence. She erected schools, built churches, supported many indigent families, and founded five scholarships in Queen's College, Oxford. Died, 1739. HASTINGS, Warken, was bom in 1733, at Churchill, Oxfordshire, where his father was the clergyman. He was educated at Westminster, and, at the age of 17, went out to India as a writer in the company's ser- vice. On his arrival he applied with dili- gence to the duties of his station, and at his leisure studied the oriental languages. After 14 years' residence in Bengal he returned to England ; but in 1769 he went out as second in council at Madras, where he re- mained about two years, and then removed to the presidency of Calcutta. This was a critical period, and tlie state of Hindostan soon became perilous from the revolt of the native subjects, the defection of allies, and the increasing power of Hyder Ally, tlie sovereign of Mysore, aided by the land and sea forces of France. In this exigency the governor-general had to depend solely upon his own exertions -, and he succeeded, beyond all expectations, in saving British India from a combination of enemies, and in in- creasing and strengthening the power of the company at the expense of the native princes. Notwithstanding this, party spirit at home turned the merit of Mr. Hastings into a crime, and charges were brought against him in parliament. In 1786 he re- turned to England, when he was accused of having governed arbitrarily and tyran- has] ^ ^etD Hniber^al ^iast^f)v* [hau nically ; of having extorted immense sums of money ; and of having exercised every species of oppression. An impeachment followed, which, in contempt of all the principles of justice, lasted 9 years. He was at length acquitted, and sentenced to pay only the costs of prosecution (71,080?. ster>- ling) for which the East India Company indemnified him by a pension of 4,000/. for life. He lived, however, to see his plans for the security of India publicly applauded; and died in 1818. Mr. Hastings was a man of mild and unassuming manners, and an elegant scholar. He wrote " A Narrative of the Insurrection at Benares," " Memoirs relative to the State of India," some fugitive poetry, &c. HASTINGS, Francis Rawdon, Marquis of, son of the Earl of Moira, was born in 1754, and entered the army in 1771. He greatly distinguished himself in the American war ; was appointed, in 1778, adjutant-general of the British forces there, and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general ; but a severe illness compelled him to return home before the conclusion of hostilities, when he was made aide-de-camp to the king, and created an English peer. Advanced to the rank of a major-general in the summer of 1794, he was sent, with a reinforcement of 10,000 men, to join the Duke of York, opposed to the French in Holland ; and materially con- tributed to mitigate the disasters of tliat memorable campaign. When the Whigs, with wliom he had acted, came into power, in 1806, he was appointed master-general of the ordnance, which post he resigned on the fall of his party. In 1812 he obtained the appointment of governor-general of British India, whicli he held till 1822 ; and during the 10 years of his sway he ov«rcame the Nepaulese, the Pindarees, and other native powers, and rendered the British authority supreme in India. While absent he was created Marquis of Hastings. Ill health compelled him to return ; and in 1824 he was appointed governor of Malta ; but his health growing worse, his lordship proceeded to Naples, and died on board the Revenge, iu Baia Bay, Nov. 29th, 1825. He was an excellent officer, an acute statesman, and a man of a noble-minded and generous dispo- sition. Tlie marquis left a letter, in which, among other requests, he desired that his right hand might be cut off, and preserved until the death of the marchioness, and be put into the coffin to be buried with her. His request was complied with. HATSELTv, John, chief clerk to the House of Commons, was born about 1733 ; was educated at Cambridge ; studied at the Middle Temple ; became chief clerk in 1768; retired from office in 1797 ; and died in 1820. He was the author of a " Collection of Cases of Privilege of Parliament," " Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons," 5 vols. 4to. ; and " Rules and Standing Orders of the House," &c. HATFIELD, Thomas, bishop of Durham, was the especial favourite of Edward III., at whose desire he was elected to the bishopric in 1345. He distinguished himself soon after his consecration, by repelling the Scots, who had invaded the principality, and were de- feated by Lord Percy and the bishop in per- son, at the head of their respective forces. On this occasion the king of Scotland fell into the liands of the victors, and was after- wards ransomed. He was the founder of Trinity College, Oxford, which was at first called Durham College. He also built a palace for himself and his successors in the Strand, called Durham House ; and he founded a Carmelite friary at Northaller- ton, in Yorkshire. He died in 1381, and was buried in his cathedral, where his effigies are still to be seen. HATTO, or HATTO VERCELLENSIS, was bishop of Vercelli, in Italy, in the 10th century. His work on the grievances of the church (which is curiously illustrative of the spirit and complexion of the times), together with his canons and epistles, were published in 1768. HATTON, Sir Christopher, an eminent statesman, and lord chancellor of England, was born at Holdenby, in Northampton- shire ; educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford ; and studied at the Inner Temple. Instead, however, of following the law, he became a courtier, and attracted the queen's notice by his graceful dancing in a masque. From this time he rose to several degrees of favour, and, in 1587, was made both chancellor and knight of the garter. His inexperience created much prejudice against him at first, but his natural capacity and sound judg- ment were seldom found defective. He died in 1591 of a broken heart, as some historians affirm, occasioned by the queen's demanding a debt, which he was unable to pay. He wrote the fourth act in the tragedy of " Tancred and Sigismunda ; " and to him is ascribed " A Treatise concerning Statutes or Acts of Parliament." HATZFELD, Francis Louis, Prince of, was born at Vienna, in 1756, and was go- vernor at Berlin, when the French entered that city in 1806. The French having dis- covered that Prince Hatzfehl continued to give the Prussian government information, &c.. Napoleon ordered him to be tried as a spy. The wife of the prince being informed of the danger, hastened to Napoleon, and threw herself at his feet, assuring him that her husband was incapable of doing a dis- honourable action ; but when the emperor showed her the letter, and she recognised the handwriting of the prince, she fainted away. On her recovering, Napoleon told her that she held in her hand the only do- cument there was against her husband, and asked her why she did not burn it. The hint was of course sufficient, and Napoleon par- doned him. The Memorial of Las Cases contains the affecting letter which Napoleon wrote on this occasion to the empress. Uatz- feld was afterwards employed on various diplomatic missions, and died, at Vienna, in 1827. HAUBOLD, Christian Gottlieb, a celebrated German jurist, was born at Dres- den, in 1766. He was made doctor of law in 1788 i and eventually became ordinary professor of law in the university of Leipsic. He was profoundly versed in the science of jurisprudence ; and in the study of Roman law, more especially, to which he directed HAU] ^ iSetw Winihn^aX 3BiOfirffj)Ijy. [haw all the powers of his mind, there scarcely ever was his equal. As an academical in- structor he was pre-eminent, and crowds of students from all parts of Germany flocked to his lecture-room. His library, consisting of nearly 10,000 volumes, on Greek and Roman law, was purchased by the emjieror Alexander for the university of Abo. IIAUTF, WiLHELM, one of the most graceful prose writers of Germany in modern times, was born at Stuttgart, 1H02. After the usual preliminary education, in which he distinguislied himself more for his love of romances than his classical attainments, I he went to the university of Tubingen from 1820 to 1824, where he studied philosophy and theology, with a view to the church. While discharging the duties of tutor in a I noble family at Stuttgart, he commenced ' his literary career with the " Milrchen Al- manach auf das Jahr, 1820;" the success of which was such that he was induced to I embrace literature as a profession, and the [ following year witnessed a profusion of ori- I ginal works emanate from his pen, perhaps unrivalled in quantity and quality. The . chief of these are, " Memoireu des Satans," " Mann im Monde," " Lichtenstein," " Die I Bettlerin von Pont des Arts," " Phantasien j im Bremen Rathskeller," &c. He had just undertaken the editorship of the celebrated journal, called the " Morgenblatt," when he was seized with typhus fever, and died Nov. 1827, to the great grief of all who were in- I terested in the belles lettres. 1 HAUOWITZ. CiiKiSTiAJT Henry Cuas., Count of, an eminent Prussian statesman, was born in Silesia, in 17">8. When the Prussian minister, Ilertzberg, retired from public affairs, Frederic William entrusted Iliiugwitz with the portfolio of foreign af- fairs and the presidency of the cabinet. In this situation he gave the king great satis- faction, and was rewarded wiih the order of the black eagle, and the grant of estates in South Prussia. When Frederic William III. ascended the throne, Haugwitz retained his station ; and the tendency of his policy was to bring France and Prussia into a closer connection. But, when the French troops occupied Hanover in 1803, this step appeared dangerous to tlie neutrality of northern Ger- many, which Prussia had sought to main- tain, and the views of the king were changed. Haugwitz now retired to his estates ; and Hardenberg, who succeeded him, adopted a different system, so that Prussia remained neutral. In 1805, Haugwitz left his retreat, to negotiate with Napoleon at Vienna ; and concluded, after the battle of Austerlitz, the convention by which Hanover was ceded to Prussia, and the neutrality of northern Grer- many was acknowledged. But this treaty involved his country with England, while her position with France became more em- barrassing than ever. Haugwitz then went to Paris to reconcile contending interests, but returned without effecting his object, and once more retired to his estates in Silesia. He died at Vienna, in 1832. HAUKSBEE,FKAKCi.s,an English philo- sopher of the 18th century, who made many experimental discoveries in electricity, and published them. HAUTEFEUILLE, John, a mechanic, was born at Orleans, in 1647. He made se- veral discoveries and improvements in clock- making, and invented the spiral spring which moderates the vibration of balance- wheels in watches, which Huygens after- wards perfected. He also wrote several short treatises on mechanical subjects ; also, " The Art of Breathing under Water," " The Per- petual Pendulum," " A new System of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea,'' &c. Died, 1724. HAUY, RenI: Just, AbK', a celebrated mineralogist, born at St. Just, in Picardy, in 1742. He first studied theology, and was twenty-one years professor of languages. But mineralogy was his favourite pursuit ; and to him science is indebted for an admi- rable theory of crystallisation, founded on geometrical laws. In 1783 he was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences ; and wholly devoting himself to his studies, he long remained a stranger to the revolution and all its horrors. But at length, having refused to take the oath of obedience to the constitution required of the priests, he was deprived of his place, and was arrested, in the midst of his calculations, as a recusant priest. He was, however, released ; and was subsequently api>ointed, by Buonaparte, pro- fessor of mineralogy at the botanic garden, and to the faculty of sciences, at Paris. In 180;3, at the command of Napoleon, he wrote his " Traite de Physique ; " and when the emperor, after his return from Elba, visited the museum, he said to Hauy, " I read your physics again in Elba, with the greatest in- terest ; " and then decorated him with the badges of the legion of honour. The esteem which the emperor had for this distinguished man was the more honourable, both to him and to Hauy, as the latter had opposed Buo- naparte's elevation to the imperial dignity, by signing nay when the question was proposed for the ratification of the nation. He died in 1822, aged 80. His treatises on mineralogy, crystallography, and natural history are all highly esteevned ; and his beautiful col- lection of minerals, for which he had refused an offer of 600,000 francs, was bought by the Duke of Buckingham. HAUY, Valentine, a brother of the pre- ceding, born in 174G, was the founder of the institution for the blind at Paris. The in- stitution did not, however, succeed to the extent anticipated, and was tlierefore aban- doned ; but a pension of 2000 francs was granted to him, and he accepted an invita- tion to go to St. Petersburgh, to undertake one there. He returned to Paris in 1806, and died a few months before his brother, in 1822. HAVERCAMP, Sigebekt, a celebrated philologist, was born at Utrecht, in 1683 ; and became professor of Greek, history, and eloquence, at Leyden. From travelling in Italy, he derived a taste for the study of medals and coins, and published some ex- cellent treatises on numismatics. But his chief fame lay in his critical editions of classic authors j of which hisTertulIian, Lu- cretius, Josephus, Orosius, Sallust, and Cen- sorinus, afford ample evidence. Died, 1742. HA WES, Stepubn, a poet of the 15th cen- haw] ^ ^t^ Winiiitv^aX 23t0srajp!)n. [hat tury, was a native of Suffolk, and educated at Oxford. He afterwards lield a situation in tlie household of Henry VII., who took great pleasure in his conversation. His works are, " Pastime of Pleasure," " The Temple of Glass," &c. HAWES, William, an English physician, and founder of the Humane Society, was born at Islington, in 1753 ; studied medicine, and followed the profession of an apothecary, which he practised in the Strand, until 1780, when he took his degree as a physician. Before this, however, he had become de- servedl}' popular by his zealous exertions in the establishment of the Humane Society, to the benefits of which institution he may truly be said to have devoted the best part of liis life. He wrote several useful tracts, and among others, " An Examination of the Rev. John Wesley's Primitive Physic," being at once an ironical and serious exposure of the absurdities of that production. This bene- volent physician died in 1808. HAWKE, Edward, Lord, a brave British admiral, was the son of an eminent barrister, and entered into the navy at an early age. In 1734 he obtained the command of a man- of-war, and distinguished himself by his bravery in the famous engagement in 1744, wherein the British fleet was commanded by Matthews, Lastock, and Rowley. In 1747 he was made rear-admiral of the white, when he defeated a large French fleet, and captured five ships of the line ; on which he was created a knight of the bath. In 17.'>9 he defeated Admiral Conflans, off Belleisle, and was rewarded with a pension of 2000/. a year. In 1765 he was appointed vice-admiral of Great Britain, and first lord of the admiralty. In 1776 he was created a British peer, and died in 1781. HAWKER, Dr. Robert, an evangelical clergyman of some note, who, for half a cen- tury, was vicar of the parish of Charles the Martyr, at Plymouth. He was the author of a commentary on the Bible, sermons, and other religious works. Died, 1827. HAWKES WORTH, John, LL.D., the son of a watchmaker at Bromley, Kent, was born in 1715, and apprenticed to his father's trade ; but he soon left it for literary pur- suits, and eventually became an author of eminence. He is chiefly remembered by his " Adventurer," a series of periodical essays ; a sentence, taken from the last number of which work, is inscribed on a marble monument erected to his memory in Bromley church. Died, 1773. HAWKINS, Sir Johx, a brave English admiral under queen Elizabeth, was a native of Devonshire. He was rear-admiral of the fleet, which she sent against the Spanish Ar- mada, and had a great share in that glorious victory. He was afterwards made treasurer of the navy. But his memory is disgraced by his being the first European who carried off slaves from the coast of xVfrica, and in- troduced that inhuman traffic into the West Indies. Queen Elizabeth herself, while she honoured his bravery by knighthood, threatened him with the divine vengeance for this practice. He died in the West Indies in 1595, aged 74. HAWKINS, Sir John, a lawyer and mis- 396 cellaneous writer of the IStli century, was born in London, in 1719. He practised as a solicitor, with reputation, for some years ; and having made general literature the study of his leisure hours, he also wrote for the periodical press. A taste for music led him to become a member of the Academy of Ancient Music ; and in 1742 he was chosen a member of the literary club, established by Dr. .Johnson, with whom he formed an ac- quaintance, which lasted during their joint lives. Having, in 1753, married a lady of great fortune, and becoming possessed of a much greater one in 1759, on the death of her brother, he gave up his profession, and became a magistrate for Middlesex. His principal work is, " A General History of the Science and Practice of Music," in 5 vol8. 4to. ; and his edition, with notes, of " Isaac Walton's Complete Angler," acquired de- served popularitv. Died, 1789. HAWK WOOD, Sir JouN, a general of the 14th century, who distinguished himself in the wars of Edward III., and received the honpur of knighthood from that monarch. After the peace of 1360 he associated with other soldiers of fortune, who harassed and plundered their old enemies, the French, notwithstanding the cessation of national hostilities. From France they passed into Italy, where Sir John found employment in the service of Pisa, and next in that of Flo- rence, which state he defended so successfully, that his death, in 1393, was considered as a public loss. HAWLEY, Joseph, a distinguished Ame- rican patriot, was bom, in 1724, at Nor- thampton, Massachussetts, and being bred a lawyer, soon acquired great eminence in his profession. But he was mostly distinguished for his knowledge of political history and the principles of free government — a cir- cumstance that rendered him one of the ablest advocates of American liberty in the legislature, previous to and during the con- test between the colonies and the parent state. Died, 1788. HAY, James, earl of Carlisle, who came to England with James I., was the first Scotchman created an English peer. His first title was baron Hay, he was afterwards made viscount Doneaster, and, lastly, earl of Carlisle. Died, 1636. HAY, William, an English writer, was born at Gledbourne, in Sussex, about 1700, and died in 1755. He was member for the borough of Seaford ; and he wrote " Religio Philosophi," an " Essay on Deformity," and other pieces. HAYDN, Joseph, an eminent German musician, was born, 1732, in the village of Rohrou, on the borders of Hungary and Austria. He was the son of a poor wheel- wright, who, having a taste for music, played the harp on Sundays, his mother accompany- ing with her voice ; a circumstance which accounts for the strong predilection which their son showed for the science even in his infancy. When but 8 years old, he became a chorister in St. Stephen's, and at 10 years of age composed pieces for several voices. With his fine soprano, he lost his place, and his situation was very discouraging ; but he had the good fortune to become acquainted hay] a ^ciD ?ffnititr^aT 38t0jirap]bL»» [hay with Prince Esterhazy, who placed him at the head of his private chapel. For this prince he composed some beautiful sym- phouies, — a department in which lie excelled all otlier composers, — and the greatest part of his fine quartetts. Wlien, after a period of about 20 years, the prince reduced liis court, and Haydn received his discharge, he went to London, to which capital he had often been invited. In 171M, having made a second journey thither, he found a most splendid reception, and the university of Oxford con- ferred upon him the degree of doctor of music. On his return from England, he purchased a small house and garden in one of the suburbs of Vienna, where he died. To the English public he is universally known by his noble oratorio of the " Crea- tion," which is considered a chef-cTceuvre. Among his numerous works are, " The Sea- sons," an oratorio ; also a Te Deum, a Stabat, with many concerts, marches, masses, &c. He was inexhaustible in invention and execution— always new and original — always surprising and satisfying his enraptured hearers. Died, 1H09. HAYDON, Bexjamin Robeht, an his- torical painter of distinguished merit, was born at Plymouth, where his father was a bookseller, in 178<;. He commenced his studies at the Royal Academy in 1804. His first picture was exhibited in 1807 ; the sub- ject of it, "Joseph and Mary resting with our Saviour after a day's journey on the road to Egypt." His second great work, " Den- tatus," was exhibited in 1809, and in the following year it obtained the great prize at the Royal Institution. His "Judgment of Solomon " appeared next ; but during its progress his resources failed, and the di- rectors of the British Institution voted him a present of 100 guineas. Previous to this the artist had for some time devoted 10 or 12 hours a day to the study of the Elgin marbles, and that he had studied them with intense delight and veneration may be learned from the manner in which he speaks of these matchless examples of art in his " Lectures on Painting and Design." He went, accom- panied by Wilkie, to Paris in 1814, to study at the Louvre, and on his return commenced his largest work, " Christ entering into Jeru- salem." This picture was exhibited in 1820, both in London and Edinburgh, and was considered a triumph of modem art. But, with all his acknowledged powers, he mistook or disdained to follow the more certain path to fame and fortune. While his more suc- cessful brethren were engaged on cabinet pictures or portraits, his works were on too large a scale to be hung in private rooms ; hence the orders he obtained were compara- tively few ; and hence, ere long, he became embarrassed. In 1827, just previous to a public meeting of his friends held for the purpose of promoting a subscription for him, he gave the following melancholy account of the fate of his great pictures : — " My ' Judgment of Solomon ' is rolled up in a worehouse in the Borough I my ' Entry into Jerusalem,' once graced by the enthusiasm of the rank and beauty of the three kingdoms, is doubled up in a back room in Holbom I my ♦ Lazarus ' is in an upholsterer's shop in 397 Mount Street ! and my ' Crucifixion ' is in a liay-loft in Lisson Grove ! " Some of these pictures, and others which he afterwards painted, fetched considerable prices ; but many others proved unsuccessful ; and though he occasionally emerged from the obscurity and distress into which he was plunged, and displayed indomitable courage and determination, — now defending himself from the attacks of hostile critics, and now contending with jealous rivals who assailed his most favourite productions, — lie was never once free from the pangs of blighted ambition. An ardent admiration of ancient art, and an equally ardent ambition to attain its highest excellence, ever distinguished him ; his mind was thoroughly imbued with a love for the sublime and beautiful ; and he laboured unceasingly to implant in the breasts of others, those feelings and principles by which his own were governed. The slighting of his cartoons by the royal com- mission was the death-blow to his hopes. He had fought through overwhelming diffi- culties before ; and would have borne up against them now, had he but entertained the hope of painting a fresco for the new houses of parliament, or been clieered under his disappointment by popular support. But, alas I undoubted genius, noble enter- prise, and even persevering industry, were not sufficient to turn aside the shafts of an adverse fate. He fell by his own hand, June 22. 184(5, aged 60 ; and was discovered lying on the floor of his studio, immediately in front of a colossal picture (Alfred the Great and the First British Jury), on which he had just before been engaged, his white hairs saturated with blood I The last sum of money Mr. Haydon ever received was a present of .'50/. from Sir R. Peel ; whose generous interference in behalf of his widow obtained from her majesty a pension of 50i. a year from the civil list ; Lady Peel also assigned her a pension of 2.'>l.; and a public subscription, which was afterwards entered into for the benefit of Mrs. Haydon and family, amounted to 2000/. HAYES, Ciiaiu.es, a mathematician, bom in 1(578. He published a " Treatise on Flux- ions," and some other mathematical pieces, besides several works of a theological nature. Died, 1760. HAYES, William, a musical composer, was originally organist of St. Mary's, Shrewsbury ; from whence he removed to Christchurch, Oxford, where he took his degrees in music, and was elected professor in that faculty. He published a collection of English ballads, but is best known by his church compositions and catches. He de- fended Handel against Avison, with some asperity. Born, 1708 ; died, 1777. HAYLEY, William, an English poet, was born at Chichester, in 1745. After quit- ting Trinity College, Cambridge, he settled at Eartham, in Sussex, and devoted his time principally to literature. He was the author of an "Essay on History, in Three poetical Epistles to Edward Gibbon," " Triumphs of Temper," " Essays on Painting and Sculp- ture," a prose "Essay on Old Maids," Svols.-, and, lastly, " The Life and Correspondence of the Poet Cowper." Died, 1820. hay] ^ 0t^ mixiher^Kl SSioffrap^i?. [hea HAYM, Nicholas Francis, a musical professor of Rome, who came to England at the beginning of the 18th century, and at- tempted to establish an Italian opera, but with indiiferent success. He also tried other schemes, among which was the public- ation of " II Tesoro Britannico," 2 vols. 4to., or a description of coins, gems, &c. in English cabinets, besides an able work on Italian bibliography, and 2 tragedies. Died, 1730. HAYMAN, Francis, an English painter, and one of the first members of the Royal Academy, was born in 1708, at Exeter. Coming to T^ondon when young, he was employed as a scene painter at Drury Lane Theatre. The principal productions of his pencil are historical paintings, with wliich he decorated some of the apartments at Vauxliall. He also furnished designs for the illustration of the works of Sliakspeare, Milton, Pope, Cervantes, &c. Died, 1776. HAYNE, Isaac, a colonel in the Ameri- can army, and a martyr (according to the opinion of many of his countrymen) to the cause of independence, was descended from a highly respectable family in South Caro- lina. After the capitulation of Charlestown, he consented to subscribe a declaration of his allegiance to the kingof Great Britain, provided he might not be compelled to bear arms against his countrymen. He was sum- moned, however, after the successes of Greene had changed the face of affairs, to repair immediately to the British standard. This he refused, as a violation of the com- pact he had entered into, and hastened to the American camp. Being shortly after taken prisoner by the English, he was tried, and condemned to be hanged, " for having been found under arms, and employed in raising a regiment to oppose the British government, though he had become a sub- ject, and accepted the protection of that go- vernment." This cruel sentence, notwith- standing the mitigating circumstances of the case, was accordingly put into execution, Aug. 4. 1781. HAYNE, Thomas, a learned school-master and divine, born at Thrussington, in Leices- tershire, in 1581. He took his degrees in Lincoln College, Oxford ; after which he be- came one of the ushers at Christ's Hospital, where he died in 1645. He endowed a school at Thrussington, and founded 2 scholarships in Lincoln College. His works are '• Gram- matices LatiniE Compendium," "Lingua- rum Cognatio," " The Life and Death of Luther," &c. HAYWARD, Sir JoHJf, an English histo- rian, who flourished in the reigns of Eliza- beth and James I. Some passages in his "Life of Henry IV.," concerning hereditary right in matters of succession, gave great offence to the queen, and lie was thrown into prison ; but upon the accession of James he was released, resumed his literary la- bours, obtained the honour of knighthood, and continued to receive proofs of court fa- vour during the remainder of his life. Died, 1627. HAYWOOD, Elizabeth, an ingenious writer, was born in London in 1693, and died in 1756. She published the " Female Spec- tator," 4 vols. ; " Epistles for the I-adies," 2 vols.; "Fortunate Foundling," "Adventures of Nature," &c. HAZLITT, William, a distinguished modern writer, both as a critic and essayist, was the son of a dissenting minister, and edu- cated at the Unitarian College at Hackney. He began life as an artist ; but though he always preserved an intense love for the arts, he soon relinquished the pencil for the pen ; and when he was not borne away by violent prejudices, he appeared as one of the most able, powerful, and judicious critics of the day. Besides being a constant contri- butor for many years to the Morning Chro- nicle and Examiner newspapers, he occa- sionally wrote in others ; and was so alert and indefatigable, that he was continually producing some new work of sterling merit. Among the most popular of his writings are several volumes collected from periodical works, under the titles of " Table Talk," " The Spirit of the Age," and "The Plain Speaker." The largest and most elaborate, though not the most successful of his works, is the "Life of Napoleon," 4 vols. His " Characters of Shakspeare's Plays " at- tracted much notice ; as did also his " "View of the English Stage," " Political Essays and Sketches of Public Characters," " The Lite- rature of the Elizabethan Age," " The Mo- dern Pygmalion," &c. His last work was a very interesting volume, entitled " Conversa- tions of James Northcote, Esq., R. A." A cotemporary writer, in an eulogistic analysis of his character and abilities, makes the fol- lowing remarks : " Connected with the phi- losophical examinations of painting and sculpture, the drama and the theatre came naturally within his inquiries. Into these subjects he poured the tide of his luminous mind, and soon acquired the reputation of being one of the highest critical authorities on the drama and the fine arts. He pene- trated boldly, and wrote graphically ; and whether his opinions were always profound or just, you felt that they were dexterously said, and hardly cared to question farther." Died, 18.30. HE APY, Thomas, a celebrated painter in water colours, and the first president of the Society of British Artists. Died, Oct. 1835, at the age of 60. His pictures are well known and appreciated. HEARNE, Samuel, a traveller who, from 1769 to 1772, was employed by the Hudson Bay Company to explore the north-west coast of America, and who was the first European that succeeded in reaching the Arctic ocean. Born, 1742 ; died, 1792. HEARNE, Thomas, an eminent antiquary and classical editor, was born in 1678, at White Waltham, in Berkshire, of which parish his father was clerk and schoolmaster. He published several ancient MSS. and edi- tions of old books ; as the Life of Alfred by Spelman ; Leland's Itinerary, 9 vols. 8vo. ; a collection of curious Discourses written by eminent antiquaries, &c. Died, 1766. HEARNE, Thomas, an artist of consider- able talents, was born in 1744, at Marshfleld, in Gloucestershine. He was eminent as a topographical designer ; but his great merit lay in landscape-painting in water colours — hea] ^ ^cix) WiwibtxiKl MioQtK^})^, [hed a branch of the art which has since arrived ' at great perfection in this country, and of 1 which he may be said to have been the first I wlio successfully practised it. Died, 1817. | I HEATH, Benjamix, s distinguished lawyer and scholar of the last century, who was recorder of Exeter, and acquired great | popularity in his native county by writing against the cider tax. His ablest work is entitled " An Essay towards a Demonstra- 1 tive Proof of the Divine Existence, Unity, 1 and Attributes," &c. Died, 1762. HEATH, CiiAui.ES, an eminent line en- graver, wa« bom, 1784. His taste for art was I fostered and matured by Jiis father, James Heath, a name well-known to the i>rint collector ; and his serial artistic publications, the " Book of Beauty " and the " Keepsake," &c., for many years kept his name before the world as one of the first English engravers, besides exercising a marked influence over that department of the arts. Died, lb48. HEATH, James, an historical writer dur- ing the reigns of Charles I. and II. lie wrote " A Chronicle of the late War," " The Glories and Triumphs of the Restoration of Charles II.," " Flagellum, or the Life and Death of Oliver Cromwell," &c. Died, 1(J04. UEATIICOTE, Ralph, a clergyman of the Churcli of England, to whom the merit is due of being the projector of the General Biograpliical Dictionary. He was also the author of " The Irenarch, or Justice of the Peace's Manual," " Sylva, or the Wood," " A Sketch of Lord Bolingbroke's Philoso- phy," and other polemical works ; whicli caused his introduction to Dr. Warburton, who nominated him his assistant preacher at Lincoln's Inn. He subsequently obtained higher church preferments, and died in 1705. HEATHFIELD. See Elliot. HEBER, Reginald, D.D., bishop of Cal- cutta, was born at Malpas, Clieshire, in 1783, and received the first rudiments of his educa- tion at Whitchurch, about 5 miles distant from his native village. He entered a stu- dent at Brazenose College, Oxford, in 1800, and, 3 years after, carried the English prize for his beautiful poem, " Palestine." In 1805, he took his B.A. degree, and was elected a fellow of All Soul's. He soon after quitted the university, and made a tour through Germany, Russia, and the Crimea. The in- formation he gained in that excursion assisted his classical mind with the perspective of a plan by which to collect and arrange all of ancient and modern literature which could disclose any part, or throw light on, the pre- sent state of Scythia, a work which he gave up on entering the service of the church, as likely to interrupt his more important duties. From 1803 to 1822, he spent his time in dis- charging the duties of a parish priest : during which he published some elegant poems, and the life of Jeremy Taylor. He was then elected preacher at Lincoln's Inn. On the death of Dr. Middleton, the bishopric of Calcutta was offered to Mr. Heber, who, after some hesitation, accepted it ; and on the IGth of June, the bishop, with his wife and infant daughter, embarked for India. On the 11th of CK:tober he reached his destination, and ibund constant occupation in the important exercise of his oflScial duties. On the 15th of June, 1824, he left Calcutta, to make a visitation of the upiier provinces, on which occasion he traversed the breadth of his diocese, taking in their course the eastern, northern, and western extremities of British India, every where sowing the seeds of Christian instruction among the Hindoos, and informing himself of the wants of the new congregations. In 1826, he took an- other journey in the discharge of his episcopal duty, to Trichinopoly, where he arrived on the 1st of April, 1826. The next day he was seized with an apoplectic fit, whilst bathing, which terminated his valuable life. Since his death, a " Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India " has api>eared, and his widow has abo published his bio- graphv. HEBERDEN, William, F.R.S., a distin- guished medical practitioner, was born in London in 1710, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, in which town he prac- tised as a physician for several years before he settled in the metropolis. He was the projector and a principal contributor to the "Medical Transactions," and author of '• Medical Commentaries on the History and Cure of Diseases." Died, 1801. HEBERT, James RjEne, commonly called Ph-e Duchene (from the title of a Jacobin paper of which he was the editor), was Iwn at Alencon, in 1765. He was one of the most violent advocates for the French revo- lution, and one of the most unprincipled. Having nothing to lose, he entered with eagerness in the execution of any plot by which the nobility could be plundered ; and, taking an active part in those scenes where his infamous employers were not willing to appear, he obtained a guilty notoriety. He was made a member of the commune, for his assistance in the massacres which took place in September, and the cruel murder of the Princess de l>amballe. It was Hcbert who so grossly insulted the unhappy queen, Marie Antoinette, by the vilest of all accu- sations ; and put questions to the children of Louis XVI., which, when reported to Ro- bespierre, called forth reproaches even from his flinty breast. Having from a weak pre- sumption dared to oppose his colleagues and masters, they hurled him from his slippery seat, and accomplished his destruction with a promptitude that astonished him. At the place of his execution, contempt and insult were added to the severity of his sufferings, and he died amid the hisses of the populace, on the 24th March, 1794. HEDELIN, Fkancis, a French advocate, celebrated for his learning, who was ap- pointed tutor to the two nephews of Cardinal Richelieu, and by that minister rewarded with the valuable abbeys of Aubignac and Meimach. Born, 1C04 ; died, 1«)70. HEDERIC, or UEDERICHS, Benjamix, a German lexicographer; authorof the well- known Greek lexicon which bears his name, and several other works of a similar nature. Born, 1675 ; and died, rector of the school of Grossenhayn, in 1748. HEDLINGER, Johx Chakles, the most celebrated die-cutter of his age, was bom at Schweitz, in 1691. Many crowned heads, 009 hed] ^ 0m Winibet^al SSursrajil)^. [hei among whom were Charles XII. of Sweden, Peter the Great, and Pope Benedict XIII., honoured him with their patronage. He frequently visited Sweden ; and on his last voyage from that country, in 1745, he lost the greater part of his property by ship- wreck. His works are distinguished by great simplicity, softness, and correctness of de- sign. Died, 1771. HEDVVIG, John, a German botanist and physician, was born in 1730, at Cronstadt, in Transylvania. After studying at Pres- burg and Zittau, he went to Leipsic, where he assisted Professor Bose as demonstrator of plants in his botanical lectures. He took his doctor's degree in 17.59 ; practised as a physician, first at Chemnitz, and afterwards at Eeipsie ; and was appointed professor of physic and botany there, and made super- intendant of the public garden. His most important work is entitled " Cryptogamia," 4 vols, folio. Died, 1799. HEEMSKERK, Martin van (whose real name was Van Veen, but who derived the name of Heemskerk from his native village), was born in 1498. After studying under some of his most eminent countrjr- men, he went to Italy, and there formed his taste under Michael Angelo, who was at that time enriching the capital of the Christian world with the productions of his pencil. Heemskerk was a diligent and pro- lific artist, though his works are now very rare. Died, 1574. HEEREN, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, a distinguished German historian, was born near Bremen, in 1760 ; studied at Gottingen ; and after spending some years in foreign travel, returned to Gottingen in 1787, when he was appointed professor, and thencefor- ward devoted himself to the composition of those numerous works which have placed him among the first historians of his age. His chief works are, " Ideen iiber die Politik, den Verkehr, &c. der vornehmsten Volker der alten Welt," " Handbuch der Geschichte der Staaten des AUerthums," "Handbuch der Europitischen Staatensystem," &c. Died, full of years and honours, in 1842. HEGEL, George William Frederick, the founder of a new school of philosophy, was born at Stuttgart, 1770. He was pro- fessor successively at Jena, Heidelberg, and Berlin. He was at first the disciple of Schel- ling, with whom he was associated in the conduct of a philosophical journal in 1802-3. But his opinions gradually took a different turn. He rejected Schelling's intellectual intuition as an unwarrantable assumption, although he continued to maintain its lead- ing idea, — the unity of the subjective or ideal, and the objective or real ; and in this idea endeavoured to establish that absolute cognition and absolute truth, which alone, according to this scliool, can satisfy the demands of the philosophical spirit. Hegel seems not to have perfected his system ; and as he had no power of exposition, or of lucid expression of his thoughts, it is impossible to give a clear view of his philosophy. In- deed, it would appear that he himself had the same notion ; for he is said to have re- marked, that, " of all his numerous disciples, only one had ever understood liim, and even he had understood him falsely." Be this as it may, his system is at present the centre of nearly all pliilosophical interest in Ger- many, chiefly from the widely discrepant deductions, political and religious, which his friends and enemies draw from it ; some maintaining it to be favourable to the pre- sent order of things in church and state, others founding upon it conclusions at vari- ance with all ordinary notions of religion or morality. Died of cholera, at Berlin, 1831. HEIDEGGER, John James, a very ex- traordinary character, by birth a Swiss, who took up his residence in London, in 16G0, and, obtaining a commission in the guards, was known in fashionable society, by the appellation of the Swiss count. He under- took the management of the opera house, and in his conduct of that establishment was very fortunate ; added to which, by giving concerts, masquerades, &c., under the patronage of the court, he gained a handi- some income, which he expended in keeping an hospitable table, and relieving the un- fortunate. In his person he was extremely ugly, but he was the first to joke upon his own homely features. Being in company where a debate took place as to which nation in Europe was the most ingenious, Heidegger claimed it for the Swiss, and, when asked for the proof, said, " I was bom a Swiss, and came to England without a farthing, where I found the means of gaining 5000/. a year, and to spend it. Now I defy any English- man to do the same in Switzerland." He died in 1749, aged 90. HEINE, Heineich, a German poet and miscellaneous writer, was born at Dussel- dorf, 1797, and studied at Bonn, Gottingen, and Berlin, with the view of embracing a legal career ; but his temper and turn of mind rendered a residence in Germany dis- tasteful, and he repaired to Paris about 1820, where he continued thenceforward princi- pally to reside. His works comprise two plays, political pamphlets and satires, views of French society, &c. ; but his fame chiefly depends on his poems and " Reisebilder," which, though often deformed by a spirit of raillery and satire that knows no bounds, are full of grace, tenderness, and artless ease. Died, 1847. HEINECCIUS, John Gotlieb, a cele- brated civilian of the 18th century, born at Ersenburg, in Altenburg, in 1681. After ha^^ng studied at Goslar and Leipsic, he became professor of philosophy at Halle, 1710 J and in 1711 he was made professor of civil law, with the title of counsellor of the court. His great reputation induced the states of Friesland to invite him to Frane- ker, in 1724 ; but in 1727, the king of Prussia prevailed on him to accept of a professorship of law at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he distinguished himself till 1753. Becoming again professor at Halle, he remained there till his death in 1741, though invited to Marburg, Denmark, and HoUaHd. He wrote many works, all of them mueh es- teemed. HEINECKEN, Christian Henry, an extraordinary child, born at Lubeck, in 1721. So astounding is the account which is re- lated of this mental phenomenon, that not- HEl] ^ ^tio WinibtriKl 3Bi'offrap!)jj. [UEL withstanding it is supported by the most powerful evidence, it still exceeds credibility. He spoke fluently at ten months old : at twelve he could recite the principal facts in the Pentateuch ; in two months more he was master of the entire history of the Old and New Testaments ; at two years and a half, he answered the principal questions in geo- graphy, and in ancient and modern history ; and he spoke Latin and French with great facility before he had reached his fourth year. His constitution was so delicate, that he was not weaned till a few months beforo his death. M. Martini, of Lubcck, published a pamphlet in 1730, in which he endeavoured to give natural reasons for the extraordinary capacity of this child. lie died in his fifth year, and on his death- bed displayed the utmost firmness and resignation. HEINSIUS, Anthony, a distingmshed Dutch statesman, who for 40 years filled the high station of grand pensionary ; and whose prudence, skill, and probity gained him the confidence and regard of William III., Marlborough, and Prince Eugene. Bom, 1641 ; died, 1720. HEINSIUS, Daxikl, professor of politics and history at Leyden, and librarian to the university, was born at Ghent, in 1580. He became a pupil of Joseph Scaliger at Ley- den, and was greatly indebted lo him for the eminence to which he attained in literature. He distinguished himself as a critic by his labours on many classical authors ; and was highly honoured at home and abroad. Gus- tavus Adolphus gave him a place among his counsellors of state; the republic of Venice made him a kniglit of the order of St. Mark ; and Pope Urban VIII. invited him to come, as he expressed it, to rescue Rome from barbarism 1 He died in 1(506, leaving several works both in poetry and prose. HEINSIUS, Nicholas, the son of Daniel, was born at Leyden, and became as great a Latin poet as his father, and a still greater critic. Died, 1681. HEISTER, Laurence, a physician, sur- geon, and naturalist, was born at Frankfort- on-the-Maine, in 1683. He was a pupil both of Ruysch and Boerhaave; became physician- general to the Dutch military hospital ; and, in 1710, was professor of anatomy and sur- gery at Altorf. From thence he removed to Helmstadt, where he died in 1758. He wrote several works on anatomy and surgery, and also distinguished himself in botany as a strenuous opponent of the Linnwan system. HELENA, St., the mother of Constan- tine, was of obscure birth in Bithynia. Con- fltantius Chlorus fell in love with her, and married her, while in that country ; but, when he became associated in the empire, he divorced Helena, and married Theodora, daughter of Maximilian Hercules. Constan- tine, at his accession, paid due honours to his mother, and conferred on her the title of Augusta, which she merited by her con- duct. At the age of 80 she went to Palestine, where, it is said, she assisted at the discovery of the holy cross ; soon after which slie died. Her body was conveyed to Rome, and de- posited in the tomb of the emperors, wliile her native village was raised to the rank of a city by the name of Helenopolis. HELIODORUS, a native of Emesa, in Phoenicia, and who lived near the end of the 4th century, was bishop of Tricea, in Thcs- saly, but deposed towards the close of his life. His youthful work, " ^thiopica, or, the Loves of Theagenes and (Jhariclea," in poetical prose, is distinguislied, by its strict morality, from the other Greek romances. It is said, that the alternative of burning his romance, or resigning his bishopric, being given him, he preferred the latter ; but the story is too improbable to deserve our credence. HELIOGABALUS, M. Aurelius Anto- ninus, a Roman emperor, was the son of Varius Marcellus, and derived his nanrie from having been a priest of the sun in Phoenicia. He was raised to the throne by the soldiery in 218, when he was under 15 years of age ; and though he began his reign with professions of moderation and virtue, he soon abandoned himself to every species of vice, and Rome displayed a scene of unparalleled folly, cruelty, and debauch- ery. He raised his horse to the honours of the consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to a large black stone, which he called Heliogabalus, raising temples to its honour, &c. At length his licentiousness and rapacity drew upon him the vengeance of the people ; and before he had reigned 4 years, he was put to death by the Prasto- rian guards, his body thrown into the Tiber, and his memory declared infamous. To show the kind of luxury in wliich this youthful monster indulged, it is enough to state, that his halls were covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats made of the down of hares, and the sott feathers found under the wings of par- tridgesl He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. HELL, Maximilian, a learned astrono- mer, born at Chemnitz, in Hungary, in 1720. He was astronomer and director of the ob- servatory at Vienna ; published annually the Ephemerides ; and rendered other essen- tial services to the science of astronomy. Died, 1792. HELMONT, John Baptist van, a cele- brated chemist, was born at Brussels, in 1577 ; studied at Louvain, aud made such rapid progress in natural history and medi- cal science, that he delivered public lectures at seventeen years of age. He then travelled through various countries for ten years, and acquired a great knowledge of chemistry, to which science he afterwards constantly de- voted himself, and in which he made some valuable discoveries. His first literary pro- duction was a treatise on the Spa waters, wliich is remarkable on account of the author having used the German word gheist, answer- ing to the English ghost, or spirit, to denote the air on which the properties of the Spa water depend, and from which is derived the modem word gas, now so extensively used. In 1609, he settled at Vilvorden, where he practised medicine gratuitously, and is said to have performed some very wonderful cures. He professed to disregard all book- learning on the healing art; and had he lived at the present day, would have been styled an impudent quack ; but though his H u 3 iiel} ^ ^m mixibtv^al IStOflrapl^g. [hem works abound with crude and visionary dogmas, they contain also many observa- tions on the Galenical system, which are shrewd and pertinent. Died, 1644. HELMONT, Fkan-cis Mercury vatx, Baron, son of the preceding, was born at Vil- vorden, in 1618, and there practised as a physician and experi.nental chemist. If the father be cluirged with eccentricity or quack- ery, the son had a tenfold right to both qualities ; yet that he was a man of talent none have denied. His acts speak for them- selves : he travelled over a part of Europe with a caravan of Bohemians (a gang of gipsies), to learn their language and opin- ions ; pretended to have discovered the ori- ginal language of man j and had the impu- dence to affirm that a child born deaf and dumb, would be able to articulate the cha- racters at first sight. He professed to believe in the doctrine of transmigration, in the ex- istence of tlie philosopher's stone, and other theories no less wild and visionary. Died, 1699. HELOISE.or ELOISE, celebrated for her beauty and wit. but still more on account of her love for Abelard, was born at Paris, in 1101, and died in 1164. Cruelly separated from her illustrious lover, she first became prioress of the convent of Argcnteuil, and afterwards entered the oratory of Paraclete, where she founded a new convent, and lived in exemplary piety — For a further account, see Abelakd. HELST, Bartholomew van ber, an admirable Dutch painter, excelling in por- traits, but also great in landscapes and his- torical subjects. Born at Haerlem, 1613 ; died, 1670. HELVETIUS, Adrian, a Dutch physi- cian, who being at Paris while the dysentery was raging in that city, successfully arrested its progress by administering a" remedy. Being ordered by Louis XIV. to make it public, he declared it to be ipecacuanha, and was rewarded with 1000 louis d'ors, and made inspector of the military hospitals. Bom. 1650 ; died, 1721. HELVETIUS, John Claude, son of the preceding, was also a physician, and a man of great skill in his profession. He cured Louis XV. of a dangerous disorder in his in- fancy, and became first physician to the queen, and counsellor of state. He was the author of several able works, and was a mem- ber of the academy of sciences, F.R.S. Lond. &c. Died, 1755. HELVETIUS, Claude Adrien, son of the last mentioned, was born at Paris, in 1715, and, at the age of twenty- three, ob- tained the honourable and lucrative post of a farmer-general, but resigned it, and af- terwards purchased the place of maitre d'hotel to the queen. In 1758, he published " De I'Esprit," the materialism of which drew upon him many attacks ; and it was condemned by the parliament of Paris, as derogatory to the nature of man, by con- fining his faculties to animal sensibility, and destroying the distinctions between vice and virtue. The book, however, obtained a rapid celebrity, though its author found it neces- sary to ensure his personal safety by with- drawing for a time, first to England, and 402 afterwards to Prussia. He at length returned to France, and led a retired and domestic life on his estate at Vore, till his death, which happened in 1771. A posthumous work, entitled " De rHomme," is a continu- ation of the former treatise, and contains a fuller development of the doctrines laid down in it ; but, at the same time, many new- ones, particularly such as relate to the science of education. HELWIG, Amelia von, a distinguished female poet of Germany, born at Weimar, in 1776. Her father travelled in France, England, and Holland ; and, at a very early age, she discovered a remarkable aptitude in learning, not only the modem languages but Greek, while her poetical talents were at the same time successfully cultivated. Among a host of literary characters, whose friendship she obtained, and from whom she derived much valuable instruction, were Schiller and Goethe. Died, 1832. HELWIG, George Andrew, a Prussian botanist and mineralogist; author of "Li- thographia Angerburgica," a work on fossils, besides other productions on lithology and botany. Born, 1666 ; died, 1748. HELWIG, John Otto, first physician and counsellor to the elector palatine. He travelled through many countries, employ- ing himself in making collections of natural curiosities ; and while in England he was created a baronet by Charles II. Died, 1698. HEMANS, Felicia Dorothea, an ami- able and highly accomplished poetess, was born at Liverpool, of respectable parents of the name of Browne, who subsequently took up their residence near St. Asaph, Wales. She manied young ; but her marriage was infelicitous ; and, after the birth of five chil- dren, her husband estranged himself from her society, and a permanent separation ensued. From childhood she had an ardent thirst for knowledge, and her reading was extensive and varied. She was well ac- quainted with classical literature, and in her works she has bequeathed to posterity ample proofs of innate genius devoted to the noblest object — the improvement of the heart. It has been truly said that, of all the sex, " few have written so much and so well as Felicia Hemans ; " although her writings possess an energy equal to their liigh-toned beauty, yet are they so pure and so refined, that not a line of them could feeling spare, or delicacy blot from her pages. Her imagin- ation was rich, chaste, and glowing ; and though some of her earlier poems may be deemed rather monotonous, her " Records of Woman " and " Forest Sanctuary " stand unrivalled. In her social Intercourse she was no less amiable than vivacious, as is proved by her epistolary correspondence ; yet her most serious thoughts were ever placed in the certainty of "another and a better world." After her establishment at St. Asaph was broken up, she retired to Vavertree, near Liverpool, but remained about three years only, when she settled in Dublin, where she died on the 16th of May, 1835, in the forty-first year of her age, leav- ing five sons to bewail her loss. Besides the two works before-mentioned, Mrs. Hemans 1 hem] 91 i^m HutljfrjSal Ut00ra|i^j?, [UEN wrote " Wallace," " Dartmoor," " Dramatic Scenes," " Welsh Melodies," " The Siege of Valencia," " Songs of the Affections," "Na- tional Lyrics and Songs for Music," " Scenes and Hymns of Life," " The Vespers of Pa- lermo, a tragedy, and a variety of scottered lyrics in the Mew Monthly and Blackwood's Magazines. HEMMINGFORD, Walter db, an Eng- lish chronicler of the 14th century, aud canon of Gisborough Abbey, in Yorkshire, who flourished in the reign of Edward III. He compiled a history of England, from the Conquest to 1308. HEMMLING or HEMMLINK, Hans, an eminent Flemish painter, of the 1,5th century. HEMSTERHUYS, or HEMSTERIIU- SlUS, TiBEKius, a celebrated Dutch philo- logist, was the son of a physician, and bom at Groningen, in 1685. At the age of four- teen, he was entered a student of the uni- versity of his native place, from whence he removed to Leyden, where he was held in great esteem. In 1705 he became professor of mathematics and philosophy at Amster- dam, where he applied himself so zealously to the Greek authors, that he may justly be said to have been the most profound Hel- lenist of the age. Unlike many of his coun- trymen who have attained to great classical learning, Hemsterhuys had no taint of pride or dogmatism, but was remarkable for his modesty and mildness of character. Died, 1756 His sou Eka^cis iulieritcd his clas- sical acquirements, and was, moreover, an acute philosopher, and a critical judge of the fine arts. Born, 1720 ; died, 17tK). HENAULT, CuAKLEs Joux Francis, an eminent French writer, was president of the parliament of Paris, where he was born in 1685. lie became president of the first cham- ber of inquests in 1710, which led him to make the Roman law his study, though he still amused himself with poetry ; and, in 1713, produced his tragedy of " Cornelia," which, however, had no success on tlie stage. Near sixty years afterwards he gave the manuscript to Mr. Horace Walpole, who printed it at the Strawberry-hill press. In 1723 he obtained a place in the French aca- demy ; after which he set himself to digest into a clironological order the history of France. This work appeared in 1744, and has been translated into most European languages. He also wrote three comedies, and after his death appeared a work of his, entitled " Histoire Critique de I'Etablisse- ment des Fran<;ois dans les Gaules," 2 vols. 8vo. He was intimately connected with Madame du Deffaud, and from his rank, as well as his talents, he held a distinguished station among the literati of Paris. Died, 1770. HENAULT, John d', a French poet, was born at Paris. After travelling into several countries, he returned to France, and was patronised by Fouquet. His works were printed at Paris, in a small volume, in 1670 ; besides which he translated part of Lucre- tius, but was persuaded by his confessor, when at the point of death, to throw it into the fire. HENDERSON, Jous, a first-rate actor, wos bom in London, in 1747. He acquired great celebrity at Drury Lane Theatre in Shakspeare's characters, where he perfbrmed Falstaff, Richard III., &c. with unbounded applause. Died, 1785. UENGIST, the first Saxon king of Kent, who, with his brother Horsa, landed an army at the mouth of the Thames, and eventually subjugated the Britons. The kingdom of Kent, founded by Hengist, embraced that tract which is now known as the counties of Kent, Middlesex, Essex, and part of Surrey. He established his residence at Canterbury, and died about the year 488, leaving his kingdom to his posterity. UENKE, Henky Philip Conrai>, vice- president of the consistory of Wolfenbuttel, and first professor of theology at Ilelmstadt, was born in 1752. His " Ecclesiastical His- tory " contains a vast fund of historical learning ; and his work on dogmatism is written in classical Latin, displaying at the same time his intimate acquaintance with theological lore. Died, 1809. HENKEL, or llENCKEL, JoiiN Fke- DEKic, a Saxon chemist and mineralogist of considerable celebrity, was born at Friburg, in 1670. Augustus II. of Poland made him counsellor of mines ; an oflice which he dis- charged with much advantage to his country. It was under his direction also that the por- celain manufactory was established at Meis- sen. He wrote " Pyritologia," and other scientific works. Died, 1744. HENLEY, Antuuky, on ingenious writer, contemporary with Steel and Addison, and who contributed to the Tattler and other works. He was born at the Grange, in Hampshire, the seat of his father. Sir Robert Henley ; became M.P. for Andover ; and died in 1711. HENLEY, Robert, lord chancellor North- ington, 3rd son of the preceding, was born in 1708 ; educated at Westminster Scliool, and Christchurch and St. John's College, Oxford ; became lord keeper in 1757 ; raised to the peerage in 1760, when he presided at the trials of Earl Ferrers and Lord Byron ; resigned the great seal in 1766 ; and died in 1772. HENLEY, John, familiarly known by the appellation of Orator Uenley, was born at Melton Mowbray, Ijcicestershire, in 1602. He was educated at Cambridge, and entered into holy orders ; but being dissatisfied with liis prospects of church preferment, he com- menced public orator. Having opened a chapel in London, he gave lectures on theo- logical subjects on Sundays, and on other subjects every Wednesday. Novelty pro- cured him a multitude of hearers ; but he was too imprudent to gain any permanent advantage by it ; he became the butt of wits and caricaturists, and he gradually sunk into obscurity. Died, 1756. HENLEY, Samuel, a divine of the church of England, and professor of moral philo- sophy m the college of Williamsburgh, in Virgmia, before the separation of the United States from Great Britain. He afterwards came to England ; obtained a curacy, and was a teacher in Harrow School ; and in 1805 he was placed at the head of tlic East India College, at Hertford, when he pro- cured the diploma of D. D. He died in 1813, at Rendlesham, Suffolk, of which place he hen] ^ ^c&) ^aniber^al 23t00rap1^i). was rector. He was the author of some treatises, both theological and archaeolo- gical. HENRIETTA, ANNA,of England, duchess of Orleans, the daughter of king Charles I., was bom at Exeter, in 1644, amid the turbu- lent scenes of the civil war. Her unhappy mother fled with her to France when the infant was scarcely three weeks old ; and after the death of the king she repaired to the convent of Chaillot, and there devoted herself to the education of her daughter. She united with great sweetness of charac- ter the charm of beauty, and was married to Philip, duke of Orleans. Their marriage was, however, rendered an unhappy one by the jealousy of the duke, who feared that liis brother, Louis XIV., had supplanted him in his wife's affections ; and when the lat- ter afterwards employed her mediation in some difficult diplomatic affairs with her brother Charles II., the duke no longer doubted tliat whicli he had before suspected. Louis wished to detach the king of England from the triple alliance with Holland and Sweden. She went, therefore, in 1670, with the court to Flanders, and, under pretence of visiting her brother, passed over to Dover, where Charles was awaiting her arrival. Mademoiselle de Keroual, a native of Brit- tany (afterwards mistress of Charles II., under the title of duchess of Portsmouth), accompained her. Nor was their mission in vain ; for in ten days the persuasions of the sister, aided by the fascinations of her companion, gained over to the French in- terest the profligate and unprincipled mon- arch. Soon after her return to France, the Duchess of Orleans was suddenly seized with violent pains, which teiminated her life ; and tliough a post mortem examina- tion took place, which was declared to be satisfactory, there is little doubt that she fell, in the prime of life and beauty, the vic- tim of a base revenge. The sweetness of lier manners made tliis unfortunate princess an object of general regret, and caused her to be compared with her still more unfortunate ancestor, Mary, (jueen of Scots. She died at St. Cloud, in 1660. HENRY I. of Germany, sumamed The Fowler, was the son of Otho the Illustrious, duke of Saxony and Thuringia, and born in 876. When he was elected sovereign of Ger- many, in 919, he had to contend with anar- chy at home and enemies abroad, but his activity and prudence overcame them all. He improved the art of war among the Ger- mans ; surrounded the cities which, before his time, were, for the most part, nothing but a collection of log and mud huts, with walls and moats ; and, as he compelled part of the nobility and freemen to reside in these cities, and insisted on all meetings for the discussion of public affairs to be held in them, their progressive civilisation and the encouragement given to commerce and ma- nufactures were the almost immediate con- sequences. After a fortunate and glorious reign of 16 years, he died at Quedlinburgh, in 936. HENRY III. of Germany, son of the em- peror Conrad II., succeeded his father in the imperial dignity, 1039. Nature had given him the talents, and education the charac- ter, suitable for an able ruler. In every thing he undertook, he displayed a steady and persevering spirit : the clergy were compelled to acknowledge their dependence on him, and the temporal lords he held in actual subjection. He deposed three popes, and placed Clement II. on the vacant chair; and such was liis despotic character, that the whole empire was at length changed into a monarchy entirely dependent upon his sovereign will. Born, J017 ; died, 1056. HENRY IV., son of the preceding, was born in 1050, and at the death of his father was only five years old. His disputes with pope Gregory VII., who had been elevated to the papal chair without the consent of the imperial court, embroiled him in a series of wars, and caused him to be excommuni- cated. His eldest son, Conrad, rebelled against him, but was overcome, and died at Florence in 1101, deserted by his partisans. He then caused his second son, Henry, to be elected liis successor, and crowned : but the latter also rebelled, and making himself master of his father's person in 1105, by stratagem, compelled him to abdicate the throne. Henry IV. ended his life and sor- rows in neglect, at Liege, in 1106 : and, as he died under sentence of excommunication, was not buried till five years after, when the sentence was taken off, and his remains were interred at Spire. HENRY v., emperor of Germany, the son and successor of the preceding, and who had made himself disgracefully notorious by his conspiracy against his father, was bom in 1081. In 1111 he married Matilda, the daughter of Henry I., king of England ; and the rich dowry he received with this princess, gave him the means of undertaking an expedition over the Alps, in order to demand the imperial crown from the pope in Rome. Finding that Pascal refused to do so, Henrj' determined to put an end to the dispute by an act of violence. He caused the pope to be conveyed away from the altar, while at mass ; and cut down, in the streets of Rome, all who opposed him. At length the pope yielded, and Henry was crowned without making any new conces- sions ; receiving from the proud prelate per- mission to inter, in consecrated ground, the remains of his unhappy father. During his reign, the vassals and feudal tenants of the crown made themselves independent princes, and the political and national division of Germany was, at it were, sanctioned for pos- terity. Died, 1125. HENRY VII. was the first German em- peror who was chosen solely by the electors, without the interference of the other states of the empire. He undertook an expedition to Italy, and compelled the Milanese to crown him king of Lombardy. He then suppressed by force a revolt which had broken out in Upper Italy ; took several cities by storm ; and, having captured Rome, he was crowned Roman emperor by two cardinals, while in the streets the work of murder and pillage was still going on. Died, 1313. HENRY THE Lion, the most remarkable prince of Germany in the 12th century, was ^ ^etu UinbtxM 2St00rap]bfi» [hen born in 1129, and aesumed the government of Suxony iu 114<j. lie demanded restitution of Bavaria, which hod been taken from lus father. This being refused by the emperor, a war ensued, which in the sequel gave him Bavaria, his possessions extending from tlie Baltic and the North Sea to the Adriatic. In 11U8 he went on an expedition to the Holy Laud, and, during his absence, his enemies, and even the emperor, made en- croachments on his dominions. Tliis was the fruitful source of quarrels ; and tlie proud and liigh-minded Henry having been driven to the humiliation of asking pardon of the emperor on liis knees, was allowed to retain possession of his hereditary do- minions, and he died in peace at Brunswick, in 1195. He was pious, bore up manfully against misfortune, and protected the in- terests of commerce, science, and the arts. HENRY r>E Blois, bishop of Winchester, nephew of William Rufus, and brother of king Stephen, was an active prelate and a bold, ambitious, and enterprising statesman. Wlien England was invaded by the partisans of the empress Matilda, he at first joined her standard, but subsequently deserted it, and became her most determined enemy. The empress queen and her followers having taken refuge in the castle of Winchester, he laid siege to it, set the city on fire, and consumed 20 churches, a number of religious houses, and many other buildings, so little respect did he pay for the capital of his diocese when he had an ulterior object in view. Yet after this he formed a project for erecting it into an archbishopric ; tind had actually arranged the business with pope Lucius II., but the sudden death of the pontiff prevented its completion. He is now remembered chiefly as the founder of tlie hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester, the church of which is regarded by many anti- quaries as furnishing the model of the dis- tinguishing features of the Gotliic or pointed style of architecture. Died, 1171. HENRY THE Navigator, the fourth son of John I., king of Portugal, was born in 1394. He gave early proofs of brilliant courage ? but his love of arms was surpassed by his love of the sciences, particularly mathematics, astronomy, and navigation. While vigorously prosecuting a war against the Moors in Africa, he neglected no op- portunity to obtain from them a knowledge of the regions bordering on Egypt and Arabia, and to inquire into the probability of a passage to the treasures of India by a voyage round the western coast of Africa. He conversed with men of learning ; and, finding their testimony agreeable to the reports he had collected, he resolved to execute his designs. He was the first who applied the compass to navigation ; and to him also a principal part is ascribed in the invention of the astrolabe. Various expe- ditions were undertaken, and discoveries made, under his patronage and at his ex- pense ; but, at length, companies were formed of enterprising men, who were tempted with the prospect of obtaining gold dust, and the whole people became animated with the love of discovery. In 1440, Nunno Tristan doubled Cape Verde j and, two years with the Tristan < later, Gonzalo Vallo discovered three of the Azores islands, about 1000 miles from the Continent. Henry continued these efforts till his death, in 1403, and thus secured for himself an undying name aa the patron and friend of navigation. HENRY IV., called the Great, king of France and Navarre, was bom in 1553, at Pau, in Berne. His father, Anthony of Bourbon, was descended from a son of Louis IX. ; his mother was Jeanne d' Albert, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre. He was brought up in the simple and hardy manner of the peasantry of Beam, and tlus laid the foundation of a vigorous constitution and temperate habits. He was placed under the tuition ofFlorent Chretein, a learned man and zealous Protestant. In 1599 he ac- companied his mother to Rochelle, and learned the art of war under Admiral Coligni. When the perfidious design of destroying the Huguenot chiefs, by a massacre, was formed by Charles and his mother, Catharine, one of their means to lull their suspicions was, to propose to queen Jeanne a marriage between Henry and Margaret of Valois, the king's youngest sister. Wliile preparations were making for the marriage festival, Henry's mother died at Paris, not without strong suspicions of poison. Having assumed the title of King of iVararre, his marriage took place, Aug. 18th, 1572. Then followed the horrible scenes of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24th. Henry was obliged to make profession of the Catholic faith to save his life ; but Catharine of Medici endeavoured to dissolve the marriage just celebrated. As she was unsuccessful in this, she adopted the plan of corrupting the noble youth by the pleasures of a licentious court ; and he did not escape the snare. In 157C, however, he took advantage of an hunting excursion to quit the court, and professed himself again of the Protestant Church. Catharine, who, after the decease of Charles IX., ad- ministered the government in the name of his successor, Henry III., now thought it advisable to conclude a treaty of peace with the Huguenots (1576), securing to thera religious freedom. Exasperated by this event, the jealous Catholics, in 1585, formed the celebrated league, which the king was obliged to confirm ; and when called, by right of birth, to the French throne, he found innumerable difliculties in establish- ing his claims. His Protestant religion was brought forward to prejudice the Catholics against him. After a protracted and obsti- nate struggle, convinced that he should never enjoy quiet possession of the French throne without professing the Catholic faith, Henry at length yielded to the wishes of his friends, was instructed in the doctrines of the Roman Church, and professed the Ca- tholic faith, Joily 25th, 1593, in the church of St. Denys. He happily escaped an at- tempt to assassinate him ; was solemnly anointed king at Chartres, in 1594 ; and entered the capital amid the acclamations of the people. He made use of the tran- quility which followed, to restore the in- ternal prosperity of his kingdom, and par- ticularly the wasted finances ; and in this design he was highly successful, with the hen] ^ i^ebi Winittt^aX MiastHi^f^^* [hen aid of his prime minister Sully. To his former brothers in faith and in arms, the Protestants, he granted entire religious freedom and political security, by the edict of Nantes, in 1598. In 1610, while riding through the streets of Paris, liis coach was obstructed in the street de la Feronnerie, by two waggons. A fanatic, named Ravaillac, took advantage of this moment to perpetrate a long-meditated deed ; and he received a fatal stab from the hand of this assassin, in the fl2nd year of liis age, and 22nd of his reign. His character is thus summed up by Henault : — "He united to extreme frank- ness the most dexterous policy ; to the most elevated sentiments a charming simplicity of manners ; to a soldier's courage an inex- haustible fund of humanity." HENRY I., king of England, called, on account of his learning, Beauclerc, was the youngest son of William the Conqueror ; born in 1068, and succeeded his brotlier Rufus in 1100. He restored the university of Cambridge, forgave all debts owing to the crown prior to his accession, reformed the court, and conquered Wales. He died in Normandy, in 1135. He abolished the curfew-bell, established a standard for weights and measures, and signed the char- ter, which proved the origin of the English liberties. HENRY II., king of England, the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Maud, empress of Germany, was born in Normandy, in 1182, and succeeded Stephen in 1154. He added the provinces of Anjou, Touraine, Maine, Poitou, Saintonge, Guienne, and Gascony, to the English crown. His reign was troubled by disputes between liim and Becket, arch- bishop of Canterbury, who being murdered in 1171, the pope obliged the king to undergo penance for it at Becket's tomb at Canter- bury. In 1170 he caused his eldest son Henry to be crowned king of England. In 1172 he conquered Ireland ; and, the year following, his sons rebelled against him. Henry checked the prevailing licentiousness by severe laws, partitioned England into four judiciary districts, and appointed iti- nerant justices to make regular excursions tlirough them. He revived trial by jury, discouraged that by combat, and demolished all the newly erected castles, as shelters of violence and anarchy. He was manly in person, gifted with ready elocution, pos- sessed warm affections, and was a real lover of justice. He died in 1189. HENRY III., king of England, sumamed of Winchester, on account of his having been born in that city, succeeded his father, John, in 1216. He was obliged to relinquish Normandy, Anjou, Poitou, Touraine, and Maine to the king of France ; after which a civil war broke out in England, and the king was taken prisoner by the barons, at the head of whom was Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester. The tide of affairs turn- ing in Ills favour, he deprived several of these lords of their estates, and gave them to his friends. Born, 1207 ; died, 1272. HENRY IV., king of England, surnamed Bolijigbroke, was born in 1367. He was the son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, the third son of Edward III. In the reign of Richard II. he was made earl of Derby and duke of Hereford. Having accused the Ihike of Norfolk of treason, the latter chal- lenged him to single combat ; but on the appearance of the two champions, at the appointed time and place, Richard would not suffer them to proceed. Both were banished the kingdom, Norfolk for life, and Hereford for a term of years. On the death of his father he succeeded to the dukedom of Lancaster; and, returning before the stated time, for the avowed object of claim- ing his duchy, and having been joined by the Earls of Northumberland and West- moreland, soon found himself at the head of 60,000 men. Richard was defeated, taken prisoner, and deposed ; and the duke was unanimously declared king, under the title of Henry IV. Tliis usurpation gave rise to the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster. Henry died in 1413, and was succeeded by his son. HENRY v., king of England, called, after his birthplace, of Monmouth, was bom in 1388. His dissipated habits while a prince gave his father great uneasiness ; but he frequently displayed noble traits of cha- racter, and on ascending the throne he cast off liis former companions, and justified the best expectations. France being at the time torn asunder by the opposing factions of the Dukes of Orleans and Burgundy, Henry took the favourable opportunity of reviving the claims of his predecessors upon that country, and he landed an army at Harfleur, Aug. 14. 1415. With 15,000 men he gained the battle of Agincourt, though the French amounted to 52,000. He then returned to England ; but three years afterwards he went again to France, espoused the princess Catharine, on condition that the French crown should go to Henry and his heirs on tlie death of the king of France , and be in- separably united to the crown of England. While all his great projects appeared to be rapidly advancing towards a successful issue, a painful disease arrested his progress, and he died in 1422, aged 34, and in the 10th year of his reign. The career of Henry V. was more showy than useful ; for while his successes entailed great misery on France, they did more harm than good to the true interests of England. HENRY VI., king of England, son of the preceding, was born at Windsor, in 1421, and was but 10 months old at the death of his father. His grandfatlier Charles, king of France, died soon after ; and the Duke of Orleans, encouraged by the minority of Henry, assumed the title of king by the name of Charles VII. When only 9 years old, Henry was crowned at Paris, and the great Duke of Bedford, his uncle and guar- dian, obtained several important victories. But the raising of the siege of Orleans by Joan of Are gave a new turn to affairs, and the English interest declined. The death of the Duke of Bedford was a fatal blow to the cause of Henry ; and at length the Eng- lish were deprived of all their x'ossessions in France, except the town of Calais. The insurrection of Cade followed. To add to his misfortunes, the York party in England prevailed, and Henry was sent to the Tower, hen] ^ ^ebi ^am'bcr^al SStojarajpl)"* [hep where, according to the prevailing opinion, he was slain by Richard, duke of Gloucester, in 1471. He was gentle, pious, and well- intentioned, but too weak to act for himself. EtonCoUege, and King's College, Cambridge, owe their origin to him. HENRY VII., king of England, first so- vereign of the race of Tudor, was born in 14.">7. He was the sou of Edmund, earl of Richmond, and of Margaret of the house of Lancaster. By the assistance of the Duke of Brittany he landed in Wales, and laid claim to the crown in 1485. The people, disgusted at the cruelties of Richard III., joined him in such numbers that he was enabled to give the usurper battle at Bos- worth Field, where Richard was slain, and Henry crowned on tlie spot. He reigned 24 years, and died in 1509. During tliis reign the feudal aristocracy was considerably de- pressed, while the middle ranks were pro- portionably raised ; and many highly salu- tary laws were enacted. HENRY VIII.,king of England, was bom in 1491, and succeeded his father, the pre- ceding monarch, at the age of 18. Tlxe em- peror Maximilian and the pope Julius 11. having leagued against France, persuaded Henry to join them, and he in consequence invaded that kingdom, where he made some conquests. About the same time James IV., king of Scotland, invaded England, but was defeated and slain at Flodden Field. When Luther commenced the Reformation in Ger- many, Henry wrote a book against him, for wliich he was complimented by the pope with the title of defender of the faith. Hav- ing conceived an aftection for Anne Boleyn, he determined to divorce his wife Catharine of Arragon, to whom he had been married 18 years. But on the divorce being refused by the pope, Henry assumed the title of supreme head of the English Church, put down tlie monasteries, and alienated tlieir possessions to secular purposes. His marriage with Anne Boleyn followed ; but afterwards he brought her to the scaffold, and married Lady Jane Seymour, who died in childbed. He next married Anne of Cleves ; but she not proving agreeable to his expectations, he put her away, and caused Cromwell, earl of Essex, the projector of the match, to be beheaded. His next wife was Catharine Howard, who was beheaded for adultery ; after which he espoused Catharine Parr, who survived him. Henry died in 1546. His love of power was indomitable, and led to frequent acts of tyrannic ferocity, while his excessive pride, impatience, and into- lerance extinguished every sentiment of humanity within his breast ; so that it has been truly said of him, "that he never spared man in his anger, nor woman in his lust." HENRY, of Huntingdon, an English his- torian, who wrote a " History of England to the year 1154," published in 1576, by Savile. Died, 1168. ' HENRY, Charles, M.D., a gentleman distinguished for his chemical knowledge and scientific pursuits, was the son of an eminent manufacturing chemist at Man- chester, and born in 1775. He finished his education in the university of Edinburgh, 407 where he attended the lectures of Dr. Black, and was tlie associate and friend of Broug- ham, Jeffrey, and Mackintosh. Though in- tended for the medical profession, he relin- quished it for the sake of co-operating in his father's lucrative i)ur8uits, which he after- wards carried on. He began his public career by delivering, in Manchester, several courses of lectures on chemistry, which, with notes, &c., have passed through several edi- tions, and are remarkable for the precision of their information and the elegance of their style. The same observation may be applied to his characters of Priestley, Davy, and Wollaston ; and, in short, to his various contributions in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London, the memoirs of the Literary Philosophical Society of Manches- ter, and other periodical works. There were few subjects connected with popular science, which he could not illustrate or embellish : his conversation was peculiarly attractive, and he was capable of imparting his varied stores of knowledge in tlie most alluring manner, speaking for the edification and amusement of others, and not for personal display. Blest with a handsome competence, he was never backward in patronising those aspirants who appeared to deserve it, nor slow in promoting the cause of general sci- ence. He had just returned from the meet- ing of the British Scientitic Association at Bristol, where he was appointed one of the secretaries for the next year's meeting at Liverpool ; but he had been for some time observed to labour under great nervous irri- tability, and to have suffered an almost total privation of sleep, which at length over- powered his faculties, and he put a period to his existence with a pistol, Aug. 30. 1836. HENRY, Matthew, a Nonconformist divine, was born in 16C2. He was educated by his father, Philip Henry, an eminent Presbyterian divine ; studied the law in Gray's Inn, but renounced it for the mi- nistry, and settled at Hackney. His chief work is an "Exposition of the Bible," in 5 vols, folio ; besides which he wrote a "Method of Prayer," a "Discourse on the Lord's Supper," and other esteemed books of practical divinity. Died, 1714. HENRY, Dr. Robekt, minister of one of the churches in Edinburgh, and author of " The History of Great Britain," in 6 vols. 4to., was born at St. Ninian's, near Stirling, in 1718, and died in 1790. HENRYSON, Robeet, a Scotch poet in | the 16th century, was schoolmaster at Dum- | fermline, and a monk of the Benedictine ! order. His " Fabils " were printed at Ediii- j burgh in 1621 ; and his " Testament of Fairc Creseide " in 1593. He wrote a number of other pieces, which are to be found in the collections of Hailes, Pinkerton, &c. HEPBURN, James Bonaventdra, one of the most eminent philologists, was born at Hamstocks, in Huntingdonshire, in 1573. He was bred in the Protestant religion by his father, who was a presbyterian minister ; but, after studying at St. Andrew's, he em- braced the Romish faith, and went to Italy. He next travelled through Turkey, Persia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Ethiopia, and most of the countries of tlie east ; and it is asserted, hep] ^ iSeto Wiiiibtv^td SStOffrajpIji). [her that he became master of so many languages that there was scarcely a region of the globe with whose inhabitants he could not have conversed in their own tongue. On his re- turn he entered into the order of Minims ; but the fame of his acquisitions having reached the ears of pope Paul V., he invited him to quit his retirement, and gave him the ward- ship and inspection of all the oriental books and manuscripts in the Vatican library. He is supposed to have died at Venice, about 1()20. He published a " Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary and an Arabic Grammar," in one vol. 4to. HEPBURN, Robert, a miscellaneous writer, was born in Scotland, in 1690. At the age of 21 he published, in 30 numbers, a series of essays, entitled " The Tattler, by Hector Macstaff, of the North." He studied the civil law in Holland, and became a mem- ber of the faculty of advocates at Edinburgh, where he died in 1712. Some of his manu- scripts are in the advocates' library. HERACLITUS, the founder of a philo- sophical sect, was born at Ephesus, and flourished in the 69th Olympiad? about 500 B. c. He incorporated the mysteries of the Pythagorean system into his own, which was exceedingly severe and obscure. Being of a misanthropic turn, whence he is said to have wept at the follies of mankind, he retired to a mountainous region, where he lived upon roots and herbs ; but being attacked by a fatal disease, was obliged to return to the city, and soon afterwards died, in the 60th year of his age. From the little of his philo- sophy that has come down to us, it appears that he considered fire as the element of all things. HERALiDUS, Desiderius, or, properly, DiDiER Herault, was a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, and died in 1649. He wrote " Adversaria," Notes on Tertullian, Martial, &c. His son became a clergyman of the Church of England, and had a prebend in the cathedral of Canterbury. He wrote a piece against the regicides, and some other works. HERAULT DE SECHELLES, Marie Jean, advocate-general in the parliament of Paris under the old regime, and afterwards a member of the National Convention, was born at Paris, in 1700. Thougli he conducted himself before the revolution as an able and upright magistrate, he subsequently advo- cated vindictive measures against the royal- ists, and even charged Louis XVI. with an uninterrupted series of treasons, without mentioning what they were, and recom- mended his condemnation. But he chiefly distinguished himself in the contest between the Mountain and Gironde parties, and he powerfully co-operated in the destruction of the latter ; but all his services to the terrorists did not save him from the scaffold : he was executed, with Danton, in 1795. HERBELOT, Bartholomew d', a learn- ed orientalist, was bom at Paris, in 1025. After travelling twice into Italy, in search of eastern manuscripts, and to converse with oriental travellers, with a view to the elucidation of the Hebrew Scriptures, he was appointed regius professor of Syriac in the French capital, and granted a pension. He was the author of " The Oriental Library," and other able works. He died in 1695, not less regretted for his virtues, than admired for his learning. HERBERT, Edward, Lord of Cherbury, was born in 1581, at Montgomery Castle ; was sent, when only 12 years old, to Uni- versity College, Oxford ; was made a knight of the Bath, soon after tlie accession of James I. ; and shortly after travelled on the Con- tinent, where liis elegant manners and chi- valric accomplishments attracted the greatest notice. He served in the Netherlands in 1610 and 1614, distinguishing himself by his romantic bravery ; was twice ambassador to France ; and on his return, in 1625, was created an Irish peer, and afterwards an English baron. He espoused tlie parlia- mentary cause during the civil wars, but quitted it, and died in 1648. His principal work is entitled " De Veritate," the object of which was to assert the sufficiency and per- fection of natural religion, with a view to prove the uselessness of revelation. He also wrote " De Religione Laici," his own " Me- moirs," a " Life of Henry VIII.," &c. HERBERT, George, a brother of the preceding, was distinguished as a poet and a divine. He was bom in 1593 ; educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge ; and became rector of Bemerton, Wilts ; where he died in 1632. He was a man of exemplary piety and benevolence, and a poet of no mean rank. HERBERT, William, earl of Pembroke, a poet and the patron of learned men, was bom in 1580, at Wilton House, the family seat. He was educated at New College, Oxford ; and in 1626 was elected chancellor of that university, to which he was a liberal benefactor through life, and bequeathed to it at his death a valuable collection of manu- scripts. Died, 1630. HERBERT, Sir Thomas, a descendant of one of the branches of the Pembroke family, was the son of an alderman at York. After receiving his education at Oxford, he tra- velled for 4 years in Asia and Africa, of which he published an account. On the breaking out of the civil wars he sided with the parliament ; but ha\-ing been appointed to attend upon Charles in his captivity, he became warmly attached to him, and proved himself a zealous and incorruptible servant to him up to the hour of his execution. He survived his royal master 20 years, devoting his life principally to literary pursuits. He assisted Dugdale in his " Monasticon Angli- canum," and published an account of the last 2 years of the life of king Charles, under the title of " Threnodia Carolina." He was created a baronet at the Restoration, and died in 1682. HEREIN, Augustus Frakcis Julian, a Frenchman, distinguished as an oriental scholar, was bom in 1783. He composed an Arabic grammar ; also a treatise on ancient music ; and an account of Hafiz, the Persian poet, with specimens of his works. Died, 1806. HERDER, John Godfrey von, a clas- sical German writer, and a moral pliiloso- pher of the new school, was bom in 1744, of poor parents, at Mohrungen, in Prussia ; was her] ^ iJ^eio Bnibtrial 3St05rajp!)i). [her educated for the church, and became court preacher, ecclesiastical counsellor, and vice- president of the consistory to the Duke of Saxe Weimar; and died in 1803. At the moment when he expired he was writing a hymn to the Deity, and the pen was found on the unfinished line. He was greatly es- teemed by all who knew him, and looked upon as the Fenelon of Germany. His un- relaxing zeal and diligence penetrated the most various branches of science, theory, philosophy, philology, natural and civil history, and politics. His works form 28 vols. 8vo. HERISSANT, Louis Anthoxy Prosper, a French physician and naturalist of the 18th century, wag a native of Paris, where he died in 1769, at the early age of 24. He wrote "L'Eloge de Gouthier d^Andemach ; " for which he received a prize from the faculty of medicine. He was also the author of an eulogy upon Du Cange, a poem on printing, " Bibliothfeque Physique de la France," Sec. HERITIER DE BRUTELLE, Charles Louis l', a French botanist, was born at Paris, in 1745. In 178fi, Dombey having brought from Peru and Chili an inestima- ble collection of plants, L'lleritier published a description of them in London, under the title of the Flora of Peru. On his return to Paris he published a work with the sin- gular title of "Flore de la Place Vendome." This ingenious man was assassinated in 1801. HERITIER DE VTLLANDON, Nicho- las l', a French poet of the 17th century, was originally in the guards ; but being dis- abled for service by a wound, he became historiographer of France, and died in 1080. He wrote 2 tragedies, " Hercule Furieux " and " Clovis ; " together with a few poems. His daughter, Marie Jeanne I'Heritier, was born at Paris in 1064, and died in 1734. She published a translation of Ovid's Epistles, and some novels. HERMANN, John, a physician and natu- ralist, was born at Barr, near Strasburg, in 1738. He acquired a taste for the sciences from his fatlier, who was a Protestant clergy- man ; and after going through his studies at Strasburg, he took his doctor's degree. He greatly extended the boundaries of science, both by his lectures and the great number of treatises which he published, and devoted all his property to the formation of a cabinet of natural history. Died, 1800. HERMANN, Paul, a botanist, was born at Halle, in Saxony. He resided some time in the East Indies, particularly at Ceylon, where he acted as physician to the Dutch settlement. On his return he published various botanical works, and died in 1695. HERMAS, an ancient father of the Chris- tian church, surnamed Pastor, or the Shep- herd, who is said to be the same mentioned by St. Paul in his Epistle to the Romans. He is supposed to have died at Rome about the year 81. A piece of his, entitled " The Shepherd," is still extant, and was trans- lated into English by Archbishop Wake. HERMELIN, Samuel Gustavus, Baron, a Swedish mineralogist, was born in 1744, at Stockholm. After having travelled ex- 409 tensively, and paid particular attention to the statistics and geology of the countries which he visited, he settled in his native land, and for more than 50 years held the most eminent situations in the management of the Swedish mines. Hermelin wrote various works relative to the mineralogy, metallurgy, and resources of Sweden ; and spent 15 years in perfecting the Swedish Atlas, a geographical undertaking of vast magnitude. Indeed, few men have possessed so great a degree of patient perseverance, united with talents adequate for the accom- plishment of so many useful designs. He died in 1820. HERMES, Trismegistus, an Egyptian priest and philosopher, who, according to Diodorus, was the friend and counsellor of the great Osiris, and is said to have been the first lawgiver, and the founder of religious ceremonies among the Egyptians. He in- structed his countrymen in the cultivation of the olive, the measurement of lands, and the knowledge of hieroglyphics, and to him are attributed all the mystic sciences of the Alexandrian School. But every thing re- lating to him is so uncertain and obscure, that even the time when, and the place where, he lived cannot be assigned with any certainty. IIERMILLY.Vaquette u", a French his- torian, was bom at Amiens in 1707, and died at Paris in 1778. He wrote the history of Majorca and Minorca, and translated Fer- rara's History of Spain and the Critical Theatre of Father Feijoo. UERMOGENES, a rhetorician, bom at Tarsus, in Cilicia, lived about the middle of the 2nd century, and is celebrated for the precocity and rapid extinction of his talents. At the age of 15, he was famous for his powers of oratory ; at 17, he published his rhetoric ; and, soon after, various treatises on oratory, which ranked him high among writers upon that subject ; but, in his 25th year, he wholly lost his memory, and sank into a state of mental imbecility. The precise date of his death is not known. HERO, a philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, who distinguished himself by his skill in the construction of warlike ma- chines, and who wrote some able works on the art. The time of his death is not re- corded. HERODIAN, a Greek historian, flourished in the 3rd century, and held several public offices at Rome. His history is written in Greek, and comprises the period from the death of Marcus Aurelius to the year 238. HERODOTUS, called by Cicero the "Fa- ther of History," was born at Halicarnassus, in Caria, b.c. 484, and is tlie most ancient of the Greek historians whose works are ex- tant. Egypt, so celebrated for the wisdom of its institutions, seems to have been one of the most constant subjects of his attention ; and his description of it is so consonant with the accounts of the most intelligent travellers, that we cannot for a moment believe it founded on the relations of others. We are also indebted to him alone for the history of the origin and growth of the Persian mon- archy, and of those of the earlier Medes and Assyrians ; for the origin of the kingdom of ber] ^ ^t&) WinibttM MasvH^f^^* [her Lydia ; its destruction by Cyrus, and the different expeditions of that celebrated con- queror ; the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, and the most minute and exact description of that country and its inhabitants ; the constant wars of the successors of Cyrus ; and, particularly, the expedition of Darius against the Scythians. The value of his history has been tlie subject of much dis- cussion and controversy ; and it is generally believed that his narration of events, which happened during his own life, is extremely faithful, while in the traditional accounts which he gives of remote times and countries, sufficient care has not been shown to distin- guish fact from fable. He went into volun- tary exile when his country was oppressed by l,ygdamis, but afterwards returned and ex- I)elled the tyrant. HERRERA TORDESILLAS, Axtoxio DE, a Spanish historian, who wrote a " Ge- neral History of India," in 4 vols, folio, which is a curious work. He also wrote a " General History of Spain," in 3 vols, folio. Born, 15(15 ; died, 1625. HERRICK, RoBEUT, an English poet of the 17th century. He received his education, first at St. John's College, and next at Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; after which he entered into orders, and obtained, in 1629, the vicar- age of Dean Prior, in Devonshire. He was deprived of this living during Cromwell's usurpation, but recovered it at the Restor- ation, and died not long afterwards. A complete edition of his poetical works, in 2 vols. 8vo., was published at Edinburgh, in 1823. HERRING, Thomas, archbishop of Can- terbury, a distinguished English prelate, was the son of a clergyman in Norfolk, and bom in 1693. In the rebellion of 1745, he exerted himself with great zeal in defence of the government, for which he was, in 1747, ad- vanced to the see of Canterbury. He died in 1757, and was buried at Croydon. HERSCHEL, Sir William, one of the most distinguished astronomers of modem times, was born at Hanover, in 1738. His father, who was a musician, brought him up to his own profession, and, at the age of 14, he was placed in the band of the Hanoverian foot-guards. Towards the close of the seven years' war, when the French armies entered Hanover, young Herschel resolved to visit England, but not being able to obtain em- ployment in London, he accepted a situation in the band of the Durham militia. When the regiment came to Doncaster, Mr. Herschel formed an acquaintance with Dr. Miller, an eminent composer and organist of that town. It happened about this time that an organist was also wanted at Halifax, and, by the advice of the doctor, his young friend offered himself as a candidate for the place, and was successful. In 17G6, he removed from York- shire to Bath, where he was chosen organist at the Octagon Chapel, and leader of the orchestra at the public rooms. Although enthusiastically fond of music, he had for some time devoted his leisure hours to the study of mathematics and astronomy ; and, in 1779, having constructed a telescope, and begun a regular survey of the heavens, star by star, he discovered, March 13th, 1781, a 410 new primary planet, which he named the Georgium Sidus, iu honour of George the Third. The same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and had the gold medal awarded him for his discovery. His majesty now called Mr. Herschel from Bath, and gave him a house at Slough, with a pension to enable him to prosecute his favourite pursuits. After a long series of arduous and valuable labours, in 1802, he laid before the Royal Society a catalogue of 5000 new nebulas, nebulous stars, planetary nebulEB, and clusters of stars, which he had discovered ; and, iu consequence of the im- portant additions made by him to the stock of astronomical knowledge, received from the university of Oxford the honorary degree of doctor of laws — an honour which was followed up, in 1816, by the Guelphic order of knighthood from the king. He continued his astronomical observations till within a few years of his death, which took place in 1822. His highly gifted son, the present Sir John Herschel, pursues his father's scientific course with ardour and success. HERSCHEL, Caroline Lucretia, sister of the above, and, like him, distinguished for her zeal in astronomical pursuits, was born at Hanover, 1750. Having joined her brother at Bath, in 1771, she voluntarily un- dertook the arduous duties of his astro- nomical assistant, not only acting as his amanuensis, but executing the laborious nu- merical calculations necessary to render liis discoveries available to science, and labour- ing in the cause of astronomy with an ardour and activity which neither the fatigue of the body, nor the inclemencies of the season, could exhaust. Her own observations were so numerous and important, that the Royal Society published them in one volume ; and her " Zone Catalogue " was honoured, in 1828, with the gold medal of the London Astronomical Society, of which she was also elected an honorary member. She had re- sided in Hanover since her brother's death in 1822 ; and her latest years were spent in repose, broken now and then by the visits of the learned, and cheered by the regard and esteem of all who knew her, whether inmates of a palace or a cottage. Died, 1848. HERSCHELL, Dr. Solomon, for many years chief rabbi of the Polish and German Jews resident in England, was remarkable alike for his learning, his attachment to his faith, and his great and diffusive bene- volence, which was extended alike to Jew and Christian. Tall, and of very majestic figure and gait, and wearing a long and snow-white beard, he reminded those who chanced to meet him of some patriarch of the old days of Israel. Died, October, 1842, aged 82, having been just half of his long life the chief rabbi. HERTZBERG, Ewald Frederic von, Count, a Prussian minister of state, whose name is intimately connected with the his- tory of Frederic the Great, was born in 1725. He manifested his talents at an early age by the publication of a " Dissertation on His- tory," was patronised by the king, and gradually rose to the highest offices in the state. Died, 1795. HERVEY, James, an English divine of her] ^ jJeto Bnihtrial miOQxnp^V!' [hey exemplary virtue and piety, was born, in 1714, at Uardingstone, near Northampton ; received his education at Lincoln College, Oxford ; and eventually succeeded his father, as rector of Weston Favell and CoHingtree. His chief writings are, " Meditations and Contemplations," " Remarks on Lord Boling- broke's Letters on the Study and Use of History," and " Theron and Aspasia ; or, a Series of Dialogues and Letters on the most important Subjects." Died, 1758. HERVEY, JoHX, Lord, second son of John, first earl of Bristol, was bom, 1694. Educated at Westminster, and Clare Hall, Cambridge, he took his degree of M. A. in 1715 i and after a short tour on the Conti- nent, he returned to England, where he spent much of his time in the literary and fashionable circles of the metropolis. In 1720 he married Miss Lepell, so well known in Pope's letters and verses ; in 1723 he succeeded to the title of Lord Hervey by the death of his elder brother ; and in 172,5 became member for Bury, when he attached himself to Sir Robert Walpole's party in opposition to Pulteney's, and was made vice-chamberlain in 1730, which he retained by court influence till 1740, when he became lord privy seal. From an early age. Lord Hervey took an active part in the literary and political contests of the day. His pamphlets in answer to the "Craftsman" involved him in a duel with Pulteney ; his quarrel with Pope, which extended over many years, gave rise to some of the bitterest satirical sketches ever penned (we allude especially to the latter's celebrated prose letter, the epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, and the character of Sporus) ; and he carried on an active cor- respondence with Dr. Middleton regarding the mode of electing the Roman senate, besides writing some able pamphlets on foreign affairs, which may still be read with interest. His "Memoirs of the Reign of George II., from his Accession to the Death of Queen Caroline," after slumbering for a century in the chests of Ickworth, were pub- lished in 1848, with an interesting account of the author by the Right Hon. Jolin Wil- son Croker. Died, 1743. HESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, but whether contemporary with, or older or younger than. Homer is not agreed among the learned. The " Theogony " and " Works and Days " are the only undoubted pieces of this poet now extant. HESYCHIUS, a grammarian of Alexan- dria, who has left a valuable lexicon of Greek words, first published by Aldus Ma- nutius in 1513. HEVELIUS, JoHx, an astronomer, was born at Dantzic, in 1611. He built an ob- servatory in that city, made some excellent telescopes, and published the result of his observations in a work, entitled " Seleno- graphia, sive Lunae Descriptio." His " Co- metographia " caused a dispute between him and Dr. Hooke, respecting the preference of plain and telescopic siglits ; Hevelius de • fending the former, and Hooke the latter. To adjust the difference, Halley went to Dantzic, and, on his return, gave a report very favourable to Hevelius. Several other aatronomical works were produced by him ; particularly " Machina Coelestis," " Annus Climacterus," &c. Died, 1687. HEWSON, William, a celebrated ana- tomist and physiologist, was the son of a surgeon at Hexham, in Nortliumberland, where he was born in 1739. After studying his profession under his father, he resided for some time at Newcastle, London, Edin- burgh, and Paris ; and he subsequently be- came a pupil of Dr. Hunter, whom he also assisted in his lectures. In 1771 he obtained the Copleyan medal from the Royal Society, for his discoveries of the lymphatic system in birds and fishes, and was elected a fellow of that learned body. He also published " Experimental Inquiries into the Properties of the Blood." Died, 1774. HEYLIN, Pkteu, D.D., an English di- vine, was born at Burford, in Oxfordshire, in 1600. He became a student of Hart Hall, Oxford, but afterwards obtained a fellow- ship in Magdalen College, which he resigned in 1629, on being appointed chaplain to Charles I. In 1031 he published his " His- tory of St. George," for which the king gave him the rectory of Hemmingford, in Hun- tingdonshire, and a prebend of Westminster, to which was added the living of Houghton, in tlie bishopric of Durham. Other church preferment followed ; but, becoming ob- noxious to the parliamentarians, he was soon ejected from it, and his private pro- perty was also sequestrated. After this he went to Oxford, and published a weekly paper, called " Mercurius Aulicus." His other productions are " Cosmography," " A Help to English History," the "Life of Charles I.," a " History of the Reforma- tion," &c. He died in 1662 ; having shortly before been reinstated in all his former appointments by Charles II. HEYNE, Christian Gottlob, a distin- guished scholar, was a native of Chemnitz, in Saxony, wliither his father, a poor linen weaver, had fled from Gravenschutz, in Silesia, on account of religious persecution. Though destitute and obscure, he acquired a remarkable acquaintance with the ancient languages, and succeeded Gesner as professor of eloquence at Gottingen, where he was soon after appointed first librarian and coun- sellor. By his editions and commentaries on classic authors, Heyne has deserved the reputation of being one of the most distin- guished luminaries of the literary world. His particular merit consists in having raised the knowledge of antiquity and classical literature from the dust of the schools, and introduced it into the circle of the polished world. It is not, however, merely the fame of his great learning, but the propriety and delicacy of his conduct, that procured him the acquaintance and regard of the most accomplished and eminent men of his time, and rendered his memory dear to them. He died in 1812, aged 82. HEYWOOD, JoiiiV, one of the earliest of the English dramatic poets, was born at North Mims, in Hertfordshire, and educated at Oxford ; after which he became, tliroiigh Sir Thomas More, a great favourite with Henry VIII. He also continued in the court of Edward VI., and was much in the confidence of Queen Mary ; on whose death, 411 hbt] ^ igefio Unibtv^Kl 28t0srajjljg. [hio being a Roman Catholic, he went abroad, and died at Mechlin, in Brabant, in 1565. He wrote " The Parable of the Spider and Fly," a voluminous poem, in 4to. His other works are a "Dialogue of Proverbs," and several plays. — He left two sons, Ellis and Jasper, both of whom possessed talents very similar to those of their father ; but being Catholics, they quitted England, and spent the remainder of their lives in Italy. HEYWOOD, Thomas, a dramatic writer and actor in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I. He is said to have been a most voluminous author, having written no less than 220 plays, of wliich only 24 are extant. He also wrote " The Actor's Vin- dication," " The Hierarchy of the Angels," a " Life of Merlin," " Life of Queen Eliza- beth," "Lives of the Nine Worthies," &c. Neither the date of his birth nor that of his death are on record. HIBBERT, George, an eminent mer- chant and citizen of London, alike distin- guished for his talents and public spirit, was bom in Manchester, in 1757. Being destined from his youth to a commercial life, he was introduced into a leading mercantile house in the city, engaged in the West India trade; in which, first as a junior partner, and event- ually as head of the firm, he continued nearly half a century. Possessing strong common sense, a retentive memory, and a mind richly stored with various information, to- gether with the faculty of expressing him- self in a public assembly with clearness and fluency, he became a valuable adviser and coadjutor on all commercial questions ; he was accordingly selected to move the resolu- tions of the merchants, bankers, and traders, which led to the imposition of the property- tax in 1798, when the exigencies of the na- tion required the sacrifice ; and again to move those resolutions which forced its re- peal in 1836. In 1806 he was elected M. P. for Seaford, and sat for that borough till 1812. He was greatly instrumental in ori- ginating and maturing that noble under- taking, the West India Pocks ; " in grateful testimony " of which, in 1804, he was pre- sented by the company with some splendid ornamental plate. Mr. Hibbert was elected F.R. S. in 1810 ; he was also F. S. A., and a member of the Roxburgh Club. Botany likewise engaged his attention ; it served as an employment for him in his retirement from the active duties of commercial life ; and he was the means of introducing into this country many new and beautiful species of plants. Died, Oct. 8. 1837. HICETAS, a philosopher of Syracuse, who maintained that the heavens, sun, and stars were all immovable, while the earth revolved on its axis. This is the account of Cicero, from which Copernicus took the idea of his system. HICKERINGILL, Edmund, a clergyman of eccentric character, was born in Essex, in 1630. He received his education at Cam- bridge ; after which he became a lieutenant in the army, and went to Jamaica, of which island he published a description. On en- tering into orders, he obtained the vicarage of Boxted, in Essex, and afterwards the rectory of All Saints, in Colchester, where, after leading an irregular and turbulent life, he died, in 1708. HICKES, George, an eminent divine and learned antiquary of the 17th century, was born at Newsham, in Yorkshire, in 1642, and educated at Oxford. In 1681 he was appointed one of the king's chaplains, and soon after made dean of Worcester. At the Revolution he refused to take the oaths to William III., and was deprived of all his benefices. In 1693 he was sent by the non- juring clergy to St. Germains, to concert measures with the exiled king, for the ap- pointment of bishops, in the English church, from their party. He returned from this dangerous mission in the following year, and was himself shortly after consecrated bishop of Thetford. Dr. Hickes was a pro- found scholar, particularly in Saxon lore ; but in theological matters the violence of his prejudices sometimes obscured his judgment. His greatest work is entitled "Thesaurus Grammatico-Criticus et Archseologicus Lin- guarum veterum Septentrionalium." Died, 1715. HICKES, John, brother of the preceding, was a Nonconformist minister, and as re- markable for his zeal in advocating those principles, as Dr. James Hickes was in de- fending the high church party. Hearing it was the intention of government to appre- hend him as a state criminal, he procured an introduction to Charles II., and not only obtained indemnity for himself, but also the promise of protection for the Devonshire Nonconformists. In the ensuing reign, Hickes joined the Duke of Monmouth, was taken prisoner, and executed as a traitor, in 1685. HIDALGO Y COSTILLA, Don Miguel. a Spanish priest, who distinguished himself in promoting the war of independence in Mexico, which commenced in 1809. He was at that time curate of Dolores, and possessed great influence over the Indians and Creoles. After raising the standard of independence, he was joined by AUende and a consider- able body of insurgents ; upon which he threw off his clerical robes, and assumed the uniform and rank of generalissimo. At first he obtained great success ; but he ulti- mately fell into the hands of the royalists, and was executed in July, 1811. HIGGONS, Bevil, a dramatic poet and historian. His principal works are, a tra- gedy called "The Generous Conqueror" and a " Short View of the English History." He accompanied James II. to France, where he died in 1735. HIGHMORE, Joseph, a portrait and his- torical painter, bom in London, 1692. He was intended for the legal profession ; but, on the expiration of his clerkship, he aban- doned the law, resolved to trust in future to his talents as an artist alone for fame and fortune. He possessed the extraordi- nary faculty of taking a likeness by memory as well as by sitting. Among his best paint- ings are, Hagar and Ishmael, in the Found- ling Hospital. He distinguished himself also as an author. Died, 1780. HIGHMORE, Nathaniel, an English anatomist, was born at Fordingbridge, in Hampshire. He wrote " Corporis humani hil] ^ ^cto ?Snii)rrjSaX Utasraiil^M. [hil Disquisitio Anatomicae," and other medical works. The cavity called the A ntrum Hiyh- moriamnn, in the 8Ui)erior maxilla, takes its name from him. Born, 1G13 ; died, 16b4. HILL, Sir John, a voluminous writer, was bom in 171G, at Peterborough. He was brought up as an apothecary, and practised as a physician ; wrote numerous books with great rapidity ; and was tlie inventor of several lucrative quack medicines. Under the auspices of the Earl of Bute he published a " System of Botany," in 17 vols, folio ; and on presenting a copy of it to the king of Sweden, was invested with an order of knighthood. He also published a Supple- ment to Chambers's Cyclopaedia, "Essays on Natural History and Philosophy ; " con- ducted a periodical called " The Inspector ;" and wrote several novels, farces, &c. He was a constant attendant on every place of public amusement ; and, being a satirical "busybody," was often involved in quarrels with the wits of the day. On one of these occasions he was characteristically hit off by Garrick in the following epigrammatic couplet : — "For physic and farces his rival there scarce is ; His farces are physic, his physic a farce is." HILL, Sir Richard, bart., born in 1733, was the son of Sir Rowland Hill, of Hawk- stone, Shropshire. He was educated at Westminster School ; graduated at Oxford ; and, on his return from the tour of Europe, he distinguished himself by his attachment to the Calvinistic Methodists — first, by de- fending the conduct of six young men who were expelled from the imiversity in 1768, for alleged fanatical conduct, and next by engaging in a polemical controversy with John Wesley and other leaders of the Ar- minian Methodists. He succeeded his father as M.P. for the county of Salop ; and be- came so noted in the house for his frequent quaint application of facts and language from the Bible, that he was called the scrip- tural Killigrew. He died in 1808, when his title passed to Sir John Hill, the father of Lord Hill. HILL, Rowland, the venerable minister of Surrey Chapel, was a younger brother of the preceding, and born at Hawkstone, near Shrewsbury, in 1744. In the grammar school of that town he commenced his edu- cation, then went to Eton for a few years, and finished his studies at St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge. At the time he quitted the university the celebrated George Whit- field was in the zenith of his popularity ; and so congenial to his nature was that extraor- dinary preacher's manner and doctrine, that he quickly adopted both, and became his zealous disciple ; prosecuting his favourite plan of itinerancy, preaching in the streets of Bristol, on the quays, or among the col- liers at Kingswood ; wherever, in fact, he could gain an audience ; but resuming, at stated periods, the services of the London and Bristol tabernacles. In 17*3 the building of Surrey Chapel was completed ; and from that time to the period of his death, an in- terval of SO years, he continued to pass his winters in town for the purpose of ofiSciating there, his place being supplied during the summer months by a succession of poiiular ministers from the country. The numerous tales that are told of his eccentricities should be received with caution ; though it is cer- tain he occasionally illustrated the most solemn truths by observations which sa- voured more of the ludicrous than the pa- thetic — more of the grotesque than the serious ; yet his intentions were pure and sincere, and he was no less indefatigable in his calling as a preacher than he was bene- volent as a man. His writings are very numerous, the principal of which is entitled "Village Dialogues ;" but he was not sparing of wit, humour, or sarcasm, when- ever he could make either subservient to his purpose, as was strikingly seen in a satirical pamphlet against the ministers of the established church, which he published anonymously, under the title of " Spiritual Characteristics, by an Old Observer." He died, in 1833, aged 88. HILL, Viscount, General Rowland Hill, the second son of Sir John Hill, bart., was bom on the 11th of Aug. 1772 j entered the army at the early age of 16 ; served at Toulon under Lord Mulgrave, General O'Hara, and Sir David Duiidas ; through the whole of the Egyptian campaign, where he was wounded in the head ; in Ireland, throughout the Peninsular War, and at Waterloo, where he most ably seconded the Duke of Wellington. In 1828 he was ap- pointed commander-in-chief, and never can that post be filled to greater public satis- faction, or more beneficially to the anny. In the field — in every rank, from that of ensign to that of general — lie was remark- able for a rare union of daring, zeal, and prudence ; and, as commander-in-chief at home, he was equally remarkable for his anxious and intelligent exertions for the promotion of the comforts of the army, and for the advancement of the service. In the distribution of his patronage he was pro- verbially impartial ; private or political feeling never prevented him from doing justice to professional merit. Died, Dec. 10. 1842, aged 70. HILL, Robert, a self-taught genius of extraordinary merit, was bora in Hertford- shire, in 1699, and bred a tailor and stay- maker. By indefatigable application he acquired a suflScient knowledge of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, to be able to teach them. He died at Buckingham, in 1777. He wrote " Remarks on the Essay on Spirit," " The Character of a Jew," and " Criticisms on Job." HILLEL the Elder, sumamed Hassa KEN, was a celebrated Jewish doctor or rabbi, who lived in the century preceding the Christian era, and was a native of Ba- bylon. At the age of forty he removed to Jerusalem, where he studied the law with such diligence as to become master of the chief school of that city. He formed a new digest of the traditionary law, from which the "Mischna," or earliest part of the Talmud, is derived. Shammai, one of his disciples, dissented from his master, and set up a new college, which produced violent hil] ^ |2t&j UiiibtvStd 33tOja[rap]^p. [hip contests among the Jews ; but the party of Hillel proved victorious. He lived to the great age of 120 years ; and while president of the Sanhedrim, he discharged the duties of his office with unexampled wisdom and justice. HILLEL the Younger, who obtained the title of Nasi, or Prince of the Captivity, pre- sided over the Jewisli church in the third and fourth centuries, and distinguished him- self by his great astronomical learning, re- forming the Jewish calendar, regulating the period of the equinoxes, &c. He was also one of the doctors to whom is ascribed that portion of the Talmud called " Gemara." HILLIARD, Nicholas, a portrait painter, was born in 1547, at Exeter. He imitated the style of Hans Holbein, and became gold- smith, carver, and painter, to queen Eliza- beth. Among his best works are the por- traits of Elizabeth and Mary, queen of Scots. Died, 1019. HILTON, Walter, a Carthusian monk of the monastery of Sheen, in the 15th cen- tury ; author of " The Scale or Ladder of Perfection;" and to whom also has been erroneously attributed tlie celebrated book "De Imitatione Christi," written by Tho- mas k Kempis, or by Gerson. HILTON, William, R. A.,-an eminent English artist. His forte was the picturesque ideal, and it is difficult to say whether he was most excellent as a designer, or as a colourist. His pictures are very numerous, and if they have not been made what is called "popular," by means of engravings from them, it is because their chastity of design and their exquisite finish make them essentially and exclusively appeal only to the genuine cognoscenti. His "Rape of Ganymede," " Hebe," and " Rape of Pro- serpine," are exquisite. On the death of the great though eccentric Fuseli, Mr. Hil- ton succeeded him as keeper of the Royal Academy, and in that important office he so ably and indefatigably directed and aided the students, that, just before his death, they presented him with a valuable piece of plate. Born, 1787 ; died, 1840. HILTZ, John, a German architect of the 15th century. He succeeded Steinbach, builder of the catliedral of Strasburg, the tower of which celebrated edifice, 570 feet high, was erected by Hiltz, and is considered a masterpiece of architecture. HINCHCLIFFE, John, bishop of Peter- borough, was born in 1731, in Swallow Street, St. James's, where his father kept a livery- stable. He was educated at Westminster School, of which he subsequently became head-master, and, through tlie patronage of the Grafton family, he obtained successive church preferment till he reached the mitre. Died, 1794. HIPPARCHUS, the most eminent among the ancient astronomers, was a native of Nicaja, in Bithynia, and flourished about a century and a half before the Christian era. He resided some time in the island of Rhodes, whence he has derived the appel- lation of Ehodius ; but he afterwards went to Alexandria, at that time the great school of science. He has been styled the patriarch of astronomy, and was certainly the first 414 who treated the sublime science in a philoso- phic manner. He discovered the precession of the equinoxes ; calculated the eclipses ? determined the revolutions and mean mo- tions of the planets ; invented the stereogra- phical method of projection ; numbered and catalogued the fixed stars ; and in short, by his labours, were laid the solid foundations of geographical and trigonometrical science. HIPPIAS, prince of Athens, was the son of Pisistratus, at whose death he assumed the government, in conjunction witli his brother Hipparchus ; but the latter being assassinated by a band of conspirators, while conducting a solemn procession to the tem- ple of Minerva, Hippias immediately seized the reins of government, and revenged the death of his brother, by putting to death all of whom he entertained the least suspicion. His tyranny at last became so obnoxious to the citizens, that they bribed the priests of the Delphic oracle to command the Spartans to break oS their alliance with him ; and being obliged to yield to the united attack of his foreign and domestic enemies, he was expelled from the city b. c. 510. He after- j wards found means to induce Darius to apply to the Athenians in his favour ; and their decisive refusal kindled the first war of the Persians against the European Greeks. The fate of Hippias was at length decided on the field of Marathon, where, with the Persian army, he fell on that memorable day, fight- ing against his countrymen, b. c. 490. HIPPISLEY, Sir John Coxe, bart., was bom at Yatton, Somersetshire, in 1765. Af- ter having graduated at Hertford College, Oxford, he became a bencher of the Middle Temple, and was appointed in 1780, through the interest of Lord North, to an office of trust and importance in India, which he held during the wars with Hyder Ally and Tippoo Saib. In 1790, he was elected M.P. for Sudbury, of which borough he became recorder, and represented it in five parlia- ments. Sir John was an active magistrate, and a warm supporter of many agricultural and other useful institutions. He was re- warded with a baronetcy in 1796, for his services in the negotiations for the marriage of the Princess Royal of England with the Duke of Wirtemberg. Died, 1825. HIPPOCRATES, the most eminent of the Greek physicians, and deservedly styled the father of medical science, was bom in the isle of Cos, B. c. 460, and died b. c. 361. His memory is still venerated in his native island, and the inhabitants show with pride a house in which they say he resided. He j died, in the 99th year of his age, at Larissa, in Thessaly, and the highest honours were paid to his memory. Several of his works are extant ; and an edition of them was printed at Leipsic so latelv as 1825. HIPPOCRATES, of Chios, a celebrated geometrician, who lived about 500 years B.C., and discovered the quadrature of the lunula, which bears his name. HIPPOLYTUS, St., a Christian bishop, who suffered in the persecution of Alexan- der Severus, a. d. 230. His works in Greek and Latin were printed by Fabricius, in 2 vols, folio, 1716. HIPPONAX, a satiric poet, of Ephesus, hoa] ^ ^ein BnihtxiaX SBtograplbB* [hoc who lived about 540 years, b. c, and was co- temporary with Anacreon. HOADLY, Benjamix, a celebrated pre- late, was born at Westerham, in Kent, in l(i7(j. He soon distinguished himself as a cliampion of freedom, in liis controversy with Calamy and Atterbury ; and was re- commended by the House of Commons to queen Anne, who promised him preferment, but which he did not obtain from her. On the accession of George I. he was made bisliop of Bangor ; and soon afterwards translated to Hereford. lu 1723 lie obtained the bishopric of Salisbury, and in 1734 he became bishop of Winchester. Throughout life he was an active and able controversial- ist, and his opponents, who were of the high church party, never ceased to charge him with attempting to undermine that establish- ment of which he was a prelate. Died 17C1. HOADLY, Benjamix, eldest son of the preceding, was physician to George II. and Frederic, prince of Wales. He published some medical and philosophical pieces ; but he is best known as the author of "The Sus- picious Husband," a comedy. Born, 1706 ; died, 1757. HOADLY, JoHsr, LL.D., the younger son of Bishop Iloadly, was born in London, in 1711 ; received his education at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and studied the law ; after which he entered into orders, and obtained some valuable preferments in the church and diocese of Winchester, among I which were the mastership of St. Cross Hos- pital, and the chancellorship of the diocese. ! He wrote poems, two or three comedies, and I an oratorio. Died, 1770. I HOARE, Pkixce, F. S. A., a dramatic author, and secretary to the Royal Aca- I demy, was a native of Bath. He wrote se- veral farces, wliich were successful, and I published some works on art. He died in ' 1834, aged 80. HOARE, Sir Richard Colt, bart., F.R.S. and F.S.A., an eminent local historian and topographer, was the eldest son of Sir Richard Hoare, the first baronet, and bom in 1758. In 1818 he printed for private circulation among his friends, his "Recollections" of a "Classical Tour," in 4 vols. Various treatises on antiquarian and other kindred subjects occasionally came from his pen ; I but liis great work, on which he bestowed ; the utmost care and attention, and which entitles him to a distinguished place in the first rank of topographical historians, is the "Ancient and Modem History of Wiltshire," which at the time of his death was not quite complete. Died, aged 79, May 19. 1838. HOARE, WiLUAM, an English artist, was born about 1707, at Eye, in Suffolk. He studied under Grisoni, an Italian painter in London ; after which he went to Rome, where he became a pupil of Francisco Im- periale. He remained in Italy many years, and on his return painted some good altar- pieces and portraits, which last were chiefly in crayons. Died, 1792. HOBBES, Thomas, a celebrated philoso- pher and political writer, was born, in 1588, at Malmesbury, Wilts ; was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford ; and in 1608 be- came tutor to a son of the Earl of Devon- shire. On the death of his patron and pupil he became travelling tutor to a young gen- tleman; but the Countess-dowager of Devon- sliire recalled him into her family, to take upon him the education of the young earl. In 1028 he attended the earl on his travels, and at Pisa contracted an intimacy with Galileo. In 1042 he printed his book, " De Cive," which procured him many enemies by its dangerous principles. Soon after this he was appointed mathematical tutor to the Prince of Wales. In 1050 appeared, in Eng- lish, his work on " Human Nature ; " and one, "De Corpore Politico," or the "Ele- ments of Law." The next year he published his still more famous and obnoxious book, entitled " Leviathan." At the Restoration he received a pension ; but in 1005 the par- liament passed a censure on his writings, which greatly alarmed him. Besides the works which we have enumerated above, he published " De Mirabilibus Pecci, or the Wonders of the Peak," a poem ; a transla- tion of Homer ; " Elements of Philosophy," a " Letter on Liberty and Necessity," " Six Lessons to the Professors of the Mathema- tics," &c. The latter years of his life were spent at Chatsworth, the seat of the Earl of Devonshire, where he died in 1679. Hobbea has been branded with the epithets of infidel and atheist, by those who thought that his speculations might weaken the confidence of mankind in the general principles of morals and theology ; and though there is evidence of his having practised the duties of religion as a member of the Church of England, yet a candid review of his written opinions induces us to pronounce them as highly pernicious. HOBBIMA, MiNDERHOUT, an eminent Dutch landscape painter, bom at Antwerp, in 1011. His pieces are remarkable for the grace and beauty of their execution, and, being rare, are now very valuable. HOBLER, Fis.iNCis, for many years chief clerk to the lord mayor of London, was the son of a Swiss watchmaker, and was bom in Soho, London. Having served his articles to an eminent lawyer, he was at a very early age appointed clerk to the magistrates at Guildhall, and thence removed to the chief clerkship at the Mansion House, where his strict attention, his sound knowledge of the law, and a certain odd facetiousness of repartee and remark in the more frivolous cases, made him the "observed of all ob- servers." He was a terror to evil-doers, for it was impossible for them to elude his cir- cumstantial recollections of them ; but no man was ever more prompt in relieving the aflSicted, and lifting up those who had fallen into want. Died, 1844, aged 78. HOCHE, Lazarus, an eminent French general, was born, in 1768, at Montreuil, near Versailles, where his father was an ostler. In 1785 he entered the army ; was made a corporal of grenadiers, and having passed with applause through the interme- diate gradations of rank, frequently distin- guishing himself by acts of bravery, he wqb raised, in 1793, to the command of the army of the Moselle, where he had to contend with the Duke of Brunswick, and was several times beaten. He, however, succeeded better hod] ^ i^m Unihtr^Kl 3St0flrapi^i?. [hof when engaged with the Austrians, whom he drove out of Alsace. In 1795 he was placed at the head of the republican army in La Vendee. In this important and difficult station he acquitted himself well, and suc- ceeded in defeating the emigrants at Quibe- ron, and in inducing the royalists to yield obedience to the government. After having been sent, in the winter of 1796, as com- mander of the troops in the expedition to Ireland, and from which he returned in dis- grace, he was appointed to the command of the army of the Sambre and Meuse, and had already gained considerable advantages, when his career was stopped by the armistice between Prince Charles and Buonaparte. He died at Wetzlar, in 1797. HODGSON, Dr. Robekt, dean of Carlisle, and rector of St. George's, Hanover Square, was a nephew of Bishop Porteus, and edu- cated at St. Peter's College, Cambridge. In 1803, he was appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to the king ; became dean of Carlisle in 1820 ; and was for some years chaplain-general of the army, but resigned that appointment during tlie administration of the Duke of Wellington. His principal literary undertakings were the "Life of Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London," and the editorship of the bishop's works in 6 vols. 8vo. Died, Oct. 1844. HODY, Humphrey, a learned divine, was born at Odcombe in Somersetshire, in 1659. When young he published a " Dissertation against Aristeas's History of the Seventy- two Interpreters," which was received by the learned with great applause. It was, how- ever, attacked by Isaac Vossius, and defended by the author in an unanswerable manner. In 1698 he was appointed Greek professor at Oxford, and in 1701 he published his " His- tory of English Councils and Convocations." He died in 1706, and by his will foimded ten scholarships in Wadham College. HOFER, Andrew, a patriotic leader of the Tyrolese, was born, in 1765, at Passayer ; and when he grew up, he kept an inn there, and dealt in corn, wine, and cattle. By the treaty of Presburg, the Tyrol was transferred to the king of Bavaria ; but the war being rekindled in 1809, the inhabitants rose in a mass to drive out the Bavarians, and again place themselves under the dominion of Austria. The riches and influence of Hofer, his athletic form and decided character, all combined to induce the insurgents to elect him their chief. Every thing prospered un- der his direction. Almost the whole country was conquered, and 8000 of the best troops of Bavaria were made prisoners by the peasants. Hofer now appeared upon the Brenner, and became the idol of the Tyrolese. He was preparmg to restore to the closely blockaded and suffermg Tyrol a communication with the interior of the imperial states, when the battle of Wagram was succeeded by the armistice of Znaim, the terms of which re- quired that the Austrians should abandon Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the vengeance of the enemy. The gallant Hofer concealed himself in a cave, but soon issued from his retreat, and drove the French invaders out of the country. At length, however, the tide of victory turned ; and although they main- 418 tained a glorious struggle, and gained many splendid victories, the Tyrolese were sub- jugated, and Hofer being discovered, he was tried by a courtmartial at Mantua, and shot, Feb. 20. 1810. After liis death he was revered by his countrymen as a martyr, his family were indemnified for the loss of their pro- perty by the emperor of Austria, and his son was ennobled by him. HOFFMAN, or HOFFMANN. There were several Germans of this name distinguished for their medical knowledge Maurice, an anatomist, botanist, and pliysician ; bom in 1621, at Furstenwalde, in Brandenburg ; settled at Altorf, where he held the profes- sorships of anatomy, botany, and physic ; was the discoverer of the pancreatic duct ; and died in 1698. He, as well as his son, John Maurice, wrote several works on va- rious medical subjects. Frederic Hoff- mann, the most celebrated of the name, was born in 1663, at Halle, in Saxony, where his father was also an eminent physician. He studied and lectured at Jena, and afterwards practised at Minden. In 1684 he visited England, and formed an acquaintance with Boyle and other men of science. On the establishment of the university of Halle, he was appointed primary professor of medicine and natural philosophy ; and thrice held the situation of rector. His reputation being now fully established, and his fame widely spread, he was elected a member of various scientific associations in London, Berlin, and Petersburgh ( and appointed physician to the king of Prussia, who gave him the title of archiater and aulic councillor, with a liberal salary. His works are very numerous ; the most important being his "Systema Medi- cinsB Rationalis " and " Medicina Consul- tatoria." It has been remarked of him, that as a theorist his suggestions were of great value, and contributed to introduce that revolution in the science of pathology, which subsequent observation has extended and confirmed. Died, 1742 Caspar Hoff- mann, another German physician, was a native of Gotha ; wrote several medical works ; became professor of the theory of medicine at Altorf; and died there in 1648. Christopher Lewis Hoffmann, also a physician, was born, in 1721, at Rheda, in Westphalia. He distinguished himself as a professional writer, and formed a new system of medicine, by combining the humoral and nervous pathology ; assuming, as the basis of his system, the sensibility and irritability of the solids, and the corruption of the humours as the principle of irritation. He was suo^ cessively physician to the Bishop of Munster and the Electors of Cologne ftnd Mentz. Died, 1807, HOFFMAN, Henry, a French dramatic writer, poet, and critic, was born at Nancy, in 1760, He began his literary labours in Paris, by publishing, in 1785, a volume of poems, and subsequently wrote many dra^ mas and operatic pieces ; but during the latter portion of his life he was known prin- cipally as an acute and impartial critic of the writings of others. Died, 1828. HOFFMAN, John James, professor of Greek at Basic, where he was born in 1635, and died in 1706. He is principally known hof] ^ ^ctD ?am'l)tr^al 3Biflsra}jf)2?. [hog by a work of great labour and value, entitled " Lexicon Universale." HOFFMANN, Ernest Tueodoke Wil- liam, a German of varied talents, was bom at Konigsberg, in 1776. lie studied the law, and held various judicial appointments in Prussia ; till his legal career was interrupted by the invasion of Warsaw by the French, in 180(5, in the government of which city he had been appointed counsellor. Having devoted his leisure hours to the study of music, and being at the same time a romance writer and an artist, he applied himself to these pursuits in order to obtain a livelihood. He possessed much imagination and talent ; but he was an intemperate liver, and suffered much from hypochondriasm. Among his works are, " The Devil's Elixir," " Tlie En- tail," " Tlie Adversary," &c. ; all displaying a singularly wild and romantic imagination. In 181G he was reinstated as counsellor in the court of judicature in Berlin, and died iu 1822. HOFLAND, Baebaka (widow of Mr. T. C. HoFLAND, landscape painter, who died in 1843), well known by her numerous works, written principally for the amusement and instruction of youth, was the daughter of a manufacturer at Sheffield, named Wreaks, where she was born in the year 1770.. At the age of 26 she married Mr. T. Bradshaw Hoole, of that town, whose death happened about two years after, leaving her with an infant son, subsequently known as the Kev. Mr. Hoole, curate of St. Andrew's, Hol- bom— a zealous minister and an affectionate son — whose death occurred in 1833. Mrs. Holland commenced her literary career in 1805, by the publication of a volume of poems, by subscription ; from the proceeds of which she established herself in a school at Harrowgate, at the same time appearing occasionally as a writer of moral and amus- ing tales. Ten years had now elapsed since the death of her husband, when she attracted the attention and became the wife of Mr. Hofland. They soon after settled in Lon- don ; and from that period till her decease she may be said to have never discontinued writing ; for, although the majority of her books were neither laborious nor bulky, they were very numerous, and required consider- able powers of invention. Among the more important we should mention "Emily," a novel in 4 vols. ; " Beatrice," " The Unloved One," " The Son of a Genius," " Tales of the Priory," " Self-denial," " The Merchant's Widow," " Decision," &c. Died, 1844. HOGARTH, William, a truly great and original painter of life and manners, was born in London, in 1698, and bound appren- I tice to an engraver of arms on silver plate. About 1720 he set up for himself, and his first employment was to engrave coats of I arms and shop bills. He next undertook to [ execute plates for booksellers, the chief of i which are the prints to Hudibras. His first performance as a painter was a represeuta- I tion of Wanstead Assembly, the portraits ; being taken from life. In 1730 he married i a daughter of Sir James Thornhill ; shortly after which he embellished the gardens of Vauxhall with some excellent paintings, for which tlie proprietor complimented him 417 with a perpetual ticket of admission. In 1733 appeared his " Harlot's Progress," prints whicli stamped his reputation, and were fol- lowed by other moral histories and satirical representations of vice and folly, such as "The Rake's Progress," " Marriage-Ji la- Mode," "Industry and Idleness," &c., all admirably executed. Soon after the treaty of Aix-la-Cliapelle he went to France, and while at Calais began to sketch a drawing of the gate of the town, for which he was taken up, but was soon released. On his return he commemorated the aftair in his excellent print, " O the Roast Beef of Old England." In 1753 he published his " Analysis of Beauty," in which he was assisted by Dr. Hoadly. In 1757 he became serjcant-painter to the king ; but though he had arrived at wealth and eminence, yet, from being des- titute of the advantages of a liberal educa- tion, he was inordinately vain of his talents, and attccted to despise every kind of know- ledge which he did not possess. He was also remarkably absent, of wluch the follow- ing is an instance: — On setting up his carriage lie i)aid a visit to the lord mayor, and having protracted his stay till a heavy shower came on, he was let out by a difterent door from that by which he entered, and unmindful of his carriage, he set off on foot, got home wet to the skin, and when asked where he had left the carriage, said that he had forgotten it. He died in 1762, and was interred in the churchyard of Chiswick. The works of Hogarth have been frequently published, and even at the moment of our writing this notice of the painter's life, there are different editions of them in the course of publication. HOGG, James (the Ettrick Shepherd"), a native of Scotland, was bom Jan. 25. 1782, the anniversary of the natal day of Burns. His humble occupation, like that of his ancestors " time out of mind," was that of a shepherd ; nor had he, as he avers, even been more than half a year at school. At the age of 18, however, he began to amuse himself in stringing rustic rhymes together ; and he continued to tend his sheep, and to write verses, until it was his good fortune to be noticed by Sir Walter Scott (who had seen some of his poetical efforts), which induced him to attempt something of a more decided character. He produced an " Essay on Sheep," which won for him the premium given by the Highland Society ; and which, added to the success of a volume of ballads he had shortly before published, under the title of " The Mountain Bard," led him to hope for future fame and profit. He soon afterwards produced his " Forest Minstrel," which gained him but little in either sense ; and it was owing to the kindness of Scott and Grieve, that his pecuniary difficulties were relieved. It was not until the publication of the " Queen's Wake " that his fame was established ; but from that time he was con- sidered as a somewhat popular author. His publications are numerous ; and he con tributed to some of the Edinburgh periodicals of the highest literary character. In fact, it was from the repeated mention of " the Shep- herd " in the " Noctes " of Blackwood, that his name attained its chief celebrity. He hoh] ^ iJScln Unihtv^nl SSioflrajpl^i?. [hol continued the friend and companion of Sir Walter Scott until the decease of the lat- ter. James Hogg died in November, 183.5, at Altrive Lake, on the Yarrow, leaving his widow and five children wholly unpro- vided for. HOHENLOHE, Alexander Leopold, Prince of, bishop of Sardica, celebrated for the numerous miraculous cures which cre- dulity has attributed to him, was born at Kupftrzell, 1794. Destined from his infancy for the church, he passed through his edu- cational course at Vienna, Berne, and EU- wangen ; in 1816 he entered into holy orders at OlmUtz ; and after a journey to Rome, where he lived chiefly with the Jesuits, he discharged ecclesiastical duties at Bamberg and Munich, to the satisfaction of all the members of his cliurch. In 1820, having been struck with the cures which the prayers of a Badenese peasant, Martin Michel by name, were said to have eflfected on many dis- tinguished invalids, Prince Hohenlohe was induced to have recourse to similar means ; and having healed some nervous patients, he was soon surrounded by a liost of invalids, eager to test the spiritual powers of one whose fame had been noised abroad as having effected cures which had bafiled all ordinary medical skill. As iu most similar cases, rumour was far in advance of the truth ; but the prince was the dupe of his own cre- dulity ; and it was not until a thorough ex- posure of the whole proceedings was given to the world by the burgomaster of Bamberg, that he abandoned his supernatural pre- tensions. He wrote several tracts and ser- mons, and died at Grosswaradin, in Hungary, 1849. HOHENLOHE INGELFINGEN, Fre- DEKic Louis, Prince of, was born in 1746 ; and after having fought with distinction in various battles at the commencement of the French revolution, was, in 1804, made go- vernor of the principality of Franconia, and commandant of Breslau. After the battle of Jena, Oct. 14. 1806, he directed the retreat, and led the remnants of the great Prussian army ; but being destitute of cavalry, and his infantry exhausted by fatigue, he sur- rendered, with 17,000 men, at Prenzlau, Oct. 28. He died in 1818. HOHENLOHE KIRCHBERG, Prince of, a general of artillery in the Austrian ser- vice, who greatly distinguished himself in the early campaigns against revolutionary France. He died in 1796, when in command of the army of the Rhine. HOLBACH, Paul Thierry, Baron von, a distinguished natural philosopher, was born at Heidelsheim, in the Palatinate, 1723. His house was long the centre of attraction to all the savans of Paris ; he contributed to the Encyclopedic numerous articles on na- tural history, politics, and philosophy ; and few men have left behind them more endur- ing memorials of taste, skill, and ability, though disfigured by the grossest material- ism. Died, 1789. HOLBEIN, Hans, or John, an eminent painter, was born at Basle, in 1498, and learned the elements of his art from his father, whom he soon excelled. His talents procured him the friendship of Erasmus, 418 for whose " Praise of Folly " he drew several whimsical designs. At the recommendation of Erasmus he came to England, and was employed first by Sir Thomas More, who introduced him to Henry VIII. He now rose to the zenith of fortune in that mon- arch's court, and painted a vast number of portraits, which are still considered master- pieces of art. Some of his earlier produc- tions, especially his " Dance of Death," are also very celebrated ; and he was no mean proficient in the art of wood-engraving, many of his historical paintings having been executed by him in a highly graj)hic style. He died of the plague in 1554. HOLBERG, Louis, Baron of, a popular Danish writer, was born at Bergen, in Nor- way, in 1684. His father had raised him- self, by a bold achievement, from the ranks to the office of colonel, but took little care in forming the mind and character of his son, who struggled with great difficulties in acquiring learning. By reading the ac- counts of travellers, he became desirous of visiting other countries ; and though strait- ened in circumstances, he travelled in Eng- land, Holland, France, and Italy ; and, on his return to his native country, raised himself to fame, fortune, and rank, by his literary talents. He laid the foundation of his fame by a comic-heroic poem, or national satire, called " Peder Paars." He also wrote numerous dramas, romances, fables, and epigrams, all of which abound with wit, humour, and originality. His other works consist of " The Subterraneous Travels of Nicholas Klimm," an " Universal History," " Parallel Lives of Illustrious Men and Women," a "History of Denmark," &c. Died, 1754. HOLCROFT, Thomas, a dramatist, no- velist, and miscellaneous writer, was the son of a London tradesman, and bom iu 1774. He at first followed his father's trade (that of a shoemaker), then became an actor, and finally directed his talents to literary pur- suits. It was as a dramatist that he first essayed his powers ; and, between 1778 and 1806, he produced more than thirty pieces, several of which were successful, and some still retain possession of the stage, among which is the "Road to Ruin." On the break- ing out of the French revolution, Holcrofit rendered himself obnoxious as a strenuous supporter of liberal principles, and was accused of high treason in 1794 ; on which he surrendered himself; but, owing to his companions. Hardy, Home Tooke, and Thelwall, being acquitted, he was not brought to trial. Among his productions are, " A Tour in Germany and France," several novels, and numerous translations from the German and French. Died, 1809. HOLDER, William, a clergyman of the Church of England, noted as the inventor or improver of a mode of instructing the deaf and dumb. He was a canon of St. Paul's, and subdean of the chapel royal. Died, 1696. HOLDSWORTH, Edward, an elegant writer, was born in 1688, at North Stoneham, in Hampshire, of which parish his father was rector. He was the author of " Mus- cipula," a Latin poem, written with clas- sical purity ; also of a dissertation, entitled \ hol] ^ iiefjy Winihtr^al SSiflgrajil^M. [hol " Pharsalia and Philippi, or the Two Phi- lippi in Virgil's Georgics explained." Died, 174«. HOLDSWORTH, or OLDISWORTH, Richard, a divine, was born in 1590 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where his father was a celebrated preacher. About 1C25 he be- came rector of St. Peter-le-Poor, London ; and in 1629 was elected Gresham professor of divinity. After this he was made pre- bendary of Lincoln, and archdeacon of Huntingdon. In 1C37 he was cliosen master of Emanuel College, and created doctor in divinity ; but when the civil wars com- menced, he lost his church preferments, and was thrown into prison. In IC47 he at- tended the king at Hampton Court, and died in 1649. HOLE, Richard, a poet and miscella- neous writer, was born at Exeter, and re- ceived his education at Exeter College, Oxford. He was the author of a poetical romance, called "Arthur, or the Northern Enchantment ; " translated into heroic verse Ossian's " Fiugal," and published several original works. He died in 1802, rector of Farringdon. HOLINSHED, or HGLINGSHED, Ra- phael, an English chronicler, of the Eliza- bethan age. He is said to have been de- scended n-om a respectable family in Che- shire ; and from his own will it appears, that in the latter part of his life he was a steward to Thomas Burdet, esq., of Brom- cote, Warwickshire. The " Chronicles of Holinshed *' were first published in 1577 ; and prefixed to them is one of the most curious and interesting memorials existing of the manners and domestic history of the English in the 16th century. Died, 1582. HOLKAR, Jeswtjnt Rao, a Mahratta chief, who for a long time was a formidable enemy to the English in India, and was able to bring into the field an army of 100,000 men, half of whom were cavalry. Being, however, engaged in frequent con- tests with other native princes, as well as with the English, his power was very much reduced, and his territories diminished. In 1805 he surrendered all his maritime pro- vinces ; but the insurrection of the Pindar- rees, in 1807, induced him again to make war on the English ; when the defection of his ally, the Peishwa, deranged his operations, and he was ultimately deprived of two- thirds of his dominions. Died, 1825. HOLLAND, first Lord. See Fox, Henkt. HOLLAND, Hexrv Richard Vassal, Lord, was the only son of Stephen, second lord Holland, elder brother of the Right Hon. Charles James Fox. His father and mother dying while he was in his infancy, the care of him devolved on his uncle, the Earl of Upper Ossory, who placed him at Eton, where he remained about 8 years, and then entered as a nobleman at Christchurch, Oxford. On quitting the university, he visited Denmark, France, and Switzerland ; and was present when Louis XVI. accepted the constitution, after his attempt to leave the country, and seizure at Varennes. He subsequently travelled through Spain and Italy, and while in the latter country he formed an intimacy with the wife of Sir Godfrey Webster, bart. ; in consequence of which the latter brought an action against him, and obtained GOOOl. damages. Lady Webster being subsequently divorced, Lord Holland married her in 1797, and on that occasion took, by royal sign manual, the surname of Vassall. During his parliament- ary career he was the uncompromising advocate of the Catholic claims ; a zealous promoter of every endeavour to soften the asperities of the law ; and an assertor of popular rights in the most extensive sense of the term. When the Whig party came into power in 1830, he became a cabinet minister, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Though many may condemn the ultra-liberal policy by which he was guided, none can withhold from him the praise of being an urbane gentleman, an accomplished scholar, and a friend of merit wherever it could be found. He died, Oct. 22. 1840. During his lifetime, Holland House, presided over by Lady Holland, who died, 1845, was the most renowned temple of wit and hos- pitality of which England could boast. Lord Holland left behind him some interesting " Foreign Reminiscences," which were pub- lished in 18.V). HOLLAND, Sir Nathaniel, an English painter, more known for his wealth and eccentricity, than for his professional skill. He was the son of Mr. George Dance, archi- tect and surveyor to the city of London ; but having married a wealthy heiress, he changed his name, obtained a baronetcy, was chosen member of pailiament, and being desirous of obliterating all traces of his professional career, he endeavoured to buy up all liis pictures, in order to destroy them. Died, 1811. HOLLAR, Wenceslaus, an eminent Bohemian engraver, was bom, in 1617, at Prague. He was brought to England, in 1636, by the Earl of Arundel, on liis return from tlie embassy to Vienna ; and, in 1640, he was appointed drawing-master to the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York. The prospects of Hollar, however, were utterly destroyed by the civil war, and he was im- prisoned ; but he contrived to escape to Antwerp, and again attached himself to his noble friend, the Earl of Arundel, then liv- ing there in exile. In 1652 he returned to England, and applied assiduously to his art; but though he was so much employed, that he is said to have executed 2400 plates, he died so poor that an execution for debt was in his house at the moment of his death, which happened in 1677. His "Omatus Muliebris Anglicanus " is held in high es- timation, as pourtraying with great correct- ness the appearance of the fair sex, of all classes, in the 17th century. HOLLES, Denzil, Lord, one of the five members of the long parliament who were demanded by King Charles I. when he went to the House of Commons. At the Restora- tion he was advanced to the peerage ; in 1663 he was sent ambassador to France, and in 1667 was one of the English plenipoten- tiaries at Breda. Notwithstanding these employments, he remained a zealous friend to liberty ; and when the politics of the reign tended to make the king absolute, Lord hol] ^ ^elxj Winibtv^al 23t0ffrapr)i?. [hol Holies was a conspicuous leader of the op- position. He died, witli a high character for honour, integrity, and patriotism, in 1680, aged 82. HOLLIS, Thomas, was born in London, in 1720. After a private education among the dissenters, he went to Amsterdam to learn the Frencli and Dutch languages ; and on his return completed his studies under Dr. Ward, the Gresham professor. He then went on his travels ; and having a handsome fortune, employed it in collect- ing curiosities and books. He contributed largely to Harvard College, in America ; the public library at Berne ; and other foreign institutions ; was a fellow of the royal, antiquarian, and other learned socie- ties ; and made many valuable presents to the British Museum. He was a great friend to democratic government ; was gentle and polite in his manners ; and seems to have united much of the ancient stoic to the modern partisan of freedom and general philanthropist. Died, 1774. HOLMAN, Joseph George, a dramatist and actor, was a native of London, and in- tended for the church ; but in 1784 he made his debut at Covent Garden Theatre. He afterwards went to America, and became manager of Charlestown Theatre. Among his dramatic productions are the "Votary of Wealth," a comedy ; " Red Cross Knights," " Abroad and at Home," &c. His death was remarkable and melancholy, taking place together with his second wife, two days after their marriage, by the yellow fever, in 1817. HOLMES, Robert, a divine and poet, born in 1749 ; he was educated at Winches- ter School, and New College, Oxford ; ap- pointed professor of poetry on the death of Mr. Warton, in 1790 ; and in 1804 was made dean of Winchester, having previously been made canon of Salisbury and Christchurch. He published various short poems, sermons, &c. ; but he is best known by his collated edition of the Septuagint. Died, 1805. HOLROYD, Jony Baker, Lord Shef- field, a political writer, soldier, and states- man, was descended from an ancient family in Yorkshire, aiid born in 1741. He first served in the army under the Marquis of Granby ; and in the American war he raised, at his own expense, a regiment of dragoons, of which he had the command, and was usually called Colonel Holroyd till his ele- vation to the peerage. He wrote several political tracts ; but he is best known as the friend of Gibbon the historian, whose posthumous works and correspondence he edited. Died, 1821. HOLT, Francis Ludlow, queen's coun- sel, and for 22 years vice-chancellor of the county palatine of Lancaster, was called to the bar in 1809, and in 1831 rose to the rank ot a king's counsel. He was the author of several legal works on the law of libel, shipping and navigation laws, the bankrupt laws, reports of cases at nisi prius, &c. He also wrote one or two dramatic pieces ; and was for many years the principal editor of Bell's Weekly Messenger. Died, Sept. 1844. HOLT, Sir John, an eminent English judge, celebrated for firmness, integrity, and great legal knowledge, was born at Thame, Oxfordshire, in 1642, studied at Oriel Col- lege, Oxford, and became a member of Gray's Inn. He filled the office of recorder of London for about a year and a half, when his uncompromising opposition to the abo- lition of the Test Act caused him to lose his situation. Becoming a member of the lower house, he distinguished himself so much by his exertions and talents in what is called the " convention parliament," that on king William's accession he was made lord chief justice of the king's bench. On the removal of Lord Somers, in 1700, he was oflFered the chancellorship ; but he refused it, and con- tinued to discharge the important duties of his high judicial authority with a resolute uprightness that gained him popularity while living, and rendered his memory dear to posterity. Died, 1709. HOLTY, Louis Henry Christopher, a German poet, excelling particularly in ly- rical and elegiac compositions, was bom at Mariensee, Hanover, in 1748. He was of a mild and pensive disposition, pursued his studies beyond his natural strength, and prematurely died, at Gottingen, in 1776. HOLAVELL, John Zepiianiah, an inge- nious English gentleman, who was governor of Bengal, and one of the persons confined in the Black Hole at Calcutta in 1756, of which he published a narrative. He wrote several pieces on Indian affairs, and died in 1798. HOLYDAY, Barten, a learned divine, was bom at Oxford in 1.593, and died in 1661. He wrote several sermons, and trans- lated the satires of Juvenal into English. HOLYOAKE, Francis, a learned lexico- grapher, was bom in Warwickshire about 1567, and died in 1653. His " Etymological Dictionary of Latin Words " was first printed in 1006. — His son Thomas was doctor in di- vinity, and died in 1675. During the civil wars he commanded a troop of horse in the king's service, although in holy orders, and on the failure of the royal cause he practised medicine for a subsistence ; but at the Re- storation he resumed his ecclesiastical func- tions and obtained church preferment. He enlarged his father's dictionary, which was published in 1677. HOLYOKE, Edward Augustus, an American physician, bom in Essex county, Massachussetts, in 1728. He graduated at Harvard College, and in 1749 began to prac- tise at Salem ; was upwards of 100 years old when he died, yet it is said he was never in his life so far as 50 miles from the spot where he was bom. He was temperate, cheerful, and active: always took "a due proportion of sleep ; " and, in the practice of his profession, did not indulge in riding till he was 80 years of age. Even after he had attained his 100th year he took interest in the investigation of medical subjects, and wrote letters which show that his under- standing was still clear and strong. Dr. Holyoke was a good anatomist ; was versed in natural philosophy and astronomy ; and regularly recorded his meteorological obser- vations daily for 80 years. Died, 1829. HOLYWOOD, John, or, according to his Latinised appellation, De Sacrobosco, was hom] ^ ^m Bnibtx^al iSiosrapTjin [lIOM au English mathRnatician and divine, bom at Halifax in Yorkshire. After receiving his education at Oxford, he went to Paris, where lie taught the mathematics, and died in 1256. He wrote " De Sphsera Mundi," "De Anni Ratione," and "L)e Algorismo." HOME, Daviu, a Scotch divine, who was employed by James I. to bring the Protest- ants of Europe into one confession. He wrote " Apologia Basilica, seu Machiavelli Ingenium Exominatum," " Li'Assassinat du Koi," &c. HOME, Sir Eveuarh, bart., an eminent surgeon, was the sou of Robert Home, esq., of Greenlaw Castle, in the county of Ber- wick ; and was brought up to tlie iirofession under his brother-in-law, the celebrated John Hunter. For a period of moi-e than 40 years he practised with great success in London ; and during that time he produced numerous medical works, whicit are held in high repute. He was sergeant- surgeon to the king, surgeon to Chelsea Hospital, vice- president of the Royal Society, president of the Royal College of Surgeons ; was created a baronet in 1813, and died in 1832. Among his works are, " Lectures on Comparative Anatomy," 2 vols. 4to., and " Practical Ob- servations" on a variety of diseases, consist- ing of several volumes ; besides numerous valuable contributions to the Philosophical Transactions, &c. Bom, 1750 ; died 1832. HOME, He.vky, Lord Kames, a Scottish judge and eminent writer, born in the year ItiiHi. He was instructed in the ancient and modern languages by a private tutor, and afterwards studied the civil and Scots' law in the university of Edinburgh. Mr. Home's success at the bar was not great, till Jiis abilities were known b^ the publication of his "Remarkable Decisions of the Court of Session, from 1716 to 1718," which hap- pened in 1728. From that period he prac- tised, with much respectability and success, till tiie year 1752, when he was called to the bench. Eleven years afterwards he was &i>- pointed one of the lords of justiciary. In- dependent of various judicial works, he wrote " Essays concerning British Antiqui- ties," " Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion," " An Introduction to the Art of Thinking," and " Elements of Criticism ; " in which, discarding all arbi- trary rules of literary composition, he en- deavours to establish a new theory on the principles of human nature. Nothing far- ther came from his pen till 1772, when " The Gentleman Farmer " made its appearance ; and, the following year, "Sketches of the History of Man," in 2 volumes, 4to. The last work he published was " Loose Hints upon Education, chiefly concerning the Cul- ture of the Heart." It was published in the year 1781, when the venerable author was in the S.'ith year of his age. Lord Kames was remarkable for public spirit, to which he conjoined activity and great exertion. Died, 1782. HOME, John, the author of the popular tragedy of " Douglas," was born near An- crum, Roxburghshire, in 1724, and educated for the church ; but in the rebellion of 1745, he entered into the royal army, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Falkirk. He 3 421 contrived, however, to make his escape, and in 1750 was ordained as minister of Athel- staneford, in East l^othiau. His tragedy of "Douglas" was performed at Edinburgh iu 1750, and gave such oifence to the presbytery, that the author, to avoid ecclesiastical cen- sure, resigned his living, and ever after ap- peared and acted as a layman. He obtained some trifling government appointments, and wrote four other plays, which, however, failed to attract. His " History of the Re- bellion of 1745-G " also disappointed the public expectation. Died, aged 85, in 1808. HOMER, the father of poetry. Of the birth of this immortal bard, and of the cir- cumstances of his death — of his parentage and descent, nay, even of his actual exist- ence — all is involved in doubt and fable. Seven cities disputed for the honour of being his birthplace : Smyrna, Colophon, Chios, Argos, Athens, Rhodes, and Salamis : the protiahility is, that he was an Asiatic Greek, and flourished in the 9th century before Christ. According to the account ascribed to Herodotus (which, though traditionary, we are bound to receive, in the absence ot cotemporaneous information^, a native of Magnesia, called Menalippus, went to live at Cumic, where he married the daughter of Homyres, and had by her a child, called Critheis, who was left an orphan in the care of Cleonax. This man betrayed his trust, and seduced liis ward, who, going to ft festival on the banks of the river Meles, near Smyrna, was delivered of a male infant, to whom she gave the name of Melesigenes. Being without any means of support, Critheis went to spin wool for a schoolmaster named Phemius, who married her, and adopted her son. On the death of Phemius, this youth conducted the school ; but he afterwards accompanied Mcntes, a master of a sliip, in several voyages, and by him was left at Ithaca, where he gathered many particulars respecting Ulysses, which laid the foundation of the Odyssey. At length Mentes returned, and took him on board again, but at Colo- phon he had the misfortune to lose his sight. He then became a strolling bard, and ob- tained the name of Homer, which signifies a blind man. It is further added, that being at Phocaea, a schoolmaster, named Thesto- rides, oflfered to maintain him, provided he would sufl'er him to transcribe his verses, which he agreed to from necessity. The schoolmaster then went to Chios, where he acquired great wealth by Homer's poems, while the poet himself could scarcely get bread by reciting them. Homer on this" pro- ceeded to Chios ; and Thestorides, hearing of his arrival, fled before him. Here the poet opened a school of poetry, married, and had two daughters. Pausanias also declares that Homer was blind, and such is the commonly received opiniim ; but to re- present him as a blind beggar, obliged to sing his songs before the doors of the rich for bread, is inconsistent with all we know of the ancient Greek bards, and their man- ner of life. Though neither rich nor power- ful, they were highly esteemed ; and were equally welcome in the assemblies of citi- zens, in the palaces of princes, and at public sacrifices. Herder, the German critic, speak- hom] ^ l^^&J Winibtv^Kl I3t0ffrajp55. [hoo ing of the writings of Homer, says, " The truth and wisdom with which he unites all the subjects of this world in a living picture, the firmness of every stroke in all the per- sonages of tliis immortal picture, the divine freedom with whicli he contemplates the characters, and paints their virtues and vices, their successes and disasters — this is what renders Homer unique, and worthy of immortality." HOMER, Henry, a classical scholar ; the son of a clergyman, rector of Birding- bury, in Warwickshire ; editor, in conjunc- tion with Dr. Coombe, of a variorum edition of Horace ; also editor of the works of Caesar, Livy, Tacitus, &c. Born, 1752 ; died, 1791. HOMII/IUS, GoDFRET Augustus, music director in the three principal churches at Dresden, and one of the greatest organists and composers of church music of his time. Born, 1714 ; died, 1785. HONDEKOETER, Giles ; Gysbrecht, his son ; and Melchior, his grandson ; three Flemish artists of the 16th and 17th centuries. The 1st excelled in landscape painting ; the 2nd, in delineating birds ; and the last, who was by far the most cele- brated of the three, combined the powers of the former two, and painted with great ele- gance and accuracy. HONDIUS, Abraham, a Dutch artist, of considerable ability, particularly in his hunting pieces ; he also painted " The De- struction of Troy," in a manner which has obtained for lum the highest praise. He came to England, and died in 1691. HONE, Nathaniel, a celebrated painter in enamel, was a native of Dublin, but came to London early in life, and was one of the first members of the Royal Academy. Died, 1784. HONE, William, the son of a dissenter at Bath, became conspicuous as the publisher of a series of parodies, in whicli such irreve- rent use was made of the liturgy, that the go- vernment felt bound to prosecute him. He was tried on three charges, and defended him- self for three days with considerable ability and with equal courage and temper ; and, as the government of that day was in ill odour with that large and violent party in whom the reforming spirit, at that time yclept " radical," was rife, a verdict was returned in his I'avour. He subsequently had a large sum subscribed for him, by persons who, we presume, must have entertained senti- ments similar to those of the "persecuted but triumphant champion of the press," and entered business as a bookseller. His publications now were of a far more re- spectable and useful character ; such as the " Every- Day Book," &c. He was, however, so unfortunate in business, that he was arrested for debt, and remained in prison for some time. Through the kindness of Mr. Tegg and other friends he was released, and enabled to open the Grasshopper colfee-house, where he edited the " Year-Book." This business, however, did not succeed, and Mr. Hone again became much involved. Being led to attend the ministry of Mr. Binney at the Weigh House, his character became changed ; and the new religious connection resulted in his becoming subeditor ofthe Patriot ; this lie continued till his death, wliich took place in November, 1842. HONORIUS, Flavius, emperor of the West, the son of Theodosius, was born at Constantinople, in 384 ; succeeded to the throne, in conjunction with his brother Arcadius, in 395 ; and died at Ravenna, after an inglorious reign, in tlie 39th year of his age, a. i>. 423. HONORIUS III. was raised to the papal chair on the death of Innocent III. in 1216. Immediately on his election, he wrote to the king of Jerusalem to assure him of his support ; to the bishops of France, to en- courage pilgrims ; and to the emperor of Constantinople, to promise him assistance against the schismatics. He also obliged Louis of France to renounce his pretensions to the English throne, and reconciled the barons with Henry III. Died, 1227 ; and was succeeded by Gregory IX. HONTHEIM, John Nicholas de, suf- fragan to the Archbishop of Treves, where he was bom in 1701, and died in 1790. He wrote a "History of Treves" in Latin, which procured him much reputation ; and another work " On the Condition of the Church and the lawful Power of the Pope," in which, though he was an ardent Catholic, he attacked the usurpations of the Romish see with so much boldness, that he was per- secuted, and the work condemned. Died, 1790. HOOD, Robin, a celebrated English out- law in the 12th century — whose personal courage, skill in archery, boldness of en- terprise, and generous disposition, have rendered his name famous in the legendary history of our country — lived in Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire. The heads of liis story, as collected by Stowe, are briefly these : — " In this time (about the year 1190, in the reign of Richard I.) were many rob- bers and outlaws, among whom Robin Hood and Little John, renowned thieves, conti- nued in the woods, despoiling and robbing the goods of the rich. They killed none but such as would invade them, or by re- sistance for their own defence. The said Robin entertained 100 tall men and good archers, with such spoils and thefts as he got, upon whom 400 (were they ever so strong) durst not give the onset. He suf- fered no woman to be oppressed, violated, or otherwise molested ; poor men's goods he spared, abundantly relieving them with that which by theft he got from abbeys and the houses of rich old carles." He died in 1247. HOOD, Samuel, Lord Viscount, the son of a clergyman at Thorncombe, in Devon- shire, was born there in 1724, and entered the royal navy at the age of 16. By his bravery in the capture of a 50-gun ship, in 1759, he acquired the rank of post-captain ; and he was present, as rear-admiral, at the famous defeat of De Grasse, by Rodney, April 12th, 1782, when his services on that occasion were rewarded with an Irish peer- age. In 1784 he was elected into parliament for Westminster ; but in 1788 he vacated his seat on being named one of the lords of the admiralty. In 1793 he signalised him- HOO] ^ |2clB Hui&crsal aBtosrapl^g. [hoo self by the taking of Toulon, and afterwards Corsica ; in reward of which achievements he was made a viscount, and governor of Greenwich Hospital. Died, 1816. HOOD, Thomas, a poet, humourist, and miscellaneous writer, the son of Mr. Hood, bookseller, was early placed "upon lofty stool, at lofty desk," in a merchant's count- ing-house, but his health failing, he was sent for a time to his father's relations at Dundee ; and, upon his return, was ap- prenticed to an uncle as an engraver. A desire to appear in the world of literature bad, however, long been uppermost in his mind ; and at length we find him contri- buting to, and in part editing, the London Magazine. But his connection with the press became more publicly known by the occasional appearance of his name to various clever and whimsical bagatelles, which en- livened the pages of some of the most popular among the weekly and monthly periodicals. After this came his " Whims and Oddi- ties," "National Tales," " Comic Annuals," "Whimsicalities," "The Plea of the Mid- summer Fairies," " Tylney Hall," " Up the Khine," &c. Much, however, as we have admired his abilities as a punster and a satirist, and heartily as we have laughed at his original sketches, droll allusions, and grotesque similes ; much as we esteem the man of wit who can " shoot folly as it flies," without indulging in personalities, or in- flicting pain on any but the worthless, we can still both admire and esteem liim more, when, with true pathos, he fixes the atten- tion of the reader, and commands the best sympatliies of man's nature, by composi- tions so simple, eloquent, and forceful as " The Song of the Shirt." In speaking of the long and wasting illness which termi- nated in Mr. Hood's death, the Literary Gazette has the following just and expres- sive sentences : — " His sportive humour, like the rays from a crackling fire in a dilapidated building, had long played among the frac- tures of a ruined constitution, and flashed upon the world through the flaws and rents of a shattered wreck. Yet, infirm as was the fabric, the equal mind was never dis- turbed to the last. He contemplated the approach of death with a composed philo- sophy and a resigned soul. His bodily suf- ferings had made no change in his mental character." Born, 1798 ; died. May 3. 1845. HOOGSTRATEN, David vax, a Dutch poet and critic, bom at Rotterdam, in 1658 ; became professor of the belles lettres at Amsterdam ; wrote several good poems, in the Latin language ; and otherwise displayed considerable classical attainments. Died, 1724. H00GVI.T1:t, Arnold, a Dutch poet, born in 1G87. His chief fame rests on a poem in 12 books, entitled " Abraham the Patriarch," which is admired for the beauty of its style and imagery. Died, 17G3. HOOK, James, a musical composer, of great industry and talent, was born at Nor- wich, in 174(5. His operatic and melodra- matic productions amount to more than 140 complete works, many of which were highly successful ; he also set to music upwards of 2000 songs I Died, 1827. Ue was the father 423 of the Rev. Dr. Hook, dean of Worcester, and of Theodore Hook, the celebrated no- velist, &c. HOOK, Dr. James, dean of Worcester, son of the preceding, was an accomplished scholar, and an able dignitary of the church. He was educated at Westminster School and St. Mary Hall, Oxford ; in 1802 he was made chaplain to George IV. ; held the livings of Hertingfordbury and St. Andrew's, in Hertfordshire, which he afterwards ex- changed for that of Whippingham, in the Isle of Wight J obtained a prebendal stall in Winchester cathedral, in 1807 ; succeeded Dr. Middleton, as archdeacon of Huntingdon, in 1814 ; and accepted the deanery of Wor- cester, in 1825. Besides some dramas, which he wrote early in life, he published, in 1802, " Anguis in Herba ; a Sketch of the true Character of the Church of England and her Clergy," which he inscribed "To the sober sense of his country." Few writers, indeed, surpassed Dr. Hook as a polemical or a political pamphleteer. At all times and on all occasions ho was the unflinching casti- gator of those who upheld doctrines of a revolutionary tendency ; and some of the most efliective pamphlets that appeared during the war, in support of sound monar- chical principles, owed their origin to him. Died, 1H28. HOOK, Theodore Edward, F. S.A., a celebrated novelist and dramatic writer, but more celebrated for his surpassing wit and extemporaneous powers, was the youngest son of James Hook, the popular composer, and brother of the Rev. James Hook, dean of Worcester. He was born in London, in 1788, and received his education at Harrow. Seldom are the indications of genius in youth so apparent and so mature as they were in the case of Theodore Hook. At 17 he produced liis first drama, " The Soldier's Return," which was speedily followed by " Catch him who can," " Tekheli," "Killing no Murder," and 9 other dramatic pieces, nearly all of which were decidedly success- ful. These, with a host of piquant articles in the Satirist magazine, and other peri- odicals, were hit off before he reached his 25th year. His reputation as a man of rare accomplishments, elegant manners, and pre- eminent convivial talents, being fully ap- preciated, he was a welcome guest wherever gaiety, wit, and good-humour were in re- quest ; and his intimacy with many distin- guished characters was the result of it. In October, 1813, he was appointed to the offices of accountant-general and treasurer of the Mauritius, which he held till February, 1818, when it was discovered that there was a deficiency in the military chest of about 12,000/., abstracted, as it afterwards appeared, by his deputy, who, on the accounts being about to be investigated, destroyed himself; but Mr. Hook, as a matter of course, was made answerable for the acts of his subor- dinate. He was accordingly sent home, his effects were seized and sold, and he became for a considerable time an inmate of the king's bench. His literary labours were both his solace and support, his industry kept pace with his increasing popularity, and to his fame as a dramatist was now to 2 HOO] % ^t\x\ ?SnifacriJal 33iOffrap^t'» [hop be added his success as a novelist. The first series of " Sayings and Doings" appeared in 1824. Other novels, as " Jack Brag," " Births> Deaths, and Marriages," " Gilbert Gurney," &c. followed at short intervals. He also wrote " Memoirs of Sir David Baird " and of " Michael Kelly," the composer. But not a little of his notoriety arose from his con- nection with the John Bull, of which he was editor as well as a joint proprietor ; and from his pen proceeded most of those bold political articles, racy sketches of men and manners, smart poems, and epigram- matic je«.-r cTesprit, which for so long a time distinguished that ultra- Tory paper. For the last few years he was tlie editor of the New Monthly Magazine. Died, Aug. 24. 1841. HOOKE, Nathaniel. Of this gentle- man, whose chief celebrity arose from his writing a " History of Rome, from the earliest Period to the Accession of Octa- vius," very little is known. It appears that he was a zealous Catholic, and has been censured for taking a priest to confess Pope, the poet, on his death-bed. Besides his Roman History, which is unquestionably a work of great critical acumen and accu- racy, he wrote " Observations on the Ro- man Senate," translated Ramsay's "Tra- vels of Cyrus," and received 5000?. from Sarah, duchess of Marlborough, for assijting her in the Memoirs of her Life. Died, I'CS. _ HOOKE, Robert, an English mathema- tician and natural philosopher, was born at Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, in 16.35. He was educated at Westminster and Ox- ford; and early displayed a mechanical genius and an extraordinary talent for drawing. In 1G64 he became professor of mechanics to the Royal Society, and Gresham professor of geometry. In 1665 appeared his " Micographia ; " and in 1666 he pro- duced a plan for rebuilding London, which, though approved, was not adopted. Hooke, however, was appointed one of the city surveyors, by which he realised a hand- some fortune. His scientiiic and mecha- nical inventions and discoveries were nu- merous and valuable ; but he was a man of an unamiable disposition, and continually engaged in acrimonious controversies with his fellow-philosophers. He had a violent dispute with Hevelius, upon the preference of the telescopic to plain sight ; he had afterwards a contention with Oldenburgh, on the invention of pendulum watches ; and he endeavoured also to set up a claim to Newton's theory of gravitation. Died, 1703. HOOKER, John, a learned antiquary, was born at Exeter, in 1524. He wrote a " Description of Exeter," and some part of «' Holingshed's Chronicle," besides other pieces. Died, KiOl. HOOKER, Richard, an eminent Eng- lish divine, author of an excellent work, entitled " The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity," in 8 books, was born at Heavitree, near Exeter, in 1553 ; and died at Bishop's Bourne, Kent, of which place he was rector, in IGOO. It is recorded that, in speaking of Hooker and his great work, pope Clement VIII. said, " This man, indeed, deserves the name of an author. His books will get reve- rence by age ; for there is in them such seeds of eternitj', that they shall continue till the last fire shall devour all learning." He is generally honoured by the epithet "judi- cious." HOOLE, John, a dramatic poet and translator, was born in 1727. He wag a clerk in the India House, but devoted his leisure hours to literary pursuits, particu- larly the study of the Italian language, of which he acquired a great knowledge, as appears by his excellent translations of "Ariosto's Orlando Furioso"and " Tasso's Jerusalem" into English. He also pub- lished two volumes of the dramas of Metas- tasio ; and was the author of three tra- gedies, viz. " Cyrus," " Timanthes," and " Cleonice." Died, 1803. HOOPER, George, an eminent English prelate, was bom at Grimsley, in Worces- tershire, about 1640. In 1691 he was ap- pointed dean of Canterbury ; and, on the accession of queen Anne, bishop of St. Asaph, from whence he was translated to Bath and Wells, which diocese he presided over 24 years, and died in 1727. HOOPER, John, a pious English prelate and martyr, was born in Somersetshire, in 1403, and educated at Merton College, Ox- ford. At the accession of Edward VI. he was made bishop of Gloucester, to which was added that of Worcester in corntnendam. Here he laboured with great zeal till the restoration of popery under Mary, when, continuing firm in the faith he had chosen, he was condemned to the flames as an ob- stinate and irreclaimable heretic, and suf- fered the perils of martyrdom with un- daunted constancy, at Gloucester, in 1555. He was the author of some sermons and controversial treatises. HOPE, John, a physician and naturalist, born at Edinburgh, in 1725 ; was professor of botany and the materia medica in his native city ; and in 1761 was appointed bo- tanist to the king, and superintendant of the botanic garden. Died, 1786. HOPE, Sir Thomas, a Scotch lawyer, who in 1627 became king's advocate, and, though secretly attached to the covenanters, was created a baronet by Charles. Died, 1646. HOPE, Thomas, an English gentleman of large fortune, distinguished by his talents and patronage of the fine arts, was the nephew of a rich merchant of Amsterdam. In 1805 he first appeared as an author, by publishing a work, entitled " Household Furniture and Internal Decorations;" this was followed by two elegant publicatioils, " The Costumes of the Ancients " and " Designs of Modern Costume ; " but his great performance was " Anastasius, or Me- moirs of a Modern Greek," which appeared anonymously in 1819, and was for some time very generally ascribed to Lord Byron. In this romance, which holds a distinguished rank among modern English works of fic- tion, he has presented a most accurate and interesting picture of the customs, manners, and countries of the Turks and Greeks, i which evinces at once the general knowledge and genius of its author. Anotlier work, of a metaphysical nature, has been published hop] ^ fitfsi Winibtr^Kl Ufograj)!)!?. [hop since his death, entitled " On the Origin and Prospects of Man." He died in 1831. HOPITAI., Michael de l', was an emi- nent chancellor of France, to which high station he rose through the zeal, ability, and integrity he displayed in the various offices he before filled. He was bom in 1505 ; studied jurisprudence in the most celebrated universities of France and Italy ; rose rapidly in his profession, and was sent by Henry II. as ambassador to the council of Trent. In 1554 he was made superin- tendant of the royal finances, when by his good management, and his inflexible dis- regard of those rapacious favourites of the court who battened on the public purse, he restored the exhausted treasury. He was a sincere friend to religious toleration, and the principal author of the edict of IK'2, which allowed freedom of worship to Pro- testants. Ihis brought on him the hatred of the court of Rome ; his seals of office were taken from him ; and he retired to his country-house, in the full conviction that a life of lettered ease and the conversation of a few friends were of far greater value to his personal happiness than the retention of place or power at the sacrifice of principle. When the atrocious massacre of the Pro- testants on Bartholomew's Day, 1572, was at its height, and his friends thought he would be made one of its victims, he not only re- f\iged to take measures for his own safety, but when a party of horsemen advanced towards his house, lie refused to close his gates. They were, in fact, dispatched by the queen with express orders to save hiin. On tliis occasion, he was told that the per- sons who made the list of proscription par- doned him ; upon which he coolly observed, " I did not know that I had done anything to deserve either death or pardon.'' The whole course of this great man's life was productive of benefit to his country, and did honour to his nature. He survived this ex- ecrable event a few months only, dying in 1573. HOPITAL, WitLTAM Francis Anthony DE l', marquis de St. Mesme, a celebrated French mathematician, was the son of a general in the army, and born in 1661. Such was his reputation for mathematical science, that the profound Huygens did not disdain to apply to him for information. He wrote several works on conic sections, equations, ic. Died, 1704. HOPKINS, EzEKiEL, bishop of London- derry, was a native of Devonsliire, and born in 1633. Having married a daughter of the Earl of Truro, and that nobleman being ap- pointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he ob- tained the bishopric of Raphoe, and was sub- sequently translated to that of Londonderry. His works consist of "Expositions of the Decalogue and the I/ord's Prayer," with " Sermons." Died, 1690. HOPKINS, Charles, son of the preceding, was born at Exeter in 1664. During the Revolution he distinguished himself much in favour of the Orange party ; was the friend and associate of Dryden, Lord Dorset, Con- greve, and other literary men ; wrote the tragedies of " Pyrrhus," "The Female Warrior," and " Boadicea ; " and translated Ovid's Tristia and the Art of Love. His death, which was hastened by intemperance, took place in 16J)9.— His brother John, bom in 1675, also possessed poetical talents, and published " Amasia," and other poems, in 3 vols. HOPKINS, Lemuel, an American phy- sician and author, bom at Waterbury, Con- necticut, in 1750. He introduced the anti- phlogistic regimen and practice in febrile diseases, and was not less assiduous than he was skilful as a practitioner ; while as a literary man he successfully distinguished himself by various political tracts and sa- tires, written with a view to give a tone to the public feeling in favour of the adminis- tration of Washington. Died, 1801. HOPKINS, Samuel, D.D., founder of the sect called Hojihinsians, was born at Waterbury, in the United States, in 1721. He was a pious and Eealous man, with con- siderable talents, and almost incredible powers of application ; but his theological opinions have given rise to much contro- versy. He published numerous sermons, a "Treatise on the Millennium," &c. ; and earnestly advocated the abolition of slavery in the American states. From the year 1769 he presided over a congregation at Newport, Rhode Island, where he died in 1803. HOPKINS, Stephen, an American statesman, and one of those who signed the declaration of independence, was bom in 1707, in that part of Providence which now forms the town of Scituate. In 1732 he was elected a representative to the general assembly from Scituate, and was chosen speaker of that body in 1741. In 1751 he was appointed chief justice of the superior court of Rhode Island ; and, in 1756, was elected its governor. After this he was se- veral times chosen a member of congress, and died in 1785. He was a clear and con- vincing speaker, and a good mathematician ; and though he had received but a very li- mited education, his knowledge of literature, science, and political economy was varied and extensive. HOPKINS, William, D.D., an English divine, born at Evesham, Worcestershire, in 1647, was a celebrated antiquary. He assisted Bishop Gibson in his edition of the Saxon Chronicle, and was the translator of the article " Worcestershire," in Camden's Britannia. In 1675 he was promoted to a prebend in Worcester cathedral ; held the mastership of St. Oswald's Hospital ; and died in 1700 — Another William Hopkins was the author of " An Appeal to Common Sense ; " and, though openly professing Arian principles, held the rectory of Bolney, in Sussex, till his death, in 1786. HOPKINSON, Francis, an eminent American author, and one of the signers of the American independence, was born at Philadelphia, in 1738. His father was the intimate friend and scientific coadjutor of Franklin. After graduating at the college of Philadelphia, and making the law his study, Francis visited England, the country of his parents' birth ; and, in a few years after his return, entered congress as a de- legate from New Jersey. He produced many o 3 hop] ^ ipcij) mniiJtr^al 38ifl£!Tapl)S. [hob satires and ironical pieces, such as the " Pro- phecy," the "Political Catechism," &c., tending to ridicule the old country ; while, at the same time, he directed his efforts agaiiftt the ribaldry of the newspapers, and the exaggerations and prejudices with which the federal constitution was at first assailed. After his retirement from congress, he was appointed judge of the admiralty for Penn- sj'lvania, and died in 1791. Among his works, the greater part of which are of a political character, there are many sound essays and scientific papers, acute and learned judicial decisions, and a variety of songs possessing much sweetness and deli- cacy, which were rendered still more po- pular by the airs he composed for them. HOPPNER, John, an ingenious portrait and landscape painter, chiefly excelling in females and children, was born in 1759, and died in 1810. As the author of a metrical translation of " Oriental Tales," and in other Literary performaucesj he also distinguished himself. HOPTON, Arthur, a mathematician, son of Sir Arthur Hopton, was born in Somerset- shire, and educated at Lincoln College, Ox- ford ; after which he became a student of the Temple, where he lived on terms of intimacy with Selden, but died in 1614, aged 26. He wrote " A Treatise on the Geodetical Staff," " The Topographical Glass," " A Concord- ance of Years," &c. HORAPOLLO, or HORUS APOLLO, a grammarian of Panoplus, in Egypt, in the 4th century, who taught first at Alexandria, and next at Constantinople. There are ex- tant, under his name, 2 books concerning the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians, printed in Greek by Aldus, in 1505, but their au- thenticity is questionable. HORATIUS FLACCUS, Quintus, or HORACE, one of tlie most eminent, and certainly the most popular and elegant of the Roman poets, was born at Venusium, a city lying on the borders of Lucania and Apulia, B.C. 65. His father, although fol- lowing the calling of a tax-gatherer, was a man of elevated and liberal sentiments, and took the greatest pains in providing for his education. At the age of 20 years he went to Athens to complete his studies ; and while there, Marcus Brutus passing through the city on his way to Macedonia, Horace, ac- companied by other Roman youths, joined the army ; became a legionary tribune ; fought in the last battle for the freedom of Rome at Philippi, and saved himself by flight. Though he saved his life, he forfeited his estate, and was reduced to great want, till Virgil introduced him to Maecenas, by whose interest he recovered his patrimony. Augustus now became his friend, and olfered to make him his secretary, which Horace declined. When Macenas was sent to Brun- dusium to conclude a treaty between Au- gustus and Anthony, he took with him Horace, Virgil, and other literary friends ; and, not long after, his munificent patron presented him with the Sabine villa ; to which, having witnessed such striking ex- amples of the instability of fortune, lie with- drew from tlie tumult at Rome, preferring retirement to a more brilliant life. His Odes are models of that kind of composition, and his Epistles and Satires abound with acute and vivacious observations on life and manners ; while his " Ars Poetica," so often quoted, evinces great taste, and is remarkable for a species of graceful negligence. This is not the place, even if our brief limits per- mitted it, to dwell on the peculiar merits of a classical poet ; but we may safely say, with a more competent authority, that " the easy, agreeable manner in which he philosophises without appearing to do it, the salt with which he seasons his thouglits, and the de- licacy and ease with which he expresses him- self, afford the most agreeable entertainment. His descriptions are still applicable and in- teresting, and the poet will therefore ever remain the favourite of those whose morality does not exclude the refinements of life." Horace died suddenly, in the year of Rome 756, and 9 B.C., aged 56. HORN, Charles Edward, the best Eng- lish melodist of modern times, the son of C. F. Horn, a German musician, and teacher of the daughters of George HI., was born in London, 1786. At the precocious age of six, he showed evident si^ns of a taste for com- position, his skill at improvisation arresting the attention of his father's visitors, among whom the great Haydn could be numbered. On the opening of the English Opera House he was engaged as second tenor, and he sub- sequently shared the public favours with the first singers of the day. He composed the whole or the greater portion of the music for innumerable operas ; and in proof of liis success as a ballad composer, it need only be said that he was the author of the three most popular ballads of his tirne, " Cherry Ripe," " I've been Roaming," " The deep deep Sea," &c. Died at New York, 1849. HORNE, George, a learned and pious English prelate of the 18th century, was born in 1730, at Otham, Kent ; and was edu- cated at Maidstone Grammar School-, and at University College, Oxford. He took orders in 1753, and his graceful elocution and excellent style rendered him a popular preacher. He was successively chaplain to the king, vice-diancellor of the university, and dean of Canterbury ; and in 1790 he was raised to the see of Norwich. He was distin- guished for his biblical knowledge, and in early life was a strenuous Hutchinsonian. In 1751 he opposed the Newtonian philosophy as inconsistent with the Bible ; in 1754 he wrote against Dr. Shuckford's account of the creation and fall of man ; and in 1756 he be- came involved in a controversy with Dr. Keunicott, the supposed author of "A Word to the Hutchinsonians." But among his I numerous works, which are too numerous for specifying here, the principal is, "A , Commentary on the Book of Psalms," an I elaborate performance, on the composition | of which he bestowed nearly 20 years. Died, 1792. HOBNECK, Anthoxy, an eminent divine and learned orientalist, was born at Bacca- rach, in Germany, in 1641; came to England, and completed his education at Queen's College, Oxford ; and obtained a prebend in Westminster Abbey, and a chaplainship to | the king. He wrote many admirable works i hor] ^ llfii) ^am'tjrv^al 28iog;rap^i)» [hot on theology and church history, and was an excellent Ilehrew scholar. Died, lfi9(). HORNECK, Ott(x;ak of, one of the oldest historians in the German language, was a native of Stjria, and lived in tlie h'Uh and 14th centuries. About the year 1280, he composed a M-ork on the great empires of the earth, which concluded with tlie death of the emperor Frederic II., and is still extant in manuscript at Vienna. He also wrote a chronicle of the events of his own time, con- sisting of more than 83,000 verses, and which is said to be rich in pourtraying the cha- racters of eminent men, and in the description of festivals, tournaments, and battles, at part of which he was himself present. HORNEMANN, Fkedkkic Comrap, a celebrated German traveller, born at Ilil- desheim, in 1772. At the instance of Blu- menbach, the famous naturalist, he was, in 1797, employed by the African Association, in London, to explore the interior of Africa. After having visited Cyprus, Alexandria, and Cairo, he crossed the Libyan desert, reached Moureouk, the capital of Fezzau, and soon afterwards proceeded on an ex- cursion to Tripoli. From this place he set out with the intention of penetrating into Central Africa, and is believed to have died on his return to Fezzan, of a fever caused by drinking cold water, after t)cing exiKJsed to great fatigue. His Journal, which was sent by him from Tripoli, was published in 1802 by the African Society. HORNER, Fkancis, barristcr-at-law, was born at Edinburgh, in 1778 ; and educated at the High School and university of his na- tive city. He entered parliament in 180(5, and distinguished himself as chairman of the bullion committee; but his severe application to that intricate subject injured his health, which was naturally delicate ; and he died, in 1817, at Pisa, whither he had gone for its restoration. Mr. Horner's UteltLry talents were of a high order, and he was one of the earliest and most able writers in the Edin- burgh Review. HORNTHORST, Gerard, a celebrated painter, called also Gerardo dalle Notti, from his subjects, was born at Utrecht in 1592, and was a pupil of Abraham Bloe- mart, but finished his studies at Rome, where he was employed by Prince Justi- niani, and other persons of high rank. He painted night-scenes, and pieces illuminated by torch or candle light. On his return from Italy he visited England, and obtained the favour of Charles I. by many able per- formances ; and on his return to Holland, he was much employed by the Prince of Orange. Among his numerous pictures, that of Jesus Christ before the tribunal of Pilate is the most celebrated. Died, 1660. HORROX, Jeremiah, an English astro- nomer, was born at Toxteth, in Lancashire, about 1619. He was the first who observed the transit of "Venus over the sun's disk, his account of which was published by Hevelius at Dantzic, in lG61,under the title of "Venus in Sole visu, anno 1639, Nov. 21. ; " and he formed a theory of lunar motion, which Newton did not disdain to adopt. His pre- mature death, which was a real loss to science, took place soon after he had attained the age of 21 years. Dr. Wallis published his posthumous works in 1073. HORSLEY, John, a learned antiquary, who died in 1731. His work, entitled " Bri- tannia Romana," folio, gives a copious and exact account of the remains of the Romans in Britain. HORSLEY, Samxjel, a celebrated English prelate and mathematician, was born in London in 1733; was educated at Westminster School, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; and held several livings, in succession, till lie arrived at the episcopal dignity. But while he was rapidly rising in the church, and opposing Dr. Priestley, the great cham- pion of Unitarianism, by liis theological arguments, he was not neglectful of science. In 1775 he published an edition of Newton's works, in 5 vols. 4to. ; and from 1773 till the election of Sir Joseph Banks, he was secre- tary of the Royal Society ; when, deeming the dignity of the society lessened by the choice of a man who was ignorant of the higher sciences, he resigned his office. He was the uncompromising and strenuous ad- vocate of the cause he espoused, an oi)en and sincere enemy to all innovation in church and state, profoundly learned, and an elo- quent preacher. His writings were numerous and important, in theology, in science, and in classical literature. Died, 1806. HORTENSIUS, Qcintus, a celebrated Roman orator, who, till his great rival Cicero bore away the palm, eclipsed all others by the grace and splendour of his eloquence. He was elegant in his style, acute in the conception and distribution of his matter, and succeeded by sudden effect. He held many civil and military ofSces ; was made consul 70 n. c. ; was Cicero's colleague as augur ; and died immensely rich, B. c. 49. His works are unfortunately lost to jiosterity. — His daughter Hortensia inherited his elo- quence, and when the Roman women were required to render on oath an account of their property, she pleaded the cause of her sex with such force, that the decree was annulled. HOSTE, JoHX, a learned French mathe- matician of the ]6th century. He was ap- pointed superintendant of fortifications and counsellor of war ; fortified the town of Nancy ; and wrote several works on astro- nomy, geometry, &c. Died, 1631. HOSTE, Paul, a celebrated French ma- thematician ; born, 1652 ; died, 1700. He accompanied the Mareschals d'Estrees and de Tourville during 12 years in all their expeditions ; and produced, besides other works, " L'Art des Arm(;es Navales," a trea- tise which is equally historical and authentic, and for which Louis XIV. liberally rewarded him. HOTTINGER, John He.vry, a learned oriental scholar, born at Zurich, in 1620. He displayed such a propensity for, and made such progress in, the ancient languages, that he was sent to foreign universities at the public expense. He went to Geneva, Got- tingen,' and Leyden ; visited England ; and returned to his native country, enriched with vast stores of knowledge. In 1642 he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical history in his native city ; and by his teaching and hot] ^ ^eby mnibtv^Kl SStaflrap^w. [how writings contributed greatly to promote the study of oriental literature. lie endeavoured, especially, to obtain accurate information concerning the state of the eastern churches ; and by his knowledge of oriental history and archaeology, he was enabled to throw considerable light on the history of the Jews, Mohammedans, &c. In 1658 he accompanied his patron, the Elector of Heidelberg, to the diet at Frankfort, where he formed an ac- quaintance with the famous orientalist. Job Ludolph ; and in 1661 he finally returned to Zurich, laden with honours. In 1667, while preparing for a visit to the university of Leyden, in compliance with repeated invi- tations, he was accidentally drowned, with three of his children, by the upsetting of a boat, in the neighbourhood of Zurich. His works are all of the most erudite character. HOTTINGER, John James, son of the preceding, was bom at Zurich, in 1652 ; at which place he became professor of theology ; and died in 1735. His principal work is an "Ecclesiastical History of Switzerland." — Another professor at Zurich, of the same name, known by his editions of the classics, was born in 1750, and died in 1819. He was an acute critic and elegant scholar : among his best works is an " Essay towards a Com- parison of the German with the Greek and Roman Poets." HOTZE, General, an officer in the Aus- trian service, was by birth a Swiss. In 1792 he served in the army as a colonel of cuiras- siers ; was promoted to the rank of a major- general in the following year ; and continued to serve in the army of the Rhine for several succeeding years. In 1795 he was made a lieutenant-field-marshal ; in August, 1796, he assisted in gaining the battle of Neu- marck ; and a few days afterwards displayed great talents and activity in the field of Wurtzburg. In 1799 he had the command of the left wing of the Archduke Charles's army ; and by efiecting the passage of the Riiine above the lake of Constance, and by his obstinate contests with the French, he greatly contributed to the future success of the archduke. He was killed near Kalten- brunn, Sept. 25. 1799. HOUARD, David, a French advocate and juridical writer, was born at Dieppe, in 1725. He laboured with great diligence in clearing the ancient laws of France from their ob- scurity, and he thereby threw much light upon the history of that country. He was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and an associate of the National Institute. Died, 1803. HOUBIGANT, Charles Francis, a learned French ecclesiastic, who produced a Latin translation of the Old Testament, in 8 vols. ; and an excellent edition of the He- brew Bible, with a Latin version and notes, in 4 vols, folio, &c. He died at the advanced age of 98, in 1803. HOUCHARD, Jean Nicolas, a French republican general, who from being at first a private in a regiment of cavalry, rapidly arrived at the rank of a general, and dis- played great boldness and activity in re- peated engagements when opposed to the Prussians on the Rhine, and afterwards against the English and their allies before 423 Dunkirk, &c. Neither his bravery nor his successes, however, could save him from the guillotine ; for having been denounced by his colleague. General Hoche, as a conspirator against the republic, he was arrested, and shortly after executed, 1793. HOUEL, J. P. L. L., a French painter and engraver, born at Rouen, in 1735. He is the author as well as artist of " Le Voyage Pit- toresque de Sieile," &c. in 4 folio volumes, with 264 plates. Died, 1813. HOUGH, John, an English prelate, me- morable for the noble stand he made against the arbitrary conduct of James II., was a native of Middlesex, and born in 1651. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford } became chaplain to the Duke of Ormond ; and in 1085 was made a prebendary of Wor- cester. In 1687 the presidentship of Magdalen College becoming vacant, the king sent man- datory letters to the fellows, requiring them to elect one Anthony Farmer, who did not belong to that society, and was a man of bad character. The fellows upon this seeing their privileges attacked, applied by petition for leave to proceed to a free election, ac- cording to their statutes. No answer being returned, they chose Mr. Hough, wiio was confirmed by the visitor, the Bishop of Win- chester ; and the new president having taken his doctor's degree, was installed. The in- fatuated monarch, instead of letting the matter rest, now thought proper to send another mandate, ordering the society to elect Dr. Parker, bishop of Oxford, for their president ; which they refused, and were all expelled, except two. Thus the business stood till September, 1688, when the king, finding that his affairs grew desperate, began to be alarmed, and commissioned the Bishop of Winchester to settle the society of Mag- dalen College regularly and statutably. Dr. Hough and the fellows were accordingly restored ; dk in 1690 he was made bishop of Oxford, from whence he removed to Lichfield, and next to Worcester, where, in 1743, he died, honoured for his patriotism, piety, and munificence. HOUSTON, William, an English physi- cian and botanist. He went to the West Indies as surgeon, and on his return took his degrees at Leyden under Boerhaave ; while there he instituted a set of experiments on brutes, in concert with Van Swieten. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society on his return from Holland, and went soon after to the West Indies, where he died in 1733. He left a manuscript catalogue of plants, which was published by Sir Joseph Banks. HOUTEVILLE, Claude Francis, a French ecclesiastic, was born at Paris in 1688, and died in 1742, aged 54. His princi- pal work is entitled " The Truth of the Christian Religion proved by Facts," 3 vols. HOVEDEN, Roger de, an English his- torian, who flourished in the reign of Henry II. He wrote Annals in Latin, commencing at 731, the period at which Bede finished, and bringing down affairs to the 3rd year of John, 1201. His style is defective, but he is higlily esteemed for diligence and fidelity. HOWARD, Charles, earl of Nottingham, an intrepid English admiral ; commander- now] ^ i^cJu BnihtviKl ISiojjrajjlbi?. [how in-chief at the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Born, ir);?6 ; died, 1624. HOWARD, Lieut. Edward, R.N., the descendant of an ancient and opulent family, was one of the earliest and best of the naval school of novelists. With all the graphic power and stirring eloquence of his otlier writers of that class, he was, to his honour be it said, wholly free from their too frequent coarseness. " Katlin the Reefer," " Outward Bound," " The Old Commodore," and " Jack Ashore," attest his powers as a novelist ; while his "Life of Sir Henry Morgan, the Buccaneer," gave promise of even higher excellence. Died, 1842. HOWARD, John, the celebrated pliilan- thropist, was born at Hackney, in 172(i. He was apprenticed to a grocer, but his con- stitution being delicate, and having au aversion to trade, he purchased his inden- tures and went abroad. On his return he lodged with a widow lady, whom lie after- wards married. After the decease of Mrs. Howard, who lived only about three years, he, in 17'»6, embarked for Lisbon, in order to view the effects of the recent earthquake, but on the passage the ship was taken and carried to France. The hardsiiips he suf- fered and witnessed during his imprison- ment, first roused his attention to the sub- ject of Ids future labours. On being released, Mr. Howard retired to a villa in the New Forest; and in 1758 he married a second wife, who died in childbed in 17(5."), leaving him one son. He at this time resided at Cardington, near Bedford, where he in- dulged the benevolence of his disposition by continually assisting and ameliorating the condition of the poor. In 1773 he served the office of sheriff, which, as he declared, " brought the distress of the prisoners more immediately under his notice," and led liim to form tlie design of visiting the gaols through England, in order to devise means for alleviating the miseries of the prisoners. Having done so, he laid the result of his inquiries before the House of Commons, for which he received a vote of thanks. He next made a tour through the principal lutrts of Europe, and published his " State of the Prisons," with a view to render them both more humane and more efficacious. A new subject now engaged his attention, namely, the management of lazarettos, and the means of preventing the communication of the plague and other contagious diseases. In this he encountered every danger that can be conceived ; and having become per sonally acquainted with the subject, in 1789 he published " An Account of the principal Lazarettos in Europe, with Papers relative to the Plague," &c. Actively pursuing this salutary and benevolent object, Mr. Howard took up his residence at the town of Cherson, a Russian settlement on the Black Sea. A malignant fever prevailed tliere, and having been prompted by humanity to visit one of the sufferers, he caught the infection, and died. Jan. 20. 1790. His body was there in- terred, and every respect was shown to his memory bv the Russian authorities Ed- mund Burke, adverting to the merits of this great philanthropist in a speech previous to the election at Bristol, in 1780, thus eulogises 439 > him : — " He has visited all Europe, not to ! survey the sumptuousness of palaces, or the [ Btateliness of temples ; not to make accurate measurements of the remains of ancient grandeur, nor to form a scale of the curiosity of modern art ; not to collect medals or to collate manuscripts ; but to dive into the depths of dungeons ; to plunge into the in- fection of hospitals ; to survey the mansions of sorrow and pain ; to take the gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and con- tempt ; to remember the forgotten, to attend to the neglected, to visit the forsaken, and to compare and collate the distresses of all men in all countries. His plan is original ; and it is as full of genius as it is of humanity. It was a voyage of discovery ; a circum- navigation of charity." His statue, in a Bo- man garh, is erected to his memory in St. Paul's cathedral. HOWARD, Sir Robert, an English poet and historian, was the sou of Thomas, earl of Berkshire He was a zealous friend of the revolution of 1G88. He wrote several plays, the " History of the Reigns of Ed- ward and Richard II.," the "History of Religion," &c. Died, 1098. HOWARD, Thomas, earl of Surrey and duke of Norfolk, an eminent statesman and warrior in the reign of Henry VIII. He served with his brother. Sir Edward, against Sir Andrew Barton, a Scotch pirate, who infested the English coast in 1.511, but was killed and his ships taken. He next accom- panied the Marquis of Dorset in his expedi- tion to Guienne, which ended in the conquest of Navarre by Ferdinand. The victory of Flodden Field, in which the king of Scotland was slain, was chiefly owing to his bravery. On the breaking out of the disturbances in Ireland, he was appointed lieutenant of that kingdom, where he suppressed the rebellion. Notwithstanding his great services, Henry, at the close of Jife, caused tlie duke to be sent to the Tower, on a charge of treason, and his son to be beheaded in his presence. The death of the tyrant only saved the duke's life. He died in 1554, aged 66. HOWARD, Edward, younger brother of the above, entered early on the maritime service, and about 1494 was knighted. In 1512 he was sent as lord high admiral of England with a large fleet against France, the coasts of which he ravaged. He also defeated the enemy's fleet off Brest ; but the year following he was slain in boarding the French admiral's ship, and his body thrown into the sea. HOWARD, Henry, earl of Surrey, an accomplished nobleman, a brave soldier, and the best English poet of his age, was bom in 1520. He served under his father, the Duke of Norfolk, as lieutenant-general of the army sent against Scotland, and performed various other military exploits, of eminence and value. He had quartered on his escutcheon the royal arms of Edward the Confessor, to which he had an hereditary right ; and he is said to have aspired to the hand of the prin- cess Mary. On these and other less sub- stantial charges he suffered decapitation on Tower Hill, Jan. 19. l.'>46, by the jealous and arbitrary mandate of Henry VIII. His works consist of " Songs and Sonnets," &c., how] ^ ^efa Unihcv^aX 28i0ffrap!j5. [how which deserve a high degree of commend- ation, for the period at which tliey were composed. Dr. Heylin, in his Church His- tory, thus speaks of his great popularity : " He was beheld in general by the English as the chief ornament of the nation, highly esteemed for his chivalry, his affability, his learning, and whatsoever other graces might either make him amiable in the eyes of the people, or formidable in the sight of a jealous, impotent, and wayward prince." HOWARD, Thomas, earl of Arundel, a nobleman distinguished by his patronage of the line arts, was earl marshal in the early part of the reign of Charles I., and was em- ployed in several foreign embassies by that prince and his father. He sent agents into Greece and Italy, to collect for him, at a vast expense, whatever was curious and valuable of the works of ancient artists, which had escaped destruction. His un- rivalled museum of antiquities was divided at his death ; and Henry, the sixth duke of Norfolk, about the year 1G68, presented to the university of Oxford a considerable part of his moiety, including the celebrated Pa- rian Chronicle, which with the other ancient inscribed stones accompanying it are now termed the Arundelian marbles. His lord- ship died at Padua, in 164<5. HOWE, John, an eminent Nonconformist clergyman of the 17th century, born in 1C30, at Loughborough ; was ejected from his living at Torrington, Devon, and for many years officiated as the minister of a Presby- terian congregation in London ; afterwards retired to the Netherlands ; came again to England upon James's proclamation of li- berty of conscience, and died in 1705. HOWE, John, a statesman in the reigns of William III. and Anne. He was a member of the convention parliament, and exerted himself greatly in favour of the revolution ; but afterwards joined the opposition, and gave great offence to the king by the bold- ness of his conduct. In the succeeding reign he was made a privy councillor and pay- master of the forces ; but retired on the ac- cession of George I., and was succeeded in his office by Walpole. Died, 1720. HOWE, JosiAH, an English divine in the reign of Charles I., whose cause he espoused with ardour, and was consequently ejected from his fellowship at Trinity College, Ox- ford ; but surviving the restoration of mon- archy, once more became possessed of his preferment. He was the author of some poems, &c. Died, 1701. HOWE, Richard, Earl, a celebrated Eng- lish admiral, was the third son of Emanuel, viscount Howe, and was born in 1725. After having received the rudiments of a liberal education at Eton, he was placed, at the age of 14, as a midshipman on board the Severn, in which ship he sailed with Anson for the Pacific, and continued going through the usual gradations of the service under that admiral till 1745, when, though only 20 years of age, he obtained the command of the Baltimore sloop of war, and was made post-captain for gallantly defeating two French ships bearing succours to the Pre- tender. Having greatly distinguished him- self on many occasions, he sailed, as com- mander-in-chief, to the Mediterranean in 1770, with the rank of rear-admiral, and in a few years rose to be vice-admiral of the blue. On the breaking out of the war with France, Lord Howe sailed for the coast of America, with a squadron destined to act against D'Estaign ; and, on his return in 1782, he was created an English viscount. In the course of the same year he sailed to the relief of Gibraltar, which he effected in spite of the combined fleets of the enemy. In 1783 he accepted the post of first lord of the admiralty ; and in 1788 he was created an earl of Great Britain. In 1793, on the breaking out of the war with France, he took the command of the British fleet, and bringing tlie enemy to an action on the 1st of June, 1794, obtained over them a decisive and most important victory. The rank of general of marines and the vacant garter were both conferred on this successful com- mander in the course of the next year, which, with a visit from the king on board his "ship, who presented him with a valu- able sword, were the consummation of his honours. In 1797, Lord Howe exerted him- self with great success to quell the mutiny among the seamen at Portsmouth, and died in 1799. HOWE, Sir William, brother of the pre- ceding, succeeded General Gage in the chief command of the British forces in America, having landed at Boston with Generals Clinton and Burgoyne, in May, 1775. Ge- neral Howe commanded at the attack on Bunker's Hill, was besieged in Boston during the next winter, evacuated that town in the ensuing spring, and retired to Halifax. In June, 1776, he arrived at Staten Island, where he was joined by his brother Lord Howe. Here the brothers informed congress that they had received full power to grant pardon to all the rebels who should return to their obedience ; but the commissioners appointed by that body considered both the form and substance of the propositions too objectionable to deserve attention. In Au- gust he defeated the Americans on Long Island, and took possession of New York in September. After the campaign of the Jerseys, he set sail from New York and entered Chesapeake Bay. Having previously secured the command of the Schuylkill, he crossed it with his army, and repelled the attack of the Americans at German- town. In May, 1778, he was succeeded in the command by General Clinton. Died, 1814. HOWELL, THE Good, or HYWEL DDA, a Cambrian prince and legislator, of the 10th century, who went to Rome to obtain information preparatory to a compilation of a code of laws for the Welsh ; which code, founded on the laws of Dunwallo Molmu- tius, an ancient British sovereign, was con- stitutionally established throughout Wales, and are still extant. HOWELL, James, a miscellaneous writer, was born in 1595, at Abemant, in Caermar- thenshire ; and, after receiving his education at Oxford, travelled on the Continent as agent to procure workmen, &c., for a glass manufactory then for the first time estab- lished in England. He was subsequently a how] ^ iJeiD Hitibersfal 3Bt0sra|jf)i), [hud member of parliament, secretary to the British ambassador in Denmark, and clerk of the council. For some offence to tlie parliamentarians he was imprisoned in the Fleet, but obtained his liberty by applying to Cromwell ; became historiographer to Charles II., and died in 16m. He wrote many books ; but the one by which he will be longest rememl)ered is, " Epistolae Ilowel- lianae, or Familiar Letters, domestic and foreign." HOWELL, William, an English liisto- rical writer of the 17th century ; author of a " History of the World, from the earliest Times to the Ruin of the Roman Empire," 3 vols, folio ; and " Medulla Uistorise Aiigli- canae." Died, 1683. HOWLEY, William, archbishop of Can- terbury, was bom at Ropley, in Hampshire, of wliich parish his father was vicar, in 1765. He was educated at Winchester School, where he had for his teacher Dr. Warton, and for a class-fellow William Lisle Bowles, the poet ; and after distinguishing himself by the elegance of his academic exercises, he proceeded, in 1783, to New College, Ox- ford, passing through the various grades of the university with honour and success, till, ill 18(X<, he was appointed regius professor of divinity. This closed his academic career. In 1813 he was nominated bishop of London ; and in 1828 translated to the primacy, the onerous duties of which he discharged with zeal and fidelity for 20 years. He seldom took part in the secular discussions in the House of Lords. When bishop of Lon- don he supported the bill of pains and penalties against queen Caroline, laying it down with much emphasis that the king could do no wrong either morally or poli- tically ; and, as archbishop of Canterbury, he vehemently opposed the catholic eman- cipation bill, in 1829, as dangerous to the church ; and the reform bill, in 1831, as no less dangerous to the constitution. Dr. Howley enjoyed with those who knew him best, a high reputation for scholarship ; and the sermons, charges, &c., which he gave to the world, showed him to be possessed of good sense, good feeling, and sincere piety. Died, 1848. HUARTE, John, a Spanish philosopher and author in the 17th century, who gained celebrity by a work, entitled "Examen de Ingenios para las Scienzias," &c., or an Ex- amination of such Geniuses as are fit for ac- quiring the Sciences. This book, which is full of practical wisdom, has been translated into English, under the title of " The Trial of Wits," and into German by Lessing, as "PrUfung der Kijple." Though he wrote in Spanish, and is supposed to have been bom of Spanish parents, Iluarte was a native of Navarre. HUBER, JoHx James, a celebrated ana- tomist, was born at Basle, in 1707. He studied under Haller at Berne, and next at Strasburg ; after which he took his doc- tor's degree at his native place. He assisted Haller in his great work on the Plants of Switzerland. He obtained the rank of court physician and counsellor of state ; published a work on the spinal marrow and other parts of the nervous system, entitled " Com- 431 mentatio de Medulla Spinali ;" and died in 1778. There were also several other writers and artists of this name Ulkic Hubkr, a native of Friesland, author of " De Jure Civitatis," Died, 1694 — Maky Hubkr, a deistical writer ; author of " Lettres sur la Religion de I'Homme," and many other works. Bom, at Geneva, 1694 ; died, 1759. — John Jamks Hubek, a painter, called by Fuseli the Swiss Tintoretto. Born, 1668 ; died, 1748 — John Hubek, a Genevese artist, born in 1722. He was a good painter, but devoted much of his attention to the art of cutting profiles, in which he acquired an extraordinary degree of dexterity. He is described as being an eccentric character ; and, among other fanciful schemes, formed a project for guiding the course of air bal- loons by the flight of large birds ; on which he published a tract, illustrated with plates. Died, 1790. — Michael Hubek, a native of Bavaria, professor of French in Leipsic, and the translator of several German works into French. Born, 1727; died, 1804.— Louis Fkkdinand Hubek, son of the preceding ; editor of several journals. Born at Paris, 1764; died, 1804 Theresa Hubek, daughter of the celebrated philologist Heyne, and wife of the preceding ; a jwpular German novelist, many of whose works appeared under her husband a name. — Francis Hu- bek, a naturalist, bom in 1750, at Geneva ; author of "Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles," in which he explains the manner of the queen-bee's impregnation, &c. Hav- ing lost his way in a winter night, the effect of the cold produced total blindness ; but the lady to whom be had been betrothed afterwards married him, and became his constant amanuensis. HUDDLESTON, Robert, an eminent antiquarian writer, was born at Closeburn, in Dumfries-shire, about the year 1776. He received the rudiments of his education at the school of Wallace Hall, in that neigh- bourhood. He was subsequently settled as the schoolmaster of the parish of Lunan, in the county of Forfar. In 1814, he published a new edition of " Toland's History of the Druids," in 1 vol. 8vo. Mr. H. rendered an essential service to antiquarian literati by this publication, enriched as it is by his valuable notes, which display great anti- quarian knowledge, critical acumen, and un- wearied research. Died, 1826. HUDSON, Henry, a distinguished navi- gator, whose early history is unknown. After making three voyages to find a north- east or north-west passage to China, in the second of which he discovered the river Hudson, he set sail a fourth time, April 17th, 1610, in a bark named the Discovery, and proceeding westward, reached, in latitude eo*^, the strait bearing his name. Through this he advanced along the coast of Labra- dor, until it issued into the vast bay, which is also called after him. Here, with his son, and seven infirm sailors, he was turned adrift by a mutinous crew, and is supposed to have perished. HUDSON, Dr. John, a learned divine and philological writer, was born in 1662, near Cockermouth, Cumberland ; obtained a fellowsliip in University College, Oxlbrd, hue] ^ ^e&) ^Kniber^al SStosrajpl^l'* [hum in 1686 ; and was made principal of St. Mary's Hall in 1712. He enjoyed a high reputation as a scholar, and published ele- gant editions of the classic authors. After his death appeared his beautiful edition of Josephus, 2 vols, folio. HUE, Francis, first valet-de-chambre to the Dauphin of France, and who afterwards filled the same situation under LouisXVIII., distinguished himself by his inviolable fide- lity to the royal family under the most tid- ing circumstances. He was the author of a work, entitled "Demi&rcs Annees du Rfcgne et de la Vie de I>ouis XVI." HUERTA, Vincent Garcia de la, a Spanish poet and critic ; born in 1729, at Zafra, in Estremadura. He acquired con- siderable fame among his countrymen, and zealously defended Spanish literature from the censures of Voltaire and other French writers. He published various poems and dramas, and edited " Teatro Espanol," in 17 vols. HUET, Peter Daniel, a celebrated French critic and classical scholar, born at Caen, iii Normandy, in 1630. He was edu- cated in the Jesuits' College, accompanied Bochart to Sweden, and was in vain per- suaded to settle there by queen Christina. In 1670 he was appointed preceptor to the dauphin ; and while he filled that situation, he wrote an erudite work in defence of Christianity, entitled " Demonstratio Evan- gelica ; " he also published the Latin clas- sics, in 62 vols., with those ample illustra- tions which have made what are called the Delphin editions so generally known and esteemed. In 1689 he was made bishop of Avrantes, but resigned that see in 1699, and spent the remainder of his days in literary retirement, producing many works of great merit. He died, at Paris, in 1721. HUFNAGEL, George, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp, in 1545, and died in 1600. He was also a tolerable poet in Latin and German. HUGH CAPET, the first of the third race of French monarchs, was count of Paris and Orleans. He was proclaimed king of France at Noyon, in 987, and died in 996, aged 57. HUGH DE CLUNY, a Romish saint, was born in Burgundy, in 1023. When young he embraced the monastic life at Cluny, where he became prior, and at last abbot, of his order, which he greatly reformed and extended. Died, 1108. HUGH DE FLEURY, a monk of the abbey of Fleury, in the 11th century. His works are held in great esteem : they consist of " De la Puissance Royale, et de la Diguit^ Sacerdotale," and " A Chronicle, or History, from the Creation to 840." HUGH DE ST. CHER, or HUGO DE SANCTO CARO, a French cardinal of the 13th century, distinguished as a Scripture commentator, and who was also employed on various important missions by the papal court. HUGHES, John, an English poet, dra- matic author, and essayist ; born, 1677 ; died, 1727. His last work was, the " Siege of Damascus," a tragedy, which still con- tinues on tlie stage. Several papers in the Tattler, Spectator, and Guardian were written by liim. HUGO, Herman, a learned Jesuit and Latin poet, was born at Brussels in 1588, and died of the plague at Rhinberg, in 1629. HUGTENBURGH, John van, a Dutch painter, wlio painted the victories of the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene. Died, 1733. HULL, Thomas, a dramatic writer and actor, born in 1728. He was contemporary with Garrick, and lived to be father of the British stage, but never rose to any great eminence in his profession. He was the author of a deservedly popular poem, en- titled " Richard Plantagenet," besides some novels, tales, and dramas. HULSE, the Right Hon. Sir Samuel, G. C.H., a British field-marshal, and the governor of Chelsea Hospital. This gallant veteran was JK) years of age, and had been upwards of three quarters of a century in the military service of his country, having entered the Ist foot guards as an ensign in 1761. In 1782 he attained the brevet of colonel, and commanded the 1st battalion of his regiment in Holland and at the siege of Valenciennes. In 1798 he received the rank of lieutenant-general, and was in Ireland for a time during the period of the rebellion. He was next engaged in the expedition to the Helder, and in 1803 he obtained the rank of general. In 1806 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Chelsea Hospital, in 1820 he became governor, and in 1830 he was promoted to the rank of field-marshal. He also held various offices in the royal household, and was a member of the privy council. Died, Jan. 1. 1837. HUMANN,M., French minister of finance, was a native of Alsace, which, at the time of his birth, was accounted a province of the empire. He commenced his active life as the master of a mercantile depot in Paris ; where, by a variety of circumstances, he brought himself into notice as an able financier, and finally gained a seat in the cabinet in this capacity, in 1832. He was out of office, how- ever, from 1836 to 1840, when he came in with the new administration ; and he was minister of finance in 7 cabinets out of 19, which were formed and dissolved between 1830 and the time of his death, which oc- curred in AprL, 1842. HUMBOLDT, William von, a distin- guished statesman and philologist, the elder brother of the great philosopher and travel- ler, was born at Potsdam, 1767. He received his early education at Berlin, and studied at Gottingen and Jena, where he formed a friendship with Schiller, which lasted through life. In 1800 he was appointed Prussian minister at the papal court, where his love of antiquarian and classical pursuits necessarily received a fresh impulse ; and on his return in 1808 he was created a councillor of state, and nominated minister of educa- tion. In 1810 he went as plenipotentiary to Vienna ; and he shared in all the great diplomatic transactions of the next few years ; — at Prague, — at the conferences of Chatillon, where he signed the capitulation of Paris along with Hardenberg, — and at the congress of Vienna, &c. He next went hum] ^ jirtD 2Im't)cr^al 33tOflriipf)iK [hcm as ambassador extraordinary to London ; assisted at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1818 ; and the following year lie became a member of the Prussian cabinet, but he soon returned in consequence of the retrograde policy pursued by his colleagues, and thence- forward lived chiefly at his seat, Tegel, near Berlin, iu the cultivation of literature and science. It would be impossible within our limits to give a list of his numerous produc- tions. His works were collected by l»is bro- ther Alexander, and printed in 1K41, in 4 vols. They are of a most miscellaneous character, and show the extraordinary ver- satility of his powers ; but his chief fame rests on his erudite researches into philology, and more esiwcially the Basque, Sanscrit, North American, and Malay languages : nor should we forget to mention, as most illus- trative of his amiability and excellence of heart, his " Letters to a Female Friend," of which several translations, more or less complete, have appeared in England. Died, 183.5. HUME, David, a celebrated historian, philosopher, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Edinburgh in 1711. lie was designed for the law, but having no inclination to that profession, he ajiplicd to mercantile pursuits, and liecame, in 1734, clerk in an eminent house at Bristol. He did not, however, continue long iu that line ; for, having a strong propensity to literature, he went to France, where he wrote his " Treatise of Human Nature," which he published at liOndon in 1738. This meta- physical work, however, met with an in- different reception ; nor were his " Moral Essays," which appeared in 1742, more suc- cessful. In 1745 he was invited to reside with the young Marquis of Annandale, whose state of mind rendered a guardian necessary. Here he spent a year in great discomfort, as might easily be imagined from the nature of his office s and the chair of moral philo- sophy in the university of Edinburgh having become vacant, he became a candidate, but failed iu his application in consequence of his known infidelity. In 1746 he became secretary to General St. Clair, whom he ac- companied in his military embassy to the courts of Vienna and Turin. While at the latter city, he republiahed his first work, under a new title of " An Inquiry concerning Human Understanding ;" and, in 17.52, ap- peared at Edinburgh, his " Political Dis- courses," which were followed the same year by his " Inquiry concerning the Princii'les of Morals," which of all his writings he considered incomparably the best. In 17.54 he published the first volume of his " His- tory of England," which he did not complete till 17IU. While this work was in progress he printed a piece, with the title of " The Natural History of Religion," which was attacked by Warburton in an anonymous tract, ascribed at the time to Dr. Hurd. His great work, the " History of England," had now acquired considerable celebrity, and the writer gained largely by its popu- larity, for besides the profits it brought him, he obtained a iK-nsion through Lord Bute. In 17<J3 he accompanied the Earl of Hertford on his embassy to Paris, from whose fasliion- able and literary circles he received an en thusiastic welcome ; and where, in 1765, he I remained as diurgi d'ajfaires. The year following he returned home, accompanied by Jean Jacques Rousseau, to whom he be- haved with great delicacy and generosity, but which were ill-requited by the morbid sensitiveness and suspiciousness which the " philosopher of Geneva " allowed himself to indulge against his friend and benefactor. He then Iwcame under-sccretary of state to General Conway. In 1709 he retired to his native country on an independent income of H\O0l. per annum ; and died stoically in 1776. Hume doubtless takes the lead among mo- dern philosophical sceptics ; and. whatever we may see to condemn, we are bound to ac- knowledge that lie upheld his doctrines with distinguished ability. HUME, Jamks Dkacon, whose financial reports have earned for him a high reputa- tion, was born in Surrey, 1774. Having obtained a clerkship in the custom house, he soon became conspicuous for energy and ability ; and at length his value was so highly appreciated by government, that he was appointed to reduce into one simple code, the iimumerable and conflicting sta- tutes relating to our custom house legisla- tion. His services on this head were re- warded with a present of .'>0(iO/. ; and soon afterwards (in 1829) he was appointed joint assistant secretary to the Itoard of trade, which thus secured to itself the benefit of his profound acr^uaintance with the mer- cantile system of this country. In 1840 he retired from public life ; and the evidence he gave that year before the import duties committee, has been almost universally quoted as an authority without appeal. Died, 1842. HUMMEL, JoHX Nepomuk, an eminent musician, was born at Prcsburg, in 1778. His friends discovering in him an extraordinary capacity for music, he was placed with Mo- zart when only seven yeais of age ; and after remaining under his roof about two years, he and his father travelled through various parts of Europe, visiting England in 1791, where his performances on the pianoforte were highly applauded. He soon acquired great celebrity as a composer as well as a lierformer. In 1820 he became chapel-master to the Grand-duke of Weimar, where he continued afterwards to reside, making, from time to time, brilliant and profitable tours in Germany, Russia, and England. Hummel composed some operas, the most celebrated j of which is " Mathilde von Guise ; " his church music was also admirable ; but his fame will chiefly rest upon his brilliant com- positions for the pianoforte. He died in October, 1837. HUMPHREY, Laure.vce, a learned di- vine, was born at Newport Pagnel, in Buckinghamshire, about the year 1527. He was successively dean of Gloucester and Winchester, and might have been a bishop but for his puritanical principles. He died in 1.590 ; leaving behind him many able clas- sical works, a " Life of Bishop Jewel," &e. HUMPHREYS, Jamks, an eminent law- yer and juridical writer; author of "Ob- servations on the English Law of Real hum] ^ 0tio mnib^rs'al SStosrapTjg. [nuN Property," &c. He was a native of Mont- gomervshire, Wales ; aTid died in 1830. HUMPHRY, OziAS, on eminent minia- ture painter, born at Honiton, Devon, in 1743. He first settled at Bath ; then came to London, by the advice of his friend, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and was made a royal academician. In 1780 he went to India, wliere he was held in high esteem by Sir W. Jones and Warren Hastings, and was chosen one of the first members of the Asia- tic Society. Died, in London, in 1810. HUNNIADES, John Corvixus, vaivode of Transylvania, and general of the armies of Ladislaus, king of Hungary, was born in the beginning of the 15th century. He fought against the Turks heroically, and for many years rendered himself so formid- able to them, that they surnamed him the Devil. The sultans Araurath and ^laliom- med II. were each compelled to retire from I the siege of Belgrade, owing to his energetic defence of it. He died in 14.'»6, the acknow- ledged hero of the Christian cause. HUNNIS, William, chapel-master to queen Elizabeth, and a voluminous writer of moral and religious poetry. He is said, by a cotemporary poet, to have " depaincted sonets sweete." His sonnets, however, have been engulphed in the oblivion of time ; but, certainly, the autlior who could entitle a metrical version of the book of Genesis, " A Hive full of Honey," or describe a vo- Imne of psalms and hymns as " A Handful of Honeysuckles," ought to have the power of rendering his "sonnets" deliciously nec- tarous. HUNNIUS, a Lutheran divine, who filled the professor's chair at Wittemberg, and wrote against Calvin with great asperity. Died, ir>03. HUNT, Henry, M.P., was bom at Up- haven, Wilts, about the year 1773, where he was well known as an opulent farmer, and one who was a regular attendant at the Devizes market. When Mr. Hunt was a young man, he was a decided loyalist ; and in 1801, when the whole country was ap- prehensive of an invasion, he voluntarily tendered his entire stock, worth 20,0007., to the government, for its use, if it were needed ; besides which he engaged to enter, with three of his servants all well mounted and equipped, and at his own cost, as volunteers into any regiment of horse that might make the first charge upon the enemy : and for this proffered service he received the thanks of the lord-lieutenant of the county. Mr. Hunt joined the Marlborough troop of ca- valry ; but, owing to some misunderstand- ing between Lord Bruce, its commander, and himself, he challenged his lordship ; for which he was indicted in the court of king's bench, found guilty, fined 100/., and imprisoned six weeks. Owing to this, or some other cause, Mr. Hunt became a " ra- dical reformer," associated with the most disaffected, and was looked up to by many of them as the fearless champion of their party. He long tried for a seat in parlia- ment, but was unsuccessful at Bristol, West- minster, and for the county of Somerset. He was, however, twice elected for Preston, in 1830-1 ; but, the year after his second return, his constituents declined his future services. As " lord of the manor of Glastonbury " he acted fairly at his court-leet ; and, as a mob orator, he obtained notoriety ; but a radical meeting at Manchester, where he presided and declaimed, having ended with loss of life and limb to many of the assembled mul- titude, he was indicted as the ringleader of an unlawful assembly of the people ; tried, found guilty, and sentenced to 3 years' im- prisonment in Ilchester gaol. But, though in confinement, he was not idle ; he dis- covered and made known to the public some flagrant malpractices going on at the gaol, which, through his means, were afterwards corrected. lie was seized with paralysis while alighting from his phaeton at Aires- ford, Hants, where he died, Feb. 12. 1835. HUNT, Thomas, a learned Hebraist and oriental scholar, born in 1096 ; was elected to the Arabic professorship in Oxford uni- versity, in 1738, and afterwards obtained the regius professorsliip of Hebrew, with a canonry of Christchurch annexed. He was tlie author of valuable "Observations on the Book of Proverbs," " Sermons," &c. Died, 1774. HUNTER, Christopher, a physician, who distinguished himself by his writings relative to the history and antiquities of the county of Durham, of which he was a native. HUNTER, Henry, a Scotch Presbyterian divine, was born at Culross, in Pertlishire, in 1741 ; was educated at the university of Edinburgh, and became tutor to the sons of Lord Dundonald. He was subsequently pastor of the Scottish Church, London Wall, and was elected secretary to the correspond- ing board of the Society for Promoting Cliristian Knowledge in the Highlands. He was the author of " Sacred Biography," 7 vols. 8vo. ; a translation of Lavater's Physiognomy, with splendid plates, 4to. ; 2 volumes of "Sermons," " Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity," &c. He also translated Sonnini's Travels, St. Pierre's Studies of Nature, and other French works. Died. 1802. HUNTER, RoBEitT, an English gentle- man, who wrote the famous letter on En- thusiasm, whicli has been ascribed both to Swift and Sliaftesburj'. He was governor of New York and the' Jerseys several years, and afterwards of Jamaica, where he' died in 17S4. HUNTER. WiLi.iAif, a celebrated anato- mist and physician, was born at Kilbride, in Lanarkshire, in 1718. His father was a farmer, and designed him for the church ; but an acquaintance with Dr. Cullen inclin- ing him to the study of physic, he resided with the doctor 3 years. In 1740 he removed to Edinburgh, where he followed his studies with intense application, and the year fol- lowing visited London, soon after which he was taken by Dr. James Douglas into ^|s house as a dissector, and also tutor to nis »on. In 1740 he succeeded Mr. Samuel Sharpe as lecturer to a society of surgeons in Covent Garden, and commenced a series of lectures on anatomy and surgery. He soon rose into extensive practice in surgery I and midwifery, but confined himself to the hdn] ?[ jlelu ?a[utl)fri^al 23tfl5ra|j]^n. [hup latter, and in 1764 was appointed physician extraordinary to the queen. He was elected F. R. S. i became physician to the British I/ying-in Hospital; and on the foundation of the Royal Academy, tlie king appointed him professor of anatomy. lu 1770, Dr. Hunter completed his house in Great Windmill Street, to which were attached a tlieatre, apartments for lectures and dissections, and a magnificent room as a museum. His valuable museum is now in the university of Glasgow. He wrote several able works on medical subjects, the most elaborate of which is " The Anatomy of the Gravid Ute- rus." Died, 178;3. HUNTER, John, younger brother of the preceding, was bom in 1728, and appren- ticed to a cabinet-maker; but, hearing of William's success in London, he offered his services to him as an anatomical assistant. In a few mouths he had attained such a knowledge of anatomy as to be capable of demonstrating to the pupils iu tlie dissect- ing-room. In U-OS lie entered as a gentle- man commoner of St. Mary's Hall, Oxford ; but he could not liave pursued his academi- cal studies with much advantage, as in the following year he became a surgeon's pupil at St. George's Hospital. He made astonish- ing progress, but his health being impaired by intense study, he went abroad in KOO, as Btaff-surgeon, and served at Bellcisle and in Portugal. On his return to London, he pur- sued his inquiries into comparative ana- tomy, and erected a menagerie for that pur- pose at Brompton. In 17G7 he was chosen a fellow of tlie Royal Society, and, the next year, he was elected one of the surgeons of St. George's Hospital. In 177U he was ap- pointed surgeon-extraordinary to the king ; and, subsequently, inspector-general of hos- pitals and surgeon-general. He died sud- denly, having been seized with a spasmodic affection of the heart, in St. George's Hos- pital, Oct. 16. 1793. He wrote several pro- fessional treatises, besides recording the results of many of his valuable discoveries in the Philosophical Transactions. His perfect acquaintance with anatomy rendered him a bold and skilful operator ; but his great fame rests on his researches concerniug comparative anatomy, and the structure of the various classes of organised beings. His anatomical museum was purchased by go- vernment for 15,(XM., and transferred to the Royal College of Surgeons, for the use of the public. HUNTER. Ax:ne, wife of the preceding, and sister of Sir Everard Home, was the au- thor of many lyrical poems possessing much sweetness and beauty. Some of these were set to music by Haydn. Born, 1742 ; died, 1821. HUNTER, JoHjr, LL.D., an eminent clas- sical scholar, was born at Closeburn, Dum- fries-sliire, in 1747. He was principal of the united college of St. Salvador and St. Leo- nard ; and for more than half a century pre- vious to his obtaining that appointment, he was professor of humanity in the university of St. Andrew's. He was one of the most learned men of his time, and is well known by his editions of Virgil, Livy, Horace, and other Latin authors. Died, 1837. 435 HUNTINGDON, Henry of, an ancient English historian, who flourished in the 11th and 12th centuries. He composed a general history of England from the earliest accounts to the death of king Stephen, in 1154, in 8 books ; and, towards the conclu- sion, the author honestly acknowledges that it is only an abridgment, observing that to compose a complete history of England, many books were necessary which he could not procure. HUNTINGDON, Selina, Countess of, the second daughter of Washington, earl Fer- rers, was born in 1707, and married in 1728 to Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon. After she became a widow, she espoused the prin- ciples of the Calvinistic Afethodistii, and patronised the famous George Wliitfleld, whom she constituted her cliaplain ; by the influence of her rank and fortune, appeared at the head of a sect ; and, after the death of Whitlield, his followers were designated as the people of Lady Huntingdon. She founded schools and colleges for preachers, and expended annually large sums not only in their support, but in private charity. Died, 1701. HUNTINGDON, William, a religious enthusiast, who attained more notoriety than credit, was born in 1744. He was the son of a farmer's labourer in Kent, and the early part of his life was passed in me- nial service and other humble occupations. After indulging in vice and dissipation for several years, according to his own accoimt, he was converted, and became a preacher among the Calvinistic Methodists. He soon engaged in religious controversies, published a vast number of tracts, and was regarded as the head of a peculiar sect. His publica- tions are very numerous, and some of them contain curious details relative to his per- sonal history and religions experience. After the death of his first wife, he married the wealthy relict of Sir James Sanderson, a London alderman, and passed the latter part of Ills life in aflluence. After his conversion, he generally appended to his name the mys- tical letters S. S., or Sinner Saved. HUNTINGFORD, Geouue Isaac, a dis- tinguished classical scholar, and an amiable dignitary of the church, was born at Win- chester, in 1748 ; received his education there, and at New College, Oxford ; and subsequently became an assistant under Dr. Joseph Warton, in the seminary in which he had been educated, and over wliich he afterwards presided as warden for a jieriod of 40 years. Through the patronage of Lord Sidmouth, who had been his pupil at Win- j Chester, he obtained the see of Gloucester in | 1802, and that of Hereford in 181.5. This I venerable prelate was the author of "Greek Monostrophics," " A Call for Union with the Established Church," "Thoughts on the 1 Trinity," &c. With a profound knowledge of Grecian literature and a truly poetical taste, he possessed the more desirable quali- ties of Christian piety and humility, united with an independent mind, actuated by the spirit of pure benevolence. Died, l!:>;!2. HUPAZOLI, Feancis, one of tlie few individuals who have lived in 3 centuries. He was bom iu 1587, at Casal, in Sardinia, hur] ^ ^cti) ^Uutlicr^al 3St05rajpl)i). [hut and died in 1702. At first he was a clergy- ' man, and afterwards became a merchant at Scio : and, in liis 23rd jear, lie was appointed Venetian consul at Smyrna. By his .5th wife, whom he married at the age of 98 years, he had 4 children. His drink was water ; he never smoked, and ate little j (principally game and fruit). He drank a good deal of the juice of the sco7-zo7iera root, I ate but very little at night, went to bed and rose early, then heard mass, and walked and , laboured the whole day to the last. He | wrote down every thing remarkable which he had witnessed, in 22 volumes. He never had a fever, was never bled, and never took | any medicine. At the age of 100, his grey | hair again became black. When 109 years old, he lost his teeth and lived on soup ; and, 4 years later, he had two large new teeth, and began again to eat meat. KURD, RiCHAiiD, an eminent English prelate and philologist, was born in 1720, at Congreve, in Staffordshire ; was educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship there in 1742. In 1749 lie pub- lished " Horatii Ars Poetica," with an Eng- lish commentary. In 1750 he published a commentary on the Epistle of Horace to Augustus ; and also a satirical attack on Doctor Jortin, in defence of Warburton, »n an essay on the " Delicacy of Friendship," which he afterwards endeavoured to sujv press. His " Dialogues, Moral and Political,'*' witli " Letters on Chivalry and Romance," appeared, at different times, from 1758 to 1764, and were republished collectively, in 1765, 3 vols. 8vo. None of his works attracted so much notice as the Dialogues, which were translated into German. In 1767 he was made archdeacon of Glouces- ter, and, in 1768, commenced a series of ser- mons on the prophecies, preached at the lec- ture founded by his friend Warburton at Lincoln's Inn. In 1775 he was raised to the bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry ; and, not long after, was made preceptor to the late king, and his brother the Duke of York. He was translated to the see of Wor- cester in 1781 ; and the king was desirous to elevate him to the primacy, but tiie prelate modestly declined the intended honour. Dr. Kurd's latest literary performances were a biographical sketch of his friend Dr. War- burton, his correspondence, and an edition of his works. Died, 1808. HURE, CiiAKLES, a French divine of the Jansenist persuasion, was born in l(i."9, and died in 1717. His works are, a " Dic- tionary of the Bible," 2 vols, folio ; a "Translation of the New Testament into French, with notes ; " a " Sacred Gram- mar," &c. HUSKISSON, the Right Hon. William, an English statesman, was born in 1770. His father becoming a widower, and marry- ing again, the son was placed under the care of Dr. Gem, who took his nephew with him to France, for the purpose of studying medical science at the Parisian schools of anatomy. The revolution broke out directly after, and young Huskisson became one of its wannest disciples : it is said, indeed, that he was present at the taking of the Bastile. In 1790 he obtained an introduction to Lord Gower, the English ambassador at Paris, who made him his private secretary ; and on his return to England he was introduced to Mr. Pitt, and made himself agreeable to that minister by his ability and eloquence. He was soon after placed at the head of the alien office ; and in 1795 became under- secretary in the war and colonial depart- ment. He was brought into parliament for Morpeth, by government interest, in 1797 : from which time he connected liimself on terms of friendship with Mr. Canning, and supported all the measures of the Pitt ad- ministration. He retired with his patron, as did Mr. Canning, during the Addington ministry, and claimed a jiension of 1200?. per annum. He subsequently lost his seat for Morpeth ; offered for Dover ; failed, and was returned for Liskeard on Pitt's restoration to power, and the renewal of the conti- nental war. During the Whig administra- tion of 1806, Mr. Huskisson was an active member of the opposition ; but on its disso- lution he returned to ofiBce, and remained till the premiership of the Duke of Wel- lington, with the short exception of an in- terval in 1809, when the quarrel took place between Mr. Canning and Lord Castlereagh, and he sided witli the former in withdrawing from the government. When Mr. Canning was appointed to the government of India, Mr. Huskisson succeeded him as member of parliament for Liverpool ; was successively treasurer of the navy, joint secretary of the treasury, vice-president and president of the board of trade, and was colonial secretary during the Liverpool and Canning adminis- trations. It was during this latter period that he brought forward his celebrated free- trade measures, which caused such diver- sities of opinion throughout the country at the time, and concerning which the most opposite opinions are still entertained. Mr. Huskisson died at Manchester, Sept. 15. 1830, in consequence of one of his legs being crushed, and other severe injuries sustained, by the wheels of a locomotive steam-engine coming in contact with him, while present at the celebration of the opening of the Liver- pool and Manchester railway. IIUSS, John, a celebrated Bohemian reformer and martyr, born at Hussienitz, about 1376. He was the first opposer of the doctrine of transubstantiation, and the defender of Wickliffe ; for which he was burnt alive by order of the council of Con- stance, in 1415. IIUSSEY, Giles, an English painter, born at Mamhull, in Dorsetshire, in 1710. He studied in France and Italy, possessed considerable talents, and painted some good pictures ; but he was somewhat eccentric, and met with little encouragement in pro- portion to his merits. Died, 1788. HUTCHESON, Francis, LL.D., a me- taphysical writer, was the son of a dissent- ing minister in Ireland. He was born in 1694 ; studied at Glasgow ; and, on his re- turn to Ireland, oflSciated to a dissenting congregation, for some time, in the north- ern part of that kingdom; but, in 1729, he was elected professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow. He was the author of "An Inquiry into the Ideas of Beauty and Vir- i hut] ^ ^cto eittibevj^al 23i0grapT)t|. [hut tuc," and a "Treatise on the Passions." In 1755, his son, Dr. Fkancis Hltchkson', a physician of Glasgow, printed from his father's papers, "A System of Moral Phi- losophy," 2 vols. 4to. ; to which is prelixed an account of the author. Died, 1747. HUTCHIXS, Joiix, an English divine I and topographer, was born in Dorsetshire, in KiJH), and died in 1773. He was the author of the " History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset," 2 vols. UUTCIIINS, Thomas, geographer-general to the United States of America, was born in New Jersey, about 1730. He had served in the army against the Indians in Florida ; was imprisoned in England, in 1779, on the charge of having corresponded with Dr. Franklin, then American agent in France ; afterwards joined the army of General Greene ; and died at Pittsburgh, in 1789. He published several topographical and historical works of considerable interest, HUTCHINSON, Ann, a religious enthu- Biost in America, who instituted meetings for women, in which, pretending to enjoy immediate revelations, she taught Antino- niian and other sentiments. By these means, great dissensions were caused in the churches of New England, and in 1(537 nn ecclesiasti- cal synod assembled and condemned lier errors. Not long after, slie was banished from the colony, where, in 1(3J3, she and her family, consisting of 15 persons, were captured by the Indians, and all except a daughter killed. HUTCHINSON, JouN, an English philo- sophical and critical author, celebrated as the opponent of Dr. AVoodward in natural history, and of Sir Isaac Ncwtou in philoso- phy. Born, lt>74 ; died, 1737. HUTCHINSON, John Hely, an Irish statesman and lawyer, was born in 1715. He became secretary of state, and accumu- lated a number of lucrative employments. So great indeed was his avidity for oflBce and emolument, that Lord Norili said, " If England and Ireland were given to this man, he would solicit the Isle of Man for a potato garden." He possessed great talents and eloquence, and died in 1794. HUTCHINSON, John Helt, earl of Donoughmore, born in 1757, was the se- cond son of the preceding. He entered the army in 1774 as a cornet in the 18th dra- goons, and rose regularly till he obtained a lieutenant-colonelcy in the 77th, in 1783. At the commencement of the French revo- lution he found means for gaining access to the French camp at a very interesting pe- riod, and saw Lafayette compelled to leave those troops of which he had been the fa- vourite, and seek safety in flight. When war was declared against France in 1793. he raised a regiment, and obtained the rank of colonel. He served in Flanders as aide-de- camp to Sir Ralph Abercromby, and sub- sequently in Ireland during the rebellion. In 179»j he was made a major-general, and In 1799 he was wounded at the Ilelder, while leading on his brigade in a gallant si vie. In the expedition to Egypt, in 1801, he was second in command to Sir Ralph Aber- cromby ; and when that gallant oificer fell at the battle of Alexandria, the chief com- mand devolved on Major-general Hutchin- son; who, receiving reinforcements, advaiiccd upon the enemy, and having pursued them to Cairo, a capitulation took place, and the expedition terminated in an agreement for the French to evacuate Egypt. For his able services in this campaign he was rniseil to the iHierage as baron Hutchinson of Alex- andria, and of Knocklofty, in the county of Tipperary, with a pension of 20(KJ/. per annum. In ]80() he was sent on an extra- ordinary mission to the Prussian and Rus- sian armies ; afterwards to the court of St. Petersburgh ; and, at a later period, to meet Queen Caroline at St. Omer's, as the per- sonal friend of the king. In 1813 he be- came a full general, and in 1825 he suc- ceeded his brother as earl of Donoughmore, &c. Died, 18.32. HUTCHINSON, Thomas, lord chief jus- tice, and afterwards lieutenant-governor of the colony of Massachussetts, was born at Boston, in 1711. He had been greatly re- spected in his province for his able and irre- proachable conduct on the judicial bench ; b»it having covertly taken part with Great Britain against the American colonies, and given the English ministers advice relative to the enforcement of the duty on tea, it was found necessary to remove him and place General Gage in his situation. He accordingly came to England, lived in a retired manner at Bromiiton, and died there in 1780. Governor Hutchinson was the author of a " History of the Colony of Mas- sachussetts Bay," &c, HUTTEN, Jacob, a native of Silesia, who, in the 16th century, founded a sict called the Bohemian or Moravian brethren. These were the descendants of the Hussites, and appear to have given rise to the ana- baptists. Hutten is sujjposed to have been burnt as a heretic at Inspruck, HUTTEN, Ulric von, a German soldier, poet, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Steckelberg, in Franconia, in 1488. He was the most violent of all the early Re- formers ; and his writings agiiinst the Church of Rome were so severe, that the pope sent orders to the inquisitor to seize him ; but he fled into Switzerland, and died near Zurich, in 1.523. His letters and poems are very classical. Hutten was one of the bold- est and most free-spirited men of his time ; injustice, falsehood, hypocrisy, and tyranny filled him witli indignation, and he un- masked them with a spirit that knew no fear. HUTTER.Elias and Leonard, two co- temjiorary Protestant divines, born at Ulm, about the middle of the 16th century. The former is remarkable for having j)ublished a Hebrew Bible, containing no less than £0 versions of the 117th psalm in various languages. He also published a Polyglot Bible in four languages, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German ; and he afterwards added to it the Italian, French, Sclavonic, and Saxon. Died, 1603 Leonard, who distinguished himself as a staunch supporter of the reformed church, published a variety of polemical treatises, obtained the divinity professor's clmir at the imiversity of VVit- temberg, and died in 1016. PF 3 HUTj ^ iScb) Hniljcr^nl 28iflsvaj»]^a. [hyd HUTTON, Charles, LL.D., an eminent mathematician, was born at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, in 1737. Having made great progress in his mathematical studies, and distin- guished himself by the production of a small work on the principles of bridges, he was appointed professor at the royal military college, Woolwich, elected F.R.S., and re- ceived the degree of I^L.D, from the uni- versity of Edinburgh. He produced, in 1706, his " Mathematical and Philosophical Dic- tionary," 2 vols. 4to. ; and in 179H he gave to the world the first edition of his " Course of Mathematics." lie was afterwards engaged with Dr. Pearson and Dr. Shaw in an abridg- ment of the Philosophical Transactions, pub- lished in 18 vols. ; for his labour in wliich work, it is said, he received 60001. He retired from his appointment at Woolwich in 1807, witli a pension of .OOOZ. ; and died in 182.'i. HUTTON, James, a celebrated geologist and natural philosopher, was born at Edin- burgh, in 172(5. After finishing his educa- tion at the university, he was apprenticed to a writer to the signet, but quitted the legal profession for that of medicine, as being the nearest allied to chemistry, which was his favourite study. He in consequence went to the universities of Paris and Leyden, at the latter of which he took his degree in 1740 ; but on his return, being desirous of making himself conversant with agriculture, he settled upon a farm of his own in Ber- wickshire. In 17(j8 he went to Edinburgh, and from that time he devoted himself en- tirely to scientific pursuits, publishing nu- merous works, and investigating various subjects of natural philosophy. Dr. Ilutton is chiefly distinguished as the author of a system or theory of geology, termed the Plutonian, by whicli the structure of the solid parts of the earth are accounted for by the action of subterraneous fire. Tliis tlieory excited a warm controversy among men of science, and met with many fierce opponents : but the late Professor Playfair advocated it in his "Illustrations of tlie Huttonian Theory of the Earth," and it has since been gradually rising into repute. Among the chief works of Hutton are, " The Progress of Reason from Sense to Science and Philosophy," 3 vols. 4to.; and a" Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustrations," 2 vols. 8vo. Died,1797. HUTTON. Mattheav, an English pre- late, was born of poor parents in I^auca- shire in 1.529, and sent to Cambridge in 1546. He became fellow of Trinity College, obtained a prebend in tlie cathedral of St. Paul, and was elected master of Pembroke Hall. In 1567 lie was preferred to the deanery of York, from whence he was re- rhoved, in 1589, to the bishopric of Durham, and in 1594 translated to the archbishopric of York. Died, 1605. HUTTON, William, an ingenions and self-educated writer, born at Derby, in 1723. He was apprenticed to a stocking- weaver -. and at the expiration of his time he employed his leisure hours in book-binding. In 1750 he opened a shop for the sale of old books, to which he added a circulating library, at Birmingham ; where he succeeded so vviU as to embark in the paper business ; and by frugality and industry he arrived at opu- lence. In 1791 his house at Birmingham, and villa near that town, were destroyed by the rioters ; for which he obtained an in- adequate compensation from the county. He wrote several ingenious works, among which were Histories of " Birmingham," " Derby," " Blackport," and the " Battle of Bosworth Field," " Tour to Scarborough," " Remarks on North Wales," " Poems," &c. He died in 1815, aged 92. HUXUAM, JoHX, a physician of con- siderable celebrity in the west of England, was born at Halberton, in Devonshire. He took his doctor's degree at Leyden, under Boerliaave, and, on his return to England, settled at Plymouth, where he continued for 30 years to practise with success. He was a great humourist, and particularly at- tached to the bottle, port wine being with him an universal remedy, either with bark or without. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, in whose Transactions are many of Jus papers. He also published various me- dical works ; and his well-known " tincture of baik" still holds its place in the phar- macopoeia. Died, 1768. HUYGENS, Chuisxian, an eminent ma- thematician and astronomer, was born at the Hague, in 1029. He was the son of Con- stantiue Huygens, lord of Zuylichen, a nobleman of great scientific abilities, who initiated his son in the principles of general science and classical learning, and sent hira to the university of Leyden. He soon dis- tinguished himself by the publication of several learned works, both astronomical and mathematical : he also invented tlie pendulum, improved the air-pump, ascer- tained the laws of collision of elastic bodies, and discovered the ring and one of the satellites of Saturn, of which he gave an ac- count in his " Systema Saturiiinum." He visited both France and England for scientific purposes ; was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1661 ; and shortly after, at the invitation of Colbert, he settled in France, where he received a handsome pension, and remained till 1681, when he returned to his native country, and died in 1695. HUYSUM, John van, a celebrated painter, was born in 1682, at Amsterdam, where his father, Justus van Iluysum, was a respect- able artist. John was the most distinguished flower and fruit painter of modern times, and his pictures fetched enormous prices : his landscapes were also highly esteemed. He died in 1749 — He had two brothers, Justus and Jacob ; the former painted battles, and died in his 22ud year ; the latter copied the works of John with great exactness, aud died in London, in 1740. HYDE, Thomas, D.D., a learned divine and orientalist, was born in 1636, at Billings- ley, in Shropshire, and studied at King's College, Cambridge. While there, before he was 18, he assisted Walton in his great Poly- glot Bible. In 1658 he went to Oxford, aud be- came successively Hebrew reader and keeper of the Bodleian Library. He was next pro- moted to a prebend in Salisbury cathedral, and afterwards appointed regius professor of Hebrew, and canon of Cliristchurch, Oxford. Died, 1703. Hia "Veterum Persarum et 433 I hyd] ^ i^clB ^aiiibcr^al 3tJt0grapIji». [iBD Medorum Historia " ia regarded as^ highly valuable worki II YDER ALI, or IIYDER ALLY KHAN, a celebrated ludian prince, who, during the hitter part of the ]8tli century, was a for- midable enemy to tlie English in Ilindostan, was the son of a petty chief in the Mysore, lie introduced the European discipline among Ids troops, became general-in-chief of the forces of Cinoas, who then reigned at Seringupatam as a vassal of the Great Mogul; and liaving quarrelled witli the grand vizier, got liim into his power, and eventually as- sumed the sovereignty himself, lie made important conquests from the Mahrattas, twice invaded tlie East India Company's territories, and at one time caused the greatest apprehension for the safety of the British power in the east. A treaty was concluded in 1769, which was broken in 17S0, and the war renewed with vigour ; but the skill of Sir Eyre Coote proved superior to llyder, who M\ the military operations to his son Tippoo Saib. He died in 17b2. HYGINUS, Cars Julius, a Roman writer, R freedman of Augustus, and keeper of the Palatine library. Though there is only one book of his extant, whieli is entitled " Po- eticon Astronomicon," he also wrote the lives of illustrious men, referred to by Aulus Gellius, and a copious treatise on the cities of Italy. HYPATIA, a female philosopher, of the eclectic sect, was the daughter of Theon, a celebrated mathematician, who governed the Platonic scliool in Alexandria, in the 4tli century. She early exhibited proofs of extraordinary genius and judgment; and being educated by iier father in all l>e knew, she became a preceptress in the school in which Hieroeles and oilier celebrated philo- Bophera had presided. Her ready elocution, her beauty, and graceful address, united with deep erudition and sound judgment, procured her the admiration of all her hearers ; and her house became the resort of all the learned and eminent persons in Alexandria, among whom was Orestes the governor. This roused the jealousy of Cyril, a haughty and in- tolerant prelate, at that time the patriarch of Alexandria ; and such was the blind bigotry and resentment of his monkish par- tisans, that they conspired against llypatia's life, and a furious band of assassins seizing her as she was returning home from the schools, they dragged her through the streets, murdered her in the most barbarous manner, and threw her mangled limbs iuto the flames, A. D. 41-.. IIYPERIDES, an Athenian orator, was a disciple of Plato and Isocrates, and the contemporary of Demosthenes, against whom he brouglit that accusation of bribery which procured his banishment. They were after- wards reconciled, and met their tragic fate about the same time, Hyperides being seized in the temple of Ceres, aud delivered up to Antipater, who caused him to be put to death, B.C. 322. IIYPERIUS, Gerahd Andrew, a Lu- theran divine, born at Ypres, in Flanders, in 1511. After studying at Paris and I^ou- vain, he visited England, and became travel- ling tutor to the son of Lord Motmtjoy, who settled a pension on him. He then went to reside at Marburg, where he filled the di- vinity chair till his death in lo<i4. His works, on theological aud mathematical subjects, form 7 vols. HYPSICLES, a mathematician of Alex- andria, known as the author of a treatise, entitled " Anaphoricus," which is still ex- tant. He lived in the 2nd century, iu the reigns of Marcus Aurelius aud Yerus. I. IBARRA, Joachim, a celebrated Spanish printer, was born at Saragossa, in 1720 ; exer- cised his art in Madrid, where he was king's printer; and died there in 1785. He raised the art of typography to an excellence before unequalled in Spain, and from his press were issued magnificent editions of the Bible, the Mozarabic Missal, &c. IBAS, a bishop of Edessa, in Mesopotamia, in the 5th century, who is noted iu ecclesi- astical history, on account of the opposite decisions of diflerent councils, relative to the orthodoxy or heterodoxy of his opinions. He was deposed and re-instated, condemned and acquitted, several times, on the charge of favouring the heresy of Ncstorius. IBBETSON, Agxes, a lady distinguished for her researches in natural history and other sciences, was the daughter of A. Thompson, esq., of London, and was married to Mr. Ibbetson, a barrister, by whom she was left a widow. She devoted her attention to the study of astronomy, geology, and botany, and more especially to that depart- ment of the latter which treats of the physi- ology of plants. Many of her microscopical experiments on the structure of vegetables were highly interesting, and were published in the Annals of Philosophy and other sci- entific journals. Died at Exmouth, Devon, in 1823. IBBETSON, Julius C^sak, an ingenious landscape painter, was a native of Scar- borough, in Yorkshire ; who so successfully imitated the style of Berghem, that he was termed by West, the Berghem of England. Died, 1817. IBBOT, Bexjamin, an English divine, was born at Beachamwell, in Norfolk, in ICSO, and educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge. Archbishop Tennison appointed him trea- surer of the cathedral of Wells, and gave him the united livings of St. Vedast, Foster Lane, and St. Michael le Queme. George I. made him one of his chaplains ; and when that monarch visited Cambridge, Mr. Ibbot ibk] ^ 0m mnibtxs^Kl 23t03raj)I;j). [iGN was created D. D. by the royal command. He was the Boylcan lecturer in 1713 and 1714, was installed prebendary of West- minster in 1724, and died the year following. IBRAHIM EFFENDI, a Turk, belong- ing to the body of Ulema, or lawyers, who, from a careful perusal of the Scriptures, was converted to Christianity in the 17tii cen- tury, and baptized at Pera. He afterwards assumed the habit of St. Dominic, and tlie name of Paul Anthony Effendi. Died, 1697. IBRAHIM EFFENDI, a native of Poland, who was raised to the first dignities in tlie Ottoman empire. He established tlie first printing press in Turkey in 1728, the Count de Bonneval furnishing him with tlie cha- racters. The first work which he produced was on the military art : he afterwards pub- lished tlie" Account of an Expedition against the Afghans," a " Turkish Grammar," and a " History of Turkey." IBRAHIM MANSOUR EFFENDI, an adventurer whose real name was Cerfbere, was the son of a Jew at Strasburg. He had served in the republican hussars, but became BO violent a royalist, that he was imprisoned. In 1802 he went to Constantinople, embraced the Mahometan faith, and instructed the Turkisli troops in the European discipline. He afterwards travelled through the north of Europe, and, under the assumed name of Medelshim, held a govenmient office in Westphalia ; afterwards was engineer to All Paclia ; and, on quitting that employ, travelled to various parts of Asia, Africa, and America. At length, being in a state of absolute destitution, he shot himself at Paris, in 1826. He was tlie author of a " Memoir of Greece and Albania during the Govern- ment of AH Pacha." IBRAHIM PACHA, viceroy of Egypt, stepson and successor of Mehemet Ali, was born at the village of Cavella, in Albania, 1789. Inured from infancy to the toils and turmoils of a camp, he at an early age dis- played the adventurous spirit, high courage, and undaunted resolution, which distin- guished his subsequent career. In 1810 he became generalissimo of tlie Egyptian army ; and charged with the task of remodelling and disciplining it after the French fashion, he proceeded vigorously to work ; and in the course of a few campaigns completely de- feated the Wahabees in Arabia, who from lsl8 to 1824 had resisted all the efforts of the Egyp- tian forces to subdue tliem. During the long struggle for Greek independence, Ibrahim was conspicuous as leader of the Turks. His army overran the whole of the Morea, and committed unheard-of devastations and cruelties; but the battle of Navarino, Oct. 20. 1827, when the combined British, Russian, and French navies, under the command of Admiral Codrington, destroyed the Turko- Egyptian fleet, sent liim back to Egypt, shorn of his conquests, and paved the way for the independence of Greece. In 1831 he marched to the conquest of Syria ; and having completely routed the sultan's troops at Koiiieh in 1832, he was only restrained from marching to Constantinople by the intervention of Russia ; but his subjugation of Syria was complete, and a few abortive 440 fl^ attempts made by the population to throw off the Egyptian yoke only ended in rivet- ting their chains more firmly than before. In 1839, the sultan having made another effort lor the recovery of Syria, was com- pletely overthrown by Ibrahim at Nizil. But the European powers now interfered. An English fleet, under the command of Admirals Stopfoid and Napier, bore down upon Syria, and having reduced Acre, forced Ibrahim to conclude a treaty, by which Syria was once more given vip to the sultan. In 1846, Ibrahim visited England and France. On September 1st, 1848, he was nominated viceroy of Egypt, in the room of Mehemet Ali, whom increasing years un- fitted for the cares of government ; but a severe attack of bronchitis, acting on a constitution already debilitated by youthful excesses, and unbounded indulgence in his riper years, i'ut him off after a short reign of two months and ten days. Died, 1848. IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, was a native of Rhegium, and flourished about .540 b. c. He was murdered by robbers, and in the moment of dying he observed a flight of cranes passing, whom he implored to be his avengers. Some time after, as these mur- derers were walking in Rhegium, one of them, seeing some cranes in the air, said to his companions, "Here are the avengers of Ibj'cus," which exciting the suspicion of a person who overheard them, the wretches were apprehended and, being tortured, con- fessed their crime. ICTINUS, an Athenian architect, who lived in the 4th century b. c, and Mas era- ployed by Pericles in the erection of the Parthenon. He also built the temple of Ceres and Proserpine at Eleusis, and the temple of Apollo Epicurus in Arcadia. IDACIUS, a Spanish bishop of the 5th century, who wrote a chronicle, commencing with the first year of the reign of Theodo- sius, and ending with the eleventh of that of Leo. The consular fasts are also attributed to him. lETZELER, Christopher, a Swiss ar- chitect, born at Schaffhausen, in 1734. He studied under the celebrated Euler at Ber- lin, and travelled in several parts of Europe. He filled the mathematical chair at his native place with great distinction, and died in 1791. IFFLAND, Auousirs, a celebrated Ger- man actor and dramatic writer, was born at Hanover, in 1759. In 1796 he was in- vited to Berlin, to take the direction of the theatre there, and, in 1811, was appointed general director of all the royal plays. He died in 1814. His works comprise 47 plays, memoirs, and reflections upon the theory of his art. So greatly was he admired by many, that he has been termed the Moliere of Germany ; and Madame de Stael said of him, that there was not an accent or a gesture for which Iff land could not account as a philosopher and an artist. IGNARRA, Nicholas, a learned Neapo- litan antiquary, bom in 1728. He became principal professor of sacred literature in the college of Urbano, at Naples ; was di- rector of the royal printing otHce ; tutor to tlie hereditary prince Francis of Bourbon > ign] ^ ^cU) ^m'bpr^al JJiosrapl^ii. [iwc and published a learned work, entitled "De Talasstra Neapolitaua Commeutarium." ' Died, 1808. IGNATIUS, St., sumamed Theophorus, an eminent father of the church and a martyr, was a native of Syria, and a disciple of St. John the Evangelist, by whom he was made bishop of Ant ioch, a. i). CH. He con- tinued there till 107, when Trajan entered tlie city in triumph, after having conquered the Scythians and Dacians. A persecution of the Christians followed, and Ignatius, after a long conference with the emperor, was sent to Rome, where he was doomed to suffer the dreadful death of being exposed to the fury of wild beasts in tlie amphi- theatre. Seven of his genuine epistles re- main, and were published by Usher, at Ox- ford, in l(i4.'>. IGNATIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, was the son of the emperor Michael Curo- paluta, and of Procopia, daughter of the emperor Nicephorus. He died in 878. IlIUE, JoHX, a learned Swede, was born at Upsul, in 1707. His grandfather was arclibishop of Upsal, where the subject of tills article had his education ; after which he travelled into various parts of Europe, and on his return became a member of the academy of sciences. In 1748 he was made professor of rhetoric and politics, an olHc« the duties of which he discharged with great ability for 40 years ; and died in 1780. His chief works are " L.exicou Dialectorum," " Glossarium Sueco-Gothicum," 2 vols, folio; and " De Kuuorum Autiquitate, Fatria, Origine, et Occasu." ILIVE, Jacob, an English printer and letter founder, who published some strange pieces, as a pretended translation of tJie book of Jasher, an oration proving that this world is hell, that men are fallen spirits, and that the lire to destroy them at the day of judgment will be immaterial, &c. He died in 1708. IMBERT, Bartholomew, a French poet, was born at Nismes in 1747. His poem on the " J udgment of Paris " has been much ad- mired. He also published a volume of fa- bles ; was the author of an agreeable novel, entitled " Les Egaremens de I'Amour," and some other pieces. Died, 17'J0. lAIBERT, JosEPU Gabkiel, a painter of considerable merit, who studied under Le Brun aud Vander Meulen, was bora at Marseilles, in 1054. At the age of 34 he entered into the Carthusian order, but was permitted by his brethren to exercise his pencil on religious subjects. Died, 174'J, aged 95. IMHOFF, John William, a lawyer and senator of Nuremberg, who devoted him- self to the study of history and the descents and alliances of all the great families of Europe ; hence he became an eminent ge- nealogist, and produced many able works illustrative of liis science. Born, 1051 ; died, 1728. IMPERIALI, Joseph Rexatus, a cele- brated cardinal, born of an illustrious Ge- noese family, in 1051. He was employed by different popes in the most important aifairs, and iu the conclave of 17130 was within one vole of being elected pope him- self. For probity, liberality, and a love of literature, few excelled him. Died, 1737. INA, king of the West Saxons, a valiant prince and an able legislator, succeeded Ceadwalla, in 089. llaving obtained advan- tages over the people of Kent in 094, he wrested Somersetshire and other parts of the west of England i"rom the Britons. He afterwards made war upon the Mercians ; but the latter part of his reign was spent in works of peace, and he ended his days in a monastery, having resigned his crown in 728. The laws of Ina served as the found- ation of the code formed by Alfred, and some of them are still extant. INCHBALD, Elizabeth, a novelist and dramatic writer of great talent, was born at Stanningfield, near Bury, Suffolk, in 1750. Having lost her father at the age of 10, she went to Loudon with the view of obtaining an engagement for the stage, where, after escaping many dangers in her rash adven- ture, slie married Mr. Inchbald, an actor of some celebrity, and accompaiiied him on several provincial tours. He died in 1779, and Mrs. Inclibald obtained an engagement at Covent Garden in 1780, where she con- tinued 8 years, and was deservedly popular. After her retirement from tlie stage in 1789, slie depended upon her literary labours. She wrote 19 dramas, several of which were decidedly successful, and among them may be noticed " Such Things Are," " Every One has his Fault," " Lover's Vows," &c., besides two novels, "The Simple Story," and " Na- ture and Art." Mrs. Inchbald also edited " The British Theatre," iu 25 vols.; a similar collection of popular farces, in 7 vols. ; and "The Modern Theatre," in 10 vols. She died in 1821, having passed a life attended with many difficulties and temptations with unsullied reputation, and disjdaying the noble and self-denying character of her nature, as may be seen from her " Life and Correspondence," published by Buaden, iu 2 vols. 8vo. INC1IOFER,Melchior, a German Jesuit, was born at Vienna in 1584. He wrote a book, entitled " Tlie Virgin Mary's Letter to tlie People of Messina proved to be Ge- nuine," which gave great offence to his bretiiren, whom he found great difficulty in appeasing. lie also wrote a satire against them, which was printed after his death, under the title of" Monarchia Solipsorum," and the " Ecclesiastical History of lluugary," &c. Died at Milan, in 1048. INCLEDON, BexVjamin Charles, a ce- lebrated English singer, was born at St. Keveran, in Cornwall, in 1704, where his father practised as a surgeon. When only 8 years old, the astonishingly fine tones of his voice induced his parents to article him to Jackson of Exeter, under whose tuition he remained as a chorister in Exeter Cathedral, until he was 15. Not liking the restraints to which he was necessarily subject, he abruptly quitted his situation in 1779, and entered as a common sailor on board the Formidable, of 98 guns, and remained in the royal navy five years, during which time ho went to the West Indies, and saw some service. His vocal abilities having, however, attracted the notice of his officers, he was advised to ing] ^ ^m mnibtvSal 2Si0grajjf)n. [inn try his fortune on tne stage. He accordingly joined CoUins's company at Soutliampton, in 1783, and next year accepted an engage- ment at Bath, where tlie manager intro- duced him to the acquaintance of llauzinni, who did much towards perfecting him in the vocal art. In 1790 he made liis debat at Covent Garden Tlieatre, with great suc- cess, as Dermot, in " Tlie Poor Soldier," and rose at once into a degree of popular- ity, which attended him till the infirmities consequent upon advancing years, and an irregular mode of life, compelled him to quit the stage. His voice combined uncom mon power, sweetness, and flexibility, both in tlie natural tones and in the/a/se(<o, and his intonation was singularly correct ; in- deed, those who have heard him in "The Storm," " Black-eyed Susan," or any of the better sort of the old English ballads and hunting songs, will not easily forget a style of singing which, we believe, has seldom, if ever, had its equal. Died, 1826. INGENHOUSZ, Joiix, an eminent phy- sician and cliemist, was born at Breda, in 1730. He came early to England, and having learnt the Suttonian method of in- oculation, went to ^'ienna, in order to in- oculate the daughter of the emperor ; for which he was made iriperial physician, and obtained a pension. He was the author of several treatises on subjects of natural history, was elected a fellow of tlie Koyal Society, and died in 1799. INGLiIS, Henry David, a writer of some distinction, whose earliest worlds were pub- lished in the name of Derwent Conway, was a native of Scotland, and born in 1795. An ardent desire to visit foreign countries, and a not less ardent love of literature, led him to indulge both propensities by visiting the Continent and recording his observations. His first work was entitled " Tlie Tales of Ardennes," which was followed by " Solitary Walks through many Lands ;" after which appeared his " Travels in Norway and Swe- den," " Spain in 1830," " The New Gil Bias," &c. After his return from Spain, he made a tour through Ireland, the result of which was an admirable work, entitled " Ireland in 1834." His constitution at length sunk under his literary exertions ; he was seized with a disease of the brain, and died in 183.5. INGLIS, Sir James, was descended from an ancient family in Fifeshire, where he was born in the reign of James IV. He joined the French faction against the Eng- lish, and in some skirmishes preceding the battle of Pinkey so distinguished him- self, that he was knighted on the field. In 1548 he published at St. Andrew's his noted " Complaint of Scotland." He died at Culross, in 1554. INGLIS, Joiix, D. D., an eminent Scottish divine, was born in Perthshire, 17G3. In 1796 he succeeded Principal Robertson as joint minister of the Grey Friars Church, Edinburgh. For nearly 30 years he was the leader of the moderate party in the Pres- bytery of Edinburgh ; and, besides some minor publications, he was the author of two works of great merit, one on the " Evi- dences of Christianity," and the other in 442 " Defence of Church Establishments." Died, 18:34. j INGPtAM, RoEEUT, an English clergy- I man, born at Beverley, Yorkshire, in 1727 ; ' author of several learned and ingenious ! treatises on scriptural subjects, among ' which is " An Account of the Ten Tribes of 1 Israel being in America, originally written byManasseh Ben Israel, with Observations." Died, 1804. INGRASSIAS, John Piiu.ip, an eminent Sicilian physician, bom in 1510. He filled the chair of medicine and anatomy at Naples with great credit ; and when the plague raged at Palermo, he adopted such salutary regulations as put a stop to the calamity. He wrote several medical and anatomical works, in one of which he ably defended the rules and practice of Galen. Ingrassias ranks among the improvers of anatomy, by his discovery of the bone called stapes, in the ear, and by that of the seminal vesicles. Died, 1580. INGULPIIUS, abbot of Croyland, and autlior of a history of that abbey, was born in London, about 1030. William, duke of Normandy, while a visitor at the court of Edward the Confessor, made Ingulphus, tlien of the age of twenty-one, his secretary. He afterwards went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and, upon his return, entered into the order of the Benedictines, at the abbey of Fontenelle, in Normandy, of which he became prior. On the acquirement of the crown of England by William, Ingul- phus was created abbot of the rich monas- tery of Croyland, which he was enabled to rebuild ; and, by the favour of the king and Archbishop Lanfranc, he obtained for it many privileges. The history of this monas- tery commences with the year 664, is brought down to 1091, and is interspersed with many particulars of the English kings. Died, 1109. INNOCENT. There have been thirteen popes of this name, of whom the following deserve a niche in our work : — INNOCENT I., St., was a native of Al- bano, and succeeded Anastasius I. as bishop of Rome, in 402. He supported St. Chry- sostom, and renounced communion with the Eastern churches on account of their treat- ment of that eminent man. In 409, he en- deavoured to obtain terms of peace with Alaric, but was unsuccessful, and during the following year Rome was taken and pillaged. Died, 417. INNOCENT II., a Roman of noble birth, elected, in 1130, by a part of the cardinals, whilst others chose Peter of Leon, who took the name of Anacletus. This contest for the papal chair continued until the death of the latter in 1138, although the monarchs of Eng- land, France, and Germany espoused the cause of Innocent. The whole period of his pontificate was one continued struggle for pre-eminence, either with rival popes or un- bending kings. Died, 1143. INNOCENT III., one of the most eminent of the popes, was descended from the Counts of Scgni, and born at Anagni, in 1161. He was raised to the papacy in 1198 ; and being endowed by nature with all the talents of a ruler, possessed of great erudition, and favoured by circumstances, he was better inn] ^ ^tb) Bnibcx^al 33t0srai)!)B. [ire qualified than, any of liis predecessors to elevate the papal power. His first care was to unite the Christian princes in a crusade for the recovery of Palestine, and in order to succeed, he began by a cruel persecution of tlie Albigenses. He put France under an interdict, because Tliilip Augustus divorced his queen ; and he was still more arbitrary in his treatment of John, king of England, for refusing to confirm the election of Ste- phen Langton, as archbishop of Canterbury. Innocent laid the kingdom under an inter- diet, and, in 1212, formally deposed him, and instigated the king of France to attack Eng- land. John was finally obliged to submit ; resigned his territories to Rome ; and re- ceived them, as a papal fief, from Innocent, from whom he was unable to obtain absolu- tion until he liad paid large sums of money. Almost all Christendom was now subject to the poi)e ; two crusades were undertaken at his order, and his influence extended even to Constantinople. Under his rule, in fact, the temporal power of the papal see was built upon a solid foundation, lie reigned from sea to sea, and the Roman republic, in her first four centuries, did not possess a more extended territory. Yet it must be admitted, that he acted in accordance with the prin- ciples laid down in his writings ; he enforced purity of morals in the clergy, and was himself irreproachable in private life ; but the cruel persecution of the Albigenses in the south of France, which he encouraged, I and the inquisitorial tribunals established by him in 1198, from which the inquisition itself originated, are stains on his pontifi- cate, but partially effaced by a consideration of the spirit of the times, and the disordered state of tlie Christian world. In 1215 he convoked the fourth general council of the Latcran, consisting of more than 1300 arch- bishops, bishops, prelates, and ambassadors of European princes, by which transubstan- tiation in the Lord's Supper and auricular confession were established as dogmas ; and it was at this famous council that the cele- brated orders of St. Dominic and St. Francis were confirmed. Died, 1216. INNOCENT XI. (Be.vedict Odescal- ciii), born in 1611, was the son of a banker at Como, in the Milanese. In his youth he served as a soldier in Germany and Poland ; quitted the camp to take orders ; and rose, through the intermediate dignities, to the pontificate in 1076, on the death of Clement 1 X. He was eminent for his probity and austerity, restraining luxury and excess, and even prohibiting women from learning music. Nor was he less distinguished for the enmity he bore to France, or rather its sovereign, Louis XIV. ; his dispute with whom was highly favourable to the English revolution, as it induced the pipe, in 1689, to unite with the allies against James II.. in order to lower the influence of Louis. His conduct in this respect has led many Ca- tholics to assert, that he sacrificed their religion to his personal resentment ; but Bayle judiciously observes, that the extreme preponderance of any great Catholic sove- reign is injurious to the interests of the papacy, and mentions the similar conduct of Scxtus v., in relation to Philip II. of 413 Spain and queen Elizabeth of England. He died in 1()«9, aged 78. IPHICRATES, a. famous Athenian mili- tary commander, during the 4th century B.C., who raised himself to eminence, by courage and talents, early in life. In the war of Corinth, 395 B.C., he successfully opposed Agesilaus, the warlike king of Sparta. He afterwards commanded a body of auxiliary troops in the service of Arta- xerxes, king of Persia, in an expedition to Egypt ; and, in 368 B.C., he relieved Sparta, when invaded by the Theban general Epa- minondas. In the social war, he was one of the commanders of the fleet fitted out by the Athenians, for the recovery of Byzan- tium ; when, l)eing accused of treachery by one of his colleagues, he defended himself with such spirit, that he was acquitted ; but though he lived to a great age, he did not again engage in the military operations of Athens. IPHITTJS, king of Elis, in Greece, me- morable as the insti tutor of the famous Olympic games, in the 8th century B.C. These games, at first consisting only of athletic exercises, but afterwards including horse and chariot racing, and even the trials of skill among rival candidates in music, poetry, eloquence, &c., were celebrated every 4th year, in the mouth of July, near Olym- pia, a city of Elis. IRELAND, JoH.y, an ingenious writer on works of art, was born near Wem, in Shropshire, and brought up to the watch- making business. He afterwards became a dealer in paintings and prints ; and died, near Birmingham, in 1789. He is the author of "Hogarth Illustrated," 3 vols. ; and the " I^ife and Letters of John Heuderson," the actor. IRELAND, Joiiy, the very rev. dean of Westminster, celebrated for his learning and for his intimate connection with some of the most eminent men of his time, was born at Ashburton, in Devonshire, 1762, and received contemporaneously with Gilford, the learned editor of the Quarterly Review, the first rudi- ments of education at the free grammar school of Ashburton. He was educated at Oxford, and after holding a small curacy in the neighbourhood of his native place, he tra- velled with the son of Sir James Wright, by whose interest he was in 1793 collated to the vicarage of Croydon in Surrey. In 1802 he was made a prebend of Westminster, which promotion was followed by his succeeding to the deanery of Westminster on the death of Dr. Vincent in 1816. He was a somewhat voluminous author ; besides writing some of the most important papers in the earlier numbers of the Quarterly Review, he pub- lished "Five Discourses containing certain Arguments for and Agaiui-t the Reception of Christianity by the ancient Jews and Greeks," " Vindicia Regiaj, a Defence of the Kingly Office," " Paganism and Christianity compared," " Nuptiaj Sacrae, an Inquiry into the Scriptural Doctrine of Marriage and Divorce," and other works, exclusively theo- logical. As his life had been distinguished by his patronage of literature, so his will evidenced that he was desirous tliat his ample fortune — an immense one if we con- ire] ^ ^t\si Wimbcx^nl SSuijjrajpt)"* [iRV aider his origin and early prospects — should benefit botli religion and literature after his death. Besides many charitable bequests for the benefit of the various places with which he had been connected, he left 200()/. to his college, Oriel, Oxford, for an exhibi- tion ; 5000?. for a chapel in Westminster ; and the princely sum of 10,000? to the university of Oxford, for a " Professor of the Exigesis of the Holy Scripture." Died, September 1. 1842, aged 80. IRELAND, Samuel, was originally a silk manufacturer in Spitalflelds ; but having a taste for the arts, he became a speculator in scarce books, prints, &c., and published many embellished tours. In 1796 his cha- racter sustained a deep injury in consequence of the part he took in the publication of an impudent forgery, fabricated by his son, which made a great noise at the time, and was entitled " Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments, under the hand and seal of William Shakspeare," &c. His son, how- ever, acquitted him of wilful participation in this gross literary fraud, in what he termed an " Authentic Account of the Shak- speare Manuscripts." Besides a variety of " Picturesque Tours " above alluded to, Samuel Ireland published a work in one vo- lume, entitled "Graphic Illustrations of Hogartli." IREN^US, St., a Christian martyr in the 2nd century, was bishop of Lyons. lie was a man of considerable learning, and animated with an ardent zeal for Christian- ity ; in which cause he suffered during the fifth persecution under Septimus Severus, in 202, and is honoured as a saint. IRENE, an empress of Constantinople, alike famous for her talents, her beauty, and her crimes, was by birth an Athenian, and married liCO IV"., after whose death, in 769, she raised herself and her son Constan- tine "VI., who was then but 9 years old, to the imperial throne. Charlemagne at that time menaced the Eastern empire. Irene at first delayed him by promises ; and at length went so far as to oppose him, arms in hand ; but he totally defeated her army in the year 788. When Constantine had ar- rived at manhood, he refused to permit her to participate longer in the government, and actually reigned alone 7 years ; but the in- human and unnatural empress caused him to be deprived of his sight, and assumed the sovereignty. Her entrance into Constanti- nople on a triumphal car of gold and pre- cious stones, her liberality to the people, the freedom which she bestowed on all prisoners, and other artifices employed by her, were not sufiicient to secure her from the conse- quences of her criminal accession. Nicepho- rus, who was placed on the imperial throne, exiled her to the isle of Lesbos, where she died, in 80.3. IRETON, IIexry, a soldier, statesman, and regicide, was born at Atteuton, in Not- tinghamshire, in 1010 ; studied at Trinitv College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple"; and, on the breaking out of the rebellion, joined the parliamentarians, the left wing of whose army he commanded at the battle of Naseby. Having married a daughter of Oliver Cromwell, he soon rose to prefer- ments i sat in judgment upon the king, whom he had previously betrayed ; and was appointed commander-in-chief in Ire- land, where he died in 1651. His body was brought to England, and buried in Westminster Abbey till the Restoration, when it was taken up, suspended at the gal- lows, and then thrown into a pit with those of Cromwell and Bradshaw. IRVING, the Rev. Edward, M. A., a native of Annan, Scotland, was born in 1792. He received the first rudiments of classical education of the village school- master, which he completed at the imiver- sity of Edinburgh. When a mere child he is said to have been singular in his way of thinking, habits, and amusements ; and, before he had reached the 17th year of his age, he was recommended as a teacher of the mathematics, bj' Professor Leslie, to an academy at Haddington. That situation he left, in order to fill a similar one at Kirk- kaldy, where he remained 7 years, and during which time he became enamoured of Miss Isabella Martin, whom he afterwards married. In 1819 he went to Edinburgh, with a determination of becoming a preacher of the gospel ; and on Dr. Chalmers hear- ing him in the pulpit, he appointed him his assistant at St. John's Church, Glasgow. In 182.'J he was appointed to preach at the Caledonian Asylum, in Cross Street, Hat- ton Garden, and introduced to the public as the late assistant of Dr. Chalmers. The force, eloquence, and, it may be added, the novelty of style and manner of Mr. Irving, drew such large congregations to the Cale- donian Asylum, that those only were ad- mitted who could procure tickets — even for " standing room ; " while these were chiefly distributed among the noble, wealthy, and liberal of both sexes ; in short, it became "quite the fashion" to attend Mr. Irving, whose grotesque appearance, violent gesticu- lation, peculiar phraseology, and general attack upon all professors whose opinions were opposed to his own, had created so ardent a curiosity to hear him, that, from about 50 seats being previously occupied in the chapel, applications were made to the amount of 1500. He occasionally preached at different chapels for charities, bible socie- ties, &c. He published many of his sermons and opinions ; and on becoming acquainted with Mr. Drummond, joined " the prophets," as they were called, of Albury Park, the seat of the latter. These " prophets " were 20 or 30 persons assembled together at the above-named seat, for the express object of studying, or elucidating, "the sublime science of sacred prophecy," a<;counts of which were published in 1827. In the course of this and the following year the change in Mr. Irving's doctrines became evident to his former ad- mirers ; and in 1830 he was charged with " heresy " by the Scotch church in London. Proceedings of the presbytery were carried on against him ; and the judgment of that body being approved by the trustees of the National Scotch Church, which had been erected for him in Regent Square, he was dismissed therefrom, and afterwards deposed by the presbytery of Annan. With fanatics, generally, the greater the absurdity, the IRW] % ^clM aintbrr^itl 38i'05rajpljg. [isi stronger ia the attacliment to it ; and some of Mr. Irving's warmest friends resolved on providing him with a chapel, wherein he might preach uncontrolled. The picture- gallery of the late Mr. West, in Newman Street, waa fitted up for that purpose, and there the novelty of what he termed " ma- nifestations of the spirit," as evinced by the screams and ravings in " unknown tongues " of the deluded or the artful, ensured him full audiences. About this time he felt it necessary" to return to Scotland in the hope of recruiting his health ; but, on arriving at Glasgow, he rai)idly became wor.se, and he died on the 6th of December. 183J, with all the external symptoms of old age, though only in his 42nd year. ikWIN, Evi-Ks, was bom at Calcutta, of Irish parents, in 1748, and received his edu- cation in England. In 17(57 he returned to the east in a civil capacity ; but was sus- pended, in 1777, for his attachment to Lord Pigot ; on which he came to Europe over land to seek redress, obtained it, and was restored to his former station at Madras, whither he again repaired. In 178.') he returned again to England ; but in 1792 he went to China to superintend the Company's utfiiirs ; after which he revisited England, where he died in 1817. His works are " Adventures during a Voyage up the Red Sea, and a Journey across the Desert," "Eastern Eclogues," an "Epistle to Mr. Ilayley," " Ode on the Death of Hyder Ally," "An Inquiry into the Feasibility of Buonaparte's Expedition into the East," "Napoleon, or the Vanity of Human Wishes," &c. ISAAC, Karo, a rabbi, who was forced to quit Spain in consequence of the edict of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1499, which compelled the Jews to leave that country within 4 months, or become Christians. He first went to Portugal, and from tlience to Jerusalem, but was so unfortunate as to lose all his children on their journey, as I well as his library. He then passed the remainder of his life in solitude, occupying himself in writing a Commentary on the I Pentateuch. ! ISAACSON, He.vry, the author of a va- j luable system of chronology, was the son of Richard Isaacson, sheriff of London. Born, 1581 ; died, 1654. ISABELLA OF Castile, the celebrated queen of Spain, daughter of John II., was born in 1451, and married, in 14<J9, Ferdi- nand v., king of Arragon. After the death of her brother Henry IV., in 1474, she as- cended the throne of Castile, to the exclu- sion of her eldest sister Joanna, who had the rightful claim to the crown. After the kingdoms of Arragon and Castile were united, Ferdinand and Isabella together as- sumed the royal title of Spain. She was haughty and ambitious ; but with the graces and charms of her sex, Isabella united the courage of a hero, and the sagacity of a I statesman and legislator : she was always present at the transaction of state affairs, I and her name was placed beside that of her I husband in public ordinances. Private I warfare, which had formerly prevailed to I the destruction of public tranquillity, she 1^ checked, and introduced a vigorous admi- uistraticm of justice. Died, I'AH. IS^US, an Athenian orator, the pupil of Lysias and Isocrutes. He lived in the first half of the 4th century b. c, was wholly unconnected with public affairs, and de- voted himself to the task of instructing others. Eleven of his orations are still extant. ISCANUS, JosEPHUs, or Joseph op Exe- ter, was a distinguished writer of Latin poetry, who accomi)anied Richard Coeur de , l>ion to Palestine. He wag the author of an epic poem, entitled " Antioeheis," or the deeds of Richard which the poet had himself witnessed. This is unfortunately lost ; but another, on the Trojan war, is still extant. Warton styles Iscanus " the miracle of his age in classical composition." Died, 1224. ISELIN, Isaac, a German philosopher, and an ingenious writer, burn at Basle, in 1728, of the grand council of which city he became secretary in 17;j6. His principal work is entitled "The History of Mankind," 2 vols. 8vo. ; but many others came from his pen, and he carried on an extensive correspondence with the literati of his own and other countries. Dicl, 1782. ISEMBERT OK Xaintes, a French archi- tect of the twelfth century, whose skill in building the bridges of Xaintes and Rochelle induced John, king of England, to recom- mend him to the citizens of London, in 1201, OS an engineer, or architect, who might be useful to them in completing the bridge over the Thames then building. This structure (old London Bridge) has of late years been removed, and its place supplied by a noble erection, which, for architectural beauty and solid masonry, has never been equalled. The old bridge was commenced under the direc- tion of a priest called Peter of Colechurch in 1176, and it was finished in 1209, pro- bably by Isembert ; but the style in which it was executed says but little for the state of architectural science in England during the 12th century. ISIDORE OF Miletus, a Greek architect of the 6th century, who, together with Anthemius, was employed by the emperor Justinian to erect the church of St. Sophia, at Constantinople. It is now used as a mosque. ISIDORE OF Pelusium, a saint in the Romish calendar, and so called from his retiring to a solitude near the town which bears that name, was a celebrated disciple of St. Chrysostom, and flourished in the 5th century. He Mrote 3000 epistles on theological questions and ecclesiastical dis- ciidine. ISIDORE OF Seville, another Romish saint, was born at Carthagena, of which city his father was governor. Isidore suc- ceeded his brother in the bishopric of Seville in 601, and died in 636. His works are numerous, and among them is a chronicle, ending at the year 626. The editions of his Missal and Breviary are "very scarce. ISLA, JosKi'ii Francis de, a Spanish Jesuit, was born at Segovia, in 1714 : and after the expulsion of his order from Spain, retired to Italy, and died at Bologna, in ISO] ^ ^cfcD ?aiutici*^al 23i0graji!)i). [iTn 1783. His principal work, " The Life of Friar Gerund," is a bitter satire upon tlie absurdity, fanaticism, and ignorance of tlie monks, and upon tlie prevailing faults of pulpit eloquence. He possessed much of that kind of humour for which his country- man Cervantes is so justly famed, and was •well calculated to effect a reform in the manners of those whom he satirised, if, in- deed, the shafts of satire could possibly reach such a race of drones and bigots. ISOCRATES, one of the greatest orators of Greece, was born at Athens, b. c. 436, and was the son of a musical instrument-maker. His principal teachers were Gorgias, Pro- dicus, and Theramenes. On account of his weak voice and natural timidity, he took but little share himself in public speaking, but he applied himself with the greatest ardour to instruction in the art of eloquence, and preparing orations for others. He was particularly distinguished for a polished style and a harmonious construction of his sentences ; his subjects were the most im- portant points of morals and politics ; and it is recorded to his honour that he never, by writing or accusation, injured a single individual. He was warmly attached to the liberties of his country ; and such was his grief on hearing of the fatal battle of Che- ronaea, that he took no food for four days, and literally died of starvation, in the 98th year of his age. ITTIGIUS, Thomas, a Lutheran di\'ine and theological writer, born at Leipsic, in 1644. He became professor of philosophy at his native place, and afterwards licentiate and professor in divinity. Died, 1710. ITURBIDE, AnouSTiN, emperor of Mex- ico, was born at Valladolid. in New Spain, in 1784, and entered the military service at the age of 17. In 1810 he was a lieutenant in the provincial regiment of his native city, but his military skill and valour were con- spicuous, and led to his further promotion ; so that in 1816 he had risen to the command of the northern army, which occupied the provinces of Guanaxuato and Valladolid. About this time he was suspected and ac- cused of want of fidelity to tlie royal cause ; but though acquitted of the imputation, the disgust wliich he felt in consequence of this charge led liim to retire for a while from active service. Subsequent events opened a new career for his ambition. He was invited to take the command of an army destined to the South, and he marched to Acapulco, in the latter part of 1819. There he matured a plan, the professed object of which was the emancipation of Mexico from t'le yoke of Spain, the inde- pendence of the country, tlie protection of religion, and the union of the Spaniards and Mexicans. On the strength of this plan Iturbide continued his march to Qiieretaro, and was soon joined by Victoria, the most devoted of the friends of liberty. Tlie road to power was now entirely open before Itur- bide. He took possession of the capital in the name of the nation, and established a regency, consisting of members nominated by himself, and wholly under his control. Finding that the republicans saw through his intentions, and were opposed to his do- mination, he resolved to preserve his autho- rity by boldly usurping the crown ; and accordingly, through the subserviency of his troops, and the concurrence of a portion of the deputies, he was proclaimed emperor, May 18. 1822. It was decreed that the crown should be hereditary in the family of Itur- bide, and that a million and a half of dollars should be his yearly allowance ; at the same time conferring the title of princes on his sons, and establishing an order of knight- hood and other accessories of a monarchy. The friends of liberal institutions, overawed and held at bay by the power of the usurper, fled to their wonted retreats, or temporised until a fitting season should arrive for acting with union and efiiciency. But they could not acquiesce in a state of things so adverse to their feelings. Iturbide was driven by his necessities to exasperate the minds of the people, already disgusted with successive usurpations. Defection now became general among the officers of the aimy, and in all the provinces, so that Iturbide saw plainly that his cause was liopeless, and hastily assembled at Mexico the dispersed members of Congress, and tendered to them his abdi- cation of the crown, March 20. 1823. Con- gress agreed to grant Iturbide a large yearly pension, on condition of his leaving the Mexican territory for ever, and residing somewhere in Italy, making suitable provi- | sion for his family in case of his deatli. He proceeded to the coast, imder escort of Gene- ral Bravo, and embarked. May 11. 1823, for Leghorn. He might have continued to live happily in one of the charming villas of Tuscany, had he not been impelled by an insane ambition to attempt the recovery of his lost empire. With this object he left Italy for England, and embarked for Mex- ico, May 11. 1824, precisely a year after his departure from it, and arrived in sight of the port of Soto la Marina, July 14. During the year that had elapsed, the Mexicans had adopted a republican constitution, and Itur- bide had no party nor friends in the nation. The government had been apprised of his leaving Italy, and suspected his design. A decree was passed, bearing date April 28. 1824, declaring him to be proscribed as a traitor, and requiring that, in case he landed in the country, the mere fact should render him a public enemy. Wholly deceived in regard to the fate which awaited him, Itur- bide landed at Soto la Marina, accompanied only by Beneski, his secretary, and was almost immediately arrested by order of La Garza, commander of the province of New Santander, to whom he had applied for pass- ports, pretending that they were for persons who had visited Mexico on a mining specu- lation. La Garza lost no time in conducting his prisoner to Padilla, the capital of the province, demanding instructions how to act, of the provincial legislature. His fate was but for a short time delayed ; sentence of immediate death was pronounced ; and while preparations for executing the sen- tence were making, Iturbide addressed the assembled people, protesting his innocence of any treasonable purpose, and exhorting them to observe the duties of patriotism, religion, and civil subordination. He is iva3' ^ ^elu ^nihtxSnX 33i00rapi^i?. [JAC allowed to have possessed great military talents, and considerable strength of cha- racter ; and had he been led to use his I influence in the establishment of a free | government, he might tiave realised the | expectations of those who gave him credit \ tor intending to follow the example of Washington, He was shot, July 19. 1824. rVANOF, Feodor Feodokovitscu, a Russian dramatist, was born in 1777. He first served in the army, from which he was removed to the commissariat department ; was the author of several comedies, and a tragedy called •' Martha, or the Conquest of Novogorod." Died, 181G. IVKS, John, an English antiquary, was born at Yarmouth, in ITvil. lie became Suffolk herald extraordinary, and pub- lished three numbers of select papers on subjects of English antiquities ; also " Re- marks on the Garianouum of the Romans," " Remarks on English Coins," &c. Died, 1776. IVETAUX, Nicholas "Vauqelix, Seig- neur d', a French poet and man of letters, born in 1551). lie succeeded his father as lieutenant-governor of Caen, in Normandy ; but being of a gay disposition he quitted it for the metropolis, and was selected by the "Fair Gabrielle" to till the situation of tutor to her son, the young duke of Ven- dome. He afterwards became tutor to the dauphin, but his licentious course of life occasioned his dismissal. He, however, re- ceived a pension, and lived till he was 90 years of age. He wrote a clever poem, en- titled " Institution d'un Prince," and a variety of other pieces. Died, 1C49. IZAACKE, Richard, author of "The Antiquities, or Memorials of the City of Exeter," was born there, tilled the offices of town clerk and chamberlain, and died in 17()0. IZIOCAI.T II., the fourth king of Mexico, ascended the throne in 1433, and died in 1445. During his reign all the warlike na- tions on the borders of the lake of Mexico were reduced to subjection. He also con- quered the Tepencans, fortified and embel- lished his capital, formed a body of laws for his subjects, and may be regarded as the real founder of the Mexican empire. JABLONOWSKY, Joseph Alexander VON, a Polish prince, born in 1712. Pre- ferring a life of literary ease, he resigned his dignity when tlie troubles broke out in his country, and Ment to live at Leipsic, where he distinguished himself as the patron of science, founded a society, called by his name, which still exists. He wrote "The Lives of Twelve Generals," a " Treatise on Sclavonic Poetry," and other works. Died, 1777. JABLONSKI, Daniel Ernest, a native of Dantzic, born in ICCO, who, after study- ing at several universities, among which was Oxford, eventually became an ecclesiastical counsellor at Berlin and president of the academy. He was an able divine, and la- boured earnestly, though without success, in endeavouring to promote a union between the Lutherans and Caivinists. He wrote several theological works, and translated Bentley's " Boy lean Lectures" into Latin. Died, 1741. JABLONSKI, Theodore, brother of the preceding, was born at Dantzic in 1(5.54, and became counsellor to the king of Prussia. He cultivated a taste for pliilosophy and general literature with great success, and was the author of a " Course of Ethics," and several other works of merit. Died, 1731. JABLONSKI, Paul Ernest, nephew to the preceding, and son of Daniel Ernest, was the author of a very erudite treatise on the mythology of ancient Egypt, in 3 vols., and other able works, theological and antiquarian. Died, 17.57. JACKSON, General Andrew, president of the United States from 1829 to 1837, was bom in South Carolina, 17C7. His father was an Irish emigrant. At the oge of IC he took part in the war of independence ; at the close of which he became a law student, and was thus enabled to discharge efl^ciently some high legal offices in Tennessee, to which he was subsequently appointed. On the breaking out of the war with England in 1812, he took vigorous measures for the defence of the menaced territory ; in 1814 he was ap- pointed major-general; and, among other ex- ploits, which raised him to the highest point of popularity, he gained the decisive victory over the English, Jan. 8. 1815, at New Orleans, which put an end to the war. The same success attended his arms against the Creek tribes, whom lie repeatedly subdued. In 1821, lie was appointed governor of Florida; and his gallant deeds being still fresh in his countryman's recollection, he was brought forward by the democratic party as a candi- date for the presidency, elected in 1829, and re-elected in 18;i3. His period of otKce is chiefly remarkable for the extension of democratic tendencies which took place during it. He obtained from France the payment of an indemnity of 2.5 millions of francs for injuries done to the commerce of the United States during the empire. His refusal to renew the hank charter, in 183.3, led to one of the most violent financial crises on record. General Juckson was endowed with inflexible will and an ardent patriotism; but he brought with him to power the pas- sions of a partisan, and he did not always respect legality, as his treatment of Ar- buthnot and Ambrister, during the war with Florida, will show. Died, 1845. JACKSON, Dr. Cvkil, an eminent divine, Q Q 2 JAC] ^ ^e1\) SlntiJcr^aX 3SicsrapT)i?. [jAC was born in 174G. at Stamford, where his father was a medical practitioner. He be- came sub-preceptor to George IV. wiien prince of Wales, for which he was made canon of Christcliurch, and on the elevation of Dr. Bagot to a bishopric, Jie succeeded him in the deanery, which he resigned in 1809. Dr. Jackson was an excellent gover- nor of his college and an elegant scholar, but he as studiously avoided the press as he did the mitre, though the primacy of Ireland was offered him, as well as an English bishopric. Died, 1819. JACKSON, Dr. William, bishop of Ox- ford, was a brother of the preceding, and born at Stamford, in 1750. He became a prebendary of York, rcgius professor of Greek at Oxford, preacher to the society of Lincoln's Inn, canon of Christcliurch, and, in 1811, bishop of Oxford. He translated a tract on the Sieve of Eratosthenes into Latin, published some sermons, and was a sound mathematician. Died, 1815. JACKSON, Joiix, a learned Hebraist and controversial writer, was born at Lensy, in Yorkshire, in 168(5. The corporation of Doncaster gave him the living of Rossing- ton, but the pertinacity with which he sup- ported his Arian principles prevented his farther rise in the church. He was the au- thor of " Chronological Antiquities ; " and left behind him the character of a learned and sincere writer, though strongly tinc- tured with the faults of a violent polemic. Died, 1763. JACKSON, Joiijr, an eminent English portrait painter, was born at Lastingliam, in Yorkshire, in 1778, and apprenticed to his father, who was a tailor; but discover- ing a decided talent for the art in wliich he afterwards excelled, his abilities procured him the protection of Sir George Beaumont, through whose means he removed to Lon- don, and studied at the Royal Academy. At the time he entered the great theatre of art, Lawrence, Opie, Beechey, and other eminent masters, pre-occupied tlie particu- lar branch he had chosen, and for a time he contented himself with painting portraits in water-colours, in which he was very suc- cessful. He was, however, determined to take a high stand, if possible, as a portrait painter in oil ; and the tact with which he copied the works of the old masters sur- prised his contemporaries. He was elected royal academician in 1817 ; and when, in 1819, he travelled through Italy, and visited Borne with Mr. Chantrey, he was chosen a member of the Academy of St. Luke. Jack- son " had an uncommon readiness and skill of hand, a rapid felicity of finish, which enabled him to dash off, at a few sittings, whatever he undertook ; his colouring was deep, clear, and splendid ; and in this he more resembled Reynolds than any artist since his day." Died, 1831. JACKSON, RoBEKT, M. D., was an in- spector of military hospitals, and many years chief of the medical department of the army in the West Indies. He served as a regi- 1 mental surgeon in North America in 1778, j and on returning to England he settled as a physician at Stockton. On liostilities with j France taking place in 1793, he again engaged 44» in the army service, and was employed for many years on tlie Continent and in the West Indies. Among his works are a treatise "On the Fevers of Jamaica, with Observ- ations on tlic Intermittents of America," " Remarks on the Constitution of the Me- dical Department of the British Army," &c. He died at Thursby, near Carlisle, in 1827. JACKSON, Thomas, dean of Peterbo- rough, a learned divine of the 17th century, was a native of the county of Durham ; born in 1579, and died in 1640. He wrote many excellent devotional tracts, but his principal work consists of a " Commentary on the Apostles' Creed," a performance com- bining great learning and research. JACKSON, William, a musical com- poser and author, was born in 1730, at Exeter, and received the rudiments of a classical education, with a view to his fol- lowing one of the liberal professions. His taste for music displayed itself, however, so decidedly while he was j-et a youth, that his friends were induced to place him under Travers, the organist of the cathedral be- longing to his native city. Having passed two years in the metropolis, he returned to Exeter in 1750, and, succeeding eventually to the situation of organist, there passed the remainder of his life. He published several books of songs, canzonets, hymns, and sonatas of his composition, which are still held in esteem for their chasteness of conception and truth of expression : he was also the author of a treatise " On the present State of Music," " The Four Ages," &c. Mr. Jackson was likewise a landscape painter of no mean powers. Died, 1804. JACKSON, William, a Protestant cler- gyman, by birth an Irishman, who earned a disgraceful notoriety by carrying on a treasonable correspondence with the French in 1704, and recommended the invasion of Ireland. Being convicted of this offence, and while his counsel were about to move for an arrest of judgment, he expired in court, and on examination it appeared he had taken poison. JACOB, Ben Hajim, a rabbi of the IGth century, who published the Masora at Venice, in 1.525, in 4 vols, folio, with the text of the Bible, the Chaldee Paraphrase, and the Rabbinical Commentaries. This work is greatly esteemed by the Jews. JACOB, Ben Naphthali, a learned Jew, of the 5th century. The invention of the Masoretic points and accents is inscribed to him and Ben Aser. JACOB, Giles, an industrious English lawyer, who published, among a great variety of works, a " Law Dictionary " and the "Lives and Characters of English Poets." He died in 1744, aged 54. JACOB, Henry, pastor of the first con- gregation of Independents in England, was a native of Kent. After graduating at Ox- ford, he was preferred to the benefice of Cheriton, near Hythe ; but having published a polemical tract, in which he avowed lus sepai ation from the church on conscientious grounds, he found it necessary to withdraw from England for a time. He at length. JAC] ^ ^eta Winibcvinl 2>t0(irap|)p. [JAH however, returned, and established a separate congregation on independent principles ; but in l(i24 he went to America, and there died. — His aon, of the same name, studied under Erpcnlus at Leyden, and was distinguished for his knowledge in oriental literature. He afterwards obtained a fellowship at Merton College, Oxford, and graduated both in arts and plj:j'sic ; but he was ejected from his fellowship by the parliamentary commis- siouers, and died at Canterbury, in 1652. He wrote many learned works. JACOB, John (noticed here as an instance of longevity), was a native of Franche Comti?, Who, having attained the age of 120, waa I sold hj" his grand-daughter to a mountebank i for 100 crowns. Dragged from town to town, and exhibited as a public show, the old man sunk under the fatigue, and sliortly after died, 17!K). JACOUI, Jonrt GsonoE, a German poet, was born in 1740, at Dusseldorf t studied at Gottingen ; Was professor of philosophy and eloqtience at Halle \ atnl, Bubsequently, of the belles lettres at Frlburg, Mliich he re- tained during hi* life. The style of Jacobi was formed on that of the ligliter French poetfl, and possesses much case and gaiety. Died, 1814. JACOBS, FitEDEnic, a celebrated philolo- gical writer, was born at Gothar, in Saxony, in l'G4. In 178o lie became a tcaclier in the gymnasium of his native city, where he published a number of excellent works, of which, independent of those of a critical or philological character, may be noticed liis " School for Women," 7 vols., and " Tales," 5 vols. Died, 1847. JACOBS, Jt-KiEjr, was a native of Swit- zerland, born in 1610. He studied under Snydets, and is celebrated for the fidelity and «pirit with whicli he painted the animals in his hunting pieces. JACOBS, liUCAS, commonly called Lucas VAX Leydex, was born at Leyden, in 1494. He studied under his father, Hugh Jacobs, and next under Cornelius Engelbrecht. Many of his pictures in oil and distemper are to be found on tlie Continent ; but he is now best known by his engravings. Died, 1533. JACOPONE, Da Todi, so called on ac- count of his birthplace, was an Italian poet, whose real name was Jacopo de Benedetti. On being left a widower he distributed his property among the poor, and entered into the orcler of Minorites as a servitor. He composed Sacred Canticles, Latin poems, and the famous " Stabat Mater," since so celebrated by the compositions of Ilaydn, Pergoiesi, &c. Died, 130(5. JACOTOT, Jean Joseph, originally a captain of artillery in Napoleon's army, and subsequently sub -director of the Polytechnic School, was deprived of his office at the re- storation for having been a member of the chamber during the "hundred days." Re- tiring to Belgium, he there conceived and put into partial practice a new system of education, on the principle that all intelli- gences are equal, the only difference between man and man being the result of circum- stances more than of nature. He has left several works upon the subject, interesting 449 for ingenuitj', if not for correctness. Born, 1770 ; died, 1840. J ACQUARD, Joseph MARiK,the inventor of the beautiful apparatus for figured weav- ing which bears his name, was born at Lyons, 1752. At an earlv age he displayed a taste for mechanics, whicli distinguished him through life ; and whether in book- binding, type founding, or cutlery— all of which lie tried in his youth — he showed a strong aptitude for improvement. On his father's death, he attempted to carry on the weaving business, which he inherited from him, but with little success ; and soon after- wards, during the troubles of the French revolution, he lost his little all, having been comijelled to flee from Lyons after its re- duction b}' the army of the Convention. He then joined the army of the Rhine ; but having seen his son fall in battle by his side, he once more returned to Lyons, where he was obliged to earn a precarious sustenance in the humble occupation of plaiting straw. But a new era was now in store for him. In 1801 he submitted to the "National Ex- position " his celebrated machine, which forms a memorable epoch in the textile art ; and its merits being at once acknowledged and rcMarded, he was soon afterwards em- jdoyed by Napoleon in the " Conservatoire des Arts et dcs Metiers," at Paris, where he introduced some ingenious improvements in tlie models and machinery there in use. On his return to Lyons, he had to struggle against much opposition and prejudice on the part of the weavers ; but he outlived it all, and long before his death he had the satisfaction of seeing his machinery intro- duced into every European and xVmerican manufactory ; and so far from diminishing employment, as some feared on its first in- troduction, it has increased the number of workmen in the operations to which it is applied tenfold. Died, 1834. JACQUELOT, Isaac, a learned French Protestant, was the son of a minister at Vassy. lie wrote " Dissertations on the Existence of God," and " On the Messiah," a " Treatise on the Inspiration of the Scrip- tures," &c. Born, 1647 ; died, 1708. JACQUIN, Nicholas Joseph, a cele- brated botanist, was born, in 1727, at Ley- den, and studied medicine at Antwerp and Louvain. Being induced by his country- man, Van Swieten, to visit Vienna, the emperor Francis I. sent him to the West Indies to collect plants for the botanical gardens of Vienna and Schoenbrunn ; and after an absence of six years, he returned with a superb collection. Two years after appeared his catalogue of plants growing in the neighbourhood of Vienna ; and in 1773 a magnificent work, entitled " Florae Austriacoe," with .OOO coloured engravings. He was appointed to various offices, created a baron in 1806, and died in 1817. J AGO, Richard, one of the minor Eng- lish poets in the last century, was born at Beaudesert, in Warwickshire, in 1715, and in 1771 presented to tlie rectory of Kimcote, in liCiccstershii-e. His principal poem is entitled " E<lge Hill." Died, 1781. JAirf^, JoHX, a learned orientalist, who after having been professor of biblical ar- Q Q 3 Jaij ^ l^ciD Hui&risfal 3Siosra)jl^2). [jam chjBology and theology in the university of Vienna, obtained the chair of oriental literature, which, in 1806, he was obliged to relinquish on account of his heterodoxy. He published a " Hebrew Bible," 4 vols. ; "Biblical Archaeology," 3 vols.; "Enchi- ridion Hermeneuticaj generalis Tabularum veteris et novi Foederis," &c. ; and his works on the pliilology of the sacred writings are said to be the most valuable extaut. Died, 1817. JAILLOT, Alexis Hubert, geographer to the king of France, was at first a sculp- tor, but on marrying the daughter of a map-colourer, he turned his attention to geography. He engraved many of the maps of the Sansons, and died ill 1780. His work, entitled " Recherches critiques, his- toriques, et topographiques siir la Ville de Paris," 5 vols. 8vo., is a curious book. JAMBLICHUS, a philosopher who flou- rished at the beginning of the 4th century, and was a native of Chaluis in Coclo- syria. He was the disciple of Anatolius and Porphyry, from whom he learnt the mysteries of the Plotinian system of philo- sophy, which he taught with great reputa- tion. Among the philosopliical works of Jamblichus now extant are, "The I^ifc of Pythagoras," " An Exhortation to the Study of Pliilosophy," and a " Treatise on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians." JAMES I., king of Scotland, of the house of Stuart, born in 1394, was the sou of Ko- bert III. In 1405 he was taken by the Eng- lish on his passage to France, and kept in confinement 18 years. In 1424 he obtained his liberty, and severely punished those who had governed his country in his absence ; for which, and some strong measures which he took to curb a lawless nobility, he fell a victim to assassins, who gained admission to his apartment, and murdered Iiim in his bed, in 14:37- JAMES v., of Scotland, succeeded, in 1513, at the death of his father, James IV., though only 18 months old. At the age of 17 he assumed the government, and assisted Fran- cis I. of France against Charles V.,for which that prince gave him his daughter Margaret in marriage. On her decease he mairied Mary of Lorraine, daugliter of Claude, duke of Guise. James died in 1545, leaving his crown to Mary Stuart, his infant daughter, then only 8 days old. JAMES I. of England, and VI. of Scot- land, was the son of Mary, queen of Scot- land, by Henry Stuart, lord Darnley, and was born in 1566. In the following year, queen Mary being forced to resign the crown, he was solemnly crowned at Stir- ling, and all public acts ran in liis name. When it became apparent tliat the life of his mother was in danger from queen Eliz- abeth, he wrote a menacing letter to her, appealed to other courts for assistance, and assembled his nobles, who promised to pre- vent or revenge that queen's injustice. Tlie dreaded catastrophe, however, took place ; and though he prepared for hostilities, the inadequacy of his resources prevented him from engaging in actual war. In 1603, on the death of Elizabeth, James succeeded to the crown of England, and proceeded to London. Although James had behaved with great lenity to the Roman Catholics in Scotland, those in England were so disap- pointed in their expectations of favour, that, in the year after his accession, it was devised by some of their most desperate adherents, to destroy the king, the prince, and parlia- ment, by means of the celebrated gunpowder plot. In 1606 he established episcopacy in Scotland, and made peace with Spain. In 1612 his son. Prince Henry, by Anne of Denmark, died, and the same year his daugliter was married to Frederic, the elec- tor palatine. One of the greatest blots of his reign was the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. The close of the life of James was marked by violent contests with his parlia- ment, which prepared dreadful consequences for his successor ; and his reign, although not unprosperous to his subjects, was in- glorious in cliaracter. He received during his lifetime a deal of adulation for his literary abilities ; but though he was the author of some few books, they display more pedantry than learning. lie died in 1625, aged 58. JAMES II., king of England, second son of Charles I. and of Henrietta of France, was born in 1633, and immediately declared Duke of York. After the capture of Oxford by the parliamentary army, he escaped, and was conducted to his sister, the Princess of Orange. At that time he was 15 years of age. He soon after joined his mother at Paris, and, when he had readied his 20th year, served in the French army under Turenne, and subsequently entered the Spanish array in Flanders, under Don John of Austria and the Prince of Cond^. At the Restoration he returned to England, and married secretly Anne Hyde, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon, by whom he had two daughters, who afterwards became queens of England, viz. Mary and Anne. In the Dutch war, he signalised himself as com- mander of the English fleet, and showed great skill and bravery. On the death of Charles II., in 1685, the duke succeeded, under the title of James II., and, from the time of his ascending the throne, seems to have acted with a steady determination to render himself absolute, and to restore the Roman Catholic religion. After disgusting the great majority of his subjects, by attend- ing mass with all the ensigns of his dignity, he proceeded to levy the customs and excise without the authority of parliament. He even sent an agent to Rome, to pave the way for a solemn re-admission of England into the bosom of that church, and received advice on the score of moderation from the pope himself. By virtue of his assumed dis- pensing power, he rendered tests of no avail, and filled his army and council with Roman Catholics ; while by a declaration in favour of liberty of conscience, he also sought to gain the favour of the dissenters, who were, however, too conscious of his ultimate object to be deluded by this show of liberality. Thus he proceeded by every direct and in- direct attack to overthrow the established church ; but these innovations, in regard both to the religion and government, gra- jam] ^ ^eto ^am'tjcr^al 28t0QrapIji). [jAN dually united opposing interests, and a large body of the nobility and gentry concurred in an application to the Prince of Orange, who had been secretly preparing a fleet and an army for the invasion of tlie country. James, who was long kept in ignorance of these transactions, when informed of them by his minister at the Hague, was struck with terror equal to his former infatuation ; and immediately repealing all his obnoxious acts, he practised every method to gain po- pularity. All contidence was, however, de- stroyed between the king and the people. William arrived with his fleet in Torbaj*, Nov. 4th, lt>88 ; and being speedily joined by several men of rank, his ranks swelled, while the army of James began to desert by entire regiments. Incapable of any vigorous resolution, and finding" his overtures of ac- commodation disregarded, James resolved to quit the country. He repaired to St. Ger- mains, where he was received with great kindness and hospitality by Louis XIV. In the mean time, the throne of Great Britain was declared to be abdicated : and William and his consort Mary (the daughter of James) were unanimously called to fill It conjointly. Assisted by Ijouis XIV., James was enabled, in March, UUi'J, to make an attempt for the recovery of Ireland. The battle of Boyne, fought June, IdKO, com- pelled him to return to France. All suc- ceeding projects for his restoration proved equally abortive, and he spent the last years of his life in acts of ascetic devotion, dying at St. Germains, Sept. 10. 1701, aged 08. To sum up the character of James in a few words, we may truly say, that his prejudices were strong, his understanding narrow, and his temper cold and ungenerous. JAMES DE VITUI, a cardinal in the 13th century, was born at Vitry, near Paris. lie attended the crusades, and was made bishop of Ptolemais ; after which Gregory IX. raised him to the purple, and employed him as legate. He wrote an " Eastern and Western History," and died in 1244. JAMES, John Thomas, D.D., bishop of Calcutta, born in 1786 ; was educated at Rugby School, and the Charterhouse ; and, in 1804, entered at Christchurch College, Oxford, where he took his degrees, and for a time acted as a college tutor. In 1813 he left the university to make the tour of the north of Europe wit'h Sir James Riddell, and on his return published an account of his travels, with illustrative sketches of scenerj', en- graved and coloured by himself. In 1816 he visited Italy, to study the works of art in that country ; and the result of his observa- tions appeared in an account of the Italian school of paiuting, whicli was followed by another on the 1 rencli, Dutch, and German schools. Soon after his return from Italy he entered into holy orders ; and in 182<i he published a tract, entitled " The Semi- Sceptic, or the Common Sense of Religion considered." At this time he only held the small vicarage of Flitton, in Bedfordshire ; but on the death of Bishop Heber he was raised to the see of Calcutta, received the degree of D.D., and embarked for India in 1827. The insalubrity of the climate, and the fatigues of lus episcopal duties, however, proved too much for his constitution, and he died in 1821). JAMES, Robert, an English physician, was born at Kinverstone, in Stallord^hire, in 1703. In 1743 he published his " Medical Dictionary," in 3 vols, folio, in which he was assisted by Dr. Johnson, who was his early friend. He also wrote the "Practice of Physic," 2 vols. ; an excellent " Com- mentary on the Pentateuch," &c. ; but he is best known by a valuable antimouial pre- paration, universally celebrated under the name of James's powder. Died, 1776. JAMES, Thomas, a learned divine, was born at St. Neot's in Huntingdonshire, and educated at Eton. In 1770 he became master of Rugby School, but resigned in 1793. For his great s-ervices he was preferred to a pre- bend in Worcester cathedral, and the living of Harrington in the same county. Died, 1804. JAMES, Thomas, an English navigator, in the 17th century, who, in 1031 and 1632, attempted to discover a north-west passage. He wintered on Charleton Island, in Hud- son's Bay, and next summer proceeded on his voyage, but was unable to penetrate farther titan 05 degrees and a half north. He made some discoveries on the coast of Hudson's Bay ; to the country on the western side of which he gave the name of New South Wales. On his return to England he pub- lished an account of his expedition, entitled '• The strange and dangerous Voya^'c of Cai>tain Thomas James, for the Discovery of a North-west Passage to the South Sea." JAMES, William, tlie author of a valu- able national work, entitled "The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declara- tion of War by France, in 1793, to the Acces- sion of George IV.," &c. Every accessible source of authentic information was made use of by Mr. James in writing this history ; and Ixis industry and research deserve the liighest praise. Died, 1827. JAMES, William, a land agent and sur- veyor, was a native of Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire. He was the original pro- jector of the Manchester and Liverpool rail- way ; and may in some respects be regarded as the father of the railway system, having surveyed numerous lines at his own expense, and been an active promoter of these under- takings, at a time when they were considered to be mere sjjeculative innovalions. Died, aged 60, at Bodmin, Cornwall, March 11. 1837. JAMESON, Geoi'.oe, an eminent painter, justly termed the Vandyke of Scotland, was born at Aberdeen in 1586, and died in 1044. JAMIESON, Rev. John, D. D., a theo- logical writer and philologist, was tJie mi- nister to a congregration of seceders from the Scotch Church at Edinburgh. His chief works are, an " Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language," 2 vols. 4to. ; " A Vindication of the Doctrine of Scripture," 2 vols. 8vo. J " The Use of Sacred History," 2 vols. 8vo. ; " An Historical Account of the Ancient Culdees of lona," two poems ; " The Sorrows of Slavery," and "Eternity;" be- sides various sermons, &c. lie died, aged 80, July, 1838. JANE WAY, James, a Nonconformist di- 451 jan] ^ 0£io Wini^tr^:il ^StasrajiTji?. [jATJ vine, was born in Hertfordshire, and edu- cated at CJiristehurch College, Oxford. j Being deprived after the Kestoration, he I opened a meeting-liouse at Kotherhithe, i when the net of indulgence was passed, and i'died there in 1G74. Among his works arc, I " Heaven upon Earth," " A Token for 1 Children," which has gone through nunie- I rous editions ; " The Saint's Encouragement j to Diligence," and " A Legacy to my ' Friends." j JANICON, Fran-CIS Michakl, a French j Protestant writer, was born at Paris, in 1(574, I and died at the Hague in 1730. His articles j in the Dutch gazettes discovered him to j possess great political knowledge. He was i also the author of " The present State of the j Republic of tlie United Provinces and their ! Dependencies," 2 vols. JANSEN, or JANSENIUS, ConxELiUs, D. D., bishop of Ypres, and professor of divinity in the universities of Louvain and Douay, was one of the most learned divines of the 17th century, and founder of the sect of Jansenists. He was born in 1585, at Akay, near Leerdam, in Holland; and studied at Louvain. Being sent into Spain to transact some business of consequence relating to the university, the Catholic king, viewing with J a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, engaged with him to write a book against the French, for having formed an alliance I with Protestant states ; and rewarded him ; for it with the see of Ypres, in lo35. He had, I among other writings before this, maintained j a controversy against the Protestants upon ; the subject of grace and predestination ; but i his " Augustinus," respecting which a furious ' and almost interminable contest arose, was I the principal labour of his life. Died, 1C38. I JANSENIUS, CoENELius, bishop of i Ghent, was born at Hiilst, in Flanders, in I 1510. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent by his learning and mo- I desty. He wrote a " Harmony of the Gos- ' pels," and other works ; and died at Ghent, in 157fi. I JANSSENS, Adraiiam, an historical j painter, was born at Antwerp, in 1569. He i was contemporary with Rubens, and, in ; many of the finest parts of the art, was ac- I counted not inferior to him. I JANSSENS, CoKSELius, called also John- ' SON, an eminent portrait painter, M-as born at Amsterdam. He resided in England se- 1 veral years, and was engaged in the service I of king James I. His paintings are easily I distinguished by their smooth, clear, and ' delicate tints, and by a strong character of j truth and nature. His fame began to be j obscured on the arrival of Vandyke in Eng- I land ; and the civil war breaking out some 1 time after, he returned to his own countrv, i where his paintings were in the highest es- i teem. Died, 1C85. JANSSENS, Victor Hostorius, a cele- I brated historical painter, was born at Brus- i eels, in 1064. He associated with Tempesta, the celebrated landscape painter, for several j years, and painted the figures in the works of that great master as long as they resided I together. For small historical pictures, he j was preferable to all the painters of his time. JARCHI, Sox-OMON Ben Isaac, a learned rabbi, born at Troyes, in 1104 1 travelled over a considerable portion of Europe and Asia ; and, on his return to France, wrote Annotations on various parts of the Bible, and also on the Talmud, which were thought so highly of, that he was universally called " tlie prince of commentators." Died, 1180. JARDINE, Geouoe, professor of logic in the university of Glasgow, was born in 1743. Having pursued his studies with great successj lie was, in 1774, appointed to the professorial chair ; and such were the im- provements he introduced into the mode of public teaching, that his class was rendered a model of academical instruction. Died, 1827. JARDINS, Mary Catiikrine des, an ingenious but profligate Frenchwoman, born at AleuQon, in Normandy, in 1C40. Being obliged to quit her native place, in conse- quence of an intrigue, she went to Paris, where for a while she trusted to her lite^ rary talents for support, and wrote many novels and dramas j her private character, at the same time, coutiuuiug most excep- tionable. Died, 1683. JARDYN, Karel tiu, a celebrated pain- ter of landscapes and animals, was born at Amsterdam, in 1C40. He studied in Italy, where he acquired great reputation, and died at Venice in 1G78. JARNOWICK, or GIORNOVICHI, Oio- vanna Maxe, a celebrated violinist, waa born at Palermo in 1745, and was the most accomplished pupil of Lulli. For several years he resided in Paris, and was considered at the head of his profession ; he afterwards- came to England, where he was very popu- lar ; but on being invited to settle at Peters- burg, he went thither, where he died in 1804, He was as eccentric and irritable as he was clever, and numerous singular anecdotes are recorded of him. JARS, Francis de Rociiechouart, Che- valier de, a French officer, whose boldness and fortitude deserve to be recorded, was a knight of Malta, and commander of Lagny le Sec. He was arrested and confined in the Bastile, at the time of the prosecution of Chateauneuf, keeper of the seals, in 1633, for the object of procuring evidence from him relative to the designs of Chateauneuf and others ; and after eleven months' close confinement, during which he was examined 24 times, without inculpating his friends, he was sent to Troyes, and there tried and con- demned. He mounted the scafibld, but a reprieve was announced while his head lay on the block ; upon which he was conveyed back to prison, where he continued for some time in a state of insensibility. JAIiVIS, John, an artist, distinguished by his paintings on glass, was born in Dublin, in 1749 ; and after practising his art in that city, removed to London, where he obtained great reputation. His most celebrated performance is the west window tf New College, Oxford, from the design of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Died, 1804. JAUCOURT, the Chevalier Louis tie, member of tlie Royal Society of Londim, and of tiie academies of Berlin and Stockholm, was born in 1704. He devoted himself en- tirely to literary pursuits, and died at i jay] ^ ^t&j ?ffuitjcr^al 3Siosr«P?)l'. [JEF Compeigne in 1780. He furnished the En- cyclopedie Fraii^oise witli many valuable articles, and conducted the "liibliotlu'que Raisonni'e." He also assisted in publishing the " Musaeum Sebaeanum," 4 vols, folio, and composed a " Lexicon Medicum Uni- versale," the MS. of which, in 6 vols, fol., was lost on board of a ship which fo«ndered on her passage to Amsterdam. JAY, John, an eminent American jurist and statesman, was born at Mew York in 1745. After studying at Columbia (then King's) College, he was admitted to the bar, and in 1774 waa chosen a delegate to the first American congress, at Philadelphia. In 177(5 he was chosen president of the congress; in 1777 lie was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of New York ; and in the following year he was appointed chief-justice of that state. He was next sent as minister plenipotentiary to Spain ; and in 17H'2 he was appointed one ot the com- missioners to negotiate a peace with Great Britain. The detluitive treaty having been signed in September, ITtKJ, he returned to the United States ; and in 1784 he was sent as envoy extraordinary to Great Britain, and concluded the treaty which has been called after his name. In 1795 he was elected governor of his native state : this post he continued to occupy till 1801, when he declined a re-election, as well as a re- appointment to the office of chief-justice of the United States, and passed the remainder of his days in retirement. Died, 181^9. JAUKEGUI Y AGUILAli, JoHK, a Spanish poet of considerable genius, and who also excelled in painting. He was born at Toledo, in 156(5, and died in ICK). JEAURAT, Sebastian, a French mathe- matician, was born at Paris in 1704, and died in 1803. He founded the observatory at the military school, and wrote a " Trea- tise on Perspective," "New Tables of Ju- piter," &c. JEBB, John, a divine and physician, was the son of Dr. John Jebb, dean of Casliel, and born in London in 173(5. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and Peter House, Cambridge ; obtained church preferment, which, however, he resigned, and then com- menced practice as a physician, in which he was very successful. He was a violent par- tisan in whatever he engaged ; and, though conscientious in his religious opinions, their peculiar complexion, and the freedom with which he indulged in the political squabbles of the day, obstructed his professional pro- gress. He was a fellow of the Koyal So- ciety, and a contributor to the Philosophi- cal Transactions ; and his works, theologi- cal, political, and medical, form 3 vols. Died, 178(5. JEBB, Dr. Samuei,, an eminent physician and classical scholar, was a native of Not- tingham. He studied at Cambridge ; and, adopting the principles of the nonjurors, became librarian to the famous Jeremy Colliei. While at the university he pub- lished the " Dialogue of Justin Martyr with Trypho the Jew," in Greek and Latin. He afterwards married the daughter of an apothecary, procured the degree of M. D., practised as a physician at Stratford in 453 Essex, and retired to Derbyshire, where he died in 1772. Dr. S. Jebb was the conduc- tor of a classical jourual, entitled "Biblio- theca Literaria," and tlie editor of Roger i Bacon's " Opus Majus." JEFFERSON, Thomas, third president \ of the United States, was born iu 1743, at j Shadwell, iu Virginia, and was brought up to the bar. In 17(59 he was elected a mem- ber of the provincial legislature, and in 1775 | he entered congress, and took a conspicuous and very decided part in opposition to the | measures which England hud adopted to- wards her American colonies ; and it was ' he who drew up the famous declaration of independence. In 177(5 he retired from his seat in congress, and was next chosen gover- i nor of Virginia, which post he held two years. On the return of Dr. Franklin to America, in 1785, Mr. Jett'erson was named his successor at Paris, from which he pro- ceeded, as envoy, to London, in 1780. At the usual presentation, however, to the king and queen, both Mr. Adams and him- : self were received in the most ungrainnus manner, and, after a few vague and ineffec- tual conferences, he returned to Paris. Here he remained, with the exception of a visit to Holland, to Piedmont, and the south of France, uulil the autumn of 178!), zealously | pursuing whatever was benetlciul to his i country. He subsequently filled the office of secretary of state under Washington, until 1793, when he resigned, and lived in retirement for four years. He was then elected vice-president, and in 1801 chosen president. At the expiration of eight years he again retired to private life ; and on the 4th of July, 182(5 (the 50th anniversary of American independence), he died. He was the acknowledged head of the republican party, and an acute politician ; eloquent and persuasive in conversation, and possess- ing tlie faculty of acquii ing an ascendancy in his political connections. JEFFREY, Francis, Lord, equally emi- nent on the bench, at the bar, and in tlie world of letters, was born at Edinburgh, in 1773. Having passed through the usual curriculum of the High School, Edinburgh, he repaired in 1787 to Glasgow University, then famous for its professors ; and after a session passed at Oxford he returned to Edinburgh in 1792, where he completed his legal studies. In 1794 he was called to the bar in Scotland, and though for some years he made little progress in his profes- sion, yet he had well grounded himself in the principles of both the civil and the Scottish law, and had diligently applied himself to the cultivation of eloquence, as well in speech as in written composition. In ihe celebrated scliool of debate, whence many orators have proceeded — the Specu- lative Society of Edinburgh — he bore a most distinguished part ; and there are those still living who can never forget his singular readiness in debate, the subtlety of his reasoning, and the extraordinary liveli- ness of his fancy. He had now obtained a fair share of practice, when he joined I a few lof his more intimate friends in esta- I blishing the " Edinburgh Review," of which I he was sole editor for the long period of 1 jef] ^ ^ctD Winihtx^Kl 3t3iaflrnjplj». [JEK 27 years. The first number appeared O.'t. 25. 1802, and there were three editions ex- hausted in as many weeks. The great and increasing success of this journal, while it mightily raised him in the public estimation, in no way interfered with his progress towards extensive practice at the bar; for the moderate amount of business in Scotland, and the relief from attendance on circuit, render it far easier for a Scotch advocate than an English barris- ter to cultivate literary pursuits. Having for many years been indisputably at the head of his profession, he was in 1829 chosen dean of the Faculty, upon Lord Moncrieff being raised to the bench. It was deemed advisable that he should, on this auspicious occasion, give up the editorship of the Review, and we believe that he only upon one or two sub- sequent occasions contributed any papers to this famous journal. On the formation of the Whig ministry late in 1830, he was made lord advocate ; and after sitting a short time for the Perth district of burghs and for Malton, he was in conjunction with Atr. Abercrombie, now Lord Dunfermline, the first member chosen to represent Edin- burgh in parliament, immediately after the passing of the Reform Bill. His success in the House of Commons disappointed his admirers, chiefly because he entered so late in life on a new field, and partly because he spoke generally above his audience. But he never addressed the house without dis- playing that subtlety, readiness, and fancy for which he was distinguished. In 1834 lie was promoted to the bench ; and in this ca- pacity he displayed such eminent qualities, that he is by common consent allowed to rank among the very ablest judges that ever sat on the Scottish bench. In society his' powers were great, his social intercourse truly fascinating ; and his occasional jeux (T esprit cannot be easily forgotten by any who may have heard them. His integrity, both pro- fessional and political, was imimpeachable ; his spirit was high and undaunted, his sense of honour quick and del icate, his temper most kindly and sweet, and his affections warm and steady. In short, it would be difficult to name any great man, whetlier in tlie world of law or of letters, whose personal good qualities were so entirely without an ex- ception ; and hence his removal from this earthly scene was mourned widely and deeply with no common sorrow. Some years before his death he published a selection from his contributions to the Edinburgh Review, accompanied by a graceful preface and ex- planatory notes. Died, 1850. JEFFREYS, George, Baron Wem, Lord, commonly known by the name of Judge Jeffreys, was born at Acton, in Denbigh- shire, towards the beginning of the 17th century, and educated at Shrewsburj' School. He studied at Westminster and the Inner Temple, and rose through the gradations of recorder of London, a Welsh judge, and chief justice of Chester, till at length, in 1683, he attained the dignity of chief justice of the king's bench. On the accession of James II., he was one of the advisers and promoters of all the oppressive and arbitrary measures of his reign ; and, for his sanguin- ary and inhuman proceedings against the 454 adherents of Monmouth, was rewarded with the post of lord high chancellor in 1685. His conduct on the bench was, in the highest degree, discreditable at all times, and he indulged in scurrility and abuse of the most degrading description. On the arrival of the Prince of Orange, he disguised himself as a seaman, in order to get on board a ship unknown, but was detected in a low public house at Wapping, by an attorney whom he had insulted in open court. The latter making him known, he was seized by the populace, carried befoie tlie coimcil, and committed to the Tower, where he died, April 18. 1689. JEFFREYS, George, an English poet, was born at Weldon, Northamptonshire, in 1078. He was a nephew of the eighth Lord Chandos, and bred to the bar. He wrote " Miscellanies, in Prose and Verse," and two tragedies, " Edwiu " and " Merope." Died, 1755. JEFFRIES, Jonx, M.D., an American physician, was born at Boston in 1774. Having studied medicine at the imiversity of Cambridge, he went to London, and on his return to Boston practised with great success, until the evacuation of that city by the British garrison. He then accom- panied General Howe to Halifax, and was made surgeon-general to the forces in 1776. He subsequently resigned his army appoint- ments, declining even the offer of the lucra- tive post of surgeon-general to the forces in India, and in 1780 settled in London. He there occupied himself much in scien- tific research ; and in order to ascertain the correctness of certain preconceived hypo- theses relative to atmospheric temperature, he undertook two aerial voyages ; the second of which was made Jan. 7. 1785, from the cliffs at Dover, across tlie British Channel, into the forest of Guinnes in France, and was the only successful attempt that had then been made to cross the sea in a balloon. In 1789 he again returned to Boston, and continued to practise there, with success, till his death in 1819. JEHAN GHIR, or JEHAN GUIRE, Abul MUZAFFER NOUIiEDDIN MolIAMMED, Cm- peror of Hindostan, and son of the famous Akbar. whom he succeeded on the throne of Delhi in 1605. Unlike most eastern despots, he was generous, affable, and easy of access to his subjects, and a patron of literature and arts. He wrote memoirs of the first 17 years of his reign, and added to the historical commentaries of Sultan Baber. Nourjehan, his wife, celebrated equally for her beauty and wit, has been the fertile theme of ori- ental poems and romances. JEKYLIj, Sir Joseph, a lawyer and statesman in the reigns of Anne and George I., was the son of a clergyman in Notting- hamshire. He was a member of parlia- ment, and one of the managers of the trial of Sacheverel ; was knighted by George I., who raised him to the office of master of the rolls ; and died, aged 74, in 1738. JEKYLL, Joseph, an eminent barrister, was the son of a captain in the navy, and a descendant of the preceding. He was called to tlie bar in 1778 ; was returned as M. P. for Calne in 1787, and retained his seat for Bcveral successive parliaments ; was ap- pointed solicitor-general to the prince of Wales ia 1805 ; and, at the time of his death, was senior king's counsel, senior bencher of the Inner Temple, F.R.S., and F.S. A. lie enjoyed a fair jiortion of forensic fame ; but his reputation was chiefly formed by his ready talent in epigram and repartee, his bon-mots often -convulsing the bar with laughter, and his ever-sparkling wit de- lighting all who came within his convivial sphere. He died, aged S,% March 8. 1837. JEMSHID, a Persian sovereign, who reigned about 800 b. c, ond is said to have founded the famous city of Istakhar, culled by the Greeks Persepolis. He is also cele- brated for instructing his subjects in astro- nomy, and the mysteries of Sabcism, or the worship of the heavenly bodies. Being un- fortunate in war, he was dethroned by Zo- hak, an Arabian king, and spent the latter part of his life in obscurity. JENKINS, David, a loyal and intrepid judge, was bom at Hensol, in Glamorgan- shire, in 1.58^!. In 1045, when "civil war ran high," he wos taken prisoner at Here- ford, and sent to the Tower ; from whence he was removed to Newgate, impeached of treason, and brought to the bar of the House of Commons, where he refused to kneel, and called the place "a den of thieves." The assembly, in a fit of rage, were about to sen- tence him to be hanged ; upon which he said that he would suffer " with Magna Charta under one arm, and the Bible under the other." A facetious speech from Henry Marten allayed this tempest as regarded his life ; but he was fined lOiMl. for contempt, and recommitted to Newgate, where he re- mained till 16.56. Died, 1667. JENKINS, Sir Leoline, a civilian and statesman, born at Llantrissant, in Glamor- ganshire, in 1623. He was educated at Jesus' College, Oxford ; and, on the breaking out of the civil war, took up arms on the side of royalty. He afterwards became tutor to several young gentlemen, and, during the protectorate, quitted the kingdom with them; but at the Restoration he returned to college, was created LL.D., and elected principal. He then removed to Doctor's Commons, was admitted an advocate, and, in 1665, appointed judge of the court of admiralty. In 1672 he was sent as ambassador to Holland to nego- tiate a treaty of peace, though without suc- cess ; but afterwards, in conjunction with Sir William Temple, whom he succeeded as ambassador at the Hague, he effected the treaty of Nimeguen. On his return to Eng- land he was sworn a privy councillor, and made secretary of state ; which office he re- signed in 1084, and died in 1685. His letters and papers were published in 2 vols. fol. 1724. JENNENS, CiiAULES, a literary gentle- man of fortune at Gopsal, in Leicestershire, who, on account of the splendour of his house and equipage, was jocosely styled " Solyman the Magnificent." He selected the words for Handel's oratorios, and particularly those of the Messiah ; he also commenced an edition of Shakspeare's plays, on a new plan, y^"t it proved a total failure. Died, 1773. (ENNER, Edward, an English physician, ebrated for having nearly eradicated a pestilent disorder from the human race by introducing vaccine inoculation, was bom at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, in 1740, and sub- sequently settled there as a medical practi- tioner. About the year 1776, his attention was turned to the cow-pox, by the circum- stance of his ascertaining that those persons who had been affccted with this disease, were thereby rendered free from variolous infection. From that time till 17tK) he steadily pursued his investigation of this discovery ; and having at length established its general efficacy, amidst all the opposition naturally to be expected in such a cose, the practice of vaccination was introduced into the London hospitals, the army and navy, &c., and, finally, extended to every part of the globe. Honours and rewards were now conferred on Dr. Jenner as a public bene- factor ; a parliamentary grant of 20,000/. was voted him ; learned societies at home and abroad enrolled him as a member ; and when the allied potsntates visited England in 1814, the emperor of Russia sought an interview with him, and offered to bestow on him a Russian order of nobility. Dr. Jenner's writings consist merely of " Observations on the VariolcB Vaccinae," and a pai)er in the Philosophical Transactions " On the Natural History of the Cuckoo." Died, 1823. JENNINGS, David, a learned dissenting minister, was born at Kibworth, Leicester- shire, in 1691. He was the author of " An Appeal to Reason and Common Sense for the Truth of the Holy Scriptures," "An Intro- ducticm to the Use of the Globes and Orrery," " Introduction to the Knowledge of Medals," " Jewish Antiquities," 2 vols. 8vo. Died, 1762. JENNINGS, Henry Constantine, an antiquary and virtuoso of most eccentric habits and chequered fortune, was born in 1731, and was the only son of a gentleman of considerable property at Shiplake, in Ox- fordshire. He was educated at Westminster School, and at seventeen became an ensign in the foot-guards ; but resigned his com- mission, and travelled on the Continent, where he collected, while in Italy, a number of statues and other antiques, with which he decorated his seat at Shiplake. He now led the life of a man of fashion and fortune, in- dulging in the most expensive follies ; the consequence of which was that he soon be- came an inmate of the King's Bench. He was at length freed from his pecuniary em- barrassments, and settled on an estate he had in Essex, where he gave himself up with en- thusiasm to the collection of scarce books, pictures, and curiosities. But the current of good fortune did not long run smooth. Hav- ing borrowed a sum of money from a person who was indebted to the crown, his museum was hastily sold for a small sum, to satisfy the claim of government under an extent in aid. For many years he was a prisoner in Chelmsford gaol ; but on regaining his freedom, he resumed his former habits, and settled at Chelsea ; where, to use the words of a gentleman who visited him in 1803, and who graphically described his singular ap- pearance, he sat, "enthroned in all the majesty of virtue amidst his books, his pic- tures, and his shells." In consequence of re- newed embarrassments, these precious relics 453 jen] ^ i^ciu ^nttier^al SStogopl^n. [jEIi were all sold in ISlfl, and he was once more a prisoner in the rules of the Bcneli, wliere he died in 1819. JENYNS, SoAME, a sprightly and enter- taining writer, was the only son of Sir Roger Jenyns, born in London, in 1704. Having entered into public life as representative of the county of Cambridge, he began his career by supporting Sir Robert Walpole, and ever after remained a faitliful adlierent to tlje minister for the time being. Tliis attach- ment to ministers was rewarded by his being made a commissioner of tlie board of trade, an office he held for flve-and-twenty years. As a country gentleman and magistrate. Mr. Jenyns appeared to much greater advantage than as a politician ; but it is as an author, a wit, and a shrewd observer of manners, tliat he is principallj' to be regarded. His chief works are " Poems," 2 vols., " Free Enquiry into the Origin of Evil," " A View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Re- ligion," "Political Tracts," and some others; all collected into four vols, 12mo., with his life prefixed. Died, 1787. JEPHSON, RiciiAUD, a dramatic writer, was a native of Ireland, and born in 173(5. He was a captain in the army, and master of the horse to the lord-lieutenant, during twelve administrations. As a dramatist his claims are chiefly founded on his tragedies of "Braganza" and the '"Count of Nar- bonne." He also wrote the " Law of I^om- bardy," "Julia," and "The Conspiracy," tragedies ; and the farce of " Two Strings to your Bow," " Love and War," &c. He was also author of " The Confessions of James Baptiste Conteau, Citizen of France," 2 vols., a severe satire on the " French Revolution," " Roman Portraits," a poem in heroic verse, with historical remarks and illustrations. Died, 1803. JEREMIAH, patriarch of Constantinople, in 1572. He introduced the reformed ca- lendar of Gregory XIII., for which, and hiS" correspondence witli the pope, he was ba- nished, but recovered his seat after being two vears in exile. JERNINGHAM, Edward, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was descended from an ancient Roman Catholic family, and born in Norfolk, in 1727. He was educated at Douay and Paris ; but on his return to England, he joined in communion with the established cliurch. He was the author of the tragedies of " Margaret of Anjou " and " Tlie Siege of Berwick," with other poems and plays, con- sisting of 4 vols. ; lie also wrote " An Essay on the mild Tenour of Christianity," " The Dignity of Human Nature, an Essay," " The Alexandrian School," &c. Died, 1812. JEROME, or HIERONYMUS, St., one of the fathers of the church, was born in 332, at Stridon, on the frontiers of Dacia, and studied at Rome, under Donatus the gram- marian. He was ordained a presbyter at Antioch, in 378 ; and soon after went to Constantinople, where he livejd with Gregory Nazianzen. In 382 he visited Rome, and was made secretary to pope Damasus ; but three years afterwards he returned into the east, accompanied by several monks and female devotees, who wished to lead an ascetic life in the Holy Laud ; and died in 456 422, superintendant of a monastery at Beth- lehem. His biblical labours are highly va- luable, and for the age in which he lived, St. Jerome must be accounted a learned man ; but as a theological disputant he was violent and acrimonious in a high degree. JEROME OF Prague, so called from being a native of the capital of Bohemia, studied in the universities of Oxford, Paris, Prague, &c. ; was a disciple of Wickliffe, and boldly followed the great reformer, Huss, in pro- pagating his doctrines. He attacked the worship of images and relics with ardour, trampled them under foot, and caused the monks, who opposed him, to be arrested. He publicly burned, in 1411, the bull of the cru- sade against Ladislaus of Naples, and the papal indulgences. When Huss was im- prisoned at Constance, he hastened to his defence ; but on his attempting to return to Prague, the Duke of Sulzbach caused him to be seized, and carried in chains to Constance. He here received, in prison, information of the terrible fate of his friend, and was terrified into a momentary recantation of his prin- ciples ; but he resumed his courage, and, re- tracting his recantation, avowed tliat none of his sins tormented him more than his apos- tasy, while he vindicated the principles of Huss and Wickliffe with a boldness, energy, and eloquence, that extorted the admiration of his adversaries. He was, however, con- demned to be burnt ; which sentence he endured with heroic fortitude. May 30. 1416. JERUSALEM, JoHy Fredekic William, a Lutheran divine, was born at Osnaburg, in 1709 ; studied at Leipsic and Leyden ; visited England in the pursuit of farther knowledge; and was appointed tutor by the Duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel to his son, who was afterwards killed at the battle of Jena. His reputation as a preacher was very great, and his educational improvements gave rise to the famous Collegium CaroUnum, at Bruns- wick. His principal work is entitled " Con- siderations on the most important Truths of Religion ; " but he wrote several others, and was esteemed throughout Germany, not only as a theologian, but for the purity and bene- ficence of his character. Died, 1789. JERVAS, Charles, a portrait painter, was born in Ireland, and studied under Sir Godfrey Kneller. By the generosity of a friend he was enabled to visit France and Italy, and at his return became a fashionable artist, was eulogised by Pope, to whom he gave instructions in the art. He also pub- lished a translation of Don Quixote ; to which Dr. Warburton added an appendix on the Origin of Romances and of Chivalry. Died, 1739 JERVIS, JoH.v, Earl of St. Vincent, a gallant English admiral, son of Swynfen Jervis, esq., auditor of Greenwich Hospital, was born in 1734, and, at the early age of 10, entered the navy under Admiral Hawke. In 1755 he served as lieutenant under Sir C. Saunders, in the expedition against Quebec. In 1709 he was sent to the Medi- terranean in the Alarm frigate, and on his return in 1774 was promoted to the Fou- droyant. of 84 guns. In this ship he fought under Admiral Keppel, in the memorable engagement of the 27th of July, 1778, and JES] ^ ^tbi muibcrigaT 2Si0Q;raplbP« [JOA was the next to the Victory. In 1782 he was with Admiral Harrington's squadron, and in a close engwgement took the Pegasus of 74 guns, for which he was higlily praised in tlic public despatches, and rewarded with tlie order of the Bath. At the end of tlie same year, he was with Lord Howe at the relief of Gibraltar. In 17!)4, having accepted the command of a squadron equipped for tlie West Indies, he took tlie islands of Gua- daloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia. lie was next employed on the Mediterranean station ; and on the 14th of February, 1797, he, with 15 sail of the line, defeated a Spanish force off Cape St. Vincent, consisting of 27 ships, the smallest of which carried 74, and seven others from 112 to 1:50 guns each. For tliis service he was elevated to the English peerage, by the titles of baron Jcrvis and earl St. Vincent, from the scene of his glory. To this was added a pension of 3(H)0Z. a-year, and the usual vote of thanks. In 1779 he was created admiral ; in 1801 he succeeded Earl Spencer as first lord of the admiraltj', which post he resigned in 1804 ; in 1814 he was appointed general of marines, and, in 1821, admiral of the fleet. Lord St. Vincent possessed a vigorous mind, and was as much distinguished for his stern and unrelaxing attention to naval discipline, as he was emi- nent for naval skill and gallantry. The whole of his long life was passed in the active duties of the profession ; and he died in 182:5, aged 88. A statue to his memory was erected in St. Paul's cathedral, by a vote in the Uouse of Commons. JESSEY, IIk.vry, a learned Nonconformist divine, distinguished for his oriental and biblical knowledge, was born at West Row- ton, in Yorkshire. He studied at St. John's College, Cambridge ; held the living of St. George's, Southwark, during Cromwell's pro- tectorate, which he lost at the Restoration ; and after having been imprisoned on account of liis nonconformity, died in 16()3. He wrote several theological works, and had made considerable progress in a new translation of the Bible. JEUFFROY, R. V., an eminent gem and medal engraver, was born at Rouen, in 1749. His taste and genius for the art were such, that wliile he was at Rome, as an assistant to Pickler, his employer was in the habit of selling the productions of the young artist as antiques. On his return to Paris, he was made director of the school of gem engraving, at the institution of the deaf and dumb. Died, 182<5. JEWELL, John, a learned prelate of tlie Church of England, who was bishop of Salis- bury in the reign of queen Elizabetli, and a great polemical writer against popery. He was born in la22 at the village of Buden, near Ilfracombe, Devonshire ; studied at Oxford ; and in 154t> openly professed the tenets of the reformers. Having obtained the living of Sunningwell, Berks, he distinguished him- self by his zeal and assiduity as a parish priest ; but at the accession of queen Mary, finding they were about to prosecute him as a heretic, he made his escape to the Continent, and became vice-master of a college at Stras- burg. On the death of Mary he returned to England, was received with great favour 4o7 by her successor, and in 1.560 he was raised to tlie bishopric of Salisbury. His principal work is entitled " An Apology for the Church of England," originally written in elegant Latin, but translated into every Euroi)ean language ; and which, it is said, had more effect in promoting the Reformation, than any other book ever published. He died in 1571. JEZZAR,surnamed tJie Butcher.'but whose real name was Ahmed, was the famous pacha of Scide and Acre, who defended the latter place against Buonaparte. In his youth he was purchased by the celebrated Ali Bey, at that time master of Egypt ; and from being a common mamelukc, Ahmed, in a few years, became governor of Grand Cairo. Through a variety of conflicting events, not necessary to detail here, Jczzar was appointed pacha of Acre and Syria, on the death of Dhaher ; and for his zeal in opposing the redoubtable sheik, who had so long defied the power of the grand scignor, he was made a pacha of three tails, with the title of vizier. This advancement gave him an opportunity of extending the boundaries of his government, and in spite of the efforts of the Turkish court to displace him, he retained his au- thority to the last. After Buonaparte had vanquished tlie mamelukes he made friendly overtures to Jezzar. but they were indig- nantly rejected by him, and with the aid of the English 8(|uadron, under Sir Sidney Smith, he valiantly defended the city of St. Jean d'Acrc against the incessant attempts of the French to take possession of it ; so that, after a siege of 01 days, the "conqueror of Egypt " was obliged to withdraw his forces, and leave Acre in undisputed possession of its brave defenders. He died, at an advanced age, in 1804, possessed of immense treasures ; and, it is said, he delighted in the sanguinary title which he had acquired by his numerous acts of ferocity. JOACHIM, an Italian monk of the 12th century, was abbot of the Cistercians at Corazzo, and afterwards of Flora in Cala- bria, lie became remarkable for his pre- tended prophecies in 1130, and his errors in regard to the Trinity, contained in a work entitled " The Everlasting Gospel." Died, 1202. JOAN OF ARC, called also the Maid of Orleans, was one of the most celebrated heroines in history. Slie was born of poor parents, at Domremi, a village on the borders of Lorraine, in 1402 ; and became a servant at an inn, where she attended the horses, drove the cattle to pasture, and was employed in other services similar to what a man servant would perform in England. At this time the affairs of France were in a deplorable state, and the city of Orleans was so closely besieged by the Duke of Bedford, that its fall appeared inevitable. In this exigency Joan pretended to have received a divine commission to exjiel the invaders. On being introduced to the king, Charles VII., she offered to raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct his majesty to llheims to be crowned and anointed ; ut the same time demanding for herself a particular sword, which was in the church of St. Catharine. After a little hesitation lier request was complied with ; SB jod] ^ ^elu ^ttihtr^iil Utosrajpl&M. [JOH and while the French soldiers were elated by having an inspired leader, the English were as much dismayed. From this period, Bhe appears the finest character in the his- tory of the middle ages of France. In a male dress, armed cap d. pie, she bore the sword and the sacred banner, as the signal of victory, at the head of the army. Still no unfeminine cruelty ever stained her con- duct. She was wounded several times her- self, but never killed any one, or shed any blood with her own hand. The general be- lief of her elevated mission, of which she herself was piously persuaded, produced the most extraordinary effects. Resolute, chi- valrous, pious, and brave, looking to one single aim, she was skilfully emploj-ed by the generals to animate the army, while they did not implicitly follow her counsels. The first enterprise was successful. With 10,()00 men, under the command of St. Severre, Du- nois, and La Hire, she marched from Blois, and, on April the 29th, 1429, entered Orleans with supplies. By bold sallies to which she animated the besieged, the English were forced from tlieir intrenchments, and Suffolk abandoned the siege. Joan entered Orleans in triumph, and the coronation at Kheims followed; after which Charles caused a medal to be struck in honour of the heroine, and ennobled her family. The town of Dom- remi also, where she was born, was exempted from all imposts for ever. After the coro- nation, Joan declared that her mission was at an end, and that she should now retire to private life ; but tlie French commandant Dunois, who thought she might still prove serviceable, induced her to throw herself into Compeigne, then besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, and the Earls of Arundel and Suffolk. Here, after performing prodigies of valour, she was taken prisoner in a sally ; and, after four months' imprisonment, was cruelly condemned by the Englisli to be burnt alive, on the charge of sorcery. She resolutely defended herself from the absurd accusation, and was carried to tlie stake, where with dauntless courage she met her disastrous fate, in the 29th year of her age, May 30. 14.31. JODELLE, Etiexxe, an early French poet and dramatist, born at Paris, in 1532. He was the author of tlie first regular tra- gedy acted on tlie French stage ; and he is described as liaving possessed an extraor- dinary facility and fluency of composition. Though enjoying the favour of Charles IX. and of Henry II., yet he died in great poverty and distress, in 1573. JOFFRID, abbot of Croyland, in the 12th century. In the continuation of Ingulph's account of Croyland, by Peter de Blois, he says, that abbot Joffrid sent a deputation of three learned French or Norman monks, named Odo, Terrick, and William, to his manor of Cottenham, near Cambridge, to teach the people in that neighbourhood, grammar, logic, and rhetoric ; and that these three monks went every day from Cotten- ham to Cambridge, where they hired a barn, in which they taught those sciences to a great number of scholars, who resorted to tiiem from all tlie country round. If De Blois can be relied on, Joffrid may therefore be considered as the original founder of the university of Cambridge. JOHX, king of England, was the youngest son of Henry II. by Eleanor of Guienne, and born in 1160. Ireland being intended for him, he was sent over in 1185, to complete its conquest, but such was his imprudence that it was found necessary to recall him ; and on the death of his father he was left without any provision, which procured for him the name of Satis Terre, or Lackland. His brother Richard, on coming to the throne, conferred on him the earldom of Mortaigne, in Normandy, and various large possessions in England, and married him to the rich heiress of the Duke of Gloucester. Notwithstanding this kindness, he had the ingratitude to form intrigues against him, in conjunction with the king of France, during his absence in Palestine ; but Richard mag- nanimously pardoned him, and at his death left him his kingdom, in preference to Arthur of Brittany, the son of his elder brother, GeofFry. Some of the French provinces, however, revolted in favour of Arthur; but John ultimately recovered them, and his nephew was captured, and confined in the castle of Falaise, whence he was sub- sequently removed to Rouen, and never heard of more. Being suspected of the mur- der of Arthur, the states of Brittany sum- moned him to answer the charge before his liege lord, king Philip ; and upon his refusal to appear, tlie latter assumed the execution of the sentence of forfeiture against him ; and thus, after its alienation from the French crown for three centuries, the whole of Nor- mandy was recovered. A quarrel with the haughty and able pope Innocent III., who had nominated Stephen Langton to the see of Canterbury, added grievously to the king's discomfort, whom the pope excommunicated, and whose subjects he formally absolved from their allegiance. At length John was induced not only to receive Langton as archbishop of Canterbury, but abjectly to resign his kingdom of England and Ireland to the holy see, in order to receive them again as its vassal. John had by this time rendered himself the object of such universal contempt and hatred, tliat his nobles deter- mined, if possible, to control his power, and establish their privileges ; and though the pope declared his disapprobation of their conduct, tlie barons assembled in arms at Oxford, where the court then was, and im- mediately proceeded to warlike operations. They were received without opposition in London, which so intimidated the king, that he consented to wliatever terms they chose to dictate. Thus was obtained that basis of English constitutional freedom, known as Magna Charta, which not only protected the nobles against the crown, but secured important privileges to every class of free- men. But while the monarch apjieared to be all-complying and passive, he was secretly meditating to disannul the charter. The pope pronounced a sentence of excommuni- cation on all who should attempt to enforce it ; and John, having collected an army of mercenaries, carried war and devastation throughout the kingdom. The barons, taken by surprise, now sent a deputation to Philip I I joh] ^ i5tiM Sliubcr^al 3Bin0rapi)g. [JOII I of France, offering the crown of England to I the dauphin Louis ; who speedily, with tlOO vessels, landed at Sandwich, and proceeded I to London, where he was received as lawful I sovereign. John was immediately deserted I by all liis foreign troops, and most of his English adherents ; but the report of a sclieme of Louis for tlie extermination of the English nobility arrested his progress, and induced many to return to their allegiance. i While the king's affairs were beginning to ! assume a better aspect, he was taken ill, and died at Newark, in October, 1210, in the 49th year of his age, and the 17th of his reign. JOHN OF GAUNT, duke of Lancaster, a renowned general, was born in 134{». lie served with great distinction in France with his brother the Black Prince, and on his death had the management of affairs during the life of liis father. He died in 1399. John of Gaunt was a man of great valour, pru- dence, and generosity. His son afterwards became king, by the title of Henry IV. j JOHN OF Salisbuiey, bishop of Char- tres in France, was born at Salisbury, in Wiltshire, in the beginning of the 12th cen- tury. He studied under the most eminent I professors on the Continent, and acquired considerable fame for his proficiency in rhe- toric and general literature. After his return to England, he became the intimate friend and companion of Thomas & Becket, whom he had attended in his exile, and he is said to have been present when he was murdered in Canterbury cathedral. He was one of the first restorers of the Greek and Latin languages in Europe, and an elegant Latin poet. JOHNES, Thom.\s, a gentleman who dis- tinguished himself by his attachment to lite- rary pursuits, was born in 1748, at Ludlow, in Shropshire ; studied at Eton, and Jesus College, Oxford ; and sat in parliament for Cardigan, and subsequently for Radnorshire. He possessed an estate at Hafod, in Cardi- ganshire, where he built an elegant mansion, and -furnished it with a noble library, and a complete typographical establishment, whence proceeded the works on which his literary reputation is founded. He trans- lated the " Chronicles of Froissart and Mons- trelet," " Joinville's Memoirs of Louis," " Bertrand de la Brocquiere's Travels in Palestine," and "St. Palayes Life of Frois- sart." Died, 1816. JOHNSON, Charles, a dramatic writer, was originally a member of the law, which profession he quitted for theatrical composi- tion, in which he experienced considerable success. Died, 1748. JOHNSON, JoHX, a learned divine, was bom, in lG(i2, at Findsbury, Kent : was edu- cated at King's School, Canterbury, and at Cambridge ; and successively obtained the livings of Boughton, St. John's, Margate, Appledore, and Cranbrook. He wrote seve- ral religious works ; among which are "Holy David," "The Clergyman's "Vade Mecum," "The Unbloody Sacritice," " Mis- cellaneous Discourses and Sermons," &c. Died, 1725. JOHNSON, Maurice, an able antiquary, was born at Spalding, in Lincolnshire, and bred to the law in the Inner Temple ; after 459 whicli he settled at his native place, where he formed, in 1717, a literary society, whose object was to cultivate the knowledge of Englisli antiquities. He died in 1755. ■JOHNSON, Richard, a grammarian, who was head-master of the new school at Not- tingham, from 1707 to 1720. He published " Noctes Nottinghamicas," " Grammatical Commentaries," " Aristarchus Anti-Ben- tlcianus," &c. He had been in a desponding state for some time, and was found drowned in a rivulet, near Nottingham, in 1720. JOHNSON, Samuel, a divine, eminent for his zeal, and for his numerous writings, in the cause of civil liberty, was bom iu 1(!49, in the county of Stafford ; received his education at St. Paul's School and at Trinity College, Cambridge ; and became minister of Corringham, in Essex. In the reign of Charles II., while Lord Russell and his coad- jutors were promoting the bill for excluding the Duke of York, he published a tract, entitled " Julian the Apostate," for which he was fined and imprisoned. In 1C18, when the army was encamped on Ilounslow Heath, he drew up a paper, entitled " An humble and hearty Address to all the English Pro- testants in the present Army," for which he was tried, and condenmcd to stand in the pillory in three places, to pay a fine of 500 marks, to be degraded from the priesthood, and to be publicly whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. He bore all these disgraceful punishments with unshrinking fortitude, and continued to employ his pen in the same cause until the revolution, when the king offered him the rich deanery of Durham ; but this he refused, as inadequate to his sufferings and services, which he thought merited a bishopric. He finally received a present of 1000/., and a pension of 300/. per annum for the life of himself and his sou. Died, 1703. JOHNSON, Samuel, the celebrated lexi- cographer, and one of the most distinguished writers of the 18th century, was born in 1709, at Lichfield, where his father was a book- seller. He completed his education at Pem- broke College, Oxford ; and in 1732 he became under-master of a free-school at Market Bosworth, in Leicestershire, which situation he was soon induced to quit, on account of the haughty treatment he re- ceived from the principal ; and he next endeavoured to earn a scanty maintenance by literary employment. In 1735 he mar- ried Airs. Porter, the widow of a mercer at Birmingham, with a fortune of about 800/., by which he was enabled to open a boarding-school ; but the plan did not suc- ceed, and, after a year's trial, he resolved to seek his fortune in London, in company with one of his few pupils, the celebrated David Garrick. In March, 1737, the two adventurers accordingly arrived in the metropolis, Johnson with his unfinished tragedy of " Irene " in his pocket, and with little to depend upon but his slender engage- ment with Cave, the proprietor of the Gen- tleman's Magazine. At this time he became acquainted with the reckless and unfortunate Savage, and in some respects his personal conduct was unfavourably affected by the intimacy ; but from irregularity of this s B 3 joh] ^ ^elD Sliiibcr^al ISiosvapljy* [joh nature lie was soon recovered by his deeply grounded religious and moral principles. Uis first literary production, which attracted notice in the metropolis, was his "London," a poem in imitation of the third satire Of Juvenal. He was soon after led to a new exercise of his literary powers in the compo- sition of parliamentary dehates, which, being then deemed a breach of privilege, were pub- lished under the fiction of " Debates in the Senate of Lilliput." The extraordinary eloquence displayed in these productions was almost exclusively the product of his own invention ; but it is probable that he adhered more faithfully to the tenor of the arguments of the real speakers than to their language. In 1747 he printed proposals for an edition of " Shakspeare," and the plan of his " English Dictionary," addressed to Lord Chesterfield. The price agreed upon between him and the booksellers for the last work was 1575/. In 1749, Garrick brought his friend's tragedy on the stage of Drury Lane, but it was unsuccessful. In 1750 he commenced his " Rambler," which was con- tinued till 1752. In this work only five papers were the productions of other writers. Soon after the close of this paper he lost his wife, a circumstance which greatly attected him, as appears from his Meditations, and the sermon which he wrote on her death. In 1755 appeared his Dictionary, and the same year the university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of M. A. Lord Chester- field endeavoured also to assist it by writing two papers in its favour in " The World ; " but as he had hitherto neglected the author, Johnson treated him with coutemi)t. The publication of this great work did not relieve him from his embarrassments, for the price of his labour had been consumed in the pro- gress of its compilation. In 1758 he began the " Idler," a periodical paper, which was published in a weekly newspaper. On the death of his mother in 1759, he wrote the romance of "Rasselas" to defray the ex- penses of her funeral. In 17C2 tlie king granted him a pension of 300Z. per annum, without any stipulation with respect to his literary exertions. Johnson had the honour of a conversation with the king in the royal library, in 1765, when his majesty asked if he intended to publish any more works ? To this he answered, that he thought he had written enough ; on which the king said, ♦' so should I too, if you had not written so well." About this time he instituted the Literary Club, consisting of some of the most celebrated men of the age. It was at tills period, too, that his intercourse with the Thrale family began, which, for years, produced him so much social enjoyment. In 1773 he went on a tour with Air. Boswell to the western islands of Scotland, of which journey he shortly after published a highly interesting account ; but which gave oftence to many, by the violent attack therein made on the authenticity of the poems attributed to Ossian. In 1775 the university of Oxford sent him the degree of LL.D. by diploma. In 1779 he began his "Lives of the English Poets," a work which, on the whole, may be regarded as a treasure of sound criticism, and a model of literary biograpliy. After a long illness, during part of which he enter- tained the most gloomy apprehensions, his mind grew serene, and he died full of that faith which he had so vigorously defended and inculcated by his writings, Dec. 19. 1784. The character of this great man is thus summed up by Bishop Gleig : — "Without claiming for him the highest place among his contemporaries, in any single depart- ment of literature, we may use one of liis own expressions, 'that he brought more mind to every subject, and had a greater variety of knowledge ready for all occasions, than almost any other mail I ' Though religious to superstition, he was in every other respect so remarkably incredulous, that Hogarth said, while Johnson firmly believed the Bible, he seemed determined to believe nothing else. The same energy which was displayed in his literary produc- tions was exhibited also in his conversation, which was various, striking, and instruc- tive : like the sage in ' Kasselas,' he spoke, and attention watched his lips ; he reasoned, and conviction closed his periods ; when he pleased, he could be the greatest sophist that ever contended in the lists of declamation ; and perliaps no man ever equalled him in nervous and pointed repartees. But he had a roughness in his manner which subdued the saucy, and terrified the meek ; it was only, however, in his manner ; for no man was more loved than Johnson was by those who knew him ; and his works will be read with veneration for their author, as long as the language in which they are written shall be understood." JOHNSON, Samuel, a dramatic writer and performer of eccentric celebrity ; author of " Hurlothrumbo, or the Supernatural," and various other laughable extravaganzas. Died, 1773. JOHNSON, Samuel, first president of King's College, New York, was born at Guildford, Connecticut ; educated at the college of Saybrook ; first preached at West Haven, then became an episcopalian, and went to England to obtain ordination. On his return he settled at Stratford, where he preached to an episcopalian congregation ; received the degree of D. D. from Oxford, in 1743 ; and was chosen president of the college at New York on its establishment in 1754. He held this situation with much credit, until 1763, when he resigned and returned to his pastoral charge at Stratford, where he continued till his death, in 1772. JOHNSON, Thomas, an English botanist, was born at Selby, in Yorkshire. He was bred an apothecary in London, and became, says Wood, the best herbalist of his age. He wrote " Iter in Agrum Canturarium " and " Ericetum Ilamstedianum," which were the first local catalogues of plants published in England. But his great work was an improved edition of " Gerard's Herbal." In the civil wars he entered into the royal army ; at the siege of Basing- house he received a wound, of which he died in 1044. JOHNSTON, Arthur, a physician and poet, was born in 1587, near Aberdeen, and educated at that university ; on leaving whicli he went to Padua, where he took his joh] ^ ^etu ^ni^tx^aX 3iJiO0rap]^n, [joh doctor's degree, and then settled in Paris. After an absence of nearly 40 years, cliiefly spent in foreign travel, he returned to Aber- deen, of which university he became prin- cipal, till Archbishop Laud invited him to London, and obtained for him the appoint- ment of physician in ordinary to Chark-s I. He was the author of a collection of Latin epigrams, an elegant paraphrase of the Psalms in Latin verse, the " Muste Aulica;," and a selection of the works of Scottish writers, entitled " Poetarum Scoticorum De- licite." Died, 1(541. JOHNSTON, or JOHNSON, Ciiaules, a native of Ireland, who was bred to the bar, and came over to England to practise ; but being afflicted with deafness, he was com- pelled to quit that profession. His first literary attempt was the celebrated " Chry- Bal, or the Adventures of a Guinea;" a political romance, in which the leading cha- racters were drawn from real life, and from their being generally known, produced a great sensation. This work having so well succeeded, he produced others of a similar class, viz. "The Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of Fools," 2 vols. ; " The History of Arbaces, Prince of Betlis," 2 vols. ; "The Pilgrim, or a Picture of Life," 2 vols. ; and the " History of John Juniper, Esq., alias Juniper Jack," 3 vols. In 1782 he went to India, where he engaged in literary and otlier speculations, aud obtained considerable wealth. Died, 18<K». JOHNSTONE, Chevalier de, an adhe- rent of the Pretender, was the son of a merchant of Edinburgh, and born in 1720. At an early age he evinced an inclination for a militarj' life ; and bein^ brought up in Jacobite principles, he lett Edinburgh privately ou the breaking out of the rebel- lion in 1745, and joined the insurgents. He was appointed aide-de-camp to the unfortu- nate prince Charles Edward ; fought at the battle of Preston Pans ; and raised an inde- pendent company, with which he served throughout the campaign. After the battle of Culloden, he sought for safety in flight ; and, disguised as a pedlar, he passed through England, and at length escaped to the Con- tinent. He subsequently entered into the service of France, and acted in the capacity of aide-de-camp in Canada ; on the conquest of which by the British he returned to France, and died there at an advanced age. His " Memoirs of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1746," which occupied his latter years, is a very interesting work. JOHNSTONE, Dr. BiaxE, an eminent Scotch divine, born in 1747, was a son of John Johnstone, esq., a highly respectable magistrate of Annan, in Drumfriesshire. He entered the university of Edinburgh in 1762 ; in 1771 he was appointed minister of Holy wood ; and in 1786 the degree of D. D. was unanimously conferred on him. He was the author of a " Commentary on the Re- velation of St. John the Divine," 2 vols. 8vo. ; an " Essay on tlie Inriuence of Re- ligiou on Civil Society and Civil Govern- ment ; " and some valuable sermons. He also assisted Sir John Sinclair's patriotic views in drawing up the statistical account of Scotland ; and contributed greatly towards the improvement of the agricultural and social condition of liis native country. Died, 1805. JOHNSTONE, James, a physician and physiological writer, was born at Annan, in Dumfriessliire, in 1730 ; studied at Edin- burgh, where he took the degree of M. D. in 17.50 ; and settled at Kidderminster, where he acquired notoriety by his success- ful treatment of a malignant fever then raging there, as well as by claiming the merit of having discovered the good effects arising from the use of mineral acids, in counteracting contagion. Dr. Johnstone subsequently removed to Worcester, and died in that city, in 1802. He was the au- thor of " Medical Essays and Observations," " Disquisitions relating to the Nervous Sys- tem," and also several medical papers in the Philosophical Transactions. JOHNSTONE, JouN He.vry, a celebrated comic actor and vocalist, was born in 1750 at Tipperary, where his father was a small farmer. At the age of 18 he enlisted in a regiment of Irish dragoons, and soon at- tracted the notice of his comrades by his fine voice and good-humoured liveliness. The colonel of the regiment having had proofs of Johnstone's vocal powers, and hearing that he had an inclination for the stage, he generously granted his discharge, and gave him a recommendatory letter to Mr. Ryder, then manager of the Dublin theatre, who engaged him for three years, at two guineas per week, which was soon raised to four. His fame as a vocalist in- creased rai)idly ; and having married a Miss Poitier, who had acquired a profound knowledge of the science of music, he pro- fited by her instructions, and soon became a finished singer. Mackliu, the celebrated actor, advised him to try the London boards, and wrote a letter to Mr. Harris, of Covent Garden, so strongly in his favour, that he engaged Johnstone and his wife, for three years, at a weekly salary of 14^., 16/., and 18/. He accordingly made his first appear- ance at Covent Garden Theatre, in October, 1783, in his favourite character of Lionel. There were, however, other aspirants for vocal fame at that time on the stage ; and though he continued to sing for several seasons with imdiminished success, he saw that a wider field was open for him in the personation of Irish characters. His best efforts were therefore directed to that end ; and it was soon found that his native hu- mour, rich brogue, and fine voice carried him to a height of excellence in the path he had chosen, wliich left every competitor far behind. In 1803 he quitted Covent Garden for Drury Lane, and in the summer of that year he visited his friends in Dublin, where martial law being then in force, the company performed in the daytime. On his return from Ireland his wife died ; and lie married Miss Boulton, by whom he had a daughter, Mrs. Wallack. Few public performers have passed a long career with such uninterrupted success and felicity as the veteran Johnstone. As an actor, in his line he stood alone, personating his buoyant and blundering countrymen, both patrician and plebeian, with a degree of fidelity alto- joh] ^ ;j^fl» ^niftcv^al IStasrapl^j). [jON gether unrivalled ; -while his habits of pru- dence, which enabled him to accumulate a good fortune, were not so strict as to inter- fere with his social enjoyments ; for, to say I the truth, "Jack Johnstone" loved the juice of the grape, and often took "one l bottle more " than would have qualified I him for any temperance society in Chris- tendom. He died, Dec. 26. 1828, iu the 78th ! year of his age. JOHNSTONE, Jon.v, M. D., an eminent i physician of Birmingliam, who for upwards j of 40 years held a distinguished station I among his professional brethren, was the son of Dr. James Johnstone, of Worcester, and was educated at Merton College, Ox- ford. Dr. John Johnstone was considered peculiarly successful iu his treatment of fevers, and somewhat remarkable for the sparing use he made of medicinal prepara- tions ; but it is not only of his skill and ta- lents as a physician, but as a man of letters that we have to speak of him. He was tlie intimate friend of Dr. Tarr, and his " Life " of that great scholar affords ample evidence of his own literary acquirements and com- prehensive mind. Besides these Memoirs of Dr. Parr, which is a fearless and noble specimen of biography, he was the author of several treatises on medical subjects, he was also a fellow of the College of Pliysicians and the Royal Society ; and was held in high estimation for liis acquirements and general character by a large circle of friends, eminent for rank and talents. Died, aged (38, Dec. 28. 1830. JOINVILLE, Joii.v, Sieur de, seneschal of Champagne, an eminent French states- man and historian of the 13th century. He accompanied Louis IX. in his first crusade or expedition to Egypt, in 1249, sharing liis master's captivity, and rendering him many important services. In the king's second crusade, however, he declined taking a part; and subsequently employed himself iu writ- ing the " Life of St. Louis," one of the most interesting documents existing relative to the history of the middle ages. He died in 1318, aged 90. JOLIVET, Jean Baptiste ^[ovse. Count de, was, previous to the French revolution, an advocate. While a deputy to the legis- lative assembly in 1792, he had the courage to denounce the Jacobin club before the National Convention, and the good fortune to escape from the perils of that stormy period. After the accession of Napoleon he was introduced into the council of state, and charged with the organisation of the four new departments on tlie left bank of the Khine. On his return he was made a com- mandant of the legion of honour, and retained the office of counsellor of state till 1814. He wrote several financial and statistical works ; and died, aged 64, in 1818. JOL Y, Claude, a French ecclesiastic, who wrote " A Collection of Maxims for the Edu- cation of a Prince," which gave great offence, and was burnt by the hangman. The author, however, republished it with an addition, called " Codicil d'Or, or the Golden Codicil." He was born at Paris in 1607, and died there iu 1700. JOLY, Guv, the confidential secretary of Cardinal de Retz, who wrote " Memoirs of his Times," containing an interesting ac- count of transactions from 1648 to 1665, in which is included the private history of his patron. JOLY, Marv Elizabeth, a celebrated French actress, was born at Versailles in 1761. She commenced her theatrical career in 1781, and soon ro.se to eminence in her profession, excelling principally as a repre- sentative of the soubrettes of tlie French drama. In 1793 she was imprisoned among other political victims, but recovered her liberty on condition of performing at the theatre of the Republic. Died, 1798. JOMELLI, NicoLO, a musical composer, was born iu 1714, at Aversa, in the kingdom of Naples. He composed a number of operas in his own country, and became a popular favourite. He afterwards visited Bologna, Rome, Venice, and other principal cities of Italy, everywhere carrying away the palm from rival musicians. He was the author of 30 operas, and many devotional pieces, among which are his celebrated " Requiem " and "Miserere." Died, 1774. JONAS, AnxGRiM, a native of Iceland, distinguished as an antiquary and historian. His works relate chiefly to the history of his own countrj' ; but he was also an able astronomer, and had studied the science under Tycho Brahe. He died, aged 95, in 1640. JONES, Edward, a Welsh musician, who was bard to the Prince of Wales. He pub- lished "Musical and Poetical Relics of the Welsh Bards, " " Minstrels' Serenades, " "Lyric Airs," and "Terpsichore's Ban- quet." Died, 1821. JONES, Henry, a poet and dramatist, was born at Drogheda. He wrote the tra- gedy of" The Earl of Essex," and a volume of poems, for which, under the patronage of Lord Chesterfield, he procured a large subscription. Want of prudence, however, prevented him from profiting by his con- nections, and he died in indigence, 1770. JONES, Imgo, a celebrated arcliiteet, and the reviver of classical architecture in England, was born in London, about 1572. He was at first an apprentice to a joiner ; but his talents for drawing having attracted the notice of the Earls of Arundel and Pembroke, the latter supplied him with the means of visiting Italy, for the purpose of studying landscape painting. He went to Venice, where the works of Palladio inspired him with a taste for architecture ; and he afterwards devoted all his energies in pursuit of that noble branch of art. He soon ac- quired fame, and obtained the situation of first architect to Christian IV., king of Den- mark, who, visiting his brother-in-law, James I., in 1606, brought Jones with him to England. Being induced to remain, the queen chose him as her architect ; and the place of surveyor-general of the board of works was granted to him in reversion. Iu 1020 he was appointed one of the commis- sioners for repairing St. Paul's cathedj-al ; but this was not commenced till 1623. In the following reign he was much employed in preparing masques for the entertainment of the court, and in building the Banqueting jon] ^ ^e&j ^inbtr^td 38tOfirapl)y. [jon \ House at Whiteliall ; but while thus en- gaged he fell under the displeasure of Ben Junsun, wlio ridiculed him ou the stage, and made him the subject of his epigrammatic muse. Jones realised a handsome fortune ; but being a Roman Catholic, and a partisan of royalty, he suffered severely in the civil war. At length, worn down by sorrow and suffering, he died, July 21. hio'2. As an author he is known by a work relative to that curious monument of former ages, Stonehence, which he pronounwd to be a Roman temple, dedicated to Ca;lns — an opinion which most antiquaries have decried as erroneous 'and absurd. Many of Inigo Jones's architectural designs have been pub- lished bv Kent, Ware, and I>coni. JONES, JoH.v, LL.D., a Unitarian minis- ter, and a philological writer. Was a native of Carmarthenshire, and received his edu- cation at tlie Dissenting College, Hackney. He was pastor to a Unitarian congregation, first at Plymouth Dock, and next at Halifax, in Yorkshire ; but he eventually settled in London, and employed himself in literary pursuits and private tuition. He was the author of numerous publications ; among wliich are, " A Development of remarkable Events calculated to restore the Chiistian Religion to its Original Purity," 2 vols. ; "Illustrations of tlie Four Gospels," &c. ; a " Greek and English Lexicon," and many others, both educational and devotional. Died, 1827. JONES, JoHX Gale, by professsion an apothecary, but far better known as a po- litical orator, was born in 1771. At the breaking out of the French revolution he became a leading meml)er of the celebrated London Corresponding Society ; and, until a few years before his death, he was known as a popular declaimer at the various poli- tical meetings held in the metropolis. Hav- ing rendered himself obnoxious to the go- vernment by his violence, and impugned the proceedings of the House of Connnons, he was committed to Newgate in February, 1810, and there remained till his liberation was eftected by the prorogation of parlia- ment, June 21. The part he took in advo- cating republican doctrines had formerly subjected him to a trial at the Warwick assizes, when he obtained a verdict of ac- quittal, which was mainly attributable to the skilful advocacy of his counsel. Sir Samuel Romilly. As a public speaker he was fluent, energetic, and impressive ; in private life he is said to have been unassum- ing and an instructive companion. Died, April, 18;!8. JONES, Colonel Leslie Grove, was, in early life, a midshipman ; but having hu- manely, though very insubordinately, inter- fered respecting the punishment of one of the seamen, he was so severely censured, tliat he quitted the navy in disgust. Shortly afterwards he was presented with an ensign's commission in the 1st foot guards, served throughout tlie Peninsular war, and was a favourite aide-de-camp of the Duke of Wel- lington, whose high opinion of his zeal, dis- cretion, and gallantry, may be formed from the fact that, previous to the battle of Water- loo, the honourable and responsible ofiBce of commandant of Brussels was intrusted to him. Being put on half-pay at the peace, he engaged in literary composition, and oc- casionally produced some essays, &c. But it was not till the great struggle for the reform bill that he appeared before the world as a political writer. It unfortunately happens to mean well and to judge well are not always the same thing ; and Colonel Jones's political letters, which appeared in the " Times," had all the violence of those of Junius, without their redeeming vigour, sarcasm, and eloquence. Bom, 1779 ; died, iKi9. JONES, Owen, a Welsh antiquary, and a member of the Gwyneddigion, or Cam- brian Society, for encouraging the bards, language, and music of Wales, was born in 1740, and died in 1814. He collected and published " The Archeology of Wales," the " Poems of Dafydd ap Gwillym," and other productions. JONES, Paul (whose real name, it is said, was John Paul), a naval adventurer, was a native of Selkirk, in Scotland, and born in 1730. His first voyage was to America, where he settled early in life ; and at the commencement of the struggle between the colonies and the mother country, he offered his services to the former, and was appointed first of the first lieutenants. In 177.5 he ob- tained the command of a ship under Com- modore Hopkins, and distinguished himself in several engagements, for which he re- ceived his commission as captain of the marine. He then sailed to France, and being well acquainted with the Irish coast, and the northern part of England, he con- ceived the design of effecting a descent. For a long time he kept the northern coast in a constant state of alarm ; at length he effected a landing at Whitehaven, and having dis- mantled a fort, set fire to some shipping in the harbour. From thence he sailed for Scotland, where he landed on the estate of the Earl of Selkirk, and j)lundcred his lord- ship's house of all the plate. lie next took the Drake sloop of war, with which he returned to Brest. He afterwards sailed round Ireland to the North Sea, with three ships, the Richard, Pallas, and Vengeance. Having committed great mischief on that coast, he fell in with the Baltic fleet, con- voyed by the Serapis frigate, and the Countess of Scarborough armed ship, both which, after a severe action, he captured off Flamborough Head. For these services the king of France conferred on him the order of merit, and gave him a gold-hilted sword. He afterwards was invited into the Russian service, with the rank of rear-admiral, where he was disappointed in not receiving the command of the fleet acting against the Turks in the Black Sea. He found fault with the conduct of the Prince of Nassau, the admiral ; Iwcame restless and impatient, was intrigued against at court, and calum- niated by his enemies ; and had permission, from the empress Catharine, to retire from the service with a pension, which was never paid. He returned to Paris, sunk into po- verty, and died in 1792. Jones was a man of decided courage, conducting all his operations with equal boldness and saga- jon] ^ |!eiu Hm'ber^al SSufsrajpf)!?. [jon city ; to which may be added, that, notwith- standing the absence of instruction in liia youtli, lie wrote with fluency, strengtli, and clearness, and was able to sustain iiis part respectably in tlie polished circles of Paris, where he was a great pretender to to7i, and passed for " a poet as well as a hero." JONES, William, a mathematician, was born in UiSO, in the island of Anglesea. He became, early in life, a schoolmaster in a ship of war ; after which he settled in Lon- don, where he publislied " A Treatise on Navigation," and aiiotlier entitled " Synopsis Palmariorum Mathescos, or a new Intro- duction to the Mathematics." These works procured him the friendship of several men of science, particularly Newton and Ualley, and he a:lso obtained a pension from govern- ment. Died, 1740. JONES, William, an English divine, eminent for his abilities and public spirit, and a strenuous champion of the liutchiu- sonian doctrines, was born in 172(5, at Lowick, in Northamptonshire. He was edu- cated at the Charter House, and University College, Oxford, wliere he formed an inti- mate acquaintance with Mr. Home, after- wards bishop of Norwich. Ou leaving the university he became curate of Finedon, Northamptonshire, and next of Wadeuhoe, where he wrote his "Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity," which passed through nume- rous editions. In 1762 he published "An Essay on the first Principles of Natural Phi- losophy." In 1764 the Archbishop of Can- terbury gave him tlie vicarage of Bethers- den, in Kent, to which was afterwards added the rectory of Pluckley ; and at the time of his death he was perpetual curate of Nay- land, and rector of Paston andllolingbourne. When the French revolution gave birth to seditious movements in this country, Mr. Jones printed " A Letter from Thomas Bull to his brother John," wliich was widely circulated by the friends of government. He was also concerned in establisliiug the British Critic ; and he published a collection of excellent tracts, under the title of " The Scholar armed against the Errors of the Times." On the death of his friend. Bishop Home, to whom he had been chaplain, he paid an affectionate tribute to his memory in an account of his "Life and Writings." His theological and philosophical works form 12 vols. Svo. Died, 1800. JONES, Sir William, an eminent law- yer, poet, and general scholar, was the son of an able mathematician ; and was only 3 years of age when his father died, in 1746. He was educated at Harrow School, from whence, at the age of 18, he went to Uni- versity College, Oxford, where he had been but a few months before he was invited to be private tutor to Lord Althorpe, after- wards Earl Spencer, with whom he made a tour on the Continent. In 1766 he obtained a fellowship, and began his " Commentaries ' on Asiatic Poetry." Soon after this he was \ engaged to translate the life of Nadir Shah, | from an eastern manuscript brought to England by the king of Denmark. Another tour to the Continent, with his pupil and family, followed, which occupied his time until 1770, when, his tutorship ceasing, he 464 entered himself as a law student in the Temple. He did not, however, wholly sacri- fice literature to his professional pursuits } but, on the appearance of the life and works of Zoroaster, by Anquetil du Perron, he vin- dicated the university of Oxford, which had been attacked by tliat writer, in an able pamphlet in the French language, which he wrote with great elegance. In 1776 he was made a connnissioner of bankrupts ; about which time his correspondence with his pupil evinced the manly spirit of constitu- tional freedom by which he was actuated ; and to his feelings on the American con- test he gave vent in a spirited Latin ode to Liberty. In 1778 appeared his translation of the " Orations of Isaeus," with a prefatory discourse, notes, and commentary, which, for elegance of style, and iirofound criti- cal and historical research, excited much admiration. In the mean time he rapidly advanced in professional reputation, and contiuued at the same time to give almost daily evidence of the progress he was mak- ing in polite literature ; at one time trans- lating Arabian poetry, at another writing odes on liberty, and then discussing, with the genius of a statesman, and the fervour of a patriot, some intricate question of foreign or domestic policy. At length, on the ac- cession of the Selburnc administration, he obtained what liad long been the object of his ambition, the appointment of judge in the supreme court of judicature in Bengal. The honour of knighthood wao on this occa- sion conferred ou him, and he soon after married Miss Shipley, daughter of the bishop of St. Asaph, with whom he embarked for India in April, 1783. One of his earliest acts in India was the establishment at Cal- cutta of an institution on the ,plan of the Royal Society, of which he was chosen the first president. Another was, to take vigor- ous measures for procuring a digest of the Hindoo and Mahometan laws. He theu applied himself with ardour to the study of the Sanscrit, and his health soon suflering from the climate, he took a journey through tlie district of Benares, during which cessa- tion of public duties he composed a " Trea- tise on th« Gods of Greece, Italy, and India." His translation of the celebrated "Ordi- nances of Menu," the famous Indian legis- lator, published early in 1794, had scarcely appeared, when he was seized with an in- flammation of the liver, which terminated his truly valuable life on the 27th of April, in tlie 48th year of his age. As a judge he was indefatigable and impartial, his legal knowledge was profound, and he was an enlightened and liberal champion of con- stitutional monarchy. As a poet, essayist, and translator, there were few who excelled liim ; while as a linguist he stood unrivalled. To this let us add, that in private life his character was unimpeachable. A beautiful monument was erected to his memory in St. Paul's cathedral, and a statue at Bengal, at the expense of the East India Company ; but the most honourable and imperishable monument of his fame exists in his works, which were published by his widow, in 6 vols. 4to. JONSON, Benjamix, a celebrated dra- Jou] ^ ^efcD ©[uiberj^al 23t05r<qpT)S. [JOR matlst, and tlie contemporary and friend of Sliakspeare, was the posthumous son of a clergyman. He was born in Westminster, in 1.574 ; at the grammar-school of which city he was placed, under Camden, at an early age ; till his mother marrying again to a person who lield the humble occupation of a bricklayer, young Ben, as he was familiarly called, was taken home abruptly by his father-in-law, and employed by him as an assistant in his trade. Tlie ardent spirit of the future poet revolted against his condi- tion; he fled from home and entered the army as a private soldier, in which capacity he served in the English army in Tlanders. On his return he resumed his studies, and went to Cambridge ; but, from the poverty of his circumstances, he was obliged to leave the university and take to the stage. At first he was not very successful, either as an actor or an author ; and having tlie misfor- tune to kill another actor in a duel, he was taken up and imprisoned, and narrowly es- caped with life. On being released from confinement he married, and recommenced writing for the stage, to which he was en- couraged by Shakspeare, who performed in one of his pieces. In 1.5i>8 he i)roduced his comedy of " Every Man in his Humour ; " which was followed by a new play every year, till the reign of James the First, when he was employed in the masques and entertain- ments at court. But, regardless of prudence, Ben joined Chapman and Marston in writing the comedy of " Eastward IJoe," which so grossly libelled the Scotch nation, that the authors were committed to prison, and had they not made a timely and humble sub- mission for the offence, they would have lost their noses and ears in the pillory, ac- cording to^their sentence. By his address, however, he soon contrived to reinstate him- self in the favour of a monarch to whose pleasures the effusions of his muse hud be- come necessary ; and for the remainder of that reign he continued in high favour as a kind of superintendant of the court revels. In 1017 he was appointed poet laureate, with a salary of 1(K)/., and a butt of canary wine yearly from the king's cellars. Want of economy, however, kept him constantly poor ; although, in addition to the royal bounty, he had a pension from the city. He died Aug. 16. lt)37, and was buried in West- minster Abbey, where a handsome tablet has been erected to his memory in Poet's Corner, inscribed, " O rare Ben Jonson." Dryden, speaking of the great rival drama- tists, says, " Shakspeare was the Homer, or father, of our dramatic poets ; Jonson was the Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing ; I admire him, but I love Shakspeare." JORDAENS, Jacob, an eminent histori- cal and portrait painter, was a native of Antwerp. He was the son-in-law of "Van Oort, under whom he studied ; he also re- ceived some instruction from Rubens ; and his pictures are executed with correctness and brilliancy. Born, 1594 ; died, 1(>78. JORDAN," Camili.e, a statesman of re- volutionary France, was born at Eyons, in 1771. He opposed the tyranny of tiie Ja- cobins ; and, as a member of the Convention, he had the courage to defend his city when 4G5 it was denounced as the receptacle of assassins and banditti. For his laudable zeal he was twice compelled to seek safety in exile ; and though he returned to France when Buona- parte had subverted the power of the direc- tory, he lived there as a private citizen. After the restoration of the Bourbons, he be- came a member of the chamber of deputies, was decorated with the legion of honour, and ennobled. Died, 1821. JORDAN, CiiARLKs Stephkn, a Prussian writer, originally of a French family, was born at Berlin in 1700, and died in 174(5. He wrote " Travels in France, England, and Holland, with Satirical Anecdotes," "A Miscellany of Literature, Philosophy, and History," and the " Life of dc la Croze." JORDAN, DoKOTHEA, or Douothy Bland t Jordan being only an assumed name), was born at Waterford, about the year 17(J2 She made her theatrical debut on the Dublin stage, in 1777, in the part of r/utbe, in " As You Like It." In the follow- ing season she appeared at Cork, where she was much admired for her archness and sportive simplicity. In 1782 she came to England, was engaged by Tate Wilkinson, and first appeared at the Leeds Theatre as Culista, in " The Fair Penitent." From Leeds she proceeded to York, where she first played under the name of Mrs. Jordan, by which, thougli never married, she was sub- sequently known. In 1785 she made her first a]>pearance before a London audience at Drury Lane, as I'tavVi '•» " T''C Country Girl ; " arid immediately became such a de- cided favourite, that her salary was doubled, and she was allowed two benefits. At the close of the season, she made a provincial tour, and visited nearly all the large towns in England, everywhere receiving the most enthusiastic welcome from admiring au- diences. When the Duke of Clarence first made overtures to her, she was the mistress of a Mr. Ford ; who refused to make her his wife, through fear of offending his father. Mrs.Jordan then entered into that connection with the duke, which continued in an almost uninterrupted stale of domestic harmony, until it was suddenly broken off in 1811. She was the mother of 10 children by his royal highness ; and it may well be sup- posed that, when his intention of sei^arating from her was disclosed in a letter which she received from him while performing at Cheltenham, the shock was almost too great for her endurance. It has been alleged that state reasons had great weight in. inducing the duke to insist on this separation ; but what was the true cause is still a n>atter of doubt. A yearly allowance of 4400/. was settled on her for the maintenance of herself and daughters ; with a provision that if Mrs. Jordan should resume her profession, the care of the duke's four daughters, together with 1,500Z. per annum allowed for them, should revert to his royal highness. In a few months afterwards she expressed a wish to return to the stage ; and the four children, with the specified allowance for their main- tenance, were surrendered to their royal father. Shortly after tliis she retired to France, under circumstances of great em- barrassment. She gradually sank under the jor] ^ iSeiu Bnibtv^nl 23t05rapl)g, [job weight of her afflictions ; and, in a state of extreme mental misery, died at St. Cloud, July 3. 1816. Hazlitt, speaking of her at- tractions on the stage, says, " Her face, her tones, her manner, were irresistible. Her smile had the effect of sunshine, and her laugh did one good to hear it. Her voice was eloquence itself ; it seemed as if her heart was always at her moulh. She was all gaiety, openness, and good-nature. She rioted in her line animal spirits, and gave more pleasure than any other actress, be- cause she had the greatest spirit of enjoy- ment in herself." JORDAN, Sir JosErii, a gallant English admiral, who by his presence of mind and valour, gained the battle of Solebay, in 1C72. JORDAN, Thomas, a dramatic writer in the reign of Charles I. He wrote two comedies and a masque ; and is mentioned by Langbaine with respect. JORDANO, LucA, a famous painter, was born at Naples, iu 1632 ; and died there, in 1703. JORTIN, John. D.D., an eminent scholar and divine, was born in London, in 1698, and educated at Cambridge. Here he ac- quired so high a character for learning and acuteness, that he was employed by Pope to extract the notes from Eustathius, to print with Ills translation of the Iliad. He took orders in 1724; and held successively the livings of Swavesey, St. Dunstan's in the East, and Kensington ; he was also a pre- bendary of St. Paul's and archdeacon of London. His cliief works are, " Discourses concerning the Truth of the Christian Reli- gion," " Miscellaneous Observations upon Authors, ancient and modern," " Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History," " Life of Eras- mus," and 7 volumes of " Sermons and Charges," which were printed after his death. He was simple in manners, liberal in senti- ments, independent in spirit ; and as much beloved for his private virtues, as he was ad- mired for his piety and learning. Died, 1770. JOSE, Anto>mo, a Portuguese dramatist, by birth a Jew, who was burnt alive at the last auto-da-f^ in 1745, for having intro- duced in one of his farces a scene, in which a criminal is conversing at the gallows with his confessor, in a style, as may be supposed, not the most edifying. JOSEPH I., emperor of Germany, the son of Leopold I., was born at Vienna in 1678 ; received the crown of Hungary in 1689 ; and was soon after elected king of tlie Romans. He began his reign in 1705, wliich, though short, was troubled by wars in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Hungary. He revived the imperial chamber; and the Protestants enjoyed toleration and some privileges under his reign. Died, 1711. JOSEPH II., emperor of Germajiy, was the son of the emperor Leopold and" Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary. He was crown- ed king of the Romans in 1764 ; the year fol- lowing he succeeded his fatJier ; and in 1780, by the death of the empress-queen, he suc- ceeded to the crown of Hungary and Bo- hemia. In 1788, a declaration of war was published against the Turks, and the same year the emperor in person reduced Scha- batz ; but this was followed by a defeat of Prince Lichtenstein, who fell in the action. Soon after this a bloody battle was fought between the Imperialists and Turks, on the heights of Rohadin, in which neither could claim the victory. Joseph next made an attempt to possess himself of Belgrade, but without success. But Marshal Laudohn taking upon him the command of the army, took Durbieza andNovi, and in 1789 reduced Belgrade ; soon after whicli, a peace was concluded, chiefly occasioned by the discon- tented spirit in Germany at such a waste of men and treasure. In February following the emperor died of a lingering illness ; and was succeeded by his brother, Peter Leopold, grand-duke of Tuscany. Joseph II. was of a lively disposition, fickle and fond of action : his favourite object was to be sovereign in a peculiar sense, and to manage the great machine of the state entirely himself. Fre- deric the Great, in a letter to Voltaire, thus spoke of him : — "Joseph is an emperor such as Germany has not had for a long time. Educated in splendour, his habits are simple; grown up amidst flattery, he is still modest ; inflamed with a love of glory, he yet sacri- fices his ambition to his duty." JOSEPHINE, empress of France and queen of Italy, was born at Martinique in 1763, and bore the name from her parents, of Rose Tascher ve la Pagekie. While very young, she was taken by her father to France, to be the bride of the Viscount de Bewiharnois — a marriage having been ar- ranged by the two families when the Mar- quis Beauharnois was governor-general of the Antilles. They were accordingly mar- ried ; and, in the enjoyment of each other's society, they lived beloved and respected, while Josephine became the mother of two children, Eugene and Hortense. Prompted by filial attachment, she went, in 1787, to Martinique, to attend upon her mother in sickness ; and having taken her daughter with her, she remained in the island three years. The sudden rising of the colony, however, obliged her to quit it for France, with such haste, as not to allow of her taking leave of her parent. After effecting her es- cape, and surmounting numerous obstacles, Madame Beauharnois began to experience the horrors of the French revolution ; and soon saw lier husband, who had used every exertion at the head of the French army on the Rhine, dragged to a prison, and thence to the scaffold. She was also included in the list of proscription ; but the death of her husband reduced her to such a state that she could not be removed, and to this circum- stance she owed her deliverance. Robes- pierre at length perished, and the viscountess was delivered from prison by Tallien ; who was never forgotten by her, nor by Eugene, from whom he received a considerable pension till his death. Josephine was in- debted to Barras for the restoration of s part of the property of her hnsband ; and at his house, after the 13th Vendemiaire, she met General Buonaparte, who was desirous of seeing her, in consequence of her son Eugene, then 15 years old, presenting him- self before the general, to solicit that the sword which had belonged to his father might be given to him. Buonaparte from JOS] ^ ^m mnibev^iil Bioaraplbi). [jou the first was favourably impressed towards the widow ; and his attacliinent strengthen- ing at every succeeding interview, he married her, in 1796. From tliat day it became her practice to encourage him through dangers, and moderate liis feelings in the hour of victory. When her husband was raised to the consulate, her beneficent disi)osition dis- played itself in a thousand ways : to her, many emigrants owed their restoration ; she encouraged the arts, and rewarded industry; her life, in short, was one continued act of benevolence towards her fellow-creatures ; 80 that Buonaparte frequently observed to her, " I can win battles, but you win hearts." Her great mind looked to the glory of France, and the fame of her husband, as the two most desirable objects. After Napoleon be- came emperor, a divorce was a subject to which his friends advised him, but which he at first declined. Josephine ha<l been crowned empress of Paris, and queen of Italy at Milan. When Napoleon became desirous of marrying a princess, and she was made ac- quainted with the wishes of the nation re- garding a successor, she nobly resolved to sacrifice her private feelings on the altar of France ; and giving the archduchess, Maria Louisa, credit for all the estimable qualities which she knew were requisite to the hap|)i- ness of Napoleon, she consented to the mar- riage. She, however, would not follow the wishes of her children, who were anxious that she should quit France ; but retired to her beautiful seat of Malmaison, with the title of empress-queen-dowager. After visiting her daughter-in-law, the vice-queen of Italy, she returned to the former scat of her happiness, and pursued her taste for botany. But she was doomed to see the destruction of that throne on which she had once sat ; Napoleon's exile to Elba drew from her expressions of the most poignant regret ; and it was evident to every one that her health was rapidly declining. The allied sovereigns treated her with tlie most respectful distinction. The emperor Alex- ander sent his physician, and visited her often in person ; but a sudden inflammation of the throat terminated her life on the 2i)th of Mav, 1814. JOSEPHUS, Flavius, the celebrated his- torian of the Jews, was born at Jerusalem, A. D. 37. His father, Mattathias, was de- scended from the ancient high-priests of the Jews, and his mother was of the Maccabean race. He was early instructed in Hebrew learning, and became an ornament of the sect of the Pharisees, to which he belonged. When 26 years old he visited Rome, for the purpose of obtaining the release of some prisoners whom Felix had sent to the capital ; on which occasion he was introduced to Poppaea, afterwards the wife of Nero ; and, on his return, was made governor of Galilee. He afterwards obtained the command of the Jewish army, and supported with courage, wisdom, and resolution, a siege of 7 weeks, in the fortified town of Jotapata, where he was attacked by Vespasian and Titus. The town was betrayed to the enemy ; 40,000 of the inhabitants were cut to pieces, and 12<J0 were made prisoners. Josephus was dis- covered in a cave, where he had concealed himself, and given up to the Roman gene- ral, who was about to send him to Nero ; but his life was spared at the intercession of Titus, who became his patron, and whom he accompanied to the siege of Jerusalem. On arriving before the city he was sent to his countrymen with offers of peace, and he advised them to submit to the Romaa power ; but they treated him with con- tumely, and rejected his counsel. At the capture of the city, however, he was enabled to deliver his brother and several of his friends without ransom. He accompanied Titus back to Rome, where he was rewarded with the freedom of the city, and received a pension and other favours from Vespasian and his son ; and, as a mark of gratitude, he then assumed their family name of Flavius. His " History of the Jewish War, and the Destruction of Jerusalem," in 7 books, was composed at the command of Vespasian, and is singularly interesting and atfecting, as the historian was an eye-witness of all he relates. St. Jerome calls him the Livy of the Greeks. His " Jewish Antiquities," in 20 books, written in Greek, is a very noble work ; and bis discourse "Upon the Martyr- dom of the Maccabees " is a masterpiece of eloquence. He is supposed to have died about the year 95, but the exact date ia uncertain. JOUBERT, Bartholomew Cathekixe, a distinguished French general, was born at Pont de Vaux, in 1709. He was destined by his father for the bar ; but at the age of 15 he forsook his studies, and entered the army. His discharge being obtained, he was sent to Lyons to continue his education, and at the beginning of the revolution he was a student at the university of Dijon. In 1791 he en- listed as a volunteer ; and displayed great courage and activity in various situations, he rose rapidly, till by his admirable con- duct under Kellerman, at the battle of Lo- ano, in 1795, he was made general of brigade on the field. In the two following years his bravery and talents were conspicuous on many occasions, particularly in the Tyrol, and he rose to the rank of general of division. He was placed at the head of the French army in Italy in 1799, and fell at the battle of Novi, in that year. He was noted for the boldness, promptitude, and impetuosity of his manoeuvres; and his personal character is said to have been untainted by that rapacity and recklessness which characterised 80 many of his comrades. JOUBERT, Laukkxt, a learned French physician, was born at Valence, in 1529. He became professor of medicine at Montpelier, and chancellor of the university. His Latin works were printed at Lyons in 1582, folio ; besides which he wrote some medical treatises in French, particularly one on " Laughter ; " and another, entitled " Erreurs Populaires touchant la Medecine," which, owing to its broad humour and a degree of levity that pervaded it, ran through ten editions in six months. Died, 1.583. JOUFFROY, Marquis de, who disputes with Fulton the honour of having been the first to apply steam to the purposes of navi- gation, was born in Franche Comte, 1751. He made his first attempt on the Doubs in JOU] ^ ^cii) ^EntljcriSaT I3i05rapl)jj, [JOV 1776, and renewed it with more success on the Saone in 1783 ; but he failed to carry it out through want of means and support. He was no less unsuccessful at Paris in 1816 ; but the academy of sciences acknowledged his claim to the discovery in 1840 ; a distinc- tion with which, wliether merited or other- wise, he could not fail to be gratified. Died, 1832. JOUFFROY, TiiKonoRE, a distinguished writer on philosophical subjects, and pro- fessor of pliilosophy at Paris ; was bom at Pontets, 179(5. Besides numerous original works, which are in great repute for clear- ness and deptii, he translated into French the writings of Reid and Dugald Stewart ; and his " Cours du Droit Naturel " will be found worthy the most attentive perusal. Died, 1842. ' JOURDAIN, Amable Louis Michel Bkechillet, born in 1788, was the son of a celebrated surgeon-dentist at Paris. lie was designed for the law ; but being struck at hearing the splendid eulogies bestowed on Anquetil du Perron, the orientalist, he de- termined on cultivating the same branches of learning for which that great scholar had been distinguished. This he pursued with such success, that the office of adjunct-secre- tary of the school of oriental languages was created in his favour, and he held it till his death. He was a contributor to the Bio- graphic Universelle, and other extensive publications; and author of " La Perse, ou Tableau de I'Uistoire, du Gouvernement, de la Religion, de la Litt^rature, &c. de cet Empire ; " besides some others. Died, 1818. JOURDAN, Jean Baptiste, Count, mar- shal and peer of France, was born in 1762, at Limoges, wliere his father practised as a surgeon. He entered the military service in 1778, and fought in America ; but during the peace he attended to commercial aflairs. In 1791 he commanded a battalion of volunteers in the army of the North ; and in 1793 rose to be a general of division. Jourdan received the command of the army of the Moselle, in the place of Iloche, and gained, June, 1794, the victory of Fleurus, by which he became master of Belgium, and drove the allies be- yond the Rhine. In 1803, Napoleon made him general-in-chief of the army in Italy ; and, in 1804, marshal of France, and grand cross of the legion of honour. After losing the decisive battle of Vittoria, June 21st, 1813, Jourdan lived in retirement at Rouen : but, in 1814, he was appointed commander of the 15th division. In this station he declared in favour of Louis XVIII., and ever after continued faithful to the Bourbons. Died, 1833. JOUSSE, Dantel, an eminent French lawyer and mathematician, of the 17th cen- tury. He was a native of Orleans, and in 1734 he was installed in the office of coun- sellor of that presidency, which he filled till his death, in 1781. His works are very nu- merous, including " Nouveau Traite de la Sphere," besides many treatises on the mu- nicipal law of France. JOUVENCY, Joseph de, a learned Jesuit, born at Paris, in 1643. His principal work is a continuation of the " History of the Jesuits." He also wrote a tract, entitled " De Ratione Disceiidi et Docendi ; " and Notes on the principal Latin classics. JOUVENET, John, an historical painter, born at Rouen, in Normandy, in 1()44, and who studied under Poussin. He was em- ployed to adorn the apartments of Versailles and the Trianon ; he also painted colossal figures of the twelve apostles in the Hospital of the Invalids at Paris. Died, 1717. JOUY, Joseph Ede.vxe de, a facile and graceful writer, was bom in 1764, served in America and India, and took part in the first campaign of the revolution. But he soon abandoned the sword for the pen ; and rose to great popularity with his vaudevilles and the librettos which he wrote for Spon- tini, Cherubini, and Rossini. He was also distinguished as a political writer : but he is best known in England for his amusing and satirical work called the " Hermit of the ChaussL-e d'Antin," which was translated into English many years ago. In 1830, Louis Philippe appointed him librarian at the Lou^Te. Died, 1846. JOVELLANOS, Dov Gaspar Melchior DE, one of the most distinguished Spaniards of modern times, was born at Gijon, in Astu- rias, in 1744, of an ancient and noble family. He was endowed with splendid talents ; and not only acquired, while at college, an ex- tensive knowledge of jurisprudence, his more especial object, but also made great progress in archaeology, languages, and the belles lettres. He soon became a member of the criminal branch of the audie.ncia in Seville ; and advancing rapidly in his professional career, he was finally appointed to the dig- nified station of member of the council of the military orders at Madrid. About the same time he was entrusted with some important affairs, and nominated counsellor of state, by Charles III. When, in 1794, Spain found herself loaded with debt, Jovellanos pro- posed, for the relief of the national difficul- ties, a tax on the propertv of the higher order of the clergy ; for which he was exiled to the mountains of Asturias, though his pro- ject was afterwards carried into execution. In 1799 he was recalled, and made minister of justice for the interior ; but before twelve months were past, he was dismissed, and banished to the island of Majorca, where he was confined in the convent of the Carthu- sians. After the fall of Godoy, the prince of peace, in 1808, he recovered his liberty, and subsequently became a member of the supreme junta. He was, however, suspected of favouring the French ; and at length, being denounced as a traitor for endeavour- ing to promote their plans for the subjuga- tion of Siiain, he was put to death, in 1812, during a popular insurrection. He wrote " Lyric Poems," " Pelayo," a tragedy ; " The Honourable Delinquent," a comedy ; several works on subjects connected with political economy ; and translated Milton's Paradise Lost. JOVIANITS, FLAvirs Claudius, a Roman emperor, was born in Pannonia, of a noble family, in 331. He was elected emperor by the Roman soldiers after the death of Julian, but refused the dignity unless they would become Chiistians, to which they consented. JOV] ^ ilth} Bnibtv^Kl ^iaQvn^\)\j, [JUD He died, after reigning seven montlis, owing to the suffocating vai)Our of burning cliar- coal in his room, in 808. JOVINIAN, an Italian monk of the 4th century, who was i>erseeuted for teaching the rational doctrine, that all those who adhered to the vows made at their baptism, and led a life of piety and temperance, were equally entitled to the rewards of futurity, as those who passed their days in monkish celibacy and self-inflicted mortiflcatiou. Ue was banished, and died about 415. JOVIUS, Fait., or P.volo Giovio, a ce- lebrated Italian historian, was born at Como, in 1483 ; studied medicine at Pavia and Milan ; relinquished that profession for the composition of history ; but finally took orders, and was bishop of Nocera at the time of his death, in 15.52. Living at the court of the pope, then the capital of Christendom, he became personally acquainted with many individuals of the first importance in his- tory, or other eye-witnesses, from whom he gathered information ; still when it is recol- lected tliat he used to boast of possessing pens of iron aud gold, which he used as oc- casion required, his writings should be read with great caution, His best work is " His- toria sui Temporis." JOY, Right Hon. Hexkv, an able Irish judge, was called to the bar in 1788, and after enjoying high reputation as a counsel, filled the office of attorney-general, and in 18.'il succeeded Lord Ouillamore as chief baron. Among the " sayings " of Lord Nor- bury, the following is related : — Being once requested by Mr. Hope, the attorney, to wait a few minutes for Mr. Joy, his leading counsel in a nisi prius ctisc just then culled on, his lordship did so until his small stock of patience was exhausted ; then exclaim- ing, "Hope told a flattering tale, that Joy would soon return," ordered the next case in rotation to be proceeded with. Born, 1767 ; died, 1838. JOYCE, Jeuemiah, an ingenious and in- dustrious writer, whose profession was that of a dissenting minister, was born in 17ri4 ; and first attracted public jiotice as one of the persons included in the state prosecution with Hardy, Ilorue Tooke, Thclwall, and others for treason. He was the coadjutor of Dr. Gregory in the compilation of his " CyclopsEdia," and subsequently produced another on a similar plan, which goes by the mame of Nicholson. He was also the author of " Scientific Dialogues," " Dialogues on Chemistry," " Letters on Natural Philoso- phy," &c. Died, 1816. JUAN, or Don Johx of Austuia, a na- tural son of the emperor Charles V., and the great military hero of his age, was born at Ratisbon, in 1546. His mother is said to have been a lady named Barbara Blomberg ; but this is doubtful, and a singular veil of mystery hangs over his maternal parentage. He was first employed, in 1570, against the Moors of Grenada, and acquired great fame by their subjugation. He also signalised himself by a memorable victory over the Turks, in 1571, in the gulf of Lepanto ; as well as by the conquest of Tunis and other places on the Africim coast. In 1576 he went to i'laudcrs, took Namur by stratagem, and succeeded in reducing the insurgents to obe • ; dience. Died, l.W". j JUAN II,, Don, a natural son of Philip IV. of Spain, and of Maria Calderona, an actress, was born in 1629 ; made grand prior of Castile ; commanded the Si)anish army in Italy, 1647, and took the city of Naples ; sub- , jugaled Barcelona in 16.'.2, but being af- terwards unsuccessful, was exiled. Under ^ Charles II. he was recalled to Madrid, made prime minister, and died in 1679. I JUAN Y SANTICILIA, Don Geoiioe, a ; learned Spanish mathemotician and naval oflBcer, was born at Orihuela, in 1712. His progress in mathematics was so great that, while a student in Carthagena, he obtained j the appellation of Euclid ; and, entering the j nuval service early, his reputation as a scien- J tific man occasioned his appointment, with ; Antonio de UUoa, to accompany Bouguer j and La Condamine to Peru, in 1735, to ; measure a degree of tlie meridian at the j equator. He afterwards directed much of his attention to marine architecture, and his exertions to improve the Spanish nav^ were highly successful. He published his "Observations on Astronomy and Physics, made in Peru," and treatises on navigation and ship-building. Died, 1774. JUBA, a king of Numidia and Maurita- nia, M'ho was an ally of Pompey against Julius Cajsar. After the battle of Pharsa- lia, he joined his forces to those of Scii)io ; but being totally defeated at Thapsus, he put an end to his own life, and his kingdom became a Roman province. JUBA II., king of Numidia, son of the preceding, was, when a lx)y, led as a captive to Rome to adorn the triumph of Caesar ; but the Roman conqueror bestowed on him an excellent education, and he became one of the most learned men of his time. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteous- ness of his manners, and was in great favour with Augustus, who gave him the daughter of Antony in marriage, and made him king of Ga:tulia ; of which dignity he proved him- self worthy, by governing his dominions with justice and lenity. He was also an able and prolific author, as appears by Pliny, Strabo, Plutarch, and other writers, who allude to his histories of the Arabians, Assyrians, and Romans ; his treatises on the fine arts ; and his natural history ; of all M'hich a few fragments only have been preserved. He died, A. D. 24. The Athenians erected a statue to liis memory, and the Ethiopians paid him divine honours. JUDAU CIIING, a learned Jewish rabbi, was born at Fez, studied among the Ara- bians, and practised as a physician in 1040. He was the author of several works in the Hebrew language, and was considered by the Jews as the restorer of their language, and styled the " prince of grammarians." JUDAH, Hakkadosh, or "Jehudah the Holy," a famous rabbi, who lived in the reign of Marcus Antoninus, to whom he was preceptor, and by whose command he com- piled the Mischna, or first Talmud, being a digest of the oral law of the Jews. JUDAH,LKo,alearned Protestant divine, was born in Alsace, in 1482. Being sent to Basle to complete his academical studies, he job] ^ ^cio Winiijtv^al MwQtKpX)^. [JUN became awiuainted with Zuin lius, from whom he imbibed those principles whieli led to liis embracing the reformed faith. He became pastor of the churcli of St. Peter at Zurich, wJiere he undertook a translation of the Old Testament, from the Hebrew into Latin, but did not live to complete it. Died, 1542. JUDAS LEVITA, or HALLE VI, a Jew- ish rabbi, was born in Spain, in 1090. He was remarkable for his great learning, and distinguislied himself as a poet, grammarian, and philosopher. It is related of him, that when on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, as he approached tlie holy city, he rent his gar- ments, and recited aloud lamentations for the miseries of his people, which so enraged a Mahometan horseman, that he rode over him and trampled him to death. JUEL, Nicholas, a Danish admiral, who learned liis profession under Van Tromp and De Ruyter, in the Dutch navy ; after which he returned to his native country, and greatly distinguished himself, in 1659, during the siege of Copenhagen. In 1676 and 1(577 he took Gothland, and defeated the Swedes in several engagements. He died in 1097, not less respected for his modCsty and piety, than honoured for his bravery. JUGURTUA, king of Numidia, was the son of Manastabal. He was endowed by nature with superior talents, and was re- markable for manly strength and personal beauty. Formed for a soldier, his valour and conduct won the esteem of the Roman army, and the friendship of Scipio ; but involving himself in intrigues and crimes to obtain the Numidian crown, the Roman senate sent the celebrated Metellus against him, who conquered him in a great battle, and rejected all his bribes. AVheu on tlie point of signing a shameful peace, and sur- rendering to the Romans, Jugurtha, through fear that they might inflict vengeance on him for his former crimes, suddenly clianged his resolution, and determined once more to abide tlie worst. The king of Mauritania, his allj', having concluded a peace with the Romans, Sylla persuaded him to draw Jugurtha into his power, and deliver him up to the Romans. He was accordingly seized, and sent in chains, to Marius, at Cirta. Thus the war was ended, and Numidia became a Roman province, jugurtha, having suftered many insults from the people, was thrown into a dark prison, and starved to death after six days, b. c. 10(5. JULIAN, Flavius Claudius, sumamed the Apostate, a Roman emperor, was the youngest son of Constantius, brotlier of Constantine the Great. He was born in 331, educated in the tenets of Christianity, but apostatised to paganism. In 335 he was declared Cmsar, and sent to Gaul, where he obtained several victories over the Germans; and, in 3(51, the troops in Gaul revolted from Constantius, and declared for Julian. During the lifetime of his cousin, Constan- tius, lie made a profession of the ortliodox faitli ; but, on succeeding to the throne, he threw off all disguise, re-opened the heathen temples, and sought to restore the heathen worship in all its splendour ; while he laboured, both by his pen and authority, to destroy Christianity. He took from the j Christian churches their riches, which were I often very great, and divided them among | his soldiers. He sought likewise to induce | the Christians, by flattery or by favour, to ' embrace paganism ; but failing in the at- j tempt, he shut up their schools, prohibited the followers of that religion from teaehlvg, ! and ordered by an edict that the name of j Christian should be abolished. His malice i was farther evinced, by an extraordinary j indulgence to the Jews, and an attemxjt to j rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, that the prophecy of Christ miglit be falsified ; but it is said that flames of fire rose from be- neath, and consumed some of the workmen, by which miraculous interposition the design was frustrated. He did not long survive this disappointment, being killed in 363, in liis expedition against the Persians. The cliaracter of Julian is full of contradictions. He displayed learning, magnanimity, jus- tice, and mercy ; yet we find him insincere, superstitious, vain, and ambitious. No wonder, then, that historians have passed such opposite judgments on him. JULIEN, PiEURE, an eminent French sculptor, many of wliose productions adorn the metropolis of France, and whose chef- d'auvre is " The Dying Gladiator." Born, 1731 ; died, 1804. JULIEN, SiMOX, a Swiss painter, who by his brother artists was called tlie Apos- tate, in allusion to the Roman emperor of the same name, as well as to his abandon- ment of the French school of painting for the Italian. Born, 173(5 ; died, 1799. JULIUS I., Pope, succeeded to the papal see on tlie death of Mark, in t37. Celebrated for the part he took in the Athanasian con- troversy. Died, 352. JULIUS II., Pope, nephew of SixtusIV., was born in 1443. He is said to have, at one period of his life, followed the occujjation of a waterman. He was remarkable for his wars, and his patronage of the arts. During his pontificate, the rebuilding of St. Peter's was commenced. Died, 1613. JUI/IUS III., Pope, previously known as Cardinal Monte, was chamberlain to Julius II., whose name he consequently assumed. He took little part in public business, but led a life of indolence at the villa still known by his name. Died, 1555. JUNGE, or JUNGIUS, Joachim, an emi- nent philosopher of the 17th century, was born at Lubeck, in 1687, and distinguished himself as an able antagonist of the Aris- totelian philosophy. Like his great con- temporary. Lord Bacon, he substituted ex- periment in the place of idle and antiquated theories ; and is ranked by Leibnitz as equal to Copernicus and Galileo, and but little inferior to Descartes. Among his works are " Geometria Empirica," " Doxoscopiae Physicffi Minores," and " Isagoge Pliyto- scope," from which latter work Ray and Linnaaus appear to have taken some valu- able hints. Died, 1657. JUNIUS, Adbian, an eminent physician and a classical writer, was born at Hoom, in Holland, in 1512. He studied medicine at Paris and Bologna ; after which he visited England, and became physician to j jun] ^ l^etD Winibtv^^l Miastnp\)\}, [jus the Duke of Norfolk. While here he pub- lished a Greek aud Latiu lexicon, which the court of Rome condemned, because it was dedicated to Edward TI. On leaving England he went to Copenhagen, as phy- sician to the king of Denmark ; but soon quitted that place and settled at Haarlem, wliere he was made principal of the college. His translations from, and criticisms on, ancient authors are very numerous ; and he was considered inferior only to Erasmus as a scholar. DiAl, 1575. JUNIUS, Fkancis, a learned French Protestant divine, was born at Bourges in 1.545. He became minister of the Walloon church at Antwerp, after which he officiated as chaplain in the army of the Prince of Orange ; and, on leaving that service, ob- tained a professorship at Heidelberg, from wlience he removed to Leyden, where he died of the plague, in liJOii. He wrote Com- mentaries on the Scriptures ; but is best known by his Latin version of the Bible, jointly with Tremellius. JUNIUS, Fkancis, son of the preceding, and eminent as a philologist, was born at Heidelberg, in 158t». After studying at Leyden, he came to England in 1G20, and found a patron in the Earl of Arundel, with whom he resided 30 years as librarian, and died in 1677. His principal works are, " Olos- sarium Oothicum in tiuatuor Evangelia Gothica," " De Pictura Veterum, " and " Etymologicum Anglicanum." JUNOT, Anuociie, duke of Abrantes, a distinguished French general, was born in 1771, and entered the army, as a volunteer, in 1791. He first attracted the notice of Buonaparte by his coolness and courage when serving as a lieutenant at the siege of Toulon ; and in 180(5 he made him colonel- general of hussars, aud appointed him to the command of Paris. In the following year he was placed at the head of the army in Portugal, where he remained two years, and was honoured with his ducal title ; but being defeated at the battle of Vimiera by Sir Arthur Wellesley (the Duke of U'elliiig- ton), he was compelled to capitulate. He subsequently served in Spain, and was made governor of the lUyrian provinces. Died, 1813. JUNOT, Madame, Duchess of Abrantes, wife of the celebrated French general, was from her infancy intimate with Napoleon. Her estates being confiscated in 1814, the emperor Alexander offered their restoration, on condition of her becoming a naturalised Russian. She refused, and remained in Paris, living quite literally by the labours of her pen. The best known of her writings are the celebrated " Memoirs," which had a prodigious run. But she experienced the only too common fate of authors ; harassed by creditors, she retired to a maison de sante; where she died, iu 1838. JURIEU, Petek, a French Protestant divine and theologian, was born in 1G37. He studied jn England, under his maternal uncle, Peter du Moulin ; and, while here, was episcopally ordained ; but the French Protestants disapproving of episcopal ordi- nation, he was re-ordained according to the form of Geneva, lie filled the chair of divinity at Sedan with reputation ; but, when that university was taken from the Protestants, he retired to Holland, and settled at Rotterdam, where he became a violent polemic, and engaged in some fierce contentions with Bayle and others. Finding that his work on the " Accomplishment of the Prophecies " produced many severe replies, and bein^ also greatly chagrined by the decisions of the synods against some of his doctrines, he grew hypochondriacal, and died in 1713. His principal works are a " Preservative against Popery," " I^a Poli- tique du ClergtS" "L'Accomplissement des Prophfetes," "Histoire de Calvinisme et du Papisme," 3 vols., and " Histoire des Dog- mes et des Cultes," 2 vols. His learning was unquestionably great, but it was obscured by an intolerant and litigious temper. JURIN, James, an English phj'sician and mathematician, was born in 1(584 ; studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship ; was afterwards phy- sician to Guy's Hospital ; was several years secretary to the Royal Society ; and died, in 1750, president of the College of Physi- cians. He published " Physico-Mathemati- cal Dissertations," an " Essay upon Distinct and Indistinct Vision," and a translation of Varenius's Geography. He also contributed many papers on philosophical and mathe- matical subjects to the Philosoi)hical Trans- actions ; and was a warm defender of the practice of inoculation, and a zealous advo- cate for the Newtonian system. JUSSIEU, De ; AxTHoNY, Bernard, and Joseph ; three eminent French botanists and ])hysicians. The first was bom at Lyons in 1(58(5, and died in 1758. He enriched the memoirs of the academy of sciences at Paris with several valuable papers, the result of observations made in his travels, on botany and mineralogy. He also wrote the appendix to Toucnefort, and abridged Barrelier's work upon the plants of France, Spain, and Italy ; he was likewise the author of a " Discourse on the Progress of Botany." Berxard, brother of the preceding, was born at Lyons in 1699, and died in 177(5. He published an edition of Tournefort's History of Plants about Paris, and was the author of a book, entitled " The Friend of Humanity, or the advice of a good Citizen to the Nation." He was botanical demonstrator at the king's garden, and was much esteemed by Louis , XV. Cuvier calls him " the most modest, ' and, perhaps, the most profound, botanist of the 18th century, who, although he scarcely published any thing, is nevertheless the in- spiring genius of modern botanists." The third brother, Joseph, who was also a mem- ber of the academy of sciences at Paris, and accompanied Condamine to Peru, in 1735. He was not only a good naturalist and phy- sician, but an excellent engineer. He pub- lished a journal of his voyages, and died in 1779. JUSTEL, Christopher, a French states- man and juridical writer of the 17th century, was born in 1.580, and died in 1G49. He was well acquainted with ecclesiastical antiqui- ties and the canon law, respecting which he published several learned works, and left valuable MS. collections. — His son IIenkit jus] ^ |5ciu ^uiber^al 3Siocjrajpi)i). [JUV sent his father's MSS. to the university of Oxford, for which he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. On tlie revoca- tion of the edict of Nantes, he came to I^on- doii, and was appointed keeper to the king's library. lie published, chiefly from his father's collection, "Bibliotheca Canonici veteris," 2 vols, folio, and also some able works of his own. Born, 1020 ; died, 1093. JUSTI, Joiix IIknry Gottlob de, an eminent German mineralogist, who, after gaining some literary reputation at the uni- versity of Jena in 1720, enlisted as a common soldier in the Prussian service. He rose to the rank of lieutenant ; was cashiered and imprisoned for instibordination, but made his escape to Leipsic, and maintained him- self by writing for the press. In 1755 he became professor of political economy and natural history at Gottingen ; but having written two freely on the Prussian govern- ment, was arrested, and ended his days a prisoner in the fortress of Gastrin, in 1771. He was the author of a " Treatise on Money," a " Treatise on Mineralogy, " " Miscellanies on Chemistry and Mineralogy, " and " A Complete Treatise on Manufactures." JUSTIN, a Liitin historian, who probably lived at Rome in the 2nd or 3rd century. He made an epitome of the history of Trogus Pompeius, a native of Gaul, who lived in the time of Augustus, and whose works, in 44 books, contain a history of the world, from the earliest ages to hisowntime. Justin has been illustrated by the most able commen- tators, and particularlv by Gravius. JUSTIN, St., a Christian philosopher and martyr in the 2nd century, was a native of Sichem, in Samaria. A persecution break- ing out against the Christians, under Antoni- nus, Justin presented to tliat emperor, an admirable apology in their behalf, which had the desired effect. He afterwards ad- dressed another apology to Marcus Aurelius, in which he defended those of his religion against the calumnies of Crescens, a Cynic philosopher. For this, and his neglect of Pagan worship, he was condemned to be scourged and then beheaded, which sentence was put in execution, a.d. 104, iu the 75th year of his age. JUSTINIAN I., surnamed the Great, ne- phew of Justin I., emperor of the East, and celebrated as a lawgiver, was born in 483, of an obscure family. He shared the fortunes of his uncle, who, from a common Tliracian peasant, was raised to the imperial throne ; and at whose death, in 527, he obtained the exclusive sovereignty. He was then in his 45th year, and distinguished for his devo- tional austerity ; but immediately upon his elevation he solemnly espoused Theodora, an actress and courtezan, whose influence over him was unbounded. During the reign of Justinian many conquests were made by his brave general Belisarius. In 523 and 529 he obtained three glorious victories over the Persians ; in 534 hedestroj'ed the empire of the Vandals in Afri(;a ; Spain and Sicily were reconquered ; and the Ostrogoths, who possessed Italy, were vanquished. The prin- cipal event, however, which has rendered the reign of Justinian interesting to pos- terity, was tlie celebrated reformation of the Roman jurisprudence. He commissioned Tribonian, aided by other learned civilians, to form a new code from his own laws and those of his predecessors. To this code Jus- tinian added the "Pandects," the "Insti- tute," and the " Novelise," since called, col- lectively, the body of civil law {corpus juris civib's). He likewise embellished the capital with numerous magnificent churches, among which is the celebrated Sancta Sophia, now subsisting as the principal mosque in Con- stantinople. Bridges, aqueducts, hospitals, fortresses, and other public works, were also undertaken throughout the various pro- vinces of the empire. But towards the end of his life he became avaricious, oppressed the people with taxes, and lent a willing ear to every accusation ; and at length, full of cares and disquietudes, he died in 505, after a reign of 38 years, and iu the 83rd of his age. JUSTINIAN II. was the elder son of Constantine Pogonatus, whom he succeeded in 085. He recovered several provinces from the Saracens, and made an advantageous peace with them ; but his exactions, cruel- ties, and debaucheries tarnished the glory of his arms. He was slain, with his son Tiberius, in 711, by Philippicus Bardanes, his successor, JUSTINIANI, AuGusTiN, bishop of Neho, in Corsica, was a prelate of distinguished literary abilities. He was the author of " An- nates de Republica Geuoensi ; " a " Psalter in Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and Chaldee, with Latin notes," &c., being the first of the kind that ever appeared in print. He perished in a voyage from Corsica to Genoa, in 1530. JUSTINIANI, St. Lawrence, the first patriarch of Venice, was born there in 1381 ; died in 1485 ; and was canonised by pope Alexander VIII. in 1090. He was the author of several devotional works, which were printed in 2 vols, folio, with a life by his nephew. JUSTINIANI, Berxakd, nephew of the preceding, was born at Venice, in 1408 ; was employed in several important missions by Calixtus III. ; wrote a history of Venice, which has been considered the first regular j attempt of the kind, and the life of his uncle, Lawrence the patriarch ; and died in 1489. JUVENAL, Decius Junius, a Latin poet, remarkable for the caustic severity of his satires, was born at Aquinum in Campania, | about the beginning of the reign of Claudius. | He studied rhetoric under the most cele- j brated masters, and became an eminent ] pleader at the bar, but satire was his forte, i His first essay as a poetical satirist was di- rected against the player Paris, wlio was the I minion of Domitian ; for which he was sent I into an honourable kind of exile, by being j made commander of a cohort at Pentapolis, on the borders of Egypt. On Domitian's I death he returned to Rome, where he died j in his SOtli year, a. i>. 128. He may be said | to have been the last of the Roman poets, i and as the bold and unflinching castigator j of vice he stands without a rival. Good as j are his intentions, however, and forcible as ; are his denunciations, the moral indelicacy ' of the age in which he lived renders the satires of Juvenal too gross in their details I JDV] ^ J2eU) ?0[nitjcr^al J)i0ijrajjTjy' [kal for readers of the present day. Able trans- lations have been made by Dryden, Gif- ford, &c. JUVENCUS, Caius Vectius Aquilinus, one of the first Cliristian poets, was a native of Spain, and lived in the reign of Constan- tine. His performance is a life of Christ in Latin verue, entitled." Uistorias Evan- gelicw." JUXON, William, an English prelate, of distinguished learning and piety, was born at Chichester in l.Wi. He was educated at Merchant Tailors' School, and St. John's College, Oxford ; was patronised by Laud ; and, through his influence, obtained tlie bishopric of Hereford in Ui3S, and of London in the same year. In 1G35 he was made lord high treasurer of England, an office which no churchman had held since the reign of Henry VIII. This gave great offence to the puiitaos ; but, ou his resignation of the office. atler having held it something less than six years, the integrity and ability with which he had discliarged its various duties were admitted on all hands. During the whole of the civil wars he maintained an unshaken fidelity to the king, whom he attended during his imprisonment in the Isle of Wight, and on the scaffold ; on which occasion he received from the hand of Charles, the mo- ment previous to his execution, his diamond George, with directions to forward it to liis son. After the king's death, the parliament threw him into confinement for contumacy in refusing to disclose the particulars of his conversation with the king ; but he was soon released, and continued to live in privacy until the Restoration. He was then raised to the see of Canterbury, but did not long enjoy the honours and emoluments of the primacy, his death occurring about two years after his elevation, in 1G63. K. KAAB, a celebrated Arabian poet, con- temporary with Mahomet, whom he at first strenuously opposed, but afterwards eulo- gised. As a reward for writing a poem in his favour, tlic prophet gave him his green mantle, wliich one of the descendants of Kaab sold for 10,000 pieces of silver. Died, 6G2. KAAS, Nicholas, an eminent Danish statesman, was born in 15S5, and studied in the universities of Germany. In l.j73he was made chancellor of Denmark ; and, on the deatli of king Frederic II. in ]o88, he was nominated to fill tlie situation of first regent during the minority of Christian I. Being attacked with a mortal disease previous to the coronation of that prince, he sent for him as he lay ou his death-bed, and telling him that he had promised his royal father in his last moments, to do all he could to see the crown placed on the head of his son, he gave him the key of the place where the crown and other regalia were kept, saying, " Take it in the name of God, and wear the crown with glory, sway the sceptre with wisdom and clemency, bear the sword with justice, and keep the globe with judgment." Died, 159-1. KABllIS, Joseph, a French sailor, who, being taken prisoner by the English in the last war, obtained permission to enter on board a South Sea whaler, and being wrecked on the coast of the island of Noukahiwa, in the Pacific Ocean, fell into the hands of the cannibal inhabitants. While preparations were making for his intended fate, and his doom appeared inevitable, he was saved by the intercession of the king's daughter, who shortly after became his wife. Being now allied to royalty, he was made chief judge of the island, which office he exercised with reputation and comparative ease, owing to the simplicity of their legal institutions. Nine years thus passed away, and Kabria lived in the enjoyment of domestic happiness, when he was carried off, as he stated, while , asleep, by the Kussian navigator, Captain ' Krusenstcrn. On returning to France in 1817, he exhibited himself to the public at Paris and elsewhere, his face being tattooed i in the New Zealand style. His object was ! to raise money, to enable him to return to i his wife and family at Noukahiwa ; but, while travelling for this purpose, he died , suddenly at Versailles, in 1822. | K^EMPFEll, ExcJELBUECiiT, a celebrated | physician, naturalist, and traveller, was ' born at Lemgo, in Westphalia, in 1651 ; 1 studied at Dantzic, Thorn, and Cracow; per- ' formed a journey, in 108.3, as secretary to a j Swedish embassy, by land through Russia and Persia ; after which he visited Arabia, | nindostan, Java, Sumatra, Siam, and Japan, I in which last country he resided two years. I In 1692 he returned to his native country, ' took his degree of M. D. at Leydcn, and entered upon medical practice. He was the ! author of a " History of Japan," 2 vols, folio; »' Amo-'nitates Exoticas," &c. Died, 1716. KAESTNER, Abhaham Gotthelk, a mathematician, astronomer, and poet, was boru in 1719, at Leipsic ; and filled the situ- ation of professor of mathematics at Got- tingen, with the highest reputation for more than 40 years. His scientific works are ex- tremely numerous, of which the principal is a " History of Mathematics." Died, 1799. KALB, Baron de, a major-general in the American army, was born in Germany, about the year 1717. He entered into the French service when young, and continued in it 42 years. In 1757, during the war be- tween Great Britain and France, he was sent by the French government to the American colonies, in order to see with what effect the seeds of discontent against the mother coun- try might be sown among them. While in the performance of this commission he was i kal] ^ ^cto Winibtv^Kl 2SiDgrapT)i). KAT seized as a suspected person, hut escaped detection, lie then went to Canada, where he remained until its conquest by the British, after which he returned to France. During the war of the revolution he otfered his ser- vices to tlie congress, which were accepted, and he was soon after made a major-general. On the 15th of August, 1778, when Lord Rawdon defeated General Gates, near Cam- den, the baron commanded the right wing of the American army, and fell covered with wounds. KALCKREUTII, Fkedekic Adolfhus, Count of, a Prussian field-marshal, was born at Eisleben in 1737 ; entered the army in 1751 ; served with distinction in the seven years' war ; arrived, step by step, at the rank of general, and was made a count in 1788. His courage and ability were often conspicuously shown in the war with France; he took Mayence in 179.S ; had the chief command of the troops in Pomerania, in 1705 ; was appointed governor of Thorn and Dantzic, and made inspector-general of cavalry in 1800 : concluded with Berthier, at Tilsit, the truce between Prussia and France, in 1807 j after which, in conjunction with Golz, he concluded a peace with Tal- leyrand. He was then made field-marshal, was appointed governor of Berlin in 1810, and died in 1818. KALDI, Geouge, a learned Jesuit, was born in Hungary about 1572. He was ba- nished from Transylvania with the rest of his order ; on which he became professor of theology at Olmutz, and next at Presburg, where he died in 16.34. He translated the Bible from the Vulgate into the Hungarian tongue. KALE, or KALF, Williasi, an eminent painter, was born at Amsterdam in 1630. He had the power of Rembrandt in distri- buting his light and shade, while ia cor- rectness and delicacy he equalled Teniers. Died, 1693. KALKBRENNER, Christian, an emi- nent musical composer, was born in 1756, at Munden, in Prussia ; was a pupil of Emanuel Bach; and having made considerable progress both in the theoretical and practical branches of the profession, entered the service of Prince Henry of Prussia, and finally settled in Paris, where liis reputation obtained him the appointment of singing-master to the aca- demy of music, which he held till his death, in 1806. He was the author of several operas, two musical treatises, &c. KALKBRENNER, Christian Fred., a distinguished pianist, sou of the above, was born at Cassel, 1784. Having acquired, at an early age, a high reputation as a brilliant per- former on the pianoforte, he removed in 1806 to Paris, whence he made frequent profes- sional tours throughout Europe, his fame daily increasing, both from his own perform- ances and the brilliant compositions wliich he gave to tlie world. In 1814 he removed to London, where he remained 9 years. He once returned to the French capital in 1823, when he joined M. Pleydel as a manufacturer of keyed instruments, and continued to oc- cupy a prominent position in the musical world till his decease. Died of cholera, in Paris, 1849. KALM, Peter, a Swedish traveller and natural philosopher, was born in 1715, in Ostro Bothnia ; travelled in North America and Russia, for the purpose of exploring those countries ; became professor of botany in the univesity of Abo ; and died in 1779. His works consist of " Travels in America," which liave been translated into English ; " besides numerous dissertations, illustrative of the state of commerce, agriculture, and manufactures in Sweden. KANT, Emsiaxuel, a celebrated German metaphysician, and the founder of a new philosophical sect, was born at Konigsberg, in Prussia Proper, in 1724, and was the son of a saddler. Through the kindness of a rich uncle he was educated at the Frede- rician College, on leaving which he accepted the situation of tutor in a clergyman's family. He commenced his literary career in his 23rd year ; but it. was not till he was ap- pointed a professor in the university of Ko- nigsberg, in 1770, that any traces of his new metaphysical system, which afterwards at- tracted so much notice, appeared in his works. In 1781 he published his " Critical Inquiry into the Nature of Pure Reason," which contains the system commonly known under the title of the " Critical Philosophy." A second part of it, published in 1783, bore the title of " Prolegomena for future Meta- physics." The principles contained in them he had, however, long been promulgating from his professorial chair. In 1786 he was chosen rector of the university ; and, though far advanced in life, he continued to produce works in farther development of his philo- sophical principles until 1798, when he re- tired from his otficial situations, and died in 1804. Kaut was a man of high intellectual endowments ; and his critical philosophy for a time superseded every other in the Pro- testant universities of Germany. From the first, however, it had many opponents ; and now that the novelty of this svstem of me- taphysics (more remarkable for the obscurity of its phraseology and the subtlety of its reasoning, than for any practical good in morals) is worn oif, its advocates are com- paratively few. Yet it must be confessed, that Ids philosophical conceptions flowed from the inexhaustible source of his own reason ; that he not only discovered the in- congruities of other men's sentiments, and traced, with wonderful precision, their errors to their true origin, but that he had an as- tonishing faculty of unfolding the most abs- truse principles, and digesting single and in- dividual sentiments into a systematic order. His works are far too numerous for insertion here ; but they are all, more or less, of a metaphysical character. KARAMSIN, Nicholas Mich.\elo- viTSCH, imperial Russian historiographer, was born in 1705; educated at Moscow; served for a while in the imperial guards ; and travelled for two years, through Middle Europe ; after which he devoted himself to literature. His " History of the Russian Empire," the " Letters of a Russian Travel- ler," and " Aglia," a collection of tales ; are all works of merit, and iu much esteem. Died, 1826. KATER, Captain Hexry, F.R.S., was KAUJ ^ ^clu Winibn-^iil 33tfl0r<q)fju. KEA born at Bristol, in 1777. lie was intended for the legal profession, and served two years in a pleader's office, thougli from his earliest years he had shown a decided predilection for mathematical studies. On the death of his father, in 17»4, he quilted the law, and obtained a commission in the 12th regt. of foot, tlien stationed in India. Soon after he arrived, he was engaged in the trigonome- trical survey of India, a stupendous under- taking ; but his unremitting study during seven years in a hot climate greatly injured Ills health, and rendered it necessary for him to return. He subsequently devoted his whole time to science ; and, among other useful inventions, his meritorious labours for constructing standards of weights and measures are universally known and appre- ciated. Many learned societies enrolled him among their members, and the emperor of Russia not only employed him to construct standards for the weights and measures of his empire, but presented him witli the order of St. Anne, and a diamond snuff-box. Died, KAUFMANN, Mauia Axna Axgelica, a distinguished artist, born at Coire, in the Orisons, 1741. She acquired the first prin- ciples of drawing and painting from her father, whom she soon excelled. At Milan, Florence, Rome, and Naples, she greatly increased her skill ; and when, in 1706, she came to England, and was patronised by royalty, her reputation and success quickly improved her circumstances. She remained here seventeen years ; married Zucchi, a Venetian painter ; and died at Rome, in 1807. She excelled most in the represent- ation of female characters ; and many of her most admired paintings were engraved by Bartolozzi, whose labours much contri- buted to the growth and perpetuity of her fame. KAUNITZ, Wenckslaus Anthonv, prince, a German statesman, was born at Vienna, in 1711 ; and though at first des- tined for the church, he finally engaged in political life. Ilia talents, aided by a fa- vourable exterior, opened a brilliant career to him. In 1744 he was made minister of state for the kingdoms of Hungary and Bo- hemia ; in 1748 he assisted at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ; was honoured with the order of the golden fleece by Maria Theresa, and employed as ambassador to Paris ; re- turned to Vienna in 17.53, and took the office of chancellor of state ; concluded the treaty of alliance between Austria and France, in 1756 ; was made a prince of the German em- pire, in 17C4 ; and died, aged 83, in 1794. KAYE, or CAIUS, Dr. Joim, the founder of Caius College, Cambridge, was born at Noi-wich, in 1510 ; was educated for the medical profession, first at Glonville Hall, Cambridge, and subsequently at Bologna, where he graduated as M.D. On his return to England he became physician to tlie court, and held that office during three successive reigns. He was for several years president of the college of physicians ; and, in 1557, he obtained a royal licence to advance Glon- ville Hall into a college ; which he endowed with several considerable estates, and added to it the quadrangle. Dr. Kaye was himself the first master of this increased establish- ment, now known as Caius College ; which he retained till near his death in 1573. He was the author of various works ou medi- cine, a " History of Cambridge," &e. KAYE, Dr. Thomas, master of University College, Oxford, was contemporary with the preceding, with whom he carried on a warm controversy respecting the comparative an- tiquity of these two celebrated seats of learn- ing, in a work entitled " Assertio Autiquita- tis Oxoniensis AcadeniiiE." KAZWINI, Zaciiakiau ben Mohammed, a learned Arabian geographer and natural- ist of the loth century ; of whose labours Bochart, Hyde, Sir W. Ousely, and other Orientalists have availed themselves. He is supposed to have died in 1283. KEACH, Benjamin, a Baptist minister, born in 1640. In 1064 he was tried, and sen- tenced to stand in the pillory for the publi- cation of a book, called " The Child's In- structor." After this he was chosen pastor of a congregation in Horsleydown, South- wark, where he died in 1704. His " Travels of True Godliness," and " Travels of Un- godliness," written in the manner of Bun- yan. were once very popular ; but he is now best known by his " Tropologia, or Key to open Scripture Metaphors," and by his "Ex- position of Parables." KEAN, Edmund, an eminent English tra- gedian, was the son of a scene-carpenter, of the name of Kcan (whose brother, Moses Kean, obtained some notoriety as a mimic and ventriloquist), and the daughter of the well-known George Saville Carey, a dra- matic writer and performer. He was born in Castle Street, Leicester Square, London, in 1787, according to some accounts, and ac- cording to others two or tliree years later. He trod the sto^e almost as soon as he could walk alone, being employed in processions, &c., thus imperceptibly acquiring the rudi- ments of his theatrical education under tJie eye of that great actor, John Kemble, whose rival he was afterwards destined to become. Miss Tidswell, an actress long known on the metropolitan stage, and said to have been a relation, assisted Kean in his juvenile efforts; and, at the age of 13, recommended him to a company of players in Yorkshire. He per- formed there under the name of Carey, and is said to have obtained much applause in the parts of Hamlet, Lord Hastings, and Cato. He also distinguished himself by his talents for recitation ; and his delivery of Satan's Address to the Sun, from Milton's Paradise Lost, and the first soliloquy in Shakspeare's Richard III. having been highly applauded, he repeated his recitations at Windsor, be- fore some of the royal family. He had also the good fortune to attract the notice of Dr. Drury, who sent him to Eton, where he re- mained three years, and is said to have made great progress in classical studies, devoting much of his attention to the precepts and examples of Cicero. On quitting Eton he procured an engagement at Birmingham, where he was seen by the manager of the Edinburgh theatre, who engaged him for twenty nights, on twelve of which he per- formed Hamlet to crowded houses. He was at this time only sixteen ; and wc find that 475 his provincial engagements led him, in the com-se of a few years, to nearly all the prin- cipal towns in the south and west of Eng- land, playing in tragedy, comedy, opera, and pantomime. In the mean time, Dr. Drury, his old patron, had recommended him to the directing committee of Drury Lane, as fitted to revive that declining theatre. He was, in consequence, engaged there for three years, at a rising salary of eight, ten, and twelve guineas a week for each successive year. Ills first appearance was on the 2(Jth of January, 1814, in the character of Sliylock. The house was comparatively empty ; but in order to show the effect he produced on that occasion we will quote the words of a critic, who saw, and thus decribes it : — " There came on a small man, with an Italian face and fatal eye, which struck all. Attention soon ripened into enthusiasm ; and never, perhaps, did Kean play with such startling effect as on this night to the surprised few I His voice was harsh, his style new, his action abrupt and angular ; but there was the decision, the inspiration of genius, in the look, the tone, the bearing ; " — " that night was the start- ing-post on the great course on which he was destined to run his splendid race." In Othello also, and Sir Giles Overreach, he has been ujiequalled by any contemporary. When he performed Massinger's Jew the first time, the actors, and others of his ad- mirers, presented him with a gold cup, as a token of their esteem. In 1820, he visited the United States, and performed in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston, on the whole with great success. After his return to England, the extravagance and dissoluteness which had always disgraced his character, involved him in great embarrass- ments ; and a second visit to America, in 1825, was attended with little credit or ad- vantage. He returned again to England, and became manager of the theatre ut Rich- mond, Surrey, where he died, after a pro- tracted illness. May 15. 1833. KEANE, General John, Lord, the second son of the late Sir John Keane, of Belmont, Waterford, entered the army in 1793 ; ob- tained a company in the 44tli foot in 1790 ; and served in the Egyptian campaign as aide-de-camp to Major-general Lord Cavan. By regular gradation he became lieutenant- colonel in tlie GOth foot, in 1812 ; and such was his reputation, that on his arrival in the Peninsula he was intrusted with the com- mand of a brigade in the third division. He was present at the battles of Vittoria,the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Orthes, and Toulouse ; attained the rank of major-general in 1814, and was appointed to the command of the military force destined to co-operate with Admiral Sir A. Cochrane, for tlie attack on New Orleans and Louisiana. When Sir E. Pakenham arrived as the gencral-iu-chief. Sir John was appointed to the command of the third brigade; and in an assault on the enemy's lines in January, 1815, he received two severe wounds. From 1823 to 1830, Sir John Keane was commander-in-chief of the forces in Jamaica. In 1833 he was appointed to the chief command of the Bombay army ; and, after nearly 6 years' service in that pre- sidency, he had the difficult task intrusted to him of conducting the operations in Aff- ghanistan, of which the capture of Ghuznee was his crowning achievement. For the manner in which he performed this duty he received the thanks of the court of directors of the East India Company in Dec. 1839, and was raised to the peerage, with a pension of 2000^ a year for his own life, and that of his two immediate successors in the peerage. Died, Aug. 1844, in his 64th year. KEATE, Geokge, F.R.S., a miscellaneous writer, was born at Trowbridge, in Wilt- shire, in 1729, and educated at Kingston school ; after which he went to Geneva, where he contracted an intimacy with Vol- taire ; to whom he afterwards dedicated his " Account of the Republic of Geneva." His first literary performance was " Ancient and Modern Rome," a poem, 1G50. His publica- tions after this were very numerous: the principal is an " Account of the Pellew Is- lands," which he compiled from the papers of Captain Wilson and his officers, who were shipwrecked there in 1783. Died, 1797. KEATS, JouN, a young English poet, of humble origin, was born in 1796, at a livery- stable, kept by his grandfather in Moor- fields. He was apprenticed to a surgeon, but gave way to the ambition of becoming a poet. He published " Endymion," a poeti- cal romance, in 1818 ; and, in 1820, his last and best work, " Lamia," and other poems. Being in feeble health, from a severe pul- monary disease, he was advised to try the fine climate of Italy, where he arrived in November, 1820, accompanied by his friend Jlr. Severn the artist, and died in Rome, on the 27th of December following. He was interred in the English burying-ground, near the monument of Caius Cestius, and not far from the place where, soon after, were deposited the remains of the poet Shelley. Mr. Leigh Hunt, who was his earliest and warmest patron, describes him as having " a very manly as well as a delicate spirit," and being gifted with " the two highest qualities of a poet in the highest degree — sensibility and imagination." KEBLE, Joseph, an English lawyer, whose industry was so remarkable during his whole life, that some account of it is ab- solutely due to his memory. He was born about 1632, studied at Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1658. Three years after- wards he began to signalise himself by the constant regularity of his appearance in the court of king's bench, where from that time to the day of his decease, a period of nearly half a century, he occupied himself inces- santly as a reporter of tlie cases which came before the court. Nor was he less persevering while attending the chapel, copies of up- wards of 4000 sermons, delivered by various preachers in that place of worship, being found among his papers when he died, in 1710. His publications are numerous, the principal being " A Table to the Statutes," " Assistance to Justices of the Peace," " Re- ports," 3 vols.; and " Essays on Human Na- ture and Human Actions." KEILL, John", a learned mathematician, was born at Edinburgh in 1671. In 1698 he published an Examination of Burnet's Theory of the Earth, to wliich he subjoined KEl] ^ i^clu Wimbcr^Kl 38iogra|>l)y. [kel " Remarks on Whiston's Tlieory." The year following he waa appointed deputy pro- fessor of natural philosophy, ; and in 1701 he published his " Introductio ad Veram Pliy- sieam," as a preparation for tlie study of Newton's Principia. In 1708 he defended Newton's claim to the invention of Fluxions, which brought him into a dispute with Leibnitz. In 1700 he was appointed treasurer to the German exiles from the Palatinate, and attended them in tliat capacity to New England. He next defended Newton's doc- trine against the Cartesians, and received his degree of M. D. In 1714 he was chosen Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, and the year following appointed decii)lierer to the queen. Among his works are, " An Introduction to True Pliilosonhy " and " An Introduction to True Astronomy." Died, 1721. KEILL, James, yoimger brother of the preceding, was born in Scotland in 1673, and died in 17 H). He wrote on " The Ana- tomy of the Human Body," and published several physiological tracts and papers in the Pliilosopliical Transactions. KEISER, Keixuaki), an eminent German musician and composer, was born at Leipsic in 1(573. He was the author of 1 18 operas, of uliich his " Circe," brought out at Hamburgh ill 1734, was the last and most beautiful, lie possessed a most fertile imagination, and i.< consi<lered as the father of German melody. Died, 17a-.. KEITH, George, a native of Aberdeen, was a fellow student there with Bishop Burnet, an<l took his degree of M. A. ; but quitted the Presbyterian church to become a Quaker, and went to Pennsylvania. At length becoming dissatisfied with the sect, he formed a new one of his own ; and sub- sequently entered into the Churcli of Eng- land, took orders, and obtained some pre- ferment. He wrote several books both for and against the Quakers ; was a believer in the transmigration of souls, the millennium, &e. ; is described as an eloquent speaker, and an acute disputant. Died about 1715. KEITH, James Fkaxcis Edavakd, a fleld- marshal in the Prussian service, and a brave and experienced warrior, was the youngest son of William Keith, earl-marshal of Scot- land, and was born in 1G96. At the breaking out of the rebellion in 1715, he joined the Pretender, and was wounded at the battle of Sherilfmuir ; but made his escape to France, where he applied himself to military studies, and became a member of the academy of sciences. From Paris he went to Madrid, and obtained a commission in Ormond's Irish brigade ; but on accompanying the Spanish embassy to Russia, he entered into the service of that state, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and invested with the order of the black eagle. In the Russian service he continued several years, distinguishing himself as well in the field as in the cabinet, during the wars between that country and Turkey and Sweden. He at length left Russia and went to Berlin, wliere the king of Pnissia, to whom his abilities were well known, received him with open arms, and made him field-marshal of his forces and governor of his capital. In the subsequent wars of this monarch, Keith dis- played the greatest talents and bravery, till his career was finally closed on the field of battle, at the aflfair of Hocjikirchen, Oct. 4. 1758. KEITH, TnoMAs, a celebrated mathe- matician, and author of several excellent works, was born in 1759, at Brandsburton, near Beverley, in Yorkshire. His parents dying when he was only 14, he engaged himself as tutor in a private family. In 1781 he settled in London, and soon acquired distinction as a mathematician. In 1804 his reputation as an accountant led to his being appointed professor of geography and the sciences to tlie princess Charlotte of Wales j and in 1814 the situation of accountant to the British Museum becoming vacant, the Archbishop of Canterbury conferred it on Mr. Keith, who held it till his death, in 1824. His principal works are, "The Com- plete Practical Arithmetician," "An Intro- duction to Geography," " Plane and Spheri- cal Trigonometry," a "Treatise on the Use of the Globes," and "Elements of Geometry." KEITH. See Ei.rni.vsxoNE. KELLER, John BALXiiASAK.an excellent founder in brass, was a native of Zurich. He cast the equestrian statue of Louis XIV., which was set up at Purls in place of Louis the Great. Keller was made inspector of the foundry at the arsenal, and died in 1702. KELLERMANN,FuANcis Christophek, duke of Valmy, peer and marshal of France, &c., was born at Strasburg in 1735 ; entered th&^Bpnfians legion as a hussar when 17 years of age, and rose to the rank of quarter- master-general in 1788. At the breaking out of the revolution he distinguished him- self by his patriotism and judgment. At the commencement of the war he received the command of the army of the Moselle ; formed a junction with the main army under Dumouriez ; and sustained, Sept. 20th, 1792, the celebrated attack of the Duke of Brunswick at Valmy, which contributed much to the success of the campaign. He was repeatedly denounced to the National Convention by Custine and others ) but his trial not taking place till after the reign of terror, he was acquitted. In 1795 he took the command of the army of the Alps and Italy, but he was soon superseded by Buona- parte. In 1798 he was nominated a meinl)er of the military board ; in 1801 he was i)resi- dent of the conservative senate, and the following year a marshal of the empire. He served under Napoleon in Germany and Prussia ; and having, in 1814, voted for the restoration of royalty, was employed under the Bourbons till his death in 1820. KELLEY, or TALBOT, Edward, a celebrated necromancer and alchemist, was born at Worcester in 1555, and educated at Gloucester Hall, Oxford ; but was obliged to leave the university for some crime, and after rambling about the kingdom, was sentenced to lose his ears at Lancaster. He next became an associate witli the credulous Dr. Dee, and accompanied him to Prague, where Kellcy contrived to live handsomely by his impostures, and was knighted by the emperor Rodolphus ; but his tricks being discovered, he was thrown into prison, and kel] ^ 0t^ WinihtviKl 28ta5rap|)g. [kem in attempting to escape, he fell, and bruised himself to such a degree, tliat he died soon after, in 1595. lie wrote a poem on che- mistry, and another on the philosopher's stone ; besides several Latin and English discourses printed in Dr. Meric Casaubon's " True and faithful Relation of what passed for many years between Dr. John Dee and some Spirits." KELLISON, ISIattoew, an English Ca- tholic divine, who, as a controversial writer, was opposed to Sutcliife, Montague, and otlier Protestants, was born in Northamp- tonshire, about 15(50. He was educated at the English colleges at Douay and Rheims j resided seven years at Rome ; became chan- cellor of the university of Rheims ; and, after remaining there 12 years, removed to Douay, and was declared president of that college by a patent from Rome. Died, 1041. KELLY, Hugh, a dramatic and miscel- laneous writer, was bom in 1730, near the lake of Killamey. He wns apprenticed to a staymaker, which trade he quitted when in London, and became clerk to an attorney. Afterwards he turned his attention to au- thorship with considerable success, writing political pamphlets, plays, &c. Hia works are, " False Delicacy," " A Word to the Wise," " The School for Wives," the " Ro- mance of an Hour," comedies ; " Clemen- tina," a tragedy ; " Thespis," a poem in the manner of Churchill's Rosciad ; " Louisa Mildmay," a novel ; and " The Babbler," a collection of essays. Died, 1777. KELLY, John, a learned English ^ttgy- man, was a native of Douglas, in the Isle of Man, and born in 1750. Having paid a par- ticular attention to the vernacular dialect of the Celtic tongue, which was spoken in that island, he was introduced to Bishop Hil- desley, who employed him in translating the Bible into the Manks language, and ordained him a minister of the episcopal congregation of Ayr, in Scotland. Through the patronage of the Duke of Gordon, to whose son, the Marquis of Huntly, he was tutor, he obtained the rectory of Copford, in Essex ; and having entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, he was there honoured with the degree of LL.D. In 180.3 he pub- lished " A Practical Grammar of the An- cient Gaelic, or Language of the Isle of Man;" and in 1805 issued proposals for publishing " A Triglot Dictionary of the Celtic Tongue," which was nearly com- pleted when the sheets were destroyed by a lire on the premises of Mr. Nichols, the printer. Dr. Kelly died in 1809. KELLY, Michael, a composer and singer, was the son of a wine merchant in Dublin, who, for many years, acted as master of the ceremonies at the viceregal castle. He was born in 1762, and at an early age gave proofs of genius for music, which induced his father to place him under Rauzzini, at that time in Dublin, who prevailed on his friends to send him to Naples, where he arrived when in his 16th year. He there found a patron in Sir William Hamilton, the British mi- nister ; studied under Fineroli and Aprili ; and subsequently performed at most of tlie Italian theatres, and in Germany. He con- tracted a close intimacy with Mozart during his stay at Vienna ; was for some time in the service of the emperor Joseph ; and at length returned to liOndon, where he made his first appearance, in 1787, at Drury Lane Theatre, in " Lionel and Clarissa," and re- tained his situation as first singer at that theatre, the musical performances of which he directed till his retirement from the stage. He set to music upwards of 60 pieces, most of which were successful, and amongst these are the once highly popular compositions in Colman's musical romance of "Bluebeard." A few months previous to his death appeared his "Reminiscences," a very amusing work, replete with anecdotes of his contemporaries and familiar associates. Died, 1826. KEMBLE, JoH-v Philip, the most dig- nified and accomplished actor on the British stage since the days of Garrick, was the eldest son of Roger Kemble, manager of a company of comedians at Prescot, in Lan- cashire, where he was born in 1757. Being of Catholic parents, he was sent to the English college at Douay, where he early distinguished himself by his proficiency in elocution, and had Talma for a fellow- student. Finding that his father designed him for the priesthood, he quitted the col- lege clandestinely, returned to England, and, engaging in an itinerant company, per- formed with great eclat at Liverpool, Edin- burgh, York, &c. In 1793 he made his first appearance on the boards of Drury Lane, in the character of Hamlet. His success was complete ; and from that time lie main- tained the character of being the first tra- gedian of the age. On the secession of Mr. King, he became manager of Drury Lane Theatre. In 1802 he took advantage of the peace to visit the Continent, in order to study the French and Spanish histrionic es- tablishments, with a view to the improve- ment of the English. On his return, he became manager of Covent Garden Theatre, where he continued till 1809, when that build- ing was destroyed by fire. On the restoration of the edifice, Mr. Kemble was, during the O. P. riots, as they were called, the object of popular resentment, in consequence of hav- ing raised the prices, and made certain ob- noxious arrangements in regard to tlie pri- vate boxes. In 1817 he retired from the stage, after a long and honourable career ; and, in consequence of ill health, went first to Montpelier, and thence to Lausanne, where he died, Feb. 2C. 1823, after a para- lytic attack. The learning, elegant man- ners, and accomplishments of Mr. Kemble, introduced him into the best company, by whom he was at once courted and esteemed. As a tragedian, when personating charac- ters more immediately adapted to his style of excellence, such as Cato, Coriolanus, Hamlet, Penruddock, &c., he was unrival- led. And his managerial duties were marked by the exhibition of much refined and accu- rate taste, in the rectification of scenic de- coration, and the adoption of appropriate costume, adding thereby both to the splen- dour and illusion of the drama. He was the author of " Belisarius," a tragedy; " Lodoiska," an opera ; and " Tlie Female Oflficer," a farce ; besides which he altered and modernised many of the old dramas. 478 kem] ^ ^t^ mnihtx^nl 23i0jjiapf)ii. [ken KEMBLE. George Stephe.v, brofner of the foregoing, and also an able actor, was bom at Kingstown, in Herefordshire ; his mother having performed the part of Anne Bullen, in the play of Henry VIII., on the evening of his birth. This gentleman was intended for the medical profession, and was apprenticed to a surgeon in Coventry ; but soon quitted it for the stage. He first appeared at Covent Garden Tlieatre in 1783. He was afterwards manager of the theatres of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Newcastle ; and was remarkable for play- ing the part of Falstaff without stuffing. Died, 1822. KEMBLE, Priscilla, widow of John Philip Kemble, the eminent tragedian, died at Leamington, aged 00, on the 13th of May, 1845. This lady, like the widow of Mr. Garrick, long survived her celebrated hus- band, and, it is said, was (like her) the oldest member of the theatrical profession at tlie time of her decease. She had entered on that public career in very early youth, and was first married to Mr. Brereton, an actor of considerable celebrity. Not many years after his death she was united to Mr. Kemble, and on liis death in 1823 she took uj) her residence at Leamington, where she lived highly respected ; her lively conversation and knowledge of the world rendering her society no less desirable, than her liberal and charitable disposition had made it useful. KEMP, Josiirii, an eminent musical com- iwser, was born at Exeter, in 1778 ; and was a chorister in the cathedral of his native city, where he studied under the celebrated William Jackson. In 1802, having been ap- pointed organist of Bristol cathedral, he removed thither, and in the same year com- posed one of liis best anthems, " I am Alpha and Omega." In 1807 he left Bristol for London, and the j'car following took the degree of M.B. at Cambridge. In 1809 he proceeded to that of doctor, when his exer- cise entitled " The Cruciflxit)n" was per- formed. He now became a lecturer in music at several institutions, and invented a new mode of teaching the science. His principal works are, " A new System of Musical Edu- cation, being a Self-Instructor," "Twenty Psalmodical Melodies, " " The Siege of Ischa," an opera ; with a variety of songs, glees, duets, &c. KEMPELEN, Wolfgaxo, Baron, a cele- brated mechanician, was born in 1734, at Presburg, iii Hungary. Among his inven- tions was the famous automaton chess- player, which he first exhibited at Paris in 1783, and afterwards in London ; but the secret of it was never discovered. He also invented a speaking figure, which he him- self described in a work called "The M»- chauism of Speech." He was also an author, and wrote "Perseus and Andromeda," a drama; "The Unknown Benefactor," a comedy ; and some poems. Died, 1804. KEMPIS, Thomas^a. a famous writer of the 14th century, was born at a village of that name, in the diocese of Cologne, in i:i80 ; and died in 1471. His treatise, " De Imitatione Christi," or, " Of the Imitation of Christ," some have attributed to Gerson. KEN, TuuMAS, a learned and pious dig- nitarv of the Church of England, was born at Berkhamstead, in Hertfordshire, in 1G37. His conscientious propriety of conduct and unyielding morality found favour even M'ith the licentious Charles II., who made him his chaplain, and afterwards preferred him to the bishopric of Bath and Wells. He opposed the endeavours of James to intro- duce popery, and was one of the seven bishops sent to the Tower for resisting that monarch's dispensing power. Dr. Ken was the author of sermons, poems, &c. ; which were published, with his life, by his nephew, in 4 vols. Died, 1711. KENDAL, Geouge, a Nonconformist di- vine, was bom at Dawlish, in Devonshire ; and in 1647 became rector of Blissland, in Cornwall, from whence he removed to Lon- don. He died in 1CC3. Dr. Kendal wrote a " Vindication of the Doctrine generally received in the Churches concerning God's Intentions of Special Grace and Favour to his Elect in the Death of Christ," folio ; the " Doctrine of the Perseverance of the Saints, against John Goodwin," folio, &c. KENNEDY, James, bishop of St. An- drew's, Scotland, born in 1405, was the founder of the college and church of St. Salvador, and also of the abbey of the Ob- servantines. He filled the office of lord cliancellor for a time ; and, in the minority of James III., was one of the lords of the regcncv. Died, 140(). KENNEDY, Joh.v, rector of Bradley, in Derbyshire ; a good mathematician, and the author of "Scripture Clironology, " " The Doctrine of Commeusurability," &c. Died, 1770. KENNEDY, William, " the annalist of Aberdeen," was bom there in 1759. He re- ceived the rudiments of his education at the grammar school, and his academical studies were subsequently completed at the Maris- chal College there ; and he was admitted a member of the Aberdeen bar in 178.3. He early showed a predilection for antiquarian pursuits; and about the year 1813, at the request of the magistrates, he spent a con- siderable portion of time in drawing up an index to the voluminous city records, which had been accumulating for centuries, and which extend to a more remote antiquity, and are more complete than those of any Scottish burgh. But his cliief title to fame rests on his justly celebrated work in 2 vols. 4to., " The Annals of Aberdeen." Died, 183(5. KENNET, White, a learned prelate, notorious for his party zeal, was bom at Do- ver, in IfjfiO ; and educated at Westminster School, and at Edmund Hall, Oxford. He had originally been a Tory ; but he now at- tached himself to the Whigs, and entered into a controversy with Dr. Atterbury re- specting the riglits of convocations ; and also opposed Sacheverel. He made himself conspicuous by a funeral sermon preached for the first Duke of Devonshire in 1707, whi(*i gave great oifence as an apology for the sins of the great. The same year he obtained the deanery of Peterborough ; but so obnoxious had he now become by the violence of his partisanship, that Welton, the rector of Whitechapel, caused his portrait 479 ken] ^ iScIi) Saiuber^al ^lOjjrjqjIjM. [ken to be exhibited in the cliaracter of Judas, iu the altar-pieee of that church. This gross act of indecency vas properly resented, and the painting removed. In 1718 he was made bishop of Teterborough, and died in 1728. He was an able antiquary, and published various works on theology, antiquities, and ecclesiastical history ; besides which he edi- ted the " Collection of English Historians," which bears his name. KENXET, Basil, brother of the preced- ing, was born in 1074, and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In 170{j he went as chaplain to tlie Englisli factory at Leghorn, but ran a narrow risk of being sacrificed to the fury of the Inquisition. He returned in 1714, and was admitted to his degree of D.D., but died a few months afterwards. His principal works, besides translations of ancient and modern authors, are " Romas Antiqua Isotitia, " " Lives of the Grecian Poets, " " Exposition of the Apostle's Creed, " and " Sermons." KENNEY, James, a distinguished drama- tist, many of whose pieces still keep possession of the stage, was born in Ireland, about 1G70. His lively farce of "Raising the Wind," with its inimitable character of Jeremy Diddler, was his first dramatic production. This was soon followed by " Love, Law, and Physic," "Matrimony," "The World," " The Illustrious Stranger," &c. His health had been for a long time infirm ; and he died on the morning fixed for his benefit at Drury Lane Tlieatre, Aug. 1. 1849. KENNICOTT, Bexjamix, an able divine and biblical critic, was a native of Totness, Devonshire, of which place his father was parish clerk. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford ; became vicar of Culham, preacher of Whitehall, librarian of the Rad- cllffe, a prebend of Westminster, and canon of Christchurch. Dr. Kennicott's literary fame mainly rests on his Hebrew Bible, 2 vols, folio ; in collating the numerous manu- scripts for the text of which he was inces- santly occupied during more than ten years. Though some object to this great work, that the author was insufficiently acquainted with the eastern languages, yet every scholar admits that he rendered great service to tlie cause of science and religion by opening the way in this department of biblical criticism. He died in 1783. KENRICK, William, a miscellaneous writer, was born at Watford, in Hertford- shire. He was brought up as a rule-maker, but quitted his trade, obtained a doctor's degree at Leyden. and became an indus- trious author and critic. He established the London Review, iu which many critiques of merit appeared, too often, however, con- taminated by vituperative language and unwarrantable personalities. He compiled a "Dictionary of the English Language," and wrote various works, among which are the comedies of " Falstaff' s Wedding," " The Widowed Wife," and " The Duel- list," " Epistles, Philosophical and Moral," and various poems. Died, 1779. KENT, His Royal Highness Edward, Duke of, the fourth son of George III., was born Nov. 2. 17G7. He received the rudi- ments of bis education in England, but completed it at Gottingen and Hanover. Entering the army at an early age, he be- came an enthusiastic admirer of military discipline ; and having attained the rank of colonel, he served during the years 1790 and 1791, under General O'Hara, at Gibraltar, where he rendered himself so unpopular by his strictness, that his regiment repeatedly mutinied. On quitting Gibraltar, he was sent out as commander cf the forces in Canada ; after which he received orders to join the expedition under Sir Charles Grey, against the French West India islands. During the campaign that ensued, his im- petuous bravery was so conspicuous at the head of the flank division, particularly when storming the strong and important posts in Martinique and Guadaloupe, that " the flank corps " became a standing toast at the ad- miral's table, as well as at that of the com- mander-in-chief. In 1802 his royal highness was appointed governor of Gibraltar ; but his desire to repress irregularities, and en- force subordination, led to very disagreeable consequences. Having refused a request of the soldiers to celebrate Christmas Eve as a holiday, and put the deputation who brought it under arrest, the men in the garrison became mutinous, and proposed placing General Barnet in the command. Christmas Day passed in confusion ; and on the follow- ing night the prince headed his regiment, and marched against the rebellious party. It was sometime before they gave up the contest ; at length, after blood had been shed, peace was restored, and the ringleaders were tried by a courtmartial ; but it was thought prudent to recall the duke, and he accordingly soon after returned to England. On the 20th of May, 1818, the Duke of Kent married Victoria Maria Louise, widow of the Prince of Leiningen, and sister of Leopold, now king of the Belgians. The royal pair soon after arrived in this country, and on the 24th of May, 1819, the duchess gave birth to a daughter, "^ctoria, our present gracious QuEEx. Having accompanied the duchess to Sidmouth, in Devonshire, where she re- sided during the latter part of the year, with a view to the re-establishment of her liealth, he caught a violent cold, which being fol- lowed by fever and inflammation, the symp- toms increased so rapidly as to resist every effort of medicine ; and after an illness of one week, his royal highness died, Jan. 23. 1820. Ilis condescending manners and liberal principles had rendered him a great favourite witli the nation, and liis death was generally regretted. KENT, William, an ingenious artist, was born in Yorkshire, in 1G85. He was originally a coach-painter, but left that branch to study the principles of design ; for which purpose he went to Rome, where he studied under Luti, and found a patron in Lord Burlington, who brought him to England, and lodged him in his own house, in 1719. As a painter, however, he never attained celebrity ; his talent lay more in ornamental architecture. But it is as the inventor of the modern style of landscape gardening that his fame rests ; he broke up the old uniformity of straight lines and cor- responding parts, and threw wood, water. ken] ^ jjSclxj MiTilJcr^al Bioflraplbw. [kkt and ground, into the beautiful shapes pre- eented by nature ; rendering that graceful, pleasing, and attractive, which before was stiff and formal. Died, 174S. KENYON, Lloyd, Lord, a celebrated judge, was bom atGredington,in I'liiitsliire, in 1733, and received his education at Kuthiu School, in Denbighshire. After being arti- cled to Mr. Tomlinson, an attorney at Nant- wich, in Cheshire, he became a member of the society of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to tlie bar in 17G1 ; but he does not appear to have made a conspicuous Hgure till 1780, when he led the defence, with Mr. Erskine, for Lord George Gordon. In 1782 he was made attorney-general and chief justice of Chester. lie was also returned to parlia- ment for Ilindon, in Wiltshire. In 1784 he was appointed master of the rolls ; and, on the resignation of the Earl of Mansfield, in 1788, he was raised to the oflice of chief jus- tice of the king's bench, and created Baron Kenyon. Died, 1802. KEPLER, Joiix, a distinguished astro- nomer and mathematician, to whom astro- nomy is indebted for much of its present perfection, was born in 1571, at Wiel, in the duchy of Wirtemberg. He was educated at Tubingen, under Moastlinus, and, in 15'Jl, was appointed professor of astionomy at Gratz J soon after which he published his " Mystcrium Cosmographicum." In 1598 he was banished the university for professing the reformed religion, but was afterwards recalled, and restored to his office. In ItKK), he was invited by Tycho Brahe to join him in Bohemia ; and wlien Tycho died, he became mathematician to the emperor Rudolph, who employed him in completing the Rodolphine tul)lcs. To Kcpkr we are indebted for the discovery of the laws wliich regulate the movements of tlie planetary bodies, their elUpticity, Sec. ; and he accord- ingly ranks among the first class of astro- nomers. Among his scientific productions are *' The Rodolphine Tables," " Optical Astronomy, " " Harmony of the World," " Copernican Astronomy," &c. Died, 1G30. KEPPEL, AuuusTCS, Viscount, a cele- brated English admiral, was the second son of William, earl of Albemarle. He accom- panied Commodore Anson in his voyage round the world, and afterwards passed through all the gradations of the service, till he attained the rank of admiral. In 1778 he commanded the Channel fleet, which, on tlie 12th of July, in that year, fell in with the French, under Count d't)rvilliers, off Ushant. A partial action ensued, which the English admiral thought to Jiave renewed in the morning, but the enemy had retired. This affair gave great dissatisfaction to the nation, which was aggravated by Sir Hugh Palliser, second in command, preferring a charge against Admiral Keppel ; but he was ho- nourably acquitted by a courtmartial at Portsmouth. Sir Hugh was then tried and censured. In 1782, Admiral Keppel was raised to the peerage ; he was also at two separate periods first lord of the admiralty. Died, 17H«;. KEKGUELEX TREMAREC, Yves Jo- SKPU DE, a French navigator, was born at Brest, in 1745. After having been employed 481 on the coast of Iceland, to protect the whale fishery, he was sent, in 1771, on an explora- tory voyage to the South Sea ; and having returned with a flattering account of a sup- posed continent towards tlie south pole, was again sent on a similar expedition in 1773. On his return he was charged with having abandoned a boat's crew on a desert shore, for which he was cashiered and imprisoned ; but he was at length liberated. He published accounts of his voyages to the North and South Seas, and died in 1797. KERR, Ror.ERT, a surgeon at Edinburgh, who devoted himself principally to the phy- sical sciences, and distinguished himself as an industrious author and translator. Among his works are, "A History of Scotland during the reign of Robert Bruce," " Cuvier's The- ory of the Earth," a " General Collection of Voyages and Travels," in 18 vols. &c. Died. 1814. KERRICK, Thomas, principal librarian of the university of Cambridge ; author of " Observations on the Gothic Buildings abroad, particularly those in Italy, and on Gothic Architecture in general." Died, 1828. KERSAINT, AniiAXD Guy Siiiox, Count de, was a native of Paris, and originally served as an officer in the navy. At the commencement of the French revolution, he iiublished a pamphlet, entitled " Le Bon Sens," in which he attacked the privileged orders ; but though he was an active mem- ber of the National Convention, he espoused the cause of the more moderate party, en- deavoured to stem the rage of the terrorists, and, on the trial of the king, proposed an appeal to the people. Finding his efforts I unavailing, he sent in his resignation ; and i on being called on to account for his con- I duct, he defended himself with firmness, ! and refused to resume his place. For this : offence he was put to death in December, i 1793. I KESSEL, JoHx VAK, an artist, was bom ' at Antwerp, in lf>2(}, and died about 1090. He painted portraits in the manner of Van- dyke ; but excelled in the representation of flowers, fruits, and insects. KETEL, Cornelius, a Dutch artist. He came to England in the reign of Elizabeth, whose portrait he painted, as well as the portraits of many of the nobility. <.)n his return to Holland he laid aside the use of pencils, and painted with the tops of his fingers, and even with his toes. Died, 1602. KETT, Hejjry, a divine and an accom- plished scholar, was born in 1761, at Nor- wich ; was educated at Trinity College, Oxford ; was appointed Bampton lecturer in 1790, and rector of Chariton, &c. He was the author of " History, the Interpreter of Prophecy," "Elements of General Know- ledge," 2 vols. ; " A Tour to the Lakes," " Emily, " a moral tale, 3 vols. &c. Drowned while bathing, in 1825. KETT, William, a tanner of Norfolk, who in the reign of Edward VI. excited a revolt against the govcnmient. After de- feating the Marquis of Northampton, he was routed by the Earl of Warwick, and Kett with several others was hanged, in 1549. KETTLEWELL, JouN, a learned and KEU] ^ 0ti3} Unibtx^Kl 2St0flraj>T;g. [kin { pious English divine, born, 165.3 ; died, 1695. j His most celebrated work, entitled "Mea- I sures of Christian Obedience," has gained i him a lasting reputation. KEULEN, LuDOLPii van, a Dutch geo- ! metrician, who acquired great celebrity by I his calculation of the approximate corre- ! spondence between the diameter of a circle and its circumference. He taught mathema- tics at Breda and Amsterdam. Died, 1610. I KEULEN, Jaxssen vax, a portrait pain- ter, was born in London, of Dutch parents ; ; and before Vandyke came to England, was I in great favour with Charles I. Died, 1665. j KIDDER, RiCHAKD, a learned English I prelate, was a native of Sussex, or, as some say, of Suffolk, and was educated at Ema- nuel College, Cambridge, where he was I elected to a fellowship. In 1681 he was I made prebend of Norwich ; and, in 1689, I dean of Peterborough, on which occasion he i took liis doctor's degree. On the deprivation of Dr. Ken, he was consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells, and preached the Boyle's lecture in 1693. lie and his wife were killed in their bed at Wells, during the night of the great storm, Nov. 26. 1703. Besides several sermons and religious tracts, he publislied a valuable work, entitled "The Demonstration of the Messiah," 3 vols. 8vo. ; a " Commentary on the Pentateuch," 2 vols. Svo. &c. KIEN-LONG, emperor of China, distin- guished for his love of literature, was born in 1710, and died at the end of the 18th cen- tury, aged 90, having reigned above 60 years, and greatly extended his territories. lie wrote some poetical pieces, and when Lord Macartney went tliither, he gave liim some of his verses to present to tlie king. • KIERINGS, Alexander, a landscape painter of Utrecht, was born in 1590, and died in 1646. KIESEWETTER, CHRTSTornER Gott- fried, a celebrated musician and performer on tlie violin, was born at Anspach, and played in the royal chapel there. He came to England in 1821, established his reputa- tion as a solo and concerto player, and was the first who introduced the compositions of Mayseder into this country. Died, 1827. KILBYE, RiciiAKi), an English divine, studied at Lincoln College, Oxford, of which he became rector in 1590. He was one of the translators of the present version of the Bible, and died in 1620. KILLIGREW, William. Thomas, and Henry, three brothers, distinguished for their talents, wit, and loyalty, in tlie reigns of Charles I. and II., were the sons of Sir Robert Killigrew, of Ilanwortli in Middle- sex William, the eldest, was born in 1605 ; and after going through the usual course of a university education at St. John's College, Oxford, made the tour of Europe. On his return to England, he obtained a place at court, as one of the gentlemen ushers of the privy chamber to Charles I. During the civil wars, he suffered materially, both in purse and person, in consctiuenceof his ad- herence to the royal cause ; in recompense for which he received, after the Restoration, the honour of knighthood, and obtained the post of vice-chamberlain. He composed four plays, which were popular in their day ; also two essays, written in the decline of life, on the instability of human happiness; and died in 1093 Thomas, the second son, born in 1011, was a page to Charles I., and accom- panied the Prince of Wales into exile. During his absence from England, he vi- sited France, Italy, and Spain, and, after the Restoration, was appointed by the new king (with whom he was a great favourite), one of his grooms of the bed-chamber. A vein of lively pleasantry, combined with a certain oddity, both of person and manner, placed him high in the good graces of Charles, who would frequently allow him free access to his person, when characters of the first dignity in the state were refused it ; till Killigrew at length became almost the inseparable companion of his monarch's fa- miliar hours. This was the Killigrew that obtained the appellation of " King Charles's jester ; " but though he was undoubtedly a mirth-creating spirit, his eleven dramatic pieces discover few traces of that facetiousness and whim which one imagines he must have actually possessed. Died 1682 Henry, the youngest of the three, was bred to the church, and obtained a stall in Westminster Abbey. From this he was ejected by the par- liamentarians, but at the re-establishment of monarchy, it was restored to him, with other preferment. Died, 1090 His daughter, Anne Killigrew, born in 1660, had a decided genius for painting and poetry, and was dis- tinguished for her exemplary piety and un- blemished virtue, amidst the seductions of a licentious court. She was one of the maids of honour of the Duchess of York, of whom, as well as of her husband, she executed por- traits. She died, a victim to the small-pox, in 1685 ; and has been characterised by one of her contemporaries as " a grace for beauty, and a muse for wit." Several of her historical paintings are still in existence. KIMBER, Isaac, a dissenting minister, born at Wantage, Berks, in 1692 ; author of a " History of England," in 4 vols. ; a " Life of Oliver Cromwell ; " some essays, dis- courses, &c. Died, 1758 — His son, Edward KiMBER, followed the same pursuits. His publications were the " Peerages of Scotland and Ireland," the Baronetage of "Eng- land," a" History of England," lOvols, 8vo., and " Tlie Adventures of Joe Thompson," a novel, 2 vols." KING, Edward, an ingenious and pro- mising young man, who was drowned about 16.3.3, on liis passage from Chester to Ireland, which melancholy event occasioned Milton's ! beautiful poem of Lycidas. Some of King's I poems are in Nichols' collection of poets. | KING, Edward, an antiquary, was a | native of Norwich; studied at Lincoln's Inn; \ was called to the bar, and became recorder of Lynn. He was F.R.S. and A.S. ; and pro- duced an excellent work, entitled "Muni- menta Antiqua," 3 vols, folio. Born, 1735 ; died, 1807. KING, Peter, Lord chancellor, an able and upright judge, nephew of John Locke the philosopher, was born in 1669. AVhile serving his apprenticeship to his father, a grocer at Exeter, he secretly acquired the learned languages by self tuition, and kin] ^ ilch) 2llm'bcr^al 38t0sra}jl3t». [kin 80 great was tlie proficiency lie attained, that it induced his uncle to send him to I>eyden University, where he diligently cvil- ti vatcd various branches of knowledge, while his character was at the same time formed by the instructions and example of his great kinsman. After leaving Leyden he entered the Middle Temple, and attained high fo- rensic eminence. In 1705 he became a mem- ber of parliament, was made lord chief justice of the common pleas in ITl.*), and raised to the chancellorship in 1725. Lord King oft'ers a remarkable instance of the attainment of the highest judicial rank, simply by his own legal knowledge and high moral cha- racter, without any adventitious aid. But he was no less remarkable for his legal attain- ments than for his ecclesiastical learning ; for, besides a variety of controversial works of great ability, lie wrote a " History of the Apostles' Creed," and " An Inquiry into the Constitution, &c. of the Primitive Church," which excited great interest at the time of their publication, and may still be consulted with advantage. Died 1734, leaving four sons, who all inherited the title in succession, and one of whose descendants, the seventh lord, has gained great celebrity by his writ- ings and speeches on subjects connected with political economy, and more especially by his " Thoughts on Bank llestrictions." Lord Brougham, in liis " Statesmen of the Reign of George III.," has given an interesting account of this nobleman, who appears to have been as amiable in private life as he was able and liberal in his public career. Died, 183a, in the 58th year of his age. KING, RicuAKU, a clergyman, wnose po- lemical writings attracted some notice, was a native of Bristol, and was educated at New College, Oxford. Ue held the livings of Steeple Morden, in Cambridgeshire, and Worthing in Shropshire; and was the author of " liCtters from Abraham Plymley to his brother Peter, on the Catholic Question," &c. Died, 1810. KING, RuFUS, an American statesman and diplomatist, was born in 1755, at Scar- borough, in the district of Maine ; entered at Harvard College in 1773 ; studied the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1778 ; and was elected a member of congress in 1784. In 1790 he was appointed by President Washington, minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. James's, the functions of wliich office he continued to discharge till 1803, when he returned home. In 1813 he was a third time sent to the senate by the legislature of New York ; and his speech on the burning of Washington by the English was a most eloquent display of senatorial oratory. In 1816 he lost his election ; but in 1820 he was once more re-elected, and continued until the expiration of the term in 1825. He then ac- cepted the appointment of minister plenipo- tentiary at the court of London ; but was taken ill, returned home, and soon after died, aged 72, in 1827. KING, Thomas, a celebrated actor and dramatic writer, was born in London, in 17.'iO. Having obtained great celebrity as a eomic actor in provincial companies, he was engaged at Drury Lane Theatre in 1759, where he soon became a great favourite with the public, and in 176(5 arrived at the height of his professional reputation by the perform- ance of Loril Oyh'bij. He subsequently be- came manager and part proprietor of the Bath and Bristol theatres, and also of Sadler's Wells ; but these he relinquished, and con- tinued to i)erform principally at Drury Lane, till he retired from the stage in IHOl. His dramatic pieces are, " Love at First Sight," " Neck or Nothing," a farce; "A Peep behind the Curtain, or the New Rehearsal," a comedy ; " Wit's Last Stake," a comedy ; and " Lovers' Quarrela." Died, 1805. KING, WiT-LiAM, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in London, in 10(53 ; was educated at Christchurch, Oxford ; admitted an advocate in Doctors' Commons ; and ob- tained various preferments in Ireland. His poetical and political works are numerous, and some of them are replete with pleasantry and wit : but his most useful Iwok is, " An Historical Account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes." Died, 1712. KING, William, principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford, and an ingenious theological and political writer. He was the author of various Latin tracts ; but the work by which he will be remembered is, "Political and Literary Anecdotes of his own Times." Born, at Stepney, 1685 ; died, 17(>3. KING, Dr. William, archbishop of Dub- lin, was born in 1(;50, and educated at Trinity College. He was the author of a celebrateil treatise, " De Origine Mali," or the Origin of Evil ; wherein he undertook to show how all the several kinds of evil with which the world abounds are consistent with the goodness of God, and may be accounted for without the supposition of an evil principle. Died. 1729. KINGSBOROUOH, Edward, Viscount, eldest son of the third Earl of Kingston, was greatly distinguished for his literary ac- quirements and his attachment to literary pursuits. Ue was a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and author of a splendid work on " The Antiquities of Mexico." Born, 1795 ; died, 18,37. KINGSTON, Elizabeth, Duchess of, whose singular adventures have been vari ously recorded, was the daughter of Colonel Chudleigh, governor of Chelsea College, and born in 1720. At the recommendation of Mr. Pulteney, she was appointed one of the maids of honour to the Princess of Wales, mother to George III. Possessed of talents, wit, and beauty. Miss Chudleigh had numerous ad- mirers, and became the rallying point of the opposition party. Having privately married Captain Harvey, afterwards earl of Bristol, she soon conceived a violent dislike towards him, wliich led to a separation, and induced her to go abroad ; but, previous to her de- parture, she advertised for a gentleman com- panion, which was answered by a major in the army, and they proceeded together on their tour as far as Berlin, when, finding no sympathy in their tastes and opinions, they separated. After the most flattering recep- tion at the courts of Dresden and Berlin, she returned to England, and resumed her situa- tion as maid of honour to the princess. De- sirous of disuniting the nujitial tie with Captain Harvey, she went to Launceston, kin] ^ ^clu ^Sniljcr^al SSiosrajjIjiK [kir where it had taken place, and having asked for a sight of the marriage register, she adopted the infamous expedient of tearing tlie leaf out on which Iier union witli Harvey was recorded. A short time after, her hus- band came into possession of the earldom ; but he was dangerously ill, and the lady, thinking there was a chance of her becoming a rich widow, found means to have the pur- loined leaf replaced. Not long after this, the countess inspired the Duke of Kingston with a violent passion, and he offered her his hand ; but lier husband, who had recovered from his illness, at first refused his consent to their divorce, though he afterwards agreed to it ; and, in 17ti9, she married the Duke of Kingston. He died in 1773, leaving her an ample fortune, upon the condition that she should not marry again. But she did not enjoy her riches undisturbed. The heirs of the duke instituted a suit at law against her for bigamy, as having been divorced by an incompetent tribunal. As soon as she was apprised of this proceeding, she came to England, and attended the sittings in West- minster Hall, dressed in a suit of black, ac- companied by two waiting women, lier medi- cal attendant, her secretary, and six lawyers. At this extraordinary trial, she was found guilty by tlie peers, and adjudged to be burnt with an iron on the riglit hand ; but this punishment was remitted on her pleading the privilege of peerage, and she was dis- charged on paying the fees of office. The duchess spent her latter years in France, and died at her seat near Fontainebleau, in 1788. KINNAIRD, the Tlon. Douglas, was bom in 178G, and received his early education at Eton. He afterwartls passed some time at Gottingen, where he made himself master of the French and German languages. On leaving Gottingen he went to Cambridge, and there became the associate of the first characters of tlie day. In 1813 he accom- panied Mr. llobhouse through Sweden, and to Vienna, and was present at the battle of Culm. He became an active partner in the banking-house of Ransom and Morland ; and after the old partnership was dissolved, took the principal management of the business. He possessed great energy of mind was a lover of literature, a liberal patron of the arts, and an intimate friend of Lord Byron. Died, 1830. KIPPIS, Andrew, a dissenting divine, biographer, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Nottingham, in 1725. He was the pastor of congregations, successively at Bos- ton, Dorking, and Westminster ; received a doctor's degree from the university of Edin- burgh ; and was latterly one of the tutors at the new academy or dissenters' college. Hackney. Dr. Kippis laid the foundation of the "New Annual Register," and devoted his principal attention during the latter years of his life to an improved edition of the " Biographia Britannica," of which five vol- umes were printed ; but it was conducted on a plan so elaborate as to afford no prospect of its termination. He also published the Lives of Captain Cook, Pringle, Doddridge, and Lardner, "A Vindication of the Dis- senters," a volume of sermons, and " Obser- vations on the late Contests in the Royal Society." Died, 1795. KIRBY, John Joshua, an artist, was born at Parham, in Suffolk, in 171(3. Though originally a house-painter, he had a good knowledge of the art ; and on settling in London he was introduced by Lord Bute to George IIL, by which he became clerk of the works at Kew, and had the honour of teaching the queen the principles of per- spective. He published, at the expense of the king, " The Perspective of Architec- ture," 2 vols, folio ; was F.R.S. and A. S. ; and died in 1774. The celebrated Mrs. Trimmer was his daughter. KIRBY, Rev. AVilliam, honorary pre- sident of the Entomological Society of Lon- don, and fellow of the Royal, Linnsan, Zoological, and Geological Societies, &c.; has left behind him an imperishable name as one of the first entomologists of this or any age. This title he would have assured to himself had he written no other work than his " Monograplii.a Ai)um Angliae," pub- lished in 1801, which excited the warmest admiration of British and foreign entomo- logists. But when to this great work we add his other entomological labours, — his numerous and valuable pai)er3 in the Trans- actions of the Linnaan Society ; the " In- troduction to Entomology," M'ritten in con- junction with Mr. Spence ; the entomological portion of his Bridgewater treatise, " On the History, Habits, and Instincts-of Animals ; " and his description (occupying a quarto vo- lume) of the insects of the "Fauna Boreali- Americana " of Sir John Richardson ; it will be evident how largely and successfully he contributed to the extension of his favourite science. Nor did he permit his love for science to encroach on his professional or social duties ; for, while ranking so high as an entomologist, he was during his long life a most exemplary and active clergy- man, beloved by his parishioners of all ranks, and one of the most simple-minded, warm-hearted, and pious of men. Died at Barham, Suffolk, of which place he had been rector for G8 years, July 4. 1850, in the 91st year of his age. KIRCHER, Athaxasius, a Jesuit, was born in ICOl, at Geysen, near Fulda, in Ger- many, and studied at Wurtzburg and Avig- non ; after which he was a teacher of mathe- matics in the college belonging to his order at Rome, where he was professor of Hebrew. His works evince great depth of learning ; the principal are, "(Edipus Egyptiacus," 4 vols, folio; " Ars Magnesia," "Lingua iEgyptiaca restituta," " Mundus Suhterra- neus," " OrganonJIalhemaiicum," "Musur- gia Universalis," &c. Died, 1680. KIRCHMAN, N., professor of philosophy at Petersburg!!, celebrated by the manner of his death. Being engaged in attracting by his apparatus the electric fluid from the clouds, a ball of fire struck him on the head, and killed him on the spot, August 6. 1753. KIRK, Colonel, an English officer who, in 1685, committed the most inhuman bar- barities in the west of England. James II. had the meanness to solicit this butcher to turn Catholic, but Kirk roughly replied, " that when he was at Tangiers he had pro- kir] ^ i^tU) Winihtr^Kl 38iograji15p. [kle iniiicd the dey, tlxat if he ever changed his re- i ligion, lie would turn Mahometan." lie uf- I terwards served the army of king William, and died at the close of the 17th century. ! KIRKALDY, William, a distinguished military character in the reign of Mary, queen of Scots, lie early joined the party known by the name of tJic Lords of the Congregation, but afterwards attached him- self to Maitland, who was at the liead of tlic partisans of Mary, lie was executed at Edinburgji in loTS. ' KIRKLAND, Thomas, an eminent phy- j siciau, who settled at Ashby de la Zoucli, in ; Leicestershire, where he died in 17U8, aged 77. j lie was the author of an " Enquiry into the I Slate of Medical Surgery," 2 vols. 8vo. ; " Ob- i Bcrvations on Pott's Remarks on Fractures," I a "Treatise on Childbed Fevers," " Thoughts I on Amputation," and a " Commentary on Apoplectic and Paralytic Affections." I KIKSTENIUS, Pktku, an eminent phy- sician, and professor of medicine at Ups^al, in Sweden, was born at Breslaw, in Silesia, I in 1577. He was well skilled iu Arabic, and I understood 25 other languages. His works, I which are chiefly on the oriental languages, are numerous and erudite. Died, 1040. KIRKPATRICK, James, a skilful orien- talist, was a major-general in the British service, and passed a great part of his life in India. He published a " Description of the Kingdom of Nepaul," a " Biogrupliy of Per- sian Poets," and the "I^etters of Tippoo Saib." Died, 1812, KIRWAN, Walter Blake, an Irish di- vine, eminent for his popularity as a preach- er. He was born at Oalway, in 1754 ; was educated at St. Omer's and Louvain ; took orders as a Catholic priest ; and, iu 1778, was appointed chaplain to the Neapolitan em- bassy in London. In 1787 he conformed to the established church, and obtained succes- sively the prebendary of Howth, the living of St. Nicholas, in Dublin, and the deanery of Killala. As a pulpit orator he excelled all his contemporaries ; so great, indeed, were his attractions, that we are told it was often necessaiy to keep off the crowds, by guards and pallisades, from tlie cliurches in which he was preaching. No wonder, tliere- fore, that his exertions in favour of ehai'i- table institutions were in urgent request, or that he succeeded in an astonishing manner to assist their funds. He died, exhausted by his labours, in 1805 ; and a volume of his sermons were published after his decease. KIRWAN, RiCHAKD, LL.D., a distin- guished writer on chemistry, geology, &c., was a native of Galway county, in Ireland. He was educated at the university of Dub- lin ; devoted himself with great ardour to chemical and mineralogical researches ; and became a member of tlie Royal Irish Aca- demy, and also a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1784 appeared his "Elcmeutsof Miner- alogy," 2 vols. 8vo. He also published " Geological Essays," a treatise on the " Ana- lysis of Mineral Waters," an " Essay on Plilogiston and the Constitution of Acids," &c. Died, 1812. KITCHENER, William, a physician and miscellaneous writer, was born about 1775, and was the son of a respectable coal-mer- chant in London, who Icfl him a large for- tune. He was educated at Eton, and settled in London as a physician ; but he distin- guished himself far more by his precepts on the art of gastronomy, than by the practice of medicine. He was a kind-hearted, social being, with more foibles than faults ; one, in fact, tliat delighted in little eccentricities, and who, rather than not acquire any kind of notoriety, was happy to obtain it by tlie singularity of his conduct. He accordingly wrote a book, under the title of" The Cook s Oracle," in which the laws of the culinary art, professedly founded on his own practice, were promulgated ; and, by appointing a "committee of taste" among his friends, who had regular invitations to his dinner- table, the fame of this epicure spread far and wide, while his evening conversaziones were the resort of privileged wits, and lite- rary bo7i vivants. He was a great stickler for punctuality ; and, for the regulation of these meeetings, a placard was fixed over the chimney-piece, with this inscription, "At seven come, at eleven go," to which the facetious George Colman once added the word " it," making the last sentence, " at eleven go it 1 " Optics and music were also particular objects of his study ; and on these and other subjects he displayed a very com- mendable degree of solicitude. Besides " The Cook's Oracle," which was his most popular work, he published " The Art of Invigorating and Prolonging Life," " TJie Economy of the Eyes," "The Traveller's Oracle," "Ob- servations on Vocal Music," and " The Lo^al and National Songs of Englaud." Died, 1827. KLAPROTII, Martin Henry, an emi- nent chemist and mineralogist, was born at Berlin, in 174.'J ; became chemical professor there ; and died in 1817. He was the dis- coverer of uranium, the zirconia, and mel- litic acid ; he also made interesting experi- ments on copal, and completed the discovery of tellurium and titanium. Among his works are, " A Mineralogical System," "Chemical Essays;" and, in conjunction with Wolf, a " Dictionary of Chemistry." KLAPROTII, IlKNiii Jules, son of the celebrated chemist of Berlin, was intended by his father to pursue the study of the phy- sical sciences, but abandoned them in favour of the oriental languages, in which he be- came one of the ablest modern scholars. In 1805 he was selected to accompany the Rus- sian ambassador into China, and m 1807 the Academy of St. Petersburgh commissioned him to visit the Caucasian provinces. Sub- sequently he settled at Paris, where he founded and organised the Asiatic Society. He has left several valuable works : " Asia Polyglotta," "Tableau du Caucase," &c. Born, 1783 ; died, 1835. KLEBER, Jean Baptiste, a celebrated French general, was born at Strasburg, in 1754. He was originally an architect, but preferred the military profession, and entered into the Austrian service, where he remained from 1776 to 1783. When the French revo- lutionary war broke out, he entered as a grenadier into a volunteer regiment of his native department, and rose rapidly into conmiand. He displayed great skill and XT 3 kle] ^ ^m Wini^tt^id 23t05raj3Tjg. [klo bravery at the battle of Mayence, after wliich he was employed in La Vendee, but the sanguinary scenes there so disgusted him that he obtained his recall, and was engaged in the north, where he defeated the Aus- trians, took Mons, and drove the enemy from Louvain. He also captured Maestricht, and contributed to the splendid successes which distinguislied the campaigns of 179.5 and 1790 on the Rhine. The directory gave him the command of the army of the Sambrc and Meuse, which he resigned to Hoche, and for a time retired from the service. Buonaparte, however, who well knew the value of his talents, prevailed upon liim to join the ex- pedition to Egypt, lie was wounded at the battle of Alexandria, but he marched into Syria, where he commanded the corps of observation during the siege of Acre, and defeated the Turks in several actions. When Buonaparte left Egypt, he appointed Kleber commander-in-chief of the army ; and though, under the then existing circum- stances, no situation could be more difficult or disheartening, yet lie maintained liimself successfully against the enemy, captured the city of Cairo, and made an alliance with Murad Bey ; but in the midst of new pre- parations wliich he was making for securing possession of the country, he was assassinated by an Arab, June 14. 1800. Of all the mili- tary characters that figured during the era of the French revolution, few of tliem sur- passed Kleber for coolness, courage, and activity ; while scarcely one was equally distinguished for humanity and integrity. KI/EIST, CiiKisTiAx EwALD vox, a Ger- man poet, was born at Zeblin, in Pomerania, in 171.5. After studying the mathematics, plulosophy, and law, at Konigsberg, he en- tered into the Danish service, and next into that of Prussia, where he rose to the rank of major ; and was killed, after displaying almost romantic bravery at the battle of Kunnersdorff, in 1759. His principal poem, entitled " Spring," is beautifully descriptive, and has been compared to the " Seasons " of Thomson. Kleist also wrote idylls, moral treatises, aud a military romance, called " Cissides." KLEIST VON NOLLEXDORF, Emiltus Fkederic, Count, a distinguished Prussian general, was born at Berlin, in 17G2. Having risen by his talents and courage to the rank of general, he commanded a corps of Prus- sians, in 1812, auxiliary to Napoleon's grand army; signalised himself in the battle of Bautzen, May 20. 1813 ; and was one of the plenipotentiaries who concluded the armis- tice. After the retreat of the allied troops from Dresden into Bohemia, Kleist gave battle to the army under Vandamme, and by his victory at the village of Nollendorf saved Bohemia, against which Napoleon had directed his best energies. He was afterwards known by the affix of JVoUendorf. Died. 1821. KLINGEMANN, Augcstits, a dramatic writer, and director of the national theatre at Brunswick, was born in that city, in 1777. In 1813 he received the direction of the theatre of his native place, and under his superintendence it became one of the first in (lermany. His dramatic works form 12 vols., and among them are, " Heinrich der Lowe," " Luther," " Moses," " Faust," &c. KUNGER, Frederic Maximilian vox, an ofiicer in the Russian service, and a lite- rary character, was born at Frankfort on the Maine, in 1753. He commenced as a dramatic writer ; but, in the war of the Bavarian suc- cession, he entered the military service, and was made a lieutenant in the Austrian army. In 1780 he went to St. Petersburgh, and was appointed an officer and reader to the grand- prince Paul, with whom he afterwards travelled through Poland, Austria, Italy, France, &c., and, in the reign of Catharine, he rose to the rank of colonel. By the em- peror Paul he was made miijor-general, and director of the corps of cadets ; and, when Alexander ascended the throne, he received other offices and further promotion. After having served forty years he retired ; and died in 18.31. His works, which are of a peculiar character, and written in an exag- gerated stvle, form 12 volumes. KLOPSTOCK, Frederic TuEoniiLUS, one of the most celebrated of the German poets, was bom at Quedlinburg, in 1724. After receiving a liberal education at his native place, he was sent to study theology at Jena, where he wrote a great part of his "Messiah," which he published in 1747, at Leipsic. Though this poem underwent the ordeal of severe criticism by some, it was admired by more ; and Bodmer, with the Swiss in general, were loud in its praises. Klopstock was invited into that coimtry, and while there, the people regarded him with a kind of veneration. From thence he was called to Copenhagen by the most flattering promises, which were amply ful- filled. In 1771 he went to reside at Ham- burgh, as Danish legate, and counsellor from the court of Baden. He died in 1803, and was buried with great pomp and solem- nity. As a lyrical writer, Klopstock is, per- haps, amongst the most successful of any age, and may well be called the Pindar of modern poetry. His patriotism is strong and ardent ; and his later odes, called forth by the French revolution, in which at first he took the warmest interest, are distin- guished by bold and original turns of ex- pression. His tragedies, though not cal- culated for the stage, contain beautiful language, and are replete with the loftiest sentiments ; but his greatest work, " The Mes- siah," though possessing much sublimity and feeling, did not fulfil the high expecta- tions of his countrymen, who predicted that it would eclipse the Paradise Lost of Milton. He was twice married. Margaret, his first wife, whom he married in 1754, and who died in 1758, was a woman of kindred genius and literary accomplishments. Among her productions are, " The Death of Abel," a tra- gedy ; and " Letters from the Dead to the Living." KLOSE, F. J., an ingenious composer and professor of music, who both by his printed works and his skill as an instructor on the pianoforte attained considerable celebrity in London, of which city he was a native, and where he died, in 1830. KLOTZ, Christiax AnoLrHus, an emi- nent German scholar and critic, was born in KLU] ^ jlfiD ©fnibcr^al 38iotjrnpIji|. [kni 1738, at Bischofswerden, in Lusatia ; stiidied at lieipsic and Jena ; and, in 17(12, was ap- pointed professor of philosophy at Gottingcn. He afterwards, by the invitation of Fi-ederic the Great, held a similar situation at llalle, where he died in 1771. Klotz distinguished himself chiefly by liis Latin poems, his nu- mismatic treatises, )iis works on tlie study of antiquity and the value and mode of using ancient gems. KLUIT, Adrian, a Dutch historian, was born at Dort in 1735; studied at Utrecht; and became professor of archaeology and diplomatics at I.cyden. His political opi- nions occasioned liis removal from the chair in 1795 ; but in l8(Xi, uuder the regal go- vernment, he was professor of statistics. His deatli, which took place in 1807, was owing to the destruction of his house from the explosion of a boat laden with gun- powder, which was moored to the quay near which lie resided. His chief work is a his- tory of the political affairs of Holland to 1795, in 5 vols. KNELLER, Sir Godfuey, an eminent portrait painter, bcrn at Lubeuk about 1(548, was designed for a military life, and sent to Lej'den to study mathematics and fortifica- cation, but sliowing a decided bent for painting, was placed under Bol and Kem- brandt at Amsterdam. Having visited Italy, where he studied with Carlo Maratti and Bernini, he came to England, in 1(574 ; and was much patronised by Charles II., James II., and William III., for the latter of whom he painted the beauties at Hampton Court, and several of the portraits in the gallery of admirals. His colouring is lively, true, and harmonious ; his drawing correct, and his disposition judicious : he displays, how- ever, a singular want of imagination in his pictures, the attitudes, action, and drapery being tasteless, unvarying, and ungraceful. He has been accused of caring more for money than for lasting fame, and the con- sequence is, that many of his productions are below mediocrity. He was in habits of intimacy with Pope and most of his emi- nent contemporaries ; and, as he possessed a fund of humour, and was of a gay and con- vivial turn, his acquaintance was eagerly sought after. He continued to practise his art till after he was seventy years of age, amassed a large fortune, and died in 1723. KNIBB, Rev. Willi am, a celebrated Bap- tist missionary, was born at Kettering, in Northamptonshire, at the beginning of the present century. Originally apprenticed to a printer at Bristol, he offered, on the death of his brother, to supply his place as a teacher of a Baptist school in Jamaica ; and having repaired thither in 1824, he was in 1829 ap- pointed pastor of tlie mission . cliurch at Falmouth, where his efforts to ameliorate the condition of the negroes were amply rewarded by their gratitude towards him. But these very efforts excited such hostility among the planters, overseers, and others in the slave holding interest, that when in 1832 a formidable slave insurrection was tlireat- ened, Mr. Knibb was not only compelled, despite his sacred calling, to serve in the militia, but was treated witli marked indig- nity, and shortly afterwards arrested for being implicated in the thre.^tened rebellion. In the absence of all evidence to support a criminal prosecution he was released ; but his chapel and mission premises having been burnt down during the disturbances, he resolved to proceed to England to explain all the circumstances connected with his mission. Feeling that the time for neutrality was passed, he now boldly advocated the entire and immediate abolition of slavery ; and it is not going to far to say, that his stirring harangues throughout the country had no unimportant share in bringing about the emanciijation act of 1833. In 1834 he once more returned to Jamaica, where he vigilantly watched the operation of the new act, exposed the evils of the apprenticeship system, raised subscriptions for building new cliurches, founded schools, and after ten years spent in these and similar under- takings (to obtain sympathy and pecuniary aid for wliich, he had once more revisited England in 1844), he was suddenly seized with yellow fever, and died after a four days' illness at the village of Kettering iu Jamaica. Nov. l.lth, 1845. KNIGHT, Ei)\VAKi>, a celebrated come- dian, born at Birmingham in 1774, who was particularly distinguished in comic charac- ters. His Tim in " Wild Oats" was admired as a chaste and natural exhibition. Afr. Knight performed at Drury Lane and at the Lyceum, till illness compelled him to quit the stage. Died, 182(J. KNIGHT, GowiN, an English philoso- pher, was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took his degree of bache- lor of physic in 1742. He practised in Lou- don, and was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society ; but falling into great distress, he made his case known to Dr. Fotliergill, who went into his closet, and then returned with a check upon his banker for a thousand guineas, whicli he put into his friend's hand, and told him to go home, and set his heart at rest. Dr. Knight published " An Attempt to demonstrate that all the Phenomena in Nature may be exiilaiucd by Attraction and Repulsion." KNIGHT, ITenky Gally, M.P., a distin- guished traveller and accomplished virtuoso and antiquary, was born in 1780. Soon after succeeding to his father's estates in Notting- hamsliire, in 1808, Mr. Knight set out on a course of extensive travel iu Spain, Sicily, Greece, the Holy Land, &c. ; and on his return he published his tour. In 1814 he published a poem, entitled " Europa Redi- viva s " and this was followed at different intervals by "Phrosyne, a Grecian Tale," " Alashtor, an Arabian Tale," and " Hanni- bal in Bitliynia." But Mr. Knight's chief title to fame consists in the zeal with which he devoted himself to the investigation of architectural history both at home and abroad ; and the fruits of which he gave to the world in an " Architectural Tour in Nor- mandy," "The Normans in Sicily," and his last and greatest work, the "Ecclesiastical Architecture of Italy," &c. Mr. Knight was a member of the commission for the advance- ment of the fine arts, and his purse was ever ready to promote the cultivation of literature and art. In 1824 he was for a short period KNl] ^ ^£to ^utberM 28togm|}i)r|. [kno M. P. for Aldborough ; in 1830 he sat for Malton ; and from 183.5 down to his demise he was one of the members for North Notts. Died, 184(5. KNIGHT, KicHAHD Payne, a man of fortune, and a patron of learning and the fine arts, was born in 1748. He devoted a great portion of his tima to the cultivation of classical literature, and the elucidation of the domestic manners of the ancients ; while his splendid collection of ancient bronzes, medals, pictures, and drawings, in his museum at his house in Soho Square, gave sufficient proofs of his taste for every thing connected with virtd. The whole of this valuable collection, worth 50,000/., he bequeathed to the British Museum. As an author he was distinguished for the variety of his knowledge, and the depth and force of his critical acumen. Among his works are, " An Account of the Remains of the Worship of Priapus," an " Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste," " Prolegomena in Homerum," "The Landscape," a didactic poem ; and " The Progress of Civil Society." Died, 1824. KNIGHT, Samuel, a learned English divine, who wrote the lives of Dr. Colet and Erasmus. Died, 1740. KNIGHT, Thomas, an actor and dramatic writer, was a native of Dorsetshire. He was intended for the profession of the law, but having received lessons in oratory from Macklin, he imbibed a taste for the stage, became an actor, and was a favourite with the ijublic, particularly in rustic characters and flippant coxcombs. He wrote " The Honest Tliieves," " The Turnpike Gate," and several other dramatic pieces. Died, 1820. KNIGHTON, Hexey, an English his- torian, was a canon regular of Leicester Abbey, in the reign of Kichard II., of whose deposition he wrote an account ; also a chronicle from the Conquest to 1395. KNIGHTON, Sir William, bart., a phy- sician and private secretary to George IV., originally entered the medical profession as an apothecary at Tavistock, but soon re- moved to Loudon, where he first practised as an accoucheur only, but afterwards, having obtained his diploma, as an accoucheur and physician. In 1809 he accompanied the Marquis of Wellesley to Spain, and on this nobleman retiring from office, he asked the prince regent to appoint Knighton one of his physicians. Being on terms of intimacy with Sir John Mc Mahon, the latter named him a^ his executor ; and, at his death, some papers relating to certain private affairs of the prince came into his possession, wliich, without comment or condition, he imme- diately placed in the hands of the rightful owner. The regent, pleased with the deli- cate manner in which this was done, ap- pointed him to an important office in the duchy of Cornwall, and in 1813 raised him to a baronetage. Known as a decided fa- vourite at court, his reputation was now at its zenith, and his business became very ex- tensive ; but on beiug appointed successor to Sir Benjamin Bloomfleld, who held the situation of private secretary to the prince regent after the death of Sir John Mc Mahon, he wholly abandoned practice, and became an inmate of the palace. Sir W. Knighton died in October, 18.36. He was a man of un- questionable talents, and, in every sense of the word, an accomplished courtier. KNOLLES, RiciiAiiD, an English his- torian, who wrote the "History of the Turks," " The Lives and Conquests of the Ottoman Kings," "A Discourse on the Greatness of the Turkish Empire ; " and a " Compendium of Latin, Greek, and He- brew Grammar." He was the master of the free school at Sandwich, and died in 1010. KNOLLES, Sir Piobekt, an English com- mander in the reign of Edward III., was of low origin in Cheshire, but, being of an enterprising mind, obtained the rank of general, and the order of knighthood. At the close of life he retired to his estate in Kent, and built Rochester Bridge. Died, 1407, aged 00. KNOLLIS, or KNOWLES, Sir Francis, an English statesman, who, on the accession of Elizabeth, was emploj'ed in several im- portant matters of state. He was one of the commissioners wlio sat in judgment on Mary queen of Scots ; was appointed treasurer of the royal household, and was a knight of the garter. He died in 150G. Sir i'rancis wrote a " Treatise agaiust the Usurpation of Papal Bishops." KNORR, George Wolfoakg, a German engraver, who also devoted his attention to the study of natural history, and was the author of " Thesaurus Rei Herbariae Horten- sisque Universalis," "Deliciaa Naturae Se- lectae," &c. Born, 1705 ; died, 17.58. KNOTT, Edward, a learned English Jesuit, whose real name was Matthias Wil- son. He was the author of several contro- versial works of great acuteness, among which was one, entitled " Infidelity Un- masked," in reply to Chillingworth's " Reli- gion of the Protestants. He was born at Pegsworth, in Northumberland, in 1580 ; be- came provincial of his order in England ; and died in London, in 1656. KNOWLES, Thomas, an able English divine and classical scholar, born at Ely, in 1723 ; in the cathedral of which place he obtained a stall, with other church prefer- ment. His principal works are, " The Scrip- ture Doctrine of the Existence and Attri- butes of God, in 12 Sermons," " Answer to Bishop Clayton's Essay on the Spirit," &c. KNOX, JoHs, styled the great champion of the Scottish reformation, was born in 1505, at Gifford, in East Lothian, and was educated at St. Andrew's. Having been con- verted from the Romish faith, he became a zealous preacher of the new doctrines. Not- withstanding the opposition he met with from the clergy, he every day grew bolder in the cause, until the castle of St. Andrew's surrendered to the French in July, 1547, when he was carried with the garrison into France, and remained a prisoner on board the galleys, until the latter end of 1549. Being then set at liberty, he passed over to England, and, arriving in Loudon, was li- censed either by Cranmer, or tlie protector Somerset, and appointed preacher, first at Berwick, and afterwards at Newcastle. In 1552 he was appointed chaplain to Edward ICNO] 91 llciD Bnibtx^aX iSiograijfjt). [koe VI., and preached before the king at ^\'cst- minster, wlio recommended Cranmer to give him the living of All-hallows, in London, which Knox declined, not choosing to con- form to the English liturgy. On the acces- sion of Queen Mary, he went to Geneva, and next to Frankfort, where he took imrt with the English exiles, who opposed the use of the liturgy ; but the other side prevailing, Knox returned to Geneva, and soon after went to Scotland. While engnged in the ministry, he received an invitation to return to Geneva, wilJi which he complied ; and in his absence the bishops passed sentence of death upon him for heresy, against which he drew ui> an energetic appeal. In lliHH he published his treatise, entitled the "First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous Kegimen of Women," chiefly aimed at the cruel government of queen Mary of Eng- land, and at the attempt of the queen regent of Scotland to rule without a parliament. In April, IHM, he would have visited England, but was prevented by the resentment lelt by Elizabeth at his late treatise. He therefore proceeded directly to Scotland, where he found a persecution of the Protestants just ready to commence at Stirling. He hurried to the scene of action to share the danger, and, mounting a pulpit, inflamed the people by a vehement harangue against idolatry. The violence of his denunciations, aided by the indiscretion of a priest, who immediately on the conclusion of this discourse was pre- paring to celebrate mass, precipitated his hearers into a general attack on the churches of the city, in which the altars were over- turned, the paintings and finest works of architecture destroyed, the images broken, and the monasteries almost levelled to the ground. From that time forward, he never ceased to promote, by all the means in his power, the cause he had espoused. But it is useless to pursue the subject farther, or to comment on his character. I>ike Luther, he was one of those extraordinary persons of whom few, if any, are observed to speak with sufficient temper ; all is cither extra- vagant encomium, or senseless invective. After his death appeared his " Historj' of the Reformation of Religion within the Realm of Scotland," &c., to the 4th edition of which are appended all liis other works. He died, Nov. 24. 1572, and was buried at Edin- burgh, several lords attending ; and when he was laid in his grave, the Earl of Morton, that day chosen regent, exclaimed, " There lies he who never feared the face of man." KNOX, ViCEsiMus, D. D., an eminent author and an eloquent preacher, was born in 17.")2 ; and received his education at Mer- chant Tailors' School, and St. John's Col- lege, Oxford. On the death of his father, he was chosen his successor in the head-master- ship of Tunbridge Grammar School, over which he presided with great reputation, thirty-three years ; and when, in 1812, he retired, he was himself succeeded bj' his son, Ur. Thomas Knox. Few men have better claims on our regard than the sub- I ject of this notice. In theological and classical learning he excelled most of his i contemporaries ; in an acquaintance with j polite literature he was surpassed by none ; while all who remember his pulpit oratory, are able to bear testimony to the power- ful and earnest eloquem:e with which he expoimded the precepts and doctrines of Christianity. He lield the living of Rams- den, in Essex, and the chapelry of Ship- bourne in Kent, at which latter place and at Tunbridge he for many years officiated. Nor was he unknown to the religious world of London, being frequently solicited to plead the cause of various public charitable institutions in the metropolis. His works consist of " Essays, floral and Literary," 3 vols. ; "Liberal Education," 2 vols. ; " Win- ter Evenings," 3 vols. ; " Personal Nobility, or Letters to a young Nobleman on his Studies," " Sermons on Faith, Hope, and Charity," " Christian Philosophy," 2 vols. ; " Considerations on the Nature and Efficacy of the Lord's Supper," and a pamphlet " On the National Importance of a Classical Edu- cation." Besides these, he published a series of selections from the works of the best English authors, under the titles of " Elegant Extracts " and " Elegant Epistles." He is also regarded as the author of a political work, entitled "The Spirit of Despotism," published anonymously in 17'.>4, and of vari- ous anti-belligerent tracts, which appeared at the commencement of the French revolution. Died in 1821. KNOX, liev. Thomas, D. D., was the son of Dr. Vicesimus Knox, whom he succeeded in the mastership of the Tunbridge Gram- mar School, and also in the rectories of Run- well and Ramsden Crays, in Essex. He was, like his more celebrated father, an energetic and powerful preacher, and a " liberal ' as to politics ; but, unlike him, he did not court literary celebrity. His death was as awful as it was sudden. He had scarcely entered the vestry-room of Tunbridge church when he fell back and expired, the disease being enlargement of the heart. Died July 23. 1843, aijed .59. KNUTZEN, Mattuias, a professed atheist of Ilolstein, who first broached his impious tenets at Konigsberg, in 1673. His followers were called Conscientarians, because they would allow of no other divinity than what existed in a man's own mind. They denied the existence of good and evil principles, and of a future state, and maintained that civil government was useless. KOCH, CnitiSTopiiEU William, an his- torian and professor of public jurisprudence at Strasburg, was a native of Alsace, and born in 1737. History, genealogy, and the canon law were the pursuits which chiefly engaged his attention ; but the progress of the French revolution for a time interrupted his studies ; for, having been chosen a mem- ber of the legislative assembly, his patriotic opposition to the Jacobins occasioned his im- prisonment ; but on the fall of Robespierre he was liberated. He was the author of " A View of the Revolutions of Europe," &c. Died, 1813. KOEHLER, .Tonw David, a most indus- trious German author, v/as born in 1G84, near Lcipsic. He distinguished himself at the universities of Altorf and Gottiiigen, and published a number of valuable works on history, areliaeology, &c. Died, 1755. koe] ^ ^tbi mm'bcr^al 3Sifl0rapIjin [kos KOENIG. Several persons of this name have iu some way or other distinguished themselves George Matthias, born at Altorf, in lOKi, was the author of a Latin Biograpliical Dictionary, of considerable merit. Died 1(599 Joiiann Geuaud, a physician of Courland, in Litliuania, born 1728, was a celebrated botanist, and travelled to tlie East Indies and otlier countries in pursuit of his favourite science, keeping up a correspondence at the time with Linnaeus, his old preceptor. Died, 1785 Tliere were also two brotliers, natives of Switzerland, named Daniel and Samuel Koenig. The former was killed, in his 22d year, at Franeker, by the mob, who in a popular commotion fell upon Mm under the suppo- sition that he was a French spy, as he had been heard to converse in that language. He translated into Latin " Arbuthnot on Ancient Coins." Samuel was a good ma- thematical scholar, and filled the professor's chair at Franeker, in philosophy and ethics ; but afterwards settled at the Hague, having been invited thither by the Prince of Orange, who made him his librarian. Died, 1757. KORNER, Theodore, an eminent poet, often called the German TyrtiEus, was born at Dresden, in 1791 ; and, after studying at Leipsic, became a dramatist and secretary to the management of the court theatre of Vi- enna. Being an enthusiast for the liberty of Germany, he entered as a volunteer into the Prussian army, in 1812; signalised himself equally by his bravery and his martial songs; was promoted for his conduct at the battle of Lutzen ; was afterwards twice wounded ; made a lieutenant ; and fell in a skirmish with the French, in Mecklenburg, August 26. 1813. His lyrical poems were published after his death, under the title of "The Lyre and Sword ;" but innumerable editions of his works, consisting of his dramas, poems and other literary remains, have since been published in Germany ; and many of his writings liave been repeatedly translated into English. KOIALOWICZ, Adalbert, a native of Poland, bom in 1G09 ; author of a " History of Lithuania," written in Latin, and con- sidered by Schloezer, wlio translated it into German, as an admirable performance. KOLBE, or KOLBEN, Peter, a traveller, was born in 1G74, at Dorflas, in the prin- cipality of Bayreuth. He studied at Halle, in 1700 ; soon after which he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope, by the king of Prussia, to make astronomical observations. He re- mained there ten years, and was afflicted with blindness, but recovered his sight on his return to Europe, and was rector of the Gymnasium of Newstadt. He wrote a " De- scription of the Cape of Good Hope," and was the first who gave a full and circum- stantial account of that colony. Died, 172(5. KOLLMAN, Augustus Fred. Charles, a native of Angelbostel, near Hanover, who came to England in 1782, to fill the place of organist and schoolmaster in the Royal Ger- man Chapel, London, which lie held 40 years. He was the author of several musical com- positions, and died in 1829. KONIGSMARK, Maria Aurora, Coun- tess of, one of the mistresses of Augustus II.,, king of Poland, was bom about 1G78. She was equally celebrated on account of her personal cliarins and extraordinary talents, and of the part which she performed in politics. While a girl, she wiote and spoke Swedish, German, French, Italian, and Eng- lish ; read the classics in the original ; had an extensive knowledge of liistory and geo- graphy; and even comjjosed poems In French and Italian. She played on several instru- ments, composed music, sang and painted with great skill ; all which accomplishments were aided by a refined wit and superior conversational powers. Thus gifted and accomplished, she arrived, in 1(594, in Dres- den, with her two sisters. The elector fell in love with her at first sight ; she yielded, ap- peared at court as his mistress, and bore him a son, the famous Marshal Saxe, to whose improvement she consecrated the remainder of her life. Though the passion of the fickle king cooled, and another favourite sup- planted the countess, he always remained on terms of friendship with her ; and by his in- fluence slie was appointed, by the court of Vienna, superintendant of Quedlinburg, where she chiefly resided until her death, which took place in 1768. KOSCIUSKO, Thaddeus, a celebrated Polish general and patriot, was descended from an ancient and noble, though not wealthy, family in Lithuania, and was born in 175(5. He was educated at the military school of Warsaw, and completed his studies in France. On his return to Poland he had a commission given him ; but being refused promotion, he went to America, where war was then carrying on between Great Britain and her colonies. He was made a colonel of engineers and aide-de-camp to Washington. At the conclusion of the war he returned to his native country, and lived in retirement ; but when the Polish army was formed, in 1789, the diet appointed him a major-general. He declared himself for the constitution of May 3rd, 1791, and served under prince Joseph Poniatowski. In the campaign of 1792, he distinguished himself against the Russians at Zielencck and Dubienka. At the latter place, under cover of some works which he had thrown up in the course of 24 hours, he repulsed, with 4000 men, three successive attacks of 18,000 Russians, who prevailed only after the loss of 4000 men. When king Stanislaus submitted to Catha- rine, he, with 16 other officers, left the army, and was, therefore, obliged to retire from Poland. He went to Leipsic ; and the legis- lative assembly of France, at this time, gave him the rights of a French citizen. The Poles becoming impatient under the oppres- sion of Russia, all eyes were turned towards Kosciusko, whom they chose for their leader, and invested with the full powers of gene- ralissimo. Kosciusko then advanced to meet the Russian forces. Without artillery, at the head of only 4000 men, part of whom were armed only witli scythes and pikes, he defeated 12,000 Russians at Raslavice, April 4. 1794. His army soon increased to 9000 men, the insurrection extended to War- saw, and in a few days the Russians were driven from that palatinate. But the enemy poured in on all sides, and at length, after i — r KOS] ^ ^elu Bni^tr^nl SSiograpibj?' [kra having for six months delaj'ed tiie fall of Poland, he was wounded and taken prisoner, Oct. 4., at the battle of Maceiowiue. He was sent to Russia, and confined in a fortress near St. Tctersburgh, till the accession of the emperor Paul, who set him at liberty. In ]7'J7 he took his departure for the United States of America, but returned to Europe the following year, and settled in France, liuonaparte often endeavoured to engage liim in his ambitious schemes for the sub- jection of Poland ; but the disinterested pa- triot saw through his designs, and rejected his overtures, lie died at Soleure, in Swit- zerland, in 1817. KOSEGARTEN, Locis Tiieobcl, 'a Ger- man poet and divine, was born in 1758, in the state of Mecklenburg, and became rec- tor of the university of Griefswald, where he died in 1818. Besides writing numerous legends, idyls, patriotic songs, and romances, he translated Richardson's Olaiissa and other novels. KOSTROW, Eemimus Ivattovitsch, the son of a Russian peasant, who obtained ce- lebrity in his native country by an excellent translation of Ossian's poems, and by a less perfect one of Homer's Iliad. He was also the author of some original poetry. Died, 1796. KOTZEBUE, AforsTus FREDt-nic Fer- niNAND vox, a prolific German writer, was bom, in 17G1, at Weimar. At the age of 16 years, lie entered the university of Jena, where his inclination for the drama was confirmed by his connection with a private theatre. In 1781 he went to St. Petersburgh, at the suggestion of the Prussian minister at that court, and became secretary to the governor-general. Von Bawr, who recom- mended him to the empress, who became his patroness, and he was finally appointed president of the government of Esthonia. In 17'J5 he retired to a country place about 3.") miles from Narva ; but soon after went to ^^'eimar, and from thence to Petersburgh. He had, however, scarcely arrived on the frontiers, before he was arrested, and sent to Siberia, without any reason being assigned for the act. A small drama of his, an in- direct eulogy of Paul I., was translated into Russian, and laid, in manuscript, before the emperor, who was so delighted with it, that he recalled Kotzebue, and took him into favour. After tlie death of Paul, he again went to Germany, but, in 180C, revisited Russia, to avoid the French, and never ceased to write against Napoleon. Some subsequent years were spent in travelling, and the remainder of his life in pouruig forth his innumerable literary productions. He is said to have written many of the Russian state papers and proclamations. In 1817 he received a salary of 15,000 roubles, witli directions to reside in Germany, and to report upon literature and public opinion. This invidious office Kotzebue is said to have filled in a manner hostile to the freedom of his native land, and he was regarded with aversion by the liberals of Germany. His strictures on the conduct of the students of the German universities higlily exasperated them ; and the feeling was so strong in the case of a young enthusiast named Sand, 491 that he went to Kotzebue's house at Man- heim, and there deliberately murdered him, March 23. 1819, and then immediately gave himself up to justice. He was the author of 98 dramas, and his name appears to about 200 more, which are either translations, or were written by other persons and retouched by him. Among his other numerous pro- ductions are, " A History of the German Empire," " A History of Ancient Prussia," and various ".Recollections," such as of Paris, Rome, Naples, &c. KRAFT, George Wolfgang, a German philosopher, was educated at Tubingen, where he subsequently filled the chair of ma- thematics. He wrote many valuable and in- teresting papers in the Transactions of the Academy of St. Petersburg]!. Died, 1754. KRANACH, LrCAS (whose proper name was Sunder), a distinguished painter, was bom at Kranach in Bamberg, 1472. He was greatly patronised by Frederic, elector of Coburg, whom he accompanied on a journey through Palestine in 1493, and soon after- wards commenced his career as an historical painter, which, whether we consider the number or the excellence of his works, has not been surpassed by any of his countrymen. He was intimately associated witli tlie great reformers, Luther and Melanchthon, whose portraits, as taken by him, are amongst the most interesting memorials of their age. Died, 15.53. His son Lucas, with whom he is sometimes confounded, gained great dis- tinction in the same career, and died in 1.">8C. KRANTZ, Albeut, a German historian and philosopher of the 15th century ; author of a Latin " Chronicle of the Kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway," a " His- tory of the Ancient Vandals," &c. His re- putation as an able and upright diplomatist also was so well estalilished, that in a dis- pute of a tenitorial nature, which occurred between the courts of Holstein and Denmark, the contending potentates agreed to abide by his arbitration. KRASICKl, Igxatius, Count of Sietzen, prince-bishop of Warmia, &c., one of the most illustrious of the Polish literati of the 18th century, was born at Dubiecko, in 1735. When the first partition of Poland, in 1772, deprived him of his senatorial dignities, he turned his attention to literature, and pro- duced numerous poems, epic, mock-heroic, and satirical. He was much esteemed by Frederic the Great, who took great pleasure in his lively and agreeable conversation ; and the following morceau is related of them. The monarch having said, " I hope, Mr. Archbishop, you will carry me under your episcopal cloak to Paradise," — the prelate rei)lied, " No, sire, your majesty has cut it so short, that it will not serve the purpose of concealing contraband goods," Among his writings are, "The War of Choczim," in 12 cantos ; " La Monomaehie, or the War of the Monks," " La Souriade," fables, odes, &c. He died at Berlin, in 1801, KRAUSS, JoiiN Baptist, a learned Ger- man ecclesiastic, and a most indefatigable writer. He was born at Ratisbon, in 1700 ; took the monastic habit at an early age ; became prince-abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Erameran in 1742 ; and pre- kra] ^ 0cby Bnibtv^Kl JSiacjrapl^t). [kut sided there till his death, in 1762. Ilis works on theology, history, and criticism are very numerous. KRAY, Baron de, an Austrian general, embraced the military profession early in life. He first distinguished himself in the war with the Turks ; and in the campaigns in the Netherlands, and on the Rhine, from 179.3 to 1797, he was one of the most active of the imperial commanders. The brilliant manner in which he opened the campaign of 1799, made way for the future triumphs of Melas and Suwarrow, and in 1800 he re- placed the Archduke Charles in the command of the army of the Rhine. Died, 1801 . KREUTZER, Rodoli'ii, a celebrated vio- linist and musical composer, was born at Versailles, in 1767. He travelled in Ger- many, Holland, and Italy ; and having es- tablished himself as one of the first perform- ers in Europe, he was placed at the head of the orchestra at the grand opera of Paris. He composed the music for the operas of "Lodoiska," "Joan of Arc," "Paul and Virginia," " Charlotte and Werter," and some others. Died, 1831, KRUDENER, Juliana, Baroness Va- LEiuK DE, a religious enthusiast, was the daughter of the Russian baron Vietinghoff, governor of Riga, where she was born, in 176C. At the age of 14 she married Baron Krudener, appointed ambassador by Catha- rine II. to Berlin, and subsequently to Venice. Here the secretary of legation fell in love with her, and committed suicide ; on which event she wrote a romance, entitled " Valerie." For years she resided in France, and was the gayest of the gay in the Parisian circles. At length she became a fanatical devotee, and wandered from state to state, preaching and prophesying. In 1814 she became acquainted with Alexander, emperor of Russia, wlio had already for some time shown a disposition to religious contempla- tions, and on whom her conversations had a great influence. In Paris, she had prayer- meetings, attended by distinguished per- sonages, where she was seen in the back- ground of a suite of rooms, in the dress of a j priestess, kneeling in prayer. Her predic- tions excited much attention ; and when the I allied sovereigns quitted Paris, she retreated into Switzerland, where she preached the ap- proach of the millennium, and drew around her multitudes of the credulous moun- taineers, who listened to, and believed in, her mission. At length tlie states interfered, and she removed to Germany ; but wherever she arrived, she was under the surveillance of the police, who ultimately transported her to the Russian frontier. She was, how- ever, ordered not to go to Petersliurgh or Moscow ; she accordingly visited the Crimea, where she died in 1824. KRUMMACHER, Frederick Adolphus, a German religious writer, whose " Parables" and many other works are well known in England, was born at Tecklenburg in 1768 ; and became successively minister of Orefeld, Kellwick, and Beruherg, and ended a long and useful career as an efficient preacher and writer at Bremen, 1845, wlxere he had laboured for 21 years. KRUNITZ, Jou>r George, a German physician and natural philosopher, was born at Berlin, in 1728 ; studied at Gottingen, Halle, and Frankfort-on-the-Oder ; devoted his whole life to literary pursuits on his return to his native city, and died in 1796. He produced an extraordinary number of works, the most considerable of which is an " Economico-technological Encyclopaedia," which he commenced in 1773. lie had com- pleted 73 volumes, and had just reached the article "Leiche," a corpse, when liis progress was arrested bv death. KRUSEMARK, Baron de, a Prussian general and diplomatist. In 1806 he was sent to attempt a negotiation of peace with Buonaparte ; and, not succeeding, he was dispatched to St. Petersburg!!, where he formed a coalition which led to the treaty of Tilsit. He was afterwards appointed am- bassador to France ; and at the conclusion of the peace of Paris, in 1814, he was sent envoy extraordinary from the court of Ber- lin to Vienna, where he died in 1821. KUH, EriJRAiM Moses, a German poet, born of Jewish parents, at Breslau, in 1731. His father intended him for the synagogue, but he had no relish for the subtleties of the Talmud, and a commercial life was then designed for him. At his father's death he went to Berlin, and took a financial situa- tion in the counting-liouse of his uncle, where he soon had an opportunity of forming an acquaintance with Mendelsslion, Ramler, Lessing, and otlier men of letters. Though possessed of independent property, and hav- ing a good salary, his love of literature led him to neglect liis commercial interests, and in a few years his means were exhausted ; he travelled through Holland, France, Italy, and Switzerland ; but on his return to Ger- many, he was attacked with hypochondria, which degenerated into insanity ; and it was at this time, in his lucid intervals, that he produced his best poetical pieces. Died in 1790. KUITLMAN, QuiRixtrs, a fanatic, and probably a madman, of the 17th century, born at Breslau, in 16/)1. He pretended to have acquired the faculty of fore-know- ledge, and of holding communion with in- visible spirits ; but wliile travelling through Russia, where some of his prophecies were distasteful to the government, he was brought to the stake, and suffered with all the fortitude of a martyr, in 1689. KUNCKELL, John, an eminent chemist, born at Huysum, in Sleswick, in 1630, dis- tinguished himself by several important dis- coveries, especially by the extraction of phosphorus from urine. He was enriobled by the king of Sweden, and made counsellor of mines. Died, 1703. KUSTER, Ludolph, a learned German writer, and one of the first Greek and Latin scholars of the age, born at Blomberg, in 1670. He visited the principal libraries in Europe, chiefly with the view of collating the manuscripts of Suidas, and was success- ful in restoring many portions before un- published. Died, 1716. KUTTNER, Charles Gotlob, a Ger- man traveller, born in Saxony, in 175.5 ; studied at Leipsic and Basle ; and travelled, as tutor to young Englishmen, througb most kut] ^ iSclD ^aiTiber^nl SSiflgrapfji). [lab of the countries of Europe. Ilis works com- I prise "Letters on Ireland," "Letters of a I Saxon in Switzerland," " Travels in Ger- many, Denmark," &c., and " Observations ! on England." Died, 180.5. I KUTUSOFF SMOLENSKOr, or KUTU- SOW, Michael, Prince of, a celebrated Rus- sian lield-marshal, was born in 174'>, and ! educated at Strasburg. lie entered the j army iii 17.5!) ; served in Poland from 17G4 I till iVc'J ; and afterwards against the Turks, under Romauzoff. Ue behaved with great gallantry at the siege of Oczacoflf, where he was dangerously wounded ; aini on his re- covery he joined Suwarrow at the storming and capture of Ismailoll', when he was ad- vanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. In the subsequent Polish war, he was par- ticularly conspicuous during the memorable day of Praga. In 1805, the emperor Alex- ander gave nim the chief command of the ] first Russian corps against the French, and ! lie headed the allied army ut Austerlitz, i where he was wounded. In 1810 and 1811 he obtained several advantages over the Turks ; and, in 1812, when 70 years of age, the chief command of the Russian army, destined to oppose Napoleon, was bestowed upon him. To commemorate his victories, he received the surname of Smolenskoi. lie died in 1813. KUYP, or CUYP, Alkekt, a celebrated painter, whose father was an able land- scape painter, was born etDort in l(i(Mi. He particularly excelled in the purity aud bril- liancy of light ; and was not surpassed, even by Claude, in an accurate representation of tJie atmosphere, and of the various ef- fects of sunshine or shade upon the objects delineated. Ills paintings are all highly finished, and many of them grace the prin- cipal collections in Great Britain. Died, 1(3<]7. KYAU, Fredekic William, Baron of, a native of Brandenburg, whose witty sayings and blunt honesty attracted the notice and gained the favour of Augustus IL, king of Poland, who made him liis aide-de-camp, and promoted him to the rank of adjutant general and commandant of Konigstein. Born, 1<!,54 ; died, 1733. KYNASTON, Sir Francis, an English poet, bom at Otley, in Shropshire, in 1.587. He was knighted by Charles I. ; became regent of a literary institution, called the "Musajum Minervae ;" was the translator of Cliaucer's " Troilus and Cressida" into Latin, and author of "Leoline and Syda- nis," &c. Died, Hii2. KYRLE, Joux, celebrated by Pope as the man of lioss, was born at Whitehouse, in Gloucestershire, and possessed an estate of 500/. a year at Ross in Herefordshire, where he died iu 1754, aged 90. The good deeds of this estimable man, so highly eulogised by Pope in his "Moral Essays," do not appear to be overrated. Warton says, Kyrle was the Howard of his age, and tliat he deser%'ed to be celebrated beyond any of the heroes of riudar. LABADIE, JoHX, a French enthusiast, was bom in 1010, at Bourg, in Guienne. He was originally a Jesuit ; but, from his licentiousness and scandalous practices, he was compelled to quit that society, and seek an asylum among the Protestants. From these he was also driven out, and forced to retire to Middleburg, where he propounded a new doctrine of belief, and by his imposing eloquence obtained many followers. Tiie looseness of his private life, however, lost him many of his sect, and lie was at length obliged to retire to Altona, in Holstein, where he died in 1074, He wrote many works, but they, as well as his doctrines, have fallen into deserved oblivion. LABAT, Jkax Baptiste, a Dominican missionary, was born in Paris, in 1G()3. He possessed great mathematical knowledge ; and while in America, wliere he remained twelve years, he acted as an engineer in defence of Guadaloupe when attacked by the English in 1703. On his return to Europe in 1708, he accurately surveyed the environs and coast of Andalusia ; soon after travelled into Italy and other parts ; and finally returned to Paris, wliere he died in 1738. He wrote many works, the chief of which are his "Voyage aux Ilesde TAmcriquc, "" Travels in Spain and Italy," a "Description of the Coun- tries of Western Africa," &c. LABBE, Philip, a learned French Jesuit, was born at Bourges, in 1(507. He taught philosophy, divinity, and languages, with great eclat, and was a most laborious writer, as well as a sound critic. He died at Paris, in 1C67. His chief work was a " Collection of Councils," 17 vols, folio. LABE, Louisa, called "La belle Cor- diere," was bom at Lyons, about 152(5. Her early education having been directed to riding and military exercises, as well as to languages and music, she acquired a taste for military glory, and entered the army in 1543. She soon displayed her strength and courage at the siege of Perpignan, but the French being obliged to abandon it, she renounced the military service, and devoted herself to literature and poetry. A rich rope-maker, named Ennemond Perrin, be- came enamoured of her, and married her, and from that time her house was the resort of the literati, and men of rank and fashion. She was much admired for her talents, ac- complishments, and beauty. LA BEDOYERE, Charles Angeliqde Francois Huchet, Count de, a noted ge- neral, born at Paris in 1786. He served as lab] ^ ^etD ^ntba-j^al 33t00rffpf)y. [lae an officer in the imperial guards at the battle of Eylau, and in 1808 and 1809 was aide-de-camp to Eugene Beauharnois. lie was in the retreat from Moscow, and in 1813 distinguished himself at the hattles of Lutzen and Bautzen. On the abdication of Napoleon, he was, in 1815, appointed to a regiment stationed at Grenoble ; but imme- diately on the return of the French em- peror from Elba, La Bedoyere was the first to bring him a regiment. He was rapidly promoted, and eventually raised to the peerage ; but being found in Paris after its occupation by the allied army, he was tried by a courtniartial, and suffered death, August, 1815. LABERIUS, Decimus Jumrs, a Roman knight, who wrote " Mimes, or Short Pieces for the Stage ; " one of which Julius Caesar compelled him to perform, much against his inclination, and for which reason he delivered at the same time a prologue, full of satire, against that great man. This piece is extant in Aulus Gellius. The author died B. c. 4(!. LABOUREUE, Joiix le, a French his- torical writer, was bom in 1023, at Mont- morency. On entering into orders he was made almoner to the king, and appointed commander of the order of St. Michael. He died in 1675. His chief works are, " The History of Charles VI. " and " Genealogies of Noble Families." LABROUSE SusANNE, bom in 1743 ; one of the extraordinary characters produced by the French revolution. She proclaimed herself a prophetess at that period, fancied herself inspired, and persuaded many of the Jacobin party to credit her ravings, after the enthusiast, Don Serle, had declared her prophecies true in the Constituent Assembly. She published them in 1799. LACARRY, Giles, a learned French Jesuit, was born in 1605. He was well skilled in history, and taught pliilosophy and theology. He died in 1684. Among his numerous works are, " Historia Gal- liarum sub Praifectis Prajtorii Galliarum," 4to., "Historia Romana," "De Regibus FrancijE et Lege Sallca," &c. LA CLOS, Peteu Ambrose Francis Choderlos de, was born at Amiens, in 1741. Prior to the French revolution he was an officer of artillery, and secretary to the Duke of Orleans, whom he followed to England. On his return in 1791, La Clos was one of the chief conductors of the noted Jacobin Journal des Amis de la Constitu- tion. He was the autlior of that licentious novel, "Les Liaisons Dangereuses." Died, 1803. LACOMBE, James, a French miscella- neous writer, was born at Paris, in 1724. He published several useful abridgments of histories. His best work, however, is "Histoire de Cliristine Reine ie Suede." LACOMBE, DE Pkezel Honore, brother of the above, was born at Paris, in 1725. He published a. " Dictiounaire dc Citoyen," " Dictiounaire de Jurisprudence," and other works. LACRETELLE, Pierre Louis, a French writer, was born at Metz, in 1751. He was a counsellor of parliament, one of the editors of the Grand Repertory of Jurisprudence and of the Mercure de France ; and in •1787 he was appointed member of a com- mittee charged with the reformation of the penal code. When the revolution took place, Lacretelle embraced its principles with moderation, and sat in the legislative assembly ; but during the reign of Robes- pierre 'he found it necessary to retire from public duty. He afterwards appeared for a short time, but held no official situation, and during the imperial and regal govern- ments he devoted himself wholly to literary pursuits. Among his writings are, "Elo- quence Judiciaire et Philosophic Lt'gisla- tive," " Roman Th^atral," " Portraits et Tableaux," &c. Died, 1824. LACRUZ Y CANO, Don Ramonde, a famous Spanish dramatic poet, born in 1728, and died in 1795. Among his best pieces are, "El Sueno," "El dia de Noche Buena," " El Temo," &c. LACTANTIUS, Lrcius Ccelius, or C(e- ciLiANUS FiRMiANUS, an eminent father of the church, was by some esteemed an Afri- can, and by others a native of Fermo, in Aucona. He studied rhetoric under Arno- bius, and by his production, entitled " Sym- posium," or the " Bouquet," he obtained sucli renown, that Diocletian appointed him pro- fessor of rhetoric in Nicomedia. Subse- quently he was appointed tutor to Crispus, the son of Constantine, who dying not long after, Lactantius was neglected. He wrote many works in vindication of Christianity, from the beautiful style of which he has been honoured with the name of the Chris- tian Cicero. His principal works are, " In- stitutiones Divina;," in 7 books ; and a trea- tise, " De Persecutione." LACY, Joiix, , a dramatic writer, was born at Doncaster, and bred a dancing- master ; this employment he quitted for the army, but subsequently took to the stage ; in which line he acquired such celebrity as a comedian, that Charles II. had his por- trait painted in three different charac- ters. He wrote the comedies of " The Dumb Lady," " Sir Hercules Buffoon," " Old Troop," and " SawnCy the Scot." Died, 1681. LACYDES, or LACYDAS, a Greek phi- losopher of Cyrene, was the discii)le of Arcesilaus. His system was that of uni- versal scepticism, and he died of excessive drinking, e. c. 212. LADVOCAT, Jean Baptiste, a learned French Jesuit, was born at Champagne, in 1709. He was professor of Hebrew and theology in the university of Paris, and after- wards became librarian to the Sorbonne. His works are, "Dictiounaire Historique Portatif," 2 vols. 8vo. ; " A Hebrew Gram- mar," " Dissertation on the Councils," and some other scriptural writings. He died in 1765. LvELIUS, Caius, surnamed Sapiexs, was a Roman consul and orator, who distin- guished himself in Spain in the war against Viriathus. He acquired great reputation, especially with Cicero, and he is said to have assisted Terence in his comedies. He died about 126, B. c. LAENNEC, R. T. H., an eminent French lae] ^ Hit^ UnibtvinX JStajprapfji?. [laf physician, was born in 1781, at Qulmper ; studied at Nantes and Paris ; and acquired great reputation as an anatomist. He is principally known as the author of a " Trea- tise on Auscultation," whicli develops the method of obtaining a knowledge of the viscera by means ot a stethoscope, an in- strument invented by him, and which has since obtained great notoriety among medi- cal practitioners. Died, 182(;. LAER, PisTKK UE, a celebrated painter, usually called Bamboccio. He was born in 1613, at Laareu, in Holland. After studj;- ing the art at Rome, and increasing his knowledge of it by an acquaintance with Poussin and Claude, he returned to Hol- land, in l(>3t>, where he enjoyed unrivalled cclcl)rity, till he was compelled to share it with Wouvermans. In energy of touch, in the management of the chiaroscuro, and in fertility of invention, he excelled his rival, but not in neatness and delicacy of pencil ; yet the competition so much atiected his prosperity, that in a fit of despondency he drowned himself in a well, in 17Co, when (JO years of age. LAET, Joux DE, a writer of the 17th century, was a native of Antwerp, and well skilled in liistory and geography. I^ittle ia known of his life, except that lie was a director of the Dutch East India Comi)any, and wrote many works, among which are, " Novus Orbis," folio; "Historia Naturalis Brasilia," folio ; " Respublica Belgarum," and other works. He died in 1(>49. L^EVIUS, a Latin poet, prior to the time of Cicero, wrote a poem entitle! " Eroto- paguia," or "Love Games," and " Petraram," or "The Centaurs ;" besides these, nothing farther is known either of his life or his writings. LAFAYETTE, Gilbert Mottiek, Mar- quis de, one of the most conspicuous cha- racters in France, previous to, during, and since the revolution, was born in 1757, at Chavagnac, near Brioude, in Auvergne. At the age of 17 he married the grand-daughter I of the Duke of Noailles ; and, although he , inherited a large fortune, was of high rank, and had powerful connections at court, he went, in 1777, to join the war of inde- pendence in America. He there raised and equip^d a body of men at his own expense; fought as a volunteer at the battle of Bran- dywine, in 1778 ; at that of Monmouth in 1778 ; and received the thanks of congress. He then proceeded to France, in order to obtain reinforcements ; returned with the armaments under General Rochambcau ; and commanded Washington's vanguard at the time of the surrender of Lord Corn- wallis, in 1782. The capitulation of York Town followed, and, on the peace with the mother country, the general returned to France. He was elected a member of the notables in 1787, and, on the breaking out of the revolution, he took part with the friends of liberty, though with wise mode- ration. In October, 178D, he was made com- mauder-in-cliief of the national guard, and ordered and assisted in the demolition of th.e Bastile. On the 0th, he marched to Ver- sailles, saved the royal family from the out- rages of the mob, and placed them under the protection of the National Assembly. In 1790, he proclaimed the " sacredness of the right of insurrection," and established, in conjunction with Bailly, the club of Feuillans. On the attenipted escape of Louis XVI., Lafayette lost some of his popularity, through being accused of con- niving at it ; but, dissipating these calum- nies, he fought against the emigrants and allies in Flanders ; and mutual accusations of counter-revolution passed between him and Dumouriez and Collot d'Herbois. He returned to Paris to denounce them, and to protest against the violence offered to the king. But the Mountain was too strong for him ; he was burnt in effigy on the oOth of June, 1702; and, being obliged to escape from France, fell into the hands of the Austrians, who imprisoned him at Olmutz. There he remained five years, till after Bonaparte's first triumphant campaign of Italy, when, on the special demand of the latter, he was set at liberty. Lafayette, however, was con- sistent : when Napoleon became an apostate from liberty, he voted against the consulate for life, and withdrew from public affairs. But, attcr the battle of Waterloo, he re- appeared, to protest against a dictatorship ; and, having subsequently protested against the dissolution of the legislative body by Prussian bayonets, again withdrew to )us estates, till he was returned, in 1818, deputy for the department De la Sarthe. On all occasions, in the chamber of deputies, and elsewhere, he proved himself the friend of a real but discreet liberty. In 1821 he made a visit to America, and was received with distinction and popular enthusiasm, as joint founder of American liberty with Washing- ton and Franklin. No event of moment, still further to commemorate the splendid epochs of his lite, occurred, till the un- constitutional violence and ordinances of Charles X., in June, 1830, caused liis own expulsion, and brought Lafayette on the stage again, in the character with which he commenced his career — that of commander- in-chief of the national guard and the advocate and supporter of a citizen king. He soon after resigned the command ; and having seen I^ouis Philippe recognised as king of the French, he once more retired to the tranquil scenes of domestic life. Died, 1834. LA FERTE IMBAULT, Maria Theresa GEOFFla^f, Marchioness de, daughter of the celebrated Madame Geoftriu, was bom at Paris, in 1715. She distinguished herself by her opposition to the French pliilosophers I of the last century, with whom her mother I had been connected, and by her literary talents generally. In 1771 she was appointed grand-mistress of the burlesque order of tlie Lauturelus, while its founder, her friend, the Marquis de Croisinare, was grand-master. This whimsical institution obtained so much eclat, that it was esteemed an honour by several sovereign princes to become Lautu- relus. She died in 1791, and left many post- humous writuigs. LAFFON DE LADEBAT, Andrew Daniel, a French statesman and financier, born at Bourdeaux, in nu>. Being the in- heritor of a good property, he was able to u u 2 lap] ^ ^t^ ^nibcrM SSinsrapTjn. [lag derote his leisure to the study of political economy and the fine arts. lie was one of the founders of the academy of painting at Bourdeaux, and became a member of the academy of arts and sciences in that city, and also of the agricultural society of Paris. On the 10th of August, 1792, when Louis XVI. and his family took refuge in the hall of the legislative assembly, M. Laf- fon was president of that body ; and in the horrid massacre in September following, he saved the life of the Abb« Sicard. He was subsequently himself exposed to great dan- ger ; but having survived the proscriptions of the reign of terror, he was chosen, in Sep- tember, 1795, a member of the council of ancients for the department of the Seine. In 1797 he was among those who were con- demned to deportation, and sent to Cayenne; but returned from exile on the estal)lish- ment of the consulate. In 1815 he visited England, and collected much information concerning its finances, commerce, and pub- lic institutions ; and on his return he pre- sented to Louis XVIII. an interesting work on the finances of France. LAFITAU, JosKi'n Francis, a French Jesuit, was born at Bourdeaux, and sent as a missionary among the North American Indians. On his return to Europe he wrote a work, entitled "Mojurs des Sauvages Am^ricains compari'es aux Mocurs des pre- miers Temps," 4 vols. ; and another on the possessions and discoveries of the Portu- guese in the New World, 2 vols. 4to. He died in 1740 Peteu Francis, brother of the above, and a Jesuit, was also bom at Bourdeaux. He was sent on a mission to Home to arrange the disputes of France, respecting the bull Unigenitus, and while there he obtained favour with the pope, Clement IX., wlio made him bishop of Sis- teron, in Provence. He left the society of Jesus to preside over his diocese, and died in 1764. He wrote many religious works, among which were the " History of the Constitution Unigenitus," and the "Life of Pope Clement IX." In the latter he speaks much against Jansenism. LAFITTE, Jacques, a celebrated French banker and financier, was born in 17C8. Having obtained employment in a banking house, he rose from a clerk to be cashier, partner, and, at length, head of the most eminent bank in France. Possessed of this conspicuous position, and of great wealth, he speedily became a member of the chamber of deputies. His advocacy of extremely liberal principles (as the word liberal is understood in France) rendered him so popular, that when Charles X. was driven from the throne, and the great majority of the public men of the day were for estab- lishing a republic, M. Lafttte, by his single voice, could re-create the monarchy, and establish a monarch. " Behold the best of republics'. " said Lafitte, and Louis Philippe became the citizen king of the most fickle population in Europe. But the commercial calamities which followed tlie revolution fell so heavily upon great houses which were indebted to Lafitte, that his house, too, be- came insolvent. Nearly a million and a half of francs were raised for him by a public 49G subscription ; but wnen his affairs were finally settled, he was found to have nearly seven millions after paying all demands. Died, 1844 ; aged 76. LA FONTAINE. See Fontaine. LAI'ONTAINE, Augustus Henry Ju- lius, a celebrated German romance writer, was born at Brunswick, in 1756. Among his numerous works of fiction are, " Blanche and Minna, or the Manners of the Burghers," " Moral Systems," " The Country Clergy- man, or new Family Pictures," and "Clara du Plessis and Clairaut, or the History of two Lovers." Died, 1831. LAGARAYE, Claude Toussaint Marot DE, a noted French philanthropist, was bom at Rennes, in 1675. He devoted his entire life and fortune in alleviating the wants and miseries of his fellow-creatures, founding schools for the young, and hospitals for the sick and aged. Died, 1765. LAGERBRING, Suen, a Swedish histo- rian, was bom in 1707. He was professor of history in the university of Lund, in Sca- nia. His chief works are a history of Swe- den, in 1467, and an abridgment down to modern times. Died, 1788. LAGERLOEF, Peter, historiographer of Sweden, in the 17th century, and professor of rhetoric at Upsal, was an eminent classic scholar. He wrote an historical description to accompany a collection of national monu- ments, called " Suecia Antiquaet llodernia," at the desire of Charles XL, and published numerous historical dissertations, among which was " Historla Linguae Graecae," " De Magno Sinarum Imperio," &c. Died, 1699. LAGERSTROEM, Magnus von, a philo- sopher of Sweden, and director of the Swedish East India Company, was bom at Stock- holm, in 1096. His youth was spent in Ger- many and Denmark, and on his return home he applied himself to trade, which, however, he soon relinquished. He wrote a disserta- tion on political economy, and translated many French, German, and Danish works. Appointed director to the East India Com- pany of Gottenburg, he considerably pro- moted scientific researches, especially in natural history, many novel specimens of which, at his instance, were procured from abroad. Died, 1759. LAGNY, Thomas Fautet de, anenfinent French mathematician, was born at Lyons, in 1060. He was educated for the bar ; but a preference for mathematical studies weaned him from the pursuit of the law, and in that science he became particularly eminent. He wrote many works on mathematics, and made many important improvements and discoveries. He died in 1734. Among his works may be mentioned " New and Concise Methods for the Extraction and Approxi- mation of Roots," " The Cubature of the Sphere," "A general Analysis, or Method of Resolving Problems," &c. LAGOMARSINI, Jerome, a learned Je- suit and philologist, was born at Genoa, in 1698. He was professor of rhetoric at Flo- rence 20 years, and in 1750 he was appointed professor'of Greek in the college at Rome, where he died in 1773. He published many classical works, and left in MS. a collection in 30 vols., having for its object the justifi- lag] ^ |lc&) ^Uniljcr^al SBiOffrapl)!?. [lai cation of liis order from all the odious im- putations tliat liad been east upon it. LAGKAMGE, Joskpu Louis, a celebrated mathematician, was born at Turin, in 173G. At the age of lU he became a professor in tlie royal school of artillery, where he formed an association, which afterwards rose to the rank of an academy of sciences. Here lie made many important discoveries, particu- larly in calculating the motion of fluids and in vibrations, introducing also the theory of recurring consequences and the doctrine of chances to the ditterential calculus, &c. lie communicated to the society a number of papers, and some to the academy of Paris, of which he was chosen a foreign member. VVliile on a visit at Paris he wrote his cele- brated work, " M«chanique Analy tique." la 17(J6 he removed to Berlin, where he was appointed director of the academy ; and in ITsr he settled at Paris, and became succes- sively professor of the Normal School and Polytechnic School. He there announced his "Ponclions Analytique," and pursued other literary labours till his health giving way under this fatigue, he died in 1813. LAGUEIlllE, Louis, a painter, was born in J'rance, in IGOU. Louis XIV., who was his godfulher, caused him to be brought up under Le Brun, and in the Royal Academy of Paris. In 10»3 lie came to England, and was much employed in painting ceilings, halls, &c. He was first engaged by Verrio on the large work at St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; subsequently he had lodgings as- signed him in Hampton Court Palace, where lie painted " The Labours of Hercules." Died, 1721. L AHARPE, Jkax Fkancois de, a French dramatic poet, was bom in 1703. His father was an olHcer in the army, and dying in indigence, the son was taken into the college of Harcourt by tlie president, M. Asselin ; but lost the favour of his patron by a satire, of wluch he was suspected to be the author. After a confinement for some time he was set at liberty ; but it disgusted him with liis situation, and he resolved to trust to his talents as an author for support. In 17(53 he wrote his tragedy of " Warwick," which met with great succass. This was followed by " Timoleou," " Pharamond," and some Others not equally successful. But when iiis series of E logics appeared, they gained him great credit, particularly one on Henri Quatre. During the fury of the revolution, though he embraced the principles of repub- licanism, tlie moderation of his views ren- dered him an. object of suspicion, and he was thrown into prison in 17i)3. Though sen- tenced to deportation, he regained his liberty, and lived in retirement till the time of his death, in 1»03. Ills principal work is " Ly- ceum, or a Complete Couise of Literature," 12 vols. 8vo. LAIXEZ, Alkxandee, a native of France, remarkable for his poetical jcitx cC esprit, was born at Chimay, in 1()50. After receiving his education at Rheims, he visited Paris, and then journeyed through Europe and Asia. On his return, he took up his abode in the French capital, till his death in 1710. LAINEZ, James, a Spanish ecclesiastic, and associate of the famous Ignatius Loyola, was born in 1512. At the death of Loyola he became general of the Jesuits, and induced the pope to grant him many privileges. He obtained the papal decree for rendering the generalship perpetual in the person chosen to fill it, and giving him the power of making any and every compact without consulting the brethren ; also, for giving authenticity to all his comments and explanations of their constitutions, which also he might change or alter at his will ; and, likewise, for having prisons independent of the secular authority, where he might punish the refrac- tory brethren. From these tenets of the order arose that great influence possessed by the Jesuits, both in church and state, which has produced most important events in every part of the world. Lainez died, 1,505. LAING, Alexaniiek, an antiquarian and miscellaneous writer, was bom in Aberdeen, in 1778. Of his early lustory but little is known. He latterly followed the calling of an itinerant vendor of old books; and being a man of much humour and eccentricity, ne gained admission, in the course of his pere- grinations, to the archives of several houses, which have since been found shut against more pretending investigators. The inform- ation thus acquired, he turned to good ac- count, in the " Donean Tourist," 1 vol. 8vo., in verse, with copious notes, giving an account of the battles, castles, families, gentlemen's seats, &c., on the banks of the river Don; and " The Caledonian Itinerary," or a Tour on the Banks of the Dee, a poem, with historical notes, 2 vols. 12mo., Aberdeen, 1819. He was also the compiler of the " Eccentric Maga- zine," which contains many curious and whimsical epitaphs gleaned from various churchyards in Aberdeenshire, 1 vol. 12mo., 1822. Died, 18;J8. I-AING, Alexander Gordo pf, a traveller, was born in Edinburgh, in 1794. He served in the army many years, both in the West Indies and on the western coast of Africa ; while at the latter place he made many fruit- less journeys into the interior to establish a commercial intercourse with the natives, and to learn the geography of the country. He was compelled, however, to leave Tim- buctoo, and the guard he hired to protect him on liis route by Sego to the coast, trea- cherously murdered him, 182(5. LAING, Malcolm, a Scottish historian, was born at Stryorey, in Orkney, in 1762. He finished his education at the Edinburgh University, and was subsequently called to the bar. On the death of Dr. Henry he completed the unfinished volume of that author's History of England. His chief work, however, was a " History of Scotland," 4 vols. 8vo. He also edited a new edition of the poems of Ossian, and died in 1819. LAIRE, Francis Xaviek, a French bib- liographer, was bom in Franche Comptc, in 1739. He became a Minim friar at an early age, and devoted himself to literary pursuits. He was librarian to Cardinal Lomenie, and wrote numerous works ; among which were a " Catalogue of printed Books from the Invention of the Art to the Commencement of the Sixteenth Century," &c. Died, 1801. LAIRESSE, Gerard, an eminent histo- rical painter, was born at Liege, in 11140. u u 3 LAl] ^ ^clu miiibn^Kl 38iosrnpTji.n [lal He surpassed his father under whom he studied, and obtained such renown, as to be considered the Rai)hael of the Dutch school. He also well understood music and engrav- ing. He lost his sight some time before his death, and died at Amsterdam in 1711. His chef-d'muvre is a large picture of the child Moses trampling on tiie Egyptian diadem. Ernest, John, and James, the three brothers of tlie above, also obtained some eminence in the art ; the two former excelled in animal painting, and the latter in flowers. Two sons of Gerard also practised the art, but with very inferior pretensions to eminence. LAIS, a celebrated courtezan, was born at Hyccara, in Sicily. She possessed great personal charms, and at Corinth sold her favours at a most extravagant price. She was assassinated, B.C. 350. LAKE, Artuuk, a pious bishop, was bom at Southampton, and passed his youtli at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. In 1603 he was master of St. Cross Hospital ; then dean of Worcester and finally, in 161G, bishop of Bath and Wells. He died in 162(5, leaving many works, which were afterwards published. LAKE, Gerard, Viscount, a distinguished English general, was born in 1744. He early obtained an ensigncy in tlie foot-guards, and served in Germany during the seven years' war. Under Cornwallis, in America, in 1781, he greatly signalised himself, and on his return home was made aide-de-camp to the king. In 1793 and 1794 he was prominent in many engagements iu Holland, and in 1800 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British forces in India. He overthrew the Mahratta army and the French general Perron in 1803, and captured Delhi ; he next triumphed over Scindiah and Holkar ; and on his return to England, in 1807, he was created lord Lake, baron of Delhi and Laswarri. From this he rose to be a vis- count, and was appointed governor of Ply- mouth. Died, 1808. LALANDE, James de, an eminent French lawyer, was born at Orleans, in 1022. He rose to be doctor and professor of jurispru- dence in the university of that city, and filled other important municipal offices. He published several works on law and juridical antiquities, and died in 1703. LALANDE, Joseph Jekome le Francais DE, a very celebrated astronomer, was born at Bourg, in France, in 1 732. He showed an early preference for mathematical studies, but he was educated for the law. His inti- macy, however, with astronomers and other men of science led him to pursue the early bias of his disposition, and it was not long before the academy of sciences deputed him to go to Berlin, to make observations for determining the parallax of the moon, and its distance from the earth. On his return home, he was nominated astronomer, ex- tended his researches in the science of the heavenly bodies, and turned his attention to gnomonics. In 1760, on the resignation of Maraldi, Lalande undertook the editorship and publication of tlie " Connaissance des Temps." Shortly after, he succeeded Delisle as professor of astronomy at the College de France ; when successive treatises, talented and voluminous, proceeded from his pen, much to the advancement of astronomical science. Among these mention must be made of the very valuable " Traite de I'As- tronomie." Died, 1807. LALAKDE, Michael Etchard de, a celebrated Frencli musician, born at Paris, in ir.57. He attained to great perfection on various instruments, particularly on the violin, and was appointed master of music in tlie chapel royal, by I/Ouis XIV. He died in 1726, leaving numerous compositions, sacred and profane. LALLI, Giovanni Battista, an Italian lawyer and poet, was born at Norcia, in 1572. He was governor of many places belonging to Rome and Parma ; and died, much esteemed, iu 1637. He was placed among tlie best poets of his time, though his talent was chiefly employed in the burlesque. LALLY, Thomas Arthur, Count, an Irisli officer, attached to the house of Stuart, and in the service of France. His bravery at the battle of Fontenoy was rewarded by the appointment of brigadier-general ; and in 1756 he was made governor of Pondiclierry. Tliis town was soon after besieged by the British ; and unable to withstand their assaults, he surrendered, and with the garri- son was made prisoner. He was conveyed to England, but was soon liberated and per- mitted to return to France. On arriving in that country, public clamour ran so high against him, that he was beheaded, by a most unjust sentence, in 1706. In 1783, his son, Lally Tollendal, obtained possession of his father's estates, and a reversal of the proceedings. LALLY TOLLENDAL, Marquis de, son of tlie preceding, was born at Paris in 1751, and was educated at the college of Harcourt. The expenses of his education were defrayed by his cousin the Countess Dillon and by Louis XV., who thus endea- voured to make some atonement for the misfortune wliich he incurred through the fate of his father. Prompted by filial feel- ing, he wrote, when only 15, a Latin poem on the story of John Calas, who had been sacrificed to the fury of a mob ; and when he had attained a more mature age, he warmly exerted himself to retrieve from obloquy the memory of his father ; and in 1783 he regained possession of his paternal estates. Previously to the revolution, he was captain in the regiment of cuirassiers ; and in 1789 he was nominated deputy from the nobility of Paris to the states-general. He soon be- came one of the most popular members of the constituent assembly, gave his support to the declaration of the Rights of Man pro- posed by Lafayette, and subsequently sug- gested as an amendment, that all citizens should be eligible to public employments, which was adopted by acclamation. But though a democrat, he was not an anarchist; he proposed the British constitution as a model of government ; and perceiving that principles prevailed repugnant to his sense of justice, he resigned his seat in the assem- bly, and retired into Switzerland. He pub- lished a work, entitled " Quintus Capitoli- nus," in which he retraced the operations of lal] ^ ^cfit) Bnibtritil ISiourajpT)!?. [lam the National Assemblj-, pointed out tlie faults of the constitution, and condemned the suppression of tlie higlier orders of the state. Having returned to France in 17U2he was arrested, and sent to the Abbaye, but liaving fortunately escaped amidst the mas- sacres which took place iu the prisons in September, he ettectcd his retreat to Eng- land, where he obtained a pension from the government. On the trial of Louis XVI. he wrote to the Convention to offer himself as the official a<lvocate of iliat prince, and he afterwards published the speech which he had composed in his defence. When Buona- parte became consul, lie returned to France, where he resided till the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814. He accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent, as one of the members of his privy council, and he is supposed to have written the manifesto of tlie king of tiie French nation. He wrote an excellent work, entitled " The Defence of the Emi- grants," published in 17'M ; also an " Essay on the Life of the Earl of Strafford, the Minister of Charles I. ;" and a tragedy on the fall of that nobleman. Died, 1630. L ALUZERNE, C.ksak William »e. Car- dinal, was born at Paris, in 1738. Having obtained orders in 17G2, he was soon after elected agent-general of the French clergy. In 1770, Louis XV. nominated him to the see of Langres ; and, in 1773, he pronounced his majesty's funeral sermon. On the breaking out of the revolution he advocated many patriotic measures for the relief of his coun- try, but was soon compelled to quit it. Un- der the government of Napoleon, he returned home ; and, in 1814, he was invited by tlie king to re-assume his rank of duke and peer. Shortly after he was made a cardinal, and in 1822 lie died. His works, theological and political, are numerous and able. LAMANON, IloriEUT uk Paul, a French naturalist, was born at Salon, in Provence, in 1752. The death of his father and brother bringing him considerable property, he quilted the church to study the physical sciences ; in which pursuit he ascended the Alps and Pyrenees, and explored Switzer- land. He embarked with La Perouse on a voyage of discovery round the world, pro- jected by the government, in 1785, but on visiting Maouna, one of tlie islands of the southern Archipelago, in order to examine the country, he was murdered. Many of his papers are in the memoirs of the academy of sciences ; besides which lie wrote " A Tlieory of the Earth." LAJMARQITE, , a distinguished French military officer and statesman, was born at St. Sever, in 1772. He entered the army as a private, and soon became captain of grenadiers in a famous corps commanded by Latour d'Auvergne, first grenadier of France. He served in the wars of the re- public, and in the campaigns of Austerlitz, the Tyrol, Naples, and Wagram ; rendered himself eminently conspicuous in Italy, par- ticularly by the capture of Caprea ; and was afterwards sent to Spain, where he was en- gaged in the most arduous services, and added greatly to his military reputation. On the return of Buonaparte from Elba, he gave Lamarque the command of Paris, and afterwards nominated him general-in-chief of the army of I^a Vendt'e. He was placed among the list of proscribed in 1815 ; but re- turned to France in 1818, and furnished nu- merous articles for the opposition journals, chiefly relating lo foreign politics. In 1826 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, and after the accession of Louis Philippe, he became one of the most prominent members of the movement party. Died, 1832. LAMB, Lady Carolixe, daughter of the Earl of Besborough, an<l wife of the Hon. William Lamb, afterwards Lord Melbourne, was distinguished for her literary talents and the decided part she took in political affairs, particularly at the time her brotlier- iii-law, the Hon. Geo. Lamb, was a candidate for Westminster, when she personally can- vassed the electors, and made herself the subject of great notoriety. She possessed a masculine mind, and was on terms of friend- ship with several literary characters, but more especially with Lord Byron, for whom she entertained an attachment fatal to her | domestic felicity. Several of her poetical pieces appeared in the newspapers and periodical journals ; and she wrote the novels of "Gkiiarvon," "Gialiam Hamil- ton," and " Ada Reis." Died, aged 42, in 1828. LAMB, Charles, an essayist, poet, and miscellaneous writer, was bom in London, in 177.5, and educated at Christ's Hosi)ital. In 1792 he obtained a situation in the ac- countant's office of the East India Company, where he remained 35 years, till his salary had graduallj' risen to 700/. ; when he was allowed a retiring pension of 450/., which he continued to enjoy till his death. Being thus in easy circumstances, and living unos- tentatiously as a bachelor, — with a mind formed for wit and good-fellowship, and pos- sessing a keen relish for literature, — he was able not only to gratify his intellectual crav- ings, but to luxuriate in the company of men of genius, who might be truly said to enjoy " the feast of reason " by his social fireside. It was thus that, throughout life, he could boast of the friendship of Coleridge, Words- worth, Southey, Rogers, Hazlitt, and a host of others, whose minds were stored with knowledge, and whose tastes were in the main congenial with his own. He was de- votedly attached to the old sterling English authors of the Elizabethan age, and no one ever more successfully imitated their epi- grammatic wit and quaint morality, while lie blended with them touches of pathos and fancy peculiarly his own. He began his literary career in 1797 as a poet, in conjunc- tion with his friends Coleridge and liloyd, their three names appearing to one volume ; and subsequently the attention of the pub- lic was for several years called to Jiis occa- sional Essays, signed " Elia," which were published in various periodicals, and after- wards collected and printed. In 1808 he published " Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who lived about the time of Shak- speare ; with Notes," &c. Besides these, he wrote "Rosamund Gray," a tale; "John Woodvill," a tragedy; "Album Verses," "Tales from Shakspeaie," " The Adventures LiVM] ^ iSftD Winihtv^al 23tograj3^g. [lam of tJlj-sses," &c., in some of which he was as- sisted by Mnry Lamb, his sister, with whom he lived. His writiugs were select ratlicr than numerous ; and his manner of treating the subjects which his fancy suggested was at once piquant, terse, and playful. He died, Dec. 27. ISot. " Final Memorials " of Charles Lamb have been published by Mr. Justice Talfourd. LAMB, Sir James BlaxdBueges,D.C.L., bart., son of George Burges, esq., comp- troller-general of the customs in Scotland, was born at Gibraltar, in 1752. On finishing his education at Oxford University, he tra- velled through many of the countries of Europe, and, on his return, studied for the bar, to wliich he was called in 1777. Ten years afterwards he entered the arena of politics, and took his eeat in the House of Commons, as member for Helston, in Corn- wall. In 1789 he was appointed under- secretary of state in the foreign department, and shortly afterwards a joint commissioner of the privy seal. About this period he es- tablished, imder the sanction of the premier, " The Sun," evening newspaper, and took a prominent part in conducting it, giving to his contributions the signature " Alfred," which in 1792 were collected into a volume. In 1795 he was created a baronet, and ap- pointed for life knight marshal of tlie king's household. Tlie remainder of his life Sir James devoted to literary leisure, and in 1821 obtained permission to assume the name of Lamb only, by which he continued to be known till his death in 1825. He left nume- rous works connected with politics, poetry, and the drama. LAMBALLE, Marie Ther^se Louise de Savoie Carign an. Princess de, was bom at Turin, in 1749, and was married to the Duke of Bourbon Penthie^^:e, whom she soon lost by death. She was superintendant of the household of Marie Antoinette, queen of France, to whom she was remarkably at- tached. After the flight of the royal family to Varennes she departed for England •, but hearing of the imprisonment of her royal mistress, she hastily returned, and shared with the queen her confinement and mis- fortunes. She was, however, summoned before an iniquitous tribunal, and cruelly murdered in 1792. LAMBARDE, William, a lawyer, was born in London, in 1536. In 1597 he was made keeper of the rolls, and, in 1600, keeper of the records in the Tower. He died in 1601 ; and from having considerable pro- perty at Greenwich, in Kent, he founded several almshouses in that parish. He wrote several professional works, the cliief of which are a treatise on the ancient law of England, entitled " Archaionomia ; " and another on the office and duties of a justice of the peace, called " Eirenarcha." LAMBERT, Anne Therese, Marquise de, a literary lady of Paris, was born in 1047. Upon the death of her husband, Henri Lam- bert, marquis de St. Bris, in 1086, she em- ployed her large fortune in patronising literature, and learned men. At her decease, in 1733, her own writings were collected, and published in 2 vols. LAMBEIIT, Aylmeu Boueke, a gentle- man distinguished for his attainments in botanical science, was born in 1761. On the foundation of the Linnjean Society, in 1788, Mr. Lambert became one of the original members, and for many years filled the office of vice-president ; while he contri- buted many excellent articles to the Lin- naean Transactions. His own Herbarium was considered one of the finest in Ein-ope ; and the high estimation in which he was held by Ms fellow-labourers was amply attested by the numerous discoveries in the science which they marked with "Lam- berti," " Lambertianai," &c. Died, Jan. 10. 1842, aged 80. LAMBERT, George, an English painter of the last century, imitating the style of Poussin, in which he furnished some pictures of acknowledged merit. He decorated the East India House, in Leadenhall Street, with several pictures of the settlements in India. He died in 1765, and is supposed to have founded the celebrated Beef Steak Club. LAMBERT, John, a distinguished general in the time of Charles I., was a student-at- law on the breaking out of the civil wars. He, however, espoused the cause of the par- liament, and distinguished himself as colonel at the battle of Marston Moor ; and also acted a conspicuous part in many other en- gagements. He vigorously opposed the ad- vancement of Cromwell to the title of king, upon wliich he lost his commission ; yet a pension was granted him of 2000/. a year. Upon the death of Oliver Cromwell, Lam- bert compelled his son Richard to relinqixish his authority, and restored the members of the long parliament to their seats. Subse- quently, however, acting in opposition to the parliament. General Monk marched from Scotland to meet him. His troops deserting, he was compelled to submit, and was con- fined a prisoner in the Tower. Escaping thence, he again quickly appeared in arms, but was defeated, and retaken. At the Re- storation, he was brought to trial ; but his submissive demeanour gained him a reprieve, and he was banislied for life to the isle of Guernsey. He here lived upwards of thirty years, amusing his leisure with horticulture and flower-painting, and is said to have died a Roman Catholic. LAMBERT, John Hexry, an eminent mathematician and astronomer, was born at Mulhausen, in 1728. Compelled to follow his father's employment as tailor, for his support, night was the only time his poverty aftbrded him for study, till 1748, when he became tutor to the children of Baron Sails, president of the Swiss convention. He now enlarged the sphere of liis acquirements in an extraordinary degree, which he made manifest by various scientific compositions and inventions. In 1756 he visited Gottin- gen, where he published his first work ; and next went to Paris. Soon after he published his celebrated work " On Perspective," and in the following year appeared his " Photo- metry." Other important and valuable scien- tific works succeeded, and in 1764 he visited Berlin, where he was introduced to Frederic the Great, who admitted him a member of the academy of that capital. Died, 1777. LAMBERT, of Schaffinaburg, was a cele- lam] ^ j^cfio ^m'bcrjSal 3Bi0(riajpI)i), brated Benedictine ; he visited Jerusalem in 1508, and at his return lie composed a chron- icle of affairs from Adam to 107" ; the last twenty years of which is a history of Ger- many. A continuation down to tlie year 1472 was written by a monk of Erfurt. LAMBERTI, Louis, a learned Greek scholar, was bom at Keggio, in Lombardy, in 1758. He studied jurisprudence at Mo- dena, and became secretary to the papal nuncio at Bologna. Soon after the break- ing out of the French revolution, he re- turned to Reggio aud Milan ; and in 1796 aided Buonaparte in establishing a national republic. He had now become a member of the Italian Institute, professor of the belles lettres at Brera, and keeper of the public library. His chief work was an edi- tion of Homer, a copy of which, printed on vellum, he journeyed to Paris to present to Buonaparte, who made him a donation of 12,000 francs. Died in 1813. I.AMBIN, DioNYSius or Dents, a French Protestant critic and grammarian, was born at Montreuil, in 1516. He was one of the first scholars of his time, and rose to be pro- fessor royal of philology and the belles lettres in the University of Paris. He wrote seve- ral valuable works on the study of the Greek tongue, and some translations of the classic authors, with excellent annotations. Died in 1572. L AMBINET, Peteb, a French Jesuit and bibliographer, was bom in Ardennes, in 1742. He studied in the Jesuit college of Charleville, and at the suppression of the order he joined the Premonstratcnsian monks. He afterwards became a secular. Among his numerous works, the chief is " Recherches Historiques, &c. dans la Bel- gique." Died, 1813. LAMBTON, William, an English officer, was for twenty years a lieutenant-colonel in India, where he distinguished himself by conducting a grand trigonometrical survey of that continent. He died in 1823, at Ring, in Ghaut, having much enriched the Trans- actions of the Royat and Asiatic Societies with important papers. LAMET, Adkiajt Augustine de Bussr DE, a learned doctor of the Sorbonne, who, from his relationship to Cardinal de Retz, adliered to that statesman in his disgrace, and accompanied him in his exile. He returned to the Sorbonne, and died in 1691. After his death was published, " Resolutions de plusieurs Cas de Conscience." LAMEX, AxDUEW, a learned historian and diplomatist, was born at Munster, in Germany. He was the j)upil of Sclioeflin, and afterwards his coadjutor, lie became keeper of the Palatine library at Manheim. He published some historical works, and numerous dissertations. Died, 1802. LAMI, BicRNAKD, an ecclesiastic, was born at Mans, in 1640. He died in 1713, at Rouen ; and left numerous writings, of which his "Apparatus Biblicus" is very valuable Fkancis, a Benedictine, was bom in 1636, at Montereau, in the diocese of Chartres. After serving in the army, he embraced the religious life, and became a Benedictine monk, and one of the ablest theologians of his time. He distinguished himself by his writings against Spinosa, and died in 1711. His works are numerous, and written with much purity, and elegance of style. Giovanni Battista, an ecclesi- astic, was born at Santa Croce, near Florence, in 1697. He studied at Pisa, of which uni- versity he became vice-rector. He after- wards went to Florence, where he was ap- pointed chaplain to the Grand-duke of Tus- cany, professor of ecclesiastical history in the university, and public librarian. He died in 1770. He published a valuable edition of the works of Meursius, in 12 folio volumes. His own writings are numerous. LAMIA, a celebrated Athenian courtezan, noted for the charms of her person, the brilliancy of her wit, and her prolicicncy on the flute. She visited Egypt, where she be- came the mistress of Ptolemy Soter. On the defeat of that prince by Demetrius Polior- cetes, her chai-ms gained a complete ascend- ancy over the conqueror, from whom she procured great concessions in favour of her countrymen, the Athenians. The time. of her death is imcertain. LA MOTHE LE VAYER, Francis de, a French pliilosopher and ingenious writer, was born at Paris, in 1588 ; relinquished tlve law for literary pursuits, and in 1639 was admitted a member of the French academy. In lt)47 he was appointed preceptor to the Duke of Anjou, and he also obtained the titles of historiographer of France and counsellor of state. He died in 1672. His works, in which there is much ocutcness and learning, though mingled with scepticism, form 14 volumes. LA MOTTE, A.vxnoxY HoroAnx de, a French poet, was born at Paris, in 1672. He was bred to the law, but deserted it for dramatic composition. In 1710 he obtained admission into the academy, at which time he was nearly blind ; and many years before his death he lost his sight entirely. He pro- duced several tragedies and comedies, some of which were very successful, particularly that entitled "Inez de Castro." In 1714 he published a translation of the Iliad, although entirely ignorant of the original language. He also published a volume of "Fables," besides some pastoral eclogues, hymns, &c. ; but his prose was much superior to his verse. Died, 1731. LA MOTTE FOUQUE', FKEDEniCK, Baron de, celebrated as a poet, historian, and novelist, was born at Brandenburg, 1777. Entering the army, he served in the cam- paign of the Rhine, and had a share in the numerous engagements that were fought for tlie liberty of Germany in the beginning of tills century. His first works appeared under the name of " Pellegrin j " and the numerous productions of his pen contributed, not a little, to fan the flame of patriotic ardour which led his coimtrymen to final victory. On quitting the army, he retired to Nenn- hausen, the property of his second wife, Caroline (see below) ; ond on her death, in 1831, he removed to Halle, where he 'deli- vered lectures upon poetry and history. His beautiful fair3' tale " Undine " has gained him a European reputation. Died, at Ber- lin, 1842. LAMOTTE FOUQUE', Cauolinb, Ba- lam] :^ ^aeU) ^nihtvM 23iriffrapT)j). [lam roness de, a popular German novelist, was the wife of the author of "Undine," &e. Among this lady's works are, "Lodoiska," 2 vols. ; " Frauenliebe," "Feodora," 3 vols. &c. DiedinlSai. LAMOTTE, Valois, Comtesse de, who became generally known in consequence of her intrigues at the French court, which led to a disgraceful trial, was the offspring of poor parents, and born in 17o7. Her occu- pation of carrying faggots (her father being a woodman") attracted the notice of the lady of the manor, who took the girl to live with her. Hearing lier speak of valuable papers wliich were in her fatlier's possession, the lady, on further inquiry, found they related to the royal family of Valois ; and, on in- vestigation, it was proved that she was a descendant of that noble family. The girl married a private in the guards ; and, ob- taining an introduction to Cardinal de Rohan, great almoner of France, he advised her to make herself known by letter to Marie Antoinette, the reigning queen ; at till same time expressing his bitter regret that an offence he had been (though inno- cently) guilty of towards that illustrious lady, prevented him from requesting an interview. The queen granted her prayer, and employed her about her person ; but Lamotte rewarded her royal benefactress by the grossest treachery. By means of a person named Villette, the countess kept up a fraudulent correspoi\dence between the queen and the cardinal. Villette forged the queen's handwriting, while the cardinal fancied himself restored to the royal favour, and even honoured by the queen's confi- dence ; for, through Villette's villany, he was led to suppose he had furnished the queen with 120,<K)0 francs, but whicli were kept by the countess. Not being detected in this, she carried on the fraud to an excess that merited her subsequent disgrace. Bceh- mer and Bassange, the queen's jewellers, had collected, at an enormous expense, dia- monds, which, set as a necklace, they in- tended to sell for 1,800,000 francs. Lamotte persuaded the cardinal that the queen pas- sionately desired to possess this necklace, and confided to him the commission to pur- chase it ; and that she would give a note in her own writing for the sum, which she would repay from her private purse liy instalments, luiknown to the king. The cardinal fell into the snare : he bought the desired necklace, wlxich lie committed to tlie care of tlie countess, who, the better to prevent suspicion, told the cardinal the queen would meet him in the garden, as she wished to tliank him. A courtezan of the Palais Royal, Mademoiselle Olivia, person- ated the queen ; in a short speech she thanked the cardinal, and promised him her future protection. Ambition silenced every other idea, and he left the garden elated to excess. Meantime the countess sent lier husband to London with the neck- lace ; but the period of the first payment being allowed to pass without any notice being taken of it, Bochmcr made his com- plaint to the queen, and tlie whole plot was discovered. The queen, incensed at the affair, required public satisfaction to be made. The minister, Bretcuil, was a sworn enemy to the cardinal, and, by his advice, the king ordered the cardinal to be arrested; he was taken in his sacerdotal habit to the Bastile, and proceedings were entered into against Mademoiselle Olivia, who proved to be a degraded female ; Cagliostro, a mounte- bank, the forger Villette ; and the contriver of all, the countess. She alone was punished; the cardinal was acquitted, because he was a duped agent in the business ; and the others effected their escape from prison ; but Madame la Comtesse was whipped and burnt on each shoulder with the letter V, and then taken to the hospital, where it was intended she should remain for life ; but she made her escape at the end of ten months, and proceeded to England, where she published her justification, which was read with curiosity, but excited little in- terest in her favour. She died, in London, 1791. LAMOURETTE, Adrian, a French ec- clesiastic, was a conspicuous character in the revolution. He became a Lazarist, and in 1789 was grand- vicar of ^Vrras. He much assisted Mirabeau, and in 1791 he was ad- mitted to the legislative assembly, where he distinguished himself by his moderation. After the massacres in 179:i, he retired to Lyons, but on the taking of the city by the republicans, he was captured, and sent to Paris, where he was guillotined in 1794. LAMOUROUX, J. V. F., professor of natural history in the university of Caen, was born at Agen. He published several valuable and important works on natural history, particularly on marine botany. His treatises on the classification of submersed algae and his work on the corallines are greatly valued. He died in 1825. LAMPE, Fkederic Adolimius, a Pro- testant divine, was born at Detmold, in Westphalia, in 1683. He became minister of the church of Bremen, and, in 1720, theo- logical professor at Utrecht, to which was added, in 1726, the cliair of ecclesiastical history. These distinctions he resigned, on being appointed rector of the university of Bremen, to which city he removed. Died, 1729. His principal works are, " JDe Cj'm- balis Veterum," and a " Commentary on the Gospel of St. John," 3 vols. 4to. LAMPILLAS, Don Francis Xavier, a Spanish Jesuit, was born at Jaen, in 1739. He was professor of the belles lettres in the college of Seville, when his order was sup- pressed, in 1767. He thence retired to Genoa, and devoted himself to Italian literature. His chief work was a vindication of the literary character of his countrymen against the criticisms of Bettinelli and Tiraboschi, in 6 vols. 8vo. Died, 1798. LAMPRIDIUS, JElius, a Latin historian of the 4th century, in the reigns of Diocle- tian and Constantine the Great. He wrote the Lives of Antoninus, Commodus, Diadu- menus, and Heliogabalus, which were first printed at Milan. He is supposed also to have written the life of Alexander Severus, attributed to Spartian. LAMPRIDIUS, BEifEnicTus, a Latin poet and scholar of the Iflth century, was born at Cremona. lie taught the classical I LAN] ^ fit^ Bnihtv^aX ^iasrKp\)^* [LAN languages at Rome with great reputation, and in 1521 removed to Padua. At the invitation of Frederic Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, he settled in the latter city, and superintended the education of the duke's son. He died in 1540. LANA, Fkakcis de, an Italian mathema- tician, was born at Brescia in 1037. lie was a Jesuit, and a celebrated teacher of phi- losophy and mathematics, lie first gave the hint of the principles of aerostatic ma- chines, to be conducted by gas, in his work entitled " Magisteriura Naturre et Artis," printed at Brescia, in 3 vols, folio, 1684, which was a collection of inventions. lie died about 1700. LANCASTER, James, an English navi- gator, sailed to the coast of America in l.Wl, and afterwards doubled the Cape of Good Hope on a voyage to the East Indies. He subse(iuently, in ICOO, efttcted a com- mercial treaty with the king of Achen, and a friendly intercourse with the state of Ban- tam ; and gave such information relative to a N.W. passage to the East Indies as led to the attempt of Baffin and others to discover it. Died, 1(!20. LANCASTER, Joseph, a member of the Society of Friends, the author and successful pronmlgator of the system of mutual in- struction, known under the title of " the Lancasterian," to which so large a majority of the poorer classes in this country owe the blessings of education. He was for many years actively engaged in delivering lectures and forming schools in various parts of Eng- land ; and rank, wealth, and beauty flocked to hear the earnest though simple eloquence of the enthusiastic and benevolent Quaker. But enthusiastic as were the applauses bestowed upon him, patronage and support were not bestowed in like proportion ; he became so much embarrassed in consequence of his benevolent exertions, that he was ob- liged to seek an asylum in America. There also he suftered many embarrassments, and a subscription was just proposed for his relief, when he was run over in New York, and so severely injured, that he died on the day following the accident. He was the author of several letters and lectures on the subject of his favourite system, and also of some elementary books of instruction. Born, 1771; died, 18.')9. LANCELOT, Anthonv, was born in 1675. He was educated for the church, but took to the law in preference. On finishing his studies, he M-as made sub-librarian at the Mazarin College, where he made extracts from the most curious MSS. He assisted Valbonnais in his history of Daupliiny, con- tinuing in the province 5 years, and making inventories of its principal archives. He became secretary to the king, and, in 1732, he was made inspector of the royal college. He died in 1740. LANCELOT, Claude, a learned French ecclesiastic, was bom, in 1619, at Paris. His reputation for learning procured him the tutorship of the Prince of Conti. He afterwards lectured on belles lettres at the monastery of Port Royal, and subseciuently became a Benedictine monk. Upon the suppression of Ids order, he was banished to Quimperlay, in Brittany, where he died in 1695. He was the author of the Port Royal grammars, so well known in Eng- land ; and of many other useful i)hilological works. LANCISI, GiAMAKiA, an eminent phy- sician, was born at Rome, in 1654. He studied philosophy and divinity, but pre- ferred the science of medicine ; and he early became professor of anatomy in the college della Sapienza. To three successive popes he was appointed physician, enjoying at the same time other honours. He died in 1720, leaving a library of upwards of 20,000 volumes to the hospital of the Holy Ghost, for the use of the public. His own writings are esteemed, and have been col- lected into 2 vols. 4to. LANCRE, Peter ve, a native of Bonr- deaux, was a counsellor of parliament, and presided over the trials of sorccreis and witches in the provinces of Labourd and Gascony. Greatly infected with the error of his time, multitudes were condemned to death, who now would be looked upon as lunatics or impostors. His services in this capacity were rewarded by the oppointment of counsellor of state. He wrote two curious works on demonogrnphy. Died, 1030. LANCRINCK, Puom-eu He.\i:v, an able painter, was born at Antwerp, in 1628. He imitated Titian and Salvator, and was much encouraged in England, where lie met with employment under Sir Peter Leiy, painting the grounds, landscape, &c. of his princii)al pictures. His own works are much admired for their originality, colouring, and har- mony. Died, 1692. LANDAI8 or LANDOIS, Petek, was born at Vitre, in Champagne. His father was tailor to Francis II., duke of Brittany in 1475, and the insinuating address and cunning tact of young Landais procured him the situation of grand treasurer to that prince. He iKJcame a very adroit politician, but was vindictive and cruel to such as of- fended him. Tlie virtuous chancellor Cha- noin felt the effect of his malice, and died in prison. This, however, brought down general indignation against the unworthy favourite, who was hastily tried, condemned, and executed in 1485. The execution of his sentence was not allowed to wait for the sanction of the duke, lest he should be reprieved. LANDEN, JoHJf, an eminent mathema- tician, was bom at Peakirk, Northampton- shire, in 1719. In 1755 he published a volume of "Mathematical Lucubrations." Soon after, he became agent to Earl Fitzwilliam, and in 1764 he published his " Residual Analysis," subsequently a *' New Theory of the Rotatory Motion of Bodies alfected by Forces disturbing each Motion," and afterwards his volume of " Memoirs." Died, 1790. LANDER, Richard and John, two bro- thers, whose names are indissolubly asso- ciated with African discovery, were natives of Cornwall, and born, the former in 1804, the latter in 1806. They were both appren- ticed to a printer ; but the elder abandoned his occupation to accompany Clapperton in his expedition to the Niger in 1825 ; and fi03 LAN] ^ |}plu Bnihtx^^l I3tff5raj|3lj». [LAN after his death, in 1827, he returned to England, wliere he Bubinitted to govern- ment a plan for exploring the termination of the Niger, which was adopted. Accom- panied by his younger brother, he set out for Badaguay in 1830, where, after encoun- tering many dangers, they reached Kirree, but were taken prisoners at Eboe, and only, after the promise of a high ransom, suc- ceeded in getting arrangements made for conveying them to the sea. Tliis they reached by the channel called by the Por- tuguese, Nun, and by the English, Brass River ; and thus was solved by their agency one of the grandest prol)lems in African geography. This important discovery, opening a water communication into the very heart of the African continent, made a great impression on the mercantile world ; and soon after the brothers' arrival in Eng- land, an association, of which Mr. Macgregor Laird was the head, was entered into for forming a settlement on the Upper Niger; but the expedition that was fitted out for this purpose at Liverpool, in 1832, unfortunately proved a failure ; and the Landers, together with nearly all that joined it, fell victims either to the unhealthiness of the climate, or in contests with the natives, in 1833. LANFRANC, a learned prelate of the 11th century, was born at Paira, in 1005. He became prior of the abbey of Bee in 1044, and strongly opposed transuhstantiation, and the great encroachments of the see of Rome. In a short time he removed from Bee to the abbey of St. Stephen, at Caen, in Normandy, and came over to England with William the Conqueror. Tlirough the in- terest of that prince, he obtained the arch- bishopric of Canterbury, vacant by the de- position of Stigand. Becoming involved in a controversy with the Archbishop of York respecting primacy, and also with the pope himself, he so far showed his independence, by refusing to appear to the citation of the pope. He was an able politician, as well as a munificent prelate, founding two hospitals near Canterbury, wliich he liberally en- dowed. Died, 1089. LANFRANC or LANFRANCO, Gio- VANXi. There were two of this name ; one was an artist, born at Parma in 1681. He was originally a domestic in the service of Count lioratio Schotte, who, finding him to have a taste for design, placed him under Caracci. Under this great master he im- proved so rapidly that his talent was soon in requisition, and the Famese palace and churches of St. James and St. Peter at Rome, bear ample testimony of his capability. The great excellence of this artist consisted in his composition and foreshortening, and in fresco painting. He died in 1647 The other Lanfranc was a physician of Milan, where he practised with much success, but at- tempting some innovations in his profession, he was compelled to take refuge in France. He died in 1300, and left a valuable treatise on surgery, entitled "Chirurgia Magna et Parva." LANG, Charles Nicholas, a Swiss na- turalist, was born at Lucerne in 1670. After obtaining the degree of M.D. at Rome, he went to Paris, and became a corresponding 504 member of the academ}^ of sciences. He settled at his native place as pliysician, and died in 1741. He left many writings, some of which are still unpublished. LANGALLERIE, Philip de Gentils, Marquis de, was born at Saintonge, and early distinguished himself as a soldier. His capriciousness and eccentricity, how- ever, lost him many friends, and he at last became religious, renounced Roman Catho- licism, and wrote a book on the occasion. He subsequently visited the Hague, where, linking himself with a French adventurer, in negotiating with the Turkish ambassador for raising Christian troops for the Porte, he was arrested in 1716, sent to Vienna, and died the next year. LANGBAINE, Gerard, an English di- vine, was born at Bartonkirke, in Westmor- land, about 1608. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he obtained the de- gree of D. D. in 1646. He was also keeper of the archives, and provost of his college. He was well acquainted with the laws and antiquities of his country, and corresponded with Selden, Usher, and other learned men. He endowed a free-school at his native place, and published an edition of Longinus, and several works on history, theology, and criticisms. Died, 1658. LANGDALE, Sir Marmadt:ke, was a royalist officer in the civil wars of Charles I. He gained many successes over the Scots and General Fairfax, but, on the ruin of the king's cause, he fled to Flanders. Charles II., in 1658, created him a baron in reward of his services, and he died in 1661. LANGE, Lawrence, a traveller, was born at Stockholm. He served under Peter the Great in Russia, and in 1715 super- intended the erection of the palace of Pe- terhof. At the desire of Peter, he visited China to procure some curiosities, and re- turned in 1717. He subsequently repaired to China two or three times as ambassador ; and he was eventually made governor of Iskutsk in Siberia, in 1737. Prior to his death he published accounts of his several journeys. LANGEBECK, Jaiies, a learned Danish writer, was born in 1710. He studied theo- logy, and the modern languages, with much success. Frederic "V. employed him to travel in Sweden, to collect every thing he could relative to Danish history. He was also made keeper to the archives of the realm, counsellor of justice, and, lastly, counsellor of state. He died in 1774. His most im- portant work is the historical collection, en- titled " Scriptores Rerum Danicarum," &c. LANGHAM, Simon de, abbot of St. Peter's, Westminster, was born at Lang- ham, in Rutlandshire, in the earlj-^ part of the 14th century. In 1360 he was made lord high treasurer ; in the following year he accepted the bishopric of Ely ; in 1364 he became chancellor, and was promoted to the see of Canterbury in 1366. He there distin- guished himself by the violence of his oppo- sition to Wickliffe, and was made a cardinal ; but this so offended Edward III. that he seized the temporalities of his see. He ac- cordingly repaired to the papal court, and was amply recompensed for its loss. He I LAN] ^ ^tia Bnibex&Kl IStoijrapTjg. [LAN] died in 1376, and. his body was brought to England, and buried in Westminster Abbey, to wliicli he had been a liberal benefactor. LANGIIANS, CifAULKS Gothakd, an eminent architect, was born at Landshut, in Silesia, in 173.'}. He became a member of the tine arts, at Berlin, wliere he was also principal decorator of public buildings. Hia new structures were the Brandenburg Gate and tlie Salle de Spectacle. Ue was also a member of the arts and sciences at Bologna, ttud died in 1«(J8. LANGHOKNE, Dakiel, an English his- torian aud antiquary, was born in London. He procured the degree of M. A. and B. D. at Cambridge University, ond in 1070 he was presented to the living of Layston, in Hertfordshire, where he died in 1081. His works are on the ancient liistory of England. LANGHORNE, John, an English divine, poet, and historian, was born at Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, in 1735. His father dying when he was a child, his mo- ther placed him in Appleby School, and, shortly after, he became a tutor in a private family. He next was usher in a school at Waketield, and wliile there was admitted into orders. In 1759 he resided witli Mr. Cracroft, of Hackthom, in Lincolnshire, as tutor to his sons ; and, the year following, he entered at Clare Hall, Cambridge, lie published several popular pieces, particularly a poem, entitled "Genius aud Valour," and having therein defended Scotland from the scurrility thrown out by Churchill in Ids "Prophecy of Famine," he was complimen- ted with the degree of D. D. by the univer- sity of Edinburgh. In 1770, Dr. Langhorne, in conjunction with hia brother, published a translation of Plutarch, wliich is still a very popular work ; in 1777 he was presented to a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Wells, and died in 1779. Dr. Langhorne printed two volumes of sermons, and, in 1804, hia son published hia several poems Wil- liam, the doctor's brother, born in 1721, was presented to the rectory of Hakinge, aud the perpetual curacy of Folkestone, where he died in 1772. He wrote one or two poems, and had a share in the translation of Plutarch. LANGIUS, John, a learned physician, was born at Loewenberg, in Silesia, in 1485. After studying at Bologna and VUa, he be- came an M. D., and settled at Heidelberg. He was physician to four electors palatine. Died, 1565. LANGLANDE, Robert, a secular priest of the 14th century, and fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, known as the author of some satirical poems against the vices of the Romish clergy. LANGLES, Louis Matthew, a celebrated oriental scholar, was born at Peronne, in France, in 1763. He published a "Diction- naire Mautchon-Fran(;ais," and various works translated from the oriental tongues, particularly a work on Hindoo literature. In 17i>2 he was appointed keeper of the ori- ental MSS. in the royal library, and, in the next year, he was attached to the committee of public instruction. He died in 1824, leaving an admirable collection of books, MSB., &c. ao5 LANGLEY, Batty, an English builder, | known by his attempt to re-model the Gothic j style of arcliitecture, by inventing different i orders of tlie Gothic, from an intermixture ' of the various Grecian orders. Died, 1751. j LANGTOFT, Pktee, an historian and j Augustin friar, was bom in Yorkshire, in the 13th century, and is known as the trans- ' lator of " Boscam's Life of St. Thomas of I Canterbury." 1 LANGTON, Stephen, archbishop of Can- terbury in the time of king John, was born in Lincolnshire, but educated in France, j He rose through the various honours of the ' university of Paris till he became its chau- cellor ; and then, on visiting Rome, Inno- cent III. so admired his learning and abi- lities, as to promote him to the see of Can- terbury, a power of disposal then disputed by the king of England. John, however, refused to confirm the nomination, aud the kingdom waa accordingly under excommu- nication. The pusillanimous monarch at length yielded, and Langton entered into quiet possession of Ids diocese in 1213. This prelate was not so subservient to the Romish church as was expected, but became a stre- nuous supporter of the English church, and died in 1228, leaving many works, which have since l>een printed. LANGUET, two French ecclesiastics, brothers. Jean Baptiste Joseph, the elder, was born at Dijon, in 1675, and early became a doctor in the Sorbonne. For 10 years he acte<l as curate at St. Sulpice, in Paris, and then succeeded to the benefice. From this moment the whole life of this pious and good churchman was devoted to acts of charity and benevolence. He founded a hospital, the "Maison de I'Eufant Jesus," for the support of many hundred men, wo- men, and children ; and applied all his zeal, as well as income, in aiding his more indi- fent brethren. He died in 1753 Jean osEPH possessed great benevolence, became bishop of Soissous, and afterwards archbishop of Sens, where he died in 1753. LANGUET, Hubekt, a scholar and di- plomatist, was born at Viteaux, in Burgundy, in 1518. He studied the law, and took the degree of D.D. in that faculty at Padua; after which he visited Wittemberg, where, at the instance of his friend Melanchthon, he embraced the Protestant religion. Shortly after, he became minister of state to the Elector of Saxony, and was at Paris at the time of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, from which he very narrowly escaped. Sub- sequently being suspected of Zuinglianism, he retired to Antwerp, where he entered into the service of the Prince of Orange. He died at Antwerp in l.'iSl, and left many writings to bear witness to his learning. LANIER, or LANIEUE, Nicholas, an Italian artist, was bom about 1568. He was employed by Charles I. of England, but the time of his death is uncertain. LANJUINAIS, Jean Denis, Count de, was born at Rennes, in 17.53. He was a member of the third estate at the breaking out of the revolution ; and, when the re- public was proclaimed, he waa as zealous in defence of the rights of his prince as of the rights of the nation. He opposed the usurp- LAN] ^ ^^U) Winibtv^nX 33t0grap]^«. [lak ations of Buonaparte, and after the second restoration, he strenuously resisted the ex- travagant pretensions of the French clergy, defended the liberty of the press and indi- vidual freedom, the law of election, and the charter. He died in 1827. LANJUIN ATS, Joseph r>E,an ecclesiastic, was born in Brittany. After entering the order of St. Benedict, and becoming pro- fessor of theology, his connection with D'Alembert and Diderot compelled him to retire to Lausanne, where he embraced the reformed religion, and became principal of the college of Moudon. He published many works, which excited some attention, and died in 1808. LANNES, JoHX, duke of Montebello and a marshal of France, was born in 1769, at Lestoure. He was appi-enticed to a dyer, but entering the army, his zeal and energy gained him promotion, and, in 1795, he was made a chief of brigade. After various suc- cesses in Italy, and under Buonajmrte, in Egypt and other places, particularly at Marengo, he was made a marshal of the empire, and afterwards duke of Montebello. He contributed much to the victory of Aus- terlitz, and was very prominent in the battles of Jena, Eylau, Friedland, Tudela, and Saragossa. At the battle of Essling he received a mortal wound, of which he died in 1809. His son was created duke of Monte- bello in 1815. LANSBERGHE, or LANSBERGIUS, PuiLiP, a mathematician and divine, was born at Ghent, in Flanders. He was long a Protestant minister at Antwerp, and after- wards at Ter-Goes, in Zealand ; thence he removed to Middleburg, wliere he died in 1632. He wrote several astronomical works, and one on sacred clironology. L.ANTIER, E. F. de, a poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer ; born at Mar- seilles in 1736, and died there in 1826. From his great age he had obtained the ap- pellation of the Nestor of literary France. His principal works are, "The Travels of Antenor in Greece" (which has not inaptly been called the Anacharsis of the boudoirs), " Geotfrey Rudel, or the Troubadour," " A Joui-ney in Spain," besides various other poems and tales. IvANZI, I-ouis, an Italian antiquary, was born at Monte del Celmo, in 1732, and became a Jesuit. He taught rhetoric with great success, and, on the suppression of his order, he was sub-director of the Flo- rence gallery. He wrote several works, particularly one on "The Tuscan Lan- guage," and " A History of Painting," &c. He died in 1810. LAO-TSEE, a celebrated Chinese philo- sopher, was born about COO years B.C., in the service of Hou-Konang. lie was con- temporary with Pythagoras, and taught the doctrine of metempsychosis. He fol- lowed the sect of Tao-Tsee, and must have lived to a great age, having been visited by Confucius in 517 b. c. Little, however, is known of his personal history. LAPLACE, or PLATE ANUS, Peter de, a French magistrate and writer, was born at AngoulSme, in 1526. He became a pleader in the parliament of Paris, till he was ap- pointed, by the Prince of Conde, superin- tendant of his household. Unfortunately he returned to Paris, and while discharging his duty as president at the court of aids, was murdered in the massacre of St. Bartho- lomew in 1572. His works are, " Comment- aries on the State of Religion and the Com- monwealth," " A Treatise on the Use of Moral Philosophy," and "A Treatise on the Excellence of the Christian Religion." LAPLACE, Pierre Simos, Marquis de, a celebrated mathematician and astrono- mer, was born at Beaumont-en-Auge, in 1749 i where he became professor of ma- thematics in the military school. From this place he soon removed to Paris, where he distinguished himself by his knowledge of analysis and the highest branches of geo- metry, and was chosen a member of the academy of sciences, one of the forty of the French academy, and member of the Bureau des Longitudes. In 1796 appeared his famous work, " Exposition du Systfeme du Monde." After the revolution, on the 18th of Brumaire, in 1799, he was made minister of the interior by the first consul. But from this he was removed, to make room for Lucien Buonaparte, and was then admitted into the senate, of which, in 1803, he became president. Having, in 1814, voted for tlie deposition of Napoleon, on the re-organisation of peers, he was made a marquis. He died in 1827, leaving nu- merous scientific works, evidences of his talent. LAPO, James, or Jacopo, an Italian ar- chitect living at Florence, who built the church of the Virgin Marj' at Assisi, founded by Ilelias, which obtained him great repu- tation. Died, 1262 Arnoi-pho, his son, became a most celebrated architect and sculptor, displaying great genius and skill in his profession. Died, 1300. LARCH ER, Peter IIexrt, an eminent French scholar, was born at Dijon, in 1726. His first translation was the Electra of Euripides ; after which he translated Mar- tinus Scriblerus, from Pope's Miscellanies, and furnished notes to the French version of Hudibras. In 1767, a difference took place between him and Voltaire, on whose Phi- losophy of History he published remarks, under the title of a " Supplement ;" to which the latter replied in his well known Defense de mon Oncle. Larcher rejoined in a " R^- ponse," with which the controversy ceased on his part ; but not so the merciless wit of his opponent. He afterwards published his " Me'moire sur Venus," and translated Hero- dotus and Xenophon. Died, 1812. LARDNER, Dr. Nathaniel, a learned dissenting divine, was born at Hawkhurst, Kent, in 1684 ; and received his education at Utrecht and Leyden. He was the author of several important theological works, viz. " The Credibility of the Gospel History," " The Testimonies of the Ancient Jews and Pagans in favour of Christianity," " The History of Heretics," sermons, &c. Died, 1768. LARGILLIERE, Nicholas de, a portrait painter, was born at Paris, in 1656. He lived several years in England, and was much employed by Charles II. and James 506 lar] ^ fitia ^auibcri^al ^Btograjpfjj?. [las II. On his return to France he became liistorical painter, and afterwards director of the academy. Died, 174C. LARIVEjM., a celebrated French trage- dian, was born at Rochelle, in 1749 ; ap- peared at the Tht'atrc Frangais, Paris, in 1771 ; where, by his fine person, and his powers of declamation, he rose to eminence. He quitted the stage rather earlier in life than most actors, and died at Montignon, in 1827, aged 78. He wrote a drama, en- titled " Pjrrnmus and Thisbe," " Reflections on the Histrionic Art," and other works. LARIVEY, Petkk de, an old French dramatic writer, and one of the first who considered comedy as the representation of real life, was a native of Troyes, and is supposed to have died about 1612. LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, or ROCHE- FOUCAULT, Francis, Duke de, prince of Marsilluc, a distinguished courtier and man of letters in the reign of Louis XIV., was born in 1C13, and died in 1680. He acted a conspicuous part in the civil war of the Fronde; but he is chiefly remembered as the writer of " Rrflexions et Maximes," a work which has been extolled and criti- cised in no ordinary degree. He also wrote " Memoires de la R^gne d' Anne d' Autriche ;" and, during the latter part of his life, his house was the resort of the first-rate wits and literati of France. LA ROCHEFOUCAUT.D-LIANCOUT, Francois Alexander Fiikuekic, Duke de, bom in 1747, was grand-master of the ward- robe to Louis XV. and XVI. He became a member of the constituent assembly in 1789, after the dissolution of which he took the military command at Rouen, in his capacity of lieutenant-general, during 1792. On the downfall of the monarchy he left France, and resided for eighteen months in England : he then travelled through the United States, wlience he returned in 1798, and was allowed to revisit his native land, where he devoted himself to the promotion of the useful arts and to acts of benevo- lence. It was through his influence that vaccination was introduced into France. After the restoration he was created a peer, but, on account of the liberality of his sen- timents, he was, in 1823 and 1824, excluded from the council of state, and removed from the several boards of which he was a member. His principal work is, " Travels in the United Sutes." Died, 1827. LAROCHEJAQUELEIN, Henri DK,one of the most distinguished of the Vendean royalists, was born at Chatillon, in Poitou, in 1772, and was a son of the Marquis de la Rochejaquelein. The peasants of the neighbourliood having risen in the royal cause in 1792, he placed himself at their head, and addressed tliem in the following pithy harangue : " I am young and inex- perienced, but I have an ardent desire to render myself worthy of heading you. Let us march to meet the enemy ; if I give way, kill me ; if I advance, follow me ; if I fall, avenge me." He was subsequently chosen commander-in-chief of the Vendeans, and displayed great talent and the most daring valour. After gaining sixteen victories in ten montlis, he fell, at the age of twenty- two years, March 4. 1794, in a single com- bat with one of the republican soldiers, while defending the village of Nouaille. LARREY, Isaac de, an historian, was born in 1638, at Montvilliers. He went to Holland, where he was made historiographer to the states-general. His works are, " The History of Augustus," "The History of Eleanor, Wife of Henry II.," " History of England," 4 vols, folio ; " History of the Seven Sages of Greece," 2 vols. 8vo., and " The History of France under Louis XIV.," 3 vols. 4to. Died, 1719. LARRIVEE, Henry, a distinguished French actor and opera singer, was origin- ally a hairdresser, but having acquired the art of giving to recitative all the energy and expression of tragic declamation, he speedily arrived at the highest eminence in his peculiar department of the art. Died, 1802, LARROQTJE, Matthew i>e, a Protestant divine, was born near Agen, in 1(!19. He was minister of tlie church of Vitry, in Brittany, where he officiated twenty-seven years, and then removed to Rouen. He was the author of a " History of the Eu- charist, " the " Conformity of the Reforme<l Churches of France with the Ancients," tc Died, 1684 His son Daniel, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, quitted France ; but afterwards returned, and ab- jured the Protestant religion. In 1693 ho was sent to prison for writing a satire on the king. After a confinement of five years he obtained his release, and was appointed secretary to the council. He published several works, the principal of which was a satire, entitled " Lea vt^ritables Motifs de la Conversion de M. I'Abbe de la Trappe." LA SALLE, Count de, a brave soldier, was born at Metz, in 177.5, and entered the army, with tlie rank of an officer, at 11 years of age, under prince Maximilian, af- terwards king of Bavaria. The privilege of birth opened to him a line of promotion ; but he resolved that merit alone should dis- tinguish him. He accordingly resigned his commission, became a private soldier, and at length rose, through long and dangerous services, which occupied eight years, to the post which lie had before resigned. By his decisive conduct at the battle of Rivoli he possessed himself of the colours ; upon which the commander-in-chief addressed him in these words : " Rest yourself upon these flags, you have deserved them." He was equally victorious in Egypt ; conquered the Prussians on the walls of Konigsberg ; and finished an honourable career, in the arms of victory, on the field of Wagram. LASCARIS, CoNSTANTiNK and John, two noble Greeks of the 15th century, who, on the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 14,53, took refuge in Italy.. Constan- TiNE went to Milan, where he instructed the daughter of the grand-duke in the Greek language. From thence he removed to Rome, and next to Naples, in which city he opened a school for Greek and rhe- toric. Lastly, he settled at Messina, where he died about 1.500. His Greek grammar was printed at Milan in 1476 ; and again by Aldus in 1495. John, surnamed las] ^ ^ei» ?SniberSal iSiosrapl^g. [lat Rhyndacenus, took up his residence at Padua, and was patronised by Lorenzo de Medici, who sent him to Greece to pur- chase certain valuable manuscripts, a mis- sion which he accomplislied mucli to the satisfaction of his employer. In 149-1: he entered the service of Louis XII. of France, who made him liis envoy to the Venetian senate ; in 1513 he went to Rome, and per- suaded Leo X. to found the Greek College, of which Lascaris became the principal, and also the superintendant of the Greek press ; and in 1518 he returned to France, and was employed by Francis I. in forming the royal library. His taste for literature in- duced his contemporaries to expect that he would greatly benefit the world by his own productions ; his natural indolence, how- ever, prevented him from writing much that was original, though he published translations of several classical works, with annotations, &c. Died, 1535. LAS CASES, Count de, celebrated for his fidelity to Buonaparte, was born in the cha- teau of Las Cases, in the department of the Haute-Garonne, 1706. At the outbreak of the French revolution, 1789, he was a lieutenant in the navy. He then emigrated, joined the army of Conde, and took part in the Quiberou expedition, but returned to France afler the 18th Brumaire. Having been long devoted to literary pursuits, he liow published, under the name of Le Sage, an " Atlas Historique, Chronologique, et Geographique," which went through several editions. In 1809 he enrolled himself as a volunteer to ward off the English attack upon Flushing ; and from this time attracted the attention of Buonaparte, who soon afterwards made him his chamberlain, admitted him to the council of state, and intrusted him with various con- fidential missions. In 1814 he refused to vote with the council of state for the de- thronement of the emperor, took up arms for him after his return from Elba in 1815, and was one of the four attendants that ac- companied him to St. Helena. There he remained 18 months with the illustrious prisoner, enjoying his intimacy, and noting down all that he said in a journal, whidi he subsequently published, under the title of " Memorial de Sainte Hulfene." But having become an object of suspicion to Sir Hudson Lowe, the governor, he was seized, and conveyed first to the Cape, and thence to England as a prisoner, and was not allowed to return to France till after the emperor's decease. In 1830 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, and took his seat with the opposition. Died, 1842. LASCY, Peter, Count de, a military officer, born in Ireland, in 1678. After the conquest of that country by William III. he entered the French service, and was subse- quently an officer in the Austrian, Polish, and Russian armies. He rose to the rank of a Russian field-marshal, was appointed governor of Lithuania, and died in 1751. LASCY, Joseph Francis Maurice, Count de, son of the preceding, was bom at St. Petersburgh, in 1725 ; entered the Austrian service, and obtained the rank of general, after having displayed his military talents at the battles of Lowositz, Breslau, aud Hochkirchen. In 1760 he penetrated to Berlin, at the head of 15,000 men ; for which bold exploit he was made a com- mander of the order of Maria Theresa, and in 1762 received the baton of marshal. He was employed against the Turks in 1788, and remained in active employment under the emperor Joseph II., during great part of the remainder of his life. Died 1801. LASERNA-SANTANDER, Charles Anthoxy, distinguished as a bibliographer in the last century, was a native of Biscay. He went to reside at Brussels, and there collected a noble library, which he opened to the public ; but having been obliged to dispose of it, he was appointed keeper of the public library. He published a "Dic- tionnaire Bibliographique," &e. ; and died in 1813. LASSALA, Mantel, a Spanish Jesuit } author of an " Account of the Poets of Cas- tile," an " Essay on General History," &c. Bom, 172&; died, 1798. LASSO, Orlawik) ni, an eminent musi- cian, was born at Mens, in Hainault, in 1530. De Thou relates that he was for- cibly taken from his parents in his childhood by Ferdinand Gonzaga, on acconnt of his fine voice, and carried by him to Milan, Naples, and Sicily. He subsequently taught music at Rome, Antwerp, &c., and finally settled at Munich, as chapel-master to Al- bert, dnke of Bavaria. His productions are numerous, but now rarely to be met with. Died, 1593 His two sons, Rudolph and Ferdinand, were also good musicians ; and besides producing many compositions of their own, published their father's works, under the title of "Magnus Opus Musicum Orlandi de Lasso." LASSUS, a dithyrambic poet, bom at Hermione, in Peloponnesus, about 500 years B. c. He is particularly known by the an- swer he gave to a man who asked him — " What could best render life pleasant and comfortable?" "Experience." LATHAM, John, M.D., F.R.S., &e., an eminent ornithologist and antiquary, was born at Eltham, in Kent, in 1740, where his father practised as a surgeon and apothe- cary. Dr. Latham for many years followed similar professional pursuits at Dartford, but he subsequently removed to Romsey, and during the latter period of his life he re- sided at Winchester. Though chiefly known as a naturalist, he was also much attached to the study of antiquities ; while at the same time, as a medical practitioner, he en- joyed a deservedly high reputation. He was the author of several professional works, be- sides treatises on subjects relating to medi- cine, antiquities, and natural history, which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions, &e. Among his productions are, "A General Synopsis of Birds," 6 vols. 4to. ; " Index Or- nithologicus," 3 vols. 4to. ; " HeaWs Phar- macopceia Improved," and others ; but his great work, which he commenced in his 82nd year, was " A General History of Birds," in 10 vols. 4to. So indefatigable was he, and withal so capable of this undertaking, at such an advanced period of life, that, with singular fidelity to nature, he designed, etched, and coloured the whole of the plates lat] a ^efco fflfm'tieriSal 38ioflra)J^l^ [lat himself. This venerable man, who was in his 97th year, was active and cheerful, and in the possession of all his faculties up to tlie time of his death, in Feb. 1837. LATUAM, John, M.D., F.R.S., and F. L. S., was the eldest son of the Kev. John Latham, and was bom at Gawsworth, in the county of Cliester. After going through his academical course with great credit at Oxford, he commenced practice as a phy- rieian in Manchester, where he met with great success, as lie did also subsequently at Oxford, and in his native county, lie then removed to London, where for many years he was at the very head of liis important profession ; and in 1814, after 30 years of most industrious and successful practice, he was elected president of the College of Physicians. His only separate publication, we believe, is his volume entitled "Facts and Opinions concerning Diabetes ; " but he also contributed several able papers to the Medical Transactions. Died, 1W3, aged 82. LATIMER, Hugh, bishop of Worcester, one of the first reformers of the Church of England, was bom at Thurcaston, in Leices- tershire, in 1470. It is a remarkable cir- cumstance, thougli not altogether without garallel, that from being a zealous papist, e became a zealous Protestant, active in supporting the reformed doctrine, and as- siduous to make converts. He first Itecame obnoxious to the enemies of innovation by a series of discourses, in which lie dwelt upon the uncertainty of tradition, the vanity of works of supererogation, and the pride and usurpation of the Roman hierarchy. Latimer had the courage to write a letter of remon- strance to Henry VIII., on the evil of pro- hibiting the use of the Bible in English. Although this epistle produced no effect, Henry presented the writer to the living of West Kinton, in Wiltshire. The ascendancy of Anne Boleyn and rise of Thomas Crom ■ well proved favourable to Latimer, and he was, in 1535, appointed bishop of Worcester. But the fall of his patrons prepared the way for reverses, and the six articles being carried in parliament, Latimer resigned his bishopric rather than hold any office in a church which enforced such terms of com- munion, and retired into the country. Du- ring tlie short reign of Edward VI. he again preached, and was highly popular at court, but could not be induced to resume his epis- copal functions. Soon after Mary ascended the throne, Latimer was cited to appear before the council, in doing which an oppor- tunity was afforded him to quit the king- dom. He, however, prepared with alacrity to obey the citation, and as he passed through Smithfleld exclaimed, " This place has long groaned for me." In 1555, new and more sanguinary laws having been enacted, in support of the Romish religion, a com- mission was issued by Cardinal Pole, the pope's legate, to try Latimer and Ridley for heresy, who were, in consequence, delivered over to the secular arm, and condemned to the flames. This sentence was put in exe- cution at Oxford, Oct. 16. 1555. At the place of execution, having thrown off the old gown which was wrapped about him, Latimer ap- peared in a sliroud prepared for the purpose. and, with his fellow-suflferer, was fastened to the stake with an iron chain. A faggot, ready kindled, was then placed at Ridley's feet, to whom Latimer exclaimed, " Be of good comfort, master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as, I trust, shall never be put out." He then recommended his soul to God, and, with firm composure, expired amid the flames. LATIMER, William, a celebrated scho- lar of the 16th century, who taught Erasmus Greek, and was tutor to Reginald, afterwards Cardinal Pole. He was a prebendary at Salisbury, and held two livings in Glouces- tershire. Died, 1.545. LATINI, Bkunetto, an eminent gram- marian of Florence, in the 13th century, who had the honour of being Dante's tutor. Died, 1294. LATINUS, Latinius, a learned critic of the 16th century, bom at Viterbo, in 1513j author of " Bibliotheca Sacra et Profana,'* &c. Died, 15lt3. LATOUR, General Count Theodore, an eminent Austrian oflScer, was born at Vi- enna, 1780. Educated at the Imperial En- gineers' School, he soon obtained distinction in the field by his zeal, merit, and courage ; and during the long peace that succeeded the campaigns of 1813 — 181.5, his great ad- ministrative abilities were repeatedly called into action by his native government. For many years he was president of the military board of the German confederation. Soon after the revolutionary outbreaks in 1848, he was nominated minister of war, the duties of which oflice he discharged with equal firmness and moderation ; but a ru- mour having l)een spread that he was in- triguing for the re-establishment of the absolute form of government which had been overthrown in the spring of 1848, the populace, during the insurrection that burst forth in Vienna in October of the same year, broke into the war oflice, and having seized the minister of M'ar, ruthlessly murdered him, and suspended his corpse upon a gibbet, where it was exposed to the most igno- minious and barbarous insults. LATOUR D'AUVERGNE CORRET, Theopiiilus Malo de, a distinguished sol- dier, citizen, and scholar of the French re- public, was bom in 1743, at Carhaix, in Lower Brittany. He first served in the army during the American war ; and when the French revolution broke out, he was living in retire- ment, on his halfpay. This called him again into active life, and he was intrusted with the command of 8000 grenadiers, and distin- guished himself in various successful enter- prises on the Spanish frontier. In 1795 he returned to his studies ; but, in 1799, he once more took the field, generally serving in lieu of a friend's only son, who had been drawn as a conscript. Buonaparte rewarded his bravery by bestowing on him the honour- able title of First Grenadier of France ; but he did not long retain it, being killed at the battle of Neuburg, in ]8(K). He was well versed in history, and an eminent lin- guist ; author of a Franco-Celtic Diction- ary, and various other philological works of merit. lat] ^ i^tfa ^xxihttial Mia^xK^l)^. [lau LiATTAIGNANT, Gabriel Charles, Abb6 de, a poet, whose songs were once po- pular in France. He was canon at Rheims, and counsellor of the parliament of Paris ; and, after having lived a life of gaiety and pleasure, retired to a monastery, and died in 1779 LATUDE, Henry Mazebs de, who was a prisoner in the Bastile for 35 years, was born in 1724, at Montagnac, in Languedoc. In order to gain the favour of Madame de Pompadour, he persuaded her that an at- tempt was to be made on her life, by a box containing the most subtle poison ; and when the box arrived, it was discovered that it had been sent by Latude himself, and con- tained nothing but ashes. This offence, aggravated by repeated endeavours to escape, was the cause of his long and rigorous in- carceration ; but when his sufferings became known, by the publication of his memoirs, which he wrote soon after his liberation, they became a formidable weapon in tlie hands of the revolutionists, and the National Assembly decreed him a pension. He died in 1804, aged 80. LAUD, WiLLiAsi, archbishop of Canter- bury in the reign of Charles I., was born in 1573, at Reading, in Berkshire ; was educated at the free school of his native place, and at St. John's College, Oxford ; was ordained in 1601 ; became president of his college in 1611 ; accompanied James I. to Scotland, as one of liis chaplains, in 1617 ; was installed a prebend of Westminster in 1620 ; and ob- tained the see of St. David's in the following year. On the accession of Charles I. his influence became very great ; and he was translated to the see of Bath and Wells, and, in 1628, to that of London. In 1630 he was elected chancellor of the university of Ox- ford i to which he was a great benefactor, and which he enriched with an invaluable collection of manuscripts, in a great number of languages, ancient, modern, and oriental. In 1633 he attended Charles into Scotland, who went there to be crowned : on his return, he was promoted to the see of Canterbury, and during the same year he was chosen chancellor of the university of Dublin. The zeal which he displayed for conformity to the church, and his endeavours to introduce the liturgy into Scotland, created him nu- merous enemies. At the commencement of the long parliament, therefore, he was im- peached by the Commons and sent to the Tower. After lying there three years, he was brought to his trial before the Lords, by whom he was acquitted, which so provoked the faction in the lower house, that they passed a bill of attainder, declaring him guilty of treason, which they compelled the peers to pass ; and the archbishop was ac- cordingly beheaded on Tower Hill, Jan. 10. 1644-5. He was in the 72iid yiear of his age, and met his fate with great fortitude. Among his works are, " Annotations on the Life and Death of King James," his "Diary," edited by Wharton, and published with his " Re- mains," " Officium Quotidianum," &c. LAUDER, Sir Thomas Dick, bart., whose versatile pen has acquired for him a high place in Scottish literature, was born near Edinburgh, 1784. He was one of the first contributors to Blackwood's Magazine. His two novels, " Lochindher " and " The Wolf of Badenoch," published in early life, are remarkable for freedom and felicity of style ; and these were followed at intervals by various other works, among which arc " The Floods of Moray in 1829," " Highland Rambles," " Tour round the Coasts of Scot- land," " The Queen's Visit to Scotland in 1842," &c Sir Tlioraas took a great interest in politics ; his zeal in behalf of the reform bill was conspicuous even at that period of general excitement ; and few who heard him will forget his amusing and humorous harangues. His last contribution to lite- rature was a series of papers on the rivers of Scotland, which appeared in Tait's Maga- zine. Died, 1848. LAUDER, William, a literary impostor, who acquired an unenviable notoriety by en- deavouring to hold up Milton as a plagiarist, was a native of Scotland. In 1747 he began an attack upon Milton in the Gentleman's Magazine, which he followed up by a pam- phlet, entitled " An Essay on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Moderns in his Paradise Lost." His alleged quotations from Grotius, Massenius, and others, passed as genuine for a time, until they were exposed by Dr. Douglas, bishop of Salisbury, which drew from the fabricator an acknowledgment of his guilt. Yet after this he returned to the charge in a tract, with this title, " The Grand Impostor detected, or Milton con- victed of Forgery against Charles I." Lau- der died at Barbadoes, in 1771. LAUDERDALE, James Maitlasd, Earl of, a very active and energetic statesman, whose opinions were at one time deemed to be of great weight, both by his own party and by his opponents, was born in 1759. In 1780 he was returned to parliament for New- port in Cornwall, and subsequently for Malmesbury. As a member of the lower house he joined the party of his friend Mr. Fox, and took an active part in opposing the North administration, supported Mr. Fox's India Bill, and was one of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings. In 1789 he succeeded to the title, and was in the following year sent to the House of Lords as one of the 16 Scottish representative peers. In 1792 the state of his health caused him to reside for some time in France, and he witnessed the attack on the Tuilleries, and the imprisonment of the royal family. In 1806, on the dissolution of the Pitt ad- ministration, he was created a peer of the United Kingdom, sworn a privy councillor, and received the great seal of Scotland. In August of the same year he was sent as minister plenipotentiary to France, with full powers to conclude a peace. Of the termination of that negotiation this is not the place to speak, the mere fact of his being intrusted With the task of negotiating with such men as Buonaparte and Talley- rand is sufl^cient to show the high estimation in which his judgment was then held. The short-lived " all the talents " administration being broken tip in 1807, the Earl of Lau- derdale had to resign the great seal of Scot- land to its former keeper, the Duke of Gordon. He subsequently held no office. LAU] ^ ijleto BttiiitviaX HiaQX^^U' [lav but he wa8, to a very late period of his life, punctual and active in his parliamentary duties. Bom, 1759 ; died, 1840. LAUDOHN, Gideon Ernest, a celebra- ted Austrian general, was bom at Totzen, in Livonia, in 1716. He displayed great talents in the seven years' war, for which he was made a major-general, and invested with the order of Maria Theresa. The victories at Ilochkirchen, Kunnersdorff, Landshut, and Glatz were such proofs of his skill and valour, that Frederic the Great used to own there was nobody lie feared so much as Lau- dohn. On the conclusion of peace he was created n baron of the empire ; in 17C6, no- minated an aulic councillor ; and, in 1778, made field-marshal. He next commanded against the Turks ; and, in 1789, took Bel- grade. LAUNEY, Bernard KfiNf Jourdan de, the last governor of the Bastile in Paris, which was erected in 138.S, and destroyed July 14. 1789. He was a son of the former governor, and his residence in that abode had given to his character a bluntness of manner, and inflexibility of temper, which proved the cause of liis own destruction. Fifteen days before the prison was attacked, three individuals, disguised, but whose manners and address showed they had popular in- terest, came to the prison, and asked the governor how he purposed to act in case of an attack. " My conduct is regulated by my duty ; I sliall defend it," was his reply. In fact, he resolved to do so, and rather to set fire to the magazine, and perish in the ruins, than yield to the desire of the people. He executed his intention as long as he could, but was at length brought out by the populace, and murdered in a most cruel and inliuman manner. LAUNOI, John dk, a French divine, bom in IWW, who defended the liberties of the Gallican church, and reformed the calendar by purging it of fictitious saints and legend- ary tales. Died, 1678. LAUKENCE, Dr. Richard, archbishop of Cashel, was the son of a tradesman at Bath, and was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. As a theological writer and ge- neral scholar he had few equals in his day. His industry was prodigious, and no less conspicuous was his zeal for upholding not merely tlie rights and authority of the church, but its purity and its duties also. His "Doctrine of the Church of England upon the Efficacy of Baptism," and his sermon " On Singularity and Excess in Theological Literature, are extremely valuable to theological students. Born, 1761 ; died, 1839. LAURENT, Peter Joseph, a mechanic, was bom in Flanders, in 1715. He is said to have constructed some hydraulic machines, when he was not more than ten years of age ; and at twenty-one he was made superintend- ant of several public works ; among which was the direction of the canals in the Ne- therlands. He also projected the junction of the Somme and the Scheldt ; for which he was honoured with the order of St. Michael. Died, 1773. LAURENS, Henry, a distinguished Ame- rican statesman, bom at Cliarlestown, South Carolina, in 1724. He was chosen president of the council of safety in 1774 ; elected a delegate to congress, and soon after taking his seat, was made president of that body. Having resigned In 1779, he received the appointment of minister plenipotentiary to Holland, and on his way thither, being captured by the British, was carried to London, and committed to the Tower. His confinement lasted for more than fourteen months, during which, various eflforts were made to shake his constancy, but without effect. Soon after his release, he received a commission from congress to be one of their ministers for negotiating a peace with Great Britain, and, having repaired to Paris, he signed the preliminaries of the treaty. Died, 1792. LAURI, FiLiPPO, a painter, was the son of a Flemish artist, but born at Rome, In 1623. His altar-pieces and other scriptural paint- ings are held in much esteem. Died, 1694. LAURISTON, James Alexander Ber- nard Law, Count de, grandson of the cele- brated projector Law, was bom in 1768. He embraced the military profession at an early age, and served in the artillery, in which he obtained a rapid promotion, owing to his own activity and to the friendship of Buonaparte, whose aide-de-camp he was, and who employed him on several Import- ant missions. He brought to England the ratification of the preliminaries of the peace of Amiens ; and was received with enthu- siasm by the populace of London, who took the horses from his carriage, and conducted him In triumph to Downing Street. He was in every campaign of note in Spain, Ger- many, and Russia, and decided the victory in favour of the French at Wagram, by bringing up to the charge, at full trot, 100 pieces of artillery. After the conclusion of the general peace, Louis XVIII. created him a grand cordon of the legion of honour, and he subsequently rose to the rank of marshal. Died. 1828. LAV ALETTE, Marie Chamans, Count de, was born at Paris In 1769. He was at first destined for the clerical profession ; but while pursuing his studies, the revolu- tion broke out, and he became an oflScer of the national guards. Though he concur- red with the revolutionary feeling, he dis- played moderation, voting, by petition, against the camp under the walls of Paris, and was prosecuted for leading his detach- ment of the national guards to the defence of the Tuillerles. He sought refuge In the army of the Alps as a volunteer, and ob- tained military promotion in several fields of battle, in Italy and on the Rhine. In 179G, after the battle of Areola, Buonaparte appointed him his aide-de-camp, and he was frequently charged by him with difficult missions. In 1797 he sent him to Paris, to judge of the state of the public feeling pre- vious to the memorable crisis of September. After the revolution, which he correctly appreciated, he returned to Napoleon, with whom he arrived at the capital towards the close of the same year, and whose friend- ship procured him a marrlage-unlon with Emille de Beauhamais, Josephine's niece. Lavalette next accompanied Buonaparte to lav] ^ i^tbi Winihtr^Kl 28iOfirapIjM. [law Egypt, and there improved his title to public He became pastor of the principal church estimation. On his return to France, he ' "*' °* ^"* * '-- — '■' — -' — — ' was first appointed a commissary, and, finally, director-general of tlie post-otfice and counsellor of state. After Napoleon became emperor, in 1803, he was appointed a count of the empire. In 1814 he was re- moved from the post-ofRce ; but on the 20th of March, 1815, by virtue of orders from Na- poleon, who entered Paris in the evening, he resumed his former duties, and gave notice to stop the departure of the journals, des- patches, and travelling post-horses without signed orders. At the same time, he des- patched a courier to Napoleon, to describe the actual condition of the capital. On the 2nd of June he was nominated a peer. On the second restoration, in July 1815, he was deprived of his functions, arrested by the sub-prefect of police, Decazes, and con- demned to death as an accomplice in Buo- naparte's treason against the royal autho- rity. An appeal having been rejected, and Madame Lavalette's application for par- don being declined, his execution was fixed for the 21st December. On the evening of the 20th, his wife, her daughter, twelve years old, and her governess, presented themselves at the prison door, and were ad- mitted by the gaolers as usual. A short time after the daughter and governess re- appeared, supporting Madame Lavalette, apparently in great affliction. They were scarcely gone when the turnkey appeared in his cell, and Lavalette was not to be found — his wife, Madame Lavalette, had taken his place. The alarm was given, the carriage which brought the visitors was overtaken, but only the daughter found in it. Orders were given to close the barriers, and descriptions of the person of the fugitive were despatched in all directions. Mean- while Lavalette was occupied with the care of quitting Paris, and passing the frontiers. The means of doing so were supplied by Sir R. Wilson and Messrs. Bruce and Hutchin- son. Dressed as an English officer, lie went to their quarters, and started at seven in the morning with Sir R. Wilson in a cabriolet. He passed the barriers without being recog- nised, and arrived at Mons, where he ob- tained permission to settle at Munich. Five years after, a royal ordinance revoked tlie sentence of death, and permitted him to re- join his family in France. On the escape of Lavalette being known, his wife was arrested, and tried, with her governess, Sir Robert Wilson, and Messrs. Hutchinson and Bruce, by the Cour RoyaU. The latter were con- demned to a short imprisonment, and she and the governess acquitted ; but she never recovered the shock caused to her nerves and constitution by the risks to which her noble fidelity had exposed her. A fixed mental alienation succeeded. LAVALLEE, Johx, Marquis de. a French dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born near Dieppe, in 1747. He became a member of several literary societies, wrote many dramatic pieces, and assisted in edit- ing various periodical works. He died in 1815. LAVATER, Jonx Caspar, the celebrated physiognomist, was born at Zurich, in 1741. 512 of St. Peter at his native place, and was distinguished by his unwearied zeal in be- half of practical Christianity. He died in 1801, in consequence of a wound which he received in 1709, when the French troops under Massena took Zurich by storm. He was the author of a "Treatise on Physi- ognomy," the "Journal of a Self-Observer," " Jesus the Messiah," in 4 vols. ; " Spiritual Hymns," "Swiss Lays," &c. ; but the work by which he is universally known, and which once was highly popular, is that on physi- ognomy. Lavater was pious, but credulous ; enthusiastic, but sincere. LAVICOMTERIE de St. SAMPSON, Louis, a violent partisan of the French re- volution, who rendered himself notorious by the publication of the following works : " Crimes des Rois de France," " Les Crimes des Empereurs," & "Les Crimes des Papes." He became a member of the Convention in 1792 ; voted for the death of the king ; and, in 1794, was ordered by the Jacobin club to draw up the " Act of Accusation against Kings." The fall of the terrorists put an end to liis influence, and he died in 1809. LAVINGTON, Geokoe, bishop of Exeter, a prelate of great piety and learning, was born in 1C83, and died in 1762. He was the author of a well-known treatise, entitled "The Enthusiasm of the Methodists and Papists compared," another on the Mora- vians, and also some single sermons. LAVOISIER, AifTuoxY Laurence, a celebrated French chemist, was born at Paris, in 1743 ; was educated at Mazarin College ; and, on quitting it, devoted him- self wholly to the sciences, but more parti- cularly to chemistry. The discoveries of Black, Cavendish, and Priestley, relative to the nature of elastic fluids or gases, having attracted his notice, he entered on the same field of inquiry, with all his characteristic ardour, in the cause of science ; and, possess- ing the advantage of a considerable fortune, he conducted his experiments on a large scale, and obtained highly interesting re- sults. His new tlieory of chemistry was re- ceived with applause in Germany and France, though strenuouslj' opposed by Dr. Priestley, whose phlogistic hypothesis it tended to overthrow. In 1789 he published his "Elements of Chemistry," a work of merit and importance. He succeeded BuflTon and Tilet as treasurer of the academy, and became also farmer-general ; but notwith- standing his talents and virtues, he was condemned to death by the revolutionary tribunal of Paris, on the frivolous charge of having adulterated the tobacco with ingre- dients obnoxious to the health of the citi- zens, and was guillotined in 1794. Besides his Elements, he wrote " Chemical and Phi- losophical Miscellanies," 2 vols. ; " Report of the Commissioners charged to examine Animal Magnetism," " Instructions for making Nitre," &c. LAW, Edmitkd, a learned prelate, was bom at Cartmel in Lancasliire, in 1703 ; re- ceived his education at St. John's College, Cambridge ; and, after obtaining various church preferments, was raised to the see of Carlisle in 1769. He was the author of many law] ^ ^tfa Winihtv^td SStogrHp^^. [law able theological works ; among which arc, " Considerations on the Theory of Religion," " Reflections on the Life and Character of Christ," an " Enquiry into the Ideas of Space, Time," &c. Died, 1787. LAW, John, a celebrated financial pro- jector, was born, in 1681, at Edinburgh, where his father, a goldsmith, resided. He was bred to no profession, but studied the mathematics, and particularly excelled as an accountant. For the purpose of remedy- ing the deficiency of a circulating medium, he projected tlie establishment of a bank, with paper issues, to the amount of the Talue of all the lands in the kingdom ; but this scheme was rejected. Having seduced a young lady in England, he killed her brother in a duel, and was obliged to leave the country. He went first to Holland, and afterwards to Venice and Genoa, from which cities he was banished as a design- ing adventurer ; but, at length, he secured the patronage of the regent Dnke of Orleans, and established his bank at Taris, 1716, by royal authority. To this was joined the company of the Mississippi, a pretended ■cheme for paying oflF the national debt, and for enriching subscribers. The project be- came extravagantly popular, and every one converted his gold and silver into paper. In 1720, Law whs made comptroller of the finances. The bubble, liowever, burst ; and the people, enraged, besieged the palace of the regent, crying out, as they held up their hands full of bills, " See tlie fruits of your system." Law was exiled to Pontoise, from whence he escaped to Italy, and died at Venice in 1729. LAW, William, a pious English divine, was born at King's ClifFe, Northampton- shire, in 1686 ; was educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge ; and lived for the most part a retired life at the house of Mrs. Hester Gibbon, aunt of the celebrated his- torian, to whom he had been tutor. He wrote against Bishop Hoadly, and was also the author of some valuable practical books, as, " A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life," " A Treatise on Christian Perfection," &c. In liis latter days he fell into the mystic reveries of Jacob Behmen, whose works he published. Died, 1761. LAWES, Henry, a musician, was bom at Salisbury, in 1600, and is said to have been the first who introduced the Italian style of music into England. In 16")3 he published his " Airs, Dialogues," &c. He set to music the Comus of Milton, with whom he was intimate. He also set most of Waller's songs, and died in 1662 His brother William, who was an excellent performer, took up arms in the royal cause, and was killed at the siege of Chester, in 1645. LAWLESS, John, the once celebrated Irish agitator, was a native of Dublin, and originally designed for the legal profession. For many years he was distinguished as a leading political character with the Liberals of Ireland ; and from his straightforward and fearless conduct, he acquired from all parties the title of " honest Jack Lawless." When the English government first proposed to grant emancipation to the Irish Catholics, provided their clergy were paid by the state, 513 and the forty-shilling freeholders were dis- franchised, " honest Jack " vehemently op- posed the measure in the Catholic Associa- tion, and thereby acquired a degree of popu- larity, which aroused the jealousy of his great rival co-agitator. His eloquence was ener- getic, forcible, and convincing ; and it is ge- nerally understood, that whatever might have been the faults of the head, his heart was sound at the core. He died in Loudon, aged 65, in August, 1837. LAWRENCE, Dr. Fkench, a native of Bristol, was educated at Winchester, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; became eminent as a civilian and a man of letters ; and died in 1809. Among his writings are, " Remarks on the Apocalypse," and several beautiful poems. He edited and partly com- posed "The Rolliad" and "Probationary Odes ; " and publislied an edition of the works of Edmund Burke, of whom he was tlic bosom friend and executor. LAWRENCE, Strinoek, an eminent general, in the service of the East India Company. He was bom in 1697 ; was em- ployed during a period of 20 years on the coast of Coromandel, where he added greatly to the British possessions ; and died in 1775. The company erected a fine monument to his memory m Westminster Abbey. LAWRENCE, Thomas, was an eminent physician, born in Westminster, in 1711 ; was chosen anatomical reader at the university of Oxford, in 1740 ; was elected fellow of the college of physicians in 1744 ; and became president in 1767, and was re-elected during the ensuing seven years. He was the author of "De Hydrope," and other medical pro- ductions, in Latin ; and was the intimate friend of Dr. Johnson. Died, 1783. LAWRENCE, Sir Thomas, the most cele- brated portrait painter of the age, was born in 1769, at Bristol, where his father kept an inn. He early exhibited proofs of his ta- lent for the art, having, it is said, sketched portraits in his fifth year. At the age of six he was sent to school, where he remained two years ; and this, with the exception of a few lessons subsequently in Latin and French, constituted his whole education. Young Lawrence, however, had access to the galleries of some of the neighbouring gentry, in which he employed himself in copying historical and other pieces. In 1782 his father, who had been unsuccessful in business, removed to Bath, where his son was much employed in taking portraits in crayon ; and having made a copy of the Transfiguration by Raphael, the society for the encouragement of arts bestowed on him their prize of five guineas and a silver palette. In 1787 the family removed to London, and Lawrence was admitted a student at the Royal Academy. His subsequent career was successful and brilliant. He was elected royal associate in 1791, and on the death of Sir J. Reynolds, the next year, was made painter to the king. He was honoured with the personal friendship of George IV., who sat to him for several portraits, and bestowed on him the order of knighthood. After the peace of 1814 he painted the portraits of the allied sovereigns, and the generals Blucher, Platoff, and Wellington ; also Louis XVIII. lax] ^ ^tio BiiiSitxStH 23tograp]bl'. [lec and Charles X. of France ; besides numerous others, consisting of the principal nobility of England, the Pope, Cardinal Gonsalvi, and many other distinguished personages on the Continent. On the death of Mr. West, in 1820, Sir T. Lawrence was elected president of the Royal Academy. No artist ever pos- sessed in a higher degree the merit of pre- serving exquisite likenesses, while at the same time he heightened the beauty and characteristic expression of his originals ; and had he cultivated the higher branches of the art, it is probable that few would have excelled him. In early life he was remark- ably handsome, and he retained much of personal beauty to the last. He obtained high prices for his productions, and his in- come has been estimated at from lO.OOOZ. to 15,000Z. a year, yet so profusely liberal was he, particularly in the purchase of scarce and valuable works of art, that he died in embarrassed circumstances ; though the col- lection which he left of drawings, etchings, &c. was valued at 50,0(X)i. He died, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral, 1830. LAX, Rev. William, F.R.S., an eminent matliematician and astronomer, Lowndes' professor of astronomy and geometry in the university of Cambridge, and the author of several elaborate tables connected with the Nautical Almanack. Died, 1836. LEAKE, Sir John, the son of Mr. Richard Leake, who was master-gunner of England, and one of the bravest men that ever served in the British navy, was a gallant and suc- cessful English admiral, born in 1656. He was distinguished by many great actions ; but chiefly by his relief and preservation of Gibraltar from the French and Spaniards in 1705. He also took Carthagena and Mi- norca ; and afterwards, as commander-in- chief of the fleet, greatly signalised himself in the Mediterranean. Died, 1720. LEAKE, JoHjf, an eminent English phy- sician, was the founder of the Westminster lying-in-hospital, and died in 1792. He pub- lished several valuable books on midwifery and female diseases. LEAKE, SxEriiEN Martix, a nephew of the preceding, was an ingenious writer on coins and heraldry. Died, 1773. LE BLANC, Marcel, one of the fourteen Jesuits sent by Louis XVI. to Siam. He la- boured for the conversion of the Talapoins, and embarked for China, but the vessel was taken by the English, and he continued a prisoner till 1690. He died at Mozambique in 1693, aged 40. He wrote a "History of the Revolution of Siam." LE BLANC, John Bernard, born at Dijon, in 1707 ; author of *' Letters on the English Nation," 3 vols. Died, 1781. LEBBUN, Charles, a celebrated painter, was born at Paris, in 1618. He studied.under Vouet and Poussin ; and, after his return from Rome, was made president of the new royal academy of painting and sculpture. From 1661 he was principally employed in embellishing the residences of Louis XIV. and his nobles with works of art, and in superintending the brilliant spectacles of the court. He died in 1090. Lebrun possessed a comprehensive genius, which was cultivated by the incessant study of history and national 614 customs. He wrote a treatise on the passions, and another on physiognomy. LEBRUN, Charles Francis, Duke of Placentia, was born in 1739, at Coutances, in Normandy ; came at an early age to Paris ; and being nominated deputy to the states- general in 1789, he occupied himself, during the session, with affairs of police, finance, and domestic administration. In 1795 he was elected to the council of elders, and be- came president in 1796. He was appointed third consul in December, 1799 ; nominated arch-treasurer of the empire in 1804 ; and, in 1805, governor-general of Liguria and Duke of Placentia. Having signed the constitution that recalled the house of Bourbon to the tlirone, he was created a peer of France by the king, and, in the beginning of July, was appointed president of the first bureau of the chamber of peers. After the return of Na- poleon, he accepted the peerage from him, and likewise the place of grand-master of the university, a proceeding which rendered him incapable of sitting in the new chamber of peers, formed in August, 1815. In the early part of his life he translated the Iliad and Odj'ssey, and Tasso's Jerusalem. Died, 1824. LEBRUN, Pierre, a French divine ; author of a " Critical History of the Super- stitious Practices which have seduced the Vulgar and embarrassed the Learned," &c. Born, 1661 ; died, 1729. LEBRUN, PiGAULT, an eminent French novelist, who for humour, truth to nature, and graphic powers of description, particu- larly in scenes of low life, may be regarded as the Fielding of France, was born in 1742, and died at Paris, in 1835. LEBRUN, Ponce Denis Ecouchard, a French poet, who for a time obtained the appellation of the French Pindar, was born in 1729 ; became secretary to the Prince of Conti, and early distinguished himself as a writer of elegant lyrics. At the commence- ment of the revolution, he celebrated the birth of freedom in odes, epigrams, and songs ; but, like many others, he saw, ere long, suflScient reason to deplore the fate of his unhappy country, crushed beneath the foot of anarchy. When the academical establishments were re-organised, Lebrun became a member of the Institute ; and he received from Buonaparte, when first consul, a pension of 6000 francs. Died, 1807. LECCHI, Giovanni Antonio, an Italian Jesuit, born in 1702, was an excellent ma- thematician, and published several clever treatises on hydrostatics, navigable canals, geometry, trigonometry, conic sections, &c. He went to Vienna, and was employed by the emperor in the arduous task of measuring the bed of the Rhine, in which he displayed great talent. Died, 1776. LECLERC, Daniel, an eminent medical writer, was a native of Geneva, where his father was professor of Greek. His chief writings are, " Bibliotheca Anatomica," "Histoire de la Mt'decin," and "Historia latorum Lumbricorum." Died, 1728. LECLERC, John, an eminent critic, born at Geneva, in 1657. He was the author of numerous works ; among which are, " Are LEC] ^ ^eto ?am'berj^al 23tosrajp]bS* [lee Critica," " Harmonia Evangelica," and three voluminous " BibliotWques." He was pro- fessor of philosophy, the belles lettres, and Hebrew, at Amsterdam, where he died in 1736. So prone was he to dogmatise, and so impatient of contradiction, that he has been styled the self-constituted inquisitor of the republic of literature. LECLERC, Nicholas Gabriet., a physi- cian, was bom in Tranche Compt(5, in 172(5. In 1757 he was appointed first physician to the forces of the emjieror of Germany, after- wards served with the Duke of Orleans, and, in 17()9, went to Russia, with the title of first physician to the grand-duke, and director of the schools of the imperial corps of cadets. In 1777 he returned to France, and puljlished his " Ilistoire Thysique, Morale, Civile, et Politique de la Russie," 6 vols. 4to. ; for which the French government rewarded him with a patent of nobility and a pension of 60()0 livres ; he also published many other works, medical and historical. He was de- prived of his pension by the Revolution, and died in 1798. LECLERC, Sebastian, an eminent French designer and engraver. The patron- age of Colber procured him a pension, and the professorship of perspective and geometry in the Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Besides his numerous engravings, of which there are said to be no fewer than 3000, he left a treatise " On Architecture," and some other works of the like nature. Died, 1714. LECLERC, Victor Eman'uei,, a French general, was born at Pontoise, in 1772 ; entered the army as a volunteer in 1791 1 and, having distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon, was promoted to be chief of a battalion. He was attached to the army of Italy, under the command of Buonaparte, in 179C ; was made a general of briftade in 1797 ; married one of the sisters of Buona- parte ; and, in 1799, was placed at the head of the army of the Rhine. In December, 1801, he sailed from Brest, on an expedition intended for the conquest of St. Domingo ; and, in a few months after his arrival, he was seized with the yellow fever, and died in 1802. LECOMTE, Felix, a celebrated French sculptor. Having obtained a prize for a bas-relief of the massacre of the Innocents, while he was a pupil of Vasse, he was sent to Rome as a pensionary of the French school of arts. His statue of Phorbus pre- serving CEdipus procured him admission into the academy ; but the statue of Fene- lon, which ornaments the hall of the Na- tional Institute, is considered his chef- cToetivre. During the revolution he lived in retirement ; but, at the restoration of the Bourbons, he was nominated professor in the academy of sculpture. Died, aged 80, in 1817. LE CONTEUR, John-, lieutenant-gene- ral, was born in Jersey, in 1761 ; entered the army when a boy of 1.5 years of age, and bore a conspicuous part in the defence of his native island in 1781 ; for which he was promoted to a lieutenancy. In the follow- ing year he joined the 100th foot in India, and was among those who, under General Mathews, so bravely defended the town and 515 fort of Nagur against Tippoo's army of 2,000 French and 100,000 Sepoys, the British force consisting of only .50<J Europeans and 1,000 natives. After losing 500 men in killed and wounded, they surrendered ; and, with the other subaltern officers, he was marched, naked and (pttered, 150 miles up the coun- try. The general and all his captains were poisoned ; the lieutenants, &c. were threat- ened with a similar doom, and sustained the greatest privations and hardships in prison for 11 months ; when, on account of peace having been made with Tippoo, the pri- soners were released. He was during a long life engaged in active service in different parts of the world, and was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1811. Died, 183.5. LEDWICH, Edward, a learned antiquary and topographer, was bom in Ireland, in 1739 ; received his education at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, where he obtained a fellow- sliip, and the degree of LL.D. ; and was presented to the living of Aghadoe. His principal work is the " Antiquities of Ire- land," 3 vols. 4to. ; in which he disproved j many of the legendary tales and saintly miracles currently believed, and thereby brought upon himself the enmity of the credulous and bigoted. Died, 1S23. LEDYARD, Joiiy, an adventurous Ame- rican traveller, of the last century, was bom at Groton, in Connecticut, in 17.51. For a short time he resided among the Six Nations, with whose language and manners he Iwcame acquainted. He then came to England, enlisted as a marine, and sailed with Cap- tain Cook on his second voyage, of which he published an account. He next determined to make the tour of the globe from London east, on foot, and proceeded to St. Peters- burgh in the prosecution of this design, through the most unfrequented parts of Fin- land. After waiting there nearly 3 months, he obtained his passport for the prosecution of his journey to Siberia. On his arrival at Yakutsk, he was prevented by the Russian commandant of the place from proceeding any farther ; and was conducted to the frontiers of Poland, with a threat of being consigned to the hands of the executioner, should he again be found in the Russian territories. He was next employed by the African Association to explore the interior of Africa ; but he had proceeded no farther than Grand Cairo, when he was attacked with a fatal disease, and died in 1788. LEE, Charles, a military officer, dis- tinguished during the American war, was a native of North Wales. He entered into the army at a very early age, and served in America, and under Burgoyne in Portu- gal. In the contest between the colonies and England, he wrote on the side of the former, and engaged in their service. In 1775 he received a commission from con- gress, and, as a major-general, accompanied Washington to the camp before Boston. He was afterwards invested with the chief com- mand in the southern department, where his conduct on the memorable attack of the British upon Sullivan Island raised his mi- litary reputation. While marching through the Jerseys to join Washington, Lee was | lee] ^ ^etu ^nibtv^Kl 38t0grtijp]^«. [lep made prisoner by the English, as he lay care- lessly guarded, at a considerable distance from the main body, and carried to New York. Howe affected to consider him as a deserter from the British army, and he was treated in a manner unworthy of a generous enemy, until the surrender of Burgoyne ; after which event he was exchanged. He was brave in action, and possessed military talents of a high order ; but lie was jealous of the power of Washington ; and at the battle of Monmouth, in 1778, he disobeyed that general's orders. For this he was tried by a courtmartial, and suspended for a year. He then retired from the service, and died in 1782. LEE, Henry, an American general, was bom in the state of Virginia, in 1756. He commenced his military career as captain of one of the six companies of cavalry raised by Virginia, after she had thrown off the authority of the mother country ; and hav- ing shown much skill and energy on several 'occasions, was raised to the rank of major, and intrusted with the command of a sepa- rate corps. In the famous retreat of Greene, before Comwallis, into Virginia, Lee's legion formed the rear-guard of the American army, and repelled every attempt of the enemy to impede its march. From that time to the termination of the war, General Lee was constantly engaged, and performed many valuable services to the republic. When the independence of the United States was ratified, he was appointed a member of the house of delegates, was made governor of Virginia in 1792, chosen a member of congress in 1799, and retained his seat till the accession of Mr. Jefferson to the presi- dent's chair, when he retired into private life. Died, 1818. LEE, Nathaniel, an English dramatic writer, was bom at Hatfield, in Hertford- shire ; and was educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Being disappointed of a fellowship, he made an attempt as an actor, but without success ; on which he turned his attention to dra- matic composition, and in 1675 produced the tragedy of " Nero." He afterwards be- came insane, and was confined in Bedlam for 2 years, and died in 1692, in conse- quence of some injury received in a drunken frolic. He wrote 11 tragedies, of which " The Rival Queens " and " Theodosius " are the best ; and he assisted Dryden in writing " GEdipus " and " The Duke of Guise." Lee's dramas are not deficient in poetic genius, but a degree of turgid elo- quence too often destroys the effect of his most pathetic scenes. LEE, Rachel Fannt Axtonina, an eccentric woman, of ample fortune and of masculine mind. She married, in 1794, Matthew Allen Lee, from whom she sepa- rated the following year, with a settlement of lOOOZ. annually. In 1804 she became the subject of public conversation by an alleged abduction from her house in Bolton Row, by two brothers, the Rev. Lockhart and Mr. Loudoun Gordon, cousins to the Earl of Aboyne ; for which they were tried at the Oxford assizes, and, though acquitted, re- ceived a severe reprimand. Mrs. Lee pub- lished a vindication of her conduct, an " Essay on Government," and other pam- phlets. Died, 1829. LEE, Sophia, the daughter of an able actor, was born in London, in 1750, and had the advantage of an excellent education. In 1780 she produced the comedy of " The Cliapter of Accidents," which was so suc- cessful that the profits of it enabled her to establish a ladies' school at Bath, which was conducted by herself and sisters for several years with reputation. Her next literary performance was " The Recess," a romance, which became very popular, and established her fame. She also wrote " Almeyda," a tragedy ; " The Assignation," a comedy ; "A Hermit's Tale," a poem ; " The Life of a Lover," and three of the stories in her sister's Canterbury Tales. Died at Clifton, near Bristol, in 1824. LEECHMAN, William, a learned Scotch divine, particularly celebrated as a lecturer on theology, was bom at Dolphinston, in Lanarkshire, in 1706, and educated at the university of Edinburgh. Elected professor of theology at Glasgow, he signalised him- self by ably combating the reasonings of Voltaire, Bolingbroke, and Hume ; and in 1761 he was raised to the oflice of principal of the university. Died, 1783. LEEVES, the Rev. William, rector of W^rington, in Somersetsliire ; author of the plaintive air of " Auld Robin Grey," which he composed in 1770, but was not known to be the author until 1812. He also composed much sacred music, in whi«h were united considerable taste and feeling. He died, aged 79, in 1828. LEFEBVRE, Francis Joseph, Duke of Dantzic, a French marshal, was born at Rufack, in the department of the Upper Rhine, in 1755. He entered, when young, into the French guards ; was a sergeant at the beginning of the revolution, reached the rank of adjutant-general in 1793, and in 1794 was a general of division. In June that year he distinguished himself at the battle of Fleurus ; and, after the death of Hoclie, was raised to the command of the Meuse and Sambre. Being wounded at the battle of Stockhet, in 1799, he retired to Paris, where he assisted Buonaparte in seizing the supreme power, and was re- warded by him with the dignities of senator, marshal of the empire, and grand cross of the legion of honour. At the battle of Jena he commanded the imperial guard ; but his greatest exploit was the taking of Dantzic, May 24. 1807 ; after which he was raised to the dignity of a duke. He subse- quently commanded in Spain and Germany, and he contributed greatly to the success of the French at Eckmuhl and Wagram. After the restoration of royalty he was made a peer, and died at Paris, in 1820. LEFEVRE, Robert, an eminent French artist, distinguished chiefly as a portrait painter. He also produced several historical pieces of great merit. Died, 1831. LEFORT, Francis James, noted as the favourite of Peter the Great, was the son of a merchant at Geneva, where he was born in 1656. Having an inclination for a military life, he entered the French army \ 516 leg] ^ ^tU) ©m'ljerj^al 2St0graji]^». [lei when a mere boy, and afterwards went into that of Holland ; which he left to go to Moscow, by the way of Archangel, in 1675. Here he became secretary to the Danish ambassador ; and a fortunate accident gave him an opportunity to gain the favour of the young czar, which he retained till his death. Peter felt that he needed an instructor and assistant, and Lefort possessed talents fitted for both offices. The first great ser- vice which he rendered the czar was in a rebellion of the Strelitz (1(588). Lefort quelled the insurrection, and saved the prince from the danger which threatened his life. This exploit gained for him the unbounded confidence of the czar, who was now become the absolute master of Russia. Lefort's influence increased daily. He es- tablished the military system of Kussia, and laid the foundation of her navy, which Peter afterwards carried to such a degree of perfection. Lefort had a comprehensive and cultivated mind, a penetrating judg- ment, much courage, and an uncommon knowledge of the resources of the Russian empire. He died in 1699. LEGALLOIS, Julian Jony Cesar, a French physician, waa bom, about 1775, at Cherneix, in Brittany. He was an eminent physiological writer, and became physician to the Bicttre. Died, 1814. LEGENDRE, Adrie.v Makie, one of the first mathematicians of the age, filled the professor's chair at the military school at Paris, was a member of the French academy of sciences, and a knight of the legion of honour. In 1787 he was employed by the French government to assist Cassini and others, in obtaining accurate estimates of the relative meridional situations of Paris and Greenwich. He also distinguished him- self by very profound researches concerning the attraction of elliptic spheroids, and was the first who demonstrated that the ellipse is the only figure in wliich the equilibrium of a homogeneous fluid mass can be preserved under the influence of rotatory motion, and that all its component molecules would be mutually attracted in the inverse ratio of the squares of their distances. On the form- ation of the Institute he became a member of that body ; and under the imperial go- vernment he was nominated a counsellor for life of tiie university of Paris. In 1815 he was made an honorary member of the coun- cil of public instruction ; and in 1816, con- jointly with M. Poisson, examiner of can- didates for tlie Polytechnic School. Among his works are, " Elemens de Geometric," " MtJmoires sur les Transcendantes EUip- tiques," " Nouvelle Th^orie des Parallfeles," &c. Died, 18^52. LEGENDRE, Louis, a French historian, born at Rouen, in 1659 ; he was canon of Notre Dame, and abbot of Claire Fontaine, in the diocese of Chartres. His principal work (for he was the autlior of several) is a " History of France," 3 vols, folio ; re- printed in 8 vols. 12mo. Died, 1733. LEGENDRE, Louis, one of the leading French revolutionists, who after having made himself notorious by heading street processions, was employed by Marat, Dan- ton, and other leaders of tlie popular party, 617 to forward their schemes ; and became one of the chiefs of the Jacobin club. In 1792, he was chosen a deputy from Paris to the National Convention, and voted for the death of the king. For a long time he figured as one of the most violent terrorists under Robespierre ; but he afterwards joined Tal- lieu and his party, in tlie destruction of his former master ; and signalised himself by driving away the members of the Jacobin club, locking up their hall, and delivering their keys to the Convention. From this time he pretended to be the friend of mo- derate measures, continually declaiming against the sanguinary measures in which he had before participated ; and when the Jacobins revolted against the Convention, he put himself at the head of the troops who defended the legislative body, and contributed much to the defeat of his old associates. He ultimately became a mem- ber of the council of ancients, and died in 1797. LEGER, Francis Bakrv Boyle, St., barrister-at-law ; author of" Gilbert Earle," the " Blount Manuscripts," and " Tales of Passion." He was also editor of the " Al- bum," and a contributor to several period- ical publications. He showed early indi- cations of ability ; and died, aged thirty, in 1829. LEGGE, George, was the son of Colonel W. Legge, groom of the bed-chamlH!r to Charles I. He distinguished himself as a naval commander, and, in 1682, was elevated to the peerage ; soon after which he was sent out to Tangiers, in order to demolish the fortifications, and bring away the garrison. In this he did not succeed ; and though he served his country with honour, lie was committed to the Tower, and died there in 1691. LEGOUVE, Gajjriel Marie Jean Bap- TiSTE, a French dramatist and poet, was born, in 1764, at Paris ; and was admitted as a member of the Institute in 1798. He wrote six tragedies and several poems. Died, 1813. LEGRAND D'AUSSAY, Pierre Jean Baptiste, a French Jesuit, was born in 1737, at Amiens ; became professor of rhe- toric at Caen ; and died at Paris, in 1800. He was the autlior of " Fables and Tales of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries" and a " Life of Apollonius Tyaneus." LEGUANO, Stephano Maria, a painter, was born at Bologna, in 1660. He was the pupil of Carlo Maratti, and his works are held in much estimation. Died, 1715. LEIBNITZ, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron, a man of splendid abilities, was born in 1646, at Leipsic, in which city his father was a professor of jurisprudence and moral phi- losophy. After studying at Jena and Nu- remberg, he removed to the court of Mentz, and was appointed a counsellor. In 1672 he went to Paris, where he applied himself to mathematics, and enjoyed the acquaintance of the celebrated Huygens, whose expecta- tions he answered by the invention of an aritlimetical machine. Tlie Elector of Bran- denburg (afterwards Frederic I. king of Prussia) requested his advice in the estab- lishment of the royal academy of sciences at lei] ^ iSctD ^nibtr^nl 2i3t0jjraj)Ijjj. [lel Berlin, and, when completed, made him president of the institution. In 1711 he was made Aulic councillor to the emperor of Germany ; and the emperor of Russia ap- pointed liim privy councillor of justice, with a pension. He was, after this, engaged in a controversy with Dr. Clarke, on the suhject of free will, aa he had been before with Newton on the invention of fluxions. His philosophical writings are very numerous, and he crowned his literary fame by an "Essai sur I'Entendement Humain." j^c- cording to the Leibnitzian system of opti- mism, an infinite number of worlds are pos- sible in the divine understanding ; but, of all possible ones, God has chosen and formed the best. Each being is intended to attain the highest degree of happiness of which it is capable, and is to contribute, as a part, to the perfection of the whole. Died, 1716. LEICESTER. See Dldley. LEICESTER, Thomas William, Earl of, and Viscount COKE, was distinguished throughout a long and active life as one of the most princely and efficient of all the improvers of English agriculture. When he succeeded to his extensive estates in Nor- folk they were but little better than a mere sheepwalk and rabbit warren ; all the com used in the neighbourhood was purchased from more favoured districts ; and in his early leases he let land as low as one shilling and sixpence per acre. That same land, once so sterile, is now some of the finest wheat land in the country, and forests are waving where formerly scarcely a blade of grass was to be seen ; nay, it is recorded, that a few years before his death this excellent landlord and sensible man actually stood, with his wife and sons, on board of a vessel, then first launched, which was built of oak from acorns which he himself had planted ! While thus transforming the whole face of his estates, and benefiting his tenants, and, by their example, the country at large, Mr. Coke wonderfully increased his own pro- perty ; his rental being only 2200Z. when he succeeded to the estate, and upwards of 20,000Z. in later years ; during which, indeed, timber has been felled to more than the annual amount of the former whole rent. When upwards of 85 years of age he was raised to the peerage. He was twice mar- ried. By his first marriage he had three daughters ; and by the second, contracted when he was 70 years of age and the bride not 19, five sons and one daughter. He sat in parliament for many years previous to his elevation to the peerage, and always spoke and voted on the Whig side. Died, June 1842, aged 90. LEIGH, Charles, a physician and natu- ralist, who published the " Natural History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derby," a "History of Virginia," and " Exercitationes de Aquis Mineralibus." He died at the beginning of the 18th century. LEIGH, Sir Edward, a learned biblical critic and historian, born at Shawell, in Leicestersliire, in 1602. He was educated at Oxford, studied in the Middle Temple, and afterwards devoted several years to profes- sional and literary researches. He was M.P. for Staflbrd, and a colonel in the parliament- 618 arian army ; was expelled from the house in 1648, along with other presbyterian mem- bers ; and occupied himself, after the Resto- ration, in literary pursuits. His most im- portant work is entitled " Critica Sacra." Died, 1671. LEIGHTON, Alexaxder, a Scotch di- vine and physician, was born at Edinburgh, in 1.568. He became professor of moral phi- losophy in that university, but afterwards went to Leyden, and took his doctor's de- gree. He tlien visited London, where he had a lectureship, till he was prosecuted in the star chamber for publishing two libels, one entitled " Zion's Plea," and the other " The Looking-glass of the Holy War." He was sentenced to stand in tlie pillory, to have his ears cut off, his nose slit, branded on the cheek, publicly whipped, and impri- soned in the Fleet, where he remained 11 years, and died insane, in 1644. LEIGHTON, RoBEUT, son of the preced- ing, was bom in London, in 1613 ; he re- ceived his education at Edinburgh ; and in 1643 settled as minister of Newbottle, near that city. He then quitted the presbyterian church for the episcopal ; was successively principal of Edinburgh University, bishop of Dumblane, and archbishop of Glasgow ; and died in 1684. He was a good theologian, an eloquent preacher, and a pious and dis- interested man. LE JAY, Got Michel, an advocate in the parliament of Paris, eminent as a biblical critic, and who rendered himself remark- able by printing, at his own expense, a Polyglot Bible. He refused to suffer it to appear under the name of Cardinal Riche- lieu, though he had neglected his profession, and impoverished himself by the undertak- ing. He afterwards became an ecclesiastic, and obtained the deanery of Vezelai, and the rank of a counsellor of state. Died, 167.5. LEKAIN, Henry Louis, a celebrated French actor, was born at Paris, in 1728, and brought up to the trade of a goldsmith, but renounced it at 16 years old for the stage, and became one of the most popular and accomplished tragedians that ever ap- peared in France. Died, 1778. LELAND, Jonx, an English antiquary, was born in London, about the end of Henry the Seventh's reign ; was educated at St. Paul's School, Christ's College, Cambridge, and All Soul's, Oxford ; and was made chap- lain and librarian to Henry VIII., who also appointed him his antiquary, with a commis- sion to examine all the libraries of the cathe- drals, abbeys, and colleges in the kingdom. He spent six years in travelling to collect materials for the history and antiquities of England and Wales ; and retired to his house in London, to arrange and methodise the stores of intelligence which he had collected ; but, after about two years, he died insane in 15,52, without having completed his under- taking. The great bulk of his collections, after passing through various hands, was placed in the Bodleian Library, in an un- finished state. Hearne published his " Itin- erary " and " Collectanea," and Hall edited his "Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britan- nicis," 2 vols. LELAND, JonN, a dissenting minister ; lel] ^ i^tbi Winihtx^Kl JSiograjp^y. [lem author of " A View of the Principal Deist- ical Writers in England," 3 vols. ; " The Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Revelation," 2 vols. ; and " Sermons," 4 vols. Ue also wrote against Tindal, Dod- well, and Bolingbroke. Born, 1C91 ; died, 1766. LELAND, Thomas, a divine and miscel- laneous writer, was bom in 1722, at Dublin, and was educated at Trinity College. In 1768 the lord lieutenant appointed iiim his chaplain, and subsequently gave him the vicarage of Bray, and a prebend in St. Patrick's cathedral. He was the author of a " History of Ireland," 3 vols. ; " The Life of Philip of Macedon," " A Dissertation on the Principles of Human Eloquence," &c. This last was replied to anonymously by Dr. Hurd. Died, 17»5. LELI.I, HEKCUi,Ks,an Italian painter and modeller; cliiefly noticeable for the anatomi- cal figures which he made for the institute of Bologna. Born, 1700 ; died, 1766. LEL.Y, Sir Peter, a celebrated painter, whose family name was Vander Vaes, was bom at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617, and was a pupil of Grebber, of Haerlem. In 1641 he came to England, and from that period he gradually rose in reputation. He finished portraits both of Charles I. and Cromwell, but it was not till the Restoration that he reached the height of fame and pro- sperity. Ue fell in with the voluptuous taste of the new court, in his representation of the beauties who adorned it; and, by the delicacy and grace of his pencil, became the favourite painter, and was knighted by Charles II., who highly esteemed him. Died, 1680. LEMAIRE, James, a Dutch navigator of the 17th century, was the son of a merchant of Egmont, in North Holland. He em- barked on an expedition with Cornelius Schouten, and in 1616 discovered the straits wliich now bear his name. He also visited some liitherto unexplored islands in the South Sea, and died, soon after his retiurn, Dec. 31. 1616. LiEMAN, Thomas, F.S.A., a clergyman of the Church of England, and a distinguished antiquary, who devoted his talents to the investigation of British and Roman anti- quities remaining in this country. He was a most valuable contributor to several works by other autliors, but he does not appear to have published any distinct treatises himself. He died in 1827, aged 76. LEMERY, Nicholas, a French chemist, was born in 1C45, at Rouen, in Normandy ; studied chemistry at Paris and Montpelier ; and gave experimental lectures at Paris, which procured him the patronage of the Prince of Conde. In 1675 he published his " Cours de Chymie," which was exceedingly popular ; he was also the author of a " Uni- versal Pharmacopoeia," and a " Treatise on Drugs." On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he abjured the Protestant religion to avoid banishment, and died in 1715. LEMIERRE, Antuont Marin, a French dramatist, bom in 1733, at Paris. He was assistant sacristan to the church of St. Paul, and at his leisure composed sermons, which he sold in manuscript. He afterwards be- 519 came rhetorical teacher at Harcourt College and secretary to Dupin, one of the farmers- general, who settled a pension on him, in order that he might give liimself up to literature. He produced several poems and nine tragedies ; among the latter are " William Tell," " IIyi»ermnestra," and the " Widow of Malabar." Died in 1792. LEMOINE, Francis, an historical pain- ter, born at Paris, in 1688. His principal work is the ceiling in the Hall of Hercules, at Versailles, the largest painting in Europe, containing 142 ligures, and being 64 feet long and 64 broad, without being divided by any architectural interruptions. He destroyed himself in a fit of insanity, in 1737. LEMOINE, Peter, a French poet, bom in 1602 ; of whom Boileau remarked, " that he was too wrong-headed to be much com- mended, and too much of a poet to be strongly condemned." His principal work was an epic poem in 18 books, entitled " Saint Louis, on la Sainte Couronne rccon- quise sur les Infldelles." Died, 1672. LEMOINE, Stephen, a Protestant divine, was born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1624 ; was professor of theology at Leyden, and died in 1689. His works, collected in two volumes, are entitled " Varia Sacra." LEMON, Robert, F. S. A., deputy-keeper of his majesty's state jiajjers ; born, 1774 ; died, 1835. In the duties of his olHce, Mr. Lemon evinced the most praiseworthy zeai ; and it may be truly said, that "nearly every recently published historical work bears a testimony to his exertions." LEMONNIER, Peter Charles, an emi- nent French astronomer, was born at Paris in 1715, and accompanied Maupertuis in his tour towards the north pole for measuring a degree of the meridian. He wrote several works on the science, and had the honour of numbering among his pupils the celebrated Lalande. Died, 1796. LEMONNIER, Louis William, brother of the preceding, was first physician to the king, and professor of botany at the Jar- din du Roi. After narrowly escaping de- struction during the French revolution, he retired to Montreuil, where he died in 1779. He was the author of " Observations d'Histoire Naturelle," &c., and a contribu- tor to the Encyclopedic and other scientific works. LEMONTEY, Peter Edward, a FrencJi poet and jurist, was bora at Lyons, in 1762. In the deliberations on the fate of Louis XVI., and in the other wild and despotic measures of the revolutionists, he advocated the cause of humanity and justice ; but he was obliged to save himself from the fury of the terrorists by precipitately quitting France for Switzerland, where he resided till after the overthrow of the Mountain party. Deeply affected with the calamity which had involved Lyons, his native citv, in ruin, he published his beautiful ode, "Les Ruines de Lyons." He afterwards travelled through Italy, and wrote various operas, romances, and poems ; in 1804 he was appointed one of the censors of the drama ; and at the restoration he was in- vested with the order of the legion of ho- nour, and appointed director-general of the lem] ^ i^tbi Wiixiiitv^al 2Sifl0rapI)e. [len book trade. Among his works, the most successful are, the opera of " Palma, ou le "Voyage en Grfece ; " his " Essai sur I'Eta- blissement Monarchique de I^ouis XIV.;" and a romance, entitled " La Famille de Jura, ou Irons-nous h Paris ? " Died, 1826. LEMOT, Francis Fiiederic, a French statuary, was born at Lyons, in 1773. At the age of seventeen he obtained a prize for a bas-relief, representing " The Judg- ment of Solomon ;" was afterwards taken as a conscript, and served in the artillery under General Pichegru. In 1795 he was ordered to Paris, to assist in the execution of a statue of Henry IV., to be placed on the Pont Neuf. Many of his productions adorn the principal buildings of the French capital. Died 1827. LEMOYNE, Jeatt Baptiste, a French musician, born at Eymet, in 1751. He stu- died at Berlin under Graun and Kirnber- ger, and had the honour of giving lessons occasionally to Frederic the Great. He afterwards returned to Paris, produced eleven successful operas, and was the first composer ever summoned on to the stage by a French audience, to receive their plaudits at the conclusion of the piece. Died, 1796. LEMPRIERE, JoH.v, D.D., an eminent classical scholar, was a native of Jersey ; received his education at Reading, Winches- ter, and Pembroke, College, Oxford j gra- duated at that university ; was head-master of Abingdon grammar-school, and after- wards of the school at Exeter ; and, on re- signing the latter, was presented to the livings of Meeth and Newton Petrock, in Devonshire, which he held till his decease, in 1824. His principal works are, the " Bib- liotheca Classica, or Classical Dictionary," and a " Universal Biography." L'ENCLOS, Anne, or Ninon de, a cele- brated female, distinguished alike by her beauty, wit, and accomplishments, was born at Paris, in 1616. She was left at an early age the mistress of a good fortune ; and, being possessed of the highest personal as well as intellectual charms, and giving free scope to the indulgence of her passions, it is no wonder that she drew around her a circle of lovers and suitors, distinguished either for their rank or gallantry ; but her love of in- dependence, or a more unworthy cause, pre- vented her from forming a serious connection. Without making a traffic of her charms, she attached herself to those who pleased her ; and having extended her favours, in suc- cession, to the most celebrated men of her time, she proved to all that, while she held chastity in utter contempt, she was quite as regardless of constancy in her attachments. Strange as it may appear to those who have been bred up in the paths of virtue, this modern Lais was countenanced, compli- mented, and consulted by some of the most eminent writers of the day. Scarron, we are told, consulted her on his romances, St. Evremont on his poems, Moliere on his co- medies, Fontenelle on his dialogues, and Bochefoucault on his maxims ! Nay, it is also seriously asserted, that her friendship was sought by some of the most respectable of her own sex ! But mark the sequel. " The power of her natural beauty," says one of her biographers, " was indeed tragically illustrated by the often told adventure of one of her own sons, who being brought up in ignorance of his birth, fell desperately in love with his mother, and when she dis- covered to him the fatal secret, he, in a fit of despair and desperation, stabbed himself in her presence ! " This terrible event has been introduced by Le Sage into his Gil Bias. She died in 1705, in the 90th year of her age. LENFANT, James, a French Protestant divine, was bom in 1691, and died in 1728. He published histories of the councils of Constance, Basle, and Pisa, very faithfully written. He likewise translated the New Testament into French, with notes, in con- junction with Beausobre. His other works are, a " History of Pope Joan," " Sermons," a "Preservative against Uniting with the Church of Rome," &c. LENGLET DU FRESNOY, Nicholas, a French writer, was born at Beauvais, in 1674. He was an ecclesiastic, but so much given to satire and political intrigues, that he was frequently sent to the Bastile. His death was occasioned by falling into the fire, in 1755. Among his voluminous works, the best are, his " Method for Studying His- tory " and "Chronological Tablets of Uni- versal History," wliich have been translated into English. LENNOX, Charlotte, a female of con- siderable literary abilities, was born in 1720. Her father. Colonel Ramsay, was lieutenant- governor of New York ; by whom she was sent to England, where she married early, and was left a widow with one child. In 1747 she published a volume of poems ; and in 1751 her novel of "Harriet Stuart ;" which was followed, the next year, by "The Fe- male Quixote " and " Shakspeare Illus- trated." After this appeared, in quick suc- cession, several works translated from the French, and the novels of" Henrietta " and " Euphemia." She was also the author of some dramatic pieces. Her character was unimpeachable, and she was highly respected by Dr. Johnson and Samuel Richardson ; but in her declining years she was doomed to penury and sickness ; and had it not been for the relief afforded her by the Literary Fund Society, her latter days must have been truly miserable. Died, 1804. LENOTRE, Andrew, a French architect and ornamental gardener, was bom in 1613, and studied painting under Voi;et. He was a great favourite of Louis XIV., and his plans for the decoration of the park of Ver- sailles contributed principally to establish his reputation. Delille has celebrated the talents of Lenotre, whose style of ornamental planting was fashionable, not only in Fiance but in England, till it was super- seded by the more natural style introduced by Kent, Brown, &c. Died, 1700. LENTHALL, William, an English states- man of the 17th century, was born at Hen- ley, in Oxfordshire, in 1591. In 1639 he was elected into parliament for Woodstock, and in 1640 he was chosen speaker, but was turned out by Cromwell in 1653. The year following he became speaker of the parlia- LEO] ^ ^cbi Bnibtr^aX 3Bi05rajif)M. [les ment called by the usurper, as he did also of the Rump. Died, 1682. LEO I., Burnamed the Great, and canon- ised as a eaint, was a native of Tuscany, and succeeded Scxtus III. in the papal chair in 440. He took a very decided part against the Manichaean heresy and other scliisma- tics, persuaded Atlila to withdraw his forces from the very gates of Kome, and after- wards saved the city from being burned by Genseric. Died, 401. L,EO X., Giovanni de Medici, pope, son of the celebrated Lorenzo de Medici, was born at Florence In 1475. At the age of 11 he was made an arclibishop by Louis XL, king of France ; at 14 Julius IL invested him with the dignity of legate, and he served as such in the army which was de- feated by the French, near Ravenna, in 1512. He was taken prisoner after that bat- tle ; but the soldiers showed the most super- stitious veneration for his person, as the representative of the pope. He was elected to the papacy in 1513, and his coronation was celebrated with unusual pomp. He ter- minated the disputes wliich had subsisted between his predecessor and Louis XII. of France ; concluded the council of Lateran ; and formed a splendid library, which he enriched with inestimable manuscripts. This pontiff formed two great projects, the one to effect a general association of the Christian powers against the Turks, and the other to complete the church of St. Peter. To aid these schemes he issued plenary in- dulgences, by which the purchasers procured the pardon of their sins ; but these indul- gences being carried into Germany, aroused the zeal of Luther, and ultimately produced the Reformation. He died in 1521. Leo X. was a munificent patron of learning and the arts, and his short pontificate forms one of the most interesting ijeriods in papal history. LEO XIL, Annibale della Genoa, was born at Genoa, in 1760, and succeeded Pius VII. in the papal chair, in 1S23. By the remission of many taxes, as well as by his benevolence and personal attention to tlie hospitals, prisons, and public institutions for the poor, he obtained the love of the people ; he olso endeavoured to free the states of the church from robbers and banditti, as well as to suppress the remains of Carbonarism. Leo died in Feb. 1829, and was succeeded by Cardinal Castiglione, who took the name of Pius VIII. Pius died Dec. 1830, and was succeeded by Cardinal Capellari (Gregory XVI.). LEO VI., emperor of the East, called the Philosopher, succeeded his father Basil, tlie Macedonian, in 88C. He expelled the patri- arch Photius, and defeated the Hungarians ; but just before his death, which happened in 911, his fleet sustained a total defeat by the Saracens. LEO, John, sumamed African us, a tra- veller and geographer of the 16th century, was bom of Moorish parents, at Grenada, in Spain. On that city being taken by the Spaniards, in 1492, he retired to Africa, through various parts of which he after- wards travelled. Having been captured by pirates, he was taken to Italy, and presented to pope Leo X., who persuaided him to em- 621 brace Christianity, and gave him his own name on being baptized. At Rome, he ac- quired a knowledge of the Italian language, into which he translated his " Description of Africa," originally written in Arabic. This is a very curious and interesting work, com- prising accounts of several countries rarely visited by Europeans. Died about 1520. LEO, Leonakdo, an eminent musician, was born in 1694, at Naples, and is regarded as one of the greatest of the Italian masters. He composed nineteen operas, two oratorios, and numerous sacred pieces. Brilliancy and flexibility are the chaxacteristics of his style. Died, 174.5. LEO, of Modena, a learned rabbi of Ve- nice, in the 15th century, who wrote a "His- tory of the Jewish Rites and Ceremonies i" also a dictionary, Hebrew and Italian. Died, 1654. LEON, Fray Luis de, a Spanish poet and ecclesiastic, was born in 1527, and died in 1591. His ode, entitled "La Profecia del Tago," has been translated into English by Mr. Wifien, and published at the end of his translation of the poems of Garcilaso de la Vega. LEONIDAS, the Spartan king and hero, was the son of king Auaxandrides, and succeeded his half brother Cleomenes, b. c. 491. \Vhen Xerxes, king of Persia, in- vaded Greece, with on immense army, Leonidas marched to Thermopylae, and, on arriving there, posted his army, which, in- cluding the whole of the allies, amounted only to 7000 men, so skilfully, that the ene- my, on coming to the narrow pass, became aware of the difficulty of carrying it by force. Xerxes, therefore, attempted to bribe Leoni- das, offering him the dominion of all Greece. This proposal being rejected with scorn, the despot sent a herald to order the Greeks to surrender their arms : — " I^t him come and take them," was the hero's reply. Thrice did the Persians advance in great force, and thrice were they repelled, with enormous loss. Meanwhile, a traitorous Greek, named Ephialtes, led 10,000 of the enemy, by a secret path, over the mountain, who thus gained the rear of Leonidas. He now saw that all was lost, but resolved to show, by a memorable example, what the Greeks could perform in the cause of their country. After a long contest, the hero fell, sur- rounded by countless assailants. The gra- titude of Greece raised a splendid monu- ment to the memory of Leonidas and his brave associates, and annually celebrated the great event by warlike games and orations. LEPAUTRE, or LEPOTRE, Anthony, first architect to the king of France, erected the palace of St. Cloud. His chief talent lay in the decoration of edifices, but his fondness for excessive ornament in a mea- sure destroyed the simple beauty of his designs. Died, 1691 His son, Pkter Lepautue, was an eminent sculptor, and became royal statuary and director of tlie academy of St. Luke. Died, 1744. LE SAGE, AI.AIN Rfi.v^, a distinguislied French novelist and dramatist, was born in 1C(!8, at Sarzeau, in Brittany ; and studied at tlie Jesuits' College, at Vannes. In 1092 Y y 3 LES] ^ IScb) Winibtv^nX IStocrrajilbM. [les he went to Paris, where his talents and manners procured him admission into the best society, and lie soon adopted the profes- sion of an author. He studied the Spanish language, and produced a multitude of translations, or imitations, of Castilian dra- mas and romances. His comedy of " Crispin the Rival of his Master" first attracted the public notice ; but his success as a novelist has most contributed to make him known to foreigners. "Le Diable Boiteux," known in England by the title of " The Devil upon Two Sticks," became extremely popular ; the comedy of " Turcaret " added to his fame ; and that fame was soon rendered imperishable by his admirable " Gil Bias." Le Sage was endowed with great literary fertility ; he composed 24 dramatic pieces, and had a share in the composition of 70 others. Among his novels are, " The Adventures of Guzman d'Alfaroche," " The Bachelor of Salamanca," " The History of Estovanille Gonzales," &c. Died, 1747. liE SAGE, GEonoE Louis, a philosophi- cal writer, was born at Geneva, in 1724, and died in 1803. He wrote "Fragments on Final Causes," and a treatise on "Me- chanical Physics." LESCURE, Louis Marie, Marquis de, a French royalist general, who distinguished himself, in 1793, as the commander of one of the Vendean divisions, and displayed the utmost intrepidity in various sangui- nary battles with the troops of the re- public. Born, 1766 j died, of the wounds he received at the action of La Tremblaye, in 1793. LESLEY, John-, bishop of Ross, in Scot- land, was born in 1527. He accompanied queen Mary from France to Scotland, and soon after became bishop of Ross and a privy councillor. He zealously defended the Romish religion ; and when queen Elizabeth appointed commissioners to meet at York, to consider the complaints made against Mary, Lesley appeared in behalf of his mistress, whose cause he pleaded with great ability. He also tried many experiments to procure her liberty, for which he was committed to the Tower ; but in 1573 he recovered his liberty, and after residing some years in France, was made bishop of Constance. Died, 1596. LESLIE, CiiAKLEs, son of the bishop of Clogher (who died at the age of 100 years, 50 of which he had been a bishop^, was bom in Ireland ; studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and the Temple ; quitted the law for divinity, and obtained preferment in Ireland. He was a zealous Protestant, but refused to transfer his allegiance to the new government, by taking the oaths to King William. Both by his personal exertions and his writings, he endeavoured to promote the interents of the exiled family ; and, on the termination of the rebellion in 1715, he accompanied the Pretender into Italy. He wrote many political tracts, against the doe- trine of resistance and in defence of here- ditary right, the most important of which were in a weekly paper, called tlie Rehearsal. He also wrote some treatises against deists and Sociniaus, among which are, " The Snake in the Grass " and " A Short and Easy Method with the Deists." Died. 1732. LESLIE, Sir John, a celebrated mathe- matician and natural philosopher, was born at Largo, in Fifeshire, in 1766. His father, who was a joiner and cabinet-maker, in- tended to bring him up to some useful trade; but his fondness for calculation and geo- metrical exercises brought him at an early period under the notice of professors Robin- son, Playfair, and Dugald Stewart ; and, when he was 13, his parents were induced to let him enter as a student at the university of St. Andrew's. After remaining there some time, he removed to that of Edinburgh, where he was engaged by Dr. Adam Smith to assist the studies of his nephew, afterwards Lord Reston. In 1790 he proceeded to Lon- don, with an intention of delivering lectures on natural philosophy ; but being disap- pointed in his views, he found it expedient to commence writing for the press as the readiest means of obtaining a subsistence. His first undertaking of any importance was a translation of Buffbn's " Xatural History of Birds," which appeared in 1793, in 9 vols. 8vo. ; and the sum he received for this laid the foundation of that pecuniary independ- ence, which his prudent habits fortunately enabled him to attain. In 1794, Mr. Leslie spent a short time in Holland ; and in 1796 he made a tour of Germany and Switzerland with Mr. Thomas Wedgwood. In 1800 he invented that admirable and delicate instru- ment the differential thermometer ; and in 1804 appeared his celebrated "Essay on the Nature and Propagation of Heat." For this performance he was honoured by the coun- cil of the Royal Society with the Romford medals ; and in 1805 he was elected to the mathematical chair in the university of Edinburgh, which, in 1819, he exchanged for that of philosophy on the death of Pro- fessor Playfair. By the invention of his hygrometer he succeeded in making the dis- covery of that singularly beautiful process of artificial freezing, or consolidation of fluids, which enabled him to congeal mer- cury, and convert water into ice by eva- poration. Early in the year 1832 he was invested with a knighthood of the Guelphic order, an honour he was not destined long to enjoy, for he died the same year. The chief works of Sir John Leslie are, " An Account of Experiments and Instruments depending on the Relation of Air to Heat and Moisture," the " Philosophy of Arith- metic," "Elements of Geometry," "Ele- ments of Natural Philosophy," besides many admirable treatises in Nicholson's Philo- sophical Journal, the Encyclopedia Bri- taunica, &c. Died, Nov. 3. 1832. LESSING, GoTTHOLD Ephraim, an emi- nent German author, remarkable for the versatility of his genius, was bom in 1729, at Kamentz, in Pomerania ; and was edu- cated at Meissen and Leipsic. In the early part of his career he connected himself with theatricals, and led an erratic life, but he afterwards compensated for it by the closest mental application. At Berlin, where he sometimes resided, he became acquainted with Voltaire, the Jewish philosopher Men- delssohn, Nicolai, Ramlcr, Sulzer, and other t LES] ^ fim mixibtt^al 2Si05rapi)jJ. [let literary characters. In 1770 the hereditary Prince of Brunswick appointed him librarian at Wolfenbuttel, and one of the fruits of this appointment was a periodical publica- tion, entitled " Contributions to Literary History." Among liis dramatic works are, " Nathan the Wise," " Emilia Galotti," "Minna von Bamhelm," "Tlie Misogyn- ist," and "The Freethinker." His other principal works are, "Laocoon," "Fables," " Fragments of an Unknown," •' The Ham- burgh Dramaturgy," and a " Dissertation on the Education of Uic Human Kace." Died, 1781. LESSIUS, LEOJfARn, a learned Jesuit, was bora near Antwerp, in 1554, and died in 1623. His principal works are, "De Justitia et Jure," " De Protestate Summi Pontificis," &c. His books on the " Exist- ence of a Deity " and the " Immortality of the Soul " have been translated into English. I/ESTRANGE, Sir Roger, a political partisan and controversial writer, was born in 1C16. His father. Sir Ilamond I'Estrange, of Hunstanton Hall, Norfolk, was a zealous royalist ; and the son, following his example, was concerned in raising forces, and in some unsuccessful enterprises in favour of Charles I. during the civil wars, for which he was obliged to leave the kingdom. Upon the Restoration he returned, and established an English newspaper, under the title of " The Public Intelligencer," in 16(53 ; which he discontinued upon tlie publication of the first London Gazette. He was author of many violent political tracts ; translated Josephus, Cicero's Offices, Seneca's Morals, the Colloquies of Erasmus, and ^sop's Fables. He died in 1704. LESUEUR, EusTACHE, a distinguished French painter, was born at Paris, in 1017, and obtained from his countrymen the name of " The French Raphael." His conceptions are noble and elevated ; his composition is simple, careful, and well arranged ; the drawing is correct, in good taste, and proves his diligent study of the antique and of the great Italian masters ; but his colouring is deficient in truth and vigour, which often renders his pictures too uniform. Altogether he may be considered a fair representative of the French school of painting. He died in his 38th year. LESUEUR, Jeax Baftiste, a musical composer, born in 1703. After completing his studies at Amiens, he obtained various appointments, as director of music in cathe- drals ; but having an inclination for theatri- cal compositions, he resigned his place at Notre Dame in 1788, and produced several operas. " Telemachus " was his first. He afterwards composed "La Caverne," which met with the most brilliant applause ; and in 1793 he produced "Paul et Virginie," the " Death of Adam," and " The Bards." LESUEUR, TuOiMAS, a mathematician and ecclesiastic, was bom at Rethel, in Champagne, in the year 1703. He entered into the order of Minims, and liecame a celebrated professor of mathematics, philo- sopliy, and theology, in the college of Sa- pienza, at Rome ; where he died in 1770. He joiued with father Jacquier in a Com- mentary upon Newton's Principia, and also in a profound work on the " Integral Calculus." Lesueur also published " The Principles of Natural Philosophy," 4 vols. ; and " Institutiones Philosophica;," 5 vols. LETUIEULLER, Smakt, an English antiquary and \irtuo80, was bom in Essex, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. He made a most valuable collection of an- tiquities, fossils, and other curiosities, and died in 1700. LETI, Gregory, an Italian historian, was bom in 1630, at Milan ; and, after stu- dying at Rome, went to Geneva, where he abjured the Catholic religion, and after- wards resided in England. While there he was known to be collecting materials for a Jiistory of the court of Charles II., and Charles seeing him one day at his levee, told him to take care that his history did not give ofience. To which Leti replied, " I will do what I can ; but if a man were as wise as Solomon, he would hardly be able to avoid giving some ofl'ence." " Why then," retorted Charles, " be as wise as Solomon ; write proverbs, and let history alone." Leti, however, did not take this advice. The history appeared, under the title of " Teatro Britannico ; " and the au- thor was ordered to quit the kingdom. He then went to Amsterdam, where he died in 1701. Among his works are. Lives of " Sixtus V." 3 vols. ; " Charles V." 4 vols. ; " Queen Elizabeth," 2 vols. ; " Oliver Crom- well," 2 vols.; the "History of Geneva," 6 vols. J and a " History of the Cardinals." But the whole are so interspersed with error and fiction, that they may be regarded rather as romances than authentic histories. I>ETTICE, John, a clergyman, poet, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Rushden, in Northamptonshire, in 1737, and educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, of whicli he was afterwards a fellow and public tutor. In 1708 he quitted the retirement of college life, and was secretary to the British embassy at Copenhagen. He subsequently engaged as private tutor in some families of distinction ; was presented to the living of Peasemarsh, in Sussex, in 1785 ; and he was also a prebendary in Chichester cathedral. His works consist of " Fables for the Fire- side," 2 vols. ; " Strictures on Elocution," " A Tour through various Parts of Scotland," and "Miscellaneous Pieces on Sacred Sub- jects," besides sermons, tracts* and poems ; a translation of Holberg's " Parallel Lives of famous Ladies," and, in conjunction with Professor Martyr, " The Antiquities of Her- culaneum." Died, 1832. LETTSOM, John Coakley, an eminent physician, was born in 1744, in the island of Little Vandyke, near Tortola, in the West Indies. He was educated in England, served his time to an apothecary, and became a pupil at St. Thomas's Hospital ; after which he practised for a short time at Tortola ; then returned to Europe, took his degree at Leyden, and settled in London, where he attained considerable celebrity, not merely as a medical practitioner, but as an active philanthropist. He was a member of many literary and scientific institutions, and the author of "Hints on Beneficence, Tempe- 523 leu] ^ ^c&j Unihtv^Kl 28t0jjraji]5j?» [lew ranee, and Medical Science," and other useful works. Died, 1815. LEUCIPPUS, a philosopher of Elea, who lived in the 5th century before the Christian era. He was the disciple of Zeno, and the master of Democritus. The atomic system originated with liim ; and thus, by ascribing a sensible power to tlie particles of matter, and setting them in motion, Leucippus and his follower accounted at once for the origin of the universe, without the interposition of divine agency. From him Descartes bor- rowed his hypothesis of the " Vortices," and Kepler was also much indebted to tlie theory of Leucippus. LEUSDEN, John, a celebrated biblical critic and theologian, was a native of Utrecht, where he distinguished liimself as one of the most erudite scholars and able divines of the age. His theological works are numerous and valuable. He was bom in 1624, and died about the close of tlie 17th century. LEUWENHOEK, Anthony, a celebrated natural philosopher, was bom at Delft, in 1GS2, and was celebrated for his microsco- pical improvements and discoveries, chiefly anatomical, the particulars of which were published in the Philosophical Transactions, and the memoirs of the academy of sciences. A selection from his works was published in English. Died, 1723. LEVAILLANT, Fe.^ncis, a traveller and naturalist, was born at Paramaribo, in Guiana, and from childhood showed a strong predilection for the study of natural histor}', particularly of ornithology. In furtherance of this desire, he undertook to penetrate the interior of Africa, which he twice accom- plished, though under circumstances of great difficulty. He published two narratives of his " Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa," and a " Natural History of African Birds," of " Parrots," and of the rare " Birds of the Indies." Insurmountable obstacles prevented him from pursuing his researches so far as he wished ; but his travels are very amusing, and also afford much information of a philosophical nature. He died at Paris, in 1824, aged 70. LEVER, Sir AsHxox, an English gentle- man, memorable as the collector of a valu- able museum of natural history ; the expense of which having impaired his fortune, he was authorised, in 1785, by act of parlia- ment, to dispose of it by lottery. The winner, Mr. Parkinson, removed the mu- seum from Leicester Fields to the building now called the Rotunda, in Blackfriars Road ; and after exhibiting it some years, sold the whole by auction. Sir Ashton died in 1788. LEVESQUE DE POUILLT, Louis, a member of tlie French academy of inscrip- tions. He died, governor of Rheims, in 1746. He established schools for mathe- matics, and wrote an ingenious book, entitled "The Theory pf Agreeable Sen- sations," which has been translated into English. LEVESQUE, Peter Charles, a French writer on history and general literature, was bom in 1736, at Paris, and was apprenticed to an engraver, but removed and sent to Mazarin College. In 1773 he visited St. Petersburgh, and was appointed professor of belles lettres at the school of cadets. After seven years' absence he returned to France, and became professor at the royal college. He was subsequently made a member of the Institute, and died in 1812. Among his writings are, "A History of Russia," Histories of France, of Greece, and of the Roman Republic ; a translation of Thucy- dides, &c. LEVI, David, a London Jew, of con- siderable acquirements, though of humble birtli and occupations. He was first a shoe- maker, and afterwards a hatter, but the works he published evinced much study and ability. In 1787 he entered into a polemical controversy with Dr. Priestley, whose " Let- ters to the Jews " he answered in two series of epistolary essays. He was also the author of a volume on the rites and ceremonies of the Jews ; " Lingua Sacra, or a Hebrew and English Dictionary," 3 vols. ; "The Penta- teuch in Hebrew and English," a translation of the Hebrew Liturgy, in 6 vols. ; " Disser- tations on the Prophecies," and some other works. Bora, 1740 ; died, 1799. LEVINGSTON, James, earl of Callendar, a famous soldier of Scotland, was gentleman of the bed-chamber to Charles I., who created him lord Levingston of Almont, in 1633, and afterwards earl of Callendar. He took Car- lisle, and endeavoured to rescue Charles from his confinement in the Isle of Wight. Died, 1672. LEVIS, Duke de, a French nobleman of distinguished talents, who at the beginning of the revolution was chosen as a deputy to the states-general by the nobility of Dijon ; but, though friendly to a reform of abuses in government, lie opposed the destruction of the monarchy, and in 1792 became an emi- grant, and joined the royalist army. Being wounded in the engagement at Quiberon Bay, he came to England, where he resided till the establishment of the consular govern- ment, when he returned to France, but passed his time in retirement and literary pursuits. On the restoration of Louis XVIII. he was raised to the peerage, and admitted a member of the academy. His works consist of " Maxims and Reflections," " The Travels of Kanghi, or new Chinese Letters," 2 vols. ; "Recollections and Portraits," and "Eng- land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century." Died, 1830. LEVIZAC, John Pons Victor Lacontz DE, a French grammarian, was born at Alby, in Languedoc, emigrated to Holland at the beginning of the Revolution, and settled in England as a French teacher. He com- menced his literary career aa a poet ; but he is best known by his grammars, dictionaries, and other practical works on the French language. Died, 1813. LEWIS, John, a learned divine and anti- quary, was born at Bristol in 1675, and died at Margate in 1746. He published "The Life of Wickliife," " Wickliffe's Translation of the New Testament," " The History and Antiquities of the Isle of Thanet," "The History of the Abbey and Church of Fever- sham," "The Life of William Caxton," &c. LEWIS, Matthew Gregory (familiarly styled "Monk" Lewis), a popular romance I lew] ^ 0tbi ^nihtr^al 3Bi0graj3]bi). [lic writer and dramatist, was bom in London, in 1773, and was the son of the under-secre- tary at war. He was educated at West- minster School ; after which he travelled on the Continent, and imbibed while in Germany that taste for the marvellous and romantic which characterises most of liis writings. Ilia first production was "Tlie Monk,"' a romance, admired for its talent, but justly censured for its licentiousness ; he also wrote "Feudal Tyrants," 4 vols. ; " Romantic Tales," 4 vols. ; " Tales of Terror ; " " The Castle Spectre," a drama, and many others. He was a member of parliament, but undistinguished by any ora- torical powers, and he died in 1818. LEWIS, Mekiwetuek, an American officer, born in 1774, and employed by the government of the United States, with Clarke, to make discoveries in the northern parts of the American continent, with a view to the extension of commerce to the Pacific Ocean. In 1805 they undertook a journey for the purpose of discovering the sources of the Missouri ; and they passed the winter in an icy region, 500 leagues beyond its confluence. Lewis was soon after made governor of Louisiana, and Clark a general of its militia, and agent of the United States for Indian aflfairs. Lewis died in 1809. LEY, Sir Jakes, a learned English judge, was a native of Wiltshire, and for his ex- traordinary merit was made lord chief jus- tice, first in Ireland and afterwards in Eng- land. He was also created baron Ley, lord high treasurer, and earl of Marlborough. Born, 1552 ; died, 1C28. LEYBOURN, William, a mathematical writer, was originally a printer in Loudon. He became a schoolmaster, and published a number of practical works, which were once popular and of great utility, particularly "A Treatise on Surveying," "A Course of Mathematics," and the " Traders' Sure Guide." He died about 1G96. LEYDECKER, Melchior, professor of divinity at Utrecht, was born at Middle- burgh, in 1652, and died in 1731. He was a sound theologian, and wrote a " Treatise on the Republic of the Hebrews," 2 vols, folio ; "A History of the African Church," and other works. LEYDEN, John, a physician, but more distinguished as a poet and oriental scholar, was born in 1775, at Denholm, Roxburgh- shire, and was the son of a small farmer. Displaying in early youth an eager desire for acquiring knowledge, his parents con- trived to send him to a college at Edinburgh, where he first studied theology, but relin- quished it for medicine, and, in addition to the learned languages, he acquired French, Spanish, Italian, German, Arabic, and Per- sian. In 1801 he assisted Sir Walter Scott in procuring materials and illustrations for his "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," and republished " The Complaynt of Scot- land," with a learned preliminary disserta- tion, notes, and a glossary. Having obtained a doctor's degree, lie was appointed assistant surgeon on tlie Madras establishment ; after wliich he was made professor of the native dialects in the Bengal College ; from which 525 situation, however, he was removed, to be judge of the 24 i?ergunnahs of Calcutta. His power of acquiring languages was truly wonderful, and during his residence in India he devoted himself to the study of oriental literature ; but he did not long survive the influence of the climate. His " Poetical Re- mains " were published in 1821. LEZAY-MARNEZIA, Claude Francis Adrian, Marquis de, was bom at Metz, in 1735. In his youth he entered into the French army, but soon quitted it, and retired to his estate of St. Julian, near Lons-le- Saunier, where he employed himself in literature. At the commencement of the French revolution he was chosen a deputy from the states-general, and sat in the con- stituent assembly ; but alarmed at the pro- gress of Jocobinism, he emigrated to North America in 1790, taking with him artists, labourers, &c. to form a colony on a large tract of land he had purchased of the Scioto company, but the scheme failed, and he re- turned to France in 1792. During the reign of terror he was arrested and imprisoned, but regained his liberty on the fall of Robes- pierre, and died in 1800. LEZAY-MARNESIA, Adrian, Count de, son of the preceding, was engaged on several diplomatic missions under the consulate. In 180G he was made prefect of the depart- ment of the Rhine and Moselle, and in 1810 of that of the Lower Rhine, in which office he was continued after the restoration. He wrote several political tracts, which at the time excited considerable attention ; and died in 1814. LHUYD, Edward, an eminent antiquary and naturalist, bom about 1G70, was a native of Wales ; studied at Jesus College, Oxford, in which university he succeeded Dr. Plot as keeper of the Ashmolean Museum ; and was the author of a learned and valuable work, entitled " Archajologia Britannica." He also published " Lithophylacii Britan- nici Iconographia ; " and left in manuscript an " Irish-English Dictionary," and other curious papers on antiquarian subjects. Died, 1709. LHUYD, or LHWYD, Humphrey, an antiquary, born at Denbigh, Wales ; author of " Commentarioli Britannicse Descriptionis Fragmentum," " De Mona ruidum Insula," " De Armamentario Mano," and " The His- tory of Cambria." Died, 1570. LIBANIUS, a celebrated Greek rhetori- cian, born at Antioch in 314. He studied at Athens, and afterwards became famous as a teacher of eloquence at Constantinople, till the jealousy of the other professors being excited by his success, he was accused of magical practices, and banished. He after- wards became preceptor to Basil and John Chrysostom, so celebrated in the Christian church ; and on the accession of Julian, he was honoured with his friendship, and is supposed to have assisted the emperor in some of his compositions. Many of his ora- tions and declamations are extant, but they are verbose and pedantic. LICHTENBERG, George Christopher, an eminent natural philosopher, was born near Darmstadt, in 1742 ; studied at Gottin- gen, where he lyas appointed professor ex- Lie] ^ dlieto Bni^tx^ul 3St0g:rajp!ji). [lil traordinary of the physical sciences ; and succeeded Erleben, in 1777, as professor of experimental philosophy. His astronomical observations were original and important. He also indulged much in satire ; and among others, possessing much wit and humour, was an effusion, entitled " The Physiognomy of Tails," in whicli Lavater and his system were held up to ridicule. Died, 1799. LICHTENSTEIN, Joseph Wenceslaus, -Prince of, an Austrian general and diplo- matist, was born at Vienna, 1696. He had the cliief command of the Austrian army in Italy, with tlie title of field-marshal, in 1746, wlien he gained the victory of Placen- tia. From that time he was chiefly employed in diplomatic affairs, and the duties of his office, as director-general of the artillery. He was a patron of the arts and artists, and founder of the Lichtenstein Gallery at Vienna. Died, 1772. LIDDEL, Duncan, a mathematician and physician, was bom in 1561 at Aberdeen, where he received his education. He after- wards went to Frankfort, and tlien removed to Kostock, and, in 1591, was elected pro- fessor of matliematics at Helmstadt, where he took his doctor's degree in physic. In 1607 he returned to Scotland, and founded a mathematical professorship and six scholar- ships at Aberdeen. He wrote several works on medical subjects, and died in 1613. LIEUT AUD, Joseph, a physician, was born at Aix, in Provence, and became first physician to the king of France, and, in 1752, member of the academy of sciences. He wrote " Anatomical Essays," "Elements of Physiology," a " Synopsis of the Practice of Medicine," and "Historic Anatomico Me- dico." Died, 1780. LIGHTFOOT, John, a learned English divine, was born at Stoke-upon-Trent, in Staffordshire, in 1602, and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge. He made ex- traordinary advances in tlie Greek and Latin languages, and applied himself to Hebrew with singular assiduity and success. In 1629 he printed his first work, entitled " Erubhim or Miscellanies, Cliristian and Judaical." He distinguished himself as a zealous pro- moter of the Polyglot Bible, and, at the Restoration, was appointed one of the as- sistants at the Savoy conference. He became vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and died in 1675. The works of Lightfoot, who, for biblical learning, has had few equals, were printed in 1614, 2 vols, folio, and his " Re- mains " were published by Strype, in 1700. LIGHTFOOT, John, a botanist, born at Newent, in Gloucestershire, in 1735, was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, and became, successively, rector of Shelden, in Hampshire, and of Gotham and Sutton, in Nottinghamshire. He was patronised by the Duchess of Portland, and drew up the catalogue of her museum. He was a fellow of the Royal and Liunsean Societies, and published the " Flora Scotica," 2 vols. He died in 1788, and his Herbarium was pur- chased by George III. LIGNE, Charles Joseph, Prince de, was born at Brussels, in 1735 ; entered the Aus- trian army at the age of 17 ; distinguished himself in the seven j'ears' war ; was invited 52G to the French court by the Count d'Artois, and admitted into the privacy of the royal family ; was sent on a mission to Russia, where his talents and personal accomplish- ments rendered him a great favourite with Catharine, who made him a field-marshal, and gave him an estate in the Crimea ; and, after enjoying great popularity, he died in 1814. His knowledge, experience, activity, and acute observation appear by the nume- rous writings which he published at different periods ; and the information he gives of the leading persons and events of his time, is detailed in an amusing and instructive manner. LIGONIER, John, Earl of, field-marshal of the English army. He served in all the wars of queen Anne, under the Duke of Marlborough, with distinguished glory, and was employed in every succeeding war. He died in 1770, aged 92. LIGORIO, Peter, a painter and architect of Naples, who died in 1580. His " Designs after the Antique " make 30 vols, in folio. LILBURNE, John, a violent and enthu- siastic republican in the reign of Charles I., was bom in 1618, in the county of Durham. Having gone to Holland to superintend the printing of some libels on the government, he was sentenced by the star chamber coun- cil to receive 500 lashes and to stand in the pillory, for which the long parliament voted him reparation. He fought at the battle of Edge Hill as a captain of foot ; but at Brent- ford he was made prisoner, and carried to Oxford, where he would have been hanged, had not the parliament threatened retali- ation. He then obtained his liberty, and was made first a major, and afterwards a colonel of dragoons, in which capacity he served at the battle of Marston Moor, where he behaved witli great gallantry. Being committed to Newgate for contempt, when brought before the House of Lords for a libel on the Earl of Manchester, he contrived, while thus immured, to publish pamphlets in rapid succession, in which he virulently assailed his enemies, and even charged Crom- well and Ireton with high treason. For this piece of daring he was again tried, but he defended himself with so much boldness and ability, that he was acquitted. He possessed an unconquerable spirit, and was of so quarrelsome a disposition, that it lias been appositely said of him, " that if there were none living but him, John would be against Lilburne, and Lilburne against John." He died in 1657. LILLO, George, a tragic writer of the last century, was born in London, in 1693. He carried on the business of a jeweller many years in a style of great respectability, and contrived to devote no small portion of his time to dramatic productions. He well knew how to touch the heart, and liis pieces, which are subservient to the cause of virtue, are, " George Barnwell," "Fatal Curiosity," and "Ardeu of Feversham." He died in LILLY, John, an English writer, was born in Kent, about 1553, and died about 1600. He wrote " Euphues," a description of different characters ; also some plays, as " Endymion," " Campaspe," " Midas," acted lil] ^ j^f&j WinibtriKX Biojp-apl^ii. [lin before queen Elizabeth ; " The Maid's Meta- morphosis," " The Woman in the Moon," &c. LILI^Y, William, an English aatrologer, was born in Leicestersliire, in 1002. After receiving a common education, he went to London, and became boolc-keeper to a trades- man, at whose death he married his widow. In 1&'52 he became the pupil of Evans the astrologer, and soon excelled his master. He was employed by both parties during the civil wars, and even Charles I. is said to have made use of him. Lilly was certainly consulted respecting the king's projected escape from Carlsbrook Castle. He, however, gained more from the parliament party; and the predictions contained in his almanacks had a wonderful eflFcct upon the soldiers I and common people. He died at Horsham, in 1C81. His principal works are, " Christian Astrology," "A Collection of Nativities," and " Observations on the Life and Death of Charles, late King of England." LILY, William, a learned grammarian, bom at Odiham, in Hampshire, in 14fi8. He was appointed first master of St. Paul's School by the founder. Dr. Collet, in 1.510, and died of the plague in Loudon, in 1522. He is highly praised by Erasmus, for his un- common knowledge in the languages, and admirable skill in the instruction of youth. He wrote some poems and tracts, but he is chiefly remembered by the Latin grammar which bears his name. LIMBOKCH, Philip, a celebrated Dutch theologian, of the sect of Remonstrants, born at Amsterdam, in 163.S ; chosen professor of divinity there in 1(508 ; and died in 1712. He was the author of " A History of the In- quisition," " A System of Christian Theo- logy," and other works. LIMONADE, Count de, an emancipated Negro slave of Hayti, bom about 1770 ; dis- tinguished in the war of independence waged by Toussaint ; and was secretary of foreign atfuirs to Christophe, when he superseded Dessalines as emperor of Hayti. He survived the suicidal death of Christophe, and the destruction of the imperial government. His sagacitj' and statesman-like talents were exhibited in frequent diplomatic corre- spondences with Napoleon's ministers. LINACRE, Dr. Thomas, a very learned English physician, was born in 1400. He projected the foundation of the college of physicians, was the first president after its erection, and held that office for the seven years he lived afterwards. He was succes- sively physician to four sovereigns ; but at the close of his life he entered into orders, and obtained the precentorship of York, and a prebend of Westminster. Died, 1524. _ LIND, James, an ingenious English phy- sician, who wrote treatises on the scurvy, and on the means of preserving the health of seamen. Died, 1794. LINDANUS, William, a native of Dordt, who exercised the oflSce of inquisitor, in Holland and Friesland, with such severity, that Philip II. made him bishop of Rure- mende, in IM'>'2 ; and in l.'iHS he was removed to Ghent, where he died the same year. He was the author of several theological tracts in Latin, all of them tinctured with intole- rance. LINDBLOM, Axel, a Swedish lexicogra- pher ; professor of belles-lettres and politics at Upsal, of which place he was afterwards arclibishop. He crowned Bernadotte in 1818, and (lied the year following. LINDSAY, or LYNDSAY, Sir Davip, an ancient Scottish poet, descended from a noble family, was bom atGarmylton, in Hadding- tonshire, in 1490, and became page 6f honour to James V., then an infant. His first poetical effort was the " Dreme ;" after which he wrote the " Complaynt," and pre- sented it to the king. In 15S0 he was inaugurated Lyon king-at-arms, knighted, and sent on a mission to Charles V. ; on his return from which he occupied himself on a drama of a singular kind, entitled a " Satyre of the Three Estatis," which was followed by " The History and Testament of Squire Meldrum," and other poems. During the regency, he espoused the cause of the re- formers, and entered with great zeal into religious disputes. His death took place alxjut the year 15.">7. A complete edition of his works was published in 180G. LINDSEY, TiiEOPHiLUS, an eminent di- vine of the Unitarian persuasion, was born in 172.3, at Middlewich, in Cheshire, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He entered into orders, and held the vicarage of Catterick, in Yorkshire, which from con- scientious scruples he resigned, and embraced the principles of Unitarianism. From 1774 till 1793 he was minister of a congregation in Essex Street, in the Strand, and died in 1803. He wrote several works on the subject of his faith ; among which are, his " Apology," and a " Sequel to the Apology," "Considerations on the Divine Government," an " Historical View of the Unitarian Doctrine and Wor- ship," &c. LINGUET, Simon Nicholas Hetry, a political and miscellaneous writer, was bom at Rheims, in 1730. Early in life he entered the army, and served as aide-de-camp to the Prince de Beauvau, in Portugal ; he after- wards studied the law, and became barrister; but being expelled from the bar, in conse- quence of some dispute with his professional brethren, he turned political writer, and having given offence to the ruling powers, was sent to the Bastile. On obtaining his liberty, he published an account of his im- prisonment, a work which produced a strong sensation, and is said to have prepared the way for subsequent events. He retired to Bmssels in 1787, and there published his " Annales Politiques," for which he was re- warded by the emperor Joseph II. with a present of 1000 ducats. He then returned to France, took an active part in the revolu- tion, and closed his life by the guillotine, at Paris, in 1794. . LINIERS, Don Saxtiaoo, a Spanish ad- miral, born in 1700. He re-took Buenos Ajrres from the English in 1808, and treated with Napoleon for the purpose of subjecting New Spain to his brother Joseph's autho- rity. Attending an ultra-royalist plot to suppress the revolution, he was arrested, con- demned, and executed, by the successful in- surgents, at Buenos Ayres, in 1809, LINLEY, Thomas, the name of two dis- tinguished English musicians, father and lin] ^ ^tiii Unihtx^nl ^iast!i}?ff\j» [lin son. The elder received his musical edu- cation under Chillcott, the organist at Bath, and for many years conducted the oratorios and concerts in that city. One of his daughters became the object of a most ro- mantic attachment to, and subsequently married, the celebrated Richard Brinsley Sheridan ; and on that gentleman com- pleting the purchase of Drury Lane Theatre, Linley became joint patentee with him, and conducted the musical department. In con- junction with his son, whose professional abilities were of a high order, he composed the airs to numerous operas, many of which are still held in great esteem. A melancholy fate awaited the younger Linley. In August, 1788, while on a visit, with his sisters, at Grimsthorpe, the seat of the Duke of An- caster, he went on board a pleasure-boat in the canal, with three other young men, when, through some mismanagement, the boat upset ; his companions saved themselves by clinging to the keel, but he sank in his endeavours to reach the shore. On the in- telligence being conveyed to his father, he was seived with a brain fever, and though he lived till the year 1795, he never recovered the shock which the loss of his favourite and gifted son occasioned. LINN, JoHX Blair, an American poet, born in 1777, at Phippenburgli, Pennsylva- nia. In 1799 he became a preacher among the Presbyterians at Philadelphia ; but con- tinued to cultivate his poetical talents. He replied with zeal and indignation to Dr. Priestley, respecting the comparison drawn by the latter between the merits of Jesus Christ and Socrates ; was the author of " The Powers of Genius," and other poems ; and died in 1804. LINN^US, or, more properly, LINNE', Charles von, the most celebrated of modern naturalists, and the founder of the present botanic system, was born in 1707, at Roeshult, in Sweden. From his infancy he discovered a propensity and talent for the study of plants ; and though destined for the church, his predilection for natural history withdrew his attention from theological studies, and his destination was changed for the medical profession. While at the uni- versities of Lund and Upsal, he laboured under great disadvantages, from the narrow- ness of his father's circumstances ; but the patronage of Celsius, the theological pro- fessor, who was also a naturalist, improved his condition, and he obtained some private pupils. It was at this period that he formed the idea of that botanical system which lias immortalised his name. In 1732 he made a tour through Lapland, and, visiting the mining district round Fahlun, formed a system of that science, whicli he afterwards published in his " Systema Naturas." He next resided for three years in Holland, where he took his doctor's degree, and was superintendant of Clifford's celebrated gar- den at Harte-camp, near Haerlem. After visiting England, in 1738, he made an excur- sion to Paris, and, towards the end of that year, returned to his native country, and settled as a physician at Stockholm, where the establishment of a royal academy, of which he was one of the first members, con- tributed to the advancement of his reputa- tion, by the opportunities which it afforded for the display of his abilities. In 1741 he succeeded to the professorship of medicine j at Upsal, to which was added the super- intendence of the botanic garden. His fame now spread through the civilised world, and scientific bodies eagerly enrolled him among their members ; in 1747 he was nominated royal archiater ; in 1753 he was created a knight of the polar star — an honour never before bestowed on a literary man ; in 17G1 he was elevated to the rank of nobility, and acquired a moderate degree of opulence, sufficient to enable him to purchase an estate and mansion at Hammarby near Upsal, where he chiefly resided during the last years of his life. He died in 1778. Besides his works on natural history, he published a classified " Materia Medica," &c. ; but it is as the founder of a system of botanical science that he ranks as an original genius, and will continue to be remembered. LINSCHOTEN, Johx Hugh vait, a Dutch voyager, of the 16th century, who wrote narratives of his voyages to the East Indies, and a description of the coasts of Guinea, Congo, and Angola. Born, 1553 ; died, lfi.%3. LINT, Peter van, an historical and por- trait painter of Antwerp, was born in 1609. He painted in Italy several years, and re- turned to his own country increased in wealth and reputation A relation of his, Hen- DRic VAN Lint, was an eminent landscape painter, and executed some fine views about Rome. LINWOOD, Miss, whose unique and ad- mirable "Exhibition," in Leicester Square, for so many years attracted public notice, and obtained universal commendation, was bom in Birmingham in the year 1755 ; but when she was only six years old her friends removed to Leicester, and in that town she continued to reside till her death. We know not the precise time that Miss Linwood be- I gan to collect together those efforts of genius and patient skill by which she earned her popularity ; but the " Exhibition " was first opened at the Hanover Square Rooms in 1798 ; it was subsequently removed to Edin- burgh, Glasgow, Dublin, &c., and was finally located in Leicester Square. Her produc- tions consist of copies from the paintings of the best masters, wrought in worsted in a style of excellence never surpassed. The entire collection comprises nearly 100 pic- tures, the largest of which, "The Judgment upon Cain," was completed in her 75th year; the gem of the whole, however, is probably the " Salvator Mundi," from the original by Carlo Dolce ; for which, it is said, she refused the offer of 3000 guineas. This picture she bequeathed to her Majesty Queen Victoria. But it is not only of her peculiar talent that we ought to speak. She was a kind and en- couraging patroness of unassuming merit ; and her name will long be remembered with affectionate regard by those who knew her moral worth, and witnessed her disinterested acts of benevolence. Died in the 90th year of her age, March 2. 1845. Her celebrated collection was afterwards sold by public auc- tion, and realised but a very trifling sum. Lir] ^ i^clD ^ntljcr^iil %iasra^f}v. [lit LIPPI, Lorenzo, a painter and poet, was bom at Florence in 1C0(5, and died in 1(5()4. He executed many fine pieces for the cliapels and convents of his native city. As a poet he is known by a burlesque piece en- titled " Malmantile Racquistaro," printed at Florence in 1088, 4to., under the name of Perloni Zipoli There were also two other Florentine artists of the name of Lim ; one, Francisco Filippo, who died in 1488 ; and his son Filippo, who died in 1.505 : the latter was a painter of considerable talent and reputation. LIPSIUS, Justus, an eminent critic and scholar, born at Overysche, a village of Brabant, in l.'>47. He studied at Aeth, Co- logne, and Ix)uvain ; then went to Rome, and became secretary to Cardinal Granvella. On his return to the Netherlands, after a short time spent at Louvain, he visited the capital of the German empire, and then accepted a professorship in the university of Jena. Many tempting and honourable offers were made him by various potentates, to en- gage him in their service ; but he refused them all ; and at length died at Louvain, in IGOG. Lipsius changed his religion several times ; and whether as a Catholic, a Lutheran, or a Calvinist, he was equally zealous for the time, and equally bigoted. He wrote many learned treatises, but his principal work is the "VariiB Lectiones." LISLE, Sir Georoe, a gallant royalist officer during the civil wars in England, was a native of London, where his father was a bookseller. He distinguished himself so much by his courage at the battle of New- bury, that Charles I. knighted him on the field. In lfi48 he defended Colchester with great bravery; but being at length compelled to surrender the town, he was basely shot by the parliamentarian leaders. He submitted to his fate with heroic fortitude. LIST, Fredeuic, a distinguished political economist, was long a member of the Wur- temberg parliament, whence he was ex- pelled for the boldness of his opinions. In 1819 he conceived the idea of the " ZoUve- rein" (the Customs Union of the German states; an institution which, after encounter- ing many obstacles, was finally adopted by nearly the whole of Germany), established a journal to support his views, and published several valuable works on political economy. But a series of disappointments preyed upon his mind, and in a fit of insanity lie com- mitted suicide, 1846, in the 57th year of his age. LISTER, Thomas Hexry, a novel writer and historian, was born in 1801, and may be said to have inherited literary tastes and capabilities, the poetical talents both of his father and grandfather having been favour- ably mentioned by Miss Seward. He was the only son of Thomas Lister, esq., of Armitage Park, and was related to, or con- nected by marriage with, some of the first families ; the Lord Ribblesdale being his nephew, and the Earl of Clarendon and Lord John Russell, his brothers-in-law. He held the office of registrar-general of births, &c. ; but this did not prevent him from being an industrious and productive author. Besides " Oranby " and " Herbert Lacy" — two novels which are among the best of that not very admirable species "the fashionable" — he published "Epicharis," a tragedy; and the " Life and Administration of Lord Claren- don." Died, June 1842, aged 41. LISTON, JouN, a very popular actor of low comedy, whose natural humour and pe- culiar drolleries aflforded many a rich treat to the playgoers of London, was bom in St. Anne's parish, Soho, and in the early period of his life was engaged in the unin- viting employment of a teacher in a day- school. Forsaking the thraldom of a school- room, and fancying he possessed the neces- sary requisites for the stage, he formed an acquaintance with, and often exhibited as an amateur performer on the same boards as the late C. Matthews, both of whom at first mis- took their forte, and strutted forth as heroes in tragedy. Having made sundry pro- vincial trips, he was at length seen at New- castle by Mr. C. Kemble, who recommended him to Mr. Colman, and he appeared in 1805 before a London audience at the Haymarket. He also obtained an engagement at Covent Garden, where he remained, increasing in public favour, till 1823, when Elliston hav- ing offered him 40/. a week, he transferred his services to Drury Lane, and continued there till 1831 ; but the enormous salary of 1007. a week tempted him to enlist under the banners of Madame Vestris at the Olympic Tlieatre, where he performed six seasons, and may be said to have closed his theatrical career. He died rich : how could he do otherwise, who constantly saved money, and never engaged in a questionable speculation ? Died, March 22. 184«, aged 09. LISTON, Robert, a surgeon of great celebrity, was bom at Ecclesmachan near Linlithgow, of which parish his father was tlie minister, in 1794. At the termination of his professional studies he fixed his resi- dence in the Scottisli metropolis, where he speedily rose to the highest eminence both as a lecturer and operator. In 1834 he was appointed surgeon to the North Lon- don Hospital ; and he subsequently became professor of clinical surgery in University College, and continued until his death one of the brightest ornaments of that important institution. In 1840 hj was appointed one of the examiners of the Royal College of Sur- geons. His practice had become very ex- tensive, and was steadily increasing ; his name was familiar in every medical school throughout the world ; a rich harvest of honour and wealth lay before him ; but, in the zenith of his manhood and his reputation, he was struck down by sudden death. His chief work was his " Principles of Surgery," the fiist edition of which appeared in 18.'53 ; but his fame, like that of Sir Astley •Cooper, rests mainly on his accurate anatomical knowledge, and the extraordinary facility with which he performed the most difficult operations. Died, 1847. LITHGOW, William, a native of Scot- land, who in the reign of queen Elizabeth travelled on foot through numerous countries in Europe, Asia, and America, over a dis- tance of more than 30,000 miles ; during which he encountered many hardships, and was at length thrown into the prisons of the lit] ^ ^ciM Winibtx^Kl 3Stograp]bl'» [liv Inquisition in Spain, and so cruelly tortured as to be deprived of the use of his limbs. On regaining his liberty, and coming to Eng- land, he published an account of his adven- tures, which he presented to James I. He also wrote a narrative of the siege of Breda. Died, 1640. LITTLE, William, an ancient English historian, known also by the name of Gu- lielmus Naubrigensis, was bom at Bidling- ton, in Yorkshire, in 1136, and educated at the abbey of Newborough, in the same county. In his advanced years he composed a History of England, in 5 books, from the Norman Conquest to 1197, which for veracity, regularity of disposition, and purity of lan- guage, is one of the most valuable produc- tions of that period. LITTLETON, Adam, a learned divine, was born at Hales Owen, in Shropshire, in 1627, and educated at Westminster School, from whence he was elected student of Christchurch, Oxford, but was ejected hy the parliamentary visitors in 1648. He then became usher to Dr. Busby, and in le.^S was appointed under-master. In 1674, being D.D., he obtained the living of Chelsea, and a prebend of Westminster. He was the au- I thor of " Elementa Religionis," a Latin and English Dictionary, several sermons, and other works. Died, 1694. LITTLETON, or LYTTLETON, Thomas, a celebrated English judge, and law autho- rity, was born at Frankley, in Worcester- shire. He studied at the Temple, was ap- pointed one of the judges of the common pleas, and continued to enjoy the esteem of his sovereign, Edward IV., and the nation, until his death, at an advanced age, in 1481. The memory of Judge Littleton is preserved by his celebrated treatise on "Tenures," which is esteemed the principal authority for the law of real property in England. This work has been commented on by Coke, Sir M. Hale, Lord Cliancellor Nottingham, and other eminent legal characters. LITTLETON, Edward, an able English judge, was of the same family as the pre- ceding, and born at Henley, in Shropshire, in 1589. In 1639 he M'as made chief justice of the common pleas, and the year following lord keeper of the great seal, at which time he was created a peer by the title of Lord Littleton. He died at Oxford in 1645. LIVERPOOL, Chakles Jenkinson, Earl of, eldest son of Colonel Jenkinson, was bom in 1727, and was educated at the Charter- house, and at University College, Oxford. He entered parliament in 1761, and soon took office as under-secretary of state ; in 1766 he was made a lord of the admiralty ; in 1772, vice-treasurer of Ireland ; in 1778, secretary at war ; and, in 1784, president of the board of trade. He was a great favourite of George III., and was often accused of being one of his secret advisers. In 1786 he was created baron Hawkesbury ; in 1796, earl of Liverpool ; and he died in 1808. LIVERPOOL, Robert Banks Jenkix- sox, Farl of, son of the preceding, was born in 1770, and received his education at the same seminaries of learning as his father. On quitting college, he spent some time in foreign travel ; was in Paris during the de- struction of the Bastile, and rendered himself useful at that period to the English govern- ment by his communications to Mr. Pitt. At the general election in 1790, Mr. Jenkin- son was returned member for Rye ; and, as he wanted twelve months of the age required for a member to sit in parliament, he spent that time in acquiring further information respecting continental affairs. His maiden speech in 1792 indicated his future eminence as an orator, and as a member of the cabinet. In 1796 his father being created earl of I<iverpool, he became lord Hawkesbury, and was made a commissioner of Indian affairs. In 1801 he was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs ; which office, four years after, he exchanged for that of the home department. This he resigned on the dis- solution of the Addington administration ; and, at the death of Mr. Pitt, succeeded him as lord warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1807 he was again minister for the home depart- ment ; and on the death of his father, in the year following, succeeded to the title of earl of Liverpool. At the death of Mr. Perceval, in 1812, his lordship was raised to the pre- miership, and he held that elevated station till 1827, when an apoplectic and paralytic attack rendered him incapable of public business. He died in 1828. LIVINGSTON, Robert, an eminent American politician, was born at New York, in 1746 ; in which city he practised the law with great success. He was one of the com- mittee to prepare the declaration of inde- pendence ; was appointed secretary of fo- reign affairs in 1780 ; and, throughout tlie war of the revolution, signalised himself by his zeal and efficiency in the cause. He was afterwards chancellor of the state of New York ; and, in 1801, was appointed by Presi- dent Jefferson, minister plenipotentiary to France, where, during a residence of seve- ral years, he was treated with marked atten- tion by Buonaparte, who, on his quitting Paris, presented to him a splendid snuff- box, with a miniature likeness of himself, painted by Isabev. Died, 1813. LIVINGSTON, William, an American author and statesman, was born at New York, in 1723. He filled several important situations at New York, and, after the esta- blishment of the constitution, was made governor of New Jersey. He was a zealous advocate of American independence ; wrote a *' A Review of the Military Operations in North America, from 1753 to 1758," "Phi- losophical Solitude," a poem ; and several other works. Died, 1790. LIVINGSTON, Brockholst, son of the preceding, was born at New York, in 1757 ; entered the army in 1776 ; and being after- wards attached to the suite of General Arnold, with the rank of major, he shared in the honour of the conquest of Burgoyne. In 1779 he accompanied Mr. Jay to " the court of Spain as his private secretary ; studied the law on his return ; and ulti- matelv became judge of the supreme court of the state of New York, in 1802. He en- joyed the reputation of being an upright judge, an able pleader, and an accomplished scliolar. Died, 1823. LIVIUS, or LIVY, TiTcs, a celebrated LLO] ^ ^clT) mutljfriSal 2St00ra4Jf)ii. [lob Roman historian, was bom in the territory of Pataviura, now Padua. In the reign of Augustus he went to Rome, and was held in great esteem by the emperor and many other distinguished characters. Ilis reputa- tion is principally built upon his " History of Rome," from the foundation of the city to the death of Drusus, in 142 books, of which only 35 have been preserved. This history is highly praised by Seneca, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, &c. ; and may be regarded as one of the most valuable literary relics of anti- quity. LLORENTE, Don Juan Antonio, a modem Spanish historian and ecclesiastic, born in 1756. He was secretary-general to the Inquisition, of which court he published a " Complete History." He was also the author of " Memoirs relative to the History of the Spanish Revolution," " Political Portraits of the Popes," and other works. Having accepted a situation under Joseph Buonaparte, and written in his favour, he was compelled to quit Spain on the return of Ferdinand. Died, 1823. LLOYD, David, a biographical writer of the 17th century, was born in Merioneth- shire, in 1625 ; was educated at Oxford ; became reader at the Charter-house ; sub- sequently obtained a prebend at St. Asaph ; and died in 1691. His principal works are, " Memoirs of the Statesmen and Favourites of England," " Memoirs of Persons who suf- fered for their Loyalty," a " Life of General Monk," and a " History of Plots and Con- spiracies." LLOYD, HuMPUKY, an eminent military officer and writer on tactics, was born in Wales, in 1729. He served with great re- putation in the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies, and rose to the rank of general. On his return to England he sur- veyed the coasts, wrote a memoir on the " Invasion and Defence of Great Britain," " The History of the Seven Years' War," and other military treatises. Died, 1783. LLOYD, RoisEUT, an English poet, was born in 1733, and was the son of the Rev. Dr. Lloyd, second master of Westminster School. After finishing his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, he became an usher at Westminster ; but, disliking the restraints which the situation imposed on him, and having formed an acquaintance with Churcliill, Bonnel Thornton, and other gay wits of that age, he quitted the usher's desk, and commenced author by profession. His first production, "The Actor," gave rise, it is said, to the famous Rosciud of his friend Churchill. His other poems possess much merit ; but his genius could not shield him from the assaults of poverty, and he died a prisoner in the Fleet, in 1764. LLOYD, WiLMAM, a learned English prelate, was born in lfi27, at Tilehurst, in Berkshire ; was educated at Oxford ; ob- tained a prebend in the collegiate church of Ripon, soon after the Restoration ; was appointed chaplain to the king in 1666 ; and collated to a prebend in Salisbury the year following. Other church preferments fol- lowed ; and, in 1680, he was raised to the bishopric of St. Asaph, when he joined Arch- bishop Sancroft and other prelates in present- ing a petition to James II. deprecating his assumed power of suspending the laws against popery. On the revolution taking place, he was made almoner to king William ; was promoted to the see of Lichfield, in 1692 ; and died, bishop of Worcester, in 1717. His writings, which relate to divinity and his- tory, display much learning and acuteness. Among them are, "A Dissertation upon Daniel's Prophecy of the Seventy Weeks," " An Account of the Life of Pythagoras," "The History of the Govermnent of the Church," &c. LOBAU, Count, an eminent soldier, whose name was Mo.vton, was, at the breaking out of the revolution, employed as a jour- neyman baker in his native town, Phals- burg in the Meurthe. But on entering the army he speedilj' signalised himself by acts of bravery, which were rewarded by various steps of promotion, until, in 1804, at the camp of Boulogne, Napoleon, amid the applause of the whole army, made him his aide-de-camp, and gave him the command of the third regiment of the line. In the campaign of 1805 his efficient gallantry obtained him the rank of general of bri- gade, and in 1807 that of general of division. In the campaign of 1809 he defended the little island of Lobau (from which he took his subsequent title) against the Austrians, completely beat them off, and took liis troops, comparatively unhurt, across the Danube, In 1812 he was made aid-major of the im- perial guard ! in 1813, commander of the first corps of the grand army ; and, in 1814, a chevalier of St. I^ouis. During the me- morable " hundred days" he gave his sup- port to Napoleon, and was made command- ant of the first military division, and a member of the chamber of peers. In the brief but easy campaign of 1815, he com- manded the sixth corps of tlie army of the north. He gave the Prussians a severe de- feat on the 8th of June in that year, but was wounded and sent prisoner to England from that burial-place of Jiis aspiring mas- ter's hopes — Waterloo. From that time until 1818 he remained in England ; he was then permitted to return home, and in 1828 was sent as a deputy for the Meurthe, and took his seat on the opposition benches. In the revolution of 1830 he took an active part ; and when Lafayette resigned the com- mand of the national guard. Count Lobau was appointed his successor. Shortly after- wards he received his marshal's baton from Louis Philippe, by whom he was greatly respected. Born, 1770 ; died 1839. LOBEIRA, Vasco, author of the cele- brated romance of " Amadis de Gaul," was a native of Porta, in Portugal, in the 14th century. In 1386 he was knighted by Joam I. on the field of battle at Aljubarotta ; and he died at Elvas, in 1401. Dr. Southey has translated Lobeira's work, and has satis- factorily proved it to be an original, and not a translation from the French, as many had before imagined. LOBO, Jekome, a Portuguese Jesuit, was born at Lisbon, in 1593. He went as a mis- sionary to Abyssinia, and, on his return to Europe, became rector of the college of Coimbra, where he died in 1678. He wrote 531 z z 2 LOC] ^ 0m WiwihtviKl 23i00rap^e, [lol "An Account of Abyssinia," of which Dr. Johnson published an abridged transhition. LOCK, Matthew, an eminent English musician, was born at Exeter, where he became a chorister in the cathedral. lie publislied some musical pieces in 1657, and, after the Restoration, he was employed as a composer of operas. He was also appointed composer to the chapel royal, and has ac- quired considerable reputation by the beau- tiful music to Shakspeare's Macbeth. LOCKE, JoHX, one of the most eminent pliilosophers and writers of modern times, was bom at Wrington, in Somersetshire, in 1632. He was educated at Westminster School, and Christchurch College, Oxford, where he distinguished himself much by his general proficiency ; and finally applied to the study of pliysic. In the year 1666 he was introduced to Lord Asliley, afterwards the celebrated Earl of Shaftesburj', to wlxom he became essentially serviceable in his medical capacity, and who formed a high opinion of his general powers, and intro- duced him to the Duke of Buckingliam, the Earl of Halifax, and other distinguished characters. He also confided to him the superintendence of his son's education ; and when, in 1672, Lord Shaftesbury was ap- pointed chancellor, he made ^Ir. I/Ocke secretary of presentations, and, at a later period, secretary to the board of trade. On his patron retiring to Holland, to avoid a state prosecution, Locke accompanied him, and remained there several years. So ob- noxious was he to James's government, that the English envoy demanded Mr. Locke of the States, on suspicion of his being con- cerned in Monmouth's rebellion, which occa- sioned him to keep private, and employ him- self in finishing liis " Essay on the Human Understanding." At the close of the revolu- tion he returned to England, and was made a commissioner of appeals, and in 1695 a commissioner of trade and plantations. He died at Oates, in Essex, in 1704. His prin- cipal works are, an "Essay on Human Un- derstanding," 2 vols. ; " Letters on Tolera- tion," "A Treatise on Civil Government," and " Thoughts concerning Education." LOCKAIAN, John, an English writer, was the author of " Rosalinda," a musical drama ; and " David's Lamentations," an oratorio. He was also one of the compilers of the Great Historical Dictionary. He died in 1771. LODGE, Edmuxd, clarencieux-king-at- arms, K. H., and F. S. A. ; author of the well-known "Portraits of illustrious Per- sonages of Great Britain," was in early life a cornet of dragoons. He also published several other works, " Illustrations of British History," the " Life of Sir Julius Caesar," &c. &c., besides some elaborate and erudite papers in the Quarterly Review. Born, 1756; died, 1839. LODGE, Thomas, an English physician and poet, who died in 1625. He wrote " Wounds of Civil War," a tragedy ; " Look- ing-glass for London and England," a tragi- comedy. He also assisted Robert Green in writing some of his works. LOFFT, Capel, a barrister, and the au- thor of several works in polite literature, 532 was born in London in 1751. He was edu- cated at Eton and Cambridge, and was called to the bar in 1775. On succeeding to the €apel estates, in 1781, he removed to Troston, in Suffolk, and became an active magistrate of the county till 1800 ; when, for having too zealously exerted liimself as under-sheriff to delay the execution of a young woman who had received sentence of death, he was removed from the com- mission. Mr. LofFt was a very considerable contributor to most of the magazines of the day ; and it was to his active patronage of Robert Bloomfield that the public was in- debted for the " Farmer's Boy," and other poems by that author. Died, 1824. LOFTUS, Dudley, an oriental scholar, was bom, in 1618, at Rathfarnham, near Dublin ; studied at Trinity College and at Oxford ; became vicar-general and judge of the prerogative court in Ireland ; and died in 1695. Among his writings are, " A His- tory of the Eastern and Western Churches," " The History of Our Saviour, taken from the Greek, Syriac, and other Oriental Au- thors," " A Translation of the Ethiopic New Testament into Latin," &c. LOGAN, Feedekic, Baron de, a German poet, was born in 1604, and died in 1655. Lessing and Ramler published an edition of his Epigrams, which are much esteemed. LOGAN, JoHx, a Scottish poet and prose writer of some eminence, was born in 1748. Having studied for the church, his eloquence and ability procured for him the living of South Leith, in 1773. But his conduct having rendered him unpopular with his parishioners, he was induced to resign his charge ; and he then proceeded to London, where he became connected with the press ; and, among other productions, wrote a pam- i phlet, entitled " A Review of the principal ! Charges against Mr. Warren Hastings," | which led to the prosecution of the pub- lisher, Mr. Stockdale, who, however, was j acquitted. His poems, usually printed with j those of Michael Bruce, whose merits he : was the first to make known, are chiefly lyri- I cal ; but he also wrote "Runnymcde," a tra- I gedy ; and published tlie " Elements of the | Philosophy of History " (a most able work), | under the pseudonym of Rutherford ; be- { sides being the author of a volume of ser- j mons, published posthumously, which have enjoyed great popularity. Died, 1788. ! LOKMAM, surnamed Al-hakim, or the Wise, an eastern philosopher and fabulist, i who by some is supposed to have been an ' Abyssinian, and by others an Arabian, is j said to have been contemporary with David, | and that he embraced the Jewish faith ; but neither the age in which he lived, nor the country which gave him birth, are cor- rectly known. His fables were published at Leyden, by Erpenius, in Arabic and Latin, in 1636. LOLLARD, Walter, the founder of a religious sect in Germany, about 1315. He was burnt, at Cologne, in 1322. LOLLI, or LOLLY, Antonio, a cele- brated performer on the violin, was a native of Bergamo, in Italy, and born in 1728. In Germany, Russia, England, Spain, France, and Naples, he excited the admiration of lom] ^ ^tfa UnihtxSnl JSiograjp]^!). [low the musical world ; but tliough for many years he possessed a wonderful command over the instrument, yet during the latter part of his life not a truce was left of that extraordinary skill which had established his fame. Died, 1802. LOM, or LOMMIUS, JossE van, an in- genious physician, was bom at Buren, in Guelderland, in 1500, and died in 15«2. His { Latin style is pure and elegant, and hia I works are held in estimation. I LOMBARD, John Louis, an eminent I writer on military tactics, was born at ' Strasburg, in 1723 ; became professor of [ artillery at Metz ; and died in 1794. He ! translated into French, " Kobins's Prin- ciples of Gunnery," and wrote " Aide Miinoire a I'Usage desOlHciers d'Artillerie de France," 2 vols. ; " Instruction sur la Manoeuvre et le Tir du Cannon de Ba- taille," and "Traitd du Mouvement des I Projectiles." I LOMONOZOF, Michael Wasilowitz, I A Russian poet and liistorian of the last j century, was born in 1711. He was the son ' of a lislimonger, and having fled from his father, he took refuge in a monastery, where he received his education, which he after- 1 wards improved at a German university. In 1741 he returned to his native country, ! and became member of the academy of 1 Petersburgh, and professor of chemistry. In j 1764 he was made a counsellor of state, and I died in the course of the same year. His j Odes partake much of the fire of Pindar, I and he has been justly called the father ! of Russian poetry. He also wrote several I works in prose, particularly a " History of I the Empire of Russia." I LONDONDERRY, Robert Stewart, I Marquis of, who for many years was known as Lord Castlereagh, was a native of Ire- i land, and born in 17G9. He was educated at j Armagh and St. John's College, Cambridge ; i and having made the tour of Europe, was, i on his return, cltosen a member of the Irish I parliament. He joined the opposition in I the first place, and declared himself an ad- ! vocate for parliamentary reform ; but, on obtaining a seat in the British parliament, he took his station on the ministerial benches. In 1797, having then become LordCastle- reagli, he was made keeper of the privy seal ' for Ireland, and soon after appointed one of I the lords of the treasury. Tlie next year he I was nominated secretary to the lord lieu- tenant, and, by hia strenuous exertions and abilities, in the art of removing opposition, the union with Ireland was greatly facili- tated. In 1805 he was appointed secretary of war and the colonies ; but, on the death of Mr. Pitt, he retired, until the dissolution of the brief administration of 180« restored him to the same situation in 1807 ; and he held his office until the ill-fated expedition to Walcheren, and his duel with liis col- league, Mr. Canning, produced his resigna- tion. In 1812 he succeeded the Marquis Wellesley as foreign secretary (which office he held till his decease), and the following year proceeded to the Continent, to assist the coalesced powers in negotiating a gene- ral peace. In 1814 he was plenipotentiary extraordinary to the allied powers, and, towards the close of the same year, to the Congress of Vienna. For these services he received the thanks of parliament, and was honoured with the order of the giirter. On the death of his father, in 1821, he succeeded to the title of marquis of I^ondonderry ; but he did not long enjoy it, for in a fit of in- sanity, brought on by excessive mental and bodily exertion in attending to his public duties, he put an end to his existence by severing the carotid artery with a penknife. This event took place on the 12th of August, 1822 ; and, on the 20th, his remains were interred in Westminster Abbey. L<^)NO, Edwaru, was born in 1734, at St. Blaize, Cornwall. He was brought up to the law, and became judge of the vice- admiralty court in Jamaica, where his father possessed estates, and of which island his brother-in-law, Sir Henrj' Moore, was lieu- tenant-govenior. Being obliged to return to England for the restoration of his health, in 1769, he devoted his time to literary pur- suits, and wrote an admirable " History of Jamaica," 3 vols. ; a collection of essays, entitled " The Prater," " The Antigallican," a novel ; " Letters on the Colonies," &c. Died, 1813. LONG, Roger, an English divine, emi- nent as an astronomer and a mathematician, was born in 1C79, in Norfolk ; was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, of which college he became master in 1733 j was chosen Lowndes' professor of astronomy ; held livings in Huntingdonshire and Essex, and died in 1770. Dr. Long was the author of a valuable " Treatise on Astronomy," and constructed, at Pembroke Hall, a hollow sphere, 18 feet in diameter, on the interior surface of which were represented the stars, constellations, &c., the whole being moved by means of machinery. LONG, St. Johx, was bom at Newcastle, in Limerick, in 1798. The name of his fa- ther was John Long, whose vocations were no less numerous than those of Caleb Quo- tem himself; for he was a steward, parish clerk, harness-maker, a maker of mouse- traps, and the manufacturer of certain inge- nious machinery for winnowing wheat, &c. John inlierited the multipotent genius of his sire, and was considered a perfect prodigy in painting, glazing, and basket-making ; and a certain lady, having been much pleased with his attempts to copy some drawings, laid the foundation of his future fortune. Through her notice of John, a subscription was raised for him at Done- raile ; he was sent to Dublin, and there placed with a furniture-painter, of the name of Richardson, for two years ; during which period he attended the school of painting attached to the Dublin Society. Having made some little progress in the art, he returned to Limerick, started as drawing- master, and, taking the hint of a friend, adopted the maiden name of his mother (St. John) in preference to plain John, as he had received it at the font ; he then set out, in 1822, to seek his fortune in London, at the age of 25, with some of his own pictures, a light purse, and a good share of confidence. His genius as a painter was, however, not so highly appreciated in London as he had z z 3 lon] ^ i^m mni&frSal ^BiDfirajP^!?. [lon I expected ; and he resolved to turn doctor. I The first account of his success in his newly adopted line of business is recorded by him- self in a letter to a friend, in 1826, by which it appeared he had cured a fellow-craftsman (a carriage-painter) of a decline. He now proclaimed his competency to cure consump- tion, rheumatism, and, in short, all other diseases, how incurable soever they might be deemed by the faculty, taking fees ac- cordingly. He made his professional debut in Rowland Street. Here business increased so rapidly, that in the following year he was settled in Harley Street, Cavendish Square, in an elegantly furnished house, with ser- vants in attendance to usher in his patients, who were not only numerous, but of the highest rank. He thus floated on the full tide of fortune for two years, when a tem- porary check was given to his success, in consequence of a young lady having died through the baleful effects of his nostrums, for which lie was tried, and found guilty of manslaughter. In the following year, 1831, another lady died under the same mode of treatment, and he was again tried, but acquitted. On the first of these trials, no less than 63 of his patients, who were all persons of rank and wealth, appeared in his favoui- ! He still continued to practise, and to be visited by many patients ; when a rapid consumption, the very disease which he boasted of eradicating by a simple re- medy, hurried him to an early grave. He died, July 2. 1834, leaving the bulk of his property to his brother William ; and also the celebrated recipe, which he desired should be sold for lO.OOOZ. ; or, otherwise, that his brother should use it, after having studied anatomy. LONG, Thomas, an English nonjuring divine, was born at Exeter, in 1621 ; was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and, after the Restoration, was made prebendary of Exeter, but lost that preferment at the revolution for refusing the oaths. His principal works are, " Calvinus Redivivus," " History of the Donatists," " Vindication of the Primitive Christians in point of Obe- dience," " History of Popish and Fanatical Plots," and " A Vindication of King Charles's Claim to the Eikon Basilike." Died, 1700. LONGEPIERRE, Hii.aet Bernaed de, a French critic, bom at Dijon, in 1659 ; author of several tragedies in imitation of the Greek poets ; but only two of them, the " Medea" and " Electra," were ever performed. Died, 1721. liONGINUS, DioNYsius, a celebrated Greek critic and philosopher of the third century ; but whether born at Athens, or in Syria, is uncertain. In his youth he tra- velled for improvement to Rome, Athens, and Alexandria, and attended all the emi- nent masters in eloquence and philosophy. At length he settled at Athens, where he taught philosophy, and where he also pub- lished his inimitable " Treatise on the Sub- lime." His knowledge was so extensive, that he was called " the living library ;" and his fame having reached the ears of the celebrated Zeuobia, queen of Palmyra, she invited him to the court, intrusted to him the education of her two sons, and took his advice on political affairs. But this distinc- tion proved fatal to him ; for, after the sur- render of Palmyra, Aurelian basely put him to death, for having advised Zenobia to resist the Romans, and for being the real author of the spirited letter which the queen addressed to the Roman monarch. His death took place in 273. He met his fate with calmness and fortitude, exclaiming with his expiring breath, " The world is but a prison ; happy therefore is he who gets soonest out of it, and gains his liberty." LONGLAND, JoHX, an English prelate, was born in 1473, at Henley-on-Thames ; received his education at Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford ; was made dean of Salisbury in 1514, and was appointed confessor to Henry VIII., who gave him the bishopric of Lincoln, in 1521. He was a liberal benefactor to the university of Oxford, of which he was chancellor. LONGLAND, or LANGELANDE, Ro- bert, an old English poet, was born in Shropshire. He was fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and a secular priest, but espoused the doctrines of Wickliffe. He is believed to have been the author of the " Vision of Pierce Plowman" and " Pierce Plowman's Crede," two curious poems, containing severe reflections on the Romish clergy, and exhibiting a curious pictiure of the times. LONGMAN, Thomas NoRTOif, known for nearly half a century as the head of the emi- nent and long-established publishing firm of Messrs. Longman and Co., of Paternoster Row, was born in the year 1770. In liim were united strict business habits with that enterprising spirit, which happily combines prudence and foresight with honour and liberality. The every-day routine of regular trade, although requiring the patient exer- cise of the intellect, has nothing in it of startling incident, or personal adventure, wherewith to furnish the more attractive materials for biography ; but in conducting important commercial pursuits with credit and advantage, tlie union of several valuable qualities is requisite, and these Mr. Long- man possessed in no ordinary degree. In transacting business lie was prompt and de- cided ; in his intercourse with friends, cour- teous and agreeable : on all occasions proving, that in a well-regulated mind the habits of trade tend neither to circumscribe the sphere of action, nor to counteract the natural ten- dencies of a benevolent disposition. Mr. Longman had for many years been accus- tomed to ride on horseback from his residence at Hampstead to the city ; and on the 28th of August, 1842, when on his way home, his horse having stumbled, he was thrown on his head, and received such severe injury, that he expired shortly after the occurrence of the accident. His personal friends being desirous " to record their deep sense of the many excellences that distinguished his private character, and of the advantages conferred on literature by his ability, inte- grity, and enterprise," erected a monument to his memory in Hampstead church. LONGOMONTANUS, Christian, a ce- lebrated astronomer, was born in 15C2, at lon] ^ ^eto ©fnibertfal 3SCaflrfqpT)2). [lor Langsberg, in Jutland, and was obliged to earn his bread by hard labour, having been left an orphan in his eighth year ; notwith- standing which he studied hard, and, with the assistance of the minister of the parish, acquired a good knowledge of the mathe- matics. At last he became a servitor in the college of Wibourg ; the professors of which university recommended him to Ty- cho Brahe, whom he assisted in his astro- nomical researches, and with whoin he lived II years. In 1605 he was made pro- fessor of mathematics at Copenhagen, where he died in 1647. He was the author of several works, of which the principal is his " Astronomia Danica." LONGUERNE, Louis Di'four i>e, an eminent scholar, was a native of Charle- ville, in France, and bom in 1()52. He was & child of such precocious talent, that be- fore he had attained his lifth year, he attracted the notice of Louis XIV. As he grew up, his application and perseverance in literary pursuits were quite in charac- ter with his early proficiency, and he be- came one of the most profound orientalists of the age. His chief works are, "The Annals of the Arsacides," an "Historical Description of the History of Trance," " Ilemarks on the Life of Cardinal Wolsey," a " Treatise on the Eucharist," and "A Dis- sertation on Tatian," written in Latin. Died, 1732. LONGUEVAL, Jacques, a French Je- suit ; author of an elaborate history of the French church, in eight folio volumes, and other theological works. Born, 1680 ; died, 1735. LONGUS, a Greek pastoral writer, wliose work, entitled "Poimenica," or "The Loves of Daphnis and Chloe," is exceedingly curious, for the incture It affords of rural manners in ancient Greece, but is at the same time tainted with licentiousness. It is supposed to be the earliest specimen there is of a prose romance ; but no account has been transmitted either of the age in which Longus lived, or the place of his birth. LONICERUS, Adam, a physician and naturalist, was a native of Marburg, in Germany ; and after occupying the mathe- matical chair there, removed to Frankfort, where he held the office of stipendiary phy- sician to the senate during 32 years. His name has been preserved in the Linnsean appellation of the Lonicera, a beautiful genus of plants. Died, 1586. LOOS, Cornelius, a Dutch divine of the 16th century, wlio had the temerity to write a treatise, "De vera et falsa Magia," against the then prevailing notions of witch- craft. Such was the ignorance and super- stition of the age, that Loos was more than once subjected to a prosecution, and obliged to make a recantation of his supposed error. He was also the author of other learned works, and died in 1595. L008JES, Adrian, a Dutch novelist, poet, and librarian, born at Ha«rlem, in 1761. Always an ardent friend of liberty, he opposed Napoleon's design of convert- ing Holland into a monarchy, with honest but abortive zeal. He was the author of "Gewarts und Gyzeslar," a drama; "Lu- cius Junius Brutus," " Marcus Junius Bru- tus," and several romances ; " Life of a Dutch Family in the 17 th Century," " Jeau de Witt," "Conrad and Jacquelin," &c. LOPES, Feknam, a Portuguese historian, whose " Chronicle of Joam," describing the great struggle between Portugal and Castile, towards tlie close of the 14th century, ex- hibits, according to the opinion of Dr. Sou- they, all the manners, painting, and drama- tic reality of Froissart. Lojjcs is the oldest of tlic Portuguese chroniclers. LOPEZ DE BUEDA, a Spanish drama- tist and actor, who in the 16th century composed humorous pieces, and with his itinerant band of performers exhibited them to his countrymen. Died, 1.564. LORENZ, John Michael, was profes- sor of history and rhetoric in the university of Strasburg ; where he was born in 1723, and died in 1801. Among his writings are, " Elementa Historiae Universae," ♦' Ele- menta Historiae Germanica," and "Sum- ma HistorisB Gallo-Francicaj, civilis et sacraj." LORENZLNI, or LAURENTINI, Fran- cesco Makia, was a native of Rome, and patronised by Cardinal Borghese, who gave him apartments in his palace and a pension. He was the author of a number of sacred dramas, written in Latin ; and at the time of liis death filled the situation of president of the academy of the Arcadi. Born, 1680 ; died, 1743. LORENZfln:, Lorenzo, an ingenious mathematician, who for some offence, while in the service of Ferdinand, son of Cosmo III., was confined in the tower of Volterra, where he solaced the hours of a wearisome imprisonment, which lasted nearly twenty ycai-9, by writing a work on conic sections. Died, 1721 LORGNA, Antonio Marie, an eminent mathematician of Verona, in which city he was born, about 1730. He became colonel of a corps of engineers, and filled the ma- thematical chair in the military school of Verona. He died in 1796, and had the repu- tation of being one of the best geometricians in Italy. LORIOT, Anthony Joseph, an excel- lent French mechanician, who, in 1753, presented to the academy of sciences a machine, by means of wliioh a child might raise a weight of several thousand pounds. He afterwards constructed machines for the naval service; and for working the mines of Pompeah ; claimed the merit of invent- ing a kind of cement used in building, called " mortier Loriot," and a hydraulic machine for raising water. Born, 1716 : died, 1782. LORRAINE, Robert le, an eminent French sculptor, was bom at Paris, in 1665 ; studied under Girardon, and afterwards in Italy ; and on his return, in 1701, produced the most beautiful of his works, the " Ga- latea," which at once procured his admis- sion into the society, of which he eventually became the president. Died, 1743. LORRIS, William uk. a French poet of the 12th century, was born at Lorris, near Montargis ; and was the first author of the LOU] ^ ^t\33 SJntbcrs'al 33i0flrffp!)t>. [lou " Romance of the Rose," a comi)osition in part imitating Ovid's Art of Love, and which during the middle ages had a great influence on the literature of France and England. He died young, and left his work nnflni8l»ed ; but it was completed, forty years later, by Jolm de Mcung. LOUBERE, Simon de la, a native of Toulouse, who was sent on a diplomatic mission to Siam, and whose account of his " Voyage" to that kingdom contains many curious and interesting particulars. On one occasion, while he was at Madrid, he was arrested as a spy, and confined in the state prisons of that capital for a consider- able time, but was ultimately released, and returned to Toulouse. Died, 1729. LOUDON, JoHX Claudius, long known as a distinguished writer on horticultural subjects, was born at Cambuslang,iu Lanark- shire, in 1783, and brought ui) as a landscape gardener. Coming to England in 1803, with numerous letters of introduction to some of the first landed proprietors in the kingdom, and displaying considerable taste as well as industry, he obtained much lucrative em- ployment, and afterwards took a large farm at Tew, in Oxfordshire, where he greatly improved his circumstances. In the years 1813, 1814, 1815, he made the tour of northern Europe, traversing Sweden, Russia, Poland, and Austria ; and as it was undertaken just after the close of the French disasters in their retreat from Moscow, many of the incidents he met with created no common interest in the mind of so intelligent and observing a traveller. In 1819 he travelled through Italy; and, in 1828, through France and Germany. But though Mr. Loudon occasionally grati- fied his inclination for foreign travel, his literary labours were during nearly 40 years almost unceasing. " No man," says one of his biographers, " has ever written so much, under such adverse circumstances, as Mr. Loudon. Many years ago, when he first came to England cin 1803), he had a severe attack of inflammatory rheumatism, wliich disabled him for two years, and ended in an anchyloscd knee and a contracted left arm. In the year 1820, whilst compiling the " En- cyclopaidia of Gardening," he had another severe attack of rheumatism ; and the follow- ing year, being recommended to go to Brigh- ton to get shampooed in Mahomet's baths, his right arm was there broken near the shoulder, and it never properly united. Not- withstanding this, he continued to write with his right hand till 1825, when the arm was broken a second time, and he was then obliged to have it amputated, but not before a general breaking-up of the frame had com- menced, and the thumb and two fingers of the left hand had been rendered useless. He afterwards suffered frequently from ill- health, till his constitution was finally un- dermined by the anxiety attending on that most costly and laborious of all his works — the " Arboretum Britannicum." His works were both important and numerous : among the principal were the " Arboretum Britan- nicum," the " Encyclopaedia of Agriculture," the " Encyclopaedia of Gardening," " Hints on the Formation of Gardens," the " Ency- clopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Archi- tecture," the " Suburban Horticulturist," and the " Encyclopaadia of Trees and Shrubs," besides which he latterly edited the Gardener's and Agricultural Magazines, and contributed to other publications. Died, Dec. 14. 1843. LOUIS IX<, king of France, canonised in the Romish calendar as St. Louis, was born in 1214, and succeeded his father, Louis VIII., in 1226. Being then only in his 12th year, he was placed under the guardiansliip of his mother, who was made regent of the kingdom, and who inculcated in him a strong attachment to religion. He was surrounded by churchmen, and was sincerely devout ; but he knew the limits between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdic- tion, and displayed a well-founded jealousy of usurpation in the latter. Having made a vow, in the event of recovering from a dangerous disease, to march against the infidels, he made preparations for so doing, and, in 1248, he accordingly embarked at Aigues-Mortes, with an army of 50/K)0 men, accompanied by his queen, his brothers, and almost all the cliivalry of France. The particulars of his eventful and disastrous campaign, which ended in his surrender, and that of the remains of his army, cannot be recorded here ; but we may remark, that a greater union of fortitude, punctilious honour, humanity, and personal bravery, was never witnessed in the conduct of a prince than was displayed by Louis through- out the whole of this ill-advised and un- fortunate expedition. The town of Dami- etta, which remained in the possession of the French, was demanded as the price of the monarch's freedom, and a vast ransom was also claimed for his followers. These terms being punctually fulfilled, Louis em- barked with about 6000 men, the sole re- mains of liis fine army, for Acre, and spent four years more in fortifying the strong places in Palestine. On his return to France, he applied to the government of his king- dom with exemplary diligence, and ruled with strict impartiality and moderation. Notwithstanding the disasters of the pre- vious crusade, he was again incited to encounter a new one, the ultimate object of which was the conquest both of Egypt and Palestine. Tunis, however, was the first point of attack ; but while engaged at the siege of that place, a pestilence broke out among the French troops ; and, after seeing one of his sons perish, and a great part of his army, he was himself doomed to be one of its victims, August 24. 1270. The instructions he left in writing for his son, show the noble spirit which inspired this king ; a spirit which, if it had not been infected with the false zeal and bigotry of the times, would have rendered his admi- nistration a perfect specimen of monarchical wisdom. LOUIS XL, king of France, was the son of Charles VII., and born at Bourges, in 1423. Active, bold, and cunning, he was the reverse of his well-disposed but imbe- cile father, of whose minister and mistress, Agnes Sorel, he soon showed himself a de- cided enemy. In 1440 he left the court, and put himself at the head of an insurrec- LOU] ^ ^tb) HuiberiSal 3fii0srnp]^». [lou tion. Charles defeated the rebels, and ex- ecuted some, but pardoned his son, whom lie even trusted with a command against the English and Swiss. Louis conducted him- self with valour and prudence, and hit father became entirely reconciled to him j but hav- ing soon entered into new conspiracies, he was obliged to take refuge in Burgundy, and lived tliere live years in a deiicndent condition. On the death of his father, in 1461, he dismissed the former ministers, and filled their places with men taken from the lower orders, without character or talents to recommend them. Insurrections broke «ut in various parts of his dominions ; but they were soon quelled, and followed by many executions. Ih every tiling he did, his crooked policy ajid sinister views were evi- dent. Whilst he pretended to reconcile con- tending parties, he secretly instigated them Against each other -, and whenever he had a meeting with a foreign prince, he cor- rupted his courtiers by brilws, and established secret correspondences with them. H« be- fiame iuvolve<l in a war with Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy ; and having re- quested a passport from the duke, he went to visit him at Peronne, though he had just before secretly instigated the people of Liege to rise, and promised them aid. Charles having discovered this act of treachery, was furious with rage, and hesitated three days (during which he kept the king in prison) as to what course he should adopt. Nothing but the aversion of Charles to take the life of a king, and the greatest presence of mind on the part of the latter, who asserted his innocence under the most solemn oaths, saved him. lie was obliged to accompany Charles to Liege, and to witness the pillage and slaughter of which be had been tlie cause. A peace was concluded on favour- able terms for Charles and his allies ; but, when Louis returned to Paris, he used every artifice to evade its fulfilment. He died in 1483- The great object of Louis was the establishment of the royal power, and the overthrow of the feudal aristocracy ; but it is almost impossible to convey a just idea of his character, so contradictory were its qualities. He was at tlie same time confiding and suspicious, avaricious and lavish, audacious and timid, mild and cruel ; yet he was the first French mon- arch who had the title of "most Christian king." LOUIS XII^ king of France, was the son of Charles, duke of Orleans, and born in 14C2. On ascending the throne, in 1408, he pardoned the wrongs he had suffered before his accession. " The king of France," said he, " must not revenge the injuries done to the Duke of Orleans." His reign was a con- tinued scene of warfare ; he conquered the Milanese, Genoa, and Naples; but after ravaging Italy, the French were expelled in 1513. The emperor Maximilian, Henry VIII. of England, and the Swiss, attacked Louis in his own dominions ; he was obliged to sue for peace, and died in 1515. Louis XII. possessed many of the qualities of a good ruler ; he was oiien, honest, economical, just, kind-hearted, and magnanimous ; he was also a friend to science ; and France enjoyed under him a degree of prosperity and secu- rity which it had never possessed before. LOUIS XIII., king of France, was the son of Henry IV.. and born in U>()1. Being only nine years old at the deaih of his fa- ther, the care of him and of the kingdom was intrusted to his mother, Mary de Medi- cis. During the early part of his reign, France became the prey of civil dissensions, which Marshal d'Ancre, prime minister at that time, was utterly unable to suppress ; and when the king, in 1015, married a Spanish princess, the disturbances grew still more alarming. At length the Huguenots rose in arms, with Rohan and Soubise at their head ; and a great part of the kingdom rebelled against the king, who now delivered himself up to the guidance of Cardinal Riche- lieu. After victory had inclined, sometimes to one side and sometimes to the other, and both parties felt deeply the necessity -of re- pose, peace was concluded in 1623. But it was of no long duration. Rocbelle, the head- quarters of the Huguenots, revolted, and was supported bv England. The king drove the English to the sea, conquered the island of Rh(5, and at last took Rochelle, which had sustained all the horrors of a siege for twelve months, and cost the crown 40 million livres. After this event, so fatal to the Protestant interest in France, Louis assisted the Duke of Mantua against the emperor, and entered on tlie campaign in person, in which he showed skill and bravery. In 1631 a treaty was concluded, by wliich the duke was con- firmed in his estates. Tlie year following, Gaston of Orleans, only brother of the king, revolted, out of dislike to Richelieu, and was assisted by the Duke de Montmorency, who being wounded and taktn prisoner at the battle of Castlenaudari, in 1632, was be- headed at Toulouse. Louis and the cardinal were attacked with a mortal disease nearly together ; the latter died in December, 1642, and the king in May following. LOUIS XIV., son of the preceding, was only five years old on the death of his father, the regency being in the hands of the queen-mother, Anne of Austria, under whom Mazarin acted as prime minister. The nation was then involved in a war with Spain and the «mperor, which was main- tained with glory to the French arms by the Prince of Coiide and the famous Tu- renne : but although Louis was successful abroad, his kingdom was distracted by inter- nal divisions ; the Parisians, irritated against Mazarin and the queen, took up arms ; and the king, his mother and the cardinal, were obliged to fly. The Spaniards, profiting by these troubles, made several conquests in Champagne, Lorraine, and Italy. In 1651 the king assumed the government, but Mazarin returning to power the year fol- lowing, the civil war was renewed. On the war breaking out between England and Holland, Louis joined with the latter ; but, after a few naval actions, the peace of Breda was concluded in 1667. In 1672 the French king made an attack on Holland, and re- duced some of the provinces in a few weeks. This invasion produced a new confederacy against Louis, between the emperor, Spain, and the Elector of Brandenburg, in which all LOU] ^ i^tbi Unittx^Kl 28i0graji]b2. [lou the allies vrere unsuccessful, and which ter- minated, in 1678, by the treaty of Nimeguen. Amidst all his glorj'. Louis committed an act of impolitic cruelty, by the revocation of the edict of Nautes, granted by Henry IV. in favour of tlie Protestants — a measure which drove from France a vast number of inge- nious mechanics and others, who settled in England and Holland. About this time another league was formed against France by the Prince of Orange, the Duke of Savoy, and the electors of Bavaria and Branden- burg. To this league were afterwards added the emperor of Germany and the king of Spain. The dauphin had the command of the French army, and he opened the t«im- paign by taking Philipsburg in October 1G88, but he was soon forced to retreat before a su- perior force. In 1C90 the French were more successful ; Luxemburg gained the battle of Fleurus, and Catinat took Nice, and gained a victory over the troops of the Duke of Savoy ; this was followed by the taking of Mons in Flanders, Valence in Catalonia, Carmanole, and Montmelian in Savoy. These successes were counterbalanced by the defeat of Tourville's squadron off La Hogue, by Admiral Russell, June 2. 1G92. Louis in person took Namur, and Luxem- burg gained the battles of Steenkirk and Nerwinde. In 1(5%, Savoy made a separate peace with France, which was followed by a general one at Ryswick in 1697. Tlie tran- quillity of Europe, however, was again broken by the death of Cliarles II., king of Spain, in 1700. He left his crowu to Philip of France, duke of Anjou, who assumed the title of Philip V. In opposition to him the Arcliduke Charles laid claim to the throne ; and he was supported by the emperor of Germany, Holland, and England. Prince Eugene had the command of the imperial forces, with which he took Cremona. In 1704 Eugene and Marlborough gained the great battle of Hochstet ; the year following, Nice and Ville-Franche were taken by the Frencli, who also gained a dear victory at Cassane over Eugene ; on the other hand, Barcelona surrendeied to the archduke, and Gironne declared in his favour ; the battle of Ka- milies was gained by the Duke of Marl- borough, and Prince Eugene saved Turin by defeating the Duke of Orleans. In 1708, Lisle was retaken by the allies, who also gained the battle of Oudenarde, and the im- perialists made themselves masters of Naples. The year following the French lost Tournay, and suffered a defeat at Malplaquet. In 1713 a treaty of peace was signed at Utrecht by France, Spain, England, Savoy, Portugal, Prussia, and Holland ; and the next year peace was concluded with the emperor at Radstadt. Louis died in 1715, aged 77 : by his first wife he had one son, Louis, dauphin of France, who died in 1711, leaving three sons, Louis, Philip, and Gaston, besides several illegitimate children by his mis- At the close of life he became serious, and even devout, through the in- fluence of Madame de Maintenon, whom he secretly married. The reign of Louis XlV. was adorned by great statesman and gene- rals, ecclesiastics, and men of literature and science, who made the national glory and the splendour of the king the object of their exertions. At his court, which became a model for all the others of Europe, every thiug had reference to the king, and tended to augment his dignity ; while no man pos- sessed in a higher degree than Louis the re- quisite qualities for playing well the part of a monarch. He was 20 jears of age, and devoted to tlie pleasures of the court and chase, when Mazarin died. " To whom shall we now apply ?" asked his secretaries of state : " To me," he replied, with dignity ; and he who had grown up in perfect igno- rance, with his heart full of romantic gal- lantry, devoted himself sedulously to busi- ness, and the acquisition of information. But his natural pride often degenerated into haughtiness, his love of splendour into useless extravagance, his firmness into despotism. Determined no longer to tolerate Calvinism in France, which had now, for some years, existed in peaceful separation from the na- tional church, he said, "My grandfather loved the Huguenots without fearing them ; my father feared, without loving them ; I neither fear nor love them." But his con- duct showed that a stern and unfeeling rigour towards tliem was uppermost in his mind ; their privileges were gradually infringed ; missionaries, supported by dragoons, were employed for their conversion ; and severi- ties were practised which excited the horror and indignation of every breast that was not hardened by bigotry and intolerance. LOUIS XV., king of France, great grand- son and successor of the preceding, was born in 1710 ; and Louis XIV. dying when he was only five years of age, the kingdom was placed under the regency of Philip, duke of Orleans. He was crowned in 1772, and de- clared of age the following year. The be- ginning of his reign was rendered very dis- tressing by the Mississippi sclieme of Law, the famous financier, which ruined thousands of people. On the death of the Duke of Orleans, in 1723, he was succeeded as prime minister by the Duke of Bourbon, who was displaced in 1725, when Cardinal Fleury entered upon that station. The same year the king married the daughter of the king of Poland. On the death of the last men- tioned monarch, in 1733, Louis supported the election of his queen's relation Stanislaus, against the Elector of Saxony, which occa- sioned a war between France and the em- peror : Stanislaus, however, was forced to abandon the throne ; but the French were successful in Italy, on which a peace was concluded in 1738. The death of the emperor Charles opened a new scene. The succession of the house of Austria was disputed by four persons, and Louis declared himself against Maria Theresa, daughter of the late emperor, contrary to his own engagements. He sup- ported the pretensions of the Elector of Ba- varia, who called himself Charles VII. That prince took Prague, where he was crowned king of Bohemia ; but in 1742 that city was retaken, and the allies, with the king of Great Britain at their head, gained the battle of Dettingen. In 1744, Louis took tlie field in person, and captured Courtray, Menin, and Ypres ; he was also present at the battles of Fontenoy and Lawfeld. These LOU] ^ ^eto Bnihtx^Kl ^iasrapf^n* [lou advantages were accompanied by the taking of Ghent, Ostend, Brussels, Bcrgen-op-Zoom, and other places. On the other hand, the troops of the Duke of Saxony, and of the queen of Hungary, ravaged Provence, and the English completely ruined the French commerce at sea, which effected the peace of Aix-la-Chapcllc, in 1748. In 175.'i a new war broke out between France and England, in which the latter power had Prussia for an ally, while Austria leagued with France. At first the French were very successful, by taking Port Mahon, defeating the Duke of Cumberland at Ilastinlieck, and forcing the English general and his army to capitulate at Closter Seven. The electorate of Hanover was conquered ; but in 1757 the French and Austrians were defeated at Rosbach ; this was followed by other losses both by land and sea, particularly of Canada, and Louis died in 1774. He was polite, affable, and naturally humane ; but want of strength of character, and sensual indulgences, degraded him equally as a monarch and a man. The coming storm, which burst on the head of his devoted successor, was fully ex|iected by him ; but he selfishly congratulated himself, that, bad as things were, they would last his time. LOUIS XVI., the son of I.ouis the dau- phin, and of Maria Josephine, daughter of Frederic Augustus, king of Poland, was born in 1754, and immediately created duke of Bern. On the death of his father, in 170.5, he beeame the heir to the throne ; and in 1770 he married Maria Antoinette, an Aus- trian princess, of great beauty and accom- plishments. In 1774 he succeeded to the crown ! at which period France was in a deplorable state ; her finances were nearly exhausted, her trade diminished, her navy destroyed, and the nation groaned under a weight of debt. In this state of things the people looked to the young king to recover their lost greatness, and he seconded their hopes by calling around him those persons whom he thought most likely to redeem the errors of the late administration. His first act was very popular ; he dispensed with the customary tax paid by the people at the beginning of every new reign. In 1774 the parliament was recalled, and affairs began to assume a favourable aspect, when, un- fortunately, the French government, always jealous of England, took part with the re- volted Americans, and a ruinous war ensued between the two countries ; which, though it terminated in the loss of the colonies to the English, brought about a bloody revolution in France. The finances of the latter country were completely exhausted, and the Cardinal de Brienne, who succeeded Colonne as minis- ter, framed imposts, which laid such intoler- able burdens upon the people, that the par- liament refused to register them. For this the members were exiled toTroyes, but were afterwards recalled by Louis, who, at their request, convened the states-general of three orders. This assembly met in May, 1789 ; the public mind was now agitated, and art- ful demagogues took the advantage of dif- fusing the worst of principles. Mirabeau was the leader of these men ; a violent re- publican and an atheist. At his voice the people of Paris arose, and on the 14th of July, that year, stormed the Bastile. Revolution now marched with gigantic steps, and, in October, the armed mob, with a prodigious number of women, marched to Versailles, which palace they forced, murdered the guards, and searched in vain for the queen, who would have shared the same fate, had she not escaped from her bed, which the mis- creants pierced with their sabres. The result of this insurrection was, the leading of the king and his family in triumph to Paris, amidst all the insults of a lawless rabble. In February, 1790, Louis was force<l to accept the new constitution ; but, notwithstanding all his concessions, finding himself a mere prisoner at Paris, and exposed daily to new injuries, he resolved to escape. Accordingly, in the night of June 21. 1791, he and his family quitted the Tuilleries ; but at Va- rennes his person was recognised, and he was conducted back to Paris, where he be- came a prisoner in his own palace, and Buflfered the vilest indignities. War was de- clared against France by the emperor and the king of Prussia ; and the Duke of Bruns- wick marched into the country, but was forced to retreat. In the mean time the people were wrouglit up to a pitch of savage ferocity by the factious leaders, and assaulted the Tuilleries, in storming which they mur- dered the brave and loyal Swiss guards. The king and family sought refuge in the National Assembly, who ordered them to be sent to the Temple. The legislative assemblv gave way to the National Convention, which brought Louis to a mock trial ; his defence was conducted by Malesherbes, Tronchet, and Desfcze, and his own deportment was, as it had uniformly been during his confine- ment, firm and modest, dignified and re- signed. Jan. 17. 1793, he was adjudged to death for conspiring against the public good : his separation from his family was uncommonly affecting, yet in every scene he manifested the spirit of a Christian, and em- ployed the short interval allowed him in the preparations for death enjoined him by his religion, to which he was sincerely devoted. On the 21st of January he was led to the scaffold, where his behaviour partook of the calm fortitude which had distinguished him through all the scenes of suffering and in- dignity to which he had been exposed. On ascending it, he declared his innocence to the surrounding crowd, but was purposely inter- rupted while addressing the people, by the noise of drums and the officious interference of his executioners. He was accompanied by his confessor, the Abb^ Edgeworth, wJio, as the monarch laid his head on the fatal block, exclaimed with energetic force, " As- cend, O son of St. Louis, ascend to heaven ! " His body was thrown into a pit filled with lime, and no vestige left of the place of his interment. Such was the tragical end of Louis XVI., one of the most moral and best- inteutioned sovereigns of France ; and who, in spite of all the prejudices to which the misrule of his ancestors had subjected him, was allowed to possess an amiable heart, an upright mind, and a refined and enlarged understanding His son, Louis Charles, the daupliin, regarded by tlie mockery of T.OU] ^ ^c&) Winibtx^Kl ISicffirapTji). [lou etiquette as Lobis XVII., was, at the death of his father, only 8 years old. The inhaman murderers caused him to be placed with a shoemaker named Simon, who treated him with savage barbarity ; and the innocent victim died shortly after, as was generally believed, of poison. The daughter of Louis, after the murder of her parents and brother, was suffered to quit France, and slie married her cousin, the Duke of Angouleme. LOUIS XVIII., Stanislaus Xavier, sur- named le Desire, second son of the daupliin (the son of Louis XV.), was born in 1755, and was originally known as the Count of Provence. At the accession of his brother, Louis XVI., in 1774, he received the title of Monsieur ; and after the death of his nephew, in 1795, from which time he reckoned his reign, he took the name and title of Louis XVIII., king of France and Navarre. As a boy he is said to have manifested a disposition tinctured with much timidity and reserve, but to have exhibited a far more decided turn for literary pursuits than either his elder or liis yoimger brother (Charles X.), with whom he was educated ; and he early acquired the character of a good classical sdiolar. When Louis XVI. attempted to escape to tlie frontiers of the kingdom, and took theroadtoMontmedy, and was arrested at Varennes, Monsieur took that of Mons, and reached Brussels in safety : and, in 1792, he and the Count d'Artois joined the Prussian army, at the head of 60(X) cavalry. The pro- gress of the republican arms, however, com- pelled them to make a retreat, first to Turin, and afterwards to Verona, where he assumed the name of the Count de Lille, a title which he retained till his accession to the French throne. He now led a wandering life, sup- ported by foreign courts, especially the British, and by some friends of the house of Bourbon. In 179«3 he joined the army of the Prince of Conde on the Rhine. After this he went to Blankenburg, where he lived under the protection of the Duke of Bruns- wick, and carried on a correspondence with his friends in France, especially with Pichegru. Being invited to Russia by the emperor Paul, he took up his residence for a while in the ducal castle of Mittau, in Courland. The versatility of his new ally, however, soon put an end to his continuance there, and he received peremptory orders to quit Russia in a week. The Prussian govern- ment then allowed him to reside at Warsaw ; and while there, in 1803, Buonaparte, at that time first consul, attempted to induce him to renounce his claims to the throne. To which he replied, " I do not confound M. Buonaparte with his predecessors ; I es- teem his valour and his military talents, and thank him for all the good he lias done my people. But faithful to the rank in which I was born, I shall never give up any rights. Though in chains, I shall still esteem myself the descendant of St. Louis. As successor of Francis the First, I will at least say like him — 'We have lost all except our honour.'" In 1805, Louis, with the consent of the em- peror Alexander, returned to Mittau ; but the peace of Tilsit obliged him to leave the Continent, and, as a last resource, he took re- fuge iu England. Here he was hospitably re- ceived ; and Hartwell, in Buckinghamshire, a seat belonging to the Marquis of Bucking- ham, assigned as his residence, where he re- mainefl till the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, drew him from his retreat to reascend the throne of his ancestors. On the 3rd of May he made his entry into Paris ; on the 30th he caused a constitution to be drawn up ; on the 4th of June it was formally accepted ; and the chamber of deputies, which was established by this instrument, requested the king to take the surname of "Tlie Desired," Louis le Desire. But the disgrace which the French arms had received was too deeply felt by the soldiers who had fought under Napoleon to make them satisfied with the Bourbons, and the prevalence of ultra-liberal opinions rendered a great portion of the people dis- affected to the monarchy ; and when Napo- leon made his appearance in France, March 1. 1815, his presence roused every latent feel- ing, and inspired his former followers with tenfold courage and enthusiasm. Louis was compelled to flee from Paris on the 20th, and seek refuge in Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Orleans, the old Prince of Conde, the Count d'Artois, and the Duke de Berri, also hastily left Paris ; and, proceeding to La Vendt'e and the south of France, they en- deavoured to awaken popular sympathy in favour of the royal cause. The ministers, together with several officers of distinction, followed the king ; and Talleyrand, in par- ticular, was actively engaged in his cause at Vienna. Great events now followed in rapid succession. The battle of Water- loo, fought on the 18th of June, broke the power of Napoleon, and dissolved the charm of his supposed invincibility ; Wellington and Blucher marched to Paris ; and FoucIkS, who had already induced the emperor to leave France, put a stop to the shedding of blood by the capitulation of Paris, July 3. Thus was Louis once more restored to the throne of France. On the 7th of July the British and Prussians occupied Paris ; on the 9th the king entered the capital, under the protection of the Duke of Wellington ; and he immediately appointed his new mi- nistry, at the head of which was Talleyrand, and in which Fouch^ was minister of police. Among the most decided measures by which the king sought to support his throne, was the ordinance of July 16., disbanding the army, according to the wishes of the allies ; and another, dated July 24., excluding from the general amnesty those who were there denominated "rebels," and whose punish- ment, for the most part, consisted in exile, or degradation from the peerage. All the relations of Napoleon were, under pain of death, banished from France ; as were also those who had voted for tlie death of Louis XVI., and those who had in 1815 received offices or honours from the " usurper." Dur- ing the last few years of his reign, he was much enfeebled by disease ; a dry erysipelas in his legs had deprived him of the power of walking ; while his attachment to the plea- sures of the table increased his natural ten- dency to corpulence, and a paralysis of the lower limbs taking place, he died, Sept. 16. 1824, having survived his second elevation nine years. LOU] ^ i^tbi mniijexgaX JJtfljjrnjpTjt). [lou LOUIS PHILIPPE, ex-king of the French, the eldest son of the Duke of Or- leans, better known in tlie revolutionary times as Philiijpe Egalite, an<l of Marie, only daughter of tlie Duke of Penthievre, was born in Paris, October 6. 1773. Conducted under the care of Madame de Genlie, his education was based on enlightened prin- ciples, and was dii-ectcd equally to the deve- lopment of the physical, moral, and intel- lectual nature of the pui)il. While being instructed in the ancient and modern lan- gujiges, the various branches of learning and science, Louis Philippe and his brotliers were inured to bodily fatigue ; and garden- ing, turnery, basket-making, and carpentry ranked among the number of their accom- plishments. At the age of 17, liis father introduced him to the Jacobin Club ; in 1791, having received the command of a regiment of dragoons, he set out to join it at Valenciennes, and war being declared against Austria, he made his first campaign in 1792, fighting at Valmy at the head of the troops confided to him by Kellermann, Sept. 20th, and afterwards, Nov. 6th, gain- ing great distinction at Jemappes under Dumourier. Meanwhile the revolution was hastening to its crisis. In 1793, Louis XVI. was carried to the scaffold, and a few months afterwards, when the Duke of Orleans, not- witlistanding his connection witii the revo- lutionary cause, shared the same fate, Louis Philippe, duke of Cliartres, had all his worst apprehensions of a reign of terror realised, by a summons to himself to appear before the committee of public safety. He instantly fled to the French frontier, escaped into the Austrian territories, and refusing an invitation to enter into that service, pro- ceeded as a traveller towards Switzerland, where he met with his sister Adelaide and Madame de Genlis, who had also fled thither for safety. The wanderings of Louis Philippe in Switzerland, Hungarj^, Denmark, Nor- way, Sweden, and America are as familiar to the public as any nursery talc, and will be narrated and remembered as long as romance continues to exercise its sway over the human mind. While he remained in Europe, Louis Philippe refused several invi- tations to take up arms against France ; and, on the 24th of Sept. 179<!, he sailed from the Elbe for the United States, wiiere he arrived in safety, and was soon after joined by his brothers, Montpensier and Beaujolais. His residence and travels in America con- tinued until 1800, in the beginning of which year he arrived at Falmouth, and took up his abode on the banks of the Thames at Twickenliam. His brother, the Duke of Montpensier, died in England in 1807, and on returning in the following j-ear from the burial of his other brother, the Count Beau- jolais, in Malta, Louis Pliilippe received an invitation from the king of Naples to visit the royal family at Palermo. During his residence at the Neapolitan court, he gained the atfcctions of the Princess Amelia, the second daughter of the king, to whom he was married in Nov. 1809, his mother, the Duchess of Orleans, who had been released from her thraldom in Spain, being present at the nuptials. Palermo now became the residence of Louis Philippe, and the scene of a domestic tranquillity to which he had long been a stranger. The abdication of Napoleon in 1814 introduced a new change in his fortunes, and he returned to Paiis after an absence of 21 years. The return of Napoleon from Elba scattered the Bour- bons once more, and Louis Philiiipe returned to England, till the expiry of the hundred days, when he repaired to France, and en- tered into all the honours due to his rank. A coldness which arose between him and the administration led to his temporary retire- ment to England ; but in 1817 he took up his permanent abode in France, and, while abstaining from politics, devoted liimself to the education of his family and the patron- age of literature and the arts, until the re- volution of 1880 placed him on the throne. The events of that period and his subse- quent reign belong more to history than biography. Suffice it here to say, the first few years after his accession were spent in re- pressing the republican spirit that still lin- gered among the descendants of the /irsl French revolutionists, and in consolidating the throne upon a purely constitutional basis. The various conspiracies that were entered into for overthrowing his govern- ment were detected and suppressed ; re- peated attempts to assassinate the king him- self had proved abortive ; and the specula- tor on probabilities might have justly an- ticipated that Louis Philippe would have spent the remainder of his days in peace, and have bequeathed to his family the mag- nificent heritage of a kingdom. But this was not to be. The fclose of 1847 and the beginning of 1848 had been signalised in France by strenuous elforts, on the part of the opposition, to wrest from the government a measure of " electoral reform." But the Guizot administration turned a deaf ear to their appeals, and went so far as to Interdict a banquet, which had been fixed to be held in Paris, in honour of this movement, on Feb. 21. 1848. A slight riot which took place on that day, soon swelled into a formidable insurrection. In vain the king now offered to change his ministry, and to yield to the popular demands. Even his abdication in favour of his grandson, on February 23rd, came too late : he saw himself compelled to fiight. Hastily quitting Paris with the queen, who had shared with him so many dangers, he made his way to the sea-shore, whence he escaped, in disguise, for England, and landed at Newhaven, in Sussex, March 3. 1848. He then took up his residence at Claremont, with an occasional sojourn at Richmond or St. Leonard's, and for a time appeared to bear up manfully under the dis- asters which had befallen him. But, in the spring of 1850, a change suddenly came over him ; his naturally powerful constitution gradually gave way ; and, after lingering a few months in great physical debility, he expired at Claremont, August 26th. His remains were deposited in the vault of a chapel at Weybridge, which he had been in the habit of attending ; there to repose, until, according to the inscription on his tomb, " in patriam avitos inter cineres Deo adjuvante tranaferantur." LOU] ^ ^cin Huiijcr^al 23i0sraj>TjM. [lov LOUISA, ArousTA Wilhelmin'a Amelia, queen of Prussia, daughter of Charles, duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, was born at Han- over, in 1776, and was married to the crown- prince of Prussia, afterwards king, Dec. 24. 1793. In 1797 the king of Prussia" ascended the throne, and his consort became the model of a wife, a mother, and a queen, alleviating misery wherever she could, and rewarding merit. When Napoleon was in the zenith of his power, and Prussia lay- prostrate before him, her popularity rose in proportion to her sufferings ; while her pure and benevolent heart, and the fortitude with which she endured the indignities of the French emperor, rendered her an object al- most of adoration. She died in 1810. LOURIERO, Jonx de, a Portuguese bo- tanist, who, being also an ecclesiastic, visited Cochin China as a missionary. To his re- ligious duties he joined the practice of me- dicine ; and not being sufficiently pro\'ided with European remedies, he was induced to collect and examine the plants of China, Malabar, and other parts, whence he pro- cured a large and valuable store. On his return to Portugal, after 30 years' absence, he published the result of his botanical re- searclies in a work, entitled " Flora Cochin- chinensis," 2 vols. Bom, 1715 ; died, 1796. I.OUTHERBOTTRG. Puilip James, an eminent landscape painter, was born at Strasburg, in 1740 ; studied under Tisclibein and Casanova ; and displayed great talents in his delineation of battles, hunting pieces, &c. He came to London in 1771, and while there contrived an exhibition, called the Eidophusikon, somewhat on the plan of the Diorama. He was a member of the aca- demy of painting at Paris and a royal aca- demician of England. Died, 1812. LOUVEL, Peter Louis, the assassin of the Due de Berri, was bom at Versailles, in 1783. He was by trade a saddler, and worked in the stables of the emperor Napoleon and tlie French king. His disposition was gloomy, and his mind seemed devoid of interest, ex- cept on political subjects. He appeared to dwell intently on what he had heard re- specting the causes of the French revolution, until he felt a rooted hatred towards the Bourbons. During six years he ruminated in silence on their destruction, and began with the youngest, as he afterwards acknow- ledged, from a wish to exterminate their race ; having resolved to omit no opportunity of killing the others. Louvel perpetrated the fatal deed on the 13th of Febmary, 1820. He conducted himself with firmness during his long examination, and appeared calm throughout, even in his last moments, posi- tively declaring that he had no accomplice. LOTJVET DE COUVRAY, John Bap- tist, a distinguished French advocate during the revolution, was, in 1702, chosen a deputy to the convention, when lie attached himself to the party of the Girondists, and voted for the death of Louis. Denounced by the ter- rorists, and included in an order "of arrest, issued in June 1794, he escaped from the capital, retired to Caen with several of his colleagues, and employed himself in writing against the Jacobins. At length lie returned to Paris, where he kept himself concealed till after the fall of" Robespierre, recovered his seat in the convention, and was after- wards a member of the council of five hundred. He died at Paris, in 1797, and is chiefly known in literature as the author of an obscene and disgusting novel. LOUVOIS, Francois Michel Letellier, Marquis of, minister of war to Louis XIV., was born at Paris, in 1641. After liXG, he had the whole management of the ministry of war, and soon exercised a despotic con- troul over the king and the army. His ex- tensive knowledge, his decision, activity, industry, and talents, rendered him an able minister ; but he was too regardless of the rights of human nature, too lavish of the blood and treasure of France, and too much of a despot, to deserve the appellation of a great statesman. On the death of Colbert in 1683, of whom he had been the enemy, his influence became still greater, and one of its most fatal eftects was the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685, and the conse- quent flight of so many peaceful and in- dustrious Calvinists. His atrocious cruelties to the Protestants, indeed, have branded his name with infamy. Died, 1091. LOVE, Christopher, an eminent Pres- byterian divine, was born at Cardiff", in 1618. lie studied at Oxford, and entered into orders ; but refusing to subscribe to the canons enjoined by Archbishop Laud, he was expelled the congregation of masters, and repaired to London. He was one of the commissioners for the parliament at the | treaty of Uxbridge ; he was also one of the | assembly of divines, and chosen minister of St. Lawrence Jewry ; yet he signed the de- claration against the murder of the king. After this he was concerned in a plot against Cromwell and the Independents, for which he was tried and beheaded, Aug. 22. 1651. Ashe, Calamy, and Manton, three eminent Nonconformist divines, accompanied him to the scaff'old, and he was deemed a martyr by the whole of the Presbyterian party. LOVE, James, a dramatic writer and performer, whose real name was Dance, was, for a time, a partisan of Sir Robert Walpole, and an expectant of political preferment ; but being disajipointed in his hopes, and involved in difliculties, he went on the stage, and excelled in the part of Falstaff. " Pamela," a comedy ; " The Village Wed- ding," a pastoral entertainment ; and " The Lady's Frolic," a comic opera, were the pro- ductions of his pen. Died, 1774. LO\TSLACE, Richard, an English poet of the 17th century, was a son of Sir William Lovelace, of Woolwich, and bom in 1618. He was educated at the Charter House, and at Gloucester Hall, Oxford ; became a colonel in the army of Charles I., and spent the whole of his fortime in support of the royal cause ; was imprisoned by the parliament, and died in indigence in 16.58. His poems, published under the title of "Lucasta," are light and elegant ; he also wrote two plays, " The Scholar," a comedy, and " The Sol- dier," a tragedy. For spirit and gallantry. Colonel Lovelace has sometimes been com- pared to Sir Philip Sidney. LOVIBOND, Edward, a minor English poet, was the son of an East India director. low] ^ fiebi Winliicv^al JSiOflrapTjg. [lot who left him a considerable estate at Hamp- ton, Middlesex. He was the author of Poems, in 2 vols., the most pleasing of which is called "The Tears of Old May Day;" he also wrote some papers in the World. Died, 1775. LOWE, Lieut.-gen. Sir Hudson, K.C.B., &c., entered the army at a very early age, and served with much credit in various parts of the world ; but he will be principally re- membered in liistory as having been goveriior of ISt. Helena, while that inland was the place of detention of the Eniperor Napoleon. For his conduct iu this truly ditRcult and delicate trust. Sir Hudson Lowe has been much abused by French writers, and we are sorry to say that their abuse has been echoed in England by men who ought to have known better. That Sir Hudson's task utw both difficult and delicate must be admitted : and when to the stern sense of duty of a veteran soldier we add the vast additional sense of responsibility that must needs arise from the fact of the peace of Europe — nay, of the whole civilised world — being dei>end- ent upon the safe custody of Napoleon, it is mere drivelling, to say no worse, to con- tend against the strictest fulfilment of the governor's sworn duty. It has always ap- peared to us that most of Napoleon's com- jilainls were unworthily puerile, and that the rest were such as Sir Hudson Lowe might have prevented — but only by perjury as a man, and breach of faith as a soldier — by conniving at the escape of that restless and selfish genius, over whom he had the unpleasant task of being guard. Died, Jan. 1844, aged 78. LOWENDAL, Uliuch Frederic Wol- DEMAU, Count of, a celebrated military officer and engineer, was born at Hamburgh, iu 17U0. He began his military career in Po- land, in 1713 ; but entered the Danish service during the war with Sweden. He afterwards served in Hungary witli great eclat, and next took part in the wars of Naples and Sicily. He returned to Poland in 1721, and was made colonel of infantry and com- mander of the royal horse guards. During the peace he studied gunnery and engineer- ing, and was made lield-marshal and in- spector-general of the Saxon infantry iu the service of Augustus, king of Poland. In 1734 and 1735 he was in the Austrian service ; and he subsequently entered into that of Russia. He accepted the commission of lieutenant general in the French army in 1743, and distinguished himself at the sieges of Menin, Ypres, Friburg, &c., and also at the battle of Fontenoy. In 1747 he took Bergen- op- Zoom by storm, which, till then, had been deemed impregnable ; for which and his other services he was created a marshal of France. His knowledge of en- gineering and military tactics in general was of the first-rate order ; he spoke all the European languages with fluency ; and with these accomplishments he combined modesty and amiable manners. Died, 1755. LOWEll, Richard, a physician and ana- tomist of some eminence in the 17th century, was a native of Cornwall ; assisted Dr. Willis in his anatomical researches, and in his pro- fessional practice ; and obtained considerable 543 reputation as a man of science by his ex- periments on the transfusion of blood from one animal to another. Died, 1C91. LOWRY, Wilson, F.R.S., an eminent English engraver, was born in 1702, at Whitehaven, where his father, Mr. Strick- land Lowry was a portrait painter. He was the inventor of a ruling-machine, possessing the property of ruling successive lines, either equidistant or in just gradations, from the greatest required width to the nearest pos- sible approximation ; also of one capable of drawing lines to a point, and of forming concentric circles : he likewise introduced the use of diamond points for etching, and many other useful improvements in the art ; and was the first who succeeded in what is technically termed " biting in " well upon steel. For 30 years before his death he was engaged by eminent publishers on their most extensively illustrated works ; and having attained to the highest rank in his peculiar branch of the art, his services were thoroughly appreciated. Died, 1820. LOWTH, William, an eminent divine, was born in London, in ICCl, and was edu- cated at Oxford. Being recommended by Ids worth and learning, he became chaplain to Dr. Mew, bishop of Winchester, and was provided with a prebendal stall in his cathe- dral and the living of Buriton. He was an excellent classical scholar and crilic, and the author of several theological works of merit. I^OWTH, Robert, son of the preceding, and a distinguished English prelate, was born at Buriton, in 1710; received his edu- cation at .Winchester, and at New College, Oxford ; iu which university he was elected professor of poetry, in 1741. He accom- panied Mr. Legge on an embassy to Berlin, and was subsequently travelling tutor to the sons of the Duke of Devonsliire. In 1753 he published his " De Sacra Poesi Ilebraeo- rum Prselectiones Acadeinicae ;" in 1758, the " Life of William of Wykeham ;" in 1702, a " Sliort Introduction to English Grammar ;" and, in 170:5, he replied, in a masterly and unanswerable style, to some acrimonious remarks of Warburton, who thought Dr. Lowth had aimed at his Divine Legation of Moses in the " PrsElectiones." After having enjoyed some valuable preferments, he was raised to the see of St. David's in 1700 ; was translated to Oxford in the same year ; and, in 1777, succeeded to the diocese of London. In 1778 he published his "Translation of Isaiah." The archbishopric of Canterbury was offered him, on the death of Dr. Corn- wallis, but he declined the primacy, and died in 1787, aged 77. LOYOLA, Ignatius, founder of the so- ciety of Jesuits, was born in 1491, of a noble family, in the Spanish province of Guipus- coa. He was at first in the army, and served with distinguished bravery : but having been severely wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, he beguiled his time with books, and on reading the Lives of the Saints, his imagina- tion became highly excited, and he deter- mined to devote himself from that time to works of piety. He began by making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem ; not from a mere wish to see those places, which had been 3a 2 ldb] ^ ^tin Unihtr^iil MiaQi'^j^\)v, [luc hallowed by the presence of our Lord, but in the hope of converting some of the infidels, who were masters of the Holy Land, or of gaining the palm of martyrdom in the at- tempt. Having accomplished this painful and perilous journey, he returned to Spain, more unprovided even than he had left it. In 1526 he went to the university of Alcala, where he found sonic adherents ; but tJie Inquisition imprisoned him for his conduct, which appeared strange, and rendered him suspected of witchcraft. He was not de- livered from the prison of the holy office until 1528, when he went to Paris to continue his studies, tlie subjects of whicli, indeed, were only works of an ascetic character. Here he became acquainted witii several Spaniards and Frencliinen, who were after- wards noted as his followers. They con- ceived the plan of an order for the couversion of heathens and sinners, and, on Ascension Day, in 15.34, they united for this great work in the subterranean cliapel of tlie abbey of Montmartre. Thej' then met again in 1536, at Venice, whence they proceeded to Rome, and received the confirmation of their fra- ternity from pope Paul III., as " The So- ciety of JesuB." In 1541, Ignatius was cho- sen general of the society ; continued his abstinence and penances during life ; and died in 1566. Loyola was in person of a middle stature, of an olive complexion, with a bald head, eyes full of fire, and an aquiline nose. His fanaticism and enthusiasm were certainly dignified by sincerity, and he doubtless believed as lie taught, that the So- ciety of Jesus was the result of an immedi- ate inspiration from heaven. He was canon- ised in 1622, by Gregory XV. LUBIENIETSKL Stanislaus, a cele- brated Socinian minister, was born at Cra- cow, in Poland, in 1623. On the banishment of his sect, he went to Denmark, where he was poisoned, with liis two daughters, in 1675. His principal work is entitled " Theatrum Cometicum ;" but, at the time of his decease, he was engaged in writing an account of the rise and progress of the Reformation in Poland. LUBIN, AUGUSTiN, an Augustine friar, was born at Paris, in 1624. He beeame provincial-general of his order in France ; and afterwards assistant-general of the French monks at Rome ; but he returned to Paris, and died there in 1695. He was made geographer royal ; and wrote " The Geographical Mercury," "Notes on tlie Roman Martyrology," " History of the French Abbeys," and the " Geography of the Bible," &c. LUCAN, Marcus Axn^us, a celebrated Roman poet, was born at Corduba, in Spain, A. D. 37. He was a nephew of Seneca ; and being taken early to Rome, he studied there under the best masters. Before he was of the legal age he was made a quaestor ; and he was also admitted into the college of augurs. He excited the anger of Nero for having had the etfrontery to recite one of his compositions, in a public assembly, in competition with the emperor, and was ordered never more to recite in public. This induced Lucan to join Piso and others in a conspiracy against the tyrant, for which he suffered death, a. d. 65. His "Pharsalia" contains passages of great beauty. . LUCAS, Charles, a noted Irish patriot, who was a physician at Dublin, was born in 1713. He was a member of the Irish house of commons, and obtained immense popularity by his opposition to the court party. Died, 1771. LUCAS, Paul, a Frencli traveller, was born at Rouen, in Normandy, in 1664. He made trading voyages to the Levant, Greece, Asia Minor, and Africa; and having brought home medals and other curiosities for the king's cabinet, he was made one of the roj'al antiquaries. During one of his voyages he entered into the Venetian army, and served at the siege of Negropont. His travels, which are romantic and improbable, form 7 vols. He died in 1737. LUCAS, Richard, D. D., a native of Presteign, in Radnorshire, was born in 1648, and educated at Jesus College, Oxford. He was a pious and learned divine, and held a prebend in Westminster ; but lost his sight many years before his death. Among his writings are " Sermons," 5 vols. ; " An En- quiry after Happiness," 2 vols. ; " The Mo- rality of the Gospel," and " Practical Chris- tianity." Died, 1715. LUCCHESINI, GiROLAMO, Marquis of, was born at Lucca, of a noble family, in 1752, and became Prussian minister of state. He was the literary friend of Frederic II., and first received a diplomatic appointment under his successor, being sent to the council of state at Warsaw, in 1788, and ultimately brought about an alliance between Prussia and Poland. From that time he was am- bassador on all great occasions, at Vienna, at Paris, and Milan. He accompanied the king to the battle of Jena, then signed an armistice with Napoleon at Cliarlottenburg, of which, however, the king did not approve; in consequence of which, as he believed himself to have lost the favour of the king, he took his dismissal. He was afterwards chamberlain to Napoleon's sister, the prin- cess of Lucca, and accompanied her to Paris on the occasion of her brother's second mar- riage. He was active, sagacious, and zealous; combining the qualities of an experienced courtier with the practical knowledge of a statesman. Died, 1825. LUCIAN, a celebrated Creek author, dis- tinguished for his ingenuity and wit, was born at Samosata, the capital of Comagene, during the reign of Trajan. He was of humble origin, and was placed, while young, with an uncle, to study statuary ; but being unsuccessful in his first attempts, he went to Antioch, and devoted himself to literature and forenic rhetoric. In the reign of Mar- cus Aurelius, he was made procurator of the province of Egypt, and died when 80 or 90 years old. The works of Luciaii, of which many have come down to us, are mostly in the form of dialogues ; but none are so popular as those in which he ridicules the pagan mythology and philosophical sects. Many of them, however, though written in an elegant style, and abounding with witticisms, are tainted with profanity and indecency. LUCILIUS, Caius, a Roman satirist, who i LTTC] ^ ^cfio mnttitri^ar 3Bt00rajpf)5. [lul served under Scipio in liis expedition against the Numautians. Only a few of his verses remain, wliieh are in the Corpus Poetarum of Maittaire. He died at Naples, b. c. 108. LUCKETIA, a Roman matron, was the wife of CoUatinus, and the cause of the revolution of Rome from a monarchy to a republic. Sextus Tarquinius, who contrived to become a guest in the absence of her hus- band, whose kinsman he was, found means to reach her chamber in the middle of the nigljt ; and finding himself repulsed, he threatened to stab her, kill a slave, and place him by lier side, and then swear he had slain them both in the act of adultery. The dread of infamy succeeded, and he tri- umphed over her fears ; but she acquainted her liusband, father, and kindred of the transaction, and, in spite of their soothing remonstrances, drew a dagger, and stabbed herself to the heart. The bloody poniard, with her dead body exposed to the senate, was the signal of Roman liberty. The ex- pulsion of the Tarquins, and the abolition of the regal dignity, was instantly resolved on, and carried into execution. LUCRETIUS, Titus Cakvs, on ancient Roman i)hilosopher and poet, much esteemed for his learning and eloquence. His cele- brated work, " De Rerum Natiu-a," has been translated into English by Mr. Creech. Born, B. c. 98 ; died, b. C. ."55. LUCUIiLUS, Lucius Licinius, a Roman consul and commander, celebrated for his military talents and magnificence, was born B. c. 115. He first distinguished himself in the social war, and afterwords defeated Ilamilcar in two naval battles. lie also conquered various cities of Pontus ; and, al- though overcome by Mithridates in- a battle, soon acquired such advantages that he finally broke up the hostile army, and Mith- ridates himself sought protection in Ar- menia ; where Tigranes refusing to surrender him to the Romans, LucuUus attacked that monarch, and completely subdued him. By a mutiny of his soldiers, who accused him of avarice and covetousness, he was deprived of the chief command, and recalled. From this time, Lucullus remained a private in- dividual, spending in luxurious case the immense riches which he had brought with him from Asia, without, liowever, abandoning the more noble and serious occupations of a cultivated mind. Died, B. c. 49. LUDLOW, Edmund, an eminent repub- lican leader, was born at Maiden Bradley, Wilts, in 1020 ; studied at Trinity College, Oxford, and at the Temple ; was an officer in the parliamentary army, and fought at Edgehill, Newbury, and other places; but when the " self-denying ordinance " took place, he remained out of any ostensible situation, until chosen member for Wiltshire in the place of his father. At this time the niachiuations of Cromwell becoming visible, he was opposed by Ludlow with firmness and openness. To establish a republic, he joined the army against tiie parliament, and sat also as one of Charles's judges. Nomi- nated general of horse in Ireland, he joined the army under Iretou, and acted with great vigour and ability. When Cromwell was declared protector, Ludlow used all his in- fluence with the army against him, on which account he was recalled, a>id put under arrest ; but he avowed his republican prin- ciples, and, refusing all security or engage- ment for submission, retired into Essex, where he remained until the death of the protector. When Richard Cromwell suc- ceeded, he joined the army party at Wal- llngford House, and was instrumental in the restoration of the long parliament, in which he took his seat. The Restoration was now rapidly approaching, and finding the repub- licans unable to resist it, he quitted the country, and proceeded to Geneva, whence he afterwards, with many more fugitives of the party, took refuge at Lausanne. After the revolution he ventured to appear in London, which gave such offence, that an address was presented to king William, by the House of Commons, praying his majesty to issue a proclamation for apprehending him. On this, Ludlow went back to Vevay, in Switzerland, where he died in 1C93. He was one of the purest and most honourable characters on the republican side, free from fanaticism or hypocrisy. His " Memoirs " are interesting, and written in a manly and unafltctcd style. LUDOLPH, Job, a learned orientalist, was born at Erfurt, in Thuiiugia, in 1024; studied at Leyden ; and became a travelling tutor. In 1049 he went to Rome on a literary com- mission, and while there formed an acquaint- ance with some Abyssinians, from whom he acquired a perfect knowledge of the Etlii- opic langxiage. In 1(!52 he was made aiilic counsellor to the Duke of Saxe Gotha, and governor to the young princes. Among his works are, "A History of Ethiopia" and various lexicons and grammars of the Etlxi- opian dialects. Died, 17(>4. LUDOLPH, IIenuy William, nephew of the above, and secretary to Prince George of Denmark, who espoused Queen Anne of Eng- land, settled in London, where he died in 1710. He wrote a " Grammar of the Russian Language," and published the New Testa- ment in modern Greek. LUl^LI, or LULLY, Jean Baptiste, a musical composer, was born of obscure pa- rents, at Florence, in 1634. Having dis- covered a passionate fondness for music when quite a child, he was sent to Paris in his tenth year, to be page to Mdlle. Montijcnsier. He now rose rapidly, till he obtained the ap- pointment of musician to the court ; and, in 1670, was made joint director of the French opera, which situation he filled till his de- cease, in 1687. Lully contributed much to the improvement of French music, composed 19 operas, and was much admired by his co- temporaries. Died, 1687. LULLY, Raymond, a distinguished phi- losopher and scholar of the 13th century, born at Palnia, in Majorca. In his youth he had been a soldier ; but he became a reli- gious ascetic, and travelled into Africa and the East, for the purpose of converting the Mahometans to Christianity. He suffered tortures and imprisonment at Tunis ; but was released by some Genoese merchants, and died on his voyage home, in 1315. He wrote on divinity, medicine, chemistry, me- 8a3 lum] ^ ^m Winiiiersal 3Si0srapTjg. [lux taphysics, &c. ; was styled " Doctor Illu- minatus ; " and liis method, wliioh prevailed in Europe during tlie 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, was dignilied by tlie title of " Ars LuUiana." LUMSDEN, MATTiimv, LL.D., professor of Persian and Arabic in the college of Fort William, Calcutta ; author of two grammars of those languages. In 1825 he resigned the service of tlie East India Company, came to England, and died in 1835, aged 58. LUPTON, Da.mel, an English author, who, about the middle of the 17th century, published various works, among which are, '•Modern Protestant Divines, the Glory of their Times," " Emblems of Rarities," &c. LUSSAN, Makoauet de, a French au- thoress of considerable talents, born in 1G82, was the daughter of one of Cardinal Fleury's coachmen. Among her most esteemed pro- ductions are, " La Comtesse de Goudez," 2 vols. J " Anecdotes de Philippe Auguste," 6 vols. ; " Anecdotes of Francis I.," 3 vols. ; "La "Vie de M. Crillon," 2 vols. ; and " His- toire de Charles VI.," 9 vols. LUTIIEK, Mautix, the great reformer of the church, was born in 1483, at Eisleben, in Lower Saxony. At the age of 14 he was sent j to the school of iMagdeburg, from which lie removed to Eisenach, and thence to the university of Erfurt, where, in 1503, he received a master's degree, and delivered lectures on the physics and ethics of Aris- totle. He was destined by liis fatlicr for the legal profession ; but tlie impression pro- duced on him by the fate of his friend Alexis, who was struck dead by lightning while walking by his side on their road from Mansfield to Erfurt, uniting with the effect of his early religious education, induced him to devote himself to the monastic life, and he entered the monastery of Augustines, in 1505, submitting patiently to all the penances and humiliations which the supe- rior of the order imposed upon novices. In 1507 he was constituted priest, and in 1508he was made professor of philosophy in the new university of Wittenberg. In this sphere of action his powerful mind soon showed itself ( he tlirew off the fetters of the scholastic phi- losophy, asserted the riglits of reason, and soon collected a large number of disciples. In 1510 he visited the court of pope Leo X., at Rome; a journey which revealed to him the irreligion and corruption of the clergy, and destroyed his reverence for the sanctity of the pope. After his return, he became a preacher, and was made doctor in theology. His profound learning, together with the fame of his eloquence, soon made Luther known to the principal scholars, and es- teemed as a powerful advocate of the new light which was breaking upon the world. Great, therefore, was the attention excited by his 95 propositions, given to the world, Oct. 31. 1517, and intended to put an end to the sale of indulgences by the Domini- can Tetzel. They were condemned as he- retical ; but neitJier menaces nor persua- sions could induce him to recant, and he still maintained the invalidity of indul- gences, and of the papal supremacy. In 1520, Luther and his friends wore excomiuuul cated, and his writings burnt at Rome, Co- logne, and Louvain. Indignant at this open act of hostility, Luther burned the bull of excommunication and tlie decretals of the papal canon. Being called upon by many of the German nobility to defend the new doctrine, lie presented himself at the diet of Worms, April 1521, before the emperor, and a vast assemblage of the princes and prelates of Germany. He there made an elaborate defence, and concluded it with these words : " Let me then be refuted and convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures, or by the clearest arguments, otherwise I cannot and will not recant ; for it is neither safe nor expedient to act against conscience. Here I take my stand ; I can do no otherwise, so help me God ! Amen." He left Worms, in fact, a conqueror ; but it was so manifest that his enemies were determined upon his destruction, that the Elector of Saxony con- veyed liim to the castle of Wartburg, to save his life. In this Patmos, as he called it, Luther remained ten moiuhs, and then returned to Wittenberg, where he published a sharp reply to Henry VIII., who had written a book against him, on the seven sacraments. Luther also printed a transla- tion of the New Testament, which greatly alarmed the Romanists, and severe edicts were issued against the reading of it by the princes of that communion. In 1524 he married Catherine de Bora, who had been a nun, by whom he had three sons. In 1529, the emperor assembled another diet at Spires, to check the progress of the new opinions ; and here it was that the name of Protestants first rose, occasioned by the pro- test made, on the part of the electoral princes, who were for the Reformation, against the rigorous impositions brought forward in this assembly. After this, the protesting princes determined to have a common confession of faith drawn up ; which was accordingly per- formed by Melanchthon, and being presented at the diet of Augsburg, in 1530, was called " The Confession of Augsburg." In 1534, Luther's translation of the whole Bible was published ; and the same year he printed a book against the service of the mass. At length, worn out, more by labour than age, this illustrious man died at his native place, Feb. 18. 1546 ; having lived to see that his doctrines had taken such deep root, that no earthly power could eradicate them. LUTTI, Benedict, an eminent Italian painter, on whom the emperor of Germany conferred the honour of knighthood, was born at Florence, in 1606. He resided at Rome, where he was president of the aca- demy of St. Luke. His paintings are rare and valuable. Died, 1724. LUXEMBOURG, Fkaxcis Hekey de MoNTMOKE2s'Ci, Duke of, a famous general and marshal of France, born in 1028, was the posthumous son of the Count de Boute- ville, who was beheaded in the reign of Louis XIII. for fighting a duel. He served when young under the Prince of Condi5 ; was made a duke and peer of France, in 1602 ; was a lieutenant-general at the taking of Franche-CompttJ, in 1()68 ; commanded during the invasion of Holland, in 1672 ; and having gained the battle of Seref, in 1674, was created a marshal. He subse- LYC] ^ ^tbi Bnibtr^nl UicgrapTjy. [lyn qiiently distinguished himself at the battles of Fleiinw, Leuzc, Steinkirk, &c. ; and died in 160">. LYCOPHRON, a Greek poet, waa born at Clialcis, in Euba-a. lie flouFished in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and was one of the seven poets termed the Pleiades. He wrote numerous tragedies, a satirical drama, and' other works ; but the only extant pro- duction of this writer is a poem relating to tlie predictions of Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, King of Troy. LYCURGUS, the celebrated Spartan le- gislator, son of Eunomus, king of Sparta, is supposed to have been born about u.c. 898. Ilis elder brother, Polydectes, who succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, soon after died, and left the kingdom to him ; but Lycurgus finding that the widow was pregnant, forbore to assume the sceptre ; and the issue proving to be a boy, he faithfully fulfilled the office of guardian to it. He made tlie study of legislation his principal object ; and having travelled for the purpose of investigating tiie institutions of other lauds, he returned to his own country, and established those laws by which Sparta was so long governed. Having bound the king, senate, and people, by a solemn oath, not to alter any of the laws he had. made until Ills return, he left Sparta with the avowed in- tention of visiting the oracle of Delphi, but he secretly determined never to see it again. Plutarch affirms, that he put himself volun- tarily to death by starvation, wldle Lucian asserts that he died naturally, at the age of 85. The rigid character of the laws of Ly- curgus was intended to make public prin- ciple predominate over private interests and affections. Children were not allowed to l)e the property of their parents, but of the state ; which directed their education, and even determined on their life or death. The severest penalties against debauchery and intemperance were afflxe<l ; and it was en- joined that the people should all take their meals in public. They were allowed to possess neither gold nor silver ; iron was used for money ; the theatres were abo- lished ; and nothing but the most indispen- sable knowledge was allowed to be acquired ; in short, all that tended to soften and humanise mankind was prohibited, while every thing that could promote a liardy life and personal bravery was encouraged. The Spartans, under the laws of Lycurgus, con- sequently became a nation of warriors, who, for ages, proved the bulwark of their friends, the dread of their foes, and an example for future ages — more, however, to be shunned than imitated. LYDGATE, John', one of the oldest Eng- lish poets, was a Benedictine monk of Bury St. Edmund's. lie was educated at Oxford, travelled in France and Italy, opened a school on his return for the tuition of the young nobility, and died about 1460. His " Siege of Troy " is very scarce. LYDIAT, Thomas, a chronological and mathematical writer, was born in 1572, at Okerton, in Oxfordshire ; received his edu- cation at Winchester School, and New Col- lege, Oxford ; and became rector of his native place. He was reduced to poverty by being security for a friend, and afterwards suffered greatly for his loyalty to Cliarles I. This in- dustrious aud able scholar died in indigence and obscurity, in 1649. LYE, KnWAKD, a learned antiquary, was born at Totuess, in Devonshire, in 1"()4 ; and he died, rector of Yardley, in North- amptonshire, in 1769. He was well versed in the Anglo-Saxon language and history ; and was the author of an " j\j3glo-Saxou and Gothic Dictionary," 2 vols., with a grammar of the two languages. He was also the editor of " Junius's Etymologicon Angli- canum." EYELTv, Charles, well known in the scientific and literary world, was born iu Fifeshire, 1767. Educated partly at St. An- drew's, and partly at Cambridge, he returned to his paternal estate of Kinnordy, where he passed his whole time in those pursuits which have gained him a distinguislied place among men of science. He was the discoverer of many British plants previously uuknowni ; and his translation of the lyrical poems of Dante, with liis illustrative notes, shows a profound knowledge of mediajval Italian liistory and literature. Sir Charles Eyell, the distinguished geologist, is liis son. Died. 1849. EYNAR, Rocn Fuederic, Count de ; author of " Travels in Upper Lusatia ;" " Political Reflections and Negotiations," &c., waa a native of Lower Lusatia, and held several imiK>rtaut situations. Born, 1708; died, 1781. LYNDWODE, or LINDWOOD, Wix.- r.iAJi, an eminent ecclesiaatical lawyer of the 15th century, waa keeper of the privy seal in the reign of Henry VI., and was sent repeatedly on embassies to Spain and Portugal. He died, bishop of St. David's, in 1446. IjYNEDOCH, Thomas Graium, Lord, an illustrious British general, was born at Balgowan, in Perthshire, in 17.'50, but did not enter the army until he was in his 45th year, nor would he possibly have ever had an opportunity of displaying his skill and courage as a British officer, but for the oc- currence of a domestic calamity — the loss of a beloved wife. . This change in his con- dition and prospects imparted almost a romantic character to the tenor of his life. To alleviate his grief and restore his injured liealth, he was recommended to travel ; and it was during his sojourn at Gibraltar that he fell into the society of the officers of the garrison, and thenceforth determined on devoting himself to the profession of arms. He first served as a volunteer at the siege of j Toulon, under Lord Mulgrave, and on his return he raised from among his country- men a battalion of the 90th regiment, of ' which he was appointed colonel-command- j ant. He then accompanied his regiment I to Gibraltar ; but soon growing tired of the \ idleness inseparable from garrison duty in that stronghold, he obtained permission to join the Austrian army, where he found ample opportunities of perfecting himself in the art of war, while he was enabled to take advantage of his position in sending to the British government intelligence of the military operations and diplomatic measures LTO] ^ f?c&) HiubrrM 3Si0(jTap]^w. [lfs adopted by the commanders and sovereigns of the Continent. In 1797 he returned to England, and having joined his regiment, he was appointed to act with Sir Charles Stuart in the reduction of the island of Minorca, after which he was employed two years in the blockade of Malta. In 1808 he proceeded with Sir John Moore to Sweden, and afterwards served in Spain with that gallant officer during the fatal Peninsular campaign, which ended in the debarkation at Coriinna. Next year, General Graham commanded a division at the siege of Flush- ing ; in 1810 he commanded the British troops at Cadiz ; and in 1811 he fought and won the memorable battle of Barossa. After this he joined Lord Wellington, and was present at the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo ; but ill-health rendered it necessary for him to revisit England for a short period. Early in 1813, however, he returned to the Peninsula, led the left wing at the battle ofVittoria, reduced the town and citadel of St. Sebas- tian, crossed the Bidassoa, and, after a severe contest, established the British army on the I territory of France. On the 3rd of May, 1814, General Sir Thomas Graham was created a peer of the empire, by the title of baron Lynedoch, of Balgowan, on which occasion he nobly refused a grant of 2(X)0/. per annum, to himself and heirs, which was intended to accompany his elevation. In 1826 he was appointed to the governorsliip of Dumbarton Castle. " Never," said Mr. Sheridan, " was there seated a loftier spirit in a braver heart." This gallant officer and excellent man died Dcc.18. 1843, at the ad- vanced age of 93. LYON, George Francis, an enterprising traveller, and a captain in the British navy, was born at Chichester in 1795, and entered the service on board the Milford, of 74 guns, in 1809 ; from which period up to the battle of Algiers, where he was present, he was continually engaged in the active duties of his profession. It is, however, in the capa- city of a traveller and navigator that we have to consider him ; for in 1818 he was employed, under Mr. Ritchie, on a mission to the interior of Africa. Of this expedition Mr. Lyon published his journal, under the title of" A Narrative of Travels in Northern Africa, accompanied by Geographical No- tices of Soudan, and of the Course of the Niger." A more disastrous undertaking has been seldom known ; the travellers suifered every kind of privation, were at- tacked with the most alarming disorders, and Mr. Ritchie fell a martyr to extreme suifering and disappointment while at ^Mour- zouk, the capital of Fezzan, from which place Mr. Lyon returned. A very different scene of operations next awaited him. In 1821 he was appointed to the command of the Hecla, one of the slups belonging to Captain Parry's expedition to the Polar Seas ; of which he also published " A Private Jour- nal." In 1823 he was raised to the rank of post-captain, and appointed to the command of the Griper gun-brig, then fitting out for another voyage of discovery in the icy re- gions. Here he and his gallant crew en- countered the most frightful perils, but providentially returned to England, though without effecting any part of their object. He afterwards went to Mexico as one of the commissioners of the Real del Monte Mining Company, and was wrecked on his return, near Holyhead, in 1827, losing every thing belonging to him. He again visited South America, but died on his passage home, October, 1832, aged 37 ; thus terminating a life of adventures and misfortunes not often paralleled. LYONNET, Peter, an eminentnaturalist, was born at Maestricht, in 1707. Being bred to the law, he became one of the secretaries to the states of Holland, and their law trans- lator from the Latin and French. In his latter years he applied to thestudy of natural history, particularly insects ; on which sub- ject he wrote several esteemed books, the most important of which is, " Traite Anatomique de la Chenille qui rouge le Bois de Saule." Died, 1789. LYONS, Israel, an astronomer, botanist, and mathematician, bom in 1739, was the son of a Polish Jew, who was a Hebrew teacher at Cambridge. He was Sir Joseph Banks's instructor in botany, and accompanied Captain Phipps, afterwards Lord Mulgrave, as astronomer, in his voyage towards the North Pole. He was one of the calculators of the "Nautical Almanack," wrote a " Treatise on Fluxions," and other works, and lectured on botany. Died, 1775 LYRA, Nicholas de, a converted Jew of the 14th century, was born at Lyre, in Nor- mandy. He assumed the tonsure, and was so remarkable for his intemperate zeal in de- fence of the religion he had embraced, that many Catholic writers assert, that he contri- buted not a little to the progress of the Re- formation. Died, 1340. • LYSANDER, a famous Spartan com- mander, tlie splendour of whose victories, his extraordinary liberality, and his apparent disinterestedness, seconded his ambitious views, and rendered liim in fact, though not in name, the master of all Greece. He was slain fighting against the Thebans, B. c. 366. I^YSIAS, an Athenian orator, who died B. c. 378, aged 81. Only 34 of Ms orations are extant. LYSIMxVCHUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great. He was killed in battle by Seleucus, b. c. 281. LYSIPPUS, a celebrated Grecian sculp- tor, who worked with such extraordinary diligence, that he is said to have left belli nd him fifteen hundred pieces, every one of which evinced marks of superior genius. He i-e- ceived from Alexander the Great the singular privilege of exclusively making his effigy in cast metal ; and he accordingly executed a series of figures of that prince, from childhood to maturity. He greatly improved the art of statuary, and gave to the human figure a degree of symmetry and beauty unpractised by his predecessors. LYSONS, Sajtoel, an eminent antiquarian and topographer, was born in 1763, at Rod- merton, in Gloucestershire ; studied at the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar ; was appointed keeper of the records in the Tower of London ; and died in 1819. His works relate principally to the Roman an- , tiquities in Britain. lyt] ^ ^eljj SIm'lJcrsJal 3SiflsrajpI)ti. [mac LYTE, Henry, an English botanist of the IGth century, was a native of Somersetshire. After he left Oxford, he travelled to foreign countries ; and having collected a number of rare plants, on his return, he formed one of the first botanical gardens in England. He is known as the translator of "Doedon's Herbal." Born. 1.529 ; died, 1607. • LYTTLETON, George, Lord, an elegant poet and historian, was bom at Hagley, in Worcestershire, in 1709 ; was educated at Eton, ond Christohurch, Oxford ; and, on entering parliament, became an active mem- ber of the opposition while Walpole was minister. When Frederic, prince of Wales, formed a separate court, he was appointed his secretary ; and, on the resignation of Walpole, he was made one of the lords of the treasury ; he was subsequently chancellor of the exchequer, but resigned in 1757, and was raised to the peerage, after which he withdrew from public affairs. Though in early life Lord Lyttleton had imbibed scep- tical opinions, his works show how sincere a believer he afterwards was in the truths of Christianity. He was the author of a " Dis- sertation on the Conversion of St. Paul," " Dialogues of the Dead," a " History of Henry II.," and " Poems." The latter are correct in versification and replete with delicate sentiments ; nor are his miscellanies in prose devoid of good taste and refinement. Died, 1773. LYTTLETON, Thomas, Ix)rd, son of the preceding, was a young nobleman of pro- mising talents, but of dissipated manners ; and whose death is said to have been pre- ceded by a very extraordinary circumstance- He dreamt that a young female, dressed in white, solemnly warned him of his dissolution in three days from that time. On the third day, his lordship had a party to sjMjnd the evening with him, and about the time pre- dicted he observed to tlie company present, that " he believed he should jockey the ghost ;" but in a few minutes afterwards he was seized with a sudden faintncss, carried to bed, and rose no more. He died in 1779, aged 35. LYTTLETON, Charles, a younger brother of Lord George Lyttleton, was born in 1714, and educated at Eton and Oxford. He first studied the law ; but afterwards en- tered into orders, and rose to the bishopric of Carlisle in 1748. He was emnient as an antiquarian, and, in 17(j.'>, was chosen pre- sident of the society, in which station he contributed several excellent papers to the collection entitled Archaaologia. Died, 17(>8. LYTTLETON, William Henuy, Lord, was born in 1782, and educated at Christ- church, Oxford, where he was distinguished for his great natural abilities and acade- mical learning. On the death of his half- brother, William Fulke, lord Lyttleton, in 1828, he succeeded to the peerage. In com- pany with Lord Lowther, he visited Napo- leon on board the Northumberland, and printed in 1836, for private circulation, an account of his interview and conversation with the fallen emperor. He died in May, 1837. M. MABILLON, a learned French Benedic- tine, famous as a writer on ecclesiastical antiquities and diplomatics, was born in 16;J2, at Pierre Mont, in Champagne, and studied at the college of Rheims. He assisted D'Acheri in his Spicilegium, and published several laborious works, among which are, "De Diplomatica," the " Musajuin Italicum," 2 vols.; and "The Annals of the Order of St. Benedict." Died, 1707. MABLY, Gabriel BoN!fET de, a French abbe', eminent as a political and historical writer, was the brother of Condillac, and born at Grenoble, in 1709. He was educated by the Jesuits at Lyons, but soon abandoned theological studies for Thucydides, Plutarch, and Livy. His works include " Parallele dcs Koinains et des Franpois," " Le Droit public de I'Europe," " Observations sur les Grecs," " Observations sur les Romains," " Observa- tions sur I'llistoire de la France," "Sur les Constitutions des Etat unis de TAmurique," &c., forming altogether 1.5 vols. All the wi-it- ings of this author display deep thinking, and a regard for the welfare of mankind, but his manner is dictatorial and severe. He died in 178.5. MABUSE, or MAUBEIJZE, .Toii.v ue, an eminent painter, was born at Maubeuze, in Haiuault, in 1499. Having obtained con- siderable reputation, he visited England, and resided sonHj time at the court of IIei\ry VIII. Ue painted the portraits of the royal family, as well as of the nobility ; but his best works arc an altar-piece at Middleburg, representing the descent from the cross, and another of the Madonna and Child. He led a very intemperate life ; and having once received a piece of brocade for a tlress, to ap- pear before the emperor Charles V., he sold tlie stuff at a tavern, and painted a paper dress so like it, that the difference could hardly be distinguished. Died, 1502. MACABER, an early German poet ; author of a work, entitled " The Dance of Death," consisting of a series of dialogues between Death and a number of person- ages belonging to various ranks of society. Latin, English, and French versions of it have been printed ; and Holbein's cele- brated paintings have contributed much to this author's fame. MACADAM, Jonx Loudox, known as the introducer of an improved system of road-making, which bears his name, was descended from an ancient and respectable family in Kirkcudbright, Scotland, wliere he was born in 1750. He was a man of science generally, and in the course of his active services as a magistrate and trustee mac] ^ ^etu Winibttsal 3St0firjqjT)t). [mac of roads, his attention was first attracted to the want of scientific principles in the construction of roads. At that time he was in his 60th year, and the subject continued to occupy his leisure till he finally effected what may fairly be termed a national good. Government appreciating the vast utility of his plans, rewarded him by two grants, amounting together to 10,000/., and he was offered tlie honour of knighthood, which, however, he declined, in consequence of liis advanced age, and it was conferred on his son, now Sir James Nicoll M'Adara. He died in November, 1836, aged 80. MACARIUS, St. (the elder), a cele- brated anchoret of the 4th century, who passed 60 years in a monastery on mount Sccta, and died about 391 St. Macarius (the younger) was a monlc of Alexandria, wiio being persecuted by the Arians, and banished to an island, converted its inhabit- ants to Christianity. Died, 395. MACAKTIIY, Sir Charles, an active but unfortunate Irish officer, who com- manded at Cape Coast, in 1821. While making preparations to repel the Ashantees, the king sent his compliments to him, and said he hoped to have his head as an orna- ment to his great war-drum. In 1823, Sir Charles marched against the Ashantees, with a mixed force of Europeans and blacks, the latter of whom ran away, and tlie whites being defeated, their commander was cap- tured, and the victor's menace was fero- ciously realised, Jan. 21. 1824. In a subse- quent battle, the Ashantees were defeated, and this barbarous trophy was recovered and conveyed to his relations. MACARTNEY, George, Earl of, was born at Lismore, near Belfast, in 1737 ; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; and afterwards travelled on the Continent. He was employed by government on several missions, particularly as ambassador from Great Britain to the emperor of China in 1792, with a view to extent our commerce there. He conducted himself with great address on that occasion ; and an account of the mission was published by Sir George Staunton, who acted as his secretary. The embassy returned in 1794, and the earl was next sent to Louis XVIII., then Monsieur, at Verona ; after that, he was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope, which he was compelled, from ill health, to resign. During his retirement in Surrey, he wrote " The State of Russia in 1767," and " The State of Ireland in 1773." As a writer he is candid and modest ; the Life of Earl Ma- cartney has been published in 2 vols. MACAULAY, Catharine, a female his- torian, was the daughter of John Sawbridge, esq., of 011antigh,in Kent, and born in 1730. In 1760 she married Dr. George Macaulay, a physician in London ; and after his death she married, in 1778, Mr. Graham, a clergy- man, and brother to the noted empiric of that name. In 1785 she went to Ameiica, for the purpose of visiting General Wash- ington, with whom slie maintained a cor- respondence during lier life. She died in 1791. Among her works are, " The History of England from James I. to the Accession of tlie House of Hanover," 8 vols ; " The History of England from the Revolution to the present Time," " Remarks on Hobbes's Rudiments of Government and Society," " A Treatise on Moral Truth," " Letters on Education," &c. The spirit in which her History of England is written is almost purely republican, which, although it elicits a noble zeal for civil liberty, yet, like most party productions, it frequently misrepre- sents facts, and misjudges motives. MACAULAY, Zachary,F.R.S., a zealous co-operator with Mr. Wilberforce and other distinguished philanthropists in the abolition of slavery in the British colonies ; to which end he liad devoted his eminent talents and best energies for upwards of forty years. He was the father of the distinguished historian, T. Babington Macaulay, esq. Died, May 13. 1838, aged 70. MACAUI-EY, Elizabeth Wright, a lady, who, in the varied characters of an actress, a lecturer, and a preacher of the gospel, was well known both in London and the provinces, was born in 1785. She left the stage on the plea of ill health, and became the occupant and preacher of a chapel in the metropolis ; she also occasion- ally entertained audiences with dramatic recitations ; and, for the twelvemonth pre- ceding her death, she was occui)ied in deli- vering lectures on " Domestic Philosophy " in various parts of England. Died at York, 1837. MACBRIDE, David, a celebrated physi- cian, was bom at Ballymony, in the county of Antrim, in 1727. He was a surgeon in the navy until 1749, when he settled in Dublin, where his industry and genius were directed to medical researches, and were productive of discoveries which will trans- mit his name with honour to posterity. He published his " Experimental Essays " in 1764, which work immediately attracted the attention of the faculty, and procured for the author a doctor's degree from the uni- versity of Glasgow ; but his most extensive publication was a " Methodical Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Medicine," a valuable work, which afforded a concise and connected view of the principles and practices of the healing art, as best estab- lished by sound reason, and confirmed by accurate observation. This work, which was higlily appreciated by Dr. Cullen, was trans- lated into Latin, and published at Utrecht. He died in 1778. MAC CORMICK, Charles, an historian and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Ireland, and bom in 1744. He entered as a student in the Middle Temple ; but he employed himself in writing for the press. His principal works are, " The Secret His- tory of King Charles II.," " The Reign of George III. to the Year 1783," a " Continu- ation of Rapin's History of England," " Night Reading for Leisure Hours," and the "Life of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke." Died, 1807. MAC CRIE, Thomas, D. D., was a native of Scotland, and received his education at the university of Edinburgh. In 18(K5 he separated from the General Associate Synod, and became one of the founders of the Con- stitutional Associate Presbytery. He was mac] ^ ^tto ?n[utljcrjsal ^iosvnp^^* [»IAC the author of the Lives of "Knox," "Mel- ville," &c.; and a " Ilistory of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Italy, iu the 16th Century." Died, aged G3, in 1835. MAC CUIXOCn, John, M.D., was bom in 1773, at Guernsey, aud evinced great pre- cocity of intellect, lie was lirst placed at the grammar school of Lostwithiel, in Corn- wall ; from thence, in 17y<), he was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine ; and, at the very early age of 18, he received the diploma of a physician, being the youngest student who had ever passed the required examina- tion, lie, however, thought himself too young to succeed as a private practitioner ; and, after remaining at Edinburgh 5 years, he entered into the artillery as assistant- surgeon, and became chemist to the ord- nauce in 180.3. lie was afterwards engaged by government in the surveys of Scotland ; and his mineralogical aud geological survey of that portion of the kingdom is deemed his most important public work. In 1832 hid able map of it was completed, and he received from government the sum of 7000Z. He also wrote many scientifle works. His studies, or pursuits, were innumerable ; and he is said to have excelled in all, however dissimilar. He held the situation of lecturer on chemistry, &c. in the East India Com- pany's establishment at Addiscombe. In 1835, when in the C2nd year of his age, he married ; and while on a visit to some of his old friends in Cornwall, he had the misfortune to be thrown out of a chaise, by which he so much injured one of his legs as to render amputation indispensable. He bore the operation with firmness, and even deliberately gave directions to the surgeon while performing it ; but all attempts to save liim proved abortive. He died, August, 1835. MACDIARMID, John, a miscellaneous writer, was born in 1779, at Weem, in Perthshire ; studied at Edinburgh ; and on coming to London, became editor of the St. James's Chronicle. He published " An Inquiry into the System of Military De- fence," 2 vols. ; "An Inquiry into the Na- ture of Civil and Military Subordination," and " Lives of British Statesmen." Died, 1808. MACDONALD,Etienne Jacques Joseph Alkxamire, duke of Tarentum, and a distin- guished marshal of France, was born at Se- dan, in France, 17G5. Descended from a Scotch family, which had taken refuge in France after the suppression of the rebellion in Scot- land in 1745, he entered the French army in 1784, and embracing the revolutionary cause, served on the staff of Dumourier at Je- mappes, and greatly distinguished himself in the cami)aign in the Low Countries under General Pichegru. In 1796, as general of division, he took the command of the army of the Rhine ; he then joined the army of Italy, where he became governor of Rome ; and having soon afterwards been sent against Naples, his skilful retreat saved the French army from the utter ruin with which it was menaced by Stiwarrow. During the 18th Bru- maire, he commanded at Versailles. In 1800 he was appointed to the command of the army in Switzerland, and immortalised his name in military annals by his celebrated passage of the Splugen. In 1802 he was ap- pointed French ambassador at the court of Copenhagen ; and, on his return to Paris, Napoleon marked his displeasure at some expressions he had made use of in reference to his treatment of Moreau, by withdrawing him from active service. But in 1809 he once more took part in the Italian campaign, shared tlie glories of the victories at Laybach, Raab, and Wagram, his gallant conduct in the last earning for him a marshal's baton at the emperor's hands, and was appointed governor of Griltz, where his humanity gained him " golden opinions from all ranks of people." In 1810 he was created duke of Tarentum, and appointed to command in Catalonia, where, contrary to his wont, he displayed great inhumanity, lie subsequently shared | in the Russian campaign, aud distinguished I himself in the battles of Bautzen and Lut- zcn ; but met with a severe reverse at Katz- bach, where he had imprudently engaged Marshal Blucher with a greatly inferior force. After the fall of Napoleon, he was called to the chamber of peers, and made chancellor of the legion of honour ; but he took little or no part in politics, and his lost years were spent in domestic quiet. Died, 1840. MACDONALD, John, F.R.S., only eon of the celebrated Flora Macdonald, who so materially assisted in the escape of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1746, was born in 1759. He passed many years in the service of the East India Company, and attained the rank of captain in the corps of engineers on the Bengal establishment. On his return home he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the royal Clanalpine regiment, and command- ant of the royal Edinburgh artillery. But it is as a writer on military tactics, and as a man of science, that Colonel Maclonald is especially er.titled to our notice. His pro- ductions relative to the art of war are chiefly translations from the French, and consist of " The Experienced Officer," " Rules and Regulations for the Field Exercise and Man- oeuvres of Infantry," " Instructions for the Conduct of Infantry on Actual Service," &c. ; besides which he produced, in 1808. a "Treatise on Telegraphic Communication, Naval, Military, and Political ;" and, in 1816, a "Telegraphic Dictionary," extending to 150.000 words, phrases, and sentences. During the latter part of his liie he resided at Exeter, where he died, aged 72, in 1831. MACE', Francis, a popular French eccle- siastic, born at Paris, in 1640, who was cele- brated both for his preaching and his theo- logical writings. He was the author of " A Chronological Abridgment, Historical and Moral, of the Old and New Testament," 2 vols. •, " History of the Four Ciceros," " An Analysis of the Works of Saint Augustin," &c. Died, 1721. MACE, Thomas, an English musician, who was an excellent performer on the lute. He published a work, entitled "Music's Monu- ment, or a Remembrance of the best Practical Music," &c. Died, 1670. MACEDONIUS, a prelate of Constanti- nople in the 4th century. The Arians made mac] ^ ^ctu Hm'bcr^al IJiatji-apT^ii. [mac him bishop of that see, in opposition to Panl, whom' tlie orthodox party liad cho?en ; but lie was ultimately deposed, lie maintained that the Holy Ghost was not a person, but a divine energy diffused tliroughout the uni- verse. MACFARLANE, Hexry, an historical writer, was born in Scotland, in 1734, and educated at Edinburgh. He came when young to I^ondon ; was for some years a reporter of speeches in parliament ; and afterwards kept a r.espectable seminary at Walthamstow. He was the author of a "History of George III.," an "Essay on the Authenticity of Ossian," "An Address to the People of Britain," &c. Died, from l)ruise3 received at the Brentford election, in 1804. MACHIAVEL, or MACCHIAVELLI, Nicholas, a celebrated political writer and historian, was born at Florence, in 14(59, of a noble family, whose members had en- joyed the highest dignities in the republic. On account of his distinguished talents, he was very early appointed chancellor of liis native state, and not long afterwards ad- vanced to the post of secretary; When Florence had recovered her liberty, by the expulsion of tlie Medici, he was several times charged with important embassies, which were of great use to the commonwealth. On the return of the Medici to Florence, he was deprived of his post ; and being af- terwards accused of participating in a con- spiracy, he was imprisoned, put to the tor- ture, and banished ; all which he endured with a firmness approaching to indifference. Having returned to his native country, tlie favour and confidence shown him by the Medici alienated him from the afiections of tlie Florentines j and he died in indigent circumstances, in 1527. His chief works are, "The History of Florence," "The Life of Castruecio 'Castracani," " A Trea- tise on the Alilitary Art," and " The Prince." This last work, if taken literally, contains the most pernicious maxims of government, founded on the vilest iJrinciples : hence the word Machiavellisin is used to denote that system of policy which disregards every law, liuman or divine, to effect its purposes. There are many, however, who regard it rather as a covert satire upon tyrannj', than as a manual for a tyrant ; while others think it a work full 'of valuable counsel for a prince, to whom all eyes in Italy were turned for deliverance from foreign thraldom. MACHIN, John, an English astronomer of tlie 18th century ; author of a treatise on tiie " Laws of the Moon's Motions," pub- lished with Newton's Principia ; and other works. He was professor of astronomy at Gresham College, and secretary to the Royal Society. MACK, CiiAELES, Baron von, an Aus- trian general, notorious for his ill- con- certed military operations, was born in 1752, at Neuslingen, in Franconia. He en- tered the army as a private in a regiment of dragoons, but gradually rose till he be- came aide-de-camp to General Laudhon, who strongly recommended him to the emperor, As quarter-raaster-general of tlie army of the Prince of Coburg, he directed the opera- tions of the campaign of 1793 ; and was afterwards employed in negotiating with Dumourier. At that time the plans and proposals of Mack were so much extolled, that he was sent to London to concert measures with the English ministers. George III. gave him a sword ornamented with diamonds ; and Mr. Pitt so wholly approved of his propositions, that he hastened his return, in order that tlie allied army might benefit by his plans. In 1797 he commanded the Neapolitan troops, but was so out-gene- ralled, tliat he resigned the command, and surrendered himself a prisoner of war. Buo- naparte, then consul, allowed him to reside at Paris, on his parole ; upon which Mack re- quested permission to go to Vienna, tliat he might prevail upon the emperor to exchange him for Generals Perignon and Grouchy ; a request which the court of Vienna refused. Mack then secretly formed a plan of es- cape, which he effected, and took with him as companion of his flight from Paris, in April 1800, Mdlle. Louise, a courtezan of some celebrity. Arrived in Austria, he per- suaded his countrymen that his ill success had arisen solely from the cowardice and disorderly conduct of the Neapolitans. The emperor Francis believed his assertion, and confided to him, in 1804, the command of his troops in the Tyrol, Dalmatia, and Italy ; and in the following year made him president of the council of war. In Sep- tember, 1805, Marshal Soult defeated Mack at Menningen ; he quailed before Napo- leon, who forced him to retreat beyond the Danube ; and in October he surrendered Ulm, by which 28,000 of the Austrians be- came prisoners. Mack once more presented himself at Vienna ; but he was subjected to a courtmartial, and was sentenced to death, which the emperor commuted to perpetual imprisonment, and even from that he was released at the end of one year. Died in 1829. MACKAY, Andrew, LL. D., an eminent mathematician ; author of a " Treatise on the Longitude," 2 vols., and a contributor to Rees's CyclopsEdia. Died, 1809. MACKENZIE, Geoiige ; author of "The Lives and Characters of the most Eminent Writers of the Scottish Nation," &c., a work of considerable research and authority. He practised as a physician at Edinburgh, in the 17th century. MACKENZIE, Sir GEonoE, an ingenious lawyer and writer, was born at Dundee, in 1636 ; became an eminent advocate j and gained from the covenanters the appellation of "blood-thirsty." When James II. ab- rogated the papal laws he resigned, but was afterwards restored by that prince. Not approving the measures of the Prince of Orange, he again retired and went to Lon- don, where he died in 1G91. He wrote seve- ral works of merit on the laws of Scotland ; " A Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland," " Essays on Moral Subjects," and some poetical pieces. MACKENZIE, George, viscount Tarhat and earl of Cromarty, was born of a noble family, nearly related to that of Sir George Mackenzie. He distinguished liimself by mac] ^ ifletD CIm'lJfnJaT JStajjraj)]^^' [mac his loyalty, for which, after the Restora- tion, he was made a senator of tlie college of justice, clerk of the jjiivy council, and justice-general. James II. raised hira to the peerage, and queen Anne made him secretary of state and earl of Cromarty. Hedicd, aged88, in 1714. MACKENZIE, IIekky, an essayist and elegant writer of works of fiction, was the son of an eminent pliysician at Edinburgh, and boru in 174.'). He received a liberal education ; and, in 1746, became an attor- ney in the Scottish court of exchequer. His first production was " The Man of Feel- ing," which soon acquired unbounded po- pularity : this was followed by " The Man of the World," and he subsequently pro- duced a third, "Julia de Koubignt'." He next, in conjunction with other literary characters, published a series of Essays, under the title of '• The Mirror," and after- wards "The Lounger." He also contri- buted many excellent papers to the Trans- actions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Highland Society, of both of which he was a member. His dramatic works were by no means so successful : they consist of two tragedies, "The Prince of Tunis " and " The Shipwreck," and of two comediee, "The Force of Fashion" and "The White Hypociite." He was the author of a political tract, entitled " An Account of the Proceedings of tlie Parlia- ment of 1784 ; " and at the commencement of tlie French revolution he published se- veral others, with the view of counteract- ing the prevalence of democratic princi- ples at home, w)\ich introduced him to the notice of Mr. Pitt, and some years after he was appointed comptroller of the taxes for Scotland, an office which he held till his death. For highly wrought scenes of pathos, and for the graces of style, Mac- kenzie has but few rivals : his novels, tales, and essays can never fail to please ; but his dramatic writings are deficient in strik- ing characters, so essential to scenic repre- sentations. In his earliest youth he had opportunities of becoming acquainted with Hume, Smith, Robertson, Blair, and others, who then formed the literary galaxy of Edinburgh ; and his days being protracted to a healthy old age, his reminiscences of tlie great men whom lie had so long sur- vived were highly interesting. He died in 1831, aged 8.5. MACKEY, Jons, an Englishman, who basely betrayed James II. by giving inform- ation of every secret with which he was intrusted, to William. He wrote a "Pic- ture of the Court of St. Germain" and "Memoirs of the Court of England, in the Reigns of William and Anne," both of wliich abound with many curious anec- dotes. MACKINNON, Daniel, Colonel ; a gal- lant British soldier, and nephew to General Mackinnon, who was killed at the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo. He entered the army at the early age of fourteen, and was im- mediately sent to the siege of Copenhagen, tlien to Bremen, and the next year to tlie Peninsula, where he was present in nearly all the great battles ; his cool daring, ex- traordinary activity, and amiable disposi- tion rendering liim an e.ipecial favourite. He was also at the battle of Waterloo, where he eminently distinguished himself. He wrote tlie "History of the Coldstream Guards," a work containing much inter- esting information. Died, 183(5, aged 40. MACKINTOSH, Sir James, a celebrated British statesman, was born in Inverness, in 17C0. His fattier. Captain Mackintosh, in- tended him for tlie medical profession, and conferred on him an excellent education. In 1787, after taking his degree of M. D., ho repaired to the Continent, and establislied himself at Leyden, to improve his knowledge of the medical art. He preferred, however, the study of law to that of medicine ; and, after tlie deatli of his father, devoted himself entirely to the study necessary for the bar. The French revolution, which had just then commenced, gave a new impulse to his mind, and politics and legislation became the para- mount objects of his attention. In conjunc- tion with other partisans of reform, he pub- lished several works in advocacy of this cause, especially his *• Vindicias Gallicas," or defence of the French revolution, against the strictures and accusations of Edmund Burke. But it is said that an interview with this celebrated statesman changed Sir James's opinions — some alleging sincere conviction, some political interest, as the cause. However this may be, the change produced ministerial favour, and he was appointed, by Pitt and Loughborough, a professor of Lincoln's Inn, where, in a course of lectures on the constitution of England, he exhibited himself as an un- compromising censor of the doctrines he had approved in the "Vindiciaj Gallicas." It was Sir James Mackintosh who under- took the defence of the emigrant, M. Peltier, for a libel tfn Buonaparte in the Ambigu; and his address, eloquence, and profound knowledge of the law contributed greatly to the slight penalty which was awarded to his client, and to the frustrated expectations of the first consul. Shortly after this, in 1803, he was appointed by the existing mi- nistry recorder of Bombay ; and his admi- nistration there rendered him highly popular, especially his able protection of the rights of native and British subjects. He also estab- lished a literary society there, and became its president. On returning to England, he was elected member of parliament for Nairn ; and, from this time, joined and co-operated Willi the popular party. In 181G-17, he op- posed the green-bag and spy system — con- curred with Lord Milton in a motion for reducing tlie army — voted with Lord Al- thorp against the severe restrictions of the Alien Bill, and against Lord Castlereagh's measures generally. In 1818 he made his first celebrated motion for amending the criminal laws. During the Canning admi- nistration of 1827, Sir James acted in con- currence with the premier, and held office for a short time, but went out on its diasolu- tion ; and, on the fall of the Wellington ministry in 1830, joined Lord Grey's, which succeeded it, as president of the India board. Besides the " Vindiciae Gallicae," Sir James Mackintosh published '• The Regency Ques- mac] ^ 0t^ SHutljer^al 33t0tjnjpfjii. [mac tion," " Discourse on the Study of the Law of Nature and Nations," and a "History of England," in parts. He was also an exten- sive contributor to the Edinburgh Review, and his essays and reviews liave been pub- lislied separately. Died, 1832. MACKI.IN, Charlks, a celebrated vete- ran actor and dramatist, whose real name was Mac Laughlin, was born in the county of Westmeath, Ireland, in 1G90. He came to London, and appeared as a performer at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 172.5 ; but it was not till 1741 that he established his reputation as an actor, by his admirable and still unrivalled performance of Shylock. He continued on 'the stage until 1789; but, during the last years of his life, his under- standing became impaired, and he died in 1797, at the patriarchal age of 107. His "Man of the World," a comedy, exposes meanness, sycophancy, and political servility, with considerable skill ; and his " Love k la Mode," a very popular farce, also attests the talents of its autlior. During his long continuance on the stage he experienced the usual vicissitudes of theatrical life ; but he was a zealous supporter of the rights of his professional brethren, and, though dictatorial and irascible, a most entertaining companion, and a steady friend. MACKNIGUT, Jamcs, a learned Scottish divine, was born in 1721,at IrNine, in Argyle- shire; and was ordained minister of Maybole, where he composed his " Harmony of the Gospels" and his "New Translation of the Epistles." In 17G3, he became one of the ministers of Eiinburgh, and was employed nearly 30 years in the execution of his last and greatest work, viz. " New Translation from the Greek of all the Apostolical Epistles," with commentaries and notes. Died, 1800. MACLAINE, xVrciiibald, a learned di- vine, born at Monaglian, in Ireland, where his father was a dissenting minister, is ad- vantageously known by his "Letters to Soame Jenyns on h.is View of the In- terniil Evidence of Christianity," a trans- lation of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, and a volume of miscellaneous sermons. Died, 1804. MACLAURIN, Colin, an eminent ma- thematician, who was born at Kilmoddan, in Scotland, in lt)98, and educated at the university of Glasgow, where he applied himself assiduously to the study of the ma- thematics, lu 1717 he obtained the mathe- matical professorship in the Marisehal Col- lege of Aberdeen, and in 172.5 was elected professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 1734 he entered the lists against Berkeley, which produced his excellent "Treatise on Fluxions." He also wrote several papers in the Pliilosophical Transactions ; a treatise, entitled " Geometria Organica," another on "Algebra," and "An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries." In the rebellion of 174.5 he took so active a part in fortifying Edinburgh, that when the Pretender approached with his forces, Mr. Maclaurin deemed it prudent to retire to York, where he was entertained by Arch- bishop Herring, in whose palace he died, in 174«J. MACLAURIN, JoiiN-, Lord Deeghorn, son of the preceding, was bom at Edin- burgh in 1734 ; was admitted a member of the faculty of advocates ; and in 1787 was raised to the bench by the title of lord Dreg- horn. His works are, " An Essay on Lite- rary Property," " A Collection of Criminal Cases," and an " Essay on Patronage." Died, 1796. MACLEAN, Lktitia Elizabeth, better known as Miss Landon, or L. E. L., a ce- lebrated English poetess, was born in Hans Place, Chelsea, 1802. At a very early age, she attracted the notice of the reading public by her spirited short poems, published in the Literary Gazette. The reputation she thus acquired was so great, that rival pub- lishers vied with each other in endeavouring to obtain her aid ; and, at one time, the Annuals were scarcely thought complete if they did not contain a contribution from L. E. L. The temptation thus held out to hasty composition, however profitable, must of necessity have detracted from the power of the poetess, and accordingly we find her poems too frequently recurring to the same theme. If L. E. L., however, sometimes fell into the too common error of those yoimg writers who think that to wail and be poetical are one and the same thing, her later writings amply atoned for it. In her novels more es- pecially, there was a vigour and cheerfulness, as well as a depth and clearness of thought, which led us to liope that, beautiful as much of her early poetry really was, we should, during many long years, have to welcome writing from her pen which would not merely far surpass them in value and beauty, but make them appear to have been the mere preparations for a loftier and more daring flight. Her shorter compositions, in the shape of contributions to the periodicals, are almost innumerable ; in addition to those, she published " The Improvisatrice," " The Troubadour," "The Golden Violet" "The Golden Bracelet," and the " Vow of the Peacock," all in verse ; and three prose novels, " Romance and Reality," " Francesca Carrara," and " Ethel Churchill." In June, 1838, she was married to George Maclean, esq., governor of Cape Coast Castle, and proceeded thither with him. Being much afflicted with spasms, she was in the habit of taking a powerful medicine, and her death is attributed to her having incautiously taken an overdose. Died, Oct. 15. 1838. MACLEOD, John, M.D., a medical prac- titioner, born about 1782, at Bunhill, in Dumbartonshire, Scotland. He made several voyages as a naval surgeon, and accompanied the embassy to China, under Lord Amherst. On his return he published " The Voyage of the Alceste to the Island of Lewchew ;" and died in 1820. MACNALLY, Leoxard, a lawyer and dramatist, was born in Dublin, in ]7i)2, and, after studying at the Middle Temple, was called to the Irish Bar in 1776. He was the author of " The Rules of Evidence," 2 vols. ; and " The Irish Justice of the Peace," 2 vols. His theatrical productions are, " Fashionable Levities," a comedy; "Richard Cueur de Lion," an opera ; " Robinhood, or Sherwood Forest," a comic opera ; and "Retaliation," a farce. Died, 1820, mac] ^ JlftD ?autl)««al 23i0arapl)B. [mad M'NICOL, Rev. Dr. Doxald, a Celtic an- tiquarian writer, well known as the author of " Remarks on Johnson's Journey to the Hebrides," 1 vol. 8vo. 1773, was born at the farm of Sococh, in the parish of Clacliandy- sart, in 1735. He was minister of Saddel and Skipness, previous to his translation to Lismore and Appin.to whicli united parishes he was admitted minister on the 15th Jul^, 176<5. Dr. M'Nichol was deeply versed in Gaelic literature and antiquities, as his " Re- marks " so amply testify. Tlie great research and thorough knowledge of his subject, added to tlie keen spirit of satire wliich pervades every line, rendered him more than a match for the " literary Colossus," whose otherwise vigorous intellect was obscured by the inista of prejudice and a total ignorance of Scot- land and the Scotch. Died, 1»02. MACNISII, RoBKUT, M.D. and LL.D., better known as " the modern Pythagorean " (the name affixed to most of his contributions to different magazines), was born in Glasgow, 1802. Thougli enjoying considerable practice as a physician, he found leisure to engage in literary pursuits ; and his " Anatomy of Drunkenness," " Philosoplxy of Sleep," " Ale- tempsychosis," and " Book of Aphorisms," have gained for him a high place among the most thoughtful writers of his age. Died, 1837. MACPHERSON, James, a writer distin- guished for his translations or imitations of ancient Gaelic poems, was born at Kiug- cusie, in Inverness, in 1738. Having, m 1760, produced "Fragments of Ancient Poetry, translated from the Gaelic or Erse Language," they wer« so well received, that a subscription was formed to enable the author to collect additional specimens of national poetry. The result of his researches waa " Fingal, an Antient Epic Poem, in six books," together with several other poems (professedly translated from originals), by C)3sian,. the son of Fingal, a Gaelic prince of the 3rd century, and his contemporaries. Dr. Johnson treated him as an impostor, and a violent controversy ensued concerning their authenticity. From the evidence of the con- tending parties, it may be concluded, that Macpherson's prose epics were founded on traditional narratives current among the Highlanders ; but the date of the oldest of their lays is comparatively modern ; and it is now impossible to ascertain the precise ex- tent of his obligations to the Gaelic bards of former ages. In 1764 he accompanied go- vernor Johnstone to Florida, as secretary. After his return he translated the Iliad into Ossianic prose ; wrote a " History of Great Britain, from the Restoration to the Accession of the House of Hanover ;" and also employed his pen in vindicating the measures of go- vernment during the American war. He was afterwards appointed agent to the nabob of Arcot, became a member of Parliament, and died in 1790. MACQUER. Pkteu Joseph, an eminent chemist, born at Paris, in 1718. He wrote in the Journal des Savans, from 1768 to 1776, the articles relating to natural philosoi)hy, medicine, chemistry, anatomy, &c. ; and he published " Elemens de Chimie," &c. Died, 1784 liis brother PiiiLii- was the author of an "Ecclesiastical History," 3 vols., and several other historical works. Died, 1770. MACROBIUS, AuKELius Ambkosius Theodosius, a Latin author, in the reign of the emperor Theodosius. He held the consular dignity ; and was the author of a miscellaneous work, entitled " Saturnalia," curious for its criticisms, and valuable for the light it throws upon the manners and customs of antiquity. He wrote other works, and died about the year 420. MADAN, Maktix, an Englisli divine, was born in 1720, and was educated for the bar, but took orders, and became a popular preacher at the Lock chapel, till, by publish- ing an apology for polygamy, in a work en- titled "Thelyphthora," he lost his popularity, and retired from the pulpit. He was also the author of " A Commentary on the Articles of the Church of England," a " Treatise on the Christian Faith," and the translator of Juve- nal and Persius His brother. Dr. Si'EN- CEK Madan, became successivelj^ bishop of Bristol and Peterborough ; and died in 1813. MADDEN, Dr. Samuel, an Irish clergy- man, born in 1687, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he introduced the scheme for promoting learning by premiums at the quarterly examinations. In 1732 he published the first volume of "Memoirs of the Twentieth Century, or Original Letters of State under George the Sixth ;" which was intended to form vols. This work had excited considerable notice, and been brought out with extraordinary dispatch, but the rapidity with which it was bought up, was still more surprising, 900 out of the 1(K>0 copies that were printed being recalled and destroyed v. ithin a week of its publication. He founded a society at Dublin for the im- provement of the arts, in 1740, similar to that which was afterwards established in London. In 1744 he published " Boulter's Monument," a poem ; and a play, entitled " Themistocles." Died, 1765. MADDOX, Isaac, an English prelate, was born in London, in 1697. Being left an orphan, he was taken under the care of a relation, who placed him with a pastry-cook ; but he soon left that situation, and went to Scotland with a view of obtaining at St. Andrew's a cheap but solid education, and eventually becoming a minister of the kirk. The tenets and discipline of Presbyterianism, however, not being congenial with his senti- ments, he returned to England, entered at Queen's College, Cambridge, was episcopally ordained, and rose so rapidly, that in 1733 he was made dean of Wells. In 1730 he was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph ; whence, in 1743, he was translated to Worcester, where he died in 1759. Bishop Maddox published " A Vindication of the Church of England," in answer to Neal's History of the Puritans ; and 14 occasional sermons. MADERNO, Caulo, an Italian architect of the 16th century, appointed by pope Paul V. to complete St. Peter's, at Rome ; in the execution of which he has been charged with committing some important errors. He was, however, in high repute, and built the Maffei palace, and many other public edifices at Rome. Bom, 1556 ; died, 1629. mad] ^ ^rto Mnibtv^nX JJtogrnpTjj). [mag MADERNO, Stei'HEX, was an eminent sculptor ; born in Lombardy, 157S ; died, 1636. MADISON, James, ex-president of the United States of America, born in "Virginia, in 1758. His education was of the best de- scription, and for a time he devoted liimself to the study of t)ie law. He was only 22 when he was first invested with public em- ployment, in which he soon distinguislied himself by his zeal and ability ; and as a member of congress, he was remarked for his fluency and eloquence. Attaching him- self to Jefferson, he became secretary of state under tiiat president ; and, on the death of JetFerson in 1809, being appointed to succeed him, he made an inaugural address, which inclined against the federal party. A few days after, he published an order in council, forbidding all communication with Eng- land and France, until those powers had revoked their orders in council and Berlin decrees. At the same time, he took off the embargo laid on all foreign vessels but those of England and France, and took measures to make the American flag re- spected. France complied, but England did not : fruitless negotiations followed ; till, in 1811, a Britisli frigate attacked an American frigate on the coast of the United States, and war broke out between the con- tending parties in 1812. In 1813, Congress re-appointed Mr. Madison to the presidency, and approved his measures with regard to England. Russia offered her mediation between the belligerents ; but the right of search, the abandonment of which was claimed by America, and refused by Eng- land, was a constant obstacle. At length, on the fall of Napoleon in 1814, Mr. Madison, considering tliat England, strengthened by that event, would be less likely than ever to sacrifice the point, declined to press it as a sine qua non. Negotiations were opened at Ghent, and closed again in consequence of the American envoy (Gallatin) declar- ing the conditions demanded by England humiliating. The war was resumed : the British fleet scoured the American coasts, made descents in various places, and took and burned Washington, the capital. Not- withstanding these misfortunes, and the alacrity of the Federalists, he retained the presidency till 1817, when peace was for- merly concluded and ratified with England. He then retired from oflSce with a high reputation for ability and integrity. Died, June 183(5. MADOX, Thomas, a legal antiquary and historiographer, who published, in 1702, " A Collection of Charters taken from the Originals," with the title of " Formulare Anglicanum." In 1711 appeared "The History and Antiquities of the Exchequer," folio ; which was followed by his " Firma Burgi, or Historical Essay concerning the Cities, Towns, and Boroughs of England." After his death, a collectfon of his manu- scripts, occupying 90 volumes, was presented by his widow to the British Museum. M^CENAS, Caius Cilnius, the friend and minister of Augustus, and the patron of Virgil and Horace, was a Roman knight, and traced liis genealogy from the ancient 656 Etrurian kings. He has been described as a pattern of every political virtue, and a most generous patron of the sciences. Though luxurious and effeminate in his hours of relaxation, he was vigilant and active iu business, and well understood how to employ the favours of fortune. Many pleasant and useful qualities gained him the confidence of Augustus, which he enjoyed undiminished until his death, in the year of Rome 745, and 8 b. c. So sig- nal were his good offices towards literary genius, that the name of Msecenas has since become synonymous with that of a liberal patron. M^STLINUS, Michael, a celebrated German astronomer, was born in the duchy of Wirtemberg, about 1542. He went to Italy, where he became intimate with Ga- lileo ; and on his return to Germany he Avas chosen professor of mathematics, at Tubin- gen, where he had Kepler for a pupil. He published many mathematical and astrono- mical works, and died in 1500. MAFFEI, or MAFFiEUS, Fraxcis SciPio, Marquis, an eminent Italian writer, was born in 1675, at Verona ; and was edu- cated at the college of nobles at Parma. He entered the army, and distinguished him- self as a volunteer at the battle of Dona- wert, in 17M ; but, at the end of the cam- paign, quitted the service, and devoted himself to literature. Among his works are, the tragedy of " Merope," a " Trea- tise against Duelling," a "History of Di- plomacy, " " Musaeum Veronense," and " Verona Illustrata." Died, 1755 There were several other learned Italians of the name of Maffei, but better known by their Latin denomination of Maff-Eus Vegio, a native of Eodi ; author of " Epigrams," "Essays," and a "Supplement to Virgil," whichhe called the 13th book of the iEneid. Julius Scaliger and Gerard Vossius have declared him a great poet. Bom, 1407; died, 1459 Bernardin, a learned cardinal, who died at Rome in 1553, aged 40. He wrote a " Commentary on Cicero's Epistles," and a " Treatise on Medals and Inscriptions." John Peter, a learned Jesuit, was born at Bergamo in 1536, and died at Tivoli in 1603. He wrote the "Life of Ignatius Loyola," a " History of the Indies," and other works, in the purest Latin. MAGALOTTI, Lorexzo, Count, an ele- gant poet and learned naturalist, was born at Florence, in 1637. He wrote many philo- sophical and poetical works, of which latter the most valued is his "Canzonette Ana- creontiche," published under his Arcadian name Lindoro Elateo. He died in 1712. MAGEE, William, a learned Irish pre- late and a theological writer, was born in humble life, and admitted as sizer at Dublin university. He was soon distinguished for his scholastic attainments ; and in 1806 be- came a senior fellow of Trinity College, and professor of mathematics. In 1801 he pub- lished his celebrated " Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrines of the Atonement and Sacrifice," 2 vols. ; a work directed against the tenets of the Unitarians, and written with peculiar force. By this he added much to his former reputation ; and he was. mag] ^ J2e&j Hiu'tj^r^nl 23t03rni)!;jt. [mag in 1818, advanced to the deanery of Cork ; in 1819 he was consecrated bishop of Ka- pl»oe ; and, in 1822, translated to the see of Dublin. Died, 1831, aged 06. MAGELLAN, or MAGALIIAENS, Fer- dinand, a celebrated 'Portuguese naviga- tor, who, in 1519, discovered and passed ♦he straits which have since been called by his name. His services not being valued by his own country, he offered them to Charles V. of Spain, who intrusted him with a fleet destined to attempt a westward passage to the Moluccas : hence his dis- covery. He was slain in 1521, in a skirmish with the natives of one of the Flulippine islands. MAGEOGllEGAN, Jamks, an Irish priest ; author of an " Ancient and Mo- dern History of Ireland," 3 vols. Born, 1702 ; died, 17C4. MAGGI, or MAGIUS, Jerome, a leanied Italian, was a native of Tuscany. The Venetians appointed him judge of the ad- miralty in the island of Cyprus, where, by his skill, the capital of the island resisted for a long time the attacks of the Turks. When it was taken he was carried in chains to Constantinople, and strangled by order of the vizir, in 1573. MAGGI, Carlo Maria, an Italian poet, born at Milan, in 1(330, was secretary to the senate of his native city, and died there in 1090. His sonnets are much admired, and some of them have been translated into English. M AGINI, or MAGINU8, Jonx ANTUOifY, professor of mathematics at Bologna, was born at Padua, in 1536. He was the author of many valuable astronomical and mathe- matical works ; and is said to have accu- rately predicted the time of liis own death, which took place in 1018. MAGINN, William, LL.D., one of the most fertile and versatile writers of modern times, was born at Cork, in 1793. Under the careful and anxious tuition of his father, young Maginn made such rapid progress that he was enabled to enter Trinity College, Dublin, when only 10 years of age 1 Gifted with a fertile fancy, and great classical learning, lie made literature his profes- sion, and having "imped his wings " in contributing various papers to the Literary Gazette, and, under a feigned name, to Blackwood's Magazine, he settled for nearly three years in Edinburgh ; and Blackwood's Magazine owed much of its wit, eloquence, learning, and fun to "Sir Morgan O'Do- herty. " He visited London for the first time in 1823, and settling there, wrote so much, and for such a variety of works, that the attempt to enumerate all of them would be hopeless. Besides the harassing demands upon him as a periodical contributor, he at this time wrote tlie singular and striking ro- mance entitled " Whitehall." About the year 1828, Dr. Maginn became sub-editor of tli« Standard, in which his profound, va- rious, and ever-ready learning made him a most formidable opponent to the liberals and ultra-liberals, and gave the paper a pro- portionate degree of power and influence. While thus engaged, and while writing a multitude of light papers for a host of minor 557 publications, he also contributed immensely to the well known Eraser's Magazine. Here he wrote a caustic and powerful review of a " fashionable " novel, entitled Berkely Castle. The author took oftence, and, in company with a friend, committed a most merciless assault upon Mr. Eraser. Aroused by this ill-treatment of his friend and pub- lisher. Dr. Maginn instantly ottered the ottended author satisfaction, and a hostile meeting accordingly took place. The duel fortunately proved a bloodless one, but it was very near havTng a different result, the doctor being hit on the heel of his boot, and his opponent on the collar of his coat. To vast learning, elocxuenee, fancy, and wit, the doctor added a perl'cctly boyish good- liumour and joviality. These alone would, by causing his company to be importunately an<l irresistibly sought by richer und less oc- cupied men than himself, have proved dan- gerous to his prospects. But though his sin- cerest and best friends had to regret that in his case, as in so many other cases, worldly common sense was not added to genius, it is but right to say that the principal cause of the pecuniary embarrassment which em- bittered the last years of his life arose, not from self-indulgence, but from his indis- criminate kindness to others. Let it not be supposed, however, that we arc among those who think that the possession of genius ex- empts its possessor irom the ordinary pru- dential rules : far from it ; we think that the imprudent man of genius is, in strict justice, far less to be pitied for his self-caused sorrows and sufferings, than the imprudent man of a meaner grade of intellect. But, as a co- temporary biographer has observed, " let charitable allowance be made for consti- tutional peculiarities, for temptations which other men cannot estimate, and for frail- ties on which no fellow-mortal should now sit in judgment." But enough of his gene- rous errors — enough of the self-injury by much suffering caused. I^earned among the learned, witty among the witty, gentle and unassuming as a child among men of less ability, he was crushing in his sarcastic scorn against all whom he deemed enemies of the altar and the throne. Died, August 1842, aged 49. MAGISTRIS, SiMEOx, a learned Corsi- can orientalist, born in 1749; author of "Gli Atti di Cinque Martiri Nella Corea, coir Origiue della Fede in quel Regno." MAGLIABECHI, Antonio, a learned critic, whose eccentric habits were almost as extraordinary as his varied erudition, was born at Florence, in 1033. He was placed, when a boy, as servant to a dealer in fruit, or, as others say, with a gold- smith, in which situation he discovered such a propensity to letters, that a book- seller took him into his employment, where his talents and memory made him so much talked of, that the grand duke, Cosmo III., appointed him his librarian. His attention was wholly absorbed by his books ; among them he took liis rest and meals ; nor could he be persuaded to leave his old apartment for one more commodious which the duke had provided for him. A thread- bare cloak served him for a garment by 8 B 3 mag] ^ ^c&j ^nibtv^al Mwqxr^I)^, [SIAH day, and a covering at night ; he had one straw chair for hia table, another to sleep on, and the only luxury in which he in- dulged was smo'king. He left no literary work deserving of particular notice ; but he freely afforded information to those authors who sought his advice or assistance. Died, 1714, aged 81. MAGNAN, D., an accomplished French antiquarian and numismatist ; born in 1731, died in 1800. His " Ville de Rome," 4 vols. folio, with 425 plates, is a superb work. MAGNENTIUS, a German, who rose, from being a private soldier, to the first employments in the empire. The emperor Constans had a great esteem for him, and in a mutiny among the troops delivered him from the fury of tlie soldiers by cover- ing him with his robe. Magnentius mur- dered his benefactor in 3.50, and assumed the title of emperor ; but Constantius II. avenged the death of his brother, and after a bloody battle took Magnentius prisoner, and put him to death at Lyons, in 353. ]^IAHMOUD II., sultan of Turkey, suc- ceeded to the imperial throne in the year 1808, on the murder, by the janizaries, of his predecessor, Mustapha IV. The murder of that prince impressed Mahmoud with a pain- ful sense of the incompatibility of his own safety with the existence of the janizaries ; and one of his first acts was to put his own brother to death, to deprive that body, and the scarcely less formidable priests, from having a pretext for open rebellion. The janizaries were cut .off to a man, Mahmoud himself standing within the railing of the mosque of Sultan Achmet on the hippodrome, directing as well as witnessing that most frightful massacre. Daring, subtle, allow- ing no moral considerations to weigh against political expediency, he subdued his rebel- lious pachas by force or fraud, as he found most convenient. If some distant and secure fastness rendered it next to impossible to make force available, honours -were henped upon the intended victim ; and it was only when he reached Constantinople, and the fatal bowstring was at his throat, that he learned that Mahmoud's smile could be as deadly as his frown. Though successful to an extent that could scarcely have been an- ticipated, in bringing about internal changes in his empire, he was externally far less for- tunate. His war with Russia, from 1809 to 1812, cost him Bessarabia, and no small part of Moldavia. The Grecian revolution still further diminished his empire, and still further increased the confidence of his tur- bulent vassal of Egypt, who, if European policy had not brought European friends to the sultan's side, would not merely liave converted his pachalic into an independent monarchy, but Imve been in a condition to dictate farther concessions to the son of Mahmoud the Reformer. Died, 1839. MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, the founder of a religion which has spread over a considerable portion of the globe, was born in o70, at Mecca, a city of Arabia, of the noble family of Koreish. Losing his father in his infancy, the guardianship of him devolved on his uncle Abu Taleb, who employed him to go with his caravans from Mecca to Damascus. In this employment he continued till he was 28 years of age, when he married Khadijah, a rich widow, lie continued to act for some time as a merchant ; but a disposition to religious contemplation seems to have attended him from his early youth ; and having remarked on his travels the infinite variety of sects which prevailed, he formed the des'ign of founding a new one. He accordingly spent much of his time in a cave near Mecca, seemingly alone, and employed in medita- tion and prayer ; but in reality he called to his aid a Persian Jew, well versed in the history and laws of his persuasion, and two Christians, one of the Jacobite and the other of the Nestorian sect. With the help of these men he framed the celebrated " Koran," or " Book," which he pretended to have received at different times from heaven by the hands of tlie angel Gabriel. At the age of 40 he publicly assumed the prophetical character, calling himself the apostle of God. At first he had only his wife and eight other followers ; but in three years the number of his disciples was very considerably augmented. On these he im- posed the most marvellous tales, and pre- tended to have passed into the highest heavens in one night, on the back of a beautiful ass, called Al-borak, and accom- panied by the angel Gabriel. In the tenth year of his mission, he lost both Abu Taleb and his faithful wife Khadijah, which so exposed him to the enmity of the Koreish- ites, that he found it necessary to make a temporary retreat to the city of Tayef. The fundamental doctrine inculcated in the Koran was, " There is but one God, and Mahomet is liis prophet." His proselytes rapidly increased ; and as they swore fidelity to him, and proffered their assistance, he adopted the resolution of encountering his enemies with force. Being the more exas- perated at this, they formed a conspiracy to murder him : warned of the imminent danger, he left Mecca, accompanied only by Abubeker, and concealed himself in a neigh- bouring cave. Here he spent tliree days un- discovered, after which he arrived at Medina. It is from this event, called the Hegira or Flight, that the Mussulmans compute their time : it corresponds with the l(5th of June, 622. Mahomet now assumed the sacerdotal and regal dignity, married Ayesha, daughter of Abubeker, and declared his resolution to propagat« his doctrines by the sword. The hopes of booty were thus added to the re- ligious zeal of his partisans ; and after many minor exploits with various hostile tribes of the Jewish persuasion, he sent a summons to the principal neighbouring princes, par- ticularly Chosrou Parviz, king of Persia, Heracliiis, emperor of Constantinople, Mo- kawkas, ruler of Egypt, the king of Ethiopia, and thf, princes of various districts of Arabia, to embrace his new revelation of the divine law. The more remote and powerful parties gave no heed to him ; others, however, sub- mitted ; and, having made himself master of Mecca, the Arabs, who regarded it as a holy city, embraced the proffered creed. In the tenth year of the Hegira, Mahomet un- dertook his farewell pilgrimage to Mecca. 668 MAl] ^ iJciu ^iitbeirfal Matpc^f)}}, [mai On tliis occasion he was surrounded with the utmost splendour, and attended by 00,(K)0, or, as some say, 150,000 friends. Tliis was the last important event of his life. lie died soon after liis return to Medina, in his 03rd year. The Mahometan writers undoul)tedly exaggerate the corporeal and mental endow- ments of their prophet : it is, however, very credible, tliat tliere was a preiwssessing majesty in his ai)pearance, and that he united much natural eloquence with a de- cisive and enterprising mind. The reverence which the faithful Moslems pay to the pro- phet, and all that is connected with him in tlie remotest degree, proves the sincerity with wiiich tlicy believe in his divine mission. But the wonder-loving populace alone gives credence to the fable that Mahomet's coffin is suspended in the air : on the contrary, he lies buried at Medina, where he died ; and an urn, enclosed in the holy chapel, consti- tutes his sepulchre, which is surrounded with iron trellis-work, and is accessible to noone. MAIGNAN, Emani'kl, an eminent ma- thematician and philosopher, was born at Toulouse, in 1001. He entered into the society of Minims, and acquired such cele- brity as a mathematician, that his superiora called him to Rome, to take upon him a professorship, in 1030. He returned, in IRW, to Toulouse, where he becanje provincial of his order, and refused all higher preferments, lie wrote " De Perspcctiva Iloraria" and " A Course of Philosoiihy," 4 vols. MAILLA, JosEru Anna Makia de Mov- RiAC UE, born in Savov, in 1670 ; was brought up in the Jesuit's college, and sent as a mis- sionary to China, where he was greatly es- teemed by the emperor, who employed him in constructing a map of the empire and Chinese Tartary. He afterwards executed some other geographical surveys, and trans- lated the "Great Annals of China" into French, in 13 vols. 4to. Ue died, at Pekin, in 1748. MAILLARD, Oliver, was an eccentric I French ecclesiastic, of the 15th century. His sermons were distinguished by their gross and ridiculous denunciations against j those who might happen to offend him. I Having glanced in one of them at some traits in the character of Louis XI., that king, who had just established the post in France, sent him word that he would have him tlirown into the Seine. "The king is master," he replied ; " but tell him that I sliall get to heaven by water sooner than he will by his post horses." Died, 1.502. MAILLE, Duchess of, lady of the bed- chamber to Marie Antoinette, who twice escaped the guillotine by singular contin- gencies. On the 7th of July, 1794, a lady named Maillet, detained in St. Lazare, was executed by Robespierre's revolutionary tribunal, by tnixtuke, in her place ; on the 8th she was summoned ; but having re- marked to the huissier that there was a mistake in the register of her baptismal name, a delay occurred, in order to see her sister-in-law on the subiect ; but the latter 1 being seized with convulsions, the examina- I tiou was delayed till the 10th, during which interval Rot)espierre was himself guillotined, > and the duchess escaped. 650 MAILI.ET, Benedict de, a whimsical but ingenious French writer, born at Lor- raine, in 1059. He successively became con- sul at Egypt and Leghorn, and died in 1738. 11)8 principal work, "Tellianied "(the ana- gram of his name), contains a singular sys- tem of cosmogony, in which he maintains that all the land of the globe was originally covered with water, and that every species of animal, man included, owes its origin to the sea. MAILLY, John Baptist, a French his- torical writer, born in 1744, at Dijon ; of the academy of which place he became a mem- ber, and where he died in 175)4. His prin- cipal works are, " L'Esprit de la Fronde," 5 vols.; "l^'Esprit des Croisades," 4 vols.; and " Fastea Juifs, Romaines, ct Fran^ais," 2 vols. MAILLY, Antoine, bom in 1775, was an enthusiastic French revolutionist, though a noble ; and editor of the famous " Bouche de Fer." He and his brother Minerve were treacherously seized and beheaded, and their l)odies thrown into tlie sea, at the siege of Acre, by Djezzar Pacha. MAIMBOL'KO, Loiis, a celebrated French ecclesiastical historian, was born at Nancy, in Lorraine, in 1010. He entered into the society of Jesuits ; but having writ- ten a treatise in defence of the rights of the Galilean church against the see of Rome, he was expelled the order. Louis XIV., how- ever, mode him ample amends by giving him a pension. His chief works arc, " A History of Arianism," 2 vols.; "A History of the Iconoclasts," " A History of the Crusades," and " Histories of Calvinism and Lutheran- ism." Died, 1(;80. MAIMONIDES, or BEN MAIMON, Moses, one of the most celebrated of the Jewish rabbis, called by the Jews the " eagle of the doctors " and the " lamp of Israel," was born in 1131, at Cordova ; was pro- foundly versed in all the learning of the age, became chief physician to the sultan of Egypt, and died in 1204. His works are, the '• Misehna Tcrah," the " More Nevo- chim," and the " Peruschim." Tlie first is a code of the Jewish law ; the second, which was originally written in Arabic, is an ex- planation of obscure places in scripture ; and the last consists of commentaries on the Mishna. MAINTENON, Frances d'Auiuoxe', Marchioness of, who rose to share the throne of France, was bora in tlie prison of Niort, where her father, Constans d'AubigniJ, was confined in 1035. On his release he went with his family to Martinico, and died there in 104<!, leaving his widow so poor, that she returned to Europe without this child, who was sent after her to France, and tiiere taken under the protection of her aunt, Madame Villette, who brought her up in the Protes- tant persuasion ; from which, owing to the interference of her mother, a strict Catholic, she was afterwards converted. Subsequently being left in very reduced circumstances, she married the celebrated poet and novelist, Scarron. On liis death, in 16*30, she obtained the continuance of his pension, through the interest of Madame de Montespan, who also appointed her'governess of the children which MAl] ^ iieii^ Winibtr^al ^Si'asrajpTji). [mai she had by Louis XIV. Tliis connection brought lier merits under the observation of the monarch, who increased her pension ; and in 1679 changed her name to Maintenon, by giving her an estate with tliat title. Be- coming fond of her society, he gradually passed from intimacy to love ; Montespan was supplanted; and La Chaise, his confessor, having advised him to sanction his wishes by a secret but formal marriage, it was so- lemnised in 1G85. After her elevation, she lived in a sort of retirement from the world. Louis visited her several times a-day ; and transacted business with his ministers-iu her apartments, while she read or otherwise em- ployed herself. The king, who sometimes teased her with his ill-humour, endeavoured to atone for this by proofs of his esteem such as he had never shown to any other woman. But she feared to attract the notice of the nation, and would receive nothing more than the estate of Maintenon, with a pension of 48,000 livres. Having founded tlie school at St. Cyr, for the education of poor girls of good family, she retired to it, after tlie death of the king, and there passed the remainder of her life. The life of penitential piety after her marriage, and her extensive charity to the poor, in some measure atoned for her ingratitude to Madame de Montespan, who had raised her from indigence ; and she died, generally respected, in 1719. Her Memoirs and Correspondence have been printed, the former in three volumes, the latter in nine. MAINVILLE, PiEURE, a rich silk mer- chant of Avignon, born in 1765, who perished by the guillotine on the fatal 30th of October, 1792, with the Girondist party ; not for the sanguinary crimes in whicli he participated with the Jacobins at Avignon, but for re- penting of them, and deserting the " Moun- tain," in order to join the Girondists. M AIR AN, JoHX jAiiEs d'Oktous de, an ingenious Frenchman, was born at Beziers, in 1678 ; succeeded Fontenelle as secretary, in 1741, and died at Paris, in 1771. His principal works are, a " Dissertation on the Cause of the Phosphoric Light," an "Ilis- torical and Philosophical Treatise on the Aurora Borealis," and " Letters concerning China," &c. MAISTllE, Joseph, Count de, a dis- tinguished supporter of absolutism and the papacy, was born at Chanibery in Savoy, 1755. Driven by the invasion of the French from his native country, he took up his residence at St. Petersburgh. where he re- mained till the final fall of Napoleon per- mitted him to return to France, and thence to Piedmont, where he became minister of state, in 1818. His literary career began in 1796, with hisVork entitled '• Considerations sur la France," in which he combated the revolutionary doctrines then in vogue. In 1810 appeared his " Essai sur le Principe Generateur des Institutions Politiques;" and ten years later he published his most cele- brated work, " Du Pape," which may be regarded as the best defence of papal infal- libility that has appeared in modern times. Besides these he wrote " Soirees de Saint Petersburg " and " Examen Critique de la Philosophic de Bacon," both posthumous publications. Died 1821.— His younger bro- ther Xavier, wlio repaired also to St. Peters- burg during the revolutionary jjeriod, gained great celebrity by his " Voyage autour de ma Chambre, " Le Lepreux de la Cit<? d'Aoste," " Le Prisonnier du Caucase" and "Prascovie," the last being an interesting narrative of filial devotion on the part of a young Siberian girl. MAISTRE, Louis Isaac le. See Sacy. MAITLAND, Sir Richaud, jm early Scot- tish poet, distingidshed also as a lawyer and a statesman, was born in 1496. He held the office of a lord of session, and in that capacity he took the title of lord Lethiugton, from his estate. He was appointed keeper of the privy seal, in the reign of queen Mary ; wliich office, as well as his judicial seat, he resigned a few years after, and died in 1586. He wrote several poems, some of which are in Allan Ramsay's Evergreen William Maitland, of Lethington, the eldest son of Sir Richard, was secretary of state to Mary queen of Scots Joux Maitlaxd, second son of Sir Richard, succeeded his father in the office of lord privy seal, and lost it tlirougli his attachment to the interests of the queen. He was afterwards secretary to James VI., and at length chancellor of Scot- land. In 1589 he attended the king on his voyage to Norway, where his bride, the Princess of Denmark, wa3 detained by con- trary winds. The marriage was immediately consummated ; and they returned with the queen to Copenhagen, where tliey spent the ensuing winter. In 1590 he was created lord Maitland, of Thirlstane. Towards the end of the year 1592, the chancellor incurred the queen's displeasure, for refusing to relinquish his lordship of Musselburgh, which she claimed as being a part of tliat of Dunferm- line. He absented himself for some time from court ; but was at length restored to favour, and died in 1595. Besides his Scot- tish poetry in the Maitland collection, he wrote several Latin epigrams, &c., to be found in the Deliciaj Poetarum Scotorum. MAITLAND, Rear-admiral Sir Frede- KiCK Lewis, the third son of a rear-admiral, was born in 1799, and commenced his naval career at a very early age. Leaving the narration of his first exploits, we come to the period of our expedition to Egypt in 1801, when we find Captain Maitland commanding the armed launches employed to cover the landing of Sir Ralph Abercrombie's army, for which he received the thanks of the naval and military commanders-in-chief. His subsequent successes while cruizing in the Mediterranean as captain of the Loire, of 46 guns, brought him into general notice, and in 1813 he was appointed to the com- mand of the Goliath, and subsequently to the Bellerophon of 74 guns, in whicli ship he was sent to watch that part of the French coast off Rochefort. It was there that he liappily frustrated the hopes of escape which Napo- leon, after the events of the battle of Wa- terloo, had indulged in, by refusing to grant him terms of any sort ; and the fugitive at length resolved to throw himself on the ge- nerosity of "tlie most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of his enemies." He accordingly surrendered un- conditionally to Captain Maitland on the MAl] ^ ifJetu WiniiitviKl aBtograp^y [m.\l l")th of July. Tlie BoUeroplion arrived in nine days after Buonaparte's surrender, and from thence proceeded to Plyinoutli, off which port he was removed to the North- umberland on the 7th of August, having pre- viously proposed to present Captain Maitland witli his portrait set with diamonds, of the value of 3(MX) guineas, which offer was po- liteljr declined. He was afterwards ap- pointed to the command of the Vengeur of 74 guns ; subsequently attained the rank of rear-admiral ; and on tlie .'JOth of December, IXJO, died in tlie East Indies, of which station he ha<l for several years been commander- in-chief. MAITLAND, John, duke of Lauderdale, was born at Lcthington, in KUii. He was with Charles II. at the unfortunate battle of Worcester, where he was taken prisoner and committed to the Tower. At the Restoration he obtained his liberty, and was appointed secretary of state and high commissioner of Scotlan<l. Died, 1682. MAITLAND, William, an historian and topographer, was born about 1693, at Bre- chin, in Forfarshire. He was originally a travelling hair-merchant, but turned his talents to literature, gained a competent fortune, and liecame a member of the lioyal and Antiquarian Societies. He wrote a " History of London," a " History of Edin- burgh," and " The History and Antiquities of Scotland." Died, 1757. MAITTAIRE, Michael, a learned critic and bibliographer, was born in Fronce, in 161)8. His parents having fled to England, to avoid the persecutions in his native country, he was educated at Westminster School, and Christchurch College, Oxford ; of the former of which he became for some time second master. His editions of Greek and Latin classics are numerous, and valuable for their accuracy ; but his chief work is his " Annales Typographic! ab Artis Inventione," 5 vols. 4to. Died, 1747. MAIZEROI, Paul Gidkox Jolt de, an eminent writer on military tactics, and a brave officer, was born at Metz, in 1719 ; entered tlie army at the age of 15, became a lieutenant-colonel, and died in 1780. Be- sides being the author of several excellent works on tactics, he translated the " Military Institutions of the Emperor Leo," and was a formidable opponent of the system of Guibert. MAJO, Francesco, or Ciccio di, an emi- nent Italian composer, bom at Naples, in 1740; author of "Montezuma," "Iperm- nestra," and other operas. Died, 1773. MAJOR, JoHx, a Scotch divine and his- torian, was born near North Berwick, in 1469. He became professor of divinity at St. An- drew's, of which university he was appointed provost. He wrote the " History of Scot- laud," the " Mirror of Examples, ' a "Com- mentary on the Gospels." &c. Died, 1550. MaJORIAN, Julius Valerius, emperor of the West, was raised to the tlirone in 457. He made war against the Vandals with success, and drove Gcnseric from Italy. He governed with C(iuity and prudence, made excellent laws, and would in all probability have much longer averted the fall of the western empire, had he not been deposed and murdered in 401, after a reign of less than four years. MALACHY, St., was born at Armagh, in Ireland, in 1094. He was successively abbot of Benetor, bishop of Connor, and archbishop ofArmaah. Died, 1148. MALACKOWSKI, a noble Pole, born in 1768. He was a friend of Kosciusko, and one of the victims of the partitioners of Poland. He was president of the diet from 1788 to 1792, and chief author of the consti- tution of 1791. MALAGRIDA, Gabriel, an Julian Je- suit, who was sent by his superiors to Lisbon, where he was regarded as a saint, till he in- volved himself in the conspiracy of the Duke d'Aveiro. He was then sent to the prison of the Inquisition, where he pretended to visions and prophecy, for which he was burnt as a heretic, in 1761, aged 75. He published the "Life of St. Anne," and other works, and was supposed to have been of unsound mind. MALAPERT, Chakles, a poet and ma- tliematician, was born at Mons, in 1581, became a Jesuit ; and died in Spain, in 1630. MALCOLM, James Pellek, an artist and antiquary, was a native of America, studied painting in England, and eventually became an engraver. He was the author of " Lon- dlnium Redivivum," "Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London," " First Impressions," &c. Died, 1815. MALCOLM, Sir John, a distinguished military officer and diplomatist, was born near Langholm, Scotland, in 1769. At the age of 14 he went out as a cadet to India ; and, being placed under the care of his ma- ternal uncle. Dr. Pasley, he soon acquired an intimate acquaintance with the manners of the natives, and with the Persian language. The first service of any importance in wliich he wos engaged, was the siege of Seringa- patain, in 1792, where he attracted the notice of Lord Cornwallis. In 1794, the state of his health requiring a change of climate and a temporary relaxation from the active duties of his profession, he revisited his native country ; but he returned to India the follow- ing year, and having shown great skill in minor situations of responsibility, he was not only appointed to tlie command of tlie regular troops belonging to the Nizam, but had tiie charge of all the supplies from the Deccan. After the teimination of the Mysore war, Captain Malcolm was sent on a mission to Persia, and concluded an important com- mercial and political treaty with that court. In 1804 he concluded a treaty of alliance with Dowlah Rao Scindia ; and continued to display great judgment as the diplomatic agent of the British government in India for several subsequent years. In 1807, intelli- gence having been received that the French designed to invade India through Persia, Malcolm (then a lieutenant-colonel) was vested with plenipotentiary powers in Per&ia, the Persian Gulf, and Turkish Arabia ; but he was at that time unable to accomplish the object of his mission ; and it was not till 1810 that he succeeded in establishing the political and commercial relations which at present exist between this country and Persia. He had now attained the rank of bri- gadier-general, and on his return to England, 661 mal] ^ ilei3) ^nihtr^nl 33i05rajpl;y. [mal in 1812, he received the honour of knight- hood. In 1817 lie again went out to India ; and in the war that followed the defection of the peishwa, his undaunted gallantry in the field, and the admirahletact he displayed in the subsequent negociations, obtained the highest praise from Lord Hajstings, and was universally acknowledged at home. Many brilliant exploits and important services con- tinued to be performed by this able officer, till he quitted the theatre of action in 1822, with a determination to spend the evening of his life in his native country ; but by the earnest solicitations of the court of directors and his majesty's ministers, in 1827, he once more resumed his duties, accepting the high and responsible situation of governor of Bom- bay, which post he continued to fill till 1831, when he finally returned to England, and sat in parliament for the borough of Laun- ceston. As an author. Sir John Malcolm also attained considerable celebrity, as may be seen in his " History of Persia," " Sketches of Persia," " Memoii-s of Central India," " The Administration of British India," &c. He died in 183.3. MALEBRANCIIE, Nicholas, a French priest and celebrated philosopher, was born at Paris, in 1038 ; and at the age of twenty- two, being determined to embrace the monas- tic life, was admitted into the congregation of the Oratory. His attention was first directed to metaphysics by perusing Des- cartes' Treatise on Man, and he immediately became a devoted partisan of the Cartesian philosophy. His famous treatise " On the Searcli after Truth," was first printed in 1673, and is principally distinguished by the maintenance of a mysterious union between God and the soul of man, and the doctrine that the human mind immediately perceives God, and sees all tilings in him. Male- branche also wrote several other works, among which are, a "Treatise on Nature and Grace," "Christian Conversations," and " Dialogues on Metaphysics and Religion." He was highly venerated for his elevated genius, and nothing could be more amiable and simple than his conversation and man- ners. Died, 1715. MALESHERBES, Christian- William VE Lamoignox 1)E, an eminent French statesman, was born at Paris, in 1721. He succeeded his father as president of the court of aids ; besides which he had the superin- tendence of the press, in which oflSce he acted with great lenity. In 1771, on the aboli- tion of the legal constitution, Malesherbes was banished to his country-seat ; but he was recalled three years afterwards, and made minister of state, which post he soon resigned, and then went to Switzerland. In 1786 he was again called to tlie councils of his sove- reign, Louis XVI., when he drew up two memoirs, " On the Calamities of France, and the Means of repairing them ;" but his advice was rejected, and he retired to his country house, where he employed himself in agricultural jjursuits. He however has- tened, of his own accord, to plead the cause of his sovereign in 1792 ; and he was one of the last who took leave of him befoi-e his execution. This generous attachment to a fallen master excited the jealousy of the French rulers, and caused his destruction. Shortly after his return home, his daughter, JIadame De Rosambo, and her husband were arrested, and conducted to Paris ; and his own arrest, with that of his grandchildren, soon followed. Almost his whole family were extirpated by the merciless proscription of his persecutors. Malesherbes was be- headed, April 22. 1794, and bore his suffer- ings with a spirit worthy of his virtuous and honourable life. MALET, General C. F., born in 1754 ; a decided republican, who, opposing Buona- parte's elevation to the empire, languished several years, on a charge of conspiracy, in prison ; but escaping in October, 1812, during Buonaparte's absence at Moscow, nearly overthrew the imperial government, alleging Buonaparte's death, declaring a provisional government, gaining over many Parisian regiments, and taking the Hotel de Ville. The plan being frustrated by the incredulity of HuUin, the governor of Paris, Malet was condemned and shot. MALEZIEU, Nicholas de, a learned Frenchman ; author of "Elements of Geo- metry " and " Miscellanies in Verse." Born, 1C.W ; died, 1725. M^Vl^HERBE, Francis de, a French poet, was born at Caen, about 1555 ; bore arms in the troops of the League, was pen- sioned by Henry IV., and died in 1628. His works consist of paraphrases on the psalms, sonnets, odes, and epigrams. He also trans- lated some of Seneca'c letters ; and may be considered as one of the first who gave to French poetry its polish and regularity ; but he was as lax in morals and religion, "as he was rigid in his zeal for the purity of the French language. MALIBRAN DE BERIOT, Maria Fem- CITAS, a celebrated vocal performer, was the eldest daughter of Manuel Garcia, a well- known tenor singer of the Italian Opera, and was born in Paris, in 1808. She was brought to London by her parents when eight years old, and made music her un- ceasing study. Being sustained by a tem- perament of singular energy and vivacity, she was enabled, at the early age of 10, to make her debut as prima donna at the opera. This was in 1825. During the following year she accompanied her father to America, where her union with M. Malibran, an elderly French merchant at New York, took place. Shortly after their marriage, her husband failed, and was thrown into prison ; and Madame Malibran, believing she had been deceived, separated from him, and volun- tarily giving into the hands of his creditors her marriage settlement, returned to Europe. Intense study, the love of her art, and the motives she had for exertion, had already made her a performer of unrivalled excel- lence. The Parisian audiences were per- fectly enraptured, and every night she con- cluded her performances amidst a thunder of applause and a shower of flowers. From Paris she came to London, where she shone with increased lustre, through the brilliant season of 1829, in the characters of liosina, 7'ancrcdi, Desdemona, Semiramide, Zerlina, and Ninctta. Her widely extended reputa- tion now occupied the attention of musical mal] ^ ^eto UniiitY^aX 28tn0iap]^g. [mal society throughout Europe ; and after tra- vefBiiig incredible distances to fulKl ditl'erent engagements, and receiving vast sums for her performances, she revisited England in I ISAj. Slie made her first appearance at Covent Garden, in an English version of " La Somnambula," on the 18th of May. Her thorough knowledge of the English language, her full-toned pronunciation, and her high dramatic talent, combined with her wonderful voice, had the effect of enchantment. But it was not merely at the theatre that her brilliant talents were dis- played ; her nerve and spirit appeared to be unconquerable ; her magic tones were heard at the numerous royal and noble entertain- I ments to which she was invited, and at the I concerts of professors ; in short, such was i her perseverance, that, after her astonishing : exertions in tlie evening, she often rose by five o'clock the next morning, and practised for several hours those miraculous achromatic ! passages by which audiences were again to I be electrified. In March, 1»3(}, Madame ( Malibran, then in Paris, having been freed, I by the French courts, from the bondage of I her union with Monsieur Malibran, woa married to Monsieur de Beriot, a Belgian, whose extraordinary ability as a violinist ! had placed him in the highest rank of his I profession. In Miiy following, she resumed ! her English performances at Drury Lane Theatre ; and, at the close of the seasouj she accompanied her husband to Brussels, and other cities on the Continent. But the end of her career was fast approaching. Having been engaged for the Manchester grand musical festival, she arrived in that town on the nth of September, and, though evidently indisposed, commenced her arduous task the next day. Her illness rapidly increased ; and, though she endeavoured to conceal it, by sustaining her part with the apparent vigour of health and unusual energy, she sank under the effort. On Wednesday, the 14th, her last notes in public were heard, in the duet, " Vanne se alberghi in petto," from Amlronico, with Madame Caradori Allan. It was a desperate struggle with expiring nature ; and many who were present de- clared, that they found inMalibran's pealing melody a pathos superior to what they had ever before heard from her. She was im- mediately bled, and removed to her apart- ments ; but notwitlistanding she had the best medical attendance in Manchester, and that of her own physician, Dr. Bclluominl, the homoeopathist, "who was immediately sent for from London, she breathed her last on the 23rd of September, 1836, aged 28. Tliere were many noble traits in the cha- racter of this accomplished vocalist. Her generosity was unbounded ; so that, notwith- standing the immense sums she received, her liberality absorbed all. Of her genius, energy, industry, and high attainments, it is ditficult to speak witliout appearing too eulogistic. In the words of an eminent critic, " she had all the endowment, all the acquisitions, and, above both, all tlie devotion and concentration of mind, common to those strong and gifted individuals who rise to pre-eminence, whatever the nature of their pursuits." MALLET, David, whose real name was Mai.locii, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was born about 1700, at Crief, in Perthshire. He was tutor to the sons of the Duke of Montrose ; and, having made the tour of Europe, settled in London, where he altered his name to Mallet, and acquired literary reputation. His first publication was the ballad of " William and Margaret ; " which was followed by " The Excursion," a poem ; and, in 1731, he produced the tragedy of " Eurydice." Soon after this, he formed an acquaintance with Pope, who introduced him to Bolingbroke ; and about the same time he was appointed under-secretary to the Prince of Wales. In 1739 his play of "Mustaiiha" was performed with success; and tlie next year he wrote, in conjunction with Thomson, the masque of " Alfred." He also published a " Life of Lord Bacon " and the works of Bolingbroke, who left them to him as a legacy, and in whose scep- ticism he participated. He died in 17(i5. MALLET DU PAN, Jamks, a political writer, was born at Geneva, in 1741). After filling the professorship of Ixilles lettres at Cassel with great reputation, he engaged in politics, and continued the " Annals of Linguet." He also conducted the political part of the " Mercure de France." When the revolution broke out, he espoused the royal cause, and defended it at the risk of his life. Being driven from his country he came to London, where he published his " Mercure Britaunique," and was patronised by government. He also wrote a discourse on the "Influence of Philosophy upon Let- ters;" and another "On Eloquence and Political Systems," "Considerations upon the Frcncli Kevolution," "Correspondence for a History of French Republicanism," and other works of a similar class. Died, 1800. MALLET, Paul Hexrt, an historian and antiquary, was born at Geneva, in 1730 ; was successively professor of belles lettres at Copenhagen and at Geneva. Being deprived of his fortune during the first revolutionary war, he for some time received pensions from the Landgrave of Hesse and the Duke of Brunswick, of which he was deprived by the late war. His merit as an antiquary was very great. Among his works are. Histories of Denmark, llcsse, the Swiss, the Hanseatic League, and the House of Bruns- wick, and an Introduction to the History of Denmark, which Dr. Percy translated, umlei: the title of " Northern Antiquities." Died, 1807. M ATiMESBUR Y, William of. an English historian, who flourished in the 12th century, was born in Somersetshire, educated at Ox- ford, became a monk of Malmesbury, and was elected librarian of the monastery. His " De Regibus Anglorum " is a general history of England, in five books, from the arrival of the Saxons, in 449, to the 20th Henry I., in 112i^. He also wrote a " History of his Own Times," in two books, from that year to the escape of the empress Maud from Ox- ford, in 1143 ; an " Ecclesiastical History of England," in four books ; " The Antiquities of Glastonbury," and a " Life of St. Aid- helm." Died, 1143. MAL ^ ^t^ mxihtvs^Kl MiauvKplm, [man MALMESBIIRY, James IlARnis, Earl of, a distinguished diplomatist, tlie only son of the author of " Hermes," was born at Salis- bury, 1746. After a careful education at Winchester • and Oxford, he passed some time at Leyden, and in a continental tour ; and commenced liis diplomatic career as secretary of embassy at Madrid, in 17G7. Here lie displayed such talent and firmness in conducting the management of the trans- fer of the Falkland Islands to Great Britain, that he was appointed minister at the court of Berlin ; and from this period, with few in- terruptions, down to the close of the century, he bore a large share in all the great diplo- matic transactions of the time, representing England successively at Petersburgh, the Hague, and Paris, and seeing his services rewarded by the order of the Bath» ele- vation to the peerage, and various other marks of respect. Died, 1820. His " Diaries and Correspondence," published in 1844, throw much light on many of the transac- tions of the eventful period to wliieh they refer. MALONE, Edmund, a dramatic critic and miscellaneous writer, was the son of an Irish judge, aiul born at Dublin, in 1741. He studied at Trinity College and the Inner Temple, and in 17(57 was called to the bar ; but being possessed of an independent for- time, he retired from the profession, and devoted himself to literature. In 1780 he published two supplementary volumes to Steevens's Shakspeare, and a detection of Chatterton's forgeries. In I'OO appeared his edition of Shakspeare ; and in 1795 he exposed the imposture of the Irelands. He also published a " Life of Sir Joshua Rey- nolds," prefixed to his writings ; a "Life of Dryden," and a " Biographical Sketch of the Kight Hon. William Wyndham." Died, 1812. AIALPIGHI, MAiiCELi.ns, an eminent Italian phj'sician and anatomist ; born, 1628 ; died, 1604. His discoveries in ana- tomy were considerable, particularly re- specting the liver and kidnej's ; but his merit is still higher as a vegetable anatomist and physiologist. MALTE-B'RUN, Coxrad, a poet, geo- grapher, and political writer, was born in 177.J, at Thye, in the isle of Jutland. Having given offen'ee by his writings in favour of the liberty of the press, and the enfranchise- ment of the peasants, he M'as banished to Sweden in 1796. After having resided for a time at Stockholm, he went to Paris, where he acquired great reputation, particularly as a geographer. He edited the foreign political department of the Journal des D(5bats, was a contributor to the Biographic Universelle, and produced various works ; among these are his " Precis de la Geogra- phic Universelle," 7 vols. 8vo. ; " Tableau de la Pologne Ancienne et Moderne," " Poems," &c. He also published, in con- junction with Mentelle, " Geographie Ma- th«matique. Physique, et Politique," 16 vols. 8vo. Died, 1826. MALTHUS, the Rev. Thomas Robert, F. R. S. Few writers (whether deservedly or not, it is not for us to decide) have been more severely attacked than has the subject of this brief notice, for his " Essay on Popu- lation," a work, however, which cannot be said to be perfectly original, since Town- shend and others who preceded Malthus advocated the same doctrines in, as some think, a less objectionable form. He was born in Albury, Surrey, in 1766,- and edu- cated at Cambridge. He was appointed professor of history and political economy in tlie college of the East India Company at Ilaileybury, and continued to hold that situation till his death, "which occurred in his 70th year, at Bath, when on a visit to his relatives. By his friends he is honoured as a real philanthropist. Died, 1835 The Malthusian, or anti-connubial, system is founded on the hypothesis, that population increases in a geometrical, while provisions only increase in an arithmetical, ratio. MALUS, Stephen Louis, a French ma- thematician and experimental philosopher, was born at Paris, in 1773 ; became a pro- fessor in the Polytechnic School ; and sub- sequently served as an officer of engineers, on the Rhine, in 1797, and under Buona- parte in Egypt, where he much distin- guished liimself. After this he entered on a course of experiments on the phenomena of optics, and ultimately discovered the polarisation of light. This discovery, the greatest since that of the achromatic tele- scope, gained him admission into the In- stitute ; he also received the gold medal of the Royal Society, and honours flowed in upon him from all quarters. He died in 1812, and was at the time of his death di- rector of the Polytechnic School, and super- intendant of fortifications. MALVASIA, Charles Cesar, an Italian ecclesiastic ; author of " A History of the Painters of Bologna," 2 vols., and a work entitled "Marmora Fulsinea." MALVEZZI, ViRGiMO, Marquis of, was born at Bologna, in 1599. He was a mem- ber of the council of war to Philip IV. of Spain, and died in 1654. His discourses upon Tacitus have been translated into English. MAMBRUN, Peter, a French Jesuit, was horn in the diocese of Clermont, in 1581, and died in 1661. He is celebrated for his Latin " Eclogues," and " Georgics." MAN, Cornelius de, a Dutch histori- cal and portrait painter. Born, 1621 ; died, 1706. MANARA, Prosper, Marquis, an Italian poet, bom in the duchy of Parma, in 1714. He became chamberlain to the duke, and was intrusted with the education of the young prince, Ferdinand ; which office he discharged with such satisfaction, that he was advanced to several places of distinc- tion. His works form 4 vols. Died, 18(X). MANCO CAPAC, the founder of the Peruvian empire, and the first of its incas, reigned, as is supposed, about 400 years before the Spanish invasion in 1532. Ac- cording to the tradition of the natives, he first appeared with Mama Oella his wife, and sister, in an island of the lake Titicaca, and declared themselves to be children of the sun, sent down to civilise them. _ He is said to have instructed the natives in religion, agriculture, and the useful arts ; to have man] ^ |3ctB ^nibcrifaT aBfoffrajpl^ii. [man founded Cuzco ; and to have ruled long and prosperously over a grateful people. It is possible he was a stranger from some civil- 1 ised land, who suddenly appeared in Peru, I and employed religion in order to procure an ascendancy, which enabled him to form a regular government. MANDAB, TiiEoriiiLE, bom in 1750, was one of the most exnlu's of the French re- volutionists, and as remarkable for his sonorous and powerful eloquence as for his small frame, which he told the emperor Alexander was like a sjxirk. lie had the courage to seek Petion, and all the leading Jacobins, at Danton's house, during the height of the massacre of all the prisoners in September, 1792, and state, tliat he would propose a dictatorship Jiext day to the Con- vention, to prevent the furtlier horrible effusion of blood. He produced a number of able works : " Le Gi'nie des Sifccles," " La Cite des Sages," "Des Insurrections," and numerous political brochures and transla- tions from the English. His " Phare des Hois " and " Chant du Crime " are his most eminent poetical pieces. MANDEVILLE, Sir JoiiN% an English traveller, was born at St. Alban's about the beginning of the 14th century -, left his na- tive country in 1.3.'12, to i)rocced on his pere- grinations ; spent 34 years in visiting various countries ; and on his return, published an account of his travels ; but the wonders he describes have thrown such an air of im- probability over his narrative, as to stagger the belief of the most credulous. lie died at Liege, in 1372. MANDEVILI-E, BEnxARD, a Dutch phy- sician, was born at Dort, about 1G70. lie settled in London at the beginning of the 18th century, and published, in 17()9, a li- centious book, entitled " The Virgin Un- masked." In 1711 appeared his treatise on "Hypochondria and Hysteric Passions;" but the work by which he is most known is his " Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices made Public Benefits." He was also the author of "An Inquiry into the Origin of Honour," "Free Thoughts on Religion," &c. Died, 17:W. MANES, or MANICH^ITS, the founder of a Christian sect, called, after him, Mani- chaeans, was a native of Persia, and born about the year 23t>. He obtained the tenets, which made his name famous, from the books of Scythianus, an Arabian, who main- tained two co-eternal principles, one good and the other evil. Upon this stock, Manes set up as an heresiarch, blending with the philosophy of Scythianus, or rather of Em- pcdocks, some notions, partly Christian, and partly heathen. He rejected the Old Testa- ment, and taught that Christ had come to save mankind, and that he himself was the Paraclete announced in the New Testament. He also pretended to the gift of healing ; but failing to cure the son of the king of Persia, he was flayed alive, and his body given to the dogs, a.d. 278. MANETHO, an ancient Egyptian histo- rian, who was high priest of Heliopolis, in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, about .304 B.C. He wrote the history of his coun- try in Oreek, and pretended to liave taken 565 it from the sacred inscriptions on the pillars of Hermes Trismegistus. MANFREDI, Eustachio, an eminent mathematician and astronomer, born at Bo- logna, in 1G74. He was appointed professor of mathematics, in 1698 ; placed at the head of the college of Montalto, in 17(>4 ; and afterwards nominated astronomer to the Institute of Bologna. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and of the Koyal Society of London. Died, 1739. MANILIUS, MAiiCDS, a Koman poet, who flourished in the Augustan age. He undertook a didactic poem, of which we have but !> books, entitled " Astronomica." It is valuable chiefly as a work of science, but contains, however, a few beautiful and splendid passages, particularly in the intro- ductions. MANLEY, De la Keviere, was the daughter of Sir Roger Manley, governor of Guernsey, a gentleman who suffered much for his adherence to Charles I., and also distinguished himself as a writer. She was left to the care of a cousin, who seduced her under the mask of a pretended mar- riage, and then abandoned her. Being thus dei)endent on her own exertions for support, she became a dramatic and political writer. Her flrst effort was " The Royal Mistress," a tragedy, which was successful. She then composed " The New Atalanles," 4 vols. ; in which, under feigned names, and with much warmth and freedom, she relates the amours and adventures, real and supposed, of many distinguished persons of the day. For the libels contained in this work she was committed to the custody of a messen- ger, but afterwards admitted to bail ; and a Tory administration succeeding, she lived in high reputation and gaiety. She was also employed in writing for Queen Anne's ministry ; and when Swift relinquished the Examiner, she continued it for a consider- able time with great spirit. Besides the works before-mentioned, she wrote "Lu- cius," a tragedy ; " The Lost Lover," a co- medy ; " Memoirs of Europe towards the Close of the Eighteenth Century," " Court Intrigues," " Adventures of Rivelle," &c. Died, 1724. MANLIUS, Marcus, a brave, ambitious warrior of Rome, who saved the capitol, B. c. 390, when attacked by the Gauls under Brennus, and received the surname of Capi- TOLiNus, for his services on that occasion. The people looked up to him as tlieir great- est benefactor, but his restless spirit led him to seditious enterprises, on a charge of which he was condemned to death, and thrown from the Tarpeian rock, b. c. 383. MANLIUS, Titus Tokquatus, a famous Roman, who, in a war against the Gauls, accepted a challenge given by one of the enemy, and having slain him,tt)ok his collar from his neck, on which account he assumed the name of Torquatus. But he tarnished his glory by a judicial act of unparalleled severity. Contrary to his express orders, that no Roman should engage in combat without command, out of the ranks, his son, remembering his father's victory, accepted a challenge from one of the chiefs of the enemy. He came off victorious, and laid his 3 man] ^ i^m Bnihn-^td 2StO(jraj)T;y» [man trophies at his father's feet. He turned re- luctantly from his son, gave him the crown of victory, and immediately ordered the lie- tor to execute upon him the punishment of his disobedience. This gave great disgust to the Romans, and, on account of his seve- rity, all edicts of extreme rigour were called "Manliana edicta." He held the consul- ship in the Latin war, B.C. 340. MANNERT, Conrad, a distinguished historian and geographer, was born at Alt- dorf, in Bavaria, 1756, discharged various high educational offices in different towns of Germany, and was at length appointed professor in Munich University, where he died in 1834. His chief title to fame rests upon his elaborate " Geography of the Greeks and Romans," which has gone through several editions. MANNI, Dominic Makia, an eminent Italian historian, was bom at Florence, in 1G90 ; and died, in his 98th year, in 1788. His principal works are, " A Series of Flo- rentine Senators," 2 vols, folio ; " De Flo- rentinis Inventis Commentarium," " Illus- trations of the Decameron of Boccaccio," " Observations on the Seals of the Lower Age," 30 vols. 4to., &c. MANNING, Owen, an English antiquary and topographer, was a native of North- amptonshire ; was educated at Queen's Col- lege, Cambridge ; entered into orders, and became a prebendary of Lincoln, and vicar of Godalming. His principal literary labours are, " Dictionarium Saxonico et Gothico- Latinum, auctore Edvardo Lye, edidit et ttuxit O.M.," 2 vols, folio, and the " History and Antiquities of Surry ;" published post- humously, by Mr. Bray, in 3 vols, folio. He died, aged 80, in 1801. MANSART, Francis, a French architect; born, 1J98; died, 16G6. He built several churches, and other public structures at Paris His nephew, Jules-Hurdouin Mansart, wus also an excellent architect, and the superiutendant of the royal edifices. He built the palaces of Versailles, Marly, and the Great Trianon ; the Hospital of the Invalides, &c. MANSFELD, Ernest of, a distinguished military officer of the 17th century, was the natural son of Count Mansfeld, and was born at Mechlin, in 1586. He was intrepid, skilful, patient, and persevering ; and the fame of his exploits will long be remembered in Germany. Died, 1626. MANSFIELD, William Murray, Earl of, the fourtli son of David, lord Stormont, was born at Perth, in Scotland, in 1705. He became a student at Lincoln's Inn, and, after the usual term of probation, was called to the bar, gradually making his way to eminence. In 1742 he was made solicitor- general; two years afterwards lie was created chief justice of tlie king's bench ; and, in 1776, he was advanced to the dignity of an earl of Great Britain. During the riots in London, June 1780, his house was attacked by the anti-Catholic mob, and his valuable collection of books and manuscripts fell a sacrifice to the fury of the multitude, by whom the mansion was burnt to the ground. He continued for some years longer to exer- cise his judicial functions, but resigned in 1788, and passed the remainder of his life in retirement. At tlie commencement of the reign of George III. he was assailed with the utmost virulence by the self- called patriots of the day, particularly in the affair of Wilkes ; wliile Junius poured upon him a torrent of malignant slander, which he bore with dignified silence. As a politician, Lord Mansfield inclined to the high maxims of Toryism, but as a judge he was acute, liberal, and disinterested. His lordship died in 1783 ; leaving behind him the reputation of a great lawyer, an upright man, an elegant scholar, and a sincere Christian. MANSI, JouN Dominic, a learned Italian prelate, and an indefatigable antiquary, was born at I.,ucca, in 1692. He was several years professor of divinity at Naples, and in 1765 was made archbishop of Lucca, where he died in 1769. His principal works are, a Latin translation of "Calmet's History of the Bible," with additions ; " De Veteri et Nova Ecclesiae Disciplina," " Commentaries on the Bible," 17 vols. ; an edition of " Ba- ronius's Annals," 30 vols, folio ; another of the " Councils," 30 vols. ; an edition of "^neas Sylvius's Orations," 2 vols.; and one of Fabricius's " Bibliotheca Latina mediae et infimae ^tatis," 6 vols. 4to. MANSTEIN, Chiustopher Herman de, a Russian officer, was born at Petersburg, in 1711. At the death of the czarina Anne, he was employed to arrest the Birons, for wliich he was rewarded with the rank of colonel, and tlic grant of estates, but was deprived of all by the czarina Elizabeth. He then went into the Prussian service, and died in the war of 1756. He was the author of " Jlemoirs of Russia," which are much esteemed. MANT, Riglit Rev. Richard, bishop of Down, Connor, and Dromore, was born at Southampton, where his father was rector of the chiu-ch of All Saints, 1776. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford, where he gained the chancellor's prize for an Eng- lish essay " On Commerce," 1799 ; and, after taking his degree of M.A., he travelled for some time on the Continent ; on his return from which he became successively curate at Buriton and Sparsholt in Hampshire. In 1810 he was presented to the vicarage of Great Coggleshall, in Essex ; and the ser- mons which he preached at the Bampton Lecture, in 1812, liaving attracted general attention, he now rose rapidly in the church. In 1815 he became rector of St. Botolph's, Bishopsgnte Street, and, three years later, vicar of East Horsley, Surrey. In 1820 he was consecrated bishop of Killaloe, and translated to the see of Down and Connor in 1823 ; the care of the diocese of Dromore devolving upon him in 1842, on the death of the last bishop. Dr. Laurie. During his long life, Dr. Mant was constantly engaged in authorship, chiefly on subjects connected with his professional duties. A mere cata- logue of his various sermons, tracts, and charges, occupies nearly four cohimns of the Gentleman's Magazine for January, 1849; but perhaps those which have gained him great- est celebrity are, the edition of the Bible with notes and commentaries, which he prepared in conjunction with Dr. D'Oyley, and several tracts printed by the Society for man] ^ if?etu ?tlm'l)fr)^al 3BiO0rajptn. [mar promoting Christian Knowledge, such as "A Step in the Temple," &c., "Romanism and Holy Scripture compared," "The Churches of Rome and England compared." Died, 1848. MANTEGNA, Andrea, an eminent painter, was born at Padua, in 1431 ; and studied under Squarcione. His chief resi- dence was at Mantua, where he was much employed in oil and fresco ; but he worked a great deal at Rome, and produced some admired paintings there. He had great in- fluence on the style of his age, and distin- guished himself highly in the art of perspec- tive. Died, 1.505. MANTOX, Thomas, a Nonconformist di- vine, was bom at Lawrence Lidiard, in So- mersetshire, in 1020 ; received his university education at Wadham College, Oxford ; and obtained the living of Stoke Newington, which he quitted for that of St. Paul, Covent Garden. At the Restoration he was made chaplain to the king, and offered the deanery of Rochester, but declined it, and was de- l)rived of his rectory by the act of conformity. Died, 1077. His works were printed in 5 vols, folio. MANTUAN, Baptist, an Italian poet, was born at Mantua, in 144S ; and was a natural son of Peter Spagnolo. After re- ceiving an excellent education, he entered among the Carmelites, but quitted the order to devote himself to letters. He wrote eclogues and other poems ; and so much was he esteemed by his countrymen at the time he lived, tliat they placed him next in rank to Virgil. That was, howcTcr, an honour infinitely greater than he merited. Died, 151<i. MANUEL, CoMNEXus, emperor of the East, was the son of John Comnenus, and born in 1120. He was crowned in 114;?, to the prejudice of Isaac, his eldest brother, whom liis father had disinherited. Died, 1180. JfANUEL, Jacques Antoixe, one of the most eloquent and intrepid defenders of French liberty, was born in 1775, at Barce- lonette, in the department of the Lower Alps. He entered as a volunteer in one of the battalions of the requisition in 1793, and rose to the rank of captain. After the peace of Campo Formio, he quitted the army, studied law, was admitted to the bar at Aix, and soon acquired a high reputation for talent. In 1815 he was elected to the cham- ber of deputies, which was convoked by Napoleon, and after the abdication of that monarch, strenuously contended for the rights of his son. In 1818 he was elected a member of the chamber of deputies by three departments, and became one of the most formidable opponents of the ministers. He was fervid and ardent in the cause of the party to which he had attached himself j but having used some violent expressions in his first speech, in the session of 1823, on the subject of the Spanish war, his expulsion was loudly demanded ; the result of which was that a body of the gendarmerie was introduced to arrest him. Manuel was again chosen to the chamber of deputies in 1824, and died in 1827. MANUEL, Pal^oloous, emperor of Con- stantinople, was the son and successor of John IV. He resigned his sceptre to John YIL, his son, and took a religious habit. He died in 1425, aged 75. MANUEL, PiEUUE, a native of Mnntargis, in France, who made himself conspicuous during the i)rogress of the revolution. In 1789 he had an office under the municipality of Paris, and was, for a time, one of the most active and dangerous enemies of royalty. He was deei)ly implicated in the massacres which took place in the prisons of Paris in Sept. 1792 ; but, on the king's trial, he voted for his imprisonment during the continuance of the war, and his banishment afterwards. Through this and some other unpopular measures which he advocated, he was obliged to resign his seat as a deputy. He retired to Montargis ; and, in a few months after, he was arrested by his former associates, and sent to the guillotine, Nov. 14. 1793. MANUTIUS, Aldus, or MANUZIO, Aldo, a celebrated Italian printer and au- thor, of the 15th and IGth centuries, was born at Bassano, in 1447 ; became tutor to Alljerto Pio, prince of Carpi ; and in 1488 established a printing ofllce at Venice. He printed numerous valuable editions of Greek and Latin classics ; compiled a Greek and Latin Dictionary and Grammar ; and was the in- ventor of "the Italic character, hence called Aldiiic, for the exclusive use of which, for b term of years, he obtained a patent. Died, 1515. Paolo Manuzio, son of the pre- ceding, distinguished as a classic scholar, no less than as a printer, was Iwrn at Venice, in 1512, and died in 1574 Aldo Makuzio, the younger, was a son of Paolo, and equally celebrated as his father and grandfather. He was bom in 1547, and died in 1597 ; and with him expired the glory of the Aldine press. MANVEL, Francis, a celebrated Portu- guese lyric poet, bom at Lisbon, in 17.'M. He was the author of many odes, and other poems; was compelled to fly from his country to avoid the Inquisition ; and died at Ver- seilles, in 1821. MAPLETOFT, Dr. Jonjf, a very learned English medical and theological writer. Born, 1G31 ; died, 1721. MARA, Elizabeth, a celebrated public singer, whose maidtn name was Schmelling, was born in 1750, at Cassel, in Germany. She commenced her musical education by playing on the violin, but as she grew up, she cultivated her vocal talents, and attained an almost unrivalled degree of excellence. On her arrival at Berlin she sang before Frederick the Great, and though he had previously declared that he should as soon expect pleasure from the neighing of a horse as from a German singer, yet he was soon convinced of the excellence of the fair vo- calist, whom he put to the test, by selecting the most difficult airs in his collection, which she executed at sight, with ihe utmost fa- cility. She afterwards visited Italy, Swit- zerland, England, France, and Russia. Ma- dame Mara left England in 1802, and went to reside in Russia ; and when that country was invaded by Napoleon in 1812, she beciinie a sufferer, in consequence of the destruction of her property at the conflagration of Mos- 3 c 8 marI ^ ^tbi Unibtr^Kl 3St0srajpI)j), [mar cow. About the beginning of 1820 she re- visited England, and gave a concert at the opera house ; but age had weakened her powers, and this once matchless singer ex- hibited only the relics of her former great- ness. She died at Revel, in 183.3, aged 82. MARACCI, JoH.y, an historical painter, was born at Lucca, in 1637. His figures were elegantly disposed, and his colouring agreeable. Died, 1704. MARACCI, Tvouis, a learned ecclesiastic and orientalist, was bom at Lucca, in 1(512. He acquired a great reputation by his edi- tion of the Koran, printed at Padua, in Arabic and Latin, in 1698, 2 vols, folio. He also assisted in publishing the Arabic Bible, 3 vols, folio, at Rome. Died, 1760. MARALDI, James Philip, a celebrated mathematician, was born in the county of Nice, in 1665. He was employed under Cassini, in constructing the great meridian through France, and died in 1729, leaving behind him a valuable catalogue of the fixed stars. MAR AN A, JoHX Paul, the author of the " Turkish Spy," was born at Genoa, in 1C42 ; and died in 1693. MARAT, JoUN Paul, one of those mon- sters which nature rarely produces, was bom in 1744, at Baudry, in the province of Neuf- chatel, in Switzerland. In his youth he applied himself to the study of medicine and anatomy ; and settling in Paris, attracted notice as an empiric and vendor of medicines. But his ambition led him to desire a more extensive popularity, and he wrote a work, which had for its title, " Man, or Principles and Laws, sliowing the Iniluence of the Soul and the Body in their Relations to each other." He also published a daib' paper, called " L'Ami du Peuple," in which he disseminated his venomous hatred towards royalty, while he insulted the nobility, the members of the legislative body, and the most distinguished of the Natioiiial Assem- bly. Having by every means that a diabolical intention could suggest, corrupted the minds of the populace, this wretch became president of the assembly of deputies in Paris, and in that capacity satiated his thirst for human blood. He also denounced the generals of the French army as traitors to their country, and next put the members of the convention under arrest. It was at this time that Char- lotte Corday resolved to rid the world of its greatest monster, and he was stabbed by this enthusiastic young woman, whom Lamartine has styled the " angel of assassination," July, 1793. — See Corday. MARATTI, Carlo, an eminent painter, was born in 162.5, at Camerino, in the papal territory. He became an early pupil of Andrea Sacchi ; and on account of his habit of painting female saints, was nicknamed by Salvator Rosa, Carluccio della Madonna. He was also a good architect and an en- graver ; was knighted by Clement XI., who gave him a pension. Died in 1713. His daughter Makia, who married J. B. Zappi, was also a good artist and a poetess. MARBECK, JoHx, a musician of the 16th century, supposed to have been the first com- poser of the cathedral service of the Church of England. He was organist at St. George's Chapel, Windsor ; and author of a "Con- cordance of the Bible," " The Lives of the Saints, Prophets, and Patriarchs," &c. MARCEAir, Francis Severin Desgra- viTDRs, an eminent French general, distin- guished alike for his military talents and his virtues, was born at Chartres, in 1769. His skill, courage, and humanity were at- tested in La Vendc^e, at Fleurus, and on the Rhine ; and befell atHochsteinbach,inl796. He was buried in the intrenched camp of Coblentz ; and such was the respect paid to hini by both friends and enemies, that the Austrian and French armies joined in honouring the ceremony by volleys of artillery. MARCELLO, Benedetto, son of a Vene- tian senator, was born in 1686, and became a great proficient in the science of music. His " Psalms," adapted, in English, to suitable words, is an elaborate work, in 8 vols, folio. Died in 17;59. MARCELLUS, M. Claudius, the first Roman general who successfully encountered Hannibal in the second Punic war. Soon after the fatal battle of Canna?, he was sent against that distinguished commander, and forced the Carthaginians to retreat, -with a loss. He afterwards went to Sicily, where the siege ot Syracuse was his most remark- able achievement. Marcellus fell in a san- guinary battle with his former opponent, B.C. 209, when Hannibal caused the body to be burnt with distinguished honours, and sent tlie ashes to his son, in a costly urn. MARCET, Alexander, an eminent phy- sician and natural philosopher, was born at Geneva, in 1770 ; studied at Edinburgh ; and settled in London, where he obtained great reputation as a medical practitioner and public lecturer. He was naturalised in Eng- land in 1802, but returned to his own country in 1814. He was the author of " An Essay on the Chemical History of Calculi," and of many valuable papers in the Philosophical Transactions, &c. Died in London, 1822. MARCILIUS, TuEODORE, a learned Ger- man, was born at Arnheim, in 1.548, and died in 1617. He published Pythagoras's Golden Verses, with a Latin version and comment- aries, and also some works of his own, as " Historia Strenarum," &c. MARCION, a heretic of the 2nd century, was a native of S\'nope, on the Euxine. He espoused the notions of Cerdo, to which he added the doctrine of Manes, and some pecu- liarities of his own. MARDONIUS, the son-in-law of Darius, and the general of Xerxes. He was slain at the battle of Platsea, b. c. 479. MARE, Nicholas de la, principal magis- trate of the Chatelet under Louis XIV., who employed him in several important concerns, particularly during the scarcity of corn which prevailed in France. He was the author of an elaborate work on the police, in 4 vols, folio ; and died in 1723. MARETS, Samuel de, was a native of Pl- cardy, and surnamed " The Little Preacher," from his diminutive stature. He was an eminent controversialist of the reformed church in the 17th century, and from his erudition and ability made a distinguished figure among the polemics of the day. He mar] ^ ^tio mniiitr^til aSiosrapIji?, [blvk wrote a variety of theological works, parti- cularly an excellent " System of Divinity." Died, 10<i3. MARGARET OF ANJOU, daughter of 116\\6 d'Anjou, king of Naples, and wife of Henry VI., king of England, was an ambi- tious, enterprising, courageous woman. In- trepid in the field, she signalised herself by heading her troops in several battles against the house of York ; and if she had not been the instrument of her husband's misfortunes, by putting to death the Duke of Gloucester, his uncle, her name would have been im- mortalised for the fortitude, activity, and policy with which she supported tlie rights of her husband and son. The fatal defeat at Tewkesbury, however, put an end to all her enterprises ; the king being taken prisoner, and Prince Edward, their only son, basely murdered by Richard, duke of York. Mar- garet was ransomed b}' her father for 50,000 crowns, and died in Anjou, 14S2. MARGARET OF FRANCE, queen of Navarre, daughter of Henry II., was born in 1552, and ranked as one of the greatest beauties of her age, with talents and accom- plishments corresponding to the charms of her person. She married Henry, then prince of B'.'arn, but afterwards king of France. On his accession to that throne, he proposed to dissolve their marriage ; to which she con- sented, on condition of receiving a suitable pension ; and, having returned to Paris, lived in great splendour and dissipation till her death, in 1615, at the age of (53. Some very agreeable poems by her are extant, and her '* Alt'moires " are extremely curious. MARGARET OF VALOIS, queen of Naples, and sister to Francis I., king of France, was the daughter of Charles of Orleans, duke of AngoulGme, and born in 1492. In irm she married Charles, duke of Akncjon, who died in 1,525. Her next hus- band was Henry d'Albret. king of Navarre, by whom she had Joan d'Albret, mother of Henry IV. She was the authoress of some poetical pieces, and of a tract, entitled " The Mirror of the Sinful Soul," which was con- demned as heretical by the Sorbonne. A volume of tales, entitled " Ileptameron, ou Sept Journees de la Reyne de Navarre," which were written by her during the gaiety of youth, are as free in their tendency as those of Boccaccio ; and it certainly, at the present day, appears somewliat extraordinary, that a princess so pious and contemplative as Margaret of Valois should be their author. Died, 1549. M ARGARITONE, an Italian painter, was born at Arezio, in U98. He invented the art of gilding with leaf gold upon Armenian bole) and painted historical subjects in fresco and distemper. Died, 1275. MARGON, William de. a French eccle- siastic, who died in 17«0. His principal works are, " Memoirs of Marshal Villars," 3 vols.; "Memoirs of the Duke of Berwick," 2 vols. ; and " Memoirs of Tourville," 3 vols. MARGRAAF, Andrew Sigismund, an eminent chemist, and director of the academy of Berlin, was born in that city in 1709. He applied assiduously to mineralogy, which science he enriched by the discovery of the semi-metal, called manganese. He also made several important discoveries in chemistry, among which are the formic acid and beet sugar. Died, 1782. MARIA LOUISA, ex-empress of the French, wife of Napoleon Buonaparte, Mas the eldest daughter of Francis I.,empeior of Austria, and of his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples, and was born 1791. In ISlOshe was married to the emperor, then in the zenith of his power ; in 1811 she presented her hus- band with a son — afterwards called king of Rome — to the great joy of the French na- tion ; and, in 1813, on his departure to the army, she was nominated regent. In 1814 she refused to accompany Napoleon to Elba on the plea of ill-health ; and having ob- tained, by treaty with the allied powers, the duchies of Parma and Placeutia, &c., slie repaired thither with her chamberlain. Count Neipperg, for whom she had con- ceived an attachment, and whom she sub- sequently married. Maria Louisa was en- dowed with considerable talents, which she had cultivated with some care. Her mar- riage with Napoleon being purely conven- tional, it is not surprising that, with his well-known domestic qualities, he failed to elicit either her aifcction or her esteem ; but the impartial biographer must still charge her with a selfishness of character and cold- ness of heart, which the difficulties of her position may perhaps extenuate, but cannot justify. Died, December 18. 1847. MARIA THERESA, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, archduchess of Austria, and empress of Germany, daughter of the em- peror Charles VI., was born at Vienna, 1717, and, in 1730, married Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine, who, in 1737, became grand-duke of Tuscany. The day after her father's death, she ascended the throne of Hungary, Bolicmia, and Austria, and de- clared her husband joint ruler. The elector, Charles Albert of Bavaria, supported by France, laid claim to the Austrian hereditary territories, and the electors of Cologne and the Palatine would likewise not acknowledge her succession. In the meanwhile, Maria Theresa threw herself upon her Hungarian subjects ; to whom, with her child in her arms, she made this pathetic address ; "Abandoned by my friends, persecuted by my enemies, attacked by my nearest re- lations, I have no other resource than in your fidelity, your courage, and your con- stancy ; I commit to your hands the child of your king." The youth, the beauty, and the misfortunes of the queen made a deep im- pression. The magnates drew their sabres, and exclaimed, " Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa." Till then she had preserved a calm, majestic demeanour ; but their fide- lity and courage overcame her feelings, and she gave way to them in tears. The troops furnished by Hungary, by their mode of warfare and their ferocity, spread terror through the German and French armies. In the meantime the allies quarrelled among themselves, and the king of Prussia made a separate peace with her. The general opinion that the balance of Europe depended upon the continuance of the house of Austria, in- duced England to arm for Maria Theresa ) 5C9 3 c 3 mar] ^ |2c&3 WinihtrSnl 33i0srapl)jj [mak Holland paid her subsidiea ; and after the death of Cardinal Fleury, in 1743, tlie cause of Austria triumphed throughout Europe. Reverses, however, followed ; and all the belligerents having become desirous of peace, tiiat of Aix-la-ChapcUe was at length con- cluded in 1748, by which Maria Theresa was secured in her rights. In 1756 tliis calm was disturbed by tlie king of Prussia, who marched into Saxony and Bohemia. Mar- shal Brown opposed him under the walls of Prague, but being wounded, he was obliged to retire into that city, which was imme- diately bombarded. Count Daun, however, forced tlie Prussians to raise the siege, by gaining the victory of Chotzemitz. In 17.55 her liusband, the emperor Francis, died, which caused her deep and lasting distress. In 1772 she joined the king of Prussia and the empress Catharine in the dismemberment of Poland. By the death of Maximilian Josepli, elector of Bavaria, in 1777, war was rekindled between Austria and Prussia, but was terminated in 1779, by the peace of Teschen, whicli added to the former state a small portion of Bavaria. Maria Theresa founded and improved schools, universities, and academies, and granted prizes to the students. Slie rewarded, also, tliose who made any important improvements in tlic art, and turned her attention particularly to agriculture, which was delineated upon a medal that she caused to be struck. She also reformed many abuses in the church ; suppressed the Inquisition at Milan ; abo- lished the order of Jesuits, and proliibited tlie admission of individuals of both sexes as members of convents before the age of 25 years. She also abolished the rack in all her states, and died in 1780, aged 63, with a just claim to the reputation of many royal and domestic virtues. MARIANA, Juan de, a celebrated Spa- nish historian, was born at Talavera, in 1536, entered the society of Jesuits, and was successively professor of theology in their colleges at Rome and at Paris. His chief work, "Historia de Rebus Ilispaniae," en- titles him to an honourable place among historical writers ; but his treatise, " De Rege," in whicli he maintains the justice of killing a tyrant, excited great clamour, and was publicly burnt by order of the parlia- ment of Paris. Died, 1624. MARIGNAN, JoHy James Medichino, Marquis de, a celebrated commander, was born at Milan, in the beginning of the 16th century. Francis Sforza, duke of Milan, employed him and another officer to murder Visconti, a Milanese nobleman ; after which he determined to sacrifice the two instru- ments, lest he should be discovered as the author of the assassination. The one perished, but Medichino escaped, and obtained the government of Musso. In 1528 he entered into the service of the emperor, and ex- clianged Musso for Marignan. in 1554 he defeated the French, commanded by Marshal Strozzi, in Tuscany, and took the city of Sienna, where he committed horrible cruel- ties. Died, 1556. MARINI, JoHX Baptist, an Italian poet, was born at Naples, in 156!). He was bred to the law, which he abandoned for litera- ture ; but his life and conduct proved very irregular. AV'hile at Turin he had a quarrel with Murtola, a rival poet, who stabbed liim, but not mortally. On his recovery, he went to France, where he was patronised by Mary de' Medici ; and in 1622 he became president of the Umoristi at Rome. His principal poem is an heroic, entitled " Adone," but he wrote many others. Died, 1625. MARINO, St., a native of Dalmatia, in the 4th century. He wa« originally a work- man employed in building the bridge of Rimini, but his piety having been noticed by the bishop of Brescia, he was made a deacon, and he retired to an hermitage on Mount Titano, where he died. The miracles said to be wrought at the tomb of tliis ci- devnnt stonemason brought a crowd of pil- grims to the spot ; houses were built to re- ceive them ; an independent community was formed ; and thus rose into existence the re- public of San Marino, which is the smallest state in Europe. MARIOTTE, Edmund, a French mathe- matician and experimental philosopher, born at Dijon ; became a member of tlie aca- demy of sciences at Paris, in 1666 ; and died in 1684. He was a great experimentalist on the motion of fluids, the nature of vision, and the constitution of the air. Among his works are, " An Essay on Physics," treatises on " The Pressure and Motion of Fluids," the " Movement of Pendulums," &c. MARIUS, Caius, a celebrated Roman general and demagogue, who was seven times consul. He first distinguished himself at the siege of Numantia ; afterwards went to Africa as lieutenant to the consul Met^Uus ; superseded his commander, and obtained the consulship himself, when he subdued Jugurtha, king of Numidia, whom he con- ducted in triumph to Rome. After this he served against the Cimbri and other barba- rous nations, who had poured their myriads into Italy. With a very inferior force he completely routed them, for which a pyramid was erected to his honour. But he tarnished the glory of liis victories by the basest cruel- ties to the vanquished, especially the women. In his sixth consulate he liad Sylla for his rival, who marched to Rome witli his army, and a civil war commenced to decide their superiority. Defeated by his rival, Marina wandered about on tlie coasts of Italy, and, after escaping several times, was found by some horsemen in a marsh. He was con- ducted naked to Minturnas, where the magis- trate, after some deliberation, resolved to obey the orders of the senate and of Sylla. But the Cimbrian slave, to whom the execu- tion was intrusted, awed by the look and words of Marius, dropped Ms sword, and the people of Minturna;, moved with compassion, conducted him to the coast, whence a vessel conveyed him to Africa. Here he remained till his party had once more triumphed in Italy, when he was recalled by Cinna and Sertorius, who making themselves masters of Rome, a terrible proscription took place. Marius enjoyed the dignity of consul for the seventh time, 86 B. c, and died shortly after, aged 80 Makius, the Yocngek, had all the ferocious character of his father. He usurped the consular dignity B.C. 82, but mar] ^ lletD ?auit)criSaI 38tojirap^n. [mar was defeated by Sylla, aud slew himself at Priencste. MARIUS, Marcus Auuelius, a smith and common soldier in the reign of Gallicnus, who raised liimself to a supreme command in the army, and on the death of Victorinus ascended the imperial throne, but was slain [ shortly after by a soldier. MARIVAUX, Petku Carlet de CftAM- I BLAix DE, a celebrated dramatist and no- j velist, was born at Paris, in 1688. His j father, wlio was director of the mint at Riom, gave him an excellent education, and ! liis own talents and social merits gained him j many friends. The drama first attracted his attention, and he was tlie author of about 30 pieces ; but it is as a novelist that he is chiefly known to the world of letters. Of tliese, "LePaysan Parvenu," "Marianne," aud " Le Philosophe Indigente," are ac- counted the principal. He also wrote "I-e Spectateur Fran(,'oi8," &c. Died, 170;^. MARKHAM, Gekvase, an English au- thor, who lived in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., and who served as a captain in the royal army during the civil wars. He was bom at Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, but the exact time of his birth aud death^is unknown, lie wrote "Herod and Anti- pater," a tragedy, besides several poems ; but he was chiefly noted for his treatises on hawking, husbandry, horsemanship, the dis- eases of cattle, &c. MARKLAND, Abraham, a divine and poet, was born in London, in 1(>4.5 ; was edu- cated at St. John's College, Oxford, obtained a prebend at Winchester in 1679 ; was after- wards master of the hospital of St. Cross, and died in 1720. MARKLAND, Jeremiah, an eminent critic and classical Rcholar, was born at Childwall, in Lancashire, in 1693 ; was edu- cated at Christ's Hospital, nnd Peter House, Cambridge ; and died at Dorking, Surrey, in 1776. His principal works are, an edition of the " SylvoB " of Statius, and " Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to Brutus, and of Brutus to Cicero." M^VRLBOROUGH, JoHx Churchill, Duke of, was the son of Sir Winston Chur- chill, of Ashe, in Devonshire, where he was bom, in 1650. At the age of 12 years he was taken from school, to be a page to the Duke of York, who, in 1666, gave him a pair of colours in the guards. His first service was at the siege of Tangier ; and, at his return to England, he became the favourite of the Duchess of Cleveland, who gave him 50001., with which he purchased an annuity for life. He served afterwards under the great Turenne, and distinguished himself so gal- lantly at the siege of Maestricht, tliat the king of France publicly thanked him at the head of the regiment. On Ms return to England he was made lieutenant-colonel, gentleman of the bedchamber, and master of the robes to the Duke of York, whom he attended to Holland and Scotland ; and about tliis time he married Miss Jennings, maid of honour to the princess, afterwards queen Anne. In 1682 he was shipwrecked with the Duke of York, in their passage to Scotland. The same year he was made a pe«r, by the title of baron Eyemouth ; and Kl when James came to the crown, he was sent to France to notify the event. In 1685 he was created lord Churchill, of Sandridge. The same year he suppressed Monmouth's rebellion, and took him prisoner. He con- tinued to serve king James with great fidelity, till the arrival of the Prince of Orange, wlio created him earl of Marlborough in 1689, and appointed him commander-in-chief of the English army in the Low Countries. He next served in Ireland, and reduced Cork, Kjnsale, and other strong places. But in 1692 he was suddenly dismissed from his employments, and committed to the Tower, on suspicion, not wholly groundless, of plot- ting to restore the exiled monarch. After the death of queen Mary he was restored to favour ; and at the close of that reign he had the command of the English forces in Hol- land, and was appointed ambassador extra- ordinary to the States, who chose him cap- tain-general of their forces. Yet his splendid course of glory appeared now only to begin. On the commencement of queen Anne's reign, he recommended a war with France and Spain, which advice was adopted. In the campaign of 1702, he took a number of strong towns, particularly Liege ; and, re- turning to England the following winter, received the thanks of both houses, and a dukedom. In 1704 he joined Prince Eugene, with whom he encountered the French and Bavarians at Hochstedt, and obtained a complete victory, taking Marshal Tallard prisoner, whom he afterwards brought to England, with 26 other officers of rank, 121 standards, and 179 colours. He again re- ceived the thanks of parliament, and the grant of the manor of Woodstock, with the hundred of Wotton. On the 12th of May, 1706, he fought the famous battle of Ramil- lics, which accelerated the fall of Louvain, Brussels, and other important places ; and arriving in England in November, received fresh honours and grants from the queen and parliament. A bill was passed to settle tlie titles upon the male and female issue of his daughters, and a pension of 5000?. a year granted him out of the post oflice. In 1709 he defeated Marshal Villars, at Malplaquet ; for which victory a general thanksgiving was solemnised. In the winter of 1711 he returned to England, and soon after, through party intrigues, was dismissed from all his employments. To add to this imjust treat- ment, a prosecution was commenced against him for applying the public money to his private purposes. Stung at this ingratitude he went into voluntary banishment, accom- panied by his duchess, and remained abroad till 1714, when he landed at Dover amidst the acclamations of the people. Queen Anne was just dead, and her successor restored the duke to his military appointments ; but his infirmities increasuig, he retired from public employment, and died at Windsor Lodge, in 1722. MARLOE, or MARLOWE, Christopher, an eminent poet and dramatist of the Eliza- bethan age, was educated at Cambridge, afterwards settled in London, and became an actor, as well as a writer for the stage. Besides six tragedies of his own composition, and one written jointly with Nashc, he left mar] ^ i^c\3i Uniittv&al maQtKpf)v, [aiAK translations from Ovid, Lucan, and others. Ilis powers as a tragic writer were of a high order, and some passages in his plays are fraught with exquisite beauty. Died, 1593. MARMION, Shakekley, a dramatic writer, Mas born at Aynhoe, in Northamp- tonshire, about 1602 ; was educated at Wad- ham College, Oxford ; entered tl\e army, and died in 1G39. He wrote four comedies, and " Cupid and Psyche," a poem. MARMONTEL, John Francis, a distin- guished French writer, born in 1723, at Bort, in the Limousin, was the eldest son of a large family in humble life ; and was edu- cated at the Jesuits' college at Mauriac. He first settled at Toulouse, but being persuaded by Voltaire to try his fortune at Paris, he went there in 1745. By his tragedies of " Dionysius " and " Aristomenes," and other I popular works, he soon gained reputation ; and being patronised by Madame de Pom- padour, he received the appointment of sec- retary to the royal buildings. Soon after, he became connected with U'Alembcrt and Diderot in the Encj'clopcdie. He also had a share in the,Mercure Francois, in which liis " Tales " first appeared. ; but having written a satire on the Duke d'Aumont, lie was sent to the Bastile ; from wliich, how- ever, he was liberated in a few days ; and in 1763 he obtained a place in the academy, of which he after^vards became perpetual sec- retary. In the early part of his career he indulged in all the licentiousness of Parisian life ; but he at length married, and conducted himself with sense and propriety. He sur- vived the horrors of the revolution, having, when tlie political horizon darkened, retired to a cottage in Normandy, where he passed his time in the education of his children, and the composition of a series of tales, j together witli the amusing memoirs of his ' own life. In 1797 he was chosen a repre- sentative to the National Assembly for the department of the Eure ; but his election being subsequently declared null, he again retired to his cottage, where he died of apo- plexy, in 1799, aged 76. His " Moral Tales," " Belisarius," " The Incas," his own "Me- moirs," and "Elements of Literature," are his most esteemed works ; and though as a poet and dramatist he has of late been some- what disparaged, he still justly holds a high place among modern French authors ; and there are few wlio have more successfully addressed themselves to the imagination, the judgment, or tlie lieart. MARNIX, PuiLip DE, seigneur du Mont Saints Aldegonde, was born at Brussels, in 1538. He was a zealous disciple of Calvin, and being appointed consul at Antwerp, bravely defended that city against the Duke of Parma. Among otlier works, lie wrote "The Bee-Hive of tlie Romish Church," " Controversial Theses," &c. ; and drew up the form of the celebrated confederacy, by which several lords of the Netlierlands en- gaged to oppose the Inquisition. MAROT, Clement, an eminent French poet, was born at Cahors, in 1495. Having accompanied the Duke of AleuQon to Italy, he was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia ; was afterwards persecuted for his attachment to the Protestant religion; and died in 1544. As a poet he was superior to any of his countrymen who had gone be- fore him, and greatly excelled all his contem- poraries. MAROT, FP.ANCI8, a painter, was the pupil of La Fosse, and an associate and professor of the French academy of painting. He died at Paris in 1719, aged 62. MARPURG, Frederic William, an emi- nent German musician, born in 1718. He was the autiior of many valuable works con- nected with musical science. Died, 1795. MARRY AT, Captain Fredei!IC, R.N., the most popular of England's naval novelists, was born in 1786. Entering the navy at an early age, he served in the Impdrieuse under Lord Cochrane, took part in the attack on the French fleet in Aix Roads, and in the Walcheren expedition in 1809 ; and in 1814, when lieutenant of the Newcastle, gained great distinction by cutting out four vessels in Boston Bay. For his services during the Burmese war he was promoted to the rank of captain, and lie was subsequently made a C. B., with a good service pension of 1501. a year. Captain Marryat commenced his lite- rary career as a contributor to the Metro- politan Magazine, of which he afterwards became the editor ; and in its pages several of his most successful stories appeared. His first work, in three volumes, was the " Naval Oflicer," published in 1829. This was fol- lowed in 1830 by the " King's Own ; " and in 1832 appeared " Newton Foster," a great improvement on the two former works, and "Peter Simple," which is generally con- sidered to be the best and most amusing of all his publications. From tliis period Cap- tain Marryat's industry kept pace with his success ; and among the numerous works, which flowed from his pen in an uninter- rupted stream, may be enumerated, "Jacob Faithful," " Mr. Midshipman Easy," " Mas- terman Ready," " The Pacha of many Tales," " Japhet in search of a Father," " Poor Jack," " The Pirate and Three Cut- ters," " Snarleyow," " Percival Keene," &c. ; besides the " Phantom Ship," originally con- tributed to the New Montlily Magazine, and "Joseph Rushbrook," which first ap- peared in the Era, a London newspaper. In 1837 he paid a visit to the United States, and on his return he published his " Diary in America," which reflected somewhat se- verely on the national cliaracter of the Ame- ricans. This was followed by three addi- tional volumes, and by his " Travels of Monsieur Violet," sui>posed to be founded on the adventures of Cliateaubriand in the woods of the new world. Few men have written so much and so well as Captain Marryat. To the last, his literary powers remained unabated ; and by common con- sent he is facile princeps among tlie de- lineators of naval character and naval life. Died, Aug. 9. 1848. MARS, Mademoiselle, a great French comedian, was born in 1779. She made her debut at the early age of 13, and enjoyed tlie rare privilege of retaiuing the public favour till an advanced age, having kept the boards of the Thtatre Fran^ais at Paris, where she had gained innumerable triumphs, till 1841, when she retired in her 63rd year. mak] ^ ^ctD BJniliorjSal 23i0jjrnpTjp. [mar Her representations of youthful heroines were inimitable. Died, 1847. MARSAIS, C^SAR Chesneau dv, an emi- nent French writer on various branches of the belles lettres, was born at Marseilles, in 1G76. Ilifl works are, " An Explanation of the Doctrine of the Galilean Church," "Method of Learning Latin," a "Treatise on Tropes ; " " Logic, or Reflections on the Operations of the Mind," &c. Died, 175C. MARSDEN, WiLi-iAM. D.C.L., F.R.S., &c., an orientalist and antiquary, was bom in 1754, at Verval, in the county of Wicklow, and went to India at an early age. He con- tributed many interesting papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions and the Archaeologia, upon subjects connected with the history and learning of Asiatic natious ; and among the separate works he published are, a "History of the Island of Sumatra," a " Dictionary and Granunar of the Malayan Language," " Numismata Oricutulia Illus- trata," "The Travels of Marco Polo," &c. In 17".>5 he was appointed second secretary to tlie admiralty ; and, some years before his death, he voluntarily resigned a pension of 1500/. a year, which hud been bestowed on hira as a reward for his public services. He also presented his valuable collection of oriental coins to the British Museum, and his extensive library to King's College, Lou> don. lie died, aged 81, in October, 183(5. MARSH. Right Rev. Hekbebt, D. D., bishop of Peterborough. Eminent both as a scholar and a divine, this prelate is chiefly known as the translator of the profound and elaborate work of " Michaelis on the New Testament." For this work he was, perhaps, better qualified than any English clergyman of his day ; for, after llnishnig his classical studies at St. John's College, Cambri<lge, he resided for very many years at Gottingen, where he acquired an intimate acquaintance with the German language. On the invasion of Germany, by the French, he returned to Cambridge and took his B. D. degree, and in 1807 he was elected Lady Margaret's profes- sor of divinity. In this important situation he made a most useful change. Up to his election the lectures of the Lady Margaret's prof(;s8or had always been delivered in Latin, but he delivered his in English, and as he did BO from the university pulpits, all ranks flocked to hear him. Besides several im- portant translations from the German, and a long list of controversial pamphlets, he published " A Course of Lectures, containing a Description and Systematic Arrangement of the several Branches of Divinity," &c., " A History of the Translations which have been made from the Scriptures." and " Ilora; Pe- lasgicae." In 1806, Mr. Marsh was created D.D. by royal mandate ; in 1816 he was made bishop of Llandaff ; and, three years later, translated to the see of Peterborough. Emi- nent as were his talents, and unwearied as was his zeal as a divine, he probably owed much of his success in life to some important information on public aft'airs, which he trans- mitted to the English government during Ids residence in Germany, and which Mr. Pitt considered to be so important, that he rewarded it with a pension. Born, 1758 ; died, 18;}8. MARSH, Narcissus, a learned prelate, who, to much learning and piety, added the greatest munificence and private charity. He was bom at Hannington, in Wiltshire, in 1638 { was appointed principal of Alban Hall, in 1673 ; but in 1678 he went to Ireland, and was made provost of Trinity College, Dublin, to which he presented a valuable library. He was successively bishop of Leigh- lin and Ferns, Cashel, Dublin, and Armagh. He was the author of " Manuductio ad Lo- gicam," " Institutiones Logicae," and an " Essay on the Doctrine of Sounds." Died, 1703. MARSHAL, Walter, a Nonconformist minister. He was ejected from the living of Hursley, in Hampshire, in 1662 ; after which he ofliciated to a dissenting congregation at Gosport. He died about 1690. His book, eutitled " The Gospel Mystery of Sanctifi- cation," printed first in 1602, was reprinted with a recommendatory preface by Harvey, anthor of" The Meditations." MARSHALL, Natuaniel, an English divine of the 18th century, who was chaplain to George II., and published " The Works of St. Cyprian," " A Defence of our Constitution in Church and State," and three volumes of " Sermons." MARSHALL, William, a distinguished modern writer on agricultural and rural economy. He performed a series of journeys through various parts of the kingdom, to procure intelligence concerning tlie modes of cukivation and management among the farmers in different districts and counties. Among his works are, " Minutes of Agricul- ture," "Planting and Rural Ornament," " The Rural Economy of the Midland, South- ern, and Western Counties," and " Experi- ments and Observations concerning Agri- culture and the Weather." Born, 1745 ; died, at Pickering in Yorkshire, 1818. MARSHAM, Sir Joiix, a learned writer on ancient history and chronology, was the son of a London alderman, and born in 1602; was educated at Westminster, and St. John's College, Oxford ; and was made one of the six clerks in chancery, which place he lost for his attachment to the cause of royalty during the civil wars. At the accession of j Charles II., however, he recovered his oflSee, was knighted, became M. P. for Rochester, and was afterwards created a baronet. His principal work, " Canon Chronicus ^gyp- tiacus, Ebraicus, Graecus," displays much erudition and ingenuity. Died, 1685. MARSHMAN, Dr. Jamks, an eminent Baptist missionary in the East Indies, was the last survivor of those zealous men who were engaged in the Serampore mission. He arrived in India in 1799, and, by dint of incessant labour, he acqiured a complete mastery over the Bengalee, Sanscrit, and Chinese tongues, into the latter of which he translated a considerable portion of the Scriptures. He was also the author of " A Dissertation on the Characters and Sounds of the Chinese Language," "Clavis Sinica," and a translation of the works of Confucius. He was born at Westbury Leigh, in Wilt- shire, in 1768, and died at Serampore, Dec. 1837. MARSIGLI, Louis Ferdinand, on Ita- mar] ^ ^elu Unibn^iil 23i03rapTjg. [mar lian writer, was born in ICoS, of a noble j family, at Bologna. lie served witb great I reputation in tlie imperial army, but was I taken prisoner at the passage of the Raab, I and sent to Bosnia. The year following lie I was ransomed, obtained a colonel's commis- j Bion, and was afterwards advanced to the rank of marshal; but when the Count d'Arco 1 was condemned, for giving uji the fortress of i Brisac to the Duke of Burgundy, Marsigli, I who commanded under him, was dismissed ; the service. He then retired to Bologna, I where he formed a museum, and founded the Institute. His most important work is i entitled " Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus," j 6 vols, folio ; he also wrote " A History of : the Sea," and " Tlie Military State of the I Ottoman Empire." Died, IT.'JO. I MARSTON, Jonx, an English dramatist, I who lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and was upon terms of intimacy I with Ben Johnson. He was educated at I Oxford, became lecturer at the Middle ! Temple, and died subsequently to 1G.'5;3. He ; wrote eight plays, and three books of satires, called the " Scourge of Villany." MARSY, Francis Maria de, a French writer, was expelled the society of Jesuits on account of his opinions ; and he was also sent to the Bastile for publishing an " Ana- lysis of Bayle," in which he selected the worst part of that author's dictionary. His other works are, a " History of Mary Stuart," 3 vols. ; " Dictionary of Painting and Archi- tecture," 2 vols. ; " Le Rabelais Moderne," 8 vols. ; " The Modern History," intended as a continuation to Rollin's Ancient History, 26 vols. Died, 17fi3. MARTELLI, Petur James, an eminent Italian poet, was born at Bologna, in 1G<)5 ; was at first a professor of belles lettres in the university there, and afterwards secretary to Cardinal Aldrovandi. His works consist of several discourses on the art of poetry, "Dialogues on Ancient and Modern Tra- gedy," and " Tragedies," in 3 vols. Died, 1727. MARTENS, William Frederick vox, a distinguished diplomatist, was born at Ham- burgh, 1756. He was professor of public law at Gottingen ; and, among various high offices which he held in succession, he was appointed secretary of the congress of Vienna in 1814, and representative of Han- over in the German Diet in 1816. His " Precis du Droit des Gens de I'Europe," his " Cours de Diplomatie," and his " Recueil des Principaux Traites de Paix," &c. (with its various supplements"), are quoted as authorities by all who make diplomacy their study. Died, 1821. MARTHA, Sister — Axxe Bioet, known as Sister Martha, had, previous to 1792, spent many years in a convent at Besancon, as porteress, and at that time retired on a pension of 133 francs, and a small dwelling- house, where she resided witli another female, devoting their time to the wants of the ne- cessitous. They sought the wounded after an engagement, and, by their humane exer- tions, saved numerous lives. The Spanish prisoners partook largely of their charity ; and when they quitted Besaugon the English troops succeeded them in the care and atten- 574 tions of the good sister Martha, who declared, the unhappy of all coimtries were her friends. In the campaign of 1814, though Martha was nearly 70 years of age, 3'ct her energy and activity seemed to receive a new impulse ; and the powerful assistance she rendered the wounded French and allied soldiers caused the Duke of Reggio to say to her, " Sister Martha, I was made acquainted with your character on the field of battle, for there I continually heard the wounded exclaim, ' If the good Sister Martha were here, our suffer- ings would be relieved,' while blessings followed the name." When the allied sove- reigns met in Paris, each was' desirous to see this extraordinary woman ; nor did they forget to reward her virtues. The emperor of Russia gave lier a valuable gold medal, and a sum of money ; the emperor of Austria gave her the cross with the order of Merit, and 2000 francs ; and the kings of France and Spain also sent her medals, and each added a present of money. Martha had no othei ambition than that of doing good ; but she rejoiced in her fortune, as it gave her more ample means to exercise her charitable dis- position ; and she died, regretted and es- teemed, at Besancon. in 1824. MARTIAL or MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS, a Latin poet, and the most celebrated of all epigrammatists, was a native I of Spain, but went to Rome in his 20th year, and obtained the favour of Domiiian, who conferred on him many favours, and raised him to the office of tribune. On the death of that emperor he returned to his native country, where he died, a. d. 104. MARTIGNAG, Stei'hex Algat, Sienr de, a French writer, who translated Terence, Horace, Juvenal, Persius, Virgil, and Ovid into prose, and v.Tote the " Lives of the Bishops of Paris," of the 17th century. Born, 1628 ; died, lODt). M ARTIGNAC, M., a distinguished French ad^•ocate and minister of state, who was dis- missed from office by Charles X., to make room for Polignac, to whom he was politi- cally opposed ; yet when that minister was on his trial, before the chamber of peers, he was his eloquent and zealous defender. Died, 1832. MARTILIERE, Count de la, a French general of artillery, was a sub-lieutenant in 1757 ; and after serving with distinction in Germany, during the seven years' war, he was employed in the island of Guadaloupe. lie acquired mucli reputation by his tracts on artillery, and by his subsequent successes during the revolutionary wars ; his services in which were rewarded with the rank of general of division in the army of the Rhine and Moselle. In 1802 he was called to the senate, and in 1814 the king made him a peer of France. Died, 1819. MARTIN, AiMf , a distinguished French writer and critic, was born at Lyons, 1786. At an early age he repaired to Paris, where he soon gained a liveliliood by his pen, at one time writing in the columns of the Journal des Dt'bats ; at another, editing the works of La Rochefoucauld, Racine, and Fenelon ; and he at last became professor of belles lettres at the Polytechnic School, and librarian at Saintc Guntvifeve. At once mar] ^ ^cti) CJni&er^Kl 23tfliiraplbl?« [mab the pupil and friend of Bernard St. Pierre, l»e coUccted and published his works, de- fended his memory from hostile attacks, I married his widow, and adopted liis daughter "Virginia. His " LiCttres & Sopliie sur la rhysique, la Cliimie, et I'Histoire Na- turelle," were liighly popular ; and his work on the "Education des Meres de Famille " was crowned by the Institute. Died, 1847. M.\RTIN, Bkxj.\mi.v, one of the most i;elcl)rated matlicmaticians and opticians of liis time, was born at Worplesdon, in Surrey, in 1704. After publishing a variety of in- genious treatises on various branches of mathematical science and natural philo- sophy, particularly a scientific " Magazine," i uuder his own name, and carrying on for ] many years a very extensive trade as an optician and globe- maker in Fleet Street, he died in 1782. ! MARTIN, D.K.VID, a French Protestant ! divine, was born at Revel, in the diocese I of Lavaur, in 1U39. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he became pastor of a [ church at Utrecht, where he died in 1721. He wrote a " History of the Old and New j Testament," 2 vols. fol. ; and a " Treatise on Revealed Religion," 2 vols. 8vo. MARTIN, Raymond, a Spanish monk of I the Dominican order, who wrote an excel- lent treatise against the Jews, printed at Paris in l(i.>l, with the title of " Pugio fldei Christiana;." Died, 128(5. MARTIN, Sakau, whose pious and phi- lanthropic labours have iiulissolubly linked her name with those of Howard, Buxton, and Fry, was born near Yarmouth, in 1791. Deprived of her parents when very young, her education was merely such as could be obtained at a village school. At 14 she passed a year in learning the business of dress-making ; and she had pursued her humble avocations for about 14 years with various families in Yarmouth, when having long felt a strong desire to obtain admission to the jail to read the Scriptures to the prisoners, her wishes were at length gra- tified ; and her visits were again and again repeated, during such short intervals of leisure as she could spare from her daily labours. At first she contented herself with merely reading to the prisoners ; but familiarity with their wants and with her own powers soon enlarged the sphere of her tuition, and she began to instruct them in reading and writing. This extension of her labour necessarily interfered with her or- dinary occupations, and it became necessary to sacrifice a portion of her time, and con- sequently of her means, to these new duties. After three years' perseverance in this course, she began to introduce employment, first for the female prisoners and then for the male ; and after another interval she proceeded to the formation of a fund for the furnishing of work for prisoners upon their discharge. She had thus, in the course of a few years, during which her mind had gradually ex- panded to the requirements of the subject before her, provided for all tlie most impor- tant objects of prison discipline, moral and intellectual tuition, occupation during im- prisonment, and employment after discharge. But she now claims our attention in another capacity as a moral teacher. For many years she had read printed sermons on Sun- days to the prisoners ; but about 18;W she began to write her own sermons, and after continuing this course for five years she was enabled, she says, " by the help of God, to address the prisoners without writing beforehand, simply from the Holy Scrip- tures." Her addresses were formed upon a regular system, admirably suited to the cir- cumstances and comprehension of her au- dience; and there is reason to believe that her appeals, urged with kindly, warm-hearted sincerity, were eminently successful. Mean- while she went on devoting every available moment of her life to her great purpose ; but her customers began to fall off, and she now saw herself on the verge of utter desti- tution. Still she never paused in her course, and not only did she continue her prison instructions, but she organised and super-' intended a large school at the workhouse, and devoted her spare time to visiting the sick and other works of charity. But such unremitting labours of love proved too severe for a constitution naturally delicate, and, after a few weeks of poignant suffering, her pure spirit passed to its reward, October 12. 1843. She was buried in the churchyard of Caistre, where a simple monument records her name. Her small volume of posthumous poems, many of which breathe the true poetic spirit, will always be perused with interest. MARTIN, St., was born of heathen parents, in 316, at Sabaria, in Pannonia, now Hungary. lie sei-ved in the army some years ; but being converted to Christianity, he embraced a religious life, and appeared as the model of all virtue. In 374 he was made bishop of Tours, but still retained the simplicity and austerity of the recluse. He erected the monastery of Marmontier, and is considered as the apostle of the Uauls. Died, 307. Martin, Thomas, an English antiquary, was bom at Thetford, in Suffolk, in l(i97. He wrote " Monumenta Anglicana, a His- tory of Thetford," and was familiarly called " Honest Tom Martin, of Palgrave," where he long resided. Died, 1771. martin, William, a naturalist, was born in 1707, at Marsfield, in Nottingham- shire. Being deserted by his father, and left unprovided for, he took to the stage as a profession ; but having married, he estab- lished himself at Burton-on-Trent, and, subsequently, at Macclesfield, as a drawing- master ; where, devoting much of his time to researches in natural history, he pub- lished " Outlines of an Attempt to establish a Knowledge of Extraneous Fossils on Sci- entific Principles," " Petrificata Derbiensia," &c. Died, IHIO. MARTINE, Geokoe, a physician, was born in Scotland, in 1702 ; took his doctor's degree at Leyden, after which he com- menced practice at St. Andrew's ; but, in 1740, he accompanied Lord Cathcart to America, where he died in 1743. He was the author of " Tractatus de Similibus Ani- malibus, et Animalium Colore," "Essays, Medical and Philosophical," &c, MARTINI, JoHX Baptist, a skilful mu- mar] ^ ileU) Wiwi^et^nl Btnsrapi^i). [mar ] sical composer, was born at Bologna, in I 1706, and died in 1784. He wrote a " History I of Music," 3 vols, folio ; also, an " Essay on I Counterpoint," &c. He was chapel-master I to a convent of Friars Minim ; and from the I school of Martini issued some of the finest I composers in Italy. MARTINI, MAKTiy, a Jesuit and mis- sionary of the 17th century, was a native of Trent. He went as a missionary to China, where he remained many years, and re- turned to Europe in 16.51. The result of his observations are contained in his " Sinicae ITistoriaj Decas prima h Gentis Origine ad Christum natum," ♦' China lUustrata," and "De Belle inter Tartaros et Sinenses." MARTINIERE, Anthony Augustix Bruoex de la, a celebrated French author, was bom at Dieppe, in 1084 ; studied at Paris ; and was successively patronised by the Duke of Parma, the King of Naples, to whom he was secretary, and the King of Spain, to whom he was geographer. His principal work is entitled " Dictionnaire Gk'ographique, Historifjue, et Critique," in 10 vols, folio, a work of great value and importance. Died, 1749. MARTOS, Ivan Petrovitch, an emi- nent Russian sculptor, who was for many years director of the Academy of Fine Arts, St. Petersburgh, died, April 17. 1835, aged 82. He liad attained the highest excellence in his art, rivalling Canova in his draperies, and in subjects of bas-relief being superior to any of his contemporaries. Among his best works may be reckoned the colossal group in bronze of Minin and Pozharsky, at Moscow ; the Emperor Alexander, at Tagan- rog ; the Duke of Richelieu, at Odessa, &c. MARTYN, John, F.R.S., a skilful bota- nist and learned writer, was born in 1699, at London. For nearly thirty years he was professor of botany at Cambridge, wrote many works, and died in 1768. Besides his botanical productions, he published "The Grub Street Journal," 2 vols. ; " Virgil's Georgics," a " Dissertation on the JEneid" and assisted in the abridgment of the Plxi- losophical Transactions. MARTYN, Thomas, F.R.S., an eminent antiquarian and natural philosopher, the son of the preceding, was born at Chelsea, in 173/) ; was educated at Cambridge, and, on his father's resignation in 1761, succeeded to the botanical professorship, which he held for 64 years, during which time he obtained valuable church preferment, and died in 1825. His philosophical writings, and those by whicli he is most advantage- ously known, are, " Planta; Cantabriffienses," " Herbationes Cantabrigienses," " The Eng- lish Connoisseur," "The Antiquities of Her- culaneum," " Elements of Natural History," "Flora Rustica," and an enlarged edition of " M'Uer's Gardener's Dictionary." MARTYN, Henry, an able missionary, was born in Cornwall, in 1781 ; was edu- cated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; and in 1805 went to India as a chaplain to the East India Company. When arrived in the East he distinguished himself by his rapid acquirement of the native languages, being soon able to translate the Common Prayer into Hindoostanec, and perform divine ser- vice in that language. From India he pro- ceeded to Persia, and there translated the New Testament into the Persian tongue, held several conferences with the learned Mohammedans, and converted some to Christianity. Died, 1812. MARTYR, Peter, a celebrated reformer, whose family name was Vermigli, was born at Florence, in 1500. He was originally an Augustine monk, and became an eminent preacher, and prior of St. Fridian's at Lucca ; but having read the writings of , Luther, Zuinglius, and other reformers, he ' renounced the Romish faith, and found it necessary to quit his native country. He then, on the invitation of Edward VI., came to England, and was made professor of divinity at Oxford, and canon of Christ- church. But in the succeeding reign he was obliged to leave the kingdom ; on which he went to Switzerland, and died at Zurich, in 1562. His wife, who had been a converted nun, died at Oxford, and in the reign of Mary, her remains were taken up and buried beneath a dunghill ; but when queen Elizabeth came to the throne, they were re-interred in consecrated ground. Peter Martyr was the author of many works on divinity, including commentaries on some parts of the Old and New Testament. His personal character has also been repre- sented as extremely amiable. MARVELL, Andrew, distinguished by his integrity as a senator, and by his wit as a political writer, was born at Kingston- upon-IIull, in 1620, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. On the death of his father he spent several years in fo- reign travel ; was appointed secretary to the British legation at Constantinople ; and on his return, in 1657, he became assistant to Milton, as Latin secretary. At the Restor- ation he was elected into parliament for his native place, with a salary from his con- stituents ; and he obtained a high character for diligence, ability, and integrity. He had the character of being the wittiest man j of his time, and wrote a number of poetical I effusions, both humorous and satirical, which were highly effective as party pieces. Among his prose tracts was one, entitled " An Ac- count of tlie Growth of Popery and arbi- trary Government in England," on which a reward was offered for a discovery of the writer and printer. But though Marvell was obnoxious to the ministry, he was some- what of a favourite with the king, who took great delight in his conversation. One day the lord treasurer Danby was sent to find out his lodgings, which were up two pair of stairs in a court in the Strand ; and when his lordship opened the door, the patriot, evidently much surprised, told him, "he believed he had mistaken his way ; " but was told by the earl, that he came from the king, " to know what his majesty could do to serve him ? "_ to which Marvell replied, that " it was not in his majesty's power to serve him." Lord Danby, finding that no argu- ment could prevail upon him to accept a place, concluded by saying, tliat "the king had sgnt him a thousand pounds, as a mark of his private esteem." This also he refused without hesitation j though he was obliged, mar] ^ i^ftQ BnibtrSKl 23insraj>T)w. [mas on the departure of the courtier, to send to a friend for the loan of a guinea. He died in 1678. Marvell wrote some pieces against Parker, bisiiop of Oxford, besides several miscellaneous poems and tracts, which toge- ther were published in 3 vols. 4to. MARY, queen of England, daughter of nenry VIII. by Catharine of Arragon, was bom in 1517. During the life of her father she experienced many marks of his brutal temper, and her inflexible opposition to his will made him sometimes form a resolution of putting her to death, from which he was diverted by Archbishop Cranmer. During the reign of Edward she could not be pre- vailed with to join in communion with tlie Protestant divines. On this account that amiable prince declared lady Jane Grey his heir. At his death in 1553 that lady was proclaimed queen ; but her reign lasted only a few days. The partisans of Mary became numerous, and she entered London without opposition. In 1554 she married Philip of Spain, eldest son of Charles V. ; but her union with him was equally unpropitious to herself and the nation. The sanguinary laws against heretics were revived, and those shocking scenes of cruelty followed, which have fixed upon this princess the epithet of "bloody." The loss of Calais, which had been in the hands of the English 200 years, sank deep into the heart of Mary, her health rapidly declined, and she died in 1558. With her ended the domination of the papal power in England. MARY II., queen of England, the wife of William III., was the daughter of James II. by Anne Hyde, daughter of the Earl of Cla- rendon. At the age of 15 she was married to William, prince of Orange, whom she followed to England in l«8a. The same year parliament having declared the crown vacant by tlie abdication of James, conferred ii upon William and Mary. She died of the small-pox, in 1695, aged 32. MARY STUART, queen of Scots, famous for her beauty, her wit, her learning, and her misfortunes, was daughter of James V., king of Scotland, and succeeded her father in 1542, eight days after her birth. In 15.58 she married Francois, dauphin, and after- wards king of France, by which means she became queen of France. This monarch dying in 1560, she returned into Scotland, and married her cousin, Henry Stuart, lord Darnley, in 1565. Being excluded from any share of the government (as he sus- pected) by the advice of Rizzio, an Italian musician, her favourite and secretary, the king, by the counsel and assistance of some of the principal nobility, suddenly surprised them together, and Rizzio was slain, in the queen's presence, in 1566. An apparent re- conciliation afterwards took place, where Darnley, who had continued to reside sepa- rately from the queen, was assassinated, and the house he had inhabited was blown up with gunpowder, in Feb. 1.567. Tliis bar- barous transaction was but very imperfectly investigated ; and in the month of May fol- lowing, she wedded the Earl ofBotliwell, who was openly accused as the murderer of the late king. Scotland soon became a scene of confusion and civil discord. Bothwell, a fugitive and an outlaw, took refuge in Den- mark ; and Mary, made a captive, was treated with insult and contempt, and com- mitted to custody in the castle of Loch Le- ven. After some months-' confinement she eflfected her escape, and, assisted by the few friends who still remained attached to her, made an effort for the recovery of her power. She was opposed by the Earl ol" Murray, the natural son of James V., who had obtained the regency in the minority of her son. The battle of Langside insured the triumph of her enemies ; and, to avoid falling again into their power, she fled to England, and sought the protection of queen Elizabeth ; but that princess treated her as a personal and political rival, and kept her in safe cus- tody. For a period of 18 years was the un- happy queen of Scotland a state prisoner ; and, during the whole of that long term, she was considered as the head of the Popish party, who wished to see a princess of their persuasion on the throne of England. Mary, despairing of recovering that of Scotland, most assuredly became a dupe to this party, and countenanced, if she was not directly concerned in, their plots. She was accord- ingly tried for a conspiracy against the life of the queen of England, condemned, and suffered decapitation, Feb. 8. 1587, in the castle of Fotheringay, where she had been long confined. Her body was interred, with great pomp, in Peterborough Cathedral, but subsequently removed by her son, James I., to Henry the Seventh's Chapel, W^estmin- ster Abbey, where a magnificent monument was erected to her memory. The character and conduct of Mary, queen of Scots have been made the subject of much controversy ; but the fact of her marrying Bothwell, " stained as he was by universal suspicion of Damley's murder, is a spot upon her character for which we iu vain seek an MASACCIO, or TOMMASO DAS GIO- VANNI DI VALDARNO, an eminent painter, bom-at Valdarno, in 1402 ; who was admirably skilled in the art of perspective, and of whom it has been said, that while Buonarotti taught all other painters, he learnt from Masaccio alone. MASCAGNI, Paul, a celebrated Italian anatomist, was born in Tuscany, in 1752 ; and became professor of anatomy, physio- logy, and chemistry, at Florence. He made several important discoveries in human anatomy ; and published, among other works, " Historia et Scenographia Vasorum Lymphaticorum Corporis humani." Died, 1815. MASCARDI, AtTGUSTiir, a learned Ita- lian, was born in the republic of Genoa, in 1591. Pope Urban VIII. founded for him a professorship of rhetoric in the College of Sapienza. He wrote Latin and Italian poems ; a " History of the Conspiracy of the Count Fiesco," and a curious work, entitled " Dell'Arte Istoriea." MASCARON, Julius, an eminent French ecclesiastic, was born at Marseilles, in 1634 ; entered among the priests of the Oratory ; and soon became so popular a preacher, that multitudes thronged from all quarters to hear him. In 1666 he was called to court. 8d mas] ^ ipettJ Mnitjor^al 23tosrapf)n. [mas to preach before I^ouis XIV. ; and he suc- cessively became bishop of Tulle and Agen. At the latter place he founded an hospital, and died in 1703. A collection of his " Fu- neral Orations" was published, among which the most admired are those on Marshal Turenne, the Duke of Beaufort, and the Chancellor Seguier. MASCHERONI, Laurest, an eminent mathematician, was born at Bergamo, in the Venetian States, in 1750. He published notes on the " Integral Calculus" of Euler, and had a share in the experiments per- formed by the Institute of Bologna, with a view of i)roving the figure of the earth by the descent of bodies. The invention, how- ever, which has rendered his name conspi- cuous, was his celebrated " Geometry of the Compass." He died, at Paris, in 1800. MASCLEF, Fkaxcis, a French theolo- gian and orientalist, who was a canon of Amiens, and died in 1728. His works are, "A Hebrew Grammar," 2 vols.; "Eccle- siastical Conferences of the Diocese of Amiens," and " The Catechism of Amiens." MASCOV, or MASCOU, Joiix James, a German publicist, was a native of Dantzic, studied at Leipsic, became professor of jurisprudence at Halle, and wrote the "Principles of the Public Law of the Ger- man Empire " and " A History of the Ger- mans." Born, 1089 ; died, 1762. MASCRIER, John Baptist de, a French abbt', was born in 1(597, at Caen ; and died pt Paris in 1760. Among his works are, " A Description of Egypt," " A Trans- lation of Cajsar's Commentaries," " Re- flections on the Truths of Faith," and a " History of the Revolution in the East Indies." MASDEN, Don Juax Fraxcesco, a na- tive of Barcelona, and member of the order of the Jesuits ; author of " Historia Critica de Espana, y de la Cultnra Espanola en todo genero," 20 vols. Died, 1817. MASENIUS, or MASEN, James, a Jesuit, was born at Dalen, in the duchy of Ju- liers, in 1600 ; and died at Cologne in 1681. He wrote a Ivatin poem, called " Sarcothea, or the Fall of Man ;" which Lauder brought into notice by pretending that Milton was indebted to it for part of his Paradise Lost. He was also the author of "TI>e Art of Poetry," 4 vols. ; " Palajstra Styli Romani," "The Lives of Charles V. and Ferdinand," "Notes on the Annals of Treves," &c. MASERES, Francis, a sound lawyer and a good mathematician, was bom in 1731 ; was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and afterwards studied at the Temple. Being called to the bar, he obtained the situation of attorney general of Quebec, and on his return to England, was made cursitor baron of the exchequer. He pub- lished a collection of the "Scriptores Lo- garithmici," in 6 vols. 4to. ; a " Treatise on Life Annuities," " Elements of Plane Trigo- nometry," &c. Died, 1824, aged 93. MASKELYNE, Nevil, a mathematician and astronomer, was born in London, in 1732 ; received his education at Westminster and Cambridge ; became a fellow of Trinity College, and took the degree ofD. D. in 1777. Being chosen a fellow of tlie Royal Society, he was appointed, in 1761, to go to St. Helena to observe the transit of Venus ; and during the voyage he deter- mined the method of finding the longitude at sea by lunar observations. In 1763 he undertook another voyage to Barbadoes, to ascertain the longitude of that island, as well as to prove the accuracy of Harrison's time-keeper, with other objects of practical science. On his return he succeeded Mr. Bliss as royal astronomer ; and in 1767 commenced the publication of " The Nau- tical Almanack." Dr. Maskelyne was also tlie author of " The British Mariner's Guide" and Astronomical Observations," besides many valuable papers in the Philo- sopliical Transactions. Died, 1811. MASON, Charles, an English astrono- mer, was an assistant of Dr. Bradley at the royal observatory at Greenwich. He was employed to examine the lunar tables of Mayer, which, with his improvements, were published by order of the Board of Longitude. Mr. Mason died at Pennsyl- vania, in 1787. MASON, Francis, a learned divine, was borii in the county of Durham, about 1566, and died at Oxford, in 1621. His learned work, entitled "Vindicise Ecclesife An- glicanae," has been translated into Englisli with a preface and notes by Lindsay. MASON, Sir Johx, an eminent states- man, who was employed by Henry VIII. in several embassies, and made a member of the privy council. He afterwards served Edward VI., and contrived to hold his places under Mary. Queen Elizabeth made him treasurer of her chamber, and he was chosen chancellor of tlie university of Ox- ford. He died in 1566. His favourite maxim was, " Do ; and say nothing." MASON, John, a dissenting minister, was born at Dunmow, Essex, in 1706. He was the author of an excellent little volume of ethics, entitled " Self-knowledge," of which there have been numerous editions ; he also wrote " Practical Discourses for the use of Families," 2 vols. ; " An Essay on Elocution," two " Essays on the Power of Poetical and Prosaic Numbers," " Christian Morals," 2 vols. &c. Died, 1763. MASON, William, an eminent English poet, was the son of a clergyman in York- shire, where he was born in 1725. He studied at Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship in Pembroke Hall. His first appearance as a poet was bj' the publication of " Isis," iu which he satirised the Jncobitism and high- church principles prevalent at Oxford. This was replied to by Thomas Warton in his " Triumph of Isis." In 1752 Mason pro- duced his " Elfrida," a dramatic poem, with choral odes on the ancient Greek model, which was well received, though the attempt to establish it on the stage proved abortive. On entering into orders he was presented to the living of Aston, and appointed one of the king's chaplains ; and in 1762 he ob- tained the precentorship of York, with a canonry annexed. On the commencement of the American war, he became so active an advocate for freedom as to give offence at court, and was consequently dismissed from the chaplainship ; but, like many KAS] <B. iS^tio ^m'faevjfaT 3Si00rap]^», [mas other eager devotees at the shrine of liberty, when the French revolution broke out, he became alarmed, and Jiis zeal considerably abated. Besides the tragedies of " Eifrida" and " Caractacus," he wrote "The English Garden," a poem ; " Ode to the Naval Officers of Great Britain," " Memoirs of Gray," the poet, &c. Died, 1797. Besides his acknowledged works, it is not known that the poet Mason was the author of the " Heroic Epistle to Sir W. Chamljcrs," and other satirical pieces, published under the signature of Mac Gregor. MASQUE UE FER, or the « Tron Masl-r the name of an unknown person in France, who was conveyed in the most secret man- ner to the castle of Pignerol, from whence he was transferred to the isle of St. Mar- guerite. He was a man taller than ordi- nary, extremely well made, and was very attentive to his whole personal appearance. His education appeared to have been care- fully attended to ; and he arrtusod himself by reading, and playing upon the guitar. He always wore a mask with steel springs, which was so constructed as to allow him free liberty to eat and drink. His keepers treated him with the greatest respect. At Pignerol he was intrusted to the charge of an officer named St. Mars, on whose ap- pointment as lieutenant of the isles, this unknown |)ersonage accompanied him, as he finally did to the Bastile, wliere he died in 1703, and was buried under the name of Marchiali. Conjecture has exhausted itself to discover who this mysterious personage might be. Voltaire observes, that at the period when the prisoner was confined, no person of importance disappeared from Eu- rope ; and yet it cannot be doubted that he must have been one. Laborde, first valfet de chambre of Louis XV., and wlio had re- ceived from this prince many proofs of con- fidence, showed a desire to discover him. The king replied, " I pity him, but his detention injures only himself, and has pre- vented great misfortunes ; you cannot know him." The author of " Secret Memoirs," published in 1745, pretends that it was the Count of Veiinandois, who was arrested, it was said, for having given a blow to the dauphin. Lagrange Chancel, in a letter to Freron, attempts to prove that the prisoner is the Duke of Beaufort, and that he was falsely reported to have been killed at the siege of Candia. St. Foix, in 1768, wished to prove that he was the Duke of Monmouth, who was said to have been beheaded in London, but who had been withdrawn from punishment. In a dissertation which pre- cedes the romance of " The Man with the Iron Mask," by RegnauU Warin, the author endeavours to prove that this mysterious personage was the son of the Duke of Buck- ingham and Anne of Austria, and goes so far as to give the portrait of the prisoner. But still no satisfactory evidence has yet been given to establish any one of the hy- potheses, and the secret history of " Masque de Fer " is, perhaps for ever, hidden beneath an impenetrable veil. MASSANIELLO, or ANELLO, Thomas, a fisherman of Naples, born 1693, when that kingdom was subject to the house of Austria, and governed by a viceroy. The people had borne the yoke with great patience until 1()4(>, in which year a new and oppressive tax upon all kinds of fruit being impose<l, ! occasioned general discontent. At this time, I Massaniello, then in his 24th year, earned j his livelihood by fishing ; and observing the murmurings that prevailed, he began to en- tertain an idea of redresssiiig the grievance. I He accordingly imparted his design to some I companions, wlio laughed at him ; but, when he assured them he was in earnest, they readily promised him their assistance. A riot soon ensued, in consequence of the shop- keejiers refusing to trade with the country people ; and an officer was sent by the regent to quell the tumult. The multitude, how- ever, grew more incensed at his appearance ; and Massaniello, by his harangues, inflamed them to acts of more daring violence. After burning the toll-houses, they marched to the palace of the viceroy, which they entered and rifled ; the governor himself escaped with difficulty ; and the Prince of Bisignano, to whom the people were much attacljed, quitted the city. Thus left without a head, the multitude chose Massaniello for their leader ; a stage was erected in the market- pliwe, on which this new ruler sat to give audience and toadminister justice, which he did with equal gravity and impartiality. 150,000 men obeyed his orders ; and an in- credible number of women, armed like Amazons, were enrolled in the same cause. In this state of things, the viceroy applied to the archbishop, whose mild persuasions had nearly succeeded in restoring order, when an attempt being made to assassinate the new chief, the negotiation was broken oflf, and the rage of the people burst forth with redoubled fury. Massaniello, however, was prevailed upon to renew the treaty, and to visit the palace, which he did with un- common pomp, mounted on horseback, dressed in cloth of silver, a plume of feathers in his hat, and a drawn sword in his hand, attended by 50,000 armed followers. On the Sunday following the terms were ratified at the cathedral church, and every thing had now an auspicious appearance ; when, un- fortunately for Massaniello, ambition in- duced him to violate his engagement, and to hold a power he knew not how to direct. He became so capricious and tyrannical, that a scheme was laid to assassinate him ; and, as he fell, his last words were, " Un- grateful traitors I " MASSENA, Akdre, a victorious general, created prince of Essling, duke of Rivoli, and marshal of France, was born at Nice, in 1758. He went through the regular grada- tions in an Italian regiment, commencing his military career at the age of 17. After 14 years' service he obtained his discharge ; but, in 1792, the revolution presented an en- viable field for the display of military talents; and his natural sentiments in favour of liberty caused him to enter the service of the French republic, where he obtained rapid promotion. Napoleon, who was quick to discover genius, formed an intimate friend- ship with Massena.; and, after the successful battle of Loveredo, in 1796, against Beaulieu, called him "the favoured child of victory." mas] ^ ^cto UnihtxsAl Mia^xn^'i)}}. [mat He had the chief command in Switzerland in 1799, when he finished the campaign, by completely routing the Austro-Russian army under tlie Archduke Charles and General Korsakoff. In 1800 he commanded in Italy, but with less success than in his former cam- paigns. He was, however, again successful in the campaigns of 1805 and 180G, taking possession of Naples, and signalising him- self in the campaign of Poland, which ter- minated by the treaty of Tilsit. He was afrerwards employed in Germany, and emi- nently distinguished himself in the memo- rable engagements of Essling and Wagram. His subsequent conduct in Spain, when ad- vancing against Wellington, was equally skilful ; but the prudence and superior tactics of his adversary prevented him from gaining fresh laurels ; and the British general having taken up a strong position at Torres Vedras, Massena was at length compelled to retire. At the landing of Napoleon, in 1815, he swore allegiance to him, was made peer, and com- mander of the national guard at Paris, and contributed much to the preservation of tranquillity in that city during the turbu- lent period which preceded the return of the king. He lived afterwards in retirement, and died in 1817. MASSILLON, JoniT Baptist, an eminent French preacher, was bom in 16(53, at Hieres, in Provence. He entered into the congrega- tion of the Oratory, and became so celebrated for his eloquence, that the general of his order called liim to Paris, where he drew crowds of hearers. Louis XIV., who knew the value of a kingly compliment, and seldom passed a bad one, observed to him, " When I hear other preachers, I go away much pleased with them ; but when I hear you, I go away displeased with myself." In 1717 he was made bishop of Clermont, and he died in 1742. His discourses were pub- lished in 14 vols. 8vo., and are distinguislied for simplicity, an artless flow of eloquence, a knowledge of the human heart, and a rich- ness of ideas. MASSINGER, Philip, a distinguished English dramatist, was born at Salisbury, in 1585. He studied at Oxford, but (juitted the university without taking a degree, in con- sequence, it is supposed, of having become a Roman Catholic. Little is known of his personal history, yet he appears to have been intimately connected with the wits and poets of his time, and died in 1639. Some critics rank him next to Shakspeare. In tragedy, however, he is rather eloquent and forcible than pathetic ; and, in riclmess and variety of humour, his comedy can by no means vie with tliat of hia great master. MASSON, John Papykus, a French his- torical writer, bom in 1554, and died in 1611. His principal work is entitled "Eulogia Virorum Clarissimorum ; " he also wrote " Annals of France," an " Account of Bishops' Sees," &c. MASSON, JoHy and Samuel, brothers, were ministers of the reformed chiircli in France John settled in Holland, and as- sisted in the publication of a critical journal, entitled " Histoire Critique de la Republique des Lettres," from 1712 to 1721. He also wrote the lives of Horace, Ovid, and Pliny the younger, in Latin ; and " Histoire de Pierre Bayle, et de ses Ouvrages." He died in England, about 1750 Samuel offici- ated as pastor of the English church at Dor- drecht, and was the conducter of the " His- toire Critique " above mentioned. MASSUET, Ren^, a learned French Be- nedictine, born in 1665 ; author of the "Lives of the Saints " and " Annals of the Bene- dictine Order." Died, 1716. MASTERS, Thomas, a poet, was bom at Cotes, in Gloucestershire, and educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. He was the author of various Greek poems and orations ; assisted Lord Herbert of Cherbury in his "Life of Henry VIII.;" and had a share in translating his "De Veritate." Died, 1643. MATHER, Increask, D.D., one of the early presidents of Harvard College, was bom at Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1639. His learning, zeal, and general abilities were of great serviae to the institution over which he presided, and he was a skilful and efficient servant of the commonwealth. In 1688 he was deputed to England as agent of the province, to procure redress of grievances. When James II. published his declaration for liberty of conscience. Dr. Mather was again sent to England with an address of thanks to the king ; but, before his return, the Revolution occurred, and he obtained from William a new charter for the colony of Massachusetts. He was the autlior of " A History of the War with the Indians," " An Essay on remarkable Providences," and some other works. Died, 1723. MATHER, Cotton, D.D., son of the pre- ceding, was bom at Boston, in 1663, and died in 1728. His principal works are, " An Ecclesiastical History of New England," " The Christian Philosopher," " Psalterium Americanum," and " Tlie Wonders of the Invisible World, or the Trials of Witches." MATHEWS, Charles, a comedian of transcendant ability, and one who was long regarded as the master-mind of the mimic art, was born in 1776. He was the son of a bookseller in the Strand, attached to the Wesley an connection, and who had placed him in Merchant Tailors' School, and ap- prenticed him to learn his own business. The stage, liowever, proving more attractive to young Mathews than the shop of his father, the latter gave him twenty guineas and his indentures, with a permission to follow the bent of his inclinations ; and a promise of twenty guineas more if he would abandon histrionics, and " turn to an honest calling." Like most other actors while in their novitiate, he rambled about with pro- vincial companies for a time ; but the great versatility of talent he possessed soon placed him at the top of his profession, and rendered him a general favourite with the public. He was, however, no stranger to the despotic rule of managers, or the envious rivalry of fellow actors ; his metropolitan engagement grew irksome, and he was determined to " set up for himself," and to depend solely on his own exertions. For sixteen years pre- vious to his death, he was accustomed to en- tertain whole audiences by his single efforts^ in a species of entertainment entitled " Ma- mat] ^ ^eitt BnibevM ^iaQVupf)^, [mat thews at Home ; " and never were admiring crowds more highly delighted than in wit- nessing the vivid portraits wliich he so accu- rately drew. The " At Homes " of MathcMS were not only well received throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but also in Ame- rica, where some of his most felicitous por- traitures were sketched. While on his pas- sage from that country he was taken ill, and on arriving at Liverpool his malady rapidly increased. He expired on his birthday, June 28th, 1835. He was twice married, and had one child only, the present Charles Mathews. M ATHIAS, Thomas James, the presumed author of that powerful satire, " The Pur- suits of Literature," was educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge. During a long life, spent in literary avocations, he naturally produced much that bore the mark of his superior talent^ ; but though he wrote numerous satires, and displayed an extra- ordinary knowledge of Italian in the va- rious poems he composed in that harmonious language, it was to the erudite and caustic notes which are scattered witli an unsparing hand throughout " The Pursuits of Litera- ture," that he attained his chief celebrity ; but for obvious reasons of a personal nature he never o^vned the authorship. Died, at Naples, 1835. MATHILDA, wife of William the Con- queror, was the daughter of Buudouin V., count of Flanders, and of Adela. princess of France. She was married to William, the duke of Normandy, in 10.54, crowned queen of England in 1(X«J, and died in 1083. Of her eleven children, the best known are Kobert, William Rufus, and Henry Beau- clerc. She had great influence with lier husband, and brought about a reconciliation between him and his son Robert, who had taken up arms against him. To her is attributed the celebrated tapestry, preserved at Bayeux, representing the chief incidents in the' conquest of England. MATILDA or MAUD, the daughter of Henry I., king of England, and wife of Henry IV., emperor of Germany, was no- minated in 1135 successor to the English throne by her father ; but in her absence Stephen usurped the title. Arriving in England, with a large army in 1139, she defeated Stephen, and was acknowledged queen in a parliament held in 1141. Stephen afterwards defeated the empress, on which tlie national synod declared for him, and Matilda was obliged to leave the kingdom. On the death of the emperor, she married Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, by whom she had a son, afterwards Henry II., king of England. Matilda died in 11C7, aged 67. MATSYS, QuiNTiN, an eminent painter, was bom at Antwerp, in 14C0. He was ori- ginally a blacksmith, but quitted that busi- ness, and by diligent application became such an excellent artist, that, according to the opinion of Sir Joshua Reynolds, some of his heads are not inferior to those of Raphael. One of his best pictures is that of the Two Misers, at Windsor. He died in 1529 His son, John Matsys, was also a painter of very considerable merit. MATTHESON, Johx, an eminent musi- cal composer and performer, was born at Hamburgh, in 1681 ; and gave such early indications of talent, tliat at nine years of age he was able to perform co)npositions of his own at the organ. He composed music for the church and for the theatre, and was always present at the performance of it. Notwithstanding he gave iij) so much time in the pursuit of his favourite science, pro- ducing operas, anthems, and treatises on music, he held the office of secretary to the English resident in Hamburgh for several years, and was intrusted with the conduct of various important negotiations. Died, 1764. MATTHEW of Westminster, an English historian of the 14th century. He was a Benedictine monk of the abbey of West- minster, and is highly esteemed for his veracity, acuteness, and diligence. MATTHEWS, Thomas, an English ad- miral, who commanded in the Mediter- ranean in 1744, and fought an obstinate but indecisive battle off Toulon, with the com- bined fleets. Owing to his not being sup- ported by l/cstock, his second in command. Admiral Matthews failed in gaining a com- plete victory ; and yet for this he was dis- missed the service, and Lestock was ac- quitted. Died, 1751. MATTHISSON, Frederick VON, a cele- brated lyric and elegiac poet, was born near Magdeburg in 1761 ; accompanied the Prin- cess of Dessau in various tours tl>rough the south of Europe ; and in 1812 was appointed librarian at Stuttgard. Among his poems is to be found the celebrated "Adelaide," which, 83 set to music by Beethoven, is still listened to with delight. Died, 1831. MATTHIEU, Pktkr, a French historian, was born in the diocese of Basle, in 1583, and died in 1621. He became an advocate at Lyons, and was made historiographer of France. He wrote "Histories of Henry IV.," "Louis XL," and "St. Louis;" also the " History of France," 2 vols, folio ; and " La Guisiade," a tragedy. MATTOCKS, Isabella, an eminent ac- tress, born in 1746, was the wife of Mr. Mat- tocks, of Covent Garden, and the daughter of Mr. Hallam, manager of the theatres of New York, Charlestown, and Philadelphia. Her forte lay in such characters as Abigails, citizens' wives, &c., and she was an excellent comic singer. She retired from t)ie stage about 20 years before her death, which took place in 1826. MATURIN, Rev. Henrt, rector of Clondewaddock, in the county of Donnegal, was distinguislied as the author of " Bertram, or the Castle of St. Aldebrand," a tragedy, which was received with high approbation. He afterward published "Manuel," a tra- gedy ; " Women, or Pour et Contre," a tale, 3 vols. ; " Melmoth, the Wanderer,' 4 vols. ; " The Universe," a poem ; " Sermons." Died, Jan. 1842, aged 70. MATURIN, Robert Chari.es, an Irish clergyman of the established church, was born at Dublin, and educated in Trinity College, of that city ; and, on entering into orders, obtained the curacy of St. Peter's church. "Bertram," a wild but powerful tragedy, was the first production which, by 3d 3 mat] ^ ^t^ BnibtviKl 33i0srap]bl'. [mau its singular success, brought him into notice as an author. Having anticipated liis re- sources, without contemplating the possi- bility of a failure, he contracted embarrass- ments, from which he was seldom entirely free. He was the author of several popular novels, the first three of which, " The Fatal Revenge," " The Wild Irish Boy," and " The Milesian Chief," were published under the assumed name of Dennis Jasper Murphy. He also wrote the novels of " Melmoth " and "Woman ;" "The Universe," a poem ; and the tragedies of "Manuel" and "Fredolpho." He published, in 1824, six " Controversial Sermons," which exhibit him as a well-read scholar and an acute reasoner. Died, 1825. MATY, Matthew, an eminent physician, critic, and miscellaneous writer, born in Holland in the year 1718, but settled in England, where he became secretary to the Koyal Society, and principal librarian of the British Museum. Died, 1776. MATY, Paul Henuv, son of the preced- ing, was born in 1743. He was appointed one of the librarians of the British Mu- seum, and, in 1778, a secretary of the Royal Society ; but, in 1784, when there were great divisions in the society, occasioned by the dismissal of Dr. Ilutton from the post of fo- reign secretary, Mr. Maty resigned his place. Died, 1787. MAUPERTUIS, Petek I.ouis Moekau DES, an eminent mathematician and astro- nomer, was born at St. Male, in 1698. He studied in the college of La Marche, at Paris ; and in 1723 was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences, the memoirs of which institution abound with lus commu- nications. In 1736 he was sent on an expe- dition to tlie polar circle, to ascertain the figure of the earth. In 1740 he was invited to Berlin by the king of Prussia, whom he followed to the field, and was present at the battle of Mohvitz, where he was made prisoner, and carried to Vienna. On regain- ing his liberty, he married and settled at Berlin, and was appointed president of the Royal Academy of Sciences. In this situ- ation, however, he became involved in a quarrel with Voltaire, which embittered his latter days, from the sarcasm with which the latter continued to assail him. The works of Maupertuis form 4 vols. MAUREPAS, John Fkedekic Phili- PEAUx, Count de, a French statesman, bom in 1701. He was made minister of marine at the age of 24, and was afterwards at the head of the foreign department. He was hasty in his decisions, amiable in manners, quick in conception, artful, and penetrating; but being accused of writing an epigram on Madame de Pompadour, it led to his banish- ment from court. After a lapse of 30 years, he was placed at the head of the ministry by Louis XIV., but he was found incapable of performing its duties, and quite destitute of the vigour necessary to aVert the troubles which then threatened the kingdom. Died, 1781. MAURICE OF NASSAU, prince of Orange, youngest son, by a second marriage, of William I., prince of Orange, born at Dilleuburg, 1567, was studying at Leyden, in 1584, when his father was assassinated. The 582 provinces of Holland and Zealand, and, soon after, Utrecht, immediately elected the young prince stadtholder ; and his talents, as a general, surpassed all expectations. Previous to the truce of 12 years, concluded in 1609, about 40 towns and several for- tresses had fallen into his hands. His life was an almost unbroken scries of battles, sieges, and victories. War he understood as a master, and couducted like a hero. Like Montecuculi, he possessed the rare art of conducting a march and pitching a camp ; like Vauban, the genius of fortification and defence ; like Eugene, the skill to support the most numerous armies in the most un- productive and exhausted coimtry ; like Conde, that unerring coup d'ceil which de- termines the issue of a battle ; like Charles XII., the power of rendering the troops in- sensible to cold, hunger, and sufferings ; like Turenne, that of sparing human life. In the opinion of Folard, Maurice was the greatest infantry general that had existed since the time of the Romans. He died in 1625, and was succeeded by his brother Fre- deric Henry. MAURICE, Thomas, a learned oriental scholar and historian, was born at Hertford, in 1753 ; was educated by Dr. Parr, and at St. John's and University Colleges, Oxford ; and distinguished himself as a writer. In 1791, he published the first two volumes of his " Indian Antiquities ;" which were suc- ceeded, at intervals, by five more. lu 1795, appeared the first volume of the " History of Hindostan," which was completed in a third volume, in 1799. In 1802, he produced the first volume of the " Modern History of Hindostan ;" and in 1804 the second volume. Besides the works above mentioned, Mr. Maurice wrote " Poems," " Sermons," his own " Memoirs," &c., in all of which are dis- covered spirit, elegance, and perspicuity. Died, 1824. MAURUS, Tekentiajs'us, a Latin poet and grammarian, who flourished under Tra- jan. He wrote a poem, "De Literis, Syl- labis, Pedibus, et Metris," which is in the Corpus Poetarum of Maittaire, under the title of " De Arte Metrica." MAURY, Jean Siffrein, a French car- dinal, was born in 1746, at Valeras ; studied j at Lyons ; and, on entering into orders, be- came a celebrated preacher at Paris, where he obtained a place in the academy, and obtained an abbey. When the revolution broke out, he was chosen one of the repre- sentatives of tlie clergy in the states-general, where he distinguished himself by his elo- quence in behalf of his order, and also in defence of royalty. On the dissolution of the constituent assembly, he went to Italy, was nominated bishop of Nicaea, and made a cardinal ; and in 1808 Napoleon gave him the archbishopric of Paris, but in 1814 he was obliged to quit the archiepiscopal palace, and retire to Rome. He was not only a great orator, but a man of ready wit. On one occasion, when a furious mob was fol- lowing him with cries of " Hang him on a lamp post," he turned round, and coolly said, " Do you think you should see clearer if I were tliere ?" which well-timed joke saved his life. He was the author of several MAV] ^ fitia WinibtviaX SStOjjrap^I?' [may works, the best of which is an " Essay on Eloquence." Died, 1817. MAYOR, Rev. William, LL.D., was a native of Aberdeenshire, and born in 1758. He came to England early in life, and after due probationary exercise as an assistant in a school at Burford, established himself as the master of an academy at Woodstock, where he gained the favour and patronage of the Duke of Maflborough, entered into holy orders, and was presented to the vicarage of Hurley in Berkshire. But it is as a well- known author and compiler of useful books that Dr. Mavor will be chiefly remembered. Few writers can boast of works so numerous and popular ; fewer still who can truly say with him, " that he never, by a single senti- ment, pandered to vice or injured the cause of virtue." Among his literary labours are a " Universal History," in 25 small volumes ; a collection of " Voyages and Travels," also in 25 volumes ; " The British Tourist," 6 vols. ; " The Modem Traveller," 4 vols. ; Histories of Greece, Rome, and England ; Spelling and Class Books ; Miscellanies in Prose and Verse ; and many others, whose merits are in general commensurate with their repute. Died, December 29. 1837. MAWE, JosKPH, an eminent mineralogist and conchologist, was born about 175.5, tra- velled in various parts of South America, and published numerous works on the sub- ject of his researches. Among them are, " Travels in the Interior of Brazil," a " Trea- tise on Diamonds and Precious Stones," " Fa- miliar I^essons on Mineralogy and Geologj*," "The Linna:an System of Conchology," and "The Mineralogy of Derbyshire." He died •in 1829. MAXENTIUS, Marcus Aurelius Va- lerius, a Roman emperor, was the son of Maximianus Hercules, and declared himself emperor in 30G. He was opposed by Galerius Maximianus, who was defeated, and slew himself. Maxentius then marched into Africa, where he becams odious by his cruel- ties. Constantine afterwards defeated him in Italy, and he was drowned in crossing the Tiber, in 312. MAXIMIANUS, Galerius Valerius, emperor of the East, was originally a shep- herd in Dacia, afterwards a soldier, and raised to the imperial dignity by Diocletian, who also gave him his daughter in marriage. In 305 he compelled Diocletian to abdicate the throne ; but his cruelty soon rendered him odious to the Romans, who raised Max- entius to the throne. Died, 311. MAXIMIANUS, Marcus Aurelius Va- lerius Hekculius, a Roman emperor, who, from being a common soldier, was associated in the government by Diocletian. Wlien that emperor abdicated the crown in 304, he compelled Maximianus, much against his will, to do the same ; but about a year afterwards he resumed the dignity, and op • posed his son Maxentius. The troops, how- ever, mutinied against Maximianus, who fled into Gaul, where he was put to death by order of Constantine, in 310, aged 60. MAXIMINUS, Caius Julius Vkrus, em- peror of Rome, was the son of a peasant in Thrace. He was a great persecutor, and put to death about 4000 persons, on suspicion of their being concerned in a conspiracy against him ; but he was at last assassinated by his own troops, near Aquileia, in 256. Forty pounds of meat and eighteen bottles of wine were his ordinary allowance for a day, and his strength was such that he is said to have stopped a chariot in full speed with one of his fingers. MAXIMUS, Maonus, a Spaniard, was general of the Roman army in Britain, when he proclaimed himself emperor, in 383. Gratian marched against him, but was de- feated, and assassinated. Maximus having made himself master of Gaul, Britain, and Spain, fixed the seat of his empire at Treves. He next marched into Italy, where he com- mitted dreadful cruelties, but was at last besieged in Aquileia, by the Emperor Theo- dosius. His soldiers delivered him up to Theodosius, who caused him to be beheaded, in 388. MAXIMUS TYRIUS, a celebrated phi- losopher of the 2nd century, was a native of Tyre, in Phcenicia, whence he took his name. It is generally supposed that he flourished under Antonmus. He appears to have adopted the principles of the Platonic school, with an inclination to scepticism. He left 41 dissertations on various philoso- phical topics, which are still extant. MAY, Thomas, a poet and historian, was born in Sussex, in 1594, and educated at Cambridge ; after which he entered of Gray's Inn, where he wrote some plays and trans- lated several authors, particularly Lucan. Charles I. employed him in writing two his- torical poems ; one on the life of Henry II., and the other on the reign of Edward III. But in the civil war May joined the par- liament, and was appointed their secretary and historiographer. He published the " History of the Parliament, which began in 1640," and a " Breviary of the History of the Parliament of England," a work which was extremely obnoxious to the royal party. Died, 16.50. M AYENNE, Charles of Lorraixe, Duke of, second son of Francis of Lorraine, duke of Guise, was bom in 1554. He displayed great courage at the sieges of Poictiers and Rochelle, and at the battle of Montcontour. He also defeated the Protestants at Guienne, Dauphiny, and Saintonge. Died, 1611. MAYER, JoHS Frederic, a learned Ger- man Lutheran divine, was born at Leipsic, in 1650. He became superintendant of the churches of Pomerania, and professor at Stettin. He died in 1710. He wrote a " Treatise on the Method of Studying the Holy Scriptures," " Dissertations " on par- ticular parts of the Bible, and otlier treatises ; but his principal work is the "Bibliothsca Biblica." MAYER, Tobias, a celebrated astronomer, was born at Marbaeh, in the duchy of Wur- temberg, in 1723. He tauglit himself mathe- matics, and at the age of 14 designed ma- chines and instruments with the greatest dexterity and accuracy. His various merits procured him an invitation to Gottingen, as professor of mathematics, in 1750, and the royal society of sciences in that place chose him a member. About this time astronomers were employed iu endeavours to find the may] ^ ^efit) ^SntlicrjSaX 23t0jjrajP^2. [maz longitude at sea. Mayer overcame all diffi- culties, and his theory of tlie moon, and as- tronomical tables and precepts, were re- warded by the English board of longitude, \¥-ith 300()/., which sum was paid to his widow; for, exhausted by liis incessant labours, this astronomer died, in 17(32, at the early age of 39. Among his works are, a "Treatise on Curves" and a "Mathematical Atlas." His son, JoHANN Tobias, born 1752, was also professor at Gottingen, and gained great distinction by his astronomical writings. Died, 1830. MAYERNE, Theodore Turquet de, baron d'Aubonne, an eminent physician and chemist, was born at Geneva, in lfl73. He was pliysician to Henry IV.; but, on the death of that monarch, lie came to England, and M'as appointed physician to James I., who con- ferred on him the order of knighthood. He continued in tlie same favour with Cliarles I., to whom lie adhered faithfully in the rebel- lion. Died, 10">5. MAYNARD, Sir John, an English states- man and lawyer, was born at Tavistock, in Devonshire, about 1602. After having studied at Exeter College, Oxford, he en- tered at the Middle Temple, and was in due course called to the bar. In the long par- liament he distinguished himself as one of the prosecutors of Strafford and Laud ; but afterwards he opposed the violent proceed- ings of the army, and the usurpation of Cromwell, for which he was twice sent to the Tower, After the Restoration he was knighted, but refused the lionour of oeing a judge. At the revolution he displayed great talents in the conference between the lords and commons, on the question of the abdi- cation of the throne by James II., and warmly advocated that measvire. When William III., in allusion to Serjeant Maynard's great age, remarked that he must liave outlived all the lawyers of his time. Sir John liappily re- plied, " Yes ; and if your highness had not come over to our assistance, I should have outlived the law too." He was appointed one of the commissioners of the great seal, in 1089 ; and died in 1690. MAYNE, Jasper, a dramatic writer of the 17th century, was born at Ilatherleigh, in Devonshire, and received his education at Westminster Scliool, and Christchurch, Ox- ford, where he took the degree of D.D., and entered into holy orders. His attachment to the royal cause exposed him to suifering during the civil war ; but, after the Restora- tion, he rose to be archdeacon of Chichester. His theatrical productions display a con- siderable deal of broad humour ; and, in truth, he gave a remarkable instance of his fondness for a joke even in his will, by leav- ing an old trunk to his man serv-ant, saying, that he would find in it something to make him drink. When the funeral was over, the poor fellow Jiastened to enjoy his treasure, and, on opening the trunk, found a red herring ! Died, 1672. MAZARIJt, Julius, a cardinal and first minister of Louis XIV., was born of a noble family, at Piscini, in Italy, in 1602. He studied at Alcala, in Spain, after which he went to Rome, and became »tt:ached to the service of Cardinal Sachetti, whom he ac- companied on his mission into Lombardy. While in that country Mazarin effected a peace between the French and Spaniards, which procured him the esteem of the Car- dinals Richelieu and Barbarini,by the latter of whom he was recommended to the pope, who sent liim as nuncio-extraordinary to the court of France. In 1641 he was made a cardinal, and on the death of Richelieu suc- ceeded him as prime minister. At first he was rather popular, but in a short time cabals were formed against him with such effect, that he was dismissed from the royal pre- sence, and compelled to leave the kingdom. But though a price was set upon his head, Mazarin contrived to dispel the storm ; and he even returned to court with increased eclat, and held the reins of power till his decease, in 1661. As a politician he dis- played great talents ; as a man he possessed few virtues ; his policy was characterised rather by finesse and forbearance, than by force. The most praiseworthy act of his life was done on his death'-bed, and that was the endowing of the college which bears his name. MAZEPPA, JoHx, hettman of the Cos- sacks, whom Lord Byron has made the hero of a poem, was born about the middle of the 17tli century, in Podolia, of a poor but noble Polish family, and became page to John Casimir, king of Poland. In this situation, Mazepi^a had an opportunity of acquiring various useful accomplishments ; but an in- trigue was the foundation of his future ele- vation. A Polish nobleman, having surprised Mazeppa with his wife, ordered him to be tied naked upon a wild horse, and committed to his fate. The animal had been bred in the Ukraine, and directed his course thither ; where some poor peasants found him half dead, and took care of him. Their warlike roving life suited his disposition ; he made himself conspicuous and beloved by his dex- terity, bodily strength, and courage ; his knowledge and sagacity procured him the post of secretary and adjutant to the hettman Samoilowitz ; and, in 1687, he was elected in his place. He gained the confidence of Peter the Great, wlio loaded him with honours, and he was finally made prince of the Uk- raine. But though a prince, he was still a vassal ; and his restless spirit made him re- solve to throw off the yoke of subordination. He joined with Charles XII., who had just given a king to Poland, and aimed, by his assistance, to throw off the yoke of subordi- nation. For a long time the intrigues of Mazeppa against Peter were disbelieved by the latter ; but at length he openly joined the Swedish monarch, who by his advice fought the fatal battle of Pultowa. He then sought refuge at Bender, where he died in 1709. MAZZA, Angelo, an eminent Italian poet, born at Parma, in 1740 ; in the uni- versity of which city he was afterwards pro- fessor of Greek literature. He translated the odes of Pindar, and Akenside's Pleasures of Imagination ; and, having attained a high degree of literary reputation, was admitted into the Arcadian academy at Rome. Died, 1817. MAZZHINGI, Joseph, Count, a distin- I MAZ] ^ fitfsi Bnibtx^al 38iOflra|jl)u. [med guished composer, was the descendant of an eminent Tuscan family, but was bom in England, and of an English mother. He was very early noted for his musical ability, and so incessantly were his studies pursued, and so ably directed by his preceptors, that he was considered qualified for the dilficult post of director of the opera house when he was but little more than 18 years of age. Tiie theatre being destroyed by fire in 1789, among the valuable property that was lost was the whole of the music of Paesiello's opera, " La Locauda," and Mazzhingi re- wrote the orchestral parts from memory. "The Blind Girl," the "Turnpike Gate," " Paul and Virginia," and a long list of other once popular pieces, were from his fertile pen, and Sir Walter Scott warmly thanked him for the manner in which he adapted some of that great author's poetry. Died, 1844. aged 80. MAZZUCHELLI, Giammabia, Count, a Venetian nobleman, was born in 1707, and died in 17C5. He was the author of " La Vita di Pietro Aretino " and " Gli Scrittori d'ltalia ; " but the works on which his fame chiefly rests is, "Notizie Historiche e Critiche." MAZZUOLI, Francis, a celebrated pain- ter, known by the name of Pakmeoiano, was bom at Parma, in 1503. He became acquainted with Correggio, but owed his eminence to his studying the works of Ra- phael. His reputation as a painter was very great, but he wasted his energies in the de- lusive labours of alchemy. Died, 1540. MEAD, RicUARD, an eminent physicRin, was born at Stepney, in 1673 ; studied at Utrecht, Leyden, and Padua, where he took his doctor's degree ; and, on his return to England, was appointed physician to St. Thomas's Hospital. He became very dis- tinguished in his profession ; was vice-pre- sident of the Royal Society, censor of the College of Physicians, and physician to George II. He interested himself much in the introduction of inoculation for the small- pox, and assisted in the preliminary experi- ments made on criminals. His works con- sist of " A Mechanical Account of Poisons," a " Discourse concerning Pestilential Con- tagion," " De Imperiis Solis ac Lunse, in Corpora humana et Morbis inde oriundis," " De Morbis Biblicis," and " MonitaMedica." Died. 1754. MECHAM, Pierre Fransois Andre, a French astronomer and geometrician, was born at Laon, in 1774. On settling at Paris in 1772, he was favourably received by La- laude, who procured for him an appointment in the national depository of marine charts. He calculated the orbit of the comet of 1774, and discovered that of 1781. He edited the Connoissance des Temps from 1786 to 1794. Died, 1805. MEDE, Joseph, a learned divine, bom in 1586, at Berden, in Essex ; author of the " Clavis Apocalyptica," which is considered by biblical critics as the ablest exposition of the obscure prophecies to which it refers. Died, 1638. MEDICI, Cosmo de, an illustrious Floren- tine, born in 1389, was the son of John de Medici, a rich and influential merchant, who died in 1428. The vast wealth which Cosmo thus inherited, afforded him the means of displaying his liberality, and of acquiring great influence in the republic. But the splendour and magnificence in which he lived, excited the jealousy and enmity of many of the nobles. The Strozzi, the Albizzi, and many of the first Tuscan families com- bined against him j but, by the most con- summate art and prudent management, he extricated himself from the toils of his ene- mies, and eventually reigned without a rival. His superfluous wealth he expended upon public buildings, and in the encouragement of literature. He was a friend to science, an active merchant, and a sagacious statesman ; and, when he died, in 1464, such was the general estimation in which he was held, that the Florentines inscribed on his tomb the title of "Father of his country." MEDICI, Lorenzo de, surnamed the Magnificent, was bom in 1448, and was the grandson of the preceding. He surpassed in wisdom and moderation, in magnanimity and splendour, all of his family who had gone before him, while in active zeal for the arts and sciences he also greatly excelled them. In his political capacity he acquired the respect of foreign potentates, and placed the balance of power in Italy on a footing, which, until his death, insured to her full security and ample scope, to extend and confirm her prosperity. Great losses induced him to give up commerce, which the Medici had always carried on ; yet, when he with- drew his property from trade, he was suffi- ciently wealthy to purchase prin<H:ly do- mains, and not only to adorn them with palaces of regal splendour, but also to orna- ment Florence with elegant edifices. He revived the academy of Pisa, established another at Florence, collected a vast treasure of literature, and founded a gallery of art, where Michael Angelo, under his patronage, pursued his youthful studies, and improved his taste and skill. Nothing, in fact, could exceed the exertions he made for the im- provement of literature ; and he died in the zenith of his renown, in 1492, honoured b^ all the princes of Europe, beloved by his fellow-citizens, and almost worshipped by the votaries of learning and the arts at home and abroad. His works, entitled " Opere di Lorenzo de' Medici, detto il Magnifico," were published at Florence, in 1826, in a splendid edition, 4 vols. 4to., at the expense of the Grand-duke Leopold II., and contain the first complete collection of his poems. MEDICI, LuiGi, Don, descended from the ducal house of Ottojann, was duke of Sarto, high steward of the king of Naples, and, for some time, president of the ministry. During the reign of Joseph Buonaparte aud Joachim Murat, he resided in England, and returned with the Bourbons to Naples, where he was minister of the police, when Murat, rushing on his own destruction, invaded the Nea- politan territory, was taken and shot. Some of his measures proving highly unpopular, he gavt in his resignation, and retired to Rome; but he was afterwards appointed president of the council. Died, 1830. MEDINA, Sir John, a portrait painter, was born at Brussels, in 1659 ; came to Eng- Q ^ ij^flM UnihtvSal 23tflsraji]^g. [meh land in 1686 ; and after painting a great number of pictures, went to Scotland, where he was knighted. Died, 1711. MEHEGAN, William Alexander, a French historian, but of Irisli extraction, was born at Salle, in the Cevennes, in 1721. He wrote "The Origin of the Guebres," "Considerations on the Revolutions of Arts," " The Origin and Progress of Idolatry," and " A Picture of Modern History," which has been translated into English. Died, 1760. MEHEMET ALT, pacha of Egypt, and, it may he safely said, one of the most remarkable men of the age, was born at Cavalla in Roumelia, in 1709; the same year that witnessed the birtii of Napoleon Buo- naparte and the Duke of Wellington. He commenced life in the humble career of a tobacconist ; but afterwards volunteered into the army, to which his taste was more congenial. In his new career he soon ob- tained high favour with the governor of Cavalla. In 1799, the period of the French invasion of Egypt, he raised a large body of men for the service of the sultan ; and although the general issue of that struggle, as between the sultan and Napoleon, was unfavourable to the arms of the former, the future viceroy of Egypt had given such proofs of his military capacity, as to lead to his elevation to a higher command. By intrigue combined with the attachment of his followers, whom, like' a prudent leader, he had contrived to bind to his interests, he was enabled to seize the pachalic of Egypt, and was then prepared to set the sultan at defiance, had the latter attempted to over- throw him. But the sultan saw that his vassal was too firmly seated to be easily displaced, and resolved to compromise by exacting an annual tribute from Mehemet Ali as an acknowledgment of his subjection. In this arrangement, which virtually con- stituted Mehemet Ali the independent ruler of Egypt, he had the prudence to acquiesce, and he directed himself steadily to the con- solidation of his newly acquired power, — no easy task in a country which had been distracted by invasion, and at best loosely governed. One great obstacle to his becom- ing the sole ruler and regenerator of the country, lay in the presence of the Mame- lukes, a privileged body-guard, jealous of their power, and ever ready for revolution when it was threatened. He was resolved that, cost what it might, this barrier to his complete ascendancy should be removed. We are told that he first tried moderate measures, by otfering the Mamelukes an asylum in a remote part of his dominion, but they spurned at the idea of quitting their hold in the seat of government. Thus foiled, he adopted the daring and sanguinary expedient of decoying these soldiers into a toil, and then commencing the work of indis- criminate slaughter. So stern were his mea- sures, that this section of the Mamelukes were completely extirpated. This took place in 1811. It was a deed which, according to our ideas of morality, can only be viewed with horror ; but, apart from its wholesale bar- barity, there is no doubt that it answered the aim of its author, and he continued to rule in comparative security, extending his authority over Nubia, Dongola, and Koor- dossan, and defeating the Wahabees in an arduous and sanguinary campaign. He assisted the sultan in the war of the Greek revolution, and his ships sustained the shock of the allied navy in the " untoward affair " of Navarino in 1827, which well-nigh anni- hilated the naval power of Mehemet Ali, at least for a long season. Notwithstanding this adversity, his power as a ruler of Egypt no way declined, for he long ere this pos- sessed an army disciplined after the Euro- pean fashion : Colonel Selves, a French oflficer (now Suleyman Pacha), having ad- dressed himself to this task in 1815, and at length succeeded, after a persevering contest with tlie prejudices of the people, during which he more tlian once narrowly escaped assassination. In 1831, Mehemet Ali entered into a contest with the sultan for the pos- session of Syria, when the superiority of his army thus disciplined became very manifest. His stepson Ibrahim Pasha, who in 1819 had signalised himself by his conquest of the AVahabees, commanded the army sent against Syria ; and such was the vigour with which he assailed the forces of the sultan, that, in autumn 1832, he had carried his victorious arms within a few days' march of Constantinople. For seven years subse- quently, Mehemet Ali remained undisturbed by war, during which his active mind was steadily directed to the internal improvement of his kingdom. But in 1839, the sultan re^glved to have another trial of strength wim his rebellious vassal, and despatched an army into Syria. Again was Ibrahim victorious on land, and the sultan found himself deprived of his navy, which was delivered into the hands of Mehemet Ali by a treacherous admiral. Had Mehemet Ali and the sultan been left to settle their own differences, the probability is that the former would in the end have made himself master of Constantinople, so superior was he to the Turks in all the appliances of war ; but England and the allies (excepting France) resolved a second time to throw their shield over the sultan, and the English fleet, under Admiral Stopford and Sir Charles Napier, having battered down and wrenched Beyrout, Acre, and Sidon from his grasp, Mehemet Ali was compelled to resign Syria to the power of the sultan in 1840. During the progress of this war, Mehemet Ali exhi- bited an instance of magnanimity that is scarcely to be found in the annals of war. At that period tlie overland mail was as now carried across his dominions, when, instead of suspending its transit, in retaliation for what he must have deemed an aggression against himself, he commanded that every facility and protection should be given to those engaged in the duty. The character of Mehemet Ali of course cannot be tried by the standard that would be applied to one reared and educated amidst the advantages of civilisation. To raise Egypt, not only in her armaments but internal resources, to the scale of civilised Europe, was his ruling pas- sion ; and in this pursuit he shunned no means likely to prove successful. Alto- gether, he may be pronounced one of the meh] ^ ^eU) Bnibn^al 38tflsra|jt)n. []tfEL most remarkable men of his time— the Na- poleon of the East, with this difference, that, unlike the Gallic conqueror, he knew wlien to stop, and thus maintained to the last the ground he had gained, lie had wars with the semi-barbarous tribes on his own fron- tiers, who had little chance with his disci- plined and well-armed troops, and these conquests sen'ed to establish his power ; but he had also to measure his strength with very different foes, and whom he could never dream of conquering : yet even those colli- sions with the powers of Europe did not shake his government, so broad was the basis on which he had placed it, and so enlightened the views which constantly di- rected his policy. He found Egypt a pacha- lie of the Porte, abandoned to a rude and careless sway, the eflfect of which was seen in the neglected state of cultivation, and the prevailing poverty of the inhabitants. He has handed it down to his successors a powerful kingdom, with ample resources, and, above all, with order and security pre- vailing ; 80 mucli so, that foreigners can travel as safely within its limits as in the most civilised country. Considering the country in which he lived, and the slender opportunities he Imd in earlv life of cul- tivating those qualities which afterwards sustained him in his elevated position, we may say, that centuries might have rolled on ere one had arisen who could have worked changes as extensive as we hope they will be permanently beneficial to the country. Mehemet Ali enjoyed robust health till nearly the close of his life. But, about two years before his death, his intellect became clouded, and in September, 1848, his sceptre I passed to tlie hands of his stepson, Ibrahim Pasha, on whose death, ten months after- wards, it devolved on his grandson. Abbas Pasha, the present ruler of Egypt. Died at Alexandria, August 2. 1849. MEHUL, Stki'uen Henry, an eminent musical composer, was born at Givet, in France, in 17(i3 ; and was an excellent or- ganist when only 10 years old. He settled at Paris in 1779, where he studied with great advantage under Gluck ; became inspector at the Conservatory of Music ; professor of composition at the Royal School, a member of tlie Academy and Institute, and a knight of the legion of honour. He produced the operas of " Stratonice," "Irato," "Joseph," " Cora et Alonzo," &c., besides the ballets of " The Judgment of Paris," " Perseus and Andromeda," &c. Died, 1817. MEIBOMIUS, John Henry, a physician, was born at Helmstadt, in 1590. He became a professor at his native place, and afterwards physician at Lubeck, where he died in 1655. He wrote some works on medical subjects, and a " Life of Ma;cenas," in Latin. Henuy Meibomius, his son, w^as born at Lubeck, in 1C38. After travelling for im- provement, he took his degree of M.D., and became professor of medicine, to which were added the chairs of history and poetry, at Helmstadt. where lie died in 1700. He pub- lished " Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum," 3 vols, folio. MEIBOMIUS, Maucus, a learned philo- logist, was born at Tonningen, in the duchy of Ilolstein, in 1611. He published several works, the principal of which is an edition of the seven Greek musical writers, Aristoxenus, Euclid, Nicomachus, Alypius. Gaudentius, Bacchius, and Aristides Quintilianus. Died, at Amsterdam, 1711. MEINERS, Chkistopher, a German his- torian and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1747, at Warstade, Hanover ; studied at Gottingen, where he became professor of phi- losophy ; and died in 1810, pro-rectorof that university. Among Ins numerous works are, " A History of the Origin and Progress of Philosophy among the Greeks," " On the Origin and Decline of the Sciences among the Greeks and Romans," and others ou kindred subjects. MEISSNER, ArousTus Tiieopiiilus, a German romance writer and dramatist, was bom at Bautzen, in Lusatia, in 1757 ; studied at Leipsic and Wittemberg ; and was suc- cessively keeper of the archives at Dresden, professor of belles lettres at Prague, and director of the superior schools at Fulda. Besides writing a number of historical ro- mances and other works, he translated Hume's History of England into German. Died, 1807. MELA, PoMPONius, a Latin geograplier, who lived in the 1st century of the Christian era. His treatise, in three books, " De Situ Orbis," contains a concise state of the world as far as it was known tiAthe Romans. By some authors he is supposed to have been re- lated to Seneca and Lucan. MELANCHTIION, Puiup. a celebrated German divine, coadjutor with Luther in the Reformation, and one of the wisest and greatest men of his age, was born at Bretten, in the palatinate of the Rhine, in 1497. He studied at Heidelberg and Tubingen ; and, in 1518, was appointed <jrreek professor at Wittemberg, where he l)ecame the friend of Luther, and a convert to his doctrines. Their personal characters, however, were widely different ; Melauchthon being as remarkable for suavity of manners as Luther was for coarse impetuosity and unbending firmness. His judgment, ripened by classical study, his acumen as a philosopher and critic, the uncommon distinctness and order of his ideas, which spread light and grace over whatever he discussed, the caution with which he advanced from doubt to certainty, and the stedfast zeal with wliicli he held and defended the truth when found, — this com- bination of great qualities and merits, at all times rare, contributed greatly to the pro- gress and success of the Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was his work ; and, un- der the sanction of the Elector of Saxony, ne aided in framing a code of ecclesiastical con- stitutions. Even his theological opponents respected the virtues, the talents, the learn- ing, and the mild temper of Melanchthon, though some zealots naturally branded him with opprobrious terms for his tolerant spirit. He wrote numerous theological treatises, Latin poems, works on history, philosophy, &c., and died at Wittemberg, in 1560. MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Vis- count, one of the most prominent, if not one of the greatest, statesmen of our times, wds the second son of the first Lord Melbourne, mel] ^ i^etu BnibtY^al MioQtKpfi^. [mel and born, March IStli, 1779. He was edu- cated at Eton, Cambridge, and Glasgow, wliere his great natural abilities were care- fully matured ; and, on the completion of his academical course, he studied for the bar, and became a member of Lincoln's Inn, with a view to a professional career. But in 1805 having, on the death of his elder brother, become the representative of his family, he was brought into the House of Commons, where he joined the Whig party, and gra- dually rose to great distinction for his libe- rality, talent, and independence. His mar- riage with Lady Caroline Ponsonby and its results have been noticed elsewhere. (See Lamb, Lady Caroline.) In 1827 he became secretary for Ireland ; but in 1828 he resigned oflBce, and the same year he was called up to the House of Lords by the death of his father. On the formation of Lord Grey's adminis- tration in 1830, he was appointed secretary of the home department ; and the latent en- ergy of his character was then revealed by the able administration of his duties during a period of violence and lawlessness, such as has been rarely witnessed in the English annals. In March, 1834, on the retirement of Lord Grey, Lord Melbourne succeeded to the premiership ; but in the autumn of the same year, Lord Althorpe's removal from the leadership of the House of Commons was thought to have so weakened the govern- ment, that William IV. somewhat sum- marily dismissed it, and called to his coun- cils the Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel. The administration then formed, however, only served to show the great temper, extraordinary skill, and indefati- gable industry of Sir Robert Peel as a par- liamentary leader ; for in the spring of 1835 he resigned oflBce, and Lord Melbourne, who, on quitting power, had refused the garter and a higher place in the peerage, was now become first lord of the treasury. In 1837, Lord Melbourne's government, which had become gradually weakened by the attacks of a powerful majority in the upper house, and the hostility of a growing and powerful minority in the lower, gained new strength from the accession of queen Victoria, whose personal sympathies, it was alleged, were enlisted in favour of the party then in power. From this period to the close of his official career, he devoted him- self to the task of instructing his royal mistress in the exercise of her important functions ; and in this sphere of duty his various qualities, talents, and acquirements were so eminently displayed, as not only to merit the gratitude of his royal pupil, but to elicit expressions of approbation even from his political opponents. In 1839, the go- vernment having had only a majority of four on an important question. Lord Melbourne resigned ; but a misunderstanding respecting the appointments of the ladies of the bed- chamber prevented the formation of a new ministry under Sir Robert Peel, and he once more returned to office. In 1841, after a stre- nuous but vain effort to effect some modifi- cation in the corn laws, he finally retired from his high post, and (though he for some time afterwards went down to the House of Lords), it may be said, from public life. Under the veil of good-humoured indifference and careless ease. Lord Melbourne concealed many of the best qualities of a statesman : a cool and courageous temperament, a dispas- sionate and unprejudiced mind, and a clear and manly intellect, which had been im- proved by incessant, though not forced, cul- tivation. In society he was perhaps the most graceful and agreeable gentleman that the present generation can remember. In some parts of his character he resembled the jovial, good-humoured, practical Sir R. Walpole ; in others, the studious, the speculative, and refining Bolingbroke ; and we have some- times thought, that if the sect of the Cy- renians still existed among us, he would have been one of its most distinguished ad- herents ; for the couplet in which Horace thus happily describes its founder, might justly have been applied to him : "Omnis Aristippum decuit color et status et res, Tentantem majora, fere praesentibus sequum." Died, at his family seat. Brocket Hall, Hert- fordshire, Nov. 24. 1848. MELCHTHAL, Akitold of (so called from the place of his residence in the canton of Underwalden^, was the son of a rich farmer, who having been cruelly treated by the governor of the district, under Albert of Austria, Arnold conspired with two friends, Furst and Stauffarcher, to effect the de- liverance of their country ; and to the plan which they formed, in 1307, was Switzerland indebted for the restoration of its ancient freedom. MELDOLA, Dr. Raphael, the learned Jewish high rabbi of the ancient and chief synagogue in England, was eminent as a profound theologian and philosopher. At an earlj- age he published an interesting work, called "Korban Minha," a literary comment on the service of the high priest, which is read in every synagogue on the fast-day of Kipoor ; and in 1796 a work of great import- ance, entitled "Hupat Hatanira. He died in 1828. MELEADEZ, Don Juan, an eminent Spanish poet, was born in 1754, at Riberia. He wrote three volumes of poems, which are distinguished for their graceful harmony, elegant diction, and rich imagery. He filled some public situations during the rule of Joseph Buonaparte, and left Spain on the retreat of the I'rench. He died at Montpelier,- 1817. MELEAGER, a Greek poet, in the 1st century before the Christian era, was the author of epigrams and other short pieces, which are among the most beautiful relics preserved in the Grecian Anthology. MELETIUS, a modem Greek geographer, born at Jannina, in Epirus, in 1C61. He filled, successively, the archiepiscopal sees of Naupactus, Arta, and Alliens; was the author of an "Antient and Modern Geography," and an " Ecclesiastical History ; " and died in 1714. MELISSUS, a philosopher of Samos, who flourished about 434 B.C., and who is dis- tinguished not only as a teacher of the Eleatic doctrines, but, in the history of his mel] ^ ^clM Hniber^al 33t0g:raplbl'» [mel country, as a statesman and naval com- mander. MELITUS, a Greek orator and poet, and the principal accuser of Socrates. The Athenians, out of compunction for their un- just treatment of that great man, put Melitus to death, b. c. 4<X). MELLI, John, a poet, denominated the Sicilian Anacreon, was born at Palermo, iu 1740, and destined for the medical profession. At the age of 15 he published a poem, en- titled " The Gallant Fairy," and among his works are idylls, eclogues, and canzonl. Died, 181.5. MELLON, Harriet, duchess of St. Al- ban's, was born about the year 1775, and was the poelliumous daugliter of a Mr. Matthew Mellon, who held a commission in tlie East India Company's service, and whose widow married a Mr. Entwistle, a musician. Mrs. Entwistle, who was an accomplished woman, went on the stage ; her husband be- came leader of the band in various provincial tlieatres ; and the services of the child, wlio was destined at a future day to become the duchess of St. Alban's, were put in requisition at a very tender age, in order to augment a scanty and precarious income. She passed her childliood in performing such characters as Prince Artliur in King John, the Duke of York in Riciiard the Third, &c. ; and wlien advancing towards maturity, slie personated the walking ladies, and occasionally charac- ters of higlier pretension. At length, while playing at Strafford, iu Stanton's company, she was introduced to Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who had gone tliither on an elec- tioneering expedition ; and as some of her friends there had both " votes and influence," he thought it wortli his while to be no niggard in liis promises of future patronage to the lady, whom they regarded as a highly de- serving candidate for histrionic fame. She accordingly made her debut at Drury Lane, in January, 1795, as Lydia Languish, in the Rivals ; and although she attracted but little notice at first, she gradually rose in public estimation, and ultimately arrived at a degree of professional celebrity, particularly in cha- racters of a vivacious or hoydenish cast. For several years, Thomas Coutts, esq., the wealthy banker, had evinced for her a strong degree of friendship ; and as he made her his wife almost immediately after the death of his former one, which happened in 1814, there can be no doubt of the sincerity of his attachment. In 1822 the venerable banker died, appointing his widow universal legatee, and bequeathing to her his share in the banking house and business in the Strand, and all benefit and interests to arise therefrom. After her mar- riage she had to endure every species of abuse which slander and detraction could invent j but she wisely bore it all in silence ; and now that she was regarded as a female Croesus, she was assailed by a host of un- principled scribblers, who thought that by concocting and threatening her with the publication of a mass of prurient anecdotes, &c., some of the widow's loose cash might find its way into their pockets. She was not, however, to be thus intimidated ; for, tfiough by nature benevolent in a high degree, and practising true charity without ostentation. she had firmness and spirit enougli to resist the attacks of these mercenary marauders. Rumour was soon busy in naming the for- tunate suitor of the banker's widow ; till at length, in June 1827, the question was put to rest by her marriage with William, duke of St. Alban's, tlien in the 27th year of his age. She died, Aug. 6. 1837. The bulk of lier immense property, including the half profits of the banking house, the mansion in Stratton Street, and all her moveables, plate, diamonds, &c.,she bequeathed to Miss Angela Burdett, youngest daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, and grand-daughter of Mr. Coutts, who has in consequence taken the name of Coutts. MELMOTII, William, an eminent ad- vocate and an excellent writer, was born in 106(5. He was a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and in conjunction with Peere Williams, edited Vernon's Reports ; but he is chiefly remembered now as the author of "The Great Importance of a Religious Life ; " a valuable little book, which has gone tlirough numerous editions. Died, 1743. MELMOTH, William, son of the pre- ceding, was born in 1710. He published ex- cellent translations of Pliny's and Cicero's Epistles. He was also the author of the " Letters," which bear the name of Sir Thomas Fitzosborne ; some poems in Dods- ley's collection, and memoirs of his fatlier. He was brought up to the law, became a commissioner of bankrupts, and died in 1799. MELYIL, Sir James, a statesman and historian, was the son of Lord Keith, and born in 1530. He became page to Mary, queen of Scots, whom he attended in her last moments ; afterwards he entered into the service of the Duke of Montmorency. On his return to Scotland, in 15C1, he was appointed privy-councillor, and gentleman I of the bedchamber, and continued her con- i fidential servant until her confinement in Lochleven Castle. He died in 1C06 ; but his " Memoirs, containing the most remarkable Affairs of State," lay long unknown in the castle of Edinburgh, and were not published till 1683. MELVILLE, Henry Dundas, Viscount, the son of Lord Arnistone, a Scotch judge, was born in 1740 ; received his education at the university of Edinburgh ; in 1773 became solicitor-general ; and soon after was ap- pointed to the offices of lord advocate, and joint keeper of the signet for Scotland. In 1782 he was made privy-councillor and trea- surer of the navy ; and from that time he took a leading part in all the measures of the Pitt administration. He was appointed president of the board of control, at its formation ; in 1791, made secretary for the home department; and, in 1794, secretary of war, which latter post he held till Mr. Pitt's retirement from office. He was then created a viscount ; and when Mr. Pitt again became premier, he was made first lord of the admiralty. But a variety of charges had been got up against him by the oppo- sition, and in 1805 he was impeached by the Commons ; though he was acquitted of the alleged malversations, and only proved to have been negligent of his duty with respect to his agents, he took no further part in men] ^ ^ctD ^nifen-s'aX 23i0srajj]^g. [men public aflFairs, and died in 1811. For many years his influence in Scotland was supreme ; and his countrymen, to mark their gratitude for the favours he had conferred on them, erected a monument to his memory in the Scotch metropolis. MENAGE, GiLLES, a distinguished man of letters, was born in 1613, at Angers, where his father was king's adrocate. He dedicated himself solely to literary pursuits ; and, being received into the house of Cardinal de Retz, soon made himself known by his wit and erudition. He died in 1()92, at the age of 79, leaving behind him some very able works, of a critical and philological nature. After his death, a "Menagiana" was com- piled from notes of his conversation, anec- dotes, remarks, &c., forming a most lively and interesting work. MENANDER, the most celebrated of the Greek writers of comedy, was born at Athens, 342 B.C., and is said to have drowned himself, on account of the success of his rival Phile- mon, though some accounts attribute his death to accident, B.C. 299, in the harbour of the Piraeus. He composed 108 comedies ; but there are oiijy a few fragments remaining of the numerous dramas of Menander ; from whom, however, Terence is supposed to have copied the whole of his pieces, except the " Phormio " and " Hecyra." Quintilian ex- presses great admiration for this dramatist, eulogising him for copiousness of invention, elegance of expression, and a general fine feeling of nature. MENDELSSOHN, Moses, a celebrated Jewish philosopher, commonly called the " Socrates of the Jews," was born of an lionest but poor family, at Dessau, in 1729. He was bred to merchandise, but devoted himself to literature, in which he acquired a distinguished reputation. In 1755 he pub- lislied his first piece, entitled "Jerusalem ;" in which he pretended that the principle of the Jewish religion is deism. His next work was " Phasdon, or a Discourse on the Spiritu- ality and Immateriality of the Soul." He also vrrote " Philosophical Dialogues," 2 vols. ; " Letter to Lavater," a " Dissertation on the Sensation of the Beautiful," " Morning Hours, or Discourses on the Existence of God," &o. At one time he was associated with Lessing, Ramler, Abbot, and Nicolai, in conducting a periodical work, entitled " The Library of Belles Lettres," which ac- quired great distinction in German litera- ture. He was remarkable for the philoso- phical mildness of his disposition, and for the excellence of his character ; and he was accordingly esteemed by persons of the most opposite opinions. MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY, Felix, the greatest musical composer that this cen- tury has produced, was born at Berlin, Feb- ruary 3. 1809. His grandfather was the celebrated philosopher, Moses Mendelssohn above noticed. His father was a wealthy banker, more favoured with the gifts of fortune than of genius ; and it is related of him that he was in the habit of saying, "When I was a boy people used to call me the son, and now they call me the father, of the great Mendelssohn." The precocity of his son's musical talent sur- passed even that of Mozart. Before he was eight years of age, the accuracy of his ear, the strength of his memory, and, above all, his incredible facility in playing music at sight, excited the wonder of his teachers — Zelter and Berger — and gave room to hope that a successor of Mozart was at hand. In his 9th year he performed at a public concert in Berlin, to the admiration of his audience : tlie following year the boy-artist accompanied his parents to Paris ; and when he was 12 years old, he composed his piano- forte quartett in C minor, which is still found to be full of interest and originality. His first compositions were published in 1824. These were soon followed by many otliers, among which was an opera, called "The Marriage of Gamacho ;" which, though be- traying inexperience, lias much character and many beauties. Three years afterwards he made a musical tour through Italy, France, and England ; and it was upon this occasion that he conducted, at the Philhar- monic Concert, in London, his first sym- phony, and his overture to the "Midsummer Night's Dream," which produced an elec- trical effect. Having now resolved to devote himself exclusively to the artist life, he was appointed, in 1833, to the directorship of the concerts and theatre of DUsseldorf, where, in 1835, he produced his great oratorio of " Paulus ;" and ten years afterwards he accepted of the same office at Leipsic, whither young men of talent flocked from all parts of Europe, as well to seek the ac- quaintance of the leading professor of the day, as to submit their own productions to his judgment. He afterwards accepted the musical directorship at Berlin, at the earnest entreaty of the king of Prussia, but resigned it after a short lime, and returned to his favourite Leipsic, where he resided till his death, acting as conductor of the concerts, and, along with his friend Moscheles, di- rector of the Conservatory of Music. During these labours he repeatedly visited England. He conducted the performance at three dif- ferent Birmingham Festivals ; and in the season of 1844 he conducted the Philhar- monic Concerts. His last visit was in 1847 ; and on tliat occasion he conducted the per- formance of his "Elijah" at Exeter Hall, amidst an enthusiasm of admiration which will be long remembered. But about this time his health began to fail, his strength being exhausted by fatigue and excitement ; and the sudden death of a favourite sister at this period inflicted upon his nervous sys- tem a blow from which it never fully reco- vered. After trying to recruit his health and spirits amidst the scenery of the Alps, he returned to his home apparently in better health, but it again gave way, and on the 8th November, 1847, the great master, and noble artist, ceased to breathe. As a com- poser, Mendelssohn travelled over a wide field of art. But his genius as it reached maturity became more and more profound and lofty ; and his two oratorios, " Pauli and "Elijah," will form his most enduring monuments. His symphonies are ranked only second to those of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. The dramatic character of his genius is evinced, not only by his youthful men] ^ ^c&j ^gfm'brrjSal 2iSiOflrap!)i). [men opera above mentioned, but by his delicious music to the " Midsummer Niglit's Dream," by liis "First Walpurgis Night," and tlie powerful choruses for " Antigone," " Atlia- lia," and " (Edipus." The few songs he wrote, and more especially the "Lieder ohne Worte," show that as a graceful and expressive melodist he has no superior. Mendelssohn was singularly happy in every character and relation of life. Bom to alBu- encc and ease, he pursued art with an ardour and activity scarcely ever paralleled ; and his artist life was an unbroken career of triumph. As a man, he enjoyed the love and esteem of every one who knew him ; and it would scarcely be too much to say, that he had not an enemy in the world. MENDEZ, MosKS, an English poet, bom in London of Jewish parentage ; received a liberal education at Oxford, and was created M. A. in 1750. He wrote some very popular musical entertainments, and several poems, which were published in one volume. He was the intimate friend of Thomson. Died in ]7")8. MENDEZ-PINTO, Ferdixand, a cele- brated traveller, was bom in Portugal, of a respectable family. He departed for the Indies in 1.5;37, and, on the voyage, the ship was taken by the Moors, who carried her to Mocha, wliere he was sold for a slave ; but after some adventures he arrived at Ormns, and afterwards pursued his original object. In 15.58 he returned to his native country, and published a very curious, but romantic, relation of his voyages, which has been translated into French and English. From his excessive credulity, Mendez-Pinto has been classed with Sir John Mandeville ; and for extravagant fictions his name has become a byword. MENDOZA, Joiix Gonzales, a Spanish divine, who was sent ambassador to the em- peror of China, in 1584 ; and, on his return, became successively bishop of Lipari, in Italy ; of Chiapi, in New Spain ; and of Popnyan, in the West Indies. He wrote "A History of China," in Spanish. MENEDEMUS, a Greek philosopher, who was a native of the island of Euboea. He became a disciple of Plato and Xenocrates ; but afterwards joined the Cyrenaic sect. Died, B. c. 284. MENGS, A^fT^o^^r Rapiiael, who has been called the Raphael of Germany, was born at Aussig, in Bohemia, in 172G. He studied under his father, who was painter to Augustus III., king of Poland, after which he went to Rome, where he was patronised by Charles III., king of Spain, for whom he executed a number of pictures. The best of his pieces in England is an altar-piece at All Souls' College, Oxford. Mengs wrote some works on his art, wliich have been translated into English, in 2 vols., and died, at Rome, in 1779. MENINSKI, or MENIN, Fraxcis a Mesionex, a learned orientalist, was born, in 1(523, in Lorraine ; studied at Rome ; accom- panied the Polish ambassador to Constanti- nople, in 1652, and acquired the Turkish language ; became principal interpreter of the oriental languages at Vienna, and was intrusted with several important commis- 591 sions. His principal work is a " Turkish, Arabic, and Persian Dictiouary." Died, 1C98. MENIPPUS, styled by Lucian " the most snarling of the cynics," was a native of Ga- dara, in Palestine. He had been originally a slave, but purchased his freedom, and was made a citizen of Thebes. It is said that he hanged himself. His works were of a satiric kind, and written iu prose, but none of them are now extant. MENNES, Sir Joiix, an English poet and wit of the 17th century. He was a native of Sandwich, in Kent, and by profession a naval officer ; was knighted by Charles I., and obtained the post of comptroller of the navy, but was removed from his station during the civil war. At the Restoration, however, he regained his appointment, and attained to the rank of admiral. His poetical productions are comprised in a small volume, entitled " Musarum Delicise." Died, 1(571. MENNO, SiMONis, or Simon's son, was the founder of the sect of Mcnnonites, or Dutch anabaptists. He was born in 14!t6, and was originally a Catliolic priest. He maintained the necessity of rebaptism in adults; and denied that Jesus Clirist received a human body from the Virgin. A price was set upon his head by Charles V., but he was fortunate enough to escape. He died at Oldcslo, near Hamburgh, in l.".(S."). MENOCHIUS, Jamks, an eminent ci- vilian of Pavia, who was called the Jiaklut and BarthoUua of his age. After being pro- fessor in several universities, he became president of the council at Milan, where he died in 1G07, aged 75. His works are, " De Recuperanda Possessione, de Adipiscenda Possessione," " De Presumptionibus," 2 vols.; " De Arbitrariis Judicum Qujestionibus, et Causis Conciliorum." His son. John Ste- phen, became a Jesuit, and died in 1(55(5, aged 80. He wrote " Political and Economi- cal Institutions," a learned " Treatise on tlie Hebrew Republic," and a " Commentary on the Holy Scripture," 2 vols, folio. MENSCHIKOFF, Alexander, a cele- brated Russian statesman and general, was the son of a peasant, and born near Moscow, in 1(574. Having attracted the notice of Lefort, he took him into his service, and, discerning his great powers, determined to educate him for public affairs. On the death of his patron, Menschikoff succeeded him in the favour of the czar. He was the companion of Peter in his travels ; and on several occasions he personated the czar, who appeared as a private person in his train. In the war with Charles XII. of Sweden, Menschikoff was the conqueror of Meyerfeldt, a general of that monarch ; he also distinguished himself at l/csnau, in 1708, and at the battle of Pultowa. He became first minister and general field- marshal, baron and prince of the German empire, and received the title of duke of Ingria. On the death of Peter, it was cliiefly through the influence of Menschikoff that Catharine was raised to the throne, and that affairs were conducted during her reign. When Peter II. succeeded her on the throne, Menschikoff grasped, with a bold hand, the reins of government ; but when his power 3 B 2 men] ^ jp^iu Bniiitv^aX SSinsraplbl?* [mer was raised to its highest pitch, he was sud- denly hurled from his elevation. Having embezzled a sum of money which the em- peror intended for his sister, he was Con- demned to perpetual exile to Siberia, and his immense estate was confiscated. He died in 1729, two years after his banishment, having supported the hardships of his situ- ation with great courage, and lived with Buch frugality, that out of his daily allow- ance of 10 roubles, he saved enough to erect a small wooden church. His children were recalled by the empress Anne, and restored to an honourable rank in society. MENTZEL, Christian, a physician and botanist, was born at Furstenwald, in Ger- many. His zeal in the cause of science in- duced him to travel to many parts of the globe ; and on his return to Germany he diligently recorded his observations. Among his works are, " Index nomina Plantarum," " A Chronology of China," " Natural His- tory of Brazil," 4 vols. ; " On the Flowers and riants of Japan," 2 vols. He died in 1701, aged 79. MENZEL, Frederic William, private secretary in the royal cabinet at Dresden, whose treachery hastened the breaking out of the seven years' war. His dissipated habits had plunged him into embarrass- ments ; and, in consideration of a large sura of money, he delivered to the Prussian am- bassador at the court of Saxony, copies of the secret correspondence between Saxony, Russia, and Austria relating to Prussia. He was at length suspected, and though he attempted to save himself by flight, he was arrested at Prague, on the demand of the court of Saxony, and confined in the castle of Konigstein, where he lived 33 years in the strictest custody. Towards the latter part of his life his condition was somewhat alleviated, by receiving better food, and per- mission to take the air occasionally ; he was also relieved of the heavy chains which he had worn many years. He died in 1796, aged 70 years. MENZINI, Benedict, an eminent Italian poet, bom at Florence, in 1646. He was patronised, at Rome, by Christina of Sweden ; and at her death found another protector in Cardinal Albani. He died in 1704. Few of his countrymen excel him in Anacreontic odes, sonnets, elegies, or hymns ; and his " Art of Poetry " has always had many admirers. MERCADO, Michael de, a learned phy- sician, was born in Tuscany, and became first physician to Clement VIII. and other popes ; also keeper of the botanical garden of tlie Vatican, where he formed a fine cabinet of metals and fossils. He was raised to the rank of nobility by Ferdinand, grand- duke of Tuscany. He wrote a treatise, " Degli Obelischi di Roma," and other works. Died,\l593. MERCATOR, Gf;RARD, a mathematician and geographer, born in 1612, at Rupel- monde, in the Netherlands. He published a great number of maps and charts, which he engraved and coloured himself; and is known as the inventor of a method of pro- jection called by his name, in which the meridians and parallels of latitude cut each other at right angles, and are both repre- sented by straight lines, which has the eflfect of enlarging the degrees of latitude as they recede from the equator. Died, 1594. MERCATOR, Nicholas, an eminent mathematician, was bom at Holstein, about 1640. He settled in England, where he be- came fellow of the Royal Society ; and died about 1690. His works are, " Cosmogra- phia," "Rationes Mathematicae," "Hypo- thesis Astronomica," " Logarithmotechnia," " Institutionum Astronomicarum," &c. MERCIER, Bartholomew, known by the name of the Abbe de St. Leger, was born at Lyons, in 1784. He entered into the religious society of St. Gen^vifeve, of which he became librarian. Louis XV. gave him the abbey of St. Leger of Soissons, of which he was deprived and reduced to indigence in the revolution. He was an ingenious writer on bibliography and literary history, and died in 1799. MERCIER, John, a learned Hebrew critic of the 16th century, was born at L^sez, in Languedoc, and was destined for the pro- fession of jurisprudence ; but he relinquished that for the study of divinity and the oriental languages, and succeeded Vatabulus in the Hebrew professorship at the Royal College, in Paris. He wrote " Commentaries on the Old Testament " and a " Chaldee Gram- mar." Died, 1572. MERCIER, Louis Sebastian, a French writer, was born at Paris, in 1740. He com- menced his literary career aa a poet, but soon renounced poetry for criticism. He attacked the reputation of Comeille, Racine, and Voltaire, in his " Essai sur I'Art Dra- matique," and published a violent philippic against the comedians for paying no atten- tion to his remarks. In 1781 he published, anonymously, the first volume of his " Ta- bleau de Paris ;" after which he removed to Switzerland, and printed at Neufchatel ten more volumes of that work. Returning home at the beginning of the revolution, he declared himself a friend to liberty, and in concert with Carra he published " Les An- nales Politiques " and " Chronique du Mois," two journals, displaying both moderation and spirit. He was a member of the Con- vention, and voted for the detention, instead of the death, of the king. Died, 1814. MERIAN, John Bernard, perpetual secretary to the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, was a native of Leichstal, near Basle, and was invited from Holland to Berlin, in 1750, on the recommendation of Maupertuis. He enriched the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy with several papers on mathematical and philosophical subjects, one of the most distinguished of which is a parallel between the philosophy of Leibnitz and tliat of Kant. Died, 1807. MERIAN, Maria Sibylla, an ingenious female artist, was the daughter of Matthew Merian, an eminent engraver, and born at Frankfort, in 1647. She undertook a voyage to Surinam to draw the insects and reptiles peculiar to that country, of which, on her return, she published a description with beautiful coloured plates, in 2 vols. 4to. Her daugliter, who accompanied her to Surinam, added a third volume to this work. The 592 mer] ^ j^ciD mxihtr^al magpcKpl)}), [met mother published another valuable per- formance " On the Generation and Trans- formations of the Insects of Surinam." Died, 1717. MERLIN, Ambrose, a British writer, who' flourished about the latter end of the 5th century. He was supposed to be an en- chanter and a prophet ; but the accounts we have of him are so mixed up with fic- tion, that to disentangle his real life from the mass would be impossible. He was the greatest sage and mathematician of his time, the counsellor and friend of four English kings, Vortigern, Ambrosius, Uther Pen- dragon, and Arthur. The miracles ascribed to him are numerous ; and, instead of dying, it was supposed that he fell into a magic sleep, from wliich, ufter a long period, he would awake. In the Britisli Museum is " Le Compte de la Vie de Merlin et de ses Faiz et Compte de ses Propln'cies," 2 vols, folio, on vellum, without date or place. We have also the " Life of Merlin, sumamed Ambrosius," by T. Heywood. MERRET, CiiKisTOPHEK, a physician and naturalist, was born at Winchcombe, in Gloucestersliire, in 1014. Having taken his degree of M. D., at Oxford, he settled in London, where he became a fellow of the College of Physicians and of tlie Royal Society. Among his works are, " A View of the Frauds and Abuses committed by Apothecaries" and "Pinax Rerum Natu- ralium Britannicarum." MERRICK, James, a divine and poet, was born at Reading in 17:iO ; was educated at Trinity College, Oxford ; and died in 17C9. His principal works are, " Poems on Sacred Subjects," "Annotations on the Psalms," and on the " Gosi)el of St. John," "A metrical Version of the Psalms," and a translation of Tryphiodorus. MERRY, RoBEKT, a dramatic writer, was the son of a merchant, and born in London, in 1755. He received his education at Harrow, and next at Christ's College, Cambridge, after which he entered at Lin- coln's Inn ; but instead of being called to the bar, he bought a commission in the guards, which service he also quitted, and went abroad. Wliile at Florence he became a member of the Delia Cruscan academy, and affixed that signature to a number of poems, which being publislied in the English newspapers, at length became the object of the caustic satire of Gilford, in his well- known "Baviad and Majviad." In 1791 he married Miss Brunton, an actress, with whom he went to America, where he died in 1798. His dramatic compositions are, "Lorenzo," a tragedy; "The Magician no Conjuror," "Fenelon," and "Ambitious Vengeance." MERSCII, Van der, leader of the Bra- bant patriots in 1789, was born at Menim, and entered the French service, in which he acquired the title of " The Brave Flem- ing." He afterwards served in the Austrian army, and rose to the rank of lieutenant- colonel. By a series of successful opera- tions against the imperial troops in the Netherlands, Ghent and Brussels fell into his Jiands, and the chief command of tlie Belgian troops was intrusted to him. 5€3 Through party intrigue, however, he was removed from his command, and thrown into prison, where lie remained till the Aus- trians recovered possession of the country. Died. 1792. MERSENNE, Marin, usually called Mersennus, a French philosopher, was born at Oyse, in the province of Maine, in 1588. After studying at the college of La FlGche, he took the habit in the society of Minims, and became an eminent teacher of pliiloso- phy and tlieology in the convent of Nevers. He was warmly attached to Descartes, and corresponded with most of the scientific characters •of his time. He vrrote a variety of scientific works, and died in 1048. MERTON, Walter de, a learned and munificent prelate of the 13th century, and founder of tlie college which bears liis name at Oxford, was born at Merton, in Surrey, and educated at the convent of that place. After obtaining several preferments, he be- came lord cliaucellor in 1258 ; was deprived of the seal tlie same year by the barons, but restored to it in 1201, aud in 1274 conse- crated bishop of Rochester. Died, 1277. MESMER, Frederic Anxuonv, a Ger- man physician, autlior of the famous doc- trine of animal magnetism, which is also called Mesmerism, was born in 1734, at Mersburg, in Suabia. He first made his doctrines known to the world in 1700, by a thesis on planetary influence, in which he contended that tlie heavenly bodies diffuse througli the universe a subtle fluid, which acts on tlie nervous system of animated beings. He qutited Vienna for Paris, in 1778 ; gained a number of proselytes, and received a subscription of 340,000 livres. Government at length appointed a com- mittee of physicians and members of the academy of sciences, among whom was Franklin, to investigate his iiretensions ; and the result of their inquiries appeared in an admirable memoir, drawn up by Bailly, which comi)letely exposed the futi- lity of animal magnetism, and the quackery of its author, who died in 1815. His theory, however, has of late years again excited considerable attention on the Continent, aud has its advocates even in Great Britain. MESSIER, Charles, a French astrono- mer, was bom in 1730, at Badonviller, in Lorraine. For a considerable period he was an assistant to Delisle, but afterwards became astronomer to the navy. His at- tention was particularly directed to the discovery of comets ; and in that he was eminently successful. MESTON, William, a burlesque poet, was born in 1088, and educated at Aber- deen ; after which he became tutor to the young earl marshal and his brother, and was appointed professor of philosophy in the Marischal College, which situation he lost in 1715, by joining the Pretender. He was an excellent classical scholar and ma- thematician ; but he is remembered chiefly by the burlesque poems, entitled " Mother Grim's Tales." Died, 1745. METASTASIO, Pjktro Antonio Dome- Nico Bl'onaventura, an eminent Italian poet, bom at Assisi, 1098, was the son of a common soldier, named Trapassi. When met] ^ 0tio Winihtx^aX SStograpT)!). [meu he was only 10 years of age, his talent of extemporising in verse attracted the notice of the celebrated Gravina, wlio took him under his protection, called him (by a trans- lation of his name into Greek) Metastasio, paid great attention to his education, and on his death, in 1717, left him his whole estate. The young poet, being thus placed in an easy condition, devoted himself to his favourite study, and, under tlie guidance of the celebrated singer, Maria Romanina, (afterwards Bulgarelli), created the modem Italian opera. Charles VI. invited him to Vienna in 1729, and appointed him poet laureate, with a iiension of 4000 guilders. Thenceforward no gala took place at court which was not graced by his verses. The empress Maria Theresa bestowed upon him magnificent presents, as also did Ferdinand VI., king of Spain. Tlius honoured and beloved, his life presented a calm uniformity for half a century, during which period he retained the favour of the imperial family undiminished, his extraordinary talents being admirably seconded by the calm tenor of his private character, and his constant observance of the conventional proprieties of high life. He composed no less than 26 operas and 8 saered dramas, besides innu- merable minor pieces. Tlie poetical cha- racteristics of Metastasio are sweetness, cor- rectness, purity, gentle pathos, and elevated sentiment. He died in 1782. METCALFE, Right Hon. Charles Thko- PHiLUS, Lord, a distinguished officer in the civil service of his country, was born at Fern Hill, Berks, in 178.5. At the age of 15 he was sent out as a cadet in the East India Company's service. In the first 7 years we find him holding various important ofllces ; and in 1808 he was selected by Lord Minto to take charge of a difficult mission to the court of Lahore, the object of which was to secure the Sikh states, between the Sutlej and Jumna rivers, from the grasp of Runjeet Singh. In this he fully succeeded, the treaty being concluded in 1809. He sub- sequently filled several other higli offices of trust : advancing from honour to honour, lie was at length, in 1835, upon Lord W. Ben- tick's resignation, provisionally appointed governor-general, which office he held until Lord Auckland's arrival, in the year follow- ing. During this short period he effected many bold and popular measures, not tlie least of which was the liberation of the press of India from all restrictions. This, how- ever, gave umbrage to the directors, and caused his resignation, and return to Europe. A new sphere was now selected for the ex- ercise of his abilities ; he was appointed governor of Jamaica— a situation of peculiar difficulty at that jieriod (the Negro Eman- cipation Act having so recently been passed), but wliicli he discharged greatly to the satisfaction both of the government and the colonists. After a two years' residence, the climate proved so unfavourable to his health, that he was compelled to resign. It was not long, however, before he was selected to undertake the government of Canada. In this truly important and difficult post, his judgment, firmness, and general statesman- like qtualities were most advantageously exerted ; but he had by this time become a martyr to a most distressuigly painful and dangerous disease ; and in 1845 he once more returned to liis native country. He had previously been raised to the peerage by the title of baron Metcalfe. Died, Sept. 12. 1840, aged 61. METELLI, AuGUsTiN, an eminent pain- ter, was born at Bologna, in 1609. He ex- celled in painting perspective and archi- tecture ; and, in conjunction with Michael Angelo, produced several great works. Me- telli died at Madrid in 1660. METELLUS, Q. C.*:cilius, an illustrious Roman, who distinguished himself against Jugurtha, king of Numidia, and thence acquired the name of Numidicus. METIUS, James, a native of Alkmaar, in Holland, who invented telescopes about 1609. His brother, Adrian, was professor of mathematics and medicine at Franeker, where he died in 1636. He wrote "Doc- trina Sphaericae," "AstronomiaB Universae Institutio," " Arithmeticae et Geometricae Practice," "Geometrices per Usum Cercini nova Praxis," &c. METKERKE, Sir Adolphus, a distin- guished classical scholar, was born at Bruges, in 1.528. He was sent on an embassy by the United States to queen Elizabeth, and died in London, in 1591. He was the author of " De veteri et recta Pronuncia- tione Linguae Graecae Commentarius ;" and he edited the works of Bion and Moschus, and translated Theocritus into Latin. METO, or METON, an Athenian mathe- matician, who flourished 432 years b. c. In the first year of the 87th Olympiad, he observed the solstice at Athens, and in- vented the cycle of 19 years, to make the solar and luiiar years begin at the same time. This is now called the Golden Num- ber, from its great use in the calendar. METTRIE, JuLiEN Offrie de la, a French writer, was born at St. Maloes, in 1709. He was a surgeon in the French guards, and in that situation wrote an in- famous book, called " The Natural History of the Soul," for which he narrowly escaped prosecution. His next work was a satire against the faculty, under the title of " Pe- nelope ; or, the Machiavel in Medicine," for which he was obliged to remove to Holland, where he created new enemies by a still more atrocious book, entitled "L'Homme Machine," which being ordered to be burnt, he retired to Berlin, and was patronised by Frederic the Great, whose opinions were so congenial to the author's, that he composed his funeral eulogy witli his own pen. Died, 1751. METZU, Gabriel, a celebrated painter, born at Leyden, in 1615, who took Gerard Douw, Terbury, and Mieris for his models, but adopted a more finished style. A lady tuning her lute, and another washing her hands in a silver basin held by her woman, are among his best pieces. He usually re- sided at Amsterdam, and died there in 1658. MEULEN, Antoky Francis vax der, was born at Brussels, in 1634. By his ta- lents as a painter of battle-pieces he was recommended to Louis XIV., who always took hira on his expeditions, and often MEU] ^ ^ctD mm'tjcrj^al JSiograpl^e. [mic pointed out the subjects which he desired him to represent. The painter had thus an opportunity of perfecting himself in this department of his art, but he had fre- quently to represent scenes which afforded but little scope for the display of genius. Died, 1690. MEUNG, or MEUK, a French poet, sur- named, on account of his lameness, Clopinel, was born at Meuug sur Loire, about 1250. By his poetical talents and vivacity, he rendered himself a favourite at the court of Philip le Bel. Having exercised his satiric powers upon the ladles of the court, they were so irritated against him, that a party of them seized him, and resblved to give him a severe flogging ; but his wit came to his assistance, and he escai)ed castigation, by desiring the most unchaste to give him the first blow. He died about l'S2'2, He was the author of several works, but his principal one was his continuation of the "Koman de la Hose," begun by William de Lorris, which com- prises more than three parts of the whole. MEURSIUS, John, a learned Dutch critic, historian, and antiquary, was bom in 1579, at Losdun, near the Hague ; studied at Leyden ; travelled over great part of the Continent as tutor to the sons of the cele- brated Barneveldt ; and on his return, after a ten years' absence, was elected professor of history and Greek at Leyden, with the title of historiographer to the states-gene- ral. In 1025 he removed to the professor- ship of history and politics at Sora, in Den- mark, where, also, he was appointed histo- riographer royal. His works, which are chiefly on Athenian history and manners, form 12 vols. His " Eleusinia, sive de Ceteris Eleusinae Sacro et Festo," to which all who have since written upon that subject have been greatly indebted, is a very valuable work. Meursius died in 1639 His son John, who died at an early age, in 105:3, was the author of several valuable antiquarian treatises. MEUSEL, Joiijf George, a famous Ger- man bibliographer, was bom in 1743, at Eyrichshof, in Francouia. After completing liis studies at the universities of Gottingen and Halle, he was appointed, in 1709, pro- fessor of history in the university of Er- furt ; and he afterwards held a similar station at Erlangen, where he remained till his death, in 1820. He wrote statistical and historical works, and compiled several col- lections relating to the history of literature and literary men ; but his principal works are "Bibliotheca Historica," in 22 vols.; and a " Gelehrte Teutschland," bibliographi- cal dictionary of German living authors, in 16 vols. MEXIA, Pedro, a chronicler to Charles v., was bom at Seville. He was the author of a " History of the Csesars, including the German Emperors," " Silvia de Varia Lec- cion," &c. Died, 1552. MEYER, Felix, a German painter, was bom in 1653. He painted some fine views after nature in Italy and Switzerland, and died in 1713. MEYER, James, a Flemish historian, was bom near Bailleul, in Flanders, in 1491, and died in 1552. MEYER, Jeremiah, a miniature painter, was born at Tubingen, in 1735. He came to England in 1749, with his father, a por- trait painter, who placed him under Zinck, the eminent painter in enamel, but he soon surpassed him. In 1761, the Society of Arts having offered a premium for the best draw- ing of a profile of the king ; the prize was gained by Meyer ; and he was afterwards appointed painter in enamel to their majes- ties. He was one of the founders of the Royal Academy, and died in 1789. MEYRICK, Sir Samuel Rush, an emi- nent antiquary, was born at London, 1783. After taking his degree of B. A. at Oxford, he became an advocate in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts ; and soon began to vary his professional avocations with those ardiaological studies which formed the chief boast and occupation of his life. He contributed innumerable papers to the Gen- tleman's Magazine; on all questions relating to arms and armour his authority was un- assailed ; and his " Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour," &c. has procured him a high place among the most eminent anti- quaries of his time. In 1832 he was created a knight of the Guelphic order, and soon afterwards dubbed a knight bachelor. Died, 1848. MEZERAI, Francis Eudes de, a French historian, was born in Lower Normandy, in 1010, and educated at the university of Caen ; on leaving which he obtained a mi- litary employment, and served two or three campaigns in Flanders. Having left the army, he projected " The History of France," in writing which he was liberally encouraged by Cardinal Richelieu, and after its com- pletion, in 1651, he obtained a pension from the king. In 1608 he published an " Abridg- ment " of his History ; and by the freedom of some of his animadversions in it he dis- pleased Colbert, and was deprived of his pension. He died in 1083. Besides his " History of France," he wrote a " Treatise on the Origin of the French," and a " Con- tinuation of the History of the Turks." As an liistorian, he is considered more bold than accurate, with a style harsh and incorrect, but clear, energetic, and occasionally ex- hibiting a vigorous conciseness. MICIIAELIS, Joux David, a learned orientalist and biblical critic, was born at Halle, in Saxony, in 1717, and there edu- cated. He visited England, and for a time was preacher at the German chapel, St. James's palace ; and on his return to Ger- many was made professor of theology at Gottingen ; was honoured with the order of the polar star, conferred on him by the king of Sweden ; and was made an aulic coun- cillor of Hanover. Among the most valu- able and best known of his works are his " Introduction to the New Testament," translated into English by Bishop Marsh, and his " Commeutaries on the Law of Moses." Died, 1791. MICIIAELIS, JpHX Henry, a German divine, was born at Kettenburg, in Hohen- stein, in 1608. He was educated at Leipsic, and next at Halle, where he taught Greek and Hebrew. In 1099 he succeeded Francke in the Greek professorship ; and, in 1707, MIc] ^ |?el3) ^nitjcrj^al 2Siatj:rajp]^g. [mig was made librarian of the university. He afterwards became professor of divinity and the oriental languages. Died in 1738. MICHAUX, Andre, a French traveller and botanist ; author of a " History of North American Oaks " and an " American Flora." He was born, in 1746, at Satory, near Versailles ; spent many years in jour- neying through the United States ; and died, in 1802, at Madagascar. MICHELI, James Baktiiolomew, an astronomer and mathematician, was born at Geneva, in 1C92. He entered into the military service of France, and became a captain ; but on the peace of Utrecht he retired to Switzerland, and devoted himself to the sciences. He constructed a number of charts, aud invented a new thermometer. Several of his papers on astronomy, meteor- ology, and mathematics are in the Me- moirs of the Helvetic Society of Basle. Died, 1760. MICHELI, Peter Antiionv, a botanist, ■was born at Florence, in 1679, and died there in 1737. He superintended the botanical garden founded by Cosmo de Medici, and was the institutor of a society of natural history at Florence. He published " Nova Plantarum Genera." MICKLE, William Julius, a poet, -was born, in 1734, at Langholm, in Dumfries- ehire. At first he engaged in business as a brewer, but not succeeding, he went to London, and devoted himself to literature. In 1765 he was employed as corrector of the press in the Clarendon printing-office at Oxford, where he published a poem, called "The Concubine," in imitation of Spenser, which he afterwards re-published under the title of "Sir Martyn." Hia principal pro- duction, a translation of " The Lusiad " of Camoens, appeared in 1775 ; prefixed to which is a historical and critical Introduc- tion, with a life of Camoens ; and the work is executed in a highly creditable manner. He was also the author of many of the finest pieces in Evans's Old Ballads. In 1778 he accompanied his friend Commodore John- stone on a mission to Lisbon as secretary ; and died in 1788. MIDDLETON, Coin'ERS, a celebrated divine and critic, was born at York, in 168;3, and educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, of which he became a fellow. In 1717 he was created D.D. by mandamus, on which occasion he resisted the claim of Dr. Bentley, regius professor, to exorbi- tant fees. This occasioned a lawsuit, in which Middleton triumtihed. A personal enmity was the consequence of tliis atfair ; aud when Bentley printed his proposals for a new edition of the Greek Testament, Mid- dleton attacked them with such force that the design was abandoned. In 1724 he visited Italy, and having a near observation of the ecclesiastical pomp and ceremonies, he wrote his famous " Letter from Rome," to show that tlie religious rites of popery were very similar to those of paganism. He was subsequently Woodwardian professor of mineralogy, and librarian, at Cambridge. His greatest literary undertaking was "The History of the Life of M. T. Cicero," 2 vols. 4to., which ranks among the classical pro- ductions of our literature ; but his " Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers of the Church " brought on the author the impu- tation of infidelity, and gave rise to much vehement censure from a host of opponents. He died in 1750. MIDDLETON, Sir Hugh, was the son of Richard Middleton, esq., governor of Den- bigh castle, under Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. He entered into business in London as a goldsmith ; and rendered the most imijortant service in supplying the city with water by uniting two streams in Hertfordshire and Middlesex, and convey- ing the same through various soils for a course of sixty miles. This junction, called the New River, was begun in 1608, and com- pleted in 1613. Died, 1631. MIDDLETON, Thomas Fansiiaw, first bishop of Calcutta, was born at Kedleston, in Derbyshire, in 1769 ; was educated at Christ's Hospital, and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge ; and, after having held various small livings, was, in 1809, collated to a stall in the cathedral of Lincoln, which was sliortly after followed by the rectory of Put- tenham, Herts, and the archdeaconry of Huntingdon. The government having de- termined on providing for the spiritual wants of British subjects in the east. Dr. Middleton was selected as the fittest person to take the important charge of bishop in that part of the world ; he was accordingly consecrated at Lambeth, and in November, 1814, he arrived at Calcutta. In 1820 he laid the foundation stone of a church at Calcutta, near to which a school was erected for the Christian poor ; and soon after arose, on the bank of the river, a college for the liberal education of youth. But in the midst of his unwearied efforts for the propagation of true religion, he was seized with a fever, and died in 1822. Among his writings are, " Sermons ; " an erudite work on the " Greek Article ; " and " The Country Spectator." He also for some time edited the new series of " The British Critic." MIDDLETON, William, a Welsh poet, was born at Gwenynog, in Denbighshire, and died about 1600. He served in the armies of queen Elizabeth, and afterwards commanded a ship of war. He wrote a paraphrase of the Book of Psalms in Welsh verse, and was also the author of the " Art of Poetry." Died, 1595. MIERIS, Fkancis, a celebrated painter, born at Leyden, in 1635, and died in 1681. He was a pupil of Gerard Douw, whose delicate finish he rivalled, and whose co- louring he was thought to excel. He had two sons, John and William, both of whom possessed considerable talent, and adopted their father's style. MIGNARD, Petek, sumamed the Ro- man, an historical and portrait painter, was born at Troyes, in Champagne, in 1610. He studied at Rome ; and, during his residence there of 22 years, enjoyed great favour from the popes. At length Louis XIV. sent for him to Paris ; appointed him his principal painter, and director of the manufactories of Seve and the Gobelins ; and ennobled him. Mignard was on habits of intimacy with the principal French wits, and was mig] ^ fitbi Bnihtv^&l 3Si0grajp]^y. [mil beloved by them for his social disposition. Died, 1695. MIGNON, Abraham, a painter of Frank- fort, was born in 1639, and died in 1679. He excelled in the representation of flowers, insects, and still life, which he painted with exquisite delicacy. MIGNOT, STEPHEif, a French ecclesiastic, was born at Paris, in 1698. He received his degree of D.D. in 1722 ; was afterwards ad- mitted a member of the Academy of In- scriptions ; and died in 1771. His works con- sist of various histories relative to ecclesias- tical disputes and church govenunent, and an elaborate treatise in 5 vols., entitled " Des Pr6t8 de Commerce." MIGNOT, ViNCEXT, the nephew of "Vol- taire, was born at Paris about 1730. With- out being a priest, he obtained several be- nefices, among which was the abbey of Sellieres, in Champagne. He wrote " His- toire de 1' Empire Ottoman, depuis son Ori- gine jusqu'k la Paix de Belgrade, en 1740," 4 vols. &c. Died, 1790. MILDMAY, Sir Walter, a statesman of great integrity, who filled several situations under the Tudors. Under Henry VIII. he was employed in the court of augmentation ; under Edward VI. he liad an oflSce in the mint ; in queen Mary's reign he sat in par- liament as member for Cumlierland ; and in Elizabeth's, he was appointed cliancellor of the exchequer ; an office which he held for 23 years, and dischargetl with zeal and im- partiality. He was the founder of Emanuel College, Cambridge ; and died in 1589. MILHOUSE, RoBEKT, a weaver, whose name we have to add to the many of those who, born in humble station, and passing through life in humble occupation, yet have proved to be gifted in no ordinary degree with the poet s power as well as witli the poet's feeling. His " Vicissitude " and " Sherwood Forest " contain passages of which any poet might be proud ; but they, and, indeed, all his productions, are greatly marred by a melancholy and querulous tone, scarcely justifiable in any one, but least of all in the poet, whose very art should make it impossible to look forth upon the world and exclaim "all is barren." His produc- tions made him many generous friends; and if he was not rich, yet he escaped from the worst sufferings too commonly attendant upon the poet, who has only poetry upon which to depend. Just previous to his death he published " The Destinies of Man," a poem in two parts, whicli contain some splendid passages. Died, 1839. MILL, James, an able writer and poli- tical economist, was a native of Kincar- dineshire, and born in 1774. • He first came to London as a tutor in the family of Sir John Stuart, but gave up that employment, and devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits. In 1818 he published his admi- rable " History of British India ;" a work of great research and powerful reasoning. He also produced other works connected with legislation and morals, viz. his " Ele- ments of Political Economy," an " Analysis of the Human Mind ;" and another, en- titled "Prison and Prison Discii)line, Co- lonies, Laws of Nations, and Education." He was also the contributor of many ex- cellent articles in the Encycloptedia Bri- tannica, and in the Edinburgh, Westmin- ster, and London Reviews. In morals and legislation he was the powerful auxiliary of Jeremy Bentham ; in political economy, the ally of Adam Smith and Kicardo ; and in metaphysics lie laboured to extend the philosophy of Bacon, Locke, &c., and the promoters of inductive science. He held the office of chief examiner to the East India Company. Died, 1836. MILL, John, a learned divine and bibli- cal critic, was born at Shapp, in Westmor- land, in 1645 ; received his education at Queen's College, Oxford ; became rector of Bletchingdon, in Oxfordshire, prebendary of Canterbury, and chaplain in ordinary to Charles II. He was employed 30 years in preparing tins valuable edition of the Greek Testament, with various readings, for which lie is said to have consulted upwards of 30,000 MSS. Died in 1707. MUjLAR, John, a learned writer, was born at Shotts, in Lanarkshire, in 1735, and educated at Glasgow, where, by the inte- rest of Lord Kaimes, in whose family he had been a tutor, he obtained, in 1761, the professorship of law, which he held for nearly 40 years. He was the author of " The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks in Society " and *' An Historical View of the English Government." MILLER, Edward, Mub. Doc, was the son of a pavior at Norwich, and bred to the same business ; but having a dislike to it, he absconded, and became a pupil of Dr. Burney, who was then resident at Lynn. In 1756 he became organist of the church of Doncaster, where he remained till liis death, in 1807. Dr. Miller published " Institutes of Music," "The Elements of Thorough Bass and Composition," " The Psalms of David, set to Music, and arranged for every Sunday in the Year," and " The History and Antiquities of Doncaster." MILLER, Jam£:s, a political and dra- matic writer, was bom in Dorsetshire, in 1703. He received his education at Wad- ham College, Oxford ; and while at the university, he wrote a satiric piece, called " The Humours of Oxford," which created him many enemies, and hindered his pre- ferment. He also published several poli- tical pamphlets against Sir Robert Wal- pole ; and also some plays, the principal of which is the tragedy of " Mahomet." Died, 1744. MILLER, Joseph, a witty actor, was born in 1684, and was a favourite low co- median about the time that Congreve's plays were fashionable, to the success of which, it is said, his humour greatly con- tributed. He died in 1738. The compilation called "Joe Miller's Jests" was the work of John Motley. The name has, however, not only been used to pass off the original stock, but thousands of other jokes and witticisms, manufactured long since the bones of Joe were deposited in the churchyard of St. Clements, in the Strand ; where a stone still exists, with an epitaph written by his friend, Stephen Duck. MILLER, Philip, a gardener and bota- mil] ^ ^m Winibtx^Kl 28t0B;raqp]^tn [mil nist, was born in 1691. He succeeded his father as gardener to the company of apo- thecaries at Chelsea ; and soon distinguished liimself by his knowledge of plants. He communicated some papers to the Royal Society, of which he became a member ; and in 1730 he published " A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, and Flowers in the Gardens near London." This was followed by his " Gardener's Dictionary ; " a work which is highly eulogised by Linnajus, and through which its author obtained from foreigners the appellation of llortulnnorum Princeps. In 17.55 appeared "Figures of Plants," adapted to the dictionary, in 2 vols, folio. His other works are, the " Gar- dener's Kalendar " and " The Gardener's and Florist's Dictionary." MILLES, Dr. Jeremiah, an eminent English divine and antiquary ; born, 1713 ; died, 1784. He was ardently engaged in tlie Chattertonian controversy, and publislied the whole of the supposed Rowley's poems, with a glossary. MILLEVOYE, Charles Hubekt, a French poet, was born at Abbeville, in 1782, and displayed poetical talents at a very early age. Many of his pieces, particularly his elegiac compositions, are expressed by great feeling, elegance, and animation. Died, 181(5. MILLIN, AuBiN Louis, an eminent ar- chaeologist and naturalist, was born at Paris in 1759. In the reign of Napoleon he made two antiquarian researches through France and Italy, where he discovered several re- mains which had been previously overlooked. He edited the "Magazin Encyclopedique " nearly twenty years, and was one of the founders of the" LinnaBan Society in Paris. His works are very numerous : among them the principal are, " Dictionnaire des Beaux Arts " and " Gallerie Mythologique." His lectures, which were fashionably attended contributed, with his works, to diffuse a taste for the study of antiquities in France. Died, 1818. MILLOT, Claude Franoois Xavier, a French historian, was born at Besangon in 1726. He entered into the society of Jesuits, but quitted it in consequence of being illi- berally treated, and officiated as a preacher at Versailles and Luneville. For some time he held the professorship of history at Parma; but relinquished it to become preceptor to the Duke d'Enghien. His principal works are, "Elements of the History of France," 3 vols. ; "Elements of the History of England," 3 vols. ; Elements of Universal History," 9 vols. ; " History of the Troubadors," 3 vols., and " Political and Military Memoirs to- wards the History of Louis XIV. and Louis XV.," 6 vols. MILLS, Charles, an historian, was bom at Greenwich, in 1788. He served his time as clerk to a solicitor, but relinquislied his legal pursuits for otliers more congenial to his tastes. In 1817, he published his " His- tory of Mohammedanism," which was suc- ceeded by the " History of the Crusades," the "Travels of Theodore Ducas," and the " History of Chivalry." MILM.^N, Sir Francis, M.D., F.RS., an eminent physician, was the son of a clergy- man in Devonshire, and born in 1740. He was designed for the church, but after taking the degree of M. A. at Oxford, he directed his attention to physic, graduated as M. D., travelled on Dr. Radcliffe's foundation, and at Rome attended the Duke of Gloucester. This circumstance fixed his professional pursuits, and on his return to England, he became a member of the Royal Society, and a fellow of the College of Physicians. He was afterwards nominated physician to the royal household, which procured his eleva- tion to the baronetage. Sir Francis was the author of " Animadversiones de Natura Hy- dropis ejusque Curatione " and " A Treatise on the Source of the Scurvy, and Putrid Fever." Died, 1821. MILNE, Colin, a divine and naturalist, was born at Aberdeen, and educated at the Marischal College. Having been tutor to Lord Algernon Percy, he obtained, through the interest of the Northumberland family, the rectory of North Chapel, in Essex. His " Botanical Dictionary," " Indigenous Bo- tany," and " Institutions of Botany," are all in high repute with those who are versed in the science. Died, 1815. MILNE, Joshua, author of the celebrated " Treatise on Annuities and Assurances," was formerly a clerk in the banking house of the Messrs. Currie previous to his becoming con- nected with the Sun Assurance Company, to wliich he performed the duties of actuary for upwards of 30 years. He contributed various memoirs of great practical value in connec- tion with the subject of mortality and its ap- plications, to theLEncyclop»dia Britannica ; but his chief work, and that by which he will be long and honourably remembered, is the one to which we have already adverted. This, although published so long ago as the year 1815, and notwithstanding the disad- vantage of an involved and awkward nota- tion, still maintains its place as the most satis- factory and complete treatise on the subject in this, or probably in any other, language. To Mr. Milne the community is indebted for the construction of the tables founded on the data of tlie mortality collected at Car- lisle by Dr. Heysham, which are now gene- rally adopted as the basis of calculation in life-assurance offices, and which have ex- ercised a most important influence on the growth of life-assurance in Great Britain. He left behind him the most complete col- lection extant on subjects connected with the statistics of vitality. Died, 1851, aged 78. MILNER, John, a celebrated Catholic divine and writer on ecclesiastical antiqui- ties and theology, was born in London in 1752. His education commenced at the schools of Sedgley Park, near Wolverhamp- ton, and Edgbaston, near Birmingham, and he finished his studies at Douay. In 1777 he was ordained a priest, and commenced his pastoral duties, in 1779, at the Catholic chapel, Winchester, whither he had gone to administer spiritual aid to the French pri- soners confined there. In 1782 he published a funeral discourse for Bishop Challoner, which was his first production. This was followed, in 1785, by " A Letter to the Author of a Book, called a Candid and Impartial Sketch of the Life and Government of Pope Clement XIV." Dr. Milner's attachment mil] <xi Jleiu SInilJcriSal 38i0flrHp]^n. [mil to the study of ancient ecclesiastical archi- tecture led him to an attentive observation of the remains of Catholic antiquity with which Winchester abounds ; and the learn- ing and skill which he displayed procured for him the honour of admission into the Royal Society of Antiquaries, in 1790. He contributed many valuable communications to the Archteologia ; and, in 179H, he evinced his zeal for the preservation of the relics of former ages by the publication of a" Disser- tation on the modern Style of altering Ca- thedrals, as exemplified in the Cathedral of Salisbury." The same year he published his " History, Civil and Ecclesiastical, and Survey of the Antiquities of Winchester," 2 vols. 4to. ; and, subsequently, a "Treatise on the Ecclesiastical Architecture of Eng- land during the Middle Ages." Some observ- ations on the character of Bishop Uoadley, and other subjects in the " History of Win- chester," gave offence to Dr. Sturges, a pre- bendary of the cathedral, who animadverted on them in a tract entitled " Reflections on Popery." Dr. Milner replied to this attack in his "Letters to a Prebendary," which, like his writings in general, display great learning, ability, and acuteness, with an unflinching zeal for the doctrines of the papal church. In 1803 he was appointed vicar- apostolic in the midland district, with the title of " bishop of Castabala." In 1814 lie visited Rome, where he remained about twelve months. In 1818 he published a treatise, entitled " The End of Religious Controversy," containing a defence of those articles of the Catholic faith usually regarded as most objectionable by Protestants ; and he continued not onlj^ in the active exercise of his prelatical duties, but occasionally to publish theological and controversial trea- tises till a short time previous to his death, which took place in 1826. MILNER, Joseph, a Calvinistic divine, was born at Leeds in 1744 ; received his edu- cation there, and at Catherine Hall, Cam- bridge ; was successively master of Hull Grammar School, evening lecturer and vicar of the Holy Trinity. He was the author of a "History of the Church of Christ," and " Sermons." Died, 1797. MILNER, Isaac, brother of the preceding, an episcopal divine, a mathematician, and natural philosopher, was born at Leeds in 1751. In his youth he was a weaver ; but availing himself of his leisure hours in ac- quiring a knowledge of the classics and ma- thematics, he made such progress as to be- come usher to his brother at Hull. He afterwards entered as a sizer at Queen's College, Cambridge, became senior wrangler in 1774, and gained the first mathematical prize. In 1783 he was chosen professor of natural philosophy, president of his college in 1788, and about the same time he obtained the deanery of Carlisle. He was subse- quently vice-chancellor of the university, and Lucasian professor of mathematics. Dr. Milner wrote against Marsh, in favour of the Bible Society ; and contributed many ex- cellent papers on chemistry and natural phi- losoiihy to tlie Philosophical Transactions. MILO, one of the most celebrated Grecian athletes, was a native of Crotona, in Italy, and a scholar of Pythagoras. Many instances of liis prodigious strength are cited, of which one will be sufficient to notice here, viz. that he once carried a bull to the sacrifice on his shoulders, and killed it with a blow of his fist. MILORADOWITCH, Michael Andre- wiTCU, Count of, a distinguished Russian officer, was born in 1770. He entered the service at au early age, and rose rapidly ; in k799 he commanded the vanguard of Su- warrow's army in Italy: acted as lieutenant- general in the battle of Austerlitz ; fought victoriously against the Turks, in 1808 ; and was of Ihe greatest service in the campaigns of 1812. 1813, and 1814. After the peace, he was appointed military commandant of St. Petersburgh ; and, iu 1825, at the accession of the emperor Nicholas, he was killed by a pistol-shot. MILTIADES, an Athenian general, who lived about B.C. 500, and has been immor- talised by defeating the Persians at Mara- thon. This hero, who had saved his country, failed in an attack on Paros, was compelled to refwnd the expenses of the expedition, and died of his wounds in prison. MILTON, Joiix, the most illustrious of English poets, was the son of a scrivener in liOndon, and born in Bread Street, in 1608. From St. Paul's School he went to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he took his de- grees in arts, being designed for the church ; but not having an inclination to that calling, he returned to his father, who had retired from business with a good fortune, and set- tled at Horton, in Buckinghamshire. Here our poet wrote his " Comus," "L' Allegro," " 11 Penseroso," and " Lycidas," poems of such merit as would have alone immortalised his name. In 1638 he travelled into France and Italy, and on his return to England settled in London. The troubles breaking out between the king and parliament, Milton engaged as a political writer on the popular side ; and having a great animosity to the hierarchy, he published some virulent pam- phlets against the bishops. In 1643 he mar- ried the daughter of Richard Powell, esq., a magistrate iu Oxfordshire. The father of the lady being a jovial country gentleman and a royalist, the residence of her husband so disgusted the bride, that in less than a month, under the pretence of a visit, she left him, and remained for the rest of the summer with her parents. Milton became incensed, and regarding her conduct as a desertion of the marriage contract, he sought to punish it by repudiation ; and to this is to be at- tributed his treatises on the subject of " Di- vorce." His wife's friends, however, brought about a reconciliation. He continued an ardent champion for the rebellious party, even after the murder of Charles I., which sanguinary deed he vindicated in his "Tenure of Kings and Magistrates ; " but he was not disinterested in this, for the parliament re- warded him with lOOOZ., and soon afterwards nominated him Latin secretary to the new council of state. He also wrote with great asperity against the king's book of prayers and meditations, entitled " Icon Basilike." The treatise of Milton was called " Icono- clastes, or the Image Breaker ; " in which he calumniated the king for having made use of a prayer taken from "Sidney's Ar- cadia." He was next employed to answer the treatise of Salmasius, entitled " Defensio Regia, or a Defence of the late King." The reply of Milton had for its title "Defensio pro Populo Anglicano ; " and it was observed by Hobbes, in regard to the two disputants, that he did not know whose style was best, or whose arguments were worst. About this time he was wholly deprived of his sight, owing to a natural weakness, and intense application to his studies. In 1652 he lost his wife, and soon afterwards took another. Though he was a determined republican, and wrote with energy and intemperance against monarchial government, " the very trappings of which," he said, " would sup- port a commonwealth," yet he readily sub- mitted to the usurpation of Cromwell, to whom he became Latin secretary. Milton endeavoured to prevent the Restoration ; which event he had undoubted cause to dread, considering the active part taken by him in the rebellion. And when the ancient constitution was re-established, he was ex- cepted out of the act of indemnity, on which he kept himself concealed for some time. By the kindness, however, of Sir William Davenant and others, he obtained liis par- don ; soon after which he lost his second wife, and was hot long without another. In the time of the plague he removed with his family to Chalfont, in Buckinghamshire, where he completed his "Paradise Lost," which was printed first in 1667. For this immortal work he had only 151., and that by instalments. For the idea of it he is said to have been indebted to an Italian drama on the Fall of Man ; and it is certain that he had himself an intention at first of writing only a tragedy on the same subject. As the work grew under his hand, his soaring genius gave it the form and consistence, the variety and elegance, of an epic poem. After this he engaged in another, called "Paradise Re- gained ; " the occasion of which was as fol- lows : John Elwood, the Quaker, who was his amanuensis, calling upon him at Chalfont, and the conversation turning upon Milton's great work, Elwood observed, "Tliou hast said much upon Paradise Lost, but what hast thou to say upon Paradise Found ! " Milton paused, and the next time they met, he showed Elwood the latter poem, saying, " This is owing to you." The " Paradise Regained," though possessing many beauties, is in all respects inferior to the " Paradise Lost ; " yet it is remarkable that the author gave it the preference. Milton died at his house in Bunhill Row, in 1674, and lies in- terred in the parish church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, wliere there is a monument to his memory, and another in Westminster Abbey, erected by William Benson. Besides the poems mentioned above, Milton wrote a drama on the Greek model, entitled " Sam- son Agonistes," which possesses uncommon beauties, though not adapted to theatrical representation. He alse wrote a " History of England to the Conquest," and several tracts. In his youth, Milton was distin- guished for personal beauty ; his habits of life were those of a student and philosopher, being strictly sober and temperate ; and his chief relaxation consisted of music and con- versation. Though warm and acrimonious in controversy, and possessing lordly notions of his rights as the head of a family, he is said to have been of a serene and cheerful temper, and particularly urbane in his in- tercourse with society. But whatever may be thouglit of his domestic virtues, there can be but one opinion with regard to the sub- limity of liis genius, and the extent of his erudition. MIMNERMUS, a Greek amatory poet of the 6th century b. c, who is said to have in- vented the pentameter measure ; but only a few fragments of his poems are in existence. MINA, Don Francisco Esroz y, a dis- tinguished Spanish general, who, for a long time, was commander-in-chief of the Cata- lonian army, was a native of Navarre, and bom in 1782, at Ydocin, near Pampeluna. He first distinguished himself in guerilla warfare, and the incessant activity and ad- mirable presence of mind he displayed. Having co-operated in the blockade of Pam- peluna, and recovered Saragossa and several otlier places, he had the mortification to find that, at the general peace in 1814, he had been labouring only to re-establish the despotic policy of Ferdinand VII., and he made an ineffectual effort in the cause of freedom to gain over the garrison of Pampe- luna. He then sought an asylum in France ; but whilst resident in the French capital, he was arrested by a commissary of police, em- ployed by the Spanish ambassador. On this occasion the conduct of Louis XVIII. was most honourable ; he dismissed the com- missary, insisted upon the ambassador being recalled, and not only released Mina, but granted him a pension of 1000 francs. When the army of Cadiz, in 1822, unfurled the standard of freedom, by proclaiming the constitution of 1812, Mina hastened to Na- varre, and was advancing against Pampe- luna at the head of a few hundreds of fol- lowers, when he was informed that the king had accepted the constitution. He was sub- sequently appointed captain-general of the tliree armies of Navarre, Catalonia, and Ar- ragon ; but when, by the intervention of France, Ferdinand was again .enabled to discard his professed adherence to the con- stitution, Mina left Spain for England, and arrived at Plymouth, Nov. 30. 1823. After the accession of Christina, he took an active part against Don Carlos ; but many of his measures partook of the general sanguinary character of this unnatural warfare, and tended to tarnish the laurels he had formerly so nobly won. Died, 1836. MINOT, Laitbence, an English poet, who flourished in the 14th century, whose works lay in obscurity, as well as his name, till accident discovered them to Mr. Tyrwhitt, wliile he was preparing his edition of Chaucer. A complete edition of them was published by Ritson, in 1794. MINUCIUS FELIX, Marcus, a rhetori- cian and writer of the 3rd century, who is said to have been a native of Africa, and a lawyer by profession. He lived at Rome, where he wrote a dialogue in defence of Christianity, entitled " Octavius," which I mir] ^ iSetu muibn-M 28i0firap]bl?» [mib possesses very considerable merit, and was long ascribed to Amobius, till Baudouin discovered the real author in 1.560. Another i treatise, " De Fato," has also been ascribed I to him. i MIRABAUD, Jean Baptiste de, per- petual secretary to the French academy, was at first a member of the congregation of the Oratory, and afterwards served in the army. His works are, translations of" Tasso's Jerusalem," and " Ariosto's Orlando," into French ; " Alphabet de la Fee Gracieuse," " Le Monde, son Origine, son Antiquity," " Sentimens des Philosophes sur la Nature de I'Anie." In 1770 was published under his name, but falsely, an atheistical book, entitled the "System of Nature," in 2 vols., the real authors being Diderot and D'Holbach. MIRABEAU, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de, descended from an ancient family in Provence, but originally of Naples. He was one of the principal propagators of the doctrines of the French political econo- mists, and wrote several books in support of them. His chief work is entitled "Ami des Hommes." Born, 171.5 ; died, 1789. MIRABEAU, HoNOEB Gabriel Ri- QDETTi, Count de, one of the most cele- brated characters of the French revolution, was the son of the preceding, and born at Bignon, in Provence, in 174'J. On leaving school, he entered the military service ; and his intercourse with young and dissipated officers familiatised liim to all their vices. His active mind, however, could not remain idle, and he read all the books which he could on the military art. He also fell in love, and his passion was marked by all the impetuosity of a strong and wild character. His fatlier, who systematically thwarted his inclinations, now procured his confine- ment in a fortress on the island of Rh^. After his liberation, he went, as a volunteer, to Corsica, distinguished himself, and ob- tained a commission as captain of dragoons ; but his father refusing to purchase him a regiment, he abandoned, though unwillingly, the military profession. In 1772 he espoused a rich heiress of Aix, but he soon squandered away the fortune he received with her, and plunged himself in debt. He was confined in different prisons, and on obtaining his liberty, eloped to Holland with the wife of the president Mounnier. For this he was afterwards imprisoned in the castle of Vin- cennes, and remained there three years and a half. He then instituted an ineffectual lawsuit against his wife, who obtained a separation from him. In 1784 he visited London, and afterwards Berlin ; and he was variously employed in literary quarrels and occupations till the commencement of the French revolution. This offered Mirabeau an ample element for his activity. Imbibing the delusive doctrine of equality, and being disappointed in his attempts to become a deputy to the states-general from the no- blesse of Provence, he opened a shop, over the door of which was inscribed, " Mirabeau, dealer in drapery." He was now elected deputy to the third estate of Aix, and by the courtiers he was termed the plebeian count. In this new capacity, his extraor- COl dinary eloquence, his talent, and his bold- ness, soon gave him irresistible weight in the assembly, and rendered him the idol of the people. At length he entered into a treaty with the court, to use his influence in stopping the progress of republicanism. He required a pension of 40,000 francs a week, and the promise of such a diplomatic or ministerial post as he should select, after tlie re-establishment of the royal authority. These demands were conceded, and he re- ceived the pension for several weeks. It was agreed that the dissolution of the as- sembly should be effected by an expression of the will of the nation, and that a new assembly should be convoked, composed of men of more moderate opinions. Before, however, he could carry his intentions into effect, a sudden illness terminated his exist- ence in 1791. His remains were honoured with a public funeral, and deposited in the Pantheon. His principal works are, "A Comparison between the Great Conde and Scipio Africanus," " History of Prussia under Frederic tlie Great," 8 vols. ; " Original Letters containing an Account of his Life and Amours," 4 vols. ; " Secret History of the Court of Berlin," 2 vols., which book was burnt by the common executioner ; " On Lettres de Cachet," and an " Essay on Despotism." Mirabeau was the creature of his passions ; yet he possessed an energy and decision whicli yielded to no opposition, and an audacity of purpose which shrank before no difficulties. MIRABEAU, Boniface Riquetti, Vis- count, younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1754 ; served in the French army against the English in America, but did not imbibe revolutionary principTfes therefrom. Being chosen a deputy to the states-general from the nobility of Limousin, he constantly resisted the re-union of the three orders, defended the rights of the clergy, and op- posed the progress of the revolution. In 1790 he emigrated to Germany, and raising a legion of loyalists, he joined the Prince of Conde, and served under him with great reputation ; but he was unequal to the fatigues to which he was exposed, and died in 1792. MIRANDA, Don Francesco, a general in tlie service of the French republic, and the earliest martyr in the cause of freedom in South America, was born at Caraccas, of an ancient Spanish family. He presented to different courts plans for the emancipation of the Spanish American colonies, and with this view went to Paris in 1792, where he connected himself with Petion and the Gi- rondists. While waiting for an opportunity to commence operations in America, Miranda was appointed general of division under Dumouriez. Some time after he was im- prisoned in consequence of his political in- trigues. In 1794 he was liberated ; but a few months only had elapsed before he re- ceived orders to quit France for renewed machinations. This order he evaded ; but a second sentence of deportation, in 1797, obliged him to take refuge in England. In 1803 he returned to Paris, and was again banished, for taking part in an opposition to the first consul. Miranda now devoted mir] ^ jpeiu 2anibn;SaI ^Ktograplbi). [mit himself, with all the energy of his character, to the accomplishment of a long cherished scheme, for overthrowing tlie Spanish do- minion in America. Having procured some secret assistance, he sailed from New York in 1806, with one ship and a number of vo- lunteers, and landed in Venezuela ; but his attempts to rouse the inhabitants were al- together unsuccessful, and he found himself compelled to re-embark. In 1810 he re- newed his attempt with more success, but was finally obliged to capitulate to the Spanish general Monteverde. who, in viola- tion of the articles of surrender, treated him as a prisoner. Miranda was sent to Spain, and confined in the dungeons of the Inqui- sition at Cadiz, where, in 1816, he died, after an imprisonment of four years. MIRANDOLA, Giovanni Pico dklla, count and prince of Concordia, one of the brightest ornaments of literature in the 15th century, was born in 1463. In his youth he gave astonishing proofs of his genius ; and, when little more than 20, he set up in all the universities of Italy a number of difficult problems in the sciences, which lie engaged publicly to defend. This extraordinary young man died in 1494 at Florence, where he had resided some time, on terms of in- timacy with the most learned and distin- guished men of the age, particularly Lorenzo de Medici and Politian. MISSON, Maximilian, was an eminent French lawyer, who distinguished himself b}' his pleadings before the parliament of Paris, in behalf of the Protestants. He re- tired to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and afterwards travelled as tutor to an English nobleman. He pub- lished " A Voyage to Italy," 3 vols. ; " A Tour in England," and " Le Theatre sacr*? des Cevennes," in which the author betrayed his credulity and fanaticism by espousing tlie cause of the French prophets. He died in London, in 1701. MITAN, James, an liistorical engraver of some celebrity. Born in London, 1776 ; died, 1822. MITCHELL, Andrew, a British admiral, born in Scotland about 17.57. In 1776 he accompanied Sir Edward Vernon to India, as a midshipman ; and while there his ser- vices were such that he was rapidly advanced to the rank of post-captain. On the com- mencement of hostilities with the French republic, he was appointed to the command of the Asia, of 64 guns, and next to the Im- pregnable, of 90. In 1795 he was made rear- admiral ; and, in 1799, soon after his promo- tion as vice-admiral of the white, he joined Lord Duncan off the coast of Holland, and entering the Texel, the Dutch fleet surren- dered to him without firing a shot. He was now created a knight of the Bath ; in 1802 he was appointed commander-in-cliief off the coast of America ; and he died, at Ber- muda, in 1806. MITCHELL, Sir David, an eminent naval commander in the reign of William III., was descended from a respectable fa- mily in Scotland. He commanded tlie Eli- zabeth of 70 guns at the battle off Beachy Head, where he behaved with great gal- lantry. In 1693 he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and in 1694 had the honour of knightliood conferred upon him. He was employed in bringing over to England and carrying back Peter the Great, czar of Mus- covy, and was also sent on a diplomatic mission to Holland. He died in 1719. MITCHELL, Joseph, a dramatic writer, was born in Scotland, in 1684. He was patronised by Sir Robert Walpole, but died poor, owing to his extravagance and dissi- pated liabits, in 1738. He wrote " The Fatal Extravagance," a tragedy ; " The High- land Fair," a ballad opera; and "Poems," in 2 vols. MITCHELL, Thomas, a distinguished philologist, was born in London, in 1783, and educated at Christ's Hospital and at Cam- bridge, and subsequently devoted himself chiefly to private tuition and writing for the press. He contributed several excellent papers to the Quarterly, upon subjects con- nected with Greek manners and literature ; and occasionally superintended the classical works that emanated from the Clarendon press ; but his chief title to fame rests upon his admirable translation of the Plays of Aristophanes into English verse. Died, 1845. MITFORD, George, M. D., a descendant of the ancient house of Mitford, of Mitford Castle, near Morpeth, was born at Hexham, in 1760, and married the only daughter of Dr. Russell, rector of Ashe, Hants. Though he practised as a physician for a few years in Reading, his strong preference for country sports and occupations induced him to retire from tlie profession, and he became distin- guislied for his benevolence and hospitality as a country gentleman, and for his intelli- gence and activity as a magistrate. He was for a long period chairman of the Reading bench of magistrates, performing the duties of that station in a manner so able, ingenious, and independent, as to obtain for him a well- earned popularity. He had one daughter, the celebrated Mary Russell Mitford, the au- thoress of "Our Village," whose truthful and artless delineations of country life and manners have secured for her an enduring fame. Dr. Mitford died Dec. 10. 1842, aged 82. MITFORD, John, a miscellaneous writer, better known by the familiar appellation of " Jack Mitford." At an early age he entered the royal navy, where lie attained the rank of lieutenant, fought under Hood and Nel- son, and at the end of the war retired on half-pay. But having, during the early investigation into the conduct of queen Caroline, been detected as the fabricator of some letters, and thereby lost not only his rank and emoluments, but also his station in society, he had to depend for support on his literary talents. It appears that his versatility was such, that it was a matter of little consequence to him, whether his theme were grave or gay, while the facility with which he wrote verse was really extra- ordinary.: tlius we find him editing the Scourge' and Bon Ton Magazines, and other works of a similar cast, wliile he edified the world by his contributions to religious periodicals, or charmed it by those lyric eflTusions, which were graced by the classic typography of a St. Giles's press, and ren- dered popular by the sweet voices of itinerant mit] ^ iSitfsy Winibtr^nX Miatira^f)v, [mol vocalists. His principal work is entitled "Johnny Newcome in the Navy," a poem descriptive of sea life. He died in St. Giles's workliouse, Dec. 1831. MITFOKD, JouN Fkeeman. See Redes- dale. MITFORD, William, an eminent his- torical and philological writer, was bom at London, in 1734 ; studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and then at the Middle Temple ; but he early quitted the profession of the law, and obtained a commission in the Hampshire militia, of which he rose to be colonel. He was, successively, M.P. for Newport, in Cornwall, Beeralston, and New Romney. I[e was professor of ancient history at the Royal Academy ; and, besides his principal work, " The History of Greece," he published " An Essay on the Harmony of Language," " A Treatise on the Military Force, and particularly the Militia of this Kingdom," " Observations on the History of Cliristi- anity," &c. Died, 1827. MITHRIDATES, king of Pontus, sur- named the Great, ascended the throne at the a^e of 13 years, d. c. 124 ; and when he became ot age, travelled through Asia, partly to learn the customs, laws, manners, and lan- guages of the inhabitants, and partly to examine the territories of his neighbours of which he meditated the conquest. After an absence of three years, he returned, attacked Paphlagouia, and divided it with his ally, the king of Bithynia. The Romans, who had declared the country free, threatened him with a war ; but Mithridates was so little alarmed at this menace, that he even possessed himself of Galatia, which had placed itself under the protection of Rome. After various acts of perfidy and aggression, Mithridates declared himself against the Romans, suddenly fell upon Cappadocia and Bithynia at the same time, and was success- ful at the opening of the war. Sylla and Lucullus, however, prevailed against him, and he acceded to a very humiliating peace, but soon renewed the war against Mureua, and, though defeated by that general, ob- tained some ultimate advantages. The war continued to rage with alternate success, till at length Pompey obtained a great victory over him, near the Euphrates, b. c. 66. Mith- ridates fled to Tigranes, who had before been one of his most efficient allies, but that mo- narch now refused him an asylum. He then took refuge in the dominions of a Scythian prince, and sent ambassadors to Pompey to sue for peace, but the Romans insisted upon having his person. Meanwhile, an insurrec- tion broke out in his army, and his son Pharnazes was proclaimed king. Unable to reduce the rebels to their duty, and seeing no hope of retrieving his fortunes, he threw himself on his sword, B. c. 64, having ruled Pontus 59 years. MITZLER, Laurence Charles de Ko- LOF, an eminent German musical composer, was bom at Vettlesliiem, in 1711 ; received his education at Anspach ; and, in 1731, re- moved to the university of Leipsic, where he not only perfected himself in musical science, but made a considerable proficiency in mathe- matics and natural philosophy. He after- wards settled at Warsaw, where he became So great a favourite at the court, as to obtain from the king a patent of nobility. His principal works arc, " A Musical 1-ibrary," 3 vols., and " The Elements of Thorough Bass." Died, 1778. MOEHSEN, Jonw Charles William, physician to Frederic the Great, was born at Berlin, in 1722, studied at Jena and Halle, and was a member of various learned insti- tutions. He wrote several works relating to the history of medicine and its professors ; and died in 179.5. MOELLENDORF, Richard Joachim Henry, Count de, a Prussian general, born in 1724. His behaviour at the battles of Molwitz and Kotowitz, in the first Silesian war, having attracted the notice of Frederic II., whom he accompanied thither as a page, he was promoted to a company in the guards ; became a colonel in 1761, afterwards lieuten- ant-general, and in 1783 governor of Berlin. During the disgraceful dismemberment of Poland, in 1793, he commanded the Prussian troops, and did everything in his power to alleviate the misfortunes of the Poles. On his return home he was created a field-mar- shal and governor of South Prussia; and suc- ceeded the Duke of Brunswick in the com- mand of the Prussian army on the Rhine, in 1794, when he gained the victory of Kaiser- slautern. He was present at the battles of Jena and Auerstadt, where he was wounded; and he liied in 1816. MOESEll, Ji-STUS, an eminent German advocate and author, was born atOsnaburgh, in 1720 ; was educated at Jena and Gottingen; acquired great popularity on his return to his native place as an advocate and coun- sellor of justice ; and died in 1794. MOLA, Peter Francis, an eminent pain- ter, bom in 1609, at Coldra, in the Milanese. He was a pupil of Albani, and is distin- guished both as a landscape and historical painter. Died, 1665. ilOLAI, James de, the last grand-master of the knights Templars, was a native of Burgundy. He was admitted into the order about 1265, and having signalised himself by his valour in Palestine, was unanimously elected grand-master on the deatli of William de Bcaujeu. The great wealth and power of the Templars, their pride and their dissolute manners, created them a multitude of ene- mies, and led to their destruction. At length, Philippe le Bel, king of France, and pope Clement V. formed a plan for their exter- mination. They were accused of heresy, impiety, and various crimes revolting to human nature. In 1307, all the Templars throughout France were arrested at the same hour, and they were tried and convicted, some on their own confessions, and others on such evidence as could be procured. Fifty- seven were committed to tlie flames in 1311 ; and after an imprisonment of seven years, De Molai shared their fate at Paris, in 1314, declaring his innocence to the last. MOLE', Francis R^ni?, an eminent French comedian, bom at Paris, in 1734. During the progress of the revolution he became an associate of the Jacobins, and impiously oflSciated in the church of St. Roch, as the priest of the goddess of Reason. Died, 1802. mol] ^ ^cbi HuibariSat 23i0flrffjp^w. [mol MOLE', Mattukw, a French magistrate, remarkable for his probity and courage in the most troublesome times, was born at Paris, in 1584 ; became president of the par- liament, and keeper of the seals ; and died in 1656. MOLE, John, an Englishman, who was eminent for his skill and knowledge in the science of algebra. Bom of poor but respect- able parents, Mr. Mole was indebted to a fortuitous circumstance for the discovery of his talent. Having, when a farmer's servant, been sent to a carpenter's shop for a load of timber, a workman asked him whether he could tell how many cubical quarters of inches could be cut out of a solid j foot of wood ; upon which Mole replied, he could tell how many could be cut out of ten thousand solid feet. He then answered the question, — How many farthings there were in a million of moidores, of the value of twenty -seven shillings each. Hitherto Mole had set down his figures in chalk, and asked his fellow-servants to decipher them ; but from that period he applied diligently to acquire a knowledge of figures. He died in 1827. MOLESWORTH, Robert, Viscount, an Irish statesman, born at Dublin in 1656, and educated in Trinity College. When James II. landed in Ireland, he caused his estate to be confiscated ; but, on the settlement of affairs under William III., he was made a privy-councillor, and sent ambassador to Copenhagen, where he had a dispute with the king, which induced him to return home abruptly. He then published " An Account of Denmark," which was considered as a libel on the country, and complained of as such by the Danish ambassador in London. In 1714 he was made a commissioner of trade and plantations ; and two years afterwards raised to tlie Irish peerage. He died in 1725. MOLEVILLE, Anthony Feancis Bkr- TRAND DE, a French statesman, was born at Toulouse, in 1744. He was minister of the marine in the reign of Louis XVI. ; and when the revolution broke out, he sought an asylum in England, where he resided twenty- two years, and published " Memoirs of the Revolution," and several other works on that subject. During his residence in London he acquired such a command of the English language as to write in it " A History of England." Died, at Paris, 1819. MOLIERE, John Baptist Poqitelin de, the most celebrated among the French writers of comedy, was born at Paris, in 1622. His father was valet-de-chambre and upholsterer to the king ; and when he became infirm, Moliere was obliged to oflSciate for him in the royal household ; in wliich capacity he attended Louis XIII. to Narbonne, in 1641. On his return to Paris his passion for the stage was unconquerable ; he became a pro- vincial actor, and began also to display his dramatic powers as an author. In 1662 he produced his "Etourdi;" and having the patronage of the Prince de Conti, he finally established himself at Paris. His reputation was carried to its higliest summit when the "TartuflFe" appeared; and tlie piece was played and applauded after it had been kept I back for years by the clamour of false devo- tees. In this, hypocrisy is fully unveiled, the characters are equally various and true, and the dialogue is elegant and natural. For twenty years, Moliere wrote for the stage ; and being all the time an actor also, and interrupted by various avocations, his fertility was most extraordinary. His last piece was the celebrated " Le Malade Imagi- naire," to the fourth representation of which he fell a sacrifice. He himself acted the imaginary sick man in the piece ; but labour- ing at the time under a pulmonary complaint, and exerting himself with unusual spirit, his efforts brought on the rupture of a blood- vessel, by which he was suffocated. Moliere may be regarded as the true father of French comedy ; and Voltaire styles him " the best comic writer of any nation." He chased away a great share of the coxcombry, false wit, and pedantry of the day ; and his works may be considered as a history of the man- ners, fashions, and tastes of the times. In private life he was humane and benevolent in a high degree ; and no one had more friends of rank and talent, or was more lamented by them ; but his matrimonial connection with a young actress, whose con- duct subjected him to great annoyances, embittered his domestic enjoyments. He died in 1673. MOLIERES, Joseph Privat de, a phi- losophical writer, was born at Tarascon, in 1677 ; became a member of the congregation of the Oratory ; and was a pupil of Male- branclie, on whose death he quitted the so- ciety, and devoted himself wholly to physics and mathematics. He was afterwards pro- fessor of philosophy at the royal college, and died in 1742. His works are, "Philo- sophical Lectures," 4 vols. ; " Mathematical Lectures," and " La Premier Partie des E16- mcns de G<iometrie." MOLIN, James, usually called Dumoulin, a celebrated French physician, was born in 1666 ; became chief physician to the army in Catalonia, at the age of 26 ; and on his return to Paris, in 1706, added to his reputation by his cure of the Prince of Cond^. In his medical practice he was so partial to vene- section, that it is supposed Le Sage intended to satirise him under the character of Dr. Sangrado. Died, 1755. MOLINA, LoTjis DE, a Spanish Jesuit and theologian, was born at Cuenza, in 1535 ; was professor of theology at Evora for 20 years ; and died in 1601. He was the author of a treatise on free will, entitled " De Concordia Gratiae et liberi Arbitrii," which gave rise to such a furious contest between the Do- minicans and the Jesuits, that the pope found it advisable to issue a bull, in order to sup- press it. MOLINET, Claitde du, canon regular and procurator general of the congregation of St. G^n(5vi&ve, was born at Chalous-sur- Marne, in 1620, and died in 1687. He was the author of " The Epistles of Stephen, Bishop of Tournay, with Notes," "History of the Popes by Medals," and other works illus- trative of ecclesiastical antiquities. He collected a large cabinet of curiosities, and placed the library of St. Genevifeve in the state for which it is so celebrated. MOLINET, John, a French poet of the 604 f UNP UNIVERSITY ) or mol] ^ ^etu Hm'berM 3St0srapIjs. [mon ISth century ; author of " Faites et Dits," &c. He was almoner and librarian to Margaret of Austria, and historiographer to the house of Burgundy. Died, 1507. MOHNIER, William, a celebrated trou- badour of the 14th century, whose " Lays d'Ainors," is a curious monument of the state of literature in the south of France at that period. MOLINOS, Michael, a Spanish theo- logian, and founder of the sect called Quiet- ists, was born iu 1027, at Saragossa, but passed the greater part of his life at Rome, where, in 1()75, he published his celebrated "Spiritual Guide," which was condemned by the Inquisition 10 years after its flrst appearance, and the author sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. He died a cap- tive, in 16»). The followers of Molinos, of whom Madame Guyon was the principal, were called Quietists, because tliey main- tained that religion consists in an abstrac- tion of the mind from external and finite objects. MOLLOY, Charles, a political writer and dramatist, was born in Dublin, and educated at Trinity College. He afterwards became a student of the Middle Temple, and was the editor of a political paper, called Common Sense." He died in 1767. His plays are, "The Perplexed Couple," "The Coquet," and " Half-pay OiBcers." MOLYNEUX. Sir William, a gallant knight in the reign of Henry VIII., who displayed great bravery at the battle of Flodden Field. Ou his death-bed he gave this advice to his son : " Let the under- wood grow ; the tenants are the support of a family, and the commonalty are the strength of a kingdom. Improve this fairly; but force not violently, either your bounds, or your rents, above your forefathers." MOLYNEUX, William, an ingenious mathematician, was born at Dublin, in 1656. The philosophical society, established at Dublin in 1683, owed its origin to his en- deavours, and he became the first secretary. Soon after, he was appointed surveyor-gene- ral of the works, and chief engineer. In 1685 he was chosen a member of the Royal Society, and in 1689 he settled with his family at Chester, where he employed him- self in finishing his " Treatise on Dioptrics," which was published in 1692. In this year he returned to Dublin, and was chosen one of the representatives for that city. Besides the above, he wrote " Sciothericum Teles- copium ;" also, "The Case of Ireland stated, in relation to its being bound by Acts of Parliament in England ;" and some papers in the Philosophical Transactions Samuel Molyneux, his son, was born at Chester, in 1689 ; became secretary to George II., when prince of Wales ; and was distin- guished by his skill in astronomy. MOLZA, Francis Maki A, an Italian poet, was born at Modena, in 1489. He excelled in various kinds of poetry, combining ele- gance of style with striking imagery and ele- vated ideas ; but he was a man of dissipated manners, and died a victim to his vices and licentiousness, in 1544. —His grand- daughter, Tarquinia Molza, who married Paul Porrino, was bom in 1542, and died in 1617. Her works consist of translations from Plato, and other classical writers, with Latin and Italian poems, for which her family was honoured by the Roman senate with a patent of citizenship. MONARDES, Nicholas, a Spanish phy- sician, was born at Seville, and educated at Alcala ; after which he settled in his native place, and died there in 1578. His works are, " De secanda Vena in Pleuritide inter Gnecos et Arabes Concordia," " De Rosa, ct Partibus ejus," and "Dos Libros de las cosas que so traen de las Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de Medicina." This last work has been translated into Latin, French, Italian, and English ; and the name of Monardes is perpetuated by the botanical genus Monaida, in the class Diandria of Linnaeus. MONBEILLARD, Puilibert Gceneau, a distinguished French naturalist, born at Semur, in 1720. He obtained great repu- tation in the scientific world, by his con- tinuation of the " Collection Acadi5mique," a work consisting of every interesting cir- cumstance in the memoirs of the learned societies of Europe ; afterwards became the associate of Buffon, in his great work on natural history ; nor was any difference of I style in their writings observed, until Buffon ' himself announced him in liis preface. Died, 1785. MONCEY, Adrien, duke of Conegliano and marshal of France, was bom at Besau- 5on, in 1754. Though lie entered the army at 15 years of age, he did not become a captain till 1791, and in 1793 having been sent to the Pyrenees at the head of the " chasseurs Cantabres," he so distinguished himself by his gallantry, that in a short time he became successively general of bri- gade and general of division. In 1795 and 1796 he made a most successful campaign in Spain and Italy ; anil, after the peace of j Luneville, he was appouited inspector gene- ral of the gendarmerie ; in which capacity i he rendered such important services to Na- poleon, that he was made one of his flrst i marshals in 1804, and soon afterwards : created duke of Conegliano. In 1808 he ; once more took part in the war with Spain, and contributed to the capture of Saragossa in 1809 ; but, during the last years of the empire, he ceased to take part in military ^ operations which he disapproved, and did ' not reappear till 1814, when he tried, as ; major-general of the national guard, to defend the walls of Paris, laying down his arms only after the capitulation was signed. I After the " hundred days," he refused to i preside at the council of war appointed to I try Marshal Ney ; and for this generous act j he was imprisoned in the fortress of Ham for three months, deprived of all his fuiic- ] tions, and expelled from the chamber of ! peers, to which, however, he was readmitted in 1819. In 1823 he joined the Duke d'An- goiileme in his invasion of Spain, and finished his military career with a success worthy of his first exploits. He was after- wards nominated governor of the Hotel des Invalides, and in this capacity received the ashes of Napoleon in 1840. Died, 1842. MONCONYS, Balthasar de, a traveller, was bom at Lyons. After receiving a liberal mon] ^ ^etD Hiiibrr^al 2St0srapTjj|. [mon education at the university of Salamanca, he visited the East, for the purpose of tracing the remains of the philosophy of Trismegis- tus and Zoroaster ; but returned without ac- complishing the object of his mission, and died in 1665. His travels were printed in 3 vols. MONCRIF, Francis Augustin Paradis DE, a member of the French academy, was born at Paris, in 1687 ; became the favourite of fashionable society by his musical, the- atrical, and poetical talents ; and died in 1770. His principal works are, " An Essay on the Art of Pleasing," and a romance, entitled " Les Ames Rivales." MONGAULT, Nicholas Hubert, a French writer, was born at Paris, in 1674. He became a member of the congregation of tlie Oratory ; but after teaching with reputa- tion in the college at Mons, he quitted the society, and went to live with the Archbishop of Toulouse, who procured him a priory. He was afterwards tutor to the Duke de Chartres, son of the Duke of Orleans ; was made secretary-general to the French in- fantry, and obtained other places through the interest of his pupil. He was also a member of the French academy, and that of Inscrip- tions. Died, 1746. MONGE, Gaspar, a celebrated French mathematician and natural pliilosopher, was born at Beaune, in 1746 ; taught physics and mathematics at the military school of Mezieres ; became a member of the academy of sciences, in 1780 ; was made minister of the marine, in 1792 ; and was ore of the founders of the Polytechnic School. In 1796 he was commissioned to go to Italy, and collect the treasures of art and science from the countries conquered by the French ; and, in 1798, he accompanied Bouonaparte to Egypt, where he was cliosen president of the institute of Cairo. Napoleon when emperor made him a senator, created him count of Pelusium, and gave him an estate in West- phalia, accompanied by a present of 200*000 francs. On the return of the Bourbons he was deprived of all his offices and emolu- ments, and he died in 1818. His principal works are, "Descriptive Geometry," "The Application of Analysis to the Geometry of Surfaces," and a " Treatise on Statics." MONGE, Lieutenant-colonel, a French officer employed by Napoleon, after his return from Elba, to go secretly to Vienna, to bring off Maria Louisa and her son to France. He succeeded, by various disguises, to reach Vienna, and was very near accom- plishing his purpose, when tlie Austrian police got information of the plan, and Monge was compelled to fly. He got back to France, and fought bravely in the battle of Waterloo ; but was eventually reduced to such distress as to work as a common la- bourer and died in the hospital of St. Louis, in 1829. MONK, George, duke of Albemarle, a distingiushed military commander, and a great promoter of the restoration of Charles II., v>'as the son of Sir Thomas Monk, of Potheridge, near Torrington in Devonshire, and born in 1608. Being a younger son, he entered the army as a volunteer, and served under his relation Sir Richard Grenville, in an expedition to Spain and in the Nether- lands. On the breaking out of tlie war between Charles I. and the Scotch in 1639, he obtained a colonel's commission, and at- tended his majesty in both his expeditions to the north. When the Irish rebellion began in 1641, his services there were so important, that the lords justices thought proper to ap- point him governor of Dublin. On his return to England he was sent to relieve Nantwich, where he was taken prisoner by the army belonging to the parliament, and sent to the Tower, where he remained till 1646. The royal cause being now ruined, he obtained liis liberty on condition of taking a command in Ireland, where he concluded a peace with the rebels, which displeased the parliament, who passed a vote of censure upon him for it. Cromwell, however, who thought highly of his military talents, made him lieutenant- general, and gave him the chief command in Scotland. But the sagacious usurper had strong suspicions of Monk's sincerity ; and not long before his death wrote him a letter, to which he added this postscript : " There be tliat tell me that there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk, who is said to lie in wait there to introduce Charles Stuart : I pray you use your diligence to apprehend him and send him up to me." On the decease of the protector, the resignation of power by his son, and the contest of parties which subsequently took place, he availed himself of the commanding situation which he occupied, to crush the republicans, and promote the recall and restoration of the Stuart family to the throne, in the person of Charles II. As the reward of his loyalty, he was created duke of Albemarle, with a pension of 7000Z. a year, made a privy-coun- cillor, and invested with the order of the garter. In 1664 he was appointed admiral of the fleet in conjunction with Prince Rupert, and in 1666 obtained a great victory over the Dutch, in a tremendous battle, which lasted three days. He died in 1670, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. MONK, Mauv, daughter of Lord Moles- worth, and wife of George Monk, esq., was celebrated for her poetical genius. She was well acquainted with the Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish languages. Died, 1715. MONMOUTH, James, Duke of, a natural son of Charles II., was born at Rotterdam, in 1619. He was distinguished by his per- sonal attractions, his affable address, and thoughtless generosity ; hence he became very popular. But he was weak-minded and pliant ; and had he not resigned himself to the guidance of the restless and ambitious Shaftesbury, who flattered him with the hopes of succeeding to the crown, his popu- larity would never have become dangerous. He was concerned in various plots, which had for their object the exclusion of the Duke of York from the crown ; and he was, in consequence, ordered by Charles to quit the kingdom. On the accession of James II., being urged to the act by some of his par- tisans, he landed at Lyme, with scarcely a hundred followers (June, 1685); but his num- bers were soon increased, and he assumed the title of king, and asserted the legitimacy of his birth. His forces were defeated, and J mon] ^ ^efa BnihtxiKl JStograpIjy. [mon the duke himself was made prisoner, having been found in tlie disguise of a i)easant, lying at the bottom of a ditch, overcome with hunger, fatigue, and anxiety. He nobly refused to betray his accomplices, and con- ducted liimself with much firmness on the scaffold, where his head was severed from his body, after four unsuccessful blows. The people, of whom he was still tlie favourite, believed that the person executed was not Monmouth ; and it was probably this belief which has led some to conjecture that the famous " Iron Mask " was the Duke of Monmouth. MONNETT, Anthony Gkimoald, an eminent French chemist and inspector- general of the mines, was born in Auvergne, in 1734. He was one of the verjr few who cultivated the science, that rejected the great discoveries and theories of Lavoisier, and it consequently lessened his reputation. He wrote a variety of works, besides analyses and memoirs in the Journal de Physique ; and died in 1817. MONNOYE, Bernard de la, a French poet and miscellaneous writer ; born, at Dijon, 1641 ; died, at Paris, 1727. MONRO, Alexander, an eminent phy- sician and anatomist, of Scottish descent, was born in London, in 1697. After study- ing under Cheselden, and travelling on the Continent for improvement, he wa«, in 1719, appointed professor and demonstrator of anatomy to the company of surgeons at Edinburgh ; where, soon after, he instituted that course of instruction for which its me- dical school is so highly celebrated. This was followed by the foundation of an hos- pital, where he delivered courses of clinical lectures ; and also formed a society for col- lecting and publishing professional papers ; the result of wiiich appeared in six volumes of " Medical Essays," and two more on " Physical and Literary Subjects." Besides the papers contained in these volumes, the doctor published a work, entitled " Osteo- logy, or a Treatise on the Anatomy of the Bones ;" and an " Account of the Success of Inoculation in Scotland." Died, 1767 His eldest son. Dr. Alexander Monro, succeeded, on the death of his father, to the anatomical professorship ; and published numerous works, among which are, " Ob- servations on the Nervous System," "The Structure and Physiology of Fishes," " A Description of the Bursse Mucosae," " Three Treatises on the Brain, Eye, and Ear," " Observations on the Crural Hernia," " Out- lines of the Anatomy of the Human Body," 4 vols His second son, Dr. Donald Monro, became a physician in the army ; and wrote " Observations on the Means of preserving the Health of Soldiers," 2 vols. ; and a "Treatise on Medical and Pharma- ceutical Chemistry," 4 vols. Died, 1802. MONROE, James, a president of the United States, was bom, in 1758, in West- moreland county, Virginia. He entered the revolutionary army as a cadet, and, being soon after appointed a lieutenantj marched to New York, where he joined the army under Washington. He was engaged in the battle of Harlem Heights, in that of White Plains, in the retreat through the Jerseys, and in the attack on Trenton. In the last he was in the vanguard, and received a ball through his left shoulder. For his conduct in this action he was promoted to a cap- taincy. Subsequently he was attached to the staff of general Lord Stirling, with the rank of major, and he fought by the side of Lafayette, when that officer was wounded at the battle of Brandy wine. He was after- wards promoted to the rank of colonel ; and at the end of the contest, in 1783, he was elected a member of congress. In May, 1794, he was appointed minister plenipoten- tiary to France, but recalled from this mis- sion in 1796, by president Washington, with strong marks of dissatisfaction, for having succumbed too much to the over-bearing policy of the French directory. He went, however, to London in the same capacity, at a juncture of great importance ; and, in 1811, was appointed secretary of state. Six years afterwards, the war department being in a very embarrassed state, he was chosen president, in 1817, as the successor of Mr. Madison ; and, in 1821, re-elected by a vote unanimous, with a single exception. He died on the 4th of July, 1831, the anniver- sary of American independence. MONSON, Sir WiLLiAii, an English naval officer, was born at South Carlton, in Lin- colnshire, in 1569 ; was educated at Baliol College, Oxford ; entered the naval service ; served in several expeditions in the reign of Elizabeth ; and was knighted by the Earl of Essex, for his conduct in the expedition to Cadiz. In the reign of James I. he distin- guished himself against the Dutch, and died in 1643. MONSTRELET, Enouerrand de, a French chronicler of the 15th century, born about 1390, and died in 1453. He was pro- vost of Cambray, and bailiff of Walincourt ; and wrote a chronicle of events, from the year 1400 to 1453, the year in which he died. MONTAGU, George, an eminent natu- ralist, was a native of Wiltshire. He de- voted his particular attention to the study of ornithology and conchology ; and was the author of " An Ornithological Dictionary " and " Testacea Britannica, or Natural His- tory of British Shells." Died at Knowle, near Kingsbridge, Devon, 1815. MONTAGU, Lady Mary Wortley, a lady distinguished for her literary attam- ments, was the eldest daughter of Evelyn, duke of Kingston, and born, about 1690, at Thoresby, in Nottinghamshire. She made a great proficiency in the Latin and Greek languages, under the superintendence of Bishop Burnet. In 1712 she married Mr. Edward Wortley Montagu, whom she ac- companied in his embassy to Constantinople, from which place she wrote " Letters," to Mr. Pope, Mr. Addison, and other eminent literati of the time, which are very interest- ing, and contain many curious facts respect- ing the manners of the Turks. She is also memorable for having first introduced the practice of inoculation into this country, for which millions have had cause to bless her memory. She closed a life marked by a great variety of adventures, in 1762. Her collected works have been published in six volumes ; and her " Letters " certainly place mon] ^ 0m mnibtv^Kl 23t0flrajp]^g. [mon her at the head of female epistolary writers in Great Britain. MONTAGU, Edwakb Woktley, son of the preceding, was born at Warncliffe Lodge, in Yorkshire, about 1714. He received his education at Westminster School, whence he eloped, and became a chimney-sweep. His family had given him up for lost, when a gentleman recognised him in the street, and took him home to his father. He es- caped a second tijne, and engaged with a master of a fishing smack ; after which he shipped himself on board a vessel bound to Spain, where he served a muleteer. In this situation he was discovered, and conveyed home to his friends, who placed him under a tutor, with whom he travelled abroad. His father being rather scanty in his remit- tances, owing probably to the son's extra- vagance, the tutor is said to have committed a curious fraud to obtain a supply. This was the printing a book, entitled " Observa- tions on the Rise and Fall of Ancient Re- publics, by Edward Wortley Montagu, esq." This work, whether the production of the son or not, gave great pleasure to the old gentleman, who acknowledged it in a hand- some manner. On his return to England, he obtained a seat in the House of Commons, where he sat in two successive parliaments. His future conduct was marked by eccen- tricities not less extraordinary than those by which he had been distinguished in the early part of his life. He went to Italy, where he professed the Roman Catholic re- ligion, and from that he apostatised to Ma- hometanism. After passing many years in Egypt, and other countries on the Mediter- ranean coasts, he died as he was about to return to England, at Padua, in 1776. MONTAGUE, Elizabeth, an eminent female writer, was the daughter of Matthew Robinson, esq., of Yorkshire, and was born in 1720. She had an opportunity of prose- cuting her studies under the direction of Conyers Middleton, to whom she was pro- bably indebted for the tincture of learning which so remarkably influenced her cha- racter and manners. About 1742 she mar- ried Edward Montague, a descendant of the first Earl of Sandwich. Mrs. Montague pub- lished " An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakspeare," which obtained a great and deserved reputation. She formed a literary society known by the name of the " Blue Stocking Club," from the circum- j stance that Mr. Benjamin Stillingfleet, a ! gentleman belonging to it, wore stockings of that colour. Mrs. Montague was noticed for another peculiarity, that of giving an annual dinner on May-day to the chimney- sweepers of the metropolis. She died in 1800, and her epistolary correspondence in 4 vols, was afterwards published. MONTAIGNE, Michael de, a celebrated French essayist, was born in 1533, at the castle belonging to his family, in Perigord. His father, Pierre Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne, bestowed the greatest care on the cultivation of his son's promising talents; and after a course of suitable instruction Montaigne became a parliamentary coun- sellor, but his aversion to the duties of the station led him to retire from it. The study of man was his favourite occupation, and he therefore devoted himself entirely to philo- sophical subjects. His quiet, however, was disturbed by the troubles which distracted France in consequence of the cruel persecu- tions of the Huguenots ; his castle was plun- dered by the leaguers, and he himself was ill-treated by their adversaries. To these causes of distress was added the plague, which broke out in Guienne, in 1586, and compelled him to leave his estate, with his family, and wander through the country, which was then the theatre of all kinds of atrocities. He then resided some time in Paris, but finally returned home, and died in 1592. His celebrated " Essays " contain a treasure of wisdom, and may still be deemed one of the most popular books in the French language. Their style, without being pure or correct, is simple, bold, lively, and energetic. Cardinal du Perron em- phatically called them the breviary of honest men ; and La Harpe observes, " It is not a book we are rtading, but a conversation to which we are listening ; and he persuades, because he does not teacli." MONTALVAN, Don Luis Perez de, an eminent Spanish dramatist in the reign of Philip IV., whose writings are distinguished by good taste and sound judgment. Died, 16;!9. MONTALEMBERT, Mark Rene, Mar- quis de, a French general, was born in 1714, at Angouleme ; entered the army early in life ; and in the seven years' war was at- tached to the staff of the armies of Russia and Sweden, to give an account of military operations to the French ministry. He pub- lished a work on fortification, besides three volumes of correspondence on military sub- jects ; and papers in the memoirs of the academy of sciences. MONTANUS, the founder of a new sect, in the 2nd century, was a native of Phrygia. He affected to be a prophet ; and, having deceived two rich ladies, named Priscilla and Maximilla, by Jiis pretended sanctity, and exalted them into prophetesses, he as- serted it as an article of faith, that the ful- ness of the Spirit was imparted to these three chosen vessels to complete the mystery of eternal redemption. Among others who fell into this delusion were TertuUian and Theodotus. MONTANUS, Benedict Arias, a Spanish Benedictine, was born at Frexenel, in Es- tremadura, in 1527, and educated at Alcala. He was at the council of Trent, and, on his return to Spain, was employed in editing a polyglot Bible, in 8 vols. He was one of the most learned divines of the 16th century, and died at Seville, in 1598. MONTANUS, or DA MONTE, Johx Baptist, an Italian physician, was born at Verona, in 1488. He was sent to study the law at Padua, instead of which he applied to physic, and became professor of medi- cine. He died in 1551. He translated into Latin tlie works of -SStius ; the poem of MussEus, the Argonantics of Orpheus, and tlie Tragopodagra of Lucian. MONTAUSIER, Charles de St. Maure, Duke of, was born in Touraine, in 1610, and died in 1690. He was governor to the dau- I mon] ^ jJclxj Bni\itxiaX 3$i0grapT)jJ. [mon phin, to which office he was appointed in 16(58 ; and such was liis character lor inte- grity, and tlie upright manner in wliich he always conducted himself, that he was called by the people " the virtuous man who always tells the truth." Died. 1(590. MONTECUCULI, Raymokd de, a cele- brated general, was born in 1608, of a dis- tinguished family in tlie Modenese, and entered into the service of the emj)cror of Germany. In 1(534, at the head of 2,000 horse, he surprised 10,000 Swedes, and took their baggage and artillery ; but he was soon after defeated, and taken prisoner. In 1637 he defeated Kazolzi, prince of Transyl- vania ; in 1664 he gained a splendid victory over the Turks at St. Gothard ; and, in 1675 and 1676, he «omnianded on the Rhine, and foiled all the efforts of Turenne and the Prince of Condt? by his masterly manoeuvres. He died in 1(580, Moutecuculi wrote some excellent " Memoires " on the military art, and a treatise on the " Art of Reigning." MONTEMAYOR, Geouoe de, a Castilian poet, was born in 1520, and took his name from the place of his birth. After serving in the army, he was employed at the court of Philip II., where he died in 1562. He wrote " Diana," a pastoral romance, which was continued by Caspar Polo. MONTEREUIL, Beknaudik, a learned Jesuit, born at Paris, in 1569, and died in 1646. His chief works are, "A History of the early State of the Church " and " A Life of Jesus Christ," whicli is highly esteemed. MONTESQUIEU, Chakles de Secon- DAT, Baron de, was bom at the castle of Brede, near Bourd'Caux, in 16^ ; and in 1716 became president of tlie parliament of Bourdeaux. His first appearance as an author was in the publication of the " Per- sian Letters," a work whicli gave proofs of a fine genius and a solid judgment. In 1728 he was admitted a member of the academy, on which occasion he delivered an eloquent discourse. Having given up his civil em- ployments, he went on his travels, ajid re- mained in England three years. After his return he retired to his estate, and there completed his work *' On the Causes of the Grandeur and Declension of the Romans," which was published in 1734. His greatest performance, however, is the " Spirit of Laws," which came out in 1748, and, though attacked by some writers, secured its ground in the estimation of the literary world. His other works are, " The Temple of Cnidus," a piece called " Lysimachus," and an " Essay on Taste." Burke characterises him as " a genius not born in every country, or every time, — with a Herculean robustness of mind, and nerves not to be broken with labour." He died in 1755. MONTEZUMA, emperor of Mexico at the time of the Spanish invasion. Having, by his despotic government, made himself many enemies, they willingly joined Cortez, and assisted him in his progress. Seized in the heart of his capital, and kept as a hostage at the Spanish quarters, he was at first treated with respect, which was soon changed into insult, and fetters were put on his legs. He was at length obliged to acknowledge his vassalage to the king of Spain, but he could not be brought to change his religion. He died in 1520, from being struck on the temple with a stone, while persuading his tumultu- ous subjects to receive the Spanish yoke. Charles V. gave a grant of lauds, and the title of count of Montezuma, to one of the sons, who was the founder of a uoble family in Spain. MONTFAUCON, Bernard de, a cele- brated French critic and antiquary, was l)Orn at the castle of Sontage, in Languedoc, in 1655 ; became a Benedictine monk, after having engaged in the military service ; and died in 1741. He was a voluminous writer ; but the most important of his works is that treasure of classical archajology, entitled *• L'Antiquite explique et representee en Figures." M(JNTFORT, Simon de, earl of Lei- cester, son of the Simon de Montfort who distinguished himself by his zeal and seve- rity in the crusade against the Albigenses, was born in France, and retired to England in 1231, on account of some dispute with queen Blanche. Henry III. received him very kindly, bestowed upon him tlie earldom of Leicester, which had formerly belonged to his ancestors, and gave him his sister, the countess dowager of Pembroke, in marriage. After this, Henry appointed him seneschal of Gascony ; but he ruled so despotically there, that he was recalled, and a violent alter- cation took place between them, in which the king applied the opprobrious epithet cf " traitor " to his subject, and the latter gave his sovereign the lie. A reconciliation was, however, effected, and De Montfort waa employed on several occasions, in a diplo- matic and military capacity. In 1528 he appeared in parliament at the head of the discontented barons, who were all armed, and demanded that the administration should be put in the hands of 24 barons, who were empowered to redress grievances, and to reform the state. This was conceded, and for a time submitted to ; till at length hostilities commenced between the barons and the royal party, which ended in the triumph of the former at the battle of Lewes. From what precise cause it does not appear, but probably it was owing to his arrogance and rapacity, that a powerful party was raised up against him among the barons ; and, according to some, this was the motive which induced him to summon knights of shires and burgesses to the par- liament in 1265. Whatever may have been his motives, however, he thus became the founder of the English House of Commons. In the same year was fought the battle of Evesham, in which the royal forces were led by prince Edward ; and there, in attempt- ing to rally his troops, by rushing into the midst of the enemy, he was surrounded and slain. MONTGOLFIER, Jacques Etienne, the inventor of air-balloons, was born in 1745, at Vidalon-les-Annonai. In conjunction with an elder brother, he devoted himself to scientific pursuits, and was the first who manufactured the vellum paper, still so much admired for its beauty. One day while boiling water in a coffee-pot, the top of which was covered with paper folded in monI ^ ^tbi WinibtrSaX ^ia^K^})^, [mow a spherical form, he saw tlie paper swell and rise — a circumstance that furnished him with the idea of a light machine, made buoyant by inflation, and traversing the air. After various preliminary trials, it being as- certained that a balloon, with a car attached to it, could be kept suspended by a supply of heated air, the experiment was repeated on a large scale at "Versailles, wlien the Mar- quis d' Orlandes ascended in the presence of the royal family, and a vast concourse of spectators. He died in 1799. His brother, before mentioned, who was tlie inventor of a hydraulic machine, called the water-ram, died in 1810. MONTI, VixcENZo, one of the most celebrateil poets of modern Italy, was born at Fusignano, near Ferrara, in 175.3 ; and became as notorious for the versatility of his political principles as for his poetic ta- lents. He commenced his career as secre- tary to Luigi Braschi, nephew of pope Pius "VI., and was then a violent enemy of the French ; he afterwards became a republi- can ; next a panegyrist of Napoleon ; and ended by eulogising the emperor of Aus- tria. His " Basvilliana," written on the murder of Hugo Basseville, the French ambassador at Rome, is a close imitation of Dante, and gained him a high reputation. His other chief works were, " Bardo della Selva nera," and a translation of Homer's Iliad ; and liis dramatic writings are the tragedies of " Galeotti Manfredi," " Aristo- demo," and " Caius Gracchus." He was successively appointed professor of the belles lettres and of rhetoric in the university of Padua, and historiographer of the kingdom of Italy ; and, after the destruction of that state, he was fortunate enough to preserve his place and pension under the new govern- ment. He was also a knight of the legion of honour, and a member of many learned societies. Died, 1828. MONTMORENCY, Anne de, peer, mar- shal, and constable of France, born in 1493, was one of the greatest generals of the I6th century. He distinguislied himself under Francis I., in the wars against Charles "V., and was made prisoner at the battle of Pavia, which was fought against his advice. Owing to the hatred of Catharine de IMedici he lost his influence during the reign of Francis II.; but the rising of the Hucuenots occasioned his recall to the court of Charles IX., and he joined the Duke of Guise, in opposition to Cond«5, who was at the head of the Protestants. In the battle of Dreux, Montmorency was made prisoner by the Huguenots, and Cond^ was captured by the royal troops. The former was liberated the next year, and in the second civil war gained a decisive victory over his old ene- mies, at the battle of St. Denis ; but died of the wounds received in the action, in 1567, aged 74. MONTMORENCY, Henry II., Duke de, was born in 1595, and in his 18th year was created admiral of France. He defeated the Protestants in Languedoc ; and, in 162&, he gained decided advantages over the Duke de Rohan, leader of the Huguenots. In 1C30 he held the chief command in Piedmont, and defeated the Spaniards under Doria. His serWces were at length rewarded with a marshal's baton ; and being jealous of the influence of Cardinal Richelieu, he, with Gaston, duke of Orleans, raised the standard of rebellion in Languedoc, where, being opposed by Le Force and Schomberg, lie was wounded and made prisoner. All France, mindful of his services, his virtues, and his victories, desired that the rigour of the laws might be softened in his favour ; but Riche- lieu was resolved to make an example of so powerful an enemy, and the marshal was condemned to death by the parliament of Toulouse, and executed, in 16.'i2. MONTPENSIER, Anne Maria Lothsa, of Orleans, better known as Mademoiselle de Montpensier, born at Paris, in 1627, was the daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans, and the niece of Louis XIII. In the civil contests which distinguished the minority of Louis XI"V., she was a zealous partisan of Cond^ ; and, in fact, her whole life was a scene of restless ambition and intrigue. She was privately married to Count Lauzun, and brought him a fortune of 20,000,000 francs, four duchies, the seigneury of Dombes, and the palace of Luxembourg ; but being treated by him with a degree of hauteur which she could not brook, she at length forbade him ever to appear again in her presence. From tliat time she lived in retirement, and died in 1693. Her " Memoirs," which form eight volumes, are interesting. MONTROSE, James Graham, Marquis of, a distinguished royalist under Charles I., was the son of the Earl of Montrose, who gave him an excellent education, which was improved by a residence in France, where he held a commission in tlie Scotch guards. On his return home he experienced such neglect through the jealousy of the Marquis of Hamilton, as induced him to join the Covenanters ; but he afterwards took a very active part on the side of the king ; and in a few months gained the battles of Perth, Al>erdeen, and Inverlochy ; for which ser- vices he was created a maiquis. In 1645 his fortune changed ; and after suffering a defeat from Lesley, he was obliged to leave the kingdom, when he landed in Orkney with a few followers, but was soon overpowered, conveyed to Edinburgh, and there hung and quartered. MONTUCCI, Antonio, a learned philo- logist, particularly excelling as a Chinese scholar, was born at Sienna, in 1762, and studied at the university there, devoting himself to the living languages with almost incredible application. In 1785 he was ap- pointed professor of English in the Tolomei college ; and, in 1789, accompanied Mr. Wedgwood to England as Italian teacher in his family. Being in London in 1792, when preparations were making for Lord Macart- ney's embassy to China, Montucci took the opportunity of obtaining assistance from some Chinese youths attached to the em- bassy, in acquiring their language, with which he was before only imperfectly ac- quainted. The result was, that he projected a Chinese dictionary, the prospectus of which he forwarded to several princes and aca- demies in Eiorope. In 1806 lie went to Ber- lin, on the invitation of the king of Prussia ; mon] ^ i^cJu Bnihtv^Kl 23t0flTai)^M. [mor but the invasion of the country by Buona- parte for Bome time interrupted his plans ; and, returning to Italy, he died at Sienna, in 1829. lie is the author of a " Chinese Dictionary," an "Italian Pocket Diction- ary," and several elementary works in that language ; and he edited tlie " Poesie inedite of Ivorenzo de' Medici," published at the expense of Mr. Roscoe. MONTUCLA, John Stephen, an eminent French mathematician, was bom at Lyons, in 1725 ; studied at the Jesuits' college, and acquired legal knowledge at Toulouse, but relinquished the law for the cultivation of mathematical science ; was sent to Cayenne, in 1764, as royal astronomer ; and died in 1709. His chief work is his " llistoire des Mathi'matiques," 4 vols. MOOR, Kakel dk, a portrait painter, was born at Leyden, in 1G5(;. He studied under Gerard Douw and Francis Mieris. His works were greatly admired, and the empe- ror of Germany conferred on him the honour of knighthood. Died, 1737. MOORE, EnwAnn, an English poet and dramatic writer, was the son of a dissenting minister at Abuigdon, in Berkshire, and born there in 1712. lie was brought up as a linen- draper in London, but quitted business for literary pursuits. In 1744 he published his '* Fables for the Female Sex," which became deservedly popular, and procured him friends among the great, particularly Lord Lyttle- ton, whom he afterwards complimented in a piece, entitled " The Trial of Selim." After two ineflfectual attempts at dramatic com- position, in the comedies of the " Foundling " and " Gil Bias," he succeeded completely in the tragedy of " The Gamester." lie next became the editor of a periodical paper, called " The World," in which he was as- sisted by lords Lyttleton, Chesterfield, and many other men of rank and talent. Died, 1757. MOORE, John, archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a grazier at Gloucester, and educated at the grammar school of that city, after which he went to Pembroke College, Oxford. Becoming chaplain to the Duke of Marlborough, and tutor to one of his sons, he obtained by that interest a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Durham ; in 1771, the deanery of Canterbury ; in 1776, the bishopric of Bangor ; and, in 1783, he was raised to the metropolitan see. Died, 1804. MOORE, Joux, a physician, and miscel- laneous writer of great repute, was born in 1730, at Stirling ; studied medicine and sur- gery at Glasgow ; and was successively a surgeon's mate in the Netherlands, and sur- geon to the English ambassador at Paris. In 1772 he took his degree as physician, and became the partner of Dr. Gordon, an emi- nent practitioner at Glasgow. After this he spent five years in travelling upon the Con- tinent with the Duke of Hamilton ; and on his return he settled in London. In 1799 he published the fruits of his travels in " A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany," 2 vols. This work was so well received, that, in 1781, he added two volumes more, entitled " A View of Society and Manners in Italy." After this, he published his " Medical Sketches." eii His next performance was a novel of a very superior character, entitled " Zeluco," 2 vols., which abounds with incident, and affords a striking illustration of Italian cha- racter and manners. In 1795 he published " A View of the Causes and Progress of the French Revolution," 2 vols. ; describing scenes which he had witnessed during his residence at Paris. He subsequently pub- lished a novel, entitled " Edward, or various Views of Human Nature," and " Mordaunt, or Sketches of Life, Character, and Manners in various Countries." Died, 1802. MOORE, Sir John, a distinguished mili- tary commander, was the eldest son of Dr. John Moore, and born at Glasgow, in 1761. Being destined for the military profession, he was educated chiefly on the Continent ; and whilst his father was abroad with the Duke of Hamilton he entered the army, at the age of fifteen, as ensign in the 61st regi- ment of foot ; of which, in 1790, he became lieutenant-colonel, and served with his corps in Corsica, where lie was wounded in storm- ing the Mozello fort at the siege of Calvi. In 179C he went out as brigadier-general to the West Indies, under Sir Ralph Aber- cromby, who appointed him to the govern- ment of St. Lucie, in the capture of which he had a principal share. On his return home, in 1797, he was employed in Ireland during the rebellion, and was raised to the rank of major-general. In 1799 he went on the expedition to Holland, where he did all that military prudence could accomplish to repair the mistakes of an incompetent com- mander, and where he was again wounded severely. He soon afterwards went to Egypt, and at the battle of Alexandria received two more wounds. For his skill and valour in that campaign he received the order of the Bath. He was then dispatched on a mission, both military and diplomatic, to the court of Sweden, in which he conducted himself with equal firmness and dexterity. In 1808 he was appointed to command an army in Spain, where, after a skilful and arduous retreat before a very superior force, he fell by a cannon ball, under the walls of Corunna, January 16th, 1809. His death excited a great sensation throughout the country. The House of Commons ordered a monument to be erected for him in St. Paul's cathedral ; and Glasgow, hrs native city, also erected one to his memory. MOORE, Sir Jonas, an eminent mathe- matician, was born about 1620, at Whitby, in Lancashire. His skill in mathematical learning recommended him to Charles II., by whom he was employed in several works, and made surveyor-general of the ordnance. He was also one of the governors of Christ's Hospital, and was the principal means of the above monarch's endowing a mathematical school in that seminary. Sir Jonas compiled, for the use of that institution, a "General System of Mathematics," in 2 vols. 4to., which was published after his death, in 1681. MORALES, Ambkose, a learned Spanish Dominican, was born at Cordova, in 1513 ; became historiographer to Philip II., king of Spain ; and died in 1590. He was the author of several works on the history and antiquities of Spain ; but his extreme ere- moe] ^ ^ch) Bnihtv^Kl 33t0g:tajil^|). [mob dulity greatly deteriorates the value of his writings. MORAND, Peter de, a poet and dra- matist ; born at Aries, 1701 ; died, 1757. MORANT, Philip, an antiquary and di- vine, was born in the island of Jersey, and educated at Pembroke College, Oxford. He edited several works, and wrote a "History of Colchester." " The History of Essex," &c. Born, 1700 ; died, 1770. MORATIN, Nicholas Fernandez de, a celebrated Spanish dramatic poet ; born at Madrid, in 1737 ; died, 1780. He was well acquainted with the old Castilian chroni- clers, and made excellent use of them in his lyric poems and plays. He wrote three tra- gedies, a comedy, a didactic poem, entitled " Diana, or the Art of Hunting," and various other works. MORATIN, Leandro Fernandez de, a Bon' of the preceding, was born about 1760, and is considered superior to his father as a dramatic poet. He was patronised by the minister Godoy, who enabled him to visit the principal theatres of England, France, and Italy, at the royal expense ; and on his return liome, appointed him to the situation of principal secretary interpreter. Under the government of Joseph Buonaparte he was made royal librarian ; but he was sub- sequently obliged to quit Spain, and died at Paris, in 1828. He took Moliere for his model ; and among his dramatic eflForts are the comedies of" El Cafe," " El Baron," &c. MORDAUNT, Charles, earl of Peter- borough, was born about 1658, and succeeded his father, John, lord Mordaunt, in 1675. He entered into the navy, and distinguished himself at Tangier when it was besieged by the Moors. In 1697, on the deatli of his uncle, he succeeded to the earldom of Peter- borough ; was employed as commander of the English army in Spain ; and, having greatly distinguished himself by his courage and activity, was subsequently appointed ge- neralissimo of the imperial forces. Died, 1735. MORE, Antonio, a celebrated portrait painter, born at Utrecht, in 1519. He was very successful in his portraits, of which he painted several in England, in the reign of queen Mary, on whose death he accompanied Philip II. to Spain, where he lived in terms of great intimacy with that monarch for some time ; but presuming too much on his familiarity, he incurred the displeasure of the king, and quitted the country. He then entered into the service of the Duke of Alva, by whom he was made receiver-general of the revenues of West Flanders. Thus pa- tronised, lie was enabled to live in a style of magnificence during the remainder of his life. Died, 1575. MORE, Hannah, an eminent moral writer, was born at Stapleton, in Gloucestershire, in 1744. She was one of the five daughters of a village schoolmaster, whose means were not sufficient to give his children many of the advantages of education ; but this deficiency was supplied by their own talents and perse- verance. The literary abilities of Hannah early attracted notice, and a subscription was formed for establishing her and her sisters in a school of their own. Her first literary production, " The Search after Hap- piness," a pastoral drama, was written when slie was only 18 years of age, though not published till 1773. By the encouragement of Garrick, she tried her strength in tragic composition, and wrote " Tlie Inflexible Captive," a tragedy, which was printed in 1764. Her tragedy of " Percy," the most popular of her dramatic compositions, was brought out in 1778, and ran 14 nights suc- cessively ; and her last tragedy, " The Fatal Falsehood," was produced in 1779. Shortly after, her opinions of public theatres under- went a change, and she has stated that she did not consider the stage, in its present state, as " becoming the appearance or countenance of a Christian." Early in life she attracted general notice by a brilliant display of lite- rary talent, and was honoured by the in- timate acquaintance of Johnson and Burke, of Reynolds and Garrick, and of many other eminent individuals, who equally appreci- ated her amiable qualities and her superior intellect. But she quitted, in the prime of her days, the bright circle of fashion and literature, and, retiring into tlie neighbour- hood of Bristol, devoted herself to a life of active Christian benevolence, and to the composition of various works, having for their object the religious improvement of mankind. Her first prose publication was " Thoughts on the Manners of the Great ; " this was followed by lier " Estimate of the Religion of the Fashionable World." In 1795 she commenced, at Bath, in monthly numbers, " The Cheap Repository," a series of admirable tales for the common people, one of which is tlie well-known " Shepherd of Salisbury Plain." The success of this seasonable publication was extraordinary ; and it is said that the sale reached the num- ber of 1,000,000 copies. She subsequently produced her " Strictures on the Modern Sj'stem of Female Education," " Hints to- wards Forming the Character of a Young Princess," "Ccelebs in Search of a Wife," "Practical Piety," "Christian Morals," an " Essay on the Character and Writings of St. Paul," and "Moral Sketches of the Pre- vailing Opinions and Manners, Foreign and Domestic, with Reflections on Prayer." The collection of her works comprises 11 volumes, 8vo. She died at Clifton, in September, 1833, aged 89, having realised upwards of 80,000?. by her writings, and leaving in charitable bequests about 10,0OOZ. MORE, Henrv, an eminent divine of the Churcli of England, was born at Grantham, in Lincolnsliire, in 1614 ; was educated at Eton, and Clirist's College, Cambridge ; and, while at the latter, profoundly studied the most celebrated systems of philosophy, and finally settled into a decided preference for that of Plato. In 1640 he published " Psyeho- Zoia, or the Life of the Soul :" a philosophical poem, which he republished, with other pieces, in 1647. He refused the highest ecclesiastical preferments, and died, univer- sally beloved, in 1687. That he was a man of great genius and vast erudition there can be no doubt ; but his opinions were singular, and deeply tinctured with enthusiasm. The most admired of his works are his " Enchiri- dium Ethicum " and " Divine Dialogues." MORE, Sir Thomas, chancellor of Eng- I mor] ^ fit^ Bixiiitx^nl 3Si0g:rHp!)ii. [mor land, was the son of Sir Joliii More, judge of the king's bench, and born in London, in 14«0. lie was educated at Christcliurch, then Canterbury College, Oxford ; and, in 1499, became a student of Lincoln's Inn. At the age of 21 he obtained a seat in par- liament, where he opposed a subsidy de- manded by Henry "VII. with such force, that it was refused by the liouse. At the accession of Henry "VIII. he was called to the bar, and in 1;>08 he was made judge of the sherift"8 court, and a justice of peace. In 1518 he published his " Utopia," a political romance ; and about this time the friendship began between him and Erasmus, which lasted through life. By the interest of Wolsey he obtained the honour of knighthood, und a place in the privy council. In 1520 he was made treasurer of the exchequer ; and in 1523 chosen speaker of the House of Com- mons, where he resisted a motion for an op- pressive subsidy, which gave great offence to his former friend, the cardinal. In 1530 he succeeded Wolsey as lord chancellor ; and by his indefatigable application in that office, there was in a short time not a cause left undetermined. He resigned the seals, because he could not conscientiously lend his support to the measures of Henry re- specting his divorce of queen Catharine ; and he was eventually committed to the Tower for refusing the oath of supremacy. After an imprisonment of 12 months, he was brougiit to his trial in the court of king's bench, where, notwithstanding his eloquent defence, he was found guilty of treason, and sentenced to be beheaded. His behaviour, in the interval, con-esi)onded with the uni- form tenor of his life ; and, on July 6. 15:(5, he ascended the scaffold, with his character- istic pleasantry, saying to the lieutenant of the Tower, " I pray you, see me safe up ; and as for my coming down, let me shift for myself." In the same spirit, when he laid his head on the block, lie told tiie execu- tioner to wait till he had removed his beard, " For that," said he, " hath committed no treason." Thus fell this illustrious Eng- lishman, whose integrity and disinterested- ness were on a par wiih his learning, and who wanted only a more tolerant spirit to make liim a perfect character.' MOKEAU, James Nicholas, a French advocate, and historiograplier of France, was born at St. Florentine, in 1717. He was em- ployed in collecting and arranging all the charters, edicts, &c., of the French legis- lature ; and was the author of " Memoires pour servir t>, I'llistoire de notre Temps," 2 vols. ; " Devoirs d'un Prince," and " Prin- cipes de Morale politi<iue et du Droit pub- lique, ou Discours sur I'llistoire de France," 21 vols. 8vo. It was the maxim of Moreau, that every thing should be done for the people, nothing by them. MOREAU, Jean' Michel, an eminent de- signer and engraver, was bom at Paris, 1741. He was a man of extensive information on works of art, and his industry was truly surprising. In 1700 he was commissioned to prepare all the drawings required for the l)id)lic festivities and those of the court ; and he commenced his duties with the sketches for the celebration of the nuptials of the dauphin and the other royal princess. In 1775 he published engravings, executed by himself, of his drawings for the coronation of Louis XVI., and was made member of the academy of painting, and draughtsman of the royal cabinet. Besides what he completed as royal draughtsman, the num- ber of drawings which he executed for engravings amounts to 24(X) ; while, as an engraver also, his labour was prodigious. He prepared 1(50 plates of the History of France, 80 for the New Testament, 60 for Gesner's works, upwards of 100 for editions of "Voltaire and Moliere, and an immense number more for the illustration of tlie standard works of ancient and modem au- thors. Died, 1814. MOREAU. Jkax Victor, one of the most celebrated generals of the French republic, was born at Morlaix, in 17C.'}. Though des- tined for the law, he abruptly left his studies, and enlisted in a regiment, before he had attained his 18th year ; bnt his father would not allow him to indulge liis passion for a military life, and procured his discharge. The revolution, liowever, enabled him to gratify his wishes ; and he became com- mander of the first battalion of volunteers raised in the department of Morbihan, at tlie head of which he joined the army of the north. Having greatly distinguished him- self at the head of his battalion, Pichegru, under whom he served, did all he could to befriend him ; and, in 1794, being made ge- neral of division, he was intrusted with a separate force, to act in Flanders, where he took many towns. He was soon after named commander-in-chief of the army of the Rhine, and began that course of arduous operations which terminated in the cele- brated retreat, from the extremity of Ger- many to the French frontier, in the face of a superior force, by which his skill as a con- summate tactician was so much exalted. Meantime, the republic being torn with in- testine dissensions, he, for a time, retired from active service ; but his talents as a general again brought him forward ; and Buonaparte having returned from Egypt, and being now first consul, intrusted him with the command of the armies of the Daimbe and the Rhine, which, in 1800, was productive of the decisive victory of Hohen- linden. Having, some time subsequent to this brilliant campaign, been implicated with Pichegru, Georges, and other royalists, in a plot against the consular government, he was brought to trial with 54 other persons, declared guilty upon slight evidence, and sentenced to two years' imprisonment. This was, however, commuted to a sort of volun- tary banishment ; and he accordingly retired to North America, where he bought an estate near Morrisville, on the Delaware. He there resided some years in the enjoyment of ease and tranqnillity, until listening to the in- vitation of the allies, and more especially of Russia, he embarkeil for Europe in July, 1813. At Prague he found the emperors of Austna and Russia, with the king of Prussia, all of whom received him with great cor- diality ; and he was induced to aid in the direction of the allied armies against his countrymen. Soon after his arrival, wliile 3a MOR 9[ flcto Winihcr^aX MiOQtu^'i)}}* [mor conversing with the emperor Alexander on horseback, in the battle before Dresden, a cannon ball fractured his right knee and leg. Amputation was immediately per- formed ; but the wound proved mortal ; and he died on the 1st of September, 1813. Moreau was brave, generous, and humane ; possess- ing rare merits as a soldier, and highly es- teemed by those who served under him, for the affability and simplicity of his manners. It was thought, and probably with truth, that he was looked upon with a jealous eye by Buonaparte, whose fear of finding iu Moreau a successful rival, led to his expa- triation. MORELL, Thoma?, an eminent critic and lexicographer, was born at Eton, in 1703. He published valuable editions of Ains- worth's Latin Dictionary, and Hedericus'a Greek Lexicon, and was the author of " An- notations on Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding." He edited the plays of Euripides and ^schylus, translated the Epistles of Seneca ; assisted Hogarth in writ- ing his Analysis of Beauty ; and selected the passages of Scripture for Handel's Oratorios. Died, 1784. MORELLET, Andre, a celebrated abb4, born at Lyons, iu 1727. He wrote some works on political economy and statistics ; lived in habits of friendsliip with the most eminent of his countrymen ; wrote many political brocliures during the revolution ; and died in 1819. He publislied "Literary and Philosophical Miscellanies of the Eigh- teenth Century," and his " Memoirs on the Eighteenth Century " appeared after his death. MORERI, Louis, a French ecclesiastic, and the first author of the "Biographical Dictionary " which bears his name, was born in Provence, in 1(j43 ; was educated among the Jesuits at Aix ; became almoner to the bishop of Apt ; and died in 1G80. The volu- minous compilation which Moreri com- menced owed its origin to the prelate before mentioned : when it was first published by Moreri, it consisted of one folio volume ; but the additions made to it by subsequent writers have extended it to ten. MORES, Edward Rowe, an English an- tiquary, was born, in 1730, at Tunstall, in Kent. He published an ancient fragment, entitled " Nomina et Insignia Gentilitia Nobilium Equitumque sub Edvardo primo Rege Militantium," 4to. In 1752 he was chosen a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ; and he projected the equitable society for insurance on lives and survivorship by an- nuities. He was the author of the " History and Antiquities of Tunstall, in Kent." &c, Died, 1778. MORETO Y CABANA, Dox Augustin, an eminent Spanish dramatic poet of the 17th century, who, after writing 200 plays, became an ecclesiastic. He was contem- porary with Calderon, and was patronised by Philip IV. He may fairly be called the Spanish Moliere, many of his comedies still keeping possession of the stage, from their racy humour, striking incidents, and cliaracteristic language of the dramatis personce. MORGAGNI, John Baptist, an eminent physician and anatomist, was born at Forli, in Romagna, iu 1682 ; studied imder Val- salva, at Bologna ; and, in 1711, became professor of medicine at Padua. In 1713 he was appointed to the first anatomical professorship, in which situation he con- tinued till liis death, in 1771. His works form 5 volumes folio, and are held iu high estimation. MORGAN, Sir Henry, a celebrated com- mander of buccaneers in the 17th century, was the son of a Welsh farmer. He took Porto Bello and Panama from the Spaniards, and for several years continued to enrich himself and his followers by the success of his marauding expeditions against that nation. Having amassed a large fortune, he settled at Jamaica, of whicli island he was appointed governor by Charles II., and knighted. MORGAN, William, an eminent Welsh prelate, who had a principal concern in the translation of the Bible into Welsh, printed first in 1.588. He died in 1004. MORGAN, William, a distinguished ma- thematician, was a native of Glamorganshire. He was actuary to the Equitable Assurance Company, I^ondon ; and remained connected with that institution 56 years. He was the author of " The Doctrine of Annuities and Assurances of Lives," " A Review of Dr. Crawford's Theory of Heat," together with various treatises connected with the financial prosperity of Great Britain. Died, 1833. MORGIIEN, Raphael, a celebrated en- graver, born at Naples, in 1758. He was invited to Florence in 1782, to engrave tlie master-pieces of the Florentine gallery ; and the reputation he acquired by his labours there, induced the grandduke to employ him in engraving Leonardo da Vinci's noble composition of the Last Supper, which is painted on the wall of tlie refectory in the Dominicans' convent, at Milan. In 1803 he was chosen an associate of the French In- stitute ; and, in 1812, lie was invited to Paris by Napoleon, who treated him with the most flattering kindness. His works are numerous, and include some of the most remarkable productions of the great masters. MORHOFF, Daniel George, a learned German author, boru at Wismar, in Meck- lenburg, in 1639 ; was educated at Stettin and Rostock ; came to England, and resided j for a time at Oxford. His principal work is entitled " Polyhistor, sive de Notitia Auc- | torum et Rerum Commentarii." Died, 1691. | MORICE, Sir William, an English gen- i tleman, memorable for the share which he ' had in bringing about the restoration of 1 Charles II. lie was the kinsman of General ' Monk, who procm-ed liim the place of secre- tary of state, which he resigned in 16G8, and died in 1676. MORIER, James, whose novels descriptive of Eastern life and manners enjoyed at one time great popularity both at home and abroad, was born in 1780. When still very young, he made an extensive tour through the East, the main incidents of which he described in his "Travels through Persia, Armenia, Asia Minor, to Constantinople." In 1810 he was appointed British envoy to the court of Persia, where he remained till mok] ^ ^cH mnihexiHl ISCosraiJlbi). [moh 181G, and soon after his return he published " A Second Journey through Persiii," &c. During his stay in the East, he made great use of his opportunity of studying the cha- racter of the people ; and the knowledge thus acquired was turned to excellent ac- count in his " Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan " (a species of Gil Bias, like Hope's " Anastasius "), whose " adventures in Eng- land " he described in a second series ; " Zohrab, or the Hostage," " Ayesha. or the Maid of Kars." "Abel Alnutt," "The Ba- nished," &c. ; in all of wluch, but especially in the first three, the manners, customs, and modes of thought prevalent in the East are pourtrayed with a liveliness, skill, and truthfulness to nature attained by few. Died, 1848. MORIN, Jonx Baptist, a French phy- sician, born at Villefranche, in 1583 ; became regius professor of mathematics at the uni- versity of Paris ; and died in 1(5.56. He was the author of " Astrologia Gallica," a work which cost him 30 years laUour, and was published after his death at the Hague. MORIN, Stkimien, a French Protestant divine, born in l(i2,5, at Caen, in which city he settled as pastor of a congregation, and remained there till the revocation of the edict of Nantes, when he retired to Leyden. He was afterwards appointed professor of oriental languages at Amsterdam ; and died in 1700. His works are chiefly of a philological cha- racter, explanatory of the origin, &c., of the l)rimitive languages. MORISON, Robert, an eminent English physician, and professor of botany at Oxford, was born at Aberdeen, in 1<)20. He studied at the university of his native place till in- terrupted by the civil wars, in which he dis- played great zeal and courage in behalf of the royal cause. After this he went to France, where he took his doctor's degree, and was appointed director of the royal garden at Blois. In loco he returned to England, and was nominated physician to Charles II., and regius professor of botany at Oxford. In 16t)9 he published his " Prseludium Bota- nicum ; " in 1G80, a portion of his " Historia Plantarum " appeared ; but his death, in 1683, prevented him from finishing it, and the second vohune was published by Bobart. MORITZ, Chakles Philip, a German writer, was born at Hameln, in 17.57. He travelled in England, Switzerland, and Italy; wrote many works, the chief of which are his " Travels," " The Antiquities of Rome," the novels of " Anthony Reiser and Andrew Hartknopf," and various grammatical trea- tises. Died, 1793. MORLAND, Geouge, an eminent painter of rustic scenery and low life, was born in London, in 1764. He was instructed by his father, who employed him constantly in making drawings for sale. By this means he acquired a wonderful facility of invention, and rapidity of execution. He had also great skill as a faithful copier of nature, and in the early part of his caretr confined him- self to the delineation of picturesque land- scapes ; but having contracted irregular habits, and a partiality for the bottle and low company, he forsook the woods and fields for the ale-house ; and stage coachmen, out postilions, and drovers drinking, became the favourite subjects of his pencil. Some of his best pieces exhibit farmyards and stables, with dogs, horses, pigs, and cattle ; or scenes at the door of the village ale-house, designed with all the truth and feeling which com- municate a charm to the meanest objects, and proclaim the genius of the artist. Many were painted in spunging- houses to clear him from arrest, or in public-houses to dis- charge his reckoning. In one of the former descri{>tion he died, in 18U4, aged 40, a melancholy example of irregular and debas- ing habits. Uis wife survived him only two days. MORLAND, Sir Samuel, a statesman and an able mechanist, was a native of Berk- shire, and born in 162.5. He was employed in some diplomatic missions by Cromwell ; and afterwards rendered considerable service to Charles II., for which, at the Restoration, he was made a baronet. Among his inventions are reckoned the speaking-trumpet, the fire- engine, the capstan, and the steam engine ; but of some of these, it is presumed, he was rather the improver than the original discoverer. Me expended a considerable fortune in the prosecution of his favourite speculations, and, like many other projectors, was a benefactor to the public to the detri- ment of his private concerns. Died, about 1696. MORLEY, George, an eminent English prelate, was bom in London, in 1597. Charles I. gave him a canonry of Christchurch ; but, being deprived of it by the parliament, he left England, and remained abroad till the Restoration, when he was made dean of Christchurch, and, in 1066, consecrated bishop of Worcester. He was next appointed dean of the chapel-royal, and, in 1662, trans- lated to Winchester, to which see he was a great benefactor. He also founded five scholarships in Pembroke College, and gave large sums to various charitable uses. Died, 1084. MORLEY, Thomas, an eminent English musician in the reign of Elizabeth. He was distinguished both as a performer and a com- poser ; and among his works are canzonets, madrigals, ballets, and church music. His chief work is entitled, " A plaine and easie Introduction to Practical Musicke." Died, about 1604. MORNAY, Philip de, sieur du Plessis Morlay, a celebrated French statesman and writer, was born at Buhl, Normandy, in 1549. Hp was a Protestant, and after the massacre of St. Bartholomew's, he left the country, and travelled in many parts of the Continent, visiting England also where he was received by Elizabeth with distinguished marks of favour. In 1575 he entered into the service of the king of Navarre, after- wards Henry IV., whom for 30 years he served in the cabinet and the field with the utmost zeal and activity. After Henry had reconciled himself to the church of Rome, De Mornay sent in his resignation, and, re- tiring from a public sphere, devoted the re- mainder of his life to literary pursuits, ad- vocating with his pen the cause which he had defended with his sword. His first work, a " Treatise on the Church," appeared 8 o2 mok] ^ :5Scto Hnibn-^nl SStasr^qpl^i?. [mor in 1578, and was followed the succeeding year by another, entitled "The Truth of Cliristianity." But his most celebrated one was a " Treatise on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper," in which lie opposed the doctrine of transubslantiation. So great was his learning, and sucli was his influence over the Huguenots, tliat he acquired from them the appellation of the Protestant pope ; while his constancy and unblemished cha- racter obtained the respect even of his oppo- nents. Died, 1«23. MOROSINT, AxnnEA, a senator of Tenice; born, 15.58 ; died, 1618. He rose to be one of the council of ten, and, in ]r>98, was ap- pointed historian to the republic, on which he undertook a continuation of Paruta's History of Venice. MOKOSINI, Fkaxcesco, a gallant sol- dier, who, as governor of Candia, about the middle of the 17tli century, defended that island, witli .30,000 men, against a Turkish force of four times that amount ; but was ultimately compelled to surrender. He subsequently, as commander of the Venetian fleet, attacked that of the Turks, near the Dardanelles, and totally defeated it. In 1688 he was elected doge of Venice ; and died in 1694. MORRIS, Charles, a celebrated English bard, whose convivial songs were once in high repute. Though many of them might well be spared, some are chaste in senti- ment and felicitous in expression, while others possess, in an eminent degree, those qualities which are supposed to give a zest to bacchanalian orgies. Captain Morris died at Brock ham Lodge, Dorking, in his OCrd year, July 11. 1832. MORRISON, the Rev. Robert, D. D. His ancestors were Scottish husbandmen ; but his father, quitting Pertlishire and the plough, became a mechanic and a man of substance in Northumberland, where Ro- bert, tlie youngest of seven children, was born in 1782. He was bred to last-making by his father, who was also an elder of tiie Scotch church. But Robert had a propen- sity for high classical attainments. He ob- tained the rudiments of the Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages from tlie local preacher he attended ; and was, at length, sent by the London Missionary Society to China (having previously studied the lan- guage of that country), where he arrived in 1807. In the course of a year or two he had prepared a grammar and' dictionary of tlie Chinese language for the press, besides a Chinese version of the New Testament, which were afterwards printed. He was appointed by the East India Company as their correspondent and interpreter ; but never lost siglit of the chief object of his toil, namely, to extend and establish tlie tenets of the Christian doctrine. In 1817, the degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by the university of Glasgow ; and in the same year he accompanied Lord Amherst in his embassy to Pckin. He afterwards pro- jected an Anglo-Chinese college at Malacca, of whicli he was a liberal patron until his death, which took place at Macao, in 1834. In him was lost to the world the great- est Chinese scholar Europe ever produced, Q16 and one of the most zealous of Christian labourers. MORTIER, Marshal, Duke of Treviso, born in 1708, was the son of a mercliant, who represented the tiers etctf of Cambresis at the states-general in 1789. Quitting tlie mercantile profession, for which he had been designed, lie entered the army in 1791 with the rank of captain ; and having dis- tinguished liimself on various occasions, he was rapidly promoted, and intrusted with tlie command of the advance-guard, in which situation he was eminently successful, and gained the favour of his superiors. Buonaparte had so high an opinion of his skill and enterprise, that he appointed him to the command of the first army sent against Hanover in 1803, which soon ended in its occupation by the French. In 1804 he was raised to the rank of a marshal, and decorated with the grand cross of the le- gion of honour. In t!ie campaigns of 1805 and 180(), General Mortier headed one of the divisions of the grand army, commanded in chief by Napoleon in person ; and during this period he displayed feats of military enterprise and intrejndity which rendered him dear to the troops of the nation. On one occasion, wlien at the head of only 4000 men, he fell in with tlie main body of the Russian army under Kutusoflf, and being compelled to figlit or surrender, by his superior tactics and valour he resisted them till tlie arrival of sufficient reinforcements came to his relief. In 1808 he was raised to the imperial dukedom of Treviso, receiving 4000/. per annum out of the crown domains of Hanover ; and, soon after the invasion of Spain, he took the command of the French armies there. He subsequently accompanied Na[)oleon in his expedition to Russia ; and to him was intrusted the liazardous under- taking of blowing up the Kremlin at Mos- cow. On the restoration of Louis XVIII. he gave in his adhesion, and lived as a private individual in Paris till 1816, when he was appointed to the command of the 15th military division, situated at Rouen. He was afterwards elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies, in wliich he sat till 1819, when he was raised to the peerage. In 1834, Louis Pliilipfie prevailed on hiin to accept office on the resignation of Marshal Soult, but having neither taste nor the re- quisite ability for the arena of politics, he soon after resigned. Being among the staff that accompanied the king and princes to the review at Paris, on the 28th of July. 1835, it was the fate of tliis brave officer to be one 1 of the victims of the assassin, Fieschi, whose " infernal machine," sparing the king and princes, for whom it was especially designed, took deadly effect on Marshal Mortier, while it also killed and wounded "several who were near him. MORTIMER, JOHX Hamii.tox, an Eng- lish painter, was born at Eastbourne, in Sussex, in 1739. In 1779 he was appointed by his majesty a royal academician, with- out any solicitation ; and died the same year. He excelled in sketches of banditti and terrific subjects. MORTIMER, TuoMAS, a miscellaneous writer, was born in 1730, iu Loudon. He mor] ^ ^t^ WiniiittiaX JSiOflrapl^y, [mot received a liberal education, and was for some time vice- consul in the Netherlands; His principal works are, " The British Plu- tarch," 6 vols. ; a " Dictionary of Trade and Commerce," *' The Elements of Commerce, Politics, and Finances," a "History of Eng- land," and " The Student's Pocket Dic- tionary." Died, 1809. l^IOHTON. See Douglas. MOKTOX, Jamks, Earl of, regent of Scotland, was horn at Dalkeith, in 1530, and educated under the famous Buchanan, at Paris. He returned to Scotland in l.'i.54, and greatly promoted the Reformation ; but being accused of participating in the murder of Lord Darnley, he fled to Eng- land. He was afterwards made chancellor of Scotland, and, in 1574, succeeded the Earl of Mar as regent, which office he resigued in 1579. He was condemned for high treason in 1.581, and beheaded by a machine called the Maiden, greatly resembling the guillo- tine. Died, 1581. MORTON, Joiiy, archbishop of Canter- bury and a cardinal, was born in 1410, at Berc, in Dorsetshire. He received his edu- cation at Baliol College, Oxford ; after which he became principal of Peckwater Inn, now merged in Christchurch. In 1473 he was appointed master of the rolls, in wliich situation he adhered faitlifuUy to Henry VI.; notwithstanding which, Edward IV. made him bishop of Ely, and lord chancellor, in 1478. Richard III., however, committed him to the custody of the Duke of Buckingham, who confined him in his castle of Brecknock ; from which fortress he escaped to Ely, and next to the Continent, where he joined the Earl of Richmond. In 148<) he was made archbishop of Canterbury, and the next year lord chancellor ; in 1493, he was created a cardinal ; in 1494, elected chancellor of the university of Oxford ; and he died, ased 90, in 1500. MORTON, Thomas, a learned English prelate, was born at York, in l.')G4. He was successively dean of Gloucester and Win- chester ; and bishop of Chester, liichfleld, and Durham. He suffered many hardships in the great rebellion from the republican party, notwithstanding his great moderation and piety, which were acknowledged by all. Died, 16.59. MORTON, Thomas an eminent and suc- cessful dramatist, was born at Durham, in 1704. He entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn, but his taste for theatricals caused him to abandon his profession, and he soon gave proofs of his talents as a dramatic writer. It is remarkable, indeed, that nearly all his pieces still keep possession of the stage. They consist of " The Way to get Married," " Columbus," " Town and Country," " Zo- rinski," "A Cure for the Heart-ache," " Speed the Plough," " Secrets Worth Know- ing," "The Blind Girl," "The Children in the Wood," The School of Reform," " The School for Grown Gentlemen," " A Rowland for an Oliver," and " The Inviucibles." Died, 18.38. MOSCHUS, a Greek pastoral poet, a na- tive of Syracuse, who flourished, with his friend Bion, about 200 years, b. c. MOSELEY, Benjamin, a physician, was C17 a native of Essex, and born about 1739. For several years he practised as a surgeon and apothecary at Kingston, in Jamaica ; took his degree at Leyden ; settled in London, aa a pliysician, in 1785 ; was appointed phy- sician of Chelsea Hospital ; and died in 1819. He wrote " Observations on the Dysentery of the West Indies ; two treatises " On Cotfee and Sugar," &c.; and made himself very conspicuous by his violent opposition to vaccine inoculation. MOSHEIM, John Laurence, a learned German theologian, was boru at Lulwck, in 1(!94 ; became a member of the faculty of philosophy at Kiel ; and was appointed chancellor of the university of Gottingen, where he remained till his death in 17.55, lecturing daily on ecclesiastical history and most other departments of theology. His principal work on this subject is the " In- stitutiones Historias EcclesiasticsB," which was afterwards published under various other forms, and translated into German, with additions ; also into English by Dr. Maclaine. Ainong his other numerous writings are, "De Rebus Christianorum ante Constantinum Magnum Commentarii," a " Life of Scrvetus," " The Ecclesiastical History of the Tartars," " Observationes SacriB, and "Sermons," which were much admired for their pure and elegant style. MOSS, RoBKUT, an J]nglisli divine, was born at Gillingliam, in Norfolk, about Hi'M. In 1098 he was chosen i)reacher to the society of Gray's Inn, and the following year appointed assistant at St. James's, Westminster. In 1708 he became lecturer of St. Lawrence Jewry; in 1712, dean of Ely ; and he died in 1729. His sermons were published in 8vols. 8vo.; besides which he wrote some Latin and English poems. MOSS, Chakles, an English prelate, was the nephew of the [ireceding. He became successively archdeacon of Colchester, pre- bendary of Salisbury, rector of St. Andrew Undershaft, and of St. George, Hanover Square. In 176(5 he was consecrated bishop of St. David's, whence lie was translated to Bath and Wells ; and died in 1802 His son. Dr. CHaulks Moss, was bishop of Ox- ford, and died in 1811. MOSSOM, Robert, a learned Irish pre- late, who suffered much in the civil wars, but on the Restoration he was made dean of Christchurch, Dublin ; with which he held the bishopric of Londonderry, where he died in 1679, His works are, "The Preacher's Tripartite," " Varioe colloquendi Formulae," " Narrative of George Wild, Bishop of Derry," and " Zion'a Prospect in its first View." MOSSOP, Henry, an eminent tragic actor, born in Ireland, in 1729, was the son of a clergyman, and was educated at Tri- nity College, Dublin. He made his first appearance on the Dublin stage as " Zanga," in the Revenge ; but soon removed to Lon- don, where, next to Garrick and Henderson, he was esteemed the first tragedian of his time. In 1761 he became manager of one of the Dublin theatres ; but the speculation proved his ruin, and he died in absolute penury at Chelsea, in 1773. MOTHERWELL, William, a poet, was mot] ^ ]j9clo mnibfr^al 3!5i09;ra}jl)tt. [mou bom at Glasgow in 1798 ; and when a youth lie obtained a situation in the sheriflF clerk's office at Paisley, where he continued till within a few years of his death. In 1827 he published a very interesting and valuable collection of ballads, entitled "Minstrelsy, Ancient and Modern ;" and he was after- wards successively editor of the Paisley Magazine, Paisley Advertiser, and tlie Glas- gow Courier. In 1833 was published a col- lected edition of his own poems, some of wliich possess a pathos and an intensity of feeling not often surpassed. Died, 18;W. MOTTEUX. PiEKUE Antoise, a miscel- laneous writer, was born at Kouen, in Nor- mandy, in 1060 ; settled in England after the revocation of the edict of Nantes ; and embarking his property in trade, opened an East India warehouse in Leadenhall Street, London, and also obtained a situation in the post otfice. He wrote nearly twenty dra- matic pieces, and translated " Don Quixote " and " Rabelais." Died, 1718. MOTTLE Y, Joux, a dramatic writer, was the son of Colonel Mottley, wl-.o followed James II. to France, and was killed at the battle of Turin, in 170(5. His son was born in 1692, and received his education at St. Martin's library school ; after which he ob- tained a place in the excise oflice, but was obliged to resign it in 1720. He then had recourse to his pen for support, and wrote live dramatic pieces ; also the " Life of the Czar Peter the Great," 3 vols., and the " His- tory of Catharine of Russia," 2 vols. ; but the work of his which obtained by far the greatest popularity, is the well known col- lection of facetise, called "Joe Miller's Jests," of which we have spoken inider the notice of its assumed author. Died, 1750. MOUFET, or MUFFET, Thomas, a phy- sician and naturalist, was born in London, and educated at Cambridge, after which he travelled through several parts of Europe ; took the degree of M. D. while abroad ; and, on his return, settled in London, where he practised with great reputation. He accom- panied Lord Willoughby on an embassy to Denmark, was wiUi the Earl of Essex when he encamped in Normandy ; and died about 1604. His works are, " De Jure et Praestantia Chemicorum Medicamentorum," "EpistolaJ quinque Medicinales," " Noso- mantica Hippocratica," " Health's Improve- ment, or Rules for preparing Food," " In- sectorum, sive miuimorum Animalium The- atrum." MOULIN, Charles du, an eminent jurist, was born at Paris, in 15(«). He was edu- cated for the legal profession, and admitted an advocate in the parliament of Paris ; but owing to an impediment in his speech, he gave up pleading for chamber practice, and devoted much of his time to the composition of legal works. He embraced the Protestant religion, and in 1552 attacked the authority of the pope, which compelled him to seek an asylum in Germany. On his return to France he suffered imprisonment at the in- stigation of the Jesuits, and could not recover his liberty without pledging himself to print nothing till he had obtained the royal per- mission. He afterwards reconciled himself to the Catholic faith, and died in 15(?6. 618 MOULIN, Pkter du, a Protestant divine, was born at Bechny, in the Vexin, in l.ces. He studied first at Sedan, and next at Cam- bridge, from which university he removed to a professorship of philosophy at Lcyden, where he also taught Greek ,- but in 1599 he returned to France, and became minister at Charenton. On the assassination of Henry IV., Du Moulin charged the guilt of that detestable deed upon the Jesuits, which pro- duced a violent controversy between him and some of that society ; and, in 1615, he visited England on the invitation of James I., who gave him a prebend in Canterbury Cathedral. He did not continue long in England ; but after refusing the divinity professorship at Leyden, he finally settled at Sedan, of which place he became the pastor, filling at the same time the theological chair there. Among his writings are, " A History of Slonachisin," a treatise " On the recent Origin of Popery," &c. Died, 1658 Petek DU Moulin, his son, was bom in 1600 at Paris, and graduated at Leyden ; but coming afterwards to England, obtained, like his father, a prebend at Canterbury, and was one of the chaplains to king Charles II. He was the author of " The Peace of the Soul," "Clamor Regit Sanguinis," which, being anonymous, was attributed, by Milton, to Alexander More, and "A Defence of tlie Protestant Church." Louis nu Moulin, his brother, became a violent Independent, and wrote " Para^nesis ad iEdificatores Im- perii," dedicated to Oliver Cromwell ; and "Patronus Bonse Fidei," a fierce invective against the Church of England. Died, 1683. MOUNIER, JouN Joseph, a distinguished member of the states-general in 1789, was born at Grenoble, in 1758 ; was brouglit up to the legal profession ; and was successively advocate of the parliament of Grenoble and judge-royal. While he was a member of the National Assembly he exerted all his talents and influence to promote the estab- lishment in France of a limited monarchy ; but finding his efforts vain, he retired first to his native place, and afterwards removed to Geneva, where he published " Recherches sur les Causes qui ont empeche les Fran^iiis de devenir Libres." He subsequently visited j England, but resided chiefly in Switzerland, -j Italy, or Germany, till 1801, when he re- turned to France. In 1804 he was nominated a counsellor of state, and died in 1806. MOUNTFORT, William, an English actor and dramatic writer, was born in Staf- fordshire, in 1659. He was an excellent comic performer ; and being in the flower of his age, and one of the handsomest men on the boards, the parts of the lovers were usu- ally allotted to him. In one of these he had captivated the affections of Mrs. Bracegirdle, an actress much admired for her personal charms. This lady had rejected the addresses of a Captain Hill, who, in company with Lord Mohun waylaid Mountfort one night, j in the winter of 1692, as he was returning | from the theatre to his lodgings, in Nor- | folk Street, Strand ; and, before he could j draw his sword, ran him through the body, 1 and killed him on the spot. Hill made I his escape to the Continent, and Lord Mo- | hun was tried by his peers for the murder, j MOTJ] ^ ^elxj dm'tjcvs'al JJioflrapl^i). [moz but, for the want of sufficient evidence, wns acquitted. Tliis noblemiin was himself eventually killed by the Duke of Hamilton, iu a duel fought in Ilyde Park. Mountfort was tlic author of five plays, and was in tlie zenith of his reputation at the time of his death. MOURAD BEY, a famous Mameluke chief, was a native of Circassia. After the destruction of AH Bey, in 177;!, he obtained the government of Cairo in conjunction witli Ibrahim Bey, whicli, notwitlistanditg some severe contests with Ismael Bey and tlie Turkish government, who tried to dispossess them, they contrived to keep. When Buo- naparte invaded Egypt, Mourad opposed the French with great vigour; but he was at length obliged to retreat to Upper Egypt. He subsequently entered into a treaty with General Kleber, and accepted the title of prince of Assouan and Jirgeh, under the I)rotection of France. He died of the plague, iu LSOl. MOURADGEA D'OIISSON, Ioxatics, an Armenian by descent, was born at Con- stantinople, iu 1740. At the age of twenty- four he understood most of tlie Oriental lan- guages ; and, from having been secretary and first interpreter to the Swedish embassy, was eventually appointed minister of Sweden to the Porte. Died, 1807. He was the author of two valuable works, " A General View of the Ottoman Empire" and aa "Historical View of the East." MOURGUES, MiCH-VEL, a French Jesuit, and a man of profound erudition, was born at Auvergne, in 1CI3 ; became professor royal of mathematics and rhetoric in the academy of Toulouse ; nnd died there in 1713. Among his beat works are, "A Parallel between Christian Morality and that of the Ancient Philosophers," " An Explanation of the Theology of the Pythagoreans," " New Elements of Geometry," and a " Treatise on French Poetry." MOXON, Joseph, hydrographcr to Charles II. and a mathematical writer, was born at Wakefield in Yorkshire, in 1(527, and died in London, about 1700. He published several scientific books, taught the mathematics, and carried on the trade of a globe and map- manufacturer. MO YLE, Walter, a miscellsineous writer, was born a,t Cornwall, in 1072 ; studied at Oxford and the Temple ; and died at his seat in Cornwall, in 1721. His works, con- sisting of an " Essay on the Miracle of the Thundering Legion," an "Essay on the Lacedaemonian Government," another on the " Roman Constitution," and "Letters," were printed after his death, with a biogra- phical memoir, in 3 vols. MOZART, John Ciikysostom Wolfgaxo Amadeu?, one of tlie most eminent musical composers that ever lived, was the son of Leopold Mozart, sub-chapelmaster of Salz- burg, and himself a respectable musician. He was born in 17r)6 ; and the precocity of his musical talent was so extraordinary, that it must be our apology for entering at more length than usual into the history of his early years. His father could not fail to observe his genius and love for the science, and he took every advantage of it, 80 that, before the child was four years old, he could play small pieces on the harpsichord witli correctness and taste. In his fifth year he wrote a concerto for the harpsichord, per- fectly according to the rules of the art, but which was so difficult that only the most practised performer could have played it. In his sixth year, young Mozart had made such progress, that his father M'as induced to take him and his sister Maria Anna, who was also a musical genius, to Munich and Vienna, where the little artists were intro- duced to the emperor's court, and the un- equalled execution of the boy excited uni- versal surprise, particularly as he seemed anxious only to please connoisseurs. In 17tK}, when young Mozart was seven years old, the family made a journey beyond the borders of Germany, which spread his fame universally. In November of the same year they arrived in Paris, where they remained six months, and were overwhelmed with attention and applause. Here he published his first sonatas for the harj)sichord. In 17G4, the family proceeded to England, and performed at court, the son playing on the king's organ with great success. At a pub- lic concert, symphonies of his composition only were performed. Here, as well as in Paris, compositions of Bach, Handel, &c. were laid before him, all of which, though exceedingly difficult, he executed with the greatest truth at first sight. During his stay in England, he composed six sonatas, which were published in Loudon, and which he dedicated to the queen. After this he re- turned to Holland, and assisted at the in- stallation of the stadtholder. The family next visited Paris, and after having been twice at Versailles, proceeded, by way of Lyons, through Switzerland to Municli, where the elector gave young Mozart a theme, on which he composed in his pre- sence, without piano or violin, wrote down the music, and, to the astonishment of all present, executed, after having finished it. In 1706 they returned to Salzburg, where they remained till 1708, and then made a second journey to Vienna. In 1709, Mozart, who had been made master of the concerts at the court at Salzburg, commenced a jour- ney to Italy, in company with his father. In 1770 he composed, in his 14th year, his serious opera of " Mithridate," which had a run of upwards of 20 nigh's in succession. When Mozart returned to Salzburg, in 1771, he found a letter, in which he was com- missioned, in the name of the empress Maria Theresa, to compose the grand theatrical serenata, "Ascauio in Alba," for tlie cele- bration of the nuptials of the Archduke Ferdinand. He undertook this commission, and in August returned to Milan for some mouths, where, during the festivities of the marriage, Mozart's serenata and an opera composed by Hasse were performed alter- nately. In 177.5 he went again to Vienna, and, engaging in the service of the emperor, he satisfied the great expectations which were raised by his early genius, and became the Raphael of musicians. Among the works of his which have remained on the German stage, and will always be the delight of every tasteful nation, are " Idomeneo," the " Nozze ni9 mud] <M 0m Wiixibtv^nl JStngrapl^ii. [mul di Figaro," the " Zaiiberfldte," the " Cle- menza di Tito," anl, above all, the splendid " Don Giovanni." The music of this opera was the triumph of dramatic composition ; and though its great merits were not appre- ciated on its first performance, lie lived to see justice done to it. He was now in his 36th year, and in a state of great physical debility. Tlie composition of his sublime "Requiem," in the decline of his bodily powers, and under great mental excitement, hastened his dissolution : he was seized with repeated fainting fits, brought on by his ex- treme assiduity in writing, in one of wliich he expired, Dec. 5. 1792. MUDGE, Joiix, an English physician and an excellent mechanic, was the eon of Mr. Zachary Mudge, vicar of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, and well known by a volume of excellent sermons and an ingenious essay for a new version of the Psalms. Dr. John Mudg'3 settled as a physician at Plymouth, wliere he wrote a treatise " On the Catarrh- ous Cough." He improved the construc- tion of reflecting telescopes, and died in 1793. His brother Tuojias, born in 1715, was j an excellent watclimaker, and made great 1 improvements in chronometers, for which he received a parliamentary reward. Died, 1794. William MuDOE, a nephew of the last mentioned, was born in 1702, at Plymouth; rose to tlie rank of major-general in the army ; and died in 1820. He superintended the execution of the grand trigonometrical survey of England and Wales, and wrote an account of the operations. MUDIE, Robert, author of numerous works in natural history, and others of an entertaining and instructive character, was born in Forfarshire, in 1777. In 1802 he was appointed Gaelic professor and teacher of drawing in the Inverness academy. He subsequently filled otlier situations of a like nature ; but at length turned Iiis attention exclusively to authorship, and commenced his career with a novel, entitled " Glenfur- gus," in 3 vols. He then for a while sought employment as a reporter for the London newspapers, and his literary efforts were henceforth unceasing. Independently of his contributions to periodicals, upwards of 80 volumes from his fertile pen were in rapid succession brought before the pub- lic. Of these we can only afford room for the titles of the most prominent : " Modern Athens" (a description of Edinburgh) j " Babylon the Great" (a description of Lon- don), 4 vols. ; " The Biitisli Naturalist," 2 vols. ; " Tlic Feathered Tribes of the British Islands," 2 vols. ; " Conversations in ]\Ioral Pliilosoi)hy," 2 vols. ; "The Elements : the Heavens, the Earth, the Air, the Sea," 4 vols. ; "Popular Mathematics," "Man, in his Physical Structure, Intellectual Facul- ties," &c. 4 vols. ; " The Seasons," 4 vols ; " History of Hampshire and the Channel Islands," 3 vols. ; " Domesticated Animals," " Gleanings of Nature," " China and its Re- sources," &c. So much industry and per- severance one might fairly have expected to see rewarded by a happy independence in the decline of life. That it was not so — that the very reverse, indeed, was the fact — we lament to hear ; and, apart from any j morbid feeling on the subject, we are com- pelled to admit, that although in tlie common routine of mechanical or commercial pur- suits, industrj' and perseverance are gene- rally attended with a fortunate issue, yet, as regards the higher operations of the intel- lect, the rule wliich holds good in other cases can no longer be depended upon. Died, May 1842, aged G4. MULLER, Carl Ottfkied, an eminent modern scholar and historian, was born in 1797, at Brieg, in Silesia. He was a profes- sor of archasology in the university of Got- tiugen, and distinguished himself by his re- searches into mythologic lore, analysing it, and disentangling the allegorical parts from the historical. But his knowledge was by no means confined to that department of literature. His work on the Eumenides of iEschylus, and many others, fully prove his classic erudition ; and his histories of tlie Dorians and the Etruscans have become naturalised in England as standard works. While travelling in Greece, with a view to the commencement of an elaborate work on the history of that country, he was taken ill, and died at Athens, Aug. 1. 1840. MULLER, Gerard Fkederic, a German traveller, was born in 1700, at Herforden, in Westphalia ; was educated at Leipsic ; and went to reside at St. Petersburg!!, where he taught Latin, geography, and history. His principal work is, " A Collection of Russian Histories," in 9 vols. Died, 178:5. MULLER, JoHX, called Regiomontanus, from Mons Regius, or Konigsberg, where he was born in liiiC,. After studying at Leipsic, he removed to Vienna, where he studied the mathematics under Purbach, whom he as- sisted in his observations. At the desire of Cardinal Bessarion, Regiomontanus and his master went to Rome, to complete the Latin version of Ptolemy's Almagest ; but while there, Purbach died, and the whole task de- volved upon his associate. After a long stay in Italy, he went to Buda ; but on the break- ing out of the war with the Turks he re- moved to Nuremberg, where he built an observatory, and fi)unded a printing-office. He died in 1470, at Rome, whither he had been called by Sixtus IV., to assist in reform- ing the calendar, having been previously raised, for his services, to the archbishopric of Ratisbon. He wrote various astronomi- cal works, and constructed some curious automata. MULLER, JoH.vvox, an eminent Swiss historian, was born in 1752 at Schaffhausen, and studied at Gottingcn. In 1780 he pub- lished the first part of his " History of the Swiss Confederation ; " and shortly after he went to Berlin, v/here he printed " Historical Essays." His other principal work was a " Course of Universal History," but he was also the author of several others, which were published collectively at Tubingen, in 27 vols. Muller was successively professor of Greek at Schaffhausen, and of liistory at Cassel, councillor of the imperial chancery, secretary of state for the ephemeral kingdom of Westphalia, and director-general of public instruction. Died, 1809. MULLER, Loi'is, a celebrated Prussian engineer. He served in the seven j'cars mtjm] ^ '^tiii Bnihtvinl JJi'ojrrajpTjw. [mun war under Frederic ; rose to the rank of major ; and died in 1804, aged 70. lie was the autlior of a " View of the Wars of Fre- deric tlie Great," and other works relating to the military art. MlfMMIUS, Lucics, a Roman consul, who, for liis victoriea over the Acha;an8, was called Achaicus. He was afterwards dis- graced, and exiled to Delos, where he died. MUNCEK, or MUNTZEK, a fanatic, who, in the early part of the Kith century, ren- dered himself for aw^liiie extremely formid- able in Germany, where lie preached equality and the community of projierty, and col- lected 40,000 followers, who committed many enormities. He was at length defeated by the Landgrave of Hesse, with the loss of 7000 of I his deluded followers, and being chased to ' Franchausen, was taken prisoner, and exe- cuted at Mulhausen, in l,V2H. MUNCilllAUSEN, Jerome Charles Fkeiiekic vox, was a German officer in the i Russian service, who served in several cam- paigns againt the Turks. He was a pass^ion- ate lover of liorses and hounds ; of wliich, and of his adventures among the Turks, he told the most extravagant stories, till his fancy so completely got tlie better of his memory, that he really believed his most extravagant fictions, and felt very much of- fended if any doubt was expressed on the subject. Having become aciiuainted with Burger at Pyrmont, and related these waking dreams to him, the poet published them in 1787, with iiis own improvements, under the title of" Wunderbare Abentheuer uud Reisen des Ilerrn von Munchhausen." The wit and humour of the work gave it great success, and it was translated iulo several foieign languages. Died, 1797. MUNDAY, Anthony, a dramatic poet of the iCth century. He was tiie author of the " City Pageants," enlarged Stowe's Survey ,of London, and died in 1G.'J.3. MUN DEN, Joseph Sni.ruEnn, a celebrated comic actor, who, from 17!»0 to 18ia, delighted the laughter-loving audiences of Coveut Garden with his inimitable representations ; but from 1813 to 1824, when he retired from tlie stage, his services were transferred to Drury Lane. His humour was exuberant and racy ; and though often verging on cari- cature, he could melt the heart by touches of true pathos, as readily as he could stir it into mirth by the exquisite drollery of his ever-varying countenance. Born, 1758 ; died, 18.32. MUNNICH, BuncHARD CnRiSTornER, Count, a military officer, was born in Olden- burgh, in 1683.' After distinguishing liimself in the German wars, he entered into the Russian service, and rose to the rank of marshal ; but in 1741 the empress Elizabeth condemned him to perpetual exile in Siberia. He was, however, recalled from banishment on the accession of Peter III., and, on his arrival at court, made his appearance before the emperor in the sheepskin dress which lie had worn during his captivity. Died, 1707. MUNOZ, Joiix Baptist, a Spanish his- torian, was born in 174.'), at Museros, near Valentia. He was appointed cosmographer of the Indies, and undertook, by order of the king, a history of America, of which lie lived to publish only one volume. His other works are. '• De recto Philosophiae recentis in Thco- logia Usu, Dissertatio," " De Scriptorum Gentilium Lectlone," " Institutiones Pliilo- Bophicre," &c. MUNSTER, George Fitzci.arenck, Earl of, was the eldest son of the Duke of Clarence (afterwards ^Villiam IV.) and the celebrated Mrs. Jordan. He was born Jan. 29. 1794, and after receiving the elements of instruction at Sunbury, under Dr. Moore, was at twelve years of age received into the Royal Military College at Marlow ; and when scarcely fifteen he commenced actual service in the Peninsula as comet in the Prince of Wales's hussars, and became aide-de-camp to General Slade. On the dis- astrous termination of Sir John Moore's expedition he returned to England for a few weeks, and then started to join the army in Portugal as aide-de-camp to Lord Londonderry, then Sir Charles Stewart, with whom the young soldier (now a cap- tain") joined the army under Sir Arthur Wellesley, when that gallant chief took the field in 1809. From this period to the conclusion of the war, he served on the staff at head-quarters, and was present at twelve general engagements ; and on some of those occasions, but more especially at the celebrated battle of Fuentes d'Onoro, his conduct was marked by extraordinary skill and presence of mind ; so much so, indeed, that although he was only 17, a troop was given him in the prince regent's own regiment as a reward for his valour and discretion. At Toulouse he was also se- verely wounded in leading a charge against cavalry. A new 8i)here of action now awaited him. He exchanged into the 20th dragoons, and in January, 1815, Captain Fitzclarence sailed for India as aide-de- camp to Lord Hastings, and while there he closely studied the Oriental languages and literature. During the Mahratta war of 1817, he had several opportunities of dis- tinguishing himself, by which liis military reputation was considerably enhanced. On the conclusion of peace with Scindiah, he was intrusted with vhat was at that time a hazardous duty, namely, the carrying home the overland despatches from India ; and in 1819 he published his " Overland Tour." At the recommendation of his friend the Duke of Wellington, he received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel ; soon after whicli he married Miss Mary Wyndham, a natural daughter of the late Earl of Egrcmont, and had seven children. Ere his royal father had been a year on the throne, he deter- mined to confer such defined rank upon his offspring as should at once be consistent with their birth, and agreeable to the feel- ings of the people ; and in pursuance of such determination he created his eldest son earl of Munster, viscount Fitzclarence, and baron Tewkesbury. " No person," saj's Mr. Dodd in his Annual Obituary, " who has observed the career of Lord Munster, can overlook the fact, that he felt himself continually urged, by his peculiar position, to both mental and physical exertions, which were perhaps beyond his strength. He was the acknowledged son of a monarch, mdn] ^ ^clM Bnihtv^nl 33i05rapl)|)» [mur ruling over one of the most powerful na- tions of the earth ; he was within view, but excluded from the possession, of dominion ; his whole life was an object of attention to thousands of his father's subjects ) he was exposed to all the prominence of a great man without having attained that position by his own actions ; and he dared not live in retirement lest he should be thought a fool. The ill consequences of every tempo- rary indisposition were aggravated by his mental sensibility, and in the month of March, 3842, a considerable change was observed in his manner. Not having given any very decided indications of insanity, he was accidentally left alone on the evening of the 20th of March. lie took that oppor- tunity of using one of his pistols, and having wounded himself in the right hand, lie rung the bell, and despatched his servant for medical assistance. Immediately after- wards he put an end to his existence by firing a second pistol into his mouth." Died, 1812. MUNSTER, Count, a Hanoverian states- man. In 1806, Hanover being invaded by the Prussians, he entered a spirited protest and retired to England, where, on account chiefly of that protest, he was so great a court favourite, that when the mental malady of George III. was past all doubt, the count was one of the commissioners appointed to protect and administer his private property. But he is chiefly known for the part he took in the cougress of Vienna, 1814, and the declaration of 1815, by which Napoleon was put out of the pale of the law. Died, 183(5. MUNSTER, Sebastian", a German divine was born at Ingelheim, in 1489, entered into the order of Cordeliers, but left them to join Luther. He then settled at Basle, where he succeeded Pelicanus in the Hebrew professor- ship. He published a Latin version of the Bible, from the Hebrew, with notes ; " Uni- versal Cosmograpliy," a Treatise on Dial- ling, a Latin Translation of Josephus, and several mathematical works. Died, 1552, and, in 1804, he was made marshal, grand admiral, and prince of the French empire. His services in the campaign of 1805 against Austria, during which he entered Vienna at the head of the army, were rewarded with the grand duchy of Berg. He continued to follow up the victories of his master with such distinction, that, in 1808, Napoleon placed him on the throne of Naples, with the title of king Joachim. After reigning peaceably four years, he was called to accom- pany Napoleon to Russia, as commander of all his cavalry; and, after the defeat of Smo- lensko, he imitated the example of his leader, and left the army for Naples. Once more he fought with Napoleon, in the fatal cam- paign of Germany ; but, after the battle of Leipsic, he withdrew, and, finding that the throne of his patron began to totter, actually concluded an alliance against him. In 1815, however, he again took up arms, and formed a plan to make himself master of Italy as far as the Po, at the very time that Austria and the allies, upon his repeated assurances that he would remain true to them, had de- termined to recognise him as king of Naples. It was too late. Austria, therefore, took the field against him, and he was soon driven as a fugitive into France. After the overthrow of Napoleon he escaped, in the midst of con- tinual dangers, to Corsica, from which he sailed with a few adherents, to recover his lost throne. A gale, oflF tlie coast of Calabria, dispersed his vessels, but Murat determined to go on shore. He was seized, and carried in chains to Pizzo, brought before a court- martial, and condemned to be shot. This sentence was executed, Oct. 13th, 1815, when Murat met his fate with undaunted courage. He was remarkable for elegance of person, but, though spirited and active, had few mental qualifications, and fell a victim to the most unpardonable rashness. MURATORI, Louis Anthony, an emi- nent Italian historian and antiquary, was bom in 1G72 at Vignola, in the Modenese territories ; was made keeper of the Am- brosian library at Milan, and, subsequently MURAT, Joachim, one of the most in- librarian and archivist to the Duke of Mo- trepid of the French marslials, and who was placed on the throne of Naples by Buona- parte, was the son of an innkeeper at Cahors, where he was born in 1771. He was intended for the church, but escaping from the college of Toulouse, he enlisted as a chasseur but was shortly after dismissed for insubordi- nation. On the formation of the national guard he entered that corps, and displaying an active zeal for revolutionary principles, he was soon advanced to the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel. The overthrow of the ter- rorists checked his progress for a time, but the executive directory made him a chief of brigade, and in 1796 he accompanied Buona- parte to Italy as his aide-de-camp. Here he distinguished himself as a cavalry oflBcer, by his impetuous courage, and M-as employed by his chief as a diplomatist at Turin and at Genoa. He followed the same general to Egypt, where he decided the victory over the Turks at Aboukir, and returned with Buonaparte as general of division. In 1800 he married Marie Caroline, the younger sis- ter of his patron, who was then first consul; dena. His literary productions are nume- rous and valuable, but his fame chiefly de- pends on the vast erudition he has shown in editing the works of others. His great his- torical collection, entitled " Rerum Itali- carum Scriptores, ab anno iErce Christianae," 29 vols, folio ; " Antiquitates Italicae, Medii ^vi," G vols, folio ; " Anecdota Latina," 4 vols. 4to. ; " Anecdota Graeca," 4 vols. 4to.; " Annali d'ltalia," 18 vols. 8vo. ; with many others, attest the magnitude of his literary labours. Died, 17.50. MURILLO, Bartolomeo Esteven, one of the greatest of the Spanish painters, was bom, in 1618, near Seville. He acquired the rudiments of art from his uncle, Juan del Castillo ; and being encouraged to visit Madrid, he acquired the countenance and patronage of the celebrated painter Velas- quez, tlien in the height of his reputation. He afterwards returned to Seville, and earned by his labours an imperishable fame. While painting the admired picture of St. Catherine, in the church of the Capuchins at Cadiz, he fell from the scaffold, and died in consetiuence of tlie injuries he received, in 108.5. MURPITY, ARTnuK, a dramatic and mis- cellaneous writer, was born at Cork in 1727, and educated at St. Omer's. At the age of 18 he returned to Ireland, and was placed under a merchant, who was his relation. But not liking that profession he came to London, and tried his dramatic powers in the farce of " The Apprentice," which was soon followed by tlmt of " Tlie Upholsterer;" and, having a great inclination to the stage, he made an eftort in the character of Othello, but without success, lie then produced the " Orphan of China," a tragedy, which was well received. He also wrote a weekly paper, called the " Gray's Inn Journal ;" and two others, in defence of government, en- titled the "Test" and the "Auditor." In these, however, he failed ; and some ludicrous mistakes, into which he was insidiously led by his antagonists, exposed him to ridicule. Having studied the law, he was called to the bar by the society of Lincoln's Inn, but never had much practice. His plays of the " Grecian Daugliter," " All in tlie Wrong," "The Way to Keep Him," and the "Citi- zen," had great success, and produced the author wealth and fame. Mr. Murphy also acquired considerable reputation by his " Lssay on the Life and Genius of Dr. John- eon," published in 1792 ; as well as by his translation of Tacitus and Sallust, and the "Life of Garrick." He was zealous in de- fence of the government measures ; and during his latter years he obtained the ap- pointment of a commissioner of bankrupts, and a pension of 200/. per annum. He died in 1805, aged 77. MURPHY, James Cavanau, an eminent architect, antiquary, and traveller, was a native of Ireland. He published his " Tra- vels in Portugal, in 1789 and 1790," " An- tiquities of the Arabians in Spain," and " Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Views of Batalha, in Portugal." Died, 181«. MURR, CiiRisioPiiER Theopiiilus vojr the author of various works on bibliography, literary history, and antiquities ; was born at Nuremberg, in 17.3o ; and died in 1811. MURRAY, Alexander, a self-taught linguist, was born in 1775, at Kitterick, in Galloway ; and his father being a shepherd, he also was employed, at the age of 10, to assist as a shepherd's boy. By extraordinary application he made himself master of the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and French lan- guages ; and when, in 1794, the fame of his acquirements gained him admission to the university of Edinburgh, he made a rapid progress also in the Eastern dialects. In 180(5 he became assistant to Dr. Muirhead, the minister of the parish of Urr, and soon afterwards he succeeded him in his pastoral, charge ; but in 1812 he was called from thence to fill the chair of Oriental languages at Edinburgh, and at the same time received the degree of D. D. He left a "History of the European Languages," which was printed, with his life prefixed, iu 2 vols. Died, 1813. MURRAY, Charles, a theatrical per- former and dramatic writer, was born in 1754, at Cheshunt, in llerlfordshire. He was the son of Sir John Murray of Brough- ton, who acted as secretary to the Pre- tender in 1745 ; was brought up as a surgeon in the naval service, which he (juitted for the stage ; performed at the chief provincial towns in England : made his debut at Coveut Garden in 179(5, as Shylock ; and ultimately became manager of tlie theatre at Edin- burgh, where he spent the latter part of his life. He was the author of " The New Maid of the Oaks " and " The Experiment." Died, 1821. MURRAY, Right Hon. Sir Georoe, a gallant British general, governor of the Royal Military College at Woolwich, &c., was born at the family seat, in Perthshire, in 1772, was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh, and entered the army in 1789, and gained great distinc- tion in almost every quarter of the globe for his military achievements, and more espe- cially for the skill and ability with which he discharged on some occasions the difficult office of quarter-master-general. In 1812 he was appointed to the government of the Canadas ; but on hearing that Napoleon had escaped from Elba, he obtained his release from the governorship of Canada, and joined the English army in France. On his return to England he was appointed governor of Edinburgh Castle ; and in 1819 the governorship of the Royal Military College was given him. In 1823 he became lieutenant-general of the ordnance, was soon after elected M. P. for Perthshire, and in 1828 took office as secretary of state for the colonies. In Sir R. Peel's atlministra- tion of l8;i4-5 he filled the office of master- general of the ordnance ; but lost his seat for Perthshire. At the Westminster elec- tioYi in ISS? he apposed and was defeated by Sir Lacy de Evans and Mr. Leader. When the Whigs resigned in 1841, Sir George again received the appointment of master-general of the ordnance. Sir George Murray came before the public as the editor of " Marlborough's Dispatches," 5 vols. ; but it is not necessary to speak of him in any other capacity than that of a gallant and successful soldier and an able minister. He died, July 28. 1840, aged 74. MURRAY, Hugh, a most voluminous and successful writer on geography and kindred subjects, was born at the manse of North Ber- wick, 1779, the living of which his ancestors had held uninterruptedly from the period of the revolution till the death of the last incumbent, his elder brother, in 1824. At an early age he became a clerk in the excise office in Edinburgh, where his official duties leaving him considerable leisure, he culti- vated a taste for literature with rare and indefatigable ardour. In the early part of his career he edited the Scots' Magazine, then in the hands of Mr. Constable, and contributed to the Edinburgh Gazetteer ; and published successively discoveries and travels in Africa, Asia, and America, all of which acquired for their author a liberal share of popularity. At a later period of his life he contributed no fewer than 15 volumes to the Edinburgh Cabinet Library, on subjects connected with his favourite study ; but the work on which his fame mdr] ^ iim min^tv^aX 3Bi0(irHJpf)i?. [mus will chiefly rest is liis " Encyclop£Edia of Geography," a stupendous monument of reading, 'industry, aud research. Died, 184f;. MURRAY, James, an American by birtli, whose real name was lallibridge, was a par- tisan officer in the service of the East India Company. He entered the service of IIol- kar, the famous Mahratta cliief, about the year 1790, and soon became noted for his bravery, military skill, and the good offices he performed to certain British officers, who had been taken prisoners, and who, but for his humane interference, would have been put to the sword. When the war broke out between the British government and Scindia, in wliich Holkar assisted the latter, Murray joined the British general, Lord Lake, with a body of 7000 cavalry. The Marquis of VVellesley at that period had issued a pro- clamation recalling all British subjects from the service of the native princes, but this order could not extend to Murray, as being an American. He was treated by the Britisifi commander with great consideration, aud was employed in many dangerous and im- portant services, still retaining the command of the cavalry which he had brought with him. At the siege of Bhurtpore, where the British army lost nearly 10,000 men, in four attempts to take the fort by storm, he was in continual action, and attained the charac- ter of being the best partisan officer in the army. Died, 1807. MURRAY, John, an eminent physician, was a native of Scotland, and educated at Edinburgh, where he rose to eminence as a lecturer in natural philosophy, cliemistry, the materia medica, and pliarmacy. lie was the author of "Elements of Cliemis- try," 2 vols. ; " Elements of Materia Medica and Pharmacy," 2 vols. ; " A System of Chemistr.v," 4 vols. ; and " A System of Ma- teria Medica and Pharmacy," 2 vols. Died, 1820. MURRAY, Joiix, F. S. A., an eminent publisher, known wherever the English lan- guage is known, by liis connection with the works of I^ord Byron, was born in 1778. Mr. Murray was himself a man of consider- able literary acquirements ; aud while his singular acuteness and judgment ensured his success as a man of business, his fluency, his store of anecdote, and a certain dry quiet humour, closely allied to wit, ren- dered him an agreeable companion for sucli men as Scott, Byron, Moore, Southey, Lock- hart, and a number of other celebrated writers, who were at various times liis guests, and at all times, from their first acquaintance with him, his fast friends. In their dealings with him, literary men were soon convinced that no paltry attempts would be made to depreciate real merit, or to depress below a fair remunerating standard the wages due to intellectual labour : nay, so generous were his impulses, that if he found a work profitable to him beyond what he had cal- culated upon, he frequently added to the stipulated price of copyright — sometimes even doubling it ! Of this we might adduce several instances, did our space permit : we shall conclude by observing, that as he was one of the most successful publishers, so he highly deserved success, were it only for his ' wise and consistent liberality. Died, June 27. 184.'!, aged (;.">. MURRAY, LixDLEV, a grammarian, and moral v/riter, was born in 1745, of Quaker parents, at Swatara, near Lancaster, in Pennsylvania. He was originally destined for the mercantile profession ; but having been severely chastised for a breach of do- mestic discipline, he privately left his father, who was then residing at New York, and, taking up his abode in a seminary at Bur- lington, New Jersey, he there contracted a love of books and study. He afterwards studied the law, and practised as a barrister ; but in course of time he quitted the bar for the counting-house, and by mercantile pur- suits having realised a competcncv, he even- tually settled at Holdgate, near York. His works consist of an "English Grammar," "English Exercises" and "Key;" the "Eng- lish Reader," with an "Introduction" and "Sequel" to the same; two French selec- tions, " Le Lecteur Francois," and " Intro- duction an Lecteur Francois," "The English Spelling Book," " Tlie Power of Religion on the Mind," and " The Duty and Benefit of Reading the Scriptures." These publica- tions were all lucrative, and deservedly so ; and it is no small satisfaction to know, that his private life was as amiable as his labours in the cause of education and morals were successful. He died in 1826, aged 85. MURRAY, William Vaus, a distin- guished American diplomatist, was born in Maryland, about 17(52. He studied the law in England, practised it in his native coun- try, and became a senator of the United States. As minister at the Hague he suc- ceeded in preserving harmony between the American and Batavian republics ; and the reconciliation befween the United States and France was effected chiefly through his agency as envoy extraordinary to the French republic. Died, 180.3. MUSA, Antoxius, physician to the em- peror Augustus, said to have been tlie first who prescribed the use of the cold bath ; and lived about 20 B.C. MUS^US, a philosopher and poet of antiquity, who is said to have been the son of Orpheus, and president of the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens. He versified the oracles, and wrote a poem on the sphere. A hill near Athens was called by his name. He is to be distinguished from Musa:us the grammarian, who wrote a poem, called " Tlie Loves of Hero and Leander." MUS.1EUS, John Chaules Augustits, an eminent German writer, born at Jena, in 1735, was professor at the gymnasium of Weimar, and author of "Physiognomical Travels," "Popular Tales of the Ger- mans," &c. Died, 1787. MUSCULUS, Wolfgang, one of the early reformers, born at Dieuze, in Lorraine, in 1497. He was originally a Benedictine monk ; and on embracing the doctrines of Luther, he was obliged to fly to Strasburg, from which city he removed to Augsburg ; and afterwards went to Berne, where he was appointed professor of divinity. His com- mentaries on the Scriptures are valuable ; besides wliich he published several transla- MUS] ^ fit^ Bnihtr^Kl ^iatpctq?f)v» [mtl tions from the Greek, particularly of the ecclesiastical historians. Died, l.'iCS. MUSGRAVE, Sir Riciiakd, bart., an Irisii historian, was born about 1758. He was a member of parliament, and collector of the excise for Dublin. In 1801 he pub- lished " Memoirs of the Rebellions in Ire- land," 4to., a work which gave great oflFtnce to the Roman Catholics, on account of the glowing picture exhibited in it of the atro- cities committed by the insurgents in 1798. Sir Richard died in 1H18. MUSGRAVE, William, a physician and antiquary, was born at Charlton, in Somer- setshire, m l(J57,and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. He be- came a fellow of the royal college of physi- cians, and also of the Royal Society ; to which last learned body he acted as secre- tary. In 1691 he settled at Exeter, and there died in 1721. Besides some Latin tracts on the gout, he published four volumes of dis- sertations on Roman and British Antiqui- ties His grandson, Dr. Samuel Mis- grave, was also a physician at Exeter, where he died in 1782. He rendered him- self notorious in 17G3, by charging the mi- nisters with having been bribed to settle a peace advantageous to France. As a scholar he is known by an edition of Euripides, 4 vols. 8vo. ; and two dissertations on the Grecian mythology and the Olympiads. MUSS, Chaklks, an ingenious painter in enamel, whose "Holy Family," after Tar- megiano, is said to be the largest piece of enamel ever painted. Died, 1824. MUSSATO, Albehtix, an historian and poet, was born in Tadua, in 12f!l. He rose from a state of indigence to public employ- ments in his native city ; but notwithstand- ing his services, he became an object of popular fury ; and in 1314 an attempt was made to murder him. The ringleaders in this conspiracy were put to death : but Mussato was afterwards banished to Chiozzo, where he died in 1330. In his exile he wrote " Historia Augusta Henrici VII. Im})." MUSSCHENBROEK, Peter vax, a cele- brated Dutch natural philosopher and ma- thematician, was born at Leyden, in 1092. He applied himself chiefly to natural philo- sophy ; held professorships at various places, and was a member of the Royal Society, and the French Academy of Sciences. His " Course of Natural and Experimental Phi- losophy " is a valuable work, and has been translated into Englisli by Colson, in 2 vols. Musschenbroek was also the author of " Ten- tamina Experimentorum," " Institutiones Pliysica;," and " Compendium Physicie Ex- perimentalis." Died, 1761. MUTIANOjGiuolamo, an Italian painter, born at Brescia. He was a great favourite with Pope Gregory Xlll., who employed him to paint a picture of St. Paul the her- mit, and another of St. Anthony, for the church of St. Peter. Sixtus V. also held him in esteem, and intrusted to him the designs for the bas-reliefs of the column of Trajun. At the instance of this artist, pope Gregory founded the academy of St. Luke, wiiich Sixtus confirmed by a brief; and Mutiano gave two houses to the institution. Died, 1590. MUTIS, JosErii Celestixo, a celebrated naturalist, was born at Cadiz, in 1731. In 1700 he accompanied the Marquis della Verga to New Granada, and spent nearly half a century in South America, contribut- ing greatly to the spreading of science and the arts of civilisation in that country. On his return to Europe he was appointed keeper of the royal garden at Madrid. He was the first botanist that distinguished the various species of cinchona. Died, 1808. MUTIUS, Celius, first named Codrus, and afterwards Scisvola, an illustrious Ro- man, who distinguished himself in the war against Porsenna. When that prince be- sieged Rome, Mutius entered his camp to assassinate him, and, by mistake, stubbed one of his attendants. Being seized and brought before Porsenna, he said that he was one of three hundred who had engaged, by oath, to slay him, and added, " This hand, which has missed its purpose, ought to suffer." On saying this he thrust it into the coals which were burning upon the altar, and suffered it to be consumed. Porsenna, struck with his intrepidity, made peace with the Romans. The name of Scaevola, '>r left- handed, was given as a mark of distinction to Mutius and liis family. MYCONIUS, Fkedekic, a German di- vine, originally a Franciscan monk, was born at Lichtenfelt, in Fraijeonia, in 1491. When Luther declared against indulgences, Myconius opposed him, but soon changed his Bentiments, and became a missionary for the proi)agation of the principles of the Reformation. In 1538 he accompanied the chancellor of Weimar in an emba-ssy to England; and, while here, held a disputation with some bishops and other divines. On his return, he was employed to reform the churches of Thuringia ; but he protested strongly ogainst the alienation of the eccle- siastical and monastic revenues to secular purposes. Died, 1.M6. MYCONIUS, Oswald, or Geisshaitskr, a reformer, born at Lucerne, in Switzerland, in 1488. He studied at Basle, under Eras- mus and Glareanus, after which he became successively master of the schools of St. Theodore and St. Peter. He next removed to Zurich, where he held the office of regent of the college three years ; after whicli he returned to Basle, obtained the head pastor- ship of the church, and was chosen professor of theology. He wrote several commentaries on the Scripture, a l^atin version of the Catechism of OScolampadius, and a " Narra- tive of the Life and Death of Zuinglius." Died, 1552. MYLNE, Robert, an architect of con- siderable eminence, was born at Edinburgh, in 1734. While studying at Rome, he gained the chief architectural prize at the academy of St. Luke ; of which academy, as well as those of Florence and Bologna, he was a member. Mr. Mylne was the builder of Blackfriars Bridge, which was commenced in 1760, and completed in 1770. It was the first work of the kind executed in England, in which arches approacliing to the form of an ellipsis were substituted for semicircles. He also obtained the appointment of sur- veyor of St. Paul's cathedral, and was em- myr] ^ ^ttu WinihexSid 2St05rapIj|). [nap ployed to erect many private edifices iu various parts of the kingdom. Died, 1811. MYRON, a celebrated Greek sculptor, whose works are highly praised by the Greek and Latin poets, was a native of Eleutheris, and is supposed to have flourished about 430 b. c. MYSON, one of the seven wise men of Greece. Anacharsis the Scj'thiau having inquired of Apollo, who was tlie wisest man in Greece, was answered. " lie who is now ploughing his fields." This was Myson. MYTENS, Arnold, a painter, was born at Brussels, in ]a41. lie painted several capital pictures for churches in Italy ; and died in yV)2. MYTENS, Martix, a Swedish painter, was born at Stockholm, in 1(595. He fixed his re- sidence at Vienna, and was greatly esteemed by the emperor Charles VI. Died, 17do, N. NABIS, a tyrant of Sparta, who com- menced his reign about the year 20.5 B.C. lie was surrounded by an armed guard, had a number of secret spies in his service, put to death or banished every suspected person, and indulged in the exercise of every species of cruelty. He contrived an instrument of torture iu the form of a beautiful woman, whose rich dress concealed a number of iron spikes in lier bosom and arms. When any one, therefore, opposed his demands, he would say, " If I have not talents enough to prevail with you, perhaps my Apega may persuade you." Tlie automaton statue then apiieared ; which Nabis taking by the hand, led up to the person, who, being embraced by it, was thus tortured into compliance. He plundered Messina and Argos, and would have continued to extend his dominion still wider over Peloponnesus, had not the Bo- mans, iu alliance with the Achasans, de- clared war against him. lie pursued the war with inveterate enmity, and was for a time successful ; but he was at length de- feated by Philopa;men, at tlie head of the army of the Acha;an league, and was killed while attempting to escape, b. c. 194. NABONASSAR, the first king of the Chal- deans or Babylonians. He is celebrated by the famous epoch which bears his name, and which commenced in the year 747 b. c. NABOPOLASSAR, king of Babylon. He united with Ast.yages against Syria, which country they conquered, and having divided it between them, founded two kingdoms, that of the Medes under Astyages, and that of the Chaldeans under Nabopolassar, b. c. G2(5. N^VIUS, Cneius, a celebrated Latin poet, who wrote several comedies, one of which was so displeasing to Metellus the consul, that he exiielled him from Rome. He was born in Campania, and died at Utica, B. c. 203. NiEVmS, a famous augur in the reign of Tarquin, of whom it is related, that, in order to convince the king and the Romans of his supernatural power, he cut a flint with a razor, and thus turned the ridicule of the populace into admiration. Cicero, how- ever, who had himself been an augur, treats this miraculous event as a mere fiction. NAHL, JoHANff August, an eminent Prussian sculptor, born at Berlin, in 1710. He executed the admirable colossal statue of the landgrave Frederic, which stands in Frederic's Square. In 1755 he was created professor in the academy of arts at Cassel, and died there in 1781. NALDI, Sebasti A NO, a celebrated Italian buffo singer, who came to London early in the present century, and obtained great eclat. He was accidentally killed at Paris, in 1819, by the explosion of an apparatus which had been invented for cooking by steam. NALSON, Jonx, an English divine, was born in 1G38, and after having gone through the usual course of a university education at Cambridge, obtained the living of Dod- dington, and a prebend in Ely cathedral. He' was the author of " An Impartial Col- lection of the Affairs of State, from the Scotch Rebellion to the Murder of Charles the First." He also wrote an account of the trial of that monarch, and died in 1680. NANGIS, William de, a French histo- rian of the 14th century, was a Benedictine monk in the abbey of St. Denis. He wrote the " Lives of St. Philip and Louis le Hardi," together with two chronicles of France. NANI, GiovAXXi Battista, a Venetian historian, was born in 1016. He distin- guished himself as ambassador to the French court, where he obtained succours for the republic to carry on the war against Turkey. He was afterwards employed in other mis- sions of importance, for whicli he was made proctor of St. Mark and captain-general of the marine. He was the author of " Istoria della Republica Veneta," and was liisto- riograj)her and keeper of the archives of the repubU:;. Died, 1678. NANEK, or NANUK, was a native of Hindostan, and the founder of the sect of Sikhs in India, which has now grown into a powerful nation. He was born at Tal- wendy, in Lahore, in 1409 ; propagated his doctrines with great success ; and died in 1539. NANNINI, Agnolo, a celebrated author, born at Florence, in 1493. He entered the order of Valombrosa, became abbot of S. Salvador di Vajano, and wrote several works of a lively and satirical character, which are admired for their purity of stvle. NAPIER, or NEPER, Joiry, lord of Mercliiston, in Scotland, a celebrated ma- thematician, was bom in 1550, and educated at the university of St. Andrew's. After I KAP] ^ |!eto Hm'tjcrj^al 3Bt0grai3l)||. [nar having travelled in France, Italy, and Ger- many, lie returned to his native country, where lie wholJy devoted himself to the study of mathematics and theology. Being mucli attached to astronomy and spherical geometry, he wished to find out a short method of calculating triansjles, sines, tan- gents, &c. ; and to the exertions arising out of this desire is to be attributed liis admir- able invention of logarithms, first made public in 1614, and which alone has immor- talised his name. The Napier "bones, or rods," for multiplying and dividing, were invented by him. lie also made several improvements in spherical trigonometry, and was regarded by the celebrated Kepler as one of the greatest men of the age. Died, 1617. NAPIER, Macvet, whose name will long be memorable in connection with the Edin- burgh Review and the Encjxdopacdia Bri- tannica, was professor of conveyancing in the university of Edinburgh, and one of the principal clerks of the court of session. He passed as a writer to the signet in 1799 ; but he soon discovered a decided bias for literary pursuits i and his various acquirements, lite- rary and legal, his profound erudition, and his sound judgment, found ample scope for their development in tho last edition of the Eneyclopajdia Britannica, of which he l>e- came the editor. In 1829 he succeeded Mr. (afterwards Lord) JeflVey in the editorship of the Edinburgh Review ; and it is no light praise to say that, under his management, wliich embraced a period of 17 years, that leading organ of constitutional and liberal doctrines, and of manly and enlightened criticism, suffered no decay. Died, 1847. NAPIER, William Joux, Lord, a British naval officer, w^as born at Kinsale, In 1787. He entered the service at the age of 10, and was a midshipman on board the Deiiance at the battle of Trafalgar. In 18.33 he was ai)i)ointed superintendent of the trade and interests of the British nation in China, and he arrived at Macao, in July, 1834. Here, however, the object of his voyage was frus- trated by the governor of Canton, who ap- peared anxious that his lordship should not reach that place until notice should have been sent to the court of Pekiu, and the answer of the emperor be made known upon the subject. Lord Napier was not inclined to delay the superintendence of those in- terests which he had been appointed to pro- tect, and, getting into his boat on the 24th of July, sailed up the Canton river, and arrived at the factory (Canton) on the next morning. The orders and edicts of the go- vernor, that he should return to Macao, were replied to by the latter in terms of positive refusal ; commercial transactions between the British and Chinese merchants were prohibited by the governor ; and he sent the Imogeue and Andromache frigates up the Boyne river, which were fired at by the forts, and which, in return, battered the forts about the ears of the Chinese soldiers. This occurred on the 7 th of September ; but, owing to calms, the ships were obliged to come to an anchor for several days. On the 14th of the same mouth, Lord Napier became seriously indisposed ; and that the interests of the British merchants might not be in- jured by a farther suspension of their ar- rangements, the men-of-war were ordered to " move out of the river," and he returned to Macao, where, ou the 11th of October, 1834, he expired. N ANTEUIL, Robert, an eminent French engraver, was born at Rlieims, in l&iO. His merit obtained him the place of designer and cabinet engraver to Lotus XIV., with a pension. Died, 1078. NANTIGNI, Loris Chazot de, a cele- brated French genealogist, whose genealo- gical and chronological tables are regarded as valuable productions. Born, 1692 ; died, 1755. NARBONNE LARA, Loris, Count, bom at Parma, in 17.55. He was minister of war under Louis XVI. ; lieutenant-general of France in the third year of the revolution ; and, finally, one of Napoleon's aides-de- camp during the imperial government. He attempted to defend the constitutional mon- archy ; and, after the 10th of August, 1792, which decided the king's fate, was outlawed by the triumphant party of the " Mountain." He was saved, partly by the exertions of Madame de Stal'l and partly of Dr. Boll- man (who subsequently withdrew Lafayette from a similar search of the ultra Jacobins), and retired to England first, and afterwards to Switzerland. Invested with military rank by Napoleon, who greatly esteemed him, he accompanied him in most of his wars with Austria, and was in the fatal Russian campaign, in 1812. In 1813 he was ambassador to Vienna, and died at the end of that year. NARDI, Jacopo, an eminent Italian his- torian, was born of an ancient and noble family at Florence, in 147C. Having distin- guished himself by his opposition ^to tlie Medici, he was imprisoned and exile'd ; and he retired to Venice, where he passed the rest of his life in the cultivation of litera- ture. He wrote a " History of Florence," tlie " Life of Malcspini," &c. ; and acquired much reputation by an elegant translation of Livy. Died, about 1555. NARDINI, PiETKO, one of the first vio- linists of his time, was bom at Leghorn, in 1725 ; studied under Tartini ; and, in 1770, went to Florence, as first violinist in the chapel of the Grand-duke of Tuscany. Died, 1796. NARES, James, Mus. Doc, was bom at Stanwell, in Middlesex, in 1715. He was one of the children in the royal chapel, and studied under Dr. Pepusch, after wliich he became organist of York cathedral. In 1755 he succeeded Dr. Green as organist and com- poser to the king ; and was created doctor of music at Cambridge. In 17.")7 he was appointed master of the choristers of his majesty's chapel. Dr. Nares published, be- sides his compositions of sacred music, which are marked by great genius and a thorough knowledge of the science, several books of instructions, and a royal pastoral on his majesty's nuptials- Died, 1783. NARES, Robert, a learned critic and theologian, was the son of tlie preceding, and received his education at Westminster School, and Christchurch College, Oxford. nar] ^ ^etu Bmbtv^al SStosrajjl^tt. [nas After entering into holy orders lie was pre- sented to the rectory of Sliamford, in Leices- tershire ; he was also chosen preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and obtained the office of assistant librarian at the British Museum. He was afterwards a prebendary of Lincoln ; and at the time of his death, in 1829, he was archdeacon of Stafford, canon of Lichfield, and rector of All hallows, London. Dr. Nares, in conjunction with Mr. Beloe, es- tablished and conducted tiie British Critic, a high church literary review ; and among his separate works are, " Elements of Or- thoepy," " A Glossary of Words, Phrases, &c., in the Works of English Authors of the Age of Queen Elizabeth," " A Chronological View of the Prophecies relating to the Christian Church," &c. NAllSES, a celebrated Persian eunuch, who entered into the service of the emperor Justinian at the court of Constantinoi>le, rose by his merit to the highest dignities of the state, and distinguished himself by military exploits. After vanquishing Totila the Goth, he captured Rome ; rescued Italy from the Ostrogoths and other barbarians ; was appointed governor of the country, and ruled it 15 years ; but was at length deposed, and died in .IC?. NARVAEZ, Pampiiila de, a native of Valladolid, in Spain, who went to America soon after its discovery, and was appointed commander of the expedition against Cortez by Diego de Velasquez, governor of Cuba. He sailed, in lo28, with 40() men, intending to cstablicih a colony in Florida ; discovered the bay of Peusacola ; and, having marched into the country, was never heard of more. NARUSZEWICZ, Adam Stanislaus, an eminent historian and poet of Poland, who, from having made an excellent translation of the works of the great Roman historian, obtained the appellation of the Polish Tacitus ; but his fame chiefly rests on his elaborate " History of Poland," which he left unfinished at his death, in 1706. NASH, Joux, a celebrated architect, was one of the architects of the board of works, and amassed a large fortime by tlie extensive speculations in which he engaged for the improvement of tlie metropolis. Regent Street, Waterloo Place, the Regent's and St. James's Parks, and nearly all the impor- tant changes which have taken place in the architecture of London (westward), the aggregate effect of which is really grand and imposing, are due to the mental exertion and indefatigable labour of Mr. Nash. He also built the royal palace at Pimlico, the Haymarket Theatre, All Souls Church, &c. Died, aged 82, 1825. NASH, RicnAUD, commonly called Beau Nash, the once celebrated arbiter of fasliion at Bath, was born in 1764, at Swansea, in Glamorgansliire. He was originally in- tended for the law, but entered the army, which, however, he soon quitted, and took chambers in the Temple. Here he devoted himself entirely to pleasure and fashion ; and when king William visited the inn, he was cliosen muster of the pageant with which it was customary to welcome tlie monarch. So pleased was William with the entertainment, that he offered him the honour of knighthood, wliich Nash, on account of his narrow cir- cumstances, refused. In 1704 he was ap- pointed master of the ceremonies at Bath, an office for which he was admirably quali- fied by an elegant taste and uncommon vivacity. He immediately instituted a set of regulations as remarkable for their strict- ness as for their judicious adaptation to the wants and society of the place ; and as he drew the whole beau monde to Bath, he was justly regarded as a public benefactor there. While in the plenitude of his power and popularity, Nash lived in the most splendid style, supporting his expenses by a long run of success at the gaming table. His dress was covered with expensive lace, and he wore a large white cocked hat. The chariot in which he rode was drawn by six gray horses, and attended by a long retinue of servants, some on horses, others on foot, while his pro- gress through the streets was made known by a band of French horns and other instru- ments. His common title was the king of Bath; and his reign continued, with undi- minished splendour, for more than fifty years. His health then began to decline, and his resources grew less plentiful. As the change in his spirits and circumstances be- came more evident, his former acquaintances gradually forsook him, and he died, in com- parative indigence and solitude, in 1761. His remains, however, were honoured with a splendid funeral, at the expense of the city ; and an appropriate epitaph, written by Dr. Harrington, is placed over his tomb in the abbey church. NASH, Thomas, a satirist and dramatic writer, was born at Lowestoffe, in Suffolk, about 1504 ; educated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; and settled in London, where he died in 1001. He wrote three dramatic pieces ; but was chiefly distinguished by the virulence and scurrility of his pamphlets against Gabriel Harvey and the puritan Penry, who assumed the title of Martin Marprelate. His principal performance is " Pierce Penniless," published in 1589. NASH, Treadway Russel, an English divine and antiquary, was educated at Wor- cester College, Oxford, where he took his degree of D.D. in 1758. He was a man of fortune, and died at his seat in Worcester- shire, in 1811, aged 87. Dr. Nash published " Collections for a History of Worcester- shire," 2 vols, folio ; a splendid edition of Hudibras, 3 vols. 4to. ; and some papers in the Archaeologia. NASMITH, James, a divine, was bom at Norwich, in 1740, and educated at Bene't College, Cambridge. He took the degree of D. D. in 1797 ; and his last preferment was the rectory of Leverington, in the Isle of Ely, where he died in 1808. Dr. Nasmith published " A Catalogue of Bene't College Library ; " an edition of the " Itineraries of Simon and William of Worcester," 8vo ; a new edition of Tanner's "Notitia Monas- tica," &c. NASMYTH, Alexander, a celebrated painter, whose talents gave so strong and strikingly obvious an impetus to the art in Scotland, that he is not undeservedly called the father of the Scottish school of landscape painting. Those who patronised Nasmytli I KAS] ^ fit^ ^nibtrSal Miazmpf)}}* [NAT as a portrait painter were for tlie most part persons of rank and wealth ; and liis visits to various country seats aftbided him excellent opportunities of giving liis advice in land- scape gardening. To that advice it is, at first generally as an amateur and in mere fricudstiip, but subsequently as a part of his profession, that the Scottish nobility and gentry owe some of the finest of tiieir park scenery. It may likewise be added, that to his suggestions his native city, Edinburgli, owes not a few of the judicious changes mude in lier streets and buildings. Born, 1757 ; died, 1840. N ASMYTII, Petkk, an eminent landscape painter, was bom at Edinburgh, in 178C. At the age of twenty he removed to London, where his talents soon attracted notice, and procured him the appellation of the English Hobbima. His works are deservedly in high repute, and there are few collections of im- portance in England, but what contain some of them. Died, 1831. NATHAN, Isaac, orMoRDECAi, a learned Jewish rabbi, who, about the middle of the loth century, published the first concordance of the Old Testament in the original tongue. This work, with considerable additions, has been several times reprinted ; but little or nothing is known of the personal history of its orignial author. NATTIER, Jou.v Mark, a French artist, was born at Paris, in HiH't, and died in 17GG. Louis XIV. ai)pointed him to a professorship in the academy of painting Another artist of this name went to Petersburgh, where he died in 1703. He was an engraver of intaglios, and published a treatise on gems. NAUDE' or NAUD^US, Gaukiel, a French physician and man of letters, was bom at Paris, in UW ; studied medicine at Padua ; and, after a considerable stay in Italy, returned to Paris and became librarian to Cardinal Richelieu, on whose death he entered iuto the service of Mazarin ; but when that minister was banished, Naud^ went to Sweden as librarian to queen Chris- tina, lie was the aiithor of " Bibliographia Politica," "An Apology for the Great Men who have been accused of Magic," "On Liberal Studies," &c. Died, 16.53. NAUDE', PuiLiP, a mathematician, was born at Metz, in 1G54. Being a Protestant he retired to Berlin on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and there became mathema- tical tutor to the court, lie was also chosen a member of the academy in that city, where he died in 1729. He published a work on geometry, and some religious ineces His son, who succeeded him in his professorship, was a member of the royal societies of Berlin and London, and died in 174j. NAUDET, Thomas Charles, a French landscape painter, born, at Paris, in 1774 ; died, 1810. lie left a collection of near three thousand designs, comprehending the most beautiful views, and the finest monuments of ancient and modern times on the Continent. NAUMaNN, John Gottlieb, or Aaia- DEUs, an eminent German musical composer, was born in 1741, of veiy poor parents, at a small village near Dresden ; but his talents for music being soon apparent, he was taken to Italy by a Swedish amateur, and finally 029 obtained admission into the number of Tar- tini's pupils at Padua. He afterwards went to Naiiles, where his taste for theatrical music was awakened ; and having remained in Italy eight years, returned to Dresden, and was appointed composer of sacred music to the Elector of Saxony. He subsequently made two journeys to Italy, where he com- posed several operas, which were performed witli brilliant success ; and he was eventually made chapel-master. For some time before his death he devoted himself almost entirely to the composition of sucred music, some very valuable pieces of which are preserved in the archives of the chapel at Dresden. Among his operas are, " I>a Clemenza di Tito," " Tutto per Amore," " Armida," " Amphion," " Gustavus Vasa," " Orpheus," and " Acis and Galatea." Besides these are several oratorios, sonatas, songs, &c. Died, 1801. NAUNTON, Sir Robert, an English statesman, was born at Sufiblk, and educated at Cambridge. After having been employed on some diplomatic concerns in Scotland and France, he returned to the university, and in 1601 was elected public orator, in which capacity he attracted tlie notice of James I., who made him master of the requests, sur- veyor of the court of wards, and secretary of state. His "Fragmenta Regalia" contains many curious particulars of the court of queen Elizabeth. NAVAGERO or NAUGERIU8, A>di;ea, an Italian poet, orator, and statesman, M-as born at Venice, in 1483. He embraced the military life, after which he was employed as an ambassador, and in that situation died at Blois, in 1529. His Latin poems were remarkable for their purity, and have been several times printed. NAV ARETE, Juan Fekkandez, a Spa- nish painter, surnamed El Mudo, from his being deaf and dumb, was born in 1562. He was appointed painter to the king, and his best pieces are preserved in the Escurial. From his fine style of colouring, he obtained the name of the Spanish Titian ; but he was so fond of introducing into his pictures a dog, a cat, or a partridge, that scarcely any of his sacred subjects even are without tliem. Died, 1579. NAVARETTA, FEKNAKrEZ, a Spanish missionary, who went to China in 1646, and was expelled at the time when the persecu- tion there took place. He was afterwards consecrated bishop of St. Domingo, and died in 1689. He was the author of an excellent account of the political and religious condi- tion of the Chinese. NAYLOR, James, an enthusiast of the 17th centur3-, was born in 1616, at Ardesley, in Yorkshire. He served eight years in the parliamentary army, and on his return home, in 1651, became converted to Quakerism by the preaching of George Fox ; thougli at a future period, in consequence of his extra- vagant conduct, the more formal body of Quakers were led to disown him. Misled by imaginary inspiration, he soon distinguished himself among those of kindred sentiments, both in London and other places, until, in 1656, he was committed to Exeter gaol, for propagating his opinions. On his release 3u3 nea] ^ ^m HnibfrjSal 28i0(rrajp!)s. [NEC from imprisonment, he repaired to Bristol, wiiere hia followers formed a procession, and led him into that city in a manner which they intended to resemble the entrance of Christ into Jerusalem. He was declared guilty of blasphemy by parliament, and bar- barously sentenced to a double whipping at diflerent times, branding, boring of the tongue with a liot iron, and imprisonment and hard labour during pleasure. This sen- tence, though illegal, was fully inflicted upon the unhappy man, who, when the delirium of fanaticism was over, humbly acknowledged and lamented the delusion under which lie had laboured ; and died in J6C0. NEAL, Danikl, an eminent dissenting divine, was bom in London, in 1(578, and was educated at the university of Utrecht. On his return he began to oflficiate as a preacher, and, in 17(K5, succeeded Dr. Single- ton as minister of a congregation in Alders- gate Street, in which connection he continued for 30 years. Although assiduous as a mi- nister, lie found leisure for literary labours, and published, among other works, a " His- tory of the Puritans," 4 vols. ; and a " History of New England," 2 vols. Died, 1743. NEANDER, Johanx August Wilhelm, one of the distinguished ecclesiastical his- torians of moderu times, was bom at Got- tingen, 1789. His parents were Jews. They removed to Hamburgh when their sou was very young ; and to the excellent institu- tions of that city he was indebted for great part of his education. In his 16th year he was converted to Christianity, and proceeded to study first at Halle and then at Giittin- gen, where he gained the reputation of great learning and piety, though struggling with an extremity of poverty which would have crushed a less ardent and heroic soul. After a short sojourn in Hamburgh, he removed to Heidelberg in 1811, and occupied himself in writing his first work, " The Emperor Julian and his Age," which led to his ap- pointment to a chair of theology, in that university, in 1812. A few months after- wards he was nominated to the same chair in the then infant university of Berlin, where he had Marheinecke and Sclileiermachcr for his colleagues ; and here he laboured as- siduously for 38 years, with what results will be seen if we look at his works on many periods of church history, — his pamphlets and monographs of every variety of subjects, — his daily lectures on every conceivable theological topic, philosophy, doctrine, his- tory, biblical criticism, or the numberless pupils in Germany, England, and America, whom he inspired with a portion of his own noble enthusiasm, and sent out as labourers in the same sacred field. With Neander, theology was not as it is with too many both at home and abroad, a mere profession. The purity of his daily life — his devotion to Christian labour — the self denial which was his soul's habit — prove how sincerely he be- lieved the truth of his favourite motto, that it is neither the profoundest learning, nor most vigorous intellect, nor most fervid elo- quence, but " pectus est quod facit theolo- gum," — "it is the heart wliich makes the theologian." Died, 1850. NEAKCHUS, one of the generals of Alex- ander the Great, who was employed in con- ducting his fleet from India by the ocean to the Persian Gulf. Fragments of a narrative by this early voyager are extant, and form a curious and valuable record. NECHAM, or NEQUAM, Alexakdek, an English monk, of Die order of St. Augustine, who was educated in the abbey of St. Alban's. He completed his studies at Paris, and died abbot of Cirencester, in 1217. His principal work is a Latin poem, " De Laude Sapientiae Divina;." NECKER, James, a celebrated statesman, noted as the minister of finance to Louis XVI., was tlie son of Charles Frederic Necker, professor of civil law at Geneva, and born there in 1732. At the age of 15, he was placed in a banking-house at Paris, after which he became partner with Thellusson, on whose death he established a house of his own, in conjunction with his brother and two others. Having distinguished himself by his treatise, entitled " Sur la Lt'gislation et le Commerce des Grains," and acquired great reputation as a financier ; he was, in 177(5, appointed director, and, soon after, comp- troller-general of the royal treasury. Being refused admission into the council on the score of his religion, as he was a Calvinist, he threatened to resign his official situation. He was in consequence removed, and ordered to retire to his country-seat. After this he went to Switzerland, where he purchased the barony of Copet, and published his work, " Administration des Finances de la France," 3 vols. 8vo., of which 80,(XK} copies were sold in a few daj's. He was recalled in 1788, as comptroller-general, when his convictions led liim to support the convocation of the states- general, which was the wish of the nation. He was also in favour of the double repre- sentation of the third estate, and may be considered as a spark which kindled the pile of democratic feeling. When the govern- ment determined to take measures against the increasing troubles. Necker, who op- posed the adoption of those measures, was dismissed, and ordered to leave the kingdom within 24 hours. No sooner was his removal known, than all Paris was in a ferment. The storming of the Bastile followed, and the Symplons of popular violence became so alarming, that the king found himself compelled to recal the banished minister. Necker's return to Paris resembled a tri- umphal procession ; yet such is the uncertain tenure of i)opularity, that he soon became as much an object of antipathy to the people as he had been of their idolatry, and in 1790 he left France for ever. He died at Copet, in Switzerland, in 1804. NECKER, Susanna, wife of the preced- ing, and whose maiden name was Curchod, was the daughter of a clergyman in the canton of Berne, and in her youth was the object of the attachment of Gibbon the his- torian. She received an excellent education ; nor was her heart less carefully cultivated than her mind ; and, on her husband's ele- vation, she made use of his influence and fortune only for purposes of benevolence. She erected an hospital in the neighbourhood of Paris, at her own expense, and devoted to it her personal care. She wrote " Keflec- NEC] ^ i2c&) ?HnibcttfaI 3Bi0ffrap!)2i. [nel I tions on Divorce," and other works, Died, ! 1 1794. I NECKER, Noel Joseph, a native of the I Netherlands, who became botanist and his- toriographer to the elector palatine. He wrote " Elcmenta Botanica," and otlier worlcs relating to his favourite science. Died, 1793. NEEDHAM, Jonx Tubkrville, a Roman Catholic divine, was born in London, in 1713, and educated at Douay, where he entered into orders. He died rector of the academy of sciences at Brussels, in 1781. Mr. Nccdham wrote observations inserted in Burton's Na- tural History ; also " New Enquiries upon Microscopical Discoveries, and the Genera- tion of Organised Bodies." " Enquiries con- cerning Nature and Religion," &c. NEEDIIAM, Mauchmont, an active par- tisan and political writer, was born at Bur- ford, in Oxfordshire, in ](>2(), and educated at All Souls' College, Oxford. During the civil war he distinguished himself by his political writings first against the parliament, and afterwards against the king, so that at the Restoration he obtained his pardon with difficulty. He conducted periodical journals, somewhat in the manner of newspapers, the titles of which were, Mcrcurius Britannicus, Mtrcurius Pragmaticus, and Mcrcurius Po- liticus ; and when politics no longer afforded him employment, he practised as a physician. Died. 1678. NEEl'S, Peter, the elder, a painter of architectural subject-^, was born at An- twerp, in l.'>70, and died in IfSfd. He studied under Henry Stenwyck, and his favourite subjects were views of the interior of churches, convents, palaces, &c His son, known as young Neefs, followed the same branch of art as his father, but was inferior to him. NEELE, Henuy, a poet and miscella- neous writer, born in 1708, was tlie son of an engraver in the Strand, and was educated for the profession of an attorney, which he practised with reputation in the metropolis till his death. He was a young man of amiable disposition and inoffensive manners, and had a decided taste for literary pursuits; but his intense application to study produced a fit of insanity, and he put a period to his existence, February 7. 1828. He was the author of " Poems," " Dramatic Scenes," the "Romance of History." 3 vols. ; and " Jyiterary Remains," published after his decease. NEER, Arxold Vander, an eminent artist, was born at Amsterdam, in 1619. He excelled in painting coast scenery, fisher- men's huts, and in his beautiful delineation of moonlight. Died, 1683 His son, Eo- LON llENDRiCK, was an historical and portrait painter. Born, 1643 ; died, 1703. NELSON, HoKATio, Viscount, Duke of Bronte, &c., England's greatest naval hero, was the fourth son of the Rev. Edmund Nelson, rector of Burnham Tliorpe, in Norfolk, and born there, Sept. 29. 1758. He was educated first at Norwich, and next at North Walsham ; but in his twelfth year he became a midshipman under his uncle. Captain Suckling, of the Raisonahie. Soon after this he sailed to the West Indies in a merchant ship, and on his return was ad- mitted on board tlie Carcass, one of the vessels sent on an expedition to the North Pole, under the orders of Captain Phipps. He went next to the East Indies. In 1777 he obtained the rank of lieutenant, and in 1779 that of post-captain, when he was ap- pointed to the command of the Hichin- broke, in which ship he sailed to the West Indies, where he distinguished himself in an enterprise on the Spanish main. After the jieace of 1783, lie commanded the Boreas frigate, stationed for the protection of trade at the Leeward Islands, and while there he married Mrs. Nesbit, the widow of a physician. At the commencement of the war with France he was nomhiated to the Agamemnon of 04 guns, on board of which he sailed to the Mediterranean, and was at the taking of Toulon. He was also present at the siege of Bastia, where he served at the batteries with a body of seamen, as he afterwards did at Calvi ; and while em- ployed before that place he lost an eye. While on that station his daring intrepidity and unceasing activity were such, that his name was dreaded throughout the shores of the Mediterranean. He was with Ad- miral Hotham in the action with the French fleet, March 15. 1795 ; and the same year he took the island of Elba. In KiXi he was appointed commodore on board I-a Mi- nerve, ill wliich frigate lie captured I^a Sa- bine, a forty gun ship. Soon after this he descried the Spanish fleet, and steered with the intelligence to Sir John Jcrvis, off" St. Vincent. He had scarcely communicated the news, and shifted his flag on board tiie Captain of 74 guns, wlien the enemy hove in sight. A close action ensued, which terminated in a complete victory on the side of tlie British, who were inferior in numbers. On this occasion Commodore Nelson attacked the Santissima Trinidada of 13(> guns i he afterwards boarded and took the San Nicholas of 80 guns, from whence he proceeded in the same manner to the San Joseph of 112 guns; both of which surrendered to liim. For his share in this glorious victory, the commodore was honoured with the order of the Bath ; and having soon afterwards hoisted his flag as rear admiral of the blue, he was ap- pointed to command the inner squadron at the blockade of Cadiz. He there made a bold but unsuccessful attempt to bombard 1 the city, heading his men himself. The i next exploit in which he was engaged was ' an attempt to take possession of Tcneriffc, which design also failed, and Nelson lost his right arm by a cannon-shot, and es- caped with life by the devotion of his step- son, Captain Nesbit, who carried him off on his back to a boat, after lying senseless and exhausted for several hours upon the ground. In 1798, he rejoined Earl St. Vincent, who sent him up the Mediterranean, to watch the progress of the armament at Toulon, destined for the conveyance of Buonaparte and his army to Egyi)t. Notwithstanding the strictest vigilance, this fleet found means to escape, but was followed by Nelson, and, after various disappointments, traced to the I bay of Aboukir. Here he commenced an I nel] ^ iSe&j mm'&crjgal 33iO0rajp|)w. [nel immediate attack, and by a manoeuvre of equal boldness and ability, sailed between the enemy and the land, though exposed to a double fire. The result was a victory so glorious and decisive, that all the French vessels, with the exception of two men of war and two frigates, were taken or de- stroyed. This achievement was rewarded witli the title of baron Nelson of the Nile, and an additional pension of 2,000^., besides the estate and dukedom of Bronte in Sicily, and higli honours conferred by the Turkish sultan. Soon after this he sailed for Sicily, and from thence to Naples, where he quelled j a rebellion and restored the king. Having performed these and other important ser- vices. Lord Nelson returned to England, and was received with enthusiastic joy — And here we are reluctantly compelled to record the fact, that, during the admiral's stay at Naples, he permitted Lady Hamilton, the j wife of the English ambassador, to exercise a I most pernicious influence over him ; that he i lived publicly with her after the death of : her husband ; and, as a natural consequence, ! that it produced a separation between him I and Lady Nelson on his return — But to re- sume our narrative of his naval glories. A confederacy of the northern powers having alarmed the government, he was employed to dissolve it. A fleet was fitted out in 1801, the command of which was given to Admiral Sir Hyde Tarker, assisted by Lord Nelson. On their arrival off the Cattegat, and being refused a passage. Lord Nelson oftered his services for conducting the attack on the Danish force, which was stationed to oppose j an entrance. This being accepted, he shifted his flag to the Elephant, and passed the Sound with little loss. On the 2nd of April the action commenced at ten o'clock, and after a sharp conflict seventeen sail of the Danes were sunk, burnt, or taken. A nego- tiation was then entered into between his lordship and the crown prince ; in conse- quence of which the admiral went ashore, and an armistice was settled. He next ob- tained from the Swedish government an order for taking oflf the embargo on English ships in the Baltic. Having accomplished these great objects, he returned to England, and was created a viscount. In August, 1801, he bombarded the enemy's flotilla of guu boats at Boulogne, but without any material effect. A treaty suddenly taking place, his lordship retired to his seat at Mer- ton, in Surrey ; but hostilities recommen- cing, he sailed lor the Mediterranean, and in March, 1803, took the command of that station on board the Victory. Notwithstand- ing all his vigihince, the French fleet escaped from Toulon, and was joined by that of Cadiz ; of which being apprised, he pursued them to the West Indies with a far inferior force. The combined squadrons, however, struck with terror, returned without effect- ing anything ; and after a partial action with Sir Robert Calder, off Ferrol, re-en- tered Cadiz. Admiral Nelson returned to England, but soon set sail to join his fleet off Cadiz. The French under Admiral Vil- leneuve, and the Spaniards under Gravina, ventured out with a number of troops on board, Oct. 19. 1805, and on the 21st, about noon, the action began off Cape Trafalgar. Lord Nelson ordered liis ship, the Victory, to be carried alongside his old antagonist, the Santissima Triuidada, where he was ex- posed to a severe fire of musketry ; and not taking the precaution to cover his coat, which was decorated with his star and other badges of distinction, he became an object for the riflemen placed purposely in the tops of tlie Bucentaur, which lay on his quarter. In the middle of the engagement, a musket- ball struck him on the left shoulder, and passing through the spine, lodged in the muscles of his back. He lived just long enough to be acquainted with the number of ships that had been captured, and his last words were, " I have done my duty, I praise God for it ! " The mighty spirit of Nelson was epitomised in the signal which he hoisted on commencing this action — " Eng- land expects that every man will do his duty 1 " — a sentence that not only testified the pure Spartan love of country which ani- mated liis own breast, but proved the philo- sophical act which inspired him to strike upon the strongest chord that could vibrate in every surrounding bosom. His remains were brought to this country, and buried with unprecedented honours in St. Paul's cathedral, where a suitable monument has been erected to his memory. His brother, the Rev. William, D. D., &c., succeeded to the titles and honours enjoyed by the Hero of Trafalgar. His death occurred on the 28th of Feb. 1835, in the 78th year of his age. The titles, &c. descended to Thomas Bolton, of Wells, Norfolk, who was the son of Thomas Bolton, and Susannah (eldest child of the Rev. Edmund Nelson, father of the admiral) ; but he dying, in his 50th year, in tlie November following, they descended to his son Horatio, born in 1823, and grand- nephew in the female line to the naval hero. NELSON, Robert, a pious and learned writer, was born in London, in 165G ; and received his education at St. Paul's School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was strongly attached to James II., and he con- tinued to communicate with the nonjurors till the death of Bishop Lloyd, when he re- turned to the established church. He lived on terms of intimacy with Archbishop Til- lotscn, and was the zealous promoter of all works of charity, having the ability as well as the disposition to give what true bene- volence prompted, lie was the author of many popular works ; among which are, " The Practice of True Devotion," " A Com- panion to the Festivals and Fasts of the Church of England," "The Whole Duty of aChristian," "The Great Duty of Frequent- ing the Christian Sacrifice, ' &c. Died, 1714. NELSON, Sami'el, born in 1759, was one of the most ardent of the " Irish patriots " in 1790; and edited the Northern Star, which produced great effects. On the re- bellion being put down in 1796, he was thrown into prison, where he remained, till set at liberty by French interference, at the treaty of Amiens, in 1802. He then retired to America, where it is understood he died j of the plague. kem] ^ ^eiD ©fm'bcriSal 23t05rajp]bl»» [nev NEMESIUS, a Greek philosopher in the 4lli century, who embraced tlie Christian religion, and was nriade bisliop of Einesa, in Phu;nicia, of which place he was a native. He wrote a treatise entitled "De Natura Hominis," in which he asserts the doctrine of pre-existence. NENNIUS, a British historian, and abbot of Uangor in the 7th century, who, when the n)Ouk3~of liis house were massacred, fled for refuge to Chester. His work is entitled " Ilistoria Britonura," and is among the Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum. NEPOS, Cdhnelius, a Latin historian in the reign of Julius Cicsar and Augustus, whose patronage he enjoyed. Of all his works, M'e have only his lives of illustrious Greek and Koman generals. NERI, St. Piiii.ir r>K, founder of the con- gregation of the Oratory in Italy, was born in l.ilS, of a noble family at Florence, and died at Rome in 159-5. llis order obtained its name from the place of its original es- tablisliment, which was an oratory of St. Jerome's church at Rome. NERO, Ll'cu's DoMiTirs, called after his adoption Claudius Dkusus, a Roman em- peror, was the son of Caius Domitius, and of Agrippina, daughter of Germanicua. lie was adopted by Claudius, a. d. .50, and four years after succeeded him on tlie throne. At the commencement of his reign his conduct excited great hopes in the Romans ; he ap- peared just, liberal, affiible, polished, com- plaiaant, and kind ; but this was a mask which hid the most depraved mind that ever disgraced a human being. He caused his mother to be assassinated, and vindicated tlie unnatural act to the senate on a pretence that Agrippina had plotted against him. He also commenced a dreadful persecution of the Christians ; and he is even charged with haviug caused Rome to be set on fire in several places, and during the conflagration to have beheld the scene from a high tower, where he amused himself by singing to his lyre. This atrocity has, however, been denied ; and it is needless to swell the cata- logue of his crimes by inserting any one of doubtful authority. His cruelties, extrava- gance, and debauchery at length roused the public resentment. Piso formed a conspiracy against the tyrant, but it was discovered and defeated. That of Galba, however, proved more successful ; and Nero being abandoned by his flatterers, put an end to his existence, A. D. 08. NERVA, Marcus Cocceius, a Roman emperor, who succeeded Domitian, a.w. 96, at the age of 70 ; and died after a reign of two years, during which his virtues did honour to the throne. NESTORIUS, a celebrated patriarch of Constantinople, from whom originated the sect of Nestorians, was born in Syria, in the the 5th century. On entering into the priest- hood he became so popular for his eloquence, that Theodosius nominated him, in 429, to the archbishopric of Constantinople; in'which station he displayed great zeal against the Arians and Novatians. lie at length fell under censure himself for affirming that the Virgin Mary is not the motlier of God ; for which he was condemned in the council of EphesHs, deprived of his see, and banished. He died in 439 ; but his followers continue to be numerous in the East, and are or- ganised under a patriarch. NETSCHER, Gaspar, a celebrated pain- ter, was boin at Heidelberg, in 1639. Being left destitute by his father, he was taken under the protection of a physician at Arn- heim, who, perceiving his genius, placed him with an artist named Terberg. His subjects are conversation pieces and portraits ; the velvet and satin draperies are exquisitely managed, and the whole finished with neat- ness and brilliancy. H? died in 1684. His sons, TiiEODOitE and Constantine, were both good j)ortrait painters. The first died in 17.32. and his brother in 1722. NETTLEBLADT, Christian, Baron de, an eminent Swedish lawyer, and author of several works, chiefly relating to the state of science and literature in liis native country. Bom, 1696 ; died, 1776. NETTLEBLADT, Daniel, a celebrated German jurist, born nt Rostock, 1719. He was professor of the law of nature at Halle ; became a member of the privy council in 1765, and subsequently director of the uni- versity. He was the author of many learned and valuable works ; among which are " Systema elementare tliiiverstc Jurispru- dentite naturalis," and " Initia HistoriiB littcrariiB juridicu; universalis." Died, 1791. KEUHOFF, Thkouork Stefiikx, Baron, the son of a Westjdialian noble, was born at Metz, about 16'.K). While a student at Cologne, he unfortunately killed a young man of rank in a duel, and fled to the Hague. But through the mediation of the Spanish mini.'^ter he received a lieutenancy in the Spanish regiment of cavalry destined to march against the Moors in Africa, and, on account of his good behaviour, was promoted to a captaincy. When the Corsicans, after several unsuccessful attempts to free them- selves from tlie oppressions of Genoa, re- solved, in 1735, to form a government of their own, Neuhoff was crowned king, had silver and copper coins struck, and established an order of knighthood, under the name of the order of deliverance. Theodore, however, could not maintain himself against the Genoese and a Corsican opposition. He fled to England. Here his Dutch creditors pursued him, and being arrested, he became a prisoner in the king's bench for some years. His liberation was at length, however, eff'ected, through the instrumentality of Horace Walpole ; but he died soon after, in 17.55. NEUMANN, Ca.spar, an eminent German chemist of the ISthcenturj-. After pursuing his studies with ardour, and travelling for improvement through England, France, and Italy, he was nominated professor of che- mistry at the royal college of Berlin, and afterwards honoured by the king of Prussia with the title of aulic counsellor. His works, which at the time were important, have been translated into Englisli. Died, 1737. NEVILE or NEVYLE, Alexander, an English writer, was bom in Kent, in 1544. He took his degree ol master of arts at Cambridge ; after which he became secretary to Archbishop Parker and his successor, NEV] <^ |Ic£d BnibtY^al ISiograp]^}). [new Griiidal. He died in 1C14. He paraphrased the CEdipus of Seneca, and wrote in Latin, a narrative of tlie insurrection under Kett, to which he added an account of Norwich. He published the Cambridge verses on the death of Sir Philip Sidney, &c His brother, Thomas Nevile, became dean of Canterbury, and died in 1015. NEVILE or NEVILLE, HExnY, a re- publican writer, was born in Berksliire, in 1620, and educated at Merton College, Oxford. In the rebellion he took tlie side of parlia- ment, and was elected a member of the council of state ; but, on the usurpation of Cromwell, he gave up his seat. He died in 1694. He published Machiavel's works, and a piece entitled " Plato Redivivus, or a Dia- logue concerning Government." NEWCASTLE. See Cavexdish. NEWCOME, William, archbishop of Armagh, a learned and exemplary prelate, was born, in 1792, at Barton-le-Clay, in Bedfordshire. He completed his studies at Peml)roke College, Oxford ; was successively bishop of Dromore, Ossory, and Waterford ; was raised to the archbishopric of Armagh, in 1795 ; and died in 1800. His principal works are, " A Harmony of the Gospels," " An Historical View of the English Biblical Translations," and " Attempts towards an improved Version of Ezekicl and tlie Minor Prophets." NEWCOJrEN, Thomas, a locksmith at Dartmouth, in Devonshire, who, towards the close of tlie 17th century, engaged in scientific researches, and to whom belongs the merit of the first great improvement in Bteam-en^iines, by forming a vacuum under the piston, after it had been raised by the expansive force of the elastic vapour, and thus bringing into action the atmospheric pressure. NEWCOMEN, Matthew, an eminent Nonconformist divine of the 17th century, noted as having been one of the authors of the attack on episcopacy, entitled " Smec- tymnuus," from the initials of the names of its contributors. Died, 1766. NEWDIGATE, SirRooEE, bart., a mu- nificent patron of learning, was bom at Arbury, in Warwickshire, in 1719. He was first placed in Westminster School, whence he removed to Oxford, as a gentleman com- moner of University College. He represented the university in parliament for many years, was a liberal benefactor to it, and bequeathed the sum of lOOOi. to furnish an annual prize for the best copy of English verses connected with the fine arts, to be written by an under- graduate. Died, 1780. NEWLAND, JoHX, abbot of tlie mo- nastery of St. Augustine, at Bristol, in the 15th century, was a man of distinguished abilities, and was frequently employed in a diplomatic character by Henry VIII. Died, 1515. NEWLAND, Peter, an eminent Dutch mathematician, born in 1764. lie was suc- cessively professor of mathematics and phi- losophy at Utrecht and Amsterdam, and was appointed by the Batavian government one of the commissioners of longitude. He wrote several works on astronomy, matliematics, and political economy; and died in 1794. 634 NE WT(>N, Gilbert SirARX, a painter of considerable merit, was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1791 ; visited Italy, about 1820 ; and on his return to England, entered himself a student of the Royal Academy. He confined himself chiefly to small pictures, and illustrated many subjects in the " An- nuals" and other elegant publications, in a highly creditable manner. His female figures are strikingly expressive of innocence as well as beautv. Died, 1835. NEWTON, Sir Isaac, the most distin- guished philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer of modern times, was bom at Woolsthorpe, in Lincolnshire, on Christmas- day, 1642. Losing his father in his child- hood, the care of him devolved on his mother, who gave him an excellent education. In 1054 he was sent to Grantham School, and at the age of 18 removed to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had the learned Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Isaac Barrow for his tutor. After going through Euclid's Elements, he proceeded to the study of Descartes' Geo- metry, with Oughtred's Clavis and Kepler's Oiitics, in all of which he made marginal notes as he went along. It was in this early course that he invented the method of series and fluxions, which he afterwards brought to perfection, though his claim to the discovery was unjustly contested by Leibnitz. At the age of 22, Mr. Newton took his degree of bachelor of arts, and about the same time he applied to the grinding of optic glasses for telescopes ; and having procured a glass prism in order to try the phenomena of colours lately discovered by Grimaldi, the result of his observations was his new theory of light and colours. It was not long after this, that he made his grand discovery of the laws of gravitation, to which his attention was first turned by his seeing an apple fall from a tree ; but it was not till 1687 that the important principle which forms the foun- dation of the Newtonian philosophy was first published under the title of " Philosophiaj Naturalis Principia Mathematica." On his return to the university, in 1667, he was chosen fellow of his college, and took his degree of master of arts. Two years after- wards he succeeded Dr. Barrow in the ma- thematical professorship, on which occasion he read a course of optical lectures in Latin. He had not finished them in 1671, when he was chosen fellow of the Royal Society, to which learned body he communicated liis theory of light and colours, which was followed by his account of a new telescope invented by him, and other interesting papers. When the privileges of the uni- versity of Cambridge were attacked by James II., Mr. Newton was appointed to appear as one of her delegates in the high commission court, where he pleaded with so much strength, that the king thought proper to stop his proceedings. He was next chosen a member of the convention parliament, in which he sat till it was dissolved. In 1696 he was made warden of the mint, and after- wards master of that office ; which place he discharged with the greatest honour till his death. On his last promotion he nominated Mr. Whiston to fill his chair at Cambridge, with all the profits of the place, and resigned new] ^ i9cb) SlnitJcr^nl JSiograpl)!). [nky it entirely to him in 1703. During tlie same year he was chosen president of the Royal So- ciety, iu which station he continued 25 years. He was also a member of the academy of sciences at Paris, having been chosen in Jf>99. In 1704 he published his treatise on "The Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light ;" but the whole merit of this extraardinary work has not been fully appreciated till lately. In 1705 he received the honour of knighthood from Queen Anne; and lie died, March 20. 1727. On the 28th his body lay in state in the Jerusalem chamber, from whence it was conveyed to Westminster Abbey, the pall being borne by the lord chancellor, two dukes, and three earls. A monument was afterwards erected to his memory ; and liis statue, by Rouhiliac, has been placed iu Trinity College. lie enjoyed his faculties to the close of his long life. His temper, also, was remarkably even, and he might almost be said to have carried patience too far, particularly in suffering other men to run away with the merit of his discoveries. This would have beea tlie case iu regard to theinveutionof fluxions, if some of his friends had not interposed, and asserted the claim of their illustrious countryman. Sir Isuac was not only a philosopher, but a Christian, and spent much of his time in elucidating the sacred Scriptures ; nor could any thing discompose his mind so much as light ond irreverent expressions on the subject of religion. AVhen his friends ex- pressed their admiration of his discoveries, he said. " To myself I seem to have been as a child playing on the seashore, while the immense ocean of truth lay unexplored before me." The following is Pope's well- known epitaph on this prince of philoso- phers : — " Isaacus Newton hie jacet. Quern immortalem coeli, natura, Tcmpus ostendunt. Mortalem hoc marinor fatctur. Nature and all her works lay hid in night ; God said. Let Newton be, — and all was light." NEWTON, JoHX, an episcopal clergyman of Calvinistic principles, was born iu London, in 1725. He did not enjoy the advantages of a regular education, having been bred to the sea under his fatlier, who was master of a merchant vessel. Afterwards he sailed in the Guinea trade, and led a very irregular life for some years ; but at last he grew both serious and studious. By indefatigable dili- gence he attained a knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages ; and in 1 7(54 was or- dained to the curacy of Olneji", in Bucking- hamshire, where he became intimately ac- quainted with Cowper the poet, conjointly with whom he produced the " Olney Hymns." In 1779, Mr. Newton obtained the rectory of St. Mary Woolnoth, London, which lie held till his death, in 1807. He was tlie author of several works, among which may be num- bered a " Review of Ecclesiastical History," " Cardiphonia, or the Utterance of the Heart," " The Messiah, a Series of Dis- courses," &c., forming altogether 6 vols. 8vo, Nf^WTON, Richard, an eminent divine, was born in Buckinghamshire, about 167(5. 635 He was educated at Westminster School, and Christchurch, Oxford ; became principal of Hart Hall, in 1710, and took his degree of D. D. ; obtained a canoury of Christchurch, in 1752, and died the year following. Dr. Newton, at a great expense, erected Hart Hall into a college in 1740. His works are, "University Education," "Pluralities Inde- fensible," " Sermons," &c. NEWTON, THO.MAS, an eminent English prelaty, was born at lyichfield, in 1704. After flriidliing his education at Westminster, he was elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship ; and in 1744 he was presented to the rectory of St. Mary- le-Bow, Clieapside. In 1749 he published an edition of " Milton's Paradise Lost, with Notes, and the Life of the Author ; " which was followed by the "Paradise Regained," in a similar form. But his literary reputa- tion rests chiefly on his "Dissertations on the Prophccic3,""which he completed in 1758. He was made a prebendary of Westminster in 17.57, and soon after precentor of York ; both which preferments he resigned in 1761, on his promotion to the see of Bristol. In 17r)8 he was made dean of St. Paul's, and died in 1782. NEWTON, Thomas, a schoolmaster and physician, was born at Butley, in Cheshire ; studied at Trinity College, Oxford, and Queen's College, Cambridge ; became master of Macclesfield School, where he also prac- tised physic ; but, liaving entered into orders, in I.VjS, he obtained the living of Little Ilford, in Essex. His principal works are, a " His- tory of the Saracens," "An Elegiac Poem on the Death of Queen Elizabeth," and " The Herbal to the Bible, translated form Lemnius." NEY, Michael, duke of Elchingen and prince of Moskwa, a peer and marshal of France, and one of its greatest military he- roes, was born at Sarre-Louis, in 1769. His early years were devoted to the study of the law, but disliking the confinement, he en- tered the army, as a private hussar, in 1787. His intrepid courage rendered him a distin- guished object in the first years of the revo- lutionary war, when serving with the army of the Rhine, and in 1796 he rose to the rank of brigadier- general. On his marriage with Mile. AnguitS the friend of Ilortense de Beauharnois, Napoleon presented him with a magnificent Egyptian sabre, and named him his envoy and minister plenipotentiary to the Helvetian republic ; but iu 1803 he was recalled to take the command of the army intended to make a descent upon Eng- land. In the following year, when Napoleon received the title of emperor, he saw the necessity of restoring titles and decorations. Ney was then created a marshal, and also received other distinctions of merit, whilst he was with one accord denominated by the army, "the bravest of the brave." After a succession of victories, during which Ney never relaxed in his course of unceasing ex- ertion and personal fatigue, he obtained the additional title of prince of Moskwa ; and in June, 1814, he was invested with the dignity of a peer of France. He retired to liis seat ill the country, from which he was recalled in March, 1815, by information that Napo- NIC] ^ ^efiD Bnibtr^al Mia^tH^l)^, [NIC leon had quitted Elba. Uitherto one motive alone, the love of country, impelled his every action ; personal or family interest had never appeared throughout liis conduct ; he would have considered a bare attempt at deception degrading. He thought the return of Napo- leon would prove injurious to France, and maintained that the mischief ought to be prevented. On taking leave of Louis XVIII. he therefore made many protestations of his zeal and fidelity to the king, and expressed his determination to stay the progress of the invader. Arrived at Besangon, the marshal found the whole country hastening to meet the returning emiieror ; at Lyons the Dukes d'Artois and d'Orleans acknowledged the fruitlessness of resistance ; the troops winch he commanded shared the delirium ; and Ney himself yielded his opinion, and went over with his army to his former friend and master. He again fought under his banner at the battle of Waterloo, where he had five horses killed under him, and his cloak was perforated with balls. After the conclusion of that eventful day, and the second abdica- tion of Napoleon, Ney was advised to quit France ; for wliich money and every facility of escape were all'orded him. He refused them all, and retired to the residence of a near relative ; but he was soon arrested, brought to trial, and his colleagues and companions in arms having declared them- selves incompetent to form a courtmartial whereby to judge him, the affair was carried to the court of peers, by whom lie was con- demned, though the Duke of Wellington nobly affirmed that it was in defiance of the true construction of the article of amnesty made at the capitulation of Paris. Every avenue to the royal presence was purposely closed against his unhappy wife, who anxiously sought his pardon ; and Ney suf- fered with firmness, declaring with his last breath that he never had acted treacherously to his countrv. He was shot, Dec. 7. 1815. NICEPHORUS, Callistus, a native of Constantinople, was an ecclesiastical his- torian of the 14th century ; author of a " History of the Church," and other works of a similar description. NICEPHORUS, Gregorias, a Byzantine historian, who flourished in the 14th century. He was a great favourite of Andronicus Palaiologus the elder, who made him libra- rian of the Constantinopolitan church, and employed him as his ambassador to the Prince of Servia. NICERON, John Petek, an eminent bio- grapher, was born at Paris, in 1685. He entered into the religious order of the Bar- nabites, and became a celebrated preacher. lie was also successively professor of phi- losophy and theology, and librarian to his society. Died, 1738. His principal work is entitled " Memoirs of Men illustrious in the Republic of Letters, with an Account of their Works," 44 vols. NICETAS, David, a Greek historian of the 9th century, who wrote the life of St. Ignatius Achominates Nicetas, an- other Greek historian, died at Nice, in 1206. He wrote " Annals from 1118 to 1205.". A third, sumamed Seuron, was bishop of He- raclea, iu the 11th century ; and was the author of " Panegyrics on St. Gregory Na- zianzen," " Commentaries on the Scriptures," and otlier works. NICHOLLS, William, an English divine of great learning and piety, was born at Dou- nington, Bucks, in 1604, and educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, after which he be- came fellow of Merton College, and took his degree of D.D. in 1695 ; at which time he was rector of Selsey, in Sussex. He died about 1712. Dr. NichoUs published several valuable works : the principal of which were, "A Conference with a Theist," " A De- fence of the Church of England," and " A Commentary on the Book of Common Praver." NICHOLLS, Frask, M.D., F.R.S., an eminent English physician, was born, in London, in 1699. He was educated at West- minster School, whence he removed to Christchurch, Oxford, where he took his degrees, and became reader of anatomj'. On leaving the university he settled in London, and in 1743 he married a daughter of Dr. Mead. He succeeded Sir Hans Sloane as physician to George II., an account of whose death he published in the Philoso- pliical Transactions. Died, 1779. His works are, " De Anima Medica," " De Mortu Cordis et Sanguinis," &c.; and a tract against man- midwifery. NICHOLS, Joiix, an antiquary and mis- cellaneous writer, who for nearly half a century conducted the Gentleman's Maga- zine, was bom at Islington, in 1744. Having received a liberal education, he became ap- prentice, at an early age, to Bowyer, the learned printer, and was subsequently ad- mitted into partnership with his master, on whose death he succeeded to the manage- ment of one of the first typographical estab- lishments in London. Among his numerous publications are, " The History and Anti- quities of Leicestershire," " Anecdotes of Bowyer," " Literary Anecdotes of the Eigh- teenth Century," 9 vols.; "Illustrations of the Literature of the Eighteenth Century," 6 vols. His personal exertions as well as his pen were frequently used to promote chari- table purposes, and he had sometimes the gratification of being able to assist the indi- gent sons of genius in his office of registrar of the Literary Fund. Died, 1828. NICHOLSON, William, au eminent writer on chemistry and natural philosopliy, was born in London, in 1758, and went to India at an early age, in the maritime service. In 1776 he became agent, on the Continent, for Mr. Wedgwood ; and after- wards setted in the metropolis as a mathe- matical teacher. He published an " Intro- duction to Natural Pliilosophy," a " Dic- tionary of Chemistry," a "Journal of Natu- ral Pliilosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts," which was continued for several years ; and various valuable compilations. He also took out patents, for several inventions ; but he was singularly unfortunate in his specula- tions, and died in indigent circumstances, in 1815. NICIAS, an Athenian commander, who by his merit rose to the highest offices in his country. He was put to death by tlie Syra- cusans, b. c. 413. I NIC] ^ ^tto WinibcxiHl 2St0gmpf)i). [nie NICOLAI, CHRisToniEB Fkederic, a German author and bookseller, of some note In the history of German literature, was born at Berlin, in 1733, and died there in 1811. After studying at the university of Frankfort, to which city he was first sent, in order to learn the book trade, he returned to Berlin, and wrote his " Letters on the Pre- sent State of Belles Lettrea," in ll'Ai. With the aid of other literati, he produced his '* Letters on Modern Ijiterature," and in 1765 executed his plan of the "General Ger- man Library," a work which was continued 40 years, though he ceased to edit it at the end of the 107th volume, in 171(2. Among his other numerous works are, "'Die Life and Opinions of Sebaldus Nothanker," a "Tour in Germany and Switzerland," " Characteristic Anecdotes of Frederic II.," Sec. His criticisms were often severe, and not always just ; hence he was frequently in- volved in disputes with his literary brethren, by some of w^hom he was treated very unce- remoniously. Died, 1811. NICOLAS, Sir Nicholas IIahris, an eminent antiquary, was born in Cornwall, 1799. At an early age he entered the navy, and received liis commission as licutenunt in 181.5, after an active and adventurous service on the coast of Calabria. But he appears to have been now tired of the sea, and to have taken steps to exchange the "jacket" for the " gown," for he was called to the bar in 1825. Shortly afterwards he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ; and he thence- I forward devoted himself almost entirely to antiquarian literature, particularly in the departments of genealogy and history j and the works which he produced in rapid suc- cession bore witness at once to his critical acumen and liis almost unparalleled in- dustry. Almost all his works have a sub- stantial historical value ; such for instance as his " History of the Battle of Agincourt," the memoirs in " The Siege of Carlaverock," and the " Scrope and Grosvenor KoU," the "Proceedings of the Privy Council," his " Life of Ilatton," and his " Despatches of Lord Nelson ; " but the most useful in aid of other literary men were his " Chronology of History," his " Synopsis of the Peerage," and his "Testamenta Vetusta." Besides pro- ducing these substantial works, he was a frequent correspondent of the Gentleman's Magazine ; in 182(5 he became co-editor of the Ketrospective Review ; and he subse- quently contributed occasionally to the Atlicnocum, Spectator, and Quarterly Re- view. In 1831 he received tlie honour of knighthood ; a year later he was nominated chancellor ; and, in 1840, grand cross of the order of St. Michael and St. George. Sir Harris prosecuted his favourite studies almost to his latest hour. The last works on which he was engaged were a " History of the Navy," and the editing of the papers of Sir Hudson Lowe. Died, J 848. NICOLAUS, DAMASCEifus, a native of Damascus, in Syria, who lived in the time of Augustus. He wrote " A Universal His- tory," " Memoirs of Augustus," &c. NICOLE, FiiANCis, a mathematician, was born at Paris, in 1683. He distinguished himself l)y detecting the falsehood of a pre- tended quadrature of the circle, and thereby gained a prize of 3,000 livres, which he gave to the hospital of Lyons. Died, 1758. NICOLE, Pktkk, an eminent French divine and moralist, waa born at Chartres, in 1625. He became a member of the society of Port Royal, where he taught youth with great reputation, and assisted Arnauld in many of his works. In his latter years he espoused the cause of Bossuet against the Quietists, and was engaged in other contro- versies. His principal works are, " Moral Essays," 23 vols. ; " The Perpetuity of the Faith," and a "Treatise on the Unity of the Church." Died, 1095. NICOLO, DEL Abbate, an eminent pain- ter, was bom at Modeua, in 1512. He ob- tained his surname Irom being patronised by Primatice, abbot of St. Martin, who took him to France in 1.".52, and employed him in several works. The style of Nicolo approached to that of Julio Romano and of Parmesan. NICOLO, properly NICOLO ISOUARD, one of the most favourite theatrical com- posers of France, was born at Alalia, in 1777. At Naples he completed his study of compoi-ition, under the famous Guglielmi. When the French evacuated Italy, General Vaubois took him to Paris as his private secretary. Here he formed himself on the compositions of Monsigny and Gn'try, and produced the popular opera of " Cendril- lon," in 1810. In light dramatical compo- sition, he is distinguished for the ea.se and sweetness of his melodies, the fertility of his imagination, and the happy combina- tion of the modern Italian school with the French. He died at Paris, in 1818. NICOLSON, William, a learned English prelate, was born at Orton, in Cumberland, in 1655 i was educated at Queen's College, Oxford ; became, successively, bishop of Carlisle, Derry, and archbishop of Cashel ; but died suddenly a lew days after he was raised to the archiepiscopal dignity in 1727. He published " The English, Scotch, and Irish Historical Library," the " Leges Mar- chiarum, or Border Laws," and several other works. He also distinguished himself by the zeal and ability with which he entered into the Bangorian controversy. NICOT, John, a French statesman, who being sent by Francis I. ambassador to Portugal, brought from thence the tobacco plant, which out of compliment to him re- ceived its Latin name of Nicotiana. He was the author of a "French and Latin Dictionary," " Traits de la Marine," &c. Born, 1.5;50; died, 1600. NIEBUHR, Caksten, a celebrated tra- veller, was born at Ludengworth, in Han- over, in 1733. At the age of 22 he went to Hamburgh for the purpose of studj'ing geo- metry, after whicli he devoted several years to the study of the mathematics at Gottin- gen. Count Bernstorft', the Danish minister, having determined to send a scientiftc ex- pedition for the purpose of exploring Arabia, Niebuhr went as geographer to it, in March, 1761, and, after touching at Constantinople, proceeded to Egypt. Here they remained a year, and reached Yemen, their point of destination, iu 1762. In September, 1763, nie] ^ iJ^cU) WinibtriaX 23t00raj)l)». [nip he sailed for Bombay, and in December, 1704, set out on his return overland, through Persia and Turkey. He arrived at Copen- hagen in November, 1767, and laid the fruits of'^his researches before the world in his "Description of Arabia" and his "Travels in Arabia," both of which have been trans- lated into English and other languages. He was the only one that returned from the mission, was liberally rewarded by the Danish monarch, and died in 1815. NIEBUHR, Beuthold Geokge, the ce- lebrated liistorian of Home, was a son of the preceding, and was born at Copenhagen, in 177(5. When 10 years old, he went to the university of Edinburgh, in order to study the natural sciences, remained there one year and a half, and then travelled over England to obtain a knowledge of its in- stitutions. In 180(5 he entered the Prussian service ; was made privy-councillor of state, and a temporary officer in the department of finances. In 1810, when the university of Berlin was established, his friends per- suaded him to deliver his first lectures on Roman history, which were received with snch interest by the hearers, and so much commended by eminent men, that he pub- lished, in 1811 and 1812. two volumes of his " Roman History." This lie afterwards re- modelled and enlarged ; and though it tends to inculcate a great degree of scepticism with regard to many hitherto received facts, throws more light on the genuine annals of Rome than any of his predecessors. Died, 1831. NIELD, James, a man who, like the phi- lanthropist Howard, devoted a great part of his life to the amelioration of human wretchedness, was born at Knutsfovd, in Cheshire, in 1744 ; and, coming to London as an apprentice to a goldsmith, afterwards realised a good fortune in that business. In 1773, by his exertions, a society was formed in the metropolis, having for its object the relief and discharge of persons confined for small debts. Of this benevo- lent institution Mr. Nield was unanimously chosen treasurer, and he continued to dis- charge that office through life, much to the advantage of the charity, and with great trouble to himself. He travelled not as most do, for pleasure or profit, but to gaixge the depths of human niiser3', and to alleviate the sufferings of his fellow-men. It was his constant practice in his prison excursions, as he called them, during thirty years, to wait upon the magistrates in cities and boroughs, and respectfully to represent what he saw amiss in their gaols. By these means he was the instrument of producing many substantial improvements, and of diffusing a kindred spirit of beneficence far and wide, so that it would be difficult to estimate the extent of his services in the humane cause to which lie cheerfully and perseveringly devoted his time and forttme. He died, universally lamented, in 1814. NIEMEYER, Augustus Hermanx, a German theologian and miscellaneous writer, was born at Halle, in 1754, and died there in 1828. He first began to give in- structions in the university of Ilalle in 1777, was appointed professor of theology in 1780, and continued to receive various appoint- ments till 1808, when he was made a member of the estates of the kingdom of Westphalia, chancellor, and rector of the university. lu 1813 the university was abolished by Napo- leon ; but when the Prussian government restored it, he was re-appointed. He pro- duced a great number of works, particularly on the subject of education, the bare titles of which would occupy a very considerable space, besides others on theology, ethics, history, &c. Died, 1828. NIEREMBERG, Jonx Eusebius, a cele- brated Spanish Jesuit, and a distinguished writer. He was born at Madrid, in 1590, took the habit of St. Ignatius, paid great attention to the study of natural history, and was appointed professor at Madrid, where he remained 14 years. His works are both numerous and important. Died, 1G58. NIEUHOFF, Joiix de, a Dutch voyager of the 17th century, who wrote a curious account of his embassy from the Dutch East India Company to the emperor of China. NIEUPORT, C. F. A. F. le Pkud'homme d'Hailly, Viscount de, a French diplo- matist, was born at Paris, in 1746. He was early in life admitted into the order of Malta ; and after having served in the Aus- trian army, and in the Maltese expeditions, became charcj^-d' affaires at the court of the Netherlands ; and eventually received from the Prince of Orange the title of chamber- lain, and the decoration of the Belgic legion. He was the author of " Melanges des Mathe- matiques," &c. Died, 1827. NIEUWENTYT, Bernard, an eminent Dutcli philosopher and mathematician, was born at Westraadyck, in North Holland, in 1654, and died in 1730. NIGHTINGALE, Joseph, a dissenting minister of very considerable talent, was born, in 1775, at Chowbent, in Lancashire ; settled in London, and became an author ; left the Methodist connection for Unitarian- ism, and died in 1824. Among his writings are, " A Portraiture of Catholicism," " A Portraiture of Alethodism," several volumes of the " Beauties of England and Wales," " English Topography," and " Sermons." NIGHTINGALE, Sir Miles, K.C.B., &c., began his military career in 1787, and pro- ceeded to India, where he was employed under Sir W. Meadows, and in the cam- paigns of 1791 and 1792. In 1798 he sailed for St. Domingo ; and having executed a commission to Toussaiut, the black chief, he returned to England, and afterwards bore a principal part in the continental war. In 1812 he once more visited Bengal ; but in 1820 he fixed his residence in England, and was several years a member of parlia- ment for the borough of Eye, in Suffolk. He died in 1829. NIGIDIUS FIGULUS, Publius, a Ro- man author and senator, and friend of Cicero, whom he assisted in defeating the conspiracy of Catiline. He revived the Pythagorean philosophy, was banished for his attachment to Pompey, and died b. c. 45. NIPHUS, Augustine, a learned Italian, was born at Sessa, in Naples, in 1473. He became professor of philosophy, first at Padua, and afterwards at Pisa, where his NIV] ^ ^efsy Qlm'ljcrsal JJio^rapIjj). [nol reputation was so great, that Leo X. made him count palatine. lie wrote "Comment- aries on Aristotle and Averroes," 14 vols. fol. ; "De Intcllectu ct Dcmonibus," "A Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul," and other works. Died. IK?. NIVELLE DE LA CIIAUSSEE, Peter Claude, a French dramatist, was bom at Paris in lGy2, and died in 175-t. lie was the first who introduced sentimental comedy on the French stage. NIVERNOIS, Lotus Jui-ms Maxcixi Mazaki.m, Duke de, was born at Paris, in 1716. lie was, successivelj', ambassador at Rome, Berlin, and Londou, in wliich latter city he negotiated the peace of 1703. On his return to France he produced several poet- ical imitations of Virgil, Horace, TibuUus, Ovid, Ariosto, and Milton. He also wrote "Letters on the Use of the Mind," "Dia- logues of the Dead," " Reflections on the Genius of Horace, Boileau, aiul Kousscau ; " " Fables in Verse," " Dramas," &c. lie was imprisoned by the republicans in 1793, and died in 1798. NIZAM AL MULK, an enlightened Per- sian, who, in the 11th century, rose from obscurity to be vizier to tlie sultan Alp Arslan. He was an able statesman and a consummate general ; but, above all, a zealous patron of learning, having founded and endowed the once famous college of Bagdad, and numerous other seminaries of education, while his palace was always open to men of genius, many of whom he I>ensioncd. He was also distinguished as the historian of his own times. At the age of 90 he met his death from the hand of an assassin, while reading a petition which his treacherous foe had just presented to him. NIZAML or NIDIIAMI, a celebrated Persian poet ; author of some esteemed poems, among which is " The Loves of Leila and Mejnoun." Died, 1180. NOAILLES, liOuis Anjoine de, a car- dinal and archbishop of Paris, was the son of the Duke of Noailles, and born in KJol. He studied at the Sorbonne ; and in 1095 obtained the archbishopric of Paris, where he distinguished himself by his zeal against the Quietists and Jansenists, for which, in 1700, he was created a cardinal. In 1715 he opposed the bull Unigenitus, but after- wards made his submission to the pope. Died, 1729. NOAILLES, Adrian Mauhice, Duke of, was president of the council of France during the minority of Louis XV., but was exiled through the influence of Cardinal Dubois, whose elevation he had opposed. On the death of that inti-iguing priest, however, he was reinstated in his former offices, ob- tained a marshal's statl", and displayed great skill as a commander during the Austrian war of succession. In 1743, by the unrea- sonable impetuosity of his nephew, the Count of Grammont, he lost the battle of Dettingen, and, by this means, the fruits of the wise measures by which he brought the British army to the verge of ruin. When his age no longer permitted him to fight at the head of armies, he entered the ministry, and gave proof of his statesmanlike talents, 630 though he was by no means free from the faults which stained the characters of the generality of courtiers in that age. His two sons were, in 1775, made marshals of France. NOAILLES, Louis, Viscount, bom in 17.53, was one of the noblesse who, on the 13th of July 1789, resolved to divest them- ! selves of their exclusive privileges, and sit ' with the tiers etat. After the dissolution of | the constituent assembly, he went into the , army, and was killed in 1798, while with- j drawing from St. Domingo, in an action with : an English frigate oiF Cuba His son, I Alexis, count of Noailles, has figured both ! in the army and the cabinet. The princes | of the house of Bourbon sent him on im- portant missions to the different continental courts, after which he repaired to the resi- dence of Louis, at Hartwell, in England, j He accompanied the allied army to France, ! was afterwards the plenipotentiary of Louis I XVIII. to the congress of Vienna, and has . since held office as a minister. NOBLE, Makk, an industrious writer on ! history and biography, was a clergyman of the Church of England, and presented to the ; rectorv of Barming, in Kent, in 1784, at which 1 place he died in 1827. He was the author of i "Memoirs of the Protectorate House of Cromwell," 2 vols. ; "Memoirs of the Illus- trious House of Medici, with Genealogical Tables," "The Lives of the English Regi- cides," 2 vols. ; a " History of the College of Arms," and a supplementary continuation of" Granger's Biographical History of Eng- land," 3 vols. He also wrote several papers in the Archaeologia, and was F. S. A. Loud, ct Edin. NOEHDEN, Georob Henry, a learned German writer, who for many years resided in England, was born in 1770, at Gottingen, where he received his education. Being introduced to the late Sir William Milner, in 1793, he attended his son to Eton in the capacity of private tutor. Here he obtained the friendship of Jacob Bryant, Ilerschell, &c., till the education of his young pupil being completed, he accompanied a younger son of the same family to Gottingen, where he wrote a dissertation, " De Porphyrii Scho- liis in Homerum." After visiting the courts of Brunswick and Berlin, they returned to Eton, and in 1800 Noehden published hia admirable "German and English Gram- mar." He was an excellent numismato- logist, and some years before his death ob- tained the chief situation in that department of tlie British Museum. He died in 182G, leaving unfinished his " Essay on the North- wick Coins," an " Introduction to Numis- matology," &c. NOLAN, Michael, an eminent lawyer, a native of Ireland, who, after distinguish- ing himself at the English bar, obtained the office of chief justice of the Brecon circuit, in Wales. He published " Reports of Cases relating to the Duty and Office of a Justice of the Peace," and other practical law books ; and was particularly conversant with the , poor laws, tithe laws, &c. Died, 1827. NOLLEKENS, Joseph Fkancis, was a j native of Antwerp, who settled in London, where he obtained considerable reputation ' as a painter, and died in 1748. His stile 81 2 nol] ^ ^ei» Sllm'bcr^al ^Stotjritjpljy. [nor regembled that of Watteau, whom lie closely imitated. NOLLEKENS, Joseph, son of the preced- ing, was a celebrated sculptor, and born in London, in 1737. He was placed xmder Scheemakers, the sculptor, on leaving whom he went to Italy, and studied there some time under Ciavetti. While at Home, he gained a gold medal from the academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture ; and on his return to England, in 1770, he became a royal academician, executed many works of great beauty, and was so extensively em- ployed, particularly on busts, that he realised a fortune of 200,000/. Nollekens was chiefly distinguished by his careful and accurate imitation of nature, and by the absence of a peculiarity of manner. He was a great favourite with George III., and possessed I many peculiarities of character, of which I his inordinate love of money was not the j least. Died, 1823. I NOLI-ET, Jon>r Axtoine, a French na- tural philosopher, was bom in 1770, at : Pimbre, near Noyon. He was lecturer on experimental philosophy to the Duke of Savoy, and afterwards to the royal family in his native country ; he also held the pro- fessorship of physics in the college of Navarre at Paris, and was a member of the Royal Society and other learned bodies. He wrote ; " Ee^ons du Physique Experimentale," 6 j voLs. ; besides some works on electricity, and . other scientific subjects. Died, 1770. I NOODT, Gekahd, a famous civilian, was I born in 1()47, at Nimeguen, where he was chosen professor of law in 1671. He after- wards settled at Eeyden, of which university he became rector, and died in 172.5. He published a collection of his works in 1713, which are wholly on subjects of jurispru- dence, and are esteemed of high authority. NORDEN, Fheuerick Louis, an eminent Danish traveller, was bom at Gluckstadt, in Ilolstein, in 1708. He was a volunteer in the English fleet under Sir John Norris in the Mediterranean, and was subsequently sent by the king of Denmark to Egypt, to make drawings and observations of the ancient monuments of that country. These he ex- ecuted with great fidelity, and his " Travels in Egypt and Nubia," with plates, were splendidly printed in 2 vols, folio.* Being elected a member of the Royal Society of London, he presented to that learned body his drawings of ruins and colossal statues at Thebes, of which he also published a memoir. Died, 1742. NORDEN, Joiix, an old English writer, who is conjectured by Wood to have been a native of Wilts. He received his education at Oxford, and wrote some strange books in divinity, with very whimsical titles, as " The Sinful Man's Solace," " Antithesis, or Con- trariety between the Wicked and Godly set forth in a Pair of Gloves fit for every Man to wear," &c. He was also the author of the " Surveyor's Dialogue," " Labyrinth of Man's Life," a poem, "England, or a Guide for Travellers," and " Topographical Descrip- tions of Middlesex, Hertfordshire, and Corn- wall." He was surveyor of the king's lands, ' and died about 1025. NORDENFLEICHT, Chederio Chae- i.OTTE DE, a Swedish lady, who wrote an es- teemed and elegant poem " On the Passage of the Belts," two straits in the Baltic, and " An Apology for Women." Died 1703. NORGATE, Edwaed, an English artist, was born at Cambridge, where his father was master of Bene't College. He was employed by the Earl of Arundel to purchase pictures in Italy ; but not being supplied with re- mittances, he was compelled to return with- out executing his commissions ; and was afterwards made one of tlie clerks of the signet, and Windsor herald. He died in 1G50, and was considered one of the finest illuminators of his age. NORIS, Henry, a cardinal, was born at Verona, in 1(531, quitted the Jesuits for the order of Augustines, and published the " History of Pelagianism." In 1700 he was appointed chief librarian of the Vatican, and died in 1704. NORMANN EHRENFELS, Charles Fkepeuic Lebrecht, Count de, a distin- guished military officer, born at Stuttgard, in 1784. He entered the Austrian service at the age of 18, in 1809 he became a colonel, and in 1813 commanded the light cavalry of the guard of Napoleon during the campaign of Russia. After the battle of Leipsic he refused to serve against the French, and sought refuge in Saxony. On the insur- rection taking place in Greece, in 1822, he embarked at Marseilles, with a number of German officers, and, on arriving at Greece, he was appointed by tlie government com- mandant of the fort of Navarino. After organising a battalion of Philhellenes at Corinth, he joined Mavrocordato, had a share in the brilliant victory of Combotti, was severely wounded at Peta, and died during the same year, at Missolonghi. NORRIS, James (of Nonesuch House, Devizes), an eccentric miser, who, though possessing great wealth, lived the life of a secluded pauper, and died, without a friend to solace him in his last moments, January, 183.5. NORRIS, Sir Johx, a brave naval officer, who served his country nearly sixty years, commencing in 1689, and terminating, with his life, in 1749. The frequent accidents and misfortunes which befel the ships and squadrons under his command, and which could not be warded off" by any human pru- dence or sagacity, procured him the appel- lation of " Foul- weather Jack ;" yet in the duties of his profession no man could be more assiduous ; and so well did he second the ex- ertions of his friend Sir Cloudesly Shovel in the Mediterranean, that the queen knighted him, and otherwise handsomely rewarded him. NORRIS, Johx, an eminent divine and Platonist,wa8 born in 16.57, at Collingbourne Kingston, in Wiltshire ; was educated 'at Winchester School, and at Exeter College, Oxford ; and became rector of Bemerton, near Salisbury, where he died in 1711. He ranks as one of the most eminent of the English Platonists, and v/as a good man, though a visionary. Among his works are, " The Theory and Regulation of Love," "Reflections upon the Conduct of Human Life," "Practical Discourses," 4 vols.. kor] ^ ^efiD ^nibcrjSal SBtograpl^w. [nor " An Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World," and "Philosophical Discourse concerning the Natural Immor- tality of the Soul." NORRI8, JouN, bom in 1734, Was a native of Norfolk ; and having been educated at King's College, Cambridge, bequeatlicd to the university of which he had been a mem- ber property to the value of 190?. per annum, for the endowment of a divinity professor- ship and a theological priee essay, both of which bear his name. lie was a gentleman of good fortune, and the intimate friend of Porson. Died, 1777. NORTH, Sir Edward, an eminent lawyer in the reigns of Henry VIII. and Queen Mary, by the latter of whom he was created baron North, of Catlidge, in Cambridgeshire. NORTH, Dudley, Lord, great grandson of the preceding, was born in 1581, and suc- ceeded to the title in ICOO. In the civil war he espoused the cause of the parliament, and died in IGOG His son, of the same name, wrote a "History of the Life of Edward Lord North," &c., and is classed by Walpole among the "Royal and Noble Authors." He left four sons, all of whom attained poli- tical or literary eminence. (See below.) NORTH, Fkawcis, baron Guildlord, lord- keeper of tne great seal under Charles II. and James II., was the eJdest son of the last- mentioned Lord Dudley North. After study- ing at the Middle Temple, and being regularly called to the bar, he became solicitor-general in 1(571, when he received the honour of knighthood ; in 1G73 he was made attorney- general i the next year, chief-justice of tlie common-pleas ; and, in 1C83, he was ap- pointed lord-keeper, and raised to the peer- age. He was tlie author of " A Philosophical Essay on Music," which has been highly praised as a scientific performance, and was the first of its kind. He died in 1685 Sir Dudley Nouth, brother of the lord- keeper, engaged in commercial pursuits, and became an eminent Turkey mercliant. He was afterwards one of the lords of the treasury in the reign of Charles II. ; wrote " Observations on" the Manners, Customs, and Jurisprudence of the Turks ; " and died in 1691. Dr. John Noktu, was born in 1645, and educated at Jesus College, Cam- bridge, where he obtained a professorship of the Greek language, and was created D. D. He was a man of considerable erudition, and is said to have been a great admirer of the writings of Plato, a selection from which he published in Greek and Latin. Died, 1683. RoGEK North, a lawyer and miscella- neous writer, was the youngest brother of the preceding, became attorney-general under James II., and died in 1733. He wrote the lives of his three brothers ; also " Examen, or Inquiry into the Credit and "Veracity of Kennet's History of England," a work, which though obviously written in defence of the Stuarts, abounds with curious inform- ation and anecdote. NORTH, FREDKnic, earl of Guildford, better known as Lord North, was of the same family as the foregoing, and was bom in 1732. He was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Oxford. After having held several less important offices, he was, in 641 1767, appointed chancellor of the exchequer, and, in 1770, first lord of the treasury. His administration continued through the whole of the American war, a period of peculiar difficulty and danger, during which he was incessantly assailed by the opposition, and was often threatened with impeachment. On his resignation of office however, in 1782, instead of instituting against him that im- peachment which they had so long threat- ened, a coalition was formed between him and the Whigs ; but this heterogeneous administration lasted only a few months, after which Lord Nortli held no responsible station in the state. He was distinguished for urbanity of manners and a turn for re- partee. For several years previous to his death he was afflicted with blindness. Died, 1792. NORTH, George, an English antiquary and writer on numismatics, was born in London, in 1710; received his education at St. Paul's School, and Bene't College, Cam- bridge ; became rector of Codicote, in Hert- fordshire ; and died in 1772. NORTHAMPTON, Si-ExcER Joshua Alwyxe CoMiTOX, Marquis of, was born Jan. 2. 1790. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he there acquired and cultivated the taste which distinguished him in after life. For a short period he sat in the House of Commons for his native county, but being defeated at one election, he was never in- duced again to enter on the field of politics. He rarely spoke in the House of Lords since he succeeded his father in the marquisate in May, 1828, but he was invariably present at all important divisions in that assembly, voting for Catholic emancipation, reform, the repeal of the corn laws, &c. In 1838, when the Duke of Sussex resigned the pre- sidency of the Royal Society, the fellows immediately solicited the noble marquis to become the successor to the royal duke. His attention at the general meetings, and his brilliant re-unions of all the distinguished men in science, literature, and art, at his mansion in Piccadilly, are well known ; and when he retired in 1849 it may be safely said, it was with the unanimous regret of not only the fellows of the Royal Society, but a large circle of literary and scientific friends. At the time of his death he was president of the Royal Society of Literature. Died, 1851. NORTHCOTE, James, an eminent por- trait and historical painter, was born in 1746, at Plymouth, where his father was a watchmaker. Having a taste for the fine arts, and being flattered by praises bestowed on his early productions, he pursued the practice of drawing and painting with so much assiduity, that Dr. Mudge, a physician of Plymouth, recommended him as a scholar to Sir Joshua Reynolds, with whom he re- mained five years ; and on leaving that great artist he commenced business on his own ac- count, with great success, as a portrait painter. Aspiring, however, to the loftier, tliough less lucrative department of historical painting, he visited Italy in 1777, and remaining there three years, he returned to London with a vastly increased reputation. In 1787 he be- came a royal academician ; and for a period of 30 years his productions formed a con- nob] ^ ^cfio entbcriSaT 23tflcjrap]^i). [kou spiciiouB part of tlie exhibitions at Somerset i House. He studied deeply, was an acute I obserrer of human nature, and possessed a : Bound judgment, a quick perception, and j great conversational powers. He wrote " The I Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds," also " Fables," "Conversations," and "Tlie Life of Titian," in all of which he was assisted by Mr. Haz- I litt. He amassed a large fortune by his ! profession, and Jiis habits were too penurious to dissipate it. He died, aged 85, in 1831. NORTHUMBERLAND. See DuDLEr. NORTON, John, a writer in the reign of Charles II., who published a curious book, called " The Scholar's Vade-mecum," in which he endeavoured to alter the ortho- graphy of the English language. NORTON, Thomas, an English writer, of the l(5th century, was a native of Bedford- shire. He was a zealous Calvinist, and wrote an " Epistle to the Queen's poor de- ceived Subjects of the North Country," a " Warning against the dangerous Practices of the Papists," and other tracts against Popery. He was also the author of 27 of the Psalms of David, in the version of Sternhold and Hopkins ; and he assisted Thomas Sack- ville in liis tragedy of" Ferrex and Porrex." Died, 1584. NORWOOD, RicHAKD, an English geo- metrician of the 17th century, was the first person who measured a degree of the me- ridian in England. This was executed in lG3o, the operations being carried on be- tween London and York. He wrote trea- tises on navigation, trigonometry, and for- tification ; but no particulars of his life are recorded. NOSTRADAMUS, Michael, a celebrated astrologer and empiric of the 16th century, was born in 1503, at St. Rcmy, in Provence. After graduating in physic at Montpelier, in 1529, he acquired the reputation of a skilful physician by successfully arresting the progress of a pestilential disease. But he aimed at the higher character of an astrologer and adept in the occult sciences, and published a volume of obscure metrical rhapsodies in 1555, under the title of " Pro- phetical Centuries." Though some persons regarded these with contempt, and the au- thor as an impostor, there were not wanting persons of distinction who had faith in these prognostics ; oneof which bore so remarkable an allusion to the death of Henry II., that Nostradamus received m.any presents, and was appointed first physician to CliarlesIX., who came himself in person to Salon, where Nostradamus then resided, for the purpose of visiting him. Died, 1566. NOTT, John, M.D., an elegant poet and oriental scholar, was born at Worcester, in 1751. After studying surgery at Birmingham, he visited Paris for further instruction, and eubsequently went out to Ciiina, as surgeon in an East Indiaman. In 1788 he graduated in medicine, and soon after attended the Duchess of Devonshire to the Continent, in quality of family physician ; in 1793 he returned to England, and settled at Clifton, where he continued to reside till his death, in 182(5. Among his numerous writings are, I " Alonzo, a poetic Tale," " Poems from the Italian of Petrarch," the " Cynthia " of Propertius ; some elegant translations of the odes of Haflz ; an edition of " Catullus," with the Latin text rendered into English verse, and classical notes, 2 vols. ; " The Odes of Horace," 2 vols. ; a translation of the " Basia" of Johannes Secundus, " Sappho, after a Greek Romance," &c. He also pub- lished some professional works, viz. " A Chemical Dissertation on the Springs of Pisa and Asciano," " A Nosological Companion to the London Pharmacopoeia," &o. NOTT, Major-general Sir William, one of the successful heroes in the late Affghan war, was the son of an extensive mail-con- tractor and proprietor of the Ivy-bush hotel at Carmarthen, where the distinguished soldier was born in 1782. From his earliest youth he had shown a strong predilection for the profession of arms, and he went out to India as a cadet in 1800 ; but although his talents and gallantry were well known, he was unpatronised, and no striking event occurring to accelerate his progress, we find him only arriving at a majority after a ser- vitude of 2(j years. His health at that time being seriously affected, he returned on leave of absence to England, visited his native place, and there purchased an interesting seat called " Job's Well," where he resided a few years. The failure of the Calcutta bank in which he had invested the greater part of his savings, having rendered it necessary for him to resume his active duties as a soldier ; he, at 60 years of age, returned to India to engage in a fresh career. " To relate ' the moving accidents by flood and field' through which this gallant officer led the troops under his command, would be to write a volume, for which the materials are alike interesting and abundant. By an exercise of skill, judgment, and valour, not often equalled, and probably never surpassed, he extricated our army from difficulties by which they were surrounded in Affghanistan, and suc- ceeded in conveying them, and several cap- tives, whom he released, across the frontier, bringing them with perfect safety, and with- out any loss of honour, within the limits of her majesty's dominions. The victories which he achieved in Candahar closed the Affghan war, and drew forth the gratitude and ap- plause of the whole British empire; even the Duke of Wellington departed from that pe- culiar severity of taste which marks his gene- rally sparing eulogium, and with a fervour unusual to him, he — the best possible judge of Indian warfare — pronounced in a manner the most emphatic his unqualified admiration of General Nott. The crown, of course, lost no time in conferring on him, the highest military distinction— that of a knight grand cross of the Bath ; neither was parliament slow to give expression to the national sen- timent." The Aifghan war concluded. Sir William hastened to return to England, the hardships of a military life and the insa- lubrity of an Indian climate seeming to render repose absolutely necessary for the restoration of his shattered health ; but lie had not long revisited his native town when the unfavourable symptoms increased, and he died on the 1st of January, 1845. NOTTINGHAM. See Finch. NOUE, FitANCis DE LA, sumamed Bras de NOV] ^ ^fixj UnibCY^nl JSiogrnpl^i). [nuq Fer, or the Arm of Iron, a French soldier and a zealous Calvinist, was born in Brit- tany, in 1531. He took Orleans in 15(!7, and had a principal share in the battle of Jarnac in 15C9. His left arm being amputated in consequence of a wound he received at the capture of Fontenoy, he had anotlier con- structed of iron, whence he derived hia surname. In 1571 he surprised Valenciennes, and on his return the king gave him the command of the troops against Rochelle j but his indignation at tlie massacre of St. Bartholomew overcoming his fidelity, he used the forces for its defence. In l.">78 he entered into the service of the states-general in the T^ow Countries, where he took the Count Egmont prisoner ; but he was taken himself in 1.580, and did not gain liis liberty till five years after. In the time of the league he rendered signal service to Henry IV., and wits killed by a musket shot at the siege of Lamballe, in 1.591. NOV ATI AN, or NOVATIANUS,aGreek philosoplicr, who embraced Christianity, and was admitted a meml>er of the priest- hood. He started the doctrine, that it was sinful to admit persons who had once lapsed to idolatry to communion ; a practice then universal in the church. This produced a schism, in which Novatian had many par- tisans, who called themselves Catharitcs (puritans), or Novatians, from their founder. This sect, after tlie council of Nice, fell into disrepute in the Western empire, though they continued to prevail for a much longer period in the East. NOVERRE, Joiix George, a great master of the art of dancing, was born at Paris, in 1727. He was destined by his father, who was an adjutant in the army of Charles XII., for the military profession ; but his taste led him to prefer the graceful move- ments of Terpsichore. In 174(i he composed for the comic opera his noted Chinese ballet, which made an extraordinary sensation ; and he acquired so much celebrity, that Garrick invited him to England, where his talents attracted great admiration. After adding to his fame, and receiving honours and re- wards from several princes on the Continent, he entered into the service of Marie An- toinette, queen of France, who appointed him chief ballet master of the royal academy of music ; but he suffered greatly at the revolution, and passed tlie latter years of his life in indifferent circumstances. In his " Lcttres sur la Danse " he proposed a radical reformation of his art ; and at the time of his death he was engaged on a " Dictionary of the Art of Dancing," intending to rectify the errors of the Encyclopedic on the subject. Died. ISIO. NOVES, Laura de. immortalised by the pen of Petrarch, was born near Avignon, in 1307 ; married Hugh de Sade in 1325 ; and died, 1348. NO WELL, Alexander, an English divine, was born at Rcadhall, in I>ancashire, about 1,507. In 1551 he was installed prebendary of Westminster, and in the first parliament of queen Mary he was returned for Loo in Coniw.all ; but the election was declared void on account of his being a dignitary of the church. Soon after this he went to Strasburg, where he remained till the ac- cession of Elizabeth, when he returned ; and in 1560 was made dean of St. Paul's. He was prolocutor of the convocation in which the articles of religion were settled ; and he published his " Greater " and " Lesser " Catechisms, in Latin, the latter being an abridgment of the former. He is also supposed to have written the chief part of the Church Catechism. Besides founding a free grammar school at Middleton, he endowed thirteen fellowships in Brazennose College. Died, 1602 His brother. Lau- rence NowELL, became dean of Lichfield, and died in 1576. He was particularly skilled in the Saxon language, of which he com- piled a dictionary, still extant in the Bodleian library. NOY, William, a celebrated lawyer of the 17th century, who may Ik; considered as one of the main authors of the civil war be- tween Charles and his subjects, inasmuch as the fatal i)roject of attempting to raise sup- plies, by what was called ship-money, is said to have been advised by him. He had ori- ginally laboured to abridge the royal prero- gative ; but being made attorney-general, he suddenly veered about, and became its most ! strenuous supiwrter. Died, l(i.34. Among j his works are, " A Treatise on the Grounds and Maxims of the Law of England," " The Perfect Conveyancer," and "The Complete Lawyer." NirCK, Anthony, a skilful Dutch ana- tomist, who was professor of anatomy, and president of the college of surgeons^ at Ley- den, where he died in 1692. He was the I discoverer of a new salival duct, of the com- munication between the red veins and the lymjihatics, and of a mode of making pre- | parations of the lungs by inflation. His j principal works are, " De Vasis aquosis ' Oculi," "De Ductu Salivali novo," and I " Operationes et Experimenta Chirurgica." NUGENT, George Gkenville, Lord, second son of the Marquis of Buckingham, and brother of the late duke, was born. 1789. In his younger days he was known as Lord i George Grenville ; under which name he j published a long poem on that portion of the \ Peninsular war of which Portugal was the scene. In 1812 he succeeded to an Irish I barony on the death of his mother, who had been created a baroness in 1800, with re- mainder to her second son. During four parliaments previous to the reform bill, he sat in the House of Commons for Aylesbury, displaying great ardour as a politician, and taking an active part in promoting parlia- ; mentary reform, and all the liberal measures of the day. On the accession of the Whigs i to office in the year 1830, he was appointed a ' junior lord of the treasury, and in that ! capacity he iirtroduced the only legislative I measure with which his name was ever mixed ] up ; a bill for the abolition of certain oaths, which it was formerly necessary to take for the most ordinary objects connected with the i revenue laws, and the substitution of simple [ declarations in their place. In 1832 he vacated his scat in parliament on being ap- pointed lord high commissioner of tlie Ionian | Islands, which office he held until 1835. He i was recalled during the short administration nug] ^ iJ9fiu WinihtvUaX SSiOflrajp^y. [oat of Sir Robert Peel, and he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for Aylesbury at the general elections of 1837 and 18:5!), but succeeded in being returned in 1847. Besides the poem above mentioned. Lord Nugent was the author of several other works. His " Memo- rials of Hampden and liis Times," published in 1831, was favourably noticed in the Edin- burgh Review by Mr. JIacaulay ; and his "Lands, Classical and Sacred," possesses mucli mei-it. Died, IS-W. NUGENT, Robert CnAOo.s, Earl, a native of Westmeatli, in Ireland, w^as bred in tlie Roman Catliolic faith, but quitted it for that of the established church, and then became a member of the Englisli parliament. He was tliree times returned for Bristol. In j 1767 he was created viscount Clare, and. in 1776, earl Nugent, lie was the autljor of a volume of poems, some of wliich possess con- siderable merit. NUGENT, Thomas, was a native of Ire- land, but settled in London, where he pro- duced numerous works. He was an LL.D. and F.S.A.; and occupied himself in wri- ting and compiling a variety of publications, several of wliich possess much merit. Among them are, " A French and English Dic- i tionary," which has been often reprinted ; j " Travels through Germany," 2 vols. ; " Ob- I servations on Italy and its Inhabitants," i 2 vols.; "The Tour of Europe," 4 vols.; *' Condillac's Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge," " Henault's History of France," i &c. Died, 1772. NUMA POMPILIUS. the second king of Rome, was chosen by the people after the j death of Romulus, and, during a reign of | 43 years, introduced mtiuy salutary refor- | mations among tliem. He was not, like Ro- j mulus, a warrior, but possessed all the quali- j ties of a lawgiver, and a just and wise ruler ; j and he greatly strengthened the institutions j of Rome, by uniting them with religious ceremonies. He was the fourth son of Pom- pilius Pompo, a distinguished Sabine, and | the husband of Tatia, the daughter of the j Tatius, who for a long period shared the \ kingdom with Romulus. He reigned from ' 714 to 7o7 B. c, and left an onlydaughter, ! wlio married Numa Martins, and became ; the mother of Ancus Martius the fourth ; j king of Rome. i I NU^IERIiVN, Makcus Aureuus, a Ro- : man emperor, who succeeded to the throne on the death of Carus, his fatlier, a. n. 282 ; but was murdered by his fathel-in-law, after a reign of 8 months. He displayed consi- derable talent both as a writer and an orator. NUNEZ, Feknan de Guzma.v, a knight and commander of the order of Santiago, in the _16th century, was born at Valladolid, studied at Bologna, and on his return home was appointed Greek professor at the uni- versity of Alcala, by its founder, Cardinal Ximenes, who also employed him on his celebrated Polyglott. He afterwards re- moved to Salamanca, where he was also ap- pointed Greek professor ; and died in ITt-Vi. His writings chiefly consist of annotations on the works of Seneca, Pliny, aud other classic authors. NUVOLONE, Chari.es Francis, a cele- brated painter, born in 1608, at Milan, where his father was an eminent artist, and directed his studies with great success. He adopted Guido's style, and his Madonnas are highly valued. Died, lO'A His bro- ther, Joseph Nuvoloke, also executed se- veral fine pictures, particularly one of St. Dominic raising a dead man to life. He died, aged 84, in 1703. NUZZI, Mario, commonly called Mario d^ Fiori, a celebrated flower painter, was born in 1603, at Penna, in the kingdom of Naples. His pictures were highly esteemed, and he was chosen a member of the aca- demy of St. Luke. Died, 1673. nITE, Philip, an eminent Nonconform- ist divine, was bom in Sussex, in 1596, and took his degrees in arts at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. He became minister of St. Mi- chael's church, Cornhill ; but in 1633 he went to Holland, and remained there till the rebellion, wlien he obtained the living of Kimbolton, in Huntingdonshire. He was also one of the assembly of divines, and rector of St. Bartholomew behind the Ex- change. In 1647 he was appointed one of the chaplains who attended the commis.sion- ers empowered to treat with Charles I. in the Isle of Wight : and he lost no oppor- tunity of showing his enmity to the cause of royalty. His conduct, in fact, had been so violent, that he was not only deprived of his living at the Restoration, but an act was passed, restraining him from holding auy office in future. Died, 1672. NYSTEN, Peter Hubert, an eminent physiologist and physician to the Foundling Hospital at Paris, was born at Liege, in 1771. He was the autlior of " Rechcrches de Phy- siologic et de Chimie Pathologique," aud other medical works. Died, 1818. o. GATES, TiTi-s, an infamous character, born about 1619, was the son of an Anabap- tist preacher ; received his education at Merchant Tailors' School, and at Cam- bridge ; and afterwards entered into holy orders. In 1677 he pretended to be a con- vert to the Roman Catholic religion, and was admitted into the society of Jesuits i but subsequently declared himself a Protestant, and, in conjunction with one Dr. Tongue, gave information of a pretended popish plot for the overthrow of the Protestant faith ; falsely accused several Catholic lords, and other persons of quality, of being concerned in it ; and having excited a popular ferment, brought Lord Stafford, among other inno- cent individuals, to the scaffold. Such was the credulity of the times, that he m as re- obe] ^ ^cin HnibcrjSal UtograiJijM. [OCK warded with a pension of \200l. per annum, I and lodged for safety at the palace of White- hall. On the accession of James II., how- I ever, he was thrown into prison, and in- dicted for perjury ; and, being convicted, was I sentenced to stand in the pillory five times a year during liis life, and to be whipped I from Aldgate to Newgate, and thence to j Tyburn. Though the wliippiiig was very i severely inflicted, he recovered from its ; effects ; and, in the reign of William III., 1 this execrable tool of faction obtained his : liberty and a pension of -iOOl. a year. He I died in 1705. I O'BEIRXE, TnoMAS Lewis, a learned ! Iilsh prelate, was born in 1748, in the county of Longford, in Ireland ; was educated at St. Omer's for the priesthood, but renounced the creed in which he had been brought up, ' and at tlie commencement of the American I war sailed witli Lord Howe as chaplain to the fleet. In 1782 lie accompanied the Duke of Portland to Ireland as private secretary, obtained two valuable livings in North- umberland jind Cumberland, was promoted to the see of Tipper Ossorj', and translated to that of Meath. He wrote several political pamphlets, sermons, and cliargcs on various occasions ; " Tli<? Generous Impostor," a I comedy ; and " The Crueillxion," a poem. Died, 1823. I OBERKAMPF, C. P., bom in 1738 ; died ; in 1815 ; founder of the great French manu- 1 facture of printed cottons at Jouy, and of I cotton thread at Essonc. OBEKLIN, Jkkemiaii James, a German ' antiquary and philologist, was born at Strasburg, in 1735. He began his career as teacher in the gymnasium of liis native place, aud after he had extended his know- ledge and reputation by his travels, he was transferred to the university ; in 1782 he obtained the cliair of logic and metaphysics ; to wliich, in 1787, was added the office of director of the gymnasium. Tlie French revolution interrupted his learned labours ; and in 1793 he was imprisoned at Metz, and treated with great cruelty ; but at the ter- mination of Robespierre's tyranny he was liberated, and resumed his literary occu- pations. He publislied valuable editions of .Tacitus, Coesar, Ovid, aud Horace ; and pro- duced a number of works on archaeology, statistics, &c. Died, 18{X3. OBSEQUENS, Julius, a Latin writer, who flourislied about A.n. 305. He was the author of a treatise " De Prodigiis." OCARIZ, or OCARITZ, Don Joseph, Chevalier d', a Spanish diplomatist, who distinguished himself by his attempts to pre- vent the execution of Louis XVI. In 1788 he was sent to Paris as consul-general ; and in 1792 he held the post of diarye-<V affaires. He addressed two letters to the National Convention, offering the mediation of his sovereign to engage Prussia and Austria to terminate the war with France, on condition of the suspension of judgment against the king. He afterwards occui)ied otlier diplo- matic situations, and died on his way to Constantinople, in 1805. OCCAM, or OCKHAM, William, an English scholastic divine of the 14th cen- tury, was a native of Ockham, in Surrey ; studied at Merton College, Oxford, under the celebrated Duns Scot us ; and obtained the name of " the invincible doctor." He wrote against pope John XXII., whom he treated as a heretic, and joined the anti- pope, Nicholas V., set up by the emperor of Bavaria. For this he was excommunicated, and he died in 1.347. OCELLUS LUCANUS. so called from being a native of Lucania, was a Pytha- gorean philosopher, and flourished u. c. 500. liis treatise " On the Universe " is still extant. OCHINUS, or OCHIN, Berxakpix, an Italian monk, was born at Sienna, in 1487. His eloquence was so mucli admired, that pope Paul III. made him his confessor. Ochin however, on meeting witli the works of Luther, turned Protestant, and went first to Geneva, and next to England, where he obtained a prebend in Canterbury catliedral ; but on the accession of Mary lie retired to Strasburg, whence he removed to Zurich, and became minister of the Italian church ; but was banished in 15(!3, for writing his dialogues in defence of jwlygamy. He tlien went to Moravia, where he joined the So- cinians, but died of the plague the year fol- lowing. His "Sermons," in Italian, 5 vols. 8vo., are scarce. He also wrote several con- troversial books. OCHS, PKTEI5, a chevalier and grand tri- bune of the state of Basle, was born in 1749 ; and liaving finished his academical studies, was soon distinguished for his legal and political knowledge. In 1795 he was chosen by his fellow-citizens to negotiate with M. Barthelcmj'. agent of the French directory ; and he at length became president of the assembly convened to organise a constitution for the state of Basic, under the influence of France. Being snbsequeritly displaced, he went to Paris, and, after remaining there some years, was appointed by Buonaparte a member of the council of slate, under the new Helvetic government, which subsisted till the return of the Bourbons in 1814. He was the author of " Ilistoire de la Ville et du Pays du Bale," 5 vols. ; " Projet de Con- stitution Helvi'tique," and some dramatic pieces. Died, 1821. OCIITERLONY, Sir David, bart., of the East India Company's service, was bom at Boston, in New England, in 1758. At the age of 18 he went to India as a cadet, and rose, by regular gradation, to the rank of major-general, in 1814. In the Nepaulese war he distinguished himself by a series of skilful operations and brilliant successes, and was rewarded with the order of the Bath, the dignity of baronet, and a pension of KKW. per annum. Died, 1825. OCKLEY, SiMox, a learned divine and eminent orientalist, was born at Exeter, in 1078, and educated at Queen's College, Cambridge. In 1705 he was presented to the vicarage of Swavesey, in Cambridge- shire ; in 1711 he was chosen professor of Arabic ; and died in indigence, in 1720. His principal works are, "Introductio ad Linguas Orieutales," "The History of the preent Jews throughout the World," "The Iini)rovement of Human Reason, or the Life of Hai Ebn Yok'dhan," translated from the oco] ^ ^e&) Hm'ber^al 23i0Q;rajp]^g. [oco Arabic; "Sermons," a " Life of Mahomet," 2 vols. ; and " The History of the Saracens," 2 vols. 8vo. ; which is by far the most im- portant of all his works. O'CONNELL, Daxiel, of Darrynane Ab- bey, the great Irish " Agitator," or " Libe- rator," as he delighted to 6t3'le himself, was the son of a small landed proprietor in the coimty of Kerry, where he was bom, Aug. 6. 1775. Educated at the Catliolic College of St. Omer,and at the Irish seminary at Donay, he at first intended to enter the church, but after the repeal of the act which prohibited Roman Catholics from practising at the bar, he became a student of Lincoln's Inn in 1794, was admitted a barrister in 1798. and soon acquired a large practice, which yielded him a handsome income. In 1809 he became connected witli the associations which had the emancipation of the Catholics for tlieir object, and the powers of eloquence, together with tlie boundless zeal which he displayed in this cause, soon made him the idol of his Catholic, and the dread of his Protestant, countrymen. The vehemence with which he denounced the wrongs of his country and its so-called "oppressors" frequently in- volved him iu personal rencontres with his political opponents. In 1815, having applied the epithet " beggarly " to the Dublin cor- poration, he was challenged by Alderman d'Esterre, who resented it as a personal in- sult. The cliallenge was accepted, but the alderman fell. The same year Mr. O'Con- nell received a hostile message from Mr. Peel, then secretary for Ireland ; but their meeting was prevented by the police, who had obtained knowledge of the affair ; and Mr. O'Connell soon afterwards resolved that he would thenceforward neither send nor accept a challenge for any injury that he might inflict or receive ; a resolution to which he stedfastly adhered. Several years elapsed before Mr. O'Connell's continued efforts for the enfranchisement of the Irish Catholics were followed by any adequate result. But in 1823, in conjunction with Mr. Sheil, he founded a new Catholic asso- ciation, which soon extended over the whole of Ireland, and from that period down to his decease, his personal history is identified with that of Ireland. In 1828, stimulated by his friends, and " encouraged by tlie strongest assurances of support, Mr. O'Con- nell resolved, notwithstanding the existing disabilities precluded all hopes of legal suc- cess, to become a candidate for a seat in parliament ; and a vacancy having occurred in the representation of the county of Clare, he was nominated in opposition to Mr. (afterwards Lord) Fitzgerald, who had re- presented that county for many j'ears. A most violent contest ensued, at that period, and perhaps since, unparalleled in the his- tory of electioneering. But Mr. Fitzgerald's own connections, the intluence of the go- vernment, and the power of the gentry, were unavailing against the ardour and determination of Mr. O'Connell's friends ; and on the 5th of July, 1828, he was returned to parliament by a large majority of the Clare electors. He lost no time in pre- senting himself at the table of the House of Commons, and expressed his willing- ness to take the oath of allegiance ; but, refusing the other oaths, he was ordered to withdraw. Discussions in the house and arguments at the bar ensued ; the speedy close of the session, however, precluded any practical result. Agitation throughout every part of Ireland now assumed so formidable a character, that ministers apprehended a civil war, and early in the next session the Roman Catholic relief bill was intro- duced and carried. Mr. O'Connell was there- fore, in tlie month of April, 1829, enabled to sit for Clare without taking the objec- tiojiable oaths ; but it was necessary that a new writ should issue, under which he was immediately re-elected. At the death of George IV., Mr. O'Connell withdrew from the representation of Clare, and was re- turned to the new parliament for the county of Waterford. In the House of Commons, elected iu ]8;31, he sat for his 'native county (Kerry). Dublin, the city in which the greater part of his life was spent, enjoyed his services as its representative from 1832 till 1836, when he was petitioned against and unseated, after a long contest, before a committee of the House of Commons. lie tlien for some time represented Kilkenny ; but, at the general election in 1837, he was once more returned for the city of Dublin, and in 1841 for the county of Cork. Mr. O'Connell had thus a seat in the House of Commons for 18 years, in 7 several parlia- ments, and for 6 different constituencies. In 1841 he was elected lord mayor of Dublin. The return of the conservatives to power in the autumn of that year was the signal for renewed agitation in Ireland. In the follow- ing year a repeal of the union was demanded by every parish and hamlet in Ireland ; and in 1843 ' monster meetings ' were lield on the royal hill of Tara, on the Curragh of Kildare, the rath of Mullaghmast, and other renowned localities. A meeting for Clontarf was fixed for the 8th of Oct., when the government interfered, and the prosecu- tions commenced which will be fresh in the reader's recollection. Mr. O'Connell was sentenced to pay a fine of 2000/. and to be imprisoned for a year. This judgment was afterwards reversed by the House of Lords ; but the prosecution had answered its pur- pose, O'Connell's credit as a politician was impaired, and the costs of his defence had nearly exhausted the funds of the Repeal Association. The return of the Whigs to power in 184(5, and Mr. O'Connell's avowed adherence to them, introduced dissension among those with whom, for 50 j'cars, he had possessed ' a voice potential.' The opposition which aforetime he could put I down with a jest, or awe into silence with a | frown, now irritated and subdued him. He i retired from the arena of strife, and com- j menced a pilgrimage in 1847, more for devo- I tion than for health, towards Rome ; but he j had proceeded no further than Genoa, when, | with comparatively little suffering, he ex- I pired, in his 72nd year. His heart was em- [ balmed, and carried forward to Rome ; and ' Ins body was brought to Ireland for inter- [ ment." The time has not yet arrived to judge Mr. O'Connell with impartiality. To great abilities, marvellous activity and i oco] ^ ^m BnibniKl 38t00rajpTji». [<ECO I energy, and an extraordinary gift of popular eloquence, he united a thorough knowledge of and identification with, the Irish cha- racter. By these qualities, and by long service on behalf of the rights of his Roman Catholic iellow-citizens, he obtained, and nearly to tlic last retained, an almost super- human power over the great body of the Irish people. But even if we should admit that he was a patriot at heart, and that he had noble desires for his country's welfare, it is but too manifest that he was altogether careless as to the means for accomplisiiing his ends. His political lite was tinged throughout with the policy that distinguished that dan- gerous order in which his religion has found at times her ablest but most unscrupulous champions. The last years of his life were frittered away in the pursuit of an imprac- ticable object ; and his last moments were embittered by the spectacle of his unhappy country torn by political dissensions which he had mainly fostered, and groaning under a load of pestilence and famine. The onlv substantial literary achievement with which his name was connected are his "Memoirs of Ireland." Died, 1847. O'CONNOR, Charles, a learned Catholic clergyman, w ho for many years was a resi- dent in the family of the Duke of Bucking- ham, at Stowe, as librarian to that noble- man. He was the author of" Colnmbanus's Letters," 2 vols. ; a " Narrative of the most interesting Events in Modern Irish History," and a collection of the ancient Irish chro- nicles ; his studies having been chiefly di- rected to the elucidation of the history and antiquities of Ireland. He died in 182ti, at Balinagar, the seat of his brother, the O'Connor Don. ODENATUS, Septimius, an Arabian prince, the husband of queen Zenobia, and who reigned ill Palmyra. He espoused the cause of the Romans in their contests with Persia ; defeated Sapor, and was admitted by Gallienus to participate in the imperial authority. He was assassinated a.d. 2ii7 . ODERICO, Gaspak Louis, a learned antiquary and medalist, was boni at Genoa, in 1725, and entered into the society of the Jesuits. His love, however, for coins, medals, and other relics of antiquity, pre- vailed over theological studies, and he was admitted a member of tlie Etruscan academy of Cortona, under the name of Theodemio Ostracinio. On the suppression of the order, he was made conservator of the library of Genoa, and was subsequently clioseu a member of the Institute. He published some valuable works on numismatics and ancient inscriptions, and died in ISOo. ODESCALCHI, Makc Antonio, an Ita- lian of high rank, who devoted Jsis time and fortune to acts of philanthroi)y. He was cousin to pope Innocent XL, who offered him many high dignities in the church. Observing that though Rome contained se- veral hospitals for the relief of the poor of different nations, there were many strangers who could find no asylum in any of them, but were obliged to take shelter in the porches of churches, the porticos of palaces, or the ancient ruins of the city, he converted his house into an hospital for the reception of these outcasts, without distinction. Here he fitted up 1000 beds, and employed a num- ber of tailors constantly in making clothes for the objects of his bounty. If in his rides he chanced to observe a forlorn wanderer, he would stop, take him into his carriage, and convey him to his mansion. At his death, in 1()70, he left all his property to the support of the hospital. ODESCALCHI, Thomas, another mem- ber of the same family, who was almoner to pope Innocent XI. In imitation of the preceding, he gave himself up to works of charity. Perceiving that in the hospital of St. Gale there were a number of children destitute of education, he conceived the idea of erecting an asylum for their reception ; which he carried into execution, beginning with 38 children, who were instructed, and brought up to industry. The number soou increased, through the liberality of pope In- nocent, to 70 i and, in 1G8G, Thomas Odes- calclii laid the foundation of a large hos- pital for the education and employment of poor children in weaving cloth. This pious prelate died in 1692, and left considerable funds for the support of his institution, to wliich he gave the name of St. Michael de Riptgrande. ODIER, Louis, an eminent Gencvese physician, was born in 1748 ; studied at Edinburgh, Leyden, and Paris ; and, re- turning to Geneva, commenced a course of lectures on chemistry. He practised medi- cine with great reputation in his native city, filled several public offices, distinguished himself by his successful endeavours to in- troduce vaccine inoculation on the Conti- nent, and was the author of a " Manual of Practical Medicine." Died, 1817. ODINGTON, VValtkk, called Walter of Evesham, was a monk of that monastery in Worcestersliire, and lived in the reign of Henry VIII. He was an astronomer, ma- thematician, and musician ; on each of which subjects he wrote treatises. " De Motibus Planetarum et de Mutatione Aeris" is attributed to him ; and Dr. Burney ob- serves of his treatise, entitled " Of the Spe- culation of Music," which is preserved in the library of Bene't College, Cambridge, " that if all other musical tracts, from the time of Boethius to Franco and John Cotton were lost, with this MS. our knowledge would not be much diminished." ODO, St., a celebrated abbot of Clngni, in France, was born at Tours, in 879, and died about y4o. He introduced the most rigorous discipline into his order, obtained a high reputation for sanctity and wisdom, and wrote several books full of superstitious notions and legendary tales Another of this name, called Odo ok Kent, was a Benedictine monk, who became abbot of Battle, and died in 1800. GECOLAMPADIUS, John, an eminent reformer, was born in Franconia, in 1482. He studied at Heidelberg, after which he became tutor to the son of the elector pala- tine, and was presented to a benefice. In 1520 he entered into a monastery, but on reading the books of Luther, he quitted his cell, and went to Basle, where he was made professor of divinity. He embraced the OEC] ^ ^t^ SUni'liersal 3Si0QrapTjp. [OGI doctrine of Zuinglius on the sacrament, but conducted himself with great moderation. In 1528 he married tlie widow of Cellarius. His works evince considerable learning, and he appears to have been held in great esti- mation even by his opponents. He died of the plague in f531. OECUMENIUS, an ancient Greek com- mentator upon the Scriptures, was bishop of Trica, in Thessaly, in tlie 10th century. OEDER, Geouge Chuistian, an eminent physician and botanist, was born at Ans- pach, in 1728. He studied at Gottingen, under Haller, by whose interest he became professor of botany at Copenhagen ; but, on account of liis intimacy with the unfortu- nate Struensee, he was obliged to retire to Oldcnburgh, where he died in 1791. His works are, " Flora Danica," 3 vols. fol. ; " Elementa Botanica," " Nomenclator Bo- tanicus, " and " Enumeratio Plautarum Flora: Danicae." OEIILENSCHLOEGER, Adam, the most celebrated dramatic poet of Scandinavia, was born, at Copenhagen, 1777. When still a child he evinced great skill in writing verses ; and even in his 9th year he wrote short comedies for private theatricals, in which the chief performers were liiinself, his sister, and a friend. These and other similar attempts created the wish to go upon the stage ; and when he was in his 17th year he put his design in execution. But he soon found that tlie stage was not in unison with his inclinations ; and he aban- doned it first for the study of law, and after- wards for general literature. In 1805 he left Copenhagen with a stipend from the Danish government, on a lengthened tour through Germany and Italy ; and on his return, in 1810, he was appointed to the chair of literature in the university of Copen- hagen, where he laboured assiduously till his death. His earliest works were com- posed in Danish, but he rewrote most of them in German, and Germany has given them a prominent place in her own litera- ture. His most important works are, "HakonJarl," " Correggio," " Palnatoke," "Aladdin," " Der Hirten-knabe," &c. His " Autobiography " is a beautiful perform- ance, fully displaying the qualities for which he was distinguished through life — strong feelings and earnestness of purpose — and which gained liim urdversal respect while he lived, and more than regal honours at his death. Died, Jan. 28. ISoO. OELRICIIS, Joiis Chaules Conead, a German historian and bibliographer, was born at Berlin, in 1722 ; became professor of history and civil law at the academy of Stettin ; published many valuable works in Latin and German ; obtained the post of counsellor of legation, and resident of the duke of Deux Fonts, at the court of Berlin, in 1784 i and died in 1793. OFFA, king of Mercia, succeeded Ethel- bald in 755. He murdered Ethelbert, king of the East Angles, and took possession of his kingdom. Died, 794. OGDEN, Samuel, an eminent divine, was born at Manchester, in 1716, and edu- cated at the grammar school there, from which he was removed to King's College, Cambridge, and next to St. John's, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1744 he became master of the school at Halifax, but resigned that situation in 1753, and, returning to Cambridge, took his degree of D.D., and was presented to the vicarage of Dumerham, in Wiltshire. In 1764 he was appointed Wood- wardian professor, and in 1766 obtained the rectories of Lawford, in Essex, and Stans- field, in Suffolk. He published two volumes of sermons, which, from their pithy and animated character, obtained considerable I ' celebrity. Died, 1778. ! OGE, a Creole of St. Domingo, who, at the commencement of the French revolution, having occasion to visit Paris on mercantile affairs, was there admitted into the society of Amis des Noirs, or Friends of the Negroes, and warmly solicited, though ineflfectually, the National Assembly to grant to men of colour the rights of equality. Returning to his native island in 1790, with a determina- tion to effect by force wliat was denied to his solicitations, he issued a proclamation, inviting all the people of colour, as well as the negro slaves, to join him. At first the insurgents demanded nothing but what was j just — freedom and political equality ; but I their cause was soon disgraced by crimes of the most atrocious description. These, how- ever, were not attributable so much to Ogt, as to his lieutenant, Chavannes, a san- guinary wretch, who delighted in deeds of violence. At length they were overpowered by the regular troops sent against them, and Oge and Chavannes were condemned to be broken on the wheel. When the former heard his doom, he took a quantity of black seeds in the hollow of his hand, and covered tliem with a small quantity which were white ; he then shook them together, and the former remaining uppermost, he ex- claimed to his judges, "Where are the whites ? " — an impressive allegory, which was fatallj' verified in the subsequent revo- lution in that colony. OGILBY, John, a multifarious writer, was born at Edinburgh, in 1600. He be- came a teacher of dancing, in the practice of which he contracted a lameness, but still continued to give instruction in families. On going to Ireland with the Earl of Straf- ford, he was made deputy master of the revels in that kingdom, and he also built a theatre at Dublin ; but in the rebellion he lost all his i)roperty. After suffering great vicissitudes, lie returned to England, and settled at Cambridge, where he published a translation of Virgil. At the age of 54 he learnt Greek, and gave a specimen of his proficiency in the translation of the Iliad, published in 16C0, which was followed by the Odyssey in 1055. While at Cambridge, he edited a superb impression of the Bible, for which he was remunerated by the House of Lords ; and, in 1061, he was appointed to conduct the poetical part of the coronation pageantry. He was also restored to his place of master of the revels in Ireland, where he again built a theatre. In London, after the great fire, he erected a printing-office, and was appointed king's cosmographer ; in which capacity he published several volumes of a large atlas, and an account of the great OGl] ^ iScU) Bnibtr^Hl ISiOflrapl^i). [old and cro88-road8 of the kingdom, from his own actual survey. Died, 1676. OGILVIK, JoHX, an able and pious Scotch divine and poet, was bom in 1733 ; received his education at the university of Aberdeen ; was for more than half a century minister of Midmar, in Aberdeenshire ; and died in 1814. Among his works are, " Britannia," an epic poem ; " Philosophical and Critical Observations on Composition," " An Exami- nation of the Evidence of Prophecy," and " Sermons." OGLETHORPE, Jamks Edward, an English general, was the son of Sir Theophi- lus Oglethorpe, of Godalming, Surrey, and bom in London, in 1698. He served under Prince Eugene, and, in 1733, distinguished himself by his exertions to found the colony of Georgia, for whicli he obtained the royal charter. In 1745 he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and was sent against the rebels, but did not overtake them, for wliich he was brought to a courtmartial, and honourably acquitted. He died in 1785, at the ajlvanced age of i)7, being the oldest ge- neral in the service. The private cliaracter of Oglethorpe was extremely amiable, and he has been eulogised by Thomson, Pope, and Johnson. O'UALLORAN, Svlvester, an Irish an- tiquary. He was born in 1728, was brought up and practised as a surgeon, and wrote several medical treatises. But it is as an antiquary and historian that he is now prin- cipally known. In 1772 he published an "Introduction to the Study of the History and Antiquities of Ireland," 4to., which was followed by a " General History of Ireland," 2 vols. 4to. Died, 1807. O'HAKA, Kane, an Irish dramatist, who had much nmsical taste, fhid a happy talent of adapting verses to oTd airs. His chief productions are, " Midas," which was ex- tremely well received, and is still a favourite; " The Golden Pippin," " The Two Misers," " April Day," and " Tom Thumb." Died, 1782. O'KEEFE, JoHX, a celebrated dramatist, was born at Dublin, in 1748, and was origin- ally intended for the profession of a painter; but his taste for theatrical amusements in- terfered with his studies, and he soon forsook the easel for the sock and buskin. Having been introduced to Mr. Mossop, he obtained an engagement at the Dublin Theatre ; and he continued to perform in that city, and in the towns to which the company made sum- mer excursions, for 12 years, as a comedian, with considerable success. His ambition to figure as an author was coeval with his thea- trical taste ; fur, at the age of 15, he at- tempted a comedy in five acts. Among his early productions whicli attracted notice, was a kind of histrionic monologue, called "Tony Lumpkin's Rambles tiirough Dub- lin," which atforded him abundant scope for the exhibition of broad humour, and was received with applause, not only in Dublin but at the Haymarket Theatre, London. He at length left Ireland, about 1780, with the view of obtaining an engagement in London ; but, as he did not succeed in his endeavour, he applied himself with great as- siduity to dramatic composition; and between 1781 and 1798 he produced nearly 50 comedies, comic operas, and farces. Many of these ac- quired a flattering popularity, and some still keep possession of the stage ; among which are, " WildKJats," the " Castle of Andalusia," the "Agreeable Surprise," the "Poor Soldier," " Peeping Tom,' the " Young Quaker," &c. In 1800, 0'Keefe, who was then blind, and had been reduced by misfortunes to a state of great embarrassment, had a benefit at Covent Gar- den Theatre, when between the acts of his comedy of the "Lie of the Day," which was performed on that occasion, he was led on the stage to deliver a poetical address of his own composition, in which humour and pathos were very happily blended. He subsequently published his " Recollections, or Biographical Memoirs ; " and died, at Southampton, in his 8«th year, in 18;«. OLAFSEN, Eggert, a learned Icelander, who studied at Copenhagen, after which he returned to his native island, which he tra- velled over repeatedly in company with his fellow-student Biarne Paulsen. The result of their observations was printed at Copen- hagen in 2 vols. 4to. 1772. Olafsen was then appointed a magistrate in Iceland, where he devoted much of his time to natural liistory and poetry ; but, about four years before his death, he applied almost wholly to the study of the Scriptures. He was <lrowncd with his wife in crossing the Breidafiord in 1776. OLAHUS, Nicholas, archbishop of Stri- gonia, in Hungary, and chancellor of that kingdom, was born at Hermenstadt, in 14{>3, and died in 15fj8. He was a liberal prelate, and published a "Chronicle of his own Times," a " History of Attila," and a "De- scription of Hungary." OLAVIDES, Paul Anthony Joseph, Count de, was bom in 1725, at Lima, in Peru, but was educated at Madrid. Charles III. created him a count, and appointed him in- tendant of the province of Andalusia. He undertook the great work of fertilising the Sierra Morena, or the Black Mountain ; and by his perseverance, and the colonies of Ger- mans he brought thither, it became the seat of agricultural and commercial industry. Notwithstanding tlie benefits which this worthy man had thus rendered his country, he fell into disgrace, was charged with he- resy, tried by the merciless tribunal of the Inquisition, and condemned to eight years' imprisonment in a monastery, and to be incapable of all public employment ever after. He contrived to escape from the con- vent, and took refuge in France, whither monastic hate pursued him, and he was forced to seek an asylum at Geneva. After the death of Charles III. he was permitted to return to France. He resided there at the revolution; and, under the reign of terror, he was imprisoned at Orleans, but was re- leased after the fall of Robespierre. He em- ployed the period of his confinement, and his subsequent leisure, in writing an excel- lent work, entitled "The Triumph of the Gospel ; " and the zealots who had persecuted the author assuming the merit of having converted him, obtained his recal to Spain, and he retired to his estates in Andalusia, where he died in 1803. OLDCASTLE, Sir John, lord Cobham, old] ^ ^clD Bnihtt^nX SSiosrapl^p. [OLI the first martyr among our nobility, was born in the reign of Edward III. He was an adherent of Wicklifle, wliose doctrines he propagated with such zeal, that in the reign of Henry V. he was sent to the Tower, whence he made his escape into Wales, A report was then circulated by the clergy, and sent to the king, that 2t),()00 Lollards were assembled in St. Giles's for his destruc- tion, with Lord Cobham at their head ; upon which a bill of attainder was passed against him, and he was burnt alive in St. Giles's Fields, in 1417. He was a man of high spirit and extensive acquirements, and was the author of " Twelve Conclusions, addressed to the Parliament of England." OLDFIELD, AXN, a celebrated English actress, was bom in London, in 1683. Sir John Vanbrugh recommended her to Mr. Rich, patentee of the king's theatre, by whom slie was engaged. Her great ex- cellence lay iu comedy, though she often appeared with great eclat in tragic parts; and having the advantages of a good figure and a fine voice, she soon became a general favourite. She was at first the mistress of Mr. Artliur Maynwaring, and after his death of General Churchill ; yet she was much es- teemed in private life. She died in 1730, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. OLDHAM, JoHX, an English poet, was born at Shipton, in Gloucestershire, in 1653. He was appointed tutor to the grandsons of Sir Edmund Thurland, and afterwards to a son of Sir William Hicks. He next resided with the Earl of Kingston, and died of the small pox in 1683. His poems were pub- lished in 4 vols., and there is much force and spirit in many of them, though they partake largely of the licentious sentiments which disgraced the age in which he lived. OLDSWORTH, William, an English writer, who was one of the original authors of a periodical paper called the Examiner. He also published a volume, called " State Tracts ; " and another, entitled " State and Miscellaneous Poems," &c. Died, 1734. OLDYS, William, an antiquary and mis- cellaneous writer, the natural son of Dr. Oldys, a civilian, was bom in 1606 ; became librarian to Lord Oxford, and was employed in the selection of the "Harleian Miscel- lany ;" was appointed Norroy king-at-arms, and died in 1761. He was the author of many works, of which the following are the principal : " The Life of Sir Walter Raleigh," " The British Librarian," " The Scarborough Miscellany," " The Universal Spectator ; " besides several lives in the Biographia Bri- tannica, General Dictionary, &c. OLE ARIUS, or CELSCHL AEGER, Adam, an eminent traveller, was born iu 1599, at Aschersleben, in Anhalt. He received his education at Leipsic ; after wliich he became secretary to an embassy sent to Russia and Persia, by the Duke of Holstein. On his return the prince made him his librarian and keeper of his museum. He was an able mathematician ; wrote an account of his "Travels," a "Chronicle of Holstein," and other works. Died, 1671. OLE ARIUS, Godfrey, a learned divine, was born at Leipsic, in 1672. After studying in his own country and Holland, he visited Oxford ; and on his return home was ap- pointed professor of Greek. In 1708 he suc- ceeded to the chair of divinity, and died in 1715. He wrote several works, historical and theological. O'LEARY, Aktiidr, a Roman Catholic divine, was bom at Cork, and educated at St. Maloes, where he became a Franciscan. On his return to his native place he distin- guished himself by persuading his brethren to take the oath of allegiance ; for which, and his other exertions in the cause of loyalty, he obtained a pension, and won the esteem of moderate men of all parties. He afterwards settled in London, and officiated as principal minister in the Roman Catholic chapel in Soho Square. He died in 1802. His addresses to the Catholics of Ireland^ and other tracts, were collected into one volume, 8vo. ; besides which he published "A Defence of his Conduct and Writings," in reply to the Bishop of Cloyne. O'Leary was an acute and spirited writer, and was re- markable for his powers of wit and humour. OLIVA, Joux, an eminent antiquary, was born in 1689, at Rovigo, in the state of Venice. He became, successively, professor of ethics at Azzolo, secretary to the con- clave at Rome, and librarian to Cardinal de Rohan, at Paris, where he died in 1757. He published a treatise " On the Study of Medals," and another "On the Progress and Decay of Learning among the Romans;" besides a dissertation, entitled " De Antiqua in Romanis Scholis Grammaticorum Disci- plina," &c. OLIVAREZ, Gaspak Guzmas-, Count Duke d', an eminent Spanish statesman, was born at Rome, where his father had been sent on an embassy to pope Sixtus "V. When Philip IV. succeeded to the crown, the management of public affairs was in- trusted wholly to Olivarez, and he enjoyed, during a period of 22 years, almost unbounded authority. The domestic regulations of the kingdom he conducted with much success ; but in foreign affairs he was constantly thwarted by the bolder genius of the French minister Richelieu, and had the mortification to witness the dismemberment of Portugal from the crown of Spain, and the loss of Brazil and other foreign colonies, which fell into the hands of the Dutch. In consequence of these misfortunes the king was reluc- tantly forced to dismiss him in 1643, when he was succeeded by his nephew Don Louis de Haro. OLIVER OF MAIJVIESBURY, a Bene- dictine monk of the 11th century, chiefly memorable as the first Englishman who at- tempted to travel through the aerial regions. He is said to have been well skilled in me- chanics ; but in attempting to fly from a lofty tower, with wings of his own construc- tion fastened to his hands and feet, he fell, and broke both his legs. OLIVER, Isaac, an English painter, was bom in 15.56. His miniatures were painted in a style of exquisite beauty, and he also executed some good historical pictures. Died, 1617 His son, Peter Oliver, who died about 1654, was also an admirable artist in the same line, and much employed by Charles I. OLi] ^ ^m ^nibtxial JStnjjrapi^B. [OMB OLIVET, Joseph Thoulier d', a learned critic, was bom at Salins, in France, in 1682. He entered into the society of Jesuits, but • left them to lead a retired life at Paris, where he was admitted a member of the academy, whose history he continued in 2 vols. His greatest work, however, is his edition of Cicero, in 9 vols. 4to., or 10 vols. 8vo. The Abbe Olivet also published translations from Cicero and Demosthenes, executed in a spirited and elegant manner. Died, 1768. OLIVETAN, Robert, a French reformer, who was the first that translated the Scrip- tures into French immediately from the Hebrew and Greek. Some writers, however, allege, that he made his version irom that of St. Jerome ; while others assert that Calvin, who was related to Olivetan, polished and revised the whole work, which was printed atNeufchatel in 1535, but is now exceedingly rai-e. It is called the Bible of the Sword, on account of that emblem being adopted by the printer. Olivetan being banislied from Geneva, went to Rome, where he died, as is supposed of poison, in 1539. OLIVE YRA,FKAJf CIS Xavier de, a Por- tuguese knight, and gentleman of the house- hold to the king, was born at Lisbon, in 1702. On going to Vienna, as secretary to the em- bassy, he became a convert to the Protestant faith ; to profess which he came to England in 1746. He published "Memoirs of his Travels," "Familiar Letters," " A Pathetic Discourse to his Countrymen, on the Earth- quake at Lisbon in 1756," " Tlie Chevalier d'Oliveyra burnt in Effigy as an Heretic, why and wherefore T' &c. ; and he left at his death, which happened at Hackney, in 1783, a great number of MSS., including " Olivey- riana, or Memoirs, historical and literary," 27 vols. 4to. OLIVIER, GciLLAUME Antoise, an emi- nent French naturalist and traveller, was born in 1756, at Frejus. He made botany and entomolo^ his especial study, went on a scienUflc mission to Persia in 1792, re- turned with a valuable collection after an absence of six years, and died in 1814. He published the result of his researches in the East, under the title of " Voyage dans I'Empire Ottoman, I'Egypt, et la Perse," 3 vols. 4to., with an atlas and plates ; also, a " Natural History of Coleopterous In- sects," &c. OLIVIERI, Annibal, a learned Italian antiquary, bom at Pesaro, in 1708 ; author of " Marmora Pesauriensi a Notis illustrata," 2 vols. ; " Memoirs of the ancient Port of Pesaro," and "Memoirs of the Chevalier Passeri." He was honorary cliamberlain to pope Clement XIII., and perpetual secre- tary of the academy of Pesaro. OLYMPIAS, wife of Philip, king of Ma- cedonia, and mother of Alexander the Great, was the daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus. Her haughtiness, and, more pro- bably, her infidelity, iuduced Philip to re- pudiate her ; and as Philip's murder soon followed this disgrace, some have attributed it to her intrigues. Antipater, the successor of Alexander on the Macedonian throne, left the administration of the country to Polyperchon, who, to confirm his power, re- called Olympias from Epirus, whither she 651 had fled, and confided to her the guardian- ship of the young son of Alexander. She now cruelly put to death Aridseus, son of Philip, with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor, the brother of Cassander, with 100 leading men of Macedon, who were inimical to her interest. But such barbarities did not long remain unpunished. Cassander be- sieged her in Pydna, where she had retired with her family ; and being obliged to sur- render, after an obstinate siege, she was put to death. OLYMPIODORUS, an Alexandrian phi- losopher of the 5th century, celebrated for his knowledge of the Aristotelian doctrine. Another Olympiodouus was a Pla- tonist, who wrote a " Life " of, and " Com- mentary " on, Plato. A third, who flourished in a later age, was a peripatetic, who wrote " A Commentary ou the Meteor- ology of Aristotle." OMAR I., caliph of the Saracens, was the successor of Abubeker, and father-in-law of Mahomet. He began his reign a.d. 634, and is conspicuous among the conquerors who have desolated the face of the earth. His generals, Kaled and Abu Obeidah, drove tlie Greeks out of Syria and Phoenicia, and the caliph himself took possession of Jerusalem in 638, which city remained in the hands of the infidels till it was reconquered by Godfrey of Bouillon, at the end of the Uth century. Amru, one of his generals, defeated the troops of Heraclius, near Antioch, in 681 ; Memphis and Alexandria surrendered ; all Egypt, and a part of Libya, were conquered from the Romans ; and the famous library, which had been founded at Alexandria by Ptolemy Philadelphus, was burnt by the express orders of Omar. Having flxed-his residence at Jerusalem, he was there assassin- ated by a Persian slave, in the lOtli year of his government, A.D. 643. He refused to appoint a successor, and thus the caliphate became elective. O'MEARA, Barry Edward, the confi- dential medical attendant of the emperor Napoleon in his last days, and author of" A Voice from St. Helena," was a native of Ire- land, and bom about 1778. He was originally a surgeon in the British navy, and was ou board the Bellerophon in tliat capacity, ou the 7th of August, 1815, when Napoleon went on board. Napoleon having observed Dr. O'Meara's skill in attending to some of tlie crew, and his knowledge of Italian, made overtures to him, on being transferred to the Northumberland, to accompany liim to St. Helena as his surgeon, his own not being able to go with lum. Having obtained Ad- miral Keith's permission. Dr. O'Meara as- sented, and remained with the ex-eniperor till July, 1818, when he was recalled and deprived of his rank. He was latterly an active partisan of O'Connell's, at one of whose agitation meetings he is said to have cauglit the illness which terminated fatally, June 3. 1836. In the following month a sale of his eflfects took place ; and it is surprising what competition there was for such articles as had been the property of the French emperor, A few lines in his handwriting sold for 11 guineas ; a lock of his hair, 21. 10s. ; one of his teeth, 7 guineas and a half ; and the in- 8k3 ome] a ^cto mnihtr^al 38t05rapf)g. [OKI strument used by O'Meara in extracting it, 3 guineas ! O'MEARA, Theodosia Beauchamp, wife of the preceding Barry O'Meara, but who styled herself Lady Leigh, died in 1830. She was the widow of Captain John Donellan, who was hung at Warwick, in 1781, for poisoning Sir Theodosius Boughton ; she next married Sir Egerton Leigh, bart.; and at liis death, in 1818, slie gave her liand to the author of" A Voice from St. Helena." OPIE. John, an eminent historical painter, was born, in 17C1, at St. Agnes, near Truro, in Cornwall. At the age of 12 he was con- sidered a phenomenon of learning ; he had mastered Euclid, and commenced teacher to the peasants in that immediate neighbour- hood. His father, who was a carpenter, saw his dwelling-house hung with likenesses and sketches of landscapes with anger, at what he thought a mere idle propensity ; but his uncle witnessed these efforts of early genius with pleasure. His talents at length attracted the notice of Dr. Wolcot, the satirist, whose instructions greatly served him. He com- menced as a portrait painter, and visited the neighbouring towns in quest of employment; and on one of these occasions he returned home well dressed, with 20 guineas in his pocket. Tliis money he gave to his mother, of whom he was excessively fond, and told her that in future he should maintain him- self. He accordingly removed to London, and was introduced to Sir J. Reynolds. Wolcot was impatient to see his progress ; and as his fame had preceded him, the Lon- don connoisseurs were all eager to behold the Cornish wonder. He was then 20 years of age, people of distinction crowded his door, and it became the fashion to sit to him ; but as the novelty wore off, so did the fashion ; and, by the time he was 40, though he gradually improved, he was comparatively deserted. The first specimen he gave of his literary ability was in a life of Sir Joshua Reynolds, in Dr. Wolcot's edition of Pil- kington's Dictionary. He then published " An Enquiry into the requisite Cultivation of the Arts of Design in England ;" and he delivered lectures at the Royal Institution. On Fuseli's death, he was appointed to succeed him as professor of painting to the Royal Academy. He died in 1807, and was interred near bir Joshua Reynolds, in St. Paul's cathedral His wife Amelia Opie, born in 1771, at Harwich, was highly distin- guished for her literary abilities, and was the author of" A Life of Opie," " Adeline Mow- bray," "Simple Tales," "The Eve of St. Valentine," &c. OPITZ, or OPITIUS, Martin, a German poet, was born at Bunzlau, in Silesia, in 1597. He became schoolmaster at V/eissenberg, and afterwards secretary to a nobleman, at whose expense he travelled to Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with Grotius. He is called the father of German poetry. Died, 1689. OPPIAN, a Greek poet, who lived under Caracalla, in the beginning of the 3d century, wrote poems distinguished for elegance and sublimity, two only of which are now extant, his " Halieuticon," or five books on fishing, and four books on hunting, entitled "Cy- nsegeticon." He died in his 30th year, a.d. 213. O'REILLY, ALEXANDEn, a native of Ire- land, who entered into the Spanish army, where he obtained the favour of Charles III., and was raised to the highest militarj' rank for his eminent services. Born, 1735 ; died, 1794. O'REILLY, Andrew, Count, a general of cavalry in the Austrian service, was a native of Ireland. He was a brave and skilful officer, and had filled in succession all the military grades in the Austrian army, with the exception of that of field- marshal. At the battle of Austerlitz, so fatal to their cause, the remnant of the army was preserved from destruction by his courage and skill ; and when, in 1809, he held the post of governor of Vienna, the difficult task of making an honourable capitulation with the French emperor devolved on him. He died in the 91st year of his age. ORELLANA, Francis, a Spanish officer, who is regarded as the discoverer of the river Amazons, in South America. At least, he was the first European that navigated that mighty stream, and it still bears his name. Died, 1549. ORFORD. See Russell and AValpolk. ORGAGNA, Andrew, an Italian painter, was born at Florence, in 1329. He was also a sculptor and architect. In a picture of the Last Day, he represented his friends in paradise, and his enemies in hell. Died, 1389. ORIGEN, a father of the church, and one of the most learned ecclesiastical writers, was born at Alexandria, a. d. 185, of Chris- tian parents, who early instructed him in religious knowledge and in the sciences. At the age of 17 he lost his father, who was be- headed for his profession of Christianity. Origen had now recourse to the teaching of grammar for the support of himself, his mother, and brethren ; but this occupation he relinquished, on being appointed professor of sacred learning in the church of Alexan- dria. In this si tuation he distinguished him- self by the austerity of his life ; and taking the Scripture in the most rigid sense, he carried it so far as to put in practice the passage of the gospel, " There be some who have made themselves eunuchs for the king- dom of heaven." From Alexandria he went to Rome, where he began his famous " Hex- apla," or the Bible in different languages. At the command of his bishop he returned to Alexandria, and was ordained. Soon after this he began his " Commentaries on the Scriptures ; " but Demetrius, who en- vied his reputation, persecuted him with violence, and in a council assembled in 231, it was decreed that Origen should desist from preaching, and quit the city. On this he went to Caesarea, where he was well re- ceived by the bishop, and permitted to preach. He was consulted in several epis- copal synods j but in the persecution under Decius he was thrown into prison, and put to the torture. On his release he applied himself to his ministerial labours, and to writing. He died in 254. In his Commen- taries he indulged too much the fancy for allegory ; and in his other works he ad- | orl] ^ ^m Bnihtt^Ki ^BtOjarapljn. [OBL vanced notions more agreeable to the Pla- tonic philosophy than the Scriptures. The most offensive of his doctrines related to tlie pre-existence of souls, and the finite dura- tion of future punishment. OllLANDI, Pekegkijje Anthonv, a learned bibliographer and writer on the history of the arts, was pr<3fessor of theology at Bologua, where he died in 1730. ORLEANS, Chaui.es, Duke of, was made prisoner at the battle of Agincourt, in 1415. He remained in England 25 years ; and on his return to France he undertook the con- quest of the duchy of Milan, to which he conceived himself entitled in right of his mother. He was not, however, successful in this enterprise ; and died in 14(55. ORLEANS, Louis, Duke of, was the son of Philip the regent of France, and born at Versailles, in 1703. In study, devotion, and acts of charity he spent his life. In 1733 he saved numbers from perishing by famine in the Orleannois ; as he again did throughout France, in the dearth of 1740. He also ex- tended his benevolence to distant countries ; while in his own he founded schools, profes- sorships, hospitals, and colleges. But his charitable occupations did not draw him aside from his studies, which he pursued with such diligence as to become master of the oriental languages, and most of the sciences. He died in 1752, leaving many works in manuscript, the chief of which were " Commentaries on the Scriptures." ORLEANS, Louis Joseph Philip, Duke of (better known by his republican appella- tion of EgaiM), was the cousin of Louis XVI., and father of Louis Philippe, the late king of the French. He was born at St. Cloud, in 1747 i married the daughter of the Duke of Penthievre, grand admiral of France, in 17C9 ; was from his youth guilty of the most unbridled licentiousness ; and acquired a base notoriety by his conduct during the French revolution. After the death of his father, in 1787, he became possessed of the hereditary title and estates ; and, having indulged to satiety in all sensual pleasures, he found a new kind of excitement for his palled appetites in the storms of the revolu- tion, and a new source of pleasure in the gratifications of revenge. He had entered the navy, and was entitled by his birth to the place of grand-admiral ; but having been accused of cowardice while in com- mand of a division of the fleet against Kep- pel, in the action ofi'Ushant, in 1778, instead of receiving promotion in the navy, the post of colonel-general of the hussars was created and bestowed on him. From this time may be dated his hatred of Louis XVI.; and he subsequently adopted every method to ob- tain popularity, with a view to political power. In the disputes between the court and the parliament, he constantly opposed the royal authority. His object evidently was to reduce the king to a state of tutelage, and procure for himself the formidable office of lieutenant-general of the kingdom. He caused scandalous libels against the queen, whom he pursued with the most hitter hatred, to be distributed ; and his bust was carried in triumph through the streets by the populace. He was chosen a member 653 of the National Convention, with Marat, Danton.and Robespierre, in September, 1792, at which time the commune of Paris autho- rised hira to adopt for himself and his de- scendants the api^ellation of E^alit^, in- stead of the name and titles of his family ; and he not only voted for the death of the king, but was present at his execution. But he was not qualified to profit by the commo- tions he had promoted ; he was as weak as he was wicked, as indecisive as he was am- bitious. The Jacobins had no longer any occasion for him ; he was struck from their rolls, and included in the general proscrip- tion of the Bourbons ; and was committed to prison at Marseilles, with other members of the family. Being brought before the criminal tribunal of the department, he was declared innocent of the charges of conspi- racy that were preferred against him ; but the committee of public safety forbade liis liberation ; and, after six months' detention, he was transferred to Paris, tried, and con- demned to sulfer by the guillotine ; to which he submitted with firmness and courage, on the same day, Nov. 6. 1793. His widow re- turned to Paris after the restoration, and died there in 1821. ORLEANS, Ferdinand Philippe Loins, Duke of, prince-royal of France, was born at Palermo in 1810, and was the eldest child of Louis Philippe, then duke of Orleans, and afterwards king of the French, by Maria Amelia, daughter of Ferdiuand, king of the Two Sicilies. The prince served with great distinction with the French army at the siege of Antwerp, and in the African war ; and his horse was wounded at the time of the murderous attempt upon tlie life of his royal father in 1835. Young, popular, a patron of the arts and literature, and de- votedly attached to his profession, every thing seemed to promise to this prince a career glorious to himself and useful to his country, when he was unfortunately thrown from his carriage, and he died on the spot, July 13. 1842, aged 32, leaving a widow and two sons. ORLEANS, Marie, Princess of, daughter of Louis Philippe, ex-king of the Frencli, was born at Palermo, 1813. From her earliest years she evinced a remarkable love of the fine arts, and more especially of sculjiture, which she cultivated with a zeal and as- siduity that soon gave her a prominent place among the most distinguished artists of her time. Her marvellous statue of Joan of Arc, in the museum of Versailles, was finished before she had reached her 20th year ; and besides this she produced nu- merous has reliefs, busts, and statuettes, of rare beauty and excellence. In 1837, she married Alexander, duke of Wtlrtemberg ; a union rich in promises of earthly happi- ness ; but she was prematurely cut off by consumption in 1839, to the inexpressible grief of her family and the friends of art. ORLOFF, Gregory, a favourite of Ca- tharine II. of Russia. He had a principal share in the revolution that placed his mis- tress on the throne of Russia ; after which he was made grand-master of the artillery, and raised to the first dignities in the state, and was allowed to wear the picture of the 3k 8 orl] ^ ^ztxi Unibtx^al SSifltjrap^^. [OSM empresa in his button-hole. His ambition prompted hira to aim at sharing the throne with the empress, wlio would have submitted to a private marriage. This he imprudently refused to accept, and he was supplanted by a new favourite. He was tlien ordered to travel, but was gratified with magnificent presents, and received the title of prince of the German empire, which Catharine pro- cured for him. Died, 1783. ORLOFF, Alexis, brother of the pre- ceding, was remarkable for his gigantic stature and Herculean strength. He was one of the chief instruments in effecting the revolution that ended in the murder of Peter III., and is said to have been the person who strangled him in prison. He rose to high dignities in the army ; and, in 1768, was made admiral of the Russian fleet in the Archipelago, with unlimited power, against the Turks, whom he defeated off Tschesme ; for which exploit he was called Tsdiesmengkoi. On the accession of Paul I. he was disgraced, and banished from Russia; but, after the death of that emperor, he re- turned to Moscow, and died there in 1808. ORLOFF, Gregory Vlauimiromitz, a Russian nobleman, distinguished by his at- tachment to literature and the sciences, was born in 1777, and died in 182(5. His chief works are, "Mt'moires Historiques, Politi- ques, et Litteraires sur le Royaume de Naples," 5 vols.; and " Histoire des Arts en Italic." ORME, Robert, an historian, was born in 1728, at Anjengo, in the East Indies, where his father was a physician in the company's service. He was educated at Harrow, ob- tained a civil appointment in India, became a member of the council at Fort St. George, and was a commissary and accomptant-ge- neral. In 1758 he returned to England, and employed himself in writing " The History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan," the first volume of which was published in 1763, and the second in 1778. The author compiled also a work, entitled " Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire of tlie Malirattas," &c. Died, 1801. ORMOND; James Butler, Duke of, an eminent statesman, was born in 1610, in London, and succeeded to the earldom of Ormond in 1632. During tlie wars between Charles I. and the parliament he strenu- ously laboured, though with very inade- quate force, to uphold the king's authority in Ireland ; and on the ruin of the royal cause, he retired to the Continent, and ex- erted himself to promote the re-establish- ment of monarchy in England. After the restoration of Charles II. he was created a duke, and was twice appointed lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland. In 1670 he narrowly escaped with his life from a plot formed against him by the desperado Colonel Blood. Died, 1688. OROBIO, Balthasar, a Spanish Jew, who became professor of metaphysics at Salamanca, and afterwartls a physician at Seville, where his family were nominally Cliristians. Orobio at last fell under tlie suspicion of the holy office, and was tor- tured and imprisoned. At the expiration of three years he obtained his release, and then went to Toulouse ; from which place he re- moved to Amsterdam, where he made an open profession of Judaism, submitted to the rite of circumcision, took the name of Isaac, and practised as a physician. He wrote a book against Spinoza, entitled " Certamen Philosophicum." Limborch had a confer- ence with him on the subject of the Chris- tian religion, of which he published a cele- brated book, entitled " Arnica Collatio cum erudito Judajo." ORTE, Viscount d', whose name de- serA-es to be recorded as an instance of manly integrity and true honour, was governor of Bayonne at the time of the infamous mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew. Having received an order from Charles IX. to put to death all the Protestants in his government, he replied in the following words, " Sire, I have communicated your majesty's letter to the garrison and inhabitants of tliis city. I have found only brave soldiers and good citizens, and not a single executioner." ORTELL, or ORTELIUS, Abraham, a learned geographer, born at 'Antwerp, in 1527. After travelling on the Continent and in Great Britain, he published an Atlas, which gained for him the appointment of geographer to Philip II. of Spain. His principal works are, "Thesaurus Geogra- phicus " and " Theatri Orbis Terrarum." Died, 1598. ORTON, Joe, an eminent dissenting mi- nister, was born at Shrewsburj-, in 1717. He was the author of a " Life of Dr. Doddridge," '' Sacramental Meditations," " Discourses on Christian Worship," " Discourses on Practi- cal Subjects," &c. After his death, which happened in 1783, was printed his " Practical Exposition of theOld Testament," 6 vols. 8vo. ORVILLE, James Philip d', an eminent writer on classical literature, was born at Amsterdam, in 1696. He travelled in Eng- land, Italy, France, and Germany, visiting every where the public libraries, and form- ing an acquaintance with the most celebrated classical scholars of the age. He occupied the ciiair of history, rhetoric, and Greek literature at Amsterdam, from 1730 to 1742, published several critical works, and died, in 1751. OSBORNE, Fraxcis, an English gentle- man, was born in Bedfordshire, about 1588. He became master of the horse to the Earl of Pembroke, and in the civil wars he joined the parliament. Mr. Osborne wrote, " Ad- vice to a Son," and " Letters aud Poems," 2 vols.; " Historical Memoirs on the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James," " Plea for a Free State compared with Monarchy," &c. Died, 1658. OSIANDER, Andrew, a celebrated Ger- man Protestant theologian, was bom at Guntzenhausen, in Franconia, in 1498. He early adopted the opinions of Luther, and took an active part in forming the Confession of Augsburg ; became minister and professor at Konigsberg, in Prussia ; and died in 1552. He was the author of " HarmoniaB Evan- gelicae." — There were several others of this family, all Protestant divines, and similarly distinguished. OSMAN BEY, Nemsey, a colonel in the Austrian service, who having been accused of robbing the regimental chest, and received for it a year's iitiprisonment, determined to go to Constantinople, and turn Mahometan. He accordingly arrived there in 1779, made proi'ession of the Moslem faith, and received from the grand seignor a handsome pension, with an estate in Magneiiia, in Asia Minor. He possessed a taste for the fine arts, and for the study of archaeology and numismatics ; and he amused himself in adding to his collection all the scarce coins and medals he could collect. He had continued thus to employ himself for some years, when he was murdered by two of his servants, who were tempted to the deed by the hope of obtaining a large booty, a considerable sum of money being in his possession at the time. This hap|)ened in 178.5. OSMOND. St., bishop of Salisbury in the 11th century, accompanied William the Norman to England, and was not less dis- tinguished for military reuovm in the early part of his life, than for his learning and piety at a subsequent period. He erected a cathedral at Old Sarum, in which he was in- terred, but his ashes were afterwards taken up and enshrined. He wrote a " Missal," or service book, which became the most popular manual of public devotion among the Eng- lish clergy, and has principally contributed to hand down his name to posterity. OSSIAN, an ancient Gaelic bard, is sup- posed to have lived in the 3rd century, and to have been the son of Fingal, a Caledonian hero, whom he accompanied in various military expeditions. His name has derived its celebrity from the publications of Mac- pherson, which comprise a remarkable series of ballads, on the deliverance of Erin from the haughty Swaran, king of Lochlin, by Fingal. They have been translated into all the European languages, and please by their successful delineation of t!ie passions, pic- turesque expressions, bold but lovely images and comparisons, deep pathos, and tender melancholy tone. OSTADE, Adriax van, a painter of the Flemish school, was bom at Lubeck, in 1010, and studied under Francis Hals. His pic- tures are characterised by an exact imitation of nature, and usually consist of alehouse interiors, with Dutch peasants smoking, quarrelling, or drinking. His colouring is rich and clear, his touch spirited and free, and all his works are highly finished. Died, IdSr,. OSTERVALD, John' Fuedekic, a Swiss Protestant di\'ine, was born at Neufchatel, in 16C3 ; became pastor of the church in that place in 1699 ; and died in 1747. His chief works are, " A Catechism of the Christian Religion," " Arguments and Reflections on all the Books of the Bible," 2 vols. ; " Trea- tise against Uncleanness," "Treatise on the Sources of Corruption," and " Sermons." OSTER WICK, Maria van, who is ranked among the most celebrated flower painters, was born at Nootdorp, near Delft, in 1030, and died in 1693. She was patronised by the emperor Leopold, William III., and Louis XIV. ; and her pictures were eagerly sought after, and admitted into the choicest collections. OSWALD, king of Northumberland, was obliged, after the death of Ethelred his father, to take refuge in Ireland ; his uncle, Edwin, having usurped the throne. He be- came a Christian in his retreat ; and return- ing to his own country, defeated Cerdowalla, king of the Britons, who lost his life. Os- wald reunited the two kingdoms of North- umberland ; but was slain in a battle with Penda, king of Mercia, in 043. OSYMANDYAS, an ancient king of Egypt, who flourished about 1500 years b. c, or, as some authors conjecture, 2.*100 years. He erected the gigantic works of Thebes, built the Memnonium in the city of the hundred gates, and, according to Diodorus, inscritted on his colossus, "I am Osyman- dyas, king of kings ; if any man will know my greatness and my resting-place, let him destroy one of my works." OTHO, Marcus Salvius, a Roman em- peror, was born at Rome, a.d. 32, of a family which descended from the ancient kings of Tuscany. After Nero's death he attached himself to Galba, but that emperor having adopted Piso as his heir, Otho excited an insurrection, murdered Galba and Piso, and ascended the throne in 69. He was opposed by Vitellius, who was supported by the Ger- man army, and, in a battle between the two rivals near Cremona, Otho was defeated, on which he slew himself, after reigning three months. OTHO I., emperor of Germany, called the Great, was the eldest son of Henry the Fowler, and crowned in 9.36, at the age of 14. Berenger having usurped the title of emperor in Itair, Otho entered Rome, where he was crowned by John XII. That pontiff after- wards leagued with Berenger, on which Otho caused him to be deposed, and put Leo XIII. in his place in 963. On the em- peror's return to Germany, the Romans re- volted, and imprisoned Leo ; for which Otho again visited Rome, wliere he severely exer- cised his vengeance on the senate. He next turned his arms against Nicephorus, emperor of the East, whose army he defeated, and, after cutting off their noses, sent the pri- soners to Constantinople. John Zimisces, the successor of Nicephorus, made peace witli Otho, who died in 973. OTHO, Venius, a painter and the in- structor of Rubens, was born at Leyden, in 1556. After residing at Rome several yeais, he went to Germany, where he was employed by tlie emperor. Died, 1634. OTTLEY, AVm. Youxg, F.R. S., F. S. A., and keeper of the prints in the British Mu- seum. During the whole of his life, Mr. Ottley devoted himself to the fine arts, and was known as an artist, a collector, and an author. When scarcely 20 years of age he proceeded to Italy ; where, wrapt in admi- ration of the endless treasures of art, he not only employed his own talents, but the talents of others, in taking copies of the most esteemed paintings, and in collecting whatever appeared most interesting and valuable. There he remained about 10 years; and on his return to England he produced a series of facsimiles of the original drawings of the best masters, under the title of the " Italian School of Design," a magnificent work, consisting of 84 plates. His other prin- ott] ^ fitbi UniiitY^id BCosrapl^i?. [OUD cipal works are, " The Florentine School," the " Origin and Early History of Engrav- ing," 2 vols, i " The Stafford Gallery ."^ and " The Critical Catalogue of the National Gallery." Born, 1772 ; died, 1836. OTTO, Lonis William, count de Mosloy, an eminent French diplomatist, was born in Baden, in 17.54, and educated in the univer- sity of Strasburg. lie was employed in 1779, secretary and ckargi d'affaires to the United States in America, where he remained till 1792. He was then employed by the com- mittee of public safety in the foreign de- partment of the state ; but, on the fall of the Girondists, shortly after, he was sent to the Luxembourg prison, where he remained till the revolution of the 9th Thermidor. In 1800 he was sent to England, and he re- mained there, as minister-plenipotentiary, till the peace of Amiens, when he was suc- ceeded by General Andreossy. In 1809 he was sent ambassador to Vienna, where he negotiated the marriage of Buonaparte with Maria Louisa, the archduchess ; and re- mained there till 1813, when, on his return to Paris, he became minister of state. At the restoration, in 1814, he was unemployed; and in 181o, during the hundred days, was made secretary for foreign affairs. He was, after the battle of Waterloo, employed by Napo- leon to negotiate for his personal security with the English government ; but the object failed, through not receiving passports. OTWAY, Thomas, an English dramatic writer, was born in 1651, at Trotting, in Sussex ; was educated at Winchester, and Christchurch College, Oxford ; and after having made some attempts as an actor, lie became a writer for the stage. In 1675 he produced his first tragedy of " Alcibiades," and the following year appeared his " Don Carlos," which proved extremely successful. His theatrical reputation introduced him to the patronage of the Earl of Plymouth, a natural son of Charles II., who procured him a cornetcy in a regiment of cavalry, destined for Flanders, in which country he served for a short time, and then returned, pursued by habitual poverty. He continued to write for the stage, but found it a very scanty means of subsistence, and died, during 1685, in his 34th year, at a public- house on Tower Hill, where he had secreted himself from his creditors, in a state of great destitution. As a tragic writer he stands high, and no one has touched scenes of domestic distress with more force and feeling. OUDET, James Joseph, a French repub- lican officer, of distinguished merit, who was supposed to have been concerned in the formation of a secret society, directed against the imperial power of Napoleon. His move- ments were accordingly watched by the go- vernment with great suspicion ; and, after having been alternately employed and ex- iled, he had the command of a division at the battle of Wagram, where he highly sig- nalised himself, and soon after died of the wounds he received on that occasion. OUDIN, Casimiu, a French monk, was born at Mezieres, in 1638. He entered among the Premontres, and, while in the abbey of Bucilly, in Champagne, attracted the notice of Louis XIV. so much by his talents and genius, that his superiors employed him to make collections for a history of their order. He afterwards embraced the Protestant re- ligion at Leyden, and was made librarian of the university. His works are, " History of Ecclesiastical Writers," " Commentarius de Scriptoribus Ecclesiae Antinuis, illorumque scriptis," &c., 3 vols. ; " Veterum aliquot Gal lias et Belgiae Scriptorum Opuscula Sacra." OIJDINET, Marc Awthony, a learned French Jesuit ; professor of law in the uni- versity of Rheims, and author of several esteemed works on medallic history and an- tiquities. Bom, 1643 ; died, 1712. OUDINOT, Charles Nicholas, Duke of Reogio, marshal of France, was the son of a merchant, and bom in 1767. He entered the army early, and in 1791 was captain of the 3rd battalion of volunteers who served in the department of the Meuse. Distin- guishing himself by his courage and mili- tary skill, he attained the rank of general of division, and was placed on the staff in Massena's army, whom he accompanied into Italy in 1799, and by his courageous conduct during the siege of Genoa, in going twice through the English fleet to communicate with General Suchet, saved the French troops from becoming the victims of famine. In 1800 he joined General Brune's army in Italy, where he gained fresh laurels in forcing the Austrians to repass the Adige ; and when war again broke out between France and Austria, in 1805, Napoleon confided an ho- nourable station to General Oudinot, who appeared covered with glory in the field of Austerlitz. In 1806 he was sent to take pos- session of Neufchatel, where Oudinot con- ducted himself with so much disinterested- ness, as to gain the esteem of its inhabitants, who, in token thereof, presented him with the freedom of their city. He assisted at the siege of Dantzic ; and after the battle of Wagram, Napoleon made him marshal of the empire, and created him duke of Reggio. In 1810 he went to Holland to take possession of the throne, which Louis Buonaparte had quitted in disgust. He afterwards shared in the disastrous invasion of Russia, and was there seriously wounded. In 1814 he was again called into action, and again was dis- tinguished for his courage, his great military talents, and a conduct that was never tar- nished by the slightest accusation of in- humanity. On the capitulation of Paris, March 31. 1814, the duke agreed to the de- termination of the provisional government, and did not see Napoleon after that day. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, he placed himself at the head of the grenadiers ; but finding it impossible to secure their fide- lity to the cause of Louis XVIIL, he retired to his seat at Montmorenci. He subsequently received the command of the national guard at Paris ; was made a peer of France and a minister of state ; and during the war with Spain, in 1823, he entered Madrid, of which he retained the situation of governor a few months, and then returned to Pai-is. In 1830 he adhered to the new dynasty ; and in 1842 succeeded Marshal Moncev as governor of the " Invalides." Died, 1847. OUDBY, Jeax Baptiste, a French pain- ouo] ^ ^eto ^ui&cr^al SSinsrapI^g. [ovi ter of portraits and liistorical subjects. His skill in animals, particularly dogs, was such, that Louis XV. is said to hav6 recognised his favourite ones whenever he saw them in the groups of Oudry, who was pensioned by that monarch, and had apartments in the Tuilleries. Born, 1(>85, became a member of the academy in 1717, and died in 175."). OUOHTRED, Wiii.iAM, an English di- vine and mathematician, was born in 1574, at Eton ; was educated there, and at King's College, Cambridge ; obtained the living of Shalford, in Surrey, whioh he exchanged for that of Albury ; and died in WM), as it is said, of joy, at hearing of Charles's re- storation. Though a profound mathema- tician, his method of treating his subjects was both dry and obscure. lie wrote trea- tises on trigonometry, aritlimetic, conic sections, &c. OUVLLLE, Anthony le Metel d' the brother of Boisrobert, the favourite of Car- dinal Richelieu. He was the author of some dramas and tales, the latter of which rivalled those of La Fontaine in licentiousness, but were far inferior to them ia wit and humour. Died, 16.')7. OUVRARD, Julian, was bom at Nantes, in 1772, and was a grocer at the era of tlie revolution. Being an excellent calculator, and of great address and boldness, he soon made a rai)id fortune. He was a contractor under the republican, the imiHjrial, and the restored Bourbon regime ; he had the pro- visioning of the foreign armies during their occupation of France by the allied troops in 1816, and of tlie French army in Spain during the war in 182a. He was often <Ienounced for his contracts during the revolution, and escaped the guillotine in 1794, by General Boivin concealing him in his house at Nantes. Under the successive regimes, he owed many an escape to the influence of his friend Fou<:he. In 1810 he was sent on a secret mission by the latter to England, while Napoleon also sent a mission to negotiate a peace. The two ambassadors counteracted each other — the British government evaded what it considered as a trap — they were dismissed ; and, on their return, Fouch6 was disgraced, and Ouvrard imprisoned by Na- poleon. He subsequently became bankrupt, but he lived in such extraordinary luxury in prison, that his creditors held him con- fined there for a long time. Great complaints were made in the chamber of deputies in 1824, of the intrigues, extravagance, and ma- terial deficiencies of his contract for supply- ing the French army in Spain ; but it was supposed he was protected by the strong arm of authority, as no inquiry into these financial operations was made. He subsequently re- sided in England, where he died, 1847. OUVRARD, RENg, a French divine, poet, musician, and mathematician, was born at Chinon in Torraine. He published several works in each capacity, became music- master of the Holy Chapel at Paris, and afterwards canon of Tours, where he died in 1694. OVERALL, John, an English prelate, was born in 1550 ; and, after taking his de- grees, became master of Catherine Hall. Through the patronage of queen Elizabeth he was made dean of St. Fuul's, afterwards 657 bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and, in 1618, he was translated to the see of Norwich. He compiled a work, called " The Convoca- tion Book," in which he maintained the divine origin of government. He had also some concern in the present translation of the Bible, and wrote the sacramental part of the Church Catechism. OVERBURY, Sir Thomas, an English gentleman, principally known by the tragic circumstance of his death, was born at II- mingtou, in Warwickshire, in 1581, and educated at Queen's College, Oxford, after which he became a student of the Middle Temple. Tlie intimacy which he formed with Robert Carr, the worthless favourite brought from Scotland by James I., and who was afterwards earl of Somerset, proved his ruin. In 16U8 he was knighted, and his father was made one of the judges for Wales ; but at length Overbury, by venturing to dissuade his friend from marrying the di- vorced Countess of Essex, provoked the anger of both, and through their contrivance he was sent to the Tower, where he was poisoned, Sept. 15. 1613. This iniquitous deed was not discovered until two years afterwards, when Sir Gervase Elways, lieu- tenant of the Tower, and some others, were tried and executed ; but the principals, to the eternal disgrace of the king, were par- doned, from no assignable cause that will not add to the ignominy of the proceeding. Sir Thomas Overbury wrote a poem, entitled " The Wife," which, with his piece called " Characters," went through many editions. His nephew. Sir Thomas Ovekbuuy, published " An Account of the Trial of Joan Perry and her two Sons for the Murder of William Harrison ;" a most remarkable case, the parties who were executed having con- fessed themselves guilty of the murder, altliough innocent ; " Queries on Persecution in Religion," &c. OVID or OVIDIUS, PuBLius Naso, a ce- lebrated Latin poet of the Augustan age, was of the equestrian order, and born at Sulmo, now called Abruzzo, b. c. 43. He studied the law, and pleaded with eloquence in the court of the centumviri ; he was also constituted one of the triumviri, whose au- thority extended to the trial of capital causes i but his decided predilection for polite literature, and particularly poetry, led him to neglect severer studies ; and on succeeding to the paternal estate, he quitted the bar for poetry and pleasure. His wri- tings and his morals, however, appear to have coincided, for he indulged in a prurient fancy, and repudiated two of his wives soon after marriage. Virgil, Horace, TibuUus, and Propertius were his friends, and Au- gustus was a liberal patron to him ; but he at length fell under the displeasure of the epiperor, wiio, for some cause never ex- plained, banished him from Rome, and sent him to live among the Getse, or Goths, on the Euxine. It is probable that the political intrigues of the empress Livia and her son Tiberius contributed to the removal of the poet ; while the licentiousness of his wri- tings, and the irregularities of his life, af- forded plausible pretexts for the infliction of this punishment. His chief works consist of ovi] ^ ^efco ^anibcrM 23t0srrtp!)t.n [OZA "De Arte Amandi," " Heroic Epistles," the " Fasti," and " Metamorphoses." He in vain Bolicited his recal to Rome, and died at Tomi, A. D. 17. OVIEDO, a Spanish Jesuit, was bom at Illescas. In 1554 lie was consecrated bishop of Heliopolis, and went to Abyssinia, where he obtained the title of patriarch ; translated several works into Etliiopic, and died there in 1557. OVIEDO, Jonx Goxzales, a Spaniard, who soon .after the discovery of America visited the West Indies, to examine the na- tural productions of that part of the world. He published the result of his researches ; and, according to Fallopius, was the first who discovered the virtues of guaiacum in the cure of syphilis. Died, 1540. OVIEDO Y VALDES, Goxzalvo Hbr- iTANDEZ d', a Spanish military officer, who was intendant or inspector general of com- merce in America, in the reign of the em- peror Charles V. He wrote a complete " History of the Indies ; " from which suc- ceeding writers have drawn much of their information relative to the intercourse of the Spaniards with America. OWEN, Henry, a learned divine of the Church of England, was bom in Monmouth- shire, and educated first at Ruthin School, and next at Jesus College, Oxford, where he took his degree of M. D., but afterwards en- tered into orders, and obtained the vicarage of Edmonton, in Middlesex, and St. Olave, Hart Street. He died in 1795, aged 80. His chief works are, " Observations on the Scrip- ture Miracles," " Remarks on the Four Gos- pels," " An Inquiry into the Septuagint Version," " Sermons preaclied at Boyle's T^ecture," 2 vols. ; and " An Introduction to Hebrew Criticism." OWEN, John, an epigrammatist, was bom in Caernarvonshire ; was educated at Winchester, and New College, Oxford ; after which he became master of Warwick School, and died in 1622. His Latin epigrams pos- sess great point, and several of them are in- ferior only to those of Martial. OWEN, John, D. D., a learned independ- ent divine, was born at Stadham, in Ox- fordshire, in 1616, and educated at Queen's College. In the civil wars he was a zealous advocate for the parliament against the king ; and the very day after the murder of Charles I. he preached a sermon before the House of Commons, making himself so ac- ceptable to those in power, that Cromwell made him his cliaplain, and gave him the deanery of Christchurch, Oxford, where he served the office of vice-chancellor in 1652. At the Restoration he was deprived of his deanery ; on which he retired to his estate in Essex. He died in 1683. Dr. Owen was a very voluminous writer. His princi- pal works are, " An Exposition of the He- brews," 4 vols. ; a " Discourse concerning the Holy Spirit," a "Treatise on Original Sin," " VindiciBB Evangelicse," " Tracts and Sermons," &c. OWEN, John, a divine of the Church of England, was born in London, about 1765, and received his education at St. Paul's School, and at Cambridge. Having taken orders, he became a popular preacher at Fulham, and obtained from Bishop Porteus the living of Paglesham, in Essex. Dr. Ran- dolph, the successor of the bishop in the see of London, insisting upon Mr. Owen's re- sidence at his rectory, he was obliged to relinquish the curacy of Fulham, the in- habitants of which parish presented him with a purse of near 700?. He was one of the earliest members of the Bible Society, of which institution he continued to be the principal secretary till his death in 1822. Besides various tracts and sermons, he was the author of "The Retrospect, or Reflec- tions on the State of Religion and Politics in France and Great Britain," " The Chris- tian Monitor for the Last Days," " A''indica- tion of the Bible Society," its " History," &c. OWEN, Thomas, a learned judge, was bom at Condover, in Shropshire, and edu- cated at Oxford ; from whence he removed to Lincoln's Inn, where he became Lent reader to the Society, in 1583. In 1590 he was made serjeant-at-law, and afterwards a judge of the common pleas. Died, 1598. OWEN, William, an eminent English artist, was a native of Shropshire. After studying under Charles Catton, and receiving considerable attention from Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, he made great progress in the art, and in 1813 was appointed principal portrait painter to the prince regent, who offered to knight him, but he modestly declined the honour. He executed some admirable por- traits of distinguished statesmen, &c., and also employed himself occasionally on his- torical subjects, some of which were of a first- rate character. Born, 1769 ; died, 1824. OWTRAM, William, a learned English divine. He was prebendary of Westminster in the reign of Charles II., and wrote an ex- cellent treatise "De Sacrificiis." He died in 1679. OXENSTIERN, Axel, an eminent Swe- dish statesman, distinguished for profound sagacity, patriotism, and political honesty, was born in 1583. He was the favourite of Gustavus Adolphus, after whose death lie conducted the affairs of the kingdom with equal ability and integrity. Died, 1654 His sons John and Eiuc both distinguished themselves as diplomatists. OZANAM, James, an eminent French mathematician, was bom at Boligneux, in Brescia, in 1640. He was educated for the church i but on the death of his father he relinquished that pursuit, and applying to the study of the sciences, was for many years in high repute as a mathematical teacher. Died, 1717. He wrote a great num- ber of useful works, the principal of which are, " Dictionnaire des Mathematiques," " Cours des Mathematiques," 5 vols. ; " Re- criJations MathtJmatiques et Physiques," 4 vols. ; " La Perspective Theoretique et Pratique," &c. OZAROUSKI, Peter, bom in 1769, het- man of the crown of Poland ; was one of the most zealous of the partisans of Russia in destroying the new constitution of 1792. In the insurrection at Warsaw in 1794, his hotel was plundered, and himself hung before his door by the people. His two sons remained faithful to the patriot cause, and served in the Polish army. oze] ^ licUj ^nihexiaX 38i05rap]bl?' [I'AD OZELL, John, a miscellaneous writer, waa bom in England, of a French family, and was intended for the church, which pro- fession he declined, and obtained the ofticea of auditor-general of the city and bridge accounta, of the accounts of St. Paul's ca- thedral, and of St. Thomas's Hospital. His principal works are translations from the French, Italian, and Spanish, among which arc Kabelais, Don Quixote, and Moliere. He is described by Pope, in his Dunciad, as a man of consummate vanity ; which he re- sented by an extraordinary advertisement, signed with his name, in a paper, called "The Weekly Medley," wherein he drew a comparison between Pope and himself, of course very unfavourable to the former, with regard to their general learuing and poetical genius. Died, 1743. OZERETZKOFFSKY, Nicholas Yakov- LEVicH, one of the earliest members of the academy of sciences at St. Petersburgh ; au- thor of "Memoirs of the Progress of the Sciences in Russia, from 1803 to 1810," " Ele- ments of Natural History," and various other publications serviceable to the ad- Tancement of science and literature. Born, 1751 ; died, 1827. OZEROFF, Vladislas Alexandro- viTscu, a celebrated Russian tragic poet, was born in 1707 ; entered the army, in which he attained the rank of major-general, and afterwards obtained a civil appointment. He wrote the tragedies of "Fingal," "Deme- trius Donskol," " (Edipus," and " Polyx- ena," which exhibit beauties of a high or- der : he also wrote some lyric poems. Died, 1816. PA AW, Peter, an eminent Dutch phy- sician and botanist, bom at Amsterdam, in ! 1564. He was appointed professor of medi- j cine at Leyden, where he founded the bo- ! tanical garden, and published several works on anatomical and botanical subjects, which, though surpassed by subsequent productions, are still esteemed. Died, 1(517. PACATIANUS, Titus Julius Marinus, an usurper, who excited the Gauls to revolt in his favour in the reign of the emperor Philip ; but he was defeated and put to death by the troops which raised Decius to the throne, a.d. 249. PACATUS, Latijtus Drepanius, a Latin poet and orator of the 4th century, who was sent from Gaul to offer congratulations to Theodosius the Great after the defeat of Maximus, for which he was rewarded with a proconsulship in Africa, and in 393 with the oiBce of superintendant of the imperial lands. His poems are lost, but his pane- gyric on Theodosius was printed at Amster- dam, in 1753. PACCA, Cardinal, was bom at Bene- vento, 1756. After rising through the usual ecclesiastical degrees, and discharging the office of nuncio at various courts, he received from pope Pius VII. the cardinal's hat in 1801, drew up the famous bull which ex- communicated Napoleon in 1809, and was in consequence imprisoned at Fenestrella. In 1813 he rejoined Pius VII. atFontainebleau, where he induced him to withdraw the con- cessions a short time previously established with Napoleon by a concordat, returned to Rome with the pope in 1814, and finally retired from office in 1816, after having re- established the order of the Jesuits. Died, 1844. His interesting " Memoirs " have been translated into English by Sir G. Head. PACE, Richard, a learned and eloquent divine and statesman, was born in Ilamp- ] shire, in 1482, studied at Padua, and on his \ return became a member of Queen's College, Oxford, but soon afterwards accompanied Cardinal Bambridge to Rome. In 1515 he was sent to the court of Vienna, and in 1522 was made dean of Exeter. He was also dean of St. Paul's ; but, falling under the displea- sure of Wolsey, he lost his preferments, and retired to Stepney, where he died in 1532. He wrote a book on the lawfulness of Henry's marriage with Catharine of Arragon, " De Fructu Scientiarum," &c. ; and he enjoyed the friendship of Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and Cardinal Pole. PACIIYMERA, Georoe, a Greek histo- rian of the 14lli century, was born at Nice, of a noble family, and rose to high offices in church and state. He died in 1310. He wrote a "History of Michael Palajologus and Andronicus,'' published in Greek and Latin, at Rome, in 1666, in 2 vols, folio ; and a compendium of Aristotelic philosophy was published from his MSS. at Oxford in 1666. PACIANDI, Paul Maria, an Italian ecclesiastic, antiquary, and historian, was bom at Turin, in 1710. He studied at Bo- logna, became professor of philosophy at Genoa, and in 1761 he settled at Parma as librarian to the grand-duke, who also ap- pointed him his antiquary and director of some public works ; besides which he was historiographer of tlie order of Malta. He died in 1785. His principal works are, " A Series of Medals representing the most re- markable Events of the Government of Malta," " Monumenta Peloponnesia," 2 vols. 4to. ; and " Memoirs of the Grand Masters of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem," 3 vols. 4to. PACU VIUS, Marcus, a tragic Latin poet, was a native of Brundusium, and flourished at Rome about 154 b.c. He obtained great reputation by his tragedies, and was much esteemed by Laelius and Cicero, who placed him above Sophocles ; but we have nothing of his left by which to judge of his merits, except a few fragments in the "Corpus Poetarum." He died, aged 89, at Tarentum. PADILLA, Dos Johx dk, a noble Spa- niard, who espoused the cause of the people PAO] ^ iJ^rto Hm'bcrsal ISioarajil^w. [PAI during their arduous struggle for liberty, from 1420 to 1422. Being defeated and taken prisoner at the battle of Villalar, he was put to death on the following day, and met his fate with the heroism of a true patriot. Donna Maria, his heroic wife, partici- pated in all his labours, and after his death gained several advantages at the head of her troops, and defended Toledo for several months. She was at length deserted by the citizens, and retired to Portugal, where she died. PAGAN, Blaise Feansois, Count de, an eminent French military engineer, was born at Avignon, in 1604. He entered into the army at an early age, and lost an eye, in 1621, at the siege of Montauban. After this he distinguished himself on several occa- ' sions, particularly at the passage of the Alps and the barricade of Suza, where lie was the first to lead the way over a dan- gerous height. In 1642 he lost his sight en- tirely; notwithstanding which he pursued l^is military studies, and in 1645 published an excellent work, entitled " Traits de Fortification." Died, 1665. PAGANACCI, Jea.v, bom at Lyons, in 1729 ; died in 1797. His great work, the " Manuel des Ni^gocians," a commercial en- cyclopaadia, is justly esteemed in France. PAGANEL, Petek, a member of the French Legislative Assembly and Conven- tion, was born in 1745. He was chosen a deputy in 1791 ; and when, on the 10th of August, 1792, tlie unfortunate Louis XVI. sought an asylum in the hall of the represent- atives, he was one of the first to join in a deputation to the people, in order to restrain their violence ; yet he afterwards voted for the king's death. He was consequently obliged to quit France in 1816, and he died at Brussels in 1826. Paganel was the au- thor of " Essai Historique et Critique sur la Revolution Fran?aise," 3 vols., and some other works of minor importance. PAGANINI, NicoLO, the inimitable vio- linist, was born at Genoa, 1784. His father, who was a commission-broker by trade, but a great musical amateur, initiated him in the principles of music from his earliest years ; and the progress thus made under parental care was still further increased by subsequent instructions from Costa, RoUa, and Paer. His first public engagement was at Lucca. Here he found a zealous patroness in the Princess Bacchiochi, sister of Napo- leon ; but in 1813 he left Lucca for Milan, and three years later his reputation had so spread abroad, that the Leipsic Musical Ga- zette, no mean authority at that time, pro- nounced him the first violinist in the world. From this epoch dates his wondrous per- formance on a single string, which at a later period called forth such bursts of applause from innumerable audiences in Germany, France, and England. In 1828 he visited Vienna, where he met with an enthusiastic reception. Thence he visited the chief cities of Germany ; and in 1831 he made a musical tour through France and Eng- land, where he realised enormous sums, which, however, the gambling table swal- lowed up, frequently even with greater ra- pidity than he gained them. His last years were spent at his villa Gajona near Parma ; and he died at Nice, 1840. Tlie most ab- surd stories were circulated regarding Paga- nini during his lifetime ; nor did they cease even with his death. Crimes of the deepest dye were imputed to him without a vestige of foundation ; though it must be admitted that the singular cast of his countenance, his reserved character, his sudden bursts of passion, and tlie mysterious veil which he was fond of throwing around all his proceedings, were well fitted to awaken public curiosity, with its usual adjunct, ex- cessive credulity. PAGES, Francis Xavier, an indefati- gable French romance writer, &c., was born at Aurillac in 1745, and died at Paris in 1802. Among his numerous works are, "Histoire secrfete de la Revolution Fran- ?aise," 6 vols. 8vo., and "Nouveau Voyage autour du Monde, en Asie, en Amerique, et en Afrique, pr^ced^ d'un Voyage en Italic." PAGES, Pierre Marie Fransois, Vis- count de, a celebrated French navigator, was bom at Toulouse, in 1748. He sailed from Cape Francois, in St. Domingo, in 1797, with a view to explore the Indian Seas, and travel through China and Tartary to the Northern Ocean ; but on arriving at the Philippine Islands in October, 1768, and finding it im- possible to penetrate China, he went by sea to Bassora, and travelling through the desert to Syria, he reached France in December, 1771. He afterwards sailed in Kerguelen's expedition to the south pole, and on his re- turn proceeded as far as 81 degrees and a half of north latitude. He served in the American war, after which he retired to his estate in St. Domingo, where he was mur- dered during a revolt of the negroes in 1793. PAGI, Anthony, a famous Cordelier, who was four times provincial of his order. Born, 1624 ; died, 1699. He was tlie author of a " Critique on Baronius's Annals," 4 vols, folio, and a " Dissertation on the Con- sulates." His nephew, Francis Pagi, also a Cordelier, assisted his uncle in his great work on Baronius, and was the author of" Breviarium Historicochronologico-criti- cum," 4 vols. Died, 1721. PAGNINUS, S ANTES, a Dominican friar, born at Lucca, in 1466. He was an able classic and oriental scholar, and was em- ployed 25 years in translating the Scriptures, Leo X. furnishing him with all necessary expenses. He was also the author of a " Hebrew Lexicon and Grammar." PAHLEN, Peter, Count, descended from a noble Livonian family, was born, 1744. He was appointed military governor of Pe- tersburgh by the emperor Paul ; but fearing to fall a victim to the capricious disposition of that despot, he formed a conspiracy against him, caused him to be strangled in 1801, and proclaimed his son Alexander emperor. Soon afterwards he withdiew from public life. Died, 1826. PAINE, Thomas, a deistical and political writer, was born in 1737, at Thetford, in Norfolk, where his father, who was a Quaker, carried on the business of a staymaker, and brought up his son to it. He, however, sub- sequently became an exciseman, and wa« living at Lewes, in Sussex, when he lost his PAl] ^ ^m Hntbcrtfal 3S(0sra}j^ij. [PAJ situatioa in consequence of keeping a to- bacconist's shop, wliich was considered in- compatible -witli his duties. His literary abilities having appeared in a pamphlet com- posed by him in order to show the necessity of advancing the salaries of excisemen, he was introduced to Dr. Franklin, who urged him to go to America, and use liis pen in be- half of the colonies. lie accordingly went there, and reached Philadelphia in 1774. At first he conducted the PennsylvaniaGazette, which from the boldness of its arguments attracted considerable notice. He then pub- lished his celebrated pamphlet, entitled " Common Sense," which being written witli great vigour, and addressed to a highly ex- cited population, had a prodigious sale, and undoubtedly accelerated the famous De- claration of Independence. For this pro- duction the legislature of Pennsylvania voted him 5007. He was afterwards also re- warded with a grant of 500 acres of well cul- tivated land from the state of New York, and made clerk to the committee for foreign affairs. While in this office he published a series of political pamphlets on what he termed the " Crisis." In 1787 he embarked for France, and, after visiting Paris, went to England, with a view to the prosecution of a project relative to the construction of an iron bridge, of liis own invention, at Rotherham, in Yorkshire. This scheme involved him in considerable difficulties ; but his writings, in which he foretold, or rather recommended, the change that was approaching in France, brought him a supply of money. On tlie ap- pearance of Burke's Keflections on the French Revolution, he wrote the first part of his celebrated " Rights of Man," in answer to that work. The second part was published early in 1792 ; and. May the 21st, in that year, a proclamation was issued against wicked and seditious publications, evidently alluding to, though it did not name, the " Rights of Man. On the same day, the attorney-general commenced a prosecution against Paine as the author of that work. While the trial was pending, he was chosen member of the National Convention for the department of Calais ; and, making his es- cape, he set off for France, and arrived there in September, 1792. The garrison at Calais were under arms to receive this " friend of liberty," the tri-coloured cockade was pre- sented to him by the mayor, and the hand- somest woman in the town was selected to place it in his hat. Meantime Paine had been declared in Paris worthy of the honours of citizenship, and he proceeded thither, wliere he was received with every demonstra- tion of extravagant joy. On the trial of Louis XVI., he voted against the sentence of death, proposing his imprisonment during the war, and his banishment afterwards. This conduct offended the Jacobins, and, towards the close of 1793, he was excluded from the convention, on the ground of his being a foreigner (.though naturalised) ; and, immediately after, he was arrested, and com- mitted to the Luxembourg. Just before his confinement, he had finished the first part of his work, entitled the " Age of Rea- son ;" and, having confided it to the care of Ilia friend Joel Barlow, it was published. 661 On the fall of Robespierre he was released ; in 1795 he published the second part of his " Age of Reason ;" and, in May 1796, he ad- dressed to the council of five linndred a work, entitled the " Decline and Fall of the System of Finance in England," and also published liis pamphlet, entitled "Agrarian Justice." Fearful of being captured by English cruisers, he remained in France till August, 1802v when he embarked for America, and reached Baltimore the following Octo- ber. His subsequent life was by no means happy ; for, although occupied in various mechanical speculations, and other engross- ing pursuits, and possessed of decent com- petence, his attacks upon religion had ex- ceedingly narrowed his circle of acquaint- ance ; and his habitual intemperance tended to the injury of his health, and the bltimate production of a complication of disorders, to which he fell a victim in 1809. The Quakers refused to admit his remains among their dead, and he waa buried on his own farm. Cobbett boasted of having disinterred him in 1817, and brought his body to England ; many, however, assert that Cobbett did not talu that trouble, but brought over from A^trica the remains of a criminal, wlio had been executed. PAISIELLO, Giovanni, a celebrated singer and composer, was the son of a vete- rinary surgeon of Tarento, in Italy, and born in 1741. He was put under the care of the celebrated Durante, and, in 1763, pro- duced his first opera, " La Papilla," with great applause, at the Marsigli Theatre, in Bologna. From this period commenced a long career of success ; and his works were not only applauded in Italy, but extended his fame over the whole Continent. In 1796 he was induced to enter the service of Catharine II. of Russia, who settled upon him a pension of 4000 roubles, and he re- mained there nine years. He next settled at Naples ; and, on the French revolu- tion extending to that country, he received from the republican government the appoint- ment of composer to the nation. In 1801 he went to Paris at the request of Buona- parte ; but, after having been there three years, he returned to Naples, where he died in 1816. His operas, serious and comic, exceed 70, besides a great variety of ballets, cantatas, &c. Simplicity, elegance, and I correctness are the characteristics of his style. PAJOL, Pierre, a distinguished soldier, was bom at Besan(;on, 1772. Entering the army in 1791, he served in all the campaigns of the Republic, and gradually rose to the highest military honours. Nominated ge- neral of division in 1812, he commanded the vanguard in the Russian campaign, when he took Minsk and some other towns ; was left for dead at the battle of Leipsic in 1813, recaptured Montereau from the allies in 1814, and had gained possession of Namur, at the moment when the battle of Water- loo decided the fate of France. He then retired from the service of his country, but re-entered it in 1830, when the revo- lution of July broke out, and directed the attack of the Parisians upon Rambouillet, which led to the flight of Charles X. For 81. PAJ] 91 ^elt) Winibtx^al 3St0srap]^ii, [pal these services he was made a peer of France. Died. 1844. PAJOU, AuGUSTiN, an eminent French sculptor, was boru at Paris, in 1730 ; gained the prize at the academy when 18 years of age ; studied at Rome, where he re- mained for 12 years ; and obtained on his re- turn a first- rate reputation from his country- men, who called him the restorer of the art. Died, 1809. PALyEMON, Quintus Rhemmius, a gram- marian, who lived at Rome in the reign of Tiberius. He was the son of a slave at Vicenza, and acquired his learning by at- tending on the son of his master at school, in consequence of which he was rewarded with his freedom, and became a teacher at Rome. There are extant, under liis name, " Ars Grammatica " and " De Ponderibua et Mensuris." PALAFOX, Don Joseph, immortalised by his lieroic defence of Saragossa in 1808-9, was sprung from an old Arragonese family, and liaving entered the military service of Spain at an early age, accompanied Fer- dinand to Bayonne ; but, on tlie resignation of that monarch, he returned to Arragon, and lived in retirement at a short disWnce from Saragossa. Proclaimed governor of Saragossa by the people who saw themselves menaced on all sides by the armies of France, he took instant measures to sustain a siege ; and such was the effect of liis combined in- telligence and determination, that with a comparative handful of men, the city man- fully resisted an overwlielming force, and at length compelled the French general to re- treat after a siege of 61 days and the loss of thousands of his men. But the reduction of Saragossa was of too great importance to the French for them not to strain every nerve to accomplish it ; and Marshals Mortier and Moncey marched in November of the same year, at the head of a large army, to recom- mence the siege. After suffering two defeats before Saragossa, Palafox once, more retired within its walls, and commenced the same vigorous course of action whicli had been already crowned with success ; but on this occasion all his efforts were in vain ; the besiegers were backed by a force more terrible than themselves : an epidemic fever was raging in the garrison ; and Palafox who was attacked by it, was obliged to resign the command on tlie 20th February, to General St. Marc, who signed the capitulation on the following day. Palafox was now sent into France, and remained a close prisoner at Vincennes, till the restoration of Ferdinand, by whom he was sent on a secret mission to Madrid. In June, 1814, he was appointed cap- tain general of Arragon ; but, for nearly 30 years before his death, he took no part in pub- lic affairs. Born. 1780. Died at Madrid, 1847. PALAFOX Y MENDOZA, Juax de, bishop of Angelopolis, in New Spain, where he became viceroy in the absence of the Duke de Escalona. His principal work is a " History of the Conquest of Cliina by the Tartars." Died, 1659. PALAPRAT, John de Bigot, a French dramatist, was born in 1650, at Toulouse ; of which city he became chief magistrate, and head of the consistory. Died, 1721. Many of his comedies were written in conjunction with the Abbe Brueys. PALESTRINA, Giovanni Pietro Aloi- sio, the most celebrated master of the old Roman school of music, was born at Pales- trina, the ancient Preneste, about the begin- ning of the 16th century. He died iu 1594. Some of his pieces are still performed in the Sistine chapel at Rome. PALEY, William, an eminent divine of the English church, was born at Peter- borough, in 1743 ; and was educated as a sizar at Christ's College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1766. For ten subsequent years he resided at the university; but in 1776 he obtained the vicarages of Dalston, in Cumberland, and Appleby, in Westmoreland. In 1780 he was collated to a prebend in the cathedral of Carlisle, of which diocese he became archdeacon in 1782, and in 1785 he was appointed chan- cellor. In that year he published his great work, " The Elements of Moral and Political Philosophy," in 1 vol. 4to. His next pub- lication was entitled " Horas Paulinae." In 1793 he vacated Dalston, on being presented to the vicarage of Stanwix, near Carlisle ; and the year following he printed "A View of the Evidences of Christianity," 2 vols. 8vo. The same year he was instituted to the pre- bend of St. Pancras in the diocese of London, and soon afterwards was promoted to the sub-deanery of Lincoln. In 1795 he took his doctor's degree on being presented to the living of Bishops Wearmouth, where he wrote his last work, entitled " Natural Theo- logy, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity." Besides the above excellent productions. Dr. Paley published BOine smaller works; and a volume of sermons appeared after his death, which took place in 1805. PALISSY, Bernard de, a celebrated French potter and chemist, was bom at Agen, and for his ingenuity in painting on glass and other works was patronised by Henry III. He made considerable discoveries in natural history, and is said to have been the first who gave a true theory of fountains. Palissy was a zealous Calvinist ; and, during the fury of the league under Henry III. in 1584, he was committed to the Bastile. Died, 1590. PALISSOT DE BEAUVOIS, Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph, an eminent natu- ralist, was born at Arras, in the French Netherlands, in 1752. After studying at the college of Harcourt, at Paris, he was, in 1772, admitted a counsel of the parliament of that city ; and subsequently became re- ceiver-general of territorial imposts, till the suppression of that office in 1777. He then devoted himself to the study of natural history, and he undertook a voyage to the coast of Guinea, with an intention to travel across the African continent to Egypt ; but being unable to execute that design, he sailed for St. Domingo, in 1788, and there occupied some official situations. Having opposed the revolutionary attempts of the negroes, he with difficulty effected his escape to America, purposing to return to France, when he learnt that he had been proscribed as an emigrant. He occupied himself while pal] ^ ^tbi Bnibtr^Kl 23tOflrapT)«, [pal in America as a teacher of languages and as I a musician, but he did not neglect his favourite pursuits ; and on hearing that his name had been erased from the proscribed list, he returned to his native country, tak- ing with liim the rich collection of natural curiosities which he had formed. He died in 1820. PALISSOT DE MONTENOY, Chari.es, a French dramatist, born at Nancy, in 1730. Having given great oflFence to the philoso- phical party of the French literati, by ridi- culing Rousseau, lie was engaged in a series of controversies, and in 17i;4 he published his "Dunciade," in imitation of tlie satire of Pope. He wrote " Le Cercle," " Les Philosophes," and some other comedies; besides " Memoires Bur la Litt^rature Fran^aise," &c. , and died in 1814. PALLADINO, James, an Italian prelate, who was also called James de Tcramo, from the place of his birth. He became succes- sively archbishop of Tarento, Florence, and Spoleto ; and in 1417 was sent legate to Poland, where he died the same year. He wrote a religious romance, entitled " Conso- latio Peccatorum." PALLADIO, Andrea, one of the greatest classical architects of modem Italy, was born at Vicenza, in 1,518, and learnt the principles of his art from Trissino. He went to Rome, where he acquired a maturity of skill and science from an examination or the productions of ancient and modern art which that capital afforded. Returning to his native country, he establislied his fame by his de- signs for many noble edifices both there and in other parts of Italy, which have afforded models for many beautiful structures in most parts of Europe. He wrote a " Treatise on Architecture," which has been many times reprinted, lie was likewise the author of a work, entitled " Le Antichita di Roma," and an illustration of Caesar's Commentaries. Died, 1580. PALLAS, the freedman of the emperor Claudius, over whom he had so great an ascendancy as to persuade him to espouse Agrippina his niece, and to adopt Nero for his successor. Nero caused him to be put to death secretly, but erected a superb monument to his memory. Pallas was brother to the Felix before whom St. Paul pleaded. PALLAS, Peter Simon, a celebrated traveller and naturalist, was bom at Berlin, in 1741 ; and studied at Halle, Gottingen, and Leydcn. Tlie empress Catharine, seeking for a naturalist to explore her immense em- pire, invited Pallas to Petersburgh, and, in 1777, he became a member of the committee for the measurement and topography of Russia. As it was his desire to reside in the Crimea, the empress gave him several estates in the most fertile part of it. There he remained 15 years ; but at length he quitted Ilussia, and settled at Berlin, where he died in 1811. Among his numerous works are his "Travels," which Saussure denominated an inexhaustible mine for the naturalist and statesman -, " Historical Do- cuments on the Monguls," and a " Physi- cal and Topographical Description of the Taurida." PALLAVICINO, Sfokza, a learned and pious cardinal, was born at Rome, in 1647. He was employed by pope Innocent X. in various important affairs, and obtained a cardinal's hat in 1657. He wrote a "His- tory of the Council of Trent," 2 vols. ; and died, 1667. PALLISER, Sir Huon, an English ad- miral, was bom in 1721. He entered into the navy early in life, and distinguished himself on many occasions, particularly at the taking of Quebec. In 1773 he was made a baronet ; but being second in command to Admiral Keppel, in the memorable battle off Ushant, July 27. 1778, some misunder- standing took place, and these two officers preferred charges against each other. Kep- pel was acquitted, and Palliser censured. This sentence, however, was considered as more the effect of party than of justice ; and he was made governor of Greenwich Hospi- tal, where he died in 179C. PALM, James Philip, a citizen and bookseller of Nureml)erg, who, in 180(5, being accused of having distributed a pamphlet against Buonaparte, entitled " Germany in her deepest Humiliation," was arbitrarily arrested, by virtue of an order sent from Paris, and conducted to Brennau, where he was arraigned before a military commission, pronounced guilty, and shot. This act of tyranny was everywhere regarded with horror. Palm was considered throughout Germany as a martyr, and public subscrip- tions were entered into for his widow and children. PALMA, Jacob, a painter, was a native of Serinalto, in the territory of Bergamo, and the disciple of Titian, to whose style he also added that of Giorgione. His pictures are very fine and rare. Died, 1588 His great nephew, Jacob Palma, who resided at Venice, and whose paintings are also much admired, was bom in 1544, and died in 1C28. PALMEI<LA, Duke of, a distinguislied Portuguese statesman, was bom in 1781. He took an active part in all the political trou- bles of his country during the last 30 or 40 years ; and it was owing to his aid and coun- sels that the queen of Portugal was indebted, in a great measure, for her establishment on the throne of her ancestors. A very consider- able part of his life was dedicated to the diplomatic service of his country, which he represented at the congress of Vienna and in liOndon. In 1820 he made a fmitless voyage to Brazil, to pacify the revolution which had burst forth. He was also selected to attend at the coronation of Queen Victoria ; and his great wealth enabled him to vie on that occasion with the representatives of the other courts of Europe. He was several times called on to offer advice to his sovereign, but only held office for a limited period. Died, 18-.0. PALMER, JoHx, an eminent English actor, was born in London, about 1742, and made his first appearance in the metropolis at the Haymarket Theatre. He was after- wards engaged by Garrick at Drury Lane, and gradually rose to eminence in his pro- fession, both in comedy and tragedy. He unfortunately involved himself in great 3 L 2 pal] ^ ^c£d Bnibtv^Kl 23tflgrajil)i?. [PAO pecuniary difficulties, by engaging in the building of a new theatre near Wellclose Square, for which a licence could not be obtained ; and his career was dosed by a truly tragic catastrophe. While performing the principal character in " The Stranger," at Liverpool, Aug. 2. 1798, he i'ell on the stage in a state of exhaustion, and almost immediately expired, having just exclaimed, in the words of the drama, " There is an- other and a better world 1 " PALMER, John, the first projector of mail-coaches, was a native of Bath, where he was brought up as a brewer, but subse- quently solicited and obtained a patent for a theatre in his native city, which concern proved eminently successful under his ma- nagement. Being much in the habit of travelling from place to place, for the pur- pose of securing rising performers, the idea occurred to him that a better mode of con- veying the mails was most desirable, and he accordingly matured the plan of transmit- ting letters by coaclies with guards, now su- perseded by tlie railway. He succeeded in his object, though not without great opposi- tion ; but the utility of the plan soon became manifest, and he was made comptroller- general of the iK)st-office, with a salary of 1500/. a year. Some disputes, however, occur- ring, he lost his situation in 1702 ; and though he afterwards, through petitions, was re- imbursed by parliament, the compensation was very inadequate to the per ceutage he was to have received, in case his plan suc- ceeded. Died. 1818. PALMER, Samuel, an English printer of considerable eminence ; author of a " Gene- ral History of Printing " and a " Printer's Grammar." Died, 1732. PALOMINO DE VELASCO, Aciscles Antonio, an eminent Spanish painter, was bom near Cordova, in 1053, and was a pupil of Valdes. He was apiK)inted royal painter, with a pension ; and he distinguished him- self also as an author, having written a work on'the theory and practice of painting, with the lives of the most celebrated artists, &c. Died, 1726. PAMPHIIJUS, an ancient painter, who flourished in the time of Philip, king of Macedon. He was the first who taught the art on mathematical principles, in his school at Sicyon ; and Apelles was one of his scholars, PANARD, Charles Francis, a French poet and dramatist, born at Courville, near Chartres, in 1001 ; died, at Paris, in 1764. He was the author of numerous comedies, operas, and songs. PANCIROLIJS, Gi-r, an eminent Italian civilian, was born, at Reggio, in 1523. He became professor of the Institutes at Padua ; and, after filling that chair seven years, was appointed to that of the Roman law, but resigned it in 1571, to go to Turin, where lie obtained the professorship of civil law. In 1582 he returned to Padua, where he died, in 1500 ; having given to the world several excellent works on jurisprudence, besides a curious treatise on the aucient inventions which are lost, and on those in- ventions which belong to the moderns. PANCOUCKE, Charles Joseph, an eminent bookseller, and also a man of lite- rary talent, was born, in 1736, at Lisle, where his father had carried on a highly respectable business, and likewise distin- guished himself as an author. He settled at Paris, became connected with the most able writers, and published many magni- ficent works. He established the Moniteur, projected the Encyclopedic Methodique, and was himself the author of " De I'Homme et de la Reproduction des Diff>5rents Individus," and other works. Died, 1798. PANETIUS, a stoic philosopher, was a native of Rhodes, and flourished l.W b. c. He studied at Athens with such credit as to be offered the rights of citizenship, which he refused, saying, " a modest man is content with one country." PANIN, Nakita Ivanowitz, Count de, a Russian statesman, was bom in 1718. His father, who was a lieutenant-general in the service of Peter I., was originally of Lucca, in Italy. Young Panin, by his artful address, gained the favour of his sovereign, who sent him, in 1747, to Copenhagen, and afterwards to Stockholm, with the title of minister plenipotentiary. On his return he was made governor of the grand-duke, and, lastly, prime minister to Catharine II. Died, 1783. PANT^NUS, a Christian philosopher of the stoic sect, in the 2nd century. He is sup- posed to have been a native of Alexandria, and to have taught philosophy there about A.D. 180. He went on a mission to Ethiopia, from whence he is said to have brought the gospel of St. Matthew, written in Hebrew. Died, 213. PAOLI, Hyacinth, a native of Corsica, who was elected one of the chief magistrates of the island in 1735. On account of the revolutions which distracted his country, and the oppressions of the Genoese, he re- tired to Naples, where he died. PAOLI, Pascal, a Corsican patriot and general, son of the preceding, was bom in 1720, at Stretta, in Corsica ; followed his father into exile ; and was educated at the Jesuits' College, at Naples. In 1775, his countrymen having elected him their gene- ralissimo, he returned to Corsica, where he acted with such vigour against the Genoese, that he confined their dominion within the narrow limits of the fortified seaports, while he exerted himself in promoting such objects as were best calculated to secure the inde- pendence of the republic. The Genoese, however, having made a transfer of the island to France, that power sent such an overwhelming force into it as compelled Paoli again to be an exile ; and, embarking on board an English vessel, went to England, where he obtained from the government a pension of 1200Z. a year. In 1789 the island was recognised, by a decree of the National Assembly, as a department of France ; and Paoli, being invited to resume his station at the head of affairs, resigned his pension, took his departure from England, and, in 1700, attended by deputies from Corsica, presented himself at the bar of the National Assembly at Paris, where he was received with enthusiasm, and took the oath of fidelity to the French government. The pap] ^ ^ctD Bin^tx^nl JJiOflraplbS' [par progress of the revolution disappointed the hopes which he had conceived ; but he con- tinued the connection with France till after the execution of Louis XVI., when he aban- doned his allegiance, and was invested with his original dignities of the president of the national council, and commander-in-chief of the island. lie was encouraged to adopt these measures by tlie promise of assistance from Great Britain ; and in February, 1794, an English army landed in Corsica. On the 14th ot June following, a meeting took place of deputies from the different parts of the island, when, through the influence of Paoli, a decree was made declaring the separation of Corsica from France, and its union to the British empire. Shortly after, Paoli revisited London ; and, being in embar- rassed circumstances, owing to a commer- cial failure at Leghorn, the English govern- ment restored lus pension ; ajid he continued to reside in the metropolis till liis death, in 1807. PAPIN, Den'YS, an eminent natural phi- losopher and physician, was l)orn at Blois, in France. After taking the degree of M.D., he visited England ; and, in 1G80, became a fellow of the Royal Society. While here he made many attempts to bring the steam- engine to perfection, and i>ublished an ac- count of an invention, which still bears his name. His work is entitled "The New Digester, or Engine for the Softening of Bones," 4to. Papin assisted Mr. Boyle in his pneumatic experiments ; and, on leaving England, he went to Marpurg, where he was made mathematical professor in 1687, and died in 1710. PAPINIAN, JEmilius, a celebrated Roman lawyer, was bom in the year 175 ; and became advocate of the treasury, and afterwards praetorian prefect under the em- peror Severus, who recommended his sons, Caracalla and Geta, to his care. When the former murdered his brother, he ordered Papinian to justify the deed, which he not only refused, but nobly observed, that it was easier to commit a parricide than to excuse it, and that slander of innocence was a second parricide. He was accordingly soon after put to death, a. d. 212. PAPON, John Petei:, an ingenious writer, was born in Puget, near Nice, in 1736. He was a priest of the congregation of the Ora- tory, but he quitted that society to become keeper of the library at Marseilles. During the stormy era of the revolution, he removed to the Puy de Dome ; and, after remaining there some years, he returned to Paris, where he died in 1803. His principal works are, " Histoire g^ntSrale de Provence," 4 vols. ; for which he obtained a pension ; and " Histoire de la Revolution de France," 6 vols., a post- humous publication. PARACELSUS, Philipfus Aureolus TuEOPHHASTUs, tt Celebrated Swiss empiric and alchemist, was born at Einsiedelm, near Zurich, in 1493. He travelled through France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, with a view to improvement in medicine, and the arts and sciences connected with it, especially chemistry. In the course of his travels he became acquainted with some remedies not in common use among the faculty, by means 665 of which he performed extraordinary cures, and obtained great reputation. Yet it is evident that he was an impudent charlatan ; for, not contented with the fame he had acquired by the boldness of his practice, he boasted of an intercourse with spirits, the possession of the philosopher's stone, the elixir of life, &c. He died, at Salzburg, in 1541. PARADISI, Count JoHX, bom in Modena, in 17liO. He was a director of the Cisalpine republic, and president of the senate of Na- poleon's kingdom of Italy. Author of " Re- cherche suUa Vibrazione delle Lamine Elas- tiche," " II Vitalizzio, Commedia," &c. PARE', Ambrose, called the father of French surgery, was born at Laval, about the beginning of the ICth century. He was a bold and successful operator, particularly in the practice of tying divided arteries, and in liis treatment of gun-shot wounds. He was successively surgeon to Henry II., Fran- cis II., Charles IX., and Henry III. ; and died in 1590. PAREJA, JuAK DE, a painter, was bom in the West Indies, in 1610, and became the slave of Diego Velasquez. In the absence of his master, Pareja amused himself in draw- ing and copying his works, but secretly, for fear of giving offence. Philip IV., king of Spain, coming one day to visit Velasquez, Pareja contrived to place one of his own i)ic- tures in his way, with which his majesty was extremely pleased. The slave then fell on his knees, and besought the king to ask his master to forgive him. Philip not only did this, but obtained him his liberty ; but the faithful Pareja would not quit Velasquez till his death. His portraits are very fine. He died in 1670. PARINI, Joseph, an eminent Italian poet, was bora in 1729, at Bosizio, in the Milanese. He raised himself to eminence by his talents, which he employed in sati- rising the vices and follies of the age. He first exerted his poetical abilities to procure the means of support for himself and his widowed mother ; but he was obliged to struggle through nearly 20 years of obscurity and indigence, ere he emerged into reputa- tion and competence. He was professor of belles lettres, eloquence, and the fine arts, at Milan ; and died in 1799. His works form 6 vols. 8vo. PARIS, Felix, bom in 1769 ; notary to the revolutionary tribunal. When La Pel- letier was assassinated by Paris, he took the name of Fabricius, and attached himself to Danton. When Robespierre wanted to de- stroy the latter, Paris exerted every effort to save him, by giving timely warning to tlie latter's naturally bold insouciance. He told him that he would be arrested in the night, and even went to meet him at the opera, to prevent his going home ; but Danton's fate prevailed. Paris was directly after sentenced to the guillotine, but escaped. PARIS, Francis, commonly called the Abh6 Paris, was born in the French capital, where his father was counsellor to the par- liament ! but the son embraced the ecclesias- tical life, and devoted himself to devotion and charity. He died in 1727, and was buried in the cemetery of St. Medard, where the Jan- pae] ^ ^c&i Winibtv^Kl Btflsray^g. [par senists pretend<id that miracles were wrought at his tomb ; in consequence of which such crowds resorted to the place, that the govern* ment caused the churchyard to be walled up in 1732. PARIS, Matthew, a Benedictine monk of St. Alban's. He was a mathematician, poet, divine, and historian ; and is said to have been a man of great accomplishments and of rare integrity. His principal work is "A History of the World, from tlie Creation to the Conquest ;" which lie afterwards con- tinued to 12,59, the year in whicli he died. PARISEAU, N. DE, born in 1753 ; a cele- brated victim of the " mistakes " of the guil- lotine. Pariseau was director of the opera ballets at Paris, and ardently espoused the cause of the revolution in "La Feuille du Jour." He was arrested by the revolutionary tribunal in 1793, and beheaded by mistake, instead of Parisot, a captain of the king's guard. PARISOT, or NORBERT, Petek, a Ca- puchin, was born at Bar-le-Duc, iulG97. In 173(5 he went as a missionary to the East Indies ; but having quarrelled with the Jesuits, they had him removed to America. He returned to Europe in 1744 ; and soon after published a work, entitled " Historical Memoirs relative to t)ie Missions in the Indies," which giving offence to his own order, as well as the Jesuits, he withdrew to England, where he established two manu- factories of tapestry. After visiting part of Germany and the Peninsula, he at length returned to his native country, became re- conciled to his order, and again abjured it. His most important work is a " History of the Society of Jesus, from its first foimdation by Ignatius Loyola." Died, 1770. PARK, Sir James Allan, an eminent English lawyer, was bom at Newington, Surrey, and was educated at the free gram- mar school at Northampton. He was called to the bar in 1784, and speedily brought him- self into notice by tlie profound knowledge he displayed in mercantile law and marine insurance. A work which he published on this latter subject rapidly became the com- plete text book of the profession, and con- tinues so to this day. At the bar he was an admirable speaker ; and when raised to the bench in 1816, as one of the justices of the court of common pleas, he proved himself a no less admirable judge. In addition to the legal work of which we have made men- tion, he published, in 1801, " An Earnest Exhortation to a Frequent Reception of the Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, ad- dressed to Young Persons, by a Layman." Died, 1839. PARK, MuNoo, the celebrated Afiican traveller, was born in 1771, at Fowlshiels, near Selkirk, Scotland, and brought up to the medical profession. After having made a voyage to the East Indies, as a ship's surgeon, he was engaged, in 1795, by the African Society, to penetrate into the interior of Africa, and explore the course of the Niger. He arrived on the coasts of Senegal in June, 1795, and in December proceeded from Pisania on Ms adventurous journey. On the 20th of July following, he came in sight of the long sought river; but after 605 tracing it for a considerable distance, he was under the necessity of desisting from his enterprise, owing to the state of destitution to which he had been reduced. He accord- ingly returned towards the coast, and arrived in England at the end of the year 1797. Of his interesting discoveries he published an account in his " Travels in the Interior of Africa." He then returned to Scotland, married, and entered upon tlie practice of his profession at Peebles ; nor would he in all probability have again exposed himself to fresh perils, but for the extraordinary in- ducement held out to him by government to take tlie command of a second expedition. He took with him 30 Europeans, of whom 30 were soldiers, and the rest mechanics ; and he was liberally provided with presents and merchandise. Some time having elapsed without any intelligence being received of him, Isaaco his interpreter (who had been sent back with communications from the Niger) was despatched to procure informa- tion. He succeeded in finding the person who had taken his place as interpreter, and from him received a journal, containing an account of the voyage, from which it appeared that the party was attacked by the natives at Boussa, and all killed with the exception of one slave. This account has been subse- quently confirmed by Clapperton and the Landers. The journal of Park's second ex- pedition was published in 1815. PARK, Thomas, a celebrated biblio- grapher, who, after having published many works, and been admitted a fellow of the society of antiquaries, withdrew his name from its roll, and retired to Hampstead ; where he devoted his latter days to aflfairs of I a purely local nature. He died in 1834, aged 75. PARKE, John, a celebrated musician, born in 1745, was the best hautboy player of his time, and succeeded Fischer at "Vauxhall, in 1770. About the same time Garrick en- gaged him, on very liberal terms, to play at Drury Lane, and in 1783 he was attached to the Carlton House band at a yearly salary of KM. He was now in the highest reputation ; he performed at the concert of ancient music, at the best private con- certs, and was also regularly engaged at the great provincial music meetings. Died, 1829. PARKER, He.vry, lord Morley, a noble- man of the lethcentury, wasoneof the barons who signed the declaration to pope Clement VII., threatening him with the loss of his supremacy if he refused his consent to the divorce of Henry VIII. He wrote "A Decla- ration of the 94th Psalm," and is said to have been the author of several tragedies and comedies, but not even the names of them are on record. 1 PARKER, Matthew, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born at Norwich, in 1504, and j received his education at Corpus Cliristi ! College, Cambridge. He was a prelate of i great learning and accomplishments, and ! was zealous in promoting the Reformation, j and in restraining the encroachments of the ! puritans. During the reign of Mary he j narrowly escaped being burnt ; but when ! Elizabeth came to the throne he was con- par] <M ^c&) ^uibertfal 3BtosrapT)2f. [par secrated archbishop of Canterbury ; in which high station he conducted himself with great prudence and firmness. lie died May 17. 1573, and was buried in the eliapel at Lam- beth ; but during the Cromwellian usurpa- tion his tomb was demolislied, and his bones lay scattered about, till Dugdale deposited them in the midst of the chapel. The archbishop published a sermon preached at the funeral of Bucer ; and besides his share in the reformed liturgy, l>e was principally concerned in the Bisliops' Bible. He was also an eminent antiquary, as appears in his editions of the old English historians, and his work, **De Antiquitate BritaunicsB Ecclesiae." PARKER, Richard, an English sailor, notorious as the ringleader of the mutineers on board Admiral Bridport's squadron, lying at the Nore, in 1797. IJe was born at Exeter about 17t>0, received a decent educa- tion, and entered into the navy. Being on board the fleet at the Nore at the time of the mutiny, he took a very active part in it, was made principal of the delegates, and so far acquired the confidence of the men by his boldness and talent, that they appointed him admiral of the fleet, lie ruled with great authority for some time ; but the revolt having at length been suppressed, through tlie prudent management and firmness of Lord Howe, Parker was tried at Sheerness, condemned, and hanged on board the Sand- wich, to wliich ship he had belonged, June 30. 1797. PARKER, Samuel, bishop of Oxford in the reign of James II., was born at North- ampton, in 1640. lie was educated at Wad- ham College, Oxford, from whence he re- moved to Trinity College. In 1(505 he became a fellow of the Royal Society, and published a work in Latin, entitled " i"entamina Phy- sico-Theologica de Deo ;" for which Arch- bishop Sheldon made him one of his chap- lains, and gave him the archdeaconry of Canterbury. He also obtained a prebend in that church, and other preferments : in re- turn for which he displayed his zeal by writing against the Nonconformists, in a " Discourse of Ecclesiastical Polity." At the commencement of the next reign he was made bishop of Oxford, and constituted by manda- mus president of Magdalen College, Oxford. He wrote many works, among others a " De- monstration of the Divine Authority of the Law of Nature and the Christian Religion ;" but though he was a prelate of considerable learning, he was contemptible from his ver- satility and time-serving disposition. Died, 1687. PARKES, Samuel, an ingenious and scientific chemist, was bom in 1759, at Stour- bridge, in Worcestershire ; and was educated at Market Harborough, under Dr. Addington. He was an eminent experimental chemist, belonged to several literary and philosophical institutions, and was the author of some very useful works, viz. a " Chemical Cate- chism," "Rudiments of Chemistry," an " Essay on the Utility of Chemistry in the Arts and Manufactures," and " Chemical Essays," He died in 1825. PARKHURST, John, a learned divine, was bom at Catesby, in Northamptonshire, and educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge. He published a " Greek and English Lexi- con," also a " Hebrew and English Lexicon," and a tract in defence of the divinity of Je- sus Christ. Though he was in holy orders, he held no preferment ; and being possessed of an independent fortune, he devoted him- self entirely to literary pursuits. He died at Epsom, in Surrey, in 1797. PARKINSON, Thomas, an eminent ma- thematician, was bom at Kirkham, in Lan- cashire, in 1745, and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge. He became rector of Kegworth, archdeacon of Leicester, chan- cellor of Chester, and a prebendary of St. Paul's, London. In 1789 he published " A System of Mechanics and Hvdrostatics," a work of great value ; and, while at college, he was employed by the board of longitude in the laborious calculation of tables of the series of parallax and refraction. Died, 1830. PARMENIDES, a Greek philosopher of the Eleatic school, in the 5th century b. c. He was highly esteemed by the ancients, not merely as a speculative pliilosopher, but as the wise lawgiver of Elea. PARNELL, TuoMAS, a poet and divine, was born in Dublin, in 1079 ; educated at Trinity College ; and, in 1705, presented to the archdeaconry of Clogher. He was con- nected with Addison, Congreve, Steele, and other Whigs in power ; but later in life he was the friend of Swift and Pope, the latter of whom gave the works of Parnell to the press. His poems are pleasing, sprightly, and harmonious ; while in sentiment they are elegant and pure in morals. He ob- tained a prebend in Dublin cathedral and the vicarage of Finglass. Died, 1717. PARR, Thomas, an extraordinary in- stance of longevity, was born in Shropshire in 1483. He was bred to husbandry, in which he laboured after he was 130 years old. Ten years before this he married a widow ; and he exhibited every sign of health, when, in 1635, the Earl of Arundel took him to the court of Charles I., where he died through the change of air and mode of living, at the age of 152 years and 9 months. His body was opened by Dr. Harvey, who dis- covered no internal marks of decay A grandson of Parr died in Shropshire, at the age of 120. PARK, Catharine, the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII. In 1547 she married Sir Thomas Seymour, lord admiral of Eng- land, who is said to have treated her so ill that she died of it the year following. She wrote "Prayers," "Meditations," and other religious pieces. ' PARR, Samuel, a learned divine and a profound scholar, was horn in 174(5, at Har- row-on-the-Hill, Middlesex, and was edu- cated at the grammar school of that place, and at Emanuel College, Cambridge. He accepted the situation of usher at Harrow, under Dr. Sumner ; at whose death he of- fered himself as a candidate for the master- ship, but without success. He first opened an academy at Stanmore, which commenced under very promising appearances, but which, ultimately failing, he gave up in 1776, and then became masterof the grammar school at Colchester ; whence, in 1778, he par] ^ i^tta Uniiitr^nl Miastn^f)^. [pas removed to that of Norwich. In 1783 he obtained the perpetual curacy of Hatton, in Warwickshire, and a prebend in St. Paul's cathedral. In 1790 he exchanged Hatton for the rector^' of Wadeuhoe, in Northamp- tonshire, though he still continued to live at the former place, to which he was much attached, and the parish church of which he greatly ornamented. In 1802, Sir I'rancis Burdett gave him the rectory of Graflfham, in the county of Huntingdon, and this com- pleted the course of his church preferment. As an elegant classical scholar Dr. Parr stood pre-eminent among his cotemporaries ; his prodigious memory and extent of re- search rendered him astonishingly powerful in conversation ; and it is to be regretted that the greater part of his labours as an author had reference to topics which were of a temporary nature, and tlierefore, though written with vigour, are fast sinking into oblivion. He died in 1825. PARBHASIUS, a painter of antiquity, who was a native of Ephesus, though others say he was an Athenian, where he flourished in the time of Socrates, and was the rival of Zeuxis. He was so excessively vain as to wear a crown of gold, and to carry a staff studded with gold nails, to indicate that he was the prince of painters. PARRY, Caleb Hillier, M.D., F.R.S., a physician and naturalist, was born in 1756, and after graduating in the university of Edinburgh, settled for some time at Norwich, and there married a sister of Dr. Rigby. From thence he removed to Bath, and resided there above 40 years, with great reputation, as one of the physicians of the hospital. He was the author of a "Treatise on Angina Pectoris," another upon " Wool," and a work on " Hydrophobia ;" but his greatest performance is entitled " The Elements of Pathology," published in 1816. He died in 1822, leaving two sons ; the eldest, a phy- sician at Bath, and tlie other, Sir Edward Parry, the distinguished commander of the arctic expedition. PARSONS, J.AJUES, an eminent English physician and medical writer, was born at Barnstaple, in Devonshire, in 1705. Physic, anatomy, natural history, antiquities, &c., are indebted to his skill and industry for many important discoveries. His most re- markable production is his " Remains of Japhet," being historical inquiries into the affinities and origin of the European lan- guages. Died, 1770. PARSONS, William, an eminent English comic actor, was bom in 1736, and made his first appearance at Edinburgh, where he soon established a high reputation as a represent- ative of old men. In 1763 he made his debut at Drury Lane, and was a great favourite with the public, particularly in low comedy. To his theatrical talents he added consider- able skill as a painter. Died, 1795. PAS, Anthony de, marquis de Feu- quieres, one of the greatest generals of his age. He was so severe a disciplinarian, that it was usually said, " He must be the bravest man living, since he slept every night in the midst of 100,000 enemies. He died in 1711. PASCAL, Blaise, one of the most pro- found tliinkers and accomplished writers that ever lived, was bom at Clermont, in Auvergne, June 19th, 1623. His family was one of considerable distinction, his grand- father having been a treasurer of France at Riom, and his father president of the court of aids, in Auvergne. From his earliest childhood he exhibited the most precocious proofs of inventive genius, especially in the department of mathematics. Having been purposely kept in ignorance of geometry, lest his propensity in that direction should interfere with the prosecution of other branches of knowledge, his self-prompted genius discovered for itself the elementary truths of the forbidden science. At 12 years of age he was surprised by his father, in the act ot demonstrating, on the pavement of an old hall where he used to play, and by means of a rude diagram traced by a piece of coal, a proposition which corresponded to the 32nd of the first book of Euclid. At the age of 16 he composed a little tractate on conic sections, which excited the mingled incredulity and admiration of Descartes. At 19 he invented his celebrated arithmetical machine, and at the age of 26 he had com- posed the greater part of his mathematical works, and made those brilliant experi- ments in hydrostatics and pneumatics, which have associated liis name with those of Tor- ricelli and Boyle, and ranked him amongst the first philosophers of his age. But a strong religious impulse having been im- parted to his mind at this period, deepened no doubt by the attacks of disease, wliich he had suffered uninterruptedly from his 18th year, he suddenly renounced the career to which his genius so unequivocally invited him, and thenceforward devoted himself to theology and polemics, and to the promotion of the spiritual and temporal welfare of his fellow man. After a short interval spent at Paris, he retired to Port Royal in 1654, where he spent the remainder of his days in the practice of every Christian duty, accom- panied, however, by ascetic observances, for wliich many sincere believers find no war- rant, either in the doctrines or the precepts of Christianity. The two works for which he is best known in England are, his " Pro- vincial Letters," a caustic satire upon the Jesuits, published in 1056, under the name Louis de Montalte ; and his posthumous " Penst'es," which have always been regarded as among the richest repositories of eloquent thought and profound theology. Died, 1662. An excellent translation of nearly the whole of Pascal's works (exclusive of those strictly scientific) has recently been published by Mr. Pearce. PASCHAL, Charles, an eminent writer on ethics, antiquities, and jurisprudence, in the 17th century, was a native of France. He was tlie author of an elaborate work, in 10 books, entitled " De Corona," and another, called " Virtutum et Vitiorum Characteres." Died, 1625. PASQUIER, Stephen, an eminent French civilian, bom at Paris, in 1529, who first rose into reputation, as an advocate, by pleading against the Jesuits before the parliament. In his writings also he proved himself a formidable adversary of that dangerous and encroaching order. Died, 1615. i pab] ^ j^ctD Jam'bcr^al 3StafirapT)j). [pat PASSEMANT, Claltpe Simeox, a ma- thematician, was boru in Paris in 1702. He publislied an account of a large reflecting telescope made by him in 1738. He also constructed an astronomical pendulum sur- mounted on a celestial sphere, which he presented to Louis XV. Died, 1769. PASSERI, JoH.v Baptist, a painter and poet, was the disciple of Domenichino. He wrote " Lives of the Painters, Sculptors, and Architects " of his time. Died, 1679. PASSIONEI, Dojnxic, a cardinal, was born at Fossombrone, in the duchy of Urbino, in 1682; and studied in the Clementine College at Rome. In 1706 he went with Gualterio, the nuncio, to Paris ; and in 1708, he became a secret agent for the pope in Holland. He was also employed on several other missions, particularly in Switzerland, of which he published an account, entitled " Acta Legationis Helveticae," folio. Inno- cent XIII. made him archbishop of Ephesus, Clement XII raised him to the purple, and Benedict XIV. appointed him librarian of the Vatican ; in which situation he promoted Dr. Kennicott's great undertaking, by caus- ing the Hebrew manuscripts to be collated for his use. Died, 1761. PASSWAN OGLOU, Osman, a celebrated Turkish rebel, was born in 1758, at Widdin, in Bulgaria. His father having been put to death by the Porte, Passwan took refuge in the mountains, and gathered round him a considerable body of partisans ; and having seized upon Widdin, he held the fortress for several years, in spite of all the efforts which were made to dispossess him, so that the sultan at length felt it necessary to confirm him in the government. Died, 1807. PATERCULU8, Caii'S Velleius, an ancient historian, was born in the year of Rome, 735 ; served under Tiberius in Ger- many, as commander of the cavalry ; and, in the first year of that emperor's reign, was nominated praetor. He died in his 50th year, leaving an abridgment of Roman his- tory in 10 books, of which the greater part is lost. PATERSON, Samuel, a bibliographer, was bom in London, in 1728. He became an orphan at the age of 12 years, and was sent, by a dishonest guardian, to France, where he acquired such a knowledge of books as induced him to open a shop in the Strand, but without success. He next turned auctioneer ; and, in 1757, sold the manuscript collections of Sir Julius Coesar, which circumstance brought his talents into notice, and he was employed in the forma- tion of catalogues and the sale of libraries. His principal performance in this line is the " Bibliotheca Universalis Selecta." He also wrote "Cursory Remarks on a Journey through the Netherlands, by Coriat, junior," 3 vols. Died, 1802. PATIN, Guv, a French physician, memor- able for the inveterate hatred he professed for all autimonial preparations, was bom near Beanvois, in 1601 ; chosen dean of the faculty of medicine at Paris, in 1650 ; and died in 1672. His works, which form seven volumes, chiefly consist of "Letters," and are remarkable for their caustic satire His son Chakles, who was also a physician, 669 I wrote some clever treatises on medals, and died in 1693. PATKUL, John RiixnoLD, Count, a Livonian who endeavoured to shake off the Swedish yoke ; but, being unsuccessful, went to Saxony, where he resided as agent for Peter the Great. On being delivered up to Charles XII., he was executed on tl>e charge of treason, in 1706. PATRICK, St., the apostle or patron saint of Ireland, is supposed by some to have been a native of Cornwall, whose zeal prompted him to cross the Channel for the conversion of the pagan Irish. By others, however, he is said to have been a native of Kirkpatrick, on the Clyde ; and that his name was Saccuthus, until changed by pope Celestinc. Others again assert, that he was born in Brittany, and carried by some free- booters to Ireland, where he was at first employed in keeping sheep. Be this as it may, it is allowed by all that his endeavours were crowned with great success, and that he established there a number of schools and monasteries. Nennius states that his missions continued 40 years, and various miracles are attributed to him, particularly the often-repeated assertion of the absence of ail venomous creatures from Ireland, ascribed by the superstitious to his holy benediction. We can no more reconcile the conflicting testimonies relative to the place of- his birth, than we could determine the validity of his miraculous powers ; and perhaps, for the sake of truth, the least that is said of cither the better. It would seem that the latter years of his life were devoted to acts of piety and religious meditatisn ; and that he died, at an advanced age, about the year 493. His works, or at least those ascribed to him, were published, with re- marks, by Sir James Ware, in 1658. PATRICK, Samuel, a learned critic, editor of a number of useful works relating to classical literature, viz. " Planti Co- mediae Quatuor, eum Notis Operarii," " He- derici Lexicon Manuale Grascum," " Clavis Homerica," &c. Died, 1748. PATRICK, SiMOX, an English prelate, born in 1626, at Gainsborough, in Lincoln- shire. He was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge ; became vicar of Battersea, in 1658 ; obtained the living of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in 1662 ; and endeared him- self much to his parishioners by remaining with them during the plague. He was af- terwards, successively, a prel)endary of West- minster, dean of Peterborough, bishop of Chichester, and, lastly, bishop of Ely, where he died, in 1707, in high reputation for learn- ing, talent, and piety. During the reign of James II. he was one of the ablest defenders of the Protestant religion ; and among his works are " Christian Sacrifice," " The De- vout Christian," "Jesus and the Resurrec- tion Justified," a " History of the Church of Peterborough," " Commentaries " and " Pa- raphrases " on the principal books of the Old Testament ; and some others of less note. PATRIN, Eugene Louis Melchior, a celebrated French geologist, was bom at Lyons, in 1742. After ten years' travelling through the north of Europe, for the purpose pat] ^ 0ci\3 Hui&cr^al 28t0jaTajpl)w. [PAU of forming a collection of mineral speci- mens, he revisited France, and was chosen a member of the National Convention for his native city. Having voted for the banish- ment of Louis XVI., he was proscribed, and obliged to conceal himself during the reign of terror. On the creation of the School of Mines, he presented his museum of minerals to that institution, of which he was made librarian. His principal work, " Histoire Naturelle dee Mineraux," in 5 vols., forms a sequel to the works of Buflfon. Died, 1815. PATTISON, James, a member of a family that has for generations held a high com- mercial rank in the city of London, was born, 178<j. In 1835 he was chosen one of the members of parliament for London. In 1841 he again contested the city, though un- successfully, on the " liberal " interest, but was returned in 1843, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sir M. Wood, and was again chosen at the general election of 1847. He had been governor of the Bank of England. Died, 184'J. PATTISON, William, bom at Pease- marsh, in Sussex, in 1700, was an English poet of great genius, but whose imprudence made his life miserable and his death pre- mature. Having quarrelled with his tutor at Sydney College, Cambridge, and fearing an expulsion, he came to London, where he plunged into all the pleasures of the metro- polis, was soon reduced to indigence, and died of the small-pox in his 21st year. PAUL OF BURGOS, a converted Jew, who became patriarch of Aquileia, and died in 1435. He wrote " Scrutinium Scrip- turarum" and other works. His son Al- PHOjfso was bishop of Burgos, and wrote an abridgment of the Spanish history. PAUL THE DEACON, or PAULUS DIACONUS, was a native of Friuli, and a monk in the abbey of Monte Cassino, where he wrote a "History of the Lombards," Died, 743. PAUL OF SAMOSATA, so named from the place of his birth, flourished in the third century. In 260 he was chosen bishop of Antioch ; but having preached against the divinity of Christ, he was deposed in 270. The queen Zenobia took his part, but the emperor Aurelian expelled him from An- tioch in 273, and what became of him after- wards is unknown. His followers were called Paulinists for a long time after liis death. PAUL, St. Vincent de, an ecclesiastic of the Church of Rome, was bom in 1576. In a voyage which he made from Marseilles, his ship was taken by the Turks, and he re- mained in slavery some years ; but having made a convert of his master, he obtained his liberty, and returned to France. Louis XIII. made hira abbot of St. Leonard de Chalme, and he also had the living of Clichy, where he built a church at his own expense. He was next placed at the head of the coun- cil of conscience, and chief of the house of St. Lazare, in which situations his zeal and cha- rity knew no bounds. He projected missions into all parts of the world, and instituted a number of benevolent establishments. He died in 1660, and was afterwards canonised. PAULIAN, AiME IlE.vKi, a French Je- suit, was bora, in 1722, at Nismes, and was distinguished as the author of several works on natural philosophy. Died, 1802. PAULIN PR St. BARTHELEMI, or JOHN PHILIP WERDIN, was a monk of the Carmelite order, born in Austria, in 1748, and having studied the oriental languages, went as a missionary to the East Indies, where he passed 14 years, and was honoured with the title of apostolic visitor. He was then re- called to Rome, to give an account of the eastern missions, and to correct the cate- chisms, &c., then printing for the use of the missionaries. When the French invaded Italy in 1798, he removed to Vienna ; but he returned to Rome in 1800 ; was patronised by Pius VII. ; wrote an account of his travels, and the state of Christianity in India ; and died in 1806. PAULINUS, patriarch of Aquileia, in the 8th century, was bora near Friuli, in 726. He was a zealous defender of the doctrine of the Trinity, and died in 804 Another Paulinus, born at Bordeaux, in 3,53, having married a Spanish lady, who converted him, settled at Nola, of which he became bishop, and died in 439. He was a learned and liberal prelate, much esteemed by his cotem- poraries. PAULLI, Simon, a physician and natu- ralist, was born at Rostock, in 1603, and died at Copenhagen, in 1680. He wrote " Qua- dripartitum Botanicum," " Flora Danica," "A Treatise against Tobacco and Tea," translated into English by Dr. James. PAULISIY, Mark Antoky Rexe pk VoYEK, Marquis de, minister of state, and a member of the French academy, was bom at Valenciennes, in 1722. He collected one of the most magnificent libraries in Europe, which was sold to the Count d'Artois, brother to Louis XVI. M. de Paulmy published "Melanges d'une grande Bibliotheque," 69 vols. 8to., and a work entitled " Essays in the Style of those of Montaigne," 9 vols. 8vo. Died, 1787. PAULUS, Julius, a celebrated Roman lawyer, of the 3d century, who, being made an imperial counsellor under Severus and Caracalla, distinguished himself by the bold- ness with which he delivered his opinions. Under Heliogabalus he was banished ; but the emperor Alexander Severus recalled him, raised him to the consular dignity, and appointed him praitorian prefect, after the death of Ul pi an. PAULUS, Peter, grand pensionary of Holland, was born in 1754. As a minister of the marine department he displayed great activity and intelligence ; but having of- fended the stadtholder's government, he was removed from his situation in 1787, and re- tired into France. He afterwards returned, and held very important offices in the state. Died, 1796. Paulus was the author of a " Commentary on the Treaty of Utrecht," 3 vols., a " Memoir on the Equality of Man- kind," and other works. PAUSANIAS, the son of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, governed the kingdom for his nephew during his minority. Being dis- contented with his country, he entered into a secret treaty with the king of Persia ; but I this being discovered by the ephori, to avoid I PAU] ^ ^eb) ^ni^trinl Utoffrajil^ii. [PED the punishment due to his treason, he fled into the temple of Minerva, which being held sacred, the Lacedaemonians blocked it up with stones, tlie first of which was placed by Fausanias's mother. Ue was there starved to death, B.C. 474. PAU8ANIAS, a Greek topographical writer, who flourished during the reigns of Adrian and the Antonines. He taught at Athens, and afterwards at Rome, wliere he died. His " Descriptio Grmciae," a kind of journal of his travels, in which he describes every thing remarkable in Greece, is still extant, and is a valuable work for the anti- quarian. PAUSIAS, a painter of Sicyon, and the disciple of Pamphilius, flourished about 352 B. c. He was the first who applied colours to wood and ivory by fire, now called en- caustic painting. PAUVV, CoKNELius PK, a Dutch writer, was bom at Amsterdam, in 1739. He was an ecclesiastic, and had a canonry in Ger- many, where he died in 1799. He was uncle to Anacharsis Cloots, who figured at the French revolution, and his opinions were in some respects as singular. His principal work is entitled " Recherches Phi- losophiques, sur les Grecs, les Am^ricains, les Egyptiens, et les Chinois," 7 vols. 8vo., a work of talent, but full of paradoxes and free opinions. PEACHAil, Henry, an ingenious writer of the 17th century, was born at North Mims, in Hertfordshire, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He afterwards went to Italy, and while in that country studied painting, music, and the fine arts generally. His principal work, entitled " The Complete Gentleman," was once ex- tremely popular. Besides this, he published " Minerva Britannica," " Thalia's Banquet," " The Valley of Variety," " The Worth of a Penny," and the " Gentleman's Exercise." Died, about 1C40. PEACOCK, Reginald, a learned and worthy prelate, was successively bishop of St. Asaph and Chichester, by the favour of Humphry, the good duke of Gloucester. But he was deposed for resisting the papal authority and denying transubstantiation, with other articles of the Roman Catholic faith. He was obliged to recant liis notions, and his books were publicly burnt ; after which he was confined in Thorney Abbey, where he died, in 1400. PEARCE, Nathaniel, a sailor, was bom in 1780, at Acton, near London. In 1805 he accompanied Lord Valentia to Abyssinia ; and being, by his own desire, left there, married, and enjoyed for many years the favour of the king. He died, on his journey to England, in 1820, at Alexandria. Though an uneducated man, Pearce was a shrewd observer, and has contributed much to our knowledge of the present state of the country in which he was domiciled. PEARCE, Zachaey, bishop of Rochester, a prelate of great learning and piety, was born in London, in 1690 ; was educated at Westminster School, and Trinity College, Cambridge ; became, successively, vicar of St. Martiu's-in-the-Fields, dean of Win- chester, bishop of Bangor and bishop of Rochester. His principal works are, erudite editions of Longinus and Cicero, a " Review of Paradise Lost," a " Commentary on the Four Evangelists," &c., 2 vols.; and "Ser- mons," 4 vols. He left, among other chari- table bequests, 50001. to the college for clergymen's widows at Bromley. PEARSON, Geouue, M.D., F.R. S., was a native of Rotherham, in Yorkshire. He studied medicine in London, Edinburgh, and Leyden ; was one of the physicians of St. George's Hospital ; and rendered essen- tial benefit to the lovers of chemistry by his experimental knowledge of the science. The component parts of Dr. James's febrifuge powders having been kept a profound secret. Dr. Pearson analysed the composition, and proved them to be composed solely of anti- mony and phosphate of lime. Died, 1828. PEARSON, John, an eminent English prelate, was born at Snoring, in Norfolk, in 1612, and died bishop of Chester, in 1686. He is principally known by his valuable " Ex- position of the Creed." He also wrote " Vin- diciaj Ignatii, or a Defence of the Epistles of St. Ignatius," and other learned works. PEARSON, Margaret Eglinotok, a lady distinguished for her skill in the art of enamelling, or painting on glass, was the daughter of Samuel Paterson, the bibliogra- pher, and married an artist named Pearson, with whom she established a manufactory of stained glass at Hampstead. Some of her productions have scarcely ever been equalled, particularly her copies of Raphael's car- loons. Died, 1823. PECK, Francis, a learned antiquary, was born at Stamford, in 1692. He took his several degrees in arts at Trinity College, Cambridge ; became rector of Godeby, in Lincolnshire ; obtained a prebend in the cathedral of Lincoln, and died in 1743. His principal publications are, " The Antiquarian Annals of Stamford," " Desiderata Curiosa," "Memoirs of Oliver Cromwell," and "Me- moirs of John Milton." PECQUET, John, a celebrated anatomist and physician, was born at Dieppe, and died at Paris in 1674. He discovered the thoracic duct and the receptacle of the chyle, and traced the progress of the chyle into the left subclavian vein. He wrote "Experimenta Nova Anatomica " and other works. PEDRO I., Antonio Jose d' Alcantara, Don, ex-emperor of Brazil, was the eldest son of John VI. king of Portugal, elder bro- ther of Don Miguel, and nephew to Fer- dinand VII. king of Spain, lie was born in 1798, and was taken in 1808, with the rest of the royal family, to Brazil. In 1817 he married Leopoldine, archduchess of Austria, daughter of the emperor Francis I., by whom he had five children, among whom was the present queen. Donna Maria. Leopoldine died in 1826 ; and in 1829 he married Amelia, princess of Leuchtenberg, the daughter of Eugene Beauhamois. On account of the events which led to Pedro's abdication of the crown of Brazil, in favour of his son, Pedro II., he embarked on board an English ship of war for Europe, in the spring of 1831, and arrived in London in July, as a private gentleman, bearing the title of the Duke of Braganza. Operations immediately com- pee] ^ ^ebi WinibtvSiil SStOffrapl^M. [pee menced for displacing his brother, Don Miguel, from the throne of Portugal, and many severe conflicts took place ; at length, in July 1832, the fleet of Pedro, under the command of Admiral Napier, signally de- feated that of Miguel ; which event, with other successes of the Pedroite party, led to his brother's abandonment of the throne, and the accession of Donna Maria. Don Pedro died in 1834. PEEL, Sir Robert, bart, third son of Mr. Peel, of Peel Cross, Lancashire, and father of the celebrated statesman who in- herited his name and title, was born in 17.50. This gentleman evinced, at a very early age, a quickness of perception and a spirit of enterprise wliich led to distinguished acts in the course of his useful life. In 1770 he devoted a great portion of his time to the improvement of machinery, and succeeded in the application of mechanical power to an extent which caused the abridgment of human labour, and added greatly to the facilities of commerce. He embarked in the cotton trade in 1773, and carried on a manufactory at Bury with great success. From his earliest years he had encouraged a belief that a person had it in his power to attain eminence by industry and persever- ance, and he spent many of his youthful nights in reading and study, so that he ac- quired a thorough knowledge of commercial and manufacturing subjects. In politics he adopted the sentiments of Mr. Pitt, and was a strenuous supporter of every measure which had for its object the commercial prosperity, or the internal peace, of the country. He was created a baronet in 1801. In the fol- lowing year he brought a bill into parlia- ment for ameliorating the condition of ap- prentices employed in the cotton and woollen trades. Sir Robert filled the oflSce of vice- president of the Literary Fund, and was a governor of Christ's Hospital. He died at his seat, Drayton Manor, Stafl:brdshire, in 1830. PEEL, Sir Robert, bart., the eldest son of tlie preceding, and the most distinguished English statesman of his age, was born, Feb. 5. 1788. Destined by his father for a political life, he was educated first at Har- row, and afterwards at Oxford, at both of which places he distinguished himself by his patient diligence, his correct taste, and his scholarly acliievements. At Oxford he took a first class degree both in classics and mathematics. No sooner was this accom- plished, than his father, in 1809, had him brought into parliament as member for Cashel, whilst he was little more than 21 years of age ; and the House of Commons became thenceforward the arena of his life. He had not sat long in it until he proved himself an able speaker, and a laborious and sagacious worker. This led to his speedily finding his way to office. In 1811 he was appointed under-secretary of state for the colonies, under the Percival ad- ministration. In 1812 he was made chief secretary for Ireland — an office which he held with much advantage to the country till 1818. In 1817 he was elected one of the members for the university of Oxford. After remaining oiit of office for nearly 4 years, which, however, were signalised by his carrying through his famous currency mea- sure, and many other useful acts, he in 1822 became secretary of state for the home de- partment. Among many other useful mea- sures identified with his name, during this period of his career, may be mentioned his admirable plan for the reform of the cri- minal code, which he brought forward and carried in 1826. On the accession of Can- ning to the premiership in 1827, he refused to take office under that distinguished states- man ; but he returned in 1828 to the office of home secretary under the Duke of Wel- lington, and held that post during the diffi- cult times which preceded the dissolution of the Tory government in 1830. Hitherto, his political career had borne the aspect of devoted adherence to Toryism ; but, on ac- cepting office under the Duke of Wellington, he entered upon a course in which the in- fluence of a different set of principles came to be apparent ; for he but feebly opposed the bill of Lord John Russell for the repeal of the test and corporation acts, and himself introduced, and carried tlirough, in 1829, the bill for tlie removal of the Catholic disabili- ties, to which he had previously been op- posed. The change in his opinions upon Catholic emancipation having excited great dissatisfaction among his constituents, he resolved to give them an opportunity of recording their sentiments, by resigning his seat ; but he was opposed and beaten by Sir Robert II. Inglis, finding his way back to parliament for the small borough of West- bury. On May 3. 1830, he succeeded his father in the baronetcy, and also as member for Tamworth, which he continued to repre- sent till his death. The accession of Wil- liam IV., who was known to be attached to " liberal " opinions, together with the almost simultaneous outbreak of the French revo- lution, having given an irresistible impulse to the cause of reform in England, the Wel- lington administration resigned in Novem- ber 1830, after its defeat on the civil list ; and Sir Robert Peel offered to the reform bill of the Grey administration a persevering and able, though not factious, opposition. On the passing of that bill, however, he im- mediately accepted it as irrevocable, and set himself to reconstruct his party on the basis of the altered constitution of the House of Commons. The death of Earl Spencer, in 1834, having afforded the king a pretext for dismissing his Whig ministers. Sir Robert Peel was summoned from Rome, whither he had gone with his family, in the course of a continental tour, and requested to form an administration. He had now reached the summit of political power, and the same abilities which had displayed them- selves whilst he was in subordinate offices, shone forth with increasing brilliancy now that he had the chief control of affairs. But his position in tlie house was not yet sufficiently strong to enable him to retain his place, and the government being beaten on more than one question, on the 8th of April, 1835, they resigned, and the Whigs once more returned to office. In 1839 he was again prime minister for a still shorter period, the famous " Bedchamber plot," as it was called, having compelled him to relin- I pee] ^ i^cto ^m'&cri^al 23i0flrapl)5. [PEB quish the reins almost as soon as he had grasped them. In the meantime, however, circumstances were gradually ripening to render his accession to power inevitable. Justly or unjustly, a general impression had gone abroad unfavourable to the Whig admi- nistration ; it was accused of administrative incapacity ; and, in the summer of 1841, Sir Robert Peel led on an attack which ended in the resignation of Lord Melbourne, and placed him once more at the head of affairs. Meaii while, too, the conservative party had been busy in the registration courts ; and, on the dissolution of parliament in the autumn of that j ear, a new election returned to tlie house a large majority prepared to support the Peel administration. Sir Ro- bert's power was now as real as his position was diguitied. lu 1842 he proposed one of the most extensive alterations in the tariff of the country that had ever been effected. Hundreds of imposts — many of them insig- nificant, but all of them vexatious — were swept away. The confidence of the protec- tionist party in their leader was grievously shaken, and their complaints of being duped by him were loud and clamorous. But in losing their confidence, he gained that of the opposite party, who began to look upon him as the man destined to realise all their hoi>cs. In the autumn of 1845, the famine wlUch then threatened to sweep over the country roused a universal agitation, free from all party strife; and meetings were held in all the large towns, praying for the immediate opening of the ports, to relieve the people from their sufferings. The Peel cabinet split upon this question — Lord Stanley leading the opposi- tion—and resigned in December. Lord John Russell attempted to form a government, but was prevented by personal disputes, and after some vain efforts, he abandoned the task, and Sir Robert Peel was again rein- stated. Shortly after the opening of the session of 1846, he formally announced, to the surprise of all, the hope of thousands, and the rage and dismay of his party, his intention, not of modifying, but of entirely repealing, the corn laws. Instantly he be- came the object of the most unsparing in- vective, unceasing attack, and bitter reproach from those who accused him of having de- ceived them. All this he bore with firmness and equanimity. He was convinced that no other plan would meet the wants of the country, and he persevered against an oppo- sition strong, bitter, and powerful, but ulti- mately unavailing, his policy triumphing in both houses of parliament. The corn laws were abolished in June 1846, and free trade proclaimed as the commercial policy of the country. Simultaneously with the passing of this measure. Sir Robert Peel resigned office, a coalition of Whigs and Protectionists having defeated him on the Irish coercion bill. From that period he gave a general support to the Whigs, de- claring that he had no wish to resume otfiee. But though destitute of office, he was not destitute of power ; for never, per- haps, was his influence over the destinies of this country more felt than during the four years which followed his retirement. The last time he spoke iu the house was on (573 Friday the 28th of June, 1850, on the dis- cussion of the foreign policy of the govern- ment. On the afternoon of the following day, wliile riding up Constitution Hill, his horse started and threw him over its head, falling heavily upon him. He was conveyed home, and medical attendance was instantly with him, but he grew gradually worse, and expired July 2., to the great regret of all classes of the community, who mourned his loss as that of a statesman of the highest order, a great financier, an excellent admi- nistrator, and an upright and truth-loving man. A national monument was decreed to his memory. Her Majesty herself has- tened to evince her sympathy in the loss which the nation had sustained, by offering to confer on his family the honours of the peerage ; and the popular feeling in regard to him was still further increased, when it became known that the great statesman had interdicted his family from accepting any honours for any services which he might have been supposed to have rendered to his country. The time has not arrived to judge Sir Robert Peel with impartiality. But even at this short interval since his death, we believe that in avowing the conviction, that this country owes to him as deep a debt of gratitude as to any statesman that has ever presided over her destinies, we are only giving utterance to an opinion which pos- terity, a tribunal to which Sir Robert Peel was fond of appealing, will amply con- firm. The reformer of the criminal code, the introducer of an effective system of police, the founder of a system of mone- tary affairs, which has been lauded by the most eminent financiers, the restorer of civil equality to Christians of all denomi- nations, to say nothing of his establishment of the principles of free trade, on which opinions still differ, might well be entitled to the highest honours that can be rendered to his memory. But besides his devotion to politics. Sir Robert Peel foimd leisure to attend to the pursuits of literature, and the promotion of science and art. His own literary attainments were extensive ; and his taste in the fine arts was attested by the magnificent gallery which he had col- lected, and of which all the world has heard. From the resources of his own wealth he munificently encouraged the exer- tions of all those engaged in Jhe pursuits of literature and art ; as the dispenser of tlie public bounty, he caused it to flow liberally in their direction ; and not a few of the families of men of genius were rescued from poverty by his prompt and judicious aid. In private life his character was " without a flaw ; " and the reserve whicli perhaps not unnaturally marked his intercourse with strangers, is said to have had no existence within the domestic and social circle. PEELE, George, a dramatist and poet of the Elizabethan age, was a native of Devon- shire, and was educated at Oxford, where he completed his degrees in arts in 1579. On coming to London he formed an acquaintance with Shakspcare, Jonson, and other dra- matic writers, and wrote for the stage. He wrote five plays, which were well received ; also, some pastoral and other poems. There S u peg] ^ 0tio ^iittjcr^al 38tOffrajpl)n. [PEM is a scarce book still extant, entitled " The Merry conceited Jests of George Peele," &c. He died about 1598. PEGGE, Samuel, LL.D., an eminent di- vine and antiquary, was born at Chesterfield, in 1704, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. Besides other church prefer- ment, he obtained two prebends, one in Lichfield cathedral and the other in Lin- coln. His principal works are, " Dissertations on Anglo-Saxon Remains," "The Life of Robert Grossetete, Bishop of Lincoln," " Anonymiana ; or Ten Centuries of Observ- ations." He also contributed numerous papers to the Archaeologia and tlie Gentle- man's Magazine. Died, 179(! His son Samuel, a barrister, was born in 1731, and died in 1800, groom of the king's bedchamber. He was the author of" Curialia " and " Anec- dotes of the English Language." Sir Chkistopher Peooe, the son of the last- mentioned, practised with great success as a physician at Oxford, where he held the re- gius professorship in medicine. Died, 1825. PEIRESC, Nicholas Claude Fabri, a learned Frenchman, was born at Beaugen- sier, in 1580, and distinguished himself by his application to the study of antiquities, and by his extraordinary abilities, while at the Jesuit's college, at Avignon. He after- wards fixed his residence at Padua, and made himself master of the mathematics, and of the Hebrew, Samaritan, Syriac, and Arabic languages. In 1005 he visited Eng- land, and became acquainted with Camden and other English literati. In 1607 he was admitted a senator at Aix, and in 1618 he obtained the abbey of Guistres, in Guienne, where he employed himself in literary and scientific pursuits till his death, in 1637. PELAGIUS, a British ecclesiastic of the 5th century, whose real name was Morgak, which he changed for the corresponding Greek term, signifying " born of the sea." He is said to have been abbot of Bangor ; and, about the year 400, he went to Rome, where he opposed the doctrines of St. Au- gustine respecting original sin, irresistible grace, and eternal election, asserting the possibility of man's being saved by his own merits. Accompanied by his countryman Celestius, he went to Palestine, and met with a kind reception from the bishop of Jerusalem. In the meantime, Augustine and Jerome attacked his tenets with great severity, and the council of Carthage con- demned his opinions as heretical. At the accession of pope Zosimus he took Pelagius and Celestius under his protection, but he afterwards turned against them, and insti- gated the emperor to persecute their fol- lowers. The time and place of his death are alike uncertain. PELL, John, an English divine and very eminent mathematician ; born, 1610 ; died, 1685; leaving very numerous and valuable treatises on the mathematics. PELLEGRIN, Simon Joseph, a French poet and ecclesiastic, was born at Marseilles, in 1663, and died in 1745. He wrote several pieces for the stage, and some poems. PELLERIN, Joseph, a French antiquary, who was commissary-general and clerk of the marine, at Paris, where he died at the age of 99, in 1782. He published 10 volumes in quarto on the subject of medals ; and his cabinet, which was one of the richest in Europe, was purchased by the king of France. PELLETIER, Bernard, an ingenious French chemist, was born at Bayonne, in 1761, and died of a consumption, brought on by inhaling oxymuriatie acid gas, in 1797. He made a number of discoveries, the parti- culars of which were communicated to the public in the Journal of Natural History, of which he was the principal conductor. PELLETIER, Claude le. a French financier, was born at Paris, in 1680. He succeeded Colbert as comptroller of the finances in 1683. Six years afterwards he resigned his place, and in 1697 he retired from court to lead a life of study and devo- tion. The quay at Paris which bears his name was built by him. Died, 1711. PELLISSON-FONTANIER, Paul, an eminent French writer, was born at Beziers, in 1624. He was bred to the law, and, at the age of 21, published " A Commentary on the Institutes of Justinian." In 1652 he became secretary to the king, and in the same year he published the " History of the French Academy," which procured him the extra- ordinary honour of being admitted a member of that learned body, though at tlie time there was no vacancy. The minister Fouquet appointed him master of the accounts at Montpelier ; but when that statesman was disgraced, Pellisson was sent to the Bastile, where he remained four years. On recovering his liberty, he attended the king as histo- riographer, in his expedition againt Hol- land. After this he abjured the Protestant religion, entered into orders, and obtained several benefices. He was the author of " R«5flexions sur les differends en Mati&re de Religion," and other works. Died, 1693. PELLOUTIER, Simon, an historian, was born at Leipsic, in 1694. He became pastor of the French church at Berlin, counsellor to the consistory, and librarian of the aca- demy. He wrote a work replete with re- search, entitled " Histoire des Celtes." PELOPIDAS, a valiant and patriotic Theban general, was the friend of Epami- nondas and the associate of his victories. When the Spartans conquered Thebes, Pe- lopidas went to Athens, where he assembled his exiled countrymen ; with whom he re- turned, seized apon Thebes, and expelled the invaders. Afterwards he defeated the LacedjEmonians at Tegyra, and shared with Epaminondas the victory of Leuctra. Pelo- pidas being sent ambassador to Alexander, the tyrant of Pheraea, was thrown into prison ; but on the appearance of Epami- nondas he obtained his release. He went next to the court of Persia ; and, after his return, commanded the forces sent to the relief of Thessaly, where he fell, b. c. 364. PEMBERTON, Henry, a learned phy- sician and mathematician, was born in Lon- don, in 1694 ; studied under Boerhaave, at Leyden ; became intimately acquainted with Sir Isaac Newton and other eminent men, and was himself much distinguished for his scientific acquirements. He became pro- fessor of medicine in Gresham College, and an active member of the Royal Society. pen] ^ ^tlii Bnihu'^nX 3Bt00rap]by. [per His principal works are, " A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy," " Lectures on Chemistry," and " Observations on Poetry." Died, 1771. PENN, AViLUAM, an English admiral, was born at Bristol, in 1621. He commanded the fleet, and Venablcs the land forces, at tiie taking of Jamaica in 1055. After the Restora- tion he served under the Duke of York, in the successful battle with the Dutch fleet in 16ti4, for wliicli he was knighted. lie died at Wanstead, in Essex, in 1670. PENN, William, the founder and legis- lator of Pennsylvania, was the son of the preceding, and born in London, in 1644. He was educated at Christchurch College, Ox- ford, and there imbibed the principles of Quakerism, which he afterwards publicly professed. This was considered by Sir Wil- liam as a heinous oflence ; and finding his son inflexibly adhered to that plainness of speech and deportment which are the dis- tinguisliing characteristics of the sect, he on two occasions drove him from his family ; yet, after awhile, becoming convinced of his integrity, he permitted him to return, though he never openly countenanced lum, neither would he use his interest to get him released when imprisoned for his attendance at re- ligious meetings. In the 24th year of liis age, Penu first appeared as a minister and au author ; and it was on account of his second essay, entitled the " Sandy Founda- tion Shaken," that he was imprisoned in the Tower, where he remained 7 months, during which time he wrote his most celebrated work, " No Cross, no Crown," and finally obtained his release from confinement by an exculpatory vindication, under the title of " Innocency with lier open Face." In 1070 Sir William died, fully reconciled to his son, and leaving him a plentiful estate. Penn now devoted himself to a steady perseverance in the propagation of his opinions ; and from that time published a great variety of tracts, and travelled much in Holland and Germany to support the cause of Quakerism. In 1081 Charles II., in consideration of the services of his father, and sundry debts due to him from the crown at the time of his decease, granted Mr. Penn and his heirs, by letters patent, the province lying on the west side of the river Delaware, in North America, and made them absolute proprietors and governors of that country. The name, too, was changed in honour of Penn, from the New Netherlands to Pennsylvania. Upon this he published " A Brief Account of the Province of Pennsylvania," proposing an easy purchase of lands, and good terms of set- tlement to such as were inclined to remove thither. In 1082 he embarked for his new colony ; in the following year he founded Pliiladelphia ; nor did he cease to watch over its interests with a paternal eye till his death, which happened in 1718. PENNANT, Thomas, an eminent natu- ralist and antiquary, was born at Downing, the family seat in Flintshire, in 1726. After travelling over England, he went abroad, and was introduced to Voltaire, Butfon, Linnaeus, and other eminent men. In 17jO he published the "British Zoology," a work j of considerable merit. In 1771 appeared his " Tour in Scotland," which was followed, at different periods, by a great number of in- genious performances, as, " Arctic Zoology," " A View of Hindostan," " An Account of London," various Tours, &c. He also pub- lished his " Literary Memoirs ; " and, at the time of his death, in 1798, was engaged on a description of India, of which one volume was printed. PENRY, or AP HENRY, John, a violent Puritan, better known by his assumed name, Martin Marprelate, was born in Wales in 15.'>S), and educated at Peter House, Cam- bridge, from whence he removed to Oxford, where he took his degree of master of arts, and entered into orders. In the controversy between the Puritans and the hierarchy, he wrote some scandalous libels against the church, under the assumed name of Martin Marprelate, for which he was tried, con- demned, and executed, in 1593. PEPUSCH, JoHN^ CiiKisTOi'HEE, B mu- sician, was bom at Berlin, in 1G67, and gave early proofs of his genius for the science. After obtaining considerable reputation in his native place, he came to England, took his doctor's degree in music at Oxford, and was very successful as a composer for the stage. Though he had the good fortune to acquire a handsome competency by marry- ing Signora de I'Epine, an opera singer, he continued to follow music as a profession till his death, in 1752. He was the author of a very valuable treatise " On Harmony." PEPYS, Samuel, secretary to the admi- ralty in the reigns of Charles II. and James II., was bom at Bampton, in Huntingdon- shire ; received his education at St. Paul's School, and at Magdalen College, Cambridge; and being patronised by Alontagu, after- wards the Earl of Sandwich, accompanied him as secretary, in the fleet that was sent to bring back Charles II. He was in high favour with the monarch, and introduced many important improvements into the navy. On the accession of William and Mary he resigned, and published his "Me- moirs " relating to the navy, which is a very valuable work. But, independent of his great skill and experience in naval affairs, he was well informed in history, painting, sculpture, architecture, &c. ; such indeed was his reputation, that in 1084 he was elected president of the Royal Society. But that which has most contributed to give an interest to the name of Pepys of late years, is the publication of his very amusing and instructive " Diary," which, besides illustrating his own prudent and wary cha- racter with extreme fidelity and naivete, affords a most curious and instructive picture of the court of Charles II., and the habits, manners, and conduct of the people at large. He died in 1703. I'ERCEVAL, JoHX, first earl of Egmont, was bom at Barton, in Yorkshire, in 1683. At the accession of George I. he was created baron Perceval, and in 1733 was made earl of Egmont. He was a principal promoter of the settlement of Georgia in America, and died in 1748 His son, John, second Earl of Egmont, was bom at Westminster, in 1711 ; filled a situation in the household of the Prince of Wales, and that of joint post- 3 M 2 per] ^ ^£&) Winibtr^Kl JJiflffrap^ij. [per master-general ; was in 17(52 created an English peer by the title of Lord Lovel and Holland ; was made first lord of the admi- ralty in 1703 ; and died in 1770. PERCEVAL, the Right Hon. Spexcer, second son of the preceding, was born in 1762, was educated at Harrow and Cam- bridge, practised as a chancery barrister, and attached himself at his onset in political life to the system of Mr. Pitt, who brought him into parliament for Northampton. Mr. Perceval's knowledge of finance opened to him a field for promotion ; he was appointed one of the counsellors for the crown, and soon became solicitor-general, and, in 1802, attorney-general. He advocate! the union of England with Ireland, but was against concession to the Catholics ; in short, lie was a firm supporter of the measures of ministers during the life of Pitt, and sat on the opposition side during the administration of Fox ; at whose decease, in 1807, he ob- tained a place in the cabinet as chancellor of the exchequer, and also that of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He was supposed to have the lead in the cabinet, although he did not then liold the ofiice of first lord of the treasury, but to this he succeeded at the death of the Duke of Portland in 1809. It was very generally considered that he held the office pro tempore, until the Marquis Wellesley should return from his embassy to Spain ; but when the latter did return, Mr. Perceval still managed to retain his place. When the prince regent took the reins of government into his own hands, he confirmed Mr. Perceval in his ofiice, and the Marquis Wellesley resigned that of minister for foreign aff'airs, telling the prince he would willingly act with Perceval, but not under him. Mr. Perceval kept his exalted station only a short period, for on the 11th of May, 1812, he was shot on entering the lobby of the House of Commons, by a person named Bellingham, wlio avowed that he had been waiting with the view of destroying Lord Leveson Gower, late ambassador to the court of St. Petersburgh. Thus the unfortunate minister fell a victim to the misdirected vengeance of a man who conceived himself injured by the conduct of another member of the government, for whom he had mis- taken him. The assassin was found guilty, and executed on the 18th of the same month. PERCIVAL, Thomas, an eminent phy- sician and miscellaneous writer, was born at Warrington, in Lancashire, in 1740. After studying at Edinburgh and Leyden, he settled at Manchester, and there founded a literary and pliilosophical society, of which he was chosen president. Among his works are, " Medical Ethics," " Moral and Literary Dissertations," and " A Father's Instructions to his Children." Died, 1804. PERCY, Thomas, an eminent prelate, related to the Northumberland family, was born in 1728, at Bridgenorth, in Shropshire ; was educated at Christchurch College, Ox- ford ; became chaplain in ordinary to the king ; was next promoted to the deanery of Carlisle ; and, in 1782, advanced to the bishopric of Dromore, in Ireland, where he died in 1811. His principal works are, " The Hermit of Warkworth," a poem ; " The Re- liques of English Poetry," some translations from the Chinese, a translation of Mallet's Northern Antiquities, &c. PERDICCAS, one of the generals of Alex- ander the Great, after whose death he aspired to the crown of Macedon ; to accomplish which design he divorced his wife, and es- poused Cleopatra, sister of Alexander. His project being discovered by Antigonus, he entered into a league with Craterus and Ptolemy, governor of Egypt, against Per- diccas, who marched to Memphis, but was slain in his tent by some of his soldiers, b. c. 322. PEREFIXE, HARDOum de Beaumont, a French historian and divine, was born at Paris, in 1G05 ; studied at Poictiers and his native city ; acquired great popularity as a preacher j and was appointed preceptor to Louis XIV. In 1G48 he was raised to the see of Rhodes, in 1CG2 he was made archbishop of Paris, and he died in 1670. His " Life of Henry IV." is a work of great merit. PEREIRE, Jacob Rodriguez, a native of Estremadura, in Spain, was the first who practised in France the art of teaching the deaf and dumb. His method of instruction was quite different to that of the abbe I'Epi^e; but it was considered so good, that Louis XV. bestowed on him a pension of 500 francs. He wrote several treatises on the subject, and died in 1780. PERGOLESI, Giovanni Battista.e dis- tinguished musician, was bom at Casoria, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1704, and died in 1737. He is called the Domenichino of music, and, according to the opinion of his countrymen, no one ever excelled him in musical expression. Among his most cele- brated works are, the " Stabat Mater," " Olim- piade," an opera ; " Orfeo e Euridice," and " Salva Regina." PERICLES, one of the most illustrious statesmen of Greece, was a native of Athens, who flourished about five centuries before Christ. Having gained the confidence of the people, he effected a revolution in the state, by reducing the authority of the Are- opagus, and banishing Cimon, with some other powerful men of the republic. He then led the Athenians against the Sicy- onians, the Samians, and Lacedaemonians ; but at last the people, forgetful of their obligations to Pericles, condemned him to pay an exorbitant fine, for having advised the war in which they had gained so much glory. He was, however, soon reinstated, and maintained himself at the head of public aff'airs till his death, b. c. 429. PERIER, Casimik, a celebrated French banker, and subsequently a statesman, was bom at Grenoble in 1777. He at first en- tered the army, and served with reputation in the campaigns of Italy (1799 and 1800), but on the death of his father, a respectable merchant, abandoned the profession of arms for commercial business. In 1802 he estab- lished a banking-house in company with his brother, Scipio Perier, in the management of which he acquired an intimate acquaint- ance with the most difficult and important questions of public credit and finance. At the revolution of 1830 he took a decided part in favour of the national liberties, was 676 per] ^ ^ftD HnibcriSal 28i0flrajpl)j». [per subsequently chosen president of the cham- bers, aud finally formed one of the first cabinet of the new king, without holding the portfolio of any department. In March, 1831, he succeeded Laffltte as president of the council ; and died, of cholera, in May, 1832. PERIER, James Constantixe and CuAKLES, brothers, two eminent French meclianics. They were natives of Paris ; and being engaged in hydraulic inventions, the former made repeated visits to England to examine tlie steam engines, and other important machines invented or improved in this country. During the revolutionary war, 1200 pieces of cannon were cast at their establishment at Chaillot, under the direc- tion of MongtS : they also erected a foundry of cannon for the navy, at Liege ; and at one period no less than 93 establishments were owned by them. They were, in fact, the greatest manufacturers in France, par- ticularly of steam-engines ; and J. C. Perier, who was a member of the academy, wrote an "Essay on Steam Engines." Ue died in 1818. PERIGNON, Dominique Catiielike de, a peer and marshal of France, was born at Grenoble, in 1754. He succeeded Du- foramier as commander of the army of the lastern Pyrennees ; and, on the conclusion of the iieace with Spain, he was nominated ambassador at Madrid, where lie signed an offensive aud defensive treaty of alliance l)etween France and Spain in I'iHJ. He sub- seqnenlly distinguished himself in the army of Italy, and in 1808 he replaced Jourdan as commander of the French at Naples. After the second restoration of Louis XVIII. he was appointed to the first military divi- sion, and was made a peer of France. Died, 1819. PERON, FuAXCis, a French voyager and naturalist, was bom in 1775, at Cerilly ; entered the army in 1792, but having lost an eye in the service, quitted it in 1795 ; studied natural history after his discharge ; was appointed, in 1800, zoologist to tlie expedition which was sent to the Austra- lian ocean ; and died in 1810. He was the auilior of " Observations sur I'Anthropo- logie " and " Voyage de Decouvertes aux Terres Australes." PEllOUSE, John Francis Galaup pe la, a French circumnavigator, was bom in 1741, at Albi, in Languedoc, aud entered at an early age into the naval service of his country. In 1782 he commanded an ex- pedition against the British settlements in Hudson's Bay, and destroyed the trading establishments there. The French govern- ment having resolved on the prosecution of a voyage of discovery, fitted out two vessels for that purpose, and, in 1785, M. de la Perouse proceeded with thera to the South Sea ; and in March, 1788, he sent home an account of his progress. From that period, however, nothing more was heard of him, though every pains was taken to gain some clue relative to tlie course they had taken, and, if possible, what catastrophe had befallen the ships and their crews. Till within these few years the whole was a perfect mystery ; but it is now known that both vessels were lost on different islands of the New Hebrides, and that every soul on board perished. PERRAUIiT, Claude, a celebrated French architect, was born at Paris in 1(513. He forsook the practice of physic to study the fine arts, particularly architecture, in which he rose to great eminence, and con- structed many noble works, tlie principal of which is the facade of the Louvre. He published a translation of Vitruvius, with notes ; a work "On tlie five Orders of Archi- tecture," " Medical Essays," and " Memoirs of the Natiu-al History of Animals." Died, 1688. PERRAULT, Charles, brother of the preceding, was born in 1628. He for some time practised as a barrister, but afterwards became comptroUei-general of tlie royal buildings, in which situation he contributed to the foundation of the Academy of Paint- ing, Sculpture, and Architecture. He was admitted into the French academy in 1671 { soon after which he had a famous contro- versy with Boileau, respecting the compa- rative merits of the ancients and moderns ; Perrault maintaining the superiority of the latter, and Boileau as vigorously asserting that of the former. This dispute was car- ried on with great asperity and personal rudeness on both sides. The work by which Perrault is best known, is entitled " The History of Illustrious Men of the Age of Louis XIV." Died, 1703. PERRIER, Francis, a French painter and engraver, celebrated for his antique statues and bas-reliefs. Died, 1660. PERRIN, P. N., an eminent merchant of Troyes, born in 1751. In 1789 he was member for De I'Aube to the National Con- vention, where he exhibited a true but moderated love of liberty. He contracted to supply the republic with five millions of francs' worth of cotton cloth. Being accused, in 1793, of jobbing, he was condemned to be exposed publicly for six hours, and finally to the galleys for 12 years. This unjust sen- tence (reversed with reparation to his sur- viving family, after the fall of Robespierre) caused him to die with grief. PERRONET, John Rodolphus, director of the bridges and roads of France, was born in 1708, and died at Paris in 1794. To him France is indebted for the construction of many noble bridges, particularly those of Neuilly, Nemours, Pont St. Mayence, and Louis XVI. at Paris ; and, while under his management, the roads and canals of France were also greatly improved. PERROT, Nicholas, sieur d' Ablancourt, celebrated for his excellent translations into French of the Greek and Latin classics. Born, 1606 ; died, 1664. PERRY, James, an able political writer, known for many years as the editor ond proprietor of the Morning Chronicle, was born at Aberdeen, in 1756, and educated at the high-school and university of that city. He came to London in 1777, and was en- gaged as a writer in the General Advertiser and London Evening Post. In 1782 he pro- jected, and for a time edited, the European Magazine ; but this he quitted for the Ga- zetteer, with an express stipulation that he was to be left to the free exercise of his own err peb] ^ ^tby Winibtx^al aSiograpi^y. [pet judgment and political opinions in the con- ducting of it. Up to this period it had been the custom for a single person to furnish au abstract of the nightly parliamentary de- bates ; but Mr. Perry employed a succession of reporters for that purpose, and thus in- troduced the practice which is at present adopted. He subsequently became sole editor and proprietor of the Morning Chronicle, whicli he conducted in such a manner, that Mr. Pitt and Lord Shelburne, iu order to make use of his influence, offered him a seat in parliament. This, however, he refused ; and continued to edit his paper (which was regarded as a sort of official organ of the Wliig opposition) till the illness which pre- ceded liis death, in 1821. PERRY, John-, an English engineer, who, after having been in the navy, went to Rus- sia on the invitation of Peter the Great, but in 1712 returned to England, and was en- gaged in stopping the Dagenham Breach in Essex ; of which he published an account. He was also the author of the " Present State of Russia." Died, 1733. PERSEUS or PERSES, son of Philip, king of Macedon. He declared war against the Romans, but was defeated, near Padua, by Paulus .^milius, in 168 b. c. From thence he fled to Samothracia, where he was taken prisoner, and brought to Rome in triumph. PERSIUS, Flaccus Aulus, a Roman satirical poet, was bom a. d. 34, at Volterra, in Etruria, and died iu 62, aged 28. His six "Satires," which present a picture of pre- vailing corruption, are distinguished for vigour, conciseness, and austerity of tone. They have been frequently translated into English. PERUGINO, PiETRO Vanucci, founder of the Roman school of painting, was born in 1446, and received the rights of citizen- ship in Perugia, whence his surname. He was the pupil of Andrea Verocchio, and the master of Raphael. His pictures have much grace, and are particularly successful in female and youthful figures, but his outlines are often incorrect. Died, 1524. PERUZZI, Balthasae, an eminent painter and architect, born in 1481, at Ac- cajano. He went to Rome, was patronised by Alexander VI., and particularly distin- guished himself by his able management of the chiaroscuro, and liis imitations of basso- relievo, iu his architectural views. He died, by poison, in 1536. PESCENNIUS NIGER, Caius, a Roman emperor, was a native of Aquino. He was appointed governor of Syria, and commander of the legions in Asia, by Commodus ; and on the death of Pertinax, in 193, the troops of Pescennius appointed him emperor. He was defeated at Issus, in 195, and was killed by some soldiers, while on his flight to the Parthian dominions. PESSELIER, Charles Stephen, a Frencli writer, was born at Paris in 1712. He was bred to the law, and became assist- ant to a farmer-general ; notwithstanding which he found time to compose some pieces of poetry, particularly fables, and comedies. He was also the autlior of " Letters on Edu- cation," &c. Died, 1763. PESTALOZZI, Henry, a practical phi- losopher, celebrated for having introduced a new method of education, was born at Zurich, in Switzerland, in 1745. After having studied theology and jurisprudence, he relinquished his views with respect to the church and the bar, and adopted from inclination the employment of a teacher. Having become acquainted with the moral wretchedness of the lowest classes, he began a career of instruction by the admission of the children of paupers into his house ; and, in 1798, the directory of Switzerland invited him to establish a house of education at Stanz, where he became the kind and atten- tive instructor of 80 poor children. War destroyed this establishment, and Pestalozzi then took charge of a school at Burgdorf, where he also received pupils, who paid for their instruction, so that he was enabled to employ able assistants. This institution flourished, and, in 1804, he removed it to Yverdun, where he occupied the castle given to him by government. Pestalozzi's method turns on the idea of communicating all in- struction by immediate address to the sen- sations or conceptions, and effecting the formation of the child by constantly calling all his powers into exercise. He composed several works illustrative of his plans, and closed a long life of labours for the benefit of societv, in 1827. PETAVIUS, DiONYSius, or Denis Petau, a French Jesuit of great erudition, born at Orleans, in 1583 ; died, 16.52. He published " The Works of Synesius " and of " Chrysos- tom ; " but is most highly celebrated, even at the present day, for an excellent work, entitled " Rationarium Temporum," which is an abridgment of universal history, from the earliest times down to 1632, digested in a chronological order, and supported through- out by reference to proper authorities. PETER III., king of Arragon, succeeded his father, James I., in 1276. Having mar- ried the daughter of Mainfroy, king of Sicily, he resolved to make himself master of that island, and, to eff'ect his purpose, contrived the horrid massacre of the " Sicilian vespers," or the murder of all the French in the island at the hour of vespers, on Easter-day, in 1282. For this crime, pope Martin IV. ex- communicated Peter and the Sicilians, and laid Arragon under an interdict. He died in 1285. PETER THE CRUEL, king of Castile, succeeded his father Alphonsus XL, in 1350, at the age of 16. He commenced his reign by several wanton acts of barbarity. Having married the daughter of Philip, duke of i Bourbon, lie repudiated her three days after, | and sent lier to prison, that he might renew I his connection with Maria de Padilla his i former mistress. His cruelties provoked his j subjects to take up arms against him in 1366, and they placed at their head Henry of Transtamare, his natural brother, who slew Philip in battle, in 1369. PETER ALEXIE VITSCH, usually styled Petee the Great, czar of Russia, was bom in 1672 ; and in 1696 he obtained the sole authority, on the death of his brother Ivan, with whom he had been before associated in the government of the empire. After having pet] ^ |5cto Slniljcr^al 3Si05vap]^i?. [pet suppressed a conspiracy of the Strelitzes against his life, in wliich he displayed much personal courage, he travelled in foreign countries, setting out on this celebrated journey, not in the character of czar, but as a member of an embassy, wliich was to visit foreign courts, according to the old Russian custom. At Amsterdam he worked, incognito, in a Dutch shipyard, went to the village of Saardam, where he appeared in the dress of his own country, and caused himself to be enrolled among the workmen, under the name of Peter Michaeloff. Here he lived in a little hut for 7 weeks, made his own bed, and prepared his own food, corresponded with his ministers at home, and laboured at the same time in ship-building. Induced, by his love for the sea, to accept the invita- tion of king William III. to visit London, he resided there in the royal shipyard, and often declared that, if he were not czar of Russia, he would be an English admiral. Having proceeded to Vienna, he there re- ceived intelligence of a new rebellion of the Strelitzes, on which he returned home, crushed the insurrection, and visited the rebels with all the severity that a despotic tribunal could suggest. In 1700 he entered upon a war with Sweden, which lasted till 1721. At the commencement of it he was repeatedly defeated, at Narva and other places ; but he at length acquired the as- cendancy, gained a decisive victory at Pul- towa, and wrested several provinces from the Swedes. The history of his life and reign, however, is so eventful as to defy abridg- ment into any reasonable limits. The most striking passages of it are his travels, stu- dies, and personal fatigues, for the attaining of knowledge in civil and military affairs, and the improvement of his subjects ; his introduction of arts and sciences, a naval force and commerce with foreign nations ; his many reformations in church and state, the army, and the customs and manners of his people ; his wars with the Swedes, Turks, Tartars, and Persians ; victories by sea and land, acquisitions of territory, and increase of power ; his regard to genius and merit, and his severe justice on offenders against the laws. All these very justly entitle him to the appellation he obtained of " Father of his Country," which he left to lament his death, Jan. 28. 1725. It has been truly re- marked, that Peter was a man of powerful and original genius, who did everything himself, and was never the instrument of others. His ardour was joined with pru- dence, resolution, and a generous humanity; and if he suffered himself to be swayed, as he often did, by passion and prejudice, it may fairly be attributed to his defective education, and the position in which he was placed. PETER OF BLOIS, so named from the place of his birth, was a learned ecclesiastic of the 12th century, who, settling in England in the reign of Henry II., obtained the arch- deaconry of Bath, and afterwards that of London. He wrote " De Officio Episcopi," " De Studio Sapientite," &c. Died, 1200. PETER DE CLUGNY, sometimes styled Petkk the Veneeaele, from the gravity of his deportment, was a French monk, who in 1123 became abbot of Clugny. In 1140 he 679 afforded shelter to the imfortnnate Abelard, and by his interposition at Rome he pre- vented the execution of the unjust sentence which had been pronounced against him. Died, 1156. PETER THE HERMIT, a French officer, of Amiens, who, quitting the military pro- fession, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land about 1093. Being instigated by the diffi- culties and dangers he had undergone in his progress, and witnessing the deplorable situa- tion of the few Christians residing in that country, he preached up that crusade for the recovery of Palestine from the infidels, which precipitated the whole strength of Christen- dom into the plains of Syria, there to fall by the sword of the Saracen, or to perish with hunger and disease. Peter himself led the first irregular band of crusaders, amounting to about 300,<JOO men, and displayed great personal courage at the storming of Jeru- salem ; and having so far witnessed the ac- complishment of his undertaking, returned to his native country, where he founded the abbej' of Noir-moutier, and died in 1115. PETERKIN, Alkxandek, an able and miscellaneous writer, was born at Macduff, Banffshire, of which parish liis father was minister, in 1781. By profession a soli- citor, he acted, from 1814 to 1823, as sheritt'- substitute of Orkney. In the ecclesiastical struggles, which terminated in the " disrup- tion of the Scottish National Church in 1843, he took an active part as agent for the seven Strathbogie clergymen. He was long connected with the public press in Scotland, advocating the views of a " Whig of 1088 ;" and his clear-sightedness, rectitude, and kindliness of heart gave him great weight with his contemporaries. The works which bear his name as author in some cases, and as editor in others, are, " A Review of the Life of Burns," prefixed to an edition of the works of Burns ; " Notes on Orkney." " Ren- tals of Orkney," " Compendium of the Laws of the Church of Scotland," " Records of the Kirk," " Constitution of the Church of Scot- land," and the " Universall Booke of the Kirke." Died, 1846. PETERS, Hugh, an English fanatic, was born at Fowey, in Cornwall, in 1599, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, from whence he was expelled for irregular behaviour. lie afterwards went on the stage, where he acquired that buffoonery which subsequently distinguished him in the pulpit. He was for some time lecturer of St. Sepulchre's, London ; but afterwards joined the Independents, and went to America. At the beginning of the rebellion he returned to London, wliere he became a zealous preacher in the cause of the parliament, and an active promoter of the king's death. For this lie Xvas tried and executed, with the regicides, in 1660. Some of his Discourses, and his "Last Legacy to his Daughter," have been printed. PETHION, DE Vn.LENEUTE, Je- rome, a French revolutionary statesman, originally an advocate at Chartres, was chosen deputy, by the tiers 6tat of that city, to the states-general, and, December 1790, was elected president of the National Assem- bly. In June following he became president pet] ^ ^eto 2ttm'l)£r^al 2Siofirap!)g. [pet of the criminal tribunal of Paris, and was made maj'or, November, 1791. He became tlie first president of the National Conven- tion, but excited the jealousy of Robespierre, and was included in the proscription of the Girondists, May, 1793. Ue escaped to the department of Calvados, but, some time after, his body was found in a field, half de- voured by wolves, and it was supposed that he had perished from hunger. PETION, Alex.\ndke, president of the southern parts of the island of Hayti, was a mulatto, and received his education in the military school of Paris. Being a man of cultivated understanding and attractive manners, and, moreover, well instructed in the art of war, he served in the French, and afterwards in the Hay tian, armies, witli suc- cess and reputation. He was in high credit as a skilful engineer, in whicli capacity he rendered the most essential services to Toussaint and Dessalines j and, assisted by the English, they at length, in 1804, ex- pelled the French from the island. After a variety of struggles for superiority between Christophe, the lieutenant and successor of Dessnlines, Petion was elected president in 1807, and retained his office, in spite of all opposition, till his death in 1818, when he was succeeded by General Boyer. PETIS DE LA CROIX, Francis, a French scholar, was born in 1654. He be- came secretary, and interpreter of the ori- ental languages, to the king of France, in which offices he succeeded his father. He also undertook several voyages into the East, and in 1692 was made Arabic professor in the royal college. He died in 1713. His "Persian Tales" were first published in 1722, in 5 vols. His other works are, "The History of Timur Bee," 4 vols. 12mo.; " The State of the Ottoman Empire," 3 vols. 12mo.; and " The History of Genghis Khan." PETIT, Lotus Hayes, F.R.S., descended from one of the French families who came to England at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, was born in London, 1774. His actual achievements in the field of litera- ture or science were not considerable ; but his extensive patronage of the arts and sciences, and the zeal with which lie contributed to carry out any benevolent or literary scheme, will make his name long remembered. He sat in parliament for Ripon, from 1827 to 1832. Died, 1849. PETIT, Peter, an eminent French ma- thematician, was born at Montlucon, in 1598, and died in 1677. He wrote treatises " On the Compass of Proportion," " On the Construction and Use of the Calibre of Artillery," " On Sight," " On Comets," &c. PETIT-THOUARS, Albert du, a dis- tinguished French botanist, who was for more than 20 years director of the royal nursery of Roule, and a member of the In- stitute, &c. He was the author of " Melanges des Botanique," " Dialogues sur I'Histoire Natnrellc," &c. Died, 1831. PETITOT, Claude Bernard, director- general of the university of Paris, was born at Dijon, in 1772. He was appointed chief of the bureau of public iustruction of the prefecture of the Seine, iu 1800 ; became a member of the royal council of the univer- sity in 1821, and died in 1825. He was the author of three tragedies, and the transla- tor of the tragedies of Alfleri, the novels of Cervantes, &c. PETITOT, Jonx, an unrivalled painter in enamel, was born at Geneva, in 1607. He visited England, where he was greatly patronised by Charles I. ; after whose death he went to France, and was employed by Louis XIV. He painted the face and hands, and his brother-in-law, Bordier, added the drapery. Died, 1C91. PETIVER, James, an English botanist, who was apothecary to the Charter House, and died in 1718. He was fellow of the Royal Society, and made so great a collection of rare and curious plants, animals, and in- sects, that Sir Hans Sloane, who afterwards purchased it, oft'ered him in his lifetime 4000?. for his collection. He was the author of several botanical works. PETRARCH, or PETRARCA, Fran- cesco, one of the most celebrated Italian poets, was born at Arezzo, in 1304. On ac- count of the dissensions which raged in his native country, his father removed with him to Avignon, and afterwards to Carpentras, where Petrarch received his education, which was completed at Montpelier and Bologna. He was intended for the law, but Cicero and Virgil liad more charms for him than Justi- nian. On the death of his parents he en- rolled himself in the clerical order, but not being much confined by the duties of his several benefices, he followed the impulse of his genius, which led him to literary pursuits. Having brought to light Cicero's "Epistolae Familiares," and formed a collection of manuscripts with great labour, one of the first places is due to him among the restorers of ancient literature. Having settled at Avignon, he became inspired with a lasting passion for the beautiful Laura de Noves ; but though he poured forth his tributary odes and sonnets to her charms, he failed to gain the object of his affections. After having travelled in the vain hope of moderating his love, he settled at Vaucluse, a romantic spot, where he wrote some of his finest works. His literary reputation attracted the regard of princes ; he was invited to Paris, to Naples, and to Rome ; and received the laureate crown in the latter city, wherein the title and prerogatives of poet-laureate were re- vived, after a lapse of 1300 years. In 1348 his feelings were deeply wounded by the death of Laura, who appears to have fallen a sacrifice to the pestilence, then racing throughout Europe, and which also deprived him of his great patron. Cardinal Colonna. He survived the idol of his soul, however, nearly 30 years ; during all which period he was admired and honoured by his country- i men. Petrarch was undoubtedly one of the most memorable characters of his age and \ nation ; and altliough his countrymen may j have estimated his genius at too high a rate, , he merits the applause and admiration of j posterity. He died, near Padua, in 1374. I PETRE, Sir William, a native of De- I vonshire, was educated at Exeter College, ' Oxford ; elected fellow of All Souls in 1523, and became principal of Peckwater Inn. ; He was employed by Thomas, lord Crom- j pet] ^ ^efco Hm'ber^al 38i0ffrajil^g. [PFK well, in a visitation of the monasteries ; be- came master of the requests, was knighted, made one of the secretaries of state, and was appointed treasurer of the court of first-fruits. lie was a liberal benefactor to Exeter and All Souls' Colleges, and died in 1572. PETROF, Basil Petrovitsch, a Russian poet and philologist, was born in 173G, at Moscow ; became reader to the empress Ca- tharine, and held a place under government ; but he resigned his offices in 1780, and de- voted the remainder of his life to literary pursuits. Died, 1799. PETRONIUS, Titus, sumamed Arbiter, a Roman author, notorious for his licentious- ness and Obscenity, was born at Marseilles, and lived in the court of Nero. He was, for a time, the favourite of the emperor, who made liim master of his voluptuous banquets and revelries. But he finally fell a victim to the suspicions of the tyrant, and was condemned to death, but he avoided the ignominy of a public execution by opening his veins, a. d. 6(1. PETTY, Sir William, the founder of the Lansdowne family, was born in 1C23, at Romsey, in Hampshire, where, and at Caen, in Normandy, he was educated. Having studied medicine and anatomy at Leyden and Paris, he took his degree, and was sub- sequently made professor of anatomy, and Greshara professor of music. In 1652 he was appointed physician to the army in Ireland, and secretary to Henry Cromwell, by whom he was employed in surveying the forfeited lands ; for which charges were alleged against him in the House of Com- mons, and he was dismissed from his places. At the Restoration he was knighted, and made surveyor-general of Ireland. He was one of the first fellows of the Royal Society ; to which he presented the model of a double- bottomed ship, to sail against wind and tide. He suflEered much by the fire of London ; but by marriage, and various speculations, he recovered his loss, and died very rich, in 1687. Of his works, the " Political Arith- metic " is the most important. PETTY, William, the first marquis of Lansdowne, was a descendant of the pre- ceding, and bom in 1737. He succeeded his father as earl of Shelburne in 1761, and in 1763 was placed at the head of the board of trade, which he soon quitt«d to join Lord Chatham, with whom he came into power, in 1766 ; but on the change of ministry, in 1768, he became a zealous oppositionist, and so continued till 1782, wlien he was appointed secretary of state for the foreign department. When the Marquis of Rockingliam died, his lordship became the head of the ministry, but was forced to yield to the coalition of Lord North and Mr. Fox ; after whicii he was created marquis of Lansdowne. He died in 180.'). PEUTINGER, Conrad, a celebrated scholar, was born in 1465, at Augsburg. He was one of the first Germans that employed himself in collecting antiquities, and he was the author of several erudite works. Died, 1547. PEYRE, Antoine Francois, a French painter and architect, born in 1739. He be- came a pensionary student at Rome in 1763, and executed some very beautiful designs. After liis return he was made comptroller of the royal buildings at Fontaiuebleau, and then at St. Germains. During the reign of terror he was imprisoned ; but being libe- rated on the death of Robespierre, he was admitted a member of the Institute, of the council of civil architecture, &c. Died, 1823. PEYRERE, Isaac de la, was born in 1592, at Bourdeaux ; was for many years in the service of the Prince of Condi?, and ob- tained considerable notoriety by a work which he wrote to support a favourite theory he entertained respecting the existence of a race of men previous to Adam. Died, 1676. PEYRON, Jean Fkansois Pierre, a French historical painter, was born at Aix, in 1744. He was a member of the royal academy, and director of the royal manu- facture of the Gobelins, of which situation he was deprived by the revolution. Died, 1820. PEYSONNEL, Charles de, an ingenious antiquary, was born in 1700, at Marseilles. He was secretary to the French embassy at Constantinople, and afterwards consul' at Smyrna. He travelled over the greater part of Asia Minor, collecting rare coins and medals ; and published the result of his ob- servations on the topography and antiquities of the countries he visited. Died. 1757 His son (born At Marseilles, in 1727, suc- ceeded him as consul, and died in 1790) was a sensible writer, and published, among other works, an " Historical Account of the An- cient Inhabitants of the Banks of the Danube and the Borders of the Black Sea," " On the Commerce of the Euxine," 2 vols. ; " Les Numeros," " Political Situation of France," 2 vols., &c. PEZAY, M^SSON, Marquis of, a native of Paris, who was a captain in the dragoons. He instructed Louis XVI. in military tac- tics, for which he was appointed inspector- general of the coasts ; but complaints being preferred against him, he was exiled to his estate, where he died, in 1778. He wrote some elegant poems, and translated Catullus and TibuUus into French. He was also the author of the " Campaigns of Maillebois," 3 vols. 4to. ; "Les Soir^s Helv^tiennes," and other works. PEZRON, Paul, a Bernardin, and doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Hennebon, in 1639. For a time he held the abbey of Charmoy, which he resigned to pursue his studies, and died in 1708. He was the author of several able works on theological and antiquarian subjects, in one of which he endeavours to support the chronology of the Septuagiut against that of the Hebrew Bible. PFEFFEL, Christian Frkijeric, a juris- consult and diplomatist, was born at Colmar, in 1726. Becoming the friend of the Count deBruhl, he was employed on various diplo- matic missions, and was made jurisconsult to the king ; but during the revolution his property was confiscated, and he was placed on the list of emigrants. He was the author of several excellent works, among which is " Abr^g^ Chronologique de I'Histoire, et du Droit publique d'Allemagne." Died, 1807. PFEFFERCORN, John, a converted Jew, who endeavoured to persuade the emperor . pfe] ^ ^eiu Uxxibtr^al ISiosrajpl^tt. [phi Maximilian to burn all the Hebrew books except the Bible, as blasphemous ; but this was prevented by Reuchlin. He wrote " Narratio de Batione celebrandi Paschte apud Judaeos " and " De abolendis Judse- orum scriptis." PFEIFFER, Augustus, a learned orien- talist, was born at Lauenbourg, in 1040. He professed the eastern languages at Leipsic, and was superintendant of the churches in Lubeck, where he died in 1698. Among his works are, "Pansophia Mosaica," "Critica Sacra," "Sciagraphia Systematica Antiqui- tatum Hebraeorum," &c. PFEIFFER, Fraxcis Louis, a Swiss ge- neral in the French service, was born at Lucerne, in 1716. After being .W years in the army, he retired to his native country, and devoted his leisure hours to the con- struction of a model of the cantons of Un- derwalden, Schwitz, and Uri, 22 feet by 12, in which every object was laid down with the greatest precision. Died, 1802. PlI^DON, a Greek philosopher of Elis, who flourished about 400 B.C., was originally a slave, but obtained his freedom by the in- terest of Socrates, whose disciple he became, and remained with him till his death. After tills he settled at his native place, where he founded a school called the Eleatic. PH^DRUS, Lucius, an elegant Latin poet, was a native of Thrace, and appears to have been the freed-man of Augustus. Under Tiberius he was persecuted by Sejanus ; to which circumstance he has alluded in his fables, which are written with great purity of style. PHALARIS, a native of Crete, whose cruelty, and the horrid instrument with whicli he wreaked his vengeance on those who fell under his displeasure, have become proverbial. In 571 B.C. he made himself master of Agrigentum, in Sicily, where he was guilty of horrible cruelties. Among other instruments of destruction, he caused a hollow brazen bull to be made, so con- trived, that when a fire was kindled under the body, the cries of the unhappy victim within resembled the roarings of the animal it represented. Phalaris, after commending the work, ordered Perillus, the artist, to be the first to make trial of it. After a san- guinary reign of eight years, the citizens at length seized the tyrant, and with a severe but just retaliation consumed him by a slow fire in his own bull, B. c. ,563. PIIARAMOND, according to many his- torians, was the name of the first king of France, who reigned at Treves about a.d. 420. To him is attributed the celebrated Salique law, by which females were ex- cluded from the succession to the throne. PHELIPPEAUX, A. le Picard de, a French otficer of artillery, the fellow-pupil and rival of Buonaparte, was born in 1768. Having quitted France in 1791, he made a campaign the following year with the corps of emigrants under the French princes. In 1793 he re-entered France to organise a royalist insurrection in the central pro- viiices, when he took Sancerre, and for some time maintained his position in Berri. He afterwards went to Paris, where he efi"ected the liberation of Sir Sidney Smith from the C62 prison of the Temple, and, accompanying him to England, obtained the rank of colo- nel in the English service. He assisted Sir Sidney in the defence of Acre against Buo- naparte ; but died of fatigue shortly after the raising of the siege, in May, 1799. PHERECRATES, a Greek comic poet, the contemporary of Plato and Aristophanes, some fragments of whose plays only have been preserved by Ilertelius and Grotius. PHERECYDES, a philasopher of the isle of Scyrus, who flourished about 600 b. c. He was the disciple of Pittacus, and the master of Pythagoras, who regarded him as a father, and derived from him the doctrine of the metempsychosis. PHIDIAS, a celebrated Athenian sculp- tor, supposed to have been born about 498 B. c, and to have died 432 b. c. His Olym- pian Jupiter represented the serene majesty of the king of heaven, and was ranked, for its beauty, among the wonders of the world. Phidias received great honours from the Athenians, while Pericles had the sovereign power ; but he was subjected to a change of fortune when the popularity of liis patron declined, and died in prison. PHILIDOR, Andrew, a musician of some reputation, and celebrated as the best chess- player of his age, was born at Dreux in France, in 1726 ; became a page in the king's band ; and, before his 12th year, made much proficiency in music. As he grew up his fondness for the game of chess increased into a passion, in order to indulge which he tra- velled over great part of Europe, engaging every where with the best players. He con- tinued in England some time, during which he printed his "Analysis of Chess." He was a member of the chess-club 30 years ; and of his skill in that game, a stronger proof could not be given than that of his defeating blindfold two of the best players a short time before his death, in 1795. PHILIP II., king of Macedon and father of Alexander the Great, equally renowned as a legislator, politician, and warrior. After having conquered Greece, he meditated the conquest of Persia ; but while he was pre- paring for this expedition, he was assassinated at a banquet by Pausanias, a captain of his guards, 336 b. c. PHILIP, Marcus Julius, called the Arab, was born of an obscure family, and became a common soldier in the Roman army ; but by his merit lie rose to the rauk of captain [ of the imperial guard. In 244 he assassinated j the emperor Gordian the younger, and seized upon the throne. He gained great popularity | at Rome by his generosity, and by making a | canal for supplying the city with water. He celebrated the secular games with great pomp, and gave toleration to the Christians. Philip was slain by his soldiers, near Verona, in 249, after having been defeated by Decius. His son Philip, aged 12 years, was assassin- ated in the arms of his mother. PHILIP I., king of France, succeeded his father Henry I. in 1060, under the regency of Baldwin V., count of Flanders, and died in 1108. PHILIP II., surnamed the Augitst, was born in 1165, and succeeded his father Louis VII. in 1180, at the age of 15. Died, 1223. phi] ^ fit^ Unihex^al 3Bta0rapI;u. [phi PHILIP m. surnamed the Hardy, was proclaimed king of France on the death of St. Louis, his father, in 1270. Peter of Arragon having occabioned the horrible massacre of the French iii Sicily, called the " Sicilian Vespers," Philip marched against him, and took Gironne ; but died on his return, at Fer- pignan, in 1285. PHILIP IV., called the Fair, succeeded his father, the preceding monarch, at the age of 17, and died in 1314. PHILIP v., surnamed the Long, was the younger eon of the last mentioned, and succeeded his younger brother Louis Uutin, by virtue of the Salique lawr, in 1316. Died, 1321. PHn.IP DE VALOIS, the first king of France of the collateral branch of Valois, was the son of Charles, count of Valois, brother of Philip the Fair. In 1329, Edward III., king of England, did homage for the duchy of Guienne, but not long after he as- sumed the title of king of France on the pre- tence of l>eing a grandson of Philip the Fair, by his mother. This produced a disastrous war, which lasted, with a few intervals, many years. In 1346, Edward gained the great battle of Crecy, in which the French lost near 30,000 men, and the flower of the nobility. This was followed by the loss of Calais and other important places. Edward sent a challenge to Philip to decide their pretensions by single combat, which the latter refused. Philip died in 1*50. PHILIP II., king of Spain, was the son of the emperor Charles V. In 1554 he became king of Naples and Sicily, and the same year married Mary, queen of England. In 1556 his father resigned to him the crown of Spain. He declared war against France, and was present at the battle of St. Quentin, where it is said he made two vows, the one never again to hazard his person in any engagement, the other to build a monastery by the name of St. Laurence. This last he executed at Escurial, near Madrid. In 1559 he made peace with France, and on his re- turn to his own country he caused an auto da fi to be celebrated. In 1588, Philip fitted out his famous expedition called the " Invincible Armada," for the invasion of England. This fleet was nearly all destroyed by tlie storm or the English ships. Wlien Philip heard of the disaster, he said, " I sent my fleet to combat the Euglish, not the elements ; God's will be done." He died ia 1598, aged 72. PHILIP III., the son of Philip IL and of Anne of Austria, succeeded his father at the age of 20. This prince was the victim of etiquette. Being at a council, he complained of the fume arising from a pan of charcoal which was burning in the room. The proper person who had the charge of the fire was not present, and no one would undertake the office of removing it ; which piece of ridi- culous etiquette cost the monarch his life, in 1621. Plin^IP v., duke of Anjou, the second son of Louis, dauphin of France, and of Mary Anne of Bavaria, assumed the title of king of Spain in 1700, by virtue of the will of Charles II. His claim, however, was con- tested by the house of Austria, in favour of tlie Archduke Charles. This produced the grand alliance, in which Austria was sup- ported against France and Spain, by Eng- land, Holland, Savoy, Portugal, and Prussia. The beginning of this war was very disastrous to Philip, who lost Arragon, Gibraltar, and the islands of Minorca and Majorca, also Sardinia and the kingdom of Naples. The victories of the Duke de Vendome, and those of Marshal Villars in Flanders, confirmed Philip on the throne, and restored peace to Europe by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. Died, 1746. PHILIPPON, Baron, a French lieutenant- general, distinguished for his defence of Ba- dajoz, in 1811. He was taken prisoner, and in 1812 made his escape from Oswestry. Died, aged 76, in 1836. PHILIPS, Ambrose, a poet and dramatist, was a native of Leicestershire. He received his education at St. John's College, Cam- bridge; and, on coming to I^ondon, associated with Steele, Addison, and the literary wits of the day. He was the author of the tragedies of the " Distrest Mother," " The Briton," and " Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester," some pastoral poems ; a " Life of Archbishop Williams ; " and was also a contributor to a periodical paper called the Freethinker, through his connection with which he was made registrar of the Irish prerogative court. Died. 1749. PHILIPS, Fabi AX, an English lawyer, was bom at Prestbury, in Gloucestershire, in 1601. He was a zealous partizan of Charles I., and wrote several political pamphlets ia his favour. Died, 1690. PHILIPS, John, a poet, was bom at Bampton, in Oxfordshire, in 1676 ; was edu- cated at Winchester School, and Christ- church, Oxford ; and was the author of " The Splendid Shilling," " Blenheim," a poem in praise of Marlborough's victory ; and one on * Cyder," formed on the Georgics of Virgil. Died, 1708. PHILIPS, TnoMAS, a Roman Catholic divine, was born at lekford, in Buckingham- shire, and received his education at St. Omer's. He entered into orders, and became a Jesuit, but quitted that society, and ob- tained a prebend in the collegiate church of Tongres. He was the author of " The Study of Sacred Literature, stated and considered,'' and " The Life of Cardinal Pole," 2 vols. Died, 1774. PHILLIPS, Edwahd, one of the nephews of Milton, was born in London, in 1630, and was educated by his celebrated uncle. He was the author and compiler of several works ; but that by which he is best known is the " Theatrum Poetarum, or a complete Collection of the Poets." Jou.v Phillips, the brother of Edward, was also educated under his uncle, whose political opinions he espoused and defended till the Restoration, and then he became a writer on the side of royalty. PHILLIPS, Thomas, R. A., a portrait painter of considerable merit, was born at Dudley, in Warwickshire, in 1770. Having had some initiatory practice in the country, he came to London when he was about 20, and found employment at Windsor, under Benjamin West, who was at that time ea- gaged in decorating St. George's chapel, lie was devotedly attached to his profession, but for many years lie had to contend with the superior talents of West, I/awrence, I Iloppner, &c., who were in their zenith ; but i by unceasing application, and a laudable I emulation which never forsook him, he I gained so much celebrity, aa to number j among his sitters some of the most eminent men in the kingdom. He also wrote many I occasional essays on the fine arts ; and, in I co-operation with Turner, Chantrey, Ro- j bertson, and others, he planned and success- fully matured the Artists' General Bene- ' volent Institution. He died, April 20. 1845, ; aged 74. j PHILO, Jdd.eus, a learned Jewish writer j of Alexandria, who was one of the depu- I tation sent by the Jews to lay their com- plaints against the Greeks of Alexandria j before the emperor Caligula, a. d. 40. lie wrote several works in Greek, the principal of which is entitled, " Of the Contemplative Life." PHILO, of Byzantium, an architect, who flourished 300 B.C. He wrote a treatise on the machines used in war ; and there is also attributed to him a piece, entitled " De Sep- tem Orbis Spectaculis." PHII-OLAUS, of Crotona, a celebrated Pythagorean philosopher, who flourished B.C. 375. He belonged to the Pythagorean school, and by some is supposed to have written the " Golden Verses of Pythagoras." He is also said to have first taught the true system of the universe, revived by Copernicus, but this supposition is erroneous. PHILOPCEMEN, a celebrated general, and the last great commander among the ancient Greeks, was born at Megalopolis, in Arcadia, b. c. 253 ; became generalissimo of the Achaean League ; reduced the Spar- tans to a tributary state, dismantled Sparta, and abolished the laws of Lycurgus, which had lasted 700 years. He was at length, however, taken prisoner by the Messenians, and was put to death by poison, b.c. 183. The unworthy fate of this great man ex- cited general resentment throughout the League ; and when the Achaeans took Mcssene, the perpetrators of his death were immolated on his tomb, and a yearly sacri- fice was instituted to commemorate his heroism. PHILPOT, Jonx, an English divine, who in the reign of Mary was brought before Bishop Gardiner, convicted of heresy, and burnt in Smithfield, in 1555. PHOCION, a renowned Athenian general and philosopher, the disciple of Plato. After having resisted all the oifers of Alexander the Great and Antipater, his successor, to desert the Athenian service, he was at last condemned on a false accusation of treason, by his ungrateful fellow-citizens, and put to death, b.c. 318. PHOTIUS, patriarch of Constantinople in the 9th century, was a native of that city. He rose to the highest offices of the state, before he entered into orders, wliich took place on the deposition of Ignatius in 858. Photius was deprived in his turn by Basilius in 867, but after living in exile 11 years, he forcibly regained his seat, which he kept till and was then deprived by the emperor Leo, who sent him into Armenia, where he died. His " Bibliotheca " contains the sub- stance of near 300 ancient authors. He had great talents, but was intriguing, and it was principally through his conduct that the se- paration of the eastern and western churches took place. PHRYNICUS, a tragic poet of Athens, who first introduced female parts into the drama, and the wearing of masks by the actors. He wrote nine tragedies, and gained the prize, B.C. 511. PIAZETTA, John Baptist, a celebrated painter of Venice, was born in 1682, and died in 1754. His figures are well designed and executed, and are much in the style of Michael Angelo Buonarotti. PIAZZA, Jerome Bartholomew, a na- tive of Alexandria, in Italy, who had been a judge in the Inquisition, but on embracing the Protestant religion he quitted Italy and settled in England. He taught the Italian and French at Cambridge, where he died about 1745. He wrote a curious account of the Inquisition. PIAZZI, a celebrated Italian astronomer, was born in 1746, at Ponte, in the Valteline ; entered into the order of the Theatines ; and, after having been a professor at Genoa, Malta, Ravenna, and Palermo, was in 1787 made director of the observatory founded in the latter city. About this time he visited Paris and London, and entered into a corre- spondence with the most celebrated European astronomers. In 1801 he discovered a new planet, which he named Ceres Ferdinandea, and in 1805 he made a new catalogue of 7646 fixed stars. This distinguished astronomer produced various treatises and memoirs of great importance to the science, and was a member of many learned institutions. Died, 1826. PICARD, John, an eminent mathema- tician and prior of Rille in Anjou, was a native of La Fleche. He was engaged in measuring a degree of the meridian, and in determining the meridian of France ; was the first who applied the telescope to quad- rants, and the first who observed the mer- curial phosphorus in the barometer. Died, 1683. PICART, Bernard, an eminent en- graver, was born at Paris in 1673, and died in 1733. PICCINI, Nicholas, a celebrated mu- sician, was born at Bari, in the kingdom of Naples. From Italj' he went to Paris, but in the revolution Piccini returned to Naples, where he was described as being a Jacobin ; on which he went again to France, and died at Passy, in 1800, aged 72. His principal operas are, "Roland," "Atys," " Iphigenia in Tauris," and " Dido." Piccini was a most industrious and original composer ; more than 300 operas, besides numerous oratorios, cantatas, &c. having been produced by him. When Gluck was in the zenith of his reputa- tion, a spirited contest was maintained be- tween Piccini and him respecting the com- parative excellencies of the German and Italian schools, and all Paris was for a time interested in the question. PICHEGRU, Charles, a celebrated ge ^ ^eto mntbertfal 38f02[rajiTji?. [pic I neral of the French republic, was bom, 1761, I of poor parents, at Aibois, iii Franche- Comte ; was educated in a monastery, and ! afterwards studied at the college of Brienne, where he distinguished himself by his pro- gress in mathematical science. At an early age, he enlisted as « private soldier, and went with his regiment to America. After his return, he was made serjeant-major ; and soon after the commencement of the revolution, he attained the rank of general of division. In 1794 he took tlie command of the army of the North, where he was embarrassed by many difficulties arising from the flight of generals Dumouriee and I>afayette. He, however, restored order and discipline ; and undertook the conquest of Holland, the moat brilliant of all his ex- ploits. The Convention now conferred on him the chief command of the army of the Rhine and Moselle ; but he retained at the same time the command of the army of the North, under Moreau, and of the army of the Meuse, under Jourdan. In April, 1795, he was recalled, to take command of the capital, where the terrorists were making eflForts to recover their power. Having sup- pressed the insurrection of the faubourgs, for which he was called in the Convention " the saviour of the country," he retunied to the army of the Rhine, where, however, his career, hitherto so brilliant, now took another turn. He entered into negotiations with the Prince of Condi?, to co-operate in the restoration of the Bourbons ; but the secret was soon revealed to the French government, who, however, being too weak at the mo- ment to bring him to an account, he was re- called, in 179G, under pretence of going am- bassador to Sweden. Pichegru declined the post, but was blind enough not to perceive the storm which threatened him ; and, in- stead of saving himself while it was still time, retired to an estate near Arbois. In March, 1797, he was chosen deputy from the department of Jura to the council of five hundred. He only retained his office till the 4th of September, when a new revolution taking place, he was one of the sixty-five deputies, who, together with Carnot and Barthelemy, two of the directors, were de- clared by their coadjutors guilty of a royalist conspiracy, and condemned to deportation. Pichegru with others was sent to Cayenne, whence he made his escape to England ; and while there he became acquainted with Georges Cadoudal, the Chouan chief, and readily entered into the plans of the emi- grants to effect the overthrow of Buona- parte's government. Having been landed on the Frencli coast by Captain Wriglit, in January, 1804, with several of the old Ven- dean leaders, they repaired in disguise to Paris, hoping to find a party favourable to their views ; but the police (under Fouch^) discovered the plot, and botli Georges and Pichegru were arrested. The latter was confined in the Temple, and a process com- menced against him ; but he was found one morning strangled in prison, April the Gth, 1804. In this country it was believed that his death proceeded from the direct com- mand of Buonaparte ; but there is no posi- tive evidence to support the accusation. PICULER, Caeolixe, one of the most prolific writers that Germany has produced, was born at Vienna, 1769. Her maiden name was Greiner. Her father held a high position at the court of Vienna ; and his house was long celebrated for its reunions of all that was most distinguished in that me- tropolis for rank, fashion, and genius. She received a first-rate education, and showed an early predilection for literary pursuits ; but it was not till after she had attained her 30th year that she appeared as an authoress, her first work, called the " Gleichnisse," being published in 1799. This was followed from time to time by various other works of considerable merit; but these were all thrown into the shade by her " Agathocles," which appeared in 1808, and was written with the view of counteracting Gibbon's attacks upon the Christian faith. Her works amount to more than 60 volumes, consisting chiefly of dramas and historical romances ; of which may be mentioned the " Grafen von Hohen- berg," "Die Belagerung Wien's von 1683," *' Die Schweden in Prag," " Die Wiederero- berung von Ofen," " Ilenriette von England," "Die FrauenwUrde,'" and the "Nebenbuh- ler," &c. Died, 1843. PICKEN, Andrew, a miscellaneous writer, was bom at Paisley, in Scotland, in 1788. After some unsuccessful attempts of a com- mercial nature, he entered on a literary career, by publishing a volume, entitled " Tales and Sketches of the West of Scot- land." This was followed by " The Sec- tarian " and " The Dominie's Legacy ; " the latter of which established his fame as the delineator of Scottish humble life. He sub- sequently engaged in writing tales, &c. for the periodical press ; and a short time pre- vious to his death appeared his " Tradition- ary StQries of Old Families," in 2 vols., de- signed as the first part of a series, which was intended to embrace the legendary history of Great Britain and Ireland. His death took place in November, 1833 ; and a novel, entitled " The Black Watch," which he had just completed, was afterwards published. PICTET, Benedict, a divine and histo- rian, was born at Geneva, in 1655. He be- came professor of theology in his native city, and died there in 1724. His principal works are, " Theologia Christiana," 3 vols. 4to.; "Christian Morality," 8 vols. 12mo.; and a " History of the 12th and 13th Cen- turies," 2 vols. 4to. PICTET, Mark Augustus, a natural philosopher, was born in 1752, at Geneva, where he succeeded Saussure as professor. Among his works is a " Three Months' Journey in England, Scotland, and Ireland." Died, 1825. PICTET DE RICIIEMONT, Charles, a brother of the preceding, was born at Geneva in 1755. After several years spent in the military service, he retired to his estate; and occupied himself in agricultural and literary pursuits, but was subsequently called on to fill a public situation, and in 1815 he ap- peared as negotiator for Switzerland at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin. He translated various works from the English ; conducted, in con- junction with his brother and M. Maurice, the Britannic Library ; and wrote " A Sw pic] ^ ^m Wini^tx^Kl I8t0flrajp^w. [pin Course of Agriculture," and other works on the same subject. Died, 1824. PICTON, Sir Thomas, K.C.B., &c., a gallant British oflRcer, was descended from an ancient family of Pembrokeshire, and commenced his military career as an ensign in the 12th regiment of foot in 1771. He served on the Gibraltar station till 1778, after which he was promoted to a captaincy in the 75th. In 1794 he embarked for the West Indies ; and, after the reduction of St, Lucia and Trinidad in 1797, he rose to the rank of colonel, and was appointed governor of the latter island. AVhilst holding that situation he was applied to by a Spanish magistrate to sign an order for inflicting the torture ou a female slave, named Louisa Calderon ; and on being told it was a cus- tomary practice, he signed it without in- quiry. The girl, who was only 14 years of age, was accordingly picketed, with a view to extort from her the discovery of a theft com- mitted by her paramour. For this act of cruelty the governor was, in 1807, indicted, and found guilty by an English jury. As many exaggerated rumours had preceded the colonel to England, a new trial was granted, and though he was acquitted of moral guilt, the deed was one which threw a shade over his bright career. However, in 1809, he was again employed for his country. He was at the siege of Flushing, and on its capture was appointed governor. From Flushing he returned to England an invalid, but was soon again in the field. His courage and intrepidity shone on every occasion ; ever foremost in the fight, he was a victorious leader at Badajoz, at Vittoria, at Ciudad Rodrigo, &c. At the battle of Waterloo, General Picton commanded the 5th division of the army, and fell in a moment of glory, having just repulsed one of the most serious attacks made by the enemy. A monument to his memory was voted by the parliament, and erected in St. Paul's cathedral. PICUS, John, of Mirandola, was the youngest son of John Francis Picus, prince of Mirandola, and born in 1463. He is said to have been* acquainted with 22 languages when he was but 18, and was accounted a prodigy of erudition and accomplishment. In 1486 he went to Rome, where he published a challenge, offering to dispute on 90<) pro- positions on difierent subjects. Instead, liowever, of being answered as he expected, a cliarge of heresy was brought against him ; he was accordingly compelled to leave Rome ; and settling at Florence, on an estate given to him by Lorenzo de Medici, he gave up his latter years to the study of theology ; and died in 1496. PICUS, JoHx Francis, nephew of the preceding, was born about 1469. He wrote several theological works, poems, &c. ; and was assassinated in his castle, together with his son. by his nephew, in 1533. PIERCE, Edwaud, an English painter in the reigns of Charles I. and II. He was eminent in history and landscapes ; but as his works chiefly consisted of altar-pieces and ceilings of churches, there are few of his pictures in existence, most of them liaving been destroyed in the fire of London. One of his sons was an excellent sculptor, and executed the statues of Sir Thomas Gresham and Edward III., which ornamented the Royal Exchange before it was destroyed by fire, Jan. 10. 1838. PIGALLE, John Baptist, an eminent sculptor, was born at Paris, in 1714. He studied in Italy, and on his return to France became sculptor to the king, chancellor of the academy of painting, and a knight of the order of St. Michael. Died, 1785. PIGNOTTI, Laukence, an Italian poet and historian, was born at Figliena, in Tus- cany, in 1739 ; was educated at Arezzo and Pisa ; practised as a physician at Florence ; was created historiographer of the court, and became rector of the university of Pisa. His "Fables" have acquired an extensive popularity, but his great fame was ac- quired by his " History of Tuscan j." Died, 1812. PILATUS, Leontius, a monk of Cala- bria in the 14th century. He was the master of Petrarch and Boccaccio ; and on his re- turn from Greece, where he had been in search of MSS., he was killed by lightning. PITyES, Roger de, a French painter and a writer ou painting, was born in 1635, at Clameci. In 1692 he was sent by the French ministry into Holland as a secret ne- gotiator, or spy, but being discovered by the Dutch, they imprisoned him for five years, during which period he wrote his " Lives of the Painters." He was also the author of " Dialogues on the Knowledge of Painting," "A Dissertation on the Works of famous Painters," " Elements of practical Painting," &c. Died, 1709. PILKINGTON, James, an English bishop, was born at Rivington, in Lancashire, in 1520, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he became master, i During the persecution under JIary, he was obliged to leave the kingdom, but on the accession of Elizabeth he was made bisliop of Durham, and died in 1575. He wrote some valuable " Commentaries on the Scrip- tures." PILKINGTON, Letitia, the daughter of Dr. Van Lewen, a physician of Dublin, was born in 1712. She became the wife of the Rev. Matthew Pilkington, from whom she was separated on account of the irregularity of her conduct. After this she settled in London, where she subsisted partly by writ- ing, and partly by the bounty of her friends. She wrote " Tlie Roman Father," a tragedy ; and " The Turkish Count, or London Ap- prentice," a comedy; " Memoirs of her Life ; " and various poems, &c. Died, 1750. PILPAY, an oriental fabulist, was a Brahmin of Hindoostan, and counsellor to one of the rajahs. He is said to Jiave flourished 2000 years before the Christian era. His fables were translated from the Persian into French, by Galland, in 1714. PINDAR, the most famous lyric poet of ancient Greece, was born at Thebes, in Boeotia, about 540 b. c. He quitted his na- tive country, which was proverbial for the stupidity of its inhabitants, and went to Athens, where the greatest honours were bestowed upon him. But his principal pa- tron was lliero, king of Syracuse, at whose court he is supposed to have resided the pin] ^ 0tio Bluibfr^al 23i0sm|)!)i). [PIO latter part of his life. He expired in the public theatre, in his 55th year. Such was the respect paid to liis memory, that when the Lacedaemonians took Tliebes, they spared liis house, as also did Alexander the Great. Of his works, which were numerous, and in various kinds of composition, there are now extant only four books of Odes ; but they are amply sufficient to vindicate his claim to be ranked among the most illustrious of the ancient bards. PINDEMOSTE, IIippolito, Count, an eminent Italian poet, was born at Verona, in 1753, and distinguished himself at a very early age by the beauty of his lyrical com- positions. He travelled in England, France, Holland, Germany, ftc-, forming acquaint- ance with men of worth and ability, and obtaining tt)e esteem of all who knew him. Died, 18228. PINE, John, an eminent engraver, was bom in 1600, and died in 175(!. He executed some large plates of the tapestry hangings in the House of Lords, which were so ap- proved, that the parliament passed an act to secure to him the emolument arising from them. He also engraved the text of Horace, and the Bucolics and Georgics of Virgil, illustrated with gems and baa-reliefs. PINEAU, Gabhiei, ixj, a lawyer, was born at Angers, in 16TX He distinguished himself by his pleadings, and was appointed counsellor to the presidial of Angers, where his reputation was such as to procure him the appellation of " Father of the People." Died, 1644. PINEL, Philip, an eminent French phy- sician, particularly distinguished for the important improvements he introduced in the treatment of patients labouring under insanity. Among his works are, " A Medi- co-philosophical Treatise on Mental Alien- ation," "Philosophical Nosography," and "Clinical Medicine." He practised with great success at Paris, where he also acquired much popularity by liis lectures. Born, 1742 ; died, 1826. PINGERON, Jean Claude, a French writer, born at Lyons, in 1730. He was a captain of artillery in the Polish service, and afterwards travelled a great deaL I When lie settled, he devoted his attention to literature, and published a number of works, chiefly translations from the Italian. Died, 1795. PINGRE, Alexander Gut, a French astronomer, was born at Paris, in 1711. He was originally an ecclesiastic ; and though he began the study of astronomy at a late period, he distinguished himself by the zeal and success with which he followed it. In 1760 lie made a voyage to the island of Diego Rodriguez, to observe tlie transit of Venus ; and undertook three subsequent voyages, to try tlie chronometers of Berthoud and Le Roy. .The most important of his works is his " Cometographie," 2 vols. 4to. Died, 1796. PINKERTON, John, a prolific but eccen- tric author, was born at Edinburgh, in 1758. He was educated at Lanark grammar school, and served 5 years with a writer of the sig- net ; after which he settled in London, and devoted the remainder of his life to litera- C87 ture. He began his career by a volume of jniscellaneous poetry, unassumingly entitled "Rhymes." This work was followed by two others, one contiiining "Dithyrombic Odes," Sec, the other entitled "Tales in Verse." He also produced two volumes of pretended " Ancient Scottish Poems," a forgery after the manner of Chatterton j and " Letters on Literature," under the assumed name of Robert Heron, in which he dis- played a degree of impudent pedantry almost unparalleled. It, however, obtained him tlie patronage of Horace Walpole ; of whose witticisms, &c. he published a col- lection after his decease, under the title of " Walpoliana." A bare catalogue of the works of this indefatigable writer would fill a considerable space. Among them are, an excellent " Essay on Medals," " Modern Geography," 3 vols. ; " The Treasury of Wit," 2 vols. ; " General Collection of Voy- ages and Travels," 19 vols. ; " Iconographia Scotica," 2 vols. ; "Recollections of Paris," 2 vols. ; and " Petrology, or a Treatise on Rocka," 2 vols. For many j'cars Mr. Pin- kerton resided at Paris, and there died in 182G. PINSON, Richard, printer to Henry VIL and VIII., was a native of Normandy, and became servant to William Caxton. He printed Magna Charta, and several books which are now scarce and valuable. He died about 1530. PIOMBO, Sebastiano del, an eminent painter, born at Venice, in 1485. He re- nounced music, of which he was very fond, for painting, and studied under Bellini, but afterwards took the fine colouring of Gior- gione as a model. The delicacy of his pencil was much admired, and Michael Angelo encouraged him to enter into competition with Raphael, and even supplied him with designs, which Piombo often executed very happily, although by no means capable of lofty conceptions or sublime inventions. His greatest work is his " Resurrection of Lazarus," now in our National Gallery. Died, 1.547. PIOZZI, Hester Lynch, born in 1739, was the daughter of John Salisbury, esq., a gentleman of Carnarvonshire. Early in life she was distinguished by lier beauty and accomplishments, and, in 1763, married Mr. Thrale, a brewer of great opulence in Southwark, which borough he then repre- sented in parliament. Soon after com- menced her acquaintance with Doctor John- son, of whom, in 1786, she published " Anec- dotes," in one 8vo. volume. On the death of Mr. Thrale, in 1781, she retired to Bath, where she married Piozzi, an Italian music- master, with whom she went abroad. At Florence she formed one of the nssociateil English, who conducted a kind of poetical magazine there, in which the eflfusions of Mrs. Piozzi figured conspicuously. Her subsequent publications are, "Observations and Reflections made in a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany," 2 vols. 8vo. ; " The Florence Miscellany," 8vo. ; " British Synonymy," 2 vols. 8vo. ; and " The Retro- spect," 2 vols. 4to. But she is now chiefly remembered as an authoress by her inge- nious tale of " The Three Warnings." On 3 N 2 pip] 0t\xi Winibsx^nl 23tosrap^j). [pit the death of her second' husband, Mrs. Piozzi returned to England, and died at Clifton in 1821. PIPER, CUARLES, Count, chief minister of Charles XII. of Sweden. He was born of obscure parents, and by liis talents raised himself to the eminent station he occupied. He accompanied Charles in all his cam- paigns, was taken by the Russians at the battle of Pultowa, and died a prisoner in the fortress of Schlusselburg, in 1716. PIPER, Francis le, an English comic painter, was born in Kent, where he inhe- rited a handsome estate. He painted only for amusement, and chiefly such subjects as afforded him an opportunity for indulging in caricature ; his talent for drawing faces remarkable for singularity of expression, or wliimsical combination of feature, being unrivalled. Died, 1740. PIRANESI, John Baptist, an eminent engraver, architect, and antiquary, was born at Venice, about 1711, but lived prin- cipally at Rome, of which city, with its models of ancient and modern art, he was an enthusiastic admirer. He was one of the most indefatigable of artists, and liis talents were equal to his industry ; his works form 16 atlas fol. vols., and delineate, in the most spirited manner, most of the remarkable ancient ediiices and objects of antiquity in the papal states, together with numerous views and modern buildings. Died, 1778. PIRANESI, Feancis, a son of the pre- ceding, and, like him, an artist of great talent, was born at Rome, in 1748. He completed many of the magnificent works begun by his father, and executed many others of equal magnitude ; in which he was assisted by his brother Peter and his sister Eaura. Having taken an active part in the revolution, he ultimately found it necessary to quit his native country ; and he continued to reside at Paris from that time till his death, in 1810. PIRON, Alexis, a French poet and dra- matist, was born at Dijon, in 1689. Having for a while earned a scanty subsistence at Paris as a copyist, he turned his thoughts to dramatic composition, and produced a piece for the comic opera, entitled " Arleqnin Deucalion." This succeeding, he was en- couraged to persevere, and "L'Ecole des P&res," a comedy ; and the tragedies of "Callisth&ne" and " Gustave Vasa" fol- lowed. It was not, however, till 1738 that he gained a place among the highest class of dramatists, by his admirable comedy of " Metromanie," which Laharpe characterises as excelling in plot, style, humour, and vi- vacity almost every other composition of the kind. His " Bon Mots," " Poesies Di- verses," and "Plays," form 7 vols. Died, 1773. PISISTRATUS, an Athenian citizen, who usurped the sovereignty of his country, was a descendant of Codrus, and inherited from his father, Hippocrates, a large fortune. He was ambitious, eloquent, and courageous ; and, pursuing the policy which has so often succeeded in democracies, he gained over the lower classes of the citizens by his affability and unbounded liberality. He made no attempt to abolish the wise laws of Solon, but confirmed and extended their authority; and though he was twice expelled, he re- gained the sovereignty, and continued to exercise it, not as the oppressor, but as the father of his country. He died 527 b. c, leaving his two sons, Hippias and Hippar- chus, to iuherit his power. He established a public library at Athens, and collected and arranged the poems of Homer. PISTORIUS, a polemic of the 16th cen- tury, was born at Nidda, in 1346. He was at first a physician, then a lawyer, and rose to be one of the counsellors of state in the court of Baden Dourlach ; but his religious opinions undergoing a change, he took orders, and, as a Romish priest, wrote vio- lently against Lutheranism and its profes- sors. He finally became prelate of the abbey of Fulda, and provost of the cathedral of Breslau, with the rank of imperial counsel- lor. Died, 1008. PITCAIRNE, Archibald, an eminent physician, born at Edinburgh, in 1652. After receiving his education in his native city and at Paris, he was for a short time professor of medicine at Leyden, and even- tually settled at Edinburgh. Among his works are, " Solutio Problematis de Inven- toribus," "Disputationes MedicaB," "Ele- menta Medicinae Physico-mathematica," and " Dissertatio de Legibus Naturse." Died, 1713. PITHOU, Peter, an eminent French writer on jurisprudence and philology, was born at Troves, in 1539. Being a Calvinist, and at Paris during the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, he narrowly escaped becoming one of the victims. He after- wards conformed to the Catholic church, was employed in many public affairs, and used all his influence to promote the sub- mission of the city of Paris to the authority of Henry FV. Died, 1596. PITISCUS, Bartholomew, a divine and mathematician, was bom in Silesia, in 1561, and died at Heidelberg, where he was first preacher to the court, in 1613. He wrote "Synopsis Theologicae Methodicse," "The- saurus Mathematicus," " Liber pro Reform- atione Ecclesiarum Anhaltinatus." PITOT, Henry, a mathematician, was born in Languedoc, in 1695 ; and in 1740 was appointed engineer to his native pro- vince, and inspector-general of the canal which forms a junction between the Medi- terranean and the Bay of Biscay. One of his principal works was that of supplying Montpelier with water, for which he re- ceived the order of St. Michael. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences, and of the Royal Society of London. Died, 1771. PITT, Christopher, an English clergy- man and an elegant poet, was born in 1699, at Blandford, in Dorsetshire ; was educated at Winchester and at New College, Oxford ; and having obtained the family living of Pimperne, he there passed his life, in the performance of his clerical duties and the cultivation of literature, beloved and re- spected for his suavity of manners and ge- neral benevolence. His poems have con- siderable merit, and his translations of the I pit] % ^m mnihtviKl 3B{0ffrapl)fi, [pit " ^neid " and " Vida's Art of Poetry " are both tasteful and harmonious. Ue died in 1748. PITT, Thomas, the founder of an illus- trious family, was bom at St. Mary's, Bland- ford, in liioi'>. Towards the end of that cen- tury he went to the East Indies, as governor of Fort St. George, where he resided many years, and realised a large fortune ; par- ticularly by a diamond (called after him the Pitt diamond) which he purchased for 2(),400/., and sold to the king of France for somewhat more than five times that sum. A rumour having prevailed in England, that the governor gained this jewel unfairly, and Poi)e having most unwarrantably given the slander currency, by a sort of poetical adop- tion of it in the following couplet — " Asleep and naked as an Indian lay. An honest factor stole a gem away," he published a narrative containing a fair statement of the transaction, which com- pletely refuted the calumny. In 171G, Mr. Pitt was made governor of Jamaica, but did not hold that situation above a year. lie eat in four parliaments, for Old Sarum and Thirsk ; died in 1726 ; and was buried in Blandford church, where a monument was erected to his memory Ilis eldest son, BoBKUT Pitt, of Boconnoc, who died in 1727, was the father of the great Lord Chatham. PITT, William, an illustrious English statesman, was the second sou of the Earl of Chatham, and born May 28. 175'J, at Hayes, in Kent. After receiving the rudi- ments of his education at home, under the watchful superintendence of his father, he was sent to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where his tutor was Dr. Prettyman ; and on leaving the university he was entered at Lincoln's Inn, and in three years was called to the bar. But he was destined shortly to move in a higher sphere. In 1780 he stood candidate for the university of Cambridge, but was unsuccessful. By means, however, of Sir James Lowther, he was returned for the borough of Appleby, and he immediately became one of the most distinguished oppo- nents of the ministry. In 1782 he brought forward a motion for an inquiry into the state of the representation in parliament, which was rejected by a small majority. On the death of the Marquis of Rockingham, Lord Shelburne obtained the office of first lord of the treasury ; and Mr. Pitt, then only 23 years of age, was appointed chan- cellor of the exchequer. A general peace soon followed, which being made the ground of censure by a strong opposition, the cabinet was dissolved, and the Fox and North co- alition took its place. On his retirement from office, Mr. Pitt resumed his efforts for a reform in parliament, and submitted three specific motions on the subject, which, al- though supported by Mr. Fox, then secretary of state, were rejected. On the failure of the India bill of the latter, wliich produced the dismissal of the coalition, Mr. Pitt, al- though at that time only in his 24th year, assumed the station of prime minister, by accepting the united posts of first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. Although strongly supported by the sove- reign, he stood opposed to a large majority of the House of Commons, and a dissolution took place in March, 178G. At the general election which followed, the voice of the nation appeared decidedly in his favour, and some of the strongest aristocratical in- terests in the country were defeated, Mr. Pitt himself being returned by the university of Cambridge. His first measure was the passing of his India bill, establishing the board of control, which was followed by much of that fiscal and financial regulation, which gave ^clal to the early period of his administration. One of the most momentous periods in modem history had now arrived. The French revolution broke out, and pro- duced a vibration in every neighbouring state. War against free principles was de- clared on the one side, by which all amelio- ration was opposed ; while, on the other, the friends of rational reformation found them- selves confounded with ignorant and heated men, who espoused some of the wildest and most visionary innovations. Under this state of things a vigilant eye and a steady hand were obviously necessary to steer the vessel of state ; and whatever opinions may be formed by different parties, in respect to the necessity of our interference, or the measures adopted by the minister — whether he deserved the censures which were so lavishly heaped upon him, or whether he was entitled to the gratitude of his country, as " the pilot that weathered the storm," — certain it is, that he displayed talents, energy, and perseverance, almost unparalleled m the world's history. At length he acceded to the wish that an experiment for peace should be tried, which took place in 1801, under Mr. Addington ; but the event proved how fallacious were the hopes of the people ; and, in 1804, Mr. Pitt once more resumed his post at the treasury. Returning to power as a war minister, he exerted all the energy of his character to render the contest suc- cessful, and found means to engage the two great military powers of Russia and Austria in a new coalition, which was dissolved by the battle of Austerlitz. But his health was now in a very precarious state, and an heri- ditary gout, aggravated by public cares, and a too liberal use of wine, by way of stimulant, completely undermined his constitution ; and he died Jan. 23. 180C. Mr. Pitt was a minister of commanding powers, both as a financier and an orator ; his eloquence, though not so imaginative as that of Burke, or so captivating as that of his father, was more uniformly just and impressive than either ; while the indignant severity and keenness of his sarcasm were unequalled. A public funeral was decreed to his honour by parliament, as also a grant of 40,000<. to pay his debts ; for although his whole life was devoted to the service of his country, such was his disinterestedness in pecuniary matters, that he never received one shilling of the public money beyond his fair emolu- ments of office, to supply the o'X'asional great expenses to which he was put as prime minister. PITTACUS, one of the seven sages of Greece, was born at Mitylene, in the island PIU] 91 ^eto Unibtv^al ajiasiajpTjn. [PLA of Lesbos, about 650 b. c. He was a warrior as well as a philosopher ; expelled the tyrant Melancthus from Lesbos ; and on becoming its sovereign, he discharged the duties of his station in the most exemplary manner ; and died, after a reign of 10 years, b. c. 570. PIUS VI., whose secular name was John AifOELO Bkaschi, was bom at Cesena, in 1717, and succeeded pope Clement XIV. in 1775. His first act was to make a reform in the public treasury ; he then completed the museum in the Vatican ; but the greatest work of his pontificate was the draining of the Pontine marshes, — a project whicli baffled several of the emperors, and many of the popes. Wlien the emperor Joseph II. decreed that all the religious orders in his dominions were free from papal jurisdiction, Pius, apprehensive of the consequences of sucli a measure, went in person to Vienna in 1782 ; but though he was honourably re- ceived, his remonstrances were ineflfectual. The French revolution, however, was of more serious consequence to tlie papal see. The pope having favoured the allies, Buona- parte entered the ecclesiastical territory, and compelled him to purchase a peace by the contribution of several millions, and de- livering up the finest works of painting and sculpture. Basseville was then sent as envoy from the republic to Rome, wliere he behaved with so much Insolence, that the people assassinated him in 1793. General Dui^hot entered the city with his troops to restore order, but the papal soldiers routed them, and Duphot was slain. On this, Buonaparte again entered Italy, and made the pope prisoner in the capital, which was plun- dered. The venerable pontiff was carried away by the victors, and hurried over tlie Alps to Valence, where he died of excessive fatigue and ill-usage, Aug. 29. 1799. PIUS VII., or Gregokv Bakjtabas Chia- RAMONTi, the successor of the preceding pontiff, was born at Cesena, in 1740. He was raised to tlie cardinalate in 1785 ; and when Buonaparte entered Imola, in 179(5, the cardinal, who was also bishop of that see, found means to conciliate the favour of the French general, and thereby paved the way for his elevation to the papacy in 1800. In July, 1801, he signed the concordat ; and in 1804 he crowned Napoleon at Paris, but refused to perform the same oflSce for Louis I XVIII. Notwithstanding the courtesy ' whicli he showed to Buonaparte, the latter seized the pope in 1809, and imprisoned him at Foutainebleau, where he remained till the downfal of his oppressor in 1814, when he returned to Rome to resume his autho- rity. He died in 1823, and was succeeded in the pontificate by Cardinal Sella Genga, who assumed the appellation of Leo XII. PIUS VIII., by name FEArrcis Xaviero Castigliojn'i, was born at Cingolia in 1761, was made bishop of Montalto in 1800, created cardinal in 1816, was elected pope on the death of Leo XII. in 1829, and died in the following year. He was distinguished for his industry, talents, and learning ; spared no expense to preserve the remains of ancient architecture in Rome, and was a sincere patron of the fine arts. Gregory XVI. was his successor. PIZARRO, Francisco, the conqueror of Peru, was the illegitimate son of a gentleman in Truxillo, and being left entirely depend- ent on his mother, a peasant girl, he re- ceived no education, and was, in his early years, employed as a swineherd. Quitting tliis inglorious occupation, he embarked, with some otlier adventurers, for America ; and, in 1524, associated at Panama with Diego de Almagro and Hernandez Lucque, a priest, in an enterprise to make discoveries. In this voyage they fell in with the coast of Peru, but being too few to make any at- tempt at a settlement, Pizarro returned to Spain, where all that he gained was a power from the court to prosecute his object. How- ever, having raised some money, he wa» enabled again, in 1531, to visit Peru, where a civil war was then raging between Huas- car, the legitimate monarch, and his half- brother, Atahualpa, or Atabalipa, as he is variously called, the reigning inca. Pizarro, by pretending to take the part of the latter, was permitted to march into the interior, where he made the unsuspecting chief his prisoner, while partaking of a friendly ban- quet to which he had invited him and his whole court ; then extorting from him, as it is said, a house full of the precious metals by way of ransom, he had him tried for a pretended conspiracy, and condemned him to be burnt, allowing him first to be stran- gled, as a reward for becoming a Christian. In 1535 the conqueror laid the foundation of Lima ; but, in 1537, a contest arose between him and A.ln>agro, who was defeated and executed. Tlie son and friends of Almagro, however, avenged liis death, and on June 26. 1541, after ruling despotically for six years, Pizarro met with the fate he so richly de- served, being assassinated in his palace at Lima. PLACE, FiJANCrs, a native of Dinsdale, in the county of Durham. He was bred to the law, and afterwards expended consi- derable sums in an attempt to make porce- lain. He was an excellent painter as well as engraver, but executed all his works for amusement ; and he refused a pension of i 5001. to draw the royal navy. His etchings of landscapes and birds are admirable ; and his portraits in mez^otinto also prove that he possessed great abilities. Died, 1728. PLATINA, Baetolojieo, an historian, whose real name was Sacchi, was born in 1421. Having fallen under the displeasure of pope Pius II., he was imprisoned and put to the rack, on a charge of being implicated in a conspiracy against him. His sufferings, however, were aiterwards recompensed by Sixtus IV., who, in 1745, made him keeper of the Vatican library. His principal work, composed in elegant Latin, is a history of the "Lives of the Roman Pontiffs." He also wrote, in Latin, a " History of Mantua." Died, 1481. PLATO, one of the most illustrious phi- losophers of antiquity, and the founder of the academic sect, was born in the island of -(Egina, in the 88th Olympiad, or b. c. 430. In his youth he applied to poetry and painting, both which pursuits he relin- quished to become a disciple of Socrates. During the imprisonment of his master, Plato pla] ^ fim Uni^mal StOjarap^B* [PLI attended him and committed to writing his last discourses upon the Immortality of the Soul. He then retired to Megara; after wliich he extended his travels to Magna GrsEcia and Kgypt. On his return to Athens, he formed his scliool in a grove, called the Academy, over the door of which seminary was this inscription, "I^t no one ignorant of geometry enter here." He was soon at- tended by a crowd of hearers of every de- scription j and among other illustrious names to be ranked among his disciples, are those of Dion, Aristotle, Hyperides, I.ycurgus, Demosthenes, and Isocrates. The ancients thought more higlily of him than of all their pliilobophers, ond always called him the Divine Plato. TuUy, whose regard and ve- neration for him were boundless, observes that he was justly called by Pausetius, tlie divine, the most wise, the most sacred, the Homer of philosophers ; and made him so implicitly his guide in wisdom and philo- sopiiy as to declare, that he had rather err with Plato, than be right with any one else. He thrice visited the court of Sicily ; once invited by the elder Dionysius, and twice by tlie younger. The former he so much offendeci, that the tyrant caused him to be seized on his passage home, and sold for a slave ; and the philosopher was indebted for his liberation to Aniceris of Cyrene. On his return to Athens, Plato resumed his school, and no persuasion could afterwards induce him to quit his peaceful retirement. At his death, which hajipened in his TDlh year, b. c. 348, statues and altars were erected to his memory ; and the dav of his birth was long celebrated as a festival. Pl.ATOFF, Count, a celebrated hetraan of the Cossacks, was born in the southern part of Russia, about 1703. He entered young into the military service, distinguished himself against the Turks in Moldavia, and was made a general of cavalry. When the Prencii invaded Russia in 1812, Platoff, with twenty regiments of Cossacks, harassed them in their flight, and contributed greatly to the advantages gaineti over them. He came with the emperor Alexander to Eng- land, and, at London, was the object of popular admiration. lie retired to the river Don, and died in 1818. PLAUTUS, Makcus Accius, a comic writer of ancient Rome, who acquired the surname of Plautus from the ill shape of his feet. He died b. c. 184. . PLAYFAIR, Jony, an eminent mathe- matician and natural pliilosopher, was born at Bervie, near Dundee, of whicii parish his father was minister, in 1749. He received his education at St. Andrew's ; and, in 1772, succeeded to his father's living ; but resigned it some years atlerwards, and went to Edin- burgh, where he became professor of mathe- matics. In his latter years he applied to the study of geology, which he pursued with in- defatigable ardour ; and, in 1816, undertook a journey to the Alps, for the purpose of making observations on those mountains. Among his works are, "Elements of Geome- try," " Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of tlie Earth," "System of Geography," 5 vols. 4to. 5 and Outlines of Philosophy." Died, 1819. PLAYFAIR, Wii-LiAM, brother of the preceding, born in 1759, was an ingenious projector and author. After serving an ap- prenticeship to a'millwright, he was engaged as a draughtsman at Boulton and Watt's es- tablishment, Soho, Birmingham. Oncoming to London, he obtained patents for various inventions, and engaged in many specula- tions, became a fertile writer on politics and other subjects, and died in 1823. His most important publications are, " A Com- mercial and Political Atlas," " An Inquiry into the Decline and Fall of Nations,'' " France as it is," " History of Jacobinism," and "British Family Antiquity." PLAYl'ORD, Joux, a wTiter on music, was born in 1013, and published "An In- troduction to the Skill of Music," often re- printed ; " Court Ayres," and " Psalms and Hymns in solemn Music." His son, Henky Playfokd, was the publisher of " Orpheus Britannicus." PLINIUS, Skcujjdi-s Caius, or Plinv the Eldek, one of the most celebrated writers of ancient Rome, was born a. d. 23, at Verona, or, as some say, at Como, served in the army in Germany, afterwards became an advocate, and was ultimatelj^ procurator in Spain and Africa. As an inquirer into the works of nature he was indefatigable, and he lost his life by his thirst for know- ledge. Being at Miseuum with a fleet which he commanded, on the 24th of August, A. d. 7S), his sister desired him to observe a re- markable cloud that had just appeared. Pliny, discovering that it proceeded from Mount Vesuvius, ordered his galleys to sea, to assist the inhabitants on the coast, while he himself steered as near as possible to the foot of the mountain, which now sent forth vast quantities of burning rock and lava. Pliny and his companions landed at Stabias, but were soon obliged to leave the town for the fields, where the danger was equally great, from the shower of fire which fell upon them. In this state they made the best of their way to the shore, but Pliny, who was very corpulent, fell down dead, suffo- cated by th? noxious vapours. The eruption which caused his death appears to have been that in which tlie cities of Ilerculaneum and Pompeii were destroyed, in the first year of the emperor Titus. He wrote the " His- tory of his own Time," in 31 books, which is lost, and his " Natural History," in .37 books, one of the most precious monuments of an- tiquity extant. PLINIUS, C^ciLius Secundus Cars, or Plkvythe Youxgeu, nephew of the prece- ding, was born a. d. 62, at Como. He studied under Virginius and Quintilian, and in his eighteenth year began to plead in the forum. Soon after this he went as tribune to Syria ; from whence he returned, when he had made one or two campaigns, and settled at Rome. He was promoted to the consular dignity by Trajan, in praise of whom he pronounced a famous oration, which is extant. He was next chosen augur, and afterwards made proconsul of Bithynia, from whence he wrote to Trajan a curious account of the Christians, and their manner of worship. The " Epistles of Pliny " are elegant speci- mens of letter- writing, and very instructive ; PLO] ^ ^cto eJniticrjSal 3Si00rapl)jj. [POC they have been translated into English by Lord Orrery and Mr. Mehnoth. PLOT, RoBEUT, a naturalist, was bom in 1640, at Borden, in Kent ; was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gra- duated as LL.D. ; became one of the secre- taries of the Royal Society, royal historio- grapher, archivist of the herald's office, &c. ; and died in 1690. llis chief works are, " The Natural Histories of Oxfordshire and Staf- fordshire." PLOTINTJS, a Platonic philosopher, was born in 20;!, at Lycopolis, in Egypt ; and accompanied the emperor Gordian in his expedition against the Parthians, in order to obtain a knowledge of Indian and Persian philosophy. He afterwards resided at Rome, and died in 270. PLOWDEN, Charles, a Jesuit, born in England, in 1743, but educated at Rome, where he entered into the society in 1579. On his return to his own country after the suppression of his order in 1773, he was one of the most zealous advocates for their re- uniting in England. He afterwards became president of the Catholic College of Stony- hurst, in Lancashire, and died in 1821. PLOWDEN,Edmlind, an eminent lawyer, was born in Shropshire, in 1.517, and died in 1584. His " Commentaries and Reports" are greatly esteemed. PLOWDEN, Francis, an historian and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Ireland, and by profession a barrister and convey- ancer. He was the author of "Jura An- glorum," " Church and State," "A Treatise upon the Law of Usury and Annuities," and "The History of Ireland." In consequence of a verdict obtained against him for a libel in the latter work, with 5000^ damages, he retired to France, where he afterwards re- sided ; and died, at an advanced age, in 1829. PLUCHE, Noel Antoine, a learned French writer, born at Rheims, in 1688, in the college of which city he was professor of rhetoric. He was afterwards appointed pre- sident of the college of Laou, but was re- moved from his office in consequence of his opposition to the bull Unigenitus, and died in 1761. His " Histoire du Ciel " and " Spec- tacle de la Nature," both of which were translated into English, were at one time very popular. PLUKENET, Leoxard, an eminent Eng- lish botanist, was born in 1642. He practised as an apothecary in Westminster, and raised a botanic garden there. After the greater part of his life passed in struggling against adversity, he was appointed superintendant of the gardens at Hampton Court, and royal professor of botanj'. He died about 1708. His " Phy tographia " is an honourable proof of his abilities. He also published " Alma- gestum Botanicum," " Almagesti Botaiuci Mantissa," and " Amaltheum Botanicum." PLUMPTBE, James, a clergyman and miscellaneous writer, was the sou of Dr. Plumptre, president of Queen's College, Cambridge, where he entered as a student in 1787. At the commencement of his career he wrote several dramatic pieces, viz. " The Coventry Act," a comedy ; " Osway," a tra- gedy ; and several others ; besides " Obser- vations on Hamlet," " The English Drama Purified," and " Four Discourses on Subjects relating to the Amusements of the Stage." His other works consist principally of " Sermons " preached on particular occasions, several of which are of a very popular cha- racter. He was also the author of " Letters to Dr. Aikin on his Volume of Vocal Poetry." Died, 1832. PLUTARCH, a celebrated Greek philo- sopher and historian, was a native of Che- ronea, in Bceotia. On visiting Rome, he was received with flattering marks of distinction by Trajan, who raised him to the consular dignity, and appointed him governor of Illyria. After the death of his patron, Plu- tarch returned to Cheronea, where he died at an advanced age, a. n. 120. The most cele- brated of his works are, his " Lives of Illus- trious Men " and his " Morals." PLUVINEL, AXTHOXY, a native of Dau- phin3', who was master of the horse to Henry IV., by whom he was sent ambassador to Holland. He was the first in France that opened a school for riding, on which subject he wrote a work, called " L'Art de monter h Cheval." Died, 1620. POCOCK, Dr. Edward, a most learned English critic and commentator, and famous particularly for his great skill in oriental languages, was born at Oxford, in 1604 ; re- ceived llis education at Magdalen and Corpus Christi Colleges ; twice visited the liCvant, for the purpose of collecting ancient manu- scripts and coins ; was afterwards Hebrew professor at Oxford, rector of Childrey, and canon of Christchurch -, and died in 1691. Among his works are, " Specimen Historia3 Arabum," " Albufaragius Historia Dynastia- rum," " Commentaries ou the Minor Pro- pliets," &c. Died, 1691. POCOCK, Isaac, an artist and dramatist, was born at Bristol, in 1782. His father had distinguished himself as a marine painter ; and Isaac appearing to have the same genius for the art, was placed first with Romney, and afterwards studied under Sir William Beechy. He gained the first prize given by tlie British Institution, by the production of his historical picture of the murder of Thomas a. Becket. He afterwards painted other pic- tures, but becoming independent, he gra- dually relaxed in the prosecution of that profession, and retired to Maidenhead, where he occasionally used both his pencil and pen, and produced mauy dramatic pieces, the greater part of which were successful. Here he was nominated to the commission of the peace and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Berks. He died after the illness of a few hours only, August 23. 1835. He was tlie autlior of about 40 melodramas, farces, and operatic pieces ; among which were, " The Miller and his Men," " Hit or Miss," " John of Paris," " Robinson Crusoe," " Alon- trose," &c. POCOCKE, Richard, a learned prelate and traveller, was born at Southampton, in 1704 ; received his education at the free- school there, of which his father was master, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; tra- elled in the East from 1737 to 1742 ; was, sivccessively, precentor of Waterford, arch- deacon of St. Patrick's, bishop of Ossory, and C92 pog] ^ i^fUj ^Snibrrsal 3Si05rap!)t). [POL of Meath ; and died in 1765. His " Travels " are rich in description, particularly of the " Curiosities of Egypt and Palestine." POGGIO BRACCIOI>INI, an Italian writer of the loth century, who contributed greatly to the revival of classical literature in Europe, was born at Terranova, in Tus- cany, was educated at Florence, and lield the office of ai)08tolical Bccrctary to no less than eight popes. He devoted much of his time in the search after manuscripts ; and to him the world is indebted for Quintilian.the orations of Cicero, Lucretius, part of Plautus, and other remains of antiquity. lie was a man of eminent talent, but his morals and disposition were most reprehensible. His chief works are, a " History of Florence," "Dialogiies on Nobility," and "Funeral Oriiti(.ns." Died, 1459. POISSON, Raimond, a French actor and dramatist of the 17th century, who obtained great celebrity in low comedy. He wrote a uuml)er of theatrical pieces, and died in 1G90. His son Paul Poisson, was eminent as a comic actor. Died, 173.5 The two sous of Paul, Pjiii-ir and Aknollt pe Roin- viLLE, were also distinguished for their theatrical talents : the former wast lie author of 10 comedies, and was a good tragic per- former ; while the latter fully supported the reputation of his family as a comic actor. He died in 17.53. POISSONNIER, Petek Isaac, an emi- nent pliysician, was bom at Dijon, in 1720. He became professor of medicine in tlie college de France, and was the first who gave chemical lectures at Paris. In 1758, being first physician to the French army, he went to Russia, to attend the empress Eli- zal)eth in her illness. In 17C4 he was ap- pointed inspector-general of physic in the ports and colonies, and died in 1798. M. Poissonnier wrote several practical works, but he is chiefly known by his method of procuring fresh water from that of the sea, for which he received a pension of 12,000 livres. POIVRE, N., a French naturalist, was born at Lyons, in 1719. He was appointed intendant of the isles of France and Bourbon, where he introduced the bread-fruit tree and other valuable plants. Died, 178C. POLE, Reoimalu, Cardinal, an eminent statesman, and archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of queen Mary, was descended from the blood-royal of England, and born at Stourton Castle, in Staffordshire, in 1500. He was educated at Sheen monastery, and Magdalen College, Oxford ; and after obtain- ing preferment in the church, went to Italy, where he long resided. On his return to England he opposed the divorce of Henry Vm. from Catharine of Arragon in sucli terms, that the king drove him from his pre- sence, and never saw him more. He again left England, was made a cardinal, and very nearly obtained the popedom on the death of Paul III. When Mary ascended the throne, Pole returned to England as legate, in wliich capacity he absolved the parlia- ment from the sin of heresy, and reconciled the nation to the holy sec. The very day after the burning of Crannier, the cardinal was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury ; soon after which he was elected chancellor of both universities, and he survived the queen but one day, Nov. 15. 1558. POLEMBERG, Coknelius, a painter, was born at Utrecht, in 1586. He was a disciple of Abraham Bloemart, and completed his studies at Rome. On his return he received much encouragement from Rubens ; and Charles I. invited him to England, where he painted a number of beautiful landscapes, principally of a small size, and which ore now rare. POLEMON, a Greek philosopher, was born at OSta. In his youth he led a very dissipated life, but by hearing Xenocrates discourse on the miseries of intemperance, he became reformed, and succeeded that philosopher in his school There was also a rhetorician of this name, who lived in the reign of Trajan. POLI, G. Saverio, an eminent naturalist, was born at Molfetta, in Italy, in 1746, and studied in the university of Padua. He was the friend of Morgagni, Fracciolati, Poleni, and Valsecchi ; and became director of the military academy at Naples, where he died in 1825. He was the author of a very popu- lar " System of Natural Philosophy " and also of a work on " Testacea." POLIGNAC, Jules, Prince de, prime mi- nister of Charles X. of France, whose admi- nistration produced the revolution of 1830, was sprung from an ancient family, whose vicissitudes of fortune were remarkable even in revolutionary France, and which num- bered among its members the famous Abbi5 de Polignacwho died, 1741. Driven from Paris by tlie clamour of the mob, his parents re- paired to Vienna ; but scarcely had they reached that capital, before the fate of her be- loved mistress and friend, Maria Antoinette, was communicated to his mother, and within a few days she fell a victim to her grief and affection. Deprived of a mother's care, young Polignac and his two brothers were educated in devoted attachment to their religion and their exiled sovereign ; and, before reaching manhood, Jules de Polignac proceeded to Russia, then a refuge for the royalists, and shortly afterwards repaired to Edinburgh, where the Count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X., resided. Under the mingled influences of religion and loyalty, he embarked with his brother Armand in Georges' conspiracy in 1804 against Napoleon. The conspiracy was detected ; the brothers were arrested, tried, and condemned to death ; but, at the intercession of Josephine and Madame Murat, the emperor's sister, the sentence of death was commuted to imprisonment, and the two young men were sent to Vincennes, where they remained six years. On the re- storation of Louis XVIII., Jules de Polignac devoted himself heart and soul to the so- called party of the Congregation, in the in- terest of the Pope, the Church, and the Count d'Artois ; and his services were rewarded by the Pope conferring on liim the title of a Roman prince, by which he has since been known. In 1823, Prince Polignac was sent as ambassador to London, where he remained six years ; and the intrigues of the priest party being finally crowned with success, he re- turned to Paris in 1829, to assume the premier- 603 / ^ or THF *^ \ pol] ^ ^tia Bniiitr^aX 28iosrap!)g. [pol ahip of the new ministry ; but the nation was loud in its expression of distrust, till at length the unconstitutional course that he adopted towards the chambers was suddenly arrested by the " three glorious days," which led to his own overthrow, and the dethrone- ment of his sovereign. Pursued and taken at Granville, he was tried before the chamber of peers, and condemned ; but his life was spared; and, after undergoing a short im- prisonment at Ham, he was allowed to go into exile. His remaining years were spent chiefly at Munich. At length he was allowed to return to France, though not to Paris ; but the death of Charles X. and the Duke d'Angouleme gave the last blow to a consti- tution already broken down by many re- verses,and he sank into a state of melancholy , from which he never recovered. Born, 1783; died, 1847. His brother Armand died about a month before him. POLIGNAC, Mki.chior de, a French cardinal and statesman, was born in 16C1, at Puy en Velay in Languedoc. He was employed aa a negotiator at Rome, in Poland, and in Holland, and acquitted him- self so well that he was rewarded with the purple. During the regency he was ba- nished to his abbey of Anchin, but after- wards he was recalled, and appointed agent for French affairs at Rome. In 1726 he was made archbishop of Auch, and died in 1741. He wrote a Latin poem, entitled " Anti- Lucretius ; " which has often been reprinted, and was translated into English by the father of the late Mr. Canning. POLITIAN, Anoelus, an eminent Ita- lian scholar, was born in 1454, at Monte Pulciano, in the Florentine territories, whence he derived the appellation by which he is more usually known than by that of Ciiiis, his family name. He assumed the ecclesiastical habit, and acquired by his ac- complishments the favour of Lorenzo the Magnificent, who made him tutor to his children, and presented him with a canonry in the cathedral of Florence, which he held with the professorship of the Greek and Latin languages. Among the most esteemed of his writings are, " A Collection of Greek Epigrams," the " History of the Conspiracy of the Pazzi," the drama of " Orpheus," and a Latin version of Herodian. Died, 1494. POLK, James Kxox, ex-president of the United States of America, was bom in North Carolina, 1795. After an honourable university course, he became a member of the Tennessee bar in 1820, and pursued his professional career with such success, that he was soon marked out by his countrymen for the highest services at their command. In 1825 he was elected to congress, where he be- came conspicuous for firmness, regularity, and assiduity ; and after sitting in congress 14 years, two or three of which he was speaker, he was elected president of the federal re- public in 1844. His administration was dis- tinguished by various important events, bear- ing on the fortunes of the United States. By the annexation of Texas and California, he extended the boundaries of his country ; he laboured to organise the national treasury on the principles of the constitution, and in- troduced into the government many finan- cial and commercial improvements. Died, 1849. POLLEXFEN, Sir IlENRr, an eminent English judge, who in 1688 was one of the counsel for the seven bishops. After the revolution he was knighted, and made cliief justice of the common pleas. Died, 1692. POLLIO, Caius Asinius, a celebrated Roman, who was much esteemed by Au- gustus, and gained a great reputation by his military exploits, but more by his lite- rary connections. He filled the oflSce of consul B. c. 40, and was the intimate friend of Horace and Virgil. He was the author of tragedies, orations, and a liistory, which are lost. Died, aged 80, b. c. 4. POLLOK, RoBEKT, a Scotch clergyman and writer of sacred poetry, was born in 1799, at Eagle8ham,in Renfrewshire. Being intended for the church, he was sent to the university of Glasgow to study theology ; but his health became so much impaired by study, that he had scarcely entered on his ministry before he found it necessary to quit the north with a view to a residence in Italy, in order to try the effect of change of climate. He left Scotland in August, 1827, but he had only proceeded to South- ampton, when his malady increased to such a degree as precluded all hope of recovery, and he died there in the following month. - His principal production is entitled " The Course of Time," a poem in 10 books. He also wrote " The Persecuted Family," a nar- rative of the sufferings of the Presbyterians in the reign of Charles II. ; and " Ralph Gemmel," a tale for youth. POLLUX, Julius, was bom in Egypt in 180; he taught rhetoric at Athens, and was appointed preceptor to the emperor Com- modus, for whose use he drew up an " Ono- masticon, or Greek Vocabulary." Died, 238. POLO, Marco, a celebrated traveller of the 13th century, was the son of a Venetian merchant, who had penetrated to the court of Kublai, the great khan of the Tartars. This prince being highly entertained with their account of Europe, made them his ambassadors to the pope ; on which they travelled back to Rome, and, with two mis- sionaries, once more visited Tartary, accom- panied by the young Marco, who became a great favourite with the khan. Having ac- quired the different dialects of Tartary, he was employed on various embassies ; and, after a residence of 17 years, all the three Venetians returned to their own country in 1295, with immense wealth. Marco after- wards served his country at sea against the Genoese, and, being taken prisoner, remained many years in confinement, the tedium of which he beguiled by composing the history of his " Travels." Marco Polo relates many things which appear highly incredible, but the greater part of his narrative has been verified by succeeding travellers. POLWHELE, Rev. Richard, an anti- quarian, historian, poet, and miscellaneous writer, whose works are exceedingly volu- minous, was born at Truro, in 17G0, where he was also educated, and where, when a boy, with the assistance of the celebrated Dr. Wolcot, then a physician in that town, he first essayed as a poet. His principal works pol] ^ ^eto Winibtvial 28t0srapT)|?. [PON are " The History of Cornwall," 7 vols. 4to., The History of Devonshire," 3 vols., "Tra- ditions and Recollections," 2 vols., "The Ru- ral Rector," 3 vols., " Biographical Sketches in Cornwall," 3 vols., "Anecdotes of Me- thodism," " Illustrations of Scriptural Cha- racters," several volumes of sermons ; with numberless poems, and other writings of a miscellaneous character. Died at Truro, aaed 78, March, 18;J8. "POLYii:NUS, a Greek author in the 2nd century, who wrote 8 books of the " Strata- gems of illustrious Generals." He appears to have been a Macedonian, and, after serv- ing in the army, he became a statesman under Antoninus and Varus. POLYBIUS, a celebrated Greek historian, son of Lycortus, general of the Achaeans, was born in Arcadia, B.C. 203. He was formed for public business by the precepts and example of Philopoemen, and at the funeral of that general he bore the urn which contained his ashes. Being sent to Rome us one of the hostages demanded of the Achxans, his residence at the capital of the world was of great importance to Polybius, who, on his return to Greece, was employed in public affairs by several states. He wrote a " Uni- versal History," in 40 books, of which we have only 5 complete, and an abridgment of 12 others. POLYCARP, St., a Christian father and martyr, who, according to tradition, was a disciple of the apostle John, and by him ap- pointed bishop of Smyrna. He made many converts, and violently opposed the heresies of Marcion and Valentinus ; but during tlie persecution of the Christians under Marcus Aurelius, he suffered martyrdom with the most heroic fortitude, a.i>. 1G9. His " Epistle to the Philippians " is the only one of his pieces that has been preserved. POLYCLETUS, a famous sculptor, was born at Sicyon, and flourished about the year B.C. 430. He is considered to have attained perfection in single figures ; and a statue of a boy, executed by him, was sold for 190 talents, equivalent to 20,000/. POLYGNOTUS, a painter of Thasos, about 422 B. c. He gained celebrity by a se- ries of pictures on the war of Troy, for which he refused the presents offered him by the states of Greece ; he also painted the temple of Delphi, and part of the Poccile at Athens gratuitously, for which it was decreed that he should be supported at the public expense. POMBAL, Sebastian Joseph Carvalho Mei.iio, Marquis of, a Portuguese statesman, was born at Soura, in 1C99. After having been ambassador to I-ondon and Vienna, he was, in I'.W, appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs, and, in 17.5fi, prime minister. He introduced many reforms and changes in the government ; but as his measures were frequently severe and arbitrary, he raised up many enemies, and on the death of the king, in 1777, he was disgraced, and exiled to his estates, where he died in 1782. POMFRET, John, an English poet, was born at Luton, in Bedfordshire, in 1(567; was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge ; and obtained the living of Maiden. He was the author of " The Choice," a poem which has ever been popular ; but owing to an equivocal expression therein, Dr. Compton, bishop of London, thought him unfit for the clerical office, and refused to induct him to another and more considerable benefice. The prelate was, however, soon after con- vinced of his mistake ; but in the meantime Pomfret, who had been detained in London, caught the small-pox, and died of it in 1703. POMPADOUR, Jea.n'nk Antoinkttk PoissoN, Marchioness de, the mistress of Louis XV., in whose affections she suc- ceeded Madame de Chateauroux, was the daughter of a financier, and born in 1720. At the age of 21 she was married to M. d'Etioles ; first attracted the king's notice while he was hunting in the forest of Senart; appeared at court in 174.5, under the title of marchioness of Pompadour ; and died in 17(;4, aged 44 years. She certainly used her influence with the king in promoting tlie progress of the fine arts, but her cupidity and extravagance were unbounded ; and many of the evils which oppressed France in the succeeding reign have been attributed to the power she possessed of filling the. most important oflSces of the state witli her fa- vourites, wliose measures were generally in- glorious, both at home and abroad. POMPEY, surnamed the Great, or Cneius PoMPEius Magnus, was of a noble family, and born b. c. 105. He studied the art of war under his father, and, when he was only 23, raised three legions, with which he joined Sylla, whose opponents he drove out of Sicily and Africa. That commander re- called him to Rome, and gave him the name of Magnus. Pompey also obtained the honours of a triumph, and was chosen con- sul i in which office he restored the tribunes, and extended the Roman empire beyond Asia Minor. For these services he received another triumph, soon after which he formed the first triumvirate with Csesar and Crassus; but though he married the daughter of Cassar, a civil war broke out between them, in which Pompey was utterly defeated, at Pharsalia. He then fied to Egypt, and was there assassin- ated, by order of the ministers of Ptolemy, king of that country, b. c. 48. POMPIGNAN, JouN James le Fkance, Marquis of, was born at Montauban, in 1709. He gained a great reputation by his tragedy of" Dido," acted in 1734. His works, which have been published in 6 vols. 8vo., consist of dramatic pieces, sacred odes, moral dis- courses, a translation of the Georgics, &c. Died, 1784. POMPONIUS L^TUS, JuliTjs, some- times styled Peter of Calabria, a learned an- tiquary of the 15th century, was professor of rhetoric at Rome, and the founder of an academy, which was oppressed by Paul II., and many of the members imprisoned and put to the torture ; but Sixtus IV. released tliem, and restored Pomponius to his pro- fessorship. Died, 1498. POND, John, F. R. S., an eminent English astronomer, who for a period of 25 years held the important office of astronomer- royal, died at his house, in Greenwich, in September, 1836 ; and his remains were in- terred in the same tomb, at Lee, that for 93 years had given shelter to the ashes of his celebrated predecessor. Dr. Edmund Halley. According to the testimony of Sir Ilumphry Davy, " the enthusiasm with which he pur- sued his favourite science, and the sacrifices of time, health, and money that he made in consequence, were great indeed. As a practical astronomer, he had scarcely any equal ; his talent for taking observations was quite unique ; and to his zeal our na- tional observatory is indebted for many of the new instruments which have, confessedly, rendered it so pre-eminent and complete. PONIATOWSKI, Stanislaus Augustus, the last king of Poland, was the son of a private gentleman of Lithuania, and was born in 1732. Having been fortunate enough to please the grand duchess, afterwards Ca- tharine II., he was elected king in 1764. At the commencement of his reign he gave many proofs of his moderation and love of justice ; but his attempts to introduce some modifications into the Polish constitution, rallied a powerful party against him. The Protestants, who were excluded from a place in the diet and from the right of votes, claimed the restoration of the treaty of Olivia, made in 1660. The ministers of Russia, England, and Prussia favoured their claim, and Sta- nislaus was also inclined to grant their request ; but the Catholic bishops protested against the measure, as favouring the ene- mies of the state. Russian troops soon after appeared at the gates of Warsaw, when the Catholics formed themselves into an army, to wliich they gave the name of " confede- rates." Pulaski, one of their chiefs, proposed carrying ofiF the king ; for which purpose he, with two other chiefs and 40 dragoons, dis- guised as peasants, laid wait for him near the town. When the royal carriage ap- proached, they seized the king, and then placed him on one of their horses. The night was dark, but they forced the animals forward until they were exhausted ; they then walked, dragging Stanislaus with them, but at dawn of day, finding they had missed the way, and that tliey were only a short distance from the city, all, except Kosinski, fled. Struck with remorse, he implored the king's pardon, which the monarch readily granted, and, on his return to his palace, settled a pension on the penitent chief. But Stanislaus still continued to be afflicted by the divisions of his people. In 1787 the empress Catharine visited the Crimea, and the king obtained from her a promise of security for his kingdom ; the emperor Jo- seph II. also made him a like solemn pro- mise. Nevertheless, in 1792 the Russians and the Prussians invaded Poland, and, in defiance of tlie efforts of tlie brave Kosciusko, divided the unhappy kingdom between them, and Stanislaus was compelled to sign his abdication. He then retired to St. Peters- burgh, and lived as a private individual until his death, in 1798. PONIATOWSKI, Prince Joseph, an il- lustrious Polish general, was the nepliew of the preceding, and born at Warsaw, in 1763. At the age of 16 he entered into the service of Joseph II.' of Austria, but quitted it for the purpose of aiding Ids country, the mo- ment that he saw there were hopes enter- tained of her throwing off a foreign yoke. He served with courage against the Russians, under Kosciusko, who gave him the com- mand of a division, at the head of which he distinguished himself at the two sieges of Warsaw. After the surrender of the city, he went to Vienna, and, rejecting the offers of Catharine and Paul, lived in retirement, on his return to Poland, at his estates near Warsaw. The creation of the duchy of Warsaw rekindled the hopes of the Polish patriots, and Poniatowski accepted the place of minister of war in the new state. In 1809 he commanded the Polish army against the superior Austrian force, which was sent to occupy the duchy ; compelled it to retire, rather by skilful manceuvres than by force of arms, and penetrated into Galicia. In the war of 1812, against Russia, he was again at the head of the Polish forces, and distinguished himself in all the principal affairs of this chequered campaign. After the battle of Leipsic, during which Napoleon created him marshal of France, he was or- dered to cover tlie retreat of the French army. The enemy were already in posses- sion of the suburbs of Leipsic, and had thrown liglit troops over the Elster, when the prince arrived, with a few followers, at the river, the bridge over which had been blown up by the French. The brave Po- lander, already wounded, plunged with his horse into the stream, and was drowned, Oct. 19. 1814. His body was found on the 24th, and, having been embalmed, was buried at Warsaw, with all tlie honours of his rank, by order of the emperor Alexander. PONSONBY, Sir Fkederic Cavendish, K.C. B., a distinguished cavalry officer and major-general in the British army, was the second son of the Earl of Besborough, and born in 1783. He was appointed to a cor- netcy in the 10th dragoons in 1800, and after passing through the intermediate grades of rank, obtained a majority in the 23rd light dragoons in 1807. During the Peninsular war this gallant soldier had frequent oppor- tunities of distinguishing himself, and was regarded as the beau ideal of a cavalry officer. At Talavera, Barrosa, Vimiera, Salamanca, and Vittoria, he performed some of the most brilliant exploits recorded in that fierce and enterprising era of the war ; and during the whole of the retrograde movement of the army from the Douro, a day seldom passed without his being more or less engaged with the enemy's advance. But we must omit the details of his valuable operations in the Peninsula, to describe the termination of his splendid career on the field of Waterloo. In the absence of his commanding officer, General Vandeleur, who had a few minutes before led forward the 16th light dragoons, he observed a French column rapidly ad- vancing into the small valley which lay between the two armies. There was not a moment to lose : Col. Ponsonby, calculating the column at about 1000, exclaimed, " They must not be allowed to come further," and with his well-known " Come on, 12th ! " dashed down the field, followed by his men. At the very moment when they had driven their opponents back into the enemy's lines, and. the colonel was anxious to draw off his comrades, who were now fighting at fearfUl odds, he received a cut on his right arm. pon] ^ ^ch) Bnihtr^nX 38t0flrapl)tn [pop which caused his sword to drop, and imme- diately afterwards he received another on his left, which he raised to protect hia head. By the latter he lost the command of his horse, which gallopped forward, and Col. Ponsonby, unable to defend himself, received a blow from a sword on his head, which brought him senseless to the ground. There he lay, exposed on the field, during the whole of the ensuing night. After being wantonly pierced through the back by a lancer, plundered by a French tirailleur, rode over by two squadrons of Prussian ca- valry, and encumbered for some hours by a dying soldier lying across his legs, he was at length accosted by an English soldier, whom he persuaded to stay by him until morning, when a cart conveyed him to the village of Waterloo. He had received seven wounds, but by constant attention he at length re- covered. Colonel Ponsonby was one of the brightest ornaments of the army, and a uni- versal favourite. To the most chivalrous bravery he united military talents of no or- dinary cast, which were guided by a remark- able calmness of judgment and coolness of decision. No lesson of experience was ever lost upon him ; and his authority in matters of his profession, particularly the cavalry service, was regarded with general respect. Ue died Jan. 11. 1837 ; being at the time a major-general in the army, K. C. B., and colonel of the royal dragoons, besides en- joying the honour of four foreign orders of knighthood. PONTOPPIDAN, Eric, a Danish prelate, distinguished as a theological and historical writer, was born at Aarhuys, in 1698 ; be- came bishop of Bergen in 1746 ; and died in 17(54. Ills principal works are, "Annals of the Danish Church " and the "Natural Ilis- tory of Norway." POOL, Matthew, a Nonconformist mi- nister, was born at York, in 1C24. He dis- played so much zeal against popery, that, according to the deposition of Titus Gates, his name was among those intended to be taken off in the popish plot. On this he went to Amsterdam, where he died in 1679. Besides "Sermons," he wrote "Annotations on the Bible ; " but his greatest work was the " Synopsis Criticorum," in 6 vols. POPE, Alexander, a celebrated poet, was born in 1688, in Lombard Street, Lon- don, where his father had carried on an extensive business as a linen-draper, and amassed a considerable fortune. His parents being of the Romish persuasion, he was placed at 8 years of age under one Taverner, a priest, who taught him the rudiments of liatin and Greek. At the age of 12 he re- tired with his parents to Binfield, in Wind- sor Forest, where his father had purchased a small estate. Here he wrote his " Ode on Solitude," which appears as the first-fruits of his poetic genius. It was here also that he first met with the works of Waller, Spen- ser, and Dryden ; but on perusing Dryden he abandoned the rest, and studied him as his model. At the age of 16 he wrote his " Pastorals," which procured him the friend- ship of the principal wits of the time. His next performance was the " Essay on Criti- cism," published in 1711. The " Messiah " 697 appeared first in the Spectator, and this was followed by his " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day." About this period also he produced the " Rape of the l-ock," occasioned by Lord Petre's cutting off a ringlet of Mrs. Arabella Fermor's hair. He next brought out his "Epistle from Eloisa to Abelard," "The Temple of Fame," and " Windsor Forest." Pope now undertook his translation of the "Iliad," which he published by subscrip- tion, and cleared by it above 5000/., part of which he laid out in the purchase of a house at Twickenham, whither he removed in 171.5. After completing the "Iliad," he undertook the "Odyssey," for which also he experienced a liberal subscription. He was, however, materially assisted in these works by the learning and abilities of others, particularly Broome, Fenton, and Parnell. The reputation he had acquired by the suc- cess as well as the merit of his works, pro- cured him numerous enemies among writers of the minor class, from whom he expe- rienced frequent splenetic attacks. Perhaps it would have been more to his honour had he taken no notice of them ; but in 1727 he vented his resentment in a mock heroic, entitled " The Dunciad," in which he took more than warrantable revenge, and, what was worse, exposed to ridicule many ingeni- ous and respectable persons who had given him no offence. In 1729, by the advice of Lord Bolingbroke, he turned his pen to a moral and philosophical subject ; the result was his " Essay on Man," an ethical poem, addressed to that statesman, which attracted universal admiration. It was followed by " Imitations of Horace," accompanied by a "Prologue and Epilogue to the Satires," and by " Moral Epistles," which exhibit him as a satirist of the school of Boileau. In 173", Pope printed his "Letters" by sub- scription, for which he alleged as his excuse, that some of his epistles had been surrep- titiously published by Edmund Curll. In 1742, at the suggestion of Warburton, he added a fourth book to his " Dunciad," in- tended to ridicule useless and frivolous studies, in which he attacked Colly Cibber, then poet laureate. Cibber retaliated by a pamphlet which told some ludicrous stories of his antagonist, and so irritated the latter, that, in a new edition of the " Dunciad," he deposed Theobald, its original hero, and promoted Cibber in his place, who, although a great coxcomb, could scarcely be deemed a dunce. An oppressive asthma began now to indicate a commencing decline ; and while he was engaged in preparing a com- plete edition of his works, he expired. May 30. 1744, aged .56. POPE, Sir Thomas, a statesman and a patron of learning, was born at Dedington, in Oxfordshire, in 1508 ; was educated at Eton; and, after studying at Gray's Inn, was called to the bar. He was knighted in 1540, and held various important offices under Henry VIII. and Mary. He was the intimate friend of Sir Thomas More, to whom, by order of the king, he communi- cated the sad tidings of his intended exe- cution. In 1554 he founded Trinity College, Oxford : and died in 1558. POPHAM, Sir Home Riogs, a naval com- pop] ^ i^ebi Winibtr^Kl 33taflrajp]^g. [POR mander, was born in Ireland, in 17C2. lie served as a lieutenant in the American war ; and rose to tlie rank of post- captain soon after the commencement of the war with France, having rendered essential service to the Duke of York in Holland. He was next employed in the Baltic, and, in 1800, appointed to a command in the East Indies. In 1803 he entered the Red Sea, and settled advantageous terms of commerce for the Englisli merchants. He was afterwards engaged in an expedition against Buenos Ayres, for which, as he was charged with acting without sufficient authority, he was tried by a court-martial, and reprimanded. He finally obtained the situation of com- mander-in-chief on the Jamaica station ; and had but just returned to England in 1820, when he died. POPHAM, Sir Jojin, an eminent judge, was born in Somersetshire, in 1531. After serving the offices of attorney and solicitor- general, he was appointed, in 1581, chief justice of the king's bench. He died in 1G07. Ilis " Reports and Cases," in folio, show his abilities to great advantage. PORDENONE, (so called from his birth- place, his true name being Giovanni Antonio Licinio,) a painter of the Venetian school, ond rival of Titian, was bom in 1484, He executed many great works for Mantua, Genoa, and Venice ; and died at Ferrara, in 1.540. PORLIER, Juan Diaz, surnamed El Marquesito, a Spanish patriot and general, was born, about 1775. at Carthagena, in South America, where his father held a high public situation. He first entered the navy, and served as a midshipman at the battle of Trafalgar ; but when the cry of independence spread through the Peninsula in 1808, he raised a guerilla corps, of which he became the leader, and distinguished himself in a series of brilliant actions, and effected the celebrated retreat from Santander, closely pursued by a corps four times more nume- rous than his own. The regency then ap- pointed him captain-general of Asturias, in which station he remained till the resto- ration of Ferdinand VII. Having unsuc- cessfully attempted to restore the constitu- tion of the Cortes in 1815, he was delivered over to the military authorities at Corunna, condemned, and executed. PORPHYRY, or PORPHYRIUS, a phi- losopher, whose original name was ^Malclius, was born at Tyre, in 233 ; studied under Origen and Longinus ; afterwards became a disciple of Plotinus, whose life he wrote ; and died in 304. His works against the Christians, to the number of 15, are all lost ; but his " Life of Pythagoras," " A Treatise on Abstinence and Animal Food," and "Questions on Homer," are extant. PORPORATE, CuARLES, a celebrated Italian engraver, bom in 1741, died in 1816. Among his chef-d'cetivres are the "Little Girl and the Dog," " Leda at the Bath," " Susannah," and " ODnone and Paris." He was also a porirait-painter, and his por- traits are admired for their colouring and truth. PORSON, Richard, an eminent critic, and professor of Greek in the university of Cambridge, was bom in 1759, at East Ruston, in Norfolk, where he was first instmcted by his father, who was the parish clerk, and afterwards by Mr. Norris, the vicar. His proficiency in the classics was so great, that Mr. Norris sent him to Eton in 1774, and in 1777 he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where, in 1781, he was elected to a fellow- ship. In 1785 he took his master's degree, but having an objection to the church, he was under the necessity of resigning his fel- lowship, and, in 1793, was elected Greek pro- fessor. In 1797 he published the " Hecuba" of Euripides, which was followed by the "Orestes," the " Phoenissae," and "Medea." His last literary work was an edition of "^schylus," 2 vols. He enjoyed the repu- tation of being one of the best Greek scholars and critics of the age in England, notwith- standing which, he experienced little patron- age — a circumstance partly attributable to his intemperate habits. Towards the latter part of his life, he was appointed librarian to the London Institution, with a salary of 200?. a-year ; and it was there he died, in 1808. After his death were published his "Adversaria, or Notes and Emendations of the Greek Poets," and his " Tracts and Mis- cellanies." PORTA, Baccio della, a painter of Florence, who belonged to the order of Dominicans, and is sometimes called Fra Bartolomeo, or II Frate. He was intimate witli Raphael, and, it is said, the two artists benefited by reciprocal instruction. Died, 1517. PORTA, Giovanni Battista della, a natural philosopher and mathematician, was born at Naples, in 1540. He devoted a great part of his life to the sciences, established two academies for its promotion, and was the inventor of the camera obscura. He wrote treatises on natural history, optics, hydraulics, physiognomy, and agriculture ; and also produced nearly twenty dramatic pieces. PORTALIS, Jean Etienne Marie, a French statesman, was born at Beausset, in Provence, in 1746 ; and was at the com- mencement of the revolution one of the most distinguished advocates of the parlia- ment of Aix. During the tyranny of Robes- pierre he was imprisoned, but subsequently became president of the Council of Ancients. He was proscribed by the directory, in 1807, for the moderation of his principles, and fled to Holstein ; but when Buonaparte became first consul, Portalis was recalled, and nominated minister for religious affairs, and grand cordon of the legion of honour. Died, 1807. PORTER, Sir Robert Ker, born at Dur- ham, in 1780 — a gentleman alike distin- guislied in the arts, in diplomacy, in war, and in literature — was the son of a military officer, and brother to the well known novel- ists, Jane and Anna Maria Porter. Having a taste for drawing, he became a student of the Royal Academy, and soon showed his skill by the production of several altar- pieces, of considerable merit, besides his large pictures of the " Storming of Seringa- patam," the " Siege of Acre," and the " Battle of Agincourt," which latter was pob] ^ lictD dutberiSal 3Jtflsraqp!;n, [POS presented to the city of London. In 1804 he was appointed historical painter to the em- peror of Russia, and during his stay at St. Petersburgh he gained the affections of the Princess Mary, daughter of Prince Theodore von Scherbatoff, to whom he was afterwards married. Though he had cultivated his talents as an artist, he had always shown a decided preference for the military profes- sion ; and on leaving Russia he accompanied Sir Jolm Moore to Spain, in the hardships and perils of which unfortunate expedition he shared till its final embarkation at Co- tunna. From 1817 to 1820, Sir Rol)crt was engaged in travelling throughout the East. In 1826 he was appointed consul at Vene- zuela, in South America, where he continued to reside till 1841, wlien he left his mission on leave of absence, and visited his old friends in Russia, with an intention of pro- ceeding thence to England ; but as he was on the eve of preparing for the voyage, he was seized witli an apoplectic attack, and expired. May 3. 1842. His works consist of "Travelling Sketclies in Russia and Swe- den," 2 vols. 4to., " Letters from Portugal and Spain," " A Narrative of the late Cam- paign in Russia," "Travels in Georgia^- Fersia, Armenia," &c. PORTER, Anxa Maria, younger sister of Miss Jane Porter, the authoress of " Thad- deus of Warsaw," &c., and of Sir R. K. Por- ter, was the daughter of an officer in the army, who died a few months after her birth. With her orphan family, Mrs. Porter retired to Edinburgh, where Anna Maria's early talents, cherished by an enthusiastic love for the beautiful in nature and the pure in morals, quickly developed themselves. After a time they settled in the neighbourhood of London ; the sisters distinguishing them- selves in the literary world, while their pri- vate lives were models for imitation. Several admirable novels were produced by Miss A. M. Porter, besides poems, in all of which the inculcation of virtuous and heroic sen- timents is steadily kept in view. Among her novels may be mentioned, " The Hun- garian Brothers," " Don Sebastian," " Tales round a Winter's Hearth," " The Recluse of Norway," "The Knight of St. John," "The Barony," &c. Died, 18.32. PORTER, Jane, sister of the preceding, and of Anna Maria Porter, who has also ob- tained a niche in our Biographical treasury, was born at Durham, 177(5. Like her sister, she soon gave indications of superior abilities; and though she did not appear before the world as an author till she was in her 27th year, her first work, " Thaddeus of Warsaw," published in 1803, at once placed her in the foremost rank as a writer of fiction. In 1809 appeared her " Scottish Chiefs," which was no less successful than its predecessor ; and this was followed, at intervals more or less distant, by the " Pastor's Fireside," "Duke Christian of Luneburg," "Tales round a Winter's Hearth," (in which she was joined by her sister,) " The Field of Forty Footsteps," &e. She also contributed largely to the periodicals of the day ; and her last separate publication was "Sir Sea- ward's Diary," the forerunner of a class of works lately become numerous, and of which COD perhaps the best specimen is the well-known " Diary of Lady Willoughby." In 1842 she accompanied her brother. Sir R. K. Porter, to Petersburgh ; and after his death she resided chiefly at Bristol, where it is said she was chiefly engaged in writing her brother's memoirs. Died, May 24th, 1850. PORTEUS, Bejlbv, an eminent English prelate, was born at York, in 1731, and en- tered as a sizar at Christ's College, Cam- bridge, where he obtained a fellowship. He was, successively, chaplain to Archbishop Seeker, rector of Hunton, prebendary of Peterborough, rector of Lambeth, king's chaplain, and master of St. Cross Hospital, near Winchester. In 1776 he was raised to the see of Chester, at the express instance of queen Charlotte ; and in 1787 he was trans- lated to the bishopric of London, over which diocese he continued to preside till his death in 1808. Bisliop Porteus was a man of deep erudition and considerable ability. Among his works are, a " Life of Archbishop Seeker," " Sermons," and a Seatonian prize poem on " Death." It is said that he also assisted Hannah More in the composition of her religious novel, " Coelebs in Search of a Wife." POSSEVIN, Anthony, a learned Jesuit, was born at Mantua, in 1534. Pope Gregory XIII. employed him in several embassies ; but having given offence to the court of Spain, he was banished to the city of Rome, and died at Ferrara, in 1611. POSSIDONIUS, a celebrated architect, who lived in the 4th century, B.C., was a native of Rhodes, and was engineer to Alex- ander the Great, whom he accompanied in his various expeditions. Among other in- ventions, he contrived a moving and revolv- ing tower, to facilitate the work of sieges. POSTEL, William, one of the most learned men of his age, and one of the wildest visionaries, was born in Normandy, in 1510. In his youth he supported himself at the college of St. Barbe, by waiting upon the other students. His reputation for ge- neral learning and antiquarian research in- duced Francis I. to send him to the east to collect manuscripts, which commission he discharged so well as to be appointed pro- fessor of mathematics and languages, but he afterwards fell into disgrace, and lost his ap- pointments. Having wandered about from place to place, he was recalled ; but lost his situation again, and died in a monastery in 1581. Among the wild and extravagant notions that he entertained, one was, that he had died, and risen again with the soul of Adam; whence he called himself" Postellus restitutu?;" he also maintained, that women shall have the dominion over men ; and that his writings were revealed to him by JesuB Christ. POSTIIUMUS, Marcus Cas.sianus La- TiNiLS, a Roman emperor, one of the thirty tyrants, was of obscure family, but rose in the army till he obtained the chief command in Gaul. He assumed the imperial title in 257, ruled Gaul and part of Spain, waged a successful war against the Germans, and was at length put to death by his own soldiers in 2<i7. POSTLETHWAYTE, Malacui, a Lon- pot] ^ i^cto ^nifaersaX JSiosvapTju. [pot don merchant and a commercial writer ; born, about 1707 ; died, 1707. He was a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and the author of " The Dictionary of Trade and Commerce," " Great Britain's true System," '* The Merchant's Public Counting-House," "Britain's Commercial Interest," &c. POTEMKIN, GuEGORY Alexandro- viTSCn, a Kussian prince and field-marshal, was born In 1730, near Smolensko. lie dis- tinguished himself against the Turks, par- ticularly in the war of 1787, when he com- manded in chief. He had acquired an unbounded influeme over Catharine II., and was accordingly regarded as one of her especial favourites. His introduction to the empress and subsequent elevation are de- scribed as follows: — After Catharine had taken the sceptre from her weak husband, she paraded the streets of St. Petersburgh, sword in hand. Young Potemkin, then 26 years of age, of a manly appearance, well- made and handsome, seeing that the sword which the empress used had not the dragon, a mark of distinction attached to the swords of the northern commanders, instantly un- buckled his, and presented it with a grace that was highly pleasing to Catharine, and from that day his promotion went rapidly forward. Though Orloff had enjoyed tlie title of favourite, it soon became known that he had a rival, and one that had the vanity to boast of the favours he received Orloff had then recourse to jntrigue ; he availed himself of the absence of Potemkin, whom his royal mistress had honoured with a high com- mission in her army against the Turks, to introduce a youth to the notice of the cm- press, who was devoted to his service ; so that, at Potemkin's return, though he came charged with victory, he found he had been robbed of his dearest treasure, and he in- stantly retired to a convent of monks at Newsky, and exchanged his military deco- rations for the coarse habit and tlie cowl. The empress sent her lady of honour, the Countess de Bruce, to bring her a true report of Potemkin's situation, and having heard of his violent passion and the sacrifice he had made, she sent for him : he returned to the court, and soon reigned the master of the state, and even of the proud Catharine her- self. Died, 1791. POTENGER, or POTTINGER, Johx, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1647, at Winchester, and educated at Wyke- ham's School, of which his father was head- master. Besides a variety of minor pieces, he composed "A Pastoral Reflection on Death," and translated Tacitus's " Life of Agricola." He studied at Oxford and the Temple, was called to the bar, became comptroller of the pipe-oflice, and died in 1733. POTHIER, Robert Joseph, an eminent French lawyer, was born at Orleans, in 1669. He became professor of law in the university of his native city, and died there in 1772, as much beloved for his virtues as admired for his extensive learning. His treatises on various legal subjects form 17 octavo vols., but his great work is a " Digest of the Pandects of Justinian," in 3 vols. fol. FOTOCKI, Count Ignatius, a Polish nobleman, bom in 1741. He interested him- self greatly in the attempts to free his country from the yoke of her more power- ful neighbours : and after the overthrow of Kosciusko, with whom he co-operated, he was arrested and sent a prisoner to Russia. Before the destruction of the Polish mon- archy he was grand-marshal of Lithuania. Died. 1809. POTOCKI, Count John, born in 1769 ; a noble Polonese historian, brother of the several Couats Potocki, most of whom were attached to Russia. He was one of the am- bassadors to China, in 1803 ; was author of a work on that country, " Sarmatian Re- searches," " History of the Primitive Rus- sians," &c. Died, 1815. POTOCKI, Count Stai^islaits, a Polish statesman and writer, born in 1757, at War- saw. He was one of those who contributed ' most actively to establish the constitution of j 1791, was president of the senate in 1818, { and died in 1821. Among his works are a 1 " Treatise on Eloquence and Style" and ! "The Journey to Ciemnogrod," a satirical | romance. | POTOCKI, Claudia, the wife of Count Bernard Potocki, was born in the grand duchy of Posen, in 1802. She was the lineal descendant of the Polish ambassador, Dzia- lynski, who was sent to England in Eliza- beth's reign, to remonstrate against the in- fraction of a treaty between this country and Poland, and whose bold and successful eloquence is recorded in history. During the patriotic struggle for Polisli freedom, from 1830 to 1833, the Countess Potocki not only became the munificent benefactress of her countrymen, but devoted her personal energies to the sacred cause, and alleviated by her kind attentions to the sick and wounded, much of the misery that the unequal contest entailed on the gallant spirits who strove to shake off the oppressor's yoke. Surrounded by wounded warriors and the victims of cholera in the hospitals of Warsaw, neither the sight of hideous gashes, nor the fear of contagion, deterred her from her course of charity : there, for seven successive montlis, she was constantly occupied ; and when the day of adversity came, the remains of her fortune, her influence, her personal exer- tions, were entirely at the disposal of the unfortunate refugees. At one time, while residing at Dresden, where she had formed a ladies' committee for the relief of these brave men, she pledged her jewels and most expensive dresses, for 40,000 florins, and the whole amount was instantly sent to its pious destination. For this the Poles assembled at Dresden presented to her a bracelet, with an inscription commemorative of the noble act, and pointing it out for national grati- tude. She at length fixed her residence at Geneva ; and there, in the exercise of those Christian virtues, which will immortalise her name, but worn out by silent grief, she died in 1836. POTT, Percival, an eminent surgeon, to whom the science is materially indebted for many improvements, was born in Lon- don, in 1713 ; and became principal surgeon to Bartholomew's Hospital in 1749. He wrote " On Hernia," " Ou Fistula Lachry- pot] ^ ^tby mnlhei-^hX SStograjpl^p. [pow mails," " On Hydrocele," " On Cataract," " On Wounds of the Head," &c. ; was es- pecially celebrated for the mildness and humanity of liis treatment, and was the in- ventor of many useful surgical instruments. Died, 1788. POTTER, Francis, an ingenious divine, who wrote a curious book on tlie mystic number of titid in tlie Revelations. Ue was also an able mathematician, and invented several hydraulic maclunes, for which he was elected a member of the Royal Society. Died, 1(J78. POTTER, Jou^f, archbishop of Canter- bury, was born in l<)74, at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in the grammar school of which town he received the rudiments of a classical education, lie then became a member of University College, Oxford ; and, in 1(3'J7, printed his " Archaiologia Groica, or the An- tiquities of Greece," in 2 vols. 8vo., which has gone through many editions, and is almost indispensable to the classical student. He was appointed archbishop of Canterbury, and died in 1747. His theological works, including liis " Discourse on Church Go- vernment," were collected and published in 3 vols. 8vo. POTTER, Paul, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born at Enkhuysen, in 1G2.5 ; settled at the Hague ; and painted cattle and landscapes, but was particularly successful in the former, the latter being designed merely to afford an opportunity for exhibit- ing animals in different attitudes and cir- cumstances. His colouring is uncommonly brilliant, and for tidelity to nature he is un- excelled ; his pictures are consequently held ill the highest estimation. Died, 1C54. POTTER, RoBEKT, an English divine and admirable classical scholar. He held the livings of Lowestofft and Kessiiigland, with a prebend in the cathedral of Norwich; and is advantageously known in the republic of letters by his excellent translations of Sophocles, Euripides, and iEschylus. He also wrote several ingenious poems, an " Answer to Dr. Johnson's Lives of the Poets," " A Translation of the Oracle concerning Baby- lon," &c. Born, 1721 ; died, 1804. POULLE, Louis, preacher to the French king, and abbot of Nogent, died at Avignon in 1781, aged 79. His abilities as a preacher were very great, and his sermons, published in 1778, 2 vols. 12mo., possess a commanding eloquence, enriched with vivid imagery, and replete with noble sentiments. POUPART, Fkancis, a French physician and anatomist, was bom at Mans, in 1660 ; studied at the Hotel Dieu ; and was admit- ted into the academy of sciences. His name is given to an important ligature ; and many of his papers, chiefly on entomology, are in the memoirs of the Academy. Died, 1709. POURCIIOT, Edmund, a learned Orien- talist, and professor of philosophy in the college of the Four Nations at Paris, was born at Poilly, in 1651. He was seven times chosen rector of the college, of whicli he was also syndic forty years. Died, 1734. POUSCHKINE, Alexander, a distin- guished Russian poet, was born at St. Peters- burgh, 1799. Having at an early age ia- (01 curred tlie displeasure of the government for the liberality of his opinions, he was removed to a distant province of the empire, where he discharged various offices ; but he was re- stored to favour on the accession of the emperor Nicholas in 1825, and appointed im- perial historiographer. His works, which consist of odes, poetical romances, and dra- matic pieces, are chiefly descriptive of the national character and manners. The most popular are his romantic poem, "Roustan and Ludmila," published in 1820 ; " Tsigani " (the Bohemians), published in 1827 ; " One- ghine," an unfinished poem in the manner of Byron's Don Juan ; and his tragedy, "Boris Godunow," published in 1831. He fell by the hand of his own brother-in-law in a duel, 1837. POUSSIN, Nicholas, one of the most eminent of the French painters, was born in 1594, at Andelys, in Normandy. Having practised the art under diflerent masters at Paris, he went to Rome, and studied the works of Raphael, Domenichino, and Ti- tian, with great attention ; but his taste for the antique prevailed, which is observable in all his works. Louis XIII. invited him to France in 1630 ; and gave him a pension, with apartments in the Louvre ; but Foussin was so annoyed by the envy and intrigue of contemporary artists, that he returned to Rome, and remained there during the rest of his life. He chiefly excelled in land- scapes, but all his works are valuable, and highly esteemed. Died, 1665. POUSSIN, Gaspae, an eminent painter, whose proper name was Dugiiet, was born at Rome, in 1613. His sister married Ni- cholas Poussin, which circumstance led him to study painting under that great master, whose name he adopted. He particularly excelled in the representation of laud- storms, in which every tree seems agitated, and every leaf in motion. Died, 1675. POWELL, David, a learned antiquary, was born in Denbighshire, about 1552, and died in 1590. POWEI-L, Sir John, bart., an eminent and honest lawyer, was born of a very ancient and wealthy family at Pentrymey- rick, in the parish of Llanwrda, Carmar- thenshire. He was a judge in the Court of King's Bench, in 1688, and distinguished himself so much by his integrity and ability on the trial of the seven bishops, that James the Second deprived him of his oflJce, but he was restored to it at the revolution, and sat there until his death in 1696. In Heber's life of Jeremy Taylor it is stated that he was a pupil of that distinguished man, and was offered the great seal of England if he would have decided against the bishops. When every effort to influence him against the bishops had failed, the court, it is said, made the same attempt upon his eldest son Thomas, who for many years represented the county of Carmarthen in parliament, which reaching the judge's ears, he sent for him, and told him that if he accepted of any place, or the promise of any place under go- vernment, he should consider it as intended to bias his judgment, and would disinherit him ; and, as to himself, he would rather live upon his cockle-bank at Langharne, pow] ^ 0t^ Hiubcr^al 28t0gTap^«. [POZ than do any thing so repugnant to liis con- science. POWELL, George, was an actor and dramatic writer, contemporary with Bet- terton and Colley Gibber, and is spoken of by the critics of the day with commendation. Died, 1714. POWELL, William, an eminent English actor, the pupil and protege of Garriek, made his first appearance at Drury Lane in 1763, and in 17C7 became one of the mana- gers of Covent Garden Theatre. Died, 1769. POWNALL, Thomas, a learned anti- quary and politician, was born at Lincoln, in 1722. He held several situations under government ; and having greatly exerted himself in America to suppress the rising spirit of discontent among the colonists, he was, in IT-'iJ, appointed governor of Massa- chusett's Bay, and subsequently of Carolina. On returning to England in 1761, lie was made director-general of the control office, with the military rank of colonel ; but the latter part of liis life was spent at Bath, in literary retirement. His principal works are, " On the Administration of the Colo- nies," "Description of part of North Ame- rica," " Treatise on the Study of Antiqui- ties," " On the Antiquities of the Provincia Romana of Gaul," " Descriptions of Roman Antiquities dug up at Bath," " Intellectual Physics," besides many political tracts. Died, 180,5. POZZETT, PoMriLio, a learned Floren- tine, born in 1769, died in 1816. He was curator of the library at Modena, and mem- ber of the Bolognese Institute. He was author of " Elogio di Ridolfiuo Venuti," " "Vita del Fabroni," &c. POZZO DI BORGO, Charles Andreas, Count, an eminent diplomatist, was born in the island of Corsica, in 1768, and belonged to an ancient and honourable family, which for ages had ranked high among the Cor- sican nobility. AVhen the island was placed under the supremacy of Great Britain, Poz.zo di Borgo was elected president of the state council, and the entire administration of the country was re-organised by him. It soon, however, became evident that Corsica must j'ield to France ; the count therefore sought refuge first at Naples and Elba, and after- wards in England, where he was received with every mark of respect due to his high abilities and firm fidelity. He was sub- sequently employed in some secret diplo- matic missions, in the execution of which he displayed the greatest zeal and ability ; but his labours were ultimately defeated by the successes of Buonaparte. After the peace of Amiens, Pozzo di Borgo entered into the diplomatic service of Russia, and represented his royal master at Vienna, whither he was sent in order to consolidate a new coalition against France. Thence he repaired to Italy, where the combined military opera- tions of England, Russia, and Naples were about to commence. After the battle of Austerlitz, and the secession of Austria from the league, he again went to Vienna, and thence to Petersburg]!. When Prussia joined the coalition, Pozzo di Borgo was created a count, and attached to the statf of the em- peror as a colonel ; but after the battle of 702 Jena he was again employed at the Austrian court in tlie vain attempt to rouse it from its political lethargy. His next mission was to the Dardanelles, for the purpose of oo-operating with the British ambassador in treating with Turkey ; and in the engage- ment between the Russian and Turkish fleets he greatly distinguished himself. When the hollow peace of Tilsit brought about a kind of intimacy between Napoleon and the young czar, Pozzo di Borgo saw the impend- ing danger, and requested permission to re- tire. " My presence," said he to the emperor, " can only tend to injure your majesty's service. Buonaparte is not the man to forget early antipathies, and sooner or later he i will seize some opportunity to demand pos- ! session of my person." '• Free your arms," | was his parting advice, " from your present entanglement, that you may be at liberty for your final, and, I trust, successful struggle with France." He then retired to Vienna ; and from that time, till after the treaty of peace had been signed between Austria and France, this able statesman so energetically employed his diplomatic skill, that Napo- leon did actually demand that his perse- vering enemy should be delivered up to him ; but the demand was refused, and in the following j'ear (1810) Pozzo once more came to England. His thorough experience was here appreciated and understood, and to him may much of that energy which sub- sequently appeared in the councils of Britain be traced. He knew the most vulnerable part in Napoleon's overgrown power, and to that he directed the particular attention of the Marquis of W^ellesley. In 1812 the war between France and Russia broke out anew with exterminating fury ; and when the mighty army of the French emperor perished on the whitened plains of Russia, Alexander thought that enough of victory had been achieved. Not so, however, thought the great diplomatist : he felt convinced that the safety of Europe was only to be found in the complete destruction of the fallen co- lossus, and he exerted all his energies to the accomplishment of an event so desirable. At length Sweden and Austria appeared in arms, Pozzo was made a general in the Russian service, and joined Bemadotte, who was then covering Berlin. The defence of Dresden and the battle of Leipsic soon fol- lowed ; the allied forces moved slowly and warily towards France ; while the moral, physical, and political condition of that country was still considered before thej' hazarded the decisive blow. In January, 1814, Pozzo di Borgo was despatched to Lon- don on the part of the allied monarchs ; his mission succeeded; and Lord Castlereagh re- turned with him to the liead-quarters of the allies at Baden. Tlie moderation and irre- solution of the emperor Alexander often put the plans of his minister in extreme peril ; but his advice eventually prevailed ; the allied armies marched en masse on Paris ; the abdication of the French emperor fol- lowed ; and when Pozzo di Borgo had at length obtained the promise of Alexander, that no negotiation should be entered into ] either with Napoleon or his family, he hastened to Talleyrand, exclaiming in the pra] ^ ^c&) WiniiiCviKX 28i0iirap]^i). [pre fulness of his joy, *' Not only have I slain Napoleon politically, but I have just thrown the last shovel-full of earth over the im- perial corse I " But his labours were not yet at an end. He proceeded to London to announce to Louis his accession to the throne of his ancestors ; after wliich he was summoned to the congress of Vienna, where, with a degree of prescience resulting from his thorough knowledge of the man, he vehe- mently pressed the removal of Napoleon from Elba to some more remote and obscure corner of the glol>e. And when the news arrived that the ex-emperor had disem- barked on the French coast, he coolly ob- served to the assembled statesmen, " I know Buonaparte ; he will marcli on Paris ; our work is before us ; not a moment must be lost." Pozzo di Borgo immediately joined the Anglo- Prussian armv, forming the van- guard of the allies in Belgium ; and, though wounded, he followed Wellington to Paris, and resumed his portfolio as Russian am- bassador. His last political mission was as ambassador to England. Here he remained upwards of two years, till ill health induced him to return to Paris, where he died on the 17th of February, 1842, aged 73. PRADT, Abbe Dominique de, a French ecclesiastic and a political writer, was born at Auvergne, in 1759. He was grand vicar at the revolution to the Cardinal Roche- foucauld, and was elected deputy for the N(Jrman clergy to the states-general in 1789. He opposed the union of his order to tlie tiers etat, protested against the new order of things, and was consequently obliged to emigrate, establishing himself for a con- siderable time at Hamburgh. In that city he published, in 1788, the first of his vo- luminous series of political pamphlets, called " Antidote to the Congress of Radstadt." In another, termed " Prussia and her Neu- trality," he urged a coalition of Europe against the French republic. But after the revolution, which made Buonaparte first consul, he made interest with his patron, Duroc, to enter Buonaparte's service, and, by dint of well-timed flattery, became his grand almoner. On the coronation of tlie emperor, in 1801, at wliich he assisted, he was invested with the title of baron, re- ceived a gratuity of 40,000 francs, was made bishop of Poitiers, and was ordained by Pius VII. in person, in 1805. He afterwards officiated at Napoleon's coronation as king of Italy. In 1808 he accompanied him to the Bayonne conference, and was invested with the most delicate details of that great diplomatic difficulty. For this service. Na- poleon gave him another gratuity of 50,000 francs, and made him, in 1809, archbishop of Malincs, and member of tlie legion of honour. On the war against Russia occurring in 1812, he was sent ambassador to the duchy of Warsaw, as he states, in his " History of the Polish Embassy," painfully and violently against his wish. During the retreat from Moscow, Napoleon had an interview with him at a lone cottage, reproached him with treachery, and divested him of his embassy. On his return to Paris, he found all his ern- ployments taken from him. He was ordered to quit Paris for his diocese, and did not re- turn till the fall of Napoleon, and the entry of the Bourbons into France, in 1814. He wrote his "Vindicatory History" then, but did not publish it till after the battle of Water- loo and Napoleon's departure for St. Helena. Tlie attack in this pamphlet on the latter and the chief Buonapartists, drew on him the enmity of the great majority of the public, but served his cause with the restored regime. He stated, in a preceding pamphlet, that it was by his advice the allied sovereigns resolved to break entirely with Napoleon, and restore the Bourbons. He was made by i the latter chancellor of the legion of honour ; i but a new disgrace overtook him ; he retired \ from the scene, and did not re-appear till 1 after the " hundred days." He subsequently j ceded all the rights of his archbisliop's see to | the king of the Netherlands, for a yearly j pension of 10,000 francs, and, retiring into private life, occupied himself with the con- tinued publication of political pamphlets. I In all these latter publications, however, he j espoused the cause of wise and temperate constitutional reform. He died in 1837. PRATT.Lieut.-gen.SirCiiAKLKS, K.C.B., I a gallant and distinguished officer, who j served throughout the Peninsular war, and | was present at the battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, Nivelles, Orthes, and Toulouse. Born, 1771 j died, 1839. PRATT, Samuel Jackso.v, a novelist, poet, and miscellaneous writer, was born at St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, in 1749. Early in life he went on the stage, but relinquished that pursuit, and subsequently became an itinerant lecturer, a bookseller, and, lastly, an author by profession. He settled at Bath, where, under the fictitious appellation of Courtney Melmoth, he published several novels and poems. The principal of his poems were, " The Tears of Genius, on the Death of Goldsmith," "Sympathy," and " Landscapes in Verse." His best novels were, " I^iberal Opinions," 5 vols.; "Emma Corbett," 3 vols.; "The Pupils of Pleasure," 2 vols.; and " Family Secrets," 5 vols. Be- sides these works, he published " Gleanings through Wales, Holland, and AVestphalia," " Gleanings in England," 3 vols.; " Harvest Home," " The Fair Circassian," a tragedy ; and some others. He died in 1814. PRAXITELES, one of the greatest sculp- tors of Greece, united grandeur with grace, and flovirished about 800 B.C. He worked both in bronze and marble, and Pliny has preserved a list of his principal statues. The group of Niobe, still in existence, has been attributed to him. PREMONTVAL, Andre Pieure le GuAY DE, a French mathematician, bom at Charenton, in 1716 ; died, 17C7. He wrote " Preservatifs contre la Corruption de la Langue Franc^oise en AUemagne," "La Mo- nogamie, ou I'Unite en Marriage," 3 vols. &c. PRESTON, THOMA.S, a dramatic writer, was fellow of King's College, Cambridge, afterwards doctor of the civil law, and master of Trinity Hall, where he died, in iodH. He acted a part in tlie tragedy of Dido, played before Queen Elizabeth, who settled a pension of 20Z. a-year on him. He wrote a tragedy, called " The Life of Cam- byses, King of Persia," which is mere fus- pre] ^ i^m mniUv^aX 3Bifl3rajpT)i). [piii tian, and has not escaped the ridicule of Shakspeare, who, in Henry IV., makes FalstafF talk of speaking in "king Cam- byses' vein." PREVOST, Isaac Be.vedict, an eminent naturalist, was born at Geneva, in 1755. Physics and natural history were the prin- cipal objects of his researches j and in 1810 he became professor of philosophy in the Protestant university of Montauban, where he died, in 1S19. PREVOST, Peter, a French painter, said to have been the inventor of panoramas, was born at Montigni, in 17(34. Among the panoramas which he painted, were those of Paris, Rome, Naples, Amsterdam, Antwerp, London, Jerusalem, and Athens. The two last were the fruits of a visit to Greece and Asia in 1817 ; and he was engaged in paint- ing a view of Constantinople, when he died, in 1823. PREVOT D'EXILES, Anthony Fkax- cis, one of the most fertile of French writers, was born in 1697, at Ilesdin, in Artois. His early life was extremely unsettled and changeful ; he was alternately a Jesuit and a military officer ; after which he entered into the monastery of St. Germain dc Pres ; but quitted that society also, and withdrew to Holland. His next removal was to Lon- don ; but in 17;{4 he obtained leave to return to France, where he became secretary to the Prince de Conti. His end was equally sin- gular. In 1763 he was seized with apoplexy in the forest of Chan til ly, and was found apparently lifeless. An ignorant magistrate being called in, ordered a surgeon, as preci- pitate as himself, to open the body, when a loud shriek from the victim convinced the spectators of tlieir error : the abbe opened his eyes, but the incision was mortal, and he almost immediately expired. His works amount to one hundred and seventy volumes. The principal are, " M(5moires d'un Homme dc Qualito," G vols. ; " Histoire de M. Cleve- land, Fils naturel de Cromwell," 6 vols.; " Pour et Centre," a literary journal, 20 vols.; "The Dean of Coteraine," a novel, 6 vols.; "History of Margaret of Anjou," 2 vols.; "Histoire geuerale des Voyages," 16 vols. PRICE, Sir John, an eminent antiquary, of Brecknockshire, who wrote a " Defence of British History in Answer to Polydore Virgil." He died about 1553. PRICE, JouN, a learned critic, was born at liOndon, in 1600. Having suffered con- siderably in the civil wars, he went to Flo- rence, where he espoused the Roman Catholic faith ; and the grand duke appointed him keeper of the medals and Greek professor. He afterwards removed to Rome, where he died in 1676. He wrote Commentaries on the Psalms, the Gospel of St. Matthew, and the Acts ; Notes upon Apuleius, &c. PRICE, Dr. Richard, an eminent dissent- ing minister, universally known and cele- brated for his great abilities in arithmetical calculations, and for very numerous and valuable writings, theological, moral, and scientific. He was born at Llangunnor, in Glamorganshire, in 1723, and was educated at Talgarth, in his native county, whence he removed to a Presbyterian academy in Lon- don, and became pastor of a Nonconformist congregation, of Arian or semi-Arian prin- ciples, at Hackney, where he continued as long as he lived. He was the friend of man, and the most intrepid asserter of his rights. During the American war, he printed two pamphlets against that measure, one entitled " Observations on Civil Liberty," and the otlier, " Observations on Civil Government," for which the corporation of London voted him thanks and a gold box, and the Uni- versity of Glasgow conferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1778 he had a friendly con- troversy with Dr. Priestley, on materialism and necessity. On the termination of the war, Mr. Pitt consulted Dr. Price respecting the best mode of liquidating the national debt, the result of which, it is said, was the adoption of the sinking fund. When the French revolution broke out, the doctor dis- tinguished himself by a sermon, "On the Love of Country," in which he hailed that event as the commencement of a glorious era. This drew upon the preacher some strong animadversions from Mr. Burke in his cele- brated Reflections. Besides many papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society, of which he was a fellow, he published sermons and pamphlets, which established his cha- racter as a sound advocate for civil liberty, and a profound master of financial calcula- tion. Died, 1791. PRICHARD, Jajies Cowi,ks,M.D., whose ethnographical researches have placed him high in the ranks of science, was bom at Ross, in Herefordshire, 1786 ; settled as a physician at Bristol, in 1810, where he rose to eminence ; and after devoting five and thirty years to professional duties, varied only hy literary avocations, removed to London in 1845 as one of her majesty's com- missioners in lunacy — a branch of medical science with which he had long been fa- miliar. Dr. Prichard's contributions to me- dical and scientific inquiry were neither few nor unimportant ; but the work on which his reputation chiefly rests, is his " Re- searches into the Physical History of Man- kind," which has been translated into almost every European language, and generally regarded as an authority. Died, 1848. PRICHARD, Rees, a divine, was born in Caermarthenshire, and educated at St. John's College, Oxford. He became vicar of Lian- ydmodyfri, and rector of Llamedy, in his native county, prebendary of Brecon, and chancellor of St. David's. He was the autiior of some religious poems in the Welsh lan- guage, wluch still continue popular. Died, 1644. PRIDEAUX, HuMPHHY, a learned di- vine, was bom in 1648, at Padstow in Corn- wall ; was educated at Westminster School, and at Christchurch College, Oxford ; became dean of Norwich ; and died in 1724. He wrote a "Life of Mahomet," " The Original Right of Tithes," &c. ; but his great work is " The Connection of the History of the Old and New Testament.'' PRIESTLEY, Joseph, an eminent dis- senting divine and experimental philoso- pher, was born in 1733, at Fieldhead, in Yorkshire, and educated at Daventry. He became minister to the congregation at PBl] ^ ^clB Sliufaerjial ^Stograplji). [PRI Needham Market, in Suffolk ; whence he removed to Namptwich, in Clieshire, and next to Warrington, where the dissenters had formed a seminary. While tutor in this institution, he published tlie " History of Electricity," which procured his election into the Royal Society, and the degree of doctor of laws from Edinburgh. It was here also that his political opinions were first mani- fested in an " Essay on Government." Soon after this he left Warrington, and went to Leeds, where he made those important dis- coveries with regard to the properties of fixed air, for which lie obtained tlie Copley medal from the Royal Society in 1772. In 177ti he communicated to the same learned body his observations on respiration, being the first who experimentally ascertained that tlie common inspired air becomes both lessened and injured, by the action of tlie blood, as it passes through the lungs. He had already declared himself a believer in the doctrine of philosophical necessity, and expressed some doubts of the immateriality of the sen- tient principle in man. This doctrine he still more forcibly supported in his " Disqui- sitions on Matter and Spirit," and the ob- loquy which these works brought on him producing a coolness in his patron. Lord Shelburne, the connection was dissolved, the doctor retaining an annuity of 150?. per annum, by original agreement. He next re- moved to Birmingham, where he became once more minister of a dissenting congrega- tion, and occupied himself in his "History of the Corruptions of Christianity," writing, also, in support of the claims of tlie dis- senters for a repeal of the test acts. But it was the French revolution that afforded hira the widest field, and he did not fail to display his zeal on that occasion. This ex- cited the indignation of the higli cliurch party ; and in the riots which took place in July, liis house, library, manuscripts, and apparatus were committed to the flumes by the mob, and he was exposed to great per- sonal danger. After this he removed to Hackney, where he succeeded Dr. Price ; but in 1794 he went to tlie United States of America, took up his abode at Northumber- land, in Pennsylvania, and died there in 1804. His works extend to between 70 and 80 volumes. Besides tliose before mentioned are, " Lectures on General History," on the t' Theory and History of Language," and on the " Principles of Oratory and Criti- cism," " Hartleian Theory of the Human Mind," " Letters to a Philosophical Unbe- liever," "Institutes of a Natural and Re- vealed Religion," &c. As a philosopher, I his fame principally rests on his pneumatic I inquiries. PRINCE, John, a divine and antiquary, was born at Axminster, in Devonshire, and I died about 1720. He published a work, en- I tilled " The Worthies of Devon," which is exceedingly curious and valuable, but very I scarce. I PRINGLE. Sir Joii.v, an eminent phy- ' sician and natural philosopher, was born in 1707, in Roxburghshire ; was educated at ; St. Andrew's and Edinburgh, and afterwards ! studied at Leyden, under Boerhave and Van Swieten. After settling at Edinburgh, where he became professor of pneumatics and moral philosophy, he was appointed phy- sician-general to the forces abroad, and was generally on the continent till the peace of Aix-ltt-Chapelle ; afier which he took up his residence in London, and engaged iu medical practice. In 17.50 he communicated to the Royal Society, of which he was a member, his " Experiments on Septic and Antiseptic Substances," for which he received i the Copley medal. In 1752 lie published his I admirable " Observations on the Diseases of | tlie Army," and in ]7til he was appointed physician to the queen's household. In 1736 he was created a baronet, and, in 1772, was elected president of the Royal Society, which office he resigned, in consequence of ill health, in 1778 ; and died in 1782. PRINGLE, Thomas, a highly esteemed poet and miscellaneous writer, was bom at Blaiklaw, in Teviotd*le, 1789. Soon after Ills studies at the university of Edinburgh were completed, he obtained a clerkship in the register oflice ; but his poetic aspirations found vent even in tlie dull routine of such an occupation, and in 1816 his " Scenes of Teviotdale," which he contributed to the " Poetic Mirror," having attracted the notice of Sir W. (then Mr.) Scott, lie was led to em- brace literature as a profession. He was for a short period editor of Blackwood's Maga- zine in 1817, but a difference of politics be- tween him and the publisher soon led to his resignation. After some abortive attempts to establish a newspaper in Edinburgh, he was enabled, through Sir Walter Scott's influence, to emigrate to the Cape of Good Hope, where he settled, and for some years throve under the governor's protection ; but his prospects there were suddenly mined, in consequence of liis determination to publish a liberal journal, against the wish of the authorities ; and he then returned to England in 1826, when he became secretary of the Anti- slavery Society ; a situation which he held till the object of that body was accomplished. Besides being the editor of the well-known annual, " Friendship's Offering," he pub- lished in 1828 liis " Ephemerides," a collection of songs, sonnets, and other juvenile pieces ; and in 1834 appeared his " African Sketches," which, togetlier with his interesting account of a " Narrative of a Residence in South Africa," seem likely to perpetuate his fame. Died, 1834. PRIOR, Matthew, an English poet, was bom in 1664. He lost his father at an early age, and was brought up by his uncle, a tavern-keeper at Charing Cross, who sent him to Westminster School ; but, after some time, took him home to assist in the business. Here his classical knowledge becoming known to the Earl of Dorset, he sent liim to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he ob- tained a fellowship. In 16f<H, Prior wrote, in conjunction with Charles Montagu, after- wards earl of Halifax, the burlesque poem of " The City Mouse and Country Mouse." In 1691 he was appointed secretary to the English embassy at the Hague, and, soon after, king William made him one of his gentlemen of the bed-chamber. In 1697 he was secretary to the embassy at the treaty of Ryswick, and the following year he went in the same capacity to France. At length he was made under-secretary of state, and in 1701 he succeeded Locke as a commissioner at the board of trade. After the accession of queen Anne he joined the Tories, by whom he was employed to negotiate the treaty of Utrecht, and was sent ambassador to the French court ; from whence, at the commencement of the next reign, he was recalled, committed to custody, and threat- ened witli an impeachment, which, however, did not take place. Being without any pro- vision for his declining years except his fellowsliip, he again applied himself to poetry ; and having finished his " Solomon," he published his poems by subscription. The publication, being liberally encouraged by party zeal, produced a considerable sum, which was doubled by the Earl of Oxford, at whose seat the author died, after a lingering illness, in 1721, and was interred in West- minster Abbey. His poems are light and harmonious, and the ease and vivacity with which he tells a story, constitutes the great charm of his poetry. Formerly his merit was overrated ; at present bare justice is scarcely done to his genius. PRISCIAN, a celebrated grammarian of Caesarca, in the 5th century, whose strict attention to correctness in composition has made it proverbial to say of one who writes false Latin, that he breaks Priscian's head. He was the master of a school at Constan- tinople, and was tlie author of several gram- matical works. PRISCILUAN, a heretic of the 4th cen- tury, was a native of Spain, where his opinions were condemned in 380, by a council held at Saragossa. Priscillian was ordained bisliop of Avila by his own party ; but put to death, with some of his adherents, in 387. He is said to have united in his system the errors of the Gnostics, the Mani- cheans, the Arians, and the Sabellians ; and the Priscillianists are charged with infamous practices, resulting from these opinions. PRITCHARD, Hannah, a celebrated English actress, born in 1711. She per- formed at Drury Lane, and was almost with- out a rival among her contemporaries in the personification of tragic characters. Died, 1768. PROBUS, Makcus Aueelius Valerius, a Roman emperor, was born at Sirmium in Pannonia, obtained several victories over the barbarians, reigned with honour to him- self, but was at length slain by his mutinous troops, in 282. PROCACCINI, Camillo, an eminent painter, born at Bologna, in 1546. He studied the works of Parmegiano and Michael An- gelo, and obtained a high reputation for the beauty of his colouring and the lightness of his touch. Died, 1626 His brother, GiULio Cesake, born in 1548, adopted the style of Correggio, and surpassed all his other imitators. Died, 1626 Carlo Antonio, another brother, excelled as a fruit and flower painter. PROCLD A, John of, a native of Palermo, was born of a noble family, about 1225. He was tlic cliief of the conspiracy against Cliarles of Anjou ; and his efforts to accom- j plish the expulsion of the French displayed talents of a high order, and were finally crowned with success. Died, 1303. PROCLUS, a Platonic philosopher, was born in 410, at Constantinople. He studied at Alexandria, and next at Athens, where he succeeded Syriacus in the Platonic school, and died in 485. Several of his works are extant. PROCLUS, St., patriarch of Constanti- nople, was the disciple of Chrysostom. He died in 447. PROCOPE COUTEAU, a physician and man of letters, was born at Paris, in 1684. He was the author of several professional tracts, remarkable for their satirical humour ; he was also the author of the comedies of "Arlequin Balourd " and "Pygmalion," besides several comic dramas, &c. Died, 1753. PROCOPITJS, a Greek historian, was pro- fessor of rhetoric at CsBsarea, and attended Belisarius as his secretary. He wrote a " History of the Wars of the Persians, the Gauls, and the Goths," also a " Secret History, or Anecdotes," a " History of his Times," and a treatise on public buildings. Died, about i 660. PROCOPIUS, of Gaza, a Greek sophist, i who lived about a.d. 560. i PRODICUS, a celebrated sophist and ' rhetorician of the isle of Cos, flourished j about 396 B. c. lie had Socrates for one ' of his disciples ; and was put to death at an advanced age, on a charge of corrupting youth. I PRONAPIDES, a Greek poet, wlio, ac- i cording to Diodorus Siculus, was the master of Homer. j PRONY, Gaspard-Clair-Francois-Ma- ! RiE-RiCHE DE, baron de Prony, a distin- guished French mathematician. He was ! the pupil, and subsequently the assistant, of Perronet, and was much employed by j Napoleon, though the latter was deeply } offended by Prony's refusal to accompany him to Egypt. Independent of his various : missions as an engineer, and of his labours i as a professor at the Polytechnic School, M. ; Prony was author of between thirty and forty volumes, chiefly of most laborious and : extensive calculations. One work, forming 17 volumes in folio, was executed in obedi- ' ence to an order of the French government I for '* tables which should be as exact as pos- ' sible, and, at the same time, the greatest and most imposing monument of calculation that had ever been executed, or even thought of." It is supposed that the French government will one day give to the world this truly ex- i traordinary work, which at present is in MS. ' in the library of the observatory at Paris. ; Born, 1755; died, 1839. I PROPERTIUS, Sextus Aurelius, a Latin poet, was bom at Mevania, B.C. 52, : and died about a. d. 12. Nothing more of his life is known than that, after the end i of the civil war, he found a patron at Rome ; in Mecasnas, through whom he obtained the ! favour of the emperor. He appears to have been the bosom friend of 0\nd, and was also on terms of intimacy with Virgil and other . eminent contemporaries. I PROSPER, St., was born in Aquitaine, at the beginning of the 5th century. He opposed j pro] ^ ^cfco mnibtv^nl 28t05Tap]b2' [PSA the Pelagians with considerable ability, and died about 403. PROTAGORAS, a Greek sopliist, bom at Abdera, B.C. 488, was originally a porter, but by hearing Democritus, lie attained such eminence, as to become a teacher at Athens ; from which city he was banished on the charge of atheism. He then went to Epirus, where he resided several years ; and died on his voyage to Sicily, PROTOGENES. an eminent Grecian painter, who flourished about 336 B.C., was a native of Cannus, in Caria, a city subject to Rhodes. A considerable part of his life was passed in obscurity, but he was at length brought into notice by Apelles giving a large price for one of his pictures. On the siege of Rhodes by Demetrius Poliorcetes. Protogenes is said to have continued tranquilly working at his house in the suburbs ; and being asked by Demetrius wliy he ventured to remain without the walls of the city, he answered, that he well knew that the king was at war with the Rhodians, but not witli the arts ; with which answer Demetrius was so pleased, that he gave him a guard for liis protection. PROYART, LiEVAiiV Bonavkntuke, a French historical writer, bom in the province of Artois, in 1743. lie adopted the ecclesias- tical profession, and, devoting his time to public instruction, he was employed to or- ganise the college of Puy, wliich, under his direction, became one of the most flourishing schools in the kingdom. Being a canon in the cathedral of Arras, he was at the commence- ment of the revolution deprived of his pre- ferment, and obliged to emigrate to the Netherlands. He returned to France on the conclusion of the concordat ; but on publish- ing his work, entitled "Louis XVI. et ses Vertus aux Prises avec la Perversito de son Si&cle," 5 vols., he was arrested and confined in the BicGtre, which he did not long sur- vive. His works are numerous, and form 17 vols. PRUDHOMME, L., editor of Le Journal des Revolutions de Paris, was born at Lyons, in 1752, where he was brought up to the business of a bookseller. In 1788 he fixed his residence in Paris, and became a zealous promoter of the new principles. In 1789 he established the above journal, which had for its motto, " The great seem to us to be great, only because we are on our knees : let us rise !" Although he constantly assailed the government in this publication, as well as in the countless pamphlets which were issued by him, he opposed the tyranny of Robes- pierre, and was in consequence arrested as a royalist ; but having speedily obtained hia liberty, he quitted Paris, and was absent till the death of that inexorable dictator. Among his numerous works is a " General History of the Crimes committed during the Revolu- tion." 6 vols. Died, 1830. PRUDHON, PiEKKE Paul, a French painter, born in 1760, at Cluny, where he was educated by tlie monks of the celebrated abbey of that place. After having studied at Rome, he settled at Paris, and finally gained celebrity by his famous allegorical picture, " Crime pursued by Divine Justice." Died, 1823. PRYNNE, William, a learned lawyer, political writer, and antiquary, was born in 1609, at Swanswick, in Somersetshire ; was educated at Bath grammar school, and Oriel College, Oxford ; and, removing tol^incoln's Inn to study the law, became barrister, bencher, and reader of that society. His attendance upon the lectures of Dr. Preston, a distinguished puritan, strongly attached him to that sect, and he began to write as early as 1627, attacking the drinking of healths, love-locks, popery, and Arminian- ism, which he deemed the enormities of the age. In 1632 he publislied his work against theatrical exhibitions, entitled "Histrio-Mas • tix ;" and having therein libelled the queen, he was the subject of a star-chamber prose- cution, and condemned to pay a fine of 5000/., to be expelled the university of Oxford and I-incoln's Inn, to be degraded from his pro- fession of the law, to stand twice in the pillory, losing an ear each time, and to re- main a prisoner for life. Prynne continued writing against prelacy in prison ; until, for a virulent piece, entitled "News from Ipswich," he was again sentenced by the star-chamber to a fine of .lOOOi., to lose the remainder of his ears in the pillory, and to be branded on each cheek with the letters S. L. (seditious libeller). This sentence was also executed, and he was removed for im- prisonment to Caernarvon castle, and after- wards to the island of Jersey. In 1640 he obtained his liberty, was elected member for Newport, and bore a prominent part in the trial of Laud, his former persecutor. After the overthrow of Charles, however, Prynne endeavoured to eflFect on accommodation be- tween him and his subjects ; and he opposed Cromwell with such boldness, that the Pro- tector imprisoned him. He joined in the restoration of Charles II. ; was appointed chief keeper of the records in the Tower, and died in 1669. He wrote a prodigious number of books, chiefly on politics and religion ; also the " History of Archbishop Laud," and the " Lives of Kings John, Henry III., and Edward I." PSALMANAZAR, George, a literary impostor, was born in France, in 1679, and received an excellent education. He com- menced his career by leading a wandering life, and assumed the habit of a pilgrim ; but this not answering his purpose, he pre- tended to be a native of Formosa ; and to keep up the delusion, he invented a new alphabet, and a grammar of the Formosan tongue. At this time he became acquainted with a clergyman named Innes, who, con- ceiving he could turn the impostor to good account, persuaded the pretended Formosan to suflFer jilmself to be converted to tlie church of England ; and the clergyman and his new disciple went to London, where tlie latter was presented to Bishop Compton and others, and tlie former was rewarded for his zeal with church preferment. Psalmanazar had the effrontery to translate the Church Catecliism, into his newly invented For- mosan language ; and he published a " His- tory of Formosa," which was considered as authentic by many eminent men ; nor was the cheat discovered till after he had been sent to Oxford. After this he gained a sub- TTO] % |5eto 2aiu&rriSal ^toflrapi^w* [PUL I sistence by writing for the booksellers, and I became remarkable in hia latter years for his sincere and unaffected piety. A large I portion of the ancient part of the " Universal i History" was written by him, and he left I behind him his own "Memoirs." Died, 17f53. PTOLEMY, Claudius, a geographer and I astronomer of antiquity, was bom, as is sup- I posed, at Pelusium, in Egypt, about a. d. 70. j He resided at Alexandria, where he had an I observatory ; but it is evident from his cos- I mography that he was also a voyager, and had visited many of the countries which 1 he has described. He corrected Hipparchus's ! catalogue of fixed stars, and formed tables of j the planetary motions. The scattered obser- ! vations of tlie ancients were first collected by j him, and reduced to a system, known under j the name of the Ptolemaic, whicli makes the earth the centre of tlie solar system. PUBLIUS S YRIITS, a comic poet of Syria, who flourished at Rome about 50 years before the Christian era. PUFFENDORF, Samuel, Baron Von, an eminent German civilian and historian, born near Cliemnitz, in Saxony, in 1631. He was successively in the service of the Elector- palatine, Charles XI. of Sweden, and the Elector of Brandenburg. Very numerous are the works of this learned and excellent man ; but the most important, and what will immortalise his name, is his treatise " De Jure Naturae et Gentium." It is indeed a body of the law of nature and nations well digested, and, as some think, preferable to Grotius's book, De Jure Belli et Pacis, since the same subjects are treated in a more ex- tensive manner and with greater order. His other principal works are, " The Elements of Jurisprudence," " The State of the Ger- man Empire," "An Introduction to tlie Study of Europe," the " Life of Gustavus of Sweden," the " Life of Frederic III., of Brandenburg," &c. He died at Berlin, in 1694. PUGATSCHEFF, Jemeljax, or Yem- elka, the leader of a predatory band in Russia and a daring impostor, was a Don Cossack, and born in 1726. After serving in the Prussian and Austrian armies, he re- turned to his own country ; and being possessed of a striking personal resemblance to the lately deceased emperor, Peter III., he was in 1773 encouraged to pass himself for that monarch. At first he had but few followers, but they increased to tlie number of 16,000 men. He several times defeated the troops of tlie empress ; captured Kasan, the old capital of the empire ; and continued his ravages for nearly two years. At length, just as Moscow was threatened, he was be- trayed by some of his party, and executed, together with the other rebel leaders, at Mos- cow, in 1775. PUGET, Peter, a celebrated French sculptor, painter, and architect, was born in 1622, at Marseilles ; resided for a considerable time at Genoa, but was recalled to France by Colbert ; and died there, in 1691. Many of his finest productions are at Genoa ; but his colossal group of Milo, and his Andro- meda, are at Versailles. PUGHE, Dr. William Owen, a celebrated Welsh lexicographer and author, whose life was devoted to the literature of his native country, died at the foot of Cader Idris (the mountain near which he was born), in June 1835, aged 75. PUISAYE, Count Joseph, an able royalist chief, was descended from an ancient and j noble family, and born at Montagne, about ! 1754. He was intended for the church, but | preferred the military profession, and ob- ! tained the brevet of colonel in the royal j Swiss corps. He sat in the constituent as- j sembly, and regularly voted with the par- i tisans of political regeneration. In 1793, j forces having been collected in the northern ] departments to oppose the Jacobins, he was appointed to act as second in command under General Wimpfen, and was con- sequently proscribed by the convention. He took refuge in Brittany, where he organised a formidable body of Chouans. He visited England in 1794, obtained a considerable succour, was invested with unlimited powers by the Count d'Artois ; and, on his return to France, every preparation was made by the Bretons to join the English and emigrant troops as soon as they should appear on the French coasts. But his hopes were blasted by envious intriguers of his own party ; the expedition was diverted to La Vendee, and the unfortunate disaster at Quiberon followed. He at length resigned his commission and went to Canada ; but he subsequently came to England, where he resided till his death, in 1827. PULCI, Luioi, an Italian poet, was bom at Florence, in 1431. His principal per- formance, entitled " Morgante Maggiore," is a poetical romance, and was printed at Venice, in 1488 ; and a spirited translation of it, by Lord Byron, was given in the Liberal. Pulci also wrote sonnets, pub- lished with those of Matteo Franco, in which the two authors satirised each other for their amusement His brothers, Bernardo and LucA, were also poets. The former published a translation of the eclogues of Virgil, and a poem on the passion of Christ ; the latter was the author of " Giostra di Lorenzo de Medici," and an epic romance, called " II Ciriffo Cal- vaneo." PIJLTENEY, William, earl of Bath, the political antagonist of Sir Robert Walpole, was born in 1682, and educated at West- minster School and Christchurch, Oxford. After travelling through Europe, he was elected into parliament, and became distin- guished as a zealous Whig. On the acces- sion of George I. he was appointed a privy councillor and secretary at war ; but a dispute with Sir Robert Walpole caused his removal to the ranks of the opposition. He joined Bolingbroke in conducting a paper, called the Craftsman, the object of which was to annoy the minister. This produced a duel between Pulteney and Lord Hervey ; and the king was so much displeased with the conduct of the former, that he struck his name out of the list of privy councillors, and also from the commission of the peace. On the resignation of Walpole, in 1741, Pul- teney was created earl of Bath ; but from that time his popularity and influence ceased. Died, 1764. pul] ^ ^etD HntbcrM ^iasrtip})^}. [PTR PULTENEY, Richard, a physician and botanist, was born at Louglvborough, in 1730. He first practised as a surgeon at I^eicester ; but in 17G4 he took the degree of M. D. at the university of Edinburgh, and settled at Blandford, in Dorsetshire, lie was the au- thor of "Historical and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England," be- sides several professional treatises, and a variety of papers in the Philosophical Trans- actions, &c. Died, 1801. PUKCELL, Hknkv, a celebrated musical composer, was born in 1G58 ; and being ad- mitted as a chorister in the king's chapel, was brought up under Dr. Blow, organist of Westminster Abbey, and afterwards of the chapel royal; and, from this period, his fame seems to have increased rapidly, his anthems and church music in general being popular in all tlie cathedrals of the kingdom ; nor were his compositions for the stage and music-room less successful. Among his works are many excellent anthems, sonatas, catches, rounds, glees, &c. ; the opera of. " Diocletian," and " Orpheus Britanuicus." PURCHAS, Samuel, a divine, was bom in 1577, at Thaxted, in Essex ; and died in 1028, rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate. His principal work is the well known "Collec- tion of "Voyages," in 5 vols., and his " Pil- grimages, or Relations of the World." PURVER, Anthony, a self-instructed man, of humble birth, was bom at Up Ilurstboume, in Ilampshire, in 1702, and was apprenticed to a shoemaker. Being afterwards employed in keeping sheep, he found leisure for study ; and his curiosity being excited by tlie perusal of a tract in which some inaccuracies in the authorised version of the Bible were pointed out, he resolved to make himself acquainted with the Scriptures in their original tongues. Accordingly, with some assistance from a Jew, he acquired a knowledge of the He- brew, then applied to the Greek, and next studied Latin. On settling at Andover as a schoolmaster, he undertook the extraor- dinary labour of translating the Bible into English ; which work he actually accom- plished, and it was printed at the expense of Dr. Fothergill, in 2 vols, folio. Died, 1777. PUTTENllAM, George, an English wri- ter, who lived in the court of Edward VI., and became one of the gentlemen pen- sioners to Queen Elizabeth. He died about 1600. His works are "Elpine," "Parthe- niades," and " The Art of Poesie." PUY, Louis du, a learned writer, was born at Bugey, in 1709. He was editor of the Journal des Savans, 30 years secretary to the Academy of Inscriptions, and librarian to the Prince de Soubise. lie translated Sophocles into French, and wrote a work on geometry. PUY, PiEitRE DU, an antiquary and his- torian, was the son of Claude du Puy, an advocate of some eminence, and born at Agen, in 1582. He was related to DeThou, whose great work he edited, in conjunction with Rigault. Du Puy was appointed counsellor and librarian to the king, who employed him to defend his rights over the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun. He was the author of a variety of valuable works connected with politics, ecclesiastical affairs, and national history ; and died in 1651. PUY-SEGUR, James de Ciiastenbt, Lord of, a French officer, was born in Ar- magnac, in 1600. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general ; but though he served in 40 campaigns, was present at 120 sieges, and in more than 30 battles, he never received a wound. On retiring from the service, he wrote his own " Memoirs," and died in 1682. His son, born in 1655, was aUo an excel- lent officer, and became a marshal of France. Died, 1743. PYE, Henry James, poet laureate, was descended from an ancient Berkshire family, and born in London, in 1745. He was edu- cated at Magdalen College, Oxford ; was for some time an officer in the Berkshire militia, and ruined his fortune by the expenses of a contested election as a candidate for the re- presentation of the county. In 1790 he was appointed poet laureate ; and, in 1792, one of the police magistrates- His principal works are, " Alfred," an epic poem ; " The Progress of Refinement," "The Democrat," "The Aristocrat;" translations from Aristotle, Pindar, and Homer ; a collection of poems, 2 vols.; and " Comments on the Commenta- tors on Shakspeare." Died, 1813. PYLE, Thomas, an English divine, was bom at Stodey, in Norfolk, in 1674, and was educated at Caius College, Cambridge. On taking the part of Bishop Hoadley, in the Bangorian controversy, that prelate re- warded him with a prebend and residenti- aryship in Salisbury cathedral, lie was the i author of a " Paraphrase on the Historical I Books of the Old Testament," 4 vols. ; " Paraphrase on the Acts and Epistles," 2 vols.; a " Paraphrase on the Revelations of St. John ;" and 3 volumes of " Sermons." Died, 1756. PYM, John, a parliamentarian in the reign of Charles I., and by profession a bar- rister, was a native of Somersetshire, and born in 1584. He became a member of par- liament in the reign of James I., and distin- guished himself as a zealous opponent of the court, being a rigid puritan. In the next reign he acted with greater violence, and was one of the five members who were demanded by the king to be delivered to him as traitors. In 1643 he was appointed lieutenant of the ordnance, and died shortly after. PYNSON, Richard, a printer, was by birth a Norman, but naturalised in England by letters patent, and appointed king's printer. He is noticed here on account of his being the first that introduced the Roman letter into this country. Died, about 1529. PYRRIIO, the celebrated philosopher of Elis, and founder of the sect called Sceptics, or Pyrrhonists, flourished about B.C. 340. He was originally a painter, but afterwards became a disciple of Anaxarchus, whom he accompanied to India, in the train of Alex- ander the Great, and while there obtained a knowledge of the doctrines of the Brahmins, Gymnosophists, Magi, and other Eastern philosophers. On the return of Pyrrho to Greece, the inhabitants of Elea made him their high priest, and the Athenians gave him the rights of citizenship. Died, b.c. 288. 3p ptr] ^ ^cto Sffiitber^al Biojprapl^w. [qua PYRRHUS, king of Epirus, b. c. 300, was one of the greatest warriors of antiquity. He ascended the throne of his fatlier when but 12 years old ; and being driven from it, five years afterwards, by Neoptolemus, he soon regained it, and increased his power by the conquest of Macedonia. Of his various contests, that with the Roman republic oc- cupies the most distinguished place in history. The Romans entertained the highest opinion of his military skill, and from him, in fact, they learned most of their art in war. He was fond of glory, and personally brave, even to rashness ; but his faults of ambition were counterbalanced by acts of courtesy and benevolence. He was killed by a tile thrown from the top of a house at the siege of Argos, B. c. 272. PYTHAGORAS, one of the most cele- brated philosophers of antiquity, and the founder of the Italic school, was the son of Mnemarchus, an engraver of Samos, and born at Sidon, in Phoenicia, about 580 b. c, while his parents were travelling in that country. His history is mingled with many fables. In Egypt he was probably admitted to the mysteries of the priests, and made acquainted with the whole range of Coptic learning. From Egypt he is said to have journeyed to the East, and visited the Per- sian and Chaldean Magi, as well as the Indian Gymnosophists. After his return, he opened a school at Samos, and taught his doctrines in a symbolic form ; in which veiled manner he treated of God and the human soul, and delivered a vast number of precepts relating to the conduct of life, political as well as civil. He also made considerable advances in the sciences, par- ticularly in arithmetic, geometry, and as- tronomy. After a life of extensive travel, constant labour, and severe persecution, he died at Metapontum, in the temple of the Muses, where, according to tradition, he perished from want of sustenance, at eighty years of age. If we measure the glory of a philosopher by the duration of his doctrine, and by the extent of its propagation, nothing can equal that of Pythagoras, since most of his opinions are at this day literally followed in the greatest part of the world. What are called " The Golden Verses of Pythagoras " have been frequently published, and are well known ; but it is supposed that this short abridgment of his popular doctrines was the work of some later writer. PYTHEAS, was a celebrated ancient tra- veller, who lived in the time of Alexander the Great, and born at Massilia, now Mar- seilles, then a colony of the Plioceans. He was a good mathematician, and is said, not only to have explored the coast as far as Cadiz, but to have sailed from thence to the Ultima Thule, or Iceland, where he made some astronomical observations. Q- QUADRATUS, a bishop of Athens, who lived in the early part of the 2nd century. He was the successor of Publius, who was martj'red in the persecution under Adrian ; and when that emperor visited the Athenian capital in 12(5, Quadratus presented to him "An Apology for the Christian Religion," which, Eusebius says, had the desired effect of occasioning a temporary cessation of the persecution. Of this work there is only a fragment remaining ; but it is curious for the testimony it gives to the reality of the miracles of Christ and his apostles, assert- ing, that in his time several of the persons were living in whose favour the miracles were wrought. QUADRIO, Fraxcts Xavier, an Italian Jesuit, born in the Valteline, in 1695. He was the* author of "Dissertations on the Valteline," 3 vols. ; a " History of Poetry," 7 vols. ; &c. Died, 175G. QUAGLIATI, Paolo, a musician and actor of modern Rome ; the first who pro- duced dramatic action or representation in music ever witnessed in that city. This was during the carnival of 1606, and the per- formance was on a stage in the open air. QUANZ, John Joachim, an eminent musical composer and flute player ; born near Gottingen, 1097 ; died, 1773. He was the author of a "Series of Pieces for two Flutes," " Instructions," &c. QUARIN, Joseph, first physician to the emperor Joseph II., was bom at Vienna, in 1773 ; obtained great reputation for me- dical skill, was created a count in 1797, , filled the office of rector in the university six times, and died in 1814. QUARLES, Fra.ncis, an English poet, was born in 1592, near Romford, Essex, and received his education at Cambridge. He obtained the place of cup-bearer to the queen of Bohemia, daughter of James I., and was afterwards secretary to Archbishop Usher in Ireland ; from which country he was driven, with the loss of his property, by the rebel- lion of 1641, and was appointed chronologer to the city of London. At the commence- ment of the civil wars he wrote a work, entitled the " Loyal Convert," which gave ofience to the parliament ; and, when he afterwards joined the king at Oxford, his property was sequestrated, and his books and MSS. plundered. He was so much af- fected by his losses, that grief is supposed to have hastened his death, in 1614. Of the works of Quarles, in prose and verse, the most celebrated is his " Emblems," a set of designs in prints, illustrated by verses, which, with all their false taste and conceit, have merit, and still continue to be printed. His other works are, " Argalus and Parthe- nia," a romance ; " Enchiridion of Medita- tions," " Divine Fancies," and "The Shep- herd's Oracles." QUATROMANNI, Sertoeips, an Italian que] ^ fitia WinibtrM 38t00rfqp]^g, [qui writer, was bom at Cozenza, in 1551, and died in 1606. His life was passed in the cultivation of poetry and literature ; but he was of a most irritable temper, which ren- dered him odious to all the learned of his time. He translated the iEneid into Italian verse, and wrote several poems, botli Latin and Italian. QUELLINUS, Erasmus, an eminent painter, was born at Antwerp, in 1C07. lie was a pupil of Rubens, and execute<l seve- ral pictures of great merit. He died in 1678, and left a son, Joiix Ekasmcs Quei.- I4INUS, whose liistorical pieces arc held in estimation. He had also a nephew, Ar- thur QuELLiNUS, who was an excellent sculptor. QUERENGHI, Antonio, an Italian poet, born at Padua, in 1546, distinguished him- self at an early age for erudition, was secretary of the Sacred College under Ave popes, and died at Rome in 1633. QUERLON, Annk Gauriel Meusniek DE, a celebrated French journalist, was born at Nantes, in 1702, and died in 1780. For upwards of 20 years he conducted a periodi- cal paper iu Brittany, called I-es Petites AlBches ; he was also a writer in the Gazette de France, the Journal Etrang&re, and the Encyclop(5dique. His works are " Les Im- postures Innocentes," "Le Testament de i'Abb*? des Fontaines," " Le Code Lyrique," "A Continuation of Prevot's History of Voyages," and a translation of " Marsy's Latin Poem on Painting." QUERNO, Camillo, a Neapolitan poet of the 15th century, who acquired great fame by his facility in extempore versification, and obtained the name (at first given in a joke by some of his convivial friends while at Rome, in 1514) of arch-poet. Leo X. was much pleased with his buffoonery, and often admitted him to his table. Died, 1528. QUER Y MARTINEZ, Joseph, a Spanish botanist, born at Perpignan, in 1095. He was a surgeon-major in the army, and made good use of the opportunities which his visits to the coast of Africa afforded him, while attached to his corps, of collecting numerous plants and seeds. This led to the formation of a royal botanic garden at Madrid, over which Quer presided. He wrote and published the first 4 volumes of " Flora Espanola, o Historia de las Plantas que se crian en Espagna," which was com- pleted by the publication of 2 volumes more, by Orteza. Died, 1764. QUESADA, Don, a Spanish general, who, after having signalised himself as a leader in the army of the Faith, became attached to the queen's cause, and held a chief com- mand. He was very unpopular with the republican party in Spain ; and during an insurrectionary movement on the part of the populace and some of the soldiery, which he had been actively engaged in quelling, he found it necessary to make his escape from the capital. He was, however, discovered a few miles off, taken, and placed in confine- ment ; but the infuriated mob being deter- mined to wreak summary vengeance on him, they murdered him in his prison, and car- ried his mangled relics to Madrid, where, 71] with savage exultation, they exhibited them in the public streets, August, 1836. QUESNAY, Francis, a physician, but more known as a writer on political eco- nomy, was born in 1694, near Montfort I'Amaury, in the isle of France. His father was a farmer, and he acquired the rudiments of his profession from the surgeon of his native village. He then went to Paris, and became secretary to a society instituted for the improvement of surgery ; but afterwards he took his degree in medicine, and became physician to Louis XV., who loved to con- verse with him, and called him his "thinker." He was the author of " A Philosophical Es- say on the Animal Economy," 3 vols. ; " Physiocracy," and various articles in the Encyclopaidia, &c. to promulgate his doc- trines, to which some have unjustly attri- buted the French revolution. Died, 1774. QUESNEL, Pasquier, a priest who was born at Paris, in 1634, and became the head of the sect of Jansenists. He wrote a great many books, chiefly of the polemic kind ; but gave offence to the court of Rome by his edition of the works of pope Leo the Great ; and when his celebrated "New Testament, with Moral Reflections," in 8 vols, appeared, it was formally condemned, and the author was obliged to retire to Hol- land, where he died, in 1719. QUESNEL, Baron, born in 1775 ; a gene- ral officer, who served with distinction in most of Napoleon's campaigns. He was made, on the restoration in 1814, grand oflicer of the legion of honour ; and, during the "hundred days" in 1815, was found drowned in the Seine. QUESNOY, Francis du, a sculptor, was bom at Brussels, in 1592. He acquired the principles and practice of the art from his father, but far excelled him. The Arch- duke Albert gave him a pension, and sent him to Italy, where he made himself known by some beautiful works, particularly a cru- cifixion wrought in ivory, wliich procured him the patronage of pope Urban VIII. He particularly excelled in making models and bas-reliefs of cupids and children, which he finished with peculiar grace and delicacy ; but he was at the same time quite capable of executing works of the highest import- ance ; of which a St. Susanna, in the chapel of Loretto, and a St. Andrew, in St. Peter's, afford sufficient proof. He died in 1046. QUEVEDO VILLEGAS, Francisco de, a Spanish poet and satirist, was born at Madrid, in 1570. He was a knight of the order of St. J ago, and was thrown into prison for an alleged libel on the Count d'Olivarez, prime minister to Philip IV. ; but when that statesman was disgraced, he recovered his liberty. He died in 1647. He wrote "The Spanish Parnassus," "Visions of Hell," " Comic Tales," and various works, satirical and religious, both in verse and prose ; and holds a high rank among Spa- nish satirists. QUEVEDO, P., the benevolent Spanish bishop of Orense, who at the revolution maintained 200 French refugee clergymen at his own cost, estimated annually at 80,000 francs. Died, 1818. QUICK, John, an eminent comic actor, 3 P 2 qui] ^ ilfto WiwifitY^nl 23iograpT;i.u [qui was the son of a brewer in London, where he was born in 1748. When only 14 years old he left his home, and joined a company of provincial actors ; and as he gradually rose in his profession, he obtained an engage- ment at the Haymarket in 1769, and subse- quently established his fame by his admir- able performance of Mordecai in "Love k la Mode." He afterwards went to Covent Garden, where for many years he held a prominent station, filling the best parts in light comedy. In 1798 he retired from the stage, and died in 1831. QUIEN DE LA NEUFVILLE, James LE, an historian, was born at Paris, in 1647. He served first in the army, and afterwards became an advocate, but without success ; on which he had recourse to literature for support. He published the "History of Portugal," which obtained him a place in the Academy of Inscriptions. His " Treatise on the Use of Posts among the Ancients and Moderns " procured him the direction of the posts of French Flanders, and a pension. Died, 1728. QUILLET, Claudius, a French physi- cian and ingenious Latin poet ; born, 1602 ; died, 1661. His chief work is a poem in 4 books, entitled " Callipaedia." QUIN, James, an eminent actor, was born in London, in 1693. He performed at Drury Lane and at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields ; and though for a considerable period he was confined to inferior parts, he at length rose into high reputation, and was without a rival till the aj)pearance of Gar- rick. His last performance was Falstaff (1753), in which character he is supposed never to have been excelled. He survived his retreat several years, which he spent chiefly at Bath, where his fund of anecdote, and pointed sense, made him much sought after. Quin, who was convivial and too fond of the bottle, was often coarse and quarrel- some on these occasions, which led to two or three hostile encounters, one of which proved fatal to his antagonist. He was otherwise manly, sensible, and generous. He had been employed by Frederic, prince of Wales, to instruct the royal children in elocution ; and when Quin was informed of the graceful manner in which George III. delivered his first speech from the throne, he emphatically said, " Ay, it was I who taught the boy to speak." About this time he obtained a pension. Died, 1766. QUINAULT, Philip, a French dramatic poet, was born at Paris in 163<i, and died in 16?8. His operas were highly and de- servedly popular, but they excited the envy of Boileau, who attacked them with cha- racteristic asperity. They were printed at Paris, with his life, in 1778, 5 vols. 12mo. QUINCY, John, an English physician and medical writer of the last century, who practised his profession, and delivered lec- tures in London, where he died in 1723. Among the different works he produced was his "Lexicon Physico-Medicum," which had served as the basis of Dr. Hooper's Me- dical Dictionary, and other subsequent com- pilations of a similar nature. QUINETTE, Nicholas Marie, was bom at Soissons, where, previous to the Revolution, he practised as an attorney. He voted for the death of Louis XVI., was a commissioner in the army of Dumouriez, and was one of the four deputies delivered up to the Aus- trians, who were afterwards exchanged for the infant princess. In 1799 he was appointed minister of the interior, was a member of the chamber of peers during the 100 days, and, after the second abdication of Napoleon, he was called by Fouchd to form a part of the provisional government. In 1815 he was banished as a regicide, retired to Brussels, and died in 1821. QUINTILIAN, Marcus Fabius, a cele- brated orator and critic, who is supposed to have been born about a.d. 42, at Rome ; fol- lowed Galba into Spain, and taught rhetoric there ; and died, as is supposed, in his 80th year. His " Institutiones Oratoricae " may be justly pronounced the finest svstem of rhetoric ever written. This invaluable work was discovered by Poggio in 1415, in the abbey of St. Gal. QUINTINIE, John de la, a celebrated French horticulturist, was born at Poictiers, in 1626. He was originally an advocate, but took more pleasure in the study of horticul- ture ; to perfect himself in which he visited Italy, and, on his return to France, became director-general of the royal gardens. He died at an advanced age. QUINTUS CALABER, or QUINTUS SMYRNEUS, a Greek poet. Mho wrote a supplement to Homer's Iliad. He is sup- posed to have lived in the 5th century, and to have been a native of Smyrna. His poem was first brought to light by Cardinal Bes- sarion, who found it in the church of St. Nicolas, near Otranto, in Calabria, whence he had the name of Calaber. QUIRINI, A.NGELO Maria, a cardinal, was born at Venice, in 1684. Benedict XIII. made him archbishop and cardinal, which dignities he filled with great reputa- tion. He died in 1755. Cardinal Quiiini collected a magnificent library, which he gave to the Vatican ; and though he was a zealous champion of the papacy, his writings are marked by candour and mode- ration. QUIROGA, Joseph, a Spanish Jesuit, was born at Lugo, in Gallicia, and distinguished himself as a missionary in America. During his residence there he collected much inform- ation respecting the countries he visited, and on his return jjublished his travels. Died, 1784. QUIROS, Pedro Fernandez de, a ce- lebrated Spanish navigator of the 16th cen- tury, who explored many of the islands afterwards visited by Captain Cook. Died, 1614. QUITA, DoMiNGOS DOS Reis, a Portu- guese poet, was born in 1728. He was ap- prenticed to a barber, but his attachment to learning enabled him to overcome the diflSculties he had to experience ; and making himself master of Italian, Spanish, and French, he wrote verses, and at length obtained the patronage of Count San Lo- renzo. He was the author of " Inez de Castro," and four other tragedies ; besides many sonnets, elegies, pastorals, &c. Died, 1770. rab] ^ ^t\si BnihexM JSingrajp^i). [rad K. RABAUT DE ST. ETIENNE, John Pai'l, one of t)ie most steady, moderate, and honourable of the French revolutionists, was born at Nismes, in 1741 ; for which city he was chosen a deputy for the constituent assembly in ITS'J. lie attached himself to the party of the Girondists. His father was proscribed when he was boru ; and lie relates, in a short memoir of his life, attached to a romance of his publication, called "I>e Vieux Cevenal," that his infancy was passed in continual danger and alarm, and that he never knew when he awoke, where his mother and her Iriends would conduct him to sleep at night. He was proscribed, like the rest of the moderatists, for opposing the excesses of the Mountain party in ITiKi. He was sheltered by several female friends of his wife for some days ; but being at length dis- covered, he was immediately guillotined, after a short form of identification before the revolutionary tribunal. His wife killed her- self, and all those who assisted in concealing him were guillotined. One of his numerous political works is," Sur la Necessity d'Etablir une Constitution." RABELAIS, Francois, a celebrated French wit and satirist, was born at Chinon, in Touraine, about 1483. He was at first a monk, but in consequence of ha%ing been punished for some indecorous behaviour, he quitted the Benedictine order, studied me- dicine at Montpelier, and for a time practised as a physician. He subsequently obtained, through the influence of his patron, Cardinal du licllay, whom he accompanied to the court of Rome, the rectory of Mendon ; and died in IMS. He wa« the author of several books ; but the only one by which he is known is the romance called " The Lives, Heroic Deeds, and Sayings of Gargantua and Pantagruel," an extravagant satire upon monks, priests, popes, and pedants ; in which much obscenity and absurdity are blended with learning, wit, and humour. Rabelais was a conscientious teacher of his people, and it was his pleasure to instruct the children of his parish in sacred music. His house was the resort of the learned, his purse was always open to the needy, and his medical skill was employed in the service of his parish. RABENER, Gottlieb William, a Ger- man satirist, bom near Leipsic, in 1714, was educated for the legal profession, and obtained the oflS<;e of comptroller of the taxes in the district of Leipsic. He died in 1771. RABUTIN, Roger, Count de Bussy, a French wit and satirist, was born in 1018, at Epiry, in Nivernois. He entered the army at the age of 12, under his father, and would probably liave attained a high rank but for the oflenee he gave to persons in power by his scandalous lampoons. In KJtto he was sent to the Bastile for writing a libel, entitled " The Amorous History of the Gauls ;" and on his release he was banished to his estate, where he remained till IGMl, when he re- turned to court. His other works are, " M6- moires," 2 vols. ; and " Lettres," 7 vols. Died, 1(593. RACAN, IIoNORAT DE BuEiL, Marquis of, an eminent French poet, was born in loSd, at La Roche Raean, devoted himself to litera- ture, and was one of the first members of the French Academy. Died, 1C70. Besides his poems, he wrote "The Life of Malherbe," his friend and poetical instructor. RACINE, BoNAVENTUUE, a French ec- clesiastical historian, was born in 17US, at Chnuny. He became head of the college at Rabastens ; but being banished by the in- trigues of the Jesuits, he retired to the college of Ilarcourt, and afterwards obtained a canonry in the cathedral of Auxerre, where he died in 175,5. He wrote an " Ecclesiastical History," 13 vols. RACINE, John, an eminent French dra- matic poet, was bom at La Ferti; Mi Ion, in 1031), and was educated at Port Royal. He commenced his poetical career in KWO, by an ode on the king's marriage, for which he was handsomely rewarded. In 1004 he pro- duced his tragedy of "Tlu'baide," which was followed in 1000 by "Alexander." In 1088 appeared his " Androniaciie," which placed him far above all his contemporaries except Comeille ; and his fume was still farther increased by the production of "Bri- tannicus," " Berenice," and other tragedies. In 1677 appeared his tragedy of " Phaidra," which waa opposed by one on the same sub- ject written by Pradon, which gave him great uneasiness ; and owing to a base cabal that was formed against him, he was induced to desist from writing for the stage. After a lapse of 12 years he wrote, by desire of Louis XIV. and Madame de Mai ntenon, the sacred dramas of "Esther" and " Athalia," which were performed by the young ladies of her institution of St. Cyr. Besides his dramatic works, he wrote " Canticles or Hymns for the Use of St. Cyr," the " History of Port Royal," &c. In 1073 he was received into the Academy, and continued to enjoy the highest favour at court ; but having ottended the king for having too freely used his peq, in drawing up a memorial on the distresses of the people, he died of chagrin, in 1690. RACINE, Louis, a son of the preceding, was born at Paris, in 1692, and educated under RoUin. He was eminent for talent, piety, and modesty, was made an inspector- general in the finance department, and died iu 1703. Among his works are two poems, en- titled " Grace " and " Religion," " Epistles," "Memoirs" of his father, and a translation of Milton's Paradise Lost. RADCLIFFE, Jonif, an eminent phy- sician, was born in 1650, at Wakefield, in Yorksliire, and was educated at the grammar school there, and at University College, Oxford. Having obtained his medical de- gree, he settled in London in 1084, where he soon acquired great reputation, to which his ready wit and conversational powers contri- buted. In 1080 he was appointed physician rad] ^ i^flM ^nitjcrs'al ^ia^vn^i)}}. [rag I assistant secretary at Prince of Wales's ' Island ; and, in 1811, became lieutenant go- | vernor of Java. Tlierc he remained till j 1816 ; and during his administration of the government many judicial reforms were ef- I fected. In 1818 he was placed at the head of j the factory at Bencoolen, in Sumatra, where j he introduced many wise reforms, and even- 1 tually succeeded in establishing the settle- I ment and free port of Singapore, in 1819. On ! his last visit to the island, in 1823, he laid j the foundation of a college for the encourage- i ment of Anglo-Chinese literature, with a [ library, museum, branch schools, &c.; but the impaired state of his health rendered it necessary that lie should return to Europe ; ' and he accordingly, in February, 1824, em- barked, with his family, on board the Fame. On the evening of the same day, when about fifteen miles from Bencoolen, the vessel took ! fire, and all his valuable collections and manuscripts became a prey to the flames. The crew and passengers, in utter destitu- tion, with difficulty saved their lives in the boats ; and Sir Thomas, with his family, again embarked in April, and arrived in England m the following August. He sur- vived this event only about two years, dying of apoplexy, at Highwood Hill, Middlesex, in July, 182(!. His chief work is, " Tlie His- tory of Java," 2 vols. 4to. RAGHIB PACHA, Mohammed, grand vizir of the Ottoman empire, was born in 1702, and manifested, at an early period, such a decided taste for learning, that he acquired the name of Raghib, or the Stu- dent. In 173G he was appointed secretary- general to the grand vizir ; became reis elFendi, a pacha of three tails, and succes- sively governor of Aidin, Aleppo, and Egypt. In 1757 he was elevated to the dignity of supreme vizir, and retained that dangerous post till his death, in 17G3. He was one of the most enlightened ministers of the Turk- ish empire, and surpassed by none of his countrymen in literary talent. RAGOTSKI, Francis, prince of Tran- sylvania, was born in 1676. Zealous for the independence of his country, he secretly entered into a negotiation with Louis XIV., which being betrayed, he was arrested, and found guilty of high treason. He had, how- ever, tlie good fortune to escape ; receiving assurances of succour from France, he en- tered Hungary, and, by a manifesto, urged the people to free themselves from the tyranny of the Austrians. For a time he was eminently successful, and in 1704 he was proclaimed prince of Transylvania, and protector of Hungarj*. Tlie crown of Po- land, at that time vacant, was offered to him by the czar Peter, but he refused it ; and his patriotic exertions being ultimately defeated by the Hungarian states entering into a treaty with tlie emperor, he renounced his estates, and withdrew into Turkey, where he died in 1735. RAGUENET, Francis, a native of Rouen, who, in 1689, gained a prize from the French Academy for a discourse, " Sur le Merite et rUtilit^ de Martyre." In 1704 he published " A Parallel of tlie Italians and French, iu regard to Music and the Opera ; " in which he gave the preference to the Italian music, to the princess Anne of Denmark, and, after the revolution, he was often consulted liy king William III., whose favour he lost in consequence of the freedom with which he delivered his opinions when in attendance on his royal master. When Anne succeeded to the crown, Godolphin could not obtain for him the post of chief pliysician, as he had given her offence by telling her that her ailments were nothing but the vapours. But, though deprived of oflSce, he was consulted in all cases of emergency, and received a large I sum of secret service money for his prescrip- tions. Dr. Radcliffe left 40,000?. to the university of Oxford for the foundation of a public library of medical and philosophical science. Died, 1714. RADCLIFFE, Ann, a celebrated novelist, whose maiden name was Ward, was born in London, in 1764 ; and in her 23rd year was married to Mr. W. Radcliffe, proprietor and editor of the English Chronicle. Soon after her marriage, Mrs. Radcliffe began to display the powers of her genius in works of imagi- nation. Her first performance was a ro- mantic tale, entitled " The Castles of Athlin and Dumblaine," in 1 vol. ; which was suc- ceeded by " The Sicilian Romance " and " The Romance of the Forest," each in 2 vols. ; but that which stamped the author's reputatioii, as the first novelist of the age, was the " Mysteries of Udolpho," in 4 vols., for which she received the sum of 500/. Her next performance was " The Italians." She also published a volume of "Travels through Holland and along the Rhine," in 1793. Mrs. Radcliffe possessed the art of exciting a high degree of interest in her narrative ; her de- scriptive powers were of a superior order, es- pecially in the delineation of scenes of terror, and in those aspects of nature which excite sentiment, and suggest melancholy associa- tions. To quote the words of Mrs. Barbauld, " she seems to scorn to move those passions which form tlie interest of common novels : she alarms the soul with terror ; agitates it with suspense, prolonged and wrought up to the most intense feeling by mysterious hints and obscure intimations of unseen danger." Died, 1823. RAEBURI«r, Sir Hen'ry, an eminent por- trait painter, was born in 1786, at Stock- bridge, near Edinburgh ; was apprenticed to a goldsmith, but turned his talents to painting, and acquired extensive popularity, being considered second only to Sir Thomas Lawrence. He received the honour of knight- hood from George IV. when he visited Edin- burgh, was appointed portrait painter to the king in Scotland, and died in 182 ?. RAFFENEL, Claude Denis, a French author, born in 1797, in the department of Jura. He was attached to the French con- sulate at Smyrna ; went, in 1826, to Greece, and was killed at the siege of Athens in the following year. He wrote " Histoire Com- plete des Ev&nemens de la Grfece," and other works. * RAFFLES, Sir Thomas Stamford, an eminent public functionarj% was the son of a naval captain, and born at sea, oft' Jamaica, iu 1781. He entered the India Company's service early in life, as a clerk in the home secretary's office ; was appointed, in 1805, and thereby highly ofifended his country- men. Ue also wrote " Les Monuinens de Roitve," "llistoire d'Olivier Cromwell," "IIls- toire de I'Aucien Testament," and " llistoire du Vicomte de Turenue." Died, 1722. RAIKES, RoBKUT, a printer at Gloucester, who having realised a good property, em- ployed it with his pen and his influence in acts of benevolence. Conjointly with Dr. Stock, he planned and instituted Simday- Bchools. Born, 1735; died, 1811. RAIMBACH, Abkauam, u distinguished line engraver, was born in London, 1776. Educated in Archbishop Tennison's library school, where he had the late Cliarlcs Ma- thews for a school-lellow, he showed an early predilection for the fine arts ; and after serving his apprenticeship with Mr. Hall Uie engraver, he Ijccame a student of the Royal Academy, and soon obtained sucli proficiency in handling the pencil, that by uniting tlie profession of a miuiature painter with that of engraver, l>e was enabled to earn a handsome livelihood. In 1802 he illustrated Smirke and Forster's edition of the Arabian Kights ; in 1807 he made the acquaintance of Sir D. (then Mr.) Wilkie ; an acquaint- ance which soon ripened into friendship, and led to his being employed in engraving that distinguished painter's works from 1812 down to his decease. In fact, it is chiefly in connection with Wilkie that Raimbach has achieved his well-deserved reputation. Died, 1843. RAIMONDI, Joux Baptist, a celebrated orientalist, born at Cremona, in Italy, about ir>40. He passed several years in Asia, where he acquired a knowledge of the Arabic, Ar- menian, Syriac, and Hebrew languages. Returning to Italy, Cardinal Ferdinand de' Medici made him director of the oriental press, whence originated the famous insti- tution of the Propaganda. RAIMONDI, Maec Antonio, a cele- brated engraver, born at Bologna, in 1748. After studying at Venice, he settled at Rome; was employed by Raphael to engrave several of his designs ; and he soon formed a school there, which eclipsed those of Germany, and the Italian style of engraving became the standard of excellence, Ue was imprisoned by Clement VII. for having engraved a series of abominable designs in illustration of the Aretine verses, but procured his liber- ation, and was restored to favour by his ex- quisite martyrdom of St. Lawrence." Died, 1540. RAINOLDS, John, a learned divine, was born at Pinho, in Devonshire, in 1549 ; and became president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, lie was considered the leader of the Puritan party, and distinguislied himself greatly at the Hampton Court conference, in 1G03, where he suggested the necessity of the present translation of the Bible, in which work he was afterwards engaged. Died, 1607. RAKOUBAH, or RAGUBAH, peishwah, or prince-regent of the Mahrattas, acted an important part in the events which occurred in the East Indies, from 1772 to 1782. Hav- ing usurped the sovereign power to the prejudice of his nephew, he was deposed, and abandoned by all the Mahratta chiefs, when he fled to Bombay, and procured the 715 protection of the English government. At length, peace taking place between the East India Company and the Mahrattas, the cause of the peisliwah was abandoned by the former ; and from that time he sunk into obscurity. RALEIGH, or RALEGH, Sir Walter, a distinguished statesman, scholar, and war- rior, in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., was born in 1552, at Budkigh, in Devonshire, and educated at Oriel College, Oxford. At the age of 17 he made one of a troop of an hundred gentlemen volunteers, whom Queen Elizabeth permitted to go to France, under the command of Henry Champernon, for the service of the Protestant princes. He next served in the Netlierlands ; and, on his re- turn from the Continent, his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, having obtained a grant of lauds in North America, he engaged with a considerable number of gentlemen to go out to Newfoundland ; but the expedition proving unsuccessful. Sir Walter returned to England, after being exposed to several dan- gers ; and proceeded thence to Ireland, where he made his bravery so conspicuous in quell- ing the insurgents, that he was received at court with considerable favour, and obtained permission and supplies to prosecute his dis- coveries in America, which ended in his settling a colony in that country, called, in honour of his maiden sovereign, Virginia ; and he is said to have first introduced to- bacco and potatoes into Europe. In the mean time tlie queen conferred on him the distinction of knighthood, and rewarded him by several lucrative grants, including a large share of the forfeited Irish estates. Wlien his country's safety was tlireatened by the famous Spanish Armada, he raised and discii)lined tlie militia of Cornwall ; and afterwards, by joining the fleet with a squadron of siiips belonging to gentlemen volunteers, assisted in obtaining the signal victory which it jileased Providence to give the English over the Spaniards on that oc- casion. He was now made gentleman of the privy chamber ; but shortly after fell into disgrace, and was confined for some months, partly on account of a tract which he had publislied, entitled " The School for Atheists," wliich was unfairly construed by his enemies into a vindication of atheistical principles ; and partly by a clandestine at- tachment to one of the queen's maids of ho- nour, tlie daughter of Sir Nicholas Throck- morton ; which lady, however, he afterwards honourably married. During his seclusion, he planned the discovery of the extensive country of Guiana, in South America, in which he took an active part himself, as soon as he was set at liberty ; but the season being unfavourable, he returned to England, and was soon after appointed to a command in the important expedition to Cadiz, of which the success was in a great measure owing to Sir Walter's valour and prudence. This, joined to several other important ser- vices, restored him completely to the favour of Elizabeth, towards the end of her reign. Her successor, James, prejudiced against him by the Earl of Essex, disapproving of his martial spirit, and jealous of his abilities, availed himself of a court conspiracy against this great man, charging him with partici- pating in an attempt to place upon the throne Arabella Stuart, and of carrying on a secret correspondence with the king of Spain. By the base subservience of the jury, he was brought in guilty of high treason, even to the surprise of tlie attorney- general Coke himself, who declared that lie had only charged him with misprision of treason. Raleigh was reprieved, and com- mitted to the Tower, where his wife, at her earnest solicitation, was allowed to reside witli liim, and where liis yonngest son was born. Twelve years was Sir Walter detained a prisoner in the Tower ; during which time, besides various minor compositions, he wrote his " History of the World ; " a work distinguished for the richness of its inform- ation, the judiciousness of its reflections, and the vigour of its style. At length his release was obtained, in 1616, by the advance of a large sum of money to the new favourite, Villiers ; and, to retrieve his broken fortunes, he planned another expedition to America. He obtained a patent under the great seal for making a settlement in Guiana ; but, in order to retain a power over him, the king did not grant him a pardon for the sentence passed upon him for his alleged treason. Having reached the Orinoco, he despatched a portion of his force to attack the new Spanish settlement of St. Thomas, which was captured ; but he had to lament the death of liis eldest son, who fell on that oc- casion. The expected plunder proved of little value ; and Sir Walter, having in vain tried to induce liis captains to attack other Spanish settlements, arrived at Plymouth in July, 1616. Being brought before the court of king's bench, his plea of an implied pardon by his subsequent command was overruled ; and the doom of death being pronounced against him, it was carried into execution the following day, Oct. 29. 1618, in Old Palace-yard. His behaviour at the scaffold was calm, and, after addressing the people at some length in his own justifica- tion, he received the stroke of death with perfect composure ; remarking to the sheriff with a smile, as lie felt the edge of the axe, " This is a sharp medicine, but it is a phy- sician that will cure all diseases." RAMBERG, John HEXKr, an eminent draughtsman and engraver, was bom in 1767, in Hanover ; studied under Sir Joshua Rey- nolds ; and, after visiting Italy, was appoin- ted, in 1790, painter to the court of Hanover. He produced an immense number of paint- ings and etchings, and particularly excelled in caricature. RAMEAU, Jean Philippe, an eminent French composer and writer on music, was born, in 1083, at Dijon, and studied in Italy. He did not produce his first opera, " Hippolite and Aricie," till he was in his 50th year ; but he subsequently brought out many others, by which lie acquired high reputation. He also wrote various excellent works on music, of which the chief is " A Treatise on j Harmony." Died, 1767. I RAMEL, JoHX Peter, bom at Cahors, in 1770, was chief of a battalion in the army j of the Pyrenees in 1794, when he incurred I the hatred of the Jacobins, and narrowly escaped falling a sacrifice to their vengeance. Being one of the victims to the revolution of the 18th Fructidor, he was banished with 15 more persons to Cayenne, whence Ramel, Pichegru, Barthelemy, Willot, and others, made their escape in June, 1798, to the Dutch colony of Surinam. After the elevation of Buonaparte to power, Ramel returned to France, and entering into active service, made many campaigns. In 1814 he was made a major-general, and in 1815 appointed commandant at Toulouse. He retained that post after the second restoration of I^ouis XVIII., and he exerted himself to establish tranquility among the inhabitants ; but having endeavoured to disarm the companies of Verdets, whose existence was not au- thorised by the government, he became all at once the object of public displeasure, and was assassinated by a band of ruffians who rushed into his hotel, August, 1815. RAMELLI, AuousTiN, an ingenious me- chanic and engineer, was bom at Milan, about 1531, and distinguished himself by his attention to mathematical studies. Having adopted tlie military profession, he signalised himself on several occasions in the armies of the emperor Charles V., and afterwards going to France, he was well received by the Duke of Anjou, who made him his engineer, and subsequently bestowed on him a considerable pension. He was the author of a rare and curious work, entitled " Le Diverse ed Ar- tificiose Machine." Died, 1590. RAMLER, Charles William, a German poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1725, at Kolberg. He became teacher of the belles lettres at Berlin ; where his " Lyrical Anthology " procured him the name of the German Horace ; but thoiigh he did mucli to polish German versification, he was far below his model. He also composed ora- torios, and translated some works into his native language. Died, 1798. RAMMOHtJN ROY, Rajah, by birth a Brahmin, and a man of the most enlightened mind, was bom about the year 1776, at Bor- duan, in the province of Bengal. His father gave him a good education, and trained him in the doctrine of his sect ; but the son ob- serving the diversities of opinion that existed on religion, not only among Mussulmans and Christians, but even among his Hindoo j brethren, he determined on leaving his pa- ternal home, for the purpose of investigating a subject on which he felt such a deep and paramount interest. For a time he sojourned at Thibet ; and on his return to Hindostan he devoted himself to the study of the Sanscrit and other languages ; after which he was employed by the East India Company as principal native officer in the collection of the revenues in the district of Borduan. On the death of his father, in 1803, he ap- pears to have commenced liis plans of re- forming the religion of his countrymen ; and, on removing to Moorshedabad, he pub- lished, in Persian, a work entitled " Against ' the Idolatry of all Religions." This raised i up against him a host of enemies, and in | 1814 he retired to Calcutta, where he dili- | gently applied himself to the study of the ' English language. He afterwards translated from the Sanscrit into the Bengalee and I ram] ^ ^cfiti Huitjci'^al 25ia3rajp!;y. [ram Hindostftnee languages tlie " Vedant," the principal book of Hindoo theology ; and prefixed to some chapters of the Veils, which he afterwards published, is a letter contain- ing the following sentence : " TJie conse- 'luence of my long and uninterrupted re- searches into religious truth lias l)cen, that I have found the doctrines of Christ more conducive to moral principles, and better adapted for the use of rational beings, than any other which have come to my know- ledge." In this spirit, having acquired a knowledge of Greek and Hebrew, that he might be competent to study the original Scriptures for himself, he published, in Englisli, Sanscrit, and Bengalee, a series of selections from the Gospel, entitled, "The Precepts of Jesus the Guide to Peace and Happiness;" which being animadverted upon by Dr. Marshman, of Serampore College, the learned Hindoo published his " Second Ap- peal," and on this being replied to by the doctor, a " Final Appeal " api)eared. During his residence at Calcutta, Kammohurt Roy connected himself with the periodical press, and he was at different times the proprietor and conductor of newspapers printed in the native languages. In April, 1801, the Rajah, Accompanied by his youngest son, arrived in England, where he was received with every mark of distinction and respect. In every kind of assemblage, religious, political, lite- rary, and social, the amenity of his manners, his distinguished attainments, and his uni- versal philanthropy, rendered him a wel- come guest i and his advice was sought by ministers on topics connected with the future government of India. He did not, however, live to carry into effect the various plans for improving the condition of his countrymen, whose welfare he had so much at heart, having been taken ill while on a visit at Bristol, where he expired in October, 1833. RAMOND DE CARBONNIERES, Louis Francis Elizabeth, Baron, who acquired considerable reputation as a philosopher and geologist, was born at Strasburg, in 1775. At the beginning of the Revolution he belonged to the household troops ; and when, in 1791, lie was chosen a deputy from Paris to the legislative assembly, he appeared there as a zealous defender of the monarchical govern- ment. During Robespierre's domination he was an exile ; but he subsequently obtained the prefecture of Puy-de-dome, and he became, in 1818, councillor of state extra- ordinary. He published " Observations faites ilans les Pyrenees," 2 vols, and other works. Died, 1827. RAMSAY, Allan, an eminent Scotch poet, was bom at Leadhills, in 1685. He served his apprenticesliip to a wig-maker, which trade he followed for a time, and then became a bookseller at Edinburgh, where, in 1721, he published a quarto volume of his poems, which were so well received, that he was encouraged to print another in 1728. The principal piece in the last collection is the celebrated pastoral, called " The Gentle Shepherd." His poems and fables rendered him in the highest degree popular ; and while he acquired fame by his talents, lie amassed a fortune by his traJde; his acquaint- ance was courted by many distinguished individuals, and his shop became the common resort of the literary characters and wits of Edinburgh. Died, 1758. His son, Allan, was an eminent portrait painter ; and wrote the " Investigator " and " T)ic Present State of the Arts in England." Bom, 1709 j died, 1784. RAMSAY, Andrew Michael, better known as the Chevalier Ramsay, was born at Ayr in Scotland, in 168(5. He was edu- cated at Edinburgh ; visited Eenelon at Cambray, and being received into his house as an inmate, the good prelate made a con- vert of him to tlie Catholic religion, and procured him the appointment of tutor to the Duke de Chateau Thierry and the Prince de Turenne. He next went to Rome, to educate the children of the Chevalier St. George, commonly called the Pretender; and on quitting that situation, he returned to Scotland, and resided in the family of the Duke of Argylc. His principal works are, " Dlscours sur le Poeme Epique," prefixed to Telemachus ; " Les Voyages de Cyrus," 2 vols. ; "Philosophical Principles of Reli- gion," 2 vols, i and the lives of Fenelon and Turenne, Died, 1743. RAMSAY, David, an eminent American physician and historian, was born in 1749 ; studied medicine in Pliiladelphia ; and prac- tised at Charleston, South Carolina, where he soon acquired celebrity. From 1776 to 1785 he distinguished himself in a political capacity, first as a member of the legislature of South Carolina, and afterwards as a member of congress. He laboured zealously with his pen to pre mote the independence of his country ; and among his publications are, " The History of the American Revolution," "The Life of Washington," and " The His- tory of South Carolina." But his most im- portant work appeared after his deatli, and consisted of a series of historical volumes, entitled " Universal History Americanised, or an Historical View of the World, from the earliest Records to the Nineteenth Cen- tury," &c., 12 vols. 8vo. He died May 8. 1815, in consequence of wounds received two days previous from the pistol of a maniac, who tired at him when close to his own dwelling. RAMSDEN, Jesse, an eminent optician and mathematical instrument maker, was born at Halifax, in Yorkshire, in 1735. He was brought up as a hot-presser, and after- wards studied engraving. He next became a mathematical instrument-maker in Pic- cadilly, and marrying the daughter of Mr. DoUond, the optician, he adopted the same business as his father-in-law. Among other . discoveries made by him, was one for an I accurate division of instruments, wliich pro- cured him a premium from the board of longitude. His mural quadrants also are in high estimation. Died, 1800. RAMUS, or LA RAMEE, Peter,^ French philosopher, was born in a village of the Vermandois, in 1515. When a boy, he ob- tained the place of servant in the college of Navarre, where he devoted his leisure hours to study, and became a most consummate scholar. Having ventured to attack the doctrine of Aristotle, he was interdicted from teaching philosophy ; but this judgment was 717 KAN] ^ ^£t3i Winiiin'^aX ^Sioflrapljn. [rap reversed by Henry II., and in 1551 he was made royal professor of rhetoric and phi- losopliy. His spirit of free inquiry ultimately led him to become a Protestant ; as this could not be long concealed, he was obliged to leave Paris, to which city he returned in 1571, and lost his life in the massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day, in the following year. His works on mathematics, philosophy, logic, &c., are numerous. RANCE, Armand John le Bouthillier DE, the reformer of La Trappe, was born in 1626, at Paris, and adopted the ecclesiastical profession. He obtained several benefices before he was in orders, acquired great cele- brity as a preacher, and might have risen to the most elevated stations in the church, had he not taken the resolution of retiring from the world. Various reasons are as- signed for this ; the most probable of which appears to be, that although he was a man of large fortune, and indulged in all the plea- sures of the world, the death of the Duchess of Montauban, to whom he was attached, produced such a revulsion in his feeling*, that he abandoned society, and retired to his abbey of La Trappe, where he introduced a reform of the most rigid kind in the monastic discipline. He was the author of several theological works, and died in 1700. RANDOLPH, Sir Thomas, an eminent statesman, was born in Kent, in 1523, and died in 1590. On the accession of Elizabeth be was sent on embassies to Scotland, France, and Russia. His letters are in different collections, and his account of Russia in Hackluyt's Voyages. RANDOLPH, Thomas, an English dra- matic poet, born 1605 ; died, 1634. His " Muse's Looking Glass," a comedy, is ■well known and much admired. RANDOLPH, Thomas, a learned divine, was the son of the recorder of Canterbury, where he was born in 1701, and educated at tl>e king's school. After studying at Oxford, and obtaining his degree of D. D., he received church preferment in his native county, and became, in 1763, archdeacon of Oxford, and Margaret professor of divinity. Among his works are, " The Christian's Faith," " A Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity," and " A View of Our Blessed Saviour's Mi- nistrv." Died, 1783. RANDOLPH, JoHX, a learned prelate, a son of the preceding, was born in 1749 ; studied at Christchurch, Oxford, where he graduated, and in 1783 was elected to the regius professorship of divinity. He became, successively, bishop of Oxford, Bangor, and London ; but he did not enjoy the latter diocese more than two years, having died of apoplexy in 1813. Though austere in his manners. Dr. Randolph was distinguished by the real benevolence of his disposition, as much as by the soundness of his abilities, and the« firmness he displayed in the regu- lation of his diocese. He was the author of " Praelectio de Linguae Graec» Studio," &c., " Sylloge Confessionum," " Concio ad Cle- rum," &c. RANSOME, James, one of the most en- terprising manufacturers of the age, was born near Ipswich, 1783. The firm with which he was connected is know:i not only throughout England but in very distant parts of the globe, as manufacturers on the largest scale of agricultural implements and machinery ; but his chief title to respect consisted in his almost incredible efforts to promote the comforts of his workmen and dependents ; some account of which will he found in one of the admirable works pub- lished under the title of " Small Books and Great Subjects." Died, 1849. RANTZAU, JosiAH, Count de, a French marshal in the 16th century, was descended from an illustrious family in Holstein, and entered when young into the Swedish army. In 163.5 he went to France with the chan- cellor Oxenstiern ; and Louis XIII. being pleased with his agreeable manners, he made him a major-general, and gave him the com- mand of two regiments. He served under the Duke of Orleans and the great Cond^, with high reputation, rose to the rank of a marshal, completed the conquest of Flan- ders, and was made governor of Dunkirk in 1646 ; but becoming an object of suspicion to Cardinal Mazarin, he was confined 1 1 months in the Bastile, and died soon after his libe- ration, in 1650. During his different cam- paigns he was so often severely wounded, that at last he had but one eye, one ear, one arm, and one leg. RAPHAEL, or RAFFAELLO SANZIO, DA Ukbino, the most celebrated of modern painters, was born at Urbino, in 1483, being the son of a painter named Sanzio. At the age of 13 his father placed him under Peru- gino, where he soon surpassed his numerous compeers. Three years afterwards he went with Pintuiicchio to Siena, to assist him in painting the history of Pius II„ for the cathe- dral there ; but Raphael soon left that work to visit Florence, where he improved his style by studying the designs of Da Vinci and Michael Angelo. His favourite artist, how- ever, was Fra Bartolomeo, who gave him a more correct knowledge of colouring. In 1508 he was invited to Rome by Julius II., who employed him to paint the " School of Athens" in the Vatican. In performing this commission, he gave such satisfaction, that the pope ordered all the pictures, al- ready painted in the various rooms, to be obliterated, and the walls prepared for the productions of Raphael alone, who, with difficulty, succeeded in saving from destruc- tion a ceiling, painted by his old master Perugino. On the accession of Leo X. he prosecuted his labours with increased spirit, and executed his " Attila " and the " De- liverance of St. Peter." The " Cartoons " and the " Transfiguration " were among the last of his labours. To his other talents he added that of being an able architect ; the principles of which science he studied under Bramante, who recommended liim for his successor in conducting the great work of St. Peter's, the general plan of which, as it now stands, was designed by Raphael. He like- wise constructed a number of magnificent buildings, particularly the Caffarelli palace at Rome. As a sculptor also he evinced great skill, though in that department of art he was able to pay but little attention. He died in 1520, at the age of 37 years. RAPIN DE TIIOYRAS, Paul, an his- rap] ^ ^fi» ^nfbrri^al 38t0srajpf)j). [raw torian, was born in 1661, at Castres, in Lan- guedoc. He studied law under his father, who was an advocate, until the revocation of the edict of Nantes drove him to England, and subsequently to Holland, where he en- tered a company of French cadets. In 1089 he followed the Prince of Orange into Eng- land, and distinguished himself at the battle of the Boyne, and the siege of Limerick. In 1707 he settled at Wesel, in the duchy of Cleves, and devoted himself to the compo- sition of his "History of England," which was published at the Hague in 10 vols. 4to., and was for a long time in great repute, being the only complete narrative of English events. Died, 172,5. RAPIN, Nicholas, a French poet, was born at Fontenai-le-compte, in Poictou, in 153.'), and died in 1609. The principal of his French poems, entitled " l.es Plaisirs du Clentilhomme ChampStre," and his Latin epigrams, are much admired. RAPIN, Renatus, a French Jesuit and critic, famous for his skill in classical learn- ing. Bom, 1621 ; died, 1687. RAPP, JouN, Count de, a French general, was born at Colmar, in Alsace, in 1772. He attracted notice by his skill and bravery in the early progress of the revolutionary wars ; was aide-de-camp to General Desaix during Jiis campaigns in Germany and Egypt, and filled the same situation under Buonaparte when first consul. In 1802 he was employed in the subjugation of Switzerland, defeated the Russian imperial guard, and took Prince Repnin prisoner at the battle of Austerlitz, was appomted governor of Dantzic in 1807, and after the retreat of the French army, he defended the city with consummate ability and valour, till he was compelled by famine to capitulate. Returning to France in 1814, he was received with distinction by Louis XVIII., but joined Napoleon on his return from Elba. He was, however, again taken into favour by tlie king, and died, lieutenant- general of the cavalry, in 1821. RASORI, Joux, an eminent Italian phy- sician, was born in 1767, at Parma ; became professor of pathology at Pavia, was em- ployed in his medical capacity by the vice- regal government, was imprisoned by the Austrians as one of the Carbonari, and died in 1824. RASTALL, Jonir, a learned printer in London, who wrote a " Dramatic Description of Asia, Africa, and Europe," " Cauoiies Astrologici," " Dialogues concerning Pur- gatory," "Anglorum Regum Chronicum," &c. He married a sister of Sir Thomas More, and died in 1536. RATCLIFFE, Thomas, earl of Sussex, who died in 1583, went as ambassador to Charles V. to negotiate the marriage between queen Mary and Philip of Spain. On his return he was made lord deputy of Ireland, and chief justice of the forests north of Trent, and in the succeeding reign he was appointed to the office of lord ciiamberlain. RATTE, Etienne Uyacixthe dk, an astronomer, was born at Montpelier, in 1722. He was secretary to the Academy of Sciences in his native city ; also counsellor to the court of aids; and, when the National Institute was formed, he was chosen an asso- ciate. De Ratte made important observa- tions on the transit of Venus in 1761, and furnished many articles on natural philo- sophy to the Dictionnaire Encyclop^dique, &c. Died, 1805. RAULIN, John, a celebrated French preacher, of the 15th century, whose sermons and letters were greatly admired, and to whom both Rabelais and La Fontaine have been partially indebted for their pathos. Born, 1443 ; died, 1514. RAULIN, Joseph, an ingenious French physician, was born in 1708, and die<l at Paris in 1784. He wrote several medical treatises, and was regarded as a practitioner of great knowledge and experience. RAUWOLF, Leoxakh, a distinguished German botanist and |)hysician who tra- velled through Syria, Palestine, Egypt, &c., making many valuable observations in na- tural history. He was a native of Augsburg, became a physiciaa in the Austrian army, and died in 1606. RAVAILLAC, Fkancis, the murderer of Henry IV. of France, was born at Angou- Kme, in 1578. Having been ruined by a lawsuit, and for a long time confined in prison for debt, his naturally gloomy dis- position degenerated into a morbid fanati- cism ; and he became accustomed to consider the good and humane Henry IV. as the arch-enemy of the church, to destroy whom would be doing God service. Filled with this notion, he followed the royal carriage from the Louvre to the Rue de la Ferron- nierre, and while it stopped in the street, in consequence of some obstruction, he mounted the coach-wheel, and thrusting his hand in at the window, armed with a knife, stabbed the king to the heart. He was instantly seized, interrogated, and underwent the tor- ture ; but he declared he had no accomplice ; and, on May 27. 1610, his limbs were torn asunder by horses. RAVENET, Simon Fraxcis, a French j engraver, who came to England about 1750, I and executed many large historical prints in i an excellent style. Died, 1774. RAVENSCROFT, Thomas, an English | musician, whose collections of psalm tunes, ' songs, &c., were at one time in high repute. ! Died, 1640. j RAVIUS, or RAU, Christian, a learned ! German professor, was born at Berlin, in I 1613. Coming to England, and being an ! admirable orientalist, he was patronised by i Archbishop Usher, who sent him on a voyage to the East for the purpose of procuring ma- nuscripts. He afterwards resided at Utrecht, Upsal, Kiel, &c., where he read lectures in Arabic, and wrote several useful treatises on Hebrew, Samaritan, and other eastern literature. Died, 1677. RAWLEY, William, an English divine, was chaplain and secretary to Bacon, lord Verulam ; and to him we are indebted for collecting many of his patron's excellent 1 works. He held the living of Sandbeach, in \ Cambridgeshire ; and died in 1667. | RAWLINSON, Chkistophek, an able ; scholar, was bom in Lancashire, in 1677, and j educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he was distinguished by his knowledge of the Saxon language. He published an edition of king Alfred's translation of " Bo- j ethius de Consolatione Pliilosophiae ;" and died in 1773. RAWLINSON, Sir Thomas, lord mayor of London, of wliich city he was a native. He beautified and repaired Guildhall, and died in 1724. RAWLINSON, Thomas, eldest son of the preceding, was a remarkable collector of books, of which he had so great a number, as to be obliged to take Loudon House, in Aldersgate Street, to contain them. After his death, which occurred in 172.5, his li- brary was disposed of by auction, and the sale of the manuscripts alone occupied 16 days. His bibliomanic propensity induced Addison to designate him, in the Tatler, as " Tom Folio." RAWLINSON, Dr. Richard, the fourth son of Sir Thomas, was an eminent anti- quary and topographer. He was educated at St. John's College, Oxford, and founded in that university an Anglo-Saxon lecture- ship. He wrote " The English Topogra- pher," and translated " Du Fresnoy's Method of Studying History," 2 vols. Died, 1755. RAWSON, Sir William, a celebrated oculist, whose family name was Adams, was a native of Cornwall, and was apprenticed to a surgeon at Barnstaple, in Devonshire. He subsequently devoted his attention to the cure of diseases of the eyes, and especially cataract; was appointed oculist to ophthalmic institutions at Bath and Exeter ; and, re- moving to the metropolis, became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and oculist extraordinary to the prince regent, &c. He received the honour of knighthood for his professional skill ; and took the name of Rawson, in consequence of the will of a person from whom he received a considerable bequest of property. Died, 1829. RAY, .ToiiN-, a celebrated naturalist, born at Black Notley, in Essex, in 1028. He re- ceived liis education at Catharine Hall and Trinity College, Cambridge, but lost his fellowship by refusing to comply with the act of uniformity. After this he devoted himself to the study of nature, and in 1603 accompanied Mr. Willoughby on a tour through Europe, of which journey he pub- lished au account in 1673. Mr. Ray was elected a fellow of the Royal Society iu 1667, and the Transactions of that body aflbrd ample proofs of his attention to science. His works were numerous and valuable. The principal are, " A Collection of English Pro- verbs," " Tlie Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation," " Three Dis- courses concerning the Chaos, Deluge, and Dissolution of the World," "Synopsis Me- thodica Animaliam Quadrupedum," and " Sylloge Stirpium Europearum extra Bri- tanniam." Died, 1705. RAYNAL, William Thomas Francis, an eminent French historian and philoso- pher, was born at St. Genies, in 1718 ; and after quitting the Jesuits, by whom lie was educated, he became an historical and poli- tical writer. He joined the French philo- sophical party, as it was called, adopted their principles to the fullest extent, and became one of the writers in the Encyclo- paedia. He also published several works at Paris ; the principal of which was his '■ Political and Philosophical History of the European Settlements in the East and West Indies." This was followed by an essay on the "Revolution of America," written in a style of declamation, and full of enmity to the English. In 1791 the Abb^ Raynal addressed a letter to the constituent assembly, in defence of the rights of pro- perty, which greatly irritated the revolu- tionists ; and though he escaped the tyranny of Robespierre, he was stripped of his pro- perty, and died in great indigence, at Passy, in 1796. Among his other works are, a " History of the Stadtholdership," 2 vols. ; " History of the Parliament of England," 2 vols. ; " Historical Anecdotes," 3 vols. ; " History of the Divorce of Henry VIII. of England," " The Military School," 3 vols. ; and " Historical Memoirs of Europe," 3 vols. RAYNOUARD, M., an eminent philo- logist, was born at Brignole, in Provence, in 1761. Until he was near 40 years of age, he practised as an advocate ; when, having fortunately attained an honourable inde- pendence, he determined to gratify his love of literature by steadily pursuing it ; but the events of the revolution forced him to take a part in public affairs ; and in 1791 he was nominated a member of the legislative assembly. Shortly after, being undeceived in the favourable opinion he had formed of its tendencies, he attempted to escape, but was thrown into prison, and did not recover his liberty until after the 9th Thermidor. In 1806 he was summoned to the corps le- gislatif, by the department du Var, where his name and exalted qualities were gene- rally known. Died in 1836. RE, Philip, au eminent Italian agricul- turist, was born at Reggio, in 1763. He studied in the college of his native city, and in 1793 an agricultural professorship was founded there in his favour. In 1803 he was j called to the professorial chair at Bologna ; | and on the re-organisation of the university | of Modena, in 1814, he became professor of j agriculture and botany, to which was added i the superintendence of the royal gardens. I He published several excellent works on his | favourite study ; and died in 1817. REAL, Gasi'akd de, Seigneur de Curban, was born at Sisteron, in 1082, and died at I Paris, in 1752. He wrote an able work on I the "Science of Government," in 8 vols., I and was regarded as one of the most en- 1 lightened politicians of his time. | REAUMUR, RtxE Antoine Fercuault i DE, a philosophic naturalist, was born in 1683, at Rochelle ; studied under the Jesuits i at Poitiers ; and afterwards went through a course of law at Bourges. But his tastes led him to the observation of nature ; and, hav- | ing made himself acquainted with the ma- 1 tliematical sciences, he was chosen a member j of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, to which j he had presented some memoirs on geometry, j He discovered the art of manufacturing - porcelain, of converting iron into steel, of , tinning iron plates, and of making artificial pearls. He ascertained, also, the existence | of mines of turquoises in France equal to ■ those of Persia ; and he invented a method i of hatching eggs by artificial heat. But he i reb] ^ i^etM Utxihcv&al 3$tograpf)p. [rek 13 principally celebrated for being the first who reduced thermometers to a common standard ; and the instruments constructed upon his principles still go by his name. His chief works are, " Memoirs of his Dis- coveries," " The History of Insects," 6 vols. ; and a " History of the Auriferous Rivers of France." REBOIXEDO, Bernardin', Count de, a Spauisli soldier, writer, and diplomatist, was born at Leon, in 1597, and died at Madrid, in 1(;"7. He rendered important services to iiis country, and added to his fame by his literary labours. His poetical productions form 4 vols. REDESDAI.E, Joh.v Freeman MiiFORn, Buron, an eminent English lawyer and statesman, was born in 1748. He was edu- cated at New College, Oxford, and having studied at Lincoln's Inn, he was called to the bar. Devoting himself to chancery practice, he soon obtained a high reptitation; and, in 1782, he published " A Treatise on Pleadings in Suits in the Court of Chan- cery." He was afterwards made a Welsh judge. In 1789 he M'as chosen M.P. for Beer- alston ; in 1793 he was appointed solicitor- general, and in that capacity he assisted in conducting the state trials of Hardy, Home Tooke, and Thelwall. He succeeded Sir John Scott (.Lord Eldon) as attorney-gene- ral in 1799 ; and in 1801, when he sat in parliament for the borough of East Looe, he was chosen speaker of the House of Com- mons, on the resignation of Mr. Addington. In 1802 he was raised to the peerage, and made lord chancellor, and a member of the privy council in Ireland ; but he resigned the seals in March, 1806, in consequence of the death of Mr. Pitt. He died in 18;». REDI, Francis, an Italian physician and naturalist, was born at Arezzo, in 162(5, and became first physician to the Grand-duke of Tusc;any. He distinguished himself as a man of science, by his experiments on the poison of tlie viper and the generation of insects. Redi was also a good poet, and cultivated the belles lettres with such suc- cess, that the academy Delia Crusca, when compiling their dictionary, were proud of his assistance. Died, 1G98. REDING, Aloys, Baron von, landemann and general of the Swiss, was born in 17o.5. On the invasion of Switzerland by the French, in 1798, he commanded the troops raised to repel them ; but though he ob- tained some advantages over the enemy, his forces were inadequate to the task assigned them, and the Swiss were compelled to sub- mission. Having afterwards endeavoured to secure some degree of independence for his country, Buonaparte had him arrested and confined in the fortress of Arbourg, but he was set at liberty in a few months. He was subsequently at no pains to conceal his antipathy to Buonaparte ; and he is believed to have favoured the passage of the allied troops through the Swiss territories over tlie Rhine, after the campaign of 1813. Died, 1818. REDMAYNE, Jons, a learned divine, born in Yorkshire, in 1490, was archdeacon of Taunton, and a prebendary of Wells and Westminster. He wrote some theological 721 works, and was one of the compilers of the English liturgy. Died, 15.">1. REED, IsAjkC, a critic and miscellaneous writer, was born in London, in 1742, and brought up to the conveyancing business, | which he relinquished for literary pursuits. He published the poems of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, edited the Seatonian prize poems, and revised and enlarged Dodsley's " Old Plays." He afterwards also published the "Biographia Dramatica," 2 vols. ; and four volumes of humorous pieces, under the title of the " Repository ; " but the work by which he is most advantageously known is an edition of Shakspeare, in 10 vols., which he extended, afterwards, to 21 Yols., embodying in its pages all the most valuable notes and elucidations of former commentators, with much original informa- tion. He was also a great book collector, in which he displayed considerable judgment and perseverance. At his death, in 1807, his library was sohl by auction, and it took 39 days to dispose of it. REED, JosEi'H, a dramatic writer, was born at Stockton-upon-Tees, in 1743, and carried on business as a rope-maker at Step- ney, till liis death, in 1787. He was the author of " Dido," a tragedy ; " Tom Jones," a comic opera ; several farces, &c. REES, Abraham, D. D., a dissenting mi- nister, whose labours as an encyclopscdist liave gained for him great and deserved celebrity, was born in Montgomeryshire, in 1743. Being intended for the ministry, he was educated at Mr. Coward's academy, at Hoxton. On the death of Dr. Jennings, in 1702, though Mr. Rees was only 19 years of age, he was appointed mathematical tutor of that institution, which office he filled till the academy was dissolved, in 1784. Soon after this he became theological and philo- sophical tutor in the new college, founded at Hackney, which place he held till 179.5, when that establishment also terminated. In 1770 he was employed as editor of " Cham- bers's Cyclopaedia," which he completed in 1786, in four vols, folio. After a lapse of 14 years, the proprietors embarked in a more comprehensive undertaking, which also Dr. Rees brought to a conclusion in 4r> vols. 4to. Besides these great literary pciformances, he published two volumes of "Practical Ser- mons " and several other works. It was at the express recommendatiou of Robertson, the historian, that Dr. Rees obtained his degree from the university of Edinburgh. He officiated more than 40 years as minister of the congregation in the Old Jewry, was a fellow of the Royal Society and other institutions, and died in 182.5. REEVE, Clara, a novelist, was born at Ipswich, in 1723, and was the daughter of a clergyman, who gave her an excellent edu- cation. She possessed great learning and research, which she displayed in her first literary essay, a translation of Barclay's " Argenis." Among her subsequent produc- tions are, " The Progress of Romance," " Memoirs of Sir Roger de Clarendon," 4 vols., "The School for Widows," and the well-known tale of "The Old English Baron." Died, 1808. REEVE, John, a celebrated comic actor, 3<J {fiiT many years the focus of attraction at the Adclphi Theatre, in the Strand, and whose matchless representation of burlesque characters will long be remembered), was born in London, in 1799 ; made his first ap- pearance on the boards of Drury I^ane, as " Sylvester Daggerwood," in 1819 ; was subse- quently engaged at the ITaymarkct, English Opera lloiise, and Adelphi ; and died, aged 38, in January, 1838. John Reeve was the absolute liersonification of hilarious jollity and genuine good-humour; nnd was as much beloved by his private^ friends for his frank and generous disposition, as he was admired by the public for his facetious drollery. REEVES, John, the founder of the cele- brated association for protecting liberty and property against republicans and levellers, was born in 17.52, and died in 1829. This gentleman was called to the bar in 1780, but discontinued the active practice of his pro- fession, and was deputed by government to regulate the administration of justice in Newfoundland, for which purpose he made two voyages tliere. Soon after his return from the first, he published " The History of the Law of Shipping and Navigation," a work that proved highly useful. But having, in 1795, published a pamphlet, entitled " Thoughts on the English Government," in which an alleged libellous passage appeared, the author was prosecuted by order of the House of Commons, and underwent his trial at Guildhall, when he was acquitted. He was appointed one of the king's printers in 1799, and from 1803 to 1814 lie had an ap- pointment in the alien office. REGA, Henut Joseph, a benevolent physician of Louvaln, where he was born in "l(i90. He was no less distinguished by his talents, than by the zeal with which he conseerated his time and fortune to the consolation and relief of the afflicted. He was the author of "De Sympathia," &c. Died, 1754. REGIS, Jean Baptiste, a French Jesuit, who went as a missionary to China. He was distinguished for his skill in geography, and drew up for the use of his brethren a general map and description of the Chinese empire. He took part in the discussions of the missionaries with the emperor Young- tching, in 1724, concerning the proscription of the Christian religion in China ; but the date of his death is not recorded. REGIS, PiEKRE SvLVAix, a French phi- losopher, was born at Agenois, in 1G32. After studying in the Sorbonne, he read lectures upon and espoused the Cartesian philosophy, till interdicted from doing so by the royal mandate. He, however, pub- lished an elaborate view of that system, in 3 vols. 4to. ; and wrote several defences of it, in answer to Huet, Du Hamel, and others. Died, 1707. REGIUS, Urban, or Ee Roi, a learned poet and controversialist, distinguished also as one of the early reformers, was born at Langenargen, in Germany. He completed his studies at Ingoldstadt, under Eckius; and when tlie emperor Maximilian visited tliat university, he made Regius liis poet laureate and orator. He afterwards obtained a pro- fessorship ; but when the controversy arose between Luther and Eckius, the reformed doctrines operated so strongly upon his con- Tiction, that he sided with tlie former against his old tutor in polemics. In 1530 he ac- cepted an invitation from the Duke of Brunswick to settle as pastor of the church of Lnnenberg, and died in 1541. REGNARD, John Fuancis, a comic writer, was born at Paris, in 1655. He went to Italy about 1076, and was returning home with considerable property, when he was captured by an Algerine corsair, and sold for a slave. During his captivity, he obtained the favour of his master by his skill in cookery ; but being caught in an intrigue with one of the women, he was required to turn Mahometan, or suffer death. The French consul, however, saved him by pay- ing his ransom ; and Regnard returned to France about 1081. After this he wrote a number of successful comedies, besides poems and other works ; was made a treasurer nf France, and lieutenant of the waters and forests ; and died in 1709. REGNAULT, Michael Louis Stephen, a French advocate and statesmon, was born at St. Jean d'Angeli, in 1760. Having dis- tinguished himself at the bar, he was chosen a deputy of the states-general from the tiers ^tat of the country of Aunis, and be- came the editor of a daily paper called the Journal de Versailles. He was proscribed in 1792, and being discovered and arrested at Douai, he did not obtain his liberty till after the fall of Robespierre. During the consulate and imperial sway of Buonaparte he was honoured and promoted, and ac- quitted himself with great ability as attor- ney-general. &c. Although he foresaw the fall of Napoleon on the opening of the Russian campaign, he continued faithful to his interests, and followed Maria Louisa to Blois. After the battle of Waterloo he pleaded for the resignation of Buonaparte in favour of his son ; and his proposition being rejected, he quitted France for Ame- rica, where he remained four years. He at length, in 1819, obtained permission to return ; but being in the last stage of sick- ness when he lauded, he expired in a few hours after his arrival. REGNAULT, Noel, a learned mathe- matician and philosopher, was born at Arras, in 1683 ; belonged to the society of Jesuits ; and died at Paris, in 1762. The study of philosophy occupied most of his time, though not to the exclusion of religious and moral duties. He published several scientific and metaph3'sical works, the principal of wliich are his " Philosophical Conversations." 3 vols., and his " Ancient Origin of the New Philosophy." 3 vols. REGNIER, Claude Ambrose, duke of Massa, minister of justice under the govern- ment of Napoleon, was born at Biamont, in La Meurthe, in 1736 ; practised as an advocate at Nancy, was a member of the constituent assembly, retired from public affairs during the reign of terror ; but, after the fall of Robespierre, became a member of the council of ancients, and took an active part in the senate. He assisted in the elevation of Buonaparte as first consul ; and, in 1802, he REG] ^ j5[clj) Hm'ljcrjsfal Uiosrajpl^i?. [rem was appointed grand judge, minister of justice, &c. In 1813 he became president of the legislative body, and died in the follow- ing year. REGNIER, Mathukin, a French poet, and the first who succeeded in France as a satirist, was bom at Clmrtres, in 1573. He was brouglit up to the cliurch, which he disgraced by his debaucheries ; yet he ob- tained a canonry in the cathedral of hia native place, with other benefices, and a pension. Died, 1613. His "Satires" still retain a pluce in the standard literature of his country. REGULITS, Marcus Attilius, a Roman general, celebrated for liis patriotism and devotion in the service of his country, was made consul a second time about '2.'>6 b. C, and with his colleague, Manlius Vulso, com- manded in the first war against Carthage. Made prisoner by his opponents, he was sent to Rome with an embassy, that peace might be procured on favourable terms, and bound himself, by an oath, to return if the terms were rejected. He, however, considered it his duty to advise the continuance of tlic war ; which being determined on, no en- treaties or sut)pliciition8 could prevent liim from fulfilling his solemn engagement ; and the Carthaginians, on his return, put him to an ignominious and cruel death. REICHARD, Hksky Augustus Otto- CAit, a German writer, was born at Ootha, in 17.">1, and died in 1828. He is extensively known by his "Traveller's Guide in Eu- rope," 2 vols. He also wrote poems, come- dies, &c. ; and held a considerable office in the government of Saxe-Gotha. REICll^VRDT, John Fkedekic, a mu- sical composer and author, was born at Konigsberg, in 17.51 ; studied under Kant, was for a long time director of the Italian opera at Berlin, and subsequently had the direction of the French and German theatres at Cassel. Among his compositions, which are very numerous, are the " Tamerlane " of Morel, and the " Panthea" of Berquin. His literary productions are, " Familiar I^etters written during a Journey in France in 1792, and again in 1H03 and 1804," 5 vols. ; " Fami- liar l^etters on Vienna," &c. ; and " Napoleon Buonaparte and the French People under his Consulate," &c. Died, 1814. REICliENBACII, Geokge of, a distin- guished mechanical artist, was born at Manheim, in 1772, and died at Municli, in 182'i. He and his coadjutor, Fraunhofer, were unsurpassed in the manufacture of optical instruments generally, and quite unrivalled in the execution of telescopes, lielioineters, theodolites, &c. RE ID, Thomas, a celebrated Scotch di- vine and metaphysician, was born in 1709, at Strachan, in Kincardineshire, and edu- cated at the Marischal College, Aberdeen. In 1704 he succeeded Adam Smith as pro- fessor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, and died in 179o. His principal works are, " An Inquiry into the Human Mind" and "Essays on the Intellectual and Active Powers of Man." Dr. Rcid was the first writer in Scot- land who attacked the scepticism of Hume, and endeavoured to refute the Ideal theory which was then prevalent. \\z' REIGNY, Louis Abel Beffroi, an ec- centric and fertile French writer, commonly called Cousin Jaques, was lK>rn at I>aon, in 1757, and died at Charenton, in 1810. He was the author of several successful plays and works of a burlesque character ; and he commenced a periodical publication, entitled " Dictionnaire des Honmies et des Choses," which, on account of its offensive politics, was suppressed. REINECCIUS, Reinier, a German wri- ter, was a native of Steinheim, and the disciple of Melanchthon. He taught the belles lettres, first at Frankfort and next at Ilelmstadt. where he died, in 1595. RE IN HOLD, Erasmus, a German ma- thematician and astronomer, was born at Salfeldt, in Thnringia, in 1511 ; became pro- fessor of niatliematics at Witteml)erg, and died there in 1553. His works arc, " The- oria nova Planetarum," "Ptolemy's Alma- gest, with a Latin version," "PrutcniciB Tabulaa Cocleslium Motuum," and "Piimus Liber Tabnlarum Directionum." REISKE, John James, an eminent phi- lologist and oriental scholar, was born at Zorbig, in Saxony, in 171(5 ; studied at Halle and Leipsic, became Arabic professor at the latter place, was appointed rector of the college of St. Nicholas, and died in 1774. His works and translations of classic authors | are numerous and erudite : among them are i valuable editions of the "Moslem Aimals of Abulfeda," the " Greek Anthology," " Plu- tarch," the " Greek Orators," &c. He was assisted in his researches by his wife, Eunes- TiNA Christina, who learned Greek and Latin for the express purpose ; and after his death she completed some of his under- takings, and published his autobiography. REIZ, or REITZ, Frederic WoM'Gang, a German philologist, born in 1733. He successively held the professorships of phi- losophy, Latin and Greek, and poetry, in the university of Leipsic, of the library of which he was also director. He edited the works of Herodotus and some other classic authors. Died, 1790. RE LAND, Adrian, a learned orientalist, was born at Alkmaer, in lfi7C. He studied at Amsterdam, Utrecht, and I^eydcn ; and was successively professor of philosophy at Hanlerwick, and of oriental languages and ecclesiastical liistory at Utrecht, wliere he died in 1718. Among his works arc, " De Religione Mohammedica," "Dissertationum Miscellanearum, " " Antiquitates Sacise Veterum IlebriEOmm, " " Dissertationes quinque de Nummis Veterum Hebrae- orum," " Palsstina ex Monumentis veteri- bus iliustrata et Chartis Geographicis," &c. 2 vols. 4to. REMBRANDT VAN RHYN, Paul, one of the most celebrate painters and engravers of the Dutch school, was born in lOOt!, near Leydcn. His passionate love for art disap- pointed his father's desire of educating him as a scholar ; but he received some instruc- tion in the art of painting from Peter Last- mann of Amsterdam, but soon returned home, and pursued his labours there, taking nature as his sole guide. He came into notice by taking a picture to the Hague, where a dealer gave him 100 florins for it ; Sq 2 rem] ^ iHciu Bnibtr^aX 23t00rajp!;i). [ren which circumstance procured him employ- ! ment and pupils. Kembrandt was master of I all that relates to colouring, distribution of > liyht and shade, and the management of the I pencil, and though he was deficient in some ! of the otlier requisites of a true artist, it can- I not be denied, that his pencil is masterly and I unique, possessing an energy and effect be- 1 longing to no other painter. His etchings j possess a wonderful freedom, facility, and ' boldness, and are truly picturesque. Rem- ; brandt married the handsome daughter of a ' peasant, who used to sit to him as a model. He resided during the greater part of his life at Amsterdam, and he soon acquired a large fortune. His habits, however, were low, and his avarice insatiable ; so that he lived like a beggar, and descended to the meanest tricks to increase his hoard. He died in 1G74. or. according to some accounts, in 1688. REMIGIUS, St., or REMI, was arch- bishop of Rheims, and converted king Clovis to Christianity. He died in 15;!3 Tliere was another St. Remigius, who was arch- bishop of Lyons in the 9th century. He de- fended St. Augustine's doctrine of grace and predestination against Godeschalc, and pre- sided at the council of Valence in 855. Died, 87«. REMIGIUS. of Auxerre, a learned Bene- dictine of the 9th century, was brought up in the abbey of St. Germaine ; but afterwards he taught at Rheims, and next at Paris, where he opened the first public school in that city. He wrote several commentaries on diiferent portions of Scripture. REMUSAT, Jean Pierre Abel, an emi- nent linguist, was born at Paris, in 1788. He was professor of the Chinese and Tartar languages at the College de France ; was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 181(5 ; and, after Visconti's death, in 1818, he was appointed editor of the Journal des Savans. His principal works are, " Essai sur la Langue et Litterature Chinoises," " Plan d'un Dictionnaire Chinois," " Melanges Asiatiques," and " Comtes Cliinois," 3 vols. Died, 1832. RENAU D'ELISAGARAY, Ber^'ard, an able French naval architect, was born in Beam, in 1652. He was employed at Brest in the construction of large sliips ; and, in 1680, he conceived the idea of bomb- vessels, which were used at the bombardment of Algiers, and the success of which led to his being appointed to conduct several sieges under Vauban. For these services he was made a captain in the navy, honoured with the cross of St. Louis, and rewarded with a pension of 12,000 livres. He wrote " Theorie de la Manoeuvre des Vaisseaux," and died in 1719. RENAUDOT, Tiieophrastus, a phy- sician, was bom at Loudun, in 1583 ; and died at Paris, in 1653. He was the first pro- jector of gazettes, or newspapers, in France, which he published under the title of" Mer- cure Fran?oise," from 1635 to 1643.. He was the author of a " Life of Henry II., Prince of Conde," and other biographical works His son EusEBius, who died in 1720, was a learned oriental scholar. He became prior of Frossey, in Bretagne ; was admitted a member of the academy Delia Crusca, and of that of the Inscriptions ; and was the author of several works illustrative of the literature and manners of the East. RENNEL, Major Joiix, was born at Chudleigh, in Devonshire, in 1742 ; first en- tered the naval service as a midshipman, and served in India, but quitted it for the East India Company's military service, and became surveyor-general of Bengal. Re- turning to England in 1782, he was elected a member of the Royal Society ; and from this period he held an extensive correspond- ence with men of learning both at home and abroad. He now published his cele- brated " Memoir and Map of Hindostan," and he assisted in the formation of the Asiatic Society. He was also the author of " Obser- vations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy," three memoirs on the " Geography of Africa," the " Geographical System of Hero- dotus explained," and tlie " Marches of the British army in the Peninsula of India." lie died in ]8;50. RENNELL, Thomas, D.D., dean of Win- chester, and one of the most learned and eloquent preachers of his time, was born, 1753. In 1786 he was inducted to the living of Alton, in Hampshire ; and in 1805 he was appointed to the deanery of Winchester, by his admirer and friend, Mr. Pitt. Though his scholarship was at once profound and various, lie published nothing but a volume of sermons, principally a selection from those which he preached at the Temple church, London, and in the cathedral of Winchester. The perusal of this one volume causes us to regret that he publislied no more ; for in ad- dition to the most fervent and sound piety, couched in the most glowing and nervous language, they incidentally afford abundant proof of the correctness of an opinion given by a contemporary writer, that, "both as a theologian and a scholar, in the most com- prehensive sense of the words. Dr. Rennell was one of the most remarkable and accom- plished men of the age." Late in life he lost his wife, the daughter of Sir William Blackstone. Died, 1840. RENNELL, Thomas, son of Dr. Rennell, the learned and venerable dean of Win- chester, was born in that city, in 1787, and was i)laced at an early age at Eton, where he distinguished himself by his proficiency in classical literature, and obtained Dr. Bu- chanan's prize for the best Greek Sapphic ode " On the Propagation of the Gospel in India." In 1806 he removed to King's College, Cambridge, and two years after gained the Brunonian prize for the best Greek ode. On taking his first degree, he entered into orders, and became assistant preaclier to his father at the Temple church; in 1811 he published " Animadversions on the Unitarian Version of the New Testa- ment ; " about which time he undertook the editorship of the British Critic. In 1818 he was presented to the vicarage of Kensington, and in the same year he was elected Chris- tian advocate in the university of Cam- bridge, in which capacity he published two excellent treatises ; one, entitled " Remarks on Scepticism, especially as connected with the Subjects of Organisation and Life ;" the other, " Proofs of Inspiration on the Grounds ren] SI jJclD ?auitjrri^al 3iJt0grai)I)y. [reu of Distinction between the New Testament and the Apocryphal Volume." In 1S2;J, Mr. Rennell was presented to tlie mastership of St. Nicliolas's liospital, and a prebend in Salisbury cathedral ; but a violent attack of i fever, which terminated in a gradual decline, j put an end to the hopes of his friends and admirers in the following year. He died at Winchester, June, 1824, just as he had com- I pletcd his Inst work, a new translation of j "Munster's Narrative of the Conversion of Count Struensee." I KENNIE, Joiisr, a celebrated civil en- gineer and mechanist, was born at Fhan- tas^ie, in East J^otliian, settled in London in I7So, and first became known by tlie talent he displayed in the construction of the Albion Mills. His next concern was in superintending the new machinery of Whit- bread's brewery, tlie execution of which increased his fame. He soon, however, be- came eminent in labours of a superior kind, and stood at the head of the civil engineers of this country. Among his public works may be mentioned, Kamsgate Harbour ; Waterloo, South wark, and New London I Bridges ; the Breakwater at Plymouth ; the Crinan, Lancaster, Kennet, and Avon, and other canals ; and several docks and har- bours, among which arc those of I^ondon, Hull, and Sheerness. But the Bell Rock Lighthouse, constructed on the same prin- ciple as that of the Eddystone, will, perhaps, be deemed the gieatest effort of his genius. For steady resolution and inflexible perse- verance Mr. Kennie was rarely surpassed ; and it was these qualities, combined with eminent natural talents, that so udmirably fitted him to contend with or guard against the great pliysical operations of nature — coniining torrents williin specific bounds, or subduing tlie violence of the most boisterous seas. Died, 1821. RENTI, Gaston Jean Baptiste, Baron de, a Eronch nobleman of tlie 17th century, remarkable for his ascetic piety. After serving witli distinction in the wars of Lor- raine, and obtaining the approbation of his sovereign, he determined to retire from the world ; and, from the age of 27, he devoted the remainder of his life to works of charity, religious exercises, and mortification. He died in 1649. An abridgment of his life by de St. Jure, a Jesuit, was published by the celebrated John Wesley. REPNIN, Nicholas Wasimewitscii, Prince, lx)rn in 1731, was a Russian field- marshal, and served under Peter I. He was afterwards appointed by Catliarine II. assistant to the Russian ambassudor at the elevation of Stanislaus to the throne of Po- land, in 1704, and he sul)sequently became Russian minister at Warsaw. He was soon after this employed on diplomatic missions at Constantinople and Breslau. In 1789 he succeeded Count Romanzoff in the command of the army of the Ukraine, and in 1791 he defeated tlie grand vizir Yusuf; but having offended Prince Poteinkin, he was disgraced and banished to Moscow ; whence, however, he was recalled to be made governor of Livonia. In 1790, Paul I. promoted Prince Repiiin to the rank of a field-marshal, and in 1798 sent him on a secret mission to Ber- lin ; but l)eing unsuccessful in his endeavours to prevail on the Prussians to join the con- federacy against France, he was on his return ordered to retire to Moscow, where he died in 1801. REPTON, HuMPHREy, a private gentle- man, distinguished by his skill in orna- mental gardening and architecture, was born at Bury St. Edmunds, in 1702. In 1783 he accomjiauied Mr. Windham to Ireland, and for a i^hort time held a situation at Dublin, under government. On his return to Eng- land, he adopted the profession of landscape gardening, in which he soon obtained ex- tensive celebrity. He published several works on miscellaneous subjects, but his principal productions are on the theory and practice of his art. Died, 1818. REQUENDO, Vincknte, a learned Spa- nish Jesuit, born at Grenada, in lliU). He had a great taste for tlie tine arts, and pub- lished an elaborate work on the "Roman Antiquities in Spain ; " but he is best known by his " Saggi sul ristabilimento dell' anlica Arte de' Greci, e de' Romaui Pittori," 2 vols.i. in which he proposed to restore the Grecian and Roman art of painting. Died, 1792. RESTOUT, John, a French painter, was born at Rouen, in 1G92, became director of the Academy of Paintings and died in 1708. His son, who was also a good painter, and a member of the Academy, died at Paris in 1797. RETZ, Joir.v Francis Paul de Goxdi, a French cardinal, and a celebrated iKilitical character, was born at Montmirail, in 1013 ; became coadjutor to his uncle, the arch- bishop of Paris ; and, after many intrigues, and fighting several duels, he was made archbishop of Corinth and a cardinal. He conspired against the lite of Cardinal Riche- lieu, and took a prominent part in opposing JIazarin during the minority of Louis XIV. In short, he was the Catiline of the day. At length Mazarin, who both hated and feared him, imprisoned him in the castle of Vin- cennes, whence he was removed to Nantes, from which he escaped, and subsequently travelled through Holland, Flanders, and England. In 1075 he wished to give up his cardinal's hat, and retire from the world, but the pope would not receive it ; and as the latter years of Ms life made some amends for his former crimes, he died regretted, at Paris, in 1079. He was daring, turbulent, and intriguing ; and in his " Memoirs," which were written by himself during his retirement fiom the busy scenes of public life, he haa drawn his own portrait with con- siderable skill and impartiality. REUCULIN, John, a celebrated German philologist, born at Pfortzheim, in 1455. Having studied the law, and obtained the diploma of licentiate in that faculty at Poictiers, he was employed in several di- plomatic missions ; and while at Rome with Everard, count of Wirtemberg, he was re- ceived with the distinction due to his talents, and was particularly noticed by Lorenzo de' Medici, at Florence. After the renewal of the league of Suabia, in 15(X), Reuchlin was appointed judge of a tribunal at Tubingen, which office he held eleven years. In his old age he was reduced to poverty, and was 3 Q 3 REU] ^ l^ciM Slm'tjcr^al 3Bt05rapT)i|. [ret persecuted by the ecclesiastics for opposing Pfeflfcrcorn's design of burning all the Jew- ish books except the Bible. Reuchlin was the preceptor of Melanchthon, and died in 1522. He composed the first Hebrew gram- mar and lexicon for the use of Christians, and he was the author of several other works. REUVENS, Joiix EvEUAKD, one of the most profound lawyers Holland ever pro- duced, was born at Haarlem, in 1763 ; stu- died at Leyden ; acquired great reputation at the Hague as an advocate ; and was ap- pointed, in 1795, counsellor to the court of justice of the province of Holland. In 1801 he became president of the high court of justice i and under the regal government, in 180G, he was nominated counsellor of state extraordinary, and subsequently vice-presi- dent of the council. On the union of Hol- land to France, in 1810, he became president of the court of appeal at the Hague ; but was soon after invited to Paris, and made coun- sellor of the court of cassation ; which otflce he relinquished, when, in 1814, the inde- pendence of his native country was secured, and veturned to the presidency he had quitted at the Hague. He went to Brus- sels in 1816, on a legal mission, and there perished, the victim of a dark conspiracy, the autliorsof whicli liave never been discovered. His judicial and jjolitical knowledge enabled liim to fill his different offices with vigour and ability ; and he earned a lasting repu- tation by the criminal code of the Nether- lands, which may be said to be almost en- tirely his work. REVELEY, WiLLEY, an English archi- tect and antiquary, was a pupil of Sir Wil- liam Chambers. He accompanied Mr. Stuart to Greece, and completed the great work on the " Antiquities of Athens " left by that eminent artist. Mr. Reveley built the church of All Saints at Southampton, and various other structures. Died, 1799. RE VELLIERE-LEPAUX, Louis Marik, one of the members of the French directory, was born at Montaigne, in 1753, and brought up to the profession of the law. On the breaking out of the revolution, he displayed great ardour in supporting popular opinions; became a member of the Constituent Assem- bly ; and, in 1792, of the National Conven- tion. He procured the decree of the conven- tion, purporting " that the French nation would give assistance to all oppressed people who wished to recover their liberty ; " and voted for the death of the king, and against the appeal to the people. He afterwards opposed Dan ton, and in vain defended the proscribed Girondists ; was compelled to seek for safety in concealment, but returned to Paris after the death of Robespierre. On the creation of the Institute, he was nomi- nated a member of the class of moral and political sciences ; advocated some religious ceremonies which resembled the principles of the theophilanthropiste ; and was repre- , sented as the liigh-priest of that once preva- lent sect. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon required from the I members of the Institute, and retired to the j neighbourhood of Orleans, where he lived I in obscurity for a time ; afterwards returned I to Paris, and died in 1824. He left " Me- moirs," witli directions for their being pub- lished at II future time. REVVBELL, Jkan Baptiste, one of the directors of the French republic, was born at Colmar, in 1746. On Ijeing chosen a deputy from the tiers etat to the states-general in 1789, he displayed a decided enmity to the existing government. He became attorney- general syndic of the department of the Upper Rhine ; and on being nominated a deputy to the convention in 1792, he voted for the establishment of a republic, and strenuously recommended the trial of Louis XVI. After filling several important situ- ations, he was at length raised by his col- leagues to the highest magistracy of the state. He held the office of director till 1799, when he was replaced by the Abbe Sieyes ; and he died in comparative obscurity, in 1801. REY, Jean Baptiste, an eminent French musician, was born at Lauzerte, in 1734. While at Nantes, his reputation as a com- poser having reached the ears of the court, he was sent for, and appointed chamber- musician to the king, with a salary of 2000 francs ; and though the revolution inter- fered with his promised advancement in the royal household, he continued to direct the opera orchestra for more than thirty-five years, and vmder Napoleon was appointed to superintend tliat of the chapel royal. He composed a number of operas, &c.,'and died in 1810. REY, Joii.v, a French physician, of the 17tli century, who may be regarded as one of the precursors of the science of pneumatic chemistry. He published an interesting work in 1630, by which it appears he had discovered that the increase of weight in cal- cined metals arises from the absorption and solidification of air ; and on this the anti- phlogistic theory of chemistry is, in a great measure, founded. He died in 1645. REYNEAU, Chaui.es Ren^, an eminent French mathematician, was born at Brissac, in 1656, and entered into the congregation of I the Oratory. Having become well ac- quainted with geometry, and studied the Cartesian philosophy, he taught mathema- tics and physics at Toulon and Angers. lie was the author of " Analyse D(5montree," 2 vols. 4to. ; and " Science du Calcul des Grandeurs." Died, 1728. REYNER, Edward, a Nonconformist divine, was born in Yorkshire, and educated at Cambridge, where he took his degrees in arts, and, about 1627, settled at Lincoln ; but in 1662 was ejected from his living, and died soon after. He wrote " Precepts for Chris- tian Practice," " Vindication of Human Learning and Universities," &c. REYNIER, John Louis Ebenezer, a French general, was born at Lausanne, in 1771. He entered into the army, and in the early campaigns of the French republic he so far signalised himself, as to be ap- pointed a general of brigade during the con- quest of Holland in 1794. He afterwards served under Moreau, as chief of the staff ; and in the memorable retreat in 1796, as well as on other occasions, gave proofs of liis su- perior military talents. In 1798 he accom- panied Buonaparte to Egypt, was present ^ ^tto ?lTnibcri!^aT 23i0tp:apl)ii. [rhi at the battle of tlic Pyramids, commanded ' for a time at Acre, overthrew the junizza- I ries, and thus contributed greatly to the I victory of lleliopolis ) but having subse I quently quarrelled with General Menou, he j Mas coolly received by Buonaparte on his I return to France. Having killed General d'Estaign in a duel, he was exiled from ; Paris ; but in 1805 he was recalled, and I served in Italy. Soon after, he entered into i the service of Joseph Buonaparte, at that 1 time king of Naples, and was defeated by the j English, under General Stuart, at the battle of Maida. He commanded the Saxons at ! the battle of Wagram ; was engaged, in I 1812, in the Russian campaign ; was made i prisoner at tlie battle of Leipsic ; and, on I being exchanged, he went to Paris, where he I died in 1814. REYNOLDS, Edwahp, an English pre- I late, was born at Southampton, in 1505. He was one of the assembly of divines, and be- came bishop of Norwich, where he died, in 1(J7(). REYNOLDS, Sir JosinjA, an eminent English painter, equal in many points to the " old masters," and often excelling them in grace, in taste, and in the harmony of colouring, was the son of a clergyman at Plympton, in Devonshire, where he was born, in 1723. He early discovered a predi- lection for theartof drawing, which induced his father to place him, at the age of 17, with Hudson, the most famous portrait painter in London, with whom he remained three years, and then, upon some disagreement, returned home. He then proceeded to Rome, in which capital, and other parts of Italy, he spent three years. On his return to London, his talent placed him at the head of the English portrait painters ; and being a man of literary abilities and an amiable com- panion, as well as a flrst-rate artist, he soon numbered among his intimate friends, several of the most distinguished characters of the day. Rejecting the stiff, unvaried, and un- ! meaning attitudes of former artists, he gave I to his iigiires air and action adapted to their I characters, and thus invested them with something of the dignity of history. When j the Royal Academy was instituted, in 17G8, I he was imanimously chosen president, and j was knighted ; and although it was no pre- j scribed part of his duty to read lectures, yet i his zeal for the advancement of the fine arts j induced him to deliver annual or biennial i discourses before the academy on the prin- ciples and practice of painting. Of these he • pronounced fifteen, from 1709 to 1790, which ' were published in two sets, and form a standard work. He was a member of the I celebrated club which contained the names of Johnson, Garrick, Burke, and others of the first rank of literary eminence, and seems to have been universally beloved and respected by his associates. In 1773 the university of Oxford conferred on Sir Joshua the honorary degree of doctor of laws, and in 1783 he was appointed principal painter to the king. This great artist died unmarried, at his house in Leicester Square, Feb. 23. 1792, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. Speaking of his talents and his general character, Burke happily remarks, " lie had too much merit not to excite some jealousy ; too much inno- cence to provoke any enmity." REYRAC, Francis Philip Laureits de, a French ecclesiastic, was born at Longville, in the Limousin, in 1734. He became canon regular of Chancelade, prior of St. Maclou, at Orleans, and an associate of the Academy of Inscriptions. He is principally known by his " Hymns to tiie Sun," in the florid prose style of Fenelon. He also wrote " Idylls in prose," " Sacred Poems," &c. Died, 1782. REYS, A>TO>'io DOS, a learned Portu- guese divine, was born at Pernes, near Sau- tarem, in 1(J90. He became historiogrnpher to the congregation of the Oratory, chrono- logist of the kingdom, and a member of the Portuguese Academy of History. Among his works are, " Latin Poems," " Life of Fer- dinand de Meiiezes," " Corpus illustrium Poetarum Lusitauorum," 7 vols. &c. Died, 1738. REZZONICO, Anthony Joseph, Count, an Italian nobleman, born at Como, in 1709. He became marshal of the camp, chamber- lain to the Duke of Parma, and governor of the citadel. He devoted much of his time to literary pursuits, and produced several works, among which are two volumes of poems possessing considerable merit. Died, 1795. RHAZES, or ALBUBECAR MOHAM- MED, an Arabian physician, was born in Khorasan about 852, and resided at Bagdad, where he was superintendant of the public hospital. He was the first who gave a dis- tinct account of the small-pox, which disease made its first appearance in Egypt, in the reign of the caliph Omar. Died, 932. RHEINEK, Christopher, a German musical composer, born at Memmingen, in 1748. Me produced the operas of "Le Nou- veau Pygmalion," "LeFils Reconnoissant," and "Rinaldo;" besides the oratorio, "Der Todgesang Jcsu," and a collection of songs, in 4 vols. Died, 179C. RHIGAS, or RIGAS, a modem Greek patriot, born at Velcstini, inThessaly, about 1753. He was soon distinguished for his ready apprehension and extensive acquire- ments, being intimately acquainted with the i ancient literature of Greece, as well as with j the Latin, French, German, and Italian j languages. Looking forward for an o|)por- tunity when his country might throw oif the I Turkish yoke, he conceived the project of | a grand secret society, and among the dis- contented chiefs who became associated with him, was the pacha Pass wan Oglou. He then proceeded to Vienna, which place he ; made the focus of an extensive correspond- i ence with persons of intelligence possessing i similar principles with himself in various parts of Euroi)e. He also commenced a Greek journal for the instruction of his countrymen, composed a treatise on military tactics, drew up a grand chart of all Greece, in 12 divisions, and translated the travels of Anacharsis the Younger and other French works. But being treacherously denounced to the Austrian government by one of his associates, as a conspirator against the state, he was arrested at Trieste, and ordered to be delivered up to the Ottoman Porte. His con- | ductors, however, fearing to be intercepted I by Passwan Oglou, drowned him in the 727 RHO] ^ J5elB Hntbcrj^al JSiasrapl^D. [ric I Danube, together witli 8 of his companions, i wlio had been arrested at the same time. May, 1798. KlIODE, JouN George, an eminent I orientalist, of Breslau. in Silesia ; parti- cularly distinguished for his scientiflc re- Bcarulies into the natural history and anti- quities of India and Bactria. Died, 1827. 1UI0DE8, Alkxakdeu de, a French Je- suit missionary, who in ](ilS went to the East Indies, and after residing for some time at Goa, proceeded to Tonquin and Cochin Cliina to preach Christianity ; but being, through persecutions, compelled to relinquish liis labours there, he returned to Europe, and afterwards engaged in a new mission to Persia, where he died in IGOO. He wrote several worlis, relating chiefly to tlie progress of the gospel in those parts of tiie East which he had visited. RIIU^'KEN, or IIUIINKEN, David, an eminent critic, was born at Stolpen, in Pomerania, in 172.'5, and was for many years professor at Leyden. Died, 1798. RIIYNE, William Ie.v, a celebrated Dutch pliysician and naturalist, born at Dcventer, about 1040. Being appointed phy- sician to the Dutch East India Company, in lG7o. he remained some time at the Cape of Good Hope, to examine the productions of the country and the manners of the inha bitants ; after which he went to Java with the same object, and employed himself In scientific researches. While tliere, it is said, he made a voyage to Japan, and cured the em- peror of a dangerous malady. On iiis return he published the result of his observations. lilBAS, Joseph de, a general in the Russian army, was a native of Naples, and born about 17o5. Being at Leghorn at the time Alexis Orloff arrived there with his fleet for the purpose of carrying off the natural daughter of the empress Elizabeth, whom Prince Radzivill liad taken to Rome and then abandoned, he assisted in this un- dertaking, and then went to Russia to obtain from Catharine II. the reward of his services. After attending on the son of the empress by Gregory Orloff, in his travels, he obtained a regiment of carabineers; and in 1790 he com- manded, with the rank of admiral, the fleet destined for the attack of Kilia and Ismail, to the success of which he greatly contri- buted. Having again signalised himself in her service, both as an oflicer and a diplo- matist, the empress, in 1792, made him a rear-admiral, and further rewarded liim with a pension of 20,000 rubles. RIBERA, Anastasius Pantaleox de, a Spanish poet, called the Scarron of Spain, was horn at Madrid, and on account of his wit was entertained at the court of Philip IV. RIBERA, Joseph, called I.c Si-agno- LEiTO, an eminent painter, was born at Xativa. in Valencia, about l.'iSO. He was at first a pupil of Caravaggio, and on going to R(jine, lie studied the works of Raphael, the Caracci, &c. with great advantage. He then visited Parma and Modena, and thence went to Naples, where the viceroy named liim Jus own painter. In 1048, when Don John of Austria visited Naples, Ribcra imprudently boasted to him of the beauty of his daughters, which led to an intrigue with one of them, ! and the prince carried her off. This so affected the father, that, according to some accounts, he left his house suddenly one day, in 1649, and was never again heard of. Others state that he died at Naples, in 1056. His historical pictures are chiefly representa- tions of martyrdoms, tortures, &c. ; the genius of Spagnoletto, in fact, seemed to revel in scenes of horror and cruelty. RIBES, Ann Aknaud de, a French oflficer of engineers, born in 1731, was a lieutenant- colonel at the commencement of the revolu- tion, and in 1793 contributed to the capture of Rosas and several other fortified towns, while attached to the army of the eastern Pyrenees. He had afterwards tlie direction of the fortifications in the isle of Elba ; and in 1808 he added to his reputation by triumi)h- ing a second time at Rosas over the strength of the fortifications and the resistance of the bcfiieged. Died, 1811. RICARDO, David, celebrated for liis writings on finance and statistics, was born in London, of a Jewish family, in 1772. His character for probity, industry, and lalent, early procured for him the means of support ; and, becoming a member of the stock exchange, he accumulated immense proi)erty. In 1810 he appeared as a writer in the Morning Chronicle, on the subject of the depreciation of the national currency ; he advocated the principles of Malthus con- cerning population ; and published a trea- tise on " Political Economy and Taxation," which affords a luminous exposition of the origin and fluctuation of national wealth and expenditure. In 1819, Mr. Ricardo was elected into parliament for the Irish borough of Portarlington ; but he never spoke, except on subjects of finance and commerce, on Mhich occasions he was always attended to with great deference. Died, 1823. His works have been collected and published by Mr. M'Culloch. RICAUT, or RYCAUT, Sir Paul, an English traveller and historical writer, was the son of a merchant in I/ondon ; received liis education at Trinity College, Cambridge; and in 1061 went to Constantinople, as secre- tary to the embassy, and there wrote his " State of the Ottoman Empire." He was next appointed consul at Smyrna, where, by the command of Charles 11., he wrote "The present State of the Greek and Arme- nian Churches ;" and on his return home he was made secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland, a privy councillor, and a judge of the high court of admiralty. William III. employed him as the English resident in tlie Hansc Towns, where he continued 10 years. Besides the works before mentioned, he wrote a continuation of Knolles's " History of the Turks," a translation of Platina's '' Lives of the Popes," and Garcilasso de la Vega's " History of Peru." Died, 1700. RICCI, LoiiENzo, the last general of the Jesuits previous to their suppression by pope Clement XIII., was born at Florence, in 1703 ; entered into the order of St. Ignatius at the age of 15 ; became, successively, spiri- tual director at the Roman college, and secretary of his order ; and succeeded, on the death of Centurioni, in 1758, to the office of general. On the suppression of the Jesuits mc] ^ lictu Unifitx^aX JJiograpT^y. [ric he was confined as a prisoner in tlie castle of St. Angelo, and there died in 1775. RICCI, SciFio, an Italian prelate, was a nephew of the i)receding, and born at Flo- rence, in 1741. He was raised to the bishop- ric of Pistoja and Prato, in 1786 ; and distin- guished himself by strenuously seconding the Grand-duke Leopold in the attempt to introduce a reform into the ecclesiastical discipline of the duchy. By doing this, he incurred the displeasure of the pope, was i obliged to resign his bishopric, and subse- quently underwent much persecution ; I though he became reconciled to the holy see, I in 1U<)5, by signing a formula of adhesion to I the bulls which he had objected to. Died, 1810. I RICCI, Matthew, a Jesuit and missionary i in China, who was in such high favour with ^ the emperor, that he gave him permission ; to hnild a church there. Died, 1610. RICCOBONI, LoDOVico, an eminent co- median and author, was born at Modena, in 1674, acquired an early reputation on the stage, and was popular both in his own country and at Paris. In 1729 the Duke of Parma appointed him inspector of the the- atres in his dominions; but in 1731 he returned to Paris, where lie devoted his last years to literature, and died in 17.53. He wrote seve- ral comedies and poems, besides a " History of the Italian Tlieatre," and other works on dramatic subjects. RICCOBONI, Anthony Francis, son of the preceding, was born at Mantua, in 1707, and was also an actor and a dramatic writer. His comedies were very successful ; but what he gained by the stage he spent in foolish attempts to discover the philosopher's stone. Died, 1773 His wife was a celebrated French novelist : but, from the neglect of her husband, she suft'ered much, and died in poverty, in 1792. RICH, Claudius James, a learned ori- entalist, was born, near Bristol, in 1776. At the age of 17 he was made a writer to the East India Company, and he finally became their resident at Bagdad. His researches into the antiquities of the East were exten- sive, as may be seen by his " Memoirs of Ancient Babylon," and his valuable coUec- j tion of oriental MS8., which was purchased by parliament for public use. Died, 1821. RICHARD I., king of England, surnamed Coeur de Lion, was born in 1157, and ascended the throne on the death of his father, Henry II. in 1189. He had taken the cross previous to his accession, and now bent all his views to the gratification of his martial ardour in the fields of Palestine ; for which object he raised money by the sale of the crown pro- perty and offices, and a great number of English barons joined in the enterprise. In 1190, Richard joined the crusade with Philip of France ; and 100,000 of their bravest sub- jects met together on the plains of Vezelai. They at length reached their place of des- tination ; but mutual jealousies among the Christian princes took place, and Philip re- turned to Europe, leaving behind him 10,000 of his men. Richard remained in the East, where he displayed the most heroic valour against Saladin, whom he signally defeated near Caesarea, and having made a truce, em- 720 barked in a vessel, which was shipwrecked on the coast of Italy. He then, in the dis- guise of a pilgrim, travelled through part of Germany ; but being discovered by I^eopold, duke of Austria, he was made prisoner, and sent to the emperor Henry VI., who kept him confined in a castle some time. He was at length ransomed by his subjects, on the payment of 150,000 marks, and landed at Sandwich in 1194 ; after which he was again crowned. Philip having, contrary to treaty, seized on part of Normandy, Richard in- i vaded France with a large army, but a peace i was concluded in 1196. The war was, how- I ever, renewed in 1199 ; and Richard, in be- j sieging the castle of Chalons, was wounded j by a shot from the cross-bow of one Bertrand de Gourdon, who being asked what induced ' him to attempt the king's life, replied," You I killed my father and my brother with your own hand, and designed to put me to an I ignominious death." The prospect of his | own death inspired Richard with sentiments ; of moderation and justice, and he ordered Gourdon to be set at liberty, and allowed a sum of money ; but the savage Marcad>'e, who commanded the Brabangons, caused him to be flayed alive. Richard died of his wound on the 6th of April, 1199, in the 42nd year of his age, and the 10th of his reign, leaving no issue. His character was strongly marked, presenting much to admire and much to condemn. He was the bravest among the brave ; frank, liberal, and often generous ; at the same time, he was haughty, violent, unjust, and sanguinary ; uniting, as Gibbon observes, " the ferocity of a gladiator to the cruelty of a tyrant." His talents were considerable, both in the cabinet and in the field ; neither was he deficient in the art of poetry, as some of his compositions, preserved among those of the Troubadours, bear wit- ness. In fine, there is a sort of romantic in- terest attached to his character and exploits calculated to interest our feelings, rather than to satisfy our reason. RICHARD II., king of England, the son of Edward, prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince, was bom in 1366, and succeeded Edward III., his grandfather, in 1377. In his minority he displayed re- markable promptitude in quelling the dan- gerous insurrection headed by Wat Tyler, in Smithfield. When that insurgent was slain by Walworth, mayor of London, the young king, then about 15 years of age, rode up to the irritated populace and said," Follow your king ; I will be your leader and redress your grievances." The people, struck with astonishment, obeyed the call, and dispersed quietly to their own homes, with the excep- tion of a few ringleaders who were executed. The remainder of his reign, however, was less fortunate. Discontents prevailed among the nobility, of which Henry, duke of Lan- caster, availed himself, and assumed the title of king. Richard was betrayed into his hands by the Earl of Northumberland in 1392, and confined in Pontef'ract Castle, where he abdicated the throne in a written instrument, but was assassinated the same year. RICHARD III., king of England, born in 1450, was the brother of Edward IV., and RIC] ^ llelu ^nibn-^al IStograjjloi?* [mo created duke of G!oiicester. He is repre- sented as having been of diminutive stature, deformed from Jiis birth, and of a forbidding aspect ; but far more depraved in liis mind tlian forbidding in liis person. lie caused his nephews, Edward V. and Kicliard, duke of York, to be secretly murdered in tlie Tower ; after which lie procured himself to be proclaimed king, in 1483. Tiie Diike of Buckingham, who had assisted him in Ids usurpation, conspired against him, but was taken prisoner and beheaded. Henry, earl of Kichmond, afterwards Henry VII., of the house of Lancaster, was abroad, but returned privately, and lauded at Milford, in Wales, wliere he was joined by a few followers, who Boon increased. He then marched against the tyrant, whom he encountered at Bos- worth Field, where Ilichard, after perform- ; iiig prodigies of valour, was slain ; and his crown being found, it was placed on the head of Henry, August 22. 14)-:5. Thus fell, I in his SiUh year, this odious prince, who : united deep policy and dissimulation with the basest treachery and the most insatiable ambition. RICHARD, surnamed Aumachanus, a pious and sensible prelate, who, after having been commissary-general of the university of Oxford and dean of Lichfield, was raised to the see of Armagh in 1347, and honour- ably distinguished himself by his opposition to the mendicant orders, wiiose alFectation of poverty, superstitious practices, and irre- gularities, he exposed in his lectures. For this he was obliged to repair to Avignon, to defend himself before pope Innocent VI., who decided against him. Died, 1360. RICHARD OF CiKKXCESTEK, so named from his native place, was an historian of the 14th century. He became a Benedictine monk of the abbey of St. Peter, Westmin- ster ; devoted his leisure to the study of our natural history and antiquities ; wrote "The Description of Britain," first published in Latin, at Copenhagen, in 17C7 ; and died in 1401. RICHARD, Louis Ci.aude Marie, an eminent French botanist, was born at Ver- sailles, in 1754 ; completed his education at the Mazarin College, Paris, where he assi- duously applied himself to the study of botany, comijaratis^e anatorrt^, mineralogy, and zoology. On being appointed naturalist to the king in 1781, he sailed on a voyage of research to Frencli Guiana and the An- tilles, and returned in 1789 with an immense collection of newly discovered plants, in- sects, birds, quadrupeds, minerals, geological specimens, &c. On the formation of the Institute, he was chosen a member of the first class in the section of zoology and com- parative anatomy, was also a corresponding member of the Royal Society of London, and was made a member of the legion of honour. Besides writing many valuable memoirs in periodical works, he was the author of " Di'monstrations Botaniques, ou Analyse du Fruit consider^ en general." Died,' 1821. RICHARDSON, JoifATiiAy, a painter and author, was born about 160.5. He quitted the profession of a scrivener to become a pupil of Riley, the portrait painter, whose j niece he married. After the death of Kneller and Dahl, he was considered at the head of iiis profession in this country. lie was the author of an " Essay on the Art of Criticism in Painting," " An Argument in behalf of the Science of a Connoisseur," "Account of Statues, Bas-reliefs, Drawings, and Pictures, in Italy;" "I:^otes and Re- marks ou Paradise Lost," &c. Died, 1745 • In tlie two last-mentioned performances he was assisted by his son, who died in 1771. RICHARDSON, JosKrii, a lawyer and poet, was born at Hexham, in Northum- berland ; was entered of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1774 ; became a student of the Middle Temple in 1779, and was called to the bar in 1784. He wrote " Criticisms on the RoUiad" and "Probationary Odes for j the Laureateship," two satirical works on public characters, which were very popular at the time, and " The Fugitive," a success- ful comedy. Died, 1803. RICHARDSON, Samiei.. a celebrated novelist, was born in 1689, in Derbyshire, and received his education at a common day-school. At the usual age he was bound apprentice to a London printer, and after the expiration of his time he worked as a compositor and corrector of the press some years. At length he took up his freedom, and set up business for himself, first in a court in Fleet Street, and afterwards in Salisbury Square. He became one of the principal in his profession, and, by the in- terest of Mr. Onslow, speaker of the House of Commons, obtained the printing of the Journals. In 1754 he was chosen master of the stationers' company ; and, in 1760, he purchased a moiety of the patent of law- printer to the king. In 1740 he published " Pamela," the popularity of which was so great, that it ran through five editions in one year, being recommended even from the pulpit. In 1748 " Clarissa " fully estab- lished his literary reputation ; and its pa- thos, its variety of character, and minute development of the human heart, will cause it ever to be regarded as a work of real genius. The " History of Sir Charles Gran- dison" appeared in 1753, and was received with great applause. Besides these works, all of which have a moral tendency, Mr. Richardson pidjiislied a volume of " Familiar Letters for the Use of Young People," and an edition of " ^sop's Fables, with Reflections." His "Correspondence" with persons of eminence was published in 1804, with his "Life " by Mrs. Barbauld. He was unaffectedly pious, and unostentatiously be- nevolent, and lived surrounded by a circle of affectionate friends, who valued him for his moral worth and amiable disposition. Died, 1761. RICHARDSON, William, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was a son of the minister of Aberfoyle, and was educated at the university of Glasgow. He accompanied Lord Cathcart, who had been his pupil, to Russia ; and was for more than 40 years professor of humanity at Glasgow. Among his works, all of which are marked by ele- gance and erudition, are " Anecdotes of the Russian Empire," "Essays on Shakspeare's Dramatic Characters, " " Observations on RIC] ^ JJctD BnibtxSaX 38tasrapTjj?. [rid the Study of Shakspeare," poems, and tales. Died, 1814. RICIIELET, CvESAK Pkter, was born at Cheminon, in 1031, and died in 1(!91. He compiled a dictionary, full of information, but interspersed with mucli satire. It was first publislied in 1080, in 1 vol. 4to. ; but was afterwards enlarged to 3 vols, folio. RICHELIEU, Armand Johx nv Plk.5- sis, a cardinal, and minister of state in France, was born at Paris, in 158,5. He was at first intended for the army, but the bishop- ric of LuQon being open to him by the resig- nation of his brother, he studied theology, and obtained the mitre before he was 22. He was also appointed grand almoner, and in 1010 made secretary of state. When Mary de' Medici fell into disgrace, Richelieu was j banished to Avignon, where he wrote his " Method of Controversy." Being soon after recalled to court, he brought about a recon- ciliation between the king and queen, for which he was rewarded with a cardinal's hat, and appointed prime minister. Being a man of prodigious capacity and of a rest- less and insatiable ambition, he formed to himself vast designs, which made his whole life a series of agitations and inquietudes : still he showed himself a patron of men of letters, and caused the arts and sciences to flourish in the kingdom. He abounded, however, rather with great qualities than good ones, and therefore was much more admired tlian beloved. He died in 1042, amidst storms and perils, before he had com- pleted any of his designs. Cardinal Mazarin carried on Richelieu's plans, and completed many of his schemes. RICHELIEU, Louis Francis Armand DU Plessis, Duke of, a French marshal, descended from the same family as the car- dinal, was born in 1090. After the death of Louis XIV. he was admitted into the court of the regent, Duke of Orleans, and he largely participated in its profligacy. He was sent to the Bastille in 1710, for figliting a duel with the Count de Gace, and again in 1719, as an accomplice with the Spanish ambas- sador, in a conspiracy against the regent. He distinguished himself under Villars, and afterwards at Kehl, Philipsburgh, Dettingen, and Fontenoy ; conquered Minorca, forced the ]>uke of Cumberland to sybniit to the capitulation of Glosterseven, and devastated the electorate of Hanover. In 1781 lie obtained the rank of dean of the French marshals ; and he concluded his long career, varied as it was, with acts of heroism and villany, in 1788. RICHELIEU, Au.mand Emanukl du Plessis, Duke of, grandson of the preceding, was born at Paris, in 1770, and eventually became prime minister to Louis XVIII. He emigrated at the commencement of the revolution, entered the Russian service, and distinguished In'mself at the siege of Ismail, for which he was rewarded with the rank of major-general. In 1801 he revisited France, when Buonaparte endeavoured to attach him to his service ; but he returned to Russia, an<l in 18<t3 he was appointed governor of Odessa, which city, by his pru- dent measures, he raised frominsignificance to the height of prosperity. On the resto- ration of the Bourbons, he took his seat in the chamber of peers ; accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent ; and, returning with him to Paris after the battle of Waterloo, was appointed president of the council of minis- ters, and placed at the head of the foreign department. He soon resigned his post, but again held the office of prime minister in 1820. and died in 1822. RICHMOND, Ledh, a clergyman of the established cliurch, was born at Liverpool, in 1772 ; became chaplain to the Lock Hos- pital, I<ondon, and afterwards rector of Turvey, in Bedfordshire. He is principally known as the author of " Annals of the Poor," containing the " Dairyman's Daugh- ter," and other devotional tales, written with great force, originality, and i)atho8. He also wrote a work, entitled " The Fathers of the English Church," &c. Died, 1827. RICHTER, John Pacl FuEnERic, a cele- brated German novelist, was born in Fran- conia, in 17<)3 ; studied at Leipsic ; was inti- mately associated with Goethe, Herder, and the galaxy of genius that gave its celebrity to Weimar ; finally settled at Baireuth, and died in 182,5. His works are very numerous. They are generally in the form of romances ; but many of them treat of abstruse questions in philosophy, and though marked by much singularity of style, they evince the pro- fouudest erudition, infinite humour, and a richness of imagery which have earned for their author the title of "The only One." Among his most celebrated works are, "Ti- tan," "Hesperus," " Das Campaner Thai," " Selina," and " Levana," an admirable trea- tise on education, which has been ably trans- lated into English. RICHTER, Otto von, a Russian travel- ler, who accompanied Undmann, a learned Swede, to Egypt and Nubia, where they dis- covered several remains of ancient archi- tecture. They returned to Cairo, in 1815, and proceeded by water to Jaffa : at Acre the two friends separated, and Richter went alone by the way of Tyre and Sidon, to Balbec, after which he traversed Syria as far as the mountains of Lebanon, and went to Tadmor, in tlie desert ; but on his return to Smyrna, in 1817, lie died. RICKMAN, JonN,F.R. 8., clerk assistant at the table of the House of Commons. This gentleman first brought himself into public notice by the great attention he paid.to the means of obtaining accurate statistical know- ledge of the population, &c. of Great Britain. He was for 38 years oflScially connected with the House of Commons, and his life may be best described as one course of laudable zeal in the service of the public. He lived on terms of intimacy with Southey, Coleridge, Charles Lamb, Telford the celebrated en- gineer, and many other men, whose congenial tastes and acquirements rendered the con- nection mtitually jilcasant and desirable. Born, 1771 ; died, 1841. RIDER, William, an English divine, several years under-master of St. Paul's School, and lecturer of St. Vedast, Foster Lane. He published a " History of Eng- land," a " Commentary on the Bible," and other compilations. Died, 1785. RIDLEY, Gloster, an English divine, and a dramatic and tlieological writer ; bom rid] ^ ^riu ^nibtviciX JStasrapTji). [rig 1702 ; died, 1774 His eldest son, James, was author of " The Tales of the Genii " and some other literary performances. IIIDLEY, Nicholas, an eminent English prelate and Protestant martyr, was born in 1500, at Tynedale, in Northumberland, and educated at Cambridjic. He travelled on the Continent, and, din-ing a 3 years' absence from liis native country, became acquainted with several of the early reformers, wliose doctrines he afterwards warmly espoused. Returning to Cambridge, he filled the office of proctor to the university, and as such pro- tested against the claims of the papal see to the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm. He was also chosen public orator, became one of the king's cliaplains, and was finally elevated to the see of London, where he discharged the duties of his office with unwearied diligence. He was likewise employed in all the most important eccle- siastical measures of that reign, particularly in the compiling of the liturgy, and tlie framing of the articles of religion. But one of the most distinguislied acts of his life was that of inciting king Edward to endow the three great foundations of Christ's, Bartholomew's, and St. Thomas's hospitals. Having unadvisedly concurred in the pro- clamation of Lady Jane Grey, he was, on the death of Edward, marked out as one of the most prominent victims of papal autho- rity ; and being condemned, as a heretic, to the stake, he suffered, witli the venerable Latimer, at Oxford, Oct. 15. 15.55. RIDLEY, Sir Thomas, a learned civilian, of the same family as the preceding, but born at Ely, was educated at Eton, and at Kitig's College, Camlnidge ; he afterwards became a master in chancery, and vicar- general to tlie Archbishop of Canterbury ; and died in 1G28. He wrote " A View of Civil and Ecclesiastical Law." RIEDESEL, Frederica Charlotte Louisa, Baroness, wife of Colonel Biedesel, who commanded the troops at Brunswick, employed in tlie English service in America in 1777, accompanied her husband, and wrote an interesting account of her ad- ventures, entitled "Voyage de Mission en Am^rique," &c. She returned to Europe in 1788 ; and, having lost her husband, fixed her residence at Berlin, where she died in 1808. RIEDINGER, JoHX En as, a celebrated painter of animals, bom at Ulm, in Suabia, in 1095 ; died, 17()7. RIEGO, Rafael del, a Spanish patriot officer, was born in tlie Asturias, in 1785. Tlie enthusiasm with which he embraced the cause of independence rendered liim a zealous patriot, and a long imprisonment in France afforded him leisure to contem- plate the miseries of his countrymen. Before he returned to S|)ain, he visited Germany and England. Till 1820 every effort for liberty had been followed by exile, and the j horrors of the inquisition ; nearly all the 1 chiefs who favoured liberty were in confine- I ment : but the valour of Riego was at once triumphant ; he delivered Quiroga from the I hands of his gaolers, and. on the 1st of Janu- ! ary, his troops proclaimed the constitution. j General O'Donnell made his victory difficult, 732 but he was victorious ; and in the first sit- ting of the Cortes, in 1822, they appointed liim their president. At the height of his glorious career his moderation was most conspicuous ; he avoided parade, and dis- played real magnanimity, prudence, and dis- interestedness. Fortune, however, changed; Ferdinand VII. was reinstated ; and the popularity of the brave Riego exciting the jealousy of those in power, he was calum- niated as a promoter of anarchy. Still lie preserved the confidence of the people, and again appeared in arms to assert the liberty of his countrj', but it was destined to fall before foreign foes. He was taken prisoner after the surrender of Cadiz, and conveyed to Madrid on the 2nd of October. His wife and brother came to England, where they hoped to obtain friends for Riego ; but their supplications were vain, and he was con- demned to an ignominious death, viz. that his limbs should be sent to different parts of the Peninsula, and his head kept at Las Cabezas, where the constitution was first declared. He suftered, Nov. 7. 1823 ; and his wretched wife died of grief a few mouths after. RIENZI, Nicholas Gabrini de, a native of Rome, who in the 14th centiny obtained great celebrity by his attempts to restore tlie republic. He was of low origin, but had received a liberal education, and possessed great eloquence and lofty views, which in- duced his fellow-citizens to send him as one of their deputies to pope Clement VI., then at Avignon. Rienzi, on this occasion, drew so affecting a picture of the distressed state of the city, that the pope appointed him apostolic notary, which ofTice he discharged with great credit. But while he appeared actuated by the purest principles, he was secretly forming a conspiracy for the altera- tion of the government, and he let no oppor- tunitj' pass of exciting the discontent of the people, by haranguing against the nobility and the defects of the public administration. By these means he became the idol of the people, who conferred upon him the title of tribune, with the power of life and death, and all the other attributes of sovereignty. What was more extraordinary, the pope confirmed the title, and Rienzi for some time governed the city with judgment and moderation. But the intoxication of su- preme power betrayed him into extrava- gances, and he was expelled, and imi)ri- soiied for 3 j'ears by Clement VI. He was released by Innocent II., who sent him again to the Roman capital as governor. But Rienzi's cruelties raised him new enemies, and he was massacred in 1354, about 7 years after the commencement of his extraordinary career. RIES, Ferdi.na.vd, an eminent musical composer and performer, was bom at Bonn, in 1783, and was early distinguished for the precocity of his genius. He became a pupil of Beethoven, and as a pianist he had few superiors. From the year 1813 to 1825 lie resided in England, and produced numerous musical compositions, some of which possess first-rate merit. He died at Frankfort, Jan. ! 1838. RIGAUD, HrAciNTHE, an eminent per- rig] ^ iletD ?a[uibn'^al aSiDflr/ijplbfi. [rit i trait painter, was born at Perpignan, in j ]6<Vi ; and died at Paris, in 1743. He met 1 with distinguished patronnge, aud has been called the V'andyck of France. RIG AUD, SiEniEx Peter, Savilian pro- fessor of astronomy in the university of Ox- ford, was born at Richmond, in Surrey, and may almost be said to have been the in- heritor of scientific pursuits, both his father and grandfather having iilled the office of observer in the royal observatory at Kew. His contributions to the scientitic works of the day were both numerous and valuable. Born, 177.5 ; died, 1839. RILEY, John, an eminent painter, born in London, in 104 !. After the death of Sir Peter Lely lie was appointed painter to the king, and rose greatly in public estimation ; but, according to the opinion of I^ord Orford, he was so distrustful of his own merit, that his modesty and humility were great impe- diments to liis advancement. He died in 1691. RING, JoHx, an eminent surgeon, was born near Salisbury, in 1751 ; was a pupil of the two Hunters, at St. George's Hos- pital ; and practised in the metropolis, with deserved reputation, till his death, which occurred in 1821. He was a aealous de- fender of vaccination, to support which he established an institution at a considerable expense, and he also liberally gave his as- sistance to other charities. Besides his medical works, he occasionally composed Latin and English verse, with fluency, spirit, and elegance ; among which should be noticed his " Translation of the Works of Virgil, partly original, and partly altered from Dryden and Pitt," 2 vols. RINGGLI, GoTHAUD, a celebrated Swiss artist, was born at Zurich, in lo7o, and died in 1635. RINUCCINI, Ottavio, a Florentine poet, who went to France with Mary de' Medici, and is said to have been the first who invented the opera, or musical drama, in the year 1600. He wrote three pieces, "Daphne," "Eurydice," and "Ariadne." Died, 1621. RIOJA, Francisco df, an eminent Spa- nisli poet, was born in 1600, and became librarian and historiographer to Philip IV. Besides his jjoeins, he produced several excellent oomic dramas, and other pieces adapted for scenic representation. Died, 1659. RIOLAN, JouK, an eminent physician, bom at Amiens, became dean of the faculty at Paris, and died in 1603. He was defender of tlie doctrines of Hippocritus and the an- cients, against the chemists His son, of the same name, born in 1577, became royal professor of auatomy and botany, and phy- sician to Mary de' Medici ; and to him the university of Paris is indebted for its botanic garden. lie made discoveries in anatomy, published several works, and died in 1657. RIPLEY, Georoe, an English alchemist aud poet, who died in 14'.iO. He wrote a work, entitled "A Compound of Alchymie," &c., and " Aurum Potabile, or the Universal Medicine." RIPPERDA, John- William, Baron de, a celebrated adventurer, was born of a 733 noble family in Groningen, in 1C80 ; served some time as colonel of infantry in the Dutch army ; and, in 1715, was sent on a mission to Spain, where he acquired such an ascendancy over Philiji.V., that the monarch took him into his service, made him prime minister, and created him a duke. At length he fell into disgrace, and was imprisoned in the castle of Segovia, whence he escaped in 172S, and came to England. In 1731 he went to Morocco, where he was favourably received by Muley Abdalla, and declaring himself a convert to the Mahometan reli- gion, and taking the name of Osman, he obtained the chief command of the Moorish army at the siege of Ceuta. But the Moors being defeated, he fell from his second eleva- tion ; and, retiring to Tetuau, he there died in 1737. RIQUET, Peter Pacl de, a celebrated Frencli civil engineer, born at Beziers, in 1604. He projected the noble canal of Languedoc, which opens a communication between the Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay. It was commenced in 1666, and carried on during the remainder of his life. After his death, which occurred in 1G80, his two sons completed it. RISDON, Tristram, an English topo- grapher ; author of a "Description or Sur- vey of the County of Devon." Born, 1580 ; died, 1640. RITCHIE, JosEPn, an English traveller, who, in 1819, in conjunction with Captain Lyon, engaged in the mission to explore the interior of Afiica. They set out from Tri- poli, and reached Mouzouk, the capital of Fezzan, where for some months they re- sided in circumstances of distress, arising from the want of funds, heightened by the treacherous conduct of Mukin, the bey of that country. Mr. Ritchie fell a sacrifice to the hardships and vexation he experienced ; but Captain Lyon returned to England, and published liis well-known " Narrative " iu 1821. RITSON, Isaac, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was born near Penrith, in Cumber- land, in 1761 ; received a medical education at Edinburgh ; came to liondon, where he became an author by profession ; and died in 1789. RITSON, Joseph, an English lawyer and antiquary, was born at Stockton, in Dur- ham, iu 1752 ; settled in London as a con- veyancer, and purchased the office of high- bailiff of the Savoy ; and died in 1803. As an antiquary, particularly in our early national poetry, he exhibited much industry and intelligence ; but his morbid singular- ities of temper, and his avowed contempt for religion, more than counterbalanced whatever merit he might have otherwise possessed. It would, however, be uncha- ritable not to attribute his imperfections to a species of long protracted mental derange- ment, of which distressing malady he died in 1803. His principal publications are, "A Collection of English Songs," 3 vols ; " The English Anthology," 3 vols. ; " Me- trical Romances," 3 vols. ; " Biographia Poetica,' &c. RITTENHOUSE, Davip, a celebrated American mathematician, was born in hit] ^ ^cbi WinibtvsKl 23i05V.ipI)y. [rob rennsylvania, in 1732. In 1760 tlie Ame- rican Philosophical Society employed him to observe tlie transit of Venus ; and he afterwards constructed an observatory, where he made some important discoveries. After the revolutionary war, he was ap- pointed director of the mint and treasurer of his native province. He also had tlie de- gree of LL.D. conferred on him, and lie succeeded Franklin as president of the Phi- losophical Society. Died, 179G. Dr. Ritten- house is regarded by his countrj'men as the Newton of America. That he possessed great talents and industry is indisputable ; and it is more than probable that his exer- tions in the cause of science contributed in no small degree to the diffusion of a taste for mathematical and physical knowledge in the United States ; but their encomiums of him are truly hyperbolical. RITTER, John Williaif, ft celebrated German philosopher, was born at Samitz, in Silesia, in 1776. The study of electricity occupied his chief attention ; and in 1798 he started the idea that the phenomena of animal life are connected with galvanic action ; but, though highly scientific, he ad- vocated the reveries of animal magnetism, &c. He wrote " Physico-Medical Memoirs," 3 vols., and other works. Died, 1810. RITTERSHUYS, CoxitAD, an eminent civilian and philologist, born at Brunswick, in l.'.GO. He became professor of law at Altorf ; wi-ote some works on civil law, and notes upon Greek and Latin authors. Died, 1()18. Nicholas Ritteksuuvs, his I son, liecame professor of feudal law at I AUoif, where he died in l(i70. He pub- lished a collection, entitled "Genealogia Imperatorum, Regum, Ducum, Comitum," &c., 4 vols, folio. RIVAROI, AxTHOKY, Count de, an able French writer, was born at Bagnois, in Lan- guedoe, in 1757, and settled at Paris, wliere he formed an acquaintance with the most eminent literary characters of the age ; but, on the breaking out of the revolution, he went to Germans', and obtained the patron- age of Prince Heni-y of Prussia. He was much admired for his powers of wit and satire ; and died at Berlin, in 1801. His chief works are, "Discourssurl'IIniversaUtiS de la Langue FranQoise," "L'Enfer," trans- lated from Dante ; " Lettres sur la Religion et la Morale," "Petit Almanach des grands Hommes," and " Lettres h la Noblesse Francoise." RIVAULT, DAVin, a French mathemati- cian, born at Laval, about 1571, who became tutor in mathematics and military tactics I to Louis XIII., and was made a counsellor I of state. Died, KiUi. RIVAZ, Peteij Joseph de, a skilful French mechanist and chronologer, born in 1711. He made a watch which had the sin- gular property of winding up spontaneously, invented an improved pendulum, &c. lie also drained the mines of Pontpeau, in Brittany, and made many mechanical dis- coveries. Died, 1772. RIVE, JoHx Josicrii, a French bibliogra- pher, \v as born in 17;50, at Apt, in Provence. He was brought up to the church ; but, on the breaking out of the revolution, he became 734 a furious anarchist, and ended a turbulent life at Marseilles, in 1792. He wrote nume- rous works, the most important of wliich is, " La Ghasse aux Bibliographes et Auti- quaires mal advist's," 2 vols. RIVIERE, Merciek de la, a celebrated French political economist, wlio obtained the post of counsellor of the parliament of Paris in 1747 ; was afterwards made inten- dant of Martinique ; and, on his return, pub- lished ills noted work, entitled "L'Ordre naturel et essentiel des Societes Politiqucs." The singularity of his schemes and his high pretensions were ridiculed by Voltaire, Grimm, and others ; but had some of his precautionary advice been attended to, it is possible that tlie revolution, which he lived to witness, would not have taken place. Died. 1794. RIVIERE, the Duke de, governor of the young Duke of Bourdeaux, was a devoted servant of the Bourbons. He emigrated with the French princes in 1789. served in the army of Condi?, and became aide-de- camp to the ex-king of France, Charles X. Seven times he entered France in disguise, to correspond with the friends of h.is royal master; but In 1804 he was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death, from which he es- caped through the intercession of Josephine, his punishment being mitigated into an im- prisonment for 4 years. RIVINUS, Augustus Quirinus, an emi- nent botanist and physician, whose real name was Bachmann, was born at Leipsic, in 1G52 ; practised medicine, and was pro- fessor of physiology and botany in his native city, and died in 1723. He was the author of " Introductio generalis in Rem Herba- riam " and " Systema Plantarum," in which he divides all plants into 18 classes, distin- guished by the number and form of their petals. RIZZIO, RIZZI, or RICCL David, the son of a music and dancing-master at Turin, was born there in the earlier part of the l(!th century. His musical abilities procured liim notice at the court of Savoy, while his talents as a linguist caused him to be se- lected by the ambassador from the giand duke to Mary, queen of Scots, as a part of his suite. In 1.5C4 lie first made his appear- ance at Ilolyrood House, where he soon became so great a favourite with the queen, that he was appointed her secretary for foreign languages. The distinction with which he was treated by his royal mistress excited the envy of the nobles, and the jea- lousy of Darnley. A conspiracy, with the king at its head, was accordingly formed for his destruction ; and before he h.ad enjoyed 2 years of court favour, the Lord Rutliven and others of his party were introduced by Darnley liimself into the queen's apartment, where tliey assassinated the unfortunate object of their revenge, who fell at the feet of his royal mistress, having received no less than .W stabs in her presence, a. d. 1566. ROBERT, FuANCis, a modern geogra- pher, born at Chalons, in France. In 1780 he obtained the title of royal geographer ; in 1789 he joined the most active partisans of the revolution ; was nominated mayor of the commune of Besnote, in 1793 ; and, in rob] ^ fitio ?H[iTiljn'iSaT 23t00rapTji». [rob 1797, was chosen a member of the council of live hundred. The latter part ol his life was spent in travelling; and he dieil at lluili- gcnstadt, in Saxony, in 1819. Besides some useful elementary works on geography, &c., he published his " Travels in Switzerland "' and a "Description of France." ROBERT, IIuiiEitT, an eminent French painter, was born at Paris, in 1732, and may be considered the first artist Of the French school who studied with effect tlie decline and ruin of the monuments of aticieut archi- tecture, lie resided in Italy several years, and during that time lie painted the gardens and cascades at Rome in a most masterly manner. On his return to France he ob- tained admission into the academy ; but his merit could not screen him from persecution in the revolution, and he was thrown into prison, where he amused himself by design- ing, even though he expected every hour to be dragged to the scaffold. At length he obtained his release, and continued in the exercise of his profession till his death, in 1808. ROBERT, Peter Francis Joseph, a French revolutionary statesman, born near Givet, in 1743. Becoming secretary to Dan- ton, lie was elected a deputy to the con- vention, in wliich he voted for the death of the king. Having married Mademoiselle Keralio, he adopted the literary profession, and wrote several political works His wife, Louise Fei.icite de Keralio, was born at Paris, in 1758, and died at Brussels, in 1821. Among her various works were, '•llistoire d'Elizabeth, Reine d'Angleterre," 5 vols. ; "Amclie et Caroline," .5 vols., &c. ; besides several translations from English and Italian authors. ROBERT DE VAUGONDY, Giles, a French geographer, .born at Paris in 1(588, and died there in 1706. Among his works are, " Grand Atlas Universel " and " Atlas complet des Revolutions du Globe." His son, who assisted in his professional labours, held the office of royal censor, and was geo- grapher in ordinary to Stanislaus I., king of Poland. He was the author of " Tablettes Parisiennes," " Cosmographie," &c. Born, 1723 ; died, 1786. ROBERTI, John Baptist, Count, an Italian writer, was born in 1719. He was successively professor of pliilosophy in the college of Brescia, director of that at Parma, and, lastly, superior of the one at Bologna. He acquired great reputation by his writirigs, which relate to polite literature generally, and form 15 vols. Died, 178(5. ROBERTS, E.MMA, a lady of distinguished literary talent, and an early friend of the highly gifted but ill- fated :Miss Landon. Jliss Roberts was the author of " Memoirs of the Rival Houses of York and Lancaster, His- torical and Biographical," 2 vols.; "Oriental Scenes, Sketches, and Tales," &c. She died at Poonah, in India, Sept. 1840 ; the object of her mission thither having been tlie fur- ther illustration of life and manners in the East. ROBERTSON, William, an Irish divine, was born at Dublin, in 1705 ; studied at Glasgow, but was expelled the university for the part he took in asserting the right of the 733 students to choose a rector. On taking orders he obtained some preferment in Ire- land, which he vacated by turning Arian. In 1708 he was chosen master of the gram- mar-school at Wolverhampton ; and in 1772 he appeared as one of the committee of clergymen employed to form and present the famous petition to parliament, to be re- lieved from the obligation of subscribing to the thirty-nine articles. Died, 1783. ROBERTSON, William, D.D., a cele- brated historian, was born in 1721, at Borth- wick, where his father was minister. Having completed his theological studies at Edin- burgh, he obt.xined a licence to preach, and in 1743 was presented to the living of Glads- mnir, in East Lothian. He soon became distinguished by his eloquence and good taste as a preacher ; but it was not till 1759 that, by his " History of Scotland," he ac- quired a place among British classical writers. The distinction and patronage ac- quired by this work, which reached a four- teenth edition before his death, appeared in his successive preferments. He became chap- lain of Stirling Castle in 1759, king's chap- lain in 17G1, principal of the university of Edinburgh in 17(52, and historiographer royal of Scotland in 1704. At the head of a flourishing seat of education, he was minutely attentive to all its duties ; and co-operated with the greatest liberality in all the im- provements which have raised Edinburgh to its present celebrity. Yet, notwithstanding his numerous pursuits and official avoca- tions, he found time to employ himself in his celebrated " History of Charles V.," which, in 1777, was followed by the "His- tory of America ;" and his last publication was " An Historical Disquisition concern- ing the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India." He died in 1793. As an historian, Dr. Robertson is admired for luminous and i skilful arrangement, graphic description, and j a singularly perspicuous style. ROBESPIERRE, Francis Maximiliax 1 Joseph Isidore, one of the most violent of i the French revolutionists, was the son of a counsellor at Arras, and was born in 1759. After completing his studies at the college of Louis le Grand, at Paris, wliich he is said to have done in a manner highly creditable to his talents and assiduity, he adopted the law as a profession, and distinguished him- self as an advocate of the council of Artois. At the convocation of the states-general, in 1789, Robespierre went to Paris as deputy, and appeared, for the first time, in the con- stituent assembly, on the 20th of July. In the sitting of the 24th of August, he moved for the liberty of the press : indeed, during this and the two following years, he ap- peared, on all subjects, the friend of the human race. His voice was raised against martial law, against the frequent punish- ment of death, and against slavery, as the most degrading of all punishments that man had the power to inflict ; nay, so invincible appeared to be his justice and integrity, and 80 constantly and consistently did he de- claim against political corruption, that he obtained the title of " The Incorruptible." To this period he was esteemed his country's friend, and the Jacobin club raised him U a rob] ^ 4^cU) ^nibtr^Kl 33ia0raj|jl)in [rob to power ; but the Girondist!? were opposed to the Jacobins, and a scene of blood followed, to which hardly a parallel can be found in history. He laboured to form a reiiublic ; his rivals proposed a division in the govern- ment, so that it should exist in federative states, as of Bordeaux, Lyons, Marseilles, &c.; and the latter accused Robespierre of aspiring to the dictatorship. However, in 1792, the Jacobins carried the decree in 1 favour of an united and undivided republic. Another faction now arose, called " Tlie Mountain," who also opposed the Jacobins. Violent contentions prevailed at every sit- ting, and Robespierre spent many hours in self- vindication, without being able to silence his enemies. Though it does not appear that Robespierre actively interfered in tlie mas- sacres which took place in the prisons of Paris, in the beginning of September, he had sufficient address to reap the fruits, and, like other tyrants, he at length made liis instru- ments his victims. After the trial and ex- ecution of the king, in promoting which the Girondists co-operated witli Robespierre and the Jacobins, the former were speedily sacri- ficed to the ascendancy of the latter. Tlie Herbertists, who had joined in this work of destruction, were the next victims to the jealousy of the dictator, who had no sooner sent them to the scaffold, with the assistauce of Danton and his friends, than he adopted measures for the ruin of that popular dema- gogue, whom he dreaded as his most dan- gerous rival. In August, Robespierre pre- sided in the National Assembly ; and from that period lie played the part of a consum- mate hypocrite. The surrender of Toulon, I by tlie party who had set out as supporters j of the Girondists, completed his triumph ; j and under his influence the convention I established an organised government, in which terror was the order of the day. So powerful were his talents, and so judiciously did he manage them, that he pretended to guard against the prevalence of atlieism and immorality at the time that he was un- dermining the principles of religion itself. Barere, by his direction, promulgated his new system of worship ; and, on the 8th of June, 1794. Robespierre, in person, celebrated what he impiously termed "Tlie Feast of the Supreme Being." But, powerful and secure as lie appeared, his cruel tyranny and mysterious denunciations had alarmed many of those who had been most intimately con^ nected with him, and a conspiracy was formed for his destruction. Instead of act- ing with his accustomed decision, he now secluded himself from the public for more than a month ; and when lie again made his appearance in the National Convention, Tal- lien and others openly accused him of des- potism ; and amidst cries of " h has le ty- ran," he, with his brother, and his friends St. Just, Couthon, and Le Bas, were arrested and sent to the Luxembourg prison. In the night, however, he was set free by the keeper, and was conducted to the hall of the com- mune of Paris, where llenriot, commander of the national guard, and others were wait- ing to receive him. Robespierre's friends proposed his placing himself at the head of the people, and to fall upon the members of 736 the convention, whom it was then easy to have delivered up as prisoners. To the pro- posal, he replieil, " I should then conduct myself like a tyrant, were I to expose tJie lives of the citizens in my single cause. I shall submit to the will of the sovereign people, who are at liberty to protect or to abandon me : if the latter, I know how to die like Tiberius." Meanwhile his enemies proceeded to action. Barras and other com- missioners, directing the military of Paris, seized the fallen tyrant and his associates ; and he entered his solitary room with ap- jiarent indifference. Le Bas, having pro- vided a pair of pistols, killed himself with one of them ; and Robespierre taking the other, put the muzzle to his mouth, and drew the trigger, intending to blow out his brains ; but the ball fractured his lower jaw, and he was thus subjected to protracted suf- fering, which excited neither sympathy nor compassion. On the next day, July 28. 1794, he and his associates were guillotined. Tlie career of Robespierre exhibits one of the most signal instances of terrorism upon record. But. though he was the most noto- rious of all the wretches that disgraced the name of man in France during the revolu- tionary furor, and entailed on his name the greatest degree of infamy, it is certain that some of his former accomplices, who contri- buted most to his overthrow, and were loud- est in their accusations against him, had been the authors of many of the enormities with which he was charged. This was the opinion of Napoleon, who asserted that he had seen proofs of his having intended to re- establish order after he had overturned the contending factions ; but not being powerful enough to arrest the progress of the revolu- tion, he suffered himself to be carried away by the torrent, as was the case with all before Napoleon himself, who engaged in a similar attempt. ROBIN, Jeax, a celebrated French bo- tanist, to whose care the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, was first confided. Born, 1500 ; died, 1.597. ROBINS, Ben.jamtx, an English mathe- matician of great genius and eminence, was born at Bath, in 1707 ; was a teacher of mathematics, became engineer-general to the East India Company, wrote " New Prin- ciples of Gunnery," and was the real nar- rator of Lord Anson's " Voyage round the World," though it was published under the name of Walter. Died, 1751. ROBINSON, Anastasia, a public singer of some eminence, in the early part of the last century. She was placed under the tuition of the celebrated Dr. Croft and | Signora Cuzzoni Sandoni ; and though she never ranked as a first-rate vocalist, she sang at the opera for some years, more admired perhaps for her personal charms, accomplishments, and irreproachable con- duct, than for her acknowledged talents. At length she quitted the stage, in conse- quence of her marriage with the Earl of Peterborough, though the connection was not publicly acknowledged till some years after it took place. Died, 1750. ROBINSON, Marv, a poetess and mis- cellaneous writer, whose maiden name was kob] ^ ^cfio ^Ilnibni^at 2St0grapf)p. [rob Darby, was born in IT.W, at Bristol. At the age of 15 slie was married to an attorney of the name of Rol)inson, which precipitate step appears to have embittered the rest of her life. Being reduced in circumstances, she had recourse to the stage, and made licr first appearance at Drury Lane in the clia- racter of Juliet, in which slie was instructed by Mr. Garrick. Her reception was very flattering, and she continued to perform in vai ious characters till her representation of Perdita, in the " Winter's Tale," when her beatity attracted the admiration of the Prince of Wales (.afterwards George IV.), in conse- quence of which she quitted the stage, and l)ecame his mistress. This connection, how- ever, was but of short duration. In 1784 slie had the misfortune to be attacked by a violent rlieumatism, which progressively de- jirived her of the use of her limbs, and she was partly dependent on her pen for tlie means of living. Slie wrote a number of poetical pieces under the name of Laura Maria ; besides which she was tlie author of " Vuncenza," a romance ; "Poems," 2 vols.; " Walsingham," a novel, 4 vols.; her "Me- moirs," 4 vols., &c. Died, 1800. ROBINSON, Rich A I! D, archbishop of Armagh and baron RoVeby, was born in York»;;!ie, in 1709, and died in 1794. The archbishop, besides building a palace at Armagh, with an observatory, founded a sihool and a public library there, whicli last he furnished with a large collection of books, and icit a liberal endowment for its supiiort. lie also erected four new churches in his diocese. ROBINSON, RoBEitT, an English divine, was born at Swatfham, in Norfolk, in 1735 ; pubiisiicd a translation of Saurin's Sermons, an " Essay on the Composition of a Sermon," a " History of Baptism," &c. He was, suc- cessively, a Calvinistic methodist preacher, a Bai>tist minister, and a Socinian. Died, 1790. ROBINSON, Thomas, an English natu- ralist, was an episcopal clergyman, and held the rectory at Ousley, in Cumberland, where he died in 1719. His long residence in the neighbourhood of a mountainous and mineral disirict led him to turn his Bttcntion to the study of mineralogy, geology, &c. He wrote an interesting " Essay towards a Natural History of Westmoreland aud Cumber- land," &c. ROBISON, JOHX, an eminent mathema- tician, professor of natural philosophy at EdinburgIi,Mas born at Boghall, in Stirling- shire, in 1789; was educated at Glasgow; became director of the marine cadet aca- demy at Cronstadt, in Russia ; and, on his return to his native country, was appointed professor of chemistry at Glasgow, from whence he removed to Edinburgh, where he died in 1805. Dr. Robison published, In 1797, a book, entitled " Proofs of a Con- spiracy." This work excited considerable notice and controversy. He was also the author of "Elements of Mechanical Philo- sophy," and some articles iu the Eucyclo- pcedia Britannica. ROBOHTELLO, Fuaxcesco, an Italian writer, was bom at Udina, in 1516, and died at Padua, where he was professor of rhetoric and philosophy, in 15U7. He wrote "De Vita et Victu populi Romani sub Impcra- toribus" and other treatises, besides editing the works of many of the classic poets. ROB BOY, which signifies Jiobert the Red, was a celebrated Highland freebooter, whose true name was Robert Macgregor, but who assumed that of Campbell, on account of the outlawry of the clan Macgregor by the Scotch parliament, in 1GG2. He was bom about 1(5«)0, and was the younger son of Donald JIacgregor of Glengyle, said to have been a lieutenant-colonel in the service of James II., by his wife, a daughter of Camp- bell of Glenfalloch. Like other Highland gentlemen, Rob Roy was a trader in cattle previous to the rebellion of 1715, in which he joined the adherents of the Pretender. On the suppression of the rebellion, the Duke of Montrose, with whom Rob Roy had pre- viously had a quarrel, took the o])portunity to deprive hhn of his estates ; and the latter began to indemnify himself by a war of re- prisals upon the property of the duke. An Euglish garrison was stationed at Inver- snaird. near Aberfoyle, the residence of Rob Roy ; but his activity and courage saved him from the hands of his enemies, from whom he continued for some time to levy black mail. The time of his death is uncertain, but he is known to have survived the year 1733, and died at a very advanced age. ROBSON, George Fennel, an eminent draughtsman and lands(rape painter iu water-colours, Mas born at Durham j and as he showed a decided taste for the art while a mere child, he was placed under the tuition of Mr. Harle, a drawing-master in that city. His progress was extremely rapid; and before he attained the age of 20 he vi- sited London, where liis talents soon became known. His first publication was a view of his native city, the profits of which enabled him to undertake a journey to the Scottish highlands, with whose wild and romantic scenery he had long wished for an Oi)por- tunity to make himself acquainted. In the dress of a shepherd, with a wallet at his back, and Scott's poem, " The Lay of the Last Minstrel," in his pocket, he wandered over the mountains, winter and summer, till he had become familiar with the various aspects they presented under different chungcs of seasons, and was enabled to lay up a rich store of materials for tlie improve- ment of his taste and skill. On his return to London, where he took up his future residence, he published "Outlines of the Grampian Mountains," which, as well as his future productions, obtained him patronage and fame. One of his last and best pictures was a " View of I^ondon Bridge before Sun- rise." He died in 1833. Among the engrav- ings and published works of Robson may be mentioned, " Picturesque Views of English Cities," with descriptive letter-jircss by J. Britton, F.S.A. ; and "Landscape Illustra- tions of the Wftverley Novels," engraved by tlie Findens. ROBY, Jonx, whose varied acquirements nnd benevolence of disposition have gained him extensive fame, was long a banker at Roclidale in Lancashire, the " Traditions " of which county he made known to the world TS7 in two works, published respectively in 1829 and J831. His first literary production was ] " Sir Bartram," a poem in six cantos, pub- I lished in 1815 ; and his last was his "Seven I Weeks in Belgium, Switzerland, Lombardy, ! &c.," the result of a continental tour made i in 1838. But besides conducting an exten- ! give business, and engaging in literary pur- I suits with a view to publication, Mr. Roby 1 was in the habit of delivering lectures on various subjects of literature and science ; and many a large audience has been de- ; lighted with the homely but forcible illus- trations of the banker, poet, and historian. His active career was cut short by the ca- lamity which befel the " Orion," on her passage from Liverpool to Glasgow, June [ 17th, 18-;0. ! ROCCA, Ajtgemts, a learned ecclesiastic, j born at Rocca Contrata, in tiie marche of j Ancona, in 154.5. He studied at Rome, j "Venice, and Padua ; and in 1579 obtained , a place in the Vatican, where also he had I the superintendence of the apostolic press. His works display great learning, and chiefly relate to morals and history. At his death, which happened in 1C20, he left his valuable library to the Augustinian monastery at Rome, on condition that it should be acces- sible to the public. ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Do- NATiEjf DK ViMEUR, Couut de, marshal of France, was born at Vendomc, in 1725, and entered the army at the age of IC. In ]74(! he became aide-de-camp To Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans ; and afterwards obtaining the command of the regiment of La Marnhe, distinguished himself at the battle of La- feldt, where he was wounded ; obtained fresh I laurels at Creveldt, Minden, Corbach, and I Clostercamp ; and, having been made lieu- I tenant-general, was, in 1780, sent with an I army of (5(X)0 men to the assistance of the United States of America. Having em- I barked in Rhode Island, he acted in con- ! cert with Washington, first against Clinton, j in New York, and then against Cornwallis. I Rochambeau was raised to the rank of mar- shal by Louis XVI., and, after the revolu- I tion, he was appointed to the command of 1 the army of the north : but he was super- seded by more active officers, and, being calumniated by the popular journalists, he addressed to the legislative assembly a vin- dication of his conduct. A decree of appro- bation was consequently passed in May, 1792, and he retired to liis estate, near Vendome, with a determination to interfere no more with public atFiiirs. He was subsequently arrested, and narrowly escaped suffering death under the tyranny of Robespierre. In 1803 he was presented to Buonaparte, who granted him a pension, and the cross of grand officer of the legion of honour. His death took place in 1807; and liis "Memoires" were published in 1809. ROCHE, Regixa Maria, a novelist, whose productions were very popular in their day, was born in 1705. Among her fictions were " The Children of the Abbey," 4 vols., a great favourite also ; " The Nocturnal Visit," 4 vols. ; " The Monastery of St. Columb," 5 vols. ; and many others. But they have almost faded from the memory, or been over- whelmed by the myriad volumes which have succeeded them. Died at Waterford, May, 1845. ROCHEFORT, William de, a French writer, was born in 1731, at Lyons, and died at Paris, in 1788. His principal work is en- titled "Rt'futation du Systeme de la Nature," but he also wrote some" tragedies, and trans- lated the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, the plays of Sophocles, &c. ROCHESTER, John Wilmot, Earl of, a witty and profligate nobleman of the court of Charles II., was born in 1048, and, on the death of his father, succeeded to his titles and estates, the latter of which, by extra- vagance, he soon dissipated. He became the personal friend and favourite of his so- vereign, who is said to have encouraged and shared many of his exploits. The levity of his disposition frequently brought him into disgrace, and he was more than once for- bidden the royal presence : his companion- able qualities, however, which made him necessary to the amusement of his master, prevented his occasional exile from being ever of long continuance. His constitution at length gave way under such excesses ; and, at the age of 30, he was visited with all the debility of old age. He lingered for some time in this condition, and died, pro- fessing great penitence for his misspent life, in 1G80. His satirical poems are keen, but their obscenity and impiety render them alike dangerous and disgusting. ROCKINGHAM, Charles Watson Wextworth, Marquis of, a British states- man, born in 1730, succeeded his father in his titles and estates in 1750, and in 17C5 became first lord of the treasury. American aifairs formed at that time a leading subject of discussion ; and Rockingham took the middle way, by repealing the stamp act, and declaring the right of Great Britain to tax the colonies. He was, therefore, deserted by some of his supporters, and retired from the ministry in 1706. He afterwards acted in concert with Chatham, in opposition to the ministry of Lord North ; on the fall of which, in 1782, he was again placed at the head of the administration, but died in the same year, and was succeeded by Lord Shelbnrne. RODNEY, George Brydges, Lord, a gallant English admiral, was the son of Captain Henry Rodney, a naval officer, who, at the time of his son's birth, was command- ing the yacht in which the king, attended by the Duke of Cbandos, used to pass to and from Hanover : hence he was christened George Brydges, the names of his royal and noble god-fathers. He entered the navy early in life, and obtained the command of a ship in 1742. In 1749 he was appointed governor of Newfoundland ; and on his return, in 1753, married the sister of the Earl of Northampton. In 1759 he was made admiral of the blue ; and in the same year he destroyed the stores prepared at Havre de Grace for an invasion of England. In 1701 he served on the West India station with such activity, that, at the conclusion of the war, he was made a baronet. In 1768 he was elected into parliament for Northamp- ton ; but the contest ruined his estate, and rod] ^ ^ftu iantber«laT 23tfl£jrap?)y. [roh he found it necessary to retire to the Con- tinent. The French government made some overtures to him, wliich would liave recruited his fortune. Tliese he rejected ; and, the fact having transpired, he was placed in command of a squadron destined for the Mediterranean. In 1780 he fell in with Lungara's fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, and completely defeated it ; and on the 12th of April, 1782, obtained a decisive victory over the French fleet under De Grasse, captur- ing five and sinking one of Ills largest ves- sels. A barony and a pension of 2(KK)/. were bestowed upon him for his services ; and on his decease, in 1702, a monument was voted to his memory, at the national expense, in St. Paul's cathedral. FiODOLPH I., emperor of Germany, and founder of the imperial house of Austria, was born in 1218, being the eldest son of Albert IV., count of Ifapsburg and land- grave of Alsace. He first served under Otto- car, king of Bohemia, against the Prussians, and distinguished himself by his prudence, valour, and the spirit of justice with which he protected the inhabitants of the towns from their baronial oppressors. In 1273, as he was encamped before the walls of Basle, he received the unexpected intelligence that he was elected king of the Romans and \ emperor, in preference to Alphonso, king of 1 Castile, and Ottocar, king of Bohemia, the j latter of whom opposed his election, but was I defeated and slain. After a reign of 19 j years he expired, in 1291, aged 72. He was ; brare, indefatigable, aflfable, magnanimous, intelligent and just. ROE, Sir Thomas, an able statesman and ambassador, was born about 1580, at I>ow Layton, in Essex, and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1G04 he was knighted, and soon after went to make discoveries in America. In 1614 he was sent on an em- bassy to the Great Mogul, at whose court he remained tliree years. In ]{')21 he went in the same capacity to the Grand Seignior ; in which post he continued under O.-sman, Mus- tapha I., and Amurath IV. During his residence there, he collected a number of manuscripts, which he presented to the Bod- leian library, and also brought over the Alexandrian MS. of the Greek Bible, as a present to Charles I., from Cyril, patriarch of Constantinople. In 1(V29, Sir Thomas negotiated a peace between Poland and Sweden ; and it was by his advice, that Gu3- tavus Adolphus entered Germany, where he gained tlie battle of Leipsic. After the vic- tory, the king sent him a present of 2tX»0/. In 1C40 he was chosen to represent the uni- versity of Oxford in parliament. The next year he was sent ambassador to the diet of Ratisbon, and on his return was made clinn- cellor of the garter and a privy councillor. Died, 1644. ROEBUCK, John, a physician and natu- ral philosopher, was born at Sheffield, in 1718, was educated at Edinburgh and Ley- den, and engaged in practice at Birming- ham. He devoted his attention particularly to chemical experiments ; and, in conjunc- tion with Mr. Garbett, he established a sul- phuric acid manufactory at Preston Pans, in Scotland, which proved very successful. In 1759 they also founded the celebrated Carron iron works. An unfortunate speculation, however, in attempting to work mines of coal and salt, on the estate of the Duke of Hamilton, ruined his fortune ; and he died, in embarrassed circumstances, in 1794. ROEMER, Ol.\us, a Danish astronomer, was born at Arhusen, in Jutland, in 1644. He studied at the university of Copenhagen, where he applied so diligently to the ma- thematics, that he was appointed tutor to the Dauphin of France. In 1681 he returned to his native place, and held several consi- derable offices previous to his decease, which took place in 1710. lie made many scien- tific discoTcries, the most important of which was that of the velocity of light, from the observation of the eclipses of Jupiter's satel- lites. Died, 1710. ROGERS, the Rer. Geokoe, who, for upwards of half a century, was the rector of Sproughton, near Ipswich, was born in 1741; and died at the patriarchal age of 94, in iK.'i.'i. He was the author of several treatises on theological subjects, a strenuous advocate for civil and religious liberty, and an im- pressive preacher. ROGERS, Jonx, an eminent English divine of the 16th century, was educated at Cambridge, and became chaplain to the factory at Antwerp, where be assisted Tin- dal and Coverdale in translating the Bilile into English. In the reign of Edward VI. he returned to England, and obtained a prebend in St. Paul's cathedral. He was the first person executed in the succeeding reign on the score of his religion, being burnt at Smithfield, in 1555. ROGERS, John, a celebrated divine, was born at Ensham, in Oxfordshire, in 1679, and educated at Corpus Christi College, of which he became fellow. He wrote an able treati.se on the "Visible and Invisible Church of Christ," against Hoadly ; 4 volumes of " Ser- mons," and an "Answer to Collin's Scheme of Prophecy." Dr. Rogers obtained the living l- of St. Giles's, Cripplegate, and died in 1729. ROGERS, Woods, an English circum- navigator, who belonged to the royal navy in 1708, when he was invited by the mer- chants at Bristol to take the command of an expedition to the South Sea. He set sail with two vessels, taking out Dampier as a pilot. Passing to the south of Terra del Fuego, in January, 1709, they entered the Pacific Ocean, and in February arrived at the isle of Juan Fernandez, 'where they found Alexander Selkirk : they then visited the coast of California, crossed the Pacific, and returned to England in Octoljer, 1711. Captain Rogers was afterwards employed with a squadron to extirpate the pirates who infested the West Indies. Died, 1732. ROHAN, Henry, Duke of, a very dis- tinguished peer of France, born in 1579. After the death of Henry FV. in 1610, he became the chief of the Huguenots; and having ably maintained three wars against j Louis XIII., procured a peace upon ad- I vantageous terms, 1629. He distinguished ■ himself also as a political writer, but at j length died of wounds received at the battle ' of Rhinficld, in 1638. Among his works ■ are, "Memoirs on French Aftairs," "The roh] ^ |5cto ^ITiubcr^al 33i05rsp!)y. [ROM Perfect Captain," and " Memoirs relative to the War of the Valteline," 3 vols Ilis widow, Maugaket de Betiiuxe, daugliter of the great Sully, was a courageous woman, and defended Castres against the Marechal deTheniines. Died,lGGO A.vne IloiiAtf, sister of the duke, was distinguished by her si)irit, learning, and piety. At the taking of liochelle, slie and her mother refused to be included in the capitulation, and were made prisoners of war. Died, IGl!). IlOIIAUI/r, James, a French mathema- tician and natural philosopher, was born at Amiens, in l(i20. lie was a zealous Car- tesian, and wrote a papular treatise on that system, which Dr. Clarke translated into English. Rohault was also the author of " Eli'mens de Mathi'matiques," a " Treatise on Mechanics," and " Dialogues on Philo- sophy." Died, 1075. ROLAND, Philip Lauresce, an eminent Frencli sculptor, was born near Lisle, in ir4(>, and, after studying at Home, acquired great reputation in Paris. Died, 181(5. KOLAND DE LA PLATIERE, Jeax Makiic, a French statesman, was born at Lyons, in 1732, and held tlie otlioe of in- si)ector-general of manufactures after the commencement of the revolution. lie es- poused the popular cause, and becoming closely connected with the Girondist party, he was made minister of the interior in 1792. The downfall of his party, in 1793, exposed him to proscription, but he found a secret asylum at Rouen. On hearing, however, of the condemnation and death of his wife, he deliberately stabbed himself, Nov, l;-). 1793. ROLAND, Mantox Jeax Piiii.ipny, wife of the preceding, born at Paris, in 1754, was remarkable for her beauty, and received an excellent education. After her marriage, in 1779, Madame Roland took part in the studies and tasks of her husband, and the revolution found in her a ready convert to its principles. On the appointment of lier husband to the ministry, she participated in Ills official duties, writing and preparing many papers, and taking a share in the political councils of the Girondist leaders. She was arrested on the fall of the party, and, when condemned to death, conducted herself with great firmness, exclaiming at the time of her execution, " Oh Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name ! " Her death took place, Nov. 8. 1793. She wrote " An Appeal to Impartial Posterity," and "^Miscellaneous Works," 3 vols. ROLANDINO, an old Italian liistorian, was born at Padua, in 12(X), and died in 1276. ROLLE, Denn'is, a native of Devonshire, who traced his descent from Rollo, first duke of Normandy. In 1760 he purcliased a whole district in Florida, whither he proceeded with a tliousand persons to people his new possessions ; but through the unhealthiness of the climate, and the desertion of those who escaped disease, he soon found himself witliout colonists and without money ; so that, in order to revisit England, he was compelled to work his passage back in an American vessel. He was then satisfied to live on his paternal estate, had a seat in the House of Commons, and filled the office of sheriff for the county. He devoted much of his time to the improvement of the con- dition of the lower classes. Died. 1707. ROLLE, Hexuy, an eminent lawyer and judge, wa:s born at Hcanton, in Devonshire, in 1589, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford ; after which he became a student of the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar. In 1640 he was made a serjeant-at- law, and in 1648 he accepted the office of chief justice of the court of king's bench. He wrote " Reports," 2 vols, folio : and " An Abridgment of Cases and Resolutions of the Law," which was published by Sir Matthew Hale. ROLL!, Paul Axtoxio, an Italian poet, bom at Todi, in 1087. He came to England, and was emi)loyed in teaching some of the children of George II.; and died at Rome, in 1707. He published a collection of poenisi also editions of several Italian authors ; was tlie editor of Marchetti's Lucretius, and the translator of Milton's Paradise Lost into Italian verse. ROLIilN, CiiAHLES, an eminent historian, born at Paris, in lOtil. He was intended for business, but his talents obtained the notice of a learned Benedictine, by which he was enabled to gratify his inclination for learn- ing. After going through a course of the- ology at the Sorbonne, he received the tonsure, and was twice chosen rector of the university of Paris. When elected a third time, he was deprived of his situation by the intrigues of the Jesuits ; but he employed his leisure in composing his excellent work, " On the Manner of Studying and Teaching the Belles Lettres," 4 vols. This was fol- lowed by his " Ancient History " and nine volumes of the " Roman History." Died, 1741. ROLLO, the conqueror of Normandy, was a Norwegian duke, banished from his country on account of his piracies, by Harold Har- f.xger, who conquered Norway in 870. He first retired with his fleet among the islands of the Hebrides, whither the flower of the Norwegian nobility had fled for refuge when Harold had become master of the kingdom. He was there received with open arms by those warriors, who, eager for conquest and revenge, waited only for a chief to lead them on. Taking advantage of their sentiments at such a crisis, he pretended to have had a supernatural dream, which promised him a glorious fortune in France. This served at least to support the ardour of his fol- lowers ; but the weakness of the French government, and the confusion in which it was involved, were still more persuasive reasons. Having, therefore, sailed up the Seine to Rouen, lie immediately took the capital of that province, then called Neustria, the sovereignty of which Charles the Simple was obliged to give up to Rollo and his Normans, to purchase a peace. Soon after, Rollo was persuaded to embrace Christianity, and was baptized by the Archbishop of Rouen, in the cathedral. ROMAINE, WiLLiASt, a popular Calvin- istic divine, was born in 1714, at Hartlepool, in Durham, and was educated at Hertford and Christchurch colleges, Oxford. In 1748 ROM] ^ i^(io Hntbrvs'al 3Bt05rnjpl)i?. [roo he obtained the lectureship of St. Botolph, IJishopsgale ; the j'ear following he was chosL'it lecturer of St. Dunstan in the West ; j and, in 1750. he was apiwinted assistant | morning preacher at St. George's, Hanover j Square. Soon after this he was elected j Gresham professor of astronomy, which situ- j ation he soon resigned. He obtained such popularity by his opposition to the bill for the naturalisation of tlie Jews, that his pub- lications on that subject were printed by the j corporation of jA)ndon. In lliii he was ' elected to the living of St. Ann, Black- i friars, where, as well os at St. Dunstan's, he I continued to otilciate till his death, in 1795. j Among his works are, " Discourses on the ' Law and Gospel," "The Life of Faith," • The Walk of Taith," and the " Triumph of Faith." 1 ROMANA, Don Petkr Caro y Sureda, Marquis dc la, a Spanish general, was born at Majorca, in 1701. He distinguished him- self in the campaigns against the French, on the Pyrenean frontier, from 1793 to 1795 ; and commanded the auxiliary Spanish corps of 14,00() men, which was sent to the north of Germany by Napoleon ; but when Spain rose against her oppressor, I^a llomana, aided by an English squadron, succeeded in embarking his troops from the island of Funen, and leading them home in safety. During 1809 and 1810, he displayed great talents both as a general and a statesman ; and his death, in 1811, was a real loss to hia country. ROMANZOFF, Peteu Alexaxdrovitch, Count, a Russian general and field-marshal, was born about 1730, and having entered into the army when very young, his courage and abilities soon procured him promotion. He succeeded Prince A. Galitzin, as com- mander-incliief against the Turks, in 1770, and obtained many advantages over the enemy in that and the following years, pre- viously to the treaty which he compelled the grand vizier to sign, in his camp at Kai- nardji, in 1774. He soon after set out for his government of the Ukraine. He waa again placed at the head of an army against tlie Turks, in the war which began in 1787 ; but being thwarted by Potemkin, he retired in disgust. Died, 179(5. ROMANZOFF, Miciiael Paul, Count, son of the preceding, entered early on his diplomatic career, by accompanying his so- vereign, in 1808, to the conference at Erfurt. He also executed other missions to the satis- faction of Alexander, wlio, after his rup- ture with France, appointed him minister at St. Petersburgh. Having obtained leave to retire after the emperor's return, Romanzoff begged permission to devote the pension which ha<l been settled upon him, as also the valuable presents made him during his diplomacy, for the use of tlie Rus^-iiuns who had been wounded in the previous cam- paign. He also emidoyed his wealth in erecting churches, schools, and other pa- triotic establishments ; and was at the ex- pense of constructing and fitting out the ship in which young Kotzebue made his voyage of discovery. The sculptor Canova, a short time before hi.i deatli, sent him as a present, a colossal statue representing the 741 Goddess of Peace holding the olive branch, and leaning against a pillar, on whiclx is engraved, "Peace of Abo, in 1743: Peace ofRudschuck Kairnadji, In 1774 ; Peace of Fredricksham, in 1809 ;" these treaties hav- ing been severally signed by himself, lus father, nnd his grandfather. ROME DE L'ISLE, Joh.v Baptist Louis, a French mineralogist, was born at Grai, in 173(5 ; went to the East Indies as secretary to a company of artillery and engineers, and was made prisoner at Pondichcrry, next visited China, and returned to France in 17(54. He afterwards studied natural history, and gave lectures on mineralogy ; wrote works on crystallography, metrology, &c., and died in 1790. ROMILLY, Sir Samuel, a celebrated English advocate, and M.P. for Westmin- ster (.descended from a Protestant family, who left France after the edict of Nantes), was born in London, in 1757, and placed in the office of a solicitor, which he quitted to study for the bar. Called in 1783, for some years his practice was chiefly confined to draughts in equity ; but he gradually rose to distinction in the court of chancery, and ultimately took the lead, being equally dis- tinguished by profound information and forcible eloquence. His general politics agreeing with those of the Whigs, he was, during the short administration of Mr. Fox in 180(5, appointed to the office of solicitor- general, and knighted. He was particularly distinguished by the eloquence with which he pleaded the necessity of a revision of the criminal code ; on which subject he also composed a very able pamphlet, entitled " Observations on the Criminal I^aw of England." His knowledge of the law, his great talents, and his known integrity, ren- dered him the highest authority of his time. This good and useful miin was, by the death of his beloved wife, afflicted with a brain fever, and, during a paroxysm, he put an end to his valuable life, Nov. 1818. ROMNEY, Geokoe, an excellent painter, was born at Dalton, in Lancashire, in 1734. Having served his time to an artist named Steele, whom he soon surpassed, he came to London with a picture of the " Death of General Wolfe," which obtained the second prize in the exliil)ition, and sold for a con- siderable sum. After visiting Italy he re- turned to London, wliere he obtained great reputation. Died, 1802. ROMULUS, tlie founder of Rome, and brother of Remus, was the son of Rliea Sylvia, daughter of Numitor, king of Alba. He died, B.C. 715. RUNSARD, Peter de, a French elegiac and epigrammatic |)oet, of a noble family. Born, 1524 j died, 158';. ROOKE, Sir Geokoe, a gallant British admiral, was a native of Kent, and born in 1(550. He destroyed the French and Si)anish fleets in Vigo Bay, in 1702, and captured several men of war and galleons ; he also bore a part in the reduction of Gibraltar, in 1704. Admiral Rooke was not less distin- guished for disinterestedness than for skill and intrepidity. He died in 1709, declaring, in allusion to the contracted fortune he left behind him, that, " though small, it was KOO] ^ |2ctD ^lubcr^al StJiosm^jTu'. [ros lionestly acquired, and had never cost a sai- lor a tear, or the nation a farthinfr." ROOKE, LAirKKXCK, an eminent geome- trician and astronomer, born at Dcptford, in Kent, in 170.'5 ; became astronomical pro- fessor of Gresham College, and was one of tlie original members of the lloyal Society. Died, U;o2. ROSA, SAr.vATon, a celebrated painter, poet, and musician, was born at Naples, in I 1(515. After studying under Francanzani, I he became a disciple of Ribera, with whom i he went to Rome. But his taste was formed I more from the study of nature among the wilds of the Apennines, than from the les- ' sons of other artists ; and he delighted in delineating scenes of gloomy grandeur and magnificence. He also wrote plays, and peiVormed parts in them ; besides wbich he composed many cantatas, lie was liberally patronised by the Orand-duke of Florence I while residing in that city ; the Maffei I family also proved great friends to him, and ! it was at their seat that he wrote his cele- i brated satires. On his return to Rome, he ■ executed many pictures for churches ; but j Ills principal merit lay in the representation I of tlic wild scenery of nature, storms, &c. Died, IC.T.'l. ROSAMOXD, usually called Fair Rosa- mond, was the daughter of Walter de Clif- ford, baron of Hereford, and the favotirite mistress of Henry IT. She had two sons by Henry ; William, called Long-sword, and Jetferv, who became archbishop of York. ROSAPINA, Fraxcesco, a celebrated Italian engraver, was bom near Rimini, in 1702, and settled at Bologna. Many noble engravings from the old masters owe their existence to his superior skill ; but his greatest performance is the work known as the " Gallery of Bologna," of which all the drawings and most of the engravings were executed by his own h.and. Died, 1841. ROSCIUS, QiTiNTUS, a Roman actor, bom at Lanuvium, was so celebrated for liis powers of representation, that his name has ever since been the characteristic dis- tinction of performers of pre-eminent merit. Died, B.C. 61. ROSCOE, William, an eminent biogra- pher and miscellaneous writer, whose life affords a memorable instance of what may be effected by the persevering efforts of unassisted genius, in acquiring a taste for the arts and sciences, with an extensive knowledge of ancient and modern litera- ture. His parents, who were in an liumble sphere, gave him the mere rudiments of a common education ; and even of this young Roscoe neglected to avail himself. But he early began to think for himself; and his liabits of mental application soon gave evi- dence of that genius which afterwards shone forth with so much splendour. Placed very early in a lawyer's office, he found leisure, without neglecting any of the duties of a clerk, to make himself master of the Latin language, so as to translate the classics, and also to study other ancient languages ; and he then went through the same course with the modern languages, reading the best authors in each. At the age of 16 he pub- lished " Mount Pleasant," a poem that was 742 well received. On tlie expiration of his clerkship, he entered into partnership with Mr. Aspinall, an attorney of considerable practice. But while he strictly attended to his professional duties, he did not lose sight of literature and the arts. Painting and statuary were objects of his regard ; and in 1773 he read, at the society in Liverpool, an ode on those subjects : he also occasionally lectured there. When tlie projected abo- lition of the slave trade became a subject of public discussion he warmly interested him- self in its success ; and his " Scriptural Re- futation of a Pamphlet on the Licitness of the Slave Trade " and his " Wrongs of Africa" appeared in 1788. His ardent love of liberty induced him to hail the com- mencement of the French revolution as an era of promised happiness to the human race : and under the influence of such feel- ings he composed two songs, " O'er the vine- covered hills and gay regions of France " and "Millions be free," which were, for a time, highly popular both in France and England. In 1795 he brought out that great work on which his fame chiefly rests, en- titled " The Life of Lorenzo de' Medici," 2 vols. 4to.; soon after which he retired from the practice of an attorney, and entered himself as a student at Gray's Inn, with a view to the bar. During this period he had leisure for other studies. In 1798 lie pub- lished "The Muse," apoem,from theltalian; and in 1805 appeared his second great work, " The Life and Pontificate of Leo X., the Son of Lorenzo de' Medici," 4 vols. 4lo. He also subsequently wrote several political pamphlets, and scientific treatises. Mr. Ros- coe being attached to the Whig party, they supported him as a candidate to represent Liverpool, and after a severe contest with General Tarleton, in 1806, he was returned. His senatorial career, liowever, was brief, for after the dissolution of parliament in 1807, he retired from the representation. Some time previous to this, he had become a banker at Liverpool ; but the house to which he belonged ultimately failed, and his pri- vate property was wrecked ; his valuable library, prints, drawings, &c., producing about 8000/. Mr. Roscoe had long been considered as the head of the literary and scientific circles of his native town ; and much of his time was spent in promoting the objects of its many noble public institu- tions. He died, June 30. 1831. ROSCOE, Henky, youngest son of the preceding, was born in 1800 ; studied the law, and was called to the bar in 1826. Like his father, he united with his profes- sional studies an extensive acquaintance with polite literature, and was an accom- plished writer. Independent of many " Di- gests " of different branches of the law, he was the author of " Lives of eminent Bri- tish Lawyers," in Lardncr's Cyclopaidia ; a " Life " of his father, 2 vols. : and the editor of " North's Lives." Died, 1836. ROSCOE, W. S., son of the celebrated scholar and banker of I^iverpool, resembled his illustrious father in his love of learning and the arts, and was specially conversant with Italian literature ; but has left, as the monuments of talents that were admired by ROS] ^ ficia Wmhtv^tiX 2Si'0tirr[jpTjM. [ros those who knew him, only a volume of mis- cellaneous poems and some MSS., including a translation of Klopstock's Messiah. Died, October, 1S43, aged (Jl. ROSCOMMON. See Dillon. ROSE, Geouoe, a statesman and political writer, was born at Brechin, in Scotland, in 1744. He waa a purser in tlie navy, but through the interest of tlie Earl of March- mont he was afterwards made keeper of the records in tiie exchequer. Here his talents for business were soon discovered, and he was appointed to superintend the publication of the Domesday Book, and to complete the Journals of the Lords. From this period his advancement was rapid ; and wlien Mr. Pitt (whose friendship and full confidence he possessed) returned to power, Mr. Rose was made president of the board of trade, and treasurer of the navy. On the death of that minister he lost these situations ; but when the administration formed by Lord Grenville retired, he resumed his former station, and continued in it till his deatli, wliicli happened at Cuifnells, liis seat in Hampshire, in 1818. He published "A brief Examination into tlie Increase of the Revenues, Commerce, and Navigation of Great Britain," " Considerations on the Debt due by the Civil List," " Observations respecting the Public Expenditure, and the Influence of the Crown," &c. ROSELLINI, Iri'OLiTO, one of the most celebrated archieologists of modern times, was born at Pisa, 18(XI ; completed his studies at the university of his native town, in 1821 ; three years later obtained the chair of ori- ental languages, wliich he had prosecuted at Bologna meanwhile with great zeal nnder the celebrated Cardinal Mezzofante. Having made Egyptian antiquities his peculiar study, he followed eagerly in the steps of the illus- trious ChampolHon, whom he accompanied first to Paris and tlien to Egypt in the pro- secution of his researches ; and on wliose death he undertook the publication of tlie splendid work, the result of their united efforts, entitled tlie " Monuments of Egypt and Nubia," &c. Died, 1843. ROSENMULLER, Joirx George, a cele- brated German theologian, was professor of theology at Erlangen and Leipsic, and dis- tinguished himself as a preacher, and by his activity in the cause of education. Born, 1736 ; died, 1815 His son, Ernest Fre- deric Charles, a distinguished orientalist, was born at Leipsic, in 1708 ; in which uni- versity he became professor of Arabic, &c., and rendered important services to oriental literature by various learned works An- other son, John CiiutsxiAN, celebrated as an anatomist, was born at Hessberg, in 1771 ; became professor of anatomy and surgery at Leipsic, and died in 1820. He was the author of " Anatomico-Surgical Delinea- tions," a "Manual of Anatomv," &e. ROSIN, John, or ROSINUS, an anti- quary, was born at Eisenach, in 1551, and died of the plagne in 1()20. He wrote " An- tiquitatum Romanorum," a work of consi- dcral)le value. ROSS, Alexa^jder, a native of Aberdeen, was master of tlie grammar school at South- ampton, and chaplain to Charles I. His works are very numerous ; the most known of which is, a " ^'iew of all Religions." He was also the author of a curious jierformance, called " Virgilius Evangelizans," which is a cento on the life of Christ, taken wholly from Virgil. He died in 1C54. ROSS, Alexander, a Scotch poet, born in Aberdeenshire, in 1009. He was educated at the Marischal College, Aberdeen, and spent his life in discharging the duties of a parish schoolmaster at Lochlee, in Angusshire. It was not till he was nearly 70 years of age that he first appeared as an author, when he published " Helenore, or the Fortunate Shepherdess," a poem which in the north of Scotland is nearly as popular as the writings of Ramsay and Burns. He was also the author of some favourite songs, and died in 1784. ROSS, David, a theatrical performer at Drury Lane, cotemporary with Garrick. He was educated at Westminster School j and having the advantages of a good figure and a classical education, he acquired reputation both as a tragic and a comic actor. Died, 17S0. ROSS, or ROUSE, Joii.v, called the anti- quary of Warwick, of which town he was a native, studied at Balliol College, Oxford, and afterwards became canon of Osney. After travelling over the greater part of the kingdom to collect information respecting historical events, he settled at Guy's Clilf, in Warwickshire, wliere he died, in 1491. He wrote a work on the "Antiquities of Warwick" and the " History of our Kings," and left a MS. on the " History of the Earls of Warwick," which is in the Bodleian Library. ROSS, Jou.N', a learned prelate, was born in Herefordshire, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of D. D. In 1746 he published a pamphlet in defence of Dr. Middleton against the criti- cisms of Mr. Markland ; and, in 1749, an edition of Cicero's Epistolas ad Famiiiares, 2 vols. Svo. He was presented to the vicarage I of Frome, in Somersetshire ; and, in 1778, ' advanced to the bishopric of Exeter. Died, | 1792. ROSSI, Pellegrino, Count, was bom at ' Carrara, in 1787. Though of humble origin, he received a liberal education, studied law at Pisa, and commenced practising at the bar of Bologna in 1809, where his success was rapid and complete. But in 1814, fired witli the ambition of giving freedom to Italy, he renounced his profession for that of arms, and, on the overthrow of Murat, fled into Switzerland, where he sought consolation for political disappointments in the j)ur- suits of science. At Geneva, wliure he iixcd his residence, his varied acquirements, his great oratorical powers, and his commanding intellect, soon made themselves felt and acknowledged. In 1810 he was appointed professor of law. In 1820 he was elected a member of the council of Geneva, and : soon afterwards he was sent as deputy to I the diet, when he drew up his celebrated report on the revision of the Swiss federal | constitution, which has ever since been as- | sociated with his name. Meanwhile the moderation of his political views, so closely j % i^^Jxj Hm'tieri^aT 33iagrap]^M. [ros resembling those of tlie French Doctrinaires, had brought him into connection witli the leading members of that party in Paris, Messrs. Guizot and De Broglie ; and wil- lingly availing himself of their friendly services to open to him a more extensive career than Switzerland presented, he quit- ted Geneva for Paris in 1833, with a view to employment in the service of the French government. On his arrival at Paris he was appointed professor of political economy, was soon afterwards adorned with the honours of the Institute, was created a peer in 1839 ; and in 1845, being now a naturalised Frenchman, lie was appointed ambassador to Rome. Through his influence Pius IX. ascended the pontifical throne in 1846 ; and at his in- stigation the pope entered upon the liberal I career, since cut short by unexpected emer- gencies. In 1848, carried away by the re- miniscences of his youth, he heard with delight the cry of national independence raised in Piedmont. He immediately set out for Carrara, where he was welcomed with enthusiasm ; which still further increased when he sent his son to the army of Cliarles Albert, to contend for tlie wreath of free- dom. But the victories of Radetzky checked his ardour, and for a time consigned him to privacy and neglect. lie was permitted, however, to have one more glimpse of fortune ere his sun finally set. In the midst of sur- rounding confusion and danger, he was aj)- pealed to by the pope, then bewildered in theQuirinal, and with his dominions crumb- ling beneatli his feet, to aid him witli his counsel. liesponding to the appeal, he took office as prime minister, IGth of September, and for two months laboured to secure free- dom for the Roman people and peace for Italy ; but his career of noble promise was cut short by an assassin, Nov. 14. 1848, and immediately afterwards the revolution broke out, which comi)elled Pius IX. to take refuge at Gaeta. Count Rossi has not left behind him any literary production commensurate to his great reputation ; but his " Traite du Droit Penal " C3 vols.) and his " Cours d'Eeonomie Polititiue" may be consulted with profit. ROSSLYN, Alexander Weddkrburne, Earl of, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was born in Scotland, in 1733. He received his education at Edinburgh, and was called to the bar in 1757. His application was in- defatigable, and in 17G3 he obtained a silk gown as king's counsel. Not long afterwards he was returned to parliament for Richmond. He joined Mr. Grenville in opposition to the administration, and distinguished himself by his eloquence and political firmness. In 1771 he was appointed solicitor-general ; in 1778, attorney-general ; and, in"l780, chief justice of the common pleas, with the title of lord Loughborough. He adhered to the party of Mr. Fox when Mr. Pitt first came into power ; but joined the administration, with many others, under the alarm produced by the French revolution in 1793, when he succeeded Lord Thurlow as chancellor, which office he held till 1801, when he retired witli the title of the earl of Rosslyn, and died in 1805. In legal affairs, he was able, plausible, subtle, and eloquent ; in his political ca- pacity, a steady partisan, highly serviceable to the cause he espoused. His lordship wrote a pamphlet, entitled " Observations on the State of the English Prisons, and the Means of improving them." ROSSLYN, James St. Clair Erskine, Earl of, eldest son of Lieutenant-general Sir Henry Erskine, and nephew of the pre- ceding, succeeded his father as a baronet in 1763, and commenced his military career in 1778, as cornet in the 1st horse-guards. In 1782 he served on the ftaif in Ireland, as aide-de-camp to the lord lieutenant, and was subsequently appointed assistant-ad- jutant-general in that country. In 1783 he obtained a majority in the 8th light dra- goons, and in 1792 the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 12th light dragoons. He served with that regiment at Toulon in 1793, and after- wards as adjutant-general to the forces in the Mediterranean, under Sir David Diuidas and Sir Charles Stuart. In 1795 he obtained the rank of colonel, being appointed aide- de-camp to the king. He was employed as brigadier-general and adjutant-general to the British army in P&rtuaal, from Nov. 1796 to the end of 1797. In 1798 he was appointed major-general, and was present at the reduction of Minorca. In 1805 he was appointed lieutenant-general, and placed on the staff in Ireland ; in 1806 he was again appointed to serve in Portugal, was at the siege of Copenhagen in 1807, and in 1809 in the Zealand expedition. In 1810 his lordship received the colonelcy of tlie 9th lancers; and in June, 1814, he was appointed general. Sir James Erskine was a member of the House of Commons for 23 years before his i accession to the peerage in 1805. In 1829 he was appointed a keeper of the privy seal, and sworn a member of the privy council ; and in December, 1834, he was lord president of the council in Sir Robert Peel's brief administration. The Earl of Rosslyn was one of the most intimate friends of the Duke of Wellington, and a firm upholder of conservative principles. He died in 1837, and was succeeded by his sou. Lord Loughborough. ROSTOPSCHIN, Feodor, Count, a Rus- sian statesman and military officer, v/as born in 1760; entered the army as a lieutenant in the imperial guards ; received high pro- motion from the emperor Paul, but was dis- missed in disgrace ; and subsequently, under Alexander, became governor of Moscow. He exercised an important influence over the campaign of 1812, and is charged by the French with having caused the conflagration of Moscow, which is the general opinion even in Russia, although Rostopschin has positively denied it. It is certain, however, that he took measures for the destruction of the magazines in that citj' ; and should it be proved that his emissaries set fire to the ancient capital of Russia at his express com- mands, desperate as the measure may appear, it ever ought to be regarded as the act of a patriot, rather than that of an incendiary, ! inasmuch as it deprived the French invaders I of a resting-place, and was the death-blow | to Napoleon's boundless ambition. In 1814 i Count Rostopschin accompanied the emperor Alexander to the congress of Vienna, after- 744 rot] ^ ^cto mnibtviaX 23iajjraj)f)y. [rou wards spent several years in France, and died lit Moscow, in 182i5. ROTGANS, Luke, an eminent Dutch poet, was born in 1045, at Amsterdam, and died in 1710. He wrote the "lafe of Wil- liiun III., King of England," an epic poem, in eiglit books, and several other less impor- tant pieces. ROTHERAM, John, an English physi- cian ; autlior of a " Philosoi>hical Enquiry into the Nature and Properties of Water." Died, 1787. ROT HER AM, Jonx, a clergyman of the establislied church, was born in Cumber- land, and educated at Queen's College, Ox- ford. He became a curate in Yorkshire, where he wrote a valuable treatise on the "Doctrine of Justification by Faith," for whicli the university conferred on him the degree of M. A. ; and the bishop of Durham gave him the living of Houghton-le- Spring, wiicre he died, in 1788. He also wrote, " An Apology for the Athanasiau Creed," " Sketch of the grand Argument for Christianity," " Essay on tlie Soul and Body," &c. ROTHSCHILD, Nathan Mayee, the greatest millionaire of the age, was one of live brothers, wlio, by their wealth, connec- tions, and financial skill, have for years ex- ercised a great control over the monied, commercial, and political interests of Eu- rope. Mayer Anselm, their father, and the founder of the house of Rothschild, was bom at Frankfort. Tliongh educated for the priesthood, he turned his attention to commerce, became eminent as a banker, and being trusted with the most important affairs by the Landgrave of Hesse during the dominion of Napoleon in Germany, he executed his trusts so faithfully and suc- cessfully, that his house ranked among the most celebrated on the Continent. Mayer Anselm died in 1812, leaving for inheritance to his sons the example of his life and wise counsels, an immense fortune, and un- boimded credit ; and they, by combining their operations, and always acting in con- cert, formed among themselves an invincible phalanx, whose power at one time was suffi- cient to influence the counsels of a mighty empire, and to regulate its financial opera- tions. Their names and residences were as follow: Ansei.m, at Frankfort; Solomon, at Berlin and Vienna ; Nathan Maveh, at London j Charles, at Naples ; and James, at Paris. N. M. Rothschild, whose life we are recording, came to England in 1800, where he acted as agent for his father in the purchase of Manchester goods for the Con- tinent. Shortly afterwards, through the agency of his father, for the Elector of Hesse Cassel and other German princes, he had large sums placed at his disposal, which he employed with such extraordinary judgment, that his means went on at a rapid rate of accumulation. Besides the essential co- operation of his brothers, he had agencies in almost every city in the world, with hosts of minor dependent capitalists who participated in liis loans, who placed implicit confidence in the family, and were ready at all times to embark with them in any operation that was proposed. Nothing, therefore, was too great or extended for him. His great success 745 in loan operations made it a matter almost of rivalry with all those states who wanted to borrow money, to obtain his co-operation ; and yet he continued literally to steer clear of all the bad bargains which were made during the zenith of his career as a banker and financial merchant. His transactions in bullion and foreign exchanges were also on an immense scale, and not less lucrative, perhaps, than his foreign loans ; in short, as they were not subject to the reverses which his loan contracts necessarily at times were, they might even be the most important branch of the whole concern. Mr. Roths- child had gone to Frankfort, to be present at the marriage of his eldest son, Lionel, with one of his cousins, a daughter of Baron Anselm, when he was taken ill, and speedily died. His corpse was conveyed to London, and deposited in the burial-ground belonging to the German synagogue in Duke's Place, on the 8th of August, 1830. ROTROU, John de, a French dramatic poet, was born in 1609, at Dreux ; and died in 1650. He was the author of 37 plays, many of which were highly popular ; but he willingly bore public testimony to the superior merit of his rival Corneille. Being at Paris when a pestileniial disorder broke out at Dreux, he hastened to afford relief to his fellow-citizens ; but, three days after his arrival, in 1650, he died, the victim of his benevolent exertions. ROTTECK, Chakles von, a celebrated modem liistorian, was born at Freiburg, in Baden, in 1775. Carefully educated under the care of his father, who had been ennobled for his medical skill, he joined the university of his native town in 1790 as a law student"; and eight years later he obtained the chair of history, where his lectures laid the found- ation of tlie great historical work which has secured him so high a place among the his- torians of Europe. In 1818 he exchanged his chair of history for that of politics and the law of nations ; in 1819 he was chosen member for the university in the first cham- ber of the states of Baden ; and the liberal tenor of his lectures and speeches was well seconded by immerous able works which fiowed from his pen on various constitutional questions. The outbreak of the French re- volution in 1830 having given fresh vigour to his liberal views, he founded A'arious journals to enunciate and propagate his opinions ; but his zeal was viewed with a jealous eye by the government, which not only deprived him of his chair in 1832, but interdicted him from editing any political journal for five years, and sought in various other ways to thwart his designs. Henceforth he was regarded as a martyr to the liberal cause ; his name became a watchword to the opposition ; and though in 1848 he was re- stored triumphantly to the enjoyment of his previous rights, the redress came too late, for he died the same year, to the general regret of his countrymen. A list of his various productions would occupy more space than we can aflTord ; but his fame chiefly rests upon his "Allgemeine Welt- Geschichte," which has been translated into nearly every European language. ROUBILLIAC, Louis 1 kancis, an emi- EOU] ^ 0tbi ^niiitv^Kl 33(0srapt;i). [rou nent sculptor, was a native of Lyons, but came to England in the reign of Geoi-ge I., and was employed on several great works ; among which are, the monument of tlie Duke of Argyle, in Westminster Abbey ; the statue of llaiidcl, at Vauxhall ; tliat of Sir Isaac Newton, at Trinity College, Cambridge ; and many other statues and monuments in va- rious parts of the kingdom. He long stood at the head of his profession, and had also a talent for poetry. Died, 1762. ROUCIIER, John AxTiiojfv, a French poet and miscellaneous writer, was burn at Montpelier, in 1745, and obtained from Turgot a place in the revenue department. Wlieu the revolution took place, he opposed the excesses of the more violent politicians ; and for liis moderation suffered by tlie guil- lotine, in 1794. His principal work is " Lcs Muis," a poem, in 2 vols. KOUELLE, William Francis, one of the earliest of the modern chemists in France, was born at Caen, in 1703. Having devoted great attention to chemical science, botany, and pliarmacy, he settled at Paris as an apothecary, and afterwards became professor of chemistry at the royal botanic garden. lie also held tlie office of insi)eetor-general of pharmacy at the Hotel Dieu, and was a popular lecturer. Died, 1770 His brother, HiLAKY Mauinus, who was a clever expe- rimental philosopher, assisted him in his lectures, and succeeded liim as professor at tlie royal garden. Born, 1718 ; died, I77i>. liOUS, Fkaxcis, an English republican writer, was born at Halton, in Cornwall, in 1579 ; educated at Oxford ; and became a memi)er of parliament in the reign of Charles I., when he was distinguislied by his zeal for the establishment of a common- wealth, on the plan of the Hebrew republic. He was afterwards the tool of Cromwell, whom he compared to Moses, and, in conse- quence, was made one of his lords. He was also appointed provost of Eton, where he died, in 1(J50. ROUSSEAU, Jacques, a French painter, born at Faris, in 1630. He studied in Italy, where he acquired great skill in his art ; and, returning to France, was employed by Louis XIV. He afterwards came to Eng- land, and painted many excellent pictures. Died, 1(594. ROUSSEAU, Jean Baptiste, a distin- guished lyric poet, was born at Paris, in 1069. His father, though a shoemaker, gave him a liberal education, and at an early period he displayed a decided taste for poetry. In 168S he became page to the French minister at the court of Denmark ; after which he was secretary to MaisJial Tallard, in his embassy to England. In 1701 he was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions ; but, in 1712, he was banished from France, on the charge of writing some grossly libellous verses, which, during the remainder of his life, and even in his last moments, he solemnly declared were for- geries, devised for his ruin. He then went to Switzerland, and afterwards to Vienna, under the patronage of Prince Eugene. Some of his odes and epigrams are excellent, but among the latter are many which are unfit for perusal from their obscenity. ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques, one of the most elociuent writers and singular charac- ters of the age, was the son of a watch- maker at Geneva, wiiere he was born, in 1712. Like most of the citizens of that place, his father had a taste for literature : this he communicated to his son, whose love of marvellous adventure he not only en- couraged by reading romances with him in his childhood, but lie fostered the growth of those free principles which are the natural characteristics of a zealous republican. Rousseau neglected his school education ; and, in his celebrated " Confessions," he represents himself,, in his childhood, as of a warm and sensual temperament, and replete with mental and corporeal sensibility. He was first placed with an attorney, who soon dismissed him for negligence ; he was then apprenticed to an engraver, from wiiom he ran away before lie was sixteen, and wan- dered about for some time in Savoy, where he was saved from starving by a priest, and placed in a monastery. It was not long, however, before he found means to escape from this restraint, and anew scene awaited him. The noted Madame de Warens, a recent convert to the Catliolic chinch, who had left her husband at Lausanne lor the pious work of proselytism, and who con- trived to unite devotional feelings with amorous propensities, took him under her especial protection, caused him to be in- structed in science and music, and continued to live with him, at intervals, on terms of more intimacy than delicacy, for about eight years. At length, being superseded by another gallant, he left his once agreeable benefactress ; but was so fortunate as to obtain the place of secretary to the French ambassador in Venice, in 1742. But it was not till 1750 that he manifested his splendid literary talents. In that year he gained tlie prize offered by the academy of Dijon, on the question, " Whether the revival of learn- ing lias contributed to the improvement of morals " — taking the negative side of the question, it is said, at the suggestion of Diilerot. From tliis period his pen became fertile and popular. He soon after brought out his " Devin du Village," a comic opera, of which he had himself composed tlie music. This piece was received with general favour, and the author was almost wor- sliippcd by the French ; but the appearance of his celebrated "Letter on French Music " (1753), in which he pointed out its defects, excited a general storm. Singers and con- noisseurs, who could not wield the pen, con- tributed to spread calumnies, pasquinades, and caricatures against the author, who retired to Geneva. By his change of religion he had lost the rights of a citizen. He now again embraced Protestantism, and was for- mally reinstated in the privileges of a ftee citizen of Geneva. From Geneva, Rousseau went to Chamberry, where he wrote his essay, " Sur I'lni-'galite parmi les Hommes," which excited still more sensation than his prize essay. In 1760 he published " Julie, on la Nouvelle HtUoise," a romance, of the most seductive description. His next work, entitled " Du Contrat Social," struck at the foundation of all governments, and therefore EOW] ^ ^rio ?0[nibcri^al aSiograpl^w. [rot was prohibited, both in France and Switzer- land. This treatise was followed, in 17C2, by "Eniile, ou de I'Education;" which being of an immoral tendency, the book was anathematised by the Archbishop of Paris, and ordered to be burnt by the parliament of Paris and the authorities of Geneva. Obliged to flee from France and Switzerland, the author took shelter in the principality of Neufclmtel, where he published his " Letter to the Archbishop of Paris " and "Lettres de la Montague," a remonstrance against the proceedings of the Genevese republic, the citizenship of which he renounced. Thence- forth liis existence was passed in frequent changes of place, to escape real or fancied persecution, and in suspecting all his friends of insulting and conspiring against him. This was particularly the case with Hume the historian, who secured for him a hospi- table asylum in England, but whose friend- ship he solemnly renounced, and returned to France, wliere he died suddenly, in 1778. Rousi-cau was the author of many works besides those we have noticed, all of tlicm marking his peculiar warmth and energy of style, and vigour of thinking. That he exercised a great influence over the theo- retical opinions of the age, at the period of tl»e French revolution, if he did not greatly accelerate it, there can be little doubt ; and that his writings have been highly injurious to society as at present constituted, there can be still less. ROWE, Elizabeth, a lady distinguished for her piety and learning, was the daughter of a dissenting minister Jiamed Singer, and was born at Ilchester, in 1674. She was married to Mr. Rowe, a young gentleman of considerable literary attainments, who died of a consumption a few years after ; upon which event she retired to Frome, where she resided for the remainder of her life, with the exception of occasional visits to the Countess of Hertford, and a few other friends of rank and talent who highly valued her society. Her principal works are, "Friend- ship in Death," " Letters, Moral and En- tertaining, in Prose and Verse," the " History of Josepli," a poem ; and " Devout Exercises of the Heart." Died, 1737. ROWE, Nicholas, a poet and dramatist, whose father was a serjeant-at-law, was born in 1073, at Little Berkfoi d, in Bedford- shire ; was educated at Westminster School, and was intended for the bar ; but on the death of his father he gave up all thoughts of the profession, and devoted himself to the cultivation of literature. His first tragedy, which he published when he was 24, was " The Ambitious Step-mother," and its success gave him encouragement to proceed. It was followed by "Tamerlane," "The Fair Penitent," " Ulysses," " The Royal Convert," " Jane Shore," " Lady Jane Grey," and a comedy called " The Biter." He also wrote miscellaneous " Poems " and the " Life of Shakspeare ; " but his principal performance is a translation of Lucan's Pharsalia. On the accession of George I. he was made poet laureate, and he also obtained some government situations, the emoluments of which, with his paternal fortune, enabled him to live in a style of great resiiectability, 747 He died in 1718, and was buried in West- minster Abl)ey. ROWE, Thomas, a Nonconformist divine, was born at North Petherwin, in Devonshire, and died about l(;!t8. He wrote a pious book called " the Christian's Work." ROWLANDS, Henky, a Welsh divine and antiquary, was a native of Anglesey, of which island he published an elaborate ac- count, entitled "MonaRestaurata." Died, 1722. ROWLANDSON, Tuoma.s, an artist cele- brated for his skill in caricature, was born in London, in 17.56. He studied drawing at Paris ; and, on his return, availed himself of the advantages which an attendance at the Royal Academy aflbrded him ; rose to some degree of eminence in his profession, and died in 1827. Among his works are the plates to "Dr. Syntax," " The Dance of Life," and " The Dance of l^teath." ROWLEY, William, a dramatic writer in the reign of queen Elizabeth There was also a Samukl Rowley of the same period, who wrote two historical plays. ROWLEY, William, an eminent phy- sician, born in liOndon, in 174!^. After having served abroad as a surgeon in the army, and made professional visits to Cuba and the Leeward Islands, he settled in London, where he obtained considerable reputation as a practitioner, though he somewhat marred his fame by his endeavours to oppose vaccine inocidation. He wrote " Schola Mtdicinse universalis nova," and several tracts on medical subjects. Died, 18W. ROWNING, Jony, a mathematician and divine, who was fellow of Magdalen College, Cambridge, and rector of Anderbury,in lyin- colnshlre. He was the author of a " Com- pendious System of Natural Philosophy," 2 vols. Died, 1771, aged 72. ROXBURGH, William, a physician and botanist, was born at Craigie, in Ayr- shire, in 17.59. He received his education at Edinburgh, served his time to a sur- geon, went to India, and was appointed keeper of the botanical garden at Calcutta, where he formed an intimacy with Sir AVilliam Jones, and became a member of the Asiatic Society. Dr. Roxburgh made several important discoveries, particidarly in the colom-ing matter of the lacca insect, and the cultivation, of hemp in Bengal, for which he received three gold medals from the Society of Arts. His principal work is, " The Plants of the Coasts of Coro- mandel," 2 vols. 4to. He died at Edinburgh, in 181.5. ROY, Count Antoine, an able French statesman, was bom at Savigny, in 1764. Soon after the first revolution broke out, he quitted the bar, to which he had been ad- mitted in 178.5, and took part in several mining speculations, which turned out most successful. After the fall of Napoleon he ably maintained constitutional principles in opposition to the ultra-royalist opinions then in vogue. He also displayed such a thorough acquaintance with financial ques- tions, that he was made minister of finance in 1810-20 ; and short as was his tenure of olfice, it was distinguished by various mea- 8 S 2 royJ ^ ^clM ^iitbcr^al Jjtagrajjlji). RUD sures of reform, wliich won for hiin the honours of the peerage. lie was a member of the Martignac administration in 1828, but retired from office when Prince Polignac became minister in 1829 ; and thongh he accepted of no office under the regime of Louis Pliilippe, his long experience, saga- cious judgment, and moderate counsels were for many years placed at tlie service of the chamber of peers. His private fortune was immense. Died, 1847. ROY, Julian i.e, a celebrated clock and watch-maker, was born at Tours, in 1C86. When very yoimg, he showed a decided par- tiality for mechanical pursuits, and acquired I the reputation of being a first-rate horologist. Died, 1759 His son, Petek le Roy, was watcli-maker to the king, and died in 1785. He published " Memoires pour les Horlogers de Paris," " Etrennes Chronomotriques," &c. JrLiAN David, another son, became a member of the National Institute, and at- taclied himself to architecture. He wrote " On the Ruins of tlie finest Monuments of Greece," " On the Construction of Christian Temples," &c. ROY, 1?KTKR Charles, a French satirist and dramatic poet, was born at Paris, in 1()83. His principal pieces adapted for the- atrical representation are, the operas of " Callirlioe " and " Semiramis," the ballets of "Tlie Elements" and "The Senses," and the comedy of "The Captives," imitated from Plautus. His satires against the mem- bers of the Frencli Academy prevented his gaining admission into that assembly, and he died in 1704. ROYER-COLLARD, Pieure Paul, a dis- tinguished French statesman and philoso- pher, was bom at Sommepuis, 1703. Not long after his admission to the bar at Paris, he embraced the principles of the revolution in 1789 ; but he soon became disgusted with tlie scenes of violence that prevailed, and after on abortive attempt to aid the cause of the royalists, he bade adieu for a time to politics, and gave himself up wholly to literary pursuits. In 1810 he was appointed to a chair of literature and philosophy. After the restoration he once more entered upon a political career, and gradually rose in public favour by his sagacity, moderation, and honesty, till in 1828 he was nominated president of the chamber of deputies, of which he had long been a member, but re- tired from this office in 1830. He was one of the founders of the school of politicians in France, known by the name of Doctrinaires ; and as a philosopher he has well founded claims to esteem for having introduced in France that system of philosophy so clearly illustrated by Cousin, Jouffroy, and Damiron, and which bears so close an analogy to that of Reid and the other Scotch philosophers. Died, 1845. ROZEE, Mademoiselle, an ingenious artist, was born at Lcyden, in 1C32. She neither used oil nor water colours in her pictures, but silk floss on the ground, dis- posed according to the different degrees of the bright and dark tints, which she applied with great judgment and taste. In this manner she executed historical subjects, landscapes, and portraits. Died, 1682. I ROZIER, Francis, a botanist and agri- I cultural writer, was born at Eyons, in 1734. j He was an ecclesiastic, and obtained a priory, but devoted himself almost wholly to botany and natural history. He con- ducted the Journal de Physique et His- toire Naturelle, and was the author of a "Course of Agriculture," "Elementary De- monstrations of Botany," &c. He was killed during the siege of Lj'ons, in 1793. RUBENS, Peter Paul, the most distin- guished painter of the Flemish school, was born at Antwerp, in 1577. He received an excellent education ; and, after studying in liis own country, he went to Italy, where he greatly improved himself after the works of the best masters, but chiefly Titian. While in Italy, he was employed by the Duke of Mantua, not only as an artist, but on an embassy to Madrid. In 1020 he was em- ployed by the Princess Mary de' Medici to adorn the gallery of the Luxembourg with a series of paintings, illustrative of the prin- cipal scenes of her life. While thus engaged, he became known to the Duke of Bucking- ham, who purchased his museum for 10,000/. He was afterwards employed by the Infanta Isabella and the king of Spain in some im- portant negotiations, which lie executed with such credit as to be appointed secretary of the privy council. On going to Eng- land with a commission from the king of Spain, lie obtained the favour of Charles I. While here he painted the Apotheosis of James I. and the picture of Charles I. as St. George ; for which he was knighted, and received a chain of gold. He died at An- twerp, in 1640. Rubens, beyond all com- parison, was the most rapid of the great masters ; andj according to Sir Joshua Reynolds, he was the greatest master of the mechanical part of his art that ever existed. RUBENS, Albert, son of the preceding, was born at AntMcrp, in 1614. He suc- ceeded his father as secretary to the council, and was greatly esteemed by the Archduke Leopold, governor of the Low Countries. Died, 1057. He wrote " De Re Vestiaria Veterum," " Rcgum et Imperatorum Ro- manorum Numismata," " De Vita Elavil Manlii Theodori," &c. RUCELLAI, Bernarp, an Italian states- man and liistorian, born at Florence, in 1449. Having married the sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, he was promoted to the office of gonfalonier of justice, and employed on several important diplomatic missions. After the death of Lorenzo, he protected the mem- bers of the new Platonic academy, for wliose use he erected a palace with gardens, em- bellished with noble monuments of ancient and modern art. Died, 1514 His son John, born in 1475, was sent ambassador to Venice in 1505 ; and, in 1512, he took an active part in the measures which led to the re- storation of the Medici familj'. He was afterwards papal nuncio in France, apos- tolical protlionotary, and governor of the castle of St. Angelo. Died, 1525. RUDBECK, Olaus. father and son, were both eminent Swedish physicians and na- tural philosophers. The elder, who died in 1702, wrote an able work, entitled " Exerci- rod] ^ |5ctu Wiiuber^Kl SBtDgrap^y. [rum tatio Anatomica ;" he was also the aullior of a wliimsical but learned Mork, on the lo- cality of Paradise, which he places in Swe- den ; and assigns that country as the com- mon parent of the German, English, Danish, and even Greek and Latin nations. The B«m is known chiefly as the autlior of a work on the natural history of the Bible. Died, 1740. KUDDIMAN, Thomas, a distinguished grammarian and critic, was born in 1G74, at Boyndie, in Banffshire ; was educated at King's College, Al)enleen ; became assistant keei>er of tlie advocates' library at Edin- burgh ; set up a priming-office in conjunction i with liis brotlier ; was one of the founders of the earliest literary societv in Scotland, in I 1718; and died in 1757. Ilis "Rudiments I of the Latin Tongue," long used as an ele- mentary book in (icliools, is the most popular of his productions ; but he wrote other grammatical works, and was tlie editor I of the works of George Buchanan, in i Latin. He also established the Caledonian I Mercury. 1 RIIDING, RooERs, an English divine, I born ot Leicester, in 1751 ; becwme fellow of i ^lerton College, Oxford ; was presented to the living of Mordcn, in Surrey ; and soon ! after was elected a fellow of the society of : aritiquaries, to wliose ArchaDoIngia he was a I contributor. He published " Annals of the : Coinage of Britain and its Dependencies," i iu 4 vols. 4to. Died, 1820. I RUDOLPH. Sue RouoLni. I RUE, Chaules pe la, a French poet and I popular preacher, was bom at Paris iu 164.3. and died iu 1725. He was the author of several tragedies, both French and Latin ; and edited the works of Virgil for the cele- brated Delphin classics, j RUFFHEAD, Owen, a miscellaneous writer, was born in London, about 1723 ; entered at the Middle Temple, and was , cnlled to the bar; published an edition of tha statutes, and conducted a periodical paper, called the Contest. He also wrote I the " Life of Pope," &c. Died, 17(19. I RUFINUS, by some called Tokaxius, a ! priest of Aquileia, in the 4th century. He became so attached to St. Jerome, that he accompanied him to the East ; but being 1 peis'.cuted by the Arians under Valens, he i was banished into Palestine, where he i founded a monastery on Mount Olivet, and emploj'ed himself in translating Greek au- thors into Latin. His version of Origen gave such oflfence to his old acquaintance, Jerome, that he wrote bitterly against him, and Ruftuus was cited to Rome by pope I Anastasius, who condemned his translation ; , upon which he retired to Sicily, where he died, about 410. The works of Josephus, the i Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, and the : writings of Gregory Nazianzen and St. Basil, j were also translated by Ruflnus. I RUFUS, a physician of Ephesus, flourished : in the reign of Trajan. He discovered the I origin of t!ie nerves of the brain, and made 1 observations on the crystalline lens of the eye. He also wrote treatises on the diseases of the urinary organs, &c. ; and was esteemed by Galen to have l)een one of the ablest phy- ; bicians who had preceded him. 749 RUGENDAS, Geoi;ge Piiilip, a cele- | brated battle-painter, born at Augsburg, in ; KJOti. Such was his zeal for the advancement of his art that, during the siege of Aug>burg, ; he freely exposed himself amidst tlie tire and carnage, that he might be able to sketch the scenes around him. Died, 1742. ! RUGGLK, Geokge, a dramatic satirist, born at Lavenham, in Suffolk, in 1575. He was a fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge, and author of the famous Latin comedy, called " Ignoramus," performed in that university ; before James I. in 1014. | RUHS, Fkedekic, a German historian, ; born in Swedish Pomerania, in 1780 ; studied at Gottingen ; was made professor at Griefs- | wald ; wrote a " History of Sweden," 4 vols, j afterwards became a professor of history at Berlin ; and died at Leghorn, in 1820. RUINART, TiiiEKuy, a French theolo- gical writer, was born at Rheims, in 1057. lie became a Benedictine, and was the as- sociate of Mabillon in his literaiy labours. He also printed an edition of the works of Gregory of Tours, a volume on the Mar- tyrs of the first four centuries, and other books on ecclesiastical history. He died in 1707. RULHIERE, CLAUnius Carloman de, a French historian, was born in 1735, at Bondi, near Paris. After having been in the army, and attained the rank of aide-de- camp to Marshal Richelieu, then governor of Guienne, he went with the minister plenipotentiary, Breteuil, to St. Petersburgh, as his secretary and cor.tidential friend, and there witnessed the dtthvor.ement of Peter III. aud the elevation of Catharine II., of which, on his return fo France, he published an account. He was also employed by the government to write a " History of the Anarchy iu Poland," 4 vols. Died, 1791. RUMFORD, Count, so called from the title conferred on him by the Elector of Bavaria, but whose real name was Ben- jamin Tjiompson, was born in Woburn, New England, in 1752. He acquired, when young, a knowledge of natural philosophy, aud employed himself as a teacher, till he was raised to independence by an advan- tageous marriage, when he became a major in the militia of his native province ; and when the war took place between Great Britain and her colonies, his local knowledge enabled him to render services of importance to the English commanders. He went to England, and, as the reward of his sex-vices, obtained a situation in the foreign office, under Lord George Germaine. Towards the close of the war, he was sent to New York, where he raised a regiment of dra- goons, of which he was appointed colonel, and returning to England in 17b4, received tlie honour of knighthood. He was for some time one of the under-secretaries of state. Soon after he went to the Continent, and through the recommendation of the Prince of Deux-Ponts (afterwards king of Bavaria), entered into the service of the reigning elec- tor palatine and duke of Bavaria, when he effected many important and useful reforms in both the civil and military departments of the state. As the reward of his services, rum] ^ i^tto Umbtr^nX aStograpIjij. [rus he received various orders of knighthood, was made a lieutenant-general, and created count Rumford. He left Bavaria in 1799, and returned to England, where he employed himself in making exjierimentson the nature and application of lieat, and on other subjects of economical and philosophical research. He likewise suggested the plan, and assisted in the foundation, of the Royal Institution, which led to other establishments of a similar description. In 1802 he removed to Paris, in the neighbourhood of wliich he took up liis residence, married the widow of the celebrated I/avoisier, and died in 1814. RUMPH, Gi:oRGE Everaud, a botanist, was born at Hanau, in 1G37. He took his I doctor's degree in physic, after which he I went as consul and senior merchant to Am- I boyna, where he made valuable botanical ! collections, the results of which were pub- I lished by Burman, in 1751, under the title of I " Herbarium Amboinense." I RUNCIMAN, Alexander, a Scotch I painter, was the son of an architect, and ! born at Edinburgh, in 1731). After serving i his time to a portrait painter, he went to I Rome with his brother John, a most pro- I mising artist, who died in Italy. Alexander I continued his studies with diligence, and on I his return home was employed by Sir James I Clerk, to decorate his house with scenes from Ossian. His best pictures arc, an " Ascen- ' sion," in the episcopal chapel at Edinburgh; ' his " Lear," " Andromeda," and " Agrip- pina." Died. 1785. ! RUNNINGTON", Charles, eerjeant-at- i law, was born in Hertfordshire, in 1751 ; and in 1768 he was placed with a special pleader, who employed him on a digest of the law of England. In 1778 he was called to the bar ; in 1787 he was made serjeant-at- law ; and, in 181.5, appointed commissioner for the relief of insolvent debtors, which office he resigned in 1819. He published " Hale's History of the Common Law," 2 vols. ; " Gilbert's Law of Ejectments," and " Ruffhead's Statutes at large," 4 vols. 4to. Died, 1821. RUPERT, or Robert of Bavaria, Prince, the third son of Frederic, king of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of James I., was born in 1C19, and received a military education. He commanded the cavalry of Charles I. during the civil war, and on various occasions manifested the most daring valour ; but his impetuosity and imprudence more than counterbalanced the effects of his bravery ; and at length, having surrendered Bristol to General Fairfax, by whom it was besieged, the king dismissed'him from his service. The prince, however, was more successful as a naval commander, parti- cularly after the Restoration, in the great Dutch war ; on the conclusion of which he led a retired life, occupied wholly in scien- tific pursuits. He invented a composition, called "prince's metal," improved the strength of gunpowder, found out a method of fusing black lead, and discovered the art of engraving in mezzotinto. He was an active member of the board of trade ; and to his influence is ascribed the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he was governor. Died, 1(582. 750 RUSH, Bexjamix, a celebrated American physician, was born in 1741, at Biistol, in Pennsylvania ; was educated at Princeton College ; took his degree at Edinburgh, in 17G8 ; was chosen a member of congress for Pennsylvania, in 1776 ; was appointed pro- fessor of medicine and clinical practice at the university ; and died in 1813. During the devastation caused by the yellow fever in 1793, Dr. Rush highly distinguished him- self, and his history of that epidemic is a work of great value. He also wrote "Me- dical Inquiries and Observations," and " Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philoso- phical." RUSHWORTH, Joiix, an historian, was born in Northumberland, in 1607 ; studied at Oxford, and became a barrister. In 1640 he was appointed assistant-clerk of the House of Commons, was much employed in ne- gotiations during the civil wars, and after the Restoration he became secretary to the Lord-keeper Bridgeman. His " Historical Collections," in 8 vols., is a laborious and liighly useful compilation. RUSSELL, William, fifth earl, and first duke of Bedford, was bom in 1614 ; received his education at Magdalen College, Oxford ; was a member of the long parliament in 1640, and commanded the reserve of horse at the battle of Edgehill ; but in 1643 he joined the royal standard, and fought with great bravery at the battle of Newbury. He was not. however, in favour with the royal party, and he retired to private life till the Restora- tion, when he assisted at the coronation, and was elected a knight of the garter. He also attended the coronation of William and Jlarj', who, in 1694, exalted him to the rank of marquis of Tavistock and duke of Bedford. Died, 1700. RUSSELL, William, Lord, third son of the preceding, was a distinguished supporter of constitutional liberty, and was born about 1641. In 1679, when Charles II. found it necessary to ingratiate himself with the Whigs, Lord Russell was appointed one of the members of the privy council. He soon, however, found that his party was not in the king's confidence, and the recal of the Duke of York, without their concurrence, induced him to resign. Although his temper was mild and moderate, his fear of a Catholic succession induced him to take decisive steps in the promotion of the exclusion of the Duke of York. In June, 1680, he went pub- licly to Westminster Hall, and, at the court of king's bench, presented the duke as a recusant ; and, on the November following, carried up the exclusion bill to the House of Lords, at the head of 200 members of par- liament. The king dissolved the parliament, evidently resolved to govern thenceforward without one ; and arbitrary principles were openly avowed by the partisans of the court. Alarrned at the state of things, many of the AVhig leaders favoured strong expedients, in the way of counteraction, and a plan of in- surrection was formed for a simultaneous rising in England and Scotland. Among these leaders, including the Dukes of Mon- mouth and Argyle, the Lords Russell, Essex, and Howard, Algernon Sidney, and Hamp- den, diftereut views prevailed ; but Lord RUS] ^ f}e&3 fTnibcrM JSinjjra^jIjn. [rut Russell looked only to the exclusion of the Duke of York. He was, however, accused of liaving engaged in " the Rye-house Plot," which had for its object the assassination of the king on his return from Newmarket ; and on this pretext he was committed to the Tower, tried, condemned, and executed in July, 1(583, being tlien in tlie 42d year of his age. After the Revolution, the proceedings against him were annulled. RUSSELL, Lady Rachel, wife of the pre- ceding, was daughter of the Earl of South- ampton, and widow of Lord Vaughan. In 1C67 she was married to Lord William Rus- sell; and the affectionate zeal with which she assisted him when in trouble, and the mag- nanimity of her behaviour after his death, have excited for her a general feeling of respect and sympathy. Being refused coun- Bcl upon his trial, and allowed only an amanuensis, she stood forth in that capacity, and took down the notes. She survived his lordship 40 years, which period she occupied in the exercise of pious and social duties, Her "Letters," which do equal credit to her understanding and heart, have been often reprinted. Died, 1723. RUSSELL, EuwARD, earl of Orford, a British admiral, was born in 1651. lie iKicame gentleman of the bed-chamber to James, duke of York ; but on the execution of his cousin, Lord William Russell, he retired from court, and was an active pro- moter of the Revolution. He gained the celebrated battle of La Hogue, in 1C92, commanded subsequently in the Mediterra- nean, was first lord of the admiralty, and died in 1727. RUSSELL, W'lLUAM, an historical writer, was born in the county of Midlothian, in 174G. lie was brought upas a printer, which business he for a time followed, and then became an author by profession. His works are, " A History of America," 2 vols. 4to. ; " A History of Modern Europe," 4 vols. 8vo. ; and " A History of Ancient Europe," which was completed in 3 vols, by Dr. Coote, the work being unfinislied at his death, in 1793. RUSSELL, Michael, LL.D., bishop of Glasgow and Galloway, was born at Edin- burgh, 1781; studied at Glasgow, and having received ordination, was in 1808 appointed to St. James's chapel, l>eith, where he con- tinued to officiate till his deatli. To exten- sive acquirements, theological and literary. Dr. Russell added the pen of a ready and elegant writer. His contributions to the En- cyclopaedia Metropolitana and the British Critic were remarkable for their learning and research ; his works on Palestine, Egypt, and various other publications written for tlie Cabinet liibrary, still hold their ground ; and his " Connection of Sacred and Profane Histories " extended his fame far beyond tlie limits of his native land. On his ele- vation to the episcopal chair in 1837, the university of Oxford marked its respect for his character and attainments by con- ferring on him the degree of D. C. L. by diploma ; an honour never before bestowed on a Scotchman not educated at Oxford. Died, 1848. RUST, Geouge, a learned prelate, was born at Cambridge. He became fellow of Christ's College ; but, at the Restoration, he went over to Ireland, and was preferred to the deanery of Connor and the rectory of Magee. He was afterwards made bishop of Dromore, where he died in 1070. RUTHERFORD, Daniel, a natural phi- losopher and physician, was born at Edin- burgh, in 1749 ; studied in that university ; succeeded Dr. John Hope as professor of botany and keeper of the botanic garden, in 178IJ ; and died in 1819. Dr. Rutlierford was the discoverer of nitrogen, and was the first who represented oxygen gas (then called vital air) as the necessary constituent of all acids. RUTHERFORTH, Thomas, an English divine, was born at Papworth Everard, in Cambridgeshire, 1712 ; was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; where, in 1745, he was appointed professor of divinity ; and died, rector of Barley in Hertfordshire, with the archdeaconry of Essex, in 1771. His most important works are, "A System of Natural Pliilosophy," 2vols. ;"Au Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue," "A Discourse on Miracles," "Institutes of Natural Law," 2 vols. ; and " Sermons." RUTHVEN, Edwakd Southwell, the friend and fellow-member of Mr. O'Connell for Dublin in the parliament of 183,5 ; whose return, after undergoing a scrutiny of a committee unusually protracted and ex- pensive, was declared to be illegal, and Messrs. Hamilton and West seated in their stead. Mr. Ruthven, however, did not live to hear the verdict, the labours of the com- mittee not being brought to a close till six weeks after his decease. Died, ISiW. RUYSCH, Fkeuekic, an eminent ana- tomist, was born in 1G38, at the Hague, and died in 1731. His anatomical works^ which contain many new discoveries, have been printed in 4 vols. 4to His son Henry published " Theatrum Animalium," 2 vols, folio. RUYSCH, Rachel, one of the most ce- lebrated painters of fruit and flower pieces, was born at Amsterdam, in 10G4, and died in ]7o(). Her pictures are distinguished for truth and splendour of colouring, united with great finish. RUYSDAAL, Jacob, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born at Haerlem, in 103(5. He stood unrivalled in the representation of woods, groves, and pieces of water, parti- cularly cataracts ; and died in 1(581. RUYTER, Michael Adrian, a gallant Dutch admiral, was bom in 1607, at Flush- ing. He entered the naval service when he was only 11 years old, and, by dint of bravery and skill, rose to the summit of his profes- sion. On many occasions he nobly dis- tinguished himself when engaged against the English, especially in the terrible battle fought in February, 1(553, near the mouth of tlie Channel, when Blake commanded the English, and Van Tromp and Ruyter the Dutch. In the reign of Charles II., Ruyter gained an advantage over Prince Rupert and Monk j but, two months afterwards, another battle was fought, in which the Dutch were defeated. The following year, however, he avenged himself, by riding tri- umphantly in the Thames, and destroying ryd] ^ ^tia Winibtv^Al SSinQrap^w. [sab several English men-of-war at Sheemess. I lie died in the port of S^vracuse, in con- I sequence of a ■wound received a few days I before, when engaging with tlie French fleet ■ off Messina. I KYDEK, Sir Dudley, an eminent Eng- i lish lawj'cr, was descended from an ancient ! Yorkshire family, and born in 1091. lie held tlie office of attorney-general from 17.36 I to 1754, was made lord cJiief ju.'-tice, and j died in 17. 'i!',. I RYL.\ND, John-, a dissenting minister, I who kept an academy, and officiated many I years to a Baptist congregation at North- \ ampton. ;Mr. Ryland publislied " The j Cliristian Student and Pastor," " Elements I of Aleclianics," " Tlie Preceptor," and several ! tracts and sermons. He died at Enfield, in I 17!)2. IIYLAND, William Wynne, an engra- j ver, was born in London, in 17o2. He at- I tained great excellence in his art < but liis I end M-as truly melancholy, for, in order to I extricate himself from some embarrassments, i he, in 1782, committed a forgery on tlie East I India Company, and was tried and executed the year following. RYMER, Thomas, a critic and antiquary, was a native of Yorkshire ; studied at Cam- bridge and at Gray's Inn ; and, succeeding Sliadwell, in 1692, as royal historiographer, employed the opportunities alfurded liim by his office, to make a valuable collection of public treatises, which he began to publish in 1704, under the title of " laidera, Cou\ en- tiones, et cujuscunqne Generis Acta publica, inter Rcges Anglias, et alios Principes," 1.5 vols, folio, five more being added bj- Robert Sanderson. He also wrote some poetical pieces, and left an unpublished collection relating to English history, in 58 vols., now in the British Museum. Died, 1713. RYSBRACII, John Michael, an eminent statuary, was horn at Antwerp, in 1694. He came to England early in life, and derived considerable reputation and profit from the exercise of his art. Westminster Abbey and other cathedral churches contain speci- mens of his abilities, among which should be noticed tlie monuments of Sir Isaac New- ton and the Duke of Marlborough. Died, 1770. RZEWtlSKY, or RZEWIESKY, Wen- CKSLAUS, a Polish nobleman, born in 170.5. After travelling through the principal coun- tries of Europe, he filled various hi«h offices, among wliich was that of grand general of the crown, to which he was appointed on the invasion of Poland by the Tartars, in 1739. Having opposed the election of Sta- nislaus Poniatowski to the throne, he gave great oftence to the empress, and was sub- jected to fix years' imprisonment in Russia. As he possessed an extensive acquaintance with natural pbilosoi)hy, and indulged his taste for literature, music, &c., he employed himself during his confinement in these pursuits. He translated the Odes of Horace, and was the author of some poems, dramas and other works. Died, 1779. s. SAAD EDDIN MOHAMMED BEN HASSAN, a Turkish historian of great emi- nence, and preceptor of sultan Amurath III. He was well known under the name of Khodja Effendi, and became appointed to tlie office of mufti to the sultan, which he held till his death in KRM). SAAVEDRA FAXARDO, Diego de, a Spanish writer and diplomatist, was born at Algezares, in Murcia, in 1.584. He became secretary to the embassy at Rome, and afterwards was appointed sole agent for Spain at the papal court. He also assisted at some diets in Switzerland, and enjoyed for his reward, the collar of St. Jviso, a canonry of the churchy and a seat in the cotmcil-board for the Indies. He died in 1648. SABAS, the head of the sect of the Mcs- salians, in the third century, whose doctrine enforced a strict adherence to every part of the Scriptures ; and whoj literally inter- preting the divine instruction, " Labour not for the meat that perisheth," refused to en- gage in any employment. SABATAI 8EVA, a Jewish impostor of Smyrna, who, in 1666, arrogated to himself the character of the Alcssiah. He obtained such belief and so numerous were his ad- herents, that the jealousy of the Turkish 752 government caused him to be seized and | sent a prisoner to Constantinople. He here saved his life at the expense of his religion, and turned Mahometan. This pretender was the last of the false Messiahs. SABATIER, AxToiNE, or SABATIER HE Castres, was born at Castres, in 1742. He was a very celebrated French writer, and was early connected with Helvetius and the philosophical party of the literati ; but he soon left these, and showed his opposition to them in his work, " Les Trois Si&cles de la liittt'rature Fran(;aise," &c., which procured Jiim many enemies, but brought him into notice. He next advocated religion and morality, but his practices being so discredit- able, he emigrated at the revolution. On the restoration of the king he obtained but a comparatively small income, and continued his satire on "the court and clergy, till sick- ness reduced him to find alleviation in the house of the Charitable Sisters at Paris, where he died in 1817. Among his numerous works are, " Les Sifecles Pai'ens, ou Diction- naire Mj thologique, Ileroi'que, Politique, Littyraiie, et Geographique de I'AntiquitiS Paienere," 9 vols., and " Les Caprices dc la Fortune," &c. SABATIER, or SABATHIER, Piekke, a learned Benedictine, bom at Poictiers, in sab] ^ ^m WinihtrinX 3Bi0(rr*ipl)». [sac 1()82. His great work was an edition of all tlie ancient Latin versions of tlie Bible, 3 vols, folio. Died, 1742. SABBATINI, Andkea, or Axprea del Salekno, the first painter of the Neapolitan Bciiool, was born about 1180. He studied under Raphael, and imitated his manner with great success. He died at Naples, in 1545.. Loke.vzo, called also Lorenzo di Bologna, was another admired artist of the KJtli century, and his pictures are frequently mistaken for those of Andrea. Ue died at Home, in 1577. SABBATINI, P. LtiD. Ant., known as Sabbatiui of Padua, was a distinguished professor of music, and writer also ou that science. Died, ISOl). SABELLICUS, Marcus Antonius Coc- cms, an Italian historian and critic, was born in the Roma Canipagna, in 1436. He became professor of eloquence at Udino, and subsequently at Venice, where he obtained a pension for writing the " History of the Republic." He died in 1506. His other works, moral, philosophical, and historical, have been printed in 4 vols, folio. S ABELLIUS, a heretic, born at Ptolemais, in Libya, in the third century, was a dis- ciple of Noetus of Smyrna. He advanced the doctrine of Unity in the Deity, de- claring the Son and the Holy Ghost to be mere qualities. These tenets obtained many proselytes, and met with great success till the opposition of St. Denys caused them to be formally condemned. SABINE, JosKPH, F.R.S., honorary se- cretary of the horticultural society, trea- surer and vice president of the zoological society, &c., was born in 1770, and was ori- ginally intended for the bar. In 1808 he was appointed inspector-general of taxes, which office he held for 26 years ; and when it was abolished, in 1835, government allowed him a compensation pension of 3501. per annum, seven of his colleagues having retired, 18 years before, on 400i. Mr. Sabine was a most accomplished man; and for many years previous to his death, which occurred m January, 1837, his time was almost wholly engrossed in managing the affairs of the scientific institutions of which he was a functionary. 8AB1NUS, George, in German, " Schel- ten," a modern Latin poet, was born in Brandenburg, in l.WS. He studied at Wit- temberg, when but 15 years old, under Me- lanchthon, whose eldest daughter he ulti- mately married. He became professor of the beUes lettres at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and afterwards rector of the new university of Konigsberg. His great repute made him known to tlie emperor Charles V., who en- nobled him, and employed him on several embassies. Died, 1560. SACCIII, Andkea, an eminent painter of Rome, where he was born in 1594. He studied under Albano ; and, assisted by the patronage of pope Urban VIIT., his talent raised him to great eminence. Tlie churches and palaces of Rome contain many speci- mens of his skill and genius. Died, 1604. SACCIIINI, Antonio Makia Gaspakd, a celebrated Italian conijioser, was born at Naples, in 1735. Ue studied under Durante, and, after being employed in Rome, Venice, and several other cities of Italy with great eclat, he went to London, where he com- jwsed several operas. Meeting some ojipo- sition there, he left for Paris, where he reached the height of his fame, and obtaineil a pension from the queen. He died in 1786, leaving upwards of 80 dramatic pieces. SACHEVERELL, Henry, an English divine, was educated at Oxford, where, in 1708, he obtained the degree of D.D. In 1705 he was appointed preacher at St. Sa- viour's, Southwark ; during which period he preached two famous sermons, the objects of which were to create alarm for the safety of the churcli, and to excite hostility against the dissenters. Being impeached in the House of Commons, he was sentenced to be suspended from preaching for three years. This persecution, however, established the fortune of Sacheverell, who was collated to a living near Shrewsbury ; and the same month that his suspension terminated, wos oppointed to the valuable rectory of St. Andrew, Holborn. His abilities, however, were poor and contemptible. Died, 1724. SACKVILLE, George, Viscount, a sol- dier and statesman, was the tliird son of the first Duke of Dorset, and was born in 1716. He was educated at Westminster, and after- wards at Trinity College, Dublin, when his father was lord-lieutenant of Ireland. En- tering the army, he distinguished himself at the battles of Dettingen and Pontcnoy ; and in JloS lie was made a lieutenant-general; but the year following he fell into disgrace for his conduct at the battle of Miiiden, where he commanded under Prince Ferdi- nand of Brunswick, whose orders to advance with his troops during tlie engagement he disobeyed. His behaviour being, at home, attributed to cowardice, he was tried by a court-martial, and sentenced to be dismissed from the service. Under the administration of Lord Bute, however, he was restored to favour, and i« 1775 he was appointed co- lonial secretary of state, which he held during the American war. On quitting office, in 1782, he was created viscount. On succeeding to the estates of Lady Germaine, for a long time he went under that name. He died in 1785 ; and, from his talent, and the bias of his opinions, the "Letters of Junius" have been attributed to his pen. SACY, Louis Isaac, whose proper name was LE MAISTRE, was born at Paris, in 1613. He entered into orders, but being a zealous Jansenist, he was sent to the Jiastile, where he continued two years, and wrote some works, particularly one, entitled "The Figures of the Bible." He also published a new translation of the Scriptures, "Let- ters of Piety," 2 vols. ; " Heures de Port Royal," " An Attack on the Jesuits," &c. Died, 1684. SACY, Baron Silvestre de, a profound and various scholar, but especially eminent as an orientalist, was born, 1758. At the early age of 12 he was fortunate enough to attract the notice of Berthereau, from whom he ob- tained both his tastes for oriental studies, and his earliest direction in them. During the stormy times of the revolution, and the sway of Napoleon, as well as under Louis XVIIl., bad] ^ jj^ctti Efuibci-i^al 28taflrapf)w. [sad Charles X., and Louis Philippe, the splendid talents of M. de Sacj' obtained for him the highest and most vahiable literary appoint- ments. As a lecturer, he was singularly bril- liant, lucid, and effective. In addition to valuable literary offices, he was a peer of France, and an officer of the legion of honour. Nor was his fame confined to France ; for, in 1829, our Royal Society of Literature unanimously voted its gold medal to M. de Sacy. Plis " Arabic Grammar," " Relation de I'Egypte par Abd Allatif, Mi'decin Arabe I de Bagdad," 'Expose de la Rtligion des { Druzea," " Chrestomathie Arabe." and j " Anthologie Grammaticale Arabe," are cs- I pecially valuable to students. Died, 183'.). SADE, James Fraxcis Paul ALVHoyso I DE, a native of France, was born in 1705. After becoming vicar-general of the arch- j bishops of Toulouse and Narbonne, he was employed on a miseion from Languedoffto the court at Paris ; and in 1744 he was no- minated abbot of Ebrueil, in Auvergne. After the lapse of eight j'ears, he retired to Saumane, where he devoted himself to lite- rary pursuits ; and died in 1778. SADE, DoNATiAX Alphosso Fraxcis, Count de, nephew of the above, was born in Paris, in 1740. He was educated at tlie college of Louis le Grand, and then entered the army. He was one of the most aban- doned and profligate of the French nobility. At length, however, his friends terminated his career by procuring his confinement in the madhouse at Charenton, where he died, in 1814. lie had great talent, but wrote only the most licentious novels. SADEEL, Antuont, a learned French Huguenot and theological writer, was born of a noble family, in the Ma(,onai3, in 1534. At an early age he preached the reformed persuasion ; for which, however, he was im- prisoned, but obtained his release through the interposition of his royal jiatron. Henri Quatre made him his chajilain, and he attended that monarch in some of his cam- paigns ; but, on the reconciliation of Henri to tiie Church of Rome, he retired to Geneva, where he was chosen pastoFand Hebrew pro- fessor. He died in 15i)l, and his works were printed the following year. SADELER, JoH.v. a distinguished en- graver was born at Brussels, in 1556. He executed many masterly works, and was honoured by the patronage of the Elector of Bavaria. Died, 1000 Raphael, brother and pupil of the above, was born in 1555. He worked in conjunction with his relative, and executed upwards of 500 religious en- gravings Giles, who was the nephew and pupil of the above brothers, excelled both of them in correctness and taste. SADI, SiiEiK MosLEiiEinx, one of the most celebrated poets of Persia, was born at Shiraz, in 1175, and died in the 120th year of his age. He studied at Bagdad, and pursued a religious course of life under the direction of the famous Sophi Abd al Kadir Gliilani, whom he accompanied on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He fouglit against the infidels, and carried his arms into India and Asia Minor. Being, however, taken prisoner by the Turks, he was put to work on the fortifications of Tripoli ; but was redeemed by a merchant of Aleppo, who gave him his daughter in marriage with a dowry. To- wards the close of his life he built a hermit- age neiffthe walls of Shiraz, where he passed his time in exercises of piety ; and his tomb, on the spot where he had lived, was long visited by tlie admirers of his genius and devotion. He wrote " Gulistun, or the Gar- den of Roses," and other works. SADLER, John, a political writer, w.aa born in Shropshire, in l(jl5. He was edu- cated at Cambridge, and was a favourite of Oliver Cromwell. He published a work, entitled "Rights of the Kingdom, or Cus- toms of our Ancestors." Died, 1674. SADLER, Michael Thomas, F.R.S., was born at Snelston, in Derbyshire, in 1780 ; and it may be truly said of him that he was a scholar, an orator, a gentleman, and a philanthropist. He had, however, chiefly devoted himself to mercantile pursuits at Leeds, in connection with a brother, until 1829, when he was invited by the electors of Newark-upon-Trent to become a candidate for the representation of that borough in parliament, and for which he was ultimately returned, in opposition to Mr. Serjeant Wylde. At the general election (1830) he was again returned for Newark ; and, in the ensuing year, for Aldborough, Yorkshire. His political opinions were generally more conscientious than popular, and he never failed, if not persuasively, yet honestly and fearlessly, to express them. His cliief object in parliament appeared to be nothing less tlian conferring the largest portion of sub- stantial benefits upon the great mass of the poor, for the agricultural portion of whom he sought to obtain parliamentary aid, to provide them with allotments of ground, &c.; while for Ireland, in the distresses of which he felt a deep sympatliy, he eloquently urged the justice and necessity of a well- regulated system of poor laws. To spare the sacrifice of life among the children em- ployed in the manufactories was another of his great objects ; and on each he wrote as forcibly and clearly as he had spoken. To his perseverance, the amelioration of the condition of tlicse poor children is owing ; since, although his benevolent intentions were frustrated in the first instance, by the too powerful opposition of those whose cu- pidity rendered them deaf to any appeal against their pecuniary interests, yet his impressive eloquence had so thoroughly aroused the public to a sense of the evil, that, in the ensuing session of parliament, the late opponents of the measure were com- pelled to carry a similar bill to that which had been proposed bj' himself. His parlia- mentary exertions, and the intense anxiety they occasioned, are said to have been the primary cause of his death, which occurred in July, 1835, while he was in Ireland. Mr, Sadler's two principal works were, "Ire- land, its Evils, and their Remedies," and Ills "Law of Population," in which the Malthusian doctrines were impugned and refuted. SADLER, or SADLIER, Sir Ralph, an English statesman, was born in 1507, at Hackney, in Jliddlesex. In early life he enjoyed the patronage of Cromwell, earl of sad] ^ i!i?U) SJntbcr^aT 5Si0grnpT)i). [SAI Essex, who introduced him to Henry VIII., in consequence of which lie was employed in many political aflfairs, and liad t^ share in the dissolution of the monasteries, par- taking also of the spoil. He was sent on 8ome embassies to Scotland ; and at the battle of Musselburgh, in that kingdom, Sir Ralph greatly distinguished himself, and was made a knight banneret in reward of his services. At tlie accession of Elizabeth he was again sent to Scotl.and ; and when the unfortunate Mary came to England, she was committed to his care. He died in l"i87. A collection of his " Letters and Nego- ciations" was published in 1809, in 2 vols. 4to., with a memoir, written by Sir Walter Scott. S.VDLER, William WiNnriAM, a well- known aeronaut and chemist. He was in the establishment of the first gas company in Liverpool, where he also erected accom- modations for warm, medicated, and vapour baths. During this period, however, lie practised aerostation, and made 30 aerial voyages, in one of which he crossed the Irish Channel, from Dublin to Wales. In the last attempt from Blackburn, in Lancashire, Sept. .30. 1821, while descending, the car of his balloon struck against a chimney, and violently precipitated him to the earth and caused his death, aged 28. SADOC, a learned Jewish doctor, in the 3rd century h. c. He was the disciple of AntigonusSocluEus, president of the Sanhe- drim. Joining Baithosus, a fellow-disciple, he denied tlie resurrection, and from him and his name originated the sect of Sad- ducees. His followers disclaimed also the existence of ansrels and tlie doctrine of pre- destination. They believed there was no distinct principle like the soul, and, in con- sequence, opposed the idea of a future state of rewards and punishments. SADOLET, James, a learned cardinal, was born at Modena, in 1477. His father was a professor of jurisprudence at Ferrara, where he received his education, and at- tained great celebrity by his Latin poetry and philosophy. On the election of Leo X. to the pontificate, he was made one of his secretaries, and soon after bishop of Car- pentras. He suflTered mucli from the vicis- situdes of war, and was several times com- pelled to quit the city, leaving his palace, &c. to the plunder of the soldiery. Clement VII. restored liim to his otKce ; and the succeeding pontiff, Paul III., again recalled him to Rome, raised him to the purple, and employed him on mauy negotiations. Died, 1547. SAEMTJND, SiGFUSSON-, a celebrated Icelandic priest, poet, legislator, and his- torian in the 11th century. He had a share in forming the ecclesiastical code, wrote a " History of Norway," and was the compiler of that Scandinavian collection of poetry, termed " Edda." printed at Copenhagen, in 17S7.4to. Died, n.'}5. ST. BEUVE, Jacques de, a celebrated theologian, born at Paris, in 1013. He was famous for his controversies relative to the doctrines of grace and predestination, which agitated the French churcli in the middle of the 17th century. Died, 1C77. ST. CROIX, GuiLLAiTME Emanuel Jo- seph, Buron de, a learned French writer, was born at Mormoiron, in 174ti ; studied at the Jesuit's College, Grenoble ; obtained the rank of captain in the grenadiers, but quitted the army for literary pursuits ; suf- fered greatly during the revolution, and dit'd in 1800. His princii)al works are, a " History of the Naval Power of England," 2 vols. ; and a " Critical Examination of the Historians of Alexander the Great." ST. FOIX, Gekmai.v FitAXfois Poullaix DK, a French dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Rennes, in Brittany, in 170.'{ ; became a captain in the army, and distinguished himself by his valour on many occasions. He afterwards devoted himself to literature, and published 4 vohunes of "Comedies," "Turkish Letters, written in the Manner of Montesquieu ; " " Historical Essays upon Paris." 7 vols. &c. Died, 177(J. ST. GERMAIN, Claude Louis, Count de, a French soldier and statesman, was born in 1707, in Franche Compt<5 ; served with distinction in the army for many years ; but having quarrelled with the Duke de Broglio, he quitted it for the service of Dcimiark, where he was made a field mar- shal. He subsequently accepted the situa- tion of war-minister to Louis XVI., which he held 2 years : aud died in 1778. ST. HILAIRE. See GEOFFiiOV. ST. JUST, Antuonv, a political agent and associate of Robespierre, was born in 1768, and was educated for the legal profes- sion. He voted for the death of Louis XVI., materially assisted in the destruction of the Girondists, acted as a, commissioner of the National Convention to the army in Alsace, where he was distinguished for his severity ; and, on his return to Paris, becoming in- volved in the ruin of Robespierre, was guil- lotined in July, 1794. This demagogue, who was the author of several works, among wliich were some licentious poems, has ofteii been confounded with Loi!is Leo.v St. Just, the writer of " Esprit de la Revolution, et de la Constitution de France." ST. LAMBERT, Ciiai«le3 Fraxcks de, a member of the National Institute of France, was born at Nancy, in 1717. lie entered the army, which he left at the peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, and obtained an otHce iu the court of Stanislaus of Poland ; became a devoted adherent of Voltaire's, and a favoured ad- mirer of Madame de Chatelet ; again en- tered the army, and died in ISO.-;. Among his works are, " Tiie Seasons," a poem ; " Oriental Tales," and a philosophical work, in 3 vols., entitled "Cati'chismc Uui- verselle." lie also contributed to the Ency- clopodie. ST. MARC, CiiAnLES Hugh Lefebvre DE, a Frencli author, born at Paris, in 1C98. His most important work is, " A Chrono- logical Abridgment of the History of Italy, from the Downfall of the Western Empire," 6 vols. 8vo. ST. MARC, JEAJf Paul Andke des Rai- si N's, Marquis de, a French lyric poet, author of " AdMe de Ponthieu," &c. Born, 1728 ; died, 1818. ST. PALAYE, Jean Baptiste de la Cukse de, a learned and ingenious writer, 755 SAl] ^ ^ctD Bnihtv^al 33i0srapTjy. [sal ! born at Auxerre, in 1097 ; died, 1781. He ! studied the manners and customs of ancient { France with great diligence and success, and I wrote "Miimoiressur I'aucienne Chevalerie," 3 vols., wliich have been translated into ] English. After liis death, the Abb(S Millot I published another -work of his, entitled " L'Histoire des Troubadours," 3 vols. ; and he left a voluminous collection of MSS. ST. PIERRE, CiiAKLES IKENEE Castel r>E, a Freiicli publicist and miscellaneous writer, was born at St. Pierre, in Normandy, in 1658. He was brought up as an eccle- siastic ; hence he is generally known as the Abb^ de St. Pierre ; but he was more distin- guished as a politician and philanthropist. Cardinal Polignac took him to the con- ferences at Utrecht, where he formed a pro- ject for a diet to secure a perpetual peace; which Cardinal Dubois called " the dream of a good man." He had the boldness to expose the errors of the government of Louis XIV., and to deny that monarch's right to the epithet of "Great," for which he was ex- pelled the Academy. His worksform 18 vols. ]2mo. His aim through life was the social elevation of the people ; and many of the schemes which he projected for this purpose, though treated witli scorn and ridicule at the time he wrote, are daily being carried into eifect. Died, 1743. ST. PIERRE, Eustace de, a citizen of Calais, who signalise<l himself when that place was besieged by Edward III., king of England, in 1347. ST. PIERRE, Jacques BEn.vARDiN Henri de, a most ingenious and pliilosophi- cal Frencli author, was born at Havre, in 1737, was educated in the engineer school at Paris, for a time followed the military profession in the service of Russia, afterwards obtained a commission in the engineer corps of France; and, retiring from a military life, he devoted the remainder of his days to literature. In 1784 appeared his " Etudes de la Nature," and, in 1788, his " Paul et Virginie," which, after passing through 50 impressions in one year, has been translated into almost all the languages of Europe. Napoleon conferred on him the order of the legion of honour, and Joseph Buonaparte granted him a pen- sion of 6000 francs. St. Pierre was also the author of " La Chaumi&re Indienne " and several other works, all replete with ele- gant taste and philosophical feeling. Died, 1814. ST. PRIEST, Francis Emanuel Guig- NARD, Count de, a French statesman, born at Grenoble, in 1735. He first served in the army, and was afterwards engaged in diplo- matic missions to Portugal, Constantinople, and the Hague ; at which last place he was residing when the revolution commenced. In 1789 he succeeded Baron de Bretueil as minister of the royal household : but subse- quent events drove him from France, and he remained in exile till after the restoration of the Bourbons. He was raised to the peerage in 1815, and died in 1821. ST. REAL, C.T-S-Ui Vichard de, an able French author, was born at Chamberri, in Savoy, where he died in 1692. He wrote " De rUsage de I'Histoire," "Conjuration des Espagnols contre la Republique de Venise en 1618 ; " and several other treatises on morals, politics, and philosophv. ST. SIMON, Claudius Henry, Count de, was born at Paris, 1760. He was the founder of a politico-philosophical sect, whose lead- ing dogma is, that industry is the definitive purpose of life, and that those engaged in it constitute the superior class of society. He published a variety of works to give currency to his doctrines ; among which are, an " In- troduction to tlie Scientific Labours of the Nineteenth Century ;" and " I'olitical, Mo- ral, and Philosophical Discussions." Died, 1825. ST. SIMON, Louis de Rouvroi, Duke of, was born in 1675. In 1721 he was appointed ambassador extraordinary to tlie court of Spain, to negotiate a marriage between the Infanta and Louis XV. ; and died in 1757. His " Memoirs of the Reign of Louis XIV. and the Regency," containing a vast mass of anecdotical information, form 13 vols. SALADIN, a famous sultan of Egypt, equally renowned as a warrior and legislator. He was born in 1137, raised himself from the station of an olficer to that of a sovereign, and supported himself by his valour and the influence of his amiable character, against the united efforts of the chief Cliris- tian potentates of Europe, who carried on the most unjust wars against him. under the false appellation of crusades. He obtained various successes over the Christians, but was defeated by Richard Cceur de Lion, and died in 1193. SALARIO, Andrew, a painter of Milan, and a disciple of Leonardo da Vinoi. His pictures are valuable. He died at Florence, in 1559. SALE, George, an English writer, who was well versed in the oriental languages. His greatest work is an excellent translation of the Koran, to which he prefixed a curious dissertation. Mr. Sale was also one of the principal authors of the " Antient Universal History." Born, 1680 ; died, 1736. SALE, Sir Robert Henry, known to his countrymen as the "hero of Jellalabad," was the son of Colonel Sale, of the East India Compan3''s service, and entered the army in 1795, when only 13 years of age, as ensign in the 36th foot. He served at the siege and storming of Seringapatam, in 1799; at the storming of the Travancore lines, in 1809 ; at the capture of the Mauritius, in 1816, and of Rangoon, in 1824. On these and many other important occasions this gallant officer distinguished himself ; and in 18.38 he was appointed to the command of the 1st Bengal brigade of the army of the Indus, whicli advanced on Affghanistan. He commanded the storming party at Ghuznec, and was severely wounded ; received the rank of major-general, and commanded the force sent to subdue the Kohistan country in 1840, when, after numerous stormings and captures, he compelled Dost Mahommed Khan to surrender himself to Sir W. M'Naghten. In 1841 he commanded the brigade which stormed the Khoord Cabul pass, and was there shot through the leg ; with eminent skill he next forced tlie Jug- dullock pass, stormed the fort of Maraoo I I sal] a ^ctn Bnibtv^nX 3Bt00rap]^t'' [SAN Khail. and finally retreated upon Jellalabad. Here he and his gallant band were besieged by the Affghan trooi)s, from the 12th Nov. 1841, to the 7th April, 1842; on which day the wearied garrison attacked and utterly routed the besieging army under the noto- rious Akbar Khan. He afterwards contri- buted to the capture of Cabul, &c., and re- ceived the thanks of parliament for tlie share he had in redeeming the British name in Affghanistan. He was quarter-master- I general to the army of the Sutlej, when he I received his fatal wound in the action of j the JHtli of December, 184.'>, being then in I Ws ().')th year. Lady Sale, whose heroic I conduct during the too memorable retreat ! from Atfghanistau will not Eoon be for- gotten, was married to Sir Kobert in 1809. SALICETI, Chkistophkr, a Corsican by birth, and a member of the French National Convention, who voted for the death of Louis XVI., and advocated the other violent measures of his brother revolutionists. When Buonaparte became first consul, he was at first proscribed, but afterwards restored to favour, and sent ambassador to Genoa. He was mitiistcr of police at Naples, when that country was under the rule of Joseph Buona- parte ; and died in 18()9. SALISBURY, Joux of, a learned Au- gustine monk of the 12th century ; author of "Polycraticon," &c. He was a friend of Thomas h. Becket, whose murder he is said to have witnessed. After that event he retired to France, and was made bishop of Chartres by the pope. Died, 1 182. SALISBURY, William, a Welsh lawyer in the reign of Elizabeth, celebrated as "the first translator of the Liturgy of tiie Church of England into the Welsh language. He died in ^r>7^). SALISBURY. See Cecil. SALLO, Denis de, a French writer, born at Paris, in 1(52(5. He is distinguished as the original conductor of the first literary journal established in Europe, the Journal desSavans being commenced by him in 1(565. Died, l(!(i9. SALLUST, Caius Ckispus, a Roman his- torian, distinguished equally for his talents and profligacy, was boi-n at Amiternum, B. c. 8.5. He was expunged from the list of senators, in consequence of his extravagance and shameless debaucheries ; but being re- stored by Julius Ciesar, and made governor of Numidia, he there amassed an enormous fortune by acts of rapine. He died u. c. 3.5. His '• History of the Jugurthine War " and "The Conspiracy of Catiline" bear ample testimony to his genius ; but the rigid mo- rality displayed in his writings forms a curious contrast to the vices of the author. SALMASIUS, or SAUMAISE, Claude, an eminent French scholar, was born at Saumur, in 1588, and succeeded Scaliger as professor of history at I^eyden. In 1(549 he wrote a defence of Charles I., king of England, which was forcibly and con- clusively replied to by Milton. The year following he went to Sweden, on an invita- tion from queen Christina ; and died in 10,53. His principal works are, "HistorisE August* Scriptores Sex," "De Modo Usu- rarum," "De Re Militari Romanorum," "Ilellenistica," and several editions of an- cient authors. SALM(3N, Thomas, an industrious writer and compiler, whose productions include "An Examination of Burnet's History of his own Times," "The Chronological Historian," a " History of England," 12 vols. ; " Modern History," 3 vols, folio ; a " Universal Gazet- teer," S.C. Died, 1743. SALMON, William, an empirical phy- sician and a voluminous compiler of books, among which are, "The Complete Physician," " The Universal Herbal," a " Treatise on Astrology," " Polygraphiee, or the Art of Painting." He died about 17(X). SALMON, Nathaniel, brother of the preceding, an English divine, biographer, and antiquary ; was admitted of Corjjus Christi College. Cambridge, in 1(590, and en- tered into holy orders, but subsequently studied medicine, and died in 1742. He wrote the " History and Antiquities of seve- ral of the English Counties," and is esteemed for the accuracy of bis deductions and patient research. SALVATOR ROSA. See Rosa. SALVIATI, Francesco Rossi, an emi- nent Italian painter, whose style of de- signing approached that of Raphael, though greatly inferior in sublimity and grandeur of composition. Born in Florence, 1510 ; died, 1.563. SAMPSON, Dr. Henky, an English divine and physician, was born at South Leverton, in Nottinghamshire; studied physic at Padua and Leyden ; and, on his return to England, was chosen a member of the college of phy- sicians. Died, 1705. SAMWELL, David, anative of Nantglyn, in Denbighshire. He was surgeon of the ship Discovery, with Captain Conk, and was an eye-witness of the death of that cele- brated navigator ; of which event he wrote a circumstantial account. He was also the author of some Welsh poems. Died, 1799. SANAEKJN, Noel Stephen, a learned French Jesuit, was born at Rouen, in 167(5, and died in 1733. His principal works are " Latin Poems," 2 vols. ; and a translation of Horace, with valuable notes, 2 vols. SANCHO, Ignatius, a negro, whose lite- rary abilities attracted much notice, was born in 1729, on board a slave-ship, and carried to Carthagena. While a boy he was brought to England by his master, and given to three maiden ladies, sisters, living at Greenwich, who named him Sancho. The Duke of Montague afterwards took him into his service, and encouraged his love of learn- ing ; and the duchess left him an annuity at her death. He numbered among his friends, Stenie, Garrick, and other literary characters ; and was the author of " Letters," "Poems,:i&c. Died, 1780. SANCROFT, William, archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Fresinfleld, in Suffolk, in 1(516. In 1064 he was made dean of York ; then dean of St. Paul's ; and, in 1077, he was raised to the highest station in the church, where he conducted himself with zeal and judgment. He was one of the seven bishops sent to the Tower by James II. ; but at the Revolution he refused to take the oaths, for which he was deprived of his san] ^ i^tiM ^nihtt^Kl 23tff5rai)]^i). [san see. Died, 1693. He wrote " Tlie Predesti- nated Thief," " Modern Folitics, taken from Machiavel," &c. SANCTORIUS, an eminent physician, was born at Capo d'Istria, in 1,5<51 ; filled the professor's chair in the university of Padua, was the first physician that endeavoured to ascertain the licat of the skin by a thermo- meter, and rendered his name memorable by his work, entitled "Ars de Statica Me- dicina." Died, 1630. SANDBY, Paul, an eminent artist, born at Nottingham, in 1732. He took numerous views in Wales and Scotland, which lie transferred to copper- plates, in imitation of drawings in India ink ; a method of aqua- tint engraving whiuli he carried to great perfection. On the institution of the Royal Academy he was elected a member ; and, in 1768, he was appointed chief drawing-master at Woolwich. Died, 1809. SANDEMAN, Robekt, a Scotch minister, was born at Perth, in 172:5, and educated at St. Andrew's. He formed a sect which still goes by his name. In 1765 he went to New England, made many proselytes, and died in 1772. The chief opinions and practices in which the sect differs from others are, their weekly administration of the Lord's supper, washing each other's feet, &c. SANDERS, Nicholas, a zealous Roman Catholic writer, was born at Charlewood, in Surrey. About 1500 he went to Rome, and was sent by pope Gregory XIII. as nuncio to Ireland, where, to avoid falling into the hands of the English, he wandered about in the woods and bogs, and perished of want 1 in 1581. His principal work is his treatise 1 against the Reformation, entitled " De Ori- 1 gine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani." i SANDERSON, Dr. Robeut, bishop of Lincoln, an eminent polemical writer and casuist. Born, 1587 ; died, 1663. I SANDERSON, RoBEnT, a learned anti- quary, was usher of the court of chancery and clerk of the rolls. He continued " Ry- : mer's Focdcra " from the 10th to the 20th volume, and died in 1741. j SANDFORD, Sir Daniel Kbyte, D.C.L., professor of Greek in the university of Glas- gow, was the son of Dr. Sandford, one of the bishops of the Scottish episcopal church. This accomplished scholar and brilliant ora- tor was not more distinguished for his clas- Kie attainments, than for the enthusiasm with which he advocated the reform bill, and other measures which had for their : objects the extension of popular rights and I privileges. As a teacher he was highly suc- ; cessful ; and to his efforts Scotland is in- ! debted for mncli of her present eminence, as I a school for the study of classic literature. ! Died. Feb. 9. 1838. I SANDWICH, EnwARD Moxtagu, Earl I of, a distinguished naval commander in the reign of Charles II., was born in 1625. ! At the age of 18 he raised a regiment in the i service of parliament, and was present in ' several battles ; but in the Dutch war he left the army for the navy, and was asso- ciated with Blake in the Mediterranean. i Afterwards he commanded the fleet in the ■ North Sea ; but at his return was deprived I of it on suspicion of being in the royal ' interest. Monk, however, procured him to be replaced ; and he conveyed the king to England ; after which he was created earl of Sandwich. In the war of 1664 he com- manded under tlie Duke of York, and had a principal share in the great battle of June 3. 1665. On the renewal of hostilities with the Dutch, he v,'.a3 again emploved ; and in the battle of Southwold Bay, after he had by his conduct rescued a great part of the fleet from the most imminent danger, and given astonishing proofs of his bravery, his ship caught fire, on whicli lie leaped into tlie sea and was drowned, in 1072. SANDYS, Edwkv, an eminent English prelate, was born in 1519, at Hawkshead, in Lancashire. At the accession of Mary he was vice-chancellor, and on refusing to pro- claim her, he was deprived of his office, and sent first to the Tower, and afterwards to the Marshalsea. When Elizabeth came to the throne he was appointed one of the com- missioners for revising the Liturgy. He was also made bishop of Worcester, and had a share in the translation of the Scriptures, commonly called the " Bishops' Bible." In 1570 he was translated to London, and in 1570 to York, where a conspiracy was laid by Sir Robert Stapleton, to ruin him by the imputation of adultery ; but it was disco- vered, and the parties concerned in it were punished. He died in 1588. SANDYS, Sir Edwin, second son of the preceding, was born about 1501, and edu- cated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, under the learned Hooker. He ^hen went on his travels, and published the result of his observations under the title of " Europae Speculum." He was knighted by James I., who employed him in many important missions ; and he died in 1029. SANDYS, Geokge, second son of the archbishop of that name, was born in 1577, at Bishop's Thorpe, and was educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford. He travelled through the Levant and Italy, of which, in 1615, he published an account. Among his other works are, a translation of Ovid's Metamor- phoses, and paraphrases of various parts of Scripture. He died in 1643. SANGALLO, Antonio, an eminent Ita- lian architect of the 10th century, was born at Florence ; and on visiting Rome, where he had two uncles who were architects, he was instructed by them, and subsequently perfected himself in the art under Bramante, whom he succeeded as architect of the church of St. Peter. He was much employed under the popes Leo X., Clement VII., and Paul III., both in fortifying places, and in the construction of public buildings, the grandeur and solidity of which have been much ad- mired. Died, ]54<3. SANMICHELI, Michael, a celebrated architect, bom at Verona, 1484. He erected several cathedrals and other magnificent edifices, and excelled in the construction of fortified works. Died, 1559. SANNAZARIUS, or SANNAZARO, Ja- copo, a distinguished Italian poet, who wrote both in Latin and Italian, was born in 1458, at Naples, where he died in 1533. He was the author of sonnets, canzoni, elegies, eclogues, epigrams, and a poem entitled. san] ^ §tfii ^iiibcisal 18i03raji!jj). [SAR " De Partu Virginis." Ilis elegance of ex- pression, no less than the poetical beauty of his thoughts, gave liim a distinguished place among tlie modern Latin poets. SANSEVEKO, Kaymund di Sanqro, eminent for Ids mechanical inventions and scientific discoveries, was born at Naples, in 1710, and died in 1771. Among the multi- farious and extraordinary inacliiiies invented by himself was a four-wheeled vehicle, to pass over the surface of the water, which he exhibited on the bay of Naples. SANSON, Nicholas, a celebrated geo- grapher and engineer, was born at Abbe- ville, in IWK) ; and constructed, even while a youth, a map of ancient Gaul, remarkable for its excellence and accuracy. He subse- quently produced upwards of three hundred maps, all on a large scale, with several volumes to illustrate them ; reached the head of his profession, and was appointed geographer and engineer to the king. Died, 1WJ7 His three sons, Nicholas, William, and Aduian, who also were excellent geo- graphers, collected and published the works of their father, as well as several of their own. SANSOVINO, GiACOJio Fatti, an emi- nent sculptor and architect, was born at Florence, in 1479. He ornamemed Rome and Venice with many splendid structures, and enjoyed so great a rei)utation, that when a general impost was levied at Venice, he and Titian were the only persons exempted from the tax. Died, 1570. SANTA CRUZ DE MARZENADO, Don Alvau de Navia Osokio, Maiquis of, an able Spanish oflBcer and diplomatist, who distinguished himself in the war of the suc- cession, was born in 1687 ; and was killed, in 1732, in a sally from Oran, of whicli city he was governor. lie wrote "Militaiy Re- flections," 11 vols. 4to. SANTERRE, Jean Baftiste, a French painter, was born at Magny, near Pontoise, in 16.51. He painted historical subjects, on a small size, and with great delicacy. Died, 1717. SANTERRE, M., commandant of the na- tional guard of Paris, and general in the republican army, was a rich brazier, who, having acquired some influence with the citizens, availed himself of the circumstance to act a part in the French revolution. He rendered himself notorious at the demolition of the Bastille on the memorable 14th of July, 1789 ; but, deficient of the talents which are most necessary to Ibrm the leader of a party, lie was satisfied to follow the in- spirations which were excited by his more fortunate competitors for public favour. Appointed to command a battalion of the Parisian guard, he figured on the 20th of June, 1791, as the agent to intimidate the minority in the legislative assembly, and assist in delivering up Louis XVI. and liis unhappy family to the violence of an in- furiated mob. He presided at the sad ca- tastrophe, on the 21st January, 1793 ; and, by ordering the drums to beat when his majesty addressed his people, prevented the voice of the victim from being heard. On the lOth of June following, he headed 14,0(X) men against the royalist army ; but, as he possessed mere courage without any military 759 talent, his campaign was a failure. He lost his counsellor in the death of Danton ; and tiie committee of public safety suspecting his fidelity, he was arrested in April, 1794. After obtaining his liberty, which he was lucky enough to effect in a short time, Sau- terre sunk into deserved obscurity. SANTEUL, or SANTOLIUS, John de, a distinguished modem Latin poet, was born at Paris, in. 1C30 ; and after studying under the Jesuits, entered among the canons of the abbey of St. Victor, and died in 1697. He was eccentric, witty, and capricious ; generally licentious, but at times endeavour- ing to atone for it by sudden fits of devotion. SAPPHO, a celebrated Greek poetess, born at Mitylene, in the island of Leslws, about B.C. 600. ller writings were highly esteemed by the ancients, and she is re- garded as the inventress of the metre which bears her name ; but, of her works, there at present exist only a "Hymn to Venus," an ode, and a few trifling fragments Another Sappho, of a later date, who is usually confounded with the foregoing, from being also a native of Lesbos, was no less distinguished for amorous propensities than for the warmth of her lyrical efiusions, and is said to have thrown herself into the sea, from the promontory of Leucate, in conse- quence of the neglect she experienced from Pliaon, her lover. SARAZIN, Jacques, a sculptor, was bom at Noyon, in 1698. After learning the rudiments of his art at Paris, he went to Rome, where he studied painting as well as sculpture, and, on his return, lie was much employed at the palace of Versailles. Died, 1660. SARAZIN, Jonx, a French marshal, was born in 1770. In 1793 he was secretary to General Marceau ; and, in 1798, he was em- ployed in the expedition to Ireland. He served in the German campaigns under Buonaparte, during 180.5 and 1806 -, but, in 1809, deserted from the camp at Boulogne, and came to England in a fishing-boat. He treated with the English ministry for em- ployment, but disagreed about terms ; then followed the English invading army into Spain, and re-appeared in France after the restoration of the Bourbons, to whom he avowed an ardent attachment. He was accused of trigamy in 1819; but justified himself in person, without denying the charge, and was condemned to the galleys for ten years. The punishment, however, was not carried into eliect. Died, 1824. SARBIEWSKI, Matthias Casimir, a Polish poet, usually known by the name of Cafimir, was born in 1.595, became a pro- fessor in the Jesuits' college at Wilna, wrote some elegant Latin poems, and died in 1610. SARRASIN, John Fkancis, an eminent French poet, born in Normandy, in 1604. He was secretary to the Prince of Conti, wrote a " History of the Siege of Dunkirk," I poems, and various other works ; and died in 1654. SARTI, Joseph, a graceful musical com- poser, born at Faenza, in 1730 ; who, after having been master of the conservatorio of La Pieta at Ycuiec, was invited to St. 3 T 2 SAU] ^ ^tbi UnihtviaX SBiostapi^y* [SAU Petersburgh by tlie empress Catharine, who appointed him director of music at the con- servatory of Catharineslali', with a munificent salary, to which slie afterwards added a title of nobility and an estate. Died, 1802. SAUMAREZ, Right Hon. James, Lord de, a distinguished officer in the British navy, was born in tlie island of Guernsey, in 1757, and was descended from a French family, wliose ancestor accompanied Wil- liam the Conqiieror to this country. He entered tlie naval service at the age of 1.5, accompanied Sir Peter Parker across the Atlantic, and having signalised himself in an attack upon Fort Sullivan, received the command of the Spitfire ; but the cutter having been mucli damaged, was burnt, to avoid falling into the hands of the enemy, and he returned a passenger to England. After being actively engaged, under Sir Hyde Parker, at Dogger Bank, and with Admirals Hood and Rodney, he was sent to cruise on the French const, where he cap- tured La Recession, a fine French frigate, without the loss of a single man, while 120 were killed or wounded on the part of the enemy ; which gallant action procured him the liTinour of knighthood. He afterwards sailed witli Sir Jolni Jervis in the Mediter- ranean, and shared in the victoi^- off Cape St. Vincent in 1797 ; and going again to the Mediterranean, was second in command to Lord Nelson in the glorious victory of the Nile. On his return to England, Sir James received the decoration of the order of the Bath, and was appointed colonel of marines; and in 1801 he was made a rear-admiral of the blue, created a baron, and appointed to the command of the squadron oflf Cadiz. On the Gth of July he made a daring attack on a superior force in the bay of Algesiras ; but owing to the protection of the batteries, and the wind failing, he was compelled to withdraw his ships after an action of five hours, and repair to Gibraltar to refit. With unparalleled expedition he again put to sea, and offered battle to the enemy's fleet, now amounting to 10 sail of the line, his own squadron consisting of only half the number; which ended in two of the enemy's S-deckers being blown up, and a74-gun ship captured; and though the darkness of night gave the remainder an opportunity of escaping, they were so crippled that they were laid up at Cadiz, and never again during the war left that port. For this brave action Sir James re- ceived the thanks of both houses of parlia- ment, and a pension of 1200/. per annum. After this he performed a series of signal services to his country, as commander-in- chief of the Britisli fleet in the Baltic ; and when this country was visited by the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia, he received the personal thanks of those monarchs, to- gether with those of Prince Metternich, on the part of the Emperor of Austria, for the services he had rendered to the common cause of Europe. In 1831 he was appointed vice-admiral of England, which appoint- ment he resigned for that of general of ma- rines ; and at the coronation of William IV. he was called to the House of Peers, as Baron de Sauinarez. Died at Sauniarez, his seat in the island of Guernsey, 183(5. I SAUNDERS, Sir Edmund, an English judge in the reign of Charles II., who was originally an errand-boy at the inns of court. A lawyer of St. Clement's Inn per- ceiving his genius, took him into his office, and made him his clerk. He afterwards became an eminent counsel, and rose to be chief justice in the court of king's bench. Died, 1683. SAUNDERS, John Cunningham, a sur- geon and oculist, was born in 1773, in Devon- shire, and became demonstrator of anatomy at St. Thomas's Hospital, London. He was particularly skilful in the treatment of dis- orders of the eye, for which lie instituted an infirmary in 1804. He wrote "On the Anatomy and Diseases of the Ear" and " On the Diseases of the Eye." Died, 1810. SAUNDERS, William," an eminent phy- sician and medical writer, was born in 1743, became senior physician to Guy's Hospital, and died in 1819. Among his works are, treatises on the " Structure, Economy, and Diseases of the Liver," on " Indian Hepa- titis," on " Mineral Waters," &c. SAUNDERSON, Nicholas, an eminent mathematician, was born in 1682, at Tliurl- ston, in Yorkshire. He lost his sight when 12 months old, by the small-pox ; but was sent to the free-school at Penniston, where he made a great proficiency in classical learning. At the age of 18 he was intro- duced to Mr. West, a lover of the mathe- matics, who instructed him in algebra and geometry ; and he made such progress, that his friends sent him to Cambridge, where he delivered lectures on the mathematics to crowded audiences. Having been created M. A. by royal mandate, he was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics in 1711 ; and in 1728 he received the degree of LL.D. Died, 1739. SAURIN, James, an eminent French Protestant preacher, was born at Nismes, in 1677. Upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1085, his father retired with his family to Geneva, where the subject of this article made a considerable progress in learning, but quitted his studies, and went into the army. When the Duke of Savoy, under whom he served, made peace in 1696, he returned to Geneva, with a view to engage in the ministry. In 1700 he visited England, where he preached nearly 5 years to his fellow refugees in London. He subsequently became pastor to a congregation of French refugees, who assembled in a chapel belong- ing to the Prince of Orange, at the Hague. He was the author of 12 vols, of" Sermons," " The State of Christianity in France," "Discourses, Historical. Critical, and iloral, on the most remarkable Events of the Old and Ntw Testaments," &c. Died, 1730. SAURIN, JosKPU, brother of the pre- ceding, was born in 1659, and distinguished himself as a mathematician. He was origi- nally a Protestant minister ; but, in 1690, he embraced the Catholic faith, and was pen- sioned by Louis XIV. He contributed for some years to the Journal des Savans, and died in 1730. SAURIN, Bernard Joseph, son of the last mentioned, was born in 1706, at Paris ; and quitted the bar to become a dramatic SAU] ^ i5lc&) ^uibcrM 33t05raj}T)^, [SAV ; writer. lie was the author of " Spartacus," a tragedy i " Mocurs des Temps," a spirited eomcUy ; aud a variety of other dramas. Died, 1781. SAUKIN, Right Hon. William, an emi- nent Irish lawyer. He was called to tlie bar in the year 1790 ; in 1798 he received a pa- tent of precedence, which was soon followed by liis appointment to the office of solicitor- general. As a member of tlie Irish parlia- ment he took an active part in the politics of tlie latter end of the 18th century ; yet, turbulent as were the times, aud fierce as were the political antagonists to whom he was opposed, his personal integrity and highly honourable feelings were on all hands admitted. His powers us a debater, and Itis eminence and celebrity as a lawyer, caused him, in 1807, to be made attorney-general for Ireland, and he held that important office until 1822, when he was succeeded by Mr., now Lord, Plunkett. Though for many years previous to his death he had bceu greatly afflicted in health, his faculties re- mained unimpaired to the last. Born, 17G7; died, 1840. SAUS8URE, Horace Benedict de, a celebrated naturalist, was born at Geneva, in 1740 ; attained an early proflciency in the mathematical and physical sciences, and was for several years professor of phi- losophy at Gentva. He travelled in France, England, Italy, &c. ; and by the valuable observations whicli he made, particularly among tlie glaciers of the Alps, he contri- buted much to the advancement of geology and meteorology. He also showed great ingenuity in tlie conslruction of improved instruments adapted to scientific uses, viz. a thermometer, a hygrometer, a eudiometer, an electrometer, &c. Died, 1799. SAUVAGES, FnANCis Boissier dk, a celebrated French botanist and physician, born In 1706, at Alais ; became professor of medicine and botany at tlic iinirersity of Montpelier, was a member of nearly all the learned societies in Europe, aud acquired, by his writings and lectures, as well as by his zeal, a high reputation. His principal work is entitled "Nosologia Methodica," 5 vols. Died, 1767. SAUVEUR, Joseph, a French mathema- tician, born in 1653, at La Fleche. He was dumb till he had passed his 7th year, but such was his love for the mathematical sci- ences, that he acquired them with scarcely any instruction, aud became professor at the royal college. He was the discoverer of that branch of science called musical acoustics, and died in 1710. SAVAGE, RicuAUD, an English poet, celebrated for his genius, irregularities, and I misfortunes, was born in London, about 1698. I The singular story of Savage, adorned as it is by tlie pen of his intimate friend. Dr. Johnson, has acquired great interest. He was the natural son of the Countess of Mac- clesfield by Earl Rivers. No sooner did he see the light, than a most unnatural hatred took complete possession of his mother, who placed him witlfi an old woman in the lowest state of indigence, with directions that he should be brought up in utter ignorance of his birth, and in the meanest condition. He was 761 i an apprentice to a shoemaker, when tliis j woman d^ ing suddenly, some of Lady Mo- { son's (the mother of the countess) letters, i which he found among her papers, discovered j to him the secret of his birth. From tliis ; moment his attempts to obtain the notice of i his mother were incessant, but all his assidu- ; iiics and applications were unavailing ; and in justice to the Countess of Macclesfield it I must be observed, that she always asserted i that her child died while quite young, and that Savage was an impostor. yoi lie now be- came an author, and, in 1723, produced the ; tragedy of " Sir Thomas Overbury," the : profits of which produced him 200/. ; and he I was rising in reputation, when, in 1727, he I accidentally killed a Mr. Sinclair, at a house | of ill-fame, in a drunken quarrel. For this '< he was tried, and found guilty ; but obtained ! the royal pardon, through the intercession | of Lady Hertford. Soon after, Lord Tyr- connel became his patron, received him into his house, and allowed him 200/. a year ; but the bard and the peer quarrelled, and he was again turned adrift upon the world. A " Birth-day Ode," addressed to the queen, procured him a pension of 50/., but on her majesty's death this was discontinued, and he subsequently endured much misery and privation ; till at length, in 1743, he died in the debtors' prison, at Bristol ; exhibiting, as his biographer, Johnson, observes, a lament- able proof that " negligence and irregularity, long continued, will make knowledge use- less, wit ridiculous, and genius contemptible." S.AVARY, Nicholas, a French traveller and author, was a native of "Vitre, in Brit- tany ; travelled to Egypt and the Levant, where he gathered much information rela- tive to the antiquities, manners, and cus- toms of the country, and died in 1788. He translated the Koran, wrote a "Life of Ma- homet," " letters on Egypt," &c. SAVEREIN, AtiiXAXDER, a French ma- thtmatician, was born at Aries, in 1720 ; aud died in 1805. His principal works re- late to naval tactics and maritime aft'uirs ; but he also wrote on philosophical and other sul.jects. SAVILLE, Sir Hknuy, one of the most profound and elegant scholars of his age, was born in 1549, and after graduating at Brazennose College, Oxford, removed on a fellowship to Merton College, in the same university. In his 29th year he made a tour on the Continent for the purpose of perfecting himself in elegant literature, and. on his return was ai)i)ointed tutor in Greek and mathematics to Queen Elizabeth. Seven years after, the wardenship of his college was conferred on him, which he held lor [ about 36 years, the provostship of Eton being added to it in 1596. Among his works are, " Commentaries on Roman Warfare," and other learned treatises. Died, 1622. SAVONAROIvA, Jerome, a Dominican, was born at I'errara, in 1452. He was re- garded by some as an enthusiast, and by others as an impostor ; but he preached with great zeal against the corruptions of the Roman church, for which he was con« denined to the flames in 1498. He wrote sermons, a treatise entitled " The Triumph of the Cross," and other works. 8X8 sax] ^ ^eiu Hntbcrj^aX 2StonT«P?)e. [SCA i SAXE, Maukice, Count de, marshal- ' general of the French armies, was bprn at Dresden, in 1G96. He was tlie natural son of Frederic Augustus II., king of Poland, ; by the Countess of Kcinigsmark, and died in ! 1750, leaving behind him the cliaraeter of one of the greatest and most successful ge- nerals of the age. His " Reveries, or Me- moirs concerning the Art of War," together j with otlier small pieces, were translated < into English, and publisiied at Loudon, in 1757. S AXO, Grammaticus, a Danish historian, who flourished in the 12th century. SAY, Jean Baptiste, an eminent French writer on political economy, born in 1767. i He concerted with Chamfort (who was guil- j lotined) the " Decade Philosophique," during tlie revolution. Buonaparte, on going to j Egypt, made him his librarian extraordinary, j and afterwards appointed him a member of the tribunate, from which post he was dis- ! missed by liis patron, for having the consist- ent honesty to vote against the creation of an emperor and empire. His " Traite d'Eco- nomie Publique " is a most valuable work, and has been compared to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. Among his other works are, " Observations sur I'Angleterre et les Anglais," " Cours complet d'Economie Poli- I tique," vols. &c. In his private life, M. ' Say is said to have exhibited a model of the domestic virtues ; and, as a political cha- racter, though assailed by trials and tempta- tions, throughout tlie stormy periods of the French revolution, as well -as during the despotism of Napoleon, he maintained an unsullied reputation. He died in 1832. SCALA, BARTHELMi.an Italian statesman and historian ; born, 1430 ; died, 1497. His chief work is a *' History of the Florentine Republic." SCALIGER, JuLins Cesar, generally known as the elder Scaliger, a celebrated scholar, was born in 14S4, at the castle of Riva, on lake Garda, and became a page of the emperor Majcimilian, whom he served in war and peace for 17 years. When he was about 40, he quitted the army, and applied himself to the study of natural law, medi- cine, and the learned languages. In 1525 he accompanied the Bishop of Agen to liis diocese in France, where he died in 1558. His work " De Arte Poetica " gained him much reputation, and few men have sur- passed liim in erudition ; but liis vanity and insolence were on a i)ar with his talents. SCALIGER, Joseph Justus, son of the preceding, was born at Agen, in 1540 ; was made professor of polite literature at Ley- den, and is said to have been master of no less than 13 languages. Died, 1609. SCANDERBEG (which means the Bey Alexander), whose proper name was (ieorge Castriotto, was the son of John, prince of Albania, and was born in 1404. Being given by his father as a hostage to sultan Amu- rath II., he was educated in the Moham- medan religion^ and at the age of 18 was placed at the head of a body of troops, with the title of sangiac. After the death of his father in 1432, he formed the design of pos- sessing himself of his principality; and hav- ing accompanied the Turkish army to Hun- gary, he entered into an agreement with Hunniades to desert to the Christians. This design he put into execution ; and, having ascended the throne of his fathers, he re- nounced the Mohammedan religion. A long warfare followed ; but although frequently obliged to retire to the fastnesses of moun- tains, he always renewed his assaults upon the first favourable occasion, until the sultan proposed terms of peace to liim, which were accepted. He, however, renounced liis treaty with the sultan, obtained repeated victories over the Turkish armies, completely estab- lished his power, and died in 1467. His per- sonal prowess was doubtless prodigious, but the accounts which are related of it exceed all credibility. His death was a great loss to Christendom ; and when the Turkish em- peror heard of it, he exultingly exclaimed, " Who shall now prevent me from destroying the infidels, who have lost their sword and buckler ? " The Albanians, after the death of their chief, appeared to have been deprived of all energy, and in no long time submitted again to the Mussulman dominion. SCAPULA, John, the author of a valuable lexicon of the Greek language, published originally in quarto, in 1583, and which has since gone through a variety of editions. SCARLATTI, Alessandro, born at Naples, in 1658, was educated at Rome under Carissimi, and died in 1728. The Italians called him the " glory of the art," and the first of composers. He composed about 100 operas, a great number of motets, and nearly 2(X) masses Domenico Scarlatti, his son, born in 1683, resided for a time at Rome and Naples, but finally settled at Madrid, where he obtained the appointment of chapel- master to the queen of Spain. He produced several operas and some good church music, and was on terms of friendship with Handel. SCARPA, Aktonio, a celebrated Italian anatomist, was born in 1746, at Friuli ; and died at Pavia, in 1826. He enjoyed an ex- tensive reputation throughout Europe, by his admirable description of the nerves in his " Tabula Necrologise." His treatises on the organs of hearing, sight, and smell, and on aneurism, hernia, and lithotomy, &c., further contributed to his surgical fame ; while his exquisite taste for the fine arts, and his amiable disposition, rendered him a great favourite in a more extended sphere. SCABBON, Paul, n comic poet and sa- tirist, was born at Paris, in 1610, and was intended for the church, to which he was averse, and for which his habits were de- cidedly unfit. At the age of 24 he travelle<l into Italy, where he gave himself up without restraint to indulgences of every kind, and continued his excesses after his return to Paris. At the age of 27, having appeared during the carnival at Mans as a savage, he was pursued by the populace, and being obliged to hide himself in a marsh, he lost the use of his limbs. Notwithstanding his sufferings, he never lost his gaiety ; and, settling at Paris, his wit and social powers gained him a wide circle of acquaintance, among whom was the beautiful Mademoiselle d'Aubigne, who after his death was known as the widow Scarron, and who was even- tually rendered still more famous as Madame SCAJ ^ |}cb) ^iiibevi^al 33i0arapT)n. [SCH (le Maintenon. His principal writings are, liis "Comic Romance" and liis "Virgilie Travestie." Died, lOGO. SC.VIISGILL, W. P., author of "The Puritan's Grave," " The Usurer's Daugh- ter," " Provincial Shetches," &c. Died, 183(5. SCIIADOW, JoiiANX Gkokkuoy, a dis- tinguislied modern sculptor, was horn at Berlin, 1701. Having evinced an early pre- dilection for the fine arts, he repaired to Rome in 178.", for the cultivation of liis taste, and after initiating himself in the school of the best Italian masters, he returned to Berlin in 17W, where he was appointed pro- fessor of sculpture in the university of that city, and subsequently director in chief of the academy of the tine arts. Here he lived and laboured for the long period of 02 years, not only designing and producing the great works whicii have placed him in the first rank of artists, but forming the distinguished school, which is so nobly represented by such men as Rauoh, Dannecker, Zauner, Tieck, and many others. One of his earliest works was the monument of Count van der ilark, in the chuiuh of St. Dorothy, at Berlin ; and among liis most celebrated productions may be mentioned, the statues of Frederick the Great at Stettin, Marshal Blucher at Ros- tock, Luther at Wittenberg, and the Quad- riga in bronze on tlie Braiidenl)urg gate at Berlin. Died, 1S50. One of his sons has attained great distinction as an arti>>t at Rome. SCIIADOW, Zoxo RiDOLFO, an Italian sculptor, was born at Rome, in 178(J ; and was instructed by Canova and Tliorwaldsen. He executed many admired sculptures and has reliefs, and died in 1822. SCIIAEFFER, Gkoffuov IlEi.vnicir, a distiuguislied philologist, professor of Greek literature and librarian at Leipsig, where lie was born, 17G4. He is chiefly known for his edition of tiie Greek authors, published by Tauehnitz. Died, 1810. SCHAEFFER, Jacob CuniSTiAN, a dis- tinguislied German philosopher, was born in 171.5, and died at Ratisbon in 1700. SCHALKEN, Godfrey, a Dutch painter of considerable merit, who chiefly excelled in painting candle-light scenes. Born, 1C43; died, 170(5. SCFI ANK. JOHX, a naval ofBcer, was born in 1740, at Castlerig, in Fifcshire ; entered the service early in life, and distinguished himself on the Canadian lakes during the American war as an able engineer. After the peace, he devoted himself chiefly to the improvement of shipping, and, among other contrivances, invented one for navigating vessels in shallow water, by means of sliding keels. He was actively employed in the defence of the British coast, and in the trans- port service, during the war witli France, and rose to the rank of admiral of the blue in 1821. He was one of the first founders of the society for promoting naval archi- tecture, and wrote several valuable papers for the institution. Died, 1823. SCHEEIiE, Charles William, an emi- nent chemist, was born in 1742, at Stralsund, in Swedish Pomerania ; was brotjglu up as an apothecary at Strasburg, became pro- I prietor of a pharmaceutial establishmeut at 763 Keeping, and died in 1786. He wrote " Chemical Essays," and was the discoverer of the oxalic, fluoric, malic, and lactic acids. SCHIAVONETTI, Louis, an eminent en- graver, was born in 17G5, at Bassano, in the state of Venice, and settled in England, where he acquired a high reputation, both as an artist and a man. Died, 1 jlO. SCIIILL, Ferdi.vand vox, a distin- guished Prussian oflScer, was born in 1773, and entered the army in 1789. He was severely wounded at the battle of Jena ; but took the field again at the head of a free corps, displaying great ability. Indignant at the sulijectiou of his country to the influence of Buonaparte, he resolved to make a great effort for the liberation of Germany. With that view he collected a small body of troops, ajid commenced operations on the Elbe ; but, after having obtained some successes, he was overpowered, and slain at Stralsund, in May, 1809. SCHILLER, JoiiJf Christopher FRKnE- rick vox, one of the most illustrious names in German literature, was born at Marbach, in WUrtemberg, in 17."i9. After having studied medicine, and become surgeon in a regiment, he, in his 22d year, wrote his tragedy of WThe Robbers,'* which at once raised him to the foremost rank among the dramatists of his country. It was performed at Mannheim, in 1782. But some passages of a revolutionary tendency having incurred the displeasure of the Duke of WUrtemberg, he left Stuttgard by stealth, and made his way to Mannheim, where, after various wanderings and many hardships, he got his tragedy of " Fieseo" brought out on the stage. The tragedies of " Cabal and Love " and "Don Carlos" M'ere his next produc- tions. In 1785 he repaired to Leipsig and Dresden, where he found many admirers. Here he wrote his singular romance called the " Geisterseher " and his " Philosophical Letters," and collected materials for a " His- tory of the Revolt of the Netherlands under Philip II." In 1787 he repaired to Weimar, where he was welcomed with great warmth by Wieland and Herder, undertook the management of a periodical called the Ger- man Mercury, and not long afterwards made the acquaintance of Goethe, which soon ripened into a friendship only dissolved by death. In 1789 he was appointed to the chair of history in the university of Jena, and besides lecturing to crowded audiences, he published his celebrated " History of the Thirty Years' War," and engaged in various literary enterprises, which have more or less had great influence on the literature of Germany. " Die Horen " and " Der Musen- Almanach," to wliich the most eminent men in Germany contributed, belong to this category. He also produced tlie " Xenien," a (wllection of epigrams, and wrote his " Ballads," which are reckoned among the finest compositions of their kind in any j language. About this period he exhibited a strong tendency to consumption, which by precluding him from lecturing, greatly re- duced Ids income ; but he was relieved from the pressure of misfortune by the kindness of the Prince of Denmark, who settled upon him a pension of a thousand dollars for three 8CH] ^ f}cl3) CJm'tjerjSal 3ai0ffrajpT)n. [SCH years, and thus enabled him to pursue his studies, free at once from narrow circum- stances and public duties. lie soon after settled at Weitriar, in order to direct the theatre in conjunction with Goethe, in ac- cordance with their mutual tastes and opi- nions ; and here he at intervals published the works which, together with those above mentioned, have immortalised his name. Among these are " Wallenstein," " Mary Stuart," "Joan of Arc," " William Tell," " History of the Kemarkable Conspiracies and Revolutions in the Middle and Later Ages," &c. Died, 1805. SCIIIPANI, Giuseppe, a patriotic general of the Neapolitan republic in 1799, defeated and executed by -Cardinal Ruffo and the counter-revolutionists, who restored the Neapolitan Bourbons. SCHLEGEL, August Wimielii vox, a celebrated critic, poet, and philologist, was born at Hanover, 17C7. After finishing his studies at Gfittingen, he became professor at Jena, where he lectured on the tlieory of art, and joined his brother Friederich in the editorship of the Athenaeum. In 1802 he repaired to Berlin, as a wider field for his literary predilections ; accompanied Madame de Stael, in 1805, on a tt)ur through Italy, France, Germany, and Sweden ; de- livered lectures in Vienna, in 1808, on dra- matic art ; became secretary to Bernadotte, the crown prince of Sweden, in 181.3 ; and. after studying Sanscrit in Paris, obtained in 1818 the professorship of history at Bonn, which he held till his death. It would be diflicult within the brief space at our com- mand to indicate the great literary achieve- ments of A. W. von Schlegel, and the influence which his works exercised upon the minds not only of his own countrymen but of Europe at large Besides publishing numerous profound philological works, and many dissertations on subjects connected with the fine arts and poetry, he was the founder of the so called romantic school, in contradistinction to the classical; his poems and ballads rank among the highest in Germany ; his lectures on dramatic art and literature have become a standard work even in England ; and his translation of Shakspeare is accounted one of the most wonderful achievements in that difficult, though too often ill-appreciated, art. Though a Protestant by birth and education, Schlegel became warmly attached to Catholicism ; but he often displayed a puerile passion for titles and small court distinctions, which formed a great drawback to his real merits, and drew down upon him much merited ridicule. Died, 1845. SCHEEGEL, Fkiedkricii vox, a cele- brated German critic and philologist, and a younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1772, and studied at Gfittingen and Leip- sig. His first production of any importance was the " History of the Poetry of the Greeks and Romans." He then joined his brother in conducting a periodical called the Athe- naeum, and after publishing the philosophi- cal romance of " Lucinda," he visited Paris, where he delivered lectures on philosophy, and occupied himself with the fine arts. In 180 1 he published a "Collection of the Ro- mantic Poetry of the Middle Ages." After this, he repaired to Vienna, and, in 1809, received an appointment at the head- quarters of the Archduke Charles, where he drew up several powerful proclamations. When peace was concluded, he delivered in Vienna the lectures known as " The History of Ancient and Modern Literature ; " a work which has been justly designated as a great European possession, for it has been trans- lated into nearly every European language, lu 1812, he edited the " German Museum,'' and gained the confidence of Prince Mctter- nich by the composition of various diploma- tic papers ; in consequence of wliich he was appointed Austrian counsellor of legation at the Germanic diet, which he held from 1814 to 1818. He then returned to Vienna, and re- sumed his literary occupations with great zest ; contributing to various journals and reviews, lecturing on many topics connected with philosophy and a3sthetics ; and above all producing his " Philosophy of Life " and his "Philosophy of History," which rank among his best literary efforts. I/ike his brother, Friederich Schlegel became a Roman Catholic ; and his strong devotional tenden- cies may be seen in his interesting " Letters on Christian Art." Died, 1829. SCHLEIERMACHER, Fkederic Er- NI2ST Daniel, equally distinguished as a theologian, a philologist, a critic, an orator, and a translator, was born at Breslau iu 17«8 ; studied at Halle in 1781 ; and, after holding various ecclesiastical appointments in different parts of Germany, was called to Berlin in 1809 as preacher, and about the same time received the chair of theology in the university of that city. The influence of | his writings on the German mind was and | still is very great ; but it was far surpassed | by that which his oral instructions, and the ! purity and piety which his personal cha- j racter exercised over those who lived within : his sphere. His works on moral philosophy, I his sermons, and his masterly translation of 1 Plato, will secure him lasting fame in the j literarv world. Died, 1834. SCHLOETZER, Augustus Louis, a Ger- I man historian, was born iu 1737, became I professor of philosophy and politics at Got- \ tingen, and died in 1S09. Among his works | are, " A History of Lithuania ;" and he was one of the conductors of what may be called the Literary Gazette of Gottingen. I SCHMAUSS, JoHx James, historian and i publicist, was born at Landau, in 1690. He I was educated at Halle, and commenced a life of literary labour at the age of 21, from j which he was relieved by the Margrave of i Baden-Dourlach, who gave him ofificial \ employment at his court. In 1734 he was I appointed professor of history at the univer- sity of Gottingen, which was then regarded as a school of diplomacy for the youth of the greatest families in Europe. Among his principal works are, " A Sketch of the His- tory of the Empire," " Corpus Juris publici Academicum," " Corpus Juris gentium Aca- demicum," and an " Introduction to the Science of Politics." Died, 1757. SCHOEPFLIN, Joiix Daniel, a learned German historian, was born in 1694, and be- came professor of history and rhetoric at ecu] ^ ^elu dnibcriSnl UiograjpI)M. [sen Strasburg ; where he died in 1771. He pub- lished several works of great research, and was for more than half a century one of the most distinguished ornaments of tlie university of Strasburg. His valuable library and museum he left to the public. SCIIOEl'FER,PETKU,one of the inventors of printing, was born at Gernslieim, in the territory of Darmstiult ; was a partner with Guttcmbergand Faust ; a«id having married the daugliter of the latter, became sole pos- sessor of the printing establishment. He died about I.W2. SCHOMHERG, Hknrv de, marshal of France, was descended of a German family. He served in 1617, in Piedmont, under Mar- shal d'Estrees, and afterwards against tlie Huguenots in the civil wars. In 102.5 he was made field-marshal, and two years afterwards defeated the English at the isle of Rht.'. In 1629 he forced the passage of Susa, on which occasion he was severely wounded. The next year he took Pignerol, and relieved Casal. In 1633 he defeated the rebels in Liinguedoc at the famous battle of Castelnuudari, for which he was made governor of that province. He wrote a narrative of tlie war of Italy, and died in I6;5;i. SCHOMBERG, Fkederick Armand, Duke of, was born of an illustrious family, but different from the preceding. He began his military career under Frederic Heury, prince of Orange, and his son VVilliam ; but in 16.50 he passed into the French service, became acquainted with Condu and Tu- reune, and obtained the government of Gravelines and Furnes. In 1661 he was sent to Portugal, where his success against the forces of Spain procured a favourable peace. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he left France and went to Bran- denburg, the elector of which made him minister of state. He accompanied the Prince of Orange to England at the revo- lution, was created a peer, made knight of the garter, and obtained a grant of 100,000/. In 1689 he went with William to Ireland, and was accidentally shot as he was crossing the Boy ne, by the French refugees of his own regiment. SCHOMBERG, Isaac, a naval officer and historian. He served as lieutenant in the American war, distinguished himself in the victory gained by Admiral Rodney over Count de Grasse, and was captain of the Culloden in liOrd Howe's fleet on " the glo- rious first of Jime," 1794. He eventually became a commissioner of the navy, and at his leisure devoted his attention to tlie com- position of a work, entitled " Naval Chrono- logy." .5 vols. Died. 1813. SCHOPENHAUER, Joiiaxxa, a German authoress of great celebrity, was born at Dantzig, 1770. Her father, whose name was Trosina, was a wealthy citizen of that town; and under the paternal roof she enjoyed every facility for the improvement of her great natural abilities. Soon after her marriage she entered on an extensive tour through France, Italy, and the British Islands, of which she subsequently published an account; and, on the death of her husband, she went to reside at Weimar, where she lived in the closest Intimacy with Goethe, her home being the resort of all the emi- nent persons who were attracted to that court. Her chief works arc, " Fernow's Leben," "Ausflucht an denRhein," "Jugend- leben und Wanderbilder " (an English translation of which was published in 1847), "Sidonia," "Die Tante," and above all " Gabriele," which presents a charming picture of female character. Died, 1838. SCHREVELIUS, Coknelius, a learned critic, was born at Haarlem, about l(il4. His father was rector of the school at Lcyden, in which office he succeeded him. His name is now principally known by his " Greek and Latin Lexicon." Died, 1667. SCHROEDER, Joiix Joachim, a learned orientalist, born in Hesse Cassel, in 1680. He undertook a journey to Armenia, in order to prosecute his researches concerning the language of that country, and on his return published his " Thesaurus Linguae Armenicas." He was, successively, professor of the oriental tongues, ecclesiastical his- tory, and theology, at Marpurg ; where he died in 175C. SCHUBERT, Fkancis, an eminent musi- cal composer, was born at Vienna, 1795. His melodies, known by their German name, "Lieder," have attained great celebrity throughout Germany, France, and England ; among the l)est known are the " Erl K(5nig," " Ave Maria," " Der Wanderer," and " Die Erwartung," &e. Died, 1830. SCHULEMBOURG, Joiix Matthias, Count de, a celebrated general, born at Magdeburg, in 1661. He first served in the Danish army ; after which he distin- guished himself as a brave and skilful general in the wars of Poland, under So- bieski ; on quitting which service he became generalissimo of the Venetian forces, and in 1716 giiined great renown by his noble defence of Corfu against the Turks. Died, 1747. SCHULTENS, Albert, a German divine,' who has been designated the restorer of oriental literature in the 18th century, was born at Groningen, in 1086 ; became pro- fessor of eastern languages at Franeker, and afterwards at Leyden ; wrote several learned works, among which are " Origines Hebraicaj" and a "Commentary on the Book of Job," and died in 1750 John Jacob, his son,whodiedin 1778; and Henry Albert, his grandson, who died in 1793, were both distinguished by their knowledge of the oriental tongues, and filled the same situations at Leyden. SCIIULZE, JoHX Hexrv, a German physician, was born at Colbitz, in the duchy of Magdeburg, in 1687. He was i)rofessor of rhetoric and antiquities at Halle, and died there in 1745, with the reputation of being a profound scholar and an able ana- tomist. SCHUMACHER, Heinricii CiiRiSTiAX,n distinguished astronomer, was born in Hol- stein, 1780 ; was successively professor of astronomy at the university of Copenhagen, director at the observatory of Mannheim, in the grand duchy of Baden, and for many years astronomer in the observatoiy at Altona, and editor of the Astronomische sch] ^ ^eU) OnibfriSal 3Sta(jrap]^i). [sci Nachrichtcn. From 1817 to 1821 lie mea- sured, by order of t)>e government, the de- grees of longitude from Copenhagen to the western coast of Jutland, and the degrees of latitude from Skagen (the northern ex- tremity of Jutland) to the frontiers of the kingdom of Hanover ; a work which was afterwards continued by the astronomer Gauss. Among many other important works which came from his hands, he executed for the English government the measure of the difference of longitude existing between the observatories of Greenwich and of Altona. He was a diligent and accurate observer, one of his latest labours being connected with Encke's planet Astrsea. Died, 28th Dec. 18,50. SCHURMANN, An'xa Mahia de, born at Cologne, in 10(»7, whose acquirements in the learned languages, the fine arts, and polite literature were so great, that slie obtained the appellation of the modern Sappho. This erudite and accomplished lady, who understood the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Chal- dee, and several modern languages, and who was mistress of painting, engraving, sculp- ture, and music, at length became the victim of fanatical delusion. In 1(550 she appeared as a zealous disciple of the enthusiast Labadie, to whom, it is said, she was secretly married ; and. after his death, she retired to Weivart, in Friesland, where she died in 1(578. Her "Opuscula, or Pieces in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew," were printed in 1(552. She also wrote " Latin Poems " and a " De- fence of Female Study." SCHUSTER, Ignatius, a famous comic actor at Vienna, on whose tomb the follow- ing expressive tribute is recorded : — " Here lies Ignatius Schuster, who made Vienna laugh daily for 30 years, and caused it to weep only once — upon the day of his death." Died, 1833. SCHWANTHALER, Ludwio von, an eminent sculptor, descended from a family that for generations had been distinguished in the arts, was born at Munich, 1802. At the age of 16 he entered the academy of Munich, where he soon attracted the atten- tion of Cornelius, by whose advice he re- paired to Rome ; and after enjoying there the friendship and instructions of Thorwald- sen, he returned to his native city in 1827, where he found ample scope for tlie develop- ment of his genius in the numerous com- missions entrusted to him by the royal family of Bavaria. It would be difficult with our limits to point out even a tithe of his productions ; suffice it to say, that ricli as Munich has become in works of art, it owes no small portion of its celebrity to this artist, whose marvellous power ofcomi>osit ion and versatility of genius showed themselves no less in his admirable statues and reliefs, than in his frescoes and cartoons. Died, 1818. SCHWARTZ, Bertiiold, a monk of the order of Cordeliers, at the end of the 13th century, was a native of Fribourg in Ger- many, and an able chemist. It is said, that as he was making some experiments with nitre, it led to his invention of gunpowder, which was first applied to warlike purposes by the Venetians in 1300. There is, how- ever, much discrepancy in the accounts of this discovery ; and it is certain that Roger Bacon, who died in 1292, was acquainted with an inflammable composition similar to gunpowder, the knowledge of which Europeans appear to have derived from the Orientals. SCHWARTZ, CHKiSTrAN Fkederic, a German missionary to the East Indies. In 17(57, he was employed by the English Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, and lie continued throughout his life to labour in the sacred cause with unceasing zeal. He was held in high esteem for his character by the Hindoos, and the rajah of Tanjore made him tutor to his sou. Died, 'SCHWARTZENBERG, Charles Pin- Lir, Prince, an Austrian field-marshal, was born of an ancient and illustrious family at Vienna, in 1771. He entered into the army early, and rapidly proceeded through all the grades of military rank until he became a general officer. After serving two cam- paigns against the Turks, he was employed in the first campaign against the French in the war that followed the execution of Ltmis XVI. On the death of the emperor Paul in 1801, he was sent to St. Petersburgh to congratulate Alexander on his accession. He served under General Mack in 1805, and succeeded in withdrawing the cavalry under his command from the consequences of the capitulation of Ulm. He also took a share in the battle of Austerlitz, which was fought against his advice, as well as in that of Wagram. In 1812 he was appointed to the command of the auxiliary force of 30,000 Austrians, extorted by Napoleon in aid of his disastrous invasion of Russia ; and in j 1813 he was invested with the rank of field- ] marshal, with the commandcrship-in-chief of all the armies allied against France. On the return of Buonaparte from Elba he was again entrusted with the command of a great | portion of the allied forces ; and at the con- | elusion of tlie war he was made president of the aulic council, which post he occupied until his death, in 1820. SCIOPPIUS, Gaspar, a learned German writer of the 17th century, but who, on ac- count of his spiteful and injurious way of calumniating all that were eminent for their learning, was j ustly called the " grammatical cur." Born, 157G ; died, 1049. SCIPIO AFRICAN US (the elder), Pub- LiusCoKN'ELius, a renowned Roman general, who obtained his surname in honour of his conquests in Africa. His other signal mili- tary exploits were, his taking the new city of Carthage in a single day ; his complete victory over Hannibal, the famous Cartha- ginian general ; the defeat of Syphax, king of Numidia ; and of Antiochus in Asia. He was as eminent for his chastity, and his generous behaviour to his prisoners, as for liis valour. Neither his laurels, nor his spot- less character, however, could protect him from tlie intrigues of his enemies in Rome ; from which city he at length retired in dis- gust, and died at Liternum, his country seat, B. r. 189. SCIPIO, Lucius Cornelius, surnamed AsiATicus, was brother of the preceding. sa] ^ ifJcto mm'berM masrnpl)^. [sco with whom he served in Spain and Africa. lie obtained the consulate, b. c. 186. SCIPIO, jEmimanus Publius, knonii as Africanus the Younger, was the son of Puulus ^milius, and was adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. In his youth he served in tlie army in Spain, wlien he ob- tained a mural crown for scaling the walls of a besieged city, and conquered in single combat a gigantic Spaniard. He carried on the third Punic war, which ended in the de- struction of Carthage, and the subjugation of tl\e Carthaginians, a. c. 147. lie was both a cultivator and a patron of literature. Died, B. <-. 12<>. SCOP AS, a celebrated Grecian sculptor, was a native of the isle of Paros, and flou- rished in the .5th century. SCOPOLI, John Anthony, an Italian naturalist and physician, was born in 1723, at Cavalese in the Tyrol ; and became, suc- cessively, first physician of the Tyrolese mines, professor of mineralogy at Chemnitz, and professor of botany and chemistrj' at Pavia. He wrote several works on botany and entomology. !;ied, 1787. SCOTT, David, author of a " History of Scotland," was born near Haddington, in East Lothian, in 1075 ; and died in 1742. SCOTT, Helenas, an eminent physician, who, after receiving his education at Aber- deen and Edinburgh, visited London, and went to Venice M'ith an intention of travel- ling overland to India ; but his pecuniary resources failing, he was under the necessity of returning to England. He, however, subsequently went thither, and realised a considerable fortune. He was the author of a romance, entitled "The Adventures of a Rupee." He died, while on a voyage to New South Wales, in 1821. SCOTT, James, an eloquent preacher, belonging to the Church of England, was born at Leeds, in 1733 ; studied at Cam- bridge ; and afterwards distinguished him- self as a pulpit orator at Trinity Church, Leeds, where he was lecturer. But he was still more noted f» a political partisan, by writing in the public juurnals under tlie signatures of " Anti-Scjanus" and "Old Slyboots." Through the interest of Lord Sandwich he was presented to the rectory of Simonbourn, in Northumberland, wliere he unfortunately got into a litigation with his parishioners, which lasted twenty years, and created such a hostile feeling ngainst him, that he was compelled to move to the metro- polis, in order to insure his personal safety. Died, 1814. SCOTT, John, a learned English divine, born at Cliippenham, in Wiltshire, in 1G38. He became the rector of St. Giles in the Fields, and a prebendary of St. Paul's, was author of " The Christian Life," and died in vm. SCOTT, John, a quaker poet, bom at Bermondsey, in 1739. He resided, during the greater part of his life at Amwell, and died in 1783. He was the autlior of " Am- weli," and other poems; a "Digest of the Higliway Laws," " Critical Essays." SCOTT, John, tlie original editor of the London Magazine, and the autlior of " A Visit to Paris in 1814," &c. His remarks on some articles in Blackwood's Edinburgh i Magazine having given offence to the editor | of that work, a quarrel ensued, which ended in a duel between a friend of the editor and Mr. Scott, who, a few days after, died of the wound he had received from his adversary. SCOTT, Michael, a celebrated Scottish philosopher of the 13th century, whose knowledge of the occult sciences caused him to pass among the unlettered for a magician, was born at Balwirie, in Fife- ghire. He travelled in France, Germany, and England, and was received with great distinction by the respective sovereigns ; re- ceived the honour of knighthood from the Scottish monarch, Alexander III.; and died in 12113. SCOTT, Michael, the well-known author of" Tom Cringle's I-og," was born in Glas- gow, 1789 ; received his education at the high school and university of that city, repaired to Jamaica in 1806, where he remained till 1822, and finally settled in Scotland, where he embarked in commercial speculations. During liis leisure he composed the enter- taining sketches above mentioned, which first appeared in "Blackwood's Magazine" (but which have since been published sepa- rately) ! and he preserved his incognito so well, that it was not until after his death that they were found to have proceeded from his pen. Died, 18.3.'5. SCOTT, Rf.oinald, or REYNOLr, wag a native of Kent, and received his education at Hart Hall, Cambridge. He had both the good sense and courage to oppose the absurd opinion, at that time prevalent, of the exist- ence of witches, by publishing his "Dis- coveries of Witchcraft." Died, 1599. SCOTT, Samuel, an eminent painter of scenery, who took Vandervelde for his model, and often excelled him. Died, 1772. SCOTT, Thojias, an English divine, born in 1747, at Braytorf, in l^incolnshire, was intended for the medical profession, but entered the church, and rendered himself celebrated as a theological writer. He be- came chaplain of the Lock Hospital in 1785, and rector of Aston Saudford in 1801 ; was the author of " The Force of Truth," a " Defence of Calvinism," a " Commentary on the Bible," and " Sermons." Died, 1821. SCOTT, Sir Walter, bart., wlio is gene- rally placed at the head of Jhiglish novelists in the 19tli century, was born at Edinburgh, in 1771. He passed the years of his youth between the pleasures of hunting, the study of the law, and an indulgence of his taste in reading old plays, romances, travels, and marvellous adventures. The antiquities and ancient poetry of Scotland seem to have early inflamed his imagination ; he read the old clnonicles, and made himself acquainted with the customs, obsolete laws, and even the traditions of individual families, and was versed in the localities and the superstitoius belief of the inhabitants of the Scottish mountains. Thus lie became an able anti- quary, his natural genius rendered him a poet, and his correct judgment lias subse- quently caused him to be regarded as the patron of literature. He made his debut as an original author in "Specimens of Ancient Scottish Poetry," which had great success. SCO] ^ ^cUj SSniber^al l3tograpT)». [SKB His next work, the " I^ay of the Last Min- strel," was received with still greater favour. "Marmion" and " Rokeby " followed, and gave a climax to his poetical reputation ; but It was soon afterwards eclipsed by the rise of Lord Bj'ron's poetical star, his vigorous and impassioned verses diverting the public poetical taste into an entirely new channel. Subsequently appeared " Pnul's Letters to his Kinsfolk " and the " Battle of Waterloo," the first successful, the latter a failure. His novels, however, are his great passport to fame. Tliose masterly productions, on whicli criticism would be out of place, need only be enumerated : " Wavcrley," " Tales of my Landlord," " Iranhoe," " Tlie Monastery," " The Abbott," " Quentin Durward," " Pe- veril of the Peak," " Woodstock," " Rob Roy," "The Heart of Mid Lothian," "Chro- nicles of the Canongate," &c. Sir Walter Scott was made a baronet by George IV., in 1821, after tlie coronation ; in giving effect to the splendid and antiquarian costumes of which, it appears, his taste and erudition were consulted. Our restricted limits pre- vent us from detailing, with anything like order or minuteness, the numerous engage- ments of tliis highly gifted and industrious man : suffice it, therefore, to say, that from the commencement of his literary career in 1792 to the year of his decease, he was con- stantly producing some popular or talented work, and that he reaped an abundant har- vest from the scattered seeds of his genius. His patrimonial estate was also considerable; and, in 1800, he obtained the preferment of sheriff of Selkirkshire, worth about 300/. a year ; which sum was considerably increased in 1806, by his being appointed one of the principal clerks of the session in Scotland. He accordingly, in 1811, removed 6 or 7 miles below his former residence on the Tweed, where he purchased a farm of about 100 acres, for the purpose of having some more quiet outdoor occupation than field sports, and built a mansion, to which he gave the appellation of Abbotsford. Here he con- tinued to reside, exercising the most open hospitality, and receiving the homage of admiration from all parts of the world, while j he pursued his literary labours with unre- mitting activity. At length, in 1825, the firm of Constable and Co., at Edinburgh, having projected a cheap series of original and selected works, engaged Sir Walter to compose a " Life of Buona'parte." It was in progress when tliese publishers became bank- rupts, and by that nnhappy failure Scott found himself involved, on their behalf, for accommodation bills to the enormous amount of 120,000/. The estate of Abbotsford had been settled on Sir Walter's eldest son on his marriage, and it was therefore beyond the reach of the creditors ; but though he had very little property to answer the im- mense amount of his debts, there was still a vast source of profit remaining — his literary talents. " Gentlemen," said he to his cre- ditors, " time and I against any two. Let me take this good ally into company, and I believe I shall be able to pay you every farthing." He further proposed, in their behalf, to ensure the sum of 22,000/. upon his life, which proposal was accepted ; and he then sat down, at the age of 53, to the task of redeeming, by the exertion of his talents as a public writer, a debt exceeding 100,000 pounds ! In the autumn of 1S2C he visited Paris, in order to protecute researches into several local and other details relating to the subject of his work ; whicli appeared during the summer of 1827, in 9 vols. 8vo. ; and realised the sum of 12,000/., being at the rate of 33/. a day for the time he had devoted to it. Though from the time of the publica- tion of " Waverley," Sir Walter had been generally considered the author of the " Scotch Novels," yet he had managed to preserve his incognito by various modes of evasion and half-denials whenever the sub- ject was publicly mooted ; and the author, whoever he might prove to be, was fancifully styled the "Great Unknown." At lengtli, the mystery was solved. At the annual dinner of the Theatrical Fund Association in 1827, Sir Walter, in returning thanks for the honour which the company had done him by drinking his health, unreservedly declared that they were wholly and solely his own compositions. By the republication of the former novels, in a cheap form, with new notes and prefaces ; and by new works, viz. " Tales of a Grandfather," a " History of Scotland," in Dr. Lardner's Encyclo- paedia; " Letters on.Hemonology and Witch- craft," in the Family Library, &c., he had paid, in part of his liabilities, 64,000/. ; and his creditors presented to him, personally, the library, manuscripts, curiosities, and plate, which had once been his own, as a token of their gratified feelings. Early in 1831, symptoms of paralysis began to be manifested, and in the autumn hispliysicians recommended an excursion to Italy, as the means of delaying that illness which too obviously approached. A passage to Malta, in the Barham ship of war, wag obtained for him, and he reached Naples by that route, Dec. 27. In April, 1832, he went to Rome, inspected the classical antiquities of that city with great interest, and visited Tivoli, Albani, and Frescati. Feeling, however, that his strength was rapidly decreasing, he determined upon returning, with all possible speed, wishing to die in his native country. On his arrival in London it was found that medical assistance was now useless ; all hope of his recovery had fled ; and at his own | anxious desire he was conveyed by sea to Newhaven, where he landed on the 9lh of July, reached Abbotsford on the 11th, aTul, after lingering for two months in a state of almost total insensibility, he died on the 21st of September, 1832. SCOTTI, Maeceli.o, a learned Nea- politan, born in 1742 ; having been nomi- nated against his will a member of the legislature of the short-lived Neapolitan re- public of 1799, he fell a victim to the fury of RuflTo and the counter-revolutionary jiarty on the triumph of tlie latter. He had been previously proscribed and persecuted for tlie too great freedom of his remarks in the "Monarchia Universale Dei Papi." SEBASTIAN, king of Portugal, was born in 1554, and ascended the throne at three years of age, on the death of his grand- father, John III. Possessed of a romantic seb] ^ llriu Hnibrrsfal JStosrapTji). [SEG disposition and an extravogunt admiration of tlic glories of chivalry, lie rashly deter- mined to carry on war nguinst the Moors in Africa, hoi)ing therchy to effect something for Christianity and the fame of Portugal. lie accordingly equipped a fleet and an army, which comprised the flower of the Tortnguese nobility, and sailed for Africa in 1578, at the age of 23 years. A general engagement soon took place, and the ardour of the young king bore him into the midst of the enemy, who were already pouring on the rear of his troops. Sebastian fought with the most determined bravery, while most of his attendants were slain by his side. He at length disappeared ; and so complete was the slaughter, that no more than 50 Portuguese are said to have sur- vived this wild and ill-fated expedition. The mystery which involved the fate of this royal madman led several adventurers to assume his person and his claims, but there seems to be no doubt that he died on the field of battle. SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO. See j PlOMIiO. I SECKER, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury, an eminent and pious prelate, was born at Sibthorpe, in Nottinghamshire, in 1G93, and was educated with a view of becoming a dissenting minister. He, liowever, de- clared that he could not conscientiously assent to the tenets held by his family, and he therefore conformed to the Cliurch of England, took orders, and obtained prefer- ment. He became, successively, rector of Houghton-le-Spring, prebendary of Durham, king's chaplain, and rector of St. James's, Westminster. In 1735 he was elevated to the see of Bristol ; whence he was translated to that of Oxford, in 1737 ; and, in 175«, he was raised to the archiepiscopal see of Can- terbury ; in-which situation he conducted himself with great dignity, munificence, and proper severity against any laxity in the morals and manners of the clergy under his more especial superintendence. His ser- mons, charges, and other works, form 12 vols. Died, 1768. SECUNDUS, Joannes, a celebrated Latin poet, was born at the Hague, in 1511. His best known work is entitled "Basia, or the Kisses." Died, 153G. SEDLEY, Sir Charles, a celebrated wit, courtier, and poet, of the age of Chaj Ics II., was born at Aylesford, in Kent, in 1G39, and was educated at Wadham College, Oxford. He was a conspicuous character among the licentious circle which surrounded the gay monarch ; but though himself a profligate, he was so much annoyed by an intrigue which James II. carried on with his daughter, afterwards created by thsit mon- arch, countess of Dorchester, that he took an active part in promoting the revolution. Died. 1701. SEED, Jekkmiah, a learned divine, was born at Clifton, in Cumberland, and educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he ob- tained a fellowship. He was afterwards pre- sented to the rectory of Enham, in Hamp- shire, and died in 1747. His " Sermons" are liighly esteemed. SEETZEN, Ui.Ric Jasper, a celebrated German traveller, was a native of East Friesland, and received his education in the university at Gottingen, where he pnrticu- larly studied natural history and jdiilosophy. Seconded by the patronage of the Dukes Ernest and Augustus of Saxe-Gotha, in a desire to visit the interior of Africa, he com- menced his perilous undertaking in 1802, at Constantinople, where he stayed six months. The ambassadors there assembled, en- couraged his enterprise ; and at Smyrna, the Russian prince Oczakow, who hud been over Asia Minor and Egypt, assisted him with many useful instructions. Seetzen stopped one year at Aleppo to learn the Arabic language, and to collect MSS. for the library of the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, and reached Damascus in April, lte05. From thence he explored many parts of Syria, Palestine, and Arabia, which had not before been visited bj' any European ; and in order that he might be able to undertake a pil- grimage to Mecca and Medina, he made a profession of Mahometariism. In IblO he was at Mocha, whence he wrote the lust letters that arrived from him in Europe. Having had his property seized by the Arabs, under the i)retence of his being a magician, he proceeded towards Saama, to comjilain to the iman of that place ; and, a few days after his departure (December, 1811), he died suddenly at Taes, probably from the efltcts of poison given him by order of the iman. SEGAR, Sir William, garter-king-at- arms, was author of " Honour, Civil and Military." Died, 1633. SEGRAIS, Jon.v Renaud ije, a celebrated French poet and novelist. Born, 1024 ; died, 1701. SEGUIER, John Francis, an eminent botanist, was born at Nismes, in 1703, and died in 1784. His works are "Bibliotheca Botanica," " Planta Veronenses," 3 vols. ; and a translation of the works of Maffei. SEGUR, Joseph Alexanuek, Viscount de, second son of the Marshal de Segur, engaged when young in the military service, but having attained the post of mareschal de camp in 1790, he gave up his time entirely to the cultivation of literature, and published several romances, &c. Died, 1805. SEGUR, Louis, Count de, a French diplo- matist and historical writer, was the eldest son of the Marshal de Segur, and born in 1753. He served during two campaigns in the American war, and was afterwards am- bassador to St. Petersburg!! and Berlin. On the overthrow of the French monarchy he relinquished his connection with affairs of state ; he was, notwithstanding, arrested by order of the committee of public safety ; but being liberated shortly after, he quitted I ranee, and did not return till after the fall of Robespierre. In 1803 he was nominated to the council of state ; and, under the im- perial government, he was appointed to the oflTice of grand-masttr of the ceremonies at court. In 1813 he was made a senator ; and, on the restoration of the Bourbon family, he was created a peer of France ; notwithstand- ing which, after Buonaparte's return from Elba, he resumed his legislative functions, and again became grand-master of the cere- monies, and one of the peers appointed by 8c Napoleon. On the final restoration of Louis XVIII. in 181,5, the count was stripped of all his dignities, and passed the remainder of his life in literary retirement. He died in 1830. Among iiis works are, " A Political Picture of Europe," " The Reign of Frederic William II.," the " History of Modern Europe," &c. SELDEN, Jonx, on English antiqiiary, law writer, and historian, of most extensive acquirements, was a native of Sussex, and born in l.'>84. After receiving his education I at Chichester, and Hart Hall, Oxford, he I studied the law in the Temijle, and was j called to the bar. He practised chiefly as a I chamber counsel, and devoted much of his I time to studying the history and antiquities j of his country. So early as 1007 he drew i up a work, entitled " Analectum Anglo- i Britannicum," which was quickly succeeded j by several others ; and in 1614 appeared his "Titles of Honour." Next followed his " De Diis Syriis " and " Mare Clau-sum," in which latter he endeavours to historically establish tlie British right of dominion over the circumjacent seas. He now entered the field of politics, and in 1040 was elected member of parliament for Oxford ; at which time he was so well affected to the existing constitution of church and state, that when the king withdrew to York, he had some notion of appointing him chancellor. At the commencement of the disputes between Charles and the parliament ke acted with great moderation, and uniformli' endea- voured to prevent an ultimate appeal to the sword. In 1C43, the House of Commons appointed him keeper of the records of the i Tower, and, the following year, one of the commissioners of the admiralty, voting him ' 5000?. as a reward for his services. He em- I ployed all his influence for the protection of learning, and was universally esteemed for his urbanity of manners and goodness of heart. Died, lG->4. SELEUCUS I., surnamed Nicator, or the Conqueror, one of the chief generals under Alexander the Great, and, after his death, founder of the race of princes called Seleu- cidaj. He is eciually celebrated as a re- nowned warrior and as the father of his people ; yet his virtues could not protect him from the fatal ambition of Ceraunus, one of his courtiers, by whom he was assassiu- ated, B.C. 280. SELKIRK, Alexaxt)ee, a Failor, was born at I-argo, in Scotland, about 1080. He was a good navigator, and made several voyages to the South Sea, in one of whicli, having a quarrel with his commander, he was put ashore on the island of Juan Fer- nandez, with a few necessaries, a fowling- piece, gunpowder, and shot. Here he re- mained in solitude nearly three years, till he was taken away by Captain Woods Rogers, in 1709. On his return to England, he is said to have employed Daniel Defoe in drawing vip a narrative of his adventures j for the press, from which source originated j the popular and interesting "Adventures of Robinson Crusoe." SELLE, Christian Theophilu.s, born at ' Stettin, in Pomerania, in 1748, was physician ' to Frederic the Great, a particular detail of whose last illness he published. In 1790 he went to Paris, where he visited the hospitals and other public establishments ; and on his return he publislied two memoirs on animal magnetism, and others against the critical philosophy of Kant, in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, of which he was a member. He wrote several medical works, and was appointed privy councillor and director of the college of medicine, &c. Died, 180O. SELLON, Baker Jouk, a barrister, was born in 1762. He was the son of the Rev. W. Sellon, minister of Clerkenwell church, and educated at St. John's College, Oxford. He was called to the bar in 1792, and after- wards admitted to the rank of serjeant-at- law in 1798. For the last 20 years of his life he sat as a police magistrate, having been compelled by deafness to relinqui.sh his avocations as a pleader. He published an " Analysis of the Practice of the Court of King's Bench and Common Pleas," 2 vols. 8vo., which, by the profession generally, is regarded as a standard book. Died, 1835. SEMLER, John Solomon, a celebrated Lutheran divine, born atSaalfeld,iii Saxony, in 1725, and became professor of theology at Halle, where he lemained till his death, in 1791. He was so determined to explain away every thing miraculous in the gospel history, and criticised the Bible with such temerity, that he appeared more like an advocate of infidelity than of revelation. His principal work is entitled " Historicx Ecclesiasticae selecta capita," 3 vols. SENEBIER, John, a natural philosopher and historian, was born at Geneva, in 17!2. He adopted the ecclesiastical profession, but his attention was more particularly directed to philosophy and natural history. He obtained the oflRce of public librarian at Ge- neva in 1773, became one of the conductors of the Geneva Journal in 1787, and died in 1809. Among his chief works are, " A Lite- rary History of Geneva" and "Vegetable Physiologj'." SENECA, Lccics AxNyEUS, a celebrated Roman philosopher, moralist, and statesman, the son of ilaicus Annaeus, an eminent ora- tor, was born at Corduba, in Spain, during the first year of the Christian era. His re- putation soon extended to tlie imperial court ; and his various learning and practical wis- dom caused him to be appointed tutor to Nero, and procured him several important pliices. After his accession to the throne, liis imperial pupil for awhile loaded him M-ith favours ; but at length resolving to rid himself of his old preceptor, the tyrant charged him with being an accomplice in the conspiracj' of Piso, and he was condemned to death. The method of his execution was, however, left to his own choice. He conse- quently, with the characteristic ostentation of a stoic, finished his life in the midst of his friends, conversing on philosophical topics while the blood was flowing from his veins, which he had caused to be opened for that purpose. He was a man of undoubted genius, but rapacious and intriguing, accu- mulating vast wealth by the most unjustifi- able means. Dion Cassius ascribes the revolt of the Britons under Boadicea to the distress to which they were driven througli the ra- pacity of Seneca and his agents. His death happened a. d. 65. SENNERTUS, DANtEL, an eminent phy- sician and medical writer of Germany. Born, 1572 ; died, 1(!37. SEPULVKDA, Jonx Ginkz de, born in 1491, was historiographer to the emperor Charles V., and rendered himself ignobly conspicuous as the author of a " Vindication of the Cruelties of the Spaniards against the Indians," in opposition to the benevolent representations of Las Casas. He was also the author of a " Life of Charles V.," 4 vols. SERASSI, PiUR Antonio, an Italian biographer, born at Bergamo, in 1721. lie wrote the lives of Tasso, Dante, Molza, Poli- tian, Petrarch, and other eminent Italians, which are much esteemed. Died, 17'.)1. SERGEL, John Tobias, a celebrated Swedish sculptor, was bom at Stockholm, in 1740 ; studied in Italy, and rose to great eminence in his art ; was ennobled on his I return to Sweden, and died in 1814. His I numerous able works are chiefly confined to Sweden, but an admired " Diomede stealing the Palladium of Troy " is in England. 8ERRES, Olia'e, the self-styled princess of Cumberland, was born at Warwick, in 1772, and educated under the protection of her uncle, the Rev. Dr. Wilmot. At an early age she married Mr. Serres, marine painter to George III. ; but after a few years they separated, and she had to sup- port herself and children by her own efforts. ! She was both an artist and an authoress, and was appointed landscape-painter to the Prince of VVales ; but her literary perform- ances were certainly of no very high order. As this female attracted a large share of the public attention for a number of years ; and as there were not a few who, after inspecting the mass of documents she possessed, really believed her to be the legitimate daughter of Henry Frederick, duke of Cumberland, by a marriage with the sister of Dr. Wilmot, we shall here give the outlines of a history, which those wlio opposed her claims de- clared was a barefaced imposture. That she had convinced many, there is no doubt, and, perhaps, the striking " family likeness" ob- servable in her features, contributed not a little to give a plausibility to her statements. In 181.5, it appears, she first became ac- I quainted with the secret of her birth ; at least it was so alleged in the affidavits pro- duced by her counsel in the prerogative court, in order to obtain tb.e sum of 15,000?. bequeathed to her by a will of George III., to which the sign-manual and attesting sig- natures were attached. It was also alleged that, in the year 1815, the Earl of Warwick, in presence of the Duke of Kent, informed her, at her own house, in Seymour Place, that she was the lawful daughter of the late Duke of Cumberland. He exacted a solemn pledge, both from her and the Duke of Kent, not to disclose this communication until after the death of the king ; and ulti- mately (in presence of the royal duke) de- I>osited with her the proofs slie possessed ; among which was the sign-manual for the 15,(K)0/. The folly, inconsistency, want of principle, and, it may be truly added, ia- 771 sanity of many of her actions, would certainly go far towards defeating her claims, whether jnst or unjust. In June, 1822, Sir Gerard Noel was induced to move for an investiga- tion of her claims in the House of Commons, and was seconded by Mr. Hume ; but Sir Robert Peel saw there was abundant room for a laugh at the expense of the soi-disant princess and her supporters ; and, in a vein of successful irony, he overturned the whole fabric that had been raised to support " the Princess Olive's claims." Her latter years were passed in poverty, within the rules of a prison, in consequence of debts contracted while under her delusion of royalty ; having at that time commenced a splendid estab- lishment, assumed the royal livery, &c. She was at length liberated, and went to reside with Miss Macauley, at Somer's Town, a short time previous to her death, which occurred in 18'>4, at the age of 52. SERVETUS, MiciiAKL, a learned Spa- niard, memorable as the victim of religious intolerance, was born at Villanueva, in 1509 ; was educated at Toulouse, studied medicine at Paris, and was in constant correspond- ence with Calvin, whom he consulted in respect to his Arian notions. He published several anti-trinitarian works, which excited against him the violent hatred of both Ca- tholics and Protestants ; and though he was 60 fortunate as to escape from the perse- cutions of the former, he could not elude the vengeance of the latter, headed and in- cited as they were by his implacable enemy, the stern and unforgiving reformer of Ge- neva. He was seized as he was passing through that city, tried for " blasphemy and heresy," and condemned to the flames, which sentence was carried into execution, Oct. 27. 1553. Servetus is supposed by many to have anticipated Harvey in the discovery of the circulation of the blood. SERVIUS TULLIUS. king of Rome, was the son of a female slave. He married the daughter of Tarquin the elder, whom he succeeded b. c. 577, and was murdered by his son-in-law, Tarquin Superbus, b. c. f>?A. SESSA, an Indian philosopher or mathe- matician, and the inventor of the game of chess. He lived about the 11th century. SETTLE, Elkanah, an English poet, was born at Dunstable, 1(518 ; educated at Trinity College, Oxford ; was much engaged in the political squabbles of the age, and wrote j some smart pieces both in prose and verse. He was also an indefatigable writer for the | stage, but none of his dramas are now acted, i Died, 1724. SEVEKUS, CoKNELius, a Roman poet, 1 who lived in the reign of Augustus. He was the author of " vEtna," a poem, which has 1 been attributed to Virgil. j SEVERUS, in church history, a sectary : of the second century, a follower of Tatian, I and chief of the sect of the Severians. He flourished about a. d. 178. 1 SEVERUS I., Lucius Septimius, a Ro- man emperor, was born A.n. Mii, at Lcptis, I in Africa, and was raised to the throne on I the death of DidiusJulianus. He has been | so much admired for his military talents, that some have called him the most warlike I of the Roman emperors. As a monarch he 8u2 KEV] ^ fit^xt Winibtvitil 2i3i0cirajp!j». [SHA was cruel ; and it has been observed that he never performed an act of liumanity, or forgave a fault. He loved the appellation of a man of letters, and he even composed a history of his own reign, which some have praised for its correctness and veracity. He died at York, in 211. SEVEPvUS I[.,Flavius Valehhts, ashort lived emperor, who was raised to the purple by Galerius ; but, being deserted by his soldiers when ready to engage Maxeutius, he killed himself, a. d. 307. SEVERUS, SuLi'icius, a historian, was a native of Aquitaine, wlio flourished in the beginning of the oth century, and by his writings acquired the title of the Christian Sallust. SE'VIGNE', Mart de Rabutiv, Mar- chioness de, daughter of the Baron de Chan- tal, was born in 1026. At the age of 18 she married the Marquis de Seviguc', who was killed in a duel seven years afterwards. Being thus left a widow, with two cliildren, Bhe paid great attention to their education ; and when her daughter married the Count de Grignan, she kept up a correspondence witli her ; to which circumstance the world is indebted for those letters wliich are re- garded as models of epistolary composition. Died, 169G. SEWARD, AxNA, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Seward, liiinself a poet and the author of an edition of Beaumont and Flet- cher, was born at Eyam, in Derbyshire, in 1747. She evinced a poetical taste in early life. In 1782 she published her poetical ro- mance of " Louisa ; " and she subsequently printed a collection of sonnets, and a " Life of Dr. Darwin," in whicli slie asserted her claim to the first fifty lines of that author's "Botanic Garden." Died, 1809. An edition of her works, with a biographical preface, was published by Mr. (afterwards Sir VValter) Scott; her "Letters" also appeared in 6 vols. ; but her fame lias passed away. SEWARD, Wii,i,iAM, a biographical wri- ter, was born in London, 1747. lie was educated at the Charter House and at Ox- ford ; was intimate witii Dr. Johnson, and otlier eminent literary characters ; and was the author of " Anecdotes of distinguished Persons," " Biographiana," &c. He died in 1799. SEWELL, George, a poet and miscella- neous writer, was born at Windsor, and after completing his education at Peter- house, Cambridge, studied medicine in Hol- land under the celebrated Boerliaave, and settled at Hampstead as a pliysician. Ilis chief literary productions are, " Sir Walter Raleigli," a tragedy ; " A Vindication of the English Stage;" translations of parts of Lucan, Ovid, and TibuUus ; and " Epistles to Mr. Addison." Died, 1726. SEWELL, WiLLiAJi.the son of an English refugee at Amsterdam, who, though brought up as a weaver, made himself master of several languages, and compiled an "Eng- lish and Dutch Dictionary ; " but he is best known by his " History of the Quakers," of which sect he was himself a mem]jer. Died, 1725. SEXTIUS, QiJi.vTUS, a Pythagorean phi- losoplier, iu the time of Augustus. He re- fused the senatorial rank, and established a school upon the most rigid principles of self-denial. SEXTL'S EMPIRICUS, a Greek phi- losopher and physician, who lived in the reign of Commodus. Only two of his works are extant, the " Institutes of Pyrrhon- ism," and ten books against the mathema- ticians. SEYMOUR, EnwAUD, Duke of Somerset, in the reign of Edward YI., to whom he was maternal uncle, being brother of Jane Seymour, third wife to Henry VIII. He devoted himself to the military profession, and commanded in a maritime expedition against tlic Scots, in 1544, when he landed a body of troops at Leitli, and set fire to the city of Edinburgh. On the death of Henry VIII. he rose to unbounded power, procuring himself to be appointed governor of the king, and protector of the realm. In 1548 he obtained the post of lord treasurer, was created duke of Somerset, and made earl-marshal. The same year he headed an army, with which he invaded Scotland, and after having gained the victory of Mus- selburgh, returned in triumph to England. His success excited the jealousy of the Earl of Warwick and others, who first procured his confinement in the Tower, for a short time during 1549, on the charge of arbitrary conduct and injustice, and finally caused him to be again arrested, two years after- wards, on the charge of treasonable de signs against the lives of some of the privy councillors, for which he was beheaded on Tower Hill, Jan. 22. 1552. SFOKZA, James, called the Great, was born of humble parentage, at Cotignola, iu 1639. A company of soldiers happening to pass through his village, young Sforza joined them, and, after passing through the inferior military ranks, became a general. He obliged Alphonsus, king of Arragon, to raise the siege of Naples, and he retook several important places which had revolted ; but being too eager in pursuing the flying enemy, he was drowned iu the river near Pescara, in 1424. SFORZA, Fraxcis, natural son of the pre- ceding, commanded with distinction in the service of Naples ; after which he married the daughter of the Duke of Milan, on whose death he was chosen general of the duchy ; but he abused that trust, and usurped the sovereignty. Died, 1460. SHADWELL, the Right Hon. Sir Lan- celot, vice-chancellor of England, was born 1779 ; educated at Eton and Cambridge, where he took his degree of B. A. in 1800. as seventh wrangler, obtaining also the second chancellor's medal. He was called to the bar by the honourable society of Lincoln's Inn in 1803, was appointed a king's counsel in 1821, sat for Ripon as Jf.P. in 1820, and was elevated to the vice -chancellorship of England in 1827. His honour also twice filled the office of a commissioner of the great seal ; first in 1835, after Lord Brough- ham's, and in 1850, after Lord Cottenham's, resignation of the chancellorship. As a judge. Sir Lancelot gave great satisfaction. He disposed with great rapidity of the mere routine business of his court, and he was no sua] ^ j2etu ?am'&tr^al 2St0!irap!)ti. [SHA less remarkable for his affability and cour- tesy, than for the humorous and classical vit with which he seaaoued his dicta. Died, Aug. 10. 1850. SlIADNVELL, Thomas, a dramatic poet, was bora in 1640, at Stanton Hall, Norfolk, and was educated at Cambridge. When Dryden was removed from the offices of laureate and historiographer royal. Shad- well was appointed his successor, which exposed him to the severity of that poet's satire, who ridiculed him imder the appel- lation of Macflecknoe. Died, l(i!)2. His principal plays are " Epsom Wells," " Ti- mon the Misanthrope," the " Virtuoso," the " Gentleman of Alsace," and the " Lanca- shire Witches." — Chaulks Shadwei.l, sup- posed to have been tlie sou or nephew of the preceding, wrote some plays, the best of which is entitled the " Fair Quaker of Deal." Died, 172fi. SHAFTESBURY. See Coopeh. SHAKSPEARE, William, the most il- lustrious dramatic poet of England, was born at Stratford-upon-Avon, April 20. 1504, and was the 8<m of a dealer in wool, who ap- pears also to have carried on the business of a butcher. His education was confined to what he could attain at the free-school of his native place ; and l)eing taken from it early, he made no farther progress than the rudiments of Latin. In his 18th year he married Ann Hathaway, a farmer's daughter, who was con- siderably older than himself. Of his occupa- tion at this period, nothing determinate is re- corded ; but it appears that he was wild and irregular, and that he was more than once concerned with others in stealing deer from the park of Sir Tliomas Lucy, of Charlecote, near Stratford. For this he was prosecuted by that gentleman ; but he retaliated by a severe lampoon on him, and then lied to London, in order to escape another prosecu- tion. Here he formed an acquaintance with the players, and was enrolled among them, though what sort of characters he performed does not appear. Mr. Rowe observes, that he could never meet with any further ac- count of him as an actor, than that his highest part was the Glwst in his own Hamlet. Queen Elizabeth had several of his plays acted before her, and without doubt gave him many marks of her favour. She was so pleased with the character of Falstaff in the two parts of Henry IV., that she com- manded him to exhibit him in love, on which occasion Sliakspeare wrote his rich and admirable comedy of the " Merry Wives of Windsor." His greatest patron was the Earl of Southampton, who is said on one occasion to have presented him with lOOOi. ; and he enjoyed the friendship of his most eminent literary contemporaries. Having become proprietor and manager of the Globe Theatre, he realised a handsome fortune, which enabled him to spend the close of his life at his native town, where he purchased a house and estate, to which he gave the name of New Place. The house and lands continued in the possession of the poet's de- scendants, till the Restoration, when they were re- purchased by the Clopton family. Here Sliakspeare planted the famous mul- berry tree, which remained an object of profit to the people of Stratford, and of veneration to visitors, till about 1750, when the pos- sessor, out of hatred to the inhabitants, cut it dowu. Shakspeare died on his 52nd birth- day, in 1610, and was buried in the church of Stratford, where his monument still re- mains. In 1741, a monument was erected to him in Westminster Abbey, and paid for by the proceeds of benefits at the two great the- atres. In 1709, by the efforts of Garrick, a festival was celebrated in honour of the poet in his native town. Tlie only notice re- corded of the person of Shakspeare is to be found in Aubrey, who says that " he was a handsome, well-shaped man," and adds, that he was " verie good company, and of a verie ready, pleasant, and smooth witt." Besides his Immortal plays, Shakspeare was the author of two poems, " Venus and Adonis " and " Lucrece," which, although lost in the blaze of Jiis dramatic genius, exhibit much of poetrv that is worthy of admiration. SHARP, Jamls, archbishop of St. An- drew's, a distinguished prelate of tlie 17th century, was born in Banffshire, in 1018, and obtained a professorship in the university of St. Andrew's. Tlie presbytery being over- turned by parliament, under Charles II., Sharp, who had treaclierously promoted that measure, was rewarded with the pri- macy, and appointed archbishop of St. Andrew's. Tlie wanton cruelties which followed confirmed the horror entertained against him. and raised the fury of some of his more bigoted opponents to conspire against his life. His carriage, in whicli he was travelling, about three miles from St. Andrew's, on the 3rd of May, 1679, was met by some fanatics, headed by John Balfour of Burley, who were waiting there to in- tercept a servant of the archbishop's, named Carmichael. To tempers thus heated by fanaticism, the appearance of the arclibisliop himself was deemed a sign of the intention of Providence to substitute a more important victim ; and, regardless of the tears and en- treaties of his daughter, they dragged him from his carriage, and with savage ferocity murdered him before her face. SHARP, John, a learned prelate and theological writer, was born at Bradford, in Yorksliire, in 1044 ; studied at Christ's College, Cambridge ; and rose, by gradual preferments, to the deanery of Norwich. In the reign of James II. he gave such of- fence to the court by preaching against popery, that an order was sent to tlie bishop of London to suspend him ; but the bishop having refused on the ground of its being contrary to law, he as well as Dr. Sliarp were_ suspended by the ecclesiastical com- mission. The doctor, however, was soon restored to the exercise of his function ; and, after the revolution, he was made dean of Canterbury ; from whence, in 1601, he was elevated to the archbishopric of York. Died, 1713. His "Sermons," published after his death, form 7 vols. SHARP, Thomas, a younger son of the preceding, was born about 1093 ; received his education at Trinity College. Cambridge, of which he became a fellow and D.D. in 1729 ; obtained various preferments in the church ; finally became archdeacon of Northumber- 8u3 sha] ^ i^c&j saniber^al 33io0raj|)!)]j. [sha land and a prebendary of Durham ; and died in 1758. lie wrote " Discourses on the Hebrew Tongue," &c. SHARP, GitANViLLE, a son of the pre- ceding, distinguislied for his philanthropy and learning, was born at Durham, in 1734. He obtained a place in the ordnance office, which he resigned at the commencement of the American war, because he disapproved of its principles ; after which he devoted his life to private study, and the active exer- cise of a benevolent mind. With infinite difficulty and expense, he established the right of negroes to their freedom while in England, instituted the society for the abo- lition of the slave trade, advocated the principles of parliamentary reform, and dis- tingjiishcd himself with equal zeal in other patriotic and benevolent objects ; the last of which was the promotion of the distribution of the Scriptures. He was critically skilled in the Hebrew and Greek languages, and was the author of various works, the prin- cipal of which are, " Remarks on the Uses of the Definite Article in the Greek Testa- ment," a " Short Treatise on the English Tongue," " Remarks on the Prophecies ;" " Treatises on the Slave Trade," on " Duel- ling," the " The People's Right to a Share in the Legislature," the " Law of Nature, and Principles of Action in Man," &c. Died, 1813. SHARP, RiciiAUD, a gentleman well kno^vn in the literary world as " Conver- sation Sharp," and whose taste and judg- ment as a critic were equal to his conver- sational powers, died, aged 7G, while on the road from Torcjuay to his residence in London, March 30. 1835. Mr. Sharp was deeply engaged in commercial concerns, but employed his leisure hours in literary pur- suits ; and had he more devoted himself to study and composition, he might have taken a high station among the best writers of the day. He was the author of "Letters and Essays in Prose and Verse." He had for- merly been an M.P. adhering to the Whig interest ; and few men disjilayed more anxiety than he did for the extension of civil and religious liberty, and the moral improvement of the community. He left 250,000/!., which was divided between his nephews and nieces. SHARP, William, an eminent engraver, was born in London, in 1740, rose to excel- lence in his profession, and produced many admirable prints. But with all his merits as an artist, he was credulous in the extreme, and became, in succession, a believer in the reveries of Mesmer and Swedenborg, a dupe of the notorious Richard Brothers, and a supporter of the infamous pretensions of Joanna Southcott. Died, 1824. SHARPE, Gregory, an eminent oriental scholar and able divine, was born in York- shire, in 1713, was educated at Westminster and Aberdeen and eventually became mas- ter of the Temple. Among his writings are, " A Review of the Controversy on the De- moniacs," " Defence of Dr. Clarke against the Attacks of I/Cibnitz," " Dissertations on the Origin of Languages, and the Powers of Letters, with a Hebrew Lexicon," " Disser- tations on th<j Latiu and Greek Tongues," "Three Discourses in Defence of Christi- anity," an " Introduction to Universal His- tory," and "The Rise and Fall of the City and Temple of Jerusalem." Died, 1771. SHAW, CuTHBERT, a poet of very humble origin, born at Richmond, in Yorkshire, in 1739. He was usher at a school in Darling- ton, and while there he published a poem, entitled " Liberty." He afterwards joined a company of comedians, under the name of Seymour ; but he relinquished the stage about 1762, and became a professional writer. In 1766 he published the "Race," a satire against most of the living poets ; and, on the death of his wife, he produced a pathetic " Monody," esteemed his best performance. He lived a life of intemperance and de- bauchery, and he died in wretchedness and poverty, in 178(5. SHAW, George, a distinguished writer on zoology, &c., was born in 1751, at Bier- ton, in Buckinghamshire ; was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford ; studied medi- cine at Edinburgh, and graduated as M.D. at Oxford. He then settled as a physician in London, was elected F. R. S., and ap- pointed a vice-president of the Linnxan Society ; delivered lectures on zoology at the Leverian Museum and at the Royal Institution ; and was made librarian and assistant keeper of natural history at the British Museum. He was the author of several works on "Zoology," conducted the " Naturalist's Miscellany," and was one of the editors of the abridged Philosophical Transactions. Died, 1813. SHAW, Sir James, bart., was bom at Riccarton, in the county of Ayr, in the year 1764 ; became a junior clerk in a mercantile house of the city of London ; and, by constant diligence and great ability, gradually rose to a partnership in the firm. In 1798 his cha- racter was so high alike for probity and industry, that he was elected alderman for his ward of Portsoken ; in 1803 he served the office of sheriff, and in 1805 that of lord mayor ; and, on the very day previous to Ids vacating the civic chair, he vras elected M.P. for the city of London, which honour- able position he retained till 1818, when he retired, having been created a baronet in 1809. In 1831 he was elected chamberlain of London, when he resigned his alder- manic gown. On occasion of the memorable forgery of exchequer bills. Sir James was supposed to have been unfortunate enough to have received 40,000Z. of them in Ids capacity of banker to the city. But the bills happily proved to be genuine, and Sir James received the full amount, with interest to the day of payment. Simple in his habits, singularly industrious and persevering. Sir James was also extremely charitable. Died, Oct. 22. 1843, aged 80. SHAW, SxEBBiNG, a divine and topo- graplier, was born in 1762, at Stone, in Staffordshire, and was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he obtained a fel- lowship. He became tutor to Sir Francis Burdett, with whom he made a tour to the Highlands, and published an account of tlie journey. He also wrote a " Tour in the We^t of England," " A History of Stafford- shire," and ■' The Topographer," published I sha] % ^cfio ^auibcr^al JSiosrapIjiJ. SHE in periodic numbers. He died, rector of Hartshorne, in Stttiibrdshirc, in 1802. SHAW, Thomas, an English divine and antiquary, famous for his " Travels, or Ob- servations relating to several parts of Bar- bary and the Levant." Born, 101)2 ; died, 1751. SHEA, David, one of the professors of oriental languages at Ilaileybury College, was bom at Dublin, in 1772, and educated at its university. Having held a situation as chief clerk to a large mercantile esta- blishment in Malta, which had extensive connections in the East, he studied the Arabic and Persian tongues ; and his oriental acquirements becoming known, a situation at Haileybury was provided for him. He translated " Mirkhoud's History of the earlpr Kings of Persia," and at the time of his death was engaged in the translation of the Dabistan. This work he had completed, and it was presented to the Asiatic Society after his death. Died, 183(3. SUEBBEARE, Joii.f, a physician and political writer, was bom at Bidcford, in Devonshire, in 1709, where he was appren- ticed to an apothecary. Having made a visit to Paris, he there obtained the degree of M.D., and was admitted into the aca- demy of sciences. He settled in London, and commenced his career as a party writer ; for his violence in which character he was once pilloried and twice imprisoned. After- wards, imder the administration of Lord Bute, he apostatised from the popular cause, and obtained a pension. His chief works are, " Letters to the People of England," " The Marriage Act," a satirical romance ; " Lydia, or Filial Piety," " Letters on the English Nation," and the " History of the Sumatrans," a political satire. Died, 1788. SIIEE, Sir Martin Akciier, at once pre- sident and senior member of the Royal Aca- demy, was born in Dublin, 1709. On his first arrival from Ireland in the British metro- polis, he was introduced to the notice of Sir .Toshua Reynolds, and to some other distin- guished persons, by his illustrious friend and countryman, Edmund Burke. He became an exhibitor at the Royal Academy for the first time in the year 1789. In 1791 he sent four portraits to the exhibition ; in 1792 he exhibited seven works ; and in 1790 he reached what is now the full academical number of eight portraits, including that of Mrs. S. Kemble in the character of Cowslip, in " The Agreeable Surprise." He continued equally industrious for many successive years ; and was in such favour with his fellow artists, that he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1798. In 1800 he was elected a full royal academician ; and of his 39 brethren by whom he was chosen he was the last survivor. He continued to produce numerous portraits with amazing readiness ; and for a time he was in nearly as great re- quest as Lawrence. In 1805 he made his appearance as a poet by the publication of his " Rhymes on Art, or the Remonstrance of a Painter ; in two parts, with Notes and a Preface, including Strictures on the State of the Arts, Criticism, Patronage, and Public Taste ;" and this was followed in 1809 by a second poem, in six cantos, entitled "Ele- 776 ments of Art," to which Byron alludes in his "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." A third poetical production, entitled " The Commemoration of Reynolds," &c. appeared from liis pen in 1814. In 1821 he published a tragedy called "Alasco," with an angry preface directed against Mr. Colman, the licenser of plays, wlio had some years pre- viously put a veto on its being brought upon the stage. On the death of Lawrence in 1830, he was elected president of the Royal Academy, and immediately knighted. Sir Martin excelled in short, well-timed, and well-delivered speeches, and his eloquence was highly appreciated within the walls of the academy. His name, says a contem- porary from whom this memoir has been abridged, will descend in the history of painting as a clever artist with greater ac- complishments than have commonly fallen to the class to which he belongs, and as a painter who has preserved to us the faces and figures of Sir Thomas Munro, Sir Thomas Picton, Sir Eyre Coote, Sir James Scarlett, Sir Henry Halford, and the poet Moore. Died, Aug. 19. 1850. SHELDON, Gilbert, an eminent prelate, was born at Stanton, in Staffordshire, in 1598. On the death of Archbishop Juxon he was raised to the primacy, and expended above 00,000/. in charitable uses. But the greatest of his works was building the theatre at Oxford. He died in 1077. SHELLEY, Pkkcy Byssiik, an eminent modern poet, eldest son of Sir Timothy Shel- ley, Sussex, was born at Field Place, in that county, in 1792. He was sent to Eton, whence, owing to his eccentricity of cha- racter, whicli led him to neglect the studies and violate the rules of the school, he was removed to Oxford, much before the usual period. Here a repetition of youthful ir- regularities, deeply aggravated by liis open avowal of atheism, occasioned his expulsion ; and his family, naturally offended with his conduct and irreligious opinions, were still further estranged by an ill-assorted m arriage. After the birth of a boy and a girl, he sepa- rated from his wife, who died shortly after ; which event exposed him to much obloquy and misrepresentation. Mr. Slielley then married Miss Godwin, daughter of the au- thor of " Political Justice " and the famed "Mary Wolstoncroft," and soon after retired to Marlow, in Buckinghamshire, wlierc he wrote his "Revolt of Islam." About tliis time the guardianship of his children was taken from him, by an order of the chan- cellor, on the ground of alleged atheistical and sceptical notions, and of certain avowed opinions regarding the intercourse of the sexes, which were deemed immoral and dangerous. He now repaired to Italy, with his second wife and a new family, and re- newed an acquaintance with Lord Byron, to whom he had been known during a former visit to the Continent. There, in conj unction with his lordship and Mr. Leigh Hunt, he contributed to " The Liberal," a periodical miscellany, which contained the " Vision of Judgment," by Lord Byron, and other ori- ginal productions ; but which, partly owing to Shelley's untimely death, was very soon discontinued. He was drowned by the wreck sue] ^ ^cto Unibtr^al 23f0jQfrap^v. [she of his own small sailing-boat in a violent storm, on his return from Leghorn to his house, on the gulf of Lerici, July 8. 1822. Fifteen days afterwards his body was dis- covered, and, agreeably to his own desire, often expressed to his friend Byron, it was burnt on the sea-shore, and the ashes con- veyed to Rome, where they are interred in the burial-grotmd near the pyramid of Caius Cestus. Tlie poetical works of this writer are, "Prometheus Chained," " Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude," " Queen Mab," and " Cenci ; " tlie whole of which display a poetical genius of tlie highest order, tliough blighted by the miasma of infidelity. His wife above alluded to, born in 1797, gained great distinction by her " Franken- stein," published in 1817. She was also the authoress of the "Lives of Eminent Literary Frenchmen," published in Lard- ner's Cabinet Cyclopasdia ; and, among other literary performances of merit, she edited with notes her husband's poems. Died, ISol. SHENSTONE, William, an English poet, born in 1714, at Hales Owen, in Shropshire, was the son of a gentleman farmer residing on his own estate, called the Leasowes. He was educated at Oxford ; and on coming into possession of his paternal property, he re- linquished all views of an active life, and occupied himself with rural embellishments, and the cultivation of poetry. His great desire to render the Leasowes famous for picturesque beauty and elegance, led to ex- penses which he could but ill support, and he was by no means a happy inhabitant of the Eden "which he had created. His works, which consist of songs, elegies, pastorals, and mis- cellaneous essays, were printed in 3 vols. 8vo. by Dodsley. As a poet, he is pleasing, ten- der, and correct in sentiment ; and his prose works displayed good sense and cultivated taste. Died, 17G3. SHEPKEVE, JoHX, an English writer, of the IGth century, was born in Berkshire, and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he became Hebrew professor about 1538. He had a surprising memory, and was one of the most learned men of his time. Died, 1542. SHERARD, or SHERWOOD, William, an English botanist, was born in Leicester- shire, in 1659. About 1702 he was appointed consul at Smyrna, and during his residence in the East he collected specimens of all the plants of Natolia and Greece, and made observations on subjects of natural history and antiquities. He died in 1728, and by his will gave SOOOl. to provide a salary for a professor of botany at Oxford. He published Herman's " Paradisus Batavus" and a work entitled " Schola Botanica." SHERBURNE, Sir Edward, an inge- nious writer, was born in London, in 1018. He held the office of clerk of the ordnance under Charles I., and suffered greatly during tlie civil war ; but was restored to his office, and knighted by Charles n. Died, 1702. He translated " Seneca's Tragedies," the " Sphere of Marcus Manilius," and other works, into English, and wrote poems. SHERIDAN, Dr. Thomas (the well- known friend of Dean Swift), was born in | lfi84, and died in 1738. He was eminent as a teacher ; but being singularly thoughtless and extravagant, he closed his life in great poverty. He was the author of some ser- mons, and a translation of the satires of Persius. SHERIDAN, Thomas, son of the pre- ceding, was born in 1721, at Quilca, in Ireland, and was educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1742 he went upon the stage, and gained much celebrity as a tragedian, both in his native country and in England. He next became manager of the Dublin company ; but being ruined by the opposition of a rival theatre and by riots in his own, he relin- quished the profession, and commenced as a lecturer on elocution, which for a time was very successful. During the ministry of Lord Bute, he obtained a pension of 200Z. a year. He subsequently beeaine manager of Drury Lane Theatre ; but some disputes taking place, he retired from the situation, and resumed his attention to oratory. His principal works arc, an "Orthoepical Dic- tionary of the English Language " and a " Life of Swift." Died, 1788. SHERIDAN, Frances, wife of the pre- ceding, was the writer of "Sidney Bid- dulph," a novel; "Nourjahad," an eastern tale ; and the comedies of " The Discovery " and " The Dupe." Born, 1724 ; died, 1707. SHERIDAN, Richard Buinsley, third son of the precediug, distinguished as a statesman, wit, and dramatist, was born at Dublin, in 1751. He was educated at Har- row School, aud became a student of the Middle Temple, but was not called to the bar. His first dramatic attempt was " The Rivals," which was acted at Covent Garden in 1775, with moderate success ; but the " Duenna," a musical entertainment, which foliowed, was received with general admi- ration ; and his " School for Scandal" gained him the highest reputation as a comic writer. On the retirement of Garrick from Drury I^ane Theatre, Sheridan purchased a share in that property, which qualified him for a seat in parliament ; and, in 1780, he was chosen member for the borough of Stafford. He attained distinguished celebrity as an orator, aud made the grandest display of eloquence during the progress of tlie im- peachment of Warren Hastings. The poli- tical changes consequent on the death of Pitt, in 1800, occasioned the exaltation of the party with which Sheridan was con- nected, aud he obtained the lucrative post of treasurer of the navy, and the rank of a privy councillor. This administration being weakened by the loss of Mr. Fox, who sur- vived his celebrated rival only a few months, new alterations took place, and Siieridan was deprived of office, to which he never returned. At the general election in 1800, he obtained a seat for Westminster, the great object of his ambition ; but he was alter- wards nominated for the borough of Ilchester, which he continued to represent during the remainder of his parliamentary career. The latter part of the life of this highly talented individual was embittered by misfortunes, principally arising from his own improvi- dence. His profuse habits involved him she] ^ |2ctt) Unifitr^al 33t0flrflpf)s. [SHI deeply in debt ; his failure of a seat in par- liament deprived liim of protection from arrest ; intemperance had undermined his constitution ; mental anxiety completed the destruction of liis health ; and his death took place amidst a complication of diffi- culties, fears, and sorrows, July 7. 1816. Besides the pieces already noticed, he was the author of part of " A Translation of Aristaenetus ; " the farces of " The Critic," a " Trip to Scarborough," and " St. Patrick's Day," a " Letter to Henry Dundas," " Pi- zarro," a droma altered from Kotzebue, and poems. Mr. Sheridan was twice married, llrst to Miss Liiiley, a celebrated singer ; and the second time to Miss Ogle, daughter of the Dean of Winchester. S11I':RL0CK, William, an eminent Eng- lish divine, bom in KUl. lie became dean of St. Paul's, and wrote numerous books and pamphlets, tlie greater part of which were of the controversial kind. His " Prac- tical Treatise on Death," however, haa been highly valued and very much read. Died, 1770. SHERLOCK, Thomas, an eminent pre- late, son of tlie preceding, born in lO'S, was distinguished as a warm and spirited controversial writer. His works are very numerous, and his sermons particularly to be admired for their ingenuity and elegance. He was, successively, dean of Chicliester, and bishop of Bangor, Salisburj', and Lon- don. Died, 17()1. SHERWIN, Joiix Ketse, an eminent engraver, who, till the age of IP, exercised the humble occupation of a wood-cutter. He was at that period employed on the estate of Mr. Mittbrd, near Petworth, in Sussex ; and being one day at the house of that gentleman, the attention witli which he observed some of the family who were drawing, attracted Mr. Mitford's notice, who asked him if he could do any thing in that way I Slierwin said that he could not tell, but he should like to try. On tliis a port- crayon was put into his hand, and he pro- duced such a drawing as astonished all present ; and the society of arts, to whom it was presented, voted him the silver medal. He was then placed under Bartolozzi, and became his favourite pupil. His engravings are of the first excellence. Dieil, 1790. SHIELD, William, an eminent musical composer, was born at Swalwell, Durham, in 1754. His father, who was a teacher of singing, and who had given him a taste for music, died when his son was in his 9th year. He was apprenticed to a boat-builder, but quitted that business as soon as his in- dentures expired, for he had never ceased to cultivate the knowledge of the violin, which he had early acquired. It was not long before he gained very considerable reputa- tion at Scarborough, &c. as the leader of the principal concerts, which led to his being offered a situation in the orchestra of the Italian Opera House, where he remained 18 years as principal viola. In 1778 he came for\vard as a dramatic composer in the music to "The Flitch of Bacon," the success of which was great and decisive. It procured for him the situation of composer to Covent Garden Theatre, which he held for several 777 years. At the death of Sir W. Parsons he was appointed master of his mnjesty's mu- sicians in ordinary ; and he continued to enjoy a high degree of popularity to the time of his death, which took place in January, 1829. His style was simple, chaste, and graceful. Among his dramatic pieces are, " Rosina," the " Poor Soldier," " Robin Hood," "Marian," "Oscar and Malvina," " Hartford Bridge," &e. He also set to music many excellent songs, as "Tom Moody," " The Heaving of the Lead," " The Thorn," " Old Towler," &c. SHIPLEY, JoxATHAK, an English pre- late, was born in 1714. He was educated at Christehurch, Oxford ; and became, suc- cessively, dean of Winchester, bisliop of Llandaff, and bishop of St. Asaph. He died in 1788, leaving a son, who became dean of St. Asaph ; and two daughters, one of whom married Sir William Jones. The works of the bishop were published in 2 vols. SHIRLEY, AxTiioNV, a celebrated Eng- lish traveller, was born at Weston, in Sussex, in 1565. On leaving Oxford University, he served under the Earl of Essex, with such reputation as to receive the honour of knighthood. He next went to Italy, and from thence travelled to Persia, where he became a favourite with Shah Abbas, who in 1012 sent him as his ambassador to Eng- land. After this, the emperor of Germany created him a count, and the king of Spain appointed him admiral in the Levant seas. He died in Spain about 1G30. SHIRLEY, Jamics, an eminent English dramatic writer and poet of the Elizabethan age, was born in London, about 1694 ; was educated at Merchant Tailors' School, and at St. John's College, Oxford ; obtained a curacy at St. Alban's, whicli he resigned on becoming a Catholic ; and then endeavoured, though without success, to establish a gram- mar school there. He next removed to London, and became a fertile writer for the stage ; and, having obtained considerable celel)rity, he was taken into the service of queen Henrietta Maria. He afterwards ac- companied the Earl of Kildare to Ireland, but returned on the breaking out of the rebellion, and resumed his scholastic em- ployment in the \Vliilefriars. At the Resto- ration many of his plays were again acted, and he appears to have been comparatively prosperous ; but having lost all his property by the fire of London, in 1G66, both he and his wife were so affected by the calamit'>u8 event, that they died of grief and tenor within 24 hours of each other, on the 29th of October, and were buried in tlie same grave. Shirley was the author of 37 tragedies, come- dies, &c., besides a volume of poems ; which are now well known, a complete edition of his works having been published by the late Mr. Gilford. SHIRLEY, the Right Rev. Walter Ar- GUSTrs, bishop of Sodor and Man, was born at Westport, in Ireland, 1797 ; was educated at Winchester, and New College, Oxford ; ordained in 1820 ; and took up his residence with his father at Ashbourne, where he undertook lectureships and service, and per- formed all the duties of an able and active clergyman. While residing liere he gained SHO] ^ ^clxi Mniijn'^al 3t5tflsrajpf)B, [snu a prize for an able essay on " The Study of Moral Evidence." In 1826 he took the situation of examiner at Oxford ; and, in the autumn of tiie same year, he repaired to Kome, where lie officiated as minister of the English chapel. On his return in 1828 lie became vicar of Shirley in Derbyshire, on the nomination of Earl Ferrers, a family con- nection ; and here, besides discharging his ministerial duties with great faitlifulness and success, he devoted himself with un- wearied attention to what he considered the calls of professional duty, such as Bible societies, missionary deputations, evening lectures, curate societies, training schools, boards of education, and all other means for improving and extending the influence of the church. In 184G he was selected as preacher of the Bampton Lectures at Oxford. Tlie same year he was nominated to the bisliopric of Sodor and Man, and had just entered on what promised to be a career of extensive usefulness, when he was cut off, after a short illness, April 21. 1847. The "Letters and Memoirs of Bishop Shirley " have been pub- lished by Archdeacon Hill. SHORE, Jaxe, the beautiful and unfor- tunate mistress of Edward IV., was the daughter of a London citizen, and the wife of a rich jeweller in Lombard Street. Her personal charms are represented as being transcendant ; her connubial state, infelici- tous ; and the monarch's admiration of her, unbounded. Her virtue was not sufficiently strong to resist her roj-al lover, and she un- reluctantly yielded to his desires. She had an entire command over his heart and his purse i but she made no improper use of his munificence, her greatest happiness consist- ing in relieving the necessitous, and in being the mediatress between the sovereign and those who were under his displeasure. After the king's death she became attached to Lord Hastings ; and their known partiality to the young princes rendered them ob- noxious to the Duke of Gloucester, who accused them of witchcraft. On this charge Hastings was beheaded, and his pretended accomplice committed, by the tyrant's order, to the Tower. After undergoing the form of a mock trial, she Mas ordered to do penance in St. Paul's, in a white sheet, and was paraded through the public streets, the bishop of London heading the procession. Her house and fortune were seized by the protector, and the unfortunate woman was reduced to the greatest distress ; but her perishing in a ditch, which is said to have given rise to Shoreditch, does not appear to be founded upon fact. Where or when slie died is not known ; but it is certain she was living in the reign of Henry VIII. Sir Thomas More mentions her iu terms of the highest commendation ; and observes that although time and affliction had destroyed her personal charms, still she retained that softness of manners which had conspired to enslave the monarch's heart. SHORT, James, a natural philosopher and eminent optician, was born at Edin- burgh, in 1710 ; received his education at the high school and the university, and studied mathematics under Maclaurin, by whose in- terest he became mathematical tutor to the Duke of Cumberland and a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1739 he was employed on a survey of the Orkney islands ; and, on his return to London, obtained deserved celebrity for his skill in the construction of telescopes. Died, 17C8. SHORT, Thomas, a physician and me- dical writer, was a native of Scotland, and was educated at Edinburgh. He settled first at Sheffield, but removed to Rother- liam, wlicre he died in 1772. He wrote a variety of works, among which were the " Natural History of Mineral and Medicinal Waters," a " Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, ^leteors," &c. 2 vols. SHOVE!-, Sir Ci.oudeslev, a gallant British admiral, was born near Claj', in Norfolk, about 1050. In 1074 he was a lieu- tenant imder Sir John Narborough, who sent him to the dey of Tripoli with a re- quisition, which the latter treated with contempt. On his return he stated to the admiral the practicability of destroying the enemy's shipping, which service he per- formed the same night without the loss of a man. For this exploit he was appointed to the command of a ship, and he gradually rose in his profession, till he became a rear- admiral. He had a share in the victories off La Hogue and Malaga. While in command of the Mediterranean fleet in 1705, he sailed for England, and in the night of October 22nd fell by mistake upon the rocks of Scilly, where his ship was totally lost with some others, and all on board perished. His body being found by the fishermen, they stripped and buried it ; but the fact becoming known, his remains were brought to London, and interred in Westminster Abbey. SHOWER, Sir BAnxiioLOMEw, a cele- brated lawyer, was born at Exeter, studied in the Temple, and became so eminent as a counsellor, that James II. appointed him recorder of London. He published " Cases in Parliament resolved," &c His brother, John, was an eminent Puritan divine, and of very opposite principles to Sir Bartholo- mew. Disgusted with the measures of James II. lie retired to Holland until after the revolution ; and, on his return, he preached at the chapel in the Old Jewry. He was the author of " Reflections on Time and Eter- nity," " The Mourner's Companion." Died, 171.-,. SHRAPNEL, Lieut.-general HExnr, the inventor of the case-shot known as Shrap- nel-shells, received his commission as second lieutenant in the royal artillery in 1779, and attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1837. Shortly after the siege of Gibraltar he invented the spherical case-shot : this consists of a hollow globe of iron, filled with musket-balls and gunpowder, which, when the shell explodes, are projected about 150 yards, and do as much injury as tlie same number of muskets in addition to the effects produced by the splinters of the exploded shell. On the adoption of these shells by the artillery. General Shrapnel was granted a pension of 1200Z. per annum in addition to his regular pay. Died, March, 1842. SHUCKFORD, Samuel, a learned divine, who was educated at Caius College, Cam- bridge, and became prebendary of Canter- siiu] ^ f}cfco Huitier^at 33i0ffrnj)I)t». [siD bury, and rector of Allhallows, ii» Lombard Street. He wrote two works, " On the Cre- iition and Fall of Man," and " The History of the World, Sacred and Profaue." Died, nrA. SlIUTER, Edward, a celebrated comic actor, whose talents in the delineation of ]>umoron8 cliaracters rendered him a public favourite. Died, 1776. SHUTTLE WORTH, the Bight Rev. Philip Nicholas, bishop of Chichester, was born in 1782, at Kirkham, Lancashire. He received his education at Winchester, and New College, Oxford, and was distinguished at both these learned seminaries by his su- perior attainments. For some considerable time he resided in Oxford, and filled tlie situation of tutor to his college ; and when, in 1822, the wardenship of New College be- came vacant, he was unanimously elected to that honourable station. In 1840, Dr. Shuttleworth was promoted to the see of Chichester ; but his episcopal dignity was of brief duration, this able prelate dying in January, 1812. His principal works are a "Discourse on the Consistency of the whole Scheme of Revelation with itself and with Human Reason," " Scripture not Tradition," in which liis objections to Fuseymn are stated with great force and learning ; a volume of excellent sermons, &c. SIBBALD, Sir Rodekt, a phj'sician and naturalist, born near Leslie, iu Fifeshire, about 1643. He was physician and geogra- pher to Charles II. ; and contributed to the foundation of the college of physicians at Edinburgh, of which he became the first president. Among his works are, " Scotia Illustrata" and "The Taberty and Independ- ency of the Kincdoni and Chunih of Scot- land." Died, I7T2. SIBTHORP, Joiix, a very learned natu- ralist and regius professor of botany in tlie university of Oxford, was a native of that city, and received his education at Lincoln College. After studying medicine at Edin- burgli, he visited France, Switzerland, and Greece, for the purpose of making botanical researches. In 1794 he published "Flora Oxoniensis ;" and left an estate of 300?. a year to the university, in order to defray tlie expense of publishing a splendid work, en- titled " Flora Grajca," and towards the foundation of a professorship of rural eco- nomy. Died, 17i>;. SICARD, Rocii-Ambkose Cocurrox, an eminent teacher of the deaf and dumb, was born in 1742, at Fousseret, near Toulouse. On the death of I'Epee, in 1789, the Abbt' Sicard was called to Paris, to succeed him in the direction of the establishment there. In 1792 he was arrested amidst his scholars, sent to prison, and was in imminent danger of becoming a victim in the ensuing mas- saci'os. He, however, obtained his liberty, and in 1796 took part in compiling the " Re- ligious, Political, and Literary Annals of France," for which he was sentenced to transportation, but escaped. When this storm had passed away, he resumed his situation as a teacher of the deaf and dumb, which office he held for many years with great credit to himself and advantage to his pupils. He wrote several valuable 779 works relating to tuition, &c. ; and died in 1822. SIDDONS, Sarah, the most celebrated of English tragic actresses, was a daughter of Roger Kemble, manager of an itinerant company, and born at Brecknock, in 1755. She commenced her theatrical career as a singer, but soon relinquished that line, and attempted tragedy. In her 18th year she was married to Mr. Siddons ; wlien she and her husband played at Liverpool and other places, gnining both reputation and profit. In 1775 she tried her powers on the London boards, but was unsuccessful. She then ob- tained an engagement at Bath, where she improved rapidly, and became a general favourite. Time, with study and practice, matured her powers ; and when she re- appeared at Drury Lane, in October, 1782, as Isabella, her success was complete ; und, from that time forward, her theatrical career was one continued trimnph. In 1801 slie transferred lier talents to Covent Garden Theatre ; and in 1812, having acquired an ample fortune, she retired from the stage ; appearing only once again in London, which M-as in 1816, for the benefit of her brother, Mr. Charles Kemble, and a few nights at Edinburgh, to assist her widowed daughter- in-law. Mrs. Siddons possessed every re- quisite, personal and acquired, for the high dramatic walk she had aspired to ; and those who witnessed her in the meridian of her splendid career, can never forget her surpassing intellectual powers, or her un- paralleled dignity of deportment. She died in IS.",]. SIDDONS, Mrs. II., for many years the principal actress at the Tlieatre Royal, Edin- burgh, was the daughter of Mr. JIurray, comedian, formerly of Covent Garden, and the wife of Mr. Henry Siddons, son of that distinguished actress, who, like lier brothers, John and Charles Kemble, raised the cha- racter of the British drama, and shed a brilliant lustre on the stage. Mr. H. Siddons died in 1814, leaving his widow and four children ; when Mr. Murray, her brother, kindly undertook the management of the Edinburgh theatre for her, and conducted it with such success, that in 1830 the widow was able to retire from the concern with an ample fortune. The range of characters which Mrs. H. Siddons filled was of that class which may be best expressed by the term " ladylike '' in genteel comedy, and of the gentle and pathetic in tragedy, and in these she excelled. In private life this lady w^as both admired and respected. SIDMOUTH, Henry, Viscount, &e., was the eldest son of Dr. Addington, an eminent physician ; was educated at Winchester, and Brazennose College, Oxford ; and was intended for the profession of the law, which, however, he abandoned almost as soon as he was called to the bar, in order to follow the political fortunes of his boyhood's friend, the second William Pitt. Entering parliament for Devizes, in 1784, he in 17K) succeeded Lord Grenville as speaker of the House' of Commons — an honour, we believe, never before or since conferred on so young a member. In this post he remained fur 12 years ; during which period he commanded sid] ^ ilefcu HniiJcrsfaX 3Si0flrapI;i). [siD the respect of both friends and foes, and only ceased to be speaker in order to take, at tlie urgent request of George III., tlie still more arduous post of prime minister. His ministry lasted only two years and four months, but never were an English minister's talents and courage tried during a like space of time by a more perplexing state of public affairs, both foreign and domestic ; and, when cir- cumstances led him to resign, he most honourably supported government whenever he believed its measures to be caloulated to benefit the country. In 1805 he accepted the office of president of the council, under Mr. Pitt's government, and was elected to the peerage. This office he more than once resigned, and re-accepted the office of presi- dent of the council ; but, on the formation of the liiverpool administration, he accepted office as home secretary. The Spa Fields and the Manchester meetings and the Cato Street conspiracy furnish abundant proofs alike of the difficulties against which I^ord Sidmouth had to contend, and of the sagacity, courage, and firmness with which he opposed and overcame them. In 1822, after i>assing nearly 40 years in the public service, he felt the infirmities of age pressing heavily upon him, and finally retired to private life. That he was singularly disinterested no one ever ventured to deny ; more than once he refused a pension, and on one occasion he refused an earldom and the garter — those dazzling prizes for which so many statesmen Imve bartered both personal and political honour. He passed the remainder of life in retirement at his official residence as ranser of Richmond Park. Born, 17.',7 ; died, 1844. SIDNEY, Sir Philip, son of Sir Henry Sidney, of Penshurst in Kent, was born in l.j.>t, and became one of the most ac- complished statesmen and writers of the age. After leaving college, he travelled in France, Germany, and Italy ; and, on his return, he became a favourite of queen Elizabeth, who, in 1576, sent him on an embassy to the emperor Rodolph, the real object of which was to promote a league among the Protestant states, which he ef- fected. In 1581 he distinguished himself in the jousts and tournaments celebrated for the entertainment of the Dukeof Anjou ; and, on the return of that prince to the Continent, he accompanied him to Antwerp. The prince palatine being invested with the order of tlie garter in 1.580, Mr. Sidney was a|)pointed his proxy, when he received the honour of knighthood. In 1585 he pro- jected, in concert with Sir Francis Drake, an expedition against the Sjianiards in America ; and he had gone to Plymouth to embark on the undertaking, when an ex- press mandate from the queen recalled him to court. Her influence also was exerted to prevent him from being elected king of Poland ; " refusing," as Camden says, " to further his advancement, out of fear that she should lose the jewel of her times." He was subsequently appointed governor of Flnsh- ing, and general of the cavalry under his uncle, Dudley, earl of Leicester, who com- manded tlie forces sent to assist the Dutch against tlie Spaniards. On the 22nd of Sep- tember 158(5, he fell in with a convoy scut 780 by the enemy to Zutphen ; and though the English troops were inferior to the enemy, they gained the victory ; but it was dearly purchased with the loss of their commander, who, after one horse was shot under him, mounted another, and continued the fight, till he received a ball in the left thigh, which proved fatal. As he was borne from the field, languid with the loss of blood, he asked for water, but just as the bottle was put to his lips, seeing a dying soldier look- ing wistfully at it, he resigned it, saying, " This man's necessity is greater than mine." He died on the 15th of October, and his body was brought to England, and interred in St. Paul's Cathedral, lie was the author of " A Defence of Poesy," " Sonnets and Poems," and the celebrated heroic romance of "Arcadia." Thus perished the gallant, amiable, and accomplished Sir Philip Sid- ney, in his 32nd year, whose fate was the object of general regret, and whose talents and acquirements entitle him to be recorded among the most distinguished persons of his age and nation. SIDNEY, Mary, countess of Pembroke, was the sister of the preceding, and possessed kindred talents, which she assiduously culti- vated. She wrote an " Elegy " on her la- mented brother, a " Pastoral Dialogue in praise of Queen Elizabeth," a " Discourse of Life and Death," &c. Died, IGOl. SIDNEY, Algernon, a celebrated Eng- lish republican, second son of Robert, earl of Leicester, was born in 1017. He was care- fully educated under the inspection of his father, and early trained to a military life ; served with considerable distinction under his brother. Lord Lisle, during the Irish re- bellion ; joined the parliamentarians on his return, in 1043 ; and, having displayed his ! skill and bravery in several actions, was | ultimately made governor of Dover. When i the high court of justice was formed for the I trial of the king, he was nominated a mem- ! ber ; and although he was neither present when sentence was pronounced, nor signed the warrant for the execution, yet he vin- dicated that measure ; and it is supposed, therefore, that he withheld his signature at the desire of his father. The same principles, however, which led him to oppose Charles, made him hostile to the usurpation of Crom- well, during whose government he retired to Penshurst, and there occupied himself in composing his celebrated " Discourses on Government." In 1059 he was one of the commissioners sent to mediate between Den- mark and Sweden ; and, conscious of the offence he had given the royal party, he re- mained abroad till 1077, when he received a pardon, and returned. In 1683, being im- plicated in what was called the Rye-house Plot, he was arrested, with Lord William Russell and others ; and when arraigned before the chief justice, JefFeries, Ire was found guilty, though the evidence was de- fective, and in every sense illegal. He was executed on Tower Hill, December 7. 1078, and suffered with characteristic firmness and constancy. One of the first acts of the Re- volution was to reverse his attainder ; and I the name of Algernon Sidney has since been j held in honour by the majority of those who I 8IB] ^ ^tto WiniittviKl JStflcjrajj^t). [slM maintain tlie fundamental principles of free government. SIEVES, Count Emanuel, usually cnlled the Abbe Sieves, was Iwm in 1748, at Fre- jug, where his father was director of tlie post-office. Having finished his studies in the university of Paris, he was one of the grand vicars to the bishop of Chartres ; but at tl»e time of tlie American revolution, he abandoned his ecclesiastical pursuits to enter into the field of politics, where he boldly promulgated new doctrines, and ac- quired very considerable influence. His abilities having soon made themselves known, he was in 1787 named a member of the provincial assembly which Necker had established at Orleans. He advocated t)ie necessity and expediency of calling the states in 1787, and in 1789 publislied his pamjjhlet " Qu'est ce que le Tiers Etat ? " whicli gained immense reputation, and undoubtedly hast- ened the crisis of tlie revolution. Soon after- wards he became one of tlie members for Paris in the states-general ; and it was at his insti- gation that they assumed the name of Na- tional Assembly. In 17U0 he brought forward a project for repressing the licentiousness of the press, and voted for the establishment of civil and criminal juries. When tlie Moun- tain ruled, in 1795, he declined sitting in the convention, but went to Berlin as ambas- sador. After the I8th he was named one of the three consuls ; and frorri that time he remained steady to the constitutional prin- ciples lie first asserted, opposing tlie Jacobins, declining union with Buonaparte, thougli he remained a tacit member of the senate. When Napoleon returned from Elba, he protested against his mockery of a constitu- tion, although Napoleon made liini one of his peers. In 1816 he was obliged to retire from France, in consequence of tlie decree against the members of the convention who voted for the death of the king in 1793, and he took up liis abode in Brussels. After the revolution of 1830, he, like the other Frencli exiles, returned to his native country ; but he never re-appeared on tlie political scene. He died in June, 183(i, aged 88. The Abb^ Sieves, during the various phases of the revolution, published numerous pamphlets, the object of which was to consolidate a settled constitutional government, opposed at the same time to tyranny, dictatorship, and anarchy, and resting on the broadest possible base of freedom. SIGAUD DE LAFOND, John Ren- ATUs an eminent surgeon and natural phi- losopher, was born, in 1740, at Dijon, and died in 1810. He devoted himself chiefly to obstetric practice, and projected a new mode of operation in certain cases of diffi- cult parturition. His principal works are, " Elements of Theoretical and Experimental Philosophy" and "A Dictionary of Natural Philosophy." SIGNORELLI, LucA, a painter, was born at Cortona, in 1439, and died in 1521. He was one of the first who designed the naked figure anatomically. SIGONIUS, Charles, a learned Italian, born in 1.524, at Bologna. He published the " Fasti Consulares," with an ample commentary ; and wrote many esteemed works on the ancient republics, &c. Died, 1,585. SII^ANION, an eminent Greek sculptor, contemporary with Alexander the Great. His statues of Theseus, Achilles, Corinna, and Sappho are among his most admired SILIUS ITALICUS, Caiits, a Roman poet, was born a. i>. 15. He became a cele- brated orator and advocate, rose to the dignities of consul and proconsul in Asia, and died at his villa of Tusculum, iu his 75th year. He wrote a poem in 10 books, ou the second Punic war. SIMEON, Rev. CiiAnLEs, an eminent English divine and theological writer, was born at Reading, in 1759, and was brother to the late Sir John Simeon, hart., recorder of that town, and a master of chancery. He was educated at Eton, and entered at King's College, Cambridge, in 177G, where he made great progress in his theological studies, and received those religious impres- sions for which through life he was distin- guished. In 178."} he was presented to the living of Trinity Church in that university, of which he continued to be the rector and officiating minister during the remainder of his life — a period of .53 years. His works are numerous and highly important. When they were published entire, in 1832, tliey consisted of 21 closely printed 8vo. volumes, containing 2.5aj sermons and skeletons of sermons, which form a commentary upon every book of the Old and New Testament ; besides various tracts and devotional trea- tises. When Mr. Simeon received from Mr. Cadell, the bookseller, the sum of 5(X)0/. for the copyright, he ai)propriated lOOO/. to the Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews, 1000/. to the London Clerical and Education Society, and 1000/. to the Church Missionary Society. The death of this truly venerable pastor took place, Nov. 13. 18.3(>. SIMEON OF DURHAM, an English his- torian of the 12th century, who composed a history of the Saxon and other kings, from 01(5 to 1130. SIMEDN, surnamed Metaphrastes, an ecclesiastical writer of the 10th century, who rose to high employments under the emjie- rors Leo and Constantine Porphyrogenitus. He wrote the " Lives of the Saints," of wliich several Latin versions exist. Died, 976. SIMEON, surnamed Stvlites, a ridicu- lous fanatic, born about A. D. 392, at Sison, on the borders of Syria. In the plenitude of ascetic extravagance, he adopted the strange fancy of fixing his habitation on the tops of pillars (whence his Greek ap- pellation), and with the notion of climbing higher and higher towards heaven, removed by degrees from a pillar of six cubits high to one of 40 cubits, and, what is truly wonderful, he was enabled to pass 47 years of his wretched existence u|ion his pillars. Such was the extraordinary folly of the age, that this madness was regarded as a proof of holiness ; and when he died at the age of 69, his body was taken down from his last pillar by the hands of bisho[)3, and conveyed to Antioch by an escort of COiH) soldiers, and buried with almost imperial honours. SIMONIDES, a Grecian philosopher and sim] ^ ^eh) emlipri^ar 23t0(jr'tp^;»« [sin poet, was bom b. c. 558, in the island of Ceos, and died, aged 88, at the court of Iliero, Icing •of Syracuse, lie excelled iu lyric poetry and elegv. SIMPLICIUS, a pliilosopher of the sixth century, was born in Cicilia. He was the disciple of Ammonius, the peripatetic, and settled at Atliens, where he laboured to effect a union of the different sects, without success. Simplicius wrote commentaries on the works of Aristotle and Epictetus. SIMPSON, Thomas, an eminent mathe- matician, was born in 1710, at jSIarket Bos- worth, in Leicestershire, and was the son of a weaver, who brought him up to his own trade, and, perceiving his inclination for reading, took away his books. He in con- sequence left his father, and, after many vicissitudes, one of which was his becoming a fortune-teller, he acquired a perfect know- ledge of mathematics, and rose to be a ma- thematical professor at the Royal Academy, Woolwich, and a member of the Royal Society. He wrote "Treatises on Fluxions, Annuities, and Algebra," " Elements of Gco- metrj'," and other scientific works. Died, 1761 Simpson's widow, who was allowed a pension of 2(iO/. per annum, reached the extraordinary age of 102. SIMS, Dr. James, an eminent physician I and botanist, M'as born at Canterbury ; studied medicine at Edinburgh ; removed to i Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D. I in 1764 ; and afterwards settled in London. He became physician to the Surrey dispen- j sary, and also to the charity for lying-in I women ; devoting much of his time to, and I gaining great reputation by, obstetric prac- tice. Ilis chief works are, " Observations on Epidemic Disorders," " On the best Method of prosecuting Medical Inquiries," and the " Principles and Practice of Midwifery." He was also the editor of the Botanical Ma- j gazinc, from vol. xiv. to xlii., and contributed to the Transactions of the Linnaian Society, I of which he was a member. Died, 1831. SIMSON, RoBEiJT, an eminent mathe- matician, was born in 1C87, at Kirton Hall, in Ayrshire ; studied medicine at Glasgow, but never practised ; was professor of ma- thematics at Glasgow during a period of nearly half a century ; and died in 1768. Among his works are, " A Treatise on Conic Sections." " The Loci Plani of ApoUonius restored," &c. SINCLAIR, Charles Gideox, Baron, a distinguished Swedish general and writer on military tactics. He was engaged in the service of various governments, in dif- ferent parts of Europe, during the wars of the last century; and published "Military Institutions," 3 vols. &c. Died. 1803. SINCLAIR, or SINCLAIRE, George, professor of philosophy at Glasgow during the period of the Commonwealth and Crom- well's usurpation. Being a zealous Presby- terian he lost his situation at the Restoration, but was restored to it on the accession of William III. He was distinguished for his researches in philosophical science, was an able engineer, and published treatises on hydrostatics and other branches of the ma- thematics. He was also the author of a book, entitled " Satan's Invisible World dis- covered," which was for a long time popular among the Scottish peasantrj-. Died, 169fi. SINCLAIR, Sir John, bart., an active and enlightened philanthropist, was born at Thurso Castle, in the county of Caithness, in 17.>i. He received his education chiefly at the High School, Edinburgh, but subse- quently attended the universities of Edin- burgh, Glasgow, and Oxford. In 1775 he was admitted a member of the faculty of advocates, and was afterwards called to the English bar. In 1780 he was elected member for the county of Caithness, which he also represented in the parliaments of 1790, 1802, and 1807 ; and sat for the bo- rough of Lostwithiel in 1784, and for Pe- tersficld in 179f3. For more than half a century Sir John Sinclair occupied a promi- nent station in public life ; and there was scarcely any topic in the whole range of political, statistical, or medical science, which had not encaged his active and in- quiring mind. His reputation as a patron and promoter of agricultural improvement, in particular, was not confined to Britain, nor even to Europe ; the most eminent po- litical economists in America had appreci- ated and eulogised liis valuable labours. He was the originator of the board of agri- culture, which he established in 1793 ; and he also procured the establishment of a society, in Scotland, for the improvement of w-ool : of both these he was the presi- dent. Nor were h'la patriotic exertions in defence of his country less conspicuous than his endeavours to improve its moral and statistical condition. He raised two battalions of 1000 men each, in the counties of Ross and Caithness, which were the first fencible regiments whose services were ex- tended beyond Scotland. To a disposition as truly patriotic and philanthropic as ever warmed a human breast, he added an un- flincliing perseverance, which he evinced not merely by his support of all public institutions that had for their object the amelioration of mankind, but by advocating every useful public measure by his pen. To enumerate the whole of his literary pro- ductions here, would be perfectly incom- patible with our limits ; for during upwards of CO years tliey were incessantly issuing from the press. The " Plans," " Proposals," " Hints," " Observations," &c. of Sir John Sinclair were promulgated unceasingly ; and, though many of them possessed only a local interest, they were not the less useful or meritorious. His principal works consist of a " History of the Revenue of Great Britain," 3 vols. ; a " Statistical Account of Scotland," a work of unexampled labour; " Thoughts on the Naval Strength of Great Britain," " Considerations on Militias and Standing Armies," "Essays on Agriculture," " The Code of Health and Longevity," " An Account of the Northern Districts of Scot- land ; " papers on the " Bullion" question ; and his publication of the originals of the Ossianic Poems, with a " Dissertation." It is said that at the time of his death he had made a considerable progress in a " Political Code" and a "Code of Religion." Died, Dec. 21. 1885. SINDIAII, or SCINDIA, M.\hadjee, a sin] ^ |5clM Wimbev^Kl l5tograj|jIjM. [six bold and ambitious Mahratta prince, was born in Hindostan, about 1741. Lie was the son of a Mahratta officer at the court of tlie peishwa, and was at the battle of Panniput in 17(il, where he was wounded and taken pri- soner ; but made his escape, and took refuge in the Deccan. In 1770 he invaded Hindostan in concert with llolkah, and made himself master of Delhi ; lie also took Agra, where he established a cannon foundry, and was the flrat Indian prince whose trooi)3 were armed and disciplined after the manner of Euroi)ean3. lie was greatly in(lebte<l to tlie talents of Leborgne de Boigne, a French general whom he had taken into his service, and who commanded the army which gained the famous battle of Patan, in 171)0. He possessed an extensive territory, and was en- gaged in schemes of farther aggrandisement at the time of his death, which happened in 1794. Uis nephew, Dowla Rao Siudia, suc- ceeded him. SINGU, Maha Rajah Run-iket, chief of Lahore and Cachmire, was born in 1779. Perhaps neither ancient nor modern times can furnish a more striking proof of the power that lies in an iron and energetic will, than is furnished by the singular career of this chief, who from being the leader of a gang of robbers, became the absolute despot of despots ; whose word was law to princes, and who ruled 20,000,000 of men with a rod of iron. Brave, active, and remorseless, his bandit troop swelled its numbers, and be- came an army ; the mere speck of earth which he first seized upon by the right of the strongest, a centre from which he carried the sword or the snare into the dominions of his neighbours. Of education he was so destitute that he could not read ; but he had a very IKjwerful memory, much shrewdness, and great discrimination ; and as he was in the daily habit of being read to in both Persian and Hindoo, it is probable that he was no great loser by his want of early tuition. Accessible to all rauks of his people, he administered justice with the utmost im- partiality, at least when his own interests did not stand in the way of an equitable de- cision ; but in taxing, or, to speak more correctly, in plundering the people who were unhappy enough to fall beneath his swaj', he was absolutely merciless. Avarice seems to have been fully as much his in- centive to warfare as ambition ; for he has been known to undertake a military expe- dition against a distant prince who had the reputation of possessing particularly fine horses, or costly jewels. Among liis im- mensely valuable treasures of the latter kind was the celebrated Khah-i-Xoor, or ]Moun- tain of Light, now in possession of the queen of England. In stature he Mas very short, and the naturally sinister ex- pression of his countenance was much in- creased by the loss of his left eye by the small-pox. His long grey tapering beard, which descended below his breast, gave him something of a venerable appearance. At his death, four of his princesses and seven slave girls were permitted to burn themselves upon his funeral pyre. Born, 1779 ; died, 1839. SLBI, ViCTOK, an Italian 'monk and an- 783 nalist, was born at Parma, in 1613. He published a political journal, under the name of "Memorie Recondite;" which induced Mazarin to invite him to France, where he obtained an abl)ey, and was appointed al- moner and historiographer to the king. Died, IfiS;?. SIRMOND, James, a learned French Je- suit, was born at Riom, in 1.559. For several years he taught in the college at Paris ; but, in 1.J90, Aquaviva, the general of his order, called him to Rome, and made him his secre- tary. On his return to Paris, he devoted himself to literary researches, and published the works of several writers in the middle ages, particularly Sidonius ApoUinarius. He died in 1*551, aged 92. SISMONDI, CllAliLES SlMOJfDE DE, onc of the most eminent of modern historians and political economists, was born at Geneva, in 1773. In 1794 the house of his father, who had been an eminent member of the government of Geneva, was pillaged, two fifths of his property confiscated, and both father and son condemned to 12 months' imprisonment. The future historian, as soon as he obtained his release, sought safety and peace in Tus- cany ; but here he was even more unfortunate than in his native country, for the French , imprisoned him as being an aristocrat, and the Italian insurgents imprisoned him as being a Frenchman. In 1800 he returned to Geneva, where in the following year he commenced his career as an author, by the publication of " A View of the Agriculture of Tuscany." His subsequent works have been numerous and varied, including history, political economy, criticism, and biography. But the works by which he is the most w idely known, and which in fact have gained him a European celebrity, are his " History of the Italian Republics during the Middle Ages " (an abridgment of which he wrote for Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopsedia), " History of the Fall of the Roman Empire " (also written for Lardner), and his elaborate " History of the French," 31 vols. 8vo. In 1838 he was i elected one of the five foreign members of | the Institute of France, in the department | of moral and political sciences. M. de Sis- mondi was in principle a rigid republican, ( and so tiuly humane in heart and mild in manner, that he won the esteem of all who knew him. Died, 1842, aged (J9. SIX, Joiix, a Dutch dramatic poet, was born in 1618, and died in 1700. The works of Six are remarkable for purity of style. He was the friend and patron of Rembrandt, and his portrait was engraved by that artist. SIXTUS v.. Pope, Felix Pekktti, the son of a vine-dresser, was born in l.'i21, at Montalto, in the marquisate of Ancona, and in his early youth was employed in keeping swine. Having obtained admission, as a lay- brother, in the convent of Ascoli, and being afterwards ordained priest, he acquired great popularity by his preaching, and rose, suc- cessively, to be commissary-general at Bo- logna, and inquisitor at Venice, general of his order, bishop of St. Agatha, and a car- dinal. On the elevation of Gregory XIII. to the pai)al chair, he assumed a character of meekness and humility, and took no part in political contentions. He even feigned to ske] ^ Hitb) Slnibcr^al 33tOQrapT)y. [SME be bowed down with age and infirmities ; and wlien pope Gregory died, tlie interest of the more influential candidates being nearly equal, they agreed to choose Montalto for the present, who appeared incessantly coughing and at the very threshold of death. But no sooner had the tiara been placed on his head than he threw away his staff, and chanted Te Deum with a voice so strong, that the roof of the chapel echoed with the sound. He held the papal chair only five years ; during which period he undertook numerous magnificent works, governed with firmness and talent, and left a large sum in Ills treasury. SKELTON, John, an old English poet, was born, towards the close of the 15th cen- tury, in Cumberland ; was educated at Ox- ford, was made poet laureate, and obtained tlie living of Diss, in Norfolk. He was a coarse and caustic satirist, and was obliged to take refuge in the sanctuary of West- minster, in consequence of his satires on VVolsey and the mendicant friars. Died, 152!). SKELTON, Philip, an eminent Irish di- vine of exemplary character, was born in 1707, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1732 he settled on the curacy of Monaghan, in the diocese of Clogher, with a salary of 40/. a year ; out of which he allowed ten to his mother, and ten for the payment of his debts. While in this situation, he published some tracts, one of which, entitled " Proi)osals for the Revival of Christianity," was attributed to Swift. His other works are, " Deism Revealed," 2 vols ; and " Ser- mons," 3 vols. Died, 1787. SKINNER, Steimien, a philologist, was born in I<ondon, about 1G22 ; was educated at Christchurch, Oxford ; settled as a pliy- f ician at liincoln, and died in 1CC7. He was author of " Etymologicon Linguse Angli- canoE." SLEIDAN, Joiix Philipson, an eminent German historian, was born, in 1500, at Schleide, near Cologne, and completed his studies at the universities of Paris and Or- leans. For many years he was confidential secretary to Cardinal du Bellay ; but on es- pousing the doctrines of the Reformation, he settled at Strasburg, and was employed in various negotiations. Of his works the most important are, "A History of the Reformation " and " A History of the Four Ancient Monarchies." Died, 1556. SLOANE, Sir Hans, a distinguished phy- sician and naturalist, was born at Kilileogh, I Ireland, in IGOO, and studied medicine in London, where he settled. He was the first in England who introduced into general I practice the use of bark, not only in fevers, I but in a variety of other disorders. He also I formed a valuable museum of the raiest productions of nature and art, which together I with his library, consisting of upwards of 50,000 volumes and 35G0 manuscripts, were purchased of his executors for 20,000/. by act of parliament, and made part of the collec- tion of the British Museum. George I. created him a baronet in 1716, and he was ajipointed physician-general to the army ; on the accession of George II., he was named physician in ordinary to his majesty ; and in 1727 he became president of the Royal Society, of which be had previously been secretary. Died, 1752. SLODTZ, Re.ne, Michaei-, surnamed Michael Angelo, a sculptor, was born in Paris, in 1705, and died in 1764. One of his greatest works is the monument of Languet, in the church of St. Suli>ice. SMALRIDGE, Dr. GEonoE, bishop of Bristol ; an able and elegant theological I writer. Born, 1066 ; died, 1710. SAIART, CaitisTOPiiEH, an English poet, j born in 1722, at Sliipbourne, in Kent, was i educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, ! where he obtained a fellowsliip, but vacated it by marriage, and having settled in London j commenced author. The gaiety of his dis- position, and the buoyancy of his spirits, [ rendered him an acceptable companion to I the wits and public writers of the day, with j many of whom, particularly Pope, Johnson, Garrick, and Hawkesworth, he became inti- mate. He translated Pope's " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day," and the " Essay on Criticism," into elegant Latin verse ; wrote a poetical version of the Psalms ; a volume of original poems ; " Hannah," an oratorio ; with several odes, fables, &c. He also gave to the world, translations of the works of Horace, both in prose and verse. Poverty, however, overtook him ; and his distresses, aided by intemper- ance, so unsettled his intellects, that he was placed for awhile under personal restraint. His "Song to David," written in a mad- house, and partly with charcoal, on the walls of liis cell, bears a melancholy attes- tation to the strength of his mental powers, even in their derangement. He died, within tlie rules of the king's bench prison, in 1771. SMEATON, John, an eminent civil en- gineer, was born in 1724, at Austhorpe, near Leeds. His father, who was an attorney, was desirous of bringing up his sou to the same profession ; but finding that the law j was not suited to his taste, he wisely per- j mitted him to follow the impulse of his ! genius, and he became a mathematical in- j strument maker. In 175!) he received the | gold medal of the Royal Society, of which j he was a member, for a paper on the power of wind and water to turn mills ; and as an I engineer, he gradually rose to the summit of j his profession. In 1755 the Eddystone lighthouse was burnt down, and Mr. Snieaton being recommended to the proprietors of that building as an engineer in every way calculated to rebuild it, he undertook the work, and executed it in such a manner, as almost to bid defiance to the power of time, or accident. His last public employment was that of engineer for the improvement of Ramsgatc Harbour. Died, 1792. SMKIiLIE, William, a Scotch surgeon and physician, who distinguished himself as a lecturer and practitioner in midwifery in London, died in 1763. He wrote a " Com- plete System of Midwifery," and published a set of '• Anatomical Tables, with Explana- tions." SMELLIE, William, a printer at Edin- burgh, distinguished also as a man of sci- ence and learning, was born in 1740. He was the translator of BufFon's Natural His- tory, and author of the "Philosophy of SMl] ^ fim duibers'aT JJtoQTfqjI;!). [SMI 1 Natural History," and of many other inge- ! nious works. lie was a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was much es- teemed among the literati of his native city, where he died in 1795. SMIRKE, RoHEKT, esq., R. A., was born at Wigton, near Carlisle, in 17.')2 ; entered, at the age of 19, as a student at the Royal Academy (then in its infancy) ; wliere in 1786 he first became an exhibitor, and in 1792 was elected one of its members. His Sictures, generally speaking, were of an istorical or imaginative character, his fa- vourite subjects being taken either from tlie sacred writings, English histoi-y, the works of Shakspeare, Cervantes, or other eminent authors. Died, Jan. 5. 1845. SMITII, Adam, a celebrated writer on morals and political economy, was born at I Kirkaldy, in Scotland, in 1723. He received i his education first at Kirkaldy school, and I afterwards at the university of Glasgow, I where he became professor of logic and j moral philosoyliy, and took his degree of I doctor of laws. In 17.59, by the publication ■ of his "Theory of Moral Sentiments," he ' acquired a reputation which was greatly I heightened and extended by his " Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," which soon became a standard work in Europe, and may be considered the precursor of the modern science of political economy. Dr. Smith wtvs the intimate friend of Hume, and published an " Apology for his Life," which was severely animad- verted on by Dr. Uorne for advocating sentiments and opinions that, in a religious point of view, were wholly indefensible. Died, 1790. SMITII, Charlotte, a novelist and poet, whose maiden name was Turner, was born in Sussex, in 1749. At the age of 16 she married a West India merchant, who was subsequently ruined ; and her pen, which she had used before merely for her amuse- ment, now became the support of her hus- band and family. Her first production was entitled " Elegiac Sonnets and other Essays." After this, she published " The Romance of real Life ; " the novels of " Emmeline," " Marchmont," " Desmond," " Etheliuda," *' Celestine," and " The Old Manor House ; " besides several poems, and tales for youth ; all of which were well received. Died, 1806. SMITH Elizabeth, a young lady of ex- traordinary accomplishments, the daughter of a gentleman residing at Burnhall, near Durham, was born in 1776. According to I Miss Bowdler's memoir of her, she possessed a knowledge of the mathematics, and an exquisite taste for drawing and poetry ; understood the French, Italian, Spanish, and German languages ; made herself ac- quainted with the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Persian ; and was thoroughly versed in biblical literature. She died of consumption, in 1806. Her trans- lations of the book of Job, and the Life of Klopstock, have been published. SMITH, Geokge, a painter, was bom at Chichester, in 1714. He excelled in land- scape, and some of his pieces gained prizes from the Society of Arts. Died, 177G. 785 SMITH, Sir James Edward, an eminent English physician and naturalist, was bom at Norwich, in 1759 ; studied medicine at Edinburgh, and took his degree at Leyden, in 1786 ; visited France and Italy ; and, on his return to England, published " A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent," 3 vols., in which there is much information on subjects of natural history. He established the Lin- naean Society, and was its first president ; received the honour of knighthood from George IV., and died in 1828, at his native city, where he had long practised as a phy- sician. Besides his "Tour" before men- tioned, he wrote a " Natural History of the Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia," 2 vols, folio i " English Botany," .le vols. 8vo. ; " Flora Botanica," 3 vols. 8vo. ; tlie "Eng- lish Flora," 4 vols. 8vo. ; and an " Introduc- tion to Botany." SMITII, James and Horace, a celebrated literary duumvirate, were the sons of Robert Smith, solicitor to the board of ordnance, and 1 orn respectively in London, Feb. 10. 1775, and Dec. 31. 1779. James was articled to his father, was subsequently taken into partnership, and eventually succeeded to his business as well as to his official appoint- ment. Horace became a member of the stock exchange. Perhaps no two situations in life could at first sight appear less favourable to tlie cultivation of the muses than a lawyer's desk and Capel Court ; but James and Horace Smith triumphed over obstacles that would have crushed less genial natures, and went on from step to step till they left their names deeply graven in the literature of their time. Their first effusions were contributed to the Pic Nic newspaper, established by Colonel Greville, in 1802. They also wrote largely for the Monthly Mirror and the London Re- view, and some of their best vers de society appeared in the New Monthly Magazine, while under Thomas Campbell s editorsliip. But the work by whicli the brothers are best known, and by which tliey will be longest remembered, is the " Rejected Addresses," which appeared on the reopening of Drury Lane Theatre in 1812, and of which twenty- two editions have been sold. The popu- larity of this work appears to have satisfied the ambition of the elder brother. But soon afterwards Horace became an indefatigable novel writer. He commenced his novels with "Gaieties and Gravities" in 1825, and ended them with " Love and Mesmerism " in 1845; and within these 20 years he alsogave to the public " Brambletye House," " Tor Hill," " Reuben Apsley," " Zillah," " The New Forest," " Adam Brown," &c., all of which were well received. James Smith died in London, Dec. 24. 18u9 ; Horace died at Tunbridge Wells, July 12. 1849. SMITII, James, esq., of Deanston, a name intimately associated with agricultural and manufacturing improvement, was born in Glasgow, 1789. While only a youth of 18, he had attained such a thorougli knowledge of all the intricacies botli of mechanics and cotton spinning, that his uncle gave him the entire management of the extensive cotton works at Deanston, in which he was a partner; and he soon afterwards began tojiut in prac- tice on the Deanston farm various schemes for 3x3 SMi] ^ ^cU) Sliubnj^al ^tSiasn-cpTjt?, [SMI tliorough draining and deep working, which have since been so generally adopted. In 1831 he published a pamphlet on this subject which attracted great attention ; and since that period he rose so highly in public esti- mation, that he became an authority on all questions connected with agricultural pur- suits. In 1848 he was one of the commis- sioners appointed by Sir Robert Peel to inquire into and report upon the sanitary condition of the manufacturing towns ; and the schemes of improvement which he sug- gested can hardly fail of their effect. Died, suddenly, June 9. 1850. SMITH, John-, an English adventurer, was born at Willoughby, in Lincolnsliire. In the wars of Hungary, about 1002, he served against the Turks with such valour, that Sigismund, duke of Transylvania, gave him his picture set in gold, and a pension. After this he went to America, and contri- buted to the settlement of New England and Virginia. Died, 1631. He wrote " A His- tory of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles." " Travels in Europe," &c. SMITH, John', a pliysiclan, born in 1630, practised in London, and was a fellow of the College of Physicians. He was the au- thor of a clever treatise, called " The Por- trait of Old Age," being a paraphrase of part of the twelfth chapter of Ecclesiastes. Died, 1679. SMITH, Jotiy, an English divine, par- ticularly versed in northern literature and in antiquities ; born 1659 ; died, 1715. He published an edition of the historical works of Venerable Bede His son, George, who was born at Durham in 1693, was the author of a book, entitled " Britons and Saxons not converted to Popery." Died, 175(5. SMITH, Rev. Dr. Joiix, an eminent an- tiquarian and Celtic scholar, was born at Glenorchy, in Argyleshire, in the year 1747; completed his studies at the universitj' of St. Andrews ; and, in 1774, was appointed assist- ant and successor in the parish of Kilbran- don. Lorn, where he preached for 7 years with great zeal and effect. About this time he translated into Gaelic," Alleine's Alarm" and the " Catechisms of Dr. Watts," besides other small works. In 1781 he bc.ame minister of Campbelton. Soon after his settle- ment in this parish, he published his " Essay on Gaelic Antiquities, containing the History of the Druids, particularly those of Cale- donia," " A Disscvtation on the Authenticity of the Poems of Ossian," and a " Collection of Ancient Poems, translated from the Gaelic." In 1783 he published a work on the last judgment, editions of which have been published in England and America. About this time he was associated with the Rev. Dr. Stewart, minister of Luss, in translating the Scriptures into Gaelic. While engaged in trauslating the Scriptures, Dr. Smith, in studying the original, was led to write a concise commentary on the whole of the Bible. In 1787 he published the portion of it which embraced the prophets, and several editions of it were published both in England and America. Home, in his Intro- duction to the Study of the Scriptures, men- tions it with approbation, and says that the 786 Bishop of London was in the habit of re- commending it to his clergy. In 1787 he published the "Life of St. Columba, the Apostle of the Highlands," extracted from the Latin of St. Adamnan, &c. About the same time he published a new and improved edition of the Psalms in Gaelic, also a trans- lation of the paraphrases used in our English psalm books. He also published a " Dis- sertation on the Nature and Duties of the Sacred Office." Besides his unwearied labours for the spiritual improvement of the people committed to his care, he was eager to intro- duce among them an improved system of husbandry. With this view, he wrote many essays on the subject, and frequently ob- tained prizes frBVn the Highland Society. He wrote a " Survey of the County of Ar- gvle," of which a second edition was pub- lished. Died, 1807, aged 60. SMITH, John, an eminent London banker, and for upwards of 30 years a member of the House of Commons, was born in the year 1767. He was first returned to parliament in 1802 as member for Wendover, from 1806 to 1818 he sat for Nottingham, and from that time till 1830 he represented Midhurst. He subsequently came in as one of the members for Buckinghamshire, but at the dissolution in 1835 he retired from parliament. He always maintained Whig principles, and gave his support to the re- form party. Mr. Smith was an East India proprietor, and connected with many public institutions. Died. Jan. 1842, aged 75. SMITH, JoHx Pye, D.D.. LL.D., F.R.S., an eminent Nonconformist divine, was bora at Sheffield, 1775. He was the son of a book~ seller, and was intended for his father's busi- ness. But his distinguished piety, together with his talents and ardent love of learning, clearly marked him out for the ministry, and he became a student at Rotherham College in 1793. When his own academical course was finished, his scholarship was so distinguished, that he was at once chosen classical tutor of the college ; and the ex- emplary discharge of the duties of that office, together with his theological learning and j the excellence of his character, led to his being invited, at the early age of 25, to ' become theological tutor and principal of | Homerton College, the oldest of the institu- ] tions for training ministers among the In- 1 dependents. In January, 1801, he entered ' on the duties of that responsible post, which : he filled with untiring devotedness and the ' highest efficiency for the long space of 50 years. Two or three years after his settle- , ment at Homerton, he became the pastor of 1 the church assembling at the Gravel Pits I Chapel, and continued to discharge his pas- toral duties in that congregation for about 47 years. The mind of Dr. Smith was sin- gularly energetic. There was no depart- ment of knowledge which he was not eager to explore. He was critically acquainted both with ancient and modern languages. From the earliest of the fathers to the latest English, German, or American di- vine, he neglected no author that it was possible for him to read. Besides this he studied both the exact and the expe- rimental sciences. AVhen geology offered SMl] ^ |2cU) ^ffniljcr^al J}t05vai)Tj». I I its somewhat startling revelations, he em- ! braced it as a part of the communications of the Author of nature and of truth ; and b}- his patient investigations he showed the tangible records of creation to be quite in harmony with the word of God. On the I publication of his valuable work, " Scripture and Geology," the Royal Society enrolled him as one of their fellows. Dr. Smith was involved in literary warfare with Professor I Lee, of Cambridge, on the question of union of church and state ; and with the Kev. Thomas Belsham, and other Unitarians, on the divinity of Christ. Among other works which emanated from liis pen were, " Four Discourses on Priesthood and Sacrifice ; " and he also published a very able statement of the " Reasons of the Protestant Faith, with an Exposure of Popish Errors," which he repub- lished, with a new preface, within a few weeks of his death. But the largest and most I elaborate of his publications is that entitled 1 " The Scripture Testimony to the Messiah ; " a work marked by profoimd and accurate learning and candid criticism, and wliich has received the rare honour of being ad- mitted, though the work of a dissenter, as an I authority in the English universities. Dr. Smith was on the side of progress in general ; politics ; shrunk not from the public support I and advocacy of the repeal of the corn laws ; j went to an extreme, even, as many deem it, in respect to some modes of social reforma- tion ; but whatever he did. it was impossible to doubt either the conscientiousness of his princi])les, the purity of his motives, the piety that consecrated the most trivial and the most secular acts, or the philanthropy and benevolence that filled his heart with the force of an irrepressible instinct. Died at Guildford, Feb. 5. 1851. SMITH, Miles, a learned bishop, was born at Hereford, in 1508. He was well acquainted with the oriental languages, and was one of the principal persons engaged in the translation of the Bible, to which he wrote the preface. Died, 1(524. SMITH, KouEHT, a divine and mathema- tician, born in 1()89, was educated at Trinity College Cambridge, of wliich he became master on the death of Dr. Bentley ; and was mathematical preceptor of the Duke of Cumberland. He wrote " A System of Op- tics," 2 vols. 4to.; and " Harmonics, or the Philosophy of Musical Sounds." Died, 1768. SMITH, Sir William Sidney, G.C.B., a chivalric and far-famed British admiral, was the son of a captain in the army, John Spencer Smith, esq., of Midgham, Sussex, where ho was born, 1704. He received his education chiefly under Dr. Vicesimus Knox, of Tunbridge School; but manifesting a great desire for a naval life, he was sent, before he was 12 years of age, as a midshipman on board the Sandwich, under Lord Rodney. In 1780 he became a lieutenant ; in 1782 a commander ; and, in 1783. obtained post rank, with the command of the Nemesis, of 28 guns. The American war having just been brought to a close, and there being no opportunity of acting in the navy of his own country, the young captain (who was not quite 20) entered, with the permission of his sovereign, into the service of the king of Sweden, who pre- 787 [SMI sented him with the grand cross of the order of the sword, for the skill and energy he displayed on several occasions, particularly in an attack on a Russian flotilla, a great part of which he destroyed. A peace be- tween Sweden and Russia again threw him out of active life, and he travelled into the south of Europe. Hearing that Lord Hood had got possession of Toulon, he hastened thither, and offered his services. Soon after his arrival it was determined to evacuate the city ; and the destruction of the ships of war, which could not be carried oft", was in- trusted to Sir Sidney, who performed the difficult and hazardous exploit with signal ability. He was now appointed to the com- mand of the Diamond frigate, of 38 guns, in wliich, with a small flotilla under his direc- tion, he greatly annoyed the enemy ; but in a gallant attempt to cut out a ship at Havre- de-Grace, he was taken prisoner, and, on pretence of having violated the law of nations, by landing assassins in France, he was confined for two years in the prison of the Temple, at Paris. At length, by the address and intrepidity of a French officer, named Phillippeaux, and two of his friends, Sir Sidney's escape was somewhat mysteriously effected. An order of the minister of the day was forged, directing the gaoler of the Temple to deliver to the bearers Le Chevalier Sidney Smith, for the purpose of transferring him to another prison ; and having thus far succeeded, he and Phillippeaux proceeded, by means of false passports, to Rouen, and thence in an open boat, to the Channel, where they were taken up by the Argo frigate, which soon landed them at Portsmouth. In 1798 he sailed in the Tigre of 80 guns, for the Medi- terranean, to assume a distinct command, as a commodore, on the coast of Egypt. In March, 1799, he proceeded to St. Jean d'Acre ; and, on the lOth, captured a French flotilla, the guns of which he employed in the defence of Acre, against Buonaparte, who invested it two days after. Many fierce contests followed, and the French repeatedly endeavoured to carry the place by storm ; but the determined valour of the British com- modore and his gallant band, assisted by the troops of Hassan Bey, frustrated every at- tempt. Buonaparte having quitted Egypt, Sir Sidney negotiated with General Kleber for the evacuation of the country, and by a treaty signed at Al Arisch, that desirable event was agreed to ; but, though highly ad- vantageous, the British government refused to abide by it. In 1801 he co-operated, at the head of a party of seamen, with the army sent out to Egypt under Abercromby ; and he was wounded in the battle which proved fatal to that gallant general. On his return to Eng- land he received a valuable sword, with the freedom of the city, from the corporation of London ; and at the general election, in 1802, he was returned to parliament as one of the representatives for Rochester. He was subsequently employed in the Mediter- ranean and South America, where his gallantry and skill were conspicuously dis- played down to the close of the war. On his return to England, in 1814, he was presented with the freedom of Plymouth; in the .J SMi] ^ ^tio BnibtvM asmsrapljw. [SMI following year he -was made a knight com- ' mander of tlie Bath ; in 1821, a fulj admiral ; I and, in 1830, he was appointed lieutenant- i general of marines, succeeding therein his I late majesty William IV. We have yet to I notice that, in 1814, he endeavoured to procure, from the congress of Vienna, the I abolition of the slave trade, and a con- I joint attack of the sovereigns upon the 1 piratical states of Barbary ; but his laudable exertions proved fruitless. He then formed at Paris an association called the Anti- Piratic ! and there is reason to believe that the objects it expressed and the principles it espoused had considerable weight in render- I ing the subjugation of Algiers a popular I measure in France, if it did not immediately I lead to that event. At the close of the war I Sir Sidney's services were rewarded with a I pension of lOOO/. a year. A more chivnlric : character than Sir Sidney Smith is not to be found among the heroes of modern times ■ and those who recollect his brilliant career will be ready to subscribe to the eulogium passed on him by his biographer, E. Howard, esq., " All his public actions seem to have I been less the offspring of mere military cal- [ culation and naval science, than of the in- tuition of the most romantic courage and the highest moral feeling, always controlled by prudence and intrepidity, that no danger, however sudden, could surprise, and no difflculty, however menacing, vanquish." There was a time when his very name, like that of Nelson, struck terror into our ejie- mies ; and his constitutional activity kept him constantly on the alert to take advan- tage of every opportunity to harass and annoy them. He died at his residence in Paris, on the 2Gth of May, 1840, aged 76. SMITH, the Rev. Sydney, M.A., canon residentiary of St. Paul's, rector of Combe Florey, Somersetshire ; who, for half a cen- tury, rendered himself conspicuous as a po- litical writer and critic, was born at Wood- ford, in Essex ; received his education at Winchester College, and was thence elected to New College, Oxford, in 1780. He com- menced his ministry as curate of Netheravon, Wilts ; but relinquished it soon after, in order to travel with the son of Mr. Hicks Beach, M. P. for Cirencester ; which event, and its immediate consequences, he thus humorously describes in the preface to his collected writings: — "When first I went into the church, I had a curacy in the middle of Salisbury Plain. The squire of the parish took a fancy to me, and requested me to go with his son to reside at the uni- versity of Weimar. Before we could get there, Germany became tlie seat of war, and in stress of politics we put into Edinburgh, where I remained five years. TJie principles of the French revolution were then fully afloat, and it is impossible to conceive a more violent and agitated state of society. Among the first persons with whom I became acquainted were Lord Jeffrey, Lord Murray (late lord advocate for Scotland), and Lord Brougham ; all of them maintaining opi- nions iipon political subjects a little too liberal for the dynasty of Dundas, then ex- ercising supreme power over the northern division of the island. One day we happened to meet in the eighth or ninth story or flat in Bucclcugh Place, the elevated residence of the then Mr. Jeffrey ; I proposed that we should set up a ' Review : ' this was acceded to with acclamation. I was appointed edi- tor, and remained long enough in Edin- burgh to edit the first number of the Edin- burgh Review." He soon after removed to London, and though the editorial department fell into the hands of Mr. Jeffrey, he con- tinued for many years one of the most active contributors to this celebrated organ of Whig principles. During his residence at Edinburgh, Mr. Smith was minister of the episcopal church there ; and when he settled in London, he became in every sense of the word "a popular preacher," who could at once delight and instruct the crowded as- semblages of wealth and fashion that re- sorted to the west-end chapels. Nor were his oral eloquence, wit, and learning confined to the pulpit alone ; with equal success he displayed his abilities as a lecturer on the belles lettres at the Royal Institution, his fame increasing with every fresh effort of his genius. During the Perceval adminis- tration, Mr. Smith's activity as a political writer was at its height ; and it was thought that the celebrated "and amusing " Letters of Peter Plymley," which he produced at that period, did more in effecting " Catholic emancipation" than any, or perhaps all, of the numerous publications that issued from the press. Throughout his whole career, indeed, he exerted himself in favour of " liberal " measures ; or, if we may use his own words, he " always endeavoured to fight against evil." His last literary efforts were made in denouncing the repudiators of Penn- sylvania. His " Contributions " to the Edin- burgh Review and various other productions of his fertile and witty pen have been col- lected, and have gone through numerous editions ; and, more recently, his " Sketches of Moral Philosophy," or lectures upon that subject, delivered at the Royal Institution, have been published. He died, Feb. 21. 1845, aged 76. SMITH, Robert Percy, brother of the Rev. Sydney Smith, was one year his junior, and survived him only about a fortnight. He was a barrister-at-law, and had formerly been advocate-general of Bengal and M. P. for Lincoln. In wit, learning, and original- ity, he was every way fitted for the com- panionship of his critical relative. At Eton he was the intimate associate of Can- ning, Frere, and Lord Holland ; and at Cambridge he obtained the highest classical honours. In 1797 he was called to the bar. He was nine years in Bengal as advocate- general, discharging the duties of his office with credit to himself and satisfaction to the inhabitants. On his return from India he entered parliament as member for Gran- tham ; he afterwards represented the city of Lincoln, and finally retired iu 1820. Died, March 10. 1845, aged 75. SMITH, Dr. Thomas, a learned English divine, historian, biographer, and critic ; born in London, in 1638 ; died, 1710. He wrote numerous works, among which is one " On tlie Credibility of theMysteries of the Christian Religion." SMl] ^ ^c£d ?Kntbcri*aT 23t0STHp^i». [SNE SMITH, Sir Thomas, a learned English statesman, historian, and critic, was born at SaftVon Waldon, in Essex ; and after having been Greek professor and university orator at Cambridge, became secretary of state in the reigns of Edward VI. and Eliza- beth. Born, 1512; died, 1577. His "Com- monwealth of England " is the book by which he is best known. SMITH, Wii.i.iAM, LL.D., F.G. S., an eminent geologist, was bom at Churchill, in Oxfordshire ; and at the outset of his career he studied geology and land-surveying. In 1806 he published '* A Treatise on Irriga- tion," in which his geological studies and discoveries had enabled him to make some importantly valuable improvements. From this time he rapidly and steadily rose into notice in the scientific world. In 1808 his collection of organic remains was visited and carefully examined by the president and principal members of the Geological Society ; and in the first volume of the society's Transactions, which appeared in 1811, his discoveries are prominently and favourably noticed. But it was not until 1815 that he gave to the world the long pro- mised and much desired " Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales," in the form I of a handsomely engraved map. This pub- lication led to the purchase, in the same year, by the British Museum, of the whole of his organic remains ; and the task of arranging and describing this curious and valuable collection caused him to publish " Strata Identified by Organised Fossils " and a " Stratigraphical System of Organised Fossils." From 1815 to 1825, Mr. Smith published twenty geological maps of various counties of England, delivered a series of lectures in several provincial towns, and travelled from place to place in search of new facts, having, for a long time, " scarcely any home but the rocks, except one year which he passed at Kirkby Lonsdale, in Westmoreland." In 1835 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Trinity College, Dublin. But though careful, he became embarrassed ; and it was at length well known to his scienliflc friends and other influential persons, that this excellent and highly-gifted man, now fast falling into the " sere and yellow leaf" of age, was without the means of procuring even the common comforts of life. An application was ac- cordingly made to the crown by his zealous friends, and a pension of KM. per annum was immediately l)estowed upon him. Born, 17C9 ; died, 1840, SMITH, William, who for 46 years was a member of the House of Commons, and the leading advocate of the Dissenting interest, first entered Parliament in 1784, as M. P. for Sudbury, and in 1802 was returned for Norwich. From the commencement of his senatorial career he was the consistent supporter of liberal measures, and the advo- cate of all reforms calculated to promote the happiness of the human race. Died, 1835, aged 7!>. SMOLLETT, Tobias, a writer of varied talents and considerable note, was born at Dalquhurn, in Dumbartonshire, in 1721 ; was apprenticed to a surgeon at Glasgow, 789 and became surgeon's mate in a man-of- war ; but quitted the service in 1746, and, settling in London, commenced his career as an author. The tragedy of " The Regi- cide," the " Tears of Scotland," a spirited poem, and " Advice " and " Reproof," two satires, were his first productions. In 1748 his novel of " Roderick Random" appeared, which at once rendered him popular ; and it was followed, at intervals, by " Peregrine Pickle," " Count Fathom," a translation of Don Quixote, " Sir Launcelot Greaves," the " Adventures of an Atom," " Humphrey Clinker," a " Continuation of Hume's 1 1 istory of England," and " Travels through France and Italy." In 1756 he established "The Critical Review ; " for a libel in which, upon Admiral Knowles, he suffered fine and im- prisonment. When Lord Bute came into power, Smollett was engaged to support him in a weekly paper, called "The Briton," which soon had a formidable opponent in the "North Briton" of Wilkes, and was unable long to maintain its ground. As a novelist, Dr. Smollett exhibits considerable originality, with much knowledge of life and manners, and an exuberance of humour, but he is open to the charge of indelicacy. As a poet, he appears to considerable advantage in his " Tears of Scotland" and the " Ode to Independence ; " but as a satirist he is coarse and virulent. He died while on his travels, near Leghorn, in 1771. SMYTH, William, professor of modern history in the university of Cambridge, was born in 1764. He took his degree of M. A. in 1790, and in 1807 he was appointed to the chair of modern history, wliich he held for 42 years. Most of his life was passed at Cambridge, in a constant train of quiet duties and innocent pleasures. Endowed with a fine taste and correct j udgment, he de • | lighted in nursing the flame of infant genius. } He was among the first to appreciate the j merits of Henry Kirke White, whom he treated during his life with characteristic | kindness, and after his death consigned to j posterity a durable expression of his friend- i ship in the beautiful lines inscribed on the I youthful poet's monument in All Saints' ■ church, Cambridge. Mr. Smyth was himself a poet. In 1806 he published " English ! Lyrics," a volume of elegant poetry, which was very favourably received ; but bis chief ] title to fame are his "l^ectures on Modern I History " and " On the French Revolution," ! and his " Evidences of Christianity." Died ' at Norwich. June 26. 1849. j SNELL, RoDoLPii, an eminent mathema- tician and philological writer, was born at ! Oudewarde, in Holland, in 1547. He became '■ professor of mathematics, and afterwards of Hebrew, in the university of Leyden, where he died in 161.3. He published " ApoUonius Batavius," and several treatises on the works of Ramus His son Willebkod Snell, born at Leyden, in l.VJl, succeeded his father > in the mathematical chair, and died in 1626. i He discovered the law of the refraction of the rays of light ; and undertook the ' measurement of the earth, or a degree of tJie meridian, which Mussclienbroek afterwards corrected. He published some of the works of the ancient mathematicians, and a few • SNy] ^ iSeto ^aiiibcr^al 3Sia0rapTj». fsoc learned treatises of his own on matliematical subjects. SNYDERS, Francis, a celebrated painter of the Flemish school, born at Antwerp, in l."i79. lie stuflied under Henry Van Balen ; and, after visiting Italy for improvement, settled at Brussels, under the patronage of the Archduke Ferdinand. His battles and hunting pieces are admirable, and in the representation of animals none have ever surpassed him. Died, 1657. SOANE, Sir Jdir.v, an eminent architect, was born at Reading, in Berkshire, in 1752 ; came to London at an early age with his [ father, who was a builder ; was placed with j Mr. Dance, the celebrated architect, when I about 15, and afterwards acquired more practical experience in the art under Jlr. Holland. In 1772, being a student of tlie Royal Academy, he was awarded the silver medal for the best drawing of the Banquet- i ting House, Whitehall. Four years after- j wards he obtained the gold medal for the best design for a triumphal bridge. Soon I after this he was introduced to George III., : by Sir W. Chambers, and was sent to pursue his studies at Rome, with the customary academy pension of 6(M. per annum for three j years, and the same amount of travelling 1 expenses out and home. Here he continued j until the summer of 1780, and during his j sojourn in Italy he studied most assiduously the grand remains of ancient art. On his return to England he was employed on I many public works, as well as private build- 1 ings ; and on the death of Sir Robert Taylor, j in 1788, he was appointed arcliitect and surveyor to the Bank of England, but not ' without severe competition, in which there I were 13 candidates. To this success is attri- j butable the superstructure of his subsequent I fortunes. In 1791 he was appointed clerk of the works to St. James's Palace, the Parlia- ment Houses, and other public bnildings ; and in 1795 he was nominated architect of the Royal Woods and Forests, both of which offices he some years after resigned. In 1794, a committee of the House of Lords directed him to consider what alterations could properly be made to render the house, offices, &c., more convenient and commo- dious. He accordingly made all the re- quisite surveys, plans, elevations, &c., in which was first introduced the noble idea of enriching the Hall of Rufus, the Court of Requests, and the Painted Chamber with painting and sculpture, to commemorate great public actions and distinguished talent; but though his designs were fully sanctioned and approved of by the king, the execution of the work fell to tlie lot of the late Mr. James Wyatt. In 1806 he was elected pro- fessor of architecture to the Royal Academy. At this period, and for many years after, Mr. Soane was most actively engaged in erecting or improving numerous public edifices in the metropolis and elsewhere. Among these may be mentioned the Dul- wich Gallery, the National Debt Redemption Office in the Old Jewry, the new Law Courts, &c. In 1821 he made a magnificent design for a new palace, to be constructed on Con- stitution Hill, but Buckingham House was unfortunately preferred. In 1824 he was elected architect to the Koyal College of Surgeons, and a member of the Royal So- ciety. In 1826 he built the present Free- mason's Hall, in Queen Street, and gave 500?. towards the expense of its erection, having been chosen grand snperintendant of works to the fraternity of freemasons some years before. He subscribed 1000?. towards erecting the monument to his Royal High- ness the Duke of York, and presented StW. to the Royal British Institution, Pall Mall. In 1833 he completed the new State Paper Office in St. James's Park. This was the last of his professional works ; and, having passed Iris 80th year, he retired from a pro- fession in which he had been engaged 60 j'ears, and tendered his resignation to the governor and directors of the Bank of Eng- land, in whose service he had been for 45 years. He tlien set seriously about the idea he had long formed of bequeathing his large and valuable collection of works of ancient and modern art (valued at upwards of 5O,00OZ.). in perpetuity to the nation, for the benefit of students in the arts, and especially for the advancement of architectural know- ledge. This he lived to see completed by act of parliament ; and at his death, which occurred Jan. 20. 1837, his splendid house and museum in Lincoln's Inn Fields became the property of the public. An unhappy difference had for many years subsisted Ijc- tween Sir John Soane and Mr. George Soane, his son. We have understood that it origin- ated in the latter having criticised, with un- becoming levity, some of his father's per- formances ; but whatever might have been the offfence, it is sincerely to be regretted that, to all appeals on behalf of his son, Sir John for ever remained inexorable. SOBIESKI, JoHX IIL, king of Poland, surnamed the great for his military genius and warlike exploits, was born in 1629, of an illustrious ' family, at the castle of Olesko, in Poland. In spite of the enor- \ mous disparity of numbers with which he 1 had to contend in the Polish wars, from j 1648 to 1674, he was often eminently suc- cessful. After coming to tlie throne, in I 1674, he led his troops to fresh victories ; \ overrunning Moldavia and Wallachia, and \ crowning all his former brilliant exploits by raising the siege of Vienna, in 1683 ; j whereby Europe was saved from the dread- i ful calamities to be apprehended from an ! irruption of the Ottoman forces. Died, 1696. I SOCINUS, L.5LIUS, an Italian sectary, was born at Sienna, in 1525 ; studied at Bologna ; and in 1546 became member of a secret society formed in the territory of Venice, on tlie principle of free inquiry. This institution being soon broken up, Socinus quitted Italy to join the reformers in Switzerland ; and died at Zurich, in 1562. j SOCINUS, Faustus, nephew of the pre- j ceding, was born at Sienna, in 1539. Having [ imbibed tlie opinions of his uncle, he pro- i pagated them with such zeal, as to become j the founder of a sect called by his name. He '' resided some years at the court of Florence, where he held a civil employment ; but in , 1574 he went to Germany, and next to Po- j land, where he strenuously laboured to re- | soc] ^ |2clD CJm'fafriSal 3SiO0rapI)i). [sol coiicile the differences existing between the linitariun churdies. The tenets of Sociniis diflered but little from Arianisni, by reject- ing the divine nature of Christ altogether, and regarding his mission as merely designed to introduce a uew moral law. lie died in low. SOCRATES, the most eminent of the Grecian philosophers, and the one who is handed do^ii to us as a model of wisdom j and virtue, was born in Attica, b. c. 470. ' His father was a statuary, in which em- ployment Socrates was brought up ; but tlie cultivation of his mind was the object nearest his heart, and to that his attention was unremittingly devoted, lie attended the lectures of tlie most celebrated philoso- phers of his time ; and studied the prin- ciples of eloquence, poetry, music, and the matliematical sciences. But the moral improvement of his fellow-men was the end and aim of all his studies and all his e.\crtions. His method of teaching was by proposing to his hearers a series of questions in such a manner as to produce in their minds a conviction of the truth of the pro- position originally advanced ; a mode of argument ever since termed Socratic. He maintained the existence of one Supreme Intelligence, whose providence is over all his works ; and he was equally clear in the existence of a future state, llis system of morals corresponded with these principles ; and his invariable maxim was, that virtue and wisdom are inseparable. Socrates, how- ever, while he taught these truths, and ex- hibited in his own conduct all the temper- ance, forbearance, and self-command, which principally constitute elevation of character, could not altogether divest himselfof the su- perstitious notions of his times. He affirmed that an invisible genius constantly attended upon his own person, warning him of danger, and directing him in the course of life he should pursue. As a citizen he discharged, with exemplary faithfulness, all his public dutief. Three times he served in the army of his country, excelling his fellow soldiers in the ease with which he endured the hardships of their campaigns. The last part of his life occuried during that unhappy period M'hen Athens had sunk into anarchy and despotism, in consequence of the unfortunate result of the Peloponnesian war. Amid the general immorality, hatred, envy, and malice of such an epoch, Socrates was charged, by the infamous Melitus and Anytus, with in- troducing new gods, of denying the ancient divinities of the state, and of corrupting youth, &c. He defended himself with the calm contidence of innocence ; but was con- demned by a majority of three voices, and sentenced to driuk poison. Xenophon de- scribes the scene with much aflFccting sim- plicity. When the cup of hemlock was presented to him, he received it with a steady Jiand ; and after a prayer to the gods for a favourable passage to the invisible world, he serenely swallowed the fatal drauglit. Thus perished, in his 70th j'ear (h. c. 4iK)), a man whom all heathen an- tiquity has pronounced the wisest and most virtuous of mortals. Party enmity for a while pursued his memory ; but at length the Athenians became sensible of their in- justice, put to death or banished his accusers, recalled his friends, and erected a statue to his memory. SOCRATES, an ecclesiastical historion of the 5th century, lie was born at Constanti- nople, and bred to the bar, whence he ob- tained the name of Scholasticls. lie wrote the History of tlie Church, from the period where that of Eusebius terminates to the year 440. SOLANDER, Daniel Ciiaki.es, a natu- ralist, was born in Sweden, in ITM ; studied at Upsal, where he became a pujiil of Lin- naeus, and took his degree of M. D. In 1700 he came to England, obtained an em- ployment in the British Museiun, and was electe<l a member of the Royal Society. In 1768 he accompanied Mr. Banks (after- wards Sir Joseph) in his voyage round the world with Captain Cook ; and he was sub- sequently employed in arranging and de- scribing the valuable botanical collections whicli were the result of their researches. He was created D.C.L. at Oxford, in 1771 : was made one ot the assistant librarians at the British Museum, in 1773 ; and died in 1782. SOLE, Antonio, n landscape painter, was born at Bologna, in 1597, and died tliere in 1G77. SOLIMENE, Francis, a painter and poet, bom ot Naples, in 1057, and die<l in 1747. Philip V. sat to him for his portrait ; and the emperor Charles VI. conferred on him the honour of knighthood. SOIJNUS, Cails Julius, a grammarian in the Krd century. He compiled from the nattiral history of Pliny a collection, entitled " Polyhistor," an edition of which was pub- lislied by Salmasius. SOLIS, Antonio de, a Spani.sh poet and historian, was born at Placenza, in Old Cas- tile, in ](!I0 ; was appointed historiographer of the Indies, and wrote the " History of the Conquest of Mexico." His other Morks consist of dramas, poems, and letters. At the latter part of his life, De Soils entered into orders, and died in 1G86. SOLON, one of the seven sages of Greece, and the celebrated legislator of Athens, was born at Salamis, in the 6th century b. c. Inheriting but a small patrimony, he had recourse to commerce ; but at the same time he ajiplied himself to the study of moral and political wisdom, and soon became distin- guislicd by his superior knowledge in state affairs. After having enhanced the glory of his country by recovering Salamis, he re • fused the sovereignty of Athens ; but being chosen archon by acclamation, b. c. 594, he set himself down to the task of improving the condition of his countrymen. He abo- lished most of the cruel laws of Draco, and formed a new constitution, founded on the principle that the supreme power resided in the peo{)le. When Solon had completed his laws, he caused them to lie engraved on wooden cylinders, and bound the Athenians by an oath not to make any changes in his code for ten years. He then left the country, to avoid being obliged to make any altera- tions in them ; and visited Egypt, Cyprus, and Lydia. On his return, ofler an absence sol] ^ 0cbi BnibcvSaX 3Jiogi7tjpI;i). [sot of ten yeara, he found the state torn by party violence, and his kinsman Pisistratus aiming at tlie sovereignty. He tlien withdrew from Alliens, and is supposed to have died at Cyprus, aged 80. SOLVYNS, Fkancis BAi.TiiASAn, an able artist, born at Antwerp, in 1760. lie accom- panied Sir Home Popham in a voyage to the Red Sea and the East Indies ; and having arrived at Hindostan, lie studied the lan- guages, manners, customs, and religion of the Hindoos, that he might be able accu- rately to illustrate them by liis pen and pencil. After an aV)sence of 15 years, he returned to Europe, settled at Paris, and published, as the result of his labours, " Lea Hindous, ou Description pittoresque des Moeurg, Costumes, et Ceremonies Religieuses de ce Peuple," 4 vols, folio. He died at Antwerp, in 1824. SOMBREUIL, Charles Verot de, a French royalist officer, who, at the com- mencement of the revolution, distinguished himself by his courageous defence of the monarchy. He afterwards served in the I emigrant armies ; and having the command I of part of the forces in the unfortunate ! expedition to Quiberon, in 1794, was taken prisoner, tried before a military commission, I and shot. SOMERS, JoHX, Lord, a distinguished statesman and lawyer, was bom at VVor- I cester, in 1652. He passed some time as i clerk to a barrister, and, when called to the I bar himself, evinced talents of a high order. ] He made himself conspicuous by his oppo- ! sition to the measures of Charles 11. and James II. ; and acquired great credit as one [ of the counsel for the seven bishops. He strenuously promoted the revolution, and I sat, as one of the representatives for Wor- ! cester, in the convention parliament. He j became, successively, solicitor-general, at- j torney-generul, lord keeper, and, in 1605, lord high chancellor of England, with the ! title of lord Somers, baron Evesham. After I the death of William III., Lord Somers j spent his time in literary retirement, and I was chosen president of the Royal Society. In 1706 he drew up a plan for eifecting an union between England and Scotland, which was so much approved, that Queen Anne appointed him one of the commis- sioners to carry it into execution. Upon a change of ministry, in 1708, he was nomi- nated president of the council. He died in 1716, having earned a high character for political purity and legal ability. He was also deservedly esteemed as a patron of men of letters. SOMERVILLE, William, the author of " The Chase " and other poems, was born at Edston, in Warwickshire, in 1602, where he inherited a considerable paternal estate, on which he chiefly lived, mingling an ardent attachment to the sports of the field with the studies of a man of letters. Died, 1742. SOMNER, William, a learned antiqua- rian, was born at Canterbury, in 1606. He was the author of " The Antiquities of Can- terbury," a " Saxon Dictionary," and a " Treatise on Gavelkind." Died, 1669. SONNERAT, Peter, a naturalist and traveller, was bom at Lyons, about 1745. After making several voyages to the East Indies, Malacca, the Philippine Islands, &c., he returned to France with a rich collection of natural curiosities, wrote narratives of his voyages to Kew Guinea, the East Indies, and China ; and died in 1814. SONNINI DE MANONCOURT, Charle-s Nicholas Sigisbert, an eminent French traveller and naturalist, was born at Lune- ville, in 1751 ; studied the law, which he relinquished for the military profession ; and being sent to Cayenne as an officer of marine engineers, he was enabled at the same time to gratify his love of travelling and taste for natural history. He assisted Buffon in his account of foreign birds, visited different parts of the European and African continents, and employed himself in various scientific researches till the commencement of the revolution, when he narrowly escaped from the tyranny of Robespierre. Under the consular and imperial governments he was unable to obtain any employment, in consequence of the prejudices entertained against him by Buonaparte ibr his remarks on the Egyptian expedition. Among the works of Sonnini are, " Travels in Egypt," " Travels in Greece and Turkey," and an edition, in 127 vols. 8vo., of Buffon'a Natural History. He also assisted in the Diction- nairc d'Histoire Naturelle, 24 vols. 8vo. ; and was conductor of the Bibliothi'que Phy- sico-econoniique. Died, 1811. SOPHOCLES, a celebrated tragic poet, who carried the Greek drama to jierfection, was bom at Athens, about 496 b. c. In his 95th year he is said to have expired from excessive joy, in consequence of the unex- pected success of one of his dramas at the Olympic games. Of his numerous plays, only seven have reached modern times, but they are sufl^iciently meritorious to establish Ills fame. SORBONNE, Robert he, founder of the college of that name at PaJ^is, was born in 1201. He was confessor and chaplain to St. Louis, who gave him the canonry of Cam- bray. He died in 1274. SOSIGENES, an astronomer of Egypt, who was invited to Rome by Julius CiEsar, for the reformation of the calendar. He fixed the year at 365 days, called the Julian year, which commenced b. c. 45. No farther particulars respecting him are known, nor are anv of his works extant. SOSTRATUS, an eminent architect, who flourished in the 3rd century b. c, and was patronised by Philadelphus, king of Egypt. Among his works was the famous Pharos, or light-house of Alexandria, which is said to have cost 800 talents, and was reckoned one of the wonders of the world. SOTHERON, Admiral Fraxk, a gallant English officer. His services during several years of the hottest warfare procured him the distinguished honour of being intrusted by Loid Nelson with the defence of the bay of Naples at the time of tlie French usurpa- tion there ; and the admirable arrange- ments made by him prevented the tremen- dous mischief which the slightest want of prudence would have given rise to. He was of a very wealthy landed family in Notts and Yorkshire, which former county he for sou] ^ fitbi ^m'ber^al SSiograjpl^w. [sou Bome years represented in parliament. Born, 1707 ; died, 1«;!9. SOUFFliOT.JAJiEsGEnMAiy, an eminent French arcliitect, born in 1713. He studied at Rome, and after travelling in Italy and the Levant, to examine the remains of an- tiquity, he settled at Lyons, where he built an exchange and hospital, which gained him ao much credit, that he was called to Paris, and made superinlendant of the royal build- ings. His principal work is the church of St. G(?n<?vi6ve. He was a knight of the order of St. Michael, and died in 17S0. I SOUTH, KoBERT, an eminent divine, was born at Hackney, in ItJSS ; and educated at i Westminster School, and Christchurch, Ox- ford. In ICCO he was chosen public orator of the university, and successively became chai>lain to the Earl of Clarendon, prebend- ary of Westminster, canon of Christchurch, and rector of Islip, in Oxfordshire. lu 1C93 he carried on a controversy with Slierlock, on the doctrine of the Trinity, when both disputants were charged with heresy, for at- tempting to explain an indefinable mystery. He was a man of great wit, and did not spare to display' it even on serious occasions. His " Sermon's " possess the merit of earnestness and originality. Died, 1716. SOUTHCOTT, Joanna, an ignorant fe- male fanatic, was bom in the west of Eng- land, of parents in humble life, in 1750. When about 40 years of age, she assumed the airs of a prophetess ; and her numerous converts, who are said at one time to have amounted to at least ltX),000, put implicit faith in her wild and blasphemous rhap- sodies. She described herself as the woman spoken of in the book of Kevclations ; and, although in the highest degree Uliterate, she scribbled a mass of unintelligible non- sense, which she dignified by the title of prophetic inspirations, while she carried on a lucrative trade in the sale of seals, which were, under certain conditions, to be the passports to eternal salvation. At length, after having passed her grand climacteric, she was attacked with a disease which had the outward appearance of pregnancy, and she boldly announced to the world that she j was destined to be the mother of the pro- ; mised Shiloh. So fully persuaded, indeed, j were her deluded followers of its truth, that I they made the most splendid preparations ' for the reception of the miraculous babe that superstition and credulity could suggest ; when, about the end of 1814, her death put an end to their expectations. The body of Joanna underwent an anatomical examina- tion after her death, when the extraordinary appearance of her shape was fully accounted for on medical principles ; but the belief in her divine mission was not eradicated from the minds of her votaries, and the sect is not even yet wholly extinct. SOUTHERN, Thomas, an eminent dra- matic poet of the age of Charles II., was born in Dublin, in 16C0 ; became a servitor in Pembroke College, Oxford ; and then settled in London. He wrote the " Persian Prince," " Isabella, or the Fatal Marriage," " Oroonoko," tragedies ; the " Disappoint- ment," the " Rambling Lady," and the " Wife's Excuse," comedies. His tragedy 703 of "Isabella" is one of the moet pathetic and effective dramas in the language. He held a commission in the army, which with his writings produced him a handsome com- petency ; and he died, aged iiC>, in 1740. SOUTHEY, RoBEUT, was the son of a respectable linendraper, and was born at Bristol, in 1774. After receiving the rudi- ments of education at the hands of country schoolmasters, he was sent to Westminster School, and thence to Baliol College, Ox- , ford ; his early display of more than ordinary talents and a corresponding steadiness of character having led his friends to choose the church as his destination. At Oxford, however, he remained but two j-ears, the then unsettled state of his opinions as to both church and state causing him to quit the university, and wholly renounce the idea of taking orders, in the year 1794. After travelling in Spain and Portugal, and residing in Ireland as secretary to Mr. Corry, he having for some time been married, he at length settled at Keswick, in Cumber- land, in 1803. He was already pretty ex- tensively known as the author of " Joan of Arc," "Wat Tyler," "Lines on Bradshaw the Regicide," and other pieces, which in- dicated more political and poetical fire than political judgment or personal prudence, and in settling at Keswick he commenced an almost unexampled career of industry on literary composition of every description : his ovei-flowing mind and ready pen being equal to whatever could be demanded of them, a mere list of his separate publications would form a long article, not to speak of his numerous and elaborate contributions to the Quarterly Review. But though he wrote so much, he wrote everything both carefully and well. His biographies espe- cially are admirable ; that of the great Nel- son is, perhaps, the most perfect biography in our language ; while that of Wesley is highly appreciated both by churchmen and dissenters, for its candour and impartiality. Such a mind as Southey's could not long be overcast ; and he had not long been known as the writer of some ill-judged poems, ere he found out his errors, and became the eloquent and efflcient defender of the church and of the throne ; and he continued to delight and instruct the reading world by his genius, and to astonish both the reading and writing world by his industry, until 1840, when the intense labours of a long life at length overpowered even his fine mind, and he remained in a state of mental dork- ness to the day of his death. He had re- ceived the appointment of poet laureate in 1813, and in 1835 he received a i)ension of 300/. per aunum. His poetical works, col- lected in a large volume, enjoy great popu- larity ; and his admirable philosophic gos- xipping romance "The Doctor," &c., which was published anonymously (also in one volume), must long continue to be the wonder and delight of the reading and the thinking world. His " Common Place Book," a post- humous publication in 4 vols. 8vo., is a marvellous monument of his reading and research. SOUTHWELL, Robkht, an English Je- suit and poet, was born in 15C0 ; studied at sou] ^ i9c£D SUm'tJcriSaT 3Siofirajpl)i). [SPE Rome, and afterwards returned to England as a missionary. In 1592 he was sent to prison, where he remained three years before he was brought to trial, when, owning that he came to England in order to propagate the Catholic religion, he was condemned and executed, in 1595. He was the author of several poems possessing considerable merit. SOUZA, JoHX DE, a Portuguese historian, born at Damascus, in Syria, about 17aO, and died at Lisbon, in 1812. lie was employed as secretary interpreter to the Spanish am- bassador at Morocco, and published some etymological works, explanatory of the con- nection between Arabic and Portuguese. SOWERBY, James, a naturalist and ar- tist, was born in 176(5. He was originally a drawing-master, but subsequently acquired considerable reputation both as a botanist and mineralogist, and published several works on each science, which he illustrated by his pencil. Died, 1822. SPAENDONCK, Gexaud van, an emi- nent flower and miniature painter, was born in 1746, at Tilburg, in Holland settled at Paris, where he became miniature painter to the king, and professor of iconography at the Jardin des Plantes. Died, 1822. SPALDING, John Joachim, a celebrated Swedish divine and author, born in 1714. He wrote several able works : the " Desti- nation of Man," "Religion the most im- portant Affair of Mankind," &c. Died, 1804. SPALLANZANI, Lazarus, an eminent naturalist, was born at Scandiano, in Italy, in 1729. He studied at Modena, and next at Bologna, where his cousin, Laura Bassi, was at that time one of the most distin- guished professors in Italy, After having held professorships at Reggio and Modena, he became professor of natural history, and director of the museum, at Pavia, where he devoted himself to experimental researches into nature, and published many valuable works on physiology. He travelled over a great part of Europe and Asia, and was enrolled among the associates of numerous societies. Died, 1798. His principal works are, " Experiments on the Reproduction of Animals," an " Essay upon Animalcula j in Fluids," "Microscopical Experiments," " Travels in the Two Sicilies and the Appe- nines," 6 vols. ; and an elaborate " Cor- respondence" with the most celebrated na- turalists of the age. SPANHEIM, Fkederic, professor of divinity at Leyden ; autiior of " Exerci- tationes de Gratia Universal!," and other learned works. Born, 1600 ; died, 1649. SPANHEIM, EzEKiEL, a learned writer and statesman, was the eldest son of the preceding, and born in 1029, at Geneva, ■where he was appointed professor of elo- quence at the age of 20. He soon after became tutor to the son of Charles Louis, elector palatine, who employed him in several important missions. After the peace of Ryswick he was sent as ambassador to France, and from thence to England, where he died in 1710. His principal works are, " De Pra;stantia et Usu Numismatum anti- quorum," 2 vols. ; and "Letters and Disser- tations on Medals." SPARRMAN, Andrew, a Swedish na- turalist and traveller, was bom about 1747, and studied at Upsal, where, by his atten- tion to natural history, he attracted the notice of Linnjeus. He visited China and the Cape of Gooil Hope, penetrated a con- siderable distance into tlie interior of South- ern Africa, and accompanied Captain Cook on one of his voyages. He wrote narratives of his travels, and died at Stockholm, in 1820. SPARROW, Anthonv, bishop of Nor- wich, in the time of Charles II., was a pre- late distinguished for his learning, piety, and benevolence : and is known as a wiiter by his " Rationale of the Book of Common Prayer." Died, 1685. SPARTACUS, a Thracian general, who had been taken by the Romans, and made a gladiator ; but escaping with a few of his companions from his tyrants, he rallied round his standard a formidable army, and repeatedly defeated the Roman forces. He was at length slain, B. c. 71. SPEED. JoHX, a well-known English chronologist, historian, and antiquary, bom in ir)55. He is the author of " The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain," " A Cloud of Witnesses," and " Tlie History of Great Britain, from Julius Cassar to James I." Died, 1629. SPELMAN, Sir Henry, an eminent English historian and antiquary, was born at Congham, in Norfolk, in 1561. James I. frequently employed him on public busi- ness, and he received the honour of knight- hood for his services. He died in 1641, leav- ing many valuable works, among which his "Glossarium Archaeologicum" and " Vil- !are Anglicanum" are .'itill highly esteemed. His son, Sir JoH.v Spei.man, inherited his father's taste for archajological inquiries, and was the author of a " Life of Alfred the Great." He was knighted by Charles I., and died at Oxford, in 1643. SPENCE, Joseph, a divine and critic, was born in 1698, and received his eilucation at Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship, and was elected professor of poetry. He afterwards held the living of Great Hor- wood, and a prebend in Durham cathedral. He wrote an " Essay on Pope's Odyssey," but his principal work is entitled "Poly- metis ; or, an Inquiry into the Agreement between the Works "of the Roman Poets and the Remains of Ancient Artists." The " Anecdotes collected by him, concerning eminent Ijterary Characters," have been published. His death, which happened in 1768, was occasioned by his having acci- dentallv fallen into a pond. SPENCER, Dr. John, an ingenious and learned English divine and critic, was bora in 1630, at Boughton, in Kent ; became mas- ter of Corpus Christi College, archdeacon of Sudbury, and dean of Ely ; and died in 1695. His principal and most erudite work is, "De Legibus Hebraeorum Ritualibus et earum Rationibus." SPENCER, John Charles, Earl (better known as Viscount Althokf), was born in 1782, and was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He first en- tered the House of Commons as member for ^ ^tta WiixihtvitiX aSiograplby. [SPI Northampton ; but from the year 1806 to 1834, wlien he 8uccee<led to "the peerage, he represented the county of Northampton, generally supporting all the important mea- sures advocated by the Whig party. Shortly after the accession of William IV. he was made chancellor of the exchequer ; and, though he was occasionally convicted of making erroneous calculations, yet in bring- ing forward the financial details he showed eiugular industry and candour. He was manly, liberal, straightforward, and disin- terested ; his honesty of purjwse was never questioned ; but he possessed not the phy- sical powers requisite for a good orator. In another and a very different sphere of action, however, he was unrivalled. The improve- ment of agriculture was at all times his great aim ; and when he retired from oflSce, he applied himself with zeal and energy to the practice and encouragement of that great branch of our national prosperity. To liis exertions the establishment of the Royal Society of Agriculture was mainly owing ; ajid he was present at nearly all the great agricultural meetings throughout the coun- try ; promoting the general good by his example, either as the president or as an exhibitor of prize cattle, the patron of me- chanical and scientific improvements, or as the generous rewarder of the labourer's skill and iiidnstry. Died, Oct. 1. 1845. SPENCER, tlie Hon. William Robeht, the Ijest writer of vers de socidti in his time, was the younger son of I.ord Charlcg Spencer, and was born in 1770. lie wvs educated at Harrow and Oxford ; and in 17tK> published a translation of BUrger's Lenore, l;eautifully illustrated by Lady Diana Beauclerc. In proof of his astonish- ing power of memory, it is gravely asserted that he undertook, for a wager, to get the whole contents of a newspaper by rote, which he won, by repeating it without the omission of a single word. He held the situation of a commissioner of stamps. Died, \^H. SPENSER, Edmund, one of the most illustrious among our early poets, was born in London, about 1553 ; was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and, on leaving the university, took up his resi<lence with some relations in the north of England, probably as a tutor. In 1580 he accom- panied Lord Grey de W^ilton, viceroy of Ireland, as his secretary, and procured a grant of 3028 acres in tlie county of Cork, out of the forfeited lands of the Earl of Desmond ; on which, however, by the terms of the gift, he was obliged to become resident. He accordingly fixed his residence at Kilcolman, in the county of Cork, where he was visited by Sir Walter Raleigh, who became his patron in lieu of Sir Philip Sidney, then deceased, and whom he cele- brates under the title of the "Shepherd of the Ocean." Sir Walter persuaded him to write the" Faerie Queen," the first edition of which was printed in 1590, and presented to Elizabeth, wiio granted the poet ai^ension of !M. per annum. In l.'jOo he published his pastoral of "Colin Clout's come home agaiu ; " and. the year following, the second part of his "Faerie Queen ; " but the poem, 7»S according to the original plan, was never completed. About this time Spenser pre- sented to the queen his " View of the State cf Ireland," being the clerk of the council of the province of Munster. In l.'W he returned to Ireland ; but when the rebellion of Tyrone broke out, he was obliged to fly with such precipitancy, as to leave behind his infant child, whom the merciless cruelty of the insurgents burnt with the house. The unfortunate poet came to England with a heart broken by these misfortunes, and died at Westminster, January 16. 1598-9. His remains were interred at the expense of the Earl of Essex, in Westminster Abl)ey, where tlie Countess of Dorset raised a monument to his memory. SPIELMANN, James Reinhold, an emi- nent chemist, was born at Strasburg, in 1722. He became professor of chemistry at his native place, where, by his means, a botanic garden was established. He held also the chair of poetry three years. Among his works are, "Elementa Chimiae," " Pro- dromus Flora Argentinensis." " Institu- tiones Materiae Medicse," &c. Died, 1782. SPIGELIUS, or VANDEN SPIEGHEL, Adrian, a physician and anatomist, was born at Brussels, in 1578. He studied at ! I^uviiin and Padua, in which last university | he became professor of anatomy and sur- i gery ; which office he discharged witii such reputation, that the Venetian government made him a knight of St. Mark, and gave him a chain of gold. Died. 1025. SPILLER, John, a young English sculp- tor, of great promise, was born in London, in 1 763, and studied under Bacon. He dis- tinguished himself by his talents at the Roj'al Academy, and was chosen to execute ! a statue of Charles II. for the centre of the , old Royal Exchange ; but the much admired production had scarcely been erected before the artist expired, a victim to consumption, ' at the age of 30, in 1794. " The energy of his labour, with the strong excitement of his ! feelings, had already made fatal inroads ou \ his constitution. But he was willing, he I said, to die at the foot of his statue. The statue was raised, and the young sculptor, with the shining eyes and hectic flush of consumption, beheld it there, returned home, and shortly was no more." j SFINOJyA, Ambrose, Marquis, a cele- i brated Spanish general, was born in ]5f59. j He commanded an army in Flanders, and in lt5i)4 lie took Ostend, for which he was made general of all the Spanish troops in the Low : Countries, where he was opposed by I Maurice of Nassau. During a cessation of operations, Spinola went to Paris, and in an interview with Henry IV., the monarch asked him what were his plans for the en- suing camiiaign. The general, without he- sitation, entered into a detail of his projects, and Henry communicated to Maurice the direct contrary, as he could not believe that Spinola had revealed to him his real inten- tions. Finding, however, that the Spaniard was as good as his word, he exclaimed, "Others deceive by telling falsehoods, but this man by speaking the truth." In the war occasioned by the disputed succession to the duchy of Clevcs and Juliers, Spinola j Sr 3 sri] ^ i^m BniSitx^Kl ^Singrapfji?. [SPD , took Aix-la-Chapelle, Wesel, and Breda. He was subsequently employed in Italy, where he made himself master of the city of Casal ; but not being able to subdue the citadel, owing to the imprudent orders sent to him from Madrid, he exclaimed, " they have robbed me of my honour," aud fell a prej' to chagrin, in IGJiO. SPINOZA, Benedict, one of the most r profound thinkers of the 17th century, and the founder of modern pantheism, was born at Amsterdam, in 1633. His parents were Portuguese Jews, who gave him the name of Baruch, which, on renouncing his reli- gion, he altered to Benedict. He resided chiefly at the Hague ; and strenuously re- fused to accept of any of the numerous proposals he received to enter upon a career tliat might have led to his worldly advance- ment. He was for some time a Calvinist, and afterwards a Mennonist, but at last adopted the views, religious and political, with which his name is now connected, and in support of which he published numerous works. His " Tractatus-theologico-politicus" was repiinted in London in 17t!.5, by Hume, though without his name or that of the author. Died, 1677. SPIZELHIS, Theopiiii-us, a learned German ecclesiastic, author of an elaborate " Commentary on the State of Literature among the Chinese," and other works. Died, 1691. SPOHJT, Frederic Augustus William, an eminent German writer on philology. He was born at Dortmund, in 1792 ; became professor of philosophy and ancient litera- ture in Leipsic, and died in 1824, from the effects of excessive study. SPONDE, IlENKr i)E, or SPOXDANUS, a French prelate and ecclesiastical historian, was born in 1508, and was educated in the Protestant college at Ortez ; after wliicli he studied the law, and became so eminent as a pleader, that Henry of Navarre made him master of requests. In 1.59.5 he changed his religion, and took orders at Rome ; was made bishop of Pamiers in 1620, and died in 1643. Spondanus abridged the annals of Barouius, and continued them from 1197 to 1640. He also wrote " Annates Sacri kMundi Creatione , ad ejusdem Redemptionem." i SPONTINI, Gasparo, a distinguished I musical composer, was born at Majolatti, i near Jesi, in the Roman states, 1778. lie was 1 educated at the Conservatorio de la Pietsl of j Naples, and began his career when 17 years of I age, as the composer of an opera, " I Puntigli I delle Donne." This was followed by some I 16 operas, produced within 6 years, for the I theatres of Italy and Sicily, but not a note of which has survived. In 1803 Spontini came to Paris, in which capital again he liroduced some half-a-dozen operas aud an oratorio, all of which have perished. In 1807 he was appointed music-director to the empress Josephine ; and in 1808 he produced liis most famous work, "La Vestale," with brilliant and decisive success. His "Fer- nando Cortez " appeared in 1809 ; and the next year witnessed his appointment to the directorship of the Italian Opera in Paris, which he held for 10 years. lu 1820 the -j magnificent appointments offered by the 703 court of Prussia tempted him to leave Paris for Berlin, in which capital his last 3 grand operas, "Nourmahal" (founded on Lalla Rookh), " Alcidor," and " Agnes von Ho- henstauffen," were produced with great splendour, bnt with little comparative suc- cess. Spontini continued to reside as first chapel-master in Berlin till the death of the late king in 1840, when his professional career may be said to have ended. 'Die latter period of his sojourn at Berlin had been embittered by professional disputes ; and in 1842 he once more repaired to Paris, where he had, in 1839, been elected one of the five members of the Academic des Beaux Arts. Died, at the place of his birth, 18.-.1. SPOTSWOOD, or SPOTISWOOD. Joiiy, archbishop of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, was born in 1505, educated at Glasgow, and in 1001 went as chaplain to the Duke of Lennox in his embassy to France. On the accession of James VI. to the throne of Eng- land, he accompanied him ; and the same year was raised to the archbishopric of Glasgow, and made one of the privy council in Scotland. In 1615 he was translated to St. Andrew's. He crowned Charles I. at Holyrood House, in 1033 ; and, two years afterwards, was made chancellor of Scotland; but, on the breaking out of the rebellion, he retired to London, where he died in 1639, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He wrote the " History of the Church of Scot- land." SPOTSWOOD, Sir Robert, second son of the preceding, was put to death by the covenanters, for adhering to the Marquis of i Montrose. SPRAGG, EnwAKD, a brave English ad- i miral, was a captain in the first engagement | with the Dutch in 1065, when, for his gallant i conduct, he was knighted by the king on ! board the Royal Charles. He attracted the • particular notice of the Duke of Albemarle , in tlie four days' battle in 1066 ; and the | year following he burnt a number of Dutch fire-ships when they came up the Thames, ! which threw their whole fleet into confusion. I In 1671 he destroyeil, in the Mediterranean, | seven Algerine men of war. He was sunk ; in his boat in an eogagement with Van Tromp in 1673, as he was going from his j sinking ship to another. i SPRANGHER, Baktholomew, an emi- ' nent painter of Antwerp, was born in 1546, and died in 1623. j SPRAT, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Rochester, an historian and poet, was born in 1636, and I died in 1713. He wrote the " History of the . Royal Society," the " History of the Rye- | house Plot," " The Life of Cowley," a volume of sermons, and a few poems. SPURZHEIM, Gasi'aud, a celebrated i physiologist, was born near Treves, in 1776. j anil received his medical education at Vienna, where he became acquainted with Dr. Gall, ( the founder of the science of phrenology. To this science Spurzheim became exceed- ingly partial ; and he soon joined Gall in making inquiries into the anatomy of the brain. They quitted Vienna in 1805, to travel : visited Paris ; and lectured in Eng- land, Scotland, and Ireland, on their very , SQU] 9i fitfjy Huiberiial 3Jt0gT«pl)B. [STA curious and original system. Spurzheim finally proceeded to the United States, where lie died in 1832. SQUIRE, Samuel, a learned and exem- plary Englisli prelate, was born at War- i minster, in 1714 ; and after obtaining various I preferments, reached the see of St. David's ; and died in ITiHi. lie wrote several works, ■ theological and political. STA AL, Madame de, whose maiden name I was Dk Launai, was the daughter of a I painter at Paris, who abandoned her when I a child, and she was taken into the priory I of St. Louis, at Rouen. After this, she be- came waiting-woman to the Duchess of Maine, when her literary talents were sud- j denly discovered by lier being found to be the author of a very witty letter to M. de I Fontenelle, on the subject of a beautiful girl I at Paris, who was said to be possessed, which { imposture was at that time occupying public j attention. From that time the duchess reposed an entire confidence in her ; and Mademoiselle de Launai shared in her mis- fortune, by being committed to the Bastile. After her release, she married XI. de Staal, an officer of the Swiss guards ; wrote some entertaining " Memoirs of her Life," and died in 17 rA). STACK HOUSE, Thomas, a divine of the churcii of England, who was many years curate of Finchley, in Middlesex, and vicar of Benham, in Berkshire. He wrote a " Re- view of the Controversy concerning Mira- cles," on the " Miseries of the inferior Clergy," a " Body of Practical Divinity," and a " Defence of the Christian Religion ;" but his most important work, which hus often been reprinted, is his " History of tlie Bible," 2 vols, folio. Born, 1680 ; died, 17r,2. There was anotlier Rev. Thomas Stack- house, who published " A Greek Gram- mar," a "General View of Ancient History, Chronology, and Geography;" and an " At- las of Ancient and Mo<lern Geography." STAEL-HOLSTEIX, Anna Louisa Geu- .MAiNE Nkckek, Baroness de, was born at Paris, in 170(3, where the elevation of her father, M. Necker, to the ministry of finance, brought liim into close connection with the most brilliant circles of the capital. Siie soon displayed signs of a precocious genius ; and the encouragement to converse which she received in this society, and the various excitements which it furnislied to her facul- ties, had an important influence on the formation of her mind. Her earliest pro- ductions were "Sopliia," a comedy, written in 1786, and two tragedies. •' Lady Jane Grey " and " Montmorency ;" but her " Let- tres sur les Ouvrages et le Caractfere de J. J. Rousseau," printed in 1788, first attracted the public notice. lu 1786 she was married to the Baron de Stael Holstein, Swedish am- bassador to the French court. She was warmly attached to the principles of liberty; and the breaking out of the revolution, in 1789, necessarily exercised a powerful in- fluence botli on her mind aud fate. During Robespierre's ascendancy, she exerted her- self, even at the hazard of her life, to save the victims, and published a powerful and eloquent " Defence of the Queen." The populace being called to riot and murder, 797 she attempted to leave Paris, but was de- tained, and escaped the popular fury only by a remarkable concurrence of circumstances. When Sweden recognised the French re- public, her husband was again sent as am- bassador to Paris, whither she also returned, in 1795. Barras became her friend ; and she acquired so much influence, that, on Tulley- rend's return from America, in 179<J, she obtained, through Barras, his appointment to the ministry of foreign afifairs. In Dec. 1797, she for the first time saw Buonaparte, then at Paris, preparing for liis ex|>edition to Egypt ; and the admiration with which she had regarded the conqueror of Italy was succeeded by a sentiment bordering on aver- sion, which api)ears to have been mutual ; and in 1801, in consequence of her attempting to thwart his government, she was ordered to quit Paris. After visiting Germany, Prussia, and Italy, she returned to France, and published her romance of " Delphine ; " but this work, and a tract entitled " Les Deruitres Vues de Politique et de Finance," published by M. Necker, had given so much offence to Napoleon (who had no great es- teem for female politicians), that in 1803 he banished her from his territories. Her pere- grinations were next extended to Moscow, Stockholm, and London ; nor did slie again behold her favourite abode, Paris, till after the restoration of Louis XVIII. On the escape of Buonaparte from Elba, she retired to Copi>et ; and, after the battle of Waterloo, she once more made her api)earance in the French capital, with her daughter, who was | married to the Duke de Broglio. She was favourably received by the king, and ob- tained an order on the royal treasury for the payment of two millions, which had been deposited there by her father. Her husband, the baron, died in 1801 ; and in 1811 she was married to M. de Rocca, a young French officer, by whom she had a son ; but their union was kept secret till alter her death. She died in 1817. Besides the works before-mentioned, she wrote the romance of " Coriune," " Considerations on the French Revolution," " Dramatic Essays," " Considerations on Literature," " Germany," " Ten Years of Exile," &c. STAHL, Gkokgk Eunest, an eminent German physician and chemist, was born at Anspach, in 1660, studied at Jena, be- came phytician to the king of Prussia, and died in 1734. Ills discoveries and theories in medical science were highly ingenious and valuable ; and he may be ranked as one of the most illustrious medical philosophers of his age. STAIIREMBERG, Guido Baldi, Count de, a celebrated Austrian field-marshal, was born in 10.57. He commanded the imjjerial army in Germany, Italy, and Spain ; and during a long career was distinguished for his military skill and bravery. l3ied. 1737. STANDISH, FiiA.NK Hall, author of the " Life of Voltaire," &c., and well known by his elegant taste for the arts, was the son of Anthony Hall, esq., of Flass, in the county of Durham ; and having succeeded to the estates of Sir Frank Standish, bart., as cousin and heir at law, assumed tlie name, &c. by royal licence. Having the — .- sta] ^ ^c^ Bnibtx^nX Ijiosop^y. [sta opportunity of gratifying his natural in- clination by foreign travels, for acquiring information on classic antiquities and litera- ture, and being moreover possessed of an ex- quisite jiulgment as a connoisseur of tlie fine arts, he made an admirable collection of the best pictures, boolcs, manuscripts, &c. during his sojourn on the Continent : the whole of which he bequeatlied to Louis Philippe, liing of the French, " in token (as lie says) of his esteem for a generous and polite nation, one that is always ready to welcome tlie traveller and relieve the stranger, and one that he has ever gone to witli pleasure and quitted with regret." The works published by Mr. Standish are as follows : " The Life of Voltaire," " The Shores of the Mediter- ranean," 2 vols. ; " Notices on the Northern Capitals of Europe," "Seville and its Vi- cinity," and a volume of "Poems." Died, aged" 42. Dec. 1840. STANHOPE, Jambs, Earl, a celebrated English nobleman, was born in Hereford- shire, in 1073. He entered early into the army, and distinguished himself with so much bravery at the siege of Namur in 1695, that king William gave him a company and tlie rank of colonel. In 1705 he served as a brigadier-general under the Earl of Peter- borough, at the siege of Barcelona. He afterwards contributed to the victories of Almanza and Saragossa ; but being intrusted with the defence of Driheuga, he was obliged to surrender it. after a gallant resistance, to the Duke de Vendome. Died, 1721. STANHOPE, Charles, Earl, grandson of the above, a politician and man of science, born in 1753 ; was educated at Eton and Geneva ; and came into parliament for High Wycombe, which he represented until 1780, when he succeeded his father in the peerage. He distinguished himself at an early period of the French revolution by an open avowal of republican sentiments, and went 80 far as to lay aside the external ornaments of the peerage. As a man of science he ranked high, and was the author of many inventions, particularly of a method of securing buildings from lire, an arith- metical machine, a new printing press, a monochord for tuning musical instruments, and a vessel to sail against wind and tide. He was twice married, first to Lady Hester Pitt, daughter of the great Earl of Chatham, by whom he had three daughters ; and secondly to Miss Grenville, by whom he had three sons. Died, 1816. STANHOPE, Lady Hestkr, avery highly accomplished, but no less eccentric, English lady, niece of the celebrated William Pitt. Soon after the death of that great statesman, with whom she was domesticated, and with whose pursuits she so much sympathised, as to act upon some occasions as his private secretary, she went to Syria, assumed the dress of a male native of that country, and devoted herself to astrology, in which vain science she was a most implicit believer. She had a large pension from the English government, and for many years was pos- sessed of considerable influence over the Turkish pachas, which however, when ha- bitual carelessness in money matters had deprived her of the means of bribing them, she so entirely lost as to be in actual danger of her life. Of her way of life as well as her way of thinking, some notion will easily be formed from a jxirusal of her reply to an eminent English traveller, who humanely advised her to quit her perilous and desolate abode, and return to England : "As to leaving this country," said her ladyship, " your advice is in vain : I will never return to England. I am encompassed by perils, true ; but I am no stranger to them. I have suffered shipwreck off the coast of Cyprus, I have had the plague here ; I fell from my horse near Acre, and was trampled upon by him ; I have encountered the robbers of the desert ; and when my servants quailed I have gallopped in among them, and compelled them to be courteous : and when a horde of plunderers was breaking in at my gate, I sallied out among them sword in hand, and having convinced them that they could not hurt me if they would, I fed them at my gate, and they behaved like thankful beg- gars. Here I am destined to remain. What fs written in the great book of life, who can alter ? It ia true that I am surrounded by perils ; it is true that I am at war with the prince of the mountains, and with the pacha of Acre ; it is very true that my enemies are capable of assassination, but if I do perish, my fall shall be a bloody one. I have plenty of arms, good Damascus blades ; I use no guns, and while I have an arm to wield a hanjar, these barren rocks shall have a banquet of slaughter before my face looks black in the presence of my enemies." So completely anti-national were the prejudices of this very eccentric lady, that though at the time of her death she had no fewer than 23 domestics, not one of them was English, and her last sigh was breathed among fo- reigners and hirelings. Born, 1766 ; died, STANLEY, the Right Tlev. Edward, bishop of Norwich, was the younger son of Sir John Thomas Stanley, bart., of Alderley, in Cheshire, and was born in 1770. Having finished his studies at St. John's College, Cambridge, he was presented by his father to the rectory of Alderley in 1805 ; and here he laboured for upwards of 30 years in the faithful discharge of his pastoral duties. His connection with the Whig party led to his nomination to the see of Norwich in 1837 ; and such was his unwearied devotion to every good and useful work, his sincerity, his disinterestedness, and his pure and active benevolence in all the relations of life, that his character truly corresponded with the apostolic portrait of a Christian bishop. Bishop Stanley also attained distinction as an author. Whilst rector of Alderley, he occasionally delivered lectures on various branches of natural history, and contributed papers on the same subject to Blackwood's and the British Magazine, besides publishing various panlphlcts on questions more imme- diately connected with his clerical office. But his most popular work was his " Familiar History of Birds," published in 1835, which has gone through several editions. Died, Sept. 6. 1849. STANLEY, Thomas, a learned writer, was the sou of Sir Thomas Stanley, and sta] ^ ^cto ^Umbrv^at JBiograpT)!). [STB born at Laytonstone, in Essex, in 1644. lie received his education at Pernbrolte Hall, Cambridge, then went on his travels, and on his return took up his residence in the Middle Temple. His works are, " The His- tory of Pliilosophy and Lives of Philoso- phers," "Poems and Translations," an edition of ^schylus, &c. Died, 1078. STAPLETON, Sir Robekt, a soldier and poet of the 17th century. On the breaking out of the civil wars, he distinguished him- self by his gallant behaviour at the battle of Edgehill, in 1G42, for which the king knighted I liim. At the Restoration he accompanied ! Charles II. to London, and remained about f the court till his decease in 1(509. He truns- j lated Juvenal and other authors, wrote four plays, and was created LL.D. at Oxford. j STAKCK, John AtGUsTfs von, a Ger- ! man divine and theological writer, bom at Schwerin, in 1741. He was professor of oriental literature and antiquities at St. Petersburgh, subsequently tilled the chair of philosophy at Mittau, and in 1781 he was appointed' first preacher at the court of 1 Darmstadt, where he was highly esteemed by the Landgrave of Hesse, who in 1811 made him a baron. Among his principal works ' are, " The History of the First Age of the I Christian Church,^' 3 vols. ; and " The Tri- I umph of Philosophy in the Eighteenth Cen- turv." Died, 1816. STATIUS, PuBUirs Papjnics, a Latin 1 poet, was born at Naples, a.d. CI. His [ principal productions are two epic poems, 1 the " Thebais," in twelve books, and the ' " Achilleis," in two books, which he left unfiuislied at his death, iu his 35th year. STAUNTON, Sir Geokoe Leonahd, was born in the county of Galway, in Ireland, and educated at Montpelier, where he took his medical degree. About 1702 he went to the island of Grenada, where he practised physic, and formed an intimacy with Lord Macartney, the governor, who made him i his secretary, and whom he accompanied to Madras, where he displayed his talents in I treating with Tippoo Saib, and in seizing General Stuart. On his return to England he was created a baronet, and, in 17W), received the degree of LL.D. When Lord Macartney was selected as the head of the intended embassy to China, Sir George was appointed secretary of legation, with the title of envoy-extraordinary. Of that mission, and of the empire and people of China, he published an interesting account in 1797, 2 vols. 4to. He died in 1801. STEBBING, Henky, a learned divine and theological writer. He was educated at Cambridge, and distinguished himself greatly in the Bangorian controversy ; for which Bishop Sherlock made hirn chancellor of Salisbury. Died, 1703. STEDMAN, JoH.v Gabkiel, a military officer in the Dutch service, was born in Scotland, in 1745. He was the author of an interesting " Narrative of an Expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam," in 2 vols. 4to. He died at Tiverton, in Devon- shire, in 1797. STEELE, Sir Richahd, a celebrated es- sayist and dramatic writer, was a native of Dublin, where hia father, who was a barrister, acted in the capacity of secretary to the Duke of Ormond. He obtained an ensigncy in the guards j and while in that service wrote a little treatise, called "The Christian Hero," which he dedicated to Lord Cutts, who appointed him his secretary, and pro- cured him a captain's commission in the fusileers. In 1702 he commenced dramatic writer, in his comedy of "The Funeral, or Grief ii-la-Mode," which had great success. This was followed by " The Tender Hus- band " and " The Lying Lover." In 1709 he began the "Tatler," a periodical paper under the name of Isaac Bickerstaff, and in which he had the able assistance of Addi- son, as he also had in the " Spectator " and " Guardian ;" the former commenced in 1711, and the latter in 1713. His reputa- tion as a writer procured him the place of commissioner of the stamp office, which he resigned on being chosen member for Stockbridge, but was expelled the house soon after for writing two alleged libels, under the titles of " The Englishman " and " The Crisis." On the accession of George I. he received the honour of knighthood, and was appointed surveyor of the stables at Hampton Court, and governor of the royal company of comedians. He was also, on the suppression of the rebellion, made one of the commissioners of the forfeited estates in Scotland. In 1722 his play of the " Con- scious Lovers " was acted with great success; and, when published, was dedicated to the king, who gave the author 500/. ; but being always engaged in some unsuccessful scheme or other, and with habits both benevolent and lavish, he wasted his regular income in anticipation of a greater, until absolute dis- tress was the consequence. A paralytic attack at length rendered him incapable of literary exertion ; and he retired to Llan- gunnor, in Caerma'rthenshire, where he died, in 1729. STEEN, Jan, an eminent painter, was born at Leyden, in 1036. One of his masters was Van Goyen, whose daughter he married ; but Steen proved a dissipated character, and totally neglected his family. Died, 1689. STEEN WICK, Henky, a Flemish painter, was born in 1550, and died in 1003. STEEVENS, Geokoe, a celebrated dra- matic commentator, was born at Stepney, in 1736 ; and was educated at the Grammar School, Kingston, and King's College, Cam- bridge. In 1700 he published 20 of Shak- speare's plays, in 4 vols. 8vo. ; and in 1770 his notes on the great dramatist were incor- porated with those of Johnson in 10 vols. 8vo., and afterwards in 15 vols. Mr. Steeveus, who was an elegant scholar, and well versed in old English literature, was one of the contributors to Nichols's Biographical Anec- dotes of Hogarth, and also assisted in the Biographia Dramatica. He died at Ilamp- stead, in 1800. STEFFANI, Agostixo, an Italian pre- late, distinguished also as a musical com- poser, was bom in 1055. In his youth he was a chorister of St. Mark's, at Venice, where a German nobleman being attracted by the sweetness of his voice, took him to Bavaria, gave him a classical education, and put him under the best musicians. After ste] ^ 0tio Bnihtv^Kl %ia^rn^\)v. [ste this he entered into orders, and at last became bishop of Spiga. Died, 1730. STEFFENS, Heinkich, a distinguished naturalist, novelist, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Stavanger, in Norway, 1773 ; studied at Copenhagen, and delivered lectures at Kiel on natural liistory, in 1796 ; and was successively appointed to the chair of natural history in Jena, Haile, Breslau, and Berlin. He took an active part in the German war of liberation, to the success of which he largely contributed, not merely by his personal exertions but by liis spirit- stirring harangues in support of the national cause. Among his chief works are his " Beitrage zur inneren Naturgeschiclite der Erde," " GrundzUge der Philos. Wissen- schaft," " llandbuch der Oryktognosie," " W^alseth und Leith," " Die Vier Norwe- ger," and an interesting autobiograpliical sketch, entitled " Was icli erlebte," &c. Died, 1848. STEIN, Heinrich F. Karl, Baron von, a distinguished Prussian statesman, was born at Nassau, in October, 17.57, of an old noble family, whicli held immediately of the empire. He received the rudiments of liis education at Giittingen, and afterwards studied public law at Wetzlar, tlie seat of the imperial chamber. In 1780, at the age of 23, he first entered tlie civil service of Prussia, to which he had been early destined by his father, as director of the mines at Wettin, in Westphalia ; and, in 1784, was appointed ambassador at Aschaffenberg. Ilis great abilities having become known in these situations, he was, in 1780, appointed to the important situation of president of all the Westplialian chambers, in wliich office he laboured assiduously and successfully till 1804. In that year he was, on t.'ie death of Struensee, minister of finance and trade, promoted to that elevated situation ; in which capacity he remained till 180(!, when, on account of some differences with the king of Prussia, as to the course to be pur- sued in the critical circumstances of the monarchy, he resigned his office, and retired to his estates at Nassau. The king, how- ever, was 80 well aware of liis abilities, that he recalled him soon after the peace of Til- sit ; and it was then that he planned and executed those great, yet cautious, social reforms, which laid the foundations of the resurrection of the monarchy. Ere long, however, his patriotic spirit and great abili- ties excited the jealousy of Napoleon, who made the king of Prussia send him into exile. He retired to Prague, where he re- mained, associating much with Arndt, the banished Elector of Cassel, and otlier vehe- ment enemies of Napoleon, till May 1812, when, on the approach of the French em- peror to Dresden on the eve of the Moscow campaign, he went to St. Petersburgli, where his firmness and energy were of great ser- vice in supporting tlie emperor Alexander through that dreadful crisis. After the occupation of Saxony by the allied forces, he was placed at the head of the central administration, and put forth all his ener- gies in keeping alive the patriotic enthu- siasm which displayed itself on all sides. But the principles proclaimed at the first 800 peace of Paris did not meet the objects which he had in view for the political or- ganisation of the German peojjle, and he withdrew in disappointment to his estate, which he continued to cultivate till 1827, when he once more briefly appeared on the stage of politics. Died, 1831. His"Briefe an den Baron von Gagern"— a name since become famous throughout Europe — have been published. STELLA, James, an eminent painter, was born in 1506, at Lyons, where his father gave him his first Instructions. While at Florence he was patronised by the grand- duke. He then went to Rome, where lie spent several years, and on his return to France had a pension granted liim, with apartments in the Louvre. He there painted several excellent pictures for the king, wlio lionoured him with the order of St. Michael. Died, 1647. STENO, Nicholas, a celebrated anato- mist, was born at Copenhagen, in 1638. He was a pupil of Bartholin ; and afterwards travelled into Germany, France, and Italy, where he abjured the Protestant faith. On his return home, he was made professor of anatomy ; but the change of his religion having raised him enemies, he renounced his medical studies for the church ; and pope Innocent XII. consecrated him bishop, in partibus, of Titopolis, and vicar apostolic in the north of Europe. He was the author of many works, medical and theological ; and died in 1687. STEPHANUS BYZANTINUS, or Stk- PUEX OF BvzA.VTiUM, an able Greek gram- marian and lexicographer, who lived in the 6th century. STEPHEN, king of England, the son of Stephen, count of Blois, by Adela, fourth daughter of William the Conqueror, was born in 1104. On the death of Henry I. he immediately came over from Normandy to England, and laid claim to the crown, al- though he had been one of the most zealous in taking the oath for securing the succession to Henry's daughter, the empress Matilda. By the aid of his brother, who was bishop of Winchester, he possessed himself of the royal treasure, and was enabled to bribe some of the most restive of his opponents, while he sought the support of the people at large by promising to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor. After a war with the Scots, who were finally defeated at the famous battle of the Standard, the empress Matilda landed in England with her brother, the Earl of Gloucester ; and being joined by several i powerful barons, a civil war ensued, which j for cruelty and devastation proved one of the most calamitous in the annals of the ] country. After various turns of fortune, i Matilda retired to Normandy, and the con- | test was carried on by her son, Henry Plan- j tagenet, who in 1153 landed an army in ; England. Being joined by the barons of his mother's party, the competitors met at j the head of their respective forces at Wal- : lingford ; but an armistice took place instead • of a battle ; by which it was agreed, that Stephen should reign during his lifetime, and that Henry should succeed him. In the following year Stephen died, aged 49. ste] ^ ^ftD ^nitjtr^al SBtflgraplbj!* [ste STEPHEN, James, an eminent lawyer and political writer, was a native of Poole, in Dorsetshire, received his education at Winchester, was brought up as a barrister, and became parliamentary reporter for the Morning Chronicle. He at length obtained an appointment in the prize court at the island of St. Christopher's, where he realised a handsome fortune ; and on his return to England he formed a matrimonial alliance , with the family of Mr. Wilbei-force. Having acquired, while abroad, an intimate know- ledge of colonial law, he now obtained a large and lucrative share of practice as an advocate in prize causes before the privy council. As the violation of territory by tlie masters of American vessels often came under his notice, he published his senti- ments in an anonymous pamphlet, entitled " War in Disguise, or the Frauds of Neu- tral Flags ;" when the talents and views displayed by the writer attracted the atten- tion of government, and he was soon after introduced into parliament as a member for Tralee. He suggested and arranged the whole system of the continental blockade, which for many years occasioned the greatest embarrassment to Buonaparte ; and for his services the minister appointed him a master in chancery, which office he held during 20 years. He also distinguished himself, both in the senate and by his pen, as the constant friend of African emancipation ; and was regarded by the West India planters as their most formidable antagonist. Died, 1832. STEPHENS, or ESTIENNE, the nome of a French family which produced many eminent printers Robeut, born in 150.3, at Paris, devoted himself to learned studies. He possessed a profound knowledge of I/atin, Greek, and Hebrew, as the works edited by him in those languages evince. He superin- tended an edition of the New Testament, which was more correct and of a more con- venient form than any which had appeared ; and he is honourably distinguished by his excellent "Thesaurus Linguae Latinae." Died, 1559. Henrv, bom at Paris, in 1528, was distinguished for his talents, and devoted himself particularly to the study of Greek. In consequence of his attachment to the reformed doctrines, his peace was often disturbed, and his labours interrupted. He was a most learned and indefatigable scholar, and stands pre-eminent for the services which he rendered to the cause of ancient literature. Died, 1598. STEPHENS, Alexaxder, a miscella- neous writer, was born in 1757, at Elgin, in Scotland; studied at Aberdeen; was designed for the law, but quitted it for literature, and wrote, or contributed to, the following works, "A History of the War of the French Revolution," "Memoirs of Home Tooke," "Public Characters," "The Annual Obituary," the "Monthly Magazine," &c. Died, 1821. STEPHENS, Robert, an eminent English antiquary, who collected and published a complete edition of the letters of Lord Bacon, in 1702, and was appointed historiographer royal. Died, 1732. STEPHENSON, Gkobge, whose name will be for ever identified with the greatest mechanical revolution eflfected since the days of Watt — the application of steam to railroads — was born near Newcastle in 1781. His father was an engine-tenter at a colliery; and he himself began life as a pit-engine boy at 2il. a day's wages. A lucky accident having given him anopportunity of showing some skill, he was advanced to the office of engineman. He was afterwards employed in forming railway planes and engines under ground, and all his leisure time was spent in working out the great problem, which he at last so happily solved. His first attempt to carry out his design was at Hetton : he sub- sequentlj; planned the line between Stockton and Darlington : but his crowning achieve- ment was the great Manchester and Liver- pool line ; a project which, despite the sar- casms and incredulity with which it was assailed, we need not say succeeded beyond even the projector's expectations. Mr. Ste- phenson's subsequent career was as rapid and smooth as the railway locomotion which he had done so much to realise. He at once took the lead in railway engineering, be- came an extensive locomotive manufacturer at Newcastle, a railway contractor, and a great colliery and iron work owner ; but he always retained the manly simplicity of character which had marked hisearl^ career, and his memory will long be cherished by all who appreciate moral worth as well as mental ability. Died, 1848. His son. Mr. Robert Stephenson, has reaped ample laurels in the same field of science. STEPNEY, Geokok, an English poet, statesman, and political yriter ; born, 1663 ; died, 1707. STERLING, John, an accomplished critic and essayist, whose promising career was broken by long-continued illness, and at last prematurely closed, was born at Karnes Castle in the isle of Bute, 1806, where his parents happened to be residing. His father, who was a distinguished political writer, had him educated chiefly at home. In 1824 he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had Archdeacon Hare for his classical tutor ; and a year later he entered Trinity Hall with the intention of graduat- ing in law ; but he left Cambridge in 1827 without taking a degree, and during the next few years he resided chiefly in London, employing himself actively in literature, contributing to the Athenaeum and other literary journals, and preparing himself, in familiar intercourse with Coleridge, Words- worth, and many other distinguished persons, for the peculiar career he had marked out for his exertions. Soon after his marriage in 1830, he was forced by threatening pul- monary symptoms to seek a temporary home in St. Vincent, where his family held some property. He returned to Europe in 1832, and after much thought and meditation he was ordained a deacon of the English church in 1834, and became Archdeacon Hare's curate at Herstmonceux. But his constitu- tion soon sunk under the severe pastoral duties which he had prescribed for himself; and the rest of his life was spent in travel- ling from place to place in search of health, varied by inquiries into the more recent ste] ^ ^cto ^nibtv^aX SSiaQrapl^i). [ste philosophical and religious speculations of Germany, towards which he began to show a decided bias, and in contributing to Black- wood's Magazine, the London and West- minster Review, &c. varions stories and cri- tiques, which speak no less for his ability and originality as a thinker, than for his love of truth and liis integrity as a man. Died at Ventnor, 1844. His "Essays and Tales " have been collected by Archdeacon Hare, and published with an interesting memoir ; and a " Sterling " club has been formed to commemorate his many excellent qualities both of head and heart. STERXE, Richard, archbishop of York, was born at Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, in ir.96. He was chaplain to Archbishop Eaud, whom he attended on the scaffold ; suffered many hardships till the Restoration ; but was then made bishop of Carlisle, and translated thence to York. He had a share in the Poly- glott, and was concerned in the revisal of the Book of Common Prayer. Died, 1{588. STERNE, Laukexce, a divine and mis- cellaneous writer, of a very singular and original cast, was a grandson of the pre- ceding, and born in 1713, at Clonmel, in Ireland, where his father, a lieutenant in the army, was at that time stationed. He was educated at a school near Halifax, and at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took liis degree of M.A. in 1740. Having entered into orders, his uncle. Dr. Sterne, a wealthy pluralist, presented him with the living of Sutton, to which were afterwards added a prebend at York, the rectory of Stillington, and the curacy of Coxwold. For many years he was little known beyond the vicinity of his pastoral residences ; the only production of his pen being his humorous satire upon a greedy church dignitary of York, entitled the " History of a Watch Coat." In 1759 appeared the first 2 vols, of his celebrated " Tristram Shandy," whicli drew upon him praise and censure of every kind, and became so popular, that a bookseller engaged for its completion on very lucrative terms. During the intervals of the publication of " Ti istram Shandy," he published 3 vols, of" Sermons," with his own comic figure, from a painting by Reynolds, at the head of them. He now spent some years in travelling on the Con- tinent, and in 1768 he composed his " Sen- timental Journey," which, by a number of pathetic incidents, and vivid strokes of na- tional and characteristic delineation, is ren- dered extremely entertaining, and acquired a more general reputation than even its predecessor. Having come to London to see his " Sentimental Journey " through the press, he was seized with a severe illness, which proved fatal, March 18. 1768. That Sterne possessed a fund of wit and humour, none who have read his works can doubt ; but his occasional indecencies are disgusting, and, considering his clerical character, de- serve the severest reprehension. STERNHOLD, Thomas, a poet, was bom in Hampshire, and educated at Oxford ; after which he became groom of the robes to Henry VIII. and Edward VI. He died in J.54i). Stenihold versified 51 of the Psalms ; the remainder were the productions of Hopkins, Norton, and others. 802 STEVENS. Alexander, an able English architect. The bridge over the Liffey, in Dublin, the locks and docks on the grand canal of Ireland, the aqueduct over the Lune at Lancaster, &c., are anijjle proofs of his professional skill. Died, 17dG. STEVENS, Gkoroe Alexander, a whim- sical and eccentric cliaracter, was born in London, and brought up to a mechanical business, which he quitted to become a strolling player. He wrote a novel, called " Tom Fool ;" " The Birth-day Folly" and "Religion," &c. two poems; and subse- quently invented his popular entertainment, called a " Lecture on Heads," a prose satire on the manners of the times, possessing no small portion of drollery. Several of his songs, including " The Storm," have also been much admired. Died, 1784. STEVENS, William Barshaw, a divine and poet, was born at Abingdon, about 1755, and died in 1800. Dr. Stevens was the author of a poem, entitled "Retirement," three volumes of sermons, &c. STEVENSON, Sir John Andrew, an eminent musical composer, was born at Dublin, in 1761. At 10 years of age he was received into the choir school of Christchurcli, where he attained the elements of a musical education, and soon gave promise of those abilities for which he was afterwards so de- servedly celebrated. In connection with Mr. T. Moore, he rescued the matchless airs of their native land from oblivion, by adapt- ing them to the words of the " Irish Melo- dies," and enriching the accompaniments with the elaborate graces of modern science. He also produced a much-admired oratorio, entitled " The Thanksgiving," and a great variety of anthems, glees, &c., many of w hich still retain their popularity. Died, 1833. STEVENSON, John Hall, a humorous poet and satirist, was born in Yorkshire, in 1718 ; educated at Jesus College, Cambridge ; became intimate with Laurence Sterne, who describes him as " Eugenius " in his Tristram Shandy ; and appears, from the various ac- counts that are given of him, to have been the very kind of man that his friend pour- trays. His works consist of " Crazy Tales," " Fables for Grown Gentlemen," " I>yric Epistles," and " Moral Tales." Died, 1785. STEVIN, or STEVINUS, Simon, a I lem- ish mathematician, who was master of mathe- matics to Prince Maurice, of Nassau, and in- spector of the dykes of Holland. Died, 1633. STEWART DENHAM, Sir James, a wri- ter on political economy, was born at Edin- burgh, in 1713, and was the only son of Sir James Stewart, of Goosetrees, solicitor- general of England under queen Anne and George I. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, and became an advocate. In 1740 he married the daughter of the Earl of Wemyss, and great expectations were enter- tained of his rising in his profession ; but these were disappointed by the part he took in the Rebellion of 1745. In that last struggle of the house of Stuart, Sir James co-operated so zealously as to be obliged to go into exile. In 1757 he published, at Frankfort, his " Apologie du Sentiment de Monsieur le Chevalier Newton, sur I'An- cienne Chronologic des Grecs." Ten years 8TE] fl iSit^ HuiberiSal ^Btograjil^t). [STO after this he was restored to his native country and the estate of his ancestors, where he died in 178<). Ilis most valuable work is entitled, " An Inquiry into tlie Prin- ciples of Political Economy," which is, how- ever, considerably obscured by the defects of style. Died. 1780. STEWART, Matthew, an eminent ma- thematician, was born at Rothsay.in tlie isle of Bute, in 1717. He studied mathematics at Edinburgh, under Maclaurin, whom he succeeded in his professorship ; on which occasion he published his " General Theo- rems." In 17(il appeared his " Tracts, Physical and Mathematical," in which he proposed to deduce a theory of the moon, and to determine the sun's distance from the earth. lie was also the author of a " Treatise on the Sun's Distance," and one entitled " Propositiones more Veterum de- monstratse." He died in 1785. STEWART, Dloali), au eminent philo- sopher and metaphysician, son of the pre- ceding, was born, in 17.^, at Edinburgh j received his education in the high school ; and, in 1785, became professor of moral phi- losophy at the university. It was not till 1792 that he came forward as an author : he then published the first volume of the " Phi- losophy of the Human Mind," which was followed by " Outliues of Moral Philosophy," " Philosophical Essays," " Memoirs of Adam Smith, and Drs. Robinson and Reid," and " Prefatory Dissertations to the Supplement of the EncylcopiEdia Britannica." He en- joyed the reputation of being one of the ablest among modern philosophical writers, and an amiable man. Died, 1828. I STILES, Ezra, an American divine and historian, born in 1727. He was president of Yale College ; and, among other works, publishefl a very curious " History of Three of the Judges of King Charles I., Major- general Whalley, Major-general Goffe, and Colonel Dixwell, who, at the Restoration, 16C0, fled to America, and were secreted iu Massachusetts and Connecticut for nearly Thirty Years." Died, 1795. STILICUO, a general in the service of Theodosius the Great, whose niece, Serena, he married. After quelling an invasion of the Goths, and suppressing a revolt in Africa, he marched against Alaric, whom he signally defeated at Pollentia. He sub- sequently, however, entered into a treaty with him, which excited the suspicion of Uonorius, and he was doomed to suifer the death of a traitor. STILL, JoH.v, bishop of Bath and Wells, died in 1C07. He is the reputed author of " Gammer Gurton's Needle," a dramatic piece of low humour, very characteristic of the manners of our ancestors in that day. STILLING, Heisrich, a pseudonyme adopted by lleinrich Jung in one of the most remarkable autobiographies ever written, was born at Florenburg, in Nassau, 1740. His fat)\er was a tailor, and his son at first followed the same trade ; but his great natural abilities soon burst through the trammels of his lowly position, and after acquiring, by his own exertions, considerable knowledge of Greek and of medicine, he found means to proceed to the university of Stras- burg, where he prosecuted his studies with such ardour and success, that he was soon appointed to a professor's chair, and raised himself to eminence both by his ability as a lecturer and as an operator. He wrote several novels, the best of which are " Theo- bald," " Herr von Morgenthau," " Das Heim- weh," &c., besides several medical and mine- ralogical treatises ; but his name is chiefly connected with his autobiography, entitled " Jugend-JUngling-jahre, Wanderschaft und Alter von lleinrich Stilling," which, it may safely be said, has never been surpassed in interest and fidelity. Died, 1817. STILLINGFLEET, Edward, bishop of Worcester, a prelate of great learning and piety, was born at Cranbourne, in Dorset- shire, in IfiSo ; was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; obtained various pre- ferments, among which were the archdea- conry of London and the deanery of St. Paul's ; and was promoted to the see of Worcester at the Revolution. His works, which are erudite, pious, and philosophical, comprehend the " Origines Sacrse," a ra- tional account of natural and revealed reli- gion, still held in high esteem for its powers of argument and eloquence ; and " Origines Britannicie." Died, lt>99. STILLINGFIiEET, Benjamin, a grand- son of the preceding, was born in-1702. He obtained the appointment of barrack-master at Kensington ; and was known as the au- thor of "The Calendar of Flora," "Mis- cellaneous Tracts in Natural History," and a " Treatise on the Principles and Power of Harmonv." Died, 1771. STILPO, a stoic philosopher of Megara, who lived about 300 b. c. He acquired so great a reputation for his sagacity and virtue, that, when Demetrius took Megara, he for- bade any one to injure either his person or property. He was one of the chiefs of the stoic sect, and several states submitted their disputes to his judgment. STOB^US, Joux, a Greek writer who lived in the 5th century. He made a large collection of extracts from ancient poets and philosophers, which " Excerpta " were first printed at Venice in 1536. STOCK. Simon, general of the order of Carmelites, was by birth an Englishman, and died in 126.5. He is celebrated as the institutor of the Scapulary, which the zealous Romanists believe he received from the Virgin Mary, in a vision, with a promise that all who wore it, or one consecrated like it, should be sure of her protection in every emergency. STOFFLET, Nicholas, a French royalist chief, who commanded in La Vendee, was born in 1751, at Luneville. In 1793 he was placed at the head of a division of royalists, and distinguished himself in no less than 150 actions with the republicans. He was at length made prisoner, and shot at Angers, in 179*5. STOLBERG, Frederic Lhopold, Count, a German, distinguished for his talents, was born in 1750, at Bramstedt, in Holstein ; was educated at Halle and Gottingen ; was employed in various negotiations by the Duke of Oldenburg and the prince regent of Denmark j and died in 1819. Uis leisure STO] ^ ^ebJ ^nibtx&Kl SSiosrapr)^. [STO was dedicated to studj' : he translated the Iliad and the tragedies of iEschylus ; and wrote a " History of the Christian Religion," 15 vols. ; the " History of Alfred the Great," " Travels in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy ;" odes, satires, dramas, &c. STONE, EiJMUNn, an eminent matliema- tician, was a native of Scotland, his father being gardener to the Duke of Argyle. At the age of 18 he was discovered by that nobleman reading Newton's Principia ; upon which he entered into conversation with him, and learnt, with astonishment, that he had been self-instructed in arithmetic, geometry, Latin, and French. The duke, in conse- quence, took him under his protection, and placed him in a situation to pursue his favourite studies. lie produced a " Mathe- matical Dictionary," " Fluxions," a " Trea- tise on Euclid, with a Life," " Bion on Ma- thematical Instruments," &c. Died, 1768. STONEHOUSE, Sir James, a physician and divine, was born in Berkshire, in 1716. After practising 20 years as a physician, he entered into orders, and obtained the lec- tureship of All Saints', Bristol. He was for several years of his life an infidel, and even wrote a pamphlet against revealed religion, which readied three editions ; but, by read- ing Dr. Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion, he was converted. He succeeded to the title of baronet in 1791, and died at Bristol in 179.5. He wrote " The Sick Man's Friend," and other religious pamphlets. STORAGE, Steph.vno, a favourite mu- sician and composer for the English theatre, was born in London, in 1763 ; studied in Italy, and, on his return, was appointed composer to Drury Lane Theatre. His music in "The Haunted Tower," "Siege of Bel- grade," " No Song no Supper." &c., as well as several pieces composed for the Italian Opera, were well received by the public, and are still in high repute ; his compositions being remarkable for their spirit, melody, and brilliancy. Died, 1796 His sister, Anne Selina Storage, was an accomplished singer and actress, and became a flrstrate favourite in her profession. Died, 1814. STORCH, Heinrich Frederic von, an eminent political economist, was born at Riga, 1766, studied at Jena and Heidelberg, and on the advice of Count Roumantzof re- paired to St. Petersburgh, where he entered on a brilliant career as a statist and political economist, which procured for him at once the confidence of the czar, and the highest literary honours in his gift. His chief works are, his " Cours d'Economie Politique," 6 vols. 8vo., which was written at the request of the emperor Alexander for the instruction of his brothers, the Grand-dukes Nicolas and Michel ; and his " Tableau Historique et Statistique de I'Empire de Russie k la fin du I8me Sifecle," 4 vols. 8vo. Died, 1835. STORY, Joseph, a distinguished judge and juridical writer, better known as Mr. Justice Story, was born at ^larblehead in Massachusetts, 1779 ; studied at Harvard University, where he took his degree in 1798 ; was called to the bar in 1801, and soon acquired a distinguished reputation as a pleader. After representing Salem in the state legislature for four years, he 8(H was sent to Congress in 1809, where his talents as a forensic debater were so well appreciated, that in 1811 he was appointed associate justice in the supreme court of the United States. In this capacity he dis- played a thorough knowledge of the most intricate questions relating to international law, and earned such distinction as a jurist, that his name has been carried far beyond the limits of his native land. His " Com- mentaries on the Conflict of I..aws " is looked upon as an authority in every state in Europe. Died, 1845. STOTHARD, Thomas, R.A., an eminent English artist, was born in London in 1755 ; received his education at a school in York- shire ; and was apprenticed to a calico- printer, in Spitalfields. During his appren- ticeship he showed a decided taste for the painter's art ; and, having been once in- troduced, soon found ample employment in making designs for the booksellers. So fertile was he in resources, that it was a matter of little moment to him what the nature of the subject was that he might be required to illustrate ; whether pastoral, historic, humorous, pathetic, or sublime ; but it is generally allowed that his fetes champetres were among his most happy productions ; there beauty, joy, serenity, in- nocence, modesty, and loveliness of form are all combined. It is said that the designs made by Mr. Stothard exceed 5000 in num- ber ; it is difficult, therefore, to select from among so vast a stock ; but perhaps those which particularly claim our attention are, " The Pilgrimage to Canterbury," " The Wellington Sliield," etched by the artist himself ; " The Four Periods of a Sailor's Life," and "The Flitch of Bacon." To these may be added his illustrations of Milton, Shakspeare, Spenser, Don Quixote, the Pilgrim's Progress, Bell's British Poets, Robinson Crusoe, Roger's Italy. &c. Though during the latter period of his venerable life, many powerful rivals in the pictorial art had captivated the public by their mas- terly productions, and thereby thrown a passing shadow over his well-earned fame, yet had he still " a world of sweet imagin- ings within," and he reached an octogenarian age without having sustained any very sen- sible diminution of his long and lasting reputation. He died in 1834. STOTHARD, Charles Alfred, son of the preceding, was born in 1787. He ex- hibited at an early age a great fondness for drawing, which ere long ripened into an enthusiastic love for the art ; and he became particularly celehrated for the faithful de- lineation of ancient costume. In 1810 ap- peared his admirable picture of the " Death of Richard II.," and in the same year he commenced the publication of his "Monu- mental Effigies of Great Britain." He was a member and historical draughtsman of the Society of Antiquaries ; by whom he was deputed to take drawings from the famous tapestry at Bayeux, in Normandy ; and in 1819 he also made a series of drawings from the paintings then recently discovered on the walls of the paiijted chamber in the House of Lords. His death was the effect of an accident while engaged in his professional STO] ^ jJe&j muCljenSal 38tOjirap!)i). [STR labours. As he was iu the act of tracing the stained glass in a window over the altar of tlie parisli church of Bere Ferrers in Devon- shire, the ladder on wliich he was standing gave way, and he was instantaneously killed, May 28. 1821. STOW, Joim, a celebrated antiquary, was born in Comhill, about 1525. He was bred a tailor, but began early to study the an- tiquities of his country ; in which he was encouraged by Archbishop Parker and the Earl of Leicester. His first work was the " Summary of the Chronicles of England ;" which he enlarged in lUUO, and published I under the title of " Flores Historiarum, or I Annals of this Kingdom, from the time of the Ancient Britons." In 1598 appeared the first edition of his " Survey of 1/ondon." In his old age he was reduced to such indi- gence, as to solicit charity by means of a brief. Died, 1005. STO WELL, William Scott, Lord,— son of W. Scott, a mercliant of Newcastle, and elder brother of Lord Eldon, — was born at Heworth, Durham, in 1745, the memorable year of the rebellion in Scotland ; from which a curious incident took place, not altogether undeserving of notice here. New- castle, like most other towns in the north, was at that time in full expectation of re- ceiving a visit from the rebels ; the town walls were planted with cannon, and every practicable measure adopted to withstand a siege. Many families retired into the country; and it was desirable that Mrs. Scott, who was then far advanced in pregnancy, should be removed ; but egress in any common way was next to impossible : her residence being in Love Lane, a narrow street adjoining to the public quay, and the town wall at that time ran along the quay, between Love Lane and the river Tyne. In this emergency it was contrived to let her down in a clothes- basket, from the top of the wall to the quay, where a boat was in readiness to receive her, and by wliich she was conveyed down the river to Heworth, a village about three miles distant, where she soon gave birth to twins — the subject of this article, and a daughter named Barbara. Lord Stowell received the first rudiments of his classical education, with his brother, the Earl of Eldon, at the Newcastle grammar-school, and completed it at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He afterwards removed to University College, and in his 20th year was appointed one of the tutors. About the year 1776, Mr. Scott retired from the tutorship of the university, and devoted himself to severe study in that branch of the legal profession of which he afterwards became so great an ornament. In 1779 he took the degree of D.C.L., and soon after commenced his career as an ad- vocate in the civil law courts. Here he rose to the highest eminence with unparalleled rapidity. He was appointed king's advocate- general in 1787 ; shortly after, judge of the consistory court, vicar- general of the pro- vince of Canterbury, and master of the faculties. He was knighted in 1788, and in 1798 became judge of the high court of admiralty and a privy-councillor. In 1790 he entered parliament as the representative of Downton, and in the following year had bOS the honour of being unanimously elected as member for the university of Oxford ; which he retained till the coronation of George IV., when he was created a peer. " Devoting his brilliant talents and extraordinary acumen to the noblest branch of liis profession — the study of international law — and living in times when a general war called all this knowledge into action, his decisions have passed into precedents, equal, if not superior, in authority, to those of the venerable fathers of the science, Puffendorf, Grotius, Vattel, &c." He was an accomplished scholar, a profound reasoner, and an uncompromising supporter of our most venerable institutions. Died. Jan. 23. 1836. STRABO, a celebrated Greek historian and geographer, was born at Amasia, in Cappadocia, about 19 a.d., and travelled through Greece, Italy, Egypt, and Asia, endeavouring to obtain the most accurate information in regard to the geography, statistics, and political conditions of the countries which he visited. The time of his death is unknown. His great geograiiliical work, in seventeen books, contains a full account of the manners and governments of different people. STKADA,Famiani'S, an Italian historian and modern Latin poet, was born at Rome in 1572. He joined the society of the Jesuits, and l>ecame professor of rhetoric at the Ro- man college, where he resided till his death, in 1649. His most famous works are, a " History of the Wars in the Netherlands " and " Prolusioiies Academicae." STRAFFORD, Thomas Wen'Twokth, Earl of, an eminent statesman and minister, ', was born in London, in 1593. After having travelled on the Continent, he was knighted, and made custos rotulorum of the west ri- ding of Yorkshire. In 1G21 he was chosen to represent the county ; and for some years he was one of the most active friends of the popular cause. He was, however, gained ' over by the court in 1628 ; was made a viscount ; and in 1632 he was sent over to j Ireland as lord deputy. During his seven years' government there he exercised great , severity ; but on visiting England in 1639, ' he was rewarded with the title of earl of Strafford and the dignity of lord lieutenant. [ But the counsels he gave to his royal mas- ' ter were un suited to the times, and caused his speedy downfall. He was impeached by i tlie Commons, and brought to trial in March, 1641. He defended himself with eloquence and dignity j and though no moral doubt existed of his crime, the legal proof was defective : his enemies, therefore, in order to | secure their victim, resorted to a bill of at- I tainder ; and the unhappy nobleman, no longer supported by his sovereign, perished on the scnffuld. May 12. 1641. I STRANGE, Sir Robkut, an eminent en- \ graver, was born in one of tlie Orkney islands, in 1721. He first studied painting ; ' but having entered into the army of the Pretender in 1745, he for a time lived in concealment, and afterwards went to Paris, where he became a pupil of Le Bas, a ce- j lebrated landscape engraver ; and, on set- I tling in London, he applied himself to his- | torical engraving, in which he arrived at 1 str] ^ |!ef» UnibtvSal 2Si0srap!)B. [str great excellence. In 1760 lie went to Italy, where he was chosen a member of tlie aca- demies of Rome, Florence, and Bologna ; he was knighted in 1787, and died in 1792. STRATO, a philosopher of Lampsacus, whose tenets approached nearer to those of the materialists of modern times than those of any of the ancient sages. He flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus. STRAUCHIUS, ^GiDius, an eminent mathematician and controversialist, born at Wittemberg, in 1032. He was a zealous Lutheran, and wrote fiercely against the Calvinists ; he is, however, better known as a mathematician than a polemic ; and his " Breviarum Chronologicum " is a very ex- cellent work. Died, 1()82. STREATER, Robekt, an English pain- ter, excelling in history, architecture, and landscape. At the Restoration, he was made serjeant-paiuter to the king. Born, 1624 ; died, 1680. STRIGELIUS, ViCTORiNUS, a German divine of the 16th century, who, in the con- troversies at that time going on between the different sects of reformers, attached himself to Melanchthon and Luther, and displayed great moderation and good sense. He was the author of " Scholiae Ilistorieae," " Epi- tome Doctrinae de primo Motu," &c. Born, 1524 ; died, lo69. STROEMER, M.\rtin, an astronomer and natural philosoplier, born in 1707, at Upsal, where he succeeded Celsius. Died, 1770. STROGONOFF, Count Alexander de, a wealthy Russian nobleman. He was pre- sident of the Academy of the Fine Arts at St. Petersburgh, and employed his riches in patronising the arts and its professors. Died. 1811. STROZZI, Philip, a celebrated Floren- tine patriot, who after the death of pope Clement VII. undertook the hazardous en- terprise of restoring the liberties of his country, and the expulsion of Alessandro de' Medici. For this purpose he drew over to his party Lorenzo de' Medici, called the younger, who, on the 6th of January, 1537, assassinated his relation, and then escaped to Venice. The perpetration of this crime did not answer the object of those who con- trived it ; for Cosmo de' Medici succeeded to the government, and the authority of that family became fully established. Having been taken prisoner, and apprehending he should be put to the torture to force a dis- closure of his accomplices, he resolved to anticipate the trial by a voluntary death, and finding a sword, which had been negli gently left in the apartment by one of his guards, he plunged it into his breast, and immediately expired. This event took place I in 1.5.'W. STROZZI, Peter, son of the preceding, I having with tlie rest of the family taken refuge in France, rose to the rank of field t marshal, and signalised himself by his ser- j vices, both by land and sea. In 1.H8 he was j sent to Scotland, with a body of Italians, I to act against the English ; and in 1558 he contributed to the capture of Calais ; but in the same year he received a mortal wound at the siege of Thiouville His son Philip proved equally valorous as the rest of his family, hut his end was unfortunote, for when wounded in a figlit with the Spanish fleet, off the island of St. Michael, he was thrown overboard alive by order of the ad- miral, and perished, in 1582. STROZZI. Several poets of this name may be mentioned. Titus and Hercules, fatlier and son, natives of Ferrara, both of wliom died at the beginning of the 6th cen- tury. GiULio Strozzi, who distinguished himself by a fine poem on the origin of the city of Venice, entitled " Venetia aedificata." Died, 1636 Also Nicholas Strozzi, who died in 1654. He was the author of two tragedies, " David of Trebizonde " and " Conradus ;" also " Idylls," " Sonnets," &c. STRUENSEE, John Frederic, a cele- brated political character, was born at Halle, in Saxonj', in 1737. He was brought up to medicine, and became physician to the king of Denmark, whom he accompanied on his tour to Germany, France, and England. Soon after the marriage of Christiern VII. with the princess Matilda of England, Struensee became a decided favourite of the yoimg queen ; and after a long course of conflicts and court intrigues, Count Bern- storff and the other ministers of Christiern were obliged to yield to him and his friend Count Brandt. Taking advantage of the extreme imbecility of the monarch, he gra- dually contrived to direct the whole affairs of government. This at length roused the jealousy of the principal nobility, who, aided by the young queen's mortal enemy, the queen-dowager, entered into a conspiracy to destroy him and his party, which they effected in the following manner. On the night of the 16tli of Jan. 1772, they suddenly aroused the king iu his bed, and making him believe that his life was in danger, ob- tained his order for arresting the queen, Struensee, Brandt, and all their adherents ; and the result was, that they were tried and convicted as traitors on the most prepos- terous charges. Struensee and Brandt were beheaded and quartered ; and the queen, who was confined in the castle of Cronen- burgh, would have probably shared a simi- lar fate, had not a British fleet appeared in the Baltic, and conveyed her to Zell, where she died in 1776. STRUTT, Joseph, an artist and anti- quary, was born in 1749, at Springfield, in Essex, and was a pupil of Ryland the en- graver. Uniting the study of antiquities with the practice of his art, he published, in 1773, his work entitled the "Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of England," con- taining representations of the English monarchs, from Edward the Confessor to Henry VIII. This was followed, among other works, chiefly of an antiquarian cast, by his " Biographical Dictionary of En- gravers," in 2 volumes ; and his " Complete View of the Dresses and Habits of tlie People of England." In 1801 he published his last and favourite work, entitled the "Sports and Pastimes," &c., with numerous plates. He was also the author of " Queen Hoo Hall," "Ancient Times," and "The Test of Guilt." Died, 1802. STRUVE, George Adam, an eminent str] a iJJetD BnittvM 25i'03rap!)». [STU German jurist, bom in 1C19, was first coun- sellor of tlie city of Brunswick, was em- ployed in several important affairs by the princes of Saxony, and wrote some able works on the feudal and civil law. Died, 1692. STRUVE, BuRCiiARn Gotthelf, son of the preceding, was a learned and indefa- tigable German bibliographer. His talents attracted much notice at Jena, where he lectured on pliiiosopliy, antiquities, &c. His works on history, law, and philosophy, are numerous, and highly esteemed. Born, 1671 ; died, 17!W. 8TRYPE, JoHX, an ecclesiastical histo- rian and biographer, was born at Stepney, In 1(543 • was educated at St. Paul's School, and at Jesus College, Cambridge ; and en- joyed the living of I^ow I^ayton in Essex, 60 years, although he was never inducted. During his residence at this place, he ap- plied diligently to the study of English his- ! tory, and. by procuring access to numerous ' collections of manuscripts, was enabled to throw more light upon the period of the Reformation than any writer who went Ije- fore him. His chief works are, " Ecclesias- tical Monuments " 3 vols, folio ; " Annals of the Reformation," 4 vols, folio ; and an augmented edition of Stow's Survey of Lon- don, 2 vols, folio. He also wrote the lives of the archbishops Cranmer, Parker, Grindall, and Whitgift ; and those of Sir John Cheke, Sir Thomas Smith, and Bishop Aj'lmer. During the latter part of his life hie was rector of Hackney, where he died in 1797, aged 94. STUART, Damel, an able political writer, known for many years as the editor and proprietor of the Morning Post and the Courier, was born in Edinburgh, 17(i6 ; hut removed to London when a mere lad, his brothers, under whose care he was placed, being established there in connection with the press. Through their means he became acfiuainted with the spirit and views of dif- ferent parties ; and in 1795 he purchased several shares in the Morning Post, of which he ultimately became sole proprietor and editor. His success was rapid and flattering. His own ready pen, aided by that of his brother-in-law, Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Mackintosh, Coleridge, Southey.aud Words- worth, raised the reputation of the paper beyond that of any contemporary journal. In 1803 he sold the Morning Post, and having become joint proprietor of the Courier, he increased the fame of this journal by the same sagacity, industry, and talent, tliat had raised the other. In 181() he retired into private life, and for thirty years enjoyed in easy competence tlie fruits of the labours of an active life. Died, 184G. STUART, GiLBEKT, an eminent historical writer, was born at Edinburgli, in 1742, and received his education in that university. He studied jurisprudence, but became an author by profession. In his 22iid year, he published a " Dissertation concerning the Antiquity of the British Constitution ;" for which he was complimented with the degree of LIj.D. His next work was a " View of Society in Europe ;" but being disappointed of the professorship of law at Edinburgh, lie 807 removed to London, and became a writer in the Monthly Review. He however returned in 1773, and commenced the Edinburgh Magazine and Review, which was discon- tinued in 1776. Besides the works before mentioned, he wrote "The History of Scot- land," a '-History of the Reformation of Scotland," &c. Dropsy, brought on by a life of intemperance, caused his death in STUART, IlBNRV Benedict Maria Cle- ment, cardinal of York, younger brother of Charles Edward, the Pretender, and the last deiicendant of the royal line of the Stuarts, was bom at Rome, in 1725. When the last grand effort for the restoration of his family in 1745 proved abortive, he took orders, and in 1747 pope Benedict XIV. raised him to the purple. The extraordinary •vents arising out of tlie French revolution had the effect of making the cardinal depend- ant on the bounty of the king of England ; for having been obliged to flee to Venice when the French invaded Italy, he was indebted for his support to a pension from the English court. Died, 1807. STUART.James, commonly called Athe- nian Stuakt, a celebrated traveller, an- tiquary, and delineator of Athenian archi- tecture, was born in London, in 1713. lie originally gained his livelihood by painting fans ; but having made himself master of Greek, Latin, and the mathematics, he travelled to Italy on foot, and afterwards visited Athens, in company with Nicholas Revett, a skilful architect, where they em- ployed themselves in making drawings of the architectural relics which have escaped the ravages of time and violence. On his return to England, he became eminent as an architect, and was appointed surveyor to Greenwich Hospital ; became F.R.S. and F.S. A., and published the result of his foreign labours in a valuable work, entitled " The Antiquities of Athens," 4 vols, folio. Died, 1788. STUART, James, of Duncara, whose name will be long remembered in social and political circles, was a scion of the noble house of Moray, and was born 1 776. He was bred to the legal profession, and became a writer to the signet in 1798. But with great aptitude for business, he became engrossed in political engagements, and distinguished himself by the vigour, the decision, and the boldness with which he maintained Whig principles in opposition to what was then called the "dynasty of Dundas " in Scot- land. In consequence of his prominent position, he became exposed to unsparing invective from his political opponents ; and certain truculent pasquina<les reflecting on his honour and courage having been traced to Sir A. Boswell, the son of Dr. Johnson's biographer, Mr. Stuart saw him- self compelled to demand satisfaction. Sir Alexander having refused all apology, the parties met near Auchtertool, in Fife, March 26. 1822, accompanied respectively by the Honourable John Douglas and the late Earl of Rosslyn, when the baronet received a shot in the neck, which next day caused his death. Mr. Stuart afterwards stood his trial for murder before the high court of STU] ^ i^ehj ^afuibrr^al 3Stcgrai)f)y. [STU justiciary, and was honourably acquitted. After his triumphant acquittal, he diversified his professional pursuits witli experiments in farming and commercial speculations, which in the year 1825 proved so disastrous as to compel him to embark for America. There he resided for tliree years ; and on his return to England he published an account of his travels in the United States, ■which enjoyed great success. Soon after the publication of that work, he «indertook the editorship of the Courier newspaiier, and when Lord Melbourne became premier in 1835, he was rewarded for his devotion to the Whig cause with the office of inspector of factories, which lie held till his death. He was also chairman of the United Kingdom Assurance Company. In bearing and man- ners, Mr. Stuart was a perfect gentleman. He was distinguished for his taste for the fine arts, and his eminent social qualities procured him a hearty welcome wherever he appeared. Died, 1849, preserving to the last the character of a staunch partisan, a warm friend, and an honourable man. , STUART, Joux, A.M., F.R.S. A., an anti- quarian writer, and professor of Greek in Marisclial College, Aberdeen, was born at Castleton, Kincardine, in 1751. He was the youngest sou of John Stuart, of Inchbrick, M. D., and lineally descended from Walter Stuart of Morphie, in the Mearns, whose grandfather Murdoch, duke of Albany, was grandson of Robert the Second, by Elizabeth JIure of Rowallan. lie was a profound antiquarian, especially on all subjects con- nected with Scottish history, and was tlie friend and correspondent of Pinkerton, Clial- mers, Jamieson, Generals Ilutton, Ray, &c. He was the author of the " Account of Maris- chal College and University," published in Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland; " Sketch of the Life of Dr. Duncan Liddel," Aberdeen, 1790 ; and antiquarian essays communicated to the Royal Anti- quarian Society of Scotland, consisting of " Observations upon the various Accounts of the Progress of the Roman Arms in Scot- land," and " An Account of the Sculptured Pillars in the Northern Counties of Scot- land." Died, 1827. STUBBS, Geoi!GE, a painter, was born at Liverpool, in 1724 ; studied at Rome ; and, on his return, settled in London, where he distinguished himself as a painter of animals, particularly horses. He was an associate of the Royal Academy ; and pub- lished " The Anatomy of the Horse," and a " Comparative Anatomical Exposition of the Structure of the Human Body, with that of a Tiger and a Common Fowl." Died, 1806. STUBBS, or STUBBE, Joufr, a spirited lawyer and celebrated political writer, was born about 1541, and educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, whence he re- moved to Lincoln's lun. When the Duke of Anjou became a suitor to queen Eliza- beth, Stubbs, who had become a Puritan, published a pamphlet against the alliance, entitled " The Discovery of a gaping Gulph, wherein England is likely to be swallowed up by another French Marriage." For this he waa condemned to have his right hand cut off; and when the barbarous sentence was executed, Stubbs, with amazing forti- tude, took off his cap with liis left hand, and cried " God save the queen." STUKELEY, William, a celebrated English antiquary, was born at Holbeach, in Lincolnshire, in 1()87 ; was educated at Bene't College, Cambridge, where he devoted his time principally to medical studies, and took the degree of M. B. He then settled at Boston, but removed to London in 1717, and in 1720 was admitted a fellow of the College of Ph3'sicians. In 1726 he went to reside at Grantham, where he ac- quired great reputation as a medical prac- titioner ; but repeated attacks of the gout induced him to relinquish his profession and enter into holy orders ; and he was pre- sented to the living of All Saints, in Stam- ford. In 1747 the Duke of Montague gave him the rectory of St. George the Martyr, Queen Square, where he died, 1765. Dr. Stukeley pursued his antiquarian researches with an unusual degree of spirit and enthusiasm, and he made important accessions to our knowledge of the earlj' monuments of human art and industry belonging to our native country. His principal works are, " Itinera- rium Curiosum ; or an Account of the An- tiquities and Curiosities of Great Britain," 2 vols, folio ; " Palaeographia Sacra ; or Dis- courses on the Monuments of Antiquity, that relate to Sacred History," 4to. ; "An Account of Stonehenge," folio ; "Palaeogra- phia Britannica," 4to. ; " The History of Carausius," 2 vols. 4to. &c. STURGEON, William, whose career pre- sents a remarkable illustration of the suc- cessful pursuit of knowledge under difficul- ties, was born at Whittingtou, in Lancashire, 1783, and was apprenticed to a shoemaker. In 1802 he entered the Westmoreland mi- litia ; and two years later he enlisted in the royal artillery, in which corps he remained about 20 years. While in this corps he devoted his leisure to scientific studies, and appears to have made himself familiar with all the great facts of electricity and magnet- ism, which were then opening to the world. His earliest essays on electro-magnetism appeared in the Philosophical Magazine in 1823 and 1824. In 1825 he published, in the Transactions of the Society of Arts, the description of a complete set of novel electro- magnetic apparatus ; and the Society of Arts testified their sense of the importance of this contribution by awarding to its author their large silver medal, with a purse of 30 guineas. He continued to furnish contributions to the Philosophical Magazine from time to time ; and in 1830 he published a pamphlet, entitled "Experimental Researches in Elec- tro-Magnetism, Galvanism,"&c., comprising an extensive series of original experiments, and exhibiting an improvement in the prepa- ration of the positive plates of the galvanic apparatus, which has not yet been superseded. In 1836, Mr. Sturgeon communicated a paper to the Royal Society, which contains the description of a perfectly original magnetic electrical machine, in which a most inge- nious contrivance was adopted for uniting the reciprocating electric currents, develope<l so as to give them one uniform direction. 8TD] ^ ^rtt) BnibcrSal 33i0grajp!)i). [sue In the same year, the great industry of Mr. Sturgeon was rewarded by two other im- portant inventions. The first of these was tliat of the electro-magnetic coil machine, an instrument devised for the purpose of giving a succession of electric shocks in medical treatment, and which has been generally preferred by medical men to all others intended for similar purposes. The other waa an electro- magnetic engine, for giving motion to machinery. Besides these works, Mr. Sturgeon edited the " Annals of Electricity, Magnetism, and Chemistry ; " and published a treatise on electricity and galvanism ; and one of his last works was the publication, in a collected form, of his numerous philosophical memoirs, in one vol. 4to Soon after he left the army he was appointed to the chair of experimental phi- losophy in the Honourable East In<lia Com- pany's Military Academy at Addiscombe, which he filled for many years with great credit. In 1842 he became superintendant of the Victoria Gallery of practical science at Manchester ; but this institution was soon afterwarils discontinued ; and this able ex- perimentalist saw himself, in the decline of life, overwhelmed with difficulties, which, however, were to a small extent mitigated by a government pension of r>Ol. a year, awarded to him in 1849. Died, 18-.0. S TUKGES, John, a divine and tlieological writer, chancellor of the diocese and jire- bendary of Winchester ; of which cathedral I chapter he was for nearly half a century, a useful and distinguished member. He pub- lished "Considerations on the present State of the Church Establishment," "Discourses on the Evidence of Natural and Revealed Religion," &c. ; but lie acquired his chief literary notoriety by his controversy with the polemical historian of Winchester, Dr. Milncr, who rei)lied to his objections in his well-known "I^etters to a Prebendary." Dr. Sturges died at Alverstoke, Hants, in 1807, and was buried iu Winchester ca- thedral. STURM, CUKISTOPHER CUKISTIAN, a German divine, born at Augsburg., in 1740. He is chiefly known as the author of " Re- flections on the Works of God," which has been frequently reprinted in England and other countries, as well as in his own. He also published " Morning Converse with God, for every Day in the Year," &c. Died, 178(5. STITRMIUS, JoHjr, whose learning ac- qiiired him the name of the " German Ci- cero," was born in 1507, at Sleidan, near Cologne. His talents were not confined to mere scholastic learning, but well adapted to politics and the business of life, of which he gave many striking proofs. He formed an academy at Strasburg in 1537 ; and such was his fame, that the emperor Maximilian II. was induced to raise it to an university in irAid, of which Sturmius was the first rector. He was the author of several original works and translations from classic authors. Died, 1.589 There were several other ingenious scholars of tliis name, among whom should be noticed, John Ciiuistopiiek 8TPKMIII.S, author of "Mathesis Juvenilis," 2 vols. ; " Physicae Modernx Compendium," " Prtelecliones Academicae," &c. He died at Altdorf, in 1703, leaving a son, Lkonahd Chkistopher STUK.Mirs, who was a cele- brated engineer, and the author of a " Com- plete Course of Architecture," 16 vols. Died, 1719. STURT, John, an engraver, was bom in Ivondon, in IG-W. He is principally cele- brated for the extraordinary minuteness and beauty of his letters. The most curious of his works is the " Book of Common Prayer," which he executed on silver plates. Each page is headed with a vignette, and prefixed to the book is a portrait of George I., the lines of the face being expressed by writing so small, as scarcely to be read with a mag- nifying glass. This writing consists of the Lord's prayer, the decalogue, the prayers for the royal family, and the 21st psalm. Died, 1730. SUARD, JoHK Baptist AKTUomr, a French writer, was born at Besan^on, in 1733. He acquired considerable reputation as the editor of the Journal de Paris, and other political publications. He also wrote a "Life of Tasso," ond contributed largely to the Biographic Universelle. Died, 1817. SUAREZ, Francis, a Spanish Jesuit, was born at Grenada, in 1.548 ; was appointed professor at Coimbra, by Philip II. ; and died at Lisbon, in 1617. His "Treatise on Laws " has been highly esteemed ; but his " Defensio Catholicae," written in obedience to the papal command, against the English reformation, was burnt at St. Paul's by order of James I. SUBTERMANS, Jcstu-s, a portrait and historical pointer of Antwerp, who died in 1681. SUCHET, Louis Gabkiel, duke of Al- bufera, a brave and skilful French general, was born at Lyons, in 1772, and entered the army as a volunteer. He distinguished him- self in Italy and Switzerland on numerous oc- casions ; and, before the end of the year 1800, he had attained the rank of major-general. The battles of Marengo and Austerlitz added to his fame ; and in 1808 he was appointed to the command of the troops in the south- east of Spain, which he retained till the French were expelled from the Peninsula. During that period he displayed great know- ledge of the art of war, and his services were rewarded with the rank of marshal and a dukedom. On Napoleon's return from Elba, the frontiers of Savoy were intrusted to his defence. Died, 1826. SUCKLING, Sir John, a poet and cour- tier, was born at Whitton, in Middlesex, in | 1609. His father, who was comptroller of i the royal household, sent him early on his travels, and he served a campaign in the army of Gustavus Adolphus. On his re- | turn he acquired reputation as a wit and a j dramatist ; and, at the beginning of the j Scotch rebellion, he raised a troop of horse ' for the king's service, but their conduct in I the field disgraced both themselves and I their commander. An abortive attempt to i effect the escape of the Earl of Strafford, j confined in the Tower under articles of im- peachment from the Commons, implicated Sir John so seriously, that he thought it advisable to retire to France, where he died I sue] ^ iJ^ciD UnibtY^al 23i0(p:ap^L'« [SUL in 1641. His writings consist of letters, plays, and poems ; the last of wliicli have obtained a place in standard collections. SUETONIUS, Caius Tkanquillus, a Latin historian, who lived in the Ist and 2nd centuries of the Christian era. He distin- guished himself as an advocate, obtained the tribuneship through the iniluence of Pliny tlie Younger, and was appointed se- cretary to the emperor Adrian. His " Lives of the Twelve Cajsars," and "Notices of celebrated Grammarians, Rhetoricians, and Poets," are extant, and still held iu high esteem. SUETONIUS PAUI.INUS, a celebrated Roman general, who distinguished liimself in the year 37, by reducing the revolted Mauritanians. In 59 he was appointed to the government of Britain, and was the ge- neral who vanquished the troops of the heroic Boadieea. SUETT, Richard, a celebrated comic actor, excelling in ludicrous comedj' and broad farce. He was a native of London, trod the boards of the Haymarket Theatre while a mere youth ; and, after improving himself at York and other places, made his debat, in 1781, at Drury Lane, where he became a general favourite. Died, 1805. SUGER, the Abbt', a celebrated French statesman, was born at Touri, in Beauce, in 1082. He was, successively, minister of state to Louis VII. and Louis le Gros ; and in 1122 was made abbot of St. Denis, though he still continued to act in his political cha- racter. Died, 1152. SUIDAS, a Greek writer, supposed to have lived in the 10th century, was the compiler of a lexicon, which is valuable for the frag- ments it contains of many lost works, and the information it gives respecting the authors. SULIVAN, Sir Richard Joseph, hart., was born in Ireland, and sent out to India early in life, through the patronage of his relation, Laurence Sulivan, at that time chairman of the East India Compaiiy. On his return he made a tour through Ireland, Scotland, and Wales ; of which he gave an account in a series of letters, in 2 vols. He also wrote an " Analysis of the Political History of India," " Philosophical Rhap- sodies, being Fragments of Ak her of Betlis," &c. ; but his most important work was, " A View of Nature, in Letters to a Traveller among the Alps," 6 vols. He was returned M. P. for New Romney, in 1790, and for Seaford, in 1802 ; was made a baronet in 1804, and died in 180(5. SULLIVAN, John, an American general, who served with reputation in the repub- lican army at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, in 1777 and 1778, and subsequently against the Indians ; but was deprived of his command, on a charge of peculation, and lived in retirement till 1788, when he became a member of the congress, and was afterwards judge of New Hampshire. Born. 1741 ; died, 1795. SULLIVAN, James, brother of the pre- ceding, was successively justice, attorney- general, and governor of the province of Massachusetts. He was for many years president of the liistorical society of Mas- 810 sachusetts ; and was the author of " Observ- ations on the Government of the United States of America," a " Dissertation on the Constitutional Liberty of the Press," &c. Died, 1808. SULLY, Maximit.ian de Bethunk, Duke of, a celebrated French statesman and war- rior, was born at the castle of Rosny, in 1559, and educated iu the Protestant faith. At an early age he was placed about the person of the king of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., to whom he e^r continued to be firmly attached. While at Paris with the prince, he narrowly escaped being one of the victims of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, having been preserved by the president of the col- lege of Burgundy, who concealed him for tiiree days. In tlie service of the young king of Navarre, the Baron de Rosny, as he was then styled, distinguished himself on several occasions by a bravery approaching to rashness. But his abilities as a diplo- matist and financier were no less remark- able. In 1586 he concluded a treaty with the Swiss, for a supply of 20,000 troops for his master's service ; in 1597 he was placed at the head of the department of finance ; and, two years afterwards, he was declared super- intendant. About the same time he also negotiated the marriage of Henry with Mary de' Medici. In his embassy to England, after the death of queen Elizabeth, he dis- played great penetration and address, and concluded a treaty with James I., advan- tageous to the interests of both countries. In addition to his other offices, he was ap- pointed grand surveyor of France, grand master of the artillery, governor of the Bastile, and superintendant of fortifications throughout the kingdom. His labours, as minister of finance, were attended with the happiest success ; and the revenues of the government, which had been reduced to a state of complete dilapidation, by the com- bined effect of civil anarchy and open war- fare, were by his care restored to order, re- gularity, and affluence. With a revenue of I 35,000,000, he paid oft', in 10 years, a debt of 200,000,0(Xt, besides laying up 35,000,000. Though frequently thwarted in his purposes by the rapacity of the courtiers and mistresses of the monarch, he nobly pursued his career, ever distinguishing himself as the zealous friend of his country, and not the tempo- rising minister of his master. His industry was unwearied. He rose every morning at 4 o'clock, and, after dedicating some time to business, he gave audience to all who solicited admission to him, without distinction of per- sons. After his return from his mission to England, he was made governor of Poitou, and grand master of the ports and harbours of Provence ; and tlie territory of Sully-sur- Loire was erected into a duchy in his favour, in 1G06. After the death of Henry IV., Sully retired from public affairs, and he died in 1041. His "Memoirs," which are highly interesting, have been translated into Eng- lish by Mrs. Charlotte Lennox, and form 8 vols. SULPICIA, a Latin poetess, who was the wif> of Calenus, a Roman knight, and i flourished about A. d. 90. She obtained the name of the Roman Sappho, and appears to i : 8ul] 91 ^etxj ^iiibcriSal 3St00raj}]^o. [SDT I have merited it, if we may take the opinion i of Martial on her poem on " Conjugal Love." SULPICIUS G ALLUS, one of the earliest I of the lloraan agtronoiners. Being in the I army of Paulus vEmilius, in Greece, during j the year 1G8 B.C., hia skill enabled him to discover that an eclipse of the moon would happen on the night previous to the day fixed for giving battle to Perseus, king of ! Macedon, and thus preventing the panic by ! which the soldiers would have otherwise I been seized. Ue afterwards filled the oihce I of consul. 1 SULPICIUS SEVERUS, an ecclesiastical j historian of the 5th century. He wrote the I " Life of St. Martin of Tours," and an " Abridgment of Ecclesiastical History." SULZER, an ingenious Swiss writer, was born in the canton of Zurich, in 1720 ; and became professor of mathematics at the royal college of Berlin. He ^.is tlie author of " Mural Contemplations of the Works of Nature," an " Account of a Journey in the Alps," and '* The Universal Theory, or Dic- tionary of the Fine Arts," 2 vols. SU.MOROKOF, Alexan»ki{, a Russian poet and dramatist, tlie son of a general officer, was born at Moscow in 1727. Ue was educated in the seminary of cadets at Petersburgh ; and, while a student, wrote a tragedy, called " Koref," wliich was acted by his school Ifelows, and afterwards i)er- formed in the presence of the court, with such applause, as encouraged the author to proceed in his dramatic career. Besides tragedies and comedies, he wrote odes, idyls, fables, satires, and other poems ; together with a few works on the history of Russia. He was created a councillor of slate, and honoured wiili other marks of distinction. Died, 1777. SUSSEX, H.R. H. Augustus Fredkhick Duke of, was the sixth son of king George the Third, and was born at Buckingham Palace, Jan. 27. 1773. Having made some progress in liis studies in England, he was sent to Gfittingen to complete tliem ; thence he went to Italy, and while there, and still a minor, he married lady Augusta Murray, second daughter of the Earl of Dunmore. This marriage gave great otfeuce to the king, as being in direct opposition, not only to his own views lor his son's establishment, but also to the enactments of the royal marriage act ; and,, after the usual proceedings, the prerogative court pronounced the marriage to be null and void. The young couple, how- ever, treated this sentence as a mere arbitrary stretch of power, and continued to reside together as man and wife. The lady died in 183"J, leaving two children, the elder of whom, Sir Augustus d'Este (siuce dead), claimed to be considered legitimate, and, consequently, the inheritor of his royal father's state and titles ; and lie had some high law authorities on his side, though the simide question would seem to be — " Was or was not the marriage I Illegal, as being opposed to 12 Geo. 3. c. ll.V" I If it was contracted in direct contravention of that act, we confess that any further ar- gument upon the subject seems to ua to be a mere bandying of words. This marriage, and his unnecessarily conspicuous connection with the Whig party, completely alienated the young prince from his father, and of course from the court ; and he had arrived at the age of 28 before he was created duke of Sussex, with an income of 12,000/. per annum, which was subsequently increased to 18,000/. His royal highness was a steady friend to art, science, and literature ; and his presence as chairman at dinners or meetings for the benefit of public charities might always be reckoned on. But though we cheerfully confess that thus far the duke did good ser- vice to humanity, we are not prepared to imitate or to quote the somewhat too em- phatic laudation which certain ot his friends have written and spoken upon the subject of his peisonal liberality. We have reason to believe that, with much goodness of heart, the duke had also much hankering after that sort of applause which is so easily obtained by fluent speech and affable demeanour, where these are displayed by a personage of his rank. Leaving to others the task of criticising the politics of tlie duke, we shall only add, that though but moderately learned, he knew how to value learning ; his library was very extensive, and, perhaps, the richest private collection in England in bibles, in various tongues and of various edi- tions ; and that, while doing much good by the influence of his name, he was as simple in manner and as regular iu conduct as any private gentleman in the kingdom. By his will he seemed to wish to be as much sepa- rated from his family in his death as he had been in his life, for he gave orders that he should be buried at the cemetery at KensoU Green, and not at Windsor ! Died, Ajiril 21. 1843, aged 70. His daughter, Mdlle. d'Este, married Sir Thomas Wilde, who in 1850 became lord chancellor, and was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron Truro. SUTCLIFFE, Matthew, an English di- vine, was born in Devonshire, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was ad- mitted a civilian in l."82 ; but took orders, and became dean of Exeter. He founded, at Clielsea, a singular college, the fellows of which were to be employed in writing the annals of their times, and in combat- ing tlie errors of popery and pelagianism. Sutcliife was himself the first provost ; but the establishment fell to decay, and l>ecame at last an asylum for invalid soldiers, being part of the present Chelsea Hospital. He was an eminent controversialist, and wrote numerous tracts against the Catholic pro- pagandists. Died, 1629. SUTTON, Thomas, the founder of the Cliarter House, was a wealthy English mer- chant of the age of Elizabeth. He was born in 1532, at Knaith, in Liiicolnshire ; received his education at Eton and Cambridge, and afterwards studied at Lincoln's Inn. On becoming secretary to the Earl of Warwick, he was made master of the ordnance at Berwick, where he signalised himself during the rebellion raised by the Earls of Nor- thumberland and VV^estmoieland. On ac- count of his services at that period, lie ob- tained a patent for the oflice of master general of the ordnance in the north, for lite. In 1573 he commanded one of the batteries, which compelled the castle of Edinburgh to surrender to the English. While thus em- suw] ^ ^ctD ^nihcvinX iSiograplbw* [SWE I ployed, he was singularly fortunate in a j purchase which he made of two valuable ] manors from the bishop of Durham, on i which a vein of coal was subsequently dis- j covered, and laid the foundation of the I immense riclies which afterwards flowed in I upon him. At the time of the Spanish ar- I niada he completely equipped a ship of war i at his own expense, called by his own name, I and sent to join the fleet under Drake. His personal exi)enditure was on a princely stvle, ! till the death of his wife, in 1602, threw him ! into adegree of melancholy, which occasioned a total change in his mode of living ; and he I then resolved to dedicate Ins vast wealth to [ the benefit of his fellow-creatures. He nc- I cordiiigly purchased from the Earl of Suffolk j the dissolved monastery of tlie Chartreux, I called Howard House, and there founded a I munificent institution, under the name of j the Charter House ; but the founder scarcely ! lived to witness the completion of his noble j establishment. He died in 1611, and his ' remains, which at first were deposited in I Christchurch, Newgate Street, were after- wards removed to a vault prepared for them in the chapel of the Charter House. SUWARROW, or SUVARROFF, Peter Alexis Wasiliowitscu (count Riminisky, prince of Italisky), a celebrated Russian field-marshal, was born in 1730, at Suskoi, in the Ukraine, and educated at the cadet school of St. Petersburgh. He entered the army as a private soldier ; distinguished himself during the seven years' war ; and, after 20 years service, was raised to the com- mand of a regiment. In 1768 he obtained the rank of brigadier-general, and served several campaigns in Poland, receiving, in reward for his courage and conduct, the crosses of three Russian orders of knight- hood. In 1773 he was appointed to the command of a division of troops under Count RomanzoflF, and completely defeated a portion of the Turkish army at Turtukey, killing several of the enemy with his own hand. Crossing the Danube, he afterwards, in conjunction with the force under Ka- menskoy, routed the army of the Turks with great slaughter, and captured the whole of their artillery. In 1783 he reduced the Budziac Tartars under the Russian yoke. AtOczakow andFockzami his daring valour was equally displayed ; and, in September, 1789, the Austrian troops, under the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, being surrovmded, on the banks of the Rimnik, by 100,000 Turks, owed their preservation to his timely arrival with 10,000 Russians, who not only rescued them from a destruction that appeared inevitable, but occasioned the utter overthrow of the enemy. The next and most sanguinarj' of his actions was the storming of Ismail. In 1790, this strongly fortified town had resisted all attempts to reduce it for a period of seven months, when Suwarrow received peremp- tory orders from Prince Potemkin to take it without delay, and pledged himself to execute the task assigned him in three days. Oi' the sacking of the place on the third, and the indiscriminate massacre of 40,000 of its inhabitants, of every age and sex, the ac- counts of the period give the most revolting reports. The announcement of his bloody 812 triumph was made by the general, who af- fected a Spartan brevity in his despatches, in the words " Glory to God ! Ismail is ours." Peace being proclaimed, tlie empress had leisure to mature her designs against the devoted kingdom of Poland ; and Suwarrow was selected as a fit instrument to carry them into execution. He marched, accord- ingly, at the head of his troops, to Warsaw, destroying about 20,000 Poles in his way, and ended a campaign of which the un- principled partition of the country was the result. On this occasion he i-cceived a field- marshal's baton, and an estate in the do- minions which he had contributed to annex to the Russian crown. The last and most celebrated of his actions was his campaign in Italy in 1799, when his courage and genius for a while repaired the disasters of the allied forces. Paul gave him the command of the Russian forces destined to net with the Austrians, and the emperor of Germany created him field-marshal and commander- in chief of the Austrian troops in Italy. After gaining several brilliant victories, arid driving the French from all the towns and fortresses of Upper Italy, the plan of oi)e- rations was changed, and the expected re- inforcements from Austria did not arrive. The Russian hero, however, effected a mas- terly retreat from, Switzerland, and, entering Germany, marched to Russia by order of his sovereign. For his service in this cam- paign he was created a prince, by the title of Italisky. But he was treated by Paul with great ingratitude, which deeply affected his spirits ; and he died of chagrin, in 1800. SWAMMERDAM, John, a celebrated naturalist and anatomist, was born at Am- sterdam, in K337 ; took his medical degree at Leyden, but apjilied himself chiefly to anatomy and entomology, formed a very valuable cabinet of natural history, and ex- celled in the art of injecting the vessels of disse>:ted bodies with wax, and in anatomis- ing the mintitest parts of insects. He was the author of a " General History of Insects," a "History of the Ephemeron," and " De Fabrica Uteri Muliebris." Rendered hyi>o- chondriacal by intensity of study and other causes, he became totally unfit for society, in which state he received impressions from the mysticism of Antoinette Bourignon, whom "he followed to Holstein. He after- wards returned to Amsterdam, where he died, in 1680. SNVEDENBORG, EmaiVUEL, a celebrated philosopher of the 18th centurj', who was greatly distinguished for his valuable con- tributions to science, but is now more espe- cially known as a theological writer. He was born at Stockholm in 1688, and carefully educated under the care of his father, bishop of Skara, in West Gothland, in the principles of the Lutheran Church. After pursuing his studies, and taking the degree of D.Ph. at Upsala, he went on his travels, and visited the universities of England, Holland, France, and Germany. On his return, he was ai)pointed assessor extraor- dinary to the College of Mines, and in 1719 was ennobled, upon which occasion his name was changed from Swedberg to Swedeatwrg. It would far exceed our limits to attempt to SWl] 91 ^eto Slm'bcr^aT JJioflrapl^n, [swi give a list of his numerous works. Suffice it to say, that some recently translated into English, have attracted great attention, and are remarkable, as showing that, at least in medical science, lie anticipated some of the I greatest discoveries of modern times. He continued his scientific studies with an ardour that placed him in the first rank of European pliilosopliers, until the year 1743, I when, as lie himself affirms, a new era of his life commenced, and he was permitted to hold intercourse with tlie inhabitants uf the invisible world. In 1747 lie resigned his I office in the mining codege, retired from public life, and, spending liis time alter- nately in Sweden and England, devoted himself to the publication of his theological works. These are in themselves sufficiently ; extensive to form a life's work, and present throughout, evidences of the deepest religious feeling. The style of composition marks them us works of a master mind ; they are I filled with illustrations from the scientific and metaphysical lore of tlieir author, and ' present, perhaps, as complete a combination j of science and theology as is any where to I be met with. Tliough it is frequently I affirmed that Swedcnborg laboured under a ; delusion, it is surpiisiiig that his writings I show no symptoms of aberration ; the last, I finished but a few months before his death, I being singularly clear, logical, and free from enthusiasm. lie was always regarded as a I learned and pious man ; and it would appear I that the story of his insanity rests for its I support upon the word of a single enemy. j Thougli it is not our place to give judgment ^ upon his opinions, it is yet our duty as biograpliers to say, that there is nothing in his writings or his life which bears out the } charge. The believers in his doctrines are ! now become a numerous body, and are as j intelligent, as pure in morals, and as in- 1 offensive, as any body into which the Chris- t tian church is divided. He died in Loudon, in 1772. SWIFT, Dr. JoNATHAX, dean of St. Pa- trick's, a celebrated political, satirical, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Dublin, in l(j()7. Of a life so various, and so full of business as Swift's, it is difficult to select any part, consistent with the limits of this work, that would not rather excite curiosity than gratify it ; and tliis, indeed, in the course of our present labours, we have fre- quently had reason to regret before. Jona- than Swift was the grandson of Thomas Swift, vicar of Goodricli, in llcrefordsliire, who married Elizabeth Dryden, aunt of the poet, and by her had six sons. One of these sons, named Jonathan, who was bred an attorney, had married before he went to reside in Ireland ; and, dying soon after, left his widow pregnant. In this state she went to live with her brother-in-law, God- win Swift, an attorney at Dublin, where sh6 gave birth to the subject of this article. When Mrs. Swift returned to her friends in liCicestershire, she left tliis child to the care of his uncle, who sent him first to the school of Kilkenny, and next to Trinity College, Dublin, where, applying himself to history and poetry, to the neglect of academical I»ur8uit8, especially mathematics, he was at the end of 4 years refused the degree of B. A. and even at the end of 7 years he was only admitted 82>eciali gratiA. In 1C»8 he lost his uncle, and being left without support, he came to England, where he waited on Sir William Temple, who being related to Swift's mother by marriage, received liim with kindness, and made him his companion. During his residence with that celebrated statesman, he had frequent interviews with king William, who ottered him a troop of horse, which he declined, his thoughts being directed to the church. After some time he quarrelled with his patron, and went to Ireland, where lie took orders, and obtained a prelKjnd in the diocese of Connor. But he soon returned to Sir William Temple, who, sinking under age and infirmities, required his company more than ever. During the few remaining years of that statesman's life, they therefore remained together ; and, on his death. Swift found himself benefited by a pecuniary legacy and the bequest of his papers. He next accompanied Lord Berke- ley, one of the lords justices, to Ireland, as chaplain, and obtained from him the livings of Laracor and Rathbiggan, on the former of which he went to reside. During liis residence there, he invited to Ireland Miss Johnson, the lady whom he has rendered celebrated by the name of Stella, and who was the daughter of Sir William Temple's steward. She was accompanied by a Mrs. Dingley ; and the two ladies lived in the neighbourhood when Swift was at home, and at the parsonage-house during his ab- sence ; which mysterious connection lasted till her death. In 1701 he took his doctor's degree, and entered on the arena of public life as a political pamphleteer. He also published, though anonymously, his eccen- tric and humorous " Tale of a Tub," and the " Battle of the Books." On the acces- sion of queen Anne he visited England, where he lived during a great part of that reign, and distinguished himself as a power- ful writer on the side of the Tories. Having become intimate with Harley and Boling- broke, he exerted himself strenuously in behalf of their party, taking a leading share in the famous Tory periodical, entitled the Examiner, while with his battery of pamph- lets and pasquinades, always replete with bitter sarcasm or bold invective, he kept up a constant and galling fire on their political adversaries. But though immersed in poli- tics, he did not neglect general literature. In 1711 he published a " Proposal for correct- ing, improving, and ascertaining the English Tongue," in a letter to the Earl of Oxford, the object of which was to establish an insti- tution to secure the purity of the language. A bishopric in England was the grand object of his ambition ; but Archbishop Sharpe, on the ground, it is said, of his "Tale of a Tub," having infused into the mind of queen Anne suspicions of his orthodoxy, the only preferment his ministerial friends could give him, was the Irish deanery of St. Patrick's, to which he was presented in 1713. He ac- cordingly, though by no means willingly, returned to Dublin, where he attended to his ecclesiastical functions, and made some important reforms in the chapter of St. Pa- swi] ^ ^tlu miubcrsfal ^Btaijiaplbl'* [SYD trick's. Ill 1716 he was privately married [ to Miss Johnson ; but the ceremony was | attended with no acknowledgment which could gratify the feelings of the victim of his pride and cruelty. The ascendancy which he acquired over Miss Hester Van- homrigh, another accomplished female, was attended with circumstances still more cen- surable. He became acquainted with this lady in l^ondon, in 1712 ; and as she pos- sessed, with a large fortune, a taste for lite- rature. Swift took pleasure in affording her instruction. The pupil became enamoured of her tutor, and even proposed marriage to him ; but being probably at that time en- gaged to Stella, he avoided giving her a decisive answer. This affair terminated fa- tally ; for, ultimately discovering his secret union with Stella, the unfortunate lady never recovered the shock, and died in 14 months after, in 1723. It was about this period that he made his first great efforts to better the condition of Ireland. He pub- lished a "Proposal for the universal Use of Irish Manufactures," which rendered him highly popular ; and when his celebrated "Letters" appeared, in which he so ably exposed the job of Wood's patent for a sup- ply of copper coinage, he became the idol of the Irish people. Soon after this, he wrote that admirable compound of satiric humour, " Gulliver's Travels ;" and the next event worthy of record is the death of his much injured Stella. And now the fate which he had often apprehended overtook him ; the faculties of his mind decayed before his body, and a gradual abolition of reason set- tled into absolute idiotcy. After three years of mental suffering, he died in 174.5, aged 77; having bequeathed the greatest part of his fortune to a hospital for lunatics and idiots. It would b* useless now to enumerate his various writings ; the most important are, "The Drapier's Letters," "The Tale of a Tub," and "Gulliver's Travels." From each and all of these, as well as from his domestic history, a tolerably correct esti- mate of his real character may be drawn, difficult though it be to delineate a character in which the best and worst of human pas- sions are so strangely blended. SWIFT, Deane, a relation of the preced- ing, was descended, by the mother's side, from Admiral Deane, a naval officer in the time of Cromwell. He was the author of " An Essay on the Life, Writings, and Cha- racter of Dr. Jonathan Swift," and died in 1783. SWINBURNE, a learned traveller, bom of a respectable Catliolic family in North- umberland. He was educated on the Conti- nent ; and afterwards made a tour through- out the greater part of the south of Europe, the result of which he published as " Travels in Spain " and " Travels in the Two Sicilias." Died, 1803. SWINDEN, JoHX Heitry van, professor of philosophy, logic, and metaphysics at Franeker, and afterwards of mathematics and astronomy at Amsterdam, was born at the Hague, in 1746. In 180! he was no- minated a correspondent of the French Institute : he was also a member of the executive directory, under the Batavian re- 814 public, and counsellor of state in the service of the king of the Netherlands. He was the author of several scientific works, and died in J 823. SWINDEN, Tobias, an English divine, who became rector of Cuxton, in Kent, where he wrote an extraordinary book, en- titled "An Enquiry into the Nature and Place of Hell." Died, 1720. S WINTON, JoH.v, a divine and antiquary, was born in 1703, at Bexton in Cheshire ; was educated at Wadham College, Oxford ; became chaplain to the English factory at Leghorn ; and, on his return, was elected keei)er of the university records. He con- tributed largely to the Universal History, and published several dissertations on Phce- nician and other antiquities. Died, 1777. SYBRECHT, JoiiN,an eminent landscape painter, born at Antwerp, in 1630 ; died in London, where he had many j'ears resided, in 1703. SYDENHAM, Charles William Pou- LETT, Lord, governor-general of Canada, was the son of Mr. J. Poulett Thompson, a London merchant, and bom in 1793. When about 20, he became resident in St. Peters- burgh as the correspondent of his father's firm : and, until his accession to public office in 1830, he continued to be connected with the mercantile business. His political life commenced in 1826, as member for Dover ; but in 1830 being returned for both Dover and Manchester, he gave preference to the latter. On the formation of the reform cabinet he was appointed vice-president of the board of trade and treasurer of the navy ; he became president of the board of trade in 1834 ; and, in 1839, succeeded Lord Durham as governor-general in Canada. He arrived in Quebec in October, 1839, assumed the reins of government, and in the follow- ing year her majesty conferred on him the peerage of the United Kingdom, by the title of baron Sydenham of Toronto. Under his administration the prosperity of Canada was gradually recovering, but he did not live to carry into execution many judicious mea- sures for the colony which he had con- templated. Whilst riding near Kingston, Lord Sydenham met with an accident by the falling of his horse, and died, Sept. 19. 1841. SYDENHAM, Floyer, an eminent Greek scholar, was born in 1710, and educated at ' Wadham College, Oxford, where he took the ; degree of M. A. in 1734. He translated some of the works of Plato into English ; but the want of patronage involved him in embar- i rassments ; he was arrested and thrown into prison for a trifling debt due for his frugal 1 meals, and there perished, in 1788. Such was the sympathy which his sad fate excited, that it gave rise to that excellent institution, the \ Literarv Fund. I SYDENHAM, Thomas, an eminent phy- | sician, was bom in 1624, at Winford Eagle, j in Dorsetshire, and was educated at Wad- 1 liam College, Oxford. After studying medi- cine at Montpelier, he returned and settled I in Westminster, where he commenced prac- | tice, and attained a. high reputation. He I died in 1689. Dr. Sydenham's improve- | mtnts, esi^ecially in the treatment of febrile syk] ^ fisfxi tSinibtvihl JSiosrapl^^. [SZE diseases, form an era in the history of medi- cine ; and hia works are in the highest esti- m.ition. SYKES, Arthur Ashlev, an English divine, was born in London about 1G»4, and educated at St. Paul's School, and Corpus Cliristi College, Cambridge. He held, suc- cessively, the livings of Gwlmersham, Dry Drayton, and Rayleigh ; became a preben- dary and chancellor of Salisbury cathedral ; and ultimately obtained the deanery of St. Burien, in Cornwall, and a prebend at Winchester. He died in 1750. Dr. Sykes was distinguished as an able controversialist in favour of the Iloadleyan or low church principles ; and was also the author of " An Essay on the Truth of the Christian Reli- gion," &c. SYLLA, Lixius Cornelius, a celebrated Roman general and statesman, was de- scended from a branch of the once illus- trious family of the Cornelii ; passed his youth in dissipation ; and having obtained wealth by the bequests of a courtesan and of his mother-in-law, he aspired to political di:>tinction, and in 107 b. c. he was chosen quaestor. He served with reputation under Marius, in AfricA, Pontus, and on various other occasions ; and he rose to the con- sulship in tlie 40th year of his age. At its expiration he set sail for tlie East ; and having landed in Thessaly, and received the submission of several Grecian cities, he be- sieged and took Athens, and slaughtered multitudes of its inhabitants. He tiicn proceeded to Asia, and after repeatedly de- feating Mithridates, he concluded a very advantageous treaty with that powerful enemy. During his three years' absence from Italy, his enemies had regained the superiority in Rome. Marius had been re- called ; the blood of the friends of Sylla had been shed in torrents ; he himself had been proscribed, and his property conliscated. Meanwhile Marius died ; and as soon as Sylla returned with his victorious army, they entered Rome, and began the dreadful work of retaliation. At length, having glutted his vengeance by the murder or proscription of many thousand citizens, and the desolation of several Italian cities, he celebrated his bloody deeds by a triumph, exceeding in splendour any that preceded it, and caused himself to be named dictatt)r, B.C. 81. He now ruled without restraint, repealed and made laws, abolished the tri- buneship, added 300 knights to the senate, and admitted lO.fXX) slaves of persons pro- scribed to the rights of citizenship. Having governed the Roman world two years as dictator, he voluntarily laid down his power, and retired to private life. But resuming his early habits of debauchery, he was at- tacked with a disgusting disease, and he died, B. c. 78. aged 60. SYLVESTER Joshua, a quaint English poet, known in his day as the "silver- tongued Sylvester," was born in 1503 ; and died in Holland in 1618. He translated into English verse " Du Bartas's Divine Weeks and U'orks ;" and, amongst other pieces, was the author of a satire against tobacco, entitled "Tobacco battered and the Pipes shattered," &c. SYMES, Michael, an English officer, who was sent as ambassador to the Burmese court, at Amerapoora, in 1705, and had the satisfaction of concluding an advantageous treaty of commerce with the Burmese em- peror. On arriving in England, Major Symes published the account of his "Em- bassy to the kingdom of Ava." He died, shortly after the disastrous retreat of Sir John Moore's army, from fatigue, being then colonel of the G6th regiment of infantry, Jau. 1809. SYMMONS. Dr. Charles, was born in 1749, at Cardigan, which town his father re- presented in three successive parliaments. He was the author of "Inez" and " Con- stantia," two dramatic poems ; a metrical translation of the ^neid, and a " Life of Milton." Dr. Symmons was a warm admirer of literature, and a zealous supporter of the Literary Fund Society. Died, 182() Caroline Symmons, his daughter, was re- markable for precocity of talent. Site was born in 17H8 ; and after her death, which took place in 1812, her father published a collection of her poems. SYNESIUS, of Cyrene, an ancient father and bishop of the Christian church, who flourished at the beginning of the 5th cen- tury. The works of Synesius, consisting of about 150 epistles on philosophical and po- lemical subjects, are in high esteem with the learned. SYNCELLUS, Georoe, a monk of Con- stantinople, who flourished a. d. 792. A " Chronography " of his exists, which is valuable as furnishing a knowledge of the dynasties of Egypt. SYNGE, Edward, a pious prelate, was the son of Dr. Synge, bishop of Cork, and born there in 1659. He became archbishop of Tuam, and wrote several useful tracts on practical religion. Died, 1741. SZALKAI, Anthony von, a Hungarian poet, who is regarded as the founder of the dramatic literature of his country. His " Pikko Hertzeg " is the first regular piece composed in the Hungarian language : he also wrote a travesty of the .aCneid. Died, 1804. SZEGEDI, John Baptist, a learned Jesuit, born at Eisenstadt, in 1699. lie be- came, successively, rector, missionary, and almoner-general ; and was distinguislied as well by the purity of his life, as by his talents. His works chiefly relate to the laws and history of Hungary. He died in 1760. 8U TAC] ^ i$!cfio HnilxcriSal 23i0srap!)2. [tal TACCA, Peter James, a celebrated Ita- lian sculptor, was a pupil of John of Bologna. Two of his greatest works are the statue of Ferdinand III., grand-duke of Tuscany, with four slaves chained at his feet, at Leg- horn ; and the equestrian figure of Philip IV. , at Madrid. Died, 1640. TACHARD, Guy, a French Jesuit, who accompanied tlie French ambassadors to Siam, as a missionary. In 1G88 he returned to Europe, after an absence of two years, but went again to India, and died in Bengal about 1694. His voyages, in 2 vols., were published at Paris, in 1689. TACITUS, Caius Cornelius, a highly celebrated Roman historian, was the son of Cornelius Tacitus, procurator and governor of one of the provinces in Belgic Gaul, and born about a. d. 56. He early distin- guished himself as a poet and an advocate, and in liis twenty-first year married the daughter of Julius Agricola. In the seventh year of Domitian he became prajtor ; but soon after he left Rome, and, during his absence, Agricola died. In tlie short reign of Nerva, he succeeded Virginius Rufus as consul, A. D. 97, and delivered the funeral oration in honour of his predecessor. Under Trajan, Tacitus enjoj'ed great distinction, and lived on terms of friendship witli the younger Pliny, in conjunction with whom he pleaded against Priscus, the proconsul of Africa. It was at this period that he pub- lished the " History of Rome, from Galba to the Death of Domitian," part of which only has escaped the ravages of time. This work was followed by the "Annals." from the year of Rome 767 to the death of Nero in 821. He also wrote " The Life of Agricola," " The Manners of the Germans," and a " Dialogue on Oratory." No name stands higher for historical reputation than that of Tacitus, and his writings are regarded as a rich re- pository of political and philosophical apho- risms. The exact date of his death is not known, but it is generally believed to have taken place about a. d. 135. TACITUS, Marcus Claudius, a patriotic Roman emperor, elected to the imperial olfice on the death of Aurelian, a. d. 275, when in his 75th year. He was descended from tlie great historian above described, and had been twice consul ; but he reigned as emperor only six months, in which short space he displayed wisdom, vigour, and a just moderation. TACQUET, Andrew, an able mathema- tician, born at Antwerp, in 1611. He pub- lished several mathematical works, all of which were collected in one folio volume, and published after his death, in 1707. TAFFI, Andrea, an Italian artist, bom at Florence in 1213. He introduced into Italy the art of designing in Mosaic, which he learnt from some Greeks employed at Venice. Died, 1294. TAGLIACOZZI, or TALIACOTIUS, Gaspau, an eminent Italian surgeon, ludi- crously alluded to by the author of Hudi- bras, was bom at Bologna, in 1546, where he was for many years anatomical professor. He applied himself chiefly to curing wounds of the ears, lips, &c., but more particularly the nose. Tliis, which has obtained the name of the Taliacotian process, has both been performed and written on by Mr. Carpue and Mr. Travers. It appears, also, that the operation has long been practised in India. Died, 15!I9. TALBERT, Francis Xavier, a French ecclesiastic, and the autlior of various " Elo- gies," was born at BesanQon, in 1725. He obtained some preferment in tlie church, but lost it in the revolution, removed to Poland, and died in 1803. TALBOT, John, Lord, a famous warrior, was the second son of Sir Richard Talbot, of Goodrich Castle, in Shropshire, and born in 1373. In the first year of Henry V., he was appointed lieutenant of Ireland, where he suppressed a rebellion, and brought the chief, Donald Macmurrogh, to England. In 1420 he attended Henry V. to France, and was presetit with him at his two sieges and triumphant entry into Paris. In the next reign he laid siege to Orleans, where his name struck terror into the French soldiers ; but the appearance of Joan of Arc turned the scale, and the English army re- treated. The battle of Patai completed the disaster, and Lord Talbot was made prisoner. At the end of three years and a half, he was exchanged, and again led the English to victory. He took a number of strong places, and carried his arms to the walls of Paris, for which he was created earl of Shrew.-ibury, and raised to the dignity of a marshal of France. On his return from France he was again sent to Ireland, and the earldom of Wexford and Waterford were added to his honours. He again sought fame on French ground, was made lieutenant-general of Aquitaine, reduced several towns to obe- dience, and was marching to the relief of Chatillon, when his usual good fortune for- sook him, and he and his son fell on the field of battle, July 20. 1453. The English on this occasion were wholly routed, and their expulsion from France soon followed. TALBOT, Charles, Earl, afterwards duke of Shrewsbury, was descended from the above, and born in 1660. He was one of the first promoters of the revolution, for which he was created a duke, and made lord chamberlain, viceroy of Ireland, and high treasurer. Died, 1717. TALBOT, Robert, an English antiquary and divine, was born at Thorp, in North- amptonshire ; was educated at Oxford ; ob- tained a prebend in Wells cathedral, in 1541 ; and died, treasurer of Norwich cathe- dral, in 1558. He paid great attention to the antiquities of his native country, and was the first English writer who illustrated the Itinerary of Antoninus, by a commentary and notes. TALBOT, Charles, lord high chancellor of England, was the son of William Talbot, 816 tal] 91 iJJclM Hniijer^al 28taflrapT)i). [tal bishop of Durham, and was born in 1G84. He was an excellent lawyer, and a man of high virtue and public integrity. Died, 1737. TALBOT, Cathakine, daughter of Ed- ward Talbot, second son of the Bishop of Durham, was born in 1720, and died in 1770. This lady was no less distinguished by her amiable life than by her talents ; and was the author of " Iteflections on the Seven Days of the Week," "Essays on various Subjects." letters, dialogues, and poems. TALIESIN, termed Ten BituDD, or the Chief of the Bards, is regarded aa the most eminent of the ancient British poets. He lived in the middle of the sixth century ; and his name has been handed down to iiosterity in conjunction with the two Merlins, under the appellation of the three principal Chris- tian bards. TALLAIID, Camilt.e d'IIostitx, Duke de, a celebrated marshal of France, was bom in 16r)2. After having distinguished himself under Turenne, he was, in 1697, sent am- bassador to England, to negotiate concerning the succession to the crown of Spain on the death of Charles II. War breaking out in 1702, he was honoured with a marshal's staff; and after he had defeated the imperialists before Landau, and the town had capitu- lated, he announced his success to Louis XIV. in the following terms : " I have taken more standards than your majesty has lost soldiers." He was afterwards opposed to the Duke of Marlborough, and taken prisoner at the battle of Ilochstet ; on which occasion he said to the duke, " Your Grace has beaten the finest troops in Europe." The duke re- plied, " You will except. I hope, those who defeated them." Marshal Tallard remained in England till 1712, when he returned to Paris, and was created a duke. In 1726 he was made secretary of state, and died in 1728. TALLEYRAND, Ciiari.es Maurice pe Pkrigord, Prince de, was born at Paris in 17")4, and was descended from one of the most illustrious houses of France. As he was intended for tlie church, he entered the seminary of St. Sulpiee ; and his ready wit, insinuating manners, and a quick penetra- tion into the real characters of men, caused him, in 1780, to be named agent-general for ecclesiastical affairs. The duties of his office did not occupy all his attention ; and Mira- beau, at the commencement of the revolu- tion, pointed out the prelate of Autun (for Talleyrand then occupied that bishopric) as possessing talents equal to the occasion, and as one capable of reading the intricate secrets of cabinets — a prophecy which has been fully verified. From the period of 1789, when he was deputed by the clergy of his diocese to represent them in the assembly of the states general, he dictated laws which rendered him a favourite with the people, at the same time that he laboured to insinuate himself into the diplomatic agency of the reigning governments. Acting as the re- presentative of the clergy, he proposed the suppression of the payment of tithes, and brought forward the decree which gave tlieir property to aid the service of the state. Deaf to every appeal made by tliat body, he ceased not to enforce the law which obliged the clergy to swear obedience to the civil power, and officiated in his pontifical robes at the newly erected altar in the Champ de Mars, on the 14th of July, 1790, where he was the first to take the civic religious oath, and advise the priests to follow his example. He subsequently consecrated the first constitu- tional bishops, and for this was excommuni- cated by pope Pius VI. He then gave up his bishopric, and was elected a member of the directory for the department of Paris. He proposed to the directory the plan of a great national school on philosophical prin- ciples ; and in the discussion which followed gave the first ideas for the Institution in aid of the arts and sciences, which was estab- lished in Paris five years afterwards. In 1792 Talleyrand was sent to England on a secret mission ; but as he was suspected both by the Jacobins and the emigrants, his pre- sence was disapproved of, and the English minister gave him and the French ambas- sador, M. de Chauvelin, orders to quit the English territories within 24 hours. He then left France for the United States, and there employed himself in commercial specula- tions, until he was recalled in 179(5 by a decree of the convention. On his return he was appointed minister of foreign affairs, and supported himself with the xitmost saitg-froid imaginable against the numerous attacks he received from men of different parties. He knew the desire of General Buonaparte to be at the head of the government ; and, with Sicyes as his colleague, he became the main- spring in directing the movements in the cabinet of the first consul. He was the ne- gotiator with Austria at Luneville, as well as with England in the treaty of Amiens. A brief, issued by pope Pius VII., having released him from the obligation of celibacy, he married Madame Grandt ; and on Napo- leon becoming emperor, he made him grand chamberlain, and in 180(5 created him prince of Benevento, still retaining the foreign port- folio. In March, 180(5, he opened negotia- tions of peace with Mr. Fox, which failed with the death of the latter great statesman. In 1807 he was made vice-grand-elector ; and superseded, as foreign secretary, by De Champagny,in consequence of his opposition to the project of making Joseph Buonaparte the king of Spain. The first reverse of the French arms increased Napoleon's irritation against his clear-sighted advisers, and he was excluded the cabinet and placed under sur- veillance. To the secret intrigues of his re- sentful and active mind, long at work, it is generally understood that Buonaparte owed his fall i coupled as they were with the dis- asters of the last ill-fated campaigns in Russia, Germany, and France. Buonaparte saw his error when too late. He recalled Talleyrand; but the seed had been long sown, and was mature ; the web was not to be unwound. No one can tell what influence he exercised but himself ; and as by his will he has strictly prohibited his heirs from publishing his memoirs before the lapse of 30 years from the day of his death, many a grand secret in diplomacy, and many state mysteries, must till that period arrives be impenetrable. He was elected president of the provisional government, on Napoleon'* 817 tal] ^ ^elo Bniiicr^id 2StograpT)M. [tal abdication in 1814, and exercised that func- tion till the restoration of the Bourbons; when he was appointed foreign minister, made a peer as Prince Talleyrand, and finally sent ambassador to tlie congress of Vienna. On Napoleon's return from Elba, the latter attempted, vainly, to attach him to his fortunes ; but his sagacious instinct prevailed. He remained steady to the new dynasty, and urged the personal declarations against Napoleon of the 13th and 2oth of Marcli, 1815. After the battle of Waterloo, he returned to Paris with Louis XVHL, and was re-appointed foreign minister ; but he resigned rather than put his name to the treaty for the occupation of France. He from that time till the fall of Charles X. placed himself at the head of the opposition in the Chamber of Peers ; and on Louis Philippe becoming king, in 1830, he was sent ambassador to England, in which capacity he remained till 1837. Tliroughout the varying situations in which he was placed, much as he may be charged with duplicity and selfishness, one prevailing sentiment may be remarked — a strong and unceasing interest for his country's greatness. His sincerity was always questionable ; but his firmness of character, his diplomatic supe- riority, his infinite resources, the clearness of his views, the brilliancy of his wit, and the elegance of his language, all combined to form a being capable of influencing the destinies of a nation. He died at Paris, in the 84th year of his age, on the 17th of May, 1838. TALLIEN, one of the most prominent characters in the French revolution, was born at Paris, in 17G9, and was the son of the maitre-d'hotel to the Marquis de Bercj', to whom he was indebted for his education. Previously to the revolution he had been clerk to an attorney ; but he commenced his political career as secretary to the deputy Broustaret, and neglected no means to bring himself into notice as the violent opponent of the king and hia ministers, and thereby gradually acquired considerable influence. He was deeply concerned in the terrible commotions of the 10th of August, 1792 ; and was at that time the constant advocate for violent measures. He strongly urged the immediate trial of Louis XVI., added new charges to tlie accusation against him, voted for his death, and on the day of his execution he was president of the conven- tion. At length, however, after taking a part in most of the sanguinary proceedings which occurred during the ascendancy of Robespierre, he became more moderate, and it was mainly to his courage and eloquence that the downfall of the tyrant was effected. He had formed an attachment for Madame de Fontenai, a lady of great personal charms, whose family name was Cabarus ; but the connection had been broken off, and she was thrown into a dungeon by Robespierre. The tyrant, being afraid of Tallien, offered her life and liberty if she would betray him. But, though her lover had been faithless, she rejected the proposal ; and sent privately this note to Tallien ; " The minister of police has announced to me that to-morrow I am to appear at the tribunal, that is to 81S say, that I am to ascend the scaffold. I dreamt last night that Robespierre was no more, and that my prison doors were opened. A brave man might have realised this dream ; but, thanks to your cowardice, no one remains capable of its accomplish- ment." Tallien answered, " Be as prudent as I shall prove brave ; and, above all, be tranquil." The next day he hurried to the tribune, and, after an animated picture of tlie atrocities which had taken place, and which he ascribed to Robespierre, he sud- denly turned to the bust of Brutus, and, in- voking the genius of the Roman patriot, he drew a dagger from his bosom, and swore that he would bury it in the tyrant's heart, if the representatives of the people had not courage to order his immediate arrest. The moment was critical ; the fate of Tallien hung on a thread ; but the assembly joined him, and the miscreant perished on the scaffold. Tallien, wlio now married Ma- dame de Fontenai, continued to be an active member of the legislature till 1798, when he accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt, as one of the literati attached to the expedition ; but, after Buonaparte left that country, Menou obliged him to return also ; and the vessel in which he sailed being captured by the English, he was taken to London. On revisiting his native country, he was taken but little notice of by Buonaparte ; but he eventually obtained the office of French consul at Alicant, Died. 1820. TALLIS, Thomas, a celebrated English musician of the Kith century. He filled the situation of organist of the chapel royal under Henry VIII., as well as under his tliree immediate successors ; and parts of his composition are still used in our cathe- drals. Died, 1.585. TALMA, Fraxcois Joseph, the most eminent tragic actor France ever produced, was born at Paris, in 17G3, but spent his childhood in Flanders and iSngland, where his father was a dentist. When 9 years of age he was sent to Paris to be educated, be- came passionately fond of the drama, and, returning to England, formed one of an amateur French company, which performed at Hanover Square Rooms, and was at one time on the point of appearing on the boards of Drury Lane Theatre, to which he was strongly urged by several distinguished per- sons. Circumstances, however, led him to Paris, where he entered the royal school for declamation, and in 1787 made his debut at the Theatre Fran?ais, in the character of Seide, in Voltaire's " Mahomet." He was received with applause, and from that mo- ment devoted himself with zeal and perse- verance to the study of his art. He sought the society of distinguished literati and artists ; studied history for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the manners and customs of nations, and the characters of remarkable individuals ; and made himself master of the attitudes, costumes, expres- sion, and drapery of the ancient statues. For many years he continued at the summit of his profession, and acquired by it a hand- some fortune. He died in 182(5. TALMONT, DE LA Trimoille, Prince de, a French royalist officer in the war of tam] ^ i^ehj Unihtv^aX ^iastiq?ffVi' [tas La Vendt^e. He distinguished himself by liis courage on many occasions, but was ultimately taken prisoner, and executed in frojit of his own castle of Laval, iu 171>3. TAMBRONL Joseph, an Italian poet and historian, bom at Bologna, in 1773. In ISO!) he was appointed consul at Leghorn, and afterwards at Rome. He «Tote " Com- pendio delle Storie di Polonio," &c. Died, 1824 His sister, Clotilda, was noted for her acquaintance with Greek literature, and in 17!»4 the Greek professorsliip at Bologua was bestowed on her. Died, 1817. TAMERLANE, or TIMOUR, one of the most celebrated of the Oriental conquerors, was born in 133.^ at Kersch, in the territory of the ancient Sogdiana, and early in life displayed extraordinary courage and enter- prise. Having gained a number of followers of a similar disposition, he made himself master of Balk, the cajiital of Khorasan ; after which he made an easy conquest of the province of Candahar. He next sub- dued the whole of ancient Persia, and then took Bagdad. Flushed with his success, he marched into India, where he took Delhi, the capital, and thus gained possession of immense treasures. But while he was en- gaged in this expedition, Bagdad revolted, on which he hastened back, delivered the city up to pillage, and put to death above 80,(KX) persons, lie also invaded Syria, and took Damascus. In this splendid career the Greek emperor and some inferior princes implored his assistance against Bajazet, emperor of the Turks, whom he marched against, and after a battle of three days the Turkish emperor was defeated and taken prisoner. Tamerlane fixed the seat of his vast empire at Samarcand, where he received the homage of numerous sovereigns, and among the rest the ambassadors of the em- peror Manuel Paleologus and Henry III., king of Castile. He died in 1405. Tamer- lane conducted his government alone and without favourites, but was in the highest degree fierce and fanatical in his religion ; and, although no conquests were ever at- tended with greater cruelty, devastation, and waste of human life, he affected the title of benefactor to mankind. Happily, his am- bition was too gigantic for its consequences to last, and his dominions rapidly became divided as before. TANDY, James Napper, a native of Ireland, who rendered himself obnoxious to the government by his seditious prac- tices, and, to avoid being arrested, took re- fuge in France. The executive directory gave him a commission, as general of bri- gade in the expedition against Ireland, in August, 1798, under General Rey. He was afterwards taken at Hamburgh, and being brought to Ireland, was tried and convicted as a traitor. He was, however, allowed to retire to France, and died at Bourdeaux, in imi. TANNAIIILI, Robert, a Scottish poet, was born at Paisley, in 1774, and bred a weaver. He read tlie works of Burns with enthusiasm, and, like many more of his countrymen, he burned to emulate him : and though he fell immeasurably short of his model, he produced some very delight- 818 ful songs, and other lyric effusioni. Died, 1810. TANNER, Thomas, a learned prelate, was bom at Market I^vington, in Wiltshire, in 1674 ; was educated at Oxford ; and ultimately reached the episcopal bench, as bishop of St. Asaph. He wrote " Notitia Monastica, or an Account of all tlie Religious Houses in England and Wales," "Bibiiotheca Britanuico-llibernica," and contributed to the last edition of Wood's Athente Oxonicn- sis. Died. 1735. TANSILLO. Lcioi, an Italian poet, bom about 1.510. Having composed some poems of a licentious character, pope Paul V. placed all his works in the Index Purga- torius, or list of prohibited books ; upon which the poet made the best reparation in his power by writing a derout poem, and this had the desired effect. He was also the author of sonnets, songs, some comedies, and '• The Nurse," which lias been translated into English by Mr. Roscoe. He died, in 154)8, judge of Gaeta. TARLETON, Richarp, a celebrated ac- tor and jester, was born at Condover, in Shropshire. He was the author of a dra- matic performance, called " The Seven Deadly Sins ;" and many of his witticisms have been printed in different jest-books. Died. 1.58P. TARQUINIUS, Bumamed PRiscrs, or TAKyiiN THK Elder, fifth king of Rome, was the son of Greek parents, and born in the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. His name was Lucumon Demaratus, whicth he changed on going to Rome, by the advice of his wife Tauaquil. lie had, in the course of a long and prosperous reign, reached his 80th year, when he was assassinated by the sons of his predecessor, b. c. 578. TARQUINIUS, surnamed SltErbus, or TAR(ji'ii'f THE Proud, king of Rome, was a tyrant and usurper, who rendered himself odious to the Romans by his pride and cruelty. His son, Sextus Tarquinius, hav- ing ravished Lucretia, occasioned that well- known revolution which put an end to the monarchy, and established the republic of Rome. TARTINI, Giuseppe, an excellent Italian musician and composer, was born in 1092, at Pirano, in Istria. He was sent to study the law at Padua ; but having married without the consent of his parents, they discarded him, and he became a player on the violin. A singular story is told respecting one of his most celebrated compositions. One niglit he dreamed that he had made a compact with the devil, and bound himself to his service. To ascertain the musical abilities of his associate, he gave him his violin, and desired him to play a solo, which Satan exe- cuted in so masterly a manner, that Tartini, awaking in the ecstasy which it produced, and seizing his instrument, endeavoured to recal the delicious sounds. His efforts were so far effectual as to produce the piece gene- rally admired under the name of the " Devil's Sonata." He held the situation of leader of the orchestra at the cathedral of St. Anthony at Padua ; and died in 1770. Besides his numerous musical compositions, Tartini wrote several treatises on the science. 4Aa TAS] ^ ^cto ?am'l)eri?aT 33t0srajp^i?. [tay TASKER, William, an English divine and poet, was born in ])evonshire, and died in 1800. His principal works are, " Odes of Pindar and Horace, translated into English Verse," 3 vols. 8vo. ; "Ode to the Warlike Genius of Britain," and " Letters on Phy- siognomy." TAS.MAN, Abel Jaxssen, a Dutch navi- gator and geographical discoverer in the 17th century, was employed on exploratory voyages by Van Dieman, the Dutch gover- nor-general in the East, and made many important discoveries in Australia and the surrounding islands. TASSIE, James, an ingenious modeller, was born near Glasgow, and brought up as a stonemason, but having acquired from Dr. Quin, a physician in Dublin, the art of imitating gems in coloured pastes, he came to London, where, by dint of talent and perseverance, he obtained both fame and fortune. Died, 1799. TASSO, Beu.vakdo, an Italian poet, born at Bergamo, in 149."?. He was of a good family, and was successively in the service of the Prince of Salerno and the Dukes of ITrbino and Mantua. His chief poem is " Amadis de Gaul," in 100 cantos. Died, 15(59. TASSO, ToRQUATO, son of the preceding, one of the most celebrated poets that Italy ever produced, was born at Sorrento, in 1544. His works show him to have been a philosopher, an orator, a logician, a critic, and a poet excelling in every kind of com- position. His chief works are " Rinaldo," " Aminta," and " Gerusalemme Liberata," an epic poem in 24 books, which has been considered by able critics to be the richest and most finished poem since the age of j Augustus. While he was at the court of Alphonso, duke of Ferrara, he incurred that prince's anger by his passion for the Princess Leonora, of Este, his patron's sister ; and being somewhat disordered in his intellects, he was ungenerously shut up in a madhouse for seven years, where he underwent the most illiberal treatment. The remonstrances of several Italian princes at length procured his release ; and wlien Cardinal Aldobrandini ascended the papal chair by the name of Clement VIII., he invited him to Rome, resolving to confer upon him the laureate crown in the capitol. While, however, the preparations were going on for this ceremony, the poet was taken ill, and died in 1595. TASSONI, Alexander, an Italian poet, born at Modena, in 1505. His writings dis- play a fund of genuine humour ; and some of them, especially the mock heroic poem, entitled " SecchiaRapita," or the " Rape of the Bucket," are most highly esteemed by his countrymen. Died, l(iH5. TATE, Francis, an English lawyer in the reign of Elizabeth, who acquired' great reputation as a Saxon scholar and antjquary. He was made a Welsh judge in the reign of James I. TATE, Naiium, a poet, was born in Dub- lin, in 1C52, and was educated in the college of his native city. On coming to London he assisted Dryden in some of his works ; and succeeded Shadwell as poet laureate. He 820 altered Shakspeare's play of Lear, and wrote several poems ; but he is best known by the Version of the Psalms, which he executed in conjunction with Brady. TATIUS, king of the Sabines, who made war against the Romans, and by treachery gained possession of the capitol. He was murdered at Lavinium, B. c. 742. TAUSEN, JoHN^, styled the Danish Lu- ther, was born in 1499. He had embraced the monastic life, but quitted the convent, and zealously promoted the doctrines of the Reformation. He ultimately became bishop ofRibe. Died, 1.5C1. TAVERNIER, Jeax Baptiste, a tra- veller, was born at Paris, in 1605. He went through Turkey, Persia, and the East Indies, six times, and died at Moscow, in 1G89. His " Collection of Travels," in 6 vols., is greatly esteemed, and has been translated into English. TAYLOR, Brook, a celebrated mathe- matician and philosopher, was born at Ed- monton, in Middlesex, in 1(385. He pub- lished a variety of scientific treatises, and died in 1731. TAYLOR, Lieut.-gen. Sir Hkrbert, en- tered the army in 1793, and served in the campaigns of that and the following year. He was present at the sieges of Valenciennes and Dunkirk, and at numerous otlier affairs of minor importance, and in 1795 he returned to England, having the appointment of aide- de-camp to the commander-in-chief. He subsequently was appointed private secretary to the Duke of York, in which capacity he continued, until appointed to the same office to George III. As military secretary. Sir Herbert did very much towards bringing the army into its present state of excellent dis- cipline, and a state of comfort little thought of in former years ; and as private secretary to the Duke of York, George III., and Queen Charlotte, it is sufficient to say that he was executor to the will of the first, trustee to the private property of the second, and warmly patronised by the third, who made him master of St. Katherine's Hospital in the Regent's Park. In addition to his military services. Sir Herbert on several occasions was intrusted witli political missions, in which he displayed considerable tact, and gave great satisfaction at home. Born, 1775; died, 1839. TAYLOR, Jane, the daughter of an artist in London, was born in 1783, and very early in life gave evident indications of poetic talent. Her first publication, " The Beggar Boy," appeared in 1804 ; and from that time forward she continued to publish, oc- casionally, miscellaneous pieces in verse. The principal of these are, " Original Poems for Infant Minds " and " Essays in Rhyme on Morals and Manners," She also wrote a prose tale, entitled " Display," which met with much success. Died, 1823. TAYLOR, Jkremy, an eminently learned and pious prelate, was born in 1613, at Cambridge ; and having entered into orders, attracted the notice of Archbishop Laud, who made him his chaplain, and obtained for him the rectory of Uppingham. In 1042 he was created doctor of divinity at Oxford, at which time he was chaplain in ordinary tat] ^ iim BmhtxiKl 38t0grapl)i». [tay to Charles I., whom he attended in some of his campaigns, and aided l>y several writings in defence of tlie church of England. After the parliament proved victorious, his living being sequestrated, he retired into Wales, where he was kindly received by the Earl of Carbery, under whose protection he was allowed to exercise his ministry, and keep a school. In this obscure situation he wrote those copious and fervent discourses, whose fertility of composition, eloquence of ex- pression, and comprehensiveness of thought, have rendered him one of the first writers in the English language. He was twice im- prisoned by the republican government ; but at the Restoration lie was made bishop of Down and Conuor, and vice-chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin. Among his nu- merous works are, the "Golden Grove, or Manual of Daily Prayers," " Treatises on Holy Living and Dying," " Ductor Dubi- tantium, or Rule of Conscience," and " Li- berty of Prophesying," a work on behalf of toleration. He died in 1C()7. TAYLOR, JoHX, usually called the Water Poet, from his being a waterman, was bom in Gloucestershire, about iri80. In l.Wt! he served in the fleet under the Earl of Essex, and was i)rescnt at the attack upon Cadiz. After his return Jie plied on the Thames, and was for many years collector for the lieutenant of the Tower, of his fees on the wines imported into London. lie also styled himself the king's water poet, and the queen's waterman. When the civil wars began he retired to Oxford, where he kept a public house, as he afterwards did near Long Acre. At this place he manifested hirf loyalty by assuming for a sign, the " Crown in Mourn- ing," which proving oftensivc, he substituted his own portrait. In those days, when pun- sters were less plentiful than at present, his "right merrie conceits" were doubtless very attractive, though they cut but a sorry figure when contrasted with tl»e witty effusions of the Magnus Apollo of our own limes. Died, 16M. TAYLOR, Jonx, an eminent Unitarian divine, was born in Lancashire, in 1C04. He was educated at Whitehaven ; and, after of- ficiating some years to a congregation at Norwich, he accepted the office of divinity tutor at the newly founded academy of Warrington. His most important works are, the " Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin," the "Scripture Doctrine of Atone- ment," a " Hebrew Concordance," and a " Sketch of Moral Philosophy." Died, 1 761. TAYLOR, JoHX, a divine and civilian, was born at Shrewsbury, in 1704. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship, and pro- ceeded to the degree of liL.D. In 1742 he became a member of Doctors' Commons, and two years afterwards was appointed chancellor of Lincoln ; but in 17,51 he en- tered into orders, was presented to the rec- tory of Lawford, in Essex, and became a canon residentiary of St. Paul's. Died, 1766. TAYLOR, Silas, an English antiquary, was born at Harley, in Shropshire, in 1624. On leaving Oxford university, he entered into the parliamentary army ; and after- wards became sequestrator of the estates of 831 the loyalists in Herefordshire, but con- ducted himself with mo<leration. At the Restoration he was made keeper of the stores at Harwich. Died, 1678. TAYLOR, Thomas, a learned Grecian, commonly termed the Platoiiist, was born in 1758, and placed, at nine years of age, at St. Paul's Scliool, with a view to orders ; but he changed liis mind wlien 15, and went to a relation, an officer at the port of Sheer- ness. There a celebrated dissenter instructed him in the rudiments of Latin and Greek, and he applied himself wiih indefatigable ardour to the study of Greek, csi)ecially the works of the Platonic sophist. Having contracted an early love marriage, he was compelled to become under-usher in a school, and, subsequently, clerk to a banker, for sub- sistence ; but he still found time to pursue his early studies. He afterwards gave public lectures in Greek and on the Platonic writers, which introduced him to the favour of the Duke of Norfolk, who furnished the funds for his great work, the excellent trans- lation of Plato. To a mind constituted like that of Mr. Taylor's, no diction could be too obscure, no theory too speculative, no doctrine too recondite ; his whole course of reading nourished his inherent love of mysticism and metaphj'sical subtlety. The pure philosophy of the academic schools and the wild reveries of cabalistic sects, each in their turn engaged his attention, and re- ceived his tribute of admiration. Popular tastes and feelings, he altogether disre- garded ; but lived, as it were, among the sages of antiquity, and propagated their tenets with all the ardour of a sincere vo- tary. His translations are very voluminous i the most important are the works of Aris- totle, Plato, and Pausanias. Died in 1835. TAYI>OR, Willi AM, adistinguishcd critic, translator, and Utlih-ateur, was the only son of an eminent merchant of Norwich, where he was born, 1765. He was originally destined for his father's business ; but his early bias for literary pursuits proved so strong, that his father gave way to his incli- nations, and after one or two somewhat lengthened sojourns in France and Germany, he gave himself up almost entirely to the *' cultivation of the Muses" and of politics. He first became known by a vigorous trans- lation of Burger's " Lenore ; " and stimu- lated by the success whicli followed his first attempt, he made various other translations from the same author, and from time to time contributed specimens of other German poets to different magazines and periodicals. In 1798 he formed an acquaintance with Southey, which soon ripened into the warmest friendship ; and in 1802 he became the editor of the Norwich Iris, which he made the organ of liis peculiar political and religious opinions ; but he soon aban- doned this speculation, and henceforth engaged in the business of " reviewing," for which he found a main vent in the Monthly Review, then under the editorship of Dr. Griffihs. Mr. Taylor wrote few separate works. Among these, however, should be mentioned his " English Synonymes ; " and in 1830 he published a "Survey of German Poetry," consisting chiefly of his collected 4 AS tay] ^ i^cio ?Sntl)friSaI SSto^rapIji?. [tet translations, with explanatory notes. Died, 183(5. A " Memoir of his Life and Writings" M-as publislied by Mr. llobberds in 1843. TAYLOR, William Cooke, LL.D., an eminent writer on miscellaneous subjects, was born at Youghal, 1800. After prose- cuting his studies at tlie university of Dublin with great distinction, he repaired to the metropolis, and entered upon a literary career, which, for constancy of application, and variety of subject, lias had few equals in modern times. Being literally a writer for his daily bread, little profound tliought or originality of speculation was to be looked for in his writings ; but the care and dili- gence which he bestowed on every subject lie undertook, amply atoned for the absence of these higher qualities, and he has left a name in the literary liistory of his country which will not soon be forgotten. In his zeal for the promotion of education, he had acquired such vast information, that his opinion was eagerly souglit. He was em- ployed in 184C,by the British government, to inquire into tlie" system of education on the Continent ; and he was just on the eve of being placed in a position on the establish- ment of the lord- lieutenant of Ireland, to carry out his views, when he was cut off by the pestilence that ravaged Great Britain and Ireland in 1849. Among his chief works are, his " Manuals of Ancient and Modern History," "Life and Times of Sir Robert Peel," " History of Mohammedanism," " Re- volutions and Remarkable Conspiracies of Europe ;" and his last, and perhaps his most important, work, "Tlie History of the House of Orleans," published only a few weeks before his death. Died, 1849. TAYLOR, Zachaky, president of tlie United States, was born in Virginia, 1786. His father, who had fought at the side of Washington during all the war of independ- ence, at its conclusion settled in Kentucky, and conducted his family to their forest- home, where his son, amid the perils of savnge life, had ample opportunities of de- veloping tliose military qualities of which he afterwards gave so signal a proof. At the outbreak of the war witli Englaud in 1807, he hastened to join the army, and was ap- pointed to guard the banks of the Wabash. In 1812, while in command of the garrison of Fort Henderson, consisting only of 62 men, he was suddenly attacked at midnight by a hostile party, who succeeded in setting Are to the fort. But Taylor, with his hand- ful of men, extinguished the flames, and forced the enemy to retreat. For this ex- ploit he was raised to the rank of major. In the war against the Indians, both in Florida .ind Arkansas, he jiassed successively through all the grades of his profession, till he reached the rank of general. Nominated in 1846 to the command of a corps of obser- vation on the frontiers of Mexico, an attack of the Mexicans gave him an opportunity of crossing the Rio Grande, and of gaining his first battle at Palo- Alto. The victorj^ of llescca, Palma, Monterej', and Buena-^sta jnoved him ut once a valiant soldier, and an able general, and marked him out to the sutfrages of his countrymen for the presi- dency. Chosen in Nov. 1848, he entered on his high office in March, 1849 ; but he had only filled the chair of Washington and Jefferson for sixteen months, when he was suddenly attacked by cholera, and died, to the great regret of liis countrymen, July, 1850. TCHING TCHING KONG, a noted Chi- nese admiral in the 17th century, known in Europe by the name of Koxinga. His father having fallen into the hands of the Mantchou Tartars, Tching Kong swore im- placable vengeance against the insidious invaders ; and after attacking their coasts, and committing great cruelties on the pri- soners whom he took in battle, he esta- blished himself on the island of Formosa, and made a treaty with the English, with a view to their aid against the Mantchous. He died in 1670, and Formosa was recon- quered in 1683. TEGNER, EsAiAS, an eminent Swedish poet and divine, was born, 1782 ; appointed to the chair of Greek literature in the uni- versity of Lund in 1812, and in 1824 created bishop of Wexiae. Ilis poetry is chiefly founded on the romantic legends of the North, which he has succeeded in making popular far beyond the limits of his native land. Died, 1847. TEIGNMOUTH, John Shore, Lord, was born in Devonshire, 1751. Himself the son of a supercargo, and the grandson of a cap- tain in the East India Company's marine, he was destined from his youth to the service of the same employers. Having finished his education at Harrow and Hackney, he went to Bengal in 1769 as a cadet ; in 1773 he was appointed Persian translator and secretary to the provincial council of Moorshedabad ; and his diligence and abilities being now duly appreciated, he was nominated a mem- bef of the general committee of revenue, an oflfice which brought him into friendly rela- tions with Warren Hastings, whom he ac- companied to England in 1785. In 1786 he returned to Calcutta as a member of the supreme council, and so distinguished him- self by the numerous reforms, financial and judicial, which he introduced, that in 1793 he was appointed governor-general of India, having in the preceding year been created a baronet. In 1797 he quitted his high office, and returned to England with the title of Lord Teignmouth, where he entered on a career of practical philanthropy which com- pletely eclipsed even the splendours of his early life. He became a member of what is known as " The Clapham Sect," which num- bered among its adherents Wilberforce, Claikson, Z. Macaulay, I. Milner, and Gran- ville Sharpe; and closed a long life, passed in works of charity and mercy, Feb. 14th, 1834. He was the first president of the British and Foreign Bible Society, established in 1804 ; he was also president of the Asiatic Society ; and though he never acquired great celebrity as an author, he published an edition of the works of Sir W. Jones, together with a memoir, besides various-ipamphlets on reli- gious questions. A memoir of his life and coirespondeuce was published b\' his son in 184.-.. TEISSIER, Antoixe, a learned French advocate, born at Montiielier, iu 1632. OF tek] ^ fim mnibtriKl 28t00rap1^i). [tem Being a Protestant, he was forced, by the revocation of tlje edict of Nantes, to emi- frate ; and became liistoriograplier to the 'russian court. lie wrote some very valu- able works, viz. " The Lives of Illustrious Princes," " On the Social Duties of Man," " Instructions, Moral and Political," &c. Died, 1715. TEKELI, Eaieeic, Count de, a Hunga- rian nobleman, was born in IGoS, and took the command of his countrymen in their struggle to throw off the yoke of Austria. He defeated the Imperialists in several battles ; but, after many vicissitudes, he was compelled to seek an asylum in Turkey, and died at Constantinople, in 1705. TELL, William, a renowned champion in the cause of Swiss liberty, was a native of Burglen, in the canton of Uri. He was distinguished by his skill in archery, liis strength, and courage. The tyrannical des- potism of the Austrian governor of Switzer- land, Herman Gesler, was intolerable ; he pushed his insolence so far, as to require the Swiss to uncover their heads before his hat (as an emblem of his sovereignty) ; and condemned Tell, who refused to com- ply with this mandate, to shoot an apple from the head of his own son. Tell was successful in his attempt, but confessed that a second arrow, whicli he bore about his person, was intended, in case he had failed, for the punishment of the tyrant, and was therefore retained prisoner. 'iVhile he was crossing the lake of the Four Can- tons, or lake of Lucerne, in the same boat with Gesler, a violent storm threatened the destruction of the skiff. Tell, as the most vigorous and skilful helmsman, was set free ; and he conducted the boat success- fully to the shore, but seized tlie oppor- tunity to spring upon a rock, pushing off the barque. He had fortunately taken his bow with him ; and when tlie governor finally escaped the storm, and reached the shore. Tell shot him dead on the road to Kussnacht. This event was the signal for a general rising, and a most obstinate war between the Swiss and Austrians, which was not brought to a close until 1499. Tell is supposed to have lost his life during an inundation in 1350. This is the story which has been handed down, but some have disputed it. However, it is certain that Tell contributed to emancipate his country ; and there are many local customs referring to the events here related, which render the tradition probable The memorable event above described is said to have hap- pened on the 7th November, 1307 ; and the citizens having chosen for their leaders three gentlemen of approved courage and abilities, namely, Werner of Schwitz, Wal- ter Furst of Uri, and Arnold Melchthal of Underwalden, they secretly agreed together that they should surprise and demolish the castles in which the imperial governors resided. This resolution being effected, these three places joined again in a league for ten years, which gave birth to the Helvetian confederacy. TELLIER, Michael, a distinguished Jesuit, was born in Normandy in 1643. He became confessor to Louis XIV., and pro- cured from the pope the celebrated consti- tution called Unigenitus ; but in the next reign he was banished to La Fleche, where he died in 1719. He was a violent bigot, though a man of regular morals ; and much of the odium wliich fell on the society of St. Ignatius may be attributed to his im- prudent zeal. TEMPELHOF, George FnEnEnic, a German officer, author of " The Prussian i Bombardier," "The Elements of Military I Tactics," the " History of the Seven Years' | War," &c. In the beginning of the revo- i lutionary war with France, he had the com- i mand of all the Prussian artillery ; and, in 1802, he received the order of the red eagle from Frederick William III., who nominated ' him lieutenant-general and military tutor I to the young princes, his brothers. Died, ' 1807. I TEMPESTA, Antonio, a painter, was j born at Florence, in 1.555. He was a discti)le ; of Strada, and excelled in landscaiies, ani- I mals, and battles. Died, 1630. 1 TEMPESTA, Peter, whose real name [ was MoLVN, but who received the soubriquet of Tempesta from his frequent delineation , of storms and shipwrecks, was a native of , Haerlem. He went to Rome, and on chang- \ ing his religion was made a chevalier ; but ; was condemned to be hanged for the murder j of his wife, which sentence was changed to \ perpetual imprisonment. After remaining in conrinement 10 years, he effected his escape. ' Died, 1701. j TEMPLE, Sir William, provost of Trinity C()lle{je, Dublin, had been secretary to Sir PhilipSidney, who died in his arms. Hewas ! afterwards knighted, and made a master of i chancery. Died, 1626. j TEMPI>E, Sir JouN, son of the preceding, - was bom in London, and eductated under | his father at Dublin. He studied the law, j and became master of the rolls and a privy i councillor in Ireland in the reign of Charles II. Sir John wrote, from his own observa- tions, " A History of the Irish Rebellion iu 1641." TEMPLE, Sir William, an eminent statesman, the son of Sir John Temple, was I born in London, in 1628. He was instructed ! by the learned Dr. Hammond, his maternal I uncle, and completed his studies at Emanuel [ College, Cambridge. In his 25th year he i commenced his travels, and passed six years in France, Holland, Flanders, and Germany, j In 1665 he went on a secret mission to Munster, after which he was employed in I forming the triple alliance between England, Sweden, and Holland. He next became the resident minister at the Hague, and in that capacity promoted the marriage of the Prince of Orange with Marp^, eldest daughter of the Duke of York, which union took place in 1677. A change of politics at home led to the recal of Temple in 1669, who, refusing to assist in the intended breach with Holland, i retired from public business to Sheen, and i employed himself in writing his " Observa- j tioiis on the United Provinces," and part of his "Miscellanies." In 1674, Sir William Temple was again ambassador to the states- general, in order to negotiate a general paci- fication. In 1679 he was appointed secretary tem] ^ S^fiu ?amljn-i^al 23tnjiraj)^i). [ten of state ; but the next year he resigned that situation, and retired to liis country seat in Surrey, where he was often visited by Charles il., James II., and William III. Died. 17(X>. I TEMPLEMAN, Peter, a physician, bom I at Dorchester, in 1711 ; was educated at the ; Charter House, and at Trinity College, Cam- j bridge ; and took his degree at Leyden. He ' practised in London ; but a fondness for I literature and the company of literary men ! diverted his attention from his profession ; and having, in 17;">3, obtained a situation in ! the British Museum, as keeper of the reading- i room, he from that time devoted his whole 1 attention to pursuits more congenial to his disposition. He wrote some medical works, I and translated Norden's Travels in Egypt. ! Died, 1709. i TENIERS, David, the Elder, a celebrated ' painter of the Flemish school, was born at I Antwerp, in 1582 ; studied under Rubens, ' and afterwards at Rome. On his return to t his native country, he occupied himself , principally in the delineation of fairs, rustic I sports, and carousals, &c., which he exhibited i with such truth, humour, and originality, ! that he may be considered the founder of a : style of painting, which his son afterwards j brought to perfection. His pictures are usually of a small size, and are considered very valuable. Died, 1649. ! TENIERS, DAVin, the Younger, a son of the preceding, was born at Brussels, in ICIO. In his youth such was his facility of imi- tating the styles of various masters, that l»e was called the Proteus and the Ape of painting. He confined himself principally to the same kind of subjects as his father, but excelled him in correctness and finish. Died, 1694. The younger Teniers rose to the highest reputation in his profession, and was patronised by Christina of Sweden, the king of Spain, and other illustrious personages. TENISON, Thomas, archbishop of Can- terbury, a learned and pious prelate, was ' born at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, in I 1636, and graduated at Coriius Christi ! College ; obtained the living of St. Peter I Mancroft, Norwich ; and was afterwards I presented to the vicarage of St. Martin's- J in-the Fields, where he founded a paroiOiial ' school and library. He distinguished him- I self so much by his zeal in favour of Pro- ' testantism, both before and after the revo- ! lution, that in 1()91 he was consecrated bishop of Lincoln, from whence he was i raised to the see of Canterbury in 1694, and I held the primacy with moderation, firmness, i and ability, till his death, in 1715. He pub- lished "The Creed of Hol)l)e3 examined," " Baconiana, or Remains of Sir F. Bacon," " Sir Thomas Browne's Tracts," and various sermons. TENNANT, Smithson, F.R.S., an emi- nent chemist, was born at Selby, in York- shire, in 1761 ; studied medicine at Edin- 1 burgh, and took his degree at Cambridge, in 1790. He was chosen professor of chemistry at Cambridge, in 1813 ; and was killed by a fall from his horse, at Boulogne, in February, 1815. His discoveries api>e*r in tlic Transac- tions of the Philosophical Society, and are higiily useful. TENNANT, William, an eminent poet and philologist, was a native of Anstruther, in Fifeshire ; the town where Dr. Chalmers first saw the light. Lame in both limbs from his childhood, he early entered on the path of study ; and gradually amassed those vast stores of literary wealth, which ultimately raised him to public honour. After filling the office of parochial schoolmaster in various places in Scotland, he was in 1810 elected classical teaciier of the Dollar Academy ; and in 1837 was presented to the chair of oriental languages in the university of St. Andrew's, whicli he filled with credit till his death. As apoct,ProfessorTennant rose into eminence by his " AnsterFair," published in 1812. and since often reprinted ; and this was followed by his tragedy of "Cardinal Bea- ton," and various smaller poems, marked by much originality and poetic power. Died, 1843. TENTERDEN, Charles Abbott, Lord, the son of a hairdresser, was born at Canter- bury in 1762, and received his education at the King's School of that city. In 1778 he was elected to a scholarship in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was soon alike distinguished for scholastic attainments and for purity of moral conduct ; and, having the good fortune to be appointed tutor to the son of Judge BuUer, this gentleman took great interest in his welfare, and with his characteristic acuteness of observation, ad- vised Abbott to turn his attention to the law, and not to the church, for which he had hitherto designed liimself. Acting on this advice, he spent some time in the office of Sandys and Co., and then placed himself under the tuition of a special pleader, Mr. (afterwards Baron) Wood. After practising some time as a special pleader he was called to the bar, being then in the 33d j-ear of his age, and went the Oxford circuit. His prac- tice soon became extensive, and for twenty years he steadily pursued his way, acquiring both fortune and reputation, and making himself known to the profession not merely as a skilful pleader, but also as a learned and accurate writer. His "Treatise of the Law of Merchant Ships and Seamen," pub- lished in 1802, is still considered the standard work upon maritime law. In 1815 his in- cessant and arduous labour had begun to have a serious effect npon his health and spirits. His sight, too, was impaired, and it is said that but for the dissuasion of his friends he would have wholly retired from the pro- I fession. He had as far back as 1808 refused j a seat on the bench, his professional emolu- I ments at that time being far greater than those of ajudge. But when, in 1816, he was again offered promotion, his health had lie- come so unequal to the toils of practice, that he closed with the offer, and was made a puisne judge in the common pleas. This took place in February, and in the following May he was removed to the king's bench, on the death of Mr. Justice Le Blanc. In 1818, on the retirement of Lord Ellenborough, he became lord chief justice of the king's I bench ; and though his inflexible Toryism j rendered him unpopular with a portion of I the public, it was admitted by men of all ranks and parties, that a more impartial ter] ^ j2cij) Hnibevi^al JSiofiraplbi?. [the chief justice had never presided in that court. During the premiership of Mr. Canning lie was raised to the peerage, but did not long enjoy his title ; and it is a curious fact that his last words were, " Gentlemen of the jury, you mav retire." Died, ]H;^2. TERENCE, or PUBT.IUS TERENTIUS, a celebrated Latin writer of comedies, was born at Carthage, about A. D. 194. He was brought a slave to Rome in his youth, but falling into the hands of a generous master named Terentius Luennus, he gave him a ffood education, and afterwards his liberty. His poetical talents procured him tliefriend- Bhip of Scipio and I.wlins; and for one of his plays, " The Eunuch," he received 8000 sesterces. Terence was a great admirer of Menander, and went to Greece to collect his works, but died on his passage home, cither at sea. or at Stymphalis, in Arcadia. TERPANDER, a Lesbi.an poet, who flou- rished in the seventh century, B.C. He is said to have been the inventor of an addi- tional string to the lyre. TERRASSON. Of this name there were several ingenious French writers in the 17th and 18th centuries ; the most eminent of whom were Jeax and Antoine The former was Iwm nt Lyons, in 1(570 ; and had the reputation of being one of the best prac- tical philosophers of the age. Died, 17')0. Antoine was born at Paris, in 1705. He composed, by order of the chancellor D'Agiiesseau, the " History of Roman Juris- prudence ;" for which he was named censor royal and professor in the royal college. Died. 1782. TERRY, Daniei., a comedian of con- siderable ability, was born at Bath, about 1780. and was articled to Mr. Wyatt, the I architect, with whom he remained five years, I and then turned his attention to the drama. His first attempts were not very encouraging ; but when, in 1806, he appeared on the Liver- pool stage, he found favour with the public ; as he did also afterwards at Edinburgh, where he became a leading actor. Through the interest of Sir Walter Scott he obtained an engagement at the Haymarket Theatre, in 1812 ; and, after remaining there two seasons, he appeared, first at Covent Garden, but soon after at Drury Lane, where he j continued till 1825, generally playing in the summer at the Haymarket. He then entered into partnership with Mr. Yates in the pro- prietorsliip of tfie Adelphi Theatre ; but being indebted to Sir Walter Scott for the capital embarked in it, and the baronet's affairs being at that time in an embarrassed state through the failure of Constable and Co. of Edinburgli, he found it necessary to sell his share. He then went over to the Continent, but mental anxiety destroyed his health, and he died in June. 1828. TERRY, EnwARD, an English traveller, born about 1590. He accompanied Sir Thomas Roe, ambassaflor to the Great Mo- gul, in lfil5 ; and on his return published an account of the observations he had made during his two vears' residence abroad. TERTULLIAN, Qiiintus Skptimitjs Fi.onENs, a celebrated father and defender of the primitive Christian church, who flou'- rished under the reigns of the emperors Severus and Caracalla. He died about 245. Among his works arc, "An Apology for the Christians," a "Treatise against the Jews," and the five books of Marcion. TESSIER. M., an eminent Frenclx writer on agriculture, to which he had devoted a long life, died at Paris, in December, 1837, aged 94. During the period of revolutionary anarchy, this gentleman lived in retirement in Normandy, still however actively engaged in his favourite pursuit. He was the editor of the " Annals of French Agriculture," a voluminous periodical work. He was also the early patron of Cuvier, being the first to discover his talents, and introduce him to the scientific world. TESSIN, NicoDEMrs,a senator of Sweden, principally celebrated for his architectural works, was born at Nikoping, in 1(554. He held several high appointments in the go- vernment, and numerous public edifices were erected from his designs. Died, 1718. TESSIN, Charles Gustavus, Count de, son of the preceding, was born at Stockholm, in 1695 ; and on entering the arena of public life, became a man of extensive influence, assisted at the most secret deliberations of the states, and was nominated president of the assembly of nobilitj' in the diet of 1738. He was subsequently ambassador to various foreign courts, had the direction of foreign affairs as president of the chancery ; and at the same time he was appointed governor of tlie prince royal, afterwards Gustavus III., I to whom he addressed a series of letters re- lative to morals, politics, &c. In 1700 he re- j signed all his employments, and died in 1770. ' TESTI, Fi'LVio, an eminent lyric poet, and accounted the Horace of modern Italy. J He was born at Ferrara, in 1.593, of a noble ; family ; was thrown into prison in conse- i queiice of having entered into a corre- | spondence with Cardinal Mazarin ; and is \ supposed to have been there put to deatlj, ; in 104(5. TETZEL, John-, a Dominican monk of the 16th century, was bom at Piern upon \ the Elbe. Being appointed, in 1517, to vend ! the indulgences issued by pope Leo X. for the completion of St. Peter's church at I Rome, he represented them as possessing the virtue of pardoning all sins, past, pre- sent, and future. This first roused the in- dignation of Luther, and may truly be said to have been the primary cause of the Re- formation. The papal government, seeing the mischief likely to accrue from the indis- creet zeal and bigotry of Tetzel, so severely rebuked him, that he is said to have died of i a broken heart, in 1519. i THALES, the chief of the seven sages of . Greece, born at Miletus, b. c. 640, founded the Ionic sect of philosophers, and died b. c. 545. He was an excellent geometrician and astronomer, fixed the revolution of the sun at 3(55 days, and was the first Greek who predicted "a solar eclipse. He also united moral and political wisdom to the researches of science, and exemplified his knowledge of mankind by numerous pithy aphorisms. THELLUSSON, Peteu Isaac, a native of Geneva, who settled as a merchant in London, where he acquired a prodigious fortune, and died in 1798. He left about the] ^ j^efitJ Hm'bcrsial aSurgrap!;!?. [the 100,000/. to his family ; and the remainder of his property, considerably above half a million, is to accumulate during the lives of his three eons and the lives of their sons ; when, if there are none of his descendants and name existing, the whole is to be added to the sinking fund. This singular will being contested by the heirs at law, was established by a decision of the House of Lords in 1805 ; it, however, occasioned the passing of an act, restraining the power of devising property for the purpose of accu- mulation to 21 years after the death of the testator. His eldest son was raised to the peerage bv the title of baron Rendlesham. THEMISTIUS, an ancient Greek orator, peripatetic philosopher, and critic, who died A.D. 38G. More than 30 orations of The- mistius are still extant. THEMISTOCI.es. an illustrious Athe- nian, equallv celebrated as a warrior and a statesman, was born about S-TO B. c. He was licentious in his youth, but was reclaimed from his follies by the love of glory. He persuaded his countrymen to make war upon jEglna, and by his management raised Athens to a great naval power. He gained the famotis battle of Maratlion, and 10 years afterwards defeated the fleet of Xerxes off Salamis. He rebuilt the walls of Athens, fortified the Piraeus, and prevented the Spar- tans from gaining an ascendancy in the Amphictyonic council. Notwithstanding his great serxices, however, the popular favour was withdrawn from him, and he was banished for 5 years. He sought an asylum at the court of Artaxerxes, where he was hospitablv received ; and died, b. c. 470. THEOBALD, Louis, a dramatic critic and poet, known as the commentator on Shakspeare, and as the original hero in Pope's " Dunciad." where its splenetic author placed him, more for having published an edition of Shakspeare immediately after the appearance of his own, thap for the sin of dnlness, which he makes the ostensible cause. He was a native of Sittingboume, Kent ; and died in 1744. THEOCRITUS, a Greek pastoral poet, who flourished at Syracuse, b. c. 282. Of his various works we have only the " Idyls " and " Epigrams ;" the former of which are i remarkable for their pleasing simplicity and sweetness. THEODORET, an ecclesiastical historian and a father of the church, was born at Antioch about the year 3S6. In 420 he was made bishop of Cyrus, in Syria, where he laboured assiduously in converting a rude people, and opposing the errors of Nestorius. Died, 4.57. THEODORIC, sumamed the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, was born near Vienna, in 458. He made great accessions to his do- minions, and governed with extraordinary viaour and ability. Died, t)26. THEODOSIUS, sumamed the Great, the last Roman emperor, was a convert to Chris- tianity, and a renowned general and legis- lator ; born, 335 ; died, 395. His sons, Ar- cadius and Honorius, made a division of the empire into East and West ; Arcadius being the first emperor of the East, and Honorius of the West. ssa THEODOSIITS II., son of Arcadius, whom I he succeeded in the empire of the East. He was famous for a code of laws, styled after him the " Theodosian Code." Died, 4.50. THEODOSIUS, a mathematician of Tri- poli, who lived in the first century ; and is supposed by Suirias to be tlie same with Tlieodosius of Bythinia, of whom Strabo speaks as being a skilful astronomer and mathemati<'ian. THEOGNIS, a Greek poet, was a native of Megara, and born about 5.50 b. c. He wrote a series of moral precepts in verse. THEON, of Alexandria, a philosopher and mathematician in the time of Tlieodosius the Great, was father of the celebrated Hypatia. THEOPHANES, GEonoE, a Greek his- torian, was born at Constantinople, of a noble family. Leo, the Arminian, exiled him to Samothrace, where he died in 818. THEOPHANES, PitOKOPOViTCH, a Rus- sian historian, was born in lf<81. He was archbishop of Novogorod, and died in 1786. He wrote the " Life of Peter the Great," and some theological treatises. THEOPHILE DE VIAUD, a French poet, born in 1,")90, at Clerac in the Agenois. His satires and epigrams are spirited and witty, but several of his pieces are offensive to decency and relipon ; and on that score he suftered two years' imprisonment. Died, 1C20. TIIEOPHn.irS, a celebrated bishop of Antioch, who flourished in the 2nd century. He was the first who used the term Trinity to express tlie three persons in the Godhead, the third of whom he denominates " Wis- dom." THEOPHRASTUS, a celebrated Greek philosopher, was bom in Eresius, in Lesbos, B.C. 371. He was a disciple of Plato, and afterwards of Aristotle, tlie latter of whom he succeeded as master of the peripatetic school, where he had 2000 scholars. He is said to have delivered his country twice from the oppression of tyrants ; and died at the age of 85, lamenting the brevity of human life. Several of his works are extant ; the principal of which are, the *' History of Plants," the " Treatise on Stones," and the "Moral Characters of Men." THERAMENE8, an illustrious Athenian, was one of the 30 tyrants, but so zealously opposed his colleagues in their barbarities, as to excite their hatred. Accordingly, Critias denounced him to the senate, and when he perceived a disposition on the part of the judges to acquit the accused, he sur- rounded the tribunal with his creatures, and denounced sentence of death against The- ramenes by his own authority. Socrates endeavoured to save the life of his friend, but in vain ; and Theramenes, finding him- self overpowered by his enemies, drank off the fatal draught prepared for him, to the health of Critias. This occurred, B. C. 408. THESPIS, a Greek poet, bom at Icaria, in Attica. He is considered the inventor of tragedy, from his having introduced actors in addition to the chorus, and was the author of several tragedies. TIIEVENOT, Melchiskdec, an eminent traveller, was born at Paris, in 1631. He travelled in various parU of Europe ; and ticated in the family. On the death of this on his return devoted himself entirely to lady, the widower, after a due interval, study, and to the promotion of the interests offered her his hand, which she accepted of literature, by collecting books and manu- scripts, and by carrying on a correspondence with the learned, in all parts of the world. He was appointed royal librarian, published i liis " Voyages and Travels," and died in 10!>2. and during a union of 3() years, till his death in 1792, she accompanied him on various journeys to different parts of the Continent. The French revolution had now commenced; and Mrs. Thicknesse, in company with seve- ral other Englisli ladies, was imprisoned, but TIIEVENOT, Joiiy de, nephew of the fortunately escaped the guillotine through preceding, was bom at Paris, in ltj;5.3. Being the death of Robespierre, who had sent an enabled to gratify his love of travelling, he order for their execution. She ended her visited several parts of Europe, and after- long and exemplary life at her house in the wards explored many countries in the East. Edgeware Road, London, in 1824. Slie was > On his second oriental tour, as he was re- personally intimate with the leading wits of 1 turning from Ilindostan, through Persia, he her own time, and spoke several languages , died near Tauris, in 1(>«>7. j with fluency and elegance. Her principal THIBAUT, Antok Justus Friederich, works are, "Biographical Sketches ofLite- a celebrated German jurist, was born at ; rary Females of the French Nations," 3 vols. Hameln, in Hanover, 1702 ; studied succes- and a novel, entitled "The School of sively at Gottingen, KOnigsberg, and Kiel ; i Fashion," 2 vols. | and afterdisplaying great ability as a private j THIERS, Johk Baptist, a French ec- teacher of law of Jena, was appointed to the clesiastic, was born at Chartres, in 1636, and ] chair of civil law at Heidelljerg in 1805, died at Mans, in 1703. He wrote several where he remained till his death in 1810. A list of his various works would be too long for our columns ; but his chief title to fame rests on his " System des Pandekten-rechts, books, particularly " A History of Perukes,' being an invective against those ecclesiastics who adopted that ornament. His l)est per- I formance is " Traiti? des Superstitions qui j which has passed through numerouseditions, I rejrardent les Sacramens," 4 vols, and is regarded as an authority by most German law vers. THICKNESSE. Philip, the son of a clergyman, and brother to the master of St. Paul's School, was born in 1720. He entered the army when young, and went to Georgia, with governor Oglethorpe ; after which he served in the West Indies, and, on his return to England, obtained a captain's commission. He first married a French THIRLBY, Styax, a learned critic, born at Leicester, in 1602. He was a man of in- temperate habits ; and though he studied divinity, physic, and civil law, he never applied himself to either as a profession. Through the interest of Sir Edward Walpole, he obtained a small sinecure pla(;e in the custom-house ; and died in 1753. His edition of Justin Martyr, with notes and emenda- tions, is esteemed a valuable performance. lady ; and, on becoming a widower, he ob- THISTLEWOOD, Aktiiuk, memorable tained the hand of Lady Elizabeth Touchet, ! as the leader of the " Cato Street " conspi- rators in 1820, was the son of a respectable heiress of the ancient barony of Audley ; and her fortune enabled him to purchase the office of lieutenant-governor to Land- guard Fort. By this lady he had one son, with whom, on his succeeding to the title and estate of his mother's family, he had some very unpleasant disputes. About 17C1, Mr. Thicknesse lost his second consort, and shortly after married Miss Anne Ford, by whom he had a numerous family. After travelling through France, Italy, and Spain, he settled in Wales, and next at Bath ; but at the commencement of the French re- volution he went abroad again, and died near Boulogne, in 1792. He published se- veral works, the most curious of which is an account of his own life, with the follow- I ing title, " Memoirs and Anecdotes of Philip ' Thicknesse, late Lieutenant-governor of Landguard Fort, and unfortunately Father to George Touchet, Baron Audley," 2 vols. THICKNESSE, Annk, a lady of great beauty and acquirements, the daughter of John Ford, an eminent solicitor and clerk of the arraigns, was born in 1737. She eloped from her father's house, in order to avoid a disagreeable marriage ; and her talents and personal attractions having early introduced her into the world of fashion, she took advantage of that circumstance to give three concerts at tlie Opera House, by whi' h she realised 15(X)i., and acquiring the patron- age of Lady Thicknesse, she became dome«- 827 farmer near Lincoln, and was born in 1772. He obtained a lieutenant's commission in the supplementary militia, in 1797, and shortly after married a young lady with a considerable fortune, but who died about 18 months after their union. After squandering his property in habits of dissipation and gambling, he left Lincoln for London, and from thence made occasional voyages to America and France, where he probably contracted that spirit of discontent which in- fluenced his future conduct. He married again, and thereby improved his circum- Btanees ; but he had now become a gambler by profession, and had also connected himself with disaffected characters, which drew on liim the notice of government. When the riots in Spa Fields took place, he was arrested as one of the ringleaders ; but after being kei)t some time in confinement, he was libe- rated, there being no proof of Iiis guilt. Shortly after, he sent a challenge to the home secretary. Lord Sidmouth, as the author of the bad treatment he had received during his confinement ; which occasioned his subsequent detention in prison for a con- siderable time. Burning witli rage, he madly became the principal agent in the Cato Street conspiracy, the object of which was to murder several members of the ad- ministration, while at a cabinet-dinner at Lord Ilarrowby's, and excite an insurrection , THO] 11 -BtiM HnitJfrM 3St0ffrapIjn. [tho in the metropolis. Information, however, having been given to tlie ministers by a spy employed for the purpose, a party of police ofiicers, with a company of tlie gnards ready at liand, if wanted, proceeded to the place of meeting— a room over some stables in Cato 1 Street — where the wretched conspirators were, at the time, preparing for their dia- bolical enterprise. As soon as the officers had effected an entrance, Tliistlewood seized a sword, and killed the foremost of them, named Smithers, on tlie spot. But he and his coadjutors (who were all ignorant per- sons, of the lowest grade in society) were quickly secured ; and being brought to trial, were condemned, and suffered as traitors. May 1. 1820. THOMAS, Anthoxv Leonard, an emi- nent French writer, was born in 1732, at Clermont, in Auvergne. He was a professor in the college of Beauvais, at Paris ; and afterwards secretary to the Duke of Orleans. Died, 1785. Among his works are, " Rt-- flexions Historiques et Litteraires sur le Poeme de la Religion Naturelle de Vol- taire," and " Essai sur le Caractere, les MoDurs, et I'Esprit des Femmes." THOMAS, Elizabeth, a female writer, to whom Dryden gave the appellation of Corinna, but whom Pope placed in the Dunciad, was born in 1675, and died in 17.30. Her poems and letters were printed after lier death, with a memoir written by herself, and well seasoned with romantic incidents. THOMAS, John, a learned and liberal prelate, was bom at Carlisle, in 1712. He studied at Queen's College, Oxford ; and, on leaving the university, he lived in the family of Sir William Clayton, as tutor to his son. Having been ordained, he became rector of Bletchingley, in Surrey, and mar- ried the daughter of his patron. He was, successively, chaplain to the king, preben- dary of Westminster, and vicar of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, In 17G8 he succeeded Bishop Pearce in the deanery of Westminster, and, in 1774, was consecrated bishop of Rochester. Died, 1793. THOMAS, Robert, M. D., a physician, resident at Salisbury : author of " The Modern Practice of Physic," and other esteemed medical works. Died, Sept. 1835, aged 82. THOMAS, WiLLTAM, a native of Wales, who was educated at Oxford ; after which lie became clerk of the council to Edward VI., who gave him, though a layman, some ecclesiastical preferments, of which he was deprived in the next reign ; and being ac- cused of treasonable practices, was executed at Tyburn, in 15.53. He was the author of "The History of Italy," and some other works of minor importance. THOM, Walter, an historical and mis- cellaneous writer, was born at Ber^^e, in the county of Kincardine, 14th April, 1770. He commenced business as a manufacturer in his native town, but not succeeding, he came to Aberdeen, and adopted literature as a profession. During his residence in Aber- deen, he published " The History of Aber- deen," in 2 vols. 12mo. Aberdeen, 1811 ; and the "Annals of Pedestrianism," 1 vol. 8vo. 1813. He afterwards went to Dublin, where he was engaged as editor of the Dublin Cor- respondent, which he conducted for some years. He was the author of several articles in Brewster's Encyclopaedia, and contributed portions of the Statistical Account and Ge- neral Report of Scotland, for Sir John Sin- clair, and also to Mr. Shaw Masson's Agri- cultural and Statistical Account of Ireland, and various other works. He died at his house in Dublin, 16th June, 1824, aged 54. THOMAS, William, an eminent prelate, was born at Bristol, in 1613. He suffered much during tlie rebellion, but afterwards became precentor of St. David's ; he was also chaplain to the Duke of York, and pre- ceptor to his daughter, afterwards Queen Anne. In 1665 he was made dean of Wor- cester, whence he was removed to the see of St. David's, and died, bishop of Worcester, in 1689. THOMAS, William, a grandson of the preceding, was born in 1670, and educated at Westminster Scliool, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He obtained the living of Exal, in Warwickshire ; and in 1723 was presented to the rectory of St. Nicliolas, in Worcester. Died, 1738. He published among other works " An enlarged edition of Dugdale's Warwicksliire," 2 vols. ; and a " Survey of Worcester Catliedral." He had made col- lections for a history of Worcestershire, wliich fell into the hands of Dr. Treadway Nash, and served as the foundation of his work. THOMASSIN, Louis, a French ecclesi- astic, was born in 1619, at Aix, in Provence. He became a member of the congregation of the Oratory, and professor of divinity at Saumur, whence he was called to Paris, where he taught in the seminary of St. Magloire, with great reputation. He wrote many works ; but the most important are, " De la Discipline Ecclesiastique " and " Dogmata Theologica." The former of these was so much esteemed at Rome, that pope Innocent XI. invited him to the papal court, with the promise of a cardinal's liat, but Louis XIV. refused his sanction. Died, 1695. THOMSON, Ale.yaxdee, a poet and mis- cellaneous writer ; author of " Tlie British Parnassus at the Close of the Eighteenth Century," a poem in four cantos; "The Paradise of Taste," a poem ; '' Pictures of Poetry, Historical, Biographical, and Critical," &c. Died, at Edinburgh, 1803, aged 41. THOMSON, Dr. Andrew, an eminent modern divine and leader in the national church courts of Scotland, was born at Sanquhar, in Dumfriesshire, in 1779. He was ordained minister of the parish of Sprouston, in 1802 ; removed to the East Church of Perth, in 1808, where he laboured assiduously and successively till 1810, when he received a presentation from the magis- trates and council of Edinburgli to the New Grey Friars' church in that city. Elo- quent, indefatigable, and zealous, he came prepared to the discussion of every subject, making an impression on the public mind which has but few parallels in the history of ministerial labours. In 1814 he was ap- pointed to St. George's church, where, labour- THO] ^ ^fiD ^iiifanM iStngrapl^jj' [tho ing in his vocation with surpassing energy, lie rapidly extended his reputation, and ac- quired extraordinary influence. Died, 1831. THOMSON, Anthohy Todd, M.D., a dis- tinguished medical writer and practitioner, was born at Edinburgh. 1778, where his father had settled, after having long held au im- portant office in America. He was educated at the high school and university of his native city ; and while prosecuting his me- dical studies, he became a member of the speculative society, where he formed the acquaintance of I.ord Brougham, and many other eminent i)ersons, wliosc friendship he enjoyed till his death. In 1800 he settled as a general practitioner in Chelsea, and practised there for 25 years with great suc- cess, laying the basis of his future reputa- tion by the most indefatigable study, and publishing his "Conspectus," a work of Euroiiean fame, and his " London Dispen- satory, " no lesa distinguished ; editing, in conjunction with Dr. Burrowes, the Me- dical Repository ; and gaining "golden opinions" by the amiability of his charac- ter, no less than by his professional skill. In 1826 he became one of the first professors ■Sf the University of London, and held the chairs of materia medica and medical juris- prudence till his death. About this period, also, he commenced practice as a physician ; aud he took advantage of the greater leisure thus procured, to write his lectures on " Ma- teria Medica," which were afterwards pub- lished in 2 vols., and to plan various otlier works which he afterwards gave to the world, besides contributing many articles and re- views to different medical journals. Dr. Thomson was a votary of literature no less than of science ; and his last works were, a translation of Sal varte's Philosophy of Magic, Omens, and apparent Miracles, and an edi- tion of Thomson's Seasons, with numerous explanatory notes. Died, July 3rd, 1849. Uis " Treatise on Diseases of the Skin " was a posthumous publicatiou. THOMSON, James, a distinguished and highly popular poet, the son of a Scotch clergyman, was born at Ednam, in Rox- burghshire, in 17tK) ; and was educated at Jedburgh and at Edinburgh. Relinquish- ing his views in the church, he went to London, where, in 1726, he published his "Winter." In 1727 appeared his "Sum- mer," which he addressed to Bubb Dodding- ton. This was followed the year after by "Spring," and in 1730 by " Autumn." In the course of these publications Thomson produced " Sophonisba," a tragedy ; and a "Poem on Sir Isaac Newton." Not long after this he was selected as the travelling associate of Mr. Talbot, and was thus occu- pied for 3 years, in the course of which he visited most of the European courts. On his return lie was rewarded with the post of secretary of briefs by the Lord Chancellor Talbot, which was nearly a sinecure. About this time he published his poem of "Liberty," with the cool reception of which he was much disappointed. Soon after, by the death of Lord Chancellor Talbot, Thomson's office was vacated, and Lord Ilardwick, who suc- ceeded to the seals, gave it to another ; but he was indemnified by the office of surveyor- general of the Leeward Islands, and a pen- sion from the Prince of Wales. In 1738 he produced a second tragedy, entitled " Aga- memnon," which was followed by " Edward aud Eleanora," " Tancred and Sigismunda," and " Coriolanus ;" the masque of " Alfred," in conjunction with Mallet ; and the poems of "Liberty" and "The Castle of Indo- lence." He died at Richmond, in 1748. THOMSON, Rev. John, a distinguished landscape painter, was bom at Dailly, in Ayrshire, 1778 ; succeeded his father as mi- nister of that parish in 18t)0, and was trans- lated to Duddingstone, near Edinburgh, in 180.5, where he remained till his death. From his boyhood he evinced a strong pre- dilection for art, which increased with his years ; and having early become an honorary member of the Royal Scottish Academy, he produced an infinite variety of landscapes, which have placed him on a level with the best artists of his native land. Died, 1840. THOMSON, William, a poet and di- vine, was born at Brougli, in Westmore- land ; graduated, A. M., at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1738 ; became dean of Raplioe, in Ireland ; and died in 1766. He published two volumes of poems, among which those entitled " Sickness," and the " Hymn to May," have received the meed of public approbation. THOMSON, William, an industrious writer and compiler, was born in 1746, at Burnside, in Perthshire ; was educated for the church, became minister of Monivad, and ultimately settled in London as an author by profession. His compilations were ex- tremely numerous, and he prei>ared for the press many works of other authors ; he was also the editor of several periodical pub- lications, as the English Review, the Political Magazine, the Whitehall Evening Post, and the Annual Register. Among his original works are, " The Man in the Moon," a novel; " Memoirs of the War in Asia," 2 vols. Died, 1817. TIIORESBY, Ralph, an eminent anti- quary and topographer, was born at Leeds, in 1058. He was educated at the school of his native place, after which he went to ' Rotterdam to learn the Dutch and French languages, to fit him for mercantile pur- suits. On the death of his father he suc- ceeded to a large concern, but he found leisure to cultivate his taste for antiquarian pursuits, and produced the " Topography of Leeds," " Vicaria Leodiensis," &c. Died, 1725. THORNHILL, Sir James, an eminent English painter, was born in 1C7C, at Wey- mouth, in Dorsetshire ; and, after studying in this country, greatly improved himself on the Continent. On his return, he was much engaged in the decoration of palaces and public buildings. Among his principal works are, the dome of St. Paul's, the refec- tory and saloon at Greenwich Hospital, the hall at Blenheim, and some of the apart- ments at Hampton Court. He displayed great judgment in treating allegorical com- pbsitions, and he was by no means an in- different architect. Died, 1734. THORNTON, Bonn el, a humorous writer and poet, was bom in London, in 1724 ; 4 a THO] ^ ^flu Wiiiihn'Sal MiOQV^^liV. [thu and -was educated at Westminster School, and Christchurch, Oxford. He made lite- rature his profession, and was on terms of intimacy with many of the wits of the age, united with the elder Colman in the Con- noisseur, and was a fertile contributor to the periodicals of the day. He also pro- jected an exhibition of sign paintings ; and brought out a burlesque "Ode for St. Ce- cilia's Day," which afforded much amuse- ment. In 176(5 he published a translation of Plautus ; and the year following a poem, en- titled " The Battle of the Wigs," in ridicule of the dispute between the licentiates and fellows of the College of Physicians. Died, 1768. THORNTON, Samuei,, of Clapham Park, Surrey, was a director of the Bank of Eng- land for the long period of 53 years, and an active M. P. nearly 40 j'ears. From 1784 to 1800 he represented the town of Kingtiton- ; upon-Hull, and from 1807 to 1818 the county of Surrey. His sagacious counsels had always i great influence at the Bank of England, and { when the memorable stoppage of cash pay- j ments occurred in 1797, he was the governor. ! In the various duties he had to perform, whether as a bank director, a member of parliament, a governor of Greenwich Hos- pital, or as the head of a mercantile firm, he was able, zealous, and indefatigable. Died, July 3. 1838, aged 83. THORNTON, Thomas, lieutenant colonel of the West York militia, a noted sportsman and writer on field sports. He was the author of " A Sporting Tour through France," 2 vols. 4to., and "A Sporting Tour through the North of England and the Highlands of Scotland." Died, 1823. THORNTON, John Robert, a celebrated botanist, the younger son of the preceding, was born about 1758, and was educated at Cambridge. Shortly after this, having ac- quired an important accession of fortune by the death of his brother, he resolved to make medicine his profession, and became a member of Guy's Hospital. After study- ing three years in London, he visited the Continent ; and, returning to the metropolis, commenced practice with considerable suc- cess. In 1798 he published a work in support of the Brunonian system, entitled " The Philosophy of Medicine, or Medical Extracts on the Nature of Health and Disease," in 5 vols. Soon after, he brought out a work, called " The Philosophy of Politics," &c. 3 vols. ; but he derives his chief fame from his magnificent " Temple of Flora, or Garden of the Botanist, Poet, Painter, and Philoso- pher." Died, 1837. THORPE, JoH»f, a physician and anti- quary, was born at Penshurst, in Kent, in 1682, and settled at Rochester, of which city he published some curious ancient illustrations. Died, 1750 His son, Joha- Thorpe, born in 1713, devoted great part of his life to the study of antiquities, and was the author of " Registrum Rofiensi " and other works relating to Rochester. Died, 1792. • THORWALDSEN, Albert, the great Danish sculptor, was the son of a carver on wood, but though the circumstances of the parent were narrow, the boy, having early mo shown great talent for drawing, was gra- tuitously and well educated at tlie Copen- hagen Academy of Arts. Here he studied so effectually that he obtained two gold medals and a travelling studentship, which entitles the fortunate competitor to a salary for 3 years. Thus far fortunate, Thorwald- sen proceeded to Rome, where he worked with zeal and energy, but where he is said to have been for some time bo overwhelmed by the magnificence of ancient art, by which he saw himself surrounded, as to have broken up not a few of his earlier works as soon as they were completed. Though modesty and a difficulty of giving self-satisfaction are proverbially characteristic of great and true genius, yet modesty may be carried to a fatal excess ; and such was very nearly the case in the present instance. The now ex- ulting, now despairing, young sculptor was preparing to return home, his three years' allowance being completely exhausted, when most happily the clay model of his Jason was seen by that princely patron of art, the late Heniy Philip Hope, who ordered the marble statue of him at a price which utterly set aside all his thoughts of returning home. The Jason once completed, and by Mr. Hope's means made known, Thorwaldsen's fortune was virtually made ; orders at vast prices poured in upon him from all parts ; and the splendid works completed by him from the commencement of 1800 to the close of 1837, place him in the first rank of modern sculptors. His countrymen were justly proud of him, and honoured him with a public funeral. Died, March 24. 1844, aged 73. THOU, James Augitstus de, or THUA- NUS, a celebrated historian, was the son of Christopher de Thou, first president of the parliament of Paris ; was born in that city, in 1553 ; and died in 1017. The " History of his own Times," from 1545 to 1007, is written in pure Latin, and with gieat fidelity. THOU, Frajtcis Augustus de, son of the preceding, inherited the virtues and intelli- gence of his father ; but having been privy to the secret correspondence carried on be- tween Cinqmars and the court of Spain, he was beheaded, at Lyons, in 1042. THROSBY, John, a writer of local topo- graphy, was born in 1740, and was for many years parish-clerk of St. Martin's, Leicester. He wrote several works relative to the " His- tory and Topograpliy of Leicester " audits vicinity. Died, 1803. THRASYBULUS, a renowned Athenian general and patriot, the deliverer of his country from the yoke of the thirty tyrants, flourished 294 r.. c. THUCYDIDES, a Greek historian, waa born at Athens, 409 years before the Chris- tian era. He was of noble birth, and on arriving at maturity entered into the army ; but failing in an expedition with which he had been intrusted, he was banished ; and in his exile he wrote the " History of his Times ;" a work which far excels that of Herodotus in sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression. He was afterwards recalled, and died at Athens, b. c. 391. THTJNBERG, Charles Peter, a Swedish physician and traveller, who was employed. THU] ^ ^ctD ?antl)friinl 2Stosrapl)j?, [tie in 1775, by the Dutch East India Company, to proceed in a medical capacity to Japan. While there he was allowed to explore tlie curiosities of tliat interesting country : thence he proceeded to Ceylon ; and, on his return to Sweden, he succeeded Linnaeus, whose pupil he had originally been, in the professorship of botany at Upsal. lie was also a member of many philosophical so- cieties in Europe and America, and died in 1828. TIIUIIIX)E, JoHX, a statesman and poli- tical writer, was a native of Essex, and born in 1016. He was secretary of state during the protectorate ; and though immediately after tlie Kestoration he was arrested on a charge of high treason, yet such was Charles the Second's opinion of liis talent and in- tegrity, that he afterwards often invited him to take part in his administration, which he thought proper to decline. Died, 1668. llis state papers iiave been published, and form a very valuable collection. TllURLOVV, Edwako, lord high chan- cellor of Great Britain, was born in 1732, : and was called to the bar in 1758. He lilled j the offices of solicitor-general and attorney- ! general, was chosen M. P. for Tamwortli, I and became a warm and powerful supporter ! of the ministry in the House of Commons. He retired from office in 1783, but resumed it again on the dissolution of the coalition ministry, and continued to hold the seals under the premiership of Mr. Pitt till 1792. Died, 18()«. THUROT, Fkancis, a French naval officer, born in 1727. Having rendered him- self conspicuous by his courage and success while in command of a privateer, he was invited to enter into tlie royal navy, and intrusted with the command of Ave frigates and a corvette, destined to make a descent on the British coasts. He sailed on this expedition, Oct. 15. 1759, and arriving at j Carrickfergus Bay, in Ireland, Jan. 10. fol- 1 lowing, the troops were lauded, and the j place surrendered in a few days. Thurot ' thought proper, however, to re-embark his I troops ; and, on his return to France, his I vessels were attacked by an English squa- dron, and he fell in the engagement, Jan. 20. 1760. THYNNE, Francis, a herald and anti- quary of the 16th century, was the son of William Thynne, the editor of Chaucer, and steward of the household to Henry VIII. He was educated at Tunbridge School, and Magdalen College, Oxford ; became a mem- ber of Lincoln's Inn, and in 1602 was made Lancaster herald. Hearne published " A Discourse of the Duty and Office of an Herald of Arms," written by Thynne, who also continued Holinshed's Chronicle j and wrote a " History of Dover Castle and the Cinque Ports," which, with many other pro- ductions, remain in MS. Died, 1611. TIARKS, JouN Lewis, F. R. S.,an astro- nomer, was born at Jever, in 1789 ; studied at Gottingen ; and, coming to London in 1810, became assistant librarian to Sir Joseph Banks. In 1816 hi? visited Germany, and on his return received the appointment of British astronomer to the American bound- ary line commission, in carrying out which the greater part of his life was spent. He died in 1837. TIBERIUS, Ci.Ainiius Nero, emperor of Rome, was born, b. c. 42, and succeeded Augustus. He displayed his real character in his cruelty to his mother Livia and his wife Julia, and iu the murder of many of the senators. He also caused Germanicus to be poisoned, and committed numerous excesses. In the midst, however, of all his tyranny, he often exhibited gleams of strong sense, and of a judicious attention to the public welfare. But his crimes infinitely exceeded his virtues, and he died at Mise- num, A. D. 37, universally execrated. TIBERIUS, CoxsTANTiNE, raised by his merit to the throne of the Eastern empire, became the father of his people, and is equally extolled for Ids valour, his love of justice, and his clemency. He died, 582. TIBULLUS, AuLUS Alijius, a celebrated Latin elegiac poet and critic, born, 43 b. c. ; died, A. D 17. This author has usually been printed in the same volume with Catullus and Propertius. TICKELL, Thomas, a poet and essayist, was born in 1686, at Bridekirk, in Cumber- land ; and became fellow of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. Through the friendship of Addison, he was made under-secrctary of state, and was afterwards appointed secre- tary to the lords justices of Ireland. Some of his pieces are in the Spectator ; besides which, he wrote "The Prospect of Peace," " The Royal Progress," and other poems ; and translated the first book of the Iliad. Died, 1740. TICKELL, Richard, a poet and political writer, who died in 1793. His principal piece was a pamphlet called " Anticipation." TIEDEMANN, Dieteich, an eminent writer, was bom in 1748, at Bremervorde, in the duchy of Bremen, and died iu 1803. His principal works are, " An Essay on the Origin of Languages," " System of the Stoic Philosophy," an "Investigation of Man," " The first Philosophers of Greece," and " The Spirit of Speculative Philosophy." TIEDGE, Chkistupuek Augu.stus, a German elegiac poet, born in 1752 ; his chief works are, " Urania," " The Echo, or Alexis and Ida," "Denkmale der Zeit," &c. His latter years were passed at Diesden. Died, 1841. TIERNEY, Geoeoe, a distinguished statesman and political writer, was bom in London, in 1756 ; received his education at Cambridge, and was designed for the bar. At the commencement of his public life, Mr. Tierney attached himself to the Whigs, and in 1796 he was elected M. P. for South- waik. He soon proved himself an able debater, and was one of the most formi- dable opponents of Mr. Pitt. In 1806 he lost his seat as member for Southwark, and afterwards successively represented Ath- lone, Bandonbridge, Appleby, and Knares- borough. During a debate in the year 1798, some words spoken in the house were the cause of a duel between him and Mr. Pitt, in which, however, neither party was wounded. When Mr. Addington became minister, in 1802, he made Mr. Tiemey treasurer of the navy. In 180G, under the Grenville admi- 4 B til] ^ iJSftu mxihtt^Kl 3Ut09Tapf)i). [tim nistration, he became president of the board of control, but went out of office early in the following year, on the resignation of the ministry. On the formation of the Canning ministry, he was appointed to the master- ship of the mint ; from which he retired, with Lord Goderich, in 1828, and died in 1830. TILLEMANS, Peter, a celebrated pain- ter, was a native of Antwerp ; he came to England in 1708, and was employed by several noblemen in taking views of their seats, huntings, races, and horses. Died, 1734. TILLEMONT, Sebastian lb Nain de, a French historian and critic, was born at Paris, in 1637. His "History of the Em- perors" and "Ecclesiastical History" are written with great fidelity and clearness. Died, 1698. TILLI, Michael Angelo, botanist and physician, was born at Florence, in 1655. His greatest worJi is the " Catalogus Horti Pisani," printed at Florence, 1723. Died, 1740. TILLOCH, Alexander, was bom at Glasgow, in 1759. His father was a tobac- conist, and it was his intention to bring up his son to the same trade ; but his mind was bent on mechanical improvements, and at length, though totally uiiinstructed, he formed the idea of printing with stereo- typed plates. He began his experiments in 1781 ; and having succeeded in them, Mr. Foulis, a printer, of Glasgow, joined him, and a patent was taken out in their names. Circumstances, however, induced them to lay it aside for a time, and it was never af- terwards renewed by them as a speculation. In 1787, Mr. Tilloch quitted Scotland for London, and soon after purchased the Star, an evening paper, of which he became the editor, and carried it on till within four years of his death. In 1797 he projected and established the Philosophical Magazine, which he carried on for a number of years with great credit ; and, only 15 days before his death, he had obtained a patent for an improvement on the steam-engine. Yet amidst these avocations he found time for theological studies, and published some pa- pers on the Prophecies. In 1823 he printed an octavo volume, entitled " Dissertations on the Apocalypse;" and he was latterly engaged in superintending " The Mechanic's Oracle." Some years before his death the university of Glasgow conferred on him the degree of LL. D. ; and he preached occa- sionally to a dissenting congregation in Gos- well Street Road. Died, 1825. TILLOTSON, a distinguished English prelate, was the son of a clothier at Sowerby, near Halifax, and born in 1630. His father, who was a strict Calvinist, brought him up in the same principles, and sent him to Clare Hall, Cambridge. At the Restoration he conformed to tlie established church, was made king's chaplain, and presented to a prebend of Canterbury. When Charles II., in 16/2, issued a declaration for liberty of conscience, for the purpose of favouring the Roman Catholics, he preached strongly against it, but was, nevertheless, advanced to the deanery of Canterbury, and obtained a prebend in St. Paul's, He warmly pro- moted the exclusion bill against the Duke of York , and refused to sign the address of the London clergy to the king, on his declaration that he would not consent to it. At the execution of Lord William Russell he at- tended him with Dr. Burnet ; and, though afterwards decided friends to the Revolu- tion, both these divines urged that nobleman to acknowledge the unlawfulness of resist- ance. After the Revolution, he was ap- pointed clerk of the closet ; and, on the deprivation of Sancroft, in 1691, he was raised to the see of Canterbury. Died, 1694. His sermons rank amongst the most popular in the English language, and were at one time regarded as a elandard of finished oratory. TILLY, Jonir Tzerklas, Count of, one of the most celebrated generals of the 17th century, was a native of Brabant, and born in 1559. He rose by degrees to the com- mand of the army of the league, and in the seven years' war was appointed generalis- simo of the imperial troops. His character for military talents and bravery was of the highest kind, but he stained his laurels by uncalled-for cruelty. After gaining 36 bat- tles, he was entirely defeated by Gustavus Adolphus, at Brettenfield, Sept. 7. 1631 ; and being wounded by a cannon-ball in a subse- quent engagement, he died in 1632. TILLY, Alexander de. Count, was de- scended from an ancient family in Nor- mandy, and born in 1754. He entered young into tlie army, and was a zealous royalist from the commencement of the French re- volution. In 1792 he exerted his best abili- ties in defence of Louis XVI., subsequently emigrated, returned with the Bourbons in 1814, was compelled to leave France again on Buonaparte's escape from Elba, and put an end to his own existence at Brussels, in 1816. He was the author of some spirited political essays, " (Euvres melees," "De la Revolution Fran^aise en 1794," &c. TILLY, Lieutenant-general the Count de, was also a native of Normandy, but of a different family from the preceding. Be- coming a partisan of the revolution, he was made a colonel of cavalry in 1792 ; was sent, in 1793, to oppose the Vendeans, over whom he gained some advantages ; subsequently commanded the army of the Sambre and Meuse ; and was governor of Brussels, in 1796. He served in Austria, Prussia, Poland, and Spain, under the imperial government ; and having accepted an appointment during the hundred days, was not employed after the second restoration of the Bourbons. Died, 1822. TIM^US, a Pythagorean philosopher, was a native of Locris, in Greece, and is styled by Plato "a most diligent inquirer into all the works of nature." .TiMJius, a Greek historian, banished from Sicily by Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. He wrote a " History of the Wars of Pyrrhus," a " Gene- ral History of Sicily," &c. — - Tim^eus, the Sophist, author of a " Dictionary of Platonic Phrases," who is supposed to have flourished about A. D. 400. TIMOLEON, an illustrious Greek, was bom at Corinth, about four centuries before tim] ^ ^eti) BniUviKl Mia^npf)^, [tip the Cluistian era. He early exhibited marks of intrepid courage and a hatred of tyranny; which he carried to such a pitch, that, ac- cording to Plutarch, he stood by while his brother Timophunes, who would not resign his usurped autliority, was assassinated. Wiien tlie Syracusans solicited the aid of the Corinthians against an invasion of the Carthaginians, he was appointed to command the auxiliary forces, and, by a happy mixture of valour and prudence, succeeded not only In restoring Syracuse to liljerty, but he brought tlie whole island of Sicily into a more prosjierous and tranquil state than it had been in for many years. He fixed his abode at Syracuse, and lived as a private citizen, distinguished only by his influence " ■ ■ ■ to his ■ ■ ""■ ' B. c. ;W5. and the respect paid virtues. Died, TIMON, a Greek poet and philosopher of Peloponnesus, was the disciple of Pyrrho, and lived in the third century n. c. He wrote a number of comedies, tragedies, and satiric dramas ; besides his satires, called " Sillse," which are still in part extant. TIMON, the Misantlirope, was born near Athens, b. c. 420. It is related of him that he took a great pleasure in Alcibiades ; and being asked the reason, said, " because I foresee that he will one day be the ruin of the Athenians." TIMOTEO, DA UnBiNo, an eminent painter, was bora at Urbiuo, in 1470, and died in 1524. TIMOTHEUS, the most celebrated lyric poet and musician of antiquity, was a native of Miletus, in Caria, and flourished at the court of Philip and his son Alexander. To him is attributed the completion of the lyre by four additional strings. TINDAL, Matthew, a controversial writer, was born at Beer-ferris, in Devon- shire. He received his education at Oxford, and was induced to turn Romanist in the reign of James II., but returned to the wor- ship of the church of England, and took the oaths at the Revolution. Died, 1733. His works are, "The Rights of the Christian Church " and " Christianity as Old as the Creation." TINDAL, Nicholas, nephew to the fore- going, a divine, miscellaneous writer, and translator and continuator of Rapin's His- tory of England. Born, 1687 ; died, 1774. TINDAL, Sir Nicholas Conynoham, lord chief justice of the court of common pleas, was born in 1777, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and having become a student of Lincoln's Inn, he commenced practice as a special pleader, and in 1809 was called to the bar. He entered parliament in 1824, as member for the Wigton district of burghs ; and in 1826 he was made solicitor- general, and knighted. When Sir John Copley, who had represented the university of Cambridge, was raised to the office of lord chancellor, in 1827, Sir Nicholas Tindal contested with Mr. Bankes the honour of representing his alma mater, and was re- turned by a considerable majority. Two years afterwards he was promoted to the chief justiceship, which position he occupied till his death. Died, July 6. 1846, in the 70th year of his age. aia TINDAL or TYNDALE, Wu.liam, one of the reformers, was born in 1500 ; studied at Oxford ; but was obliged to leave that university on account of having imbibed the doctrines of Luther. He then withdrew to Cambridge, where he took a degree, and soon after went to reside as a tutor in the family of Sir John Welch, near Bristol. While in this capacity, he translated Eras- mus's ** Enchiridion Militis Christiani," into English ; but, in consequence of his opinions, articles were preferred against him before the chancellor of the diocese, and he received a reprimand. Upon this he withdrew to London, and next to Antwerp, where he translated the New Testament into English. This version was printed in 1526, and the greater part being sent to England, the pre- lates Warham and Tunstall bought up all the copies they could procure, and caused them to be burnt. By means of the money thus received, Tyndale was enabled to print a new edition in 1534 ; after which he began a translation of the Old Testament, in which he was assisted by Miles Coverdale ; but they proceeded no farther than the Pentateucli. Through the interference of the English government, Tyndale was apprehended at Antwerp, and, in 1.536, being brought to trial at Augsburg, he was condemned to the stake, whicli sentence he quietly endured, being first strangled and then burnt. His last words were, " Lord, open the king of Eng- land's eyes ! " TINTORETTO, a celebrated painter, whose real name was Giacomo Robusti, was born at Venice, in 1512. He studied under Titian, the style of whose colouring he endeavoured to unite with the compo- sition of Michael Angelo ; and though he was far inferior to either of those great masters, he rose to high reputation, and was much employed. Died, 1594 His daughter Maria, who died in 1.590, was dis- tinguished as a portrait painter. TIPPOO 8AIB, sultan of Mysore, the son of Hyder Allj', was born in 1749, and suc- ceeded to the throne in 1782. He continued the war in which his father was engaged with the English, until the peace of Paris (1783), which deprived him of the assistance of the French ; and the alliance of the Mahrattas with the British induced him to sign the treaty of Mangalore, in 1784, on ad- vantageous terms. He, however, never ceased to cherish the hope of expelling the British from Hindostan, and carried on repeated wars with our native allies. At length the Marquis Cornwallis, in 1792, compelled him to sue for a peace, which was granted on his paying a large sum of money, ceding part of his territories, and giving up his two sons to the English as hostages. Still implacable, he continued his plots against the English. The result was a second and final war, which terminated in 1799, by his death at the storming of Seringapatam. TIPTOFT, JoHx, earl of Worcester, a patron of learning in the 15th century, was appointed lord-deputy of Ireland by Henry VI., and afterwards became lord hijjh con- stable and lord hi^h treasurer. After this lie went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and on his return presented many valuable tik] ^ |2clD ^nihtr^aX 3SiograpIji;. [tom manuscripts to the university of Oxford. On the temporary reverse of fortune ex- perienced by Edward IV. and the house of York, he was accused of cruelty in liis I.ish administration, particularly towards two infant sons of the Earl of Desmond, and condemned to lose his head on Tower Hill, which sentence was executed, Oct. 18. 1470. He wrote many works, and was the great 1 patron of Caxton the printer. I TIRABOSCHI, GiROLAMO, an eminent Italian author, was bom at Bergamo, in 1731 ; entered into the society of the Jesuits ; was librarian and counsellor to the Duke of Modena, who knighted him ; and died in 1794. His chief production is, " The His- torv of Italian Literature," 16 vols. 4to. TISCHBEIN, the name of several German artists, of tlie 18th century, all possessing considerable merit, but none of them suffi- ciently eminent to demand a separate notice here. TISSOT, SiMOx An-drew, an eminent physician and medical writer, was born at Grancy, in the Pays de Vaud, in 1728. He was chiefly distinguished by his successful treatment of the confluent small-pox. He wrote several excellent professional works, was three years medical professor at Pavia, and refused advantageous oiFers made him by the kings of England and Poland to quit Lausanne, where he died in 1797. His works were collected by himself, and form 10 vols. TITIAN, or TIZIANO VECELLI, an unrivalled portrait and landscape painter, was born in 1480, at Capo del Cadore, in Friuli i was a pupil of Zucchati and Bellini, and improved his original style by studying the works of Giorgione. He was patronised and highly honoured by Charles V., who on one occasion, when the painter dropped his pencil, took it up, and said, "Titian merits to be served by Casar." He lived to the age of 96, his powers continuing undiminished almost to the last ; his works are conse- quently numerous, but they still retain their rank among the highest efforts of tl\e art. He chiefly resided at Venice, where he died of the plague, in 1576. TITUS VESPASIANUS, a Roman em- peror, was bom a. d. 40 ; and though his youth was tainted with the vice of dissipa- tion, he happily disappointed the gloomy predictions of the people when he came to the throne, a. d. 79, by the wisdom and beneficence of his government. The Ro- mans did not, however, long enjoy the blessings of his administration, Titus having been seized with a violent fever, which carried him off in the 41st year of his age, after a reign of little more than two years, A.D. 81. TOBIN, John', a dramatic writer, was born at Salisbury, in 1770, and bred to the law ; but the stage had more attractions for him than the attorney's desk. He was the author of "The Honey Moon" and » Curfew." Died, 1804. TOD, James, a lieutenant-colonel in the service of the East India Company ; author of "Annals of Rajast'han" and "Travels in Western India," the latter of which was scarcely completed when he died, Nov. 1835. Colonel Tod surveyed Rajpootana, and com- pleted his magnificent map in 1815 ; and it was by him" that the name of Central India was originally given to that important and interesting tract of country. He was a sound scholar, indefatigable in researcli and en- thusiastic in his zeal to benefit the people for whom he laboured. TOFINO DE SAN MIGUEL, a Spanish astronomer, was born at Carthagena, in 1740 ; entered the naval service, and became brigadier-general of the marine forces. During the American war he was employed in surveying the Spanish coasts, and died in 1806. He is the author of "Astronomical Observations made at Cadiz," and other works. TOLAND, JoHx, a deistical writer, was born in 1669, at Londonderry, in Ireland. He was originally a Roman Catholic, but became a dissenter, and lastly a sceptic. In 1696 he published " Christianity not Mysterious ; " a work which excited much notice, and gave rise to an almost intermi- nable controversy. This was followed by various other publications, political, po- lemical, and philosophical ; besides "Na- zarenus, or Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity," " Pantheisticon," " Tetra- dymus," "Amyntor, " and a "Life of Milton." Toland was employed on secret missions to various German courts, and received many valuable presents, particu- larly from Prince Eugene. Died, 1722. TOLER, JoHX, Earl of Norbuky, chief justice of the court of common pleas in Ire- land, was bom in 1745, at Beechwood, in the county of Tipperary. He was called to the bar in 1770 ; appointed king's counsel in 1781, solicitor-general in 1789, attorney- general in 1798, during which year he wa» actively engaged in the prosecution of the Irish rebels ; and was advanced to the chief justiceship of the common pleas in 1800, with the title of lord Norbury. This high office he retained till 1827, when, on his re- tirement, he obtained a pension of 3046?., and was advanced to the title of viscount Glan- dine and earl of Norbury. He died in 1831. He was an able judge ; but he was chiefly known from his reputation for wit and drollery, and was consequently compelled to appear as the parent of many an illegiti- mate pun in the newspapers. It is perfectly true, however, that " Lord Norbury's jokes " were sprinkled very thickly with his law, and the Dublin court of common pleas was often thronged with idlers attracted by the amusement which was to be found in the sallies of wit and repartee so freely bandied about from judge, counsel, and witnesses. TOLIilUS, James, a physician, was bom near Utrecht, in 1030. He became profes- sor of eloquence and Greek at Branden- burg, and died in 1696. Among his works are, "Epistolse Itiuerariaj " and "Fortuita Sacra." In this last he evinced an extra- ordinary degree of credulity, by supposing that the secret of the philosopher's stone was concealed xmder the mythology of paganism. TOMLINE, George, an eminent English prelate, whose family name was Prettyman, was born at Bury St. Edmund's, in Suffolk, in 1750. He was senior wrangler at Cam- tom] a fim Wmberi^al 38t0jirajpljy. [tor bridge, in 1772 ; and having been chosen a fellow of Pembroke College in 1781, he served the office of moderator. He had been the academical tutor of Mr. Pitt, who, on becom- ing chancellor of the exchequer, made him his private secretary, gave him the living of Sudbury, and a prebend of Westminster, and, in 1787, raised him to the see of Ijincoln ; from which, in 1820, he was translated to that of Winchester. In 1799 he published a work, entitled " Elements of Christian The- ology," 2 vols. ; and in 1812 appeared his •' Refutation of the Charge of Calvinism against the Church of England." He also published the "Life of the Right Hon. Wil- liam Pitt." He took the name of Tomline, in consequence of a person, to whom he was almost unknown, having bequeathed him a very considerable fortune on that special condition. TOMLINS, Elizabeth Sophia, a poetess, novelist, and miscellaneous writer, was born in Loudon, in 1768. She wrote " The Victim of Fancy," and other novels ; " Tributes of Affection," and much fugitive poetry in vari- ous periodicals. She also translated the first history of Napoleon Buonaparte that ever appeared in this country, and part of An- quetil's Universal History. Died, 1828. TONE, Theobald Wolfe, an Irish re- volutionary politician, and founder of the " Society of United Irishmen," was born in Dublin, in 17(53, and was bred to the bar. In 1790 he published a pamphlet, the object of which was to expose the mismanagement of the English government regarding Ire- land ; and, in 1793, he established the society above mentioned. He afterwards became involved in a treasonable correspondence with France, but made a sort of compromise with the British government, and was al- lowed to withdraw himself. He accordingly went to America in 179o, from whence he proceeded to France in the following year. By his persuasions, the French directory fitted out an expedition, consisting of 17 sail of the line, 13 frigates, &c.. with 14,000 troops on board, and upwards of 40,000 stand of arms, besides artillery and warlike stores. Tone was appointed chef de brigade, under Ge- neral Hoche, the commander-in-chief. They set sail Dec. 15. 1796 ; but, before they had all reached their destination (Bantry Bay), a hurricane arose, in consequence of which three ships of the line and a frigate only re- mained together. This bold attempt being thus frustrated by the elements, the scattered ships made the best of their way back to France, and Tone was foiled in all his future endeavoiurs to persuade the French govern- ment to undertake another expedition on a large scale. But he still persevered in those plans which he conceived would lead to a separation of Ireland from Great Britain ; and he at length embarked in one of those petty armaments, the inefficiency of which, he thought, perhaps, might be remedied by his own courage and experience. He was taken prisoner in the Hoche, after fighting bravely in a desperate action, was tried by a military commission, and sentenced to be hanged. The execution of his sentence, however, he avoided, by cutting liis own throat in prison, Nov. 19. 1798. TOOKE, John Horne, a politician and philologist, who for many years was known by his family name of Home, was born in Westminster, in 1736 ; was educated at West- minster and Eton Schools, and St. John's College, Cambridge ; and in 1 760 was inducted to the cliapelry of New Brentford. The clerical profession being little suited to his habits and feelings, he took an active part in politics, and became the partisan of Wilkes ; till, on founding the " Society for supporting the Bill of Rights," a quarrel arose between them, each charging the other with venality and hypocrisy. In 1771 he was fiercely attacked by Junius ; but he defended him- self with spirit and success against that formidable writer. Resigning his living at Brentford, he studied the law at the Tem- ple, but his ecclesiastical character proved an obstacle to his being admitted to the bar. He was a warm opponent of the Ame- rican war ; and, in 1775, was prosecuted, and sentenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine, on the charge of having libelled the king's troops in America. He defended himself with his characteristic spirit and acuteness ; and out of this circumstance arose his " Letter to Dunning." which formed the basis of his subsequent philo- logical work, " The Diversions of Purley," published in 1786. In 1790 he stood, in- effectually, as candidate for Westminster, as he did again in 1796. In the year 1794 he was committed to the Tower on the charge of high treason, founded on the presumed objects of the corresponding societies to over- throw the constitution ; but had the good fortune, along with the other persons accused at the same time, to be acquitted ; and he appears to have been much more cautious afterwards in the choice of his companions. In 1801 he was returned to parliament for Old Sarum, but he sat only during that session, a bill being passed to render clerical persons ineligible as members of the House of Commons for the future. His latter days were cheered by easy circumstances, and he died at Wimbledon, in 1812, aged 76. TOOKE, Rev. William, a miscellaneous writer, was born in 1744, at Islington. He was originally a printer ; but, in 1771, he obtained episcopal ordination, and was appointed minister of the church at Cronstadt. In 1774 he became chaplain to the factory at St. Petersburgh ; and, after residing there many years, he returned to his own country, and died in 1820. His principal works are, " Va- rieties in Literature," 2 vols. ; " The Life of Catharine II.," " A View of the Russian Empire," " A General History of Russia," and translations of Lucian and Zollikoffer's Sermons and Prayers. TOPLADY, Augustus Montague, a zea- lous advocate for the Calvinism of the church of England, was born at Famham, in Surrey, in 1740; was educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Dublin ; and died, vicar of Broad Henbury, in Devonshire, in 1778. Toplady was a strenuous opponent of Wesley, and brought a large share of meta- physical acuteness into the Calvinistic con- troversy. His works form 6 vols. TORDENSKIOLD, Petek, whose family name was Wkssel, was a celebrated Danish admiral, born in 1691, at Drontheim, in Nor- way ; anfl was killed in a duel, in 1720. For his gallant exploits his sovereign gave him the nameof Tordenskiold, compounded from words signifying thunder and sliield. Among his achievements were the capturing of a Swedish squadron in the port of Dynekiln, and the taking of the town of Marstrand and the citadel of Carlstein. I TORELLI, GirsEi-PE, an Italian writer, I was bom at Verona, in 1721. Besides the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages, he was well acquainted with French, Spanish, and English ; and lie had also an extensive knowledge of antiquities ; but hia favourite study was the mathematics, of his profi- ciency in which a proof has been given in his edition of the works of Archimedes, printed in folio, at Oxford. He died in 1781. Torelli translated ^sop's Fables into Latin, and the first two books of the ^neid into Italian. TORENO, Count Jose de, known also as the Vicomte de Mattarosa, a distinguished Spanish statesman and historian, was horn at Oviedo, 1786 ; bore a share in all the troubles of his country in the early part of this century ; and was repeatedly proscribed I by the despotic advisers of Ferdinand VII. But on the accession of the queen he once more returned to Madrid, where he was nominated minister of finance, and soon afterwards of foreign affairs, which he held till 1835. His latter years were spent at Paris, where he published his interesting " Histoire de Soul&vement d'Espagne." TORF^US, THERMoniis, a Danish his- torian, was born in Iceland, in 1640 ; edu- cated at Copenhagen, and was afterwards ap- pointed historiographer for Norway. Among his works are, " Historia Rerum Norvegi- arum," 2 vols. ; " Series Dynastarum et Begum Daniaj," and "Historia Vinlandia3 AutiqufE." TORQUEMADA, Thomas de, the first inquisitor-general of Spain, whose memory is rendered infamous for barbarity, was born in 1420. He was a monk of the order of St. Dominic, became inquisitor-general in 1483, and died in 1498. During the exercise of his power, in the course of 16 years, it is said that no less than 8800 victims were committed to the flames, 90,000 were con- demned to perpetual imprisonment and other severe punishments, and above 800,000 Jews were banished from Spain. TORRE, FiLipro del, an Italian prelate and antiquary, who was bom at Ciudad de Friuli, in 1657. He became bishop of Adria, where he died in 1717. His principal writings are, " Monumenta veteris Antii," "Tauro- bolium Antiquum," and " De Annis Imperii M. Antonii Aurelii Heliogabali." TORRE, Giovanni Maria dklla, an eminent natural philosopher, was born at Rome ; studied at the Clementine College ; became professor of philosophy and the mattiematics at Ciudad de Friuli ; and after- wards, settling at Naples, was appointed librarian to the king, superintendant of the royal printing office, and keeper of tlie museum. He made great improvements in the magnifying power of microscopes, and published works on " Natural Philosophy," " Microscopical Observations," &c. Died, 1782. TORRENS, Sir Henhy, adjutant-general, was born at Londonderry, in 1779 : received his education in the military academj' at Dublin ; entered as an ensign in the 52nd regiment of foot ; and, going to the West Indies, was early distinguished for bravery in actual service, and for courage in en- during hardships. He afterwards served in Holland, where he was wounded ; next proceeded to join tlie army in Egypt ; thence embarked at a port of the Red Sea for Bombay ; but being seized with a coup-de- soleil, he was obliged to take his passage to England. The ship touched at St. Helena, where, recovering his health and spirits, he married Miss Patton, the governor's daughter. He was present at the attack on Buenos Ayres, and gave his testimony on the trial of General Whitelock in a manner that evinced his judgment and integrity. He was ap- pointed secretary to Sir Arthur Wellesley, .and accompanied him to Portugal. In Marcli, 1820, Sir Henry was made adjutant- general, in which situation he revised the army regulations, and introduced many essential improvements. Died, 1828. TORRICELLI, Evangklista, a cele- brated Italian mathematician, was bom in 1608, at Facnza ; began his education under the Jesuits there, and completed it at Rome ; was invited to Florence by Galileo, and succeeded that eminent man as professor of mathematics. The grand-duke also ap- pointed him his mathematician. He wrote several geometrical works, and to him science is indebted for the invention of the barometer. TORRIGIANO, Pietro, a Florentine sculptor, of great eminence, was born in 1472. Being a fellow student with the fa- mous Michel Angelo Buonarotti, a dispute arising from a jealousy with respect to their comparative proficiency, terminated in blows ; one of which, from the hand of Torrigiano, broke the bridge of his anta- gonist's nose. While in the zenith of his reputation he went to England, which he afterwards quitted for Spain, and there fell into the hands of the Inquisition, being de- nounced as guilty of impiety and sacrilege in breaking to pieces a statue of the Virgin, which he had himself executed for a noble- man, who afterwards refused to pay him an adequate price. He was condemned to the stake, but avoided the torture of a public execution by starving himself in prison, previously to the celebration of the auto da f&, in 1522. The beautiful tomb of Henry VII., in Westminster Abbey, is the work of Torrigiano. TORRIJOS, Don Jose Maria, a Spanish patriot, who served against the French during the war of independence, and, gra- dually passing through the inferior posts, obtained the rank of colonel on the field of battle. He was in dissrace after the return of Ferdinand VII. ; biit, in 1820, the Cortes made him field-marshal, and chief com- mandant of Navarre and the Basque pro- vinces. When the French invaded Spain, Torrijos held out to the last : he signed the capitulation of Carthagena after Cadiz had : tor] ^ ^cto ^ntberiSal 3Bi03TapTby' [tow surrendered, and gave up hia arms to General Mina ; but having subsequently resolved to renew hia efforts for the liberation of Spain, he quitted his asylum at Gibraltar, and on repairing to Malaga, he and his companions were made prisoners, tried by a court-martial, and shot. TORRINGTON, Geokoe Byno, Viscount, was the son of Jolm, the fifth Viscount Torrington, and was born in London, in 1768. He was entered a midshipman on board the Thunderer at 10 years of age, and was present in the action between Admiral Keppel and the Count d'Orvilliers, on the 27th July, 1778. He joined the flag-ship of Sir Edward Hughes, in the East Indies, and was in the actions with M. Souffcrin. In June, 1795, lie was made post-captain ; in 1797 he had the command of the Galatea frigate, in which he captured a French cor- vette, and some armed vessels ; but ill health compelled him to resign the command in 1802. In December, 1812, his uncle, tlie fourth viscount, died, to whose title his father succeeded ; but he dying 14 days after, Captain Byng became Viscount Torrington. He at that time commanded the Warrior, in which ship he conveyed the Prince of Orange from the Downs, in Nov. 1813, and landed him at Schwelling. After that service, he convoyed a fleet of merchant ships to the West Indies. During that period a pro- motion took place, which made him rear- admiral of tlie blue, and he was made vice- admiral in 1821. He died in 1831. TORSTENSON, Leonardo, Count, a celebrated Swedish general, was born in 1595 ; commenced his career as page to Gustavus Adolphus, and was rapidly pro- moted for his military talent by that mon- arch, and distinguished himself on numerous occasions during the tliirty years' war. Died, 1054. TOSCANELLA, Paul, an astronomer of the 15th century. He erected in the cathe- dral of Florence the famous gnomon, of which father Ximenes published a curious description. Died, 1490. TOTILA, king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, succeeded to the throne in 541. He overran Italy, and took possession of Rome. At length the emperor Justinian, resolving to free Italy, recalled Belisarius from the Per- sian war, and dispatched a powerful army to its relief, under the able and valiant Narses, with which he advanced directly towards Rome. The opposing forces met, and a furious battle took place ; the army of Totila was totally vanquished, and being overtaken in his flight by a party of Gepidse, their commander, Asbad, ran him through the body with a lance ; and with him ex- pired the revived glory of the Goths in Italy, A. D. 552. TOTT, Francis, Baron de, a French negotiator and officer, was born, in 1733, at Chamigny, and after having served in the army, was employed in the French embassy at Constantinople. In 1767 he was appointed consul in the Crimea. He subsequently went back to Constantinople, and was charged by the grand seignor to carry into effect various important reforms in the mili- tary department. He was promoted on hia return to France, but emigrated in 1790, and died 1793. TOURNEFORT, Joseph Pitton de, an eminent botanist, was bom in 1()56, at Aix, in Provence. He manifested very early in life a love of botany ; studied medicine and anatomy at Montpelier ; travelled in various parts of Europe and Asia ; was professor of physic in the royal college, and of botany in the king's garden at Paris, and died in 1708. The method established by Tournefort was founded upon the varieties of the petals of flowers, taken in conjunction with the fruit ; and it soon became highly popular from its facility. Among his works are, "Voyages in the Levant," " Elements of Botany, ' and a " History of Plants in the neighbourhood of Paris." TOUSSAINT L'OTJVERTURE, a cele- brated negro chieftain, of great courage, intelligence, and activity, was born in 1745, at St. Domingo. His early years were spent in slavery on the estate of Count Noe, where his excellent conduct attracted the attention of M. Bayon de Libertas, the agent of the estate, who taught him reading, writing, and arithmetic. When the general rising of the blacks took place, the abilities and courage of Toussaint soon raised him to the highest rank among them. By his wise and vigorous measures, he succeeded in expelling the Eng- lish, reducing the Spanish part of the island, and restoring peace and order in the colony; for which the central assembly of St. lio- mingo voted him the dignity of president for life. The first care of Toussaint was to form a system of civil policy suited to the state of tlie colony ; for which purpose he introduccid many useful regulations, tending to improve the moral state of the blacks, and to induce habits of industry among them. By these means the colony began to revive, and was rapidly advancing in prosperity under the administration of this negro chief, when sud ■ denly the whole state of affairs was changed. Anxious to recover so valuable a colony, Buonaparte, in 1801, despatched General Leclerc with a fleet and army : a desperate contest ensued ; and, after a short but brave resistance, Toussaint was overcome. He was sent a prisoner to France, and died in the fortress of Joux, in 1803. TOWERS, Joseph, a political and mis- cellaneous writer, was born, in 1737, in Southwark, where his father was a dealer in second-hand books. He was, successively, a printer, a bookseller, and a preacher among the Unitarians ; received the degree of LL.D. from the university of Edinburgh, and died in 1799. Among his works are, " British Biography," a "Life of Frederic, King of Prussia," "A Vindication of the Political Opinions of Mr. Locke," " Observations on the Rights and Duties of Juries," and many political and other tracts. He also con- tributed to Dr. Kippis's edition of the Bio- graphia Britannica. TOWGOOD, Matthew, a dissenting minister, bom in 1750, at Axminster, in Devonshire, where his father was a physi- cian. He was the author of " The Dissen- ter's Apology," " High-flown Episcopal and Priestly Claims freely examined," &c. In 1701 he became the head of an academy at tow] ^ JJcfio Winibtr^Kl SStOfirajj^M?. [tre Exeter, for the education of dissenting ministers ; and died, aged 92, in 1792. TOWNLEY, Chaules, an English an- tiquary and collector, was born of an ancient family at Townley Hall, in Lancashire. He resided many years at Rome, where he em- ployed himself in collecting the remains of ancient art ; and having formed a museum, replete with valuable manuscripts, medals, vases, urns, &c., he purchased two houses in Park Street, Westminster, for their recep- tion. The Townley marbles are now in the British Museum, of which Mr. Townley was a trustee. Died, 180.5 His uncle, Joun Townley, was an officer in the French ser- vice, and honoured with the order of St. Louis. He translated Hudibras into French, and died in 1782. TOWNSEND, JoHtf, founder of the deaf and dumb asylum, was bom in London, in 1757. He settled as a minister to an inde- pendent congregation at Kingston, in Sur- rey, whence, in 1784, he removed to Ber- mondsey, where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. With the assistance of the Rev. H. C. Mason, paro- chial minister of Bermondsey, he, in 1792, founded tlie institution for the deaf and dumb children of indigent parents ; which excellent charity obtained such efficient patronage, that, in 1807, an edifice, since much enlarged, was erected under the aus- pices of the late Duke of Gloucester. Mr. Townsend also actively assisted in the for- mation of the Missionary Society, the Fe- male Penitentiary, and other religious and charitable associations ; besides instituting a congregational school, for the gratuitous I education of the children of necessitous dis- senting ministers. He was a coadjutor with the Rev. Mr. Mason in his " Family Bible," and was the author of " Hints on Sunday Schools and Itinerant Preaching," "Nine Discourses on Prayer," &c. Died, 182(5. TOWNSEND, Joseph, a physician, di- vine, and writer, was bom about 1740 ; was educated at Caius College, Cambridge ; studied physic under Dr. CuUen, at Edin- burgh, but became chaplain to Lady Hun- tingdon, and obtained the living of Pewsey, Wilts. He was eminent as a scholar, mine- ralogist, and conchologist ; and was the author of " Travels in Spain," " The Phy- sician's Vade Mecum," "A Guide to Health," " Sermons," and " The Character of Moses as an Historian established." Died, 1816. TOWNSON, Dr. Thomas, a distinguished clergyman of the established church, was a native of Essex, and born in 1715. Through the influence of Dr. Porteus, bishop of I^on- don, he obtained some valuable church pre- ferment, of which the livings of Hatfield, Peverill, and Mai pas were a part. He published several devotional tracts of great merit, a series of sermons on the Gospels, and a posthumous treatise on evangelical history. Died, 1792. TRADESCANT, Johx, a Dutch natu- ralist, traveller, and antiquary, who, after visiting various parts of Europe, settled in England, established at Lambeth a garden of exotics, and was appointed gardener to Charles I. He died about 16.52. His son John, who died in 1CG2, published, with the 833 title of "Museum Tradescantium," a de- scription of his father's collection of curio- sities, which have since formed the nucleus of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. TRAILL, RoBEUT, a presbyterian divine, was born at Ely, in the county of Fife, in 1642. He was educated at Edinburgh, but afterwards went to Holland, whence he re- turned in the reign of Charles II., and suf- fered imprisonment under the conventicle act. On gaining his liberty, he removed to London, and became minister to a con- gregation of dissenters. He was a rigid Calvinist, and his works are very popular among persons of that persuasion Dr. James Tkaill, his grandson, conformed to the established church, and became bishop of Down and Connor. Died, 1783. TRAJAN, a Roman emperor, celebrated in history for his mild and equitable govern- ment, and for his valour in the field. He was born a. d. 52, and died in 117. During his reign the Roman empire was at its greatest extent. TRAPP, Joseph, a divine and poet, was born in 1679, at Cherington, in Gloucester- shire ; was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, at which university he was profes- sor of poetry ; became evening lecturer at St. Martin's church, London ; rector of llar- lington, Middlesex ; and died in 1747. His principal works are, a blank verse trans- lation of Virgil's uEneid, " Prselectiones Poeticas, " " Sermons, " " Mi cellaneous Poems," "Abramule, " a tragedy; and a Latin translation of jfilton's Paradise Lost. He was strongly attached to high church principles, was an eloquent preacher, and, besides the works before mentioned, was the author of several polemical treatises. TRAVIS, GEOiiGE, an English divine, who dfttinguished himself by some acute letters to Mr. Gibbon, in which he strenu- ously maintained the genuineness of the controverted passage in 1 John, chap. v. 7. Died, 1797. TREBY, Sir Geokge, an able judge and lawyer, was born at Plympton, in Devon- shire, in 1644 ; became a commoner of Exeter College, Oxford ; studied in the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar. He also sat in parliament for his native place ; and, in 1681, was appointed recorder of London, and knighted. Of this office he was deprived in 1685, but recovered it at the revolution, and successively became solicitor and attorney-general, and chief justice of the common pleas. Died, 1702. TR-EilBIJEY, AiiRAiiAM, an eminent naturalist, was born in 1700, at Geneva. After having been tutor to the families of Lord Bentinck and the Duke of Richmond, he returned in 1757 to his native city, where he became one of the members of the great council. He first acquired notice as a na- turalist by his "Memoirs on Fresh Water Polypes," and was admitted into the Royal Society, and other learned bodies. He also wrote " Instructions from a Father to his Children on Nature and Religion," " In- structions on Natural and Revealed Reli- gion," and "Inquiries into the Principles of Virtue and Happiness." Died, 1784. TRENCIIAllD, John, a political writer tre] ^ llclu Sluifafr^al MiaQrnn\)\j, [tro of tlie Whig party, son of a seci-etary of state to William III., was bom in 1669, in Somer- setshire ; quitted the bar, and was appointed commissioner of forfeited estates in Ireland ; and died in 1723. lie wrote " The Natural History of Superstition " and various politi- cal tracts and pamphlets ; and, in conjunc- tion with Gordon, was the translator of Tacitus and Cato's Letters. TRENCK, FKEnERic, Baron von, a Prus- sian oflSeer, celebrated for his adventures and misfortunes, was born in 172(>, at Ko- nigsberg, and made such rapid progress in liis studies, that, at the age of 17, he was presented to the king as a student who was well worthy the royal patronage. Frederic rapidly advanced him in the army, and manifested much regard for him ; but the accomplishments of Trenck having won the heart of the Princess Amelia, the king's sister, he resolved to punisli him. He was imprisoned in the fortress of Galtz, but con- trived to effect his escape. He then visited the north of Europe, Austria, and Italy. In 1758 he was seized at Dantzie, and was conveyed to Magdeburg, where, loaded with irons, he was for years incarcerated. On procuring his liberation, in 1763, he withdrew to Vienna ; after which he went to Aix-la- Chapelle, where literature, politics, and com- merce alternately engaged his attention. He next went to reside at his castle of Zwerbeck, Iti Hungary, and while there he published his own " Memoirs." In 1791 he settled in France ; and in 1794, having been charged with being a secret emissary of the king of Prussia, he closed liis eventful career under the axe of the guillotine. TRESHAM, Henry, a painter and poet, was born in Ireland, and was a pupil of West, of Dublin. He resided in Italy 14 years, durin» which he greatly improved himself in the art, and made a valuable collection of articles of virtCl, and on his return to England he became a royal aca- demician. He was the author of three poems, " The Sea-sick Minstrel," " Rome at the close of the Eigliteenth Century," and " Britannicus to Buonaparte." TRESSAN, Louis Elizabeth de la Veugxe, Count de, a distinguislied French officer and writer, was born in 1705, at Mons ; entered the army in 1723 ; was con- spicuous for his valour during several cam- paigns, particularly at the battle of Fonte- noy ; was appointed grand marshal of the court of Stanislaus at Lorraine in 1750 ; was admitted into the French academy in 1781, and died in 1783. His works, published in 12 vols., contain his miscellaneous pieces, and his translations of Amadis de Gaul, the Orlando Furioso, and several old French romances. He did not, however, wliolly confine himself to subjects of mere amuse- ment, but produced a "Treatise on Elec- tricity," and some other works pf science. TRIBONIAN, a celebrated Roman law- yer, was born about the beginning of the 6th century, at Sida, in Pamphylia ; obtained reputation at the bar ; and rose, through a succession of state offices, to those of a prae- torian prefect, and ccnisul. The emperor Justinian intrusted to him the superintend- ence of his new code of laws, the result of which was the celebrated Digest and Pan- dects, which would have transmitted his name with honour to posterity, had not his rapacity and venality been at least e<iual to his talents. Died, 547. TRIMMER, Sarah, a literary lady, of an active and intelligent mind, the daughter of Joshua Kirby, who wrote on perspective, was bom in 1741, at Ipswich, and was early initiated in classical as well as in English literature. She wrote a variety of useful works, well calculated to promote the dif- fusion of education, and died in 1810. TRISSINO, Giovanni Giorgio, an Ita- lian poet, was born in 1478, at Vicenza ; was educated at Rome and Milan ; was employed by Leo X. and his successor, Clement, on various diplomatic missions, and died in 1558. Among his works are, " Tlie Deliver- ance of Italy from the Goths," an epic poem ; a treatise on the " Art of Poetry," and the tragedy of " Sophonisba." TRISTAN L'HERMITE, Francis, a French dramatic poet, was born at Souliers, in La Marche, in 1601, and died in 1649. TRIVET, Nicholas, an English Domi- nican, was the son of Sir Thomas Trivet, chief justice of the king's bench. He was educated at Oxford, and was the author of " Annales Regum Angliie." Died, 1328. TROGUS POMPEiUS, a Roman histo- rian, was born in Gallia Narbonensis, and lived in the reign of Augustus, in whose court his father was an officer. Trogus wrote a " Universal History," of which there is an abridgment by Justin. TROLLOPE, Anthony, a barrister-at- law, the husband of the celebrated Mrs. Trollope, whose sketches and novels have attained so much popularity. Died at Bruges, 1835. TROMP, Martin Harpertzoon tan, a celebrated Dutch admiral, was born in 1.597, at Brill ; began his naval career at an early age, and was taken prisoner in a combat with an English privateer, on board which he continued two years. He subsequently entered the service of the states-general, and became admiral of Holland. He defeated the Spaniards in 1637 and 1639 ; fought with great gallantry against the English, during the war which began in 1652 ; and was killed in the engagement in 1653 Cornelius TnoMP, son of the preceding, who was bora in 1629, and died in 1691, emulated the fame of his father, particularly in the fourth day's action in the Downs, in June, 1666. After the conclusion of peace, in 1675, Tromp made a visit to Loudon, where he was honourably received by Charles II., who created him a baronet. TRONCHIN, Theodore, an eminent physician, was bora in 1709, at Geneva ; and being maternally related to Lord Boling- broke, he was sent to England, to be edu- cated at Cambridge. He studied medicine under Boerhaave, at Leyden ; and having taken the degree of M. D., he first settled at Amsterdam, and afterwards at his native •city ; but subsequently removed to Paris, on being appointed physician to the Duke of Orleans. Tronchin was a man of consum- mate skill in his profession, and of great benevolence. He was the friend of Voltaire, TRO] ^ ^tto UnihtrUKl ma^vupf)^. [tuc Rousseau, and many other celebrated cha- racters, who have eulogised his talents and his virtues in their writings. Died, 1781. TROTTER, Thomas, M.D., an eminent medical writer, was a native of Roxburgh- shire, and educated at the university of Edinburgh. After being duly qualified, he was appointed a surgeon in the navy, in 1782 ; obtained his doctor's degree at Edin- burgh, in 1788 ; was appointed physician to the royal hospital at Portsmouth, in 1793, and, in the following year, physician to the fleet. He introduced many improvements into the medical discipline of tlie navy ; was indefatigable in his endeavours to mitigate the pernicious effects of the scurvy ; and was completely successful in repressing a putrid fever which broke out among the French prisoners taken on the 1st of June, 1794. On his retirement from the public service, he settled at Newcastle as a physician ; and died there in 1832. lie wrote many useful works, of which the following are the prin- cipal : " Medical and Chemical Essays," "Medica Nautica, or an Essay on the Diseases of Seamen," a " Practical Treatise on Nervous, Bilious, Stomach, and Liver Complaints," an "Essay on Drunkenness," a " Review of the Medical Department of the British Navy," "The Noble Foundling," a tragedy ; a volume of poems, &c. TROY, Francis de, a French painter, was born at Toulouse, in 1645 ; and died, at Paris, in 1730. His principal perform- ances are in the Hotel de Ville, of Paris, and the church of St. Genevifeve, in the same city. TRUCHET, John, a French mathema- tician, was born in 1657, at Lyons. On entering into the order of Carmelites, he obtained the name of father Sebastian ; but, notwithstanding his monastic life, he de- voted a considerable part of his time to scientific and mechanical pursuits, particu- larly hydraulics, which occasioned liis being consulted in the making of the grand canal of France. He also contributed, by his dis- coveries, to the improvement of various manufactures. TRUEBA, Don Telesforo de, a Spa- niard, who, on the overthrow of the consti- tutional party, came, with his mother, to England, where he was educated. He was a man of very considerable talent, as may be seen by his having written dramas in Spanish, French, and English, which were produced at the different national theatres with success. Amongst his English dramatic pieces were the popular farces of " Call again To-morrow " and " Mr. and Mrs. Pringle ;" besides some comedies, which were not equally successful. He also wrote " The Castilian," " The Incognito," " Paris and London," " Salvador the Guerilla," and other novels ; and was a frequent contributor to many of the periodicals. In 1834 he re- turned to Spain, with many of his more dis- tinguished countrymen, and was soon after elected a member of the Chamber of Procu- radores, and secretary to one of the com- mittees. Died, aged 31, 1835. TRUMBULL, Sir William, an eminent statesman, was born at East Hempstead, in Berkshire, in 1638. He studied at Oxford, 840 and having taken the degree of doctor of laws, was admitted a civilian in the Commons. After this he was employed in state affairs, and in 1C84 received the honour of knight- hood. He went on diplomatic missions to France and Constantinople ; was subse- quently made a lord of the treasury and secretary of state ; and died in 171C. Sir William was the friend of Dryden and the patron of Pope, in whose correspondence are many of his letters. TRUSLER, Dr. JoHx, was born in Lon- don, in 1735 ; was brought up as an apothe- cary, but got into orders, and for a time officiated as a curate. He published abridg- ments of popular sermons, printed in imita- tion of manuscript, for the use of the pulpit : this turned out a profitable speculation, and led to his commencing business as a book- seller, by which, and the numerous compi- lations he produced, he realised a good for- tune. Died, 1820. TRYPHIODORUS, a poet, who, accord- ing to Suidas, was a native of Egypt, and is supposed to have lived during the 5th cen- tury. He is called the Grammarian ; and wrote a poem, in Greek, on the destruction of Troy. TSCHIRNER, Henry Theophilus, an eminent German theologian and pulpit orator, was born, in 1778, near Chemnitz ; was professor of theology at Wittemberg ; and died in 1828. He wrote " The Fall of Paganism," " Christian Apologetics," " A. Treatise on Catholicism and Protestantism, considered in a Political Point of View," &c. TSCHIRNHAUSEN, Ehrenfked Wal- THEK VON, a German geometrician and experimental philosopher, was born in 1651, in Lusatia, and was lord of Killengswald and Stolzenberg, in that country. He studied at Leyden ; and, after having served in the army, and travelled, he de- voted himself to scientific pursuits. He established several glass houses to improve the glass used for optical instruments, con- structed an enormous burning mirror, gave rise to the manufacture of Saxon porcelain, and discovered a particular kind of curve, endowed with very remarkable properties, called, after him, Tschirnhausen's Caustics. He wrote "De Medioina Mentis et Cor- poris," and some plulosophical papers. Died, 1708. TUCKER, Abraham, a metaphysical writer, was born in 1705, in London ; and was educated at Merton College, Oxford ; tlien studied at the Inner Temple, but was not called to the bar. His great work is " The Light of Nature pursued," 7 vols., of which the first half was published by him- self, under the fictitious name of Edward Search, esq., and the remaining volumes : were printed after tlie death of the author, which occurred in 1774. TUCKER, JosiAH, a shrewd writer on | political economy, was born in 1712, at Langham, in Caermarthenshire ; was edu- cated at St. John's College. Oxford ; and was successively curate of All Saints and rector of St. Stephen's, Bristol, minor canon and prebendary in the cathedral, and dean of Gloucester. During the American war he published many pamphlets, and strenuously TUC] ^ ^fU) ^KuilJcriSfal MiaQvn^^yi, [TDK recommended the separation of the colonies from Great Britain, as conducive to their mutual interest. He died in 1799. Among his works are, " A Treatise on Civil Govern- ment," " Sermons," " Elements of Com- merce," and " An Apology for the Church of England." TUCKER, St. Geokoe, an American lawyer and statesman, distinguished in his own country by the title of " The American Blackstone," was a zealous promoter of the independence of the United States, and bore a part in its accomplishment, not oxily with his pen, but his sword. Died, 1828. TUCKEY, JAMii:s Hinostox, a nautical writer, was born in 1778, at Greeuhill, in the county of Cork ; entered the navy at an early age, went to India in 1794, was employed in surveying the coast of New South Wales, was taken prisoner by tlie French in 1805, and remained in captivity till 1814. He was then selected to command the expedition for exploring the river Congo, where he died, in 1816. He was the author of " Maritime Geo- graphy," 4 vols. TULL, Jethro, an agricultural writer, was a native of Oxfordshire, and born about 1680. He studied at the Temple, and was admitted a barrister ; but, returning from his travels, he settled on his paternal estate, and devoted himself to agriculture. TuU is the inventor of the horse-hoeing system of husbandry, on which he wrote a valuable volume. This was reprinted by Mr. Cobbett, and warmly espoused by him. TULHUS HOSTILIUS, the third king of the Romans, who succeeded Numa Pom- pilius, and died, b. c. 640. TULLY, Geoeoe, a learned divine ; author of a " Discourse on the Government of the Thoughts," and several sermons and tracts against popery. Died, 1697. TULLY, TuoiiAS, a learned divine and controversial writer, was born at Carlisle, in 1620, and died in 1676. Dr. TuUy wrote " Logica Apodeictica," " Prsecipuorum The- ologia," and several controversial pieces against Dr. Bull and Mr. Baxter, on the subject of justification. TULP, Nicholas, an eminent physician and distinguished patriot, was born at Am- sterdam, in 1593. He not only rose to emi- nence in his profession, but being elected burgomaster of Holland at a very advanced age, he so strenuously encouraged his coun- trymen in their resistance to the unprin- cipled invasion of Holland by Louis XIV., in 1672, that a silver medal was struck to his honour, with the motto, " Vires ultra eor- temque senectaj." TUNSTALL, or TONSTAL, Cuthbert, an eminent English prelate, was born at Hatchford, in Yorkshire, about 1474. He held various appointments, legal and eccle- siastical ; in 1516 he was made master of the rolls, and the same year was sent ambassador, with Sir Thomas More, to the emperor Charles V. then at Brussels. In 1522 he was made bishop of London, in the following year appointed keeper of the privy seal, and in 1530 he was translated to the see of Dur- ham. Under Edward VI. he was sent to the Tower, where he remained till the acces- sion of ilary, when he obtained his release, 841 and was restored to his bishopric. He con- ducted himself with great moderation during this sanguinary reign, and would not suiter any Protestants to be molested in his diocese. On the accession of Elizabeth he was again deprived, and committed to the custody of Archbishop Parker, at Lambeth, where he died in 1559. TUNSTALL, Jame.s, a learned divine, was born about 1710, and died in 1772. Dr. Tunstall wrote " Discourses upon Natural | and Revealed Religion," and other works. j TURBERVILE, Gkouge, an English j poet, was born at Whitchurch, in Dorset- i shire, about 1530. After being educated at . Winchester and New College, Oxford, he went as secretary to Sir Thomas Randolph, ambassador at the court of Russia, of which country he wrote a description, in three poetical epistles. He published " Songs and [ Sonnets," translations of the " Heroical Epistles of Ovid," and "Tragical Tales." Died about 1600. TURENNE, Henry de la Touk d'Au- VERONE, Viscount de, an illustrious French commander, born in 1611, at Sedan, was the second son of the Duke of Bouillon, and of Elizabeth, daughter of William I., prince of Orange. He studied the art of war under his uncle, Prince Maurice of Nassau, and, in 1634, received the command of a French regiment. Having, by repeated services, obtained a marshal's baton with the chief command of the army in Germany, he crossed the Rhine, and after a train of skilful operations and brilliant victories, concluded the peace of the Pyrenees. In 1667, Turenne renounced the Protestant re- ligion, which measure is rather supposed to have proceeded from ambitious than pious motives. On the renewal of the war with Holland, in 1672, he took forty towns in less than a month, drove the Elector of Branden- burg to Berlin, and compelled the imperial j army to recross the Rhine. He sullied his j glory, however, by his barbarous conduct in I the Palatinate, which country he utterly j devastated by lire and sword. In 1675 he j was opposed to Montecuculi, and they were j about to come to an engagement at Sassbach, | in Baden, when Turenne, while reconnoitring 1 for the purpose of finding a place for the erection of a battery, was killed by a cannon- ball, July 27. 1675. TURGOT, Axne Robert Jacques, an eminent French statesman, was born at Paris in 1727. He studied at the Sorbonne, and was intended for the church, but relin- quished the clerical profession, and in 1761 was appointed iutendant of Limoges, which office he held for twelve years. In 1774 he was made comptroller general of the finances, and did much to free commerce from its many fetters, and to encourage industry ; but his benevolent views were thwarted by intrigues, and he was removed in 1776. Died, 1781. TURNER, Dr. Edward, M. D., F. R. S., professor of chemistry at University Col- lege, London, was born at Jamaica, in 1797 ; was educated in England, graduated as doctor of medicine in Edinburgh, and after- wards spent two years at Gottingen, under Professor Stromeyer, in close application tub] ^ 0sbi 2anil)n*^al ISiosrHpT)!). [twe to the kindled sciences of chemistry and ! mineralogy. He was appointed professor of chemistry in the London University on its foundation in 1828 ; and from his talents and indefatigable exertions, his moral qualities and amenity of temper, he was admirably calculated for the situation he so ably filled. As a writer he will long be known by his '• Elements of Chemistry." Died, 1837. TURNER, Fkancis, bishop of Ely, was one of the seven bishops prosecuted for re- j sisting the royal authority in ecclesiastical ! affairs under James II. ; yet he refused to j take the oath of allegiance to William III., and was consequently deprived of his bene- fice. Died, 1700. He wrote " Animadver- ! sions on Naked Truth," and was answered ] by Marvell, who gave him the title of " The I Divine in Mode." The bishop was also the author of a " Vindication of Archbishop Bancroft and the rest of the deprived Bishops." TURNER, Samuel, a traveller and diplo- matist, was born in Gloucestershire, about 1749. He entered the military service of the East India Company, and having attracted the favourable notice of Governor Hastings, was sent on an embassy to congratulate the new potentate of Thibet, in 1783. In the war with Tippoo Saib, this officer distin- guished himself at the siege of Seringapatam; and being afterwards sent ambassador to the sovereign of Mysore, acquitted himself so much to the satisfaction of the Company, that they rewarded lum with a handsome present. He returned to England, and pub- lished his "Account of an Embassy to the Court of the Teshoo Lama in Thibet," &c. Died, 1802. TURNER, SirAUOx, the well-known his- torian of the Anglo-Saxons, was born in London, 1768. He was principally educated at Pentonville, and having chosen the law for his profession, he was articled to an at- torney in tlie Temple at the age of 1.5. The death of his master before his articles of clerkship were expired left him free to decide on his future career ; but at the suggestion of an old client, who promised him support, he took up the business, and notwithstanding the great amount of time occupied by his literary pursuits, he continued to conduct a large professional business, which he trans- mitted to his family. His chief works, or rather series of works (for they were pub- lished separately"), are, the " History of Eng- land from the earliest Period to the Death of Elizabeth," and the " Sacred History of the World;" they have been repeatedly reprinted, and may be now said to form part of the standard literature of the country. Shortly before his death he published a poem, en- titled " Richard III." Died, 1847. TURNER, William, an English natu- ralist and divine of the 16th century, was born at Morpeth, in Northumberland ; was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge ; be- came dean of Wells, and died in 1568. He wrote, among other things, a " History of Plants," wliich is the earliest English herbal. TURPIN, FitA.NCis Henry, a French historian, was bom at Caen, in Normandy, in 1709. He wrote " La France illustre, ou le Plutarque Fran^ais," 4 vols. ; and other works on biography and history. Died, 1799. TUSSAUD, Madame, the well-known pro- prietress of the wax-work collection in the metropolis, was born in Berne, 1760. Adopted by her uncle, M. Curtius, an artist in Paris, she repaired thither early in life, and soon became, under his care, so proficient in the fine arts, that she received the appointment of drawing-mistress to the family of Louis XVI., whose sufferings she witnessed, and in some measure participated. In 1802 she came to England, and commenced her exhi- bition, travelling with it from town to town ; but in 1812, while crossing over to Ireland, the vessel in which she had embarked, was wrecked, and her goodly collection fell a prey to the waves. Nothing daunted by this disaster, the enterprising artiste began the world anew, with what success, all who have beheld her interesting exhibition, which is justly considered one of " the sights" of the metropolis, can testify. Died, April 16. 1850. TUSSER, Thomas, an early georgical poet, was born about 1515, at Rivenhall, in Essex. After having been a chorister at St. Paul's, he was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge ; spent 10 years at court under the patronage of Lord Paget, and then became a farmer in Suffolk, where he composed a book on husbandry, and dedicated it to his patron. His work is in homely verse, and is entitled "Five Hun- dred Points of Good Husbandry." Died, about 1580. TUTCHEN, JOHX. a political writer, dis- tinguisiied for his boldness and virulence. At the time of Monmouth's rebellion, he published a pamphlet in his favour, for which he was tried, and sentenced by Judge Jeffries to be whipped through all the prin- cipal market towns in the west of England. He petitioned the king that his sentence might be commuted to hanging, and he was at length pardoned. Yet, so forgetful was he of tlie favour he had been shown, that, on the death of James II., he wrote an invec- tive against the unfortunate monarch. Died, 1707. TUTHILL, Sir George, was a physician of some eminence, whose practice latterly had been chiefly confined to diseases of the brain, though at one time he was a popular lecturer on the practice of physic. At the time of Buonaparte's c!etention of the English during the short peace of 1801, Dr. Tuthill and his lady were among the number ; but after several years' captivity they obtained their liberty, the lady having purposely encountered the chief consul and his suite on their return from hunting, and presented a memorial which had been prepared for the occasion. Died, 1835. TWEDDE, John, a highly accomplished scholar, was born in 1709, at Threepwood, near Hexham ; was educated first at Hart- forth School, Yorkshire ; next under Dr. Parr ; and, lastly, at Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; gained several prizes at the uni- versity, became a student of the Middle Temple, began his travels in 1795, witli a view to accomplish himself as a diplomatist; and, after remaining abroad four years, died suddenly at Athens. It was known that 842 TWi] ^ ^ctjj Mntljcr^al JJt0ffrap!)fi. [xys he had amassed large materials with a view to publication ; but the manuscripts of the observations which lie made in his journey were unfortunately lost. T WISS, Horace, whose name will long be remembered in social, literary, and political circles, was the eldest son of Francis Twiss, esq., author of a verbal index to Shakspeare, and of Frances, second daughter of Roger Kemble, the father of the illustrious family of the Kembles and the Siddonses. Called to the bar in 1811, he travelled the Oxford circuit for some years, and became one of its most distinguished leaders ; but he sub- sequently attached himself to the equity courts, and Jiad he continued to devote him- self exclusively to his profession, there can be no doubt that he would have attained to forensic, or even judicial, eminence. His political life commenced in 1820 as member for Wootton Bassett. lie represented this borough for ten years, during which he reaped great distinction for his business talents, and his speeches in favour of Catho- lic emancipation and law reform. On the formation of the Duke of Wellington's admi- nistration in 1828, he was appointed under- secretary to the colonies, having previously been counsel to the admiralty and judge advocate during Lord Liverpool's admi- nistration. In 1830 he sat for Newport ; but the reform bill, which he earnestly opposed, may be said to have cut short his parlia- mentary career, for though he represented Bridport from 1835 to 1837, he could not establish a durable hold on the constituency, and all his subsequent attempts to obtain a seat in parliament proved abortive. From this period he devoted his talents to the press. He occasionally contributed leading articles to the Times j and to him is owing the plan now generally adopted by the daily press, of giving a summary of the speeches in the Houses of Parliament in addition to the reports. In 1844 he received the appoint- ment of vice-chancellor of the duchy of Lan- caster. From an early age, Mr, Twiss had been devoted to literary pursuits. When a young man, he gained great distinction by slight dramatic productions, poetry, and jeux-d'esprit of every description ; and these were followed at intervals by various other publications, chiefly on constitutional sub- jects ; but his literary fame rests on his ela- borate "Life of Lord Eldon," which will long be consulted, not merely as one of the best biographies ever written, but as a reper- tory of the most remarkable political trans- actions of the era to which it refers. In private life, Mr. Twiss was no less esteemed than in the world of literature and politics. In feeling he was a perfect gentleman. His amiable manners aud convivial talents made him every where a welcome guest ; while his own hospitality was unboundedly shared by a wide circle of friends, among whom were many of the most distinguished persons in the country. Died, 1849. TWISS. RiCHAUi), an English traveller, bom in 1747, was a man of fortune, and spent several years in visiting various parts of the Continent. He died in 1821. Among his works are, " Travels through Spain and Tortugal," " A Tour in Ireland," " A Trip 843 to Paris in 1792," "Anecdolea of Chess," and " Miscellanies." TWY8DEN, SirRooER, the second ba- ronet of the family, was born at East Peck- ham, in Kent, in 1597. His father. Sir Wil- liam, accompanied James I. to England, and was created a baronet. Sir Roger, who was an excellent antiquary, suffered severely from his attachment to the royal cause. Besides contributing to Philpot's Survey of Kent, and the publication of the " Decern Scriptores," he was the author of " The His- torical Defence of the Church of England." Died, 1672. TYCHSEN, Glaus Gerharp, a celebrated Danish scholar, was born in 1734, at Ton- dern ; and became professor of oriental languages, and librarian, at Rostock. lie wrote several able works on the Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac tongues. Died, 1815. TYRREL, James, an historian and poli- tical writer, was born in 1642, in London ; was educated at Queen's College, Oxford ; studied in the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar, but never practised i)r()fes8ion" ally. He is the author of a " General His- tory of England," and other works. Died, 1718. TYRT^US, an ancient Greek poet, cele- brated for his martial strains, who flourished about B. c. C80, is said to have been a native of Miletus, and to have settled at Athens. He was lame, and blind of one eye. In the war between the Lacedaemonians and Mes- seniana, the Spartans applied to the Athe- nians for a general ; and the latter, it is supposed, in derision, sent them Tyrtajus. The bard, however, so inspired the Si)artans by his warlike songs, that they reduced the Messenians to subjection. He was accord- ingly treated with great respect, and granted the rights of citizenship ; and the martial airs of Tjrtseus were constantly played in the Lacedaemonian army as long as that republic existed. TYRWHITT, Thomas, an eminent scho- lar and critic, was born at Westminster, in 1730, and was educated at Eton, and at Queen's College, Oxford. In 175G he was under-secretary in the war department ; and, in 1762, clerk to the House of Com- mons ; but he resigned his situation in 1768, in order to devote himself to literature. He was a fellow of the Royal and Anti- quarian Societies, and one of the curators of the British Museum. Among his works are, editions of "Chaucer's Canterbury Tales," 5 vols., and "Rowley's Poems," the latter of which he proves to be the com- position of Chatterton ; also "Dissertatio dc Babrio," " Notes on Euripides," &c. Died, 1786. TYSON, Edward, a physician, was born at Bristol, in 1649 ; and educated at Mag- dalen Hall, Oxford. He became a member of the College of Physicians and the Royal Society ; and he was physician to Bedlam and Bridewell Hospitals. Dr. Tyson was a very skilful anatomist and an able writer : he published " The Anatomy of a Porpoise," " Tiie Anatomy of a Pigmy, compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man, with a Philosophical Discourse concerning the Pigmies of the Ancients;" and several clever TYS] ^ i^etD ^uibcrM MiaQtK^l)v. [dda essays in the Philosophical Transactions. Died. 1708. TYSSENS, Peter, a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in 162.5. In historical com- position, it is said, he was very little in- ferior to Rubens. Died, ]()92 There were also two other painters of some note, of the name of Tyssens, but less eminent than the preceding. TYTLER, James, an eccentric, laborious, and able writer, was bom at Brechin, in Scotland, in 1747. His first work, entitled " Essays on the most important Subjects of Natural and Revealed Religion," was printed by the author himself, without any manu- script or notes whatever, but just as the ideas arose in his mind. His other principal works are, " A System of Geograph}'," a " Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar," a " History of Edinburgh," and a poetical translation of Virgil's Eclogues. He also edited several periodical works, viz. the Historical Register, the Gentleman and Lady's Magazine, the Weekly Review, &c., and contributed largely to the En- cyclopaedia Britannica. Having joined the society of the " Friends of the People," at the close of the last century, he was outlawed, and died in America in 1805. TYTLER, William, an historical and miscellaneous writer, was born at Edin- burgh, in 1711 ; was educated at the uni- versity of his native city ; followed the profession of writer to the signet ; and died in 1792. His principal work is, " An Histo- rical and Critical Inquiry into the Evidence produced against Mary,' Queen of Scots." He was also a contributor to the Transac- tions of the Edinburgh Antiquarian Society, of which he was one of the vice-presidents. TYTLER, Alexander Fraser, lord Woodhouselee, son of the preceding, was born in 1747, at Edinburgh, in which city he was educated. After having been professor of universal history at the university, and judge advocate for Scotland, he was raised to the bench, and took his seat as Lord Wood- houselee, in 1802 ; and on the elevation of Lord Hope to the president's chair in 1811, ! he was appointed a commissioner of jus- ' ticiary. Among his works are, "Decisions of the Court of Session," a treatise on I " Martial Law," " Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Universal History," " Elements of General History," " An Essay on the [ Principles of Translation," " An Historical j and Critical Essay on the Life of Petrarch," and "Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Lord Kaimes." Died, 1813. TYTLER, Patrick Fraser, an eminent historian, son of the preceding, was born, 1790. After the usual curriculum of a Scotch education, he was enrolled a member of the faculty of advocates in 1813. But he soon turned from the law to the pursuit of let- ters, his first adventure being a volume of travels in France in 1814 or 1815. But the work which first gave him a place of note in the world of letters, was his " Life of the Admirable Crichton " — an erudite, pleasing, and ingenious book, which reached a second edition in 1823. The same year saw the publication of another volume of the same stamp — "An Account of the Life and Writings of Sir Thomas Craig, of Ric- carton, including Biographical Sketches of the most eminent Legal Characters," &c. But the work by which his name has become most widely known, and by which it will go down to after generations, is his " History of Scotland," the first volume of which ap- peared in 1828, and the ninth and last in 1843. During the composition of his great work, he found leisure to give several others to the world. He contributed to Mr. Murray's Family Library one of the most delightful of all his writings, 3 vols, of "Lives of Scottish Worthies" (1832-3). For the Edin- burgh Cabinet Library, he wrote an " Histori- cal View of the Progress of Discovery on the more Northern Coasts of America" (1832), the " Life of Sir Walter Raleigh" (1832), and the " Life of Henry VIII." (1837) ; besides editing various otlier works, the materials for which he had collected in the state paper office. A pension of 200?. a year was conferred upon him a few years ago, during the administration of Sir Robert Peel. Mr. Tytler's constitution was never robust, and it gradually gave way under the exhausting labours of a literary life. During a linger- ing illness of mind and body, he wandered over the Continent in search of health, and returned to England, only to die in the land for the illustration of whose annals he had done much and contemplated more. Died at Great Malvern, 1849. TZETZES, John, a Greek poet and critic of the 12th century. He wrote " Allegories on Homer," " Miscellaneous Histories," &c., and was celebrated in his time for his pro- digious memory and great acquirements. u. XJBALDINT, Petruccio, a celebrated illuminator on vellum, in the Kjth century, was a native of Florence, and came to Eng • land in the reign of Elizabeth. His " Vita di Carlo Magno," which appeared in 1581, is said to be the first Italian book printed in this country. He also wrote a " Description of Scotland" and " The Lives of Illustrious Females in England and Scotland." TIDAL, Nicholas, bom in Hampshire, in 150G ; became headmaster of Westmin- ster School, and was notorious as a discipli- narian. He wrote several school books, and some comedies in Latin, but none of the latter are extant. UDAL, John, a learned orientalist, au- thor of" A Key to the Holy Tongue," being the first Hebrew Grammar printed in Eng- UDl] ^ ^eU) Winilittial ^iasvn^l^yi* [UEQ land. He was a rigid puritan, suffered much persecution, and died in prison in l.'>y2 His son Ephraim, who held the living of St. Augustine's, Watling Street, till deprived of it at the rebellion, was a zealous episco- palian ; and was alike remarkable for the extent of his learning and the rectitude of his life. He was the author of a " Treatise on Sacrilege," and died in 1()47. UDINA, Giovanni da, an Italian painter, bom in 1489, was a pupil of Giorgione and Raphael, and excelled in the grotesque. Died. 1502. UILKENS, James Albert, a Dutch na- turalist, was born near Groningen, in 1772. Among his numerous works are, an "Ele- mentary Treatise on Physics," a " Discourse on the Perfections of the Creator considered in the Creature," 4 vols. ; and a " Manual of Technology." In 1815 he was appointed to the chair of rural economy at Groningen, and died in 1825. ULLOA, Don Antonia, a Spanish ma- thematician, and commander of the order of St. Jago, was born at Seville, in 171(5, and I died in 1795. He was one of the mathema- I ticians employed in measuring a degree of i the meridian in Peru, in 1735 ; and remained j there 10 years. On his return, he was taken ; prisoner by the English, but was soon re- I leased. He published his " Travels," and a ! phvsico-historical work on South America. i Died, 1795. ULLOA Y PEREIRA, Lnuis de, a Spa- nish poet, who gained great reputation by 1 his sonnets in the reign of Philip IV. Died, 16G0. ULPHILAS, or WULFILAS, a Gothic bishop of the 4th century. He was deputed by the Goths, in 377, to obtain leave from the emperor Valens to settle in one of the Roman provinces. He translated tlie Evan- gelists, and some other parts of Scripture, into the Gothic language. ULPIAN, DoMiTius, an eminent Roman civilian, the tutor, friend, and minister of the emperor Alexander Severus, who made him his secretary and afterwards praetorian prefect. Having offended the soldiery by his reforms, they broke out into open mutiny, and Ulpian was murdered by them, in 226. Ulpian has obtained the praise of all llie heathens ; but the Christians accuse him of a determined enmity to them, which he carried so far as to collect all the edicts and decrees of the preceding sovereigns against them. ULUGH-BEIGH. or OLEG BEK, a Tartar prince of the 15th century, celebrated for his astronomical knowledge, was grand- son of Tamerlane, and was born in 1393. His real name was Mohammed Taragai. He formed a seminary, chiefly for the study of mathematics and astronomy, constructed an observatory at Samarcand, and was a patron of learning. After a reign of 40 years he was put to death, in 1449, by one of his sons who had rebelled against him. Science is indebted to him for a series of observations on the fixed stars ; and his works on chronology, geography, and as- tronomy were published in l>atin by Greaves. UNDERWOOD, T. K., an artist and geo- logist. He was the author of a " Narrative of Memorable Events in Paris during the Capitulation in 1814," and " Anecdotes of j Buonaparte's Journey to, and Return from, I Elba." Died, near Paris, 1835. j UNZER, John Augustus, a German ! physician, and an able writer on medicine and physiology, was born at Halle, in 1727. After engaging in practice at his native place and at Hamburgh, he established him- self at Altona, and arrived at the height of professional reputation. Among his works are, " A New Doctrine concerning the Move- ments of the Soul and of the Imagination," " Thoxights on Sleep and Dreams," " On the Sensitive Faculties of Animated Bodies," a " Manual of Medicine," and " The Physi- ology of Animal Nature." Died, 1799. UPTON, James, a learned divine, was born in Cheshire, in 1070, and died in 1749. He published an excellent edition of " As- cham's Schoolmaster," with notes ; also " Aristotle's Art of Poetry," and "Dionysius of Halicarnassus on Rhetoric." His son, James, was born at Taunton, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford ; after which he became rector of Risington, in Gloucester- shire, and prebendary of Rochester. His works are, an edition of " Epictetus ; " an- other of "Spenser's Faerie Queene" and "Observations on Shakspeare." Died, 1700. URBAN VIII., a celebrated pope, whose family name was Maffei BAiiBKKiNi, was born at Florence, in 1508. He studied the law at Pisa ; after which he entered into orders, and, in 1006, attained the rank of cardinal. In 1023 he was elected to the papal chair ; and proved himself a zealous advocate for the interests, spiritual and tem- poral, of the Roman church. He was also a patron of learning, and founded the college " De Propaganda Fide." No less than 74 cardinals were created by this pontiff. Died, 1044. URBAN, Ferdinand de St., an eminent artist, born at Nancy, in 1054. He became first architect and director of medals to pope Innocent XL, for whom and for his two immediate successors, he executed a great number of moulds or matrices of exquisite beauty. Died, 1738. URFE', IIoNoiiE r>\ a French romance writer, was born in 1657, at Marseilles. He distinguished himself as a soldier during the wars of ihe league, and as a negotiator at Turin and Venice. He is the author of the romance of Astrrea, which was o-ice exceed- ingly popular in France. Died, 1C25. URQUHART, Sir Thomas, of Cromarty, in Scotland, was a philologist and mathe- [ matician. He was a cavalier officer among 1 the followers of Charles II., and was present | at the battle of Worcester ; relative to which ', he published a piece, entitled " The Disco- j very of a most rare Jewel, found in the I Kennel of Worcester Streets," &c. He was ■ also the author of a work on trigonometry ; but the performance which he regarded as . his most admirable invention was called j " Logopandecteision, or an Introduction to [ the Universal Language." \ URQUIJO, Mariano Louis, Chevalier de, a Spanish statesman, born in Old Castile, i in 1708. He passed some of his early years ■ in England, and is supposed to have there ac- , 4C 3 URS] ^ f^elu Bnihtv^al aStnjjrapTjg. [VAD qnired those liberal notions in politics, which he afterwards displayed. During the minis- try of Godoy, he became secretary of state for foreign affairs ; but having at length offended the royal favourite, he was disgraced in 1800, and for several years closely confined in the citadel of Pampeluna. On the accession of Ferdinand in 1808, he was set at liberty ; followed the royal family to Bayonne, was afterwards minister of state, and died in 1817. URSINUS, Zachart, one of the early reformers, was born at Breslaw, in Silesia, in 1534. He studied at Wittemberg, where he acquired the friendship of Melanchthon, whom he accompanied to the conference at Worms. lie afterwards became master of the school at Breslau ; then went to Heidel- berg, wliere he obtained a professorship ; and died, professor of divinity, at Newstadt, in 1577 Tliere were several other divines of the name of Ursinus ; among whom may be mentioned Joux Henry, author of the " Rise and Progress of the Cliurches of Ger- many," &c., who died at Ratisbon, in 16G7. His son, George Henry, was eminent as a philologist, and published some able works on etymology, &c. Died, 1707. URSUS, Nicholas Ratmarus, a Danish mathematician, who died in 1600. He in- vented an astronomical system so like that of Tycho Brahe as to bring him into a dis- pute with that astronomer respecting the right of discovery. USHER, James, a celebrated prelate and historian, was born at Dublin, in 1580 ; was educated at Trinity College, and took orders in 1601. Soon after, he visited England to purchase books and MSS. for Trinity College library ; and, during his stay in London, Oxford, and Cambridge, he became ac- quainted with Sir T. Bodley, Sir Robert Cotton, Camden, Selden, and other learned men. In 1620 he was made bishop of Meath, and in 1624 was raised to the archbishopric of Armagh. The rebellion drove him from his see, and deprived him of every thing but his library and his liberty. To the cause of Charles I. he was warmly attached, and fre- quently preached before that monarch at Oxford. He died in 1656, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Archbishop Uslier is the author of many learned works ; among which may be mentioned, " De Ecclesiarum Christianarum Successione et Statu," " Britannicarum Ec- clesiarum Antiqxiitates," " Annals of the Old and New Testament," and " Chronologia Sacra." USTARIZ, Jerome, a Spanisli writer on political economy, who died about the middle of the 18th century. His "Theory and Practice of Commerce and Navigation " has been translated both into the French and English languages, and is regarded as a valuable work. USTERI, Leonard, a Swiss writer on education, was born at Zurich, in 1741. The reform in the schools and gymnasiums, ef- fected in 1773, were chiefly owing to his ex- ertions. He was keeper of the public library, and member of the philosophical society at Zurich. Died, 1789. UTENIIOVIUS, Charles, a polemical and political divine, bom at Ghent, about i 1536. On the death of queen Mary he vi- j sited England, and wrote in defence of the j reformed religion, and of Elizabeth's right I to the throne, which raised him high in her favour. He died at Cologne, towards the end of the 16th century. UVEDALE, Ror.ERT, LL.D., an eminent botanist, was born in London, in 1642 ; and was educated at Westminster School, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a good classical scholar, and became master of the Foundation School, at Enfield, where his botanical garden was cultivated with great care, and contained a number of choice ex- otics. Dr. Uvedale assisted Dryden and his associates in translating Plutarch's Lives. The date of his death is not known. UWINS, David, M. D., an eminent phy- sician and medical writer, was bom in Lon- don, in 1780. After going through a regular course of hospital instruction, and completing his studies at Edinburgh, he commenced practice as assistant-physician to the Fins- bury Dispensary ; subsequently settled at Aylesbury ; and, returning to London shortly after he had married, was elected physician to tlie City Dispensary in 1815. He parti- cularly directed his attention to mental dis- eases ; and an essay on " Insanity and Mad- houses," in the Quarterly Review for July 1816, established liis power as a medical writer. He also wrote "Reports" in the Monthly Magazine, and afterwards became editor of the Medical Repository. In 1828 he was appointed physician to the lunatic asylum at Peckham, and published a work on " Insanity," which was eagerly read. But his last production, a pamphlet on " Homoeo- pathy," is supposed to have injured his pro- fessional reputation. He died in September, 1837. UZ, John Peter, an eminent lyric poet of Germany, who held the office of assessor of the tribunal at Nuremberg. Died, 1796. VACCA, Flaminio, an Italian sculptor of the 16th century, who was employed by Sixtus v. in restoring and beautifying the public edifices of Rome, of the antiquities of which city he wrote a memoir. VADE, John Joseph, a French farce and song writer, was a native of Ham, in Picardy. He was the first who introduced, on the French stage, the coarse but expressive lan- guage of the Parisian mob ; and his comic operas, &c. exhibit all the low humour and vivacity of that class, whose manners he de- lighted in representing. He died, aged 37, in 1757. vah] ^ llctD Bnihtr^Kl SSiOffrap^w. [VAL VAHL, MAETiif, a Norwegian botanist, was born at Bergen, in 1749 ; studied natural history and botany under Linnxus ; and travelled over various parts of Europe and Africa. On his return, he became professor of botany, and inspector of the botanic garden at Copenhagen ; and died in 1804. He wrote "Symbolaa Botanicas," "Eclogas Americante," " Enumeratio Plantarum," and was the continuator of the "Flora Danica." VAILLANT, JoHx Foi, a celebrated Frencli medallist, was bom at Beauvais, in 1632. He first studied medicine, and took the degree of doctor of physic, but quitted that profession for the study of antiquities, and was employed by Colbert to travel in quest of medals for the royal cabinet. In 1674 he sailed from Marseilles for Italy, but was taken by the Algerines, and kept in slavery about five months, when he obtained his liberty, and twenty medals which had been taken from him. On his voyage home, the ship was chased by another corsair, and the dread of being again captured induced him to swallow his medals, which fortu- nately did him no serious injury. He after- wards travelled into Persia and Egypt, in I quest of medals and antiquities, greatly augmented the treasures of the king's cabinet, and published some excellent works on nu- mismatology. Died, 1706 Joujf Francis I Foi, his son, followed the pursuits of his I father. Died, 1708. j VAILLANT, Sebastian, who distin- guished himself as an able botanist, was born in 16G9, at Vigny, near Pontoise. He j was first a musician, next a surgeon, and I afterwards secretary to Fagon, physician to Louis XIV. By the interest of his patron he I became director of the royal gardens, where I he was made professor and demonstrator of t plants. His great work is the " Botannicon j Parisiense." Died, 1722. VALAZE, CiiAKLEs Eleoxork du Fkiche I DE, a native of Alengon, bom in 1751 ; one I of the Girondists in the French National j Convention, who, opposing the sanguinary violence of Robespierre, were suppressed anil I destroyed by him. When arrested on tlie 31st of May, 1793, with his colleagues, he was offered means of escape, but refused. At the moment that Herman, the president of the revolutionary tribunal pronounced I sentence of death on him and his friends, on j the charge of federalism, he poniarded him- self. His body, at the instance of the exe- crable Fouquier Tinville, was carried to the scaffold, and beheaded. The convention granted a pension to his widow and children, on the fall of Robespierre. I VAL CARCEL, Don Pio Antonio, count ' de Lunares, a learned Spanish antiquarian, , was bom in 1740, and died in 1800. lie left I some erudite dissertations on the inscrip- tions of Saguntum, and those of Carthagena j and Almazarron, in the Moorish kingdom of Murcia. VALCKENAER, Louis Caspar, an able philologist and critic, was born at Leeu- warden, in Friesland, in 1715 ; and became professor of natural history, Greek, and antiquities, at the university of Leyden, where he died in 1785. His works arc nu- 847 merous and erudite. — His son, Johx Valck- ENAER, who was profcssor of jurisprudence at Franeker, having joined the party against the house of Orange, was obliged to take refuge in France, but returned to Holland at the invasion of that country by the French, in 1795, and took a very active part in politics. He was subsequently employed in diplomatic missions to Prussia, Spain, and Paris. Died, 1820. VALDES, or VALDESSO, John, a Spa- nish military ofiBcer, who served under Charles V. and was knighted ; but he quitted the army and retired to Naples, where he formed a religious sect, and died in 1540. He wrote "Considerations on a religious Life." VALDEZ, Juan Melendez, a Spanish poet, was born at Ribera, in Estremadura. He wrote many pieces of Anacreontic poetry, and filled high offices in the legal adminis- tration of his country. Died, 1817. VALDO, Peter, founder of the sect called the Vaudois, or Waldenses, in the 12th century, was born at Vaux, in Dau- phiny, and acquired a fortune as a merchant of Lyons. The sudden death of a friend had such an effect on his mind, as to induce him to sell his property, give the produce of it to the poor, and devote the remainder of his life to acts of piety. Like the Quakers, he taught that the luity might conduct the ofiBces of religion without the intervention of priests ; but a heresy so obnoxious to the ecclesiastics soon met with the direst per- secution ; Valdo and his followers fled to the mountains of Dauphiny and Piedmont ; and the Waldenses were everywhere exter- minated, except in the three valleys of Piedmont, where a remnant of them still exists. VALENS, Flavius, a Roman emperor, bom in Pannonia, about a. d. 328, and ad- mitted to a share in the imperial authority by his brother Valentinian, in 364, when he took the "government of the East. He perished in a revolt of the Persians and Goths, whom he had previously subdued, A. D. 378. VALENTIN, Moses, an eminent painter, was born at Colomiers, in Brie, in 1600. His pieces are highly esteemed. Died, 1032. VALENTINE, Basil, an alchemist and chemical author in the 16th century. He published " Currus triumphalis Antimonii," , and similar works. VALENTINIAN L, Flavius, a Roman emperor, the elder brother of Valens, born in 321, in Pannonia ; succeeded Jovian in | 364, defeated the Alemanni and the Quadi, | and died in 375 Valentinian II., his son, succeeded to the empire with his brother Gratian, in 375 ; and had Italy as his share. He was dispossessed by Maximus, but was afterwards restored; and died, as is sup- posed, by strangulation, in 392 Valen- tinian III., Flavius Placidius, emperor of the West, was bom in 419, at Ravenna. Having intrigued with the wife of the pa- trician Maximus, he was assassinated, in revenge for the dishonour, in 455. VALERIAN,PuBLiusLiciNius,aRoman, who was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Rha^tia, in 254. He was defeated and val] ^ ^tla HniberiSal Mia^vKpl)^, [van taken prisoner near Edessa, by Sapor, king of Persia, wlio ordered him to be flayed alive. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, a Roman histo- rian, who lived in the reign of Tiberius. After having served in Asia, under Sextus Pompey, he devoted his leisure to the com - Ijosition of his " Dicta et Facta Memorabilia," a collection of anecdotes and observations. On the revival of literature, it was one of the earliest books which issued from the press after the invention of printing. VALETTE, JoH> Parisot de la, grand- master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was born in 1494, and succeeded to the grand-mastership in 1.557. He and his knights gallantly repulsed Solyman, tlie Turkish sultan, in his attempt to take Malta, in 15Co, compelling the besiegers to retire with a loss of 30,00(J men. Died, 1568. VALLA, Laurexce, one of the revivers of literature in the 15th century, was born at Rome, in 1406 ; became eminent as a pro- fessor at several universities, and engaged in many literary controversies with Poggio and others. Of his numerous writings, his trea- tise " De Elegantiaj I-atini Scrmonis " still maintains its reputation. Died, 1457. VALLANCY. or VALLANCE, a writer on the antiquities of Ireland, was born in 1721. During his residence in Ireland, as an officer in a corps of engineers, he assi- duously devoted himself to the study of the language, topography, and antiquities of that country ; made a survey of the island, for which he received lOOO;. ; and wrote a " Grammar and Dictionary of the Irish Language," "Collectanea de Rebus Iliber- nicis," &c. He attained the rank of a ge- neral, was a member of several scientific institutions, and died, aged 90, in 1812. VALLE, PiETEO DELLA, a celebrated tra- veller of the 17th century, was born at Rome, in 1586, of a noble family. His travels, though not free from credulity and a love of the marvellous, are highly interesting. He visited Turkey, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India, passing upwards of 11 years in these countries, and studying the languages and manners of the inhabitants. At Bagdad he married a beautiful Georgian, wlio ac- companied him on his travels until her death, at Mina, in Caramania, in 1022. Her death so affected him, that he caused her body to be embalmed, and took it about with him until his return to Rome, where he buried it with great magnificence, and pronounced the funeral oration himself. Died, 1652. VALLI, EusEBius, an eminent Italian physician, born at Pistoia, in 1762. He tra- velled to Smyrna and Constantinople, in order to make his observations on the plague; and tried the bold experiment on himself, to determine the efficacy of vaccination as a preservative from that dreadful malady. At length he fell a victim to his imprudence ; for in September, 1816, having gone to the Havannah, to add to his observations on the yellow fever, he purposely exposed himself to the influence of the contagion, and caught the disease, of which lie died. His works on the subjects he so closely investigated are considered valuable. VALPERGA DI CALUSO, Thomas des, a Piedmontese mathematician and astrono- mer, was born at Turin, in 1730. He first served in the navy, but quitted the pro- fession of arms 'for that of an ecclesiastic, and devoted much of liis attention to science. He was member of the grand council and director of the observatory of the university of Turin, a member of the legion of honour, &c. Died, 1815. VALPY, Dr. Richard, F. A. S., an emi- nent classical scholar, was a native of Jersey, and born in 1754. At 10 years of age he was sent to the college of Valognes, in Normandy, where he remained five years ; thence to the grammar school at Southampton ; and com- pleted his studies at Oxford, liaving been appointed to one of the scholarships founded in Pembroke College for tlie natives of Jersey and Guernsey. From Oxford he removed first to Bury St. Edmund's, and afterwards (1781) to Reading, where he had been unani- mously elected headmaster of the school founded by Henry VII. His unwearied in- dustry in discharging tlie duties of a public instructor was not confined to the school- room ; all the hours he could spare were spent in his study, and numerous elementary works of acknowledged excellence were the result of his praiseworthy exertions. About six years before his death he retired from his scholastic labours, when his youngest son, the Rev. F. Valpy, was elected as his successor. Died, 1836. VALPY, Edward, an eminent scholar, brother of the preceding, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; and, after hav- ing been assistant several years in the school at Reading, obtained the mastership of the grammar school at Norwich. He was rector of All Saints, Thwaite, and vicar of St. Mary, Walsham, Norfolk. He published " Elegantise Latinse " and other classical works. Died, 18.32. VANBRUGH, Sir John', a dramatist and architect, descended from a Flemish family resident in England, was born in 1672, and entered into the army. In 1697, his comedy of "The Relapse" was represented; and, in the following year, he produced "The Provoked Wife" and " ^sop," afterwards altered by Garrick. When Betterton and Congreve obtained a patent for erecting a theatre in the Haymarket, Vanbrugh wrote the " Confederacy," the most witty and li- centious of his productions. As an archi- tect, Vanbrugh was selected to build Blen- heim House ; and that structure, as well as Castle Howard, affords proof of skill and genius. He obtained the office of claren- cieux king-at-arms ; and, in 1714, received the honour of knighthood. He was also appointed comptroller of the board of works and surveyor of Greenwich Hospital. Died, 1723. VANCE, George, an eminent surgeon, who during the latter period of his life re- sided in Sackville Street, Piccadilly, was distinguished for his abilities in difficult cases, particularly in diseases of the stomach and liver. He acquired great reputation for his skill early in life, and was one of the resident surgeons of Haslar Hospital, near Gosport, for 17 years. His death occurred j van] ^ i^eto ^Sniber^al ISiograp^B. [van in consequence of an accident which hap- pened to him while in attendance on one of his patients, a Mr. Broadley, residing in Lower Grosvenor Street. Mr. Vance had on a previous visit to this gentleman found him in a state of such excitement as to recom- mend his being placed under the charge of a competent attendant, which had accordingly been done ; but at his next visit, while in the act of walking up the stairs, Mr. Broadley suddenly rushed from his room, and coming in violent collision with him, he was preci- pitated to the bottom. He survived this melancholy event only six days ; " thus ter- minating," as his friend Dr. Willis truly observed, " a life of ardent devotion to the duties of his profession, and of exemplary conduct in all the social relations of life," March 27. 18.37. VANCOUVER, George, a circumnavi- gator, and captain in the British navy. He served as a midshipman under Captain Cook ; and a voyage of discovery, to ascer- tain the existence of any navigable com- munication between the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans being determined on, he was appointed to command it. " Van- couver's Voyage" was afterwards published by him. Died, 1798. VANDALE, Anthony, a Dutch theolo- gian, was bom in 1638. Among his various works are, dissertations " On the Progress and Origin of Idolatry," " On True and False Prophecy," &c. Died, 1708. VANDAMME, Dosiinique, a French ge- neral, born in 1771. He entered the military service very young, and was made general of division in 1799, after distinguishing him- self in the revolutionary campaigns of the Rhine. He served in most of Napoleon's campaigns with Austria in 1806-7-9 ; but was not in the Russian campaign of 1813, having been disgraced in consequence of some dis- pute with Jerome Buonaparte. But he had the command of the 32d division in 1813. With that corps he fell into an ambuscade at Kulm, his forces were nearly all cut to pieces, and himself, being made prisoner, was sent to Kasan, near Siberia. He was restored to freedom by the peace of 1814, but ordered to quit Paris in 24 hours. He joined Buonaparte during the hundred days, and served in Grouchy's division at the time of the battle of Waterloo. He made a skilful retreat, and offered the pro- visional government to defend Paris with the 80,000 troops he had saved and collected ; but was compelled by the negotiations to retire behind the Loire. In 1810 he was banished by ordonnance to Ghent, and af- terwards fixed his residence in the United States. By a subsequent ordonnance he was permitted to re-enter France, and put on half-pay in 1824. He died in 1830. VANDERVELDE, William, called the Old, a celebrated painter, was born atLeyden, in 1610. He excelled in marine subjects, and with his son, whose pursuits in art were similar to his own, he came to London, and received a pension from Charles II. At the great naval flght between tlie Duke of York and the Dutch admiral Opdam, Vander- velde sailed between the hostile fleets in a light skiff to mark their positions and observe 849 their operations ; and in this manner he is said to have been also a spectator of the memorable three days' engagement between Monk and De Ruyter. Died, 1693. His son, known as young Vandcrvelde, died in 1707. VANDYCK, Sir Anthony, the most emi- nent of all portrait painters, was bom at Antwerp, in 1598. He received his first in- structions from Van Balen, but afterwards became the favourite pupil of Rubens, who advised him to apply wholly to portrait painting, and to visit Italy. Accordingly he set out for that country, where he studied the colouring of Titian with such success as to excel Rubens in his tints, and almost to become the rival of the great master whose art he imitated. In the early part of the reign of Charles I. he came to England, obtained a pension, and was knighted. He lived in a splendid style, kept the first com- pany, and was himself a liberal patron of the arts. VAN DYK, Hahry Stoe, a poetical and miscellaneous writer, was born in London, in 1798. He was the author of " Theatrical Portraits," " The Gondola," a series of tales, and " Songs," set to music. He also contri- buted to Dr. Bowring's Batavian Anthology. Died, 1828. VANE, Sir Henry, the son of a baronet who was secretary of state, and treasurer of the royal household, was born in 1612 ; received his education at Westminster School, and at Magdalen College, Oxford ; after which he resided for a time at Geneva, and returned a republican and puritan. He then emigrated to America, and was elected governor of Massachusetts ; but becoming involved in religious disputes, he returned to England, and was appointed joint trea- surer of the navy. In 1640 he was elected member of parliament for Hull, and took an active part against the royalists. He I was the principal mover of the solemn j league and covenant, and also of the self- denying ordinance ; but he did not sit on the king's trial ; and he resisted Cromwell I to such a degree, that the usurper sent him to Carisbrook Castle. He afterwards strenuously exerted himself to establish a republican government, until the Resto- ration put an end to all further contest. On this event he had considered himself in no danger, but he was arrested and com- mitted to the Tower. Although accused only for transactions that occurred after the king's death, he was found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill, in 1662. After de- scribing his execution, Mr. Forster says of him, " one of the greatest and purest of men that ever walked the earth, to adorn and elevate his kind, liad left the world which was not worthy of him." VANINI, LuciLio, a Neapolitan, whose writings were deemed atlieistical, was born in 1585. After travelling through Germany, Holland, and England, he went to Toulouse, where he was arrested, and condemned by the parliament to be burnt alive. He wrote " Amphitheatrum Sterna! Providentise " and " De Admirandis Naturae Arcanis," for which latter work he suffered in 1619. VANliOO, John Baptist, an eminent van] ^ ^eln WinibtviKl l5i03vapT;jj, [VAU painter, was bom at Aix, in Provence, in 1(584. He became painter to the king of Sardinia, and realised a good fortune, which he lost in tlie Mississippi scheme. He then came to England, and was the fashionable portrait painter of tlie day. Died, 1740 His brother, Charles Andkkw, whose per- formances are to be found in the churches of Paris, was also a celebrated painter. Died, 176.5. VAN MANDER, Charles, a painter, poet, and biographer, was born in Holland, in 1548 ; wrote several dramatic productions and " Lives of the Painters," and excelled both in liistorical and landscape painting. Died, ir>0.5. VAN MILDERT, Dr. William, bishop of Durham, a learned and pious prelate, was born in London, in 1705 ; received his edu- cation at Merchant Tailors' School, and at Queen's College, Oxford, and entered into holy orders in 1788, as curate of Sherbourn and Lewknor, Oxfordshire. He was after- wards curate of Witham, in Essex, and in 1796 obtained the rectory of St. Mary-le- Bow, London. His abilities as a preacher soon attracted public notice, and the atten- tion of learned men was particularly called to his " Boyle's Lectures," which, in tracing the rise and progress of infidelity, and in refuting its principles, display an extent of reading and a force of judgment never ex- celled. He was soon after presented with the vicarage of Farningham, Kent, by Arch- bishop Sutton, and he subsequently became preacher of Lincoln's Inn and regius pro- fessor of divinity at Oxford. In 1819 he was made bishop of Llandaff, and dean of St. Paul's in the following year. He then resigned his station at Oxford, which he had filled in the most efficient manner ; and on the death of Dr. Shute Barrington, in 1826, he was raised to the see of Durham. As a theological writer. Dr. Van Mildert stands in the first class ; his " Life of Water- land" is a luminous and comprehensive performance, filling up a chasm in our eccle- siastical history ; and many of his sermons are perfect specimens of pulpit eloquence and logical reasoning. While defending in his place in parliament those institutions by wliich the church and state are connected, he was invariably listened to with profound attention ; but the grand excellences of his character were manifested in his unbounded charity, and in his deep, habitual, and per- vading sense of religion. Died, Feb. 21. 1836. VANNI, Carlos, a Neapolitan, born in 1778, who, apostatising from the liberal principles of the junta of which he was a member, sold himself to their opponents, and became a spy of the ultra royalists in 1775. In this capacity he betrayed the sons of some distinguished families to the scaf- fold, under pretence of holding a lodge of political freemasons, at a place where he seduced and betrayed them. This wretch destroyed himself at Sorrento, in 1799, leav- ing a paper expressive of his remorse. VANSOMER, Paul, a portrait painter, was born at Antwerp, in 1576 ; and died in 1621. He resided in England many years, and was greatly encouraged by the nobility and gentry. VAN SWIETEN, Gerard, an eminent physician, was born at Leyden, in 1700. He went to reside at Vienna, and there laid the foundation of a medical school, established chemical lectures in one of the hospitals, enlarged the botanical garden, and prevailed upon the government to rebuild the univer- sity. His principal work is a " Commentary on the Aphorisms of Boerhaave," 5 vols. 4to. Died, 1772. VARGAS, Louis de, a Spanish painter, born at Seville, in 1502. Some of his per- formances, particularly his portraits, are allowed to possess very great merit. Died, 1.568. VARIGNON, Pierre, an eminent French mathematician, was bom at Caen, in Nor- mandy, in 1654. He became geometrician in the academy, and professor in the college of Mazarin, where he died in 1722. Among his works are, " Projet d'une nouvelle Me- chaiiique," " Des nouvelles Conjectures sur la Pesanteur," "Nouvelle Mt'clianique en Statique," 2 vols., " Un TraitiJ du Mouve- ment et de la Mesure des Eaux Courantes," "De Cahiers de Mathtmatiques," &c. VARIUS, a Latin poet, who was the in- timate friend of Virgil and Horace. Some of his fragments are in the Corpus Poe- tarum . VARRO, Marcus Terentius, a Roman writer, was born, b. c. 118 ; and died, B. C. 29. He dedicated to Cicero a treatise on the Latin language, and he wrote another, " De Re Rustica," which are extant, with some fragments of his Menippean Satires. VASARI, George, an Italian painter and architect, was born at Arezzo, in 1514 ; and died at Florence, in 1578. He wrote the "Lives of Celebrated Painters, Sculptors, and Architects." VAT TEL, Emmerich, a celebrated writer on international law, was born atNeufchatel, in 1714. His principal work is a " Treatise on the Law of Nations, or the Principles of Natural Law applied to tlie Conduct of States and Sovereigns," 2 vols. 4to. This work was particularly admired, from the predilection of the author for English au- thorities, while several of the maxims of Puffendorf and Grotius are ably refuted. Died, 1767. VAUBAN, Sebastien le Prestre, Seig- neur de, a marshal of France, and the most celebrated engineer that country has pro- duced, was born in 1633. He went into the army at an early age, and rose to the high- est honours of his profession. In 1668 he was appointed governor of Lisle ; ten years afterwards commissioner-general of fortifi- cations, and, in 1703, a marshal. He carried the art of fortifying, attacking, and defend- ing towns to a degree of perfection unknown before his time. He fortified above three hun- dred citadels, erected thirty-three new ones, had the management of fifty-three sieges, and was present in one hundred and forty battles. His works have a high character, but some have been published with his name, the genuineness of which are doubted. Died, 1731. VAUBLANC-VIENNOT, Vixcext Ma- rie, Count de, was born in 1756. In 1791 he was appointed deputy to the legislative I VAU] ^ ^cfa) Bniiitx^id aBiajprapfji?, [VEN assembly, where he became a distinguished advocate of the royal cause. The^)owers assumed by the popular clubs were arraigned by him, and he obtained a decree of accu- sation against Marat. He was not elected a member of the convention, and, tliough pro- scribed, he had the gowl fortune to escape the guillotine. In 1805 he was raised to the dignity of count, and commandant of the legion of honour, and was appointed prefect of the Moselle. On tlie restoration, he was named minister of the interior, and dis- played extraordinary talents and activity. VAUGELAS, Claude Favre de, an ele- gant French writer, was bom at Chanberry, in 1585, and held a situation in the house- hold of the Duke of Orleans. His character as a philologist was so high, that Cardinal Richelieu, in his favourite design of forming a complete dictionary of the French tongue, thought it advisable to put the whole under his superintendence. He was so fastidious in regard to style, as to spend 30 years in a translation of Quintus Curtius. His principal work is entitled " Remarquea sur la Langue Fran^oise." VAUGHAN, Henky, a poet, bom in 1621, at Newton, in Brecknockshire. He adopted the appellation of the Silurist, wrote a va- riety of poems, chiefly devotional, and died in 1695 His brother, Thomas Vaughax, was an alchemist, on wliich occult subject he wrote some extravagant books, under the name of Eiigenius Philalethes. Died, 1666. VAUGHAN, Sir John, a celebrated law- yer, was born in Cardiganshire, in 1608. From Christchurch College, Oxford, he re- moved to the Inner Temple, where he con- tracted an intimacy with Selden, who made him one of his executors. During the civil war he lived in retirement, but, in 1G68, he was made chief justice of the common pleas. Died, 1674. VAUGHAN, Sir Joun, D. C. Tv., one of the judges of the court of common pleas. He was called to the bar in his twenty- fourth j'car, and in seven years more had so greatly distinguished himself that he was made a serjeaut. He gained this rank at this unusually early age, it must be remem- bered, while Shepperd, Best, and Lens were in the zenith of their powers and reputation; and he maintained his position subsequently with such opponents as Copley (afterwards Lord Lyndhurst), Wilde, and Denman. He was made a baron of the exchequer in 1827, and in 1834 he became a judge of the com- mon pleas and a privy councillor. In pri- vate he was as amiable as in public he was able. Born. 1772 ; died, 1839. VAUGILVN, William, an ingenious Welsh poet, was born in Carmarthenshire, in 1577 ; and was the author of a variety of miscellaneous poems, the principal of which are, " De Sphserarum Ordine," " The Golden Grove Moralised," "The Golden Fleece," &c. Died, 1640. VAUX, the name of a noble English family, originally of French extraction . Nicholas, the first Lord Vaux, was a gallant officer, and ranked deservedly high in the favour of Henry VIII., and was present with him and the French monarch in the "field of the cloth of gold," Died, 1530. 851 His son, Thomas, inherited his father's valour, and was besides a poet. He attended Henry VIII. to Calais and Boulogne, was made governor of Jersey, and died in 1522. VEGA, Loi-EZ DE LA, or LOPE FELIX DE VEGA CARPIO, a celebrated Spanish poet, was born at Madrid, in 1562. After studying at Alcala, he entered into the ser- vice of the Duke of Alva, at whose instance he wrote the heroic pastoral of " Arcadia." Soon after this he married ; but, on the loss of his wife, he embarked in the Armada, prepared for the invasion of England. In tills voyage he wrote a poem, called " Her- mosura de Angelica," to which, when pub- lished, he added the "Dragontea," an in- vective against Drake and Queen Elizabeth. In 1590 Lope married a second lime, and again became a widower, on which he en- tered into the order of St. Francis. He still, however, cultivated poetry, and scarcely a week passed without seeing a drama from his prolific muse. Honours and wealth flowed in upon him, and he was absolutely idolized by the whole nation. At his death, which happened in 1635, the highest honours were paid to his remains, and all the poets of the age vied in encomiastic tributes to his memory. VELASQUEZ, DiEoo Velasquez de SiLVA, an eminent Spanish painter, was born at Seville, in l.'i94. His earliest sub- jects were taverns, conversations, and en- tertainments ; but he afterwards made Ca- ravaggio his model. By the recommenda- tion of Rubens he went to Italy, and, while there, so greatly improved himself in the grand essentials of the art, that, on his re- turn, he was placed at the head of his pro- fession. Died, KMiO. VENDOME, Louis Joseph, Duke of, a celebrated French general, great grandson to Henry IV. He was born in 1654, served in the wars of Louis XIV. in Holland, took Barcelona in 1697, was very successful against the imperialists in Italy, contribuied greatly to the establishment of Pliilip II. on the Spanish throne, by the victory of Villaviciosa, in 1710 ; and was admitted to the honours of a prince of the blood-royal. Died, 1712. VENERONI, JoHX, a grammarian of the 18th century, whose real name was Vig- neron, which he Italianised in order to pass for a native of Florence, though he was born at Verdun. He taught Italian, with reputation, at Paris, where he published a grammar and dictionary of that language. VENIUS, or VAN VEEN, Oxno, a Dutch painter, was born at Leyden, in 1556. He studied under Zucchero, and was the first who explained to tlie Flemish artists the principles of light and shadow, which his pupil, Rubens, afterwards carried to perfec- tion. Died, 1633. VENN, Henry, an English divine of Cal- vinistic principles, was born at Barnes, in Surrey, in 1725 ; and died at Clapham, in 1796. He was the author of" The Complete Duty of Man," "Mistakes in Religion ex- posed," and " Sermons." VENTENAT, Stephen Peter, an emi- nent French botanist, born at Limoges, in 1757. He became chief librarian of the VEN ^ ^etj ?auit)cr^al SSinfirapTjg. [VER Pantheon, and a member of the Institute. In 1799 he publiahed "Tableau du R6gne Vegetal," 4 vols. ; and other works on the science. Died, 1808. VENTIMIGLIA, Giuseppe, prince of Belmont, born in 1761, a Sicilian liberal nobleman, of great taste and munificence, and the great supporter of the Sicilian con- stitution established under English auspices in 1812. Died, 1814. VERB, Edwahd, earl of Oxford, a courtier poet in Elizabeth's time, was edu- cated at St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1588 he held the office of lord higli chamber- lain, and as such sat upon the trial of Mary- queen of Scots ; he had also a command in the fleet serving against the Spanish armada. There is a specimen of his versification in Percy's Reliques of Antient Poetry, and another in England's Parnassus. VERE, Sir Fisancis, a renowned English general in the reign of queen Elizabeth, was born in 1554. He fought witli great gallantry on many occasions, in various parts of the Continent ; but we can only find room for the mention of his last great exploit. He defended Ostend for the Dutch with 1700 men against the Spanish army of 12,0(M), com- manded by Albert, archduke of Austria, whom he obliged to raise tlie siege in March, 1602, after having been 8 mouths before the place. Died, 1008. VERE, Sir Houace, baron of Tilbury, younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1565. He served with his brother in the Netherlands, and had a considerable share in the victory near Nieuport, and in the de- fence of Ostend. In the reign of James I. he commanded the forces sent to the assist- ance of the elector palatine ; on which occa- sion he effected a memorable retreat from Spinola, the Spanish general. He was the first person raised to the peerage by Charles I. Died, 16a5. VERELST, Simon, an eminent Flemish painter, who excelled in flowers and fruits. He visited England, and died in 1710. VERGIL or VIRGIL, Polydore, an eminent historical writer in the 10th century, was born at Urbino, in Italy. He was an ecclesiastic, and was the last person sent by the popes to this country to collect the tribute called Peter's pence. At the request of Henry VIII. he wrote a " History of Eng- land," which, considered as the production of a foreigner, is highly creditable to him. He was also the author of " De Rerum In- ventoribus," &c. Died, 1555. VERGNIAUD, P. V., born in 1758 ; one of the chiefs of the Girondist party in the French revolution, remarkable for the bril- liant energy of his oratory ; who, with Gensonne and Gaudet, opposed the sangui- nary measures of Robespierre ; and being beaten in the struggle with him, were accused before the revolutionary tribunal, and sent to the guillotine. Verguiaud, like many of his colleagues, refused to escape ; he had prepared a subtle poison for himself, but as there was not enough for all his fellow victims, he generously resolved to suffer with them. VERHEYEN, Peter, an eminent Dutch physician and anatomist, author of "Cor- poris Humani Anatomia." Born, 1648 ; died, mo. VERNES, Jacob, a Genevese divine, bom in 1728. He was tlie author of " Lettres sur le Christianisme de J. J. Rousseau," " Choix IJtteraire," 24 vols. ; " Conference Philoso- phique," 2 vols. ; and " Sermons," 2 vols. Died, 1791. VERNET, Claude Joseph, a French painter, was born at Avignon, in 1712. He was highly esteemed, and became the first marine painter in Europe. Died, 1789. VERNON, Edward, a brave English admiral, bom in Westminster, in 1084, was a son of the secretary of state to William III. After a variety of service under different commanders, he was made vice-admiral of the blue in 17"9, and sent with a squadron to Spanish America, where he took Porto Bello, and destroyed the fortifications ; but in 1741 he proved unsuccessful in an attack upon Carthagena. Died, 1757. VERNON, Robert, a distinguished patron of the fine arts, was born, 1774. Originally a dealer in horses, he, by his integrity, prudence, and assiduity, amassed a large fortune, which he liberally expended in assisting struggling talent and in befriend- ing men of genius. His munificent gift to the nation of the " Vernon Gallery," a col- lection of pictures, the works of modern British artists, on which he is said to have laid out 150,OOOZ., has gained for him a lasting name. Died, 22nd May, 1849. VERSCHURING, Henry, a celebrated Dutch painter, born at Gorcum, in 1G27. He principally excelled in battle pieces ; and, in order to insure accuracy, he actually made a campaign in 1672. Accidentally drowned. 1690. VERSTEGAN, Richard, an ingenious writer on English antiquities, was bom in London, of Dutch parents, and resided at Antwerp. He was the author of " Restitu- tion of decayed Intelligence concerning the Antiquities of the noble and renowned Eng- lish Nation," " Antiquitates Belgic®," and an essay " On the Regal Government of England." Died, 1635. VERTOT D'AUBGEUF, Bex^ Auberi de, a French historian, was bom at Ben- netot, in Normandy, in 1655. He entered into the order of Capuchins ; but the aus- terities of that society not agreeing with his health, he was induced to exchange it for the Premonstratenses, in which he be- came prior of the monastery ; but this he also quitted, and settled at Paris as a secular ecclesiastic. His talents soon procured him distinction, and he was appointed secretary to the duke and duchess of Orleans, his- toriographer of the order of Malta, and commander of Santery. His chief works relate to the revolutions of Portugal, Sweden, and Rome ; but though they are lively, elegant, and interesting, he wanted the ne- cessary industry and research to render them valuable as historical documents. "STSRTUE, George, an eminent engraver and antiquary, was born in London, in 1684. Having acquired the patronage of Sir God- frey Kneller and the Earl of Oxford, he soon rose into note, and was employed by most of the nobility wh6 patronised the arts. The I VES] ^ ^cto Bniber^Kl 3StflgrapTji). [VIL works of Vertue are extremely numerous ; and they are valuable on account of their accuracy, though deficient in spirit. He made many journeys through England, in the course of which he took drawings of churches, monuments, and ruins ; employing himself al«o in collecting " Anecdotes of Painting in England," which were subse- quently published by Lord Orford in 5 vols. 4to. He died in 175G. VESALIUS, Andrew, a celebrated ana- tomist, was bom at Brussels, iu 1514. Wlien only 18, he composed his treatise, " De Cor- poris Human! Fabrica ; " and subsequently, by his lectures and demonstrations at Pans, Pisa, Bologna, &c., he acquired great repu- tation. He at length became physician to Charles V. and Philip II. of Spain ; but, when in the height of his fame, he suddenly engaged in a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. This journey, it is said, had been imposed on lum by way of penance for having caused the death, by opening the body, of a young nobleman whom he had attended and sup- posed to be dead ; but having made an incision, he discovered his error when too late. As he was returning from Jerusalem, to occupy the chair of medicine at Padua, left vacant by tlie death of Fallopius, in 15G3, he was shipwrecked on tlie island of Zaute, and there died, from the eflfects of hunger and hardship, in the following year. VESLINO, Joux, an eminent writer on natural history and anatomy, born at Min- den, in Germany, in 1598. He studied at Vienna, and afterwards took a journey to Palestine, where he employed himself in botanical researches. Returning to Europe, he obtained the professorship of anatomy at Padua ; but he quitted that office to become keeper of the botanic garden. He after- wards visited Egypt, but died soon after his return, in 1649. He was the author of several works on the subject of his botanical re- searches in the East. VESPASIAN, T1T0S Flavius, emperor of Rome, ascended the throne a.d. 70, and died in 79. He displayed throughout his reign a love of justice and moderation, publicly dis- countenanced vice and immorality, and was a patron of learned men. VESTRIS, Gaetano Apoline Baltha- zar, a celebrated professor of the art of dancing, born at Florence, in 1729 ; made his debftt at the Parisian opera in 1748 ; and for many years was at the head of his profession in that gay capital. He retired with a pension in 1781, and died in 1808. VESTRIS, Marie Rose Goukgaud Du- GAZON, a distinguished French actress in tragic characters, and in the higher walks of comedy. Died, 1804. VICCARS, John, a fanatical writer during the Commonwealth, was bom in London, in 1582, and educated at Oxford. His tirades against church and king have the following j quaint titles : " God's Ark overtopping the World's Waves," " The Burning Bush not consumed," and " God in the Mount," which were afterwards published togetlier, under the general title of tlie "Parliamentary Chronicle." His violent rhapsodies were satirically alluded to by the author of Hudibras. VICENTE, Gil, the earliest and most celebrated of the Portuguese comic poets. Born. 1480 ; died, 1657. VICTOR, SeATUS Aurelius, a Roman historian, who lived in the 4th century. He was prefect of Pannonia in 3(51, and consul with Valentinian in 309. His works are, " Origo Gentis Romans:," "De Viris Illus- tribus Urbis Romaj," " De Caisaribus llis- toria;," and " De Vita et Moribus Impera- torum Romanorum excerpta." VICTORIUS, or VETTORI, Peter, an eminent Italian scholar, was born at Flo- rence, in 1499. When the revolution took place in his native city, lie went to Rome, and resided there till Cosmo de' Medici invited him home, and appointed him to the Greek and Latin professorship. He wrote commentaries on Aristotle, Terence, Sallust, and otlier ancient authors ; " Varise Ixictiones," and Latin poems and orations. Died, 1585. VIDA, Marcus Hiergnvmus, a modem Latin poet, was born at Ci-emona, about 1480. After studying in his own country lie went to Rome, where his poem, entitled "ScuccliioB Ludus," or the game of chess, procured him the patronage of Leo X., who suggested to him his celebrated " Christiad." Clement VIII. made Vida apostolical sec- retary, and afterwards bishop of Alba, in which capacity he attended tlie Council of Trent. Died, 1507. VIETA, Francis, a celebrated mathe- matician, was born at Fontenay, in Poitou, in 1540, and died in 1C03. He was the first who used letters iu algebra to designate known quantities. VIGEE, L. G. B., a French Jiomme de lettres, born in 1755. At the revolution he espoused its cause, and published an " Ode to Liberty ; " was deprived of his own under the reign of terror ; sung the praises of Maria Louisa and the king of Rome under Napoleon, and the glories of tlie Bourbon lily under Louis XVIII. and Cliarles X. VIGNOLA, or GIACOMO BAROZZIO, a celebrated Italian architect, was born in 1507, at Vignola. While studying at Rome, he formed an acquaintance with Primaticcio, who took him to Paris, where he made the bronze casts at Fontainebleau. Returning to Italy, he designed the church of Petro- nius, at Bologna, and built some elegant palaces in that city. Settling afterwards at Rome, he was appointed architect to the pope, and succeeded Michel Angelo as superintendant of St. Peter's. Died, 1573. He was the author of a work " On the Five Orders of Architecture," &c. VILLA-FRANCA, Prince Joseph, a Sici- lian, born in 1764. In 1811 he was a member of the baronial chamber, which prepared the Sicilian constitution of 1812, in which he was president of tlie chamber of peers ; in 1813, foreign secretary ; and, on the fall of the constitution in 1814, he retired to Tus- cany. On the Neapolitan constitution being proclaimed in 1820, he was president of the junta. When it was subverted by Austria, he again withdrew into private life. VILLALPANDI, John Baptist, a learned Spanish Jesuit, was born at Cordova, in 1552 ; he applied his mathematical know- vil] ^ flcJu ^Hfm'bcriSaT BtograpT;!). [VIR ledge to the elucidation of the scriptural history, and a description of Solomon's temple. Calmet's Dictionary contains some account of tliis curious inquiry, with several engravings in illustration of it. Died, 1608. VILLARS, Louis Hkctor. Duke dc, mar- shal of France, was born at Moulins, in 1(553. After gaining great reputation by a variety of services, he was, in 1704. sent to Languedoc against the insurgents of the Cevennes, and on his return 1o Paris he was made a duke. He contended against Marlborough, in the celebrated battle of Malplaquet, in 1712 ; defeated tlie Austrians at Denain, forced Eugene to raise the siege of Landrecy, and took several fortresses. On the death of Louis XIV., Villars was made member of the regency (171.5), and minister of state, and was also admitted into the French academy. He died in 17*4. VILLARS, MoxTFACCOX de, a French abb<?, who attracted much attention at Paris, both by his talents as a preacher and by his lively conversation. He was the author of a book entitled " Le Compte de Gabilis," for which he was ultimately forbidden the pulpit, and his book prohibited. It was from this work that Pope took the ma- chinery of his Rape of the Lock. The abb^ was killed by a band of robbers, in 1775. VILLENEUVE, N., a French admiral, born in 1771. He had the command of the combined French fleet at Cadiz, which was defeated by Lord Nelson at Trafalgar. He was taken prisoner by the British conqueror on that occasion, and brought to England. Napoleon was dissatisfied witli his alleged disobedience of orders ; and on his return to France, being ordered to remain at Rennes, he destroyed himself, according to Napo- leon's statement to Barry O'JIeara (" Voice from St. Helena"), by running a long pin into his heart : he had first purchased some anatomical engravings of that organ, in order to effect the purpose with more in- stantaneous certainty. VILLOISON, Jeax Baptiste Gaspard d'Axse de, a celebrated French scholar, was bom at Corbeille-sur-Seine, in 1750. He de- voted his time in bringing to light valuable but forgotten Greek manuscripts ; for which purpose he visited the principal libraries in Europe, and travelled to the East. He pub- lished the "Greek Lexicon to Homer by ApoUonius," from a manuscript in the li- brary of St. Germain-des-Prds ; also " Anec- dota Graeca," " Epistolae Vinarienses," part of the Old Testament, from a translation made by a Jew in tlie 5)tli century, &c. ; but his most important discovery was a copy of Homer, of the lOtli century. He suffered considerably in his property during tlie re- volution ; but on the restoration of order he resumed his literary career, and was ap- pointed by Buonaparte professor of ancient Greek. Died, 1805. VINCE, Samuel, F.R.S., an eminent ma- thematician and astronomer, was a native of Fressingfleld, in Suffolk. His parents were in a humble station of life ; but by the generositj' of Mr. Tilney, of Harlestou, who had seen proofs of his abilities, he was edu- cated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he 8.-A soon distinguished himself by his superior acquirements ; and he eventually became Plumian professor of astronomy and experi- mental philosophy. His works on astronomy and the mathematical sciences generally, are numerous and important ; the principal are, " A complete System of Astronomy," .3 vols. 4to. ; " Elements of Conic Sections," treatises on Fluxions, Hydrostatics, "Trigo- nometry, &c. ; " The Credibility of Chris- tianity vindicated," " A Confutation of Atheism from tlie Laws of the Heavenly Bodies," &c. He obtained preferment in the church, and at tlie time of his decease was rector of Kirkby Bedon, vicar of South Creak, and archdeacon of Bedford. Died, 1821. VINCENT, Thomas, a pious Noncon- formist minister, who, during the great plague in London, in 1665, distinguislied himself by his zeal in attending persons at- tacked with that maladv. He wrote " God's Terrible Voice in the City by Plague and Fire," an " Explanation of the Catechism," and other religious books. Died, 1671. VINCI, Leoxakdo da, an illustrious Italian painter, was born in 1452, and is allowed to have been one of the greatest geniuses of his country. He possessed cor- rectness of design, taste, and great powers of expression ; and composed a great number of discourses upon several curious subjects, none of which, however, were published, but a " Treatise on the Art of Painting." He died in 1520, at Fontainebleau, in the arms of Francis I. VINCI, Leonardo da, an eminent mu- sical composer, born at Naples, in 1690. He was poisoned by the relation of a Roman lady of rank, of whose favours he had boasted. VINER, Charles, an able English law- yer, was born in 1680, at Aldersliot, Hants. He was the founder of the Vinerian profes- j sorship at Oxford, and the compiler of a '■ " General Abridgment of the Laws of Eng- land," originally printed in 24 vols, folio. Died, 1756. VIOTTI, GiovAXM Battista, a cele- brated violinist, was born near Crescentino, in Piedmont, in 17.55 ; and, in his 21st year, was made first violinist at the royal chapel in Turin. He afterwards visited Berlin and Paris. On the breaking out of the revo- lution, he took refuge in England ; and, from the year 1794 till 1798, was leader in the orchestra of the Italian Opera. Ha\-ing received an order from the alien office to quit the country, he retired to Holland, and thence to Hamburgh. In 1801 he returned to London, engaged in the wine' trade, and lost the whole of his property. After the restoration of the Bourbons, Louis XVIII. invited him to preside over the Academic Royale de Musique, at Paris. In 1822 he set- tled finally in London, and there remained till his death, in 1824. He was author of a great variety of music for the violin, and the first performer of his age. VIRGIL, or PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO, the prince of Latin poets, was bom at Andes, near Mantua, about 70 years b. c. His first years were spent at Cremona ; he next studied at Milan, and lastly at Naples, where he learnt Greek under Farthenius, vir] ^ jlcto fSnihtviaX Miosrap^^. [viv and philosophy from Syio the Ei>icurean. [ Physic and mathematics constituted liis j favourite objects, and he embraced the doc- j trine of Plato. He removed to Home when his country was partitioned out among the soldiers after the battle of Philippi. There, [ by means of his friend Maecenas, he was introduced to Augustus, wlio restored to him his estate. On this occasion he wrote his first " Eclogue ;" and, on completing tlie | "Bucolics," he undertook the " Georgics." After these were tinished, and had been read by Augustus, he began the " JEneid," at the request of tlie emperor. This great poem lias left the palm of superiority undecided between Homer and Virgil. The poet was engaged 11 years upon this immortal work, but died, without revising it, at Bruudusium, B. c. 19, aged 51. He left the greatest part of his property to Maecenas, Tusca, and Au- gustus. His remains were interred on the road leading from Naples to Puteoli. VIRGINIA, daughter of the centurion L. Virginius. Appius Claudius, to obtain possession of her person, bribed a man to claim her as the daughter of his slave, when Appius, as judge, ordered her to be delivered into his hands. Virginius, who was at the camp, being informed of this infamous out- rage, hastened to Rome, and, in the presence of Appius and the Roman people, plunged a knife into his daughter's bosom. He then returned to the camp, where he harangued the soldiers, who instantly marched to Rome. Api)iiis destroyed liimself in prison, and the ottiee of decemvir was abolished b. c. 449. VIBIATIIUS, an illustrious Lusitanian chief, who, in his patriotic endeavours to throw off the yoke of Rome, repeatedly de- feated the Roman armies, and for 14 years successfully defended his country and a part of Spain. He was at last murdered by his servants, who had been bribed by Csepio, the Roman general, b. c. 40. VISCONTI, John Baptist Anthony, an Italian antiquary, was born at Vernazza, in 1722, and educated at Rome. He succeeded Winckelmann as commissary of antiquities, in 1768 ; had the chief management in form- ing the museum, under popes Clement XIV. and Pius VI. ; and died in 1784. VISCONTI, Eknius Quikinus, eldest son of the preceding, was born at Rome, in 1751, and was intended by his father for the cljurch ; but having formed an attachment to a lady whom he wished to marry, he re- fused to enter into orders. His knowledge of archaeology was superior to that of his father, and his general talents were of the highest order. He was aiipointed conservator of the Pio -Clementine museum ; and when the French took possession of Rome, and established a provisional government in 1797, he was nominated minister of tlie interior. He afterwards retired to France, became a member of the Institute, professor of archis- ology, and surveyor of the museum of anti- quities. Among his works ure, " Grecian Iconography," " Roman Iconography," and the " Description of the Pio-Clementiue Museum." Died, 1818. VITRUVIUS, Maucus Pollio, a cele- brated writer on architecture, who flourished in the reigns of Julius Caesar and Augustus, and is supposed to have been bom at Formin, in Campania. His excellent work, " De Architecturu," has been often published. VIVES, JoH.v Loi'is, one of the revivers of literature, was born at Valencia, in Spain, in 1492. He studied at Paris and Louvain, after which he visited England, and in 1517 was chosen one of the first fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was also em- ployed in tlie education of the Princess Mary, for whose use he composed his " De Ratione Studii puerilis " and " De Institutione Foe- minae Christianae ; " but venturing to argue and write against Henry tlie Eighth's divorce from Catharine, he was disgraced and impri- soned. On regaining his liberty he repaired to Brussels, where he married, and remained for the rest of his life, occupied as a teacher of the belles lettres. He died in 1.541. VIVIAN, RicuAKD HussEV, Lord, was born in 1775, the eldest son of John Vivian, esq., of Truro, Cornwall, warden of the Stanneries. In 1793, at the early age of 18, he commenced his glorious military career as ensign in the 20th infantry. His active service commenced within three months of his joining his regiment, which formed part of Lord Moira's army on the coast of France; and for the following two years he was present at various battles and affairs of out- posts, in which his zeal, courage, and conduct were especially conspicuous, in Holland and in the West Indies. In 1808 he sailed in command of the 7th dragoons for Corunna, which he reached in November of that year, and had the perilous and difficult honour of covering the but too well-known retreat of Sir John Moore in January, 1809, the 7tli dragoons having been left at I/Ugofor several hours after the march of tlie main army. Unlike his unfortunate chief, he reached England in safety, received the brevet of colonel in 1812, and in 1813 embarked with his regiment for the Peninsula. From this time to the battle of Waterloo, in which he commanded the sixth brigade of cavalry, consisting of the 1st dragoons and 10th and 18th hussars, he was continually iu active and efficient service. In the advance upon Toulouse, on the 8th of April, 1814, he was severely wounded in the right arm while making, as the Duke of Wellington's de- spatch remarked, " a most gallant attack upon a superior body of the enemy's cavalry, which was driven through the village of Crais d'Orade." In June, 1814, he returned to England, received the rank of major- general, was appointed to the staff at Brighton, and had a splendid piece of plate presented to him by the officers of the 7th hussars. In 1830 he was made lieut.-general, and in 1837 colonel of the 1st dragoons. Subsequently to the battle of Waterloo, which turned the swords of so many warriors into ploughshares, the gallant subject of this article, who was created a baronet in 1828, when he also had a grant of arms alluding to his services, took an active part in politics, both as a debater in the house and in his character of master-general of the ordnance, to wliich oflice he was appointed in 1835. He was called to the house of peers by patent, dated August, 1841. Died, October 1842, aged 67. viv] ^ ^tby Bnibzr^sil 23tO(rrapTjy. [vol VIVIANI, ViNCENTio, a celebrated Ita- lian mathematician, was born at riorence, in 1621. He was the disciple of Galileo, after wliose deatJi he was much employed in public works by the Grand-duke of Tus- cany, who appointed him his first mathema- tician and chief engineer. He restored a part of the lost works of AristsEUs and Apol- lonius, and wrote several valuable treatises on geometry, &c. Died, 1703. VOET, or VOETIUS, Gisbert, a Dutch theologian, was born at Heusden, in 1593. Having studied at Leyden, he first settled as a minister at his native place, where he remained till 1634. He afterwards went to tltreclit, where he was professor of divinity and the oriental languages. He distin- guished himself by his attacks on the Arme- nians ; and when tlie Cartesian philosophy was engaging the public attention, he wrote against Descartes witli much asperity and illiberality. His principal works are, " Se- lectEB Disputationes Theologies," 5 vols. 4to.; and "Politica Ecclesiastica," 4 vols. 4to. Died, 1677 Paul Voet, his son, who also died in 1677, was, successively, professor of logic, metaphysics, and civil law, at Utrecht; was the author of several learned works on theology and jurisprudence Johx Voet, son of Paul, professor of law at Leyden, was the author of a valuable " Commentary on the Pandects." Died, 1714. VOISENON, Claude IlExnY Fusee de, a French dramatist and poet, was born near Melun, in 1708 ; was educated for the eccle- siastical profession, and became grand-vicar of Boulogne. He was of a lively, humorous disposition, and conscientiously refused the bishopric of Boulogne, from a sense of his unfitness for the episcopal oflice ; but chose to pursue those studies for which by nature he was qualified. In 17()3 he was admitted a member of the French academy, and he spent his life in literary pursuits, too freely mingled with licentiousness. Like Piron. he had his days of dissoluteness and his mo- ments of devotion. He wrote "Literary Anecdotes," comedies, and fugitive poetry ; and died in 1775. VOITURE, VixcENT, a celebrated French wit and poet, born at Amiens in 1598. His manners were highly agreeable, and he be- came master of the ceremonies to Gaston, duke of Orleans. In 1634 he was admitted into the French academy, and was subse- quently sent on a mission to Spain, where he was much caressed, and where he com- posed some verses in such pxire and natural Spanish, that they were universally ascribed to Lopez de Vega. Under the administra- tion of Cardinal Mazarin, Voiture was in the zenith of his reputation, and enjoyed large pensions ; but gambling, and other vicious habits, kept him poor. He wrote verses in French, Spanish, and Italian ; but liis letters were the chief basis of his literary reputation, and in their day were extrava- gantly admired. He died in 1648. VOLKOFF, Theodore, a Russian dra- matist, was born at Gostroma, in 1729. He wrote several plays, and erected a theatre Rt Jaroslav, where his success was sucli, that the empress Elizabeth sent for him to St. Petcrsburgh, and appointed hira first 850 actor of the Russian theatre. In 1759 he was sent to establish a national theatre at Moscow ; and Catharine II. bestowed on him an estate, with a patent of nobility. He died in 1763, and his funeral obsequies were celebrated with great magnificence. VOLNEY, Constaxti.ve Francis Chassebceuf, Count de, peer of France, a celebrated French writer, was bom at Craon, in Brittany, in 1755. He was educated at Angers, and studied medicine at Paris ; but coming into possession of a small estate, he was enabled to gratify his ardent love of travel. He spent nearly three years in Egypt and Syria ; and on his return to France, in 1787, published his " Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte," 2 vols., which was translated into tlie English and other lan- guages, and procured him an extensive re- putation. He was elected a member of the states-general; was confined nearly a twelve- month during the reign of terror ; was ap- pointed professor of history at the normal school in 1794 ; went to America in the following year, and resided there till 1798 ; was created a senator and count, during Napoleon's consulship ; and, on the restora- tion of the Bourbons, he was designated a member of the chamber of peers. In all situations, however, he was the defender of liberal principles. Among his principal works are his " Ruins, or Meditations on the Revolutions of Empires," " Lectures on His- tory," and " New Researches on Ancient History." Died, 1820. VOLPATO, GiovAJTSi, an eminent Italian engraver, born at Bassano, in 1733. He was a self-taught artist, and acquired a degree of excellence in his profession rarely equalled. He was engaged to make engravings from the paintings of Raphael at the Vatican. Died, 1802. Volpato wrote the " Principles of Design," and Raphael Morgan was his pupil and son-in-law. VOLTA, Alessandro, a celebrated ex- perimental philosopher, was born at Como, in 1745. He laid the foundation of his fame by two treatises, which described a new electrical machine ; was for 30 years pro- fessor of natural philosophy at Pavia, was made an Italian count and senator by Na- poleon, and died in 1826. Volta directed his attention particularly to the subject of galvanism, or animal electricity, in which science he made many discoveries and im- provements ; but the great invention which immortalises his name is the Voltaic pile, or electrical column. His works form 5 vols. 8vo. VOLTAIRE, Feaxcis Marie Arouet DE, the most celebrated literary character of his age, was born at Chatenay, near Paris, in 1694, and received his education in the Jesuit's college of Louis XIV. Here he dis- played talents which warranted the liighest expectations ; and having recited from me- mory, a poem of Rousseau, before the cele- brated Ninon de I'Enclos, she was so pleased with the talent of the boy, tliat she left him a legacy of 2000 livres to purchase a library. His father intended him for the law, but he declined to follow the profession, and assi- duously cultivated his taste for literary pursuits. In 1716 he was imprisoned in the vol] ^ l^clu Bnihnial 38{0firajpf)i.i. [votT Bastile, on an unfounded suspicion of Imving written a libel on the government ; and, wliile there, he formed the plan of the " Ilenriude," and completed the tragedy of "CEdipus," which was represented in 1718 with singular success. A second unjust con- finement in the Bastile induced him to take up his residence in England for three years, where he was favourably received, and ob- tained a most liberal subscription for his "Henriade." On his return to France in 1730, he published his " Brutus," which was followed by "Zara," the most affecting of his tragedies. His next work, the " Lettres Philosophiqucs," gave such offence by its profaneness, that tlie parliament of Paris condemned the book to be burnt, and war- rants were issued for apprehending the author, lie therefore passed some years in concealment at Cirey, near Vassi, in Cl\am- pagne, where he was treated with the greatest kindness by the mistress of the estate, the Marchioness du Chatelet, and wrote his "Elt'mens de la Philosophic de Newton," to make his countrymen acquainted with the great discoveries of the English philo- sopher. He also produced the plays of "Alzira" and " Mahomet," which last was censured as immoral and irreligious ; but his " Meropc," brought out in 1743, was received with such applause, that the poet became a favourite at court, and was ap- pointed gentleman of the bedchamlier and historiographer of France. In 174tj he ob- tained admission into the Academy of Sci- ences, on which occasion he broke through the old custom of panegyrising Cardinal Richelieu j but this innovation created him BO many enemies, that he retired to Lune- Tille, and did not return to Paris till 1749. The year following he went to Berlin, at the invitation of the king of Prussia, who made him one of his chamberlains, and gave him a pension. The greatest intimacy for a time subsisted between them ; but he I at length drew upon himself Frederic's dis- \ pleasure, and quitted Prussia, carrying with ' him the poetical works of the king, who I caused him to be arrested on the road, till ' the fugitive manuscrijit was restored. Vol- : taire then went to Colmar, whence he re- ', moved to Geneva, and afterwards settled I at Femey, a village in the Pays de Gex, where he resided during the remainder of I his life, with his niece, Madame Denis. He also induced many ingenious artizans to I settle there, whose works he sent to Russia, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Holland. At the beginning of the year 1778 he went to Paris, where he was received with many flattering marks of distinction ; but his in- cessant literary labours, and the cliange from his accustomed manner of life, affected his health so much, that he observed, "I have come to Paris to find my glory and my grave." Having taken a large dose of opium, without the advice of his physician, it is thought to have hastened his death, which took place May 30. 1778. Besides his poetical works, he wrote an " Essay on Ge- neral History," the "Age of Louis XIV.," "Life of Charles XII. of Sweden," " History of the Czar Peter the Great," the romances of " Candide," " Zadig," and some others. His collected works form 70 vols. Svo. He had stupendous talents, but there were many parts of his character by no mtaus great or estimable. VOLTERRA, Daniel de, an Italian painter and sculptor, who was employed, under the jjontiticate of Paul IV., to cover the nudities of some of tlie figures in the Last Judgment of Micliel Angelo, which obtained for liim the ludicrous title of Brag- ghettone. Died, 1.566. VOPISCUS, Flavius, a native of Syra- cuse, who flourished A. D. 304. He wrote the history of Aurellan, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Firmius, Cams, &c. VORSTIUS, CoMKAD, a theological writer, was born at Cologne, in 156'J. James I. of England caused his book, " Tractatus Theo- logicus de Deo," to be burnt, and complained to the states against the author, who waa banislied from Holland, and died at Tonin- gen, in 1622. VOS, Mahtin dk, a painter, was bom at Antwerp, about 1.534, and died there in 1604. He painted history, portraits, and land- scapes, in a very fine style Simon de Vos, another artist of Antwerp, was born in 1603, and died about 1670. He painted historical subjects and portraits, but ex- celled in hunting pieces. VOSS, John Henky, one of the chief modern philologists, was bom at Mecklen- burg, in 17.51 ; studied under Heyne, at Got- tiugen, with great distinction ; and, after holding various appointments in different parts of Germany, obtained the chair of phi- lology in Heidelberg in 1809, which he held till his death. His translations of Homer, Virgil, Hesiod, and Theocritus are regarded by many as real substitutes for tlie originals ; that of Sliakspeare, though full of spirit, is on the wjiole not so successful. The sim- plicity and natural charms of his own idyllic poems, more especially his " Luise," have never been surpassed by any German poet. Died, 1826. VOSSIUS, Gerard John, an eminent critic and philologist, was professor of cliro- nology and eloquence at Leyden, and of history at Amsterdam. His works are fre- quently referred to as authorities, particu- larly the following : " De HLstoricis Grae- cis," " De Historicis Latinis," and " Ars Historica." Bom, 1.577 ; died, 1649. VOSSIUS, Isaac, son of the preceding, was born at l^eyden, in 1618, and, possessing great natural talents, very early acquired a high reputation among the learned. In 1670 he came to England, and obtained from Charles II. a canonry of Windsor, and the degree of doctor of laws from the university of Oxford. He died in 1688. His works are numerous and erudite. He was rude in his manners, and sceptical in his religions no- tions, but so credulous in other matters, that Charles II. said, " he is a strange man fur a divine, for there is nothing which he refuses to believe, except the Bible." VOUET, Simon, an eminent French painter, was born at Paris, in 1,582 ; and, after a residence of 14 years in Italy, was sent for by I^ouisXIII. to assist in the deco- rations of the Louvre and the Luxembourg. Died, 1649. VRO] ^ ^tio ^iTtbcrsal SStosrajplbS* [WAH VROON, Henry Cokkelius, a Dutch painter, bom at Haerlem, in 1566. He was famous ill sea pieces, and drew the designs for the tapestry in the House of Lords, re- presenting the details of the defeat of the Spanisli armada. VULSON, Maec de, sieur de la Colom- bifere, a writer on heraldry. Having, while lie resided at Grenoble, in 1681, surprised liis wife with a gallant, and killed them both on the spot, he rode post to Paris to solicit a pardon, which he obtained. Died, 1658. His works on the heraldic science are much esteemed. w. WAGE, Robert, an Anglo-Norman poet of the 12th century. He was a native of Jersey, and became chaplain to Henry II., king of England, who gave him a canonry in the cathedral of Bayeux. He wrote, in Norman-French verse, a history of England, an account of the Norman conquest, and some romances. WADING, or WADDING, Luboe, an Irish ecclesiastic, born at Waterford, in 1588. He held a divinity professorship in the university of Salamanca ; but having accompanied the Bishop of Carthagena to Rome, he continued to reside there during the remainder of his life. He refused a cardinal's hat, and founded the college of St. Isidore for Irish students of the Fran- ciscan order ; but he is said to have greatly encouraged the Irish rebellion in 1641. He wrote a " History of the Order of St. Fran- cis," and edited the works of Duns Scotus, Calaisio's Concordance, &c. Died, 1657. WADING, Petkr, a learned Irish Jesuit, was born at Waterford ; became chancellor of the university of Gratz, in Styria ; was the author of numerous metrical and other works in the Latin language, and died in 1644. WADHAM, Nicholas, the founder of Wadham College, Oxford, was born in 1536, in Somersetslure, and was educated at Christchurch College. He died in 1610, and the seminary which bears his name was com- pleted in 1613. WADSTROM, Chakles Bern, a Swedish traveller and philanthropist, was born at Stockholm, in 1746. Having visited Africa, with a view to acquire information that might lead to the abolition of the slave trade, he was, on his return to Europe, examined at the bar of the English House of Commons upon that subject ; and he afterwards pub- lished his "Observations on the Slave Trade," &c. Died, 1799. WAFER, Lionel, an English voyager, was originally a surgeon in the navy. Hav- ing accompanied Dampier, the circumnavi- gator, and quarrelled with him, he was left on shore on the isthmus of Darien ; but, owing to his medical skill, the Indians treated him kindly, and gave him his liberty when an English vessel arrived on the coast. On his return, in 1690, he published an interest- ing account of his adventures. WAGENAAR, John, a Dutch historian, was born at Amsterdam, in 1709. He was the author of the " History of Holland," 21 I vols., for which he was appointed historio- grapher to his native city. He also wrote " The present State of the United Provinces," 12 vols. &c. Died, 1773. WAGENSEIL, John Christopher, an eminent German scholar and polemic, was born at Nuremberg, in 1633. He was edu- cated at Altorf; where, in 1667, he was made professor of history and jurisprudence. His " Tela Ignea Sathanas," a controversial treatise, in refutation of the Jewish writers on the Christian religion, is a work of great ability. Died, 1705. WAG HORN, Lieut. Thomas, R.N., whose name will be for ever associated with the great achievement of steam communication between England and India, was born at Chatham, 1800. At 12 years of age he was appointed a midshipman, and before he had completed his 17th year he passed in navi- gation for lieutenant. After a short cruise he volunteered for the Arraean war, and having received the command of the East India Company's cutter. Matchless, and seen much service by land and sea, he re- turned to Calcutta in 1827. From this period lie turned his attention to the great project he had had long secretly at heart — a steam communication between England and India; and the ardour, perseverance, and firmness with which he worked it to completion, have gained him a name among the benefactors of his race. But we regret to say that fame was all that he achieved by his arduous and long-continued exertions ; for the gigantic operations in which he had been engaged exhausted his resources, and he met with but scanty assistance from those whom every consideration of humanity and liberality should have induced to lend him a helping hand. Died, 1850. WAGSTAFF, William, F.R.S., a hu- morous writer, was born at Cublington, in Buckinghamshire, in 1685. He practised medicine in London, and became physician to Bartholomew's Hospital. Died, 1725. WAGSTAFFE, Thomas, a learned divine, was born in Warwickshire, in 1645. He practised physic for some time, and in 1693 was consecrated a nonjuring bishop. He published several sermons, and an able " Vindication of King Charles I., proving him the Author of the Icon Basilik^." Died, 1712. WAHLENBERG, George, an eminent botanist, was born in the province of War- meland, in 1784. He visited the remote parts of the Scandinavian peninsula, and most of the northern countries of Europe, 858 WAl] ^ iBe&j ^ffm'fteriiat 3SiO0rajpf)j.K [WAL I for the purpose of making botanical and I geological researches ; and on his return j to Upsal, where he was superintendant of the museum of science, he published his "Flora Lapponica," " Flora Carpethorum," " Flora Upsaliensis," and " Flora Suecica," besides some geological treatises. Died, 1814. ! WAILLY, CiiAnLEs pe, nn eminent French architect, was bom in 1729, at Paris ; studied at Rome ; was a member of the Institute, and a founder of the Society of the Friends of the Arts. He died in 1798. Among the buildings which he designed are, the Spinola palace at Genoa, the mansion I of Ormes In Touraine, and the Od^ou at : Paris. I WATTHMAN, a well-known alderman and M.P. for London, was bom near Wrex- j ham, in Denbighshire, in 1765 ; served his I apprenticeship to his uncle, a linendrapcr ' at Bath ; and for many years carried on ! that business in Fleet Street, London. He I obtained much notoriety as a city orator, I and by strenuously advocating popular i rights on all occasions, was regarded, by a 1 large class of the citizens as a champion ! of freedom. He consequently not only ob- ' tained a civic gown, but filled the office of I lord mayor, and was elected four times to I represent the city of I»ondon in parliament. I He died in 1833, and his friends erected an ' obelisk to his memory, opposite to that raised in honour of Mr. Wilkes, at the foot of Lud- gate Hill. WAKE, Sir Isaac, an able diplomatist and miscellaneous writer, born at Billing, in Northamptonshire, in 1575. He became fellow of Merton College, Oxford ; and, in 16()4, was chosen public orator of that uni- versity. He was afterwards employed as ambassador to several foreign courts ; and, in 1619, received the honour of knighthood. He wrote several works, the principal of which was lus " Rex Platonicus." Died, 16.'52. WAKE, William, archbishop of Canter- bury, a learned and exemplary prelate, was born at Blandford, in Dorsetshire, in 1657, and educated at Oxford. Having entered into orders, he soon distinguished himself by the zeal with which he espoused the Protestant cause, though in opposition to the wishes of tiie court ; and he was accord- ingly well received by William III. on his accession to the throne. He was, succes- sively, king's chaplain, rector of St. James's, Westminster, and dean of Exeter. In 1705 he was advanced to the bishopric of Lincoln ; and, in 1716, he was raised to the see of Canterbury ; in which station he distin- guished liimself by his moderation, firmness, and liberality. He endeavoured to promote a union of the English and Galilean churches, for which he was grossly calumniated, though the measure was well meant, and, had it taken eifect, the papal power would have been greatly weakened. He published a translation of the " Epistles of the Apos- tolical Fathers," an " Exposition of the Church Catechisms," and three volumes of " Sermons." Died, 1737. WAKEFIELD, Gilbert, an eminent scholar and critic, was born at Nottingham, bTyl) in 17.56. He took his degree of B.A. at Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1776, and at the same time was elected to a fellowship. On entering into orders, he served a curacy at Stockport, in Cheshire, and next at Liver- pool ; but he grew dissatisfied witli the doc- trines of the church of England, and left it to become classical teacher in the academy at Warrington. In 1790 he removed to the dissenting college at Hackney, his con- nection with which ended in about a year. Soon after this he published a pamphlet against Public Worship, which startled many of his most ardent admirers, and was answered chiefly by dissenters. He wrote some pamphlets against government, of wliich no notice was taken, until his letter to the Bishop of Llandaflf appeared, when the attorney-general instituted a prosecution against him and the publisher. Mr. Wake- field was sentenced to be imprisoned two years in Dorchester gaol, from which he was liberated in May, 1801, but died of a fever in September following. The principal of hia works are, a " Translation of tlie New Testa- ment," 2 vols. ; " Tragediarum Graecarum Delectus," 2 vols.; an edition of "Lucretius," 3 vols. ; an "Inquiry into the Opinions of the Christian Writers of the Three first Cen- turies, concerning the Person of Jesus Christ," 4 vols. ; and the " Silva Critica." WAKEFIELD, Pbiscilla, well known by the many ingenious works which she wrote to promote juvenile improvement. She was the original promoter of banks for the savings of the poor, which are now be- come so general. She resided for many years at Tottenham, in Middlesex ; but died at Ipswich, in Suffolk, in 1832, aged 82. WALBAUM, John Julius, a German physician and naturalist, was born at Wol- fenbuttcl, in 1724. He settled at Lubeck, where he attained great reputation, pub- lished several valuable works, and died in 1799. WALDENSIS, Thomas, an English Car- melite, whose real name was Netter, was born at Walden, in Essex, about 1367. He studied at Oxford ; and, in 1409, was sent by Henry IV. to the council of Pisa. Henry V. reposed entire confidence in him ; and he became no less a favourite with the young monarch, whom he attended to France, and died there in 1430. WALES, William, a mathematician and astronomer, was bom about 1734 ; went to Hudson's Bay, in 1769, to observe the transit of Venus ; accompanied Captain Cook in two voyages round the world ; became mathe- matical master at Christ's Hospital, and secretary to the Board of Longitude ; and died in 1798. Among his works are, " As- tronomical Observations on the Southern Hemisphere,' ' a treatise on the " Discovery of the Longitude by means of Timepieces," and an " Inquiry into the Population of England and Wales." WALKER, Adam, a lecturer on astro- nomy and a miscellaneous writer, was a native of Westmoreland, and bom in 1731. His father was a woollen manufacturer, in which business he was placed at an early age, and his turn for mechanics very soon developed itself in the construction of models wal] ^ iStlu WinibtvSKl 33i0grap]^y. [WAL of corn mills, paper mills, &c. After showing great perseverance in obtaining knowledge from books, under the most disadvantageous circumstances, and being successively an nsher and a schoolmaster, he became a lec- turer on experimental philosophy, visiting most of the principal cities and towns in the kingdom in that capacity. At length, in 1778, he fixed his abode in the metropolis, and continued to read a course of lectures every winter, at his house in George Street, Hanover Square. He wrote an " Analysis of his Lectures," a " System of Familiar Philosophy in Licctures," a " Treatise on Geography," " Remarks on a Tour through Germany, France, and Italy," " A Tour to the Lakes," &c. His mechanical skill was apparent in his Eidouranion, or transparent orrery, and the revolving lights on the rocks of Scilly. Died, 1821 His son, William, M'as also a public lecturer on astronomy. Born, 17(56 ; died, 1816. WALKER, Clemeitt, a political writer of the 17th century, was born at Cliffe, in Dorsetshire ; was educated at Christchurch, Oxford ; and became M.P. for Wells. Being a zealous Presbyterian, he was violently hostile to the Independents, against whom he published, in 1648, " A History of Inde- pendency." He also attacked the Protector in a treatise called " Cromwell's Slaughter House." He was committed to the Tower, and died there in 1651. WALKER, Sir Edward, an historian and herald, was born at Netherstowey,in Somer- setshire. He was made clerk of the privy council in 1644, and received the honour of knighthood ; attended Charles II. in his exile, and was appointed by him garter-king- at-arms. Died, 1677. He wrote " Iter Caro- linum, or an Account of the Marches, &c. of King Charles I.," " Military Discoveries," "Historical Discourses," &c. WALKER, GeokcxK. was born of English parents, at Tyrone, in Ireland ; and is cele- brated for his stubborn defence of Ix)ndon- derry against James II. He enjoyed much favour with William III., whom he accom- panied throughout his Irish campaigns, and fell at the battle of the Boyne, in 1690. WALKER, Jon.N^, a lexicographer, was born in 1732, at Frieru Barnet, in Hertford- shire. He was at one time master of an academy at Kensington, and subsequently a lecturer on elocution, which art he had originally studied with a view to the stage. His principal works are, a " Pronouncing Dictionary," a " Rhyming Dictionary," " Elements of Elocution," and a " Rhetorical Grammar." Died, 1807. WALKER, John, a physician and geo- graphical writer, was born in 1750, at Cock- ermouth, in Cumberland. After passing through various occupations, he rose to some eminence as a medical practitioner ; and, at the time of his decease, he w^as at the head of the London Vaccine Institution. He published "Elements of Geography," a "Universal Gazetteer," and some medical treatises. Died, 1830. WALKER, Thomas, a dramatic per- former of some note in the time of Garrick, was born in London, in 1698. He had all the physical requisites for a good actor ; ex- celled in Macheath, Hotspur, Falconbridge, &c., and was in high favour with the public. Died, 1743. WALKER, THOJrAS, a barrister and po- lice magistrate, was bom in 1784. Having a natural turn for humorous anecdotes, and mixing much in society, this gentleman hoarded up the smart sayings and witty conversations which fell from his clever com- panions in their hours of relaxation ; and at length he resolved to make the world ac- quainted with the "fond conceits" with which his brain was stored. Hence arose the weekly periodical, called " Tlie Ori- ginal," of which 26 numbers only made their appearance. In consequence of indisposition he went over to the Continent, and while at Brussels was attacked rather suddenly, and died Jan. 20. 1836. WALKER, William, a learned divine of the 17th century, was bom in Lincolnshire ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; be- came master of the free school at Louth, and next of that at Grantham ; and had the credit of instructing Sir Isaac Newton. Among his works are, " A Treatise of English Parti- cles," " Tropschematologia Rhetoricae," "Ex- planation of Lilly's Grammar," and " Idio- matologia Anglo-Latina." Died, 1684. WALL, John, an eminent physician, was born in 1708, at Powick, in Worcestershire ; was educated at Worcester Grammar-school, and at Merton College, Oxford ; and, settling at Worcester as a medical practitioner, he first made known the virtues of the Malvern waters, and contributed to establish the porcelain manufactory. Died, 1776. WALL, Martin, son of the preceding, and who was also an eminent physician, was born in 1744, and was educated at New College, Oxford. On the death of Dr. Par- sons, in 1785, he was elected clinical pro- fessor of that university, and spent the re- mainder of his life at Oxford, where he enjoyed a high reputation for medical skill, and was. much esteemed for his social qua- lities. Died, 1824. WALL, William, who for upwards of half a century was the incumbent of Shore- ham, in Sussex, was the author of a valuable work, entitled the " History of Infant Bap- tism." He also wrote " Critical Notes on the Old Testament," 2 vols. &c. Died, 1728. WALLACE, Sir William, a celebrated Scotch patriot and hero, was the younger son of Sir Malcolm Wallace of Ellerslie, in Renfrewshire, and born in 1276. He pos- sessed great strength and undaunted cou- rage ; and being indignant at seeing his country enslaved by Edward I., he resolved to undertake its liberation. His success at the head of a small band of followers in- duced many of the barons to join him; and he gained a splendid victory over Earl Warenne, at Cambuskenneth, on the banks of the Forth. He was appointed regent ; but his elevation having excited jealousy among the nobles, he resigned the regency. Edward having been informed of his suc- cesses, hastened home from Flanders, and with a large army defeated the Scots at Falkirk, which compelled Wallace to retreat to the mountains, and resort to his original system of predatory warfare. For seven wal] ^ ^ebi mixihtv^aX MiaQVHp\m, [wal ! years he continued to harass the English ; I but, in 1305, he wa3 betrayed into the hands [ of Edward, by Sir John Moateith, who sent him in chains to London, wliere he was I executed as a traitor. The lieroic deeds of I Wallace have been the frequent theme of j the poet and the historian, and his memory is still cherished in Scotland with affection. WALLENSTEIN or WALSTEIN, Al- bert WiNCESLAUS, duke of Friedland, a celebrated German general, was born in Bohemia, in 158*. He obtained an immense fortune by marriage, which he applied to the raising of a formidable army for the service of the emperor. These were paid partly from his own resources and partly from plunder ; and for several years he distinguished himself by his successes in the north of Germany ; for which he was re- warded with the dukedoms of Mecklen- burg and Friedland. In 1632, Wallenstein was declared head of the Catholic army, with power to act independently of the council. He was at first successful against Gustavus, but was ultimately defeated at the celebrated battle of Lutzen, where the ' death of the Swedish monarch dearly pur- ' chased tlie victory. He was at length ac- cused of treason, and perished by the trca- ! chery of some of his own officers. Wallen- stein possessed much prudence, knowledge of mankind, and cunning, especially the art of fathoming the intentions of others and concealing his own. Towards those who were dependent on him he was severe, and not unfrequently cruel ; but he was lavish to those whom he wished to gain over to his purposes. WALLER, Edmund, an English poet, was bom at Coleshill, in Warwickshire, and was educated at Eton, and at King's Col- lege, Cambridge. He was elected a mem- ber of parliament when in his 17th year ; and at the age of 23 he married a rich heiress, who died soon after, and left him an infant daughter. Waller then paid his addresses to Lady Dorothea Sidney, daughter of the Earl of Leicester, whom he has immortalised under the poetical name of Sacharissa ; but though die admired his verses, she slighted his offers, and married the Earl of Sunder- land. He then espoused a lady of the name of Bresse, by whom he had 13 children. In the long parliament he represented Agmon- desham, and was appointed one of the com- missioners to treat with the king ; but in 1643 he was taken up for a plot, when, to save his life, he made a confession, and after a year's imprisonment, and paying a fine of 10,00(M., obtained his liberty. He then went to France, and resided there till he found himself getting to the end of his resources, when he applied to Cromwell, who gave him leave to return, and restored his estate. Waller repaid the favour by a panegyric on the Protector ; but he was equally lavish of his praise on Charles II., with whom he was a favourite ; as he also was with James II. ; and he appears to have taken advantage of his intimacy with that monarch to give him very sound ad- vice. He now turned his thoughts to devo- tion, and composed "Divine Poems." He died at Beaconsfleld, in 1687, aged 82. His intellectual powers were of a superior order ; he was at once a prompt, elegant, and graceful speaker, while the wit and pleasant- ness of liis conversation made him a favourite, even with those whom his abject pliancy must have disgusted. English versification is much indebted to him ; and for ease, gaiety, brilliancy, and wit, lus amatory poetry has not been surpassed. WALLER, Sir William, an eminent general of the parliamentary army in the reign of Charles I., was born in 1597, in Kent, and was educated at Magdalen Col- lege and Hart Hall, Oxford. On his re- turning from Germany, where he had served as a volunteer against the emperor, he was elected for Andover as a member of the long parliament. He opposed the court, and, on the breaking out of the war, was made second in command under the Earl of Essex. The west of England was the scene of his prin- cipal exploits ; and in the early part of his career, he fought with signal success, but was ultimately defeated. The self-denying ordinance removed him from service, and he became so much an object of suspicion to the republicans, that he was twice imprisoned. He died in 10G8. He wrote " Divine Medi- tations" and a " Vindication of liis Character and Conduct." WALLERIUS, John Gottscualk, an eminent Swedish chemist and mineralogist, author of " Systema Mineralogicum," " Che- mia Physica," and other excellent works on those sciences. Died, 1785. WALLI8, JoHx, an eminent English mathematician and divine, was born in 1616, at Ashford, in Kent, and educated at Ema- nuel College, Cambridge. He was chosen, in 1640, Savilian professor of geometry at Ox- ford, and made keeper of the archives there, in 1658 ; was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society ; and, after a long life de- voted to science and his clerical duties, died in 1703. His mathematical works are in- cluded in three volumes, and his " Sermons " form a fourth. WALMESLEY, Charles, a Roman Ca- tholic divine, and an eminent mathema- tician, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, a monk of the Benedictine order, and vicar apostolic of the western district of England. He died at Bath, in 1707, aged 76. He was a member of the Royal Society, and the author of several mathematical treatises. WALPOLE, Sir Robert, earl of Orford, a celebrated statesman, was born in 1676, at Houghton, his father's seat in Norfolk, and was educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge. He entered parliament in 1701 , as member for Castle Rising, which borough his father had represented ; but in the fol- lowing year he was elected for Lynn. In 1708 he was appointed secretary of war ; in 1700, treasurerof the navy ; and, in 1710, one of the managers of Saeheverell's trial ; but, on the dissolution of tlie Whig ministry, he was dismissed from all his offices, expelled the house, and committed to the Tower, on the charge of breacli of trust and notorious corriiption. This was looked upon as a mere party proceeding by a majority of the people, and, on the accession of George L, the ^Vhig8 being again in the ascendant, he wal] ^ i^etD Unibtx^Kl Btogtapl^s. [wal =! I was made paymaster of the forces, and, sub- I sequently, prime minister. In consequence I of disputes with his colleagues, however, he I was induced to resign in 1717, and he re- 1 mained in opposition till 1720, when he once 1 more became paymaster of the forces. His j reputation as a financier induced all eyes to ' be directed towards him on the occurrence of the unprecedented disasters arising from I the bursting of the South Sea bubble ; and j Lord Sunderland being obliged to retire, j Walpole was again raised to the high situ- I ation of premier, which he retained for two- and twenty years, in spite of incessant attacks I from political enemies of the most splendid I talents. In 1742 he resigned, and was created ! Earl of Orford. He was an able financier, a good tactician in debate, a most serviceable minister to the house of Brunswick, and a zealous friend of the Protestant succession. He died in 1745. WALPOLE, Horatio, Lord, brother of the preceding, was born in 1678, held various offices under the government, and was an able diplomatist, was created a peer in 1756, I and died in 1757. He wrote an answer to Bolingbroke's Letters on History, and some political pamphlets. WALPOLE, Horace, earl of Orford, the youngest son of Sir Robert, was born in 1718, and was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge. In 1741, Jie entered parliament, successively represent- ing Callington, Castle Rising, and Lynn. But it was soon apparent that he took no delight in senatorial proceedings, and in 1768 he retired wholly from public business. Literature and the fine arts were the great Bources of his delight, and much of his ex- istence was pleasingly dedicated to the em- bellishment of his villa at Strawberry Hill, near Twickenham, and to the formation of a splendid collection of the relics of an- tiquity. He also established a private press, and printed several works there. In 1791 he succeeded to the earldom, but never took his seat in the House of Lords. His princi- pal works are, "The Castle of Otranto," " Historic Doubts of the Life and Reign of Richard III.," " The Mysterious Mother," a tragedy ; " Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors," and " The Anecdotes of Painting in England." Died, 1797. WALSH, Edward, an eminent physician, was born at Waterford, in Ireland, and graduated as M.D. at Edinburgh. He com- menced his professional career as physician in a West India packet, and had much ex- perience in the treatment of the yellow fever, which at that time was raging in Jamaica. He afterwards served as an army surgeon in Ireland during the rebellion, and in the expeditious to Holland and Copen- hagen. With the 49th regiment he pro- ceeded to Canada, was afterwards attached to the 6th dragoons, and sent to Spain ; and, having accompanied the Walcheren expe- dition, he was promoted to the stalf, went to the Continent as physician to the forces, and ended his medico-medical career at the battle of Waterloo. Dr. Walsh published " A Narrative of the Expedition to Holland," and "Bagatelles, or Poetical Sketches." Died, 1832. 862 WALSH, William, a minor English poet of the 17th century. He was the friend of Dryden and the patron of Pope, held a situ- ation in the household of queen Anne, and died in 1708. His poems are chiefly of an amatorv character. WALSINGHAM, Sir Eraxcis, an emi- nent statesman in the reign of Elizabeth, was born at Chislehurst, in Kent. After receiv- ing his education at King's College, Cam- bridge, where he acquired an excellent know- ledge of languages, he was several times employed on missions to France ; and, in 1573, he was appointed one of the secretaries of state, and knighted. In 1583 lie went on an embassy to James, king of Scotland ; and three years afterwards sat as one of the com- missioners on the trial of the unfortunate queen Mary. He was a man of subtle policy, sparing neither time, trouble, nor expense in carrying such measures as he thought likely to serve the cause of the queen and embarrass her enemies. It has been said, that "he outdid the Jesuits in their own bow, and over-reached them in their equivocation," and that he kept 53 agents and 18 spies in foreign courts. He died in 1590, aged 89. WALSINGHAM, Thomas, an English chronicler of the 15th century, was a native of Norfolk, and a Benedictine of St. Alban's. He was appointed historiographer royal about 1440, and wrote " A History of Eng- land, from 1273 to the death of Henry V." WALTER, JoHfT, whose name is inse- parably connected with the gigantic achieve- ments of the press in modern times, was the son of Mr. John Walter, printer to the customs, and for many years chief proprietor of the Times newspaper. He was born in 1773, and having, on the completion of his education, made himself acquainted with all the technicalities and routine of a large printing establishment, he, in 1803, became a joint proprietor and exclusive manager of the Times ; and from this period, during the long course of 44 years, he devoted himself to the moral and material improvement of what has been so justly termed " the fourth estate " of the realm. Besides being among the first to impart to the daily press its vast range and celerity of information, its authentic accu- racy, and its universal correspondence, he was the first to bring the steam-engine to its assistance. This took place Nov. 29th, 1814 ; and familiar as the discovery is now, it was not made without an amount of risk, labour, and anxiety, which few men could have undergone. Mr. Walter's success in the establishment of the Times as the "lead- ing journal " was attained not so much by his own brilliant abilities, as by the discern- ment with which he sought out, and the munificence with which he rewarded, talent, wherever it could be found, and by the in- tuitive sagacity with which he, from time to time, felt the pulse of the nation and pre- scribed accordingly. In adopting this course he necessarily exposed himself to the charge of inconsistency, and incurred the hostility of all party politicians and class interests; but for these sacrifices he was amply com- pensated, in witnessing the growing success of that great organ of public opinion, which wal] ^ lirtD Slnibcr^al 33iogiapr)t). [war it had been his glory to found, and his chief pleasure to assist and advise. Mr. Walter sat in parliament from 1832 to 1837 for Berk- shire, where his estate, Bearwood, was situ- ated ; in 1840 he contested Southwark un- successfully ; in April, 1841, he was returned for Nottingham ; and it is a curious circum- stance that Mr. Walter's vote in parliament may be said to liave sealed the fate of the Xlelbuurne administration, which he had long been combating in the press (the motion of want of conttdence, which led to its over- throw, being carried only by a majority of one). Died, 1847. WALTHER, BERtfAUD, an eminent as- tronomer of Nuremberg, in the 15th century. He studied under and assisted Regiomonta- nus, and is regarded as the first discoverer of the regular effect of atmospheric refrac- tion. Died, 15(>4. WALTON, Brian, a learned prelate, was born at Cleveland, in Yorkshire, in IGOO. He suffered considerably at the breaking out of the civil war, on which he fled to Oxford, where he formed the plan of a "Polyglot Bible," which was published in C vols, folio., and to which he principally owes his literary reputation. In IGfJO he was preferred to the Bee of Chester, but died in London the year following. WALTON, IzAAK, of piscatory fame, was born in 1593, at Stafford, and kept a lineu- drai)er'8 shop in London, first in the Royal Exchange, and afterwards at the comer of Chancery Lane, Fleet Street ; but about 1C32 he married the sister of Bishop Ken, and in the beginning of the civil wars quitted the metropolis, and went to reside at Win- chester, where he died in l(iA3. His " Com- plete Angler" has long afforded delight not only to those who are fond of that " inno- cent recreation," but to general readers, and has passed through numerous editions. He was also a biographer ; and his Lives of Hooker, Bishop Sanderson, Wotton, Donne, and Herbert exhibit him as such in a highly favourable light. WANLEY, Natuaniel, an English cler- gyman, residing at Coventry ; author of " The Wonders of the Little World, or the History of Man." Died, about 1090. WANLEY, Humphry, son of the pre- ceding, was born at Coventry, in 1C72, and educated at Edmund Hall, Oxford ; on leav- ing which university lie became secretary to the Society for Promoting Chriatian Knowledge, and afterwards librarian to the Earl of Oxford, in whose service he died in 1726. Mr. Wanley formed a cata- logue of Saixon manuscripts for Dr. Ilickes's Tliesaurus, and made numerous collections relative to archaeology and bibliography. WARBECK, Peter, or Perkin, an indi- vidual whose real history has been the sub- ject of much speculation, made his appear- ance in England, in the reign of Henry VII., and assumed the character and title of Richard duke of York, the younger son of Edward IV., supposed to have been mur- dered in the Tower, together with his bro- ther, by order of Richard III. Having been acknowledged by Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, as her nephew, he proceeded to claim the crown of England, and, landing in Cornwall, was joined by some thousands of insurgents. He laid siege to Exeter ; but, on the approach of the royal army, he fled to Beaulieu Abbey, in Hampshire, which sanctuary he was induced to quit, under the promise of a pardon, and he was sent in custody to the Tower of London. He was there treated as an impostor, and eventually, in 1499, was hanged, drawn, and quartered. Henry VII. published an alleged confession of the captive, purporting that he was the son of one Warbeck or Osbeck, a converted Jew of Tournay ; but many have asserted that he was an illegitimate son of Edward IV. WARBURTON, Jou.v, an English an- tiquary and herald ; author of " Vallum Romanum." Born, 1082 ; died, IIK). WARBURTON, William, bishop of Gloucester, a very eminent theological writer, critic, and controversialist, was born at Newark-upon-Trent, in 1098. His works are very numerous ; but those for which he is most celebrated are, " A Critical and Philosophical Inquiry into the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles, as related by His- torians," " The Alliance between Church and State," "The Divine Legation of Moses," " Vindication of Mr. Pope s Essay on Man," and editions of Shakspeare, Pope, &c. Dr. Warburton was a man of vigorous faculties, a mind fervid and vehement, supplied by in- cessant and unlimited inquiry, with wonder- ful extent and variety of knowledge ; but he was so proud of his literary powers, that he treated all who opposed him with contemptu- ous superiority and haughty disdain. He commenced his clerical career in 1726, as vicar of Griesley, in Nottinghamshire ; was api>ointed, in 1740, preacher to the society of I^incoln's Inn ; and rapidly advanced in his profession, becoming bishop of Gloucester in 17.W. He died in June, 1779. WARD, Edward, a burlesque poet, and miscellaneous writer at the end of the 17th century, wJio wrote " The London Spy," and turned Don Quixote into Iludibrastic verse. WARD, John, professor of rhetoric at Gresham College, was born in London in 1679, and died in 1758. He wrote the "Lives of the Gresham Professors," " Lectures on Oratory," 2 vols. &c. WARD, Robert Plumer, the well known author of " Tremaine," was born in London, 1705. His father was a Spanish merchant resident at Gibraltar, where his son Robert passed his early years. When about eight years of age, he was sent to England. He received his education at Walthamstow, where he had the late Mr. Justice Park for a schoolfellow ; thence he was transferred to Christchurch, Oxford ; and, after a short period of continental travel, was called to the bar by the Hon. Society of the Inner Tem- ple, in 1790. For some years he went the western circuit, spending his long vacations at the house of his elder and only surviving brother in tlie Isle of Wight ; and here he wrote his " Inquiry into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations in Europe." &c., wliich was published in 1795, and proved successful both as a work of literature and as a professional speculation. He was now frequently employed in cases before the privy council ; and the works relating to 803 war] ^ ilchj ^ixihtiiKl ^StaQTajp^B. [WAK international and maritime law, which he produced from time to time, secured him the friendship of Lord Grenville, Sir W. Scott, and Lord Eldon, who offered him a judgeship in the admiralty court of Nova Scotia. This offer, however, he declined ; and in 1802, through tlie influence of Pitt and Lord Mul- grave, to whom he was related by marriage, he was elected to parliament for Cocker- mouth, aided the premier both by his speeches and his pen, and had just been nominated to a Welsh judgeship, in 1805, when he relinquished it for the under- secretaryship of foreign affairs, Lord Mul- grave being his chief. On the death of Mr. Pitt, 1806, he retired into the country, and occupied himself in rural pursuits ; but on the formation of tlie Portland ministry, in 1807, he was made one of the lords of tlie admiralty, exclianging tliis office in 1811 for the clerkship of the ordnance, which he held till 1823. He then retired from parliament and from public life. But now that his political life was over, and he found himself without any other occupation than the auditorship of the civil list — a sinecure appointment, — he once more resumed the pen, and wrote " Tremaine," which, though published anonymously, produced a great sensation in literary circles, and became exceedingly popular. This was followed, in 1827, by " De Vere," which was hardly less successful ; and after some years spent in re- tirement and on the Continent, he returned to his literary labours, and published succes- sively his "Illustrations of Human Life," " Pictures of the World," " Historical Essay on the Revolution of 1688," and "De Clif- ford," a novel in 4 vols. Mr. Ward was thrice married. His second wife was Mrs. Plumer Lewis, of Gilston Park, in Herts ; and shortly after his marriage he assumed the name of Plumer before that of Ward. Died at Oke- overHall, Stafford, 1846, aged 81. His "Me- moirs and Literary Remains" have been published by the Hon. E. Phipps. WARD, Setii, bishop of Salisbury, a learned prelate, chiefly distinguished for his skill in mathematics and astronomy. He was public spirited and munificent, con- tributing to several liberal undertakings, besides founding and endowing a college of matrons for 10 clergymen's widows. Born, 1617 ; died, 1689. WARE, Sir James, an eminent antiquary and historian, was born at Dublin, in 1594, and died in 1666. He wrote " De Frsesulibus Hibernioe," the " History and Antiquities of Ireland," and several other works. WARE, James, an eminent surgeon and oculist, was born, about 1756, at Portsmouth. After having been demonstrator of anatomy at Cambridge, he formed a partnership in the metropolis with Mr. Wathen, which continued till 1791 ; after whicli he practised on his own account, and attained a first-rate reputation. Among his works are, " Ob- servations on Ophthalmia," " Remarks on Fistula Lachrymalis," and " Chirurgical Observations." Died, 1815. WARDLAW, Henry, bishop of St. An- drew's, and founder of the university there, was preferred to tliat see by pope Benedict XIII. in 1404. Though a man of strict 864 morals and great simplicity of character, he was a still greater enemy to what he believed to be heresy than to' immorality ; and he accordingly condemned to the stake those who, unhappily for their temporal peace, questioned the doctrines of the Romish church. Died, 1440. WARHAM, William, an English prelate and statesman, was born in Hampshire, and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. He successively became master of the rolls, lord chancellor, bishop of London, and archbishop of Canterbury. In 1515 he resigned the great seal on account of the differences between him and Wolsey, and died in 1532. He was the friend of Erasmus, and a great patron of literature. WARING, Dr. Edward, an eminent English mathematician. He wrote "Mis- cellanea Analytica," " Meditationes Alge- brnicse," "Meditationes Analyticae," "An Essay on the Principles of Human Know- ledge," and other works. Born, 1735 ; died, 1798. WARNER, Dr. Fkrdistando, an English divine, and a theological, biographical, his- torical, and medical writer. Born, 1703 j died, 1768. His principal publications are " A System of Divinity," 5 vols.; an "Eccle- siastical History of England," 2 vols. ; "The Life of Sir Thomas More," and " The His- tory of Ireland.". His son, John Wakner, published a translation of the " History of Friar Gerund," from the Spanish, 2 vols. ; and a work on prosody, entitled "Metro- nariston." WARNER, John, a learned prelate, bom at AVestmiuster, in 1585. He was successively prebendary of Canterbury, dean of Lichfield, and bishop of Rochester ; suffered much for his loyalty in the rebellion, but recovered his episcopal seat at the Restoration ; and died in 1666. He was the founder of the college at Bromley, Kent, for the widows of clergymen. WARNER, Richard, a botanist, born in London, in 1711 ; died, 1775. He wrote " Plantse Woodfordienses," &c. ; and at hia death, bequeathed his library to Wadham College, Oxford, where he had received his education. WARNER, William, an English poet of the 16th century ; author of " Albion's Eng- land," a poem written in an elegant style. Born, 1558 ; died, 1609. WARREN, Charles, an eminent en- graver, was a native of London, and for many years held a distinguished rank in his profession. He was the first who effectually removed the difficulties of engraving on steel. Died, 1823. WARREN, Sir John Borl ase, an eminent naval officer, was born in 1754. in Cornwall ; was educated at Winchester School, and at an earlj' age entered the navy. During the American war he performed several gallant actions, and rose to the rank of post-captain. On the breaking out of the French revo- lutionary war, he equally distinguished him- self ; particularly in capturing, off the coast of Ireland, the Hoche man-of-war, and six frigates laden with troops for the conquest of that island. After the peace of Amiens, he was appointed ambassador to Russia, in war] ^ i9ebj ainibfri^al Biosrapfjj). [WAT j I which post he remained until 1805. lie attained the rank of admiral in 1810, and died in 1822. WARREN, Sir Peter, an able English admiral, entered the navy when very yonng, and gradually rose to the rank of commodore. In 1745 lie commanded a squadron, witli which he attacked and took possession of Louisbourg ; and in 1747 he fell in with a French squadron, which he completely de- feated, capturing several of tlieir men-of-war. This last exploit rendered him very popular, and he was returned MJ*. for Westminster. Died, 17.'.2. WARTON, Dr. Joseph, son of the Rev. Thomas Warton, professor of poetry at Oxford, was born in 1722, at Dunsfold, in Surrey ; was educated at Winchester School, and Oriel College, Ojtford ; became curate of Chelsea, and rector of Tamworth ; and, in 1760, was advanced to the station of head- master at Winchester, where he presided with high rejmtalion nearly SO years. In 1788 lie obtained a stall in the cathedral of Winchester, and tlie rectory of Fasten, which he exchanged for Upham. In 1793 he re- tired from the school to his rectory of Wick- ham, in Hampshire, where he died in 1800. His chief works are, an " Essay on the Writ- ings and Genius of Pope " and translations from Virgil. WARTON, Thomas, brother of the pre- ceding, was born in 1728 ; received his edu- cation at Winchester School and Trinity College, Oxford ; and in his 20lli year he distinguished himself by his "Triiimph of Isis," a poetical vindication of Oxford against the reflections of Mason. His " Ob- servations on Spenser's Fairy Queen," pub- lished in 1754, made him advantageously known as a critic, and prepared the way for his election, in 1757, to the professorship of poetry at Oxford, which he filled for 10 yearX with great ability. The first volume of hi^ " History of English Poetry " was published in 1774, and the second and tliird, respectively, in 1778 and 1781. His plan was extensive, including the period from the 11th to the 18th century ; but when he had gone as far as the Elizabethan writers, he suspended, and ultimately abandoned, the undertaking. He succeeded Whitehead as poet-laureate, and died in 1790. Besides the works above noticed, he wrote some elegant poems, and ijerformed various other literary labours. WARWICK, Sir Philip, a political and historical writer, was born in Westniinster, in 1008 ; was educated at Eton and Geneva ; became a member of the long parliament, but was expelled the house for joining the king, to whom he was secretary ; took up arms in the royal cause, was knighted by Charles II., and died in 1082. He was the autlior of a " Dibcourse on Government " and some interesting "Memoirs of King Charles I." WASHINGTON, George, the first presi- dent of the United States of America, was born in 17.'i2, in Westmoreland county, Virginia. His father died when he was only 10 years of age ; but his elder brother having married a connection of Lord Fairfax, proprietor of the northern part of Virginia, George was introduced to the acquaintance of that nobleman, who gave him, when in In his 18th year, an appointment as surveyor of a certain portion of the before-mentioned territory. At the nge of 20 he was a major in the colonial militia, and in 1755 he served under the unfortunate General Bruddock, on whose fall he conducted the retreat in a masterly manner. He held the command of the Virginian troops till 1758, when he gave in his resignation on account of ill health. He now served his country as a senator, and was elected a member of the assembly for Frederick county, and afterwards for that of Fairfax. When the breach between Great Britain and her colonies was widened by mutual animosity, the eyes of his coun- trymen were fixed upon Mr. Washington ; and accordingly, in June, 1775, lie took the command of the army of America, at Cam- bridge, in New England. Of the particulara of tliat gicat revolution it is impossible here to give a detail ; sufiice it to observe, that to his intrepidity, prudence, and modera- tion, the Anierieaus were almost wholly indebted for that independence wliich was secured to them by the treaty of peace con- cluded in 1783. Soon after this event, Wash- ington resigned his comniis.sion to congress, and retired to his seat of Mount Vernon ; a retreat from the toils of public life, wliich he afterwards quitted with sincere regret. In 1789 he was elected president of the United States, and was received at Phila- delphia with tiie applause which he so well merited. He delivered his inaugural ad- dress on the 30th of April, and throughout his administration lie acted up to the prin- ciples and promises therein contained. As before, in his military capacity, so now in his civil, he declined receiving anything be- yond his actual exjienditure in his oflicial character. He well knew that he was chosen as the man of the nation, the guar- dian of the universal weal, and in no in- stance did he act or appear otherwise. His incessant application to business impaired his robust constitution, and in 179(5 he re- signed his office ; on which occasion he published a valedictory address to his coun- trymen, replete with the most excellent advice for their future conduct, and with the soundest views of their political state. He died, Dec. 14. 17i>9, in the G8th year of his age ; and left, for the admiration of posterity, a character unexcelled for disinterested patriotism, uudeviatiug consistency, and firmness of purpose, temjered with un- afi'ected humanity. WATELET, Claude Henry, a cele- brated French writer on the fine arts and belles lettres. He held the office of re- ceiver-general of the finances, and died in 1780. W^ATERIIOUSE, Enw.inn, a miscella- neous writer; born in 1019 ; died, 1070. He wrote an " Apology for I^earning and Leariie<l Alen," " Defence of Arms and Ar- moury." &c. WATERLAND,Da.viel, a learned divine and controversialist, was born in 1683, at Wasely in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, of which he became master. At his death in 1740, he 86.5 was chancellor of York, archdeacon of Middlesex, canon of Windsor, and vicar of { Twickenham. Among his works are, " A i History of the Athanasian Creed," " Scrip- I ture vindicated," " A Defence of Christ's : Divinity," and " A Review of the Doctrine I of the Eucharist." I WATERLOO, AxTiioxY, an eminent I Dutch painter, who lived in the early part I of the 17th century, and excelled in land- I scaoes. I WATSON, David, a leamed editor, best known as a translator of Horace, was born in ' Scotland, in 1710. He led an irregular life, and died in great poverty, in 175(3. WATSON, Hexky, Colonel, a mathema- tician and engineer, was born at Holbeach, in Lincolnshire, in 173.). He greatly dis- tinguislied liimself at the taking of tlie Ha- vaunah, and afterwards went to India as chief engineer. Died, 1780. WATSON, Richakd, a celebrated English prelate, was born in 1737, at Heversham, in Westmoreland ; became a sizar, and after- wards a fellow, of Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; was chosen, in 17(54, professor of clieniistry ; an<l in 1771 he succeeded to that of divinity. He early distinguished himself by a display of his political opinions, in a sermon preached before the university, which I was printed under the title of the "Prin- ciples of the Revolution vindicated," and I excited an unusual degree of public attention, i In 177<! he printed " An Apology for Chris- ' tianity," wliich he addressed to Gibbon. In I 1782 he was advanced to the bisliopric of LlandalT, with permission to hold the arch- I deaconry of El^', lus professorship, and otlier ecclesiastical preferments. On tlus promo- i tion, he published a letter to the Archbishop I of Canterbury, containing a plan for eqnal- I ising chnrcli revenues. In 179G the bishop 1 appeared a second time as the defender of 1 revealed religicm, in his " Apology for the Bible," designed as an answer to Paine's ! Age of Reason. He was also the antlior of I "Chemical Essays," 5 vols.; "Sermons," : and " Theological Essays." Died, 181(i. j WATSON, RoBKRT, an historian, was born at St. Andrew's in Scotland, in 17.50. He obtained the professorship of logic, rhe- toric, and belies lettres at St. Andrew's, I where he also became principal of the uni- j versity, and died in 1780. Dr. Watson wrote [ "The History of Philip 11.;" and commenced that of Philip III., which was completed and I published, for the benettt of his family, by j Dr. Thomson. WATSON, Sir William, a physician, born in London, in 1715, was distinguished I for his knowledge of natural philosophy and his discoveries in electricity. Died, 1787. WATT, James, a celebrated natural phi- losopher and civil engineer, was born at Greenock, in Scotland, in 173{), and began life as a mathematical instrument maker ; in which capacity he was employed by the university of Glasgow, and he subsequently established himself in that city. But he soon turned his attention to the steam-en- gine, in which he made the most important improvements, He subsequently entered almost wholly upon the business of a civil engineer, particularly in planning and sur- veying canals ; to aid him in which, he in- vented a new micrometer, and a machine for drawing in perspective. In 1774 he re- moved from Glasgow to Soho, near Bir- mingham, where he entered into partner- ship with Mr. Boulton, in the business of constructing steam-engines, which they car- ried to the height of perfection. After having given ample proofs of great mental endow- ments, Mr. Watt retired from business with a handsome fortune, which enabled him to enjoy the evening of a well-spent life with [ ease and comfort, in the bosom of his family. Died, 1819. WATT, Robert, a physician and biblio- grapher, was born in 1774, in Ayrshire ; be- came president of the faculty of physicians ' and surgeons at Glasgow, and died there, in 1819. He compiled the "Bibliotheca Bri- tannica," and some medical treatises. | WATTE AU, ANTOijr«, an eminent French I painter, was born in 1C84, at Valenciennes, j He commenced as a scene painter at Paris, but his admirable genius soon raised him above that humble occupation ; and having produced a picture which gained the prize at the academy, his ardour for the art in- creased, and he speedily rose to fame. Died, 1721. WATTS, Dr. Isaac, a celebrated dissent- ing divine of the independent persuasion, eminently distinguished for his learning and piety, was bom at Southampton, in 1674, and educated at the free school there, and next at an academy near London, He suc- ceeded Dr. Chauncey as minister of a con- gregation in the metropolis ; but nearly the j last 40 years of his life was spent in the i family of his friend. Sir Thomas Abney, at ! Stoke Newington. Among his works, most | of which still maintain their original popu- \ larity, are "Psalms and Hymns," a treatise \ on " Logic," and his " Improvement of the | Mind." Died, 1748. WAYNFLETE, William, a munificent prelate of the loth century, whose real name j was Piitteii, was born at Wainfleet, in Lin- colnshire ; and was educated at Winchester ! School, and at Oxford. He was made pro- | vost of Eton, in 1442 ; bishop of Winchester, in 1447 ; and lord chancellor, in 14.5(5. Died, | 1480. He was the founder of Magdalen Col- I lege, Oxford, and of a free school at his | native place. | WEBIJ, Philip Carteret, a very distin- guished English antiquary and law-writer, j Born, 170« ; died, 1770. | WEBBE, Samukl, an eminent English mu- | sician, particularly celebrated for his glees, j was born in 1740, and was apprenticed to a i cabinet maker, but he abandoned his trade, and gained a subsistence by copying music. ' By study and perseverance he became an excellent composer, and also acquired several languages. Died, 1810. His glees and part i songs lorm three volumes, and are much admired. WEBBER, JoHjr, an artist, born in Lon- don, in 1751, who in Cook's last voyage was appointed draughtsman to the expedition. Died, 1703. WEBER, Cakl Maria vox, one of the most eminent of modern composers, was webJ ^ iietu Huiljertfal SBwampf)!). [WEL bom in 17SC), at Eutin, in Holstein, and was liberally educated. He made professional tours throngli various parts of Germany, and was successively chapel-master at Bres- lau and at Carlsrulie, and comluctor of the opera at Prague. In 1816 he accepted an invitation to form a German opera at Dres- den, and was appointed direct«>r of niusic to the court. llis " Der Freischutz" was brought out in 1821 at Berlin, and rapidly attained a high degree of popularity through- out Europe. He visited I^ondon in 182i}, and produced the opera of "Oberon »" but Itis healtii was greatly impaired, and he died on the .")th of June, r WEBER, Hknry Wii.mam, an archao- logist and miscellaneous writer, was bom in 1783, at St. Petersburgh, of German parents ; studied medicine at Edinburgh and at Jena ; settled in Scotland, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and died in 1818. Among his publications are, " Metrical Romances of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries," " The Battle of Flodden Field," a poem, &c. WEBSTER, Noah, LL.I>., a very emi- nent and useful American author, was born in West Hartford, United States. His an- cestor, John Webster, was one of the earliest English settlers in Hartford, and was sub- sequently governor of Connecticut. Noah, his father, and two more Websters, were in the army on tlie occasion of Burgoyne's expedition to Canada. Restored to more peaceful pursuits, he continue<l his studies, and in 1781 was called to the bar. Though he had considerable professional employ- ment, his active mind could not be sathsfled without diffusing some portion of its ener- gies through the medium of the press, and ne published the "First Part of a Gram- matical Institute," " Sketches of American I Policy," and several other works, and also I established and conducted a daily paper in New York. But all these labours are com- paratively insignificant when contrasted with his elaborate English Dictionary, which, notwithstanding it contains some very se- rious mistakes on the subjects of etymology and the analogy of languages, is a stupen- dous monument of ability and industry. Died, Mav 28. 184.S ; aged 85. WEBSTER, Thomas, professor of geology in the London University, was a native of the Orkneys, and educated as an architect. Having become acquainted with Count Ilumford, whom he assisted in his researches into the principles of domestic economy, he abandoned his original profession, and engaged in philosophical pursuits. His favourite study was geology ; and a paper on the " Freshwater Beds" in the Isle of Wight, which appeared in the Transac- tions of the Geological Society, in 1814, not only brought him into notice in that department of science, but obtained for him, in the first instance, the offices of keeper of the society's museum and drafts- man, and, subsequently, house-secretary and curator. His last literary occupation was the " Encyclopaidia of Domestic Eco- nomy " (published by Longman and Co.). Died, Dec. 2«!. 1844, aged 71. WEDGWOOD, JosiAU, an ingenious improver of the English pottery manufac- ture, was born near Newcastle-under-Line, in 1730, and died in 1705. He not only exercised his ingenuity very beneficially in his particular trade, but he was versed in several branches of natural philosophy, invented the pyrometer, and was the pro- jector of the Grand Trunk Canal. He was public-spirited, enterprising, and bene- volent. WEEVER, Joiix, an English antiquary, was a native of Lancashire, and educated at Cambridge. He published a work of great curiosity and value, entitled "Funeral Mo- numents," and died about 16.32. WEIGEL, Chimstiax EnREXFniED, a German physician of the 18th century, dis- tinguished for his chemical and botanical knowledge. He wrote " Observationes Bo- tanicaj," "Flora Pomerano-Rugica," &c. WEIGEL, EnKAKD, an eminent mathe- matician and astronomer, of the 17th cen- tupsr. Died. 1690. WEIMAR, Anne Amelia, Duchess of, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, was '< born in 1700, and was distinguished by her ! talents, and the patronage she afforded to literature and the arts. The ruin of her I family and other miseries, produced by the ' French invasion of Germany, clouded her | latter davs. Siie died in 1807'. WEINBRENNER, Fredkric, an emi- | Bent German architect, born at Carlsrulie, i in 1766. After studying in Italy, and tra- A'clling over the Continent for the purpose of examining works of art, he returned to his native country, and founded an institution for the study of painting, modelling, poetry, i the fine arts, and archaeology ; and from ' this school issued many distinguished artists. He erected several splendid edifices at Carls- rulie, Leipsic, and other places, and wrote treatises on diilercnt branches of science. ( Died. 182R. | WEISSE, Christian Feli.y, a German poet and dramatist, born at Annaberg, in Saxony, in 1726. He wrote the "Children's Friend," and many other poi)iilar works for , the amusement and instruction of youth ; besides songs, dramas, and poems. Died, j 1804. I WELD, Thomas, an English cardinal, was born in 1773, at Lulworth Castle, Dor- I 8et:5hire, and was the eldest son of Thomas | Weld, esq., founder of the Roman Catholic College at Stoneyhurst, in l,ancasliire. He : succeeded to his ancestral estates in 1810 ; ! but, on the death of his wife, in 1815, he took orders, and was some years afterwards j consecrated coadjutor bishop of Canada. > Being in Italv with his daughter. Lady de Clifford, in 1829, pope Pius VIII. elevated him to the dignity of a cardinal. For many years previous he had devoted the whole of his time, and a great part of his fortune, to j pious and charitable purposes ; and he now i relinquished his estates to his brother, I Joseph Weld, esq., who, in 1830, received i Charles X. of France, and his family, as | guests at Lulworth Castle, previous to tlieir ! removal to Holyrood House. He died, April j 10. 1837. WELLESLEY, Richard Colley, Mar- ! quis, a distinguished nobleman, who for I wel] ^ ^ftu mntbnM 3St0srajp]^M. [wel more than half a century ranked among the very first of British statesmen and di- plomatists, was the eldest child of the first Earl of Mornington, and a native of Ire- land, being bom in Dublin, in Jnne, 1760. At an early age lie was placed at Eton, and in due time transferred to Oxford ; and it appears that at both those great seats of learning his superior classical attainments not only attracted the notice of his contem- poraries, but far excelled the generality of even the most eminent amongst that learned body. Ilis father dying just before he at- tained his majority in 1781, the yonng I Earl of Mominjrton took his seat in the Irish House of Peers ; but it was not till ! after his entrance into the British House of j Commons (first as member for Beeralston, and subsequently for New Windsor) that his I statesman -like qualities could find ample : room for their development. He was created a Britisli privy councillor in 1793 ; and in 1797 he succeeded Lord Cornwallis in the government of India, having been, at the same time, raised to the British peerage by the title of Baron Wellesley, in right of which he continued to sit in the House of I Lords. Accompanied by his illustrious brother. Colonel Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington, he arrived at a most critical j period for the safety of our Eastern empire, i to take the supreme command. Buona- parte had accomplished the conquest of Egypt, and was supposed to meditate an attack upon our Indian possessions. The spirit of Tippoo Saib, sovereign of the Mysore, rankled under his losses ; and emissaries from the French government ! encouraged him in his secret plans for the j recovery of the district of Coimbatoor and the hill fortresses which he had been com- ! pelled to surrender. The first step taken [ by his lordship was to secure and fortify the I island of Perim, which commands the en- i trance to the Straits of Babelmandeb ; the next was to negotiate with Tippoo for the ; purpose of inducing liim to abstain from I intercourse with the French. The sultan, 1 however, entertained a strong conviction ! that his true interests would be promoted by an alliance with the Directory of France. This being evident to the governor-general, he determined to strike an immediate blow, and the army, under General (afterwards Lord) Harris, was ordered to invest Serin- gapatam. Tlie siege lasted a month, the ] town was taken by assault, the sultan slain, i and his dominions partitioned. The gover- nor-general was immediately raised a step in the Irisli peerage, when he received the title of Marquis Wellesley. Following up the energetic measures he had so success- fully commenced, we soon find the noble marquis engaged in making a viceregal progress through the northern provinces of India, visiting the native princes, re- dressing grievances, and laying upon a broad basis the foundations of that vast and mighty empire which has ever since been the admiration and envy of the world. We, of course, pass over the various j achievements by which, under the gover- ' nor-general's direction, his illustrious bro- ther and other British commanders suc- ceeded in bringing to a successful termina- tion the desperate wars in wliich they were engaged. At length, in 1805, he was, at his own request, recalled from the govern- ment in India ; the East Ihdia Company having, in the course of his wise admini- stration, and by the policy of his financial plans, raised their revenue from seven mil- lions to upwards of fifteen millions annually. On his return the ministers of the crown, as well as the East India Company, expressed the deep sense they entertained of his splen- did services ; but as there were many who thought his administration had been need- lessly expensive, and that his conduct was, in some instances, unjust to the native princes, articles of impeachment were pre- sented against him by Mr. Paull, a member of the House of Commons : they were, how- ever, soon withdrawn, and a vote obtained in his favour. In 1809 his lordsliip was appointed ambassador to the supreme central jimta of Spain ; but dissensions in the British cabinet, and the fact that on the Peninsula military services were more required than diplomatic negotiations, caused his speedy return. On the death of the Duke of Port- land, the Perceval government was formed, and the Marquis Wellesley was prevailed upon to accept the office of secretary of state for foreign affairs. This he held from Dec. 1809, till Jan. 1812 ; but diff'ering from his colleagues on the Roman Catholic claims, and on other material points, he withdrew from the government. On the formation of Lord I-iverpool's administration, after Mr. Perceval had been assassinated., his lordship remained in opposition ; during which time he repeatedly called the attention of parlia- j merit to the situation in which his illustrious brother was placed in the Peninsula. He 1 described the conduct of the Spanish go- \ vernment as feeble, irrcgtilar, and ill-di- j reeled ; while he depicted the system adop- j ed by the British ministers as " timid with- | out prudence, and narrow without economy — profuse without the fruits of expenditure, and slow without the benefits of caution." j In December, 1821, Lord Wellesley was ' appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Sir Robert Peel being the home secretary, j This, while it raised the hopes of the ' Roman Catholics, naturally disappointed the Protestants ; and his arrival was converted into a signal for the renewed jealousy and rancour of both parties. His duties were, I consequently, most arduous ; and it is but bare justice to say, that throughout his vice- i regal career he e\'inced great wisdom, discre- ! tion, and impartiality. His brother the duke having come into power, the noble marquis, in 1828, resigned his post, and con- ; tinned oiit of office till Lord Grey took the \ head of the government, when a second | time, in 1833, he was appointed to the lord- I lieutenancy of Ireland, having for a short , time previously filled the office of lord- steward. During the administration of Sir Robert Peel, 1834-.?, Lord Wellesley held no official appointment ; but on the formation of the second Melbourne ministry, in April 183.5, he accepted the appointment of lord- chamberlain. His lordship, however, re- signed it in the course of the same year and , wel] Sr ^tln Bnibtr^Kl 38iogrfltiTji». [WES never afterwards filled any public employ- ment. He had at that period attained the very advanced age of 77, his health began to decline, and he thought the time had at length arrived for that season of repose which it is so desirable should intervene between the cessation of active pursuits and the close of human existence. His death took 1)1 ace on tlie 2(!th of September, 1842, his lordship being in the 83rd year of his age. He had been the subject of five successive sovereigns — namclv, George II., George III., George IV., William IV., and Victoria. His father, as before observed, died in 1781, but his motlier survived her husband during the long period of half a centuiy. Slie died in 18.'il, at the advanced age of 89 jears. She lived to see four of her sons attain to seats in the House of Lords by means of their own unaided merits, and in reward of public services never surpassed by any set of men, and certainly never equalled by the members of an individual family. WEIiLS, EuwAitD, a learned divine, was born at Corsham, in Wiltshire, about 1G.5.'>, and died in 1730. lie published a valuable work on the "Geography of the Old and I New Testament," 2 vols. ; a " Course of Mathematics for Young Gentlemen," 3 vols.; and some other works. WELSTED, LEONArn, an English poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer. Born, 1689 ; died, 1749. WELLWOOD, Sir Uexry Moxcreiff, bart., D. D., an eminent Scotch divine, was born at Blackford, near Stirling, in 1750. He was inducted at St. Cuthbert's, Edin- burgh, in 1775, and took an a«tive part in the government of the Scottish churcli, of which he was an able and zealous pastor. Died. 1827. WELL WOOD, Thomas, a Scotch phy- sician, was born near Edinburgh, in 1652, and died in 1716. He was the author of "Memoirs of English Affairs from 1588 to the Revolution." WERKMEISTER, Andrews, an emi- nent German composer, and writer on music ; author of "Mnsicaa Matliematicae," " Ilarmonologia Musica," &c. Born, 1645 ; died. 1706. WERNER, AuRAnAM Gottmeb, a cele- brated German mineralogist, born in Upper Lusatia, in 1750. His treatise, " On the ex- ternal Characteristics of Fossils," procured him tlie professorship of mineralogy at Freyburg, where his lectures on geology and mineralogy were attended by students from various parts of Europe. He was also keeper of the cabinet of natural history, and coun- sellor of the mines in Saxony. His cabinet of minerals, consisting of 100,000 specimens, and which was unrivalled for completeness and arrangement, he sold for 40,000 crowns, reserving tlie interest of 33,000 to revert, at the death of his sister, to the Mineralogical Academy of Freyburg. To him the science is highly indebted for its systematic arrange- ment ; and he may, in fact, be considered the Linnaaus of mineralogy. Died, 1817. WERNER, Fkedekic Ludwio Zacha- RiAS, a German dramatist, born at Konigs- berg, in 1708, and studied philosophy under Kant, In 1801 he published, at Berlin, " The 869 Sons of the Valley," which was followed by "The Templars in Cyprus" and "The Brethren of the Cross." He was very ec- centric in his thoughts and habits, and occupied himself with many romantic pro- jects. At length, in 1811, he embraced tlie Catholic faith, studied theology, and was ordained a priest. He wrote several tra- gedies and religious pieces, and died in 1823. WERNER, Jostrn, an eminent Swiss painter, especially excelling in miniature. Born, ICW; died, 1710. \\ERNER, Paul de, a celebrated Prui- sian general, bom in 1707. He displayed great bravery at the head of his troops at the battles of Prague, Kollin, Breslau, &c., and, in 1759, he drove General de Ville out of Silesia, and raised the siege of Colberg. He was alterwards taken prisoner by the Russians, and the most advantageous offers were made him by the czar Peter III. to induce him to enter into his service, but he rejected them, and, returning to Prussia, was again successfully emi)loy ed in liis coun- try's service ; and died in 1785. WESLEY, Samiel, an English divine, was born in 16()2, at Whitchurch, in Dorset- shire ; was admitted a servitor of Exeter College, Oxford ; and, on taking orders, obtained the living of South Ormesby, in Lincolnshire, and afterwards the rectories of Epworth and Wroote. He wrote a vo- lume of poems, entitled "Maggots," "The Life of Christ," an heroic poem ; "The History of the Old and New Testament, in verse," 3 vols. &c. Died, 1735. WESLEY, Samuel, eldest son of tlie preceding, was born at Epworth, about 1692 : was educated at Westminster and Christchurch, Oxford ; became usher in Westminster School, and in 1732 was ap- pointed master of the grammar-school at Tiverton, where he died in 1739. He was a rigid high-churchman, and wholly disap- proved of the conduct of his brothers John and Charles. He was the author of "The Battle of the Sexes,'' and other poems. WESLEY, John, son of Samuel Wesley the elder, was born at Epworth, in 1703. In 1730, while at Oxford, he and his bro- ther, with a few other students, formed themselves into a small society for the pur- pose of mutual edification in religious ex- ercises. So singular an association excited considerable noticCf and, among other names bestowed upon the members, that of Me- thodists was ai)plied to them. Mr. Wesiey, with some others, went to Georgia, in America, in 1735, with a view of con- verting the Indians. After a stay there of two years, he returned to England, com- menced itinerant preacher, and gathered many followers. The churches being shut against him, he built spacious meeting- houses in London, Bristol, and other places. For some time he was united with Mr. Whitfield ; but ditferences arising, on ac- count of the doctrine of election, they se- parated, and the Methodists were denomi- nated according to their respective leaders. Mr. Wesley was indefatigable in his la- bours, and almost continually engaged in travelling over England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. His society, though consist- WES] ^ |5cSm ^aitiljcr^al 3Bt0sraj)Ijii. [WES ing of many thousands, was well organised, and he preserved liis influence over it to the last. He published some volumes of hymns, numerous sermons, political tracts, and controversial treatises. In Wesley's countenance, mildness and gravity were pleasingly blended, and in old age he ap- peared extremely venerable : in manners, he was social, polite, and conversible : in the pulpit, he was fluent, clear, and argu- mentative. The approach of old age did not in the least abate his zeal and diligence : he was almost perpetually travelling ; and his religious services, setting aside his lite- I rary and controversial labours, were almost beyond calculation. He died, March 2. 1791, in the 89th year of his age. WESLEY, Chari.es, younger brother of the preceding, a minister also among the Methodists, and of respectable talents as a scholar and a poet ; born 1708 ; died, 1788. WESLEY, Samuel, an eminent musician, was the younger son of the preceding Charles Wesley, and, consequently, nei)hew to the celebrated John Wesley, the founder of his sect. The musical precocity of Samuel Wesley was astonishing. When only three years old he could play and ex- temporise freely on the organ ; and he be- came, by the time he had arrived at man- hood, not only one of the most astonishing extemporaneous players in Europe, but a fine composer and an excellent classical scholar. In 1787, from an accidental fall, which had nearly proved fatal, Mr. AVes- ley so seriously injured his head, that for seven years after he remained in a low de- sponding state, and during the remainder of his life was subject to periodical attacks of nervous irritability. During his intervals of health he prosecuted the science of music with the utmost ardour ; he composed many pieces, and was much engaged in public performances on the organ. His compo- sitions are grave and masterly ; his melodies sweet, varied, and novel. He possessed re- markable energy of mind, with a simplicity of character rarely united. Died, Oct. 11. 1837, a?ed71. WEST, Bexjamix, a celebrated painter, was bom in 1738, near Springfield, in Pennsylvania, of Quaker parents. After exercising his pencil in diflferent parts of America, he went to Italy in 17<iO, and came to England in 1763. One of his ear- liest friends was Dr. Drummond, archbi- shop of York, who introduced the young American artist to George III., by whose order he executed his picture of " The Departure of Regulus from Rome," and Whose patronage he enjoyed above 40 years. On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds, in 1791, Mr. West was elected president of the Royal Academy, which chair he enjoyed, with the exception of a short interval, till his death, in 1820. His " Death of General Wolfe" was among the first of his produc- tions that attracted public notice ; and among his last and best were, " Djeath on the Pale Horse" and " Christ healing the Sick." WEST, Gilbert, a poet and miscella- neous writer, born in 170i), was educated at Christchurch, Oxford. He obtained the offices of clerk to the privy council, and 870 treasurer of Chelsea College ; was the au- thor of " Poems" and " Observations on the Resurrection ; " and translated some of the Odes of Pindar. Died, 1756. WEST, Thomas, a topographical writer, was born at Ulverston, in Lancashire, where he died, in 1779. He wrote " The History of Fumess" and " A Guide to the Lakes." WESTALL, RicJiAnD, an eminent draughtsman and designer, born in 1765, was apprenticed to an engraver in heraldry on silver, &c.; but his genius soared higher than this humble department of the arts, and having studied at the Royal Academy, in 1786 he commenced his splendid career, imparting to his water-colour paintings a brilliance and vigour before unknown. About this time he formed a friendly inter- course with Mr. (afterwards Sir Thomas) Lawrence, which continued through life. Mr. Westall produced many excellent his- torical paintings ; but he is best known as the designer of Boydell's superb editions of Milton and Shakspeare, and as the illus- trator of numerous other works. From the great facility with which his ready talent enabled him to produce book designs, he was led into a greater degree of mannerism than any of his contemporaries -, but still he produced many beautiful specimens of his superior taste and judgment. Like his friend Sir Thomas Lawrence, he was fa- voured by royal patronage, his last occupa- tion being, in giving her present majesty (then Princess Victoria) lessons in drawing and painting. He died, aged 71, Dec. 4. 1836. WESTALL, William, a younger brother of the preceding, and like him an eminent artist, was born in 1782. In early life he accompanied Captain Flinders in his voyage round the world, on his return from which he illustrated Captain Flinders' work, and opened an exhibition in Brook Street, con- sisting of representations of the chief objects he had witnessed when abroad. In 1813 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. " Though little celebrated," says a contempo- rary, "for his oil pictures, he had a pleasant feeling for landscajje nature, lake scenery | more especially." He worked largely for i booksellers ; and many volumes, for which I he supplied matter of fact illustrations from 1 his own drawings, as well as from the slight ] sketches of artists and amateurs, evince his j skill, and the taste and readiness with which I he worked. Among other works which he ' published may be mentioned, " A Series of Views of Picturesque and Romantic Scenery in Madeira, the Cape of Good Hope," &c. fol. 1811-14; "Views of the Caves near Ingleton, &c. in Yorkshire," fol. 1818 ; | "Britannia delineata," "Views in London and its Environs," 1825 ; " Picturesque Tour of the Thames," &e. Died, Jan. 22. 1850. I WESTON, Stephen, an eminent classical j scholar and orientalist, was born at Exeter, j in 1747 ; educated at Eton, and Exeter Col- i lege, Oxford ; obtained the living of Man- j head, Devon, in 1777 ; but resigned his eccle- | siastical preferment in 1790, and thenceforth devoted himself wholly to literary pursuits. | We can here find space for the enumeration j of only a few of his works ; among which may be mentioned, " A Specimen of the Conformity of tlie European Languages, par- ticularly the English with the Oriental Lan- guages,^' " Letters from Pari?," 2 vols., " Spe- cimen of a Chinese Dictionary," besides various translations from the Chinese and Persian, in prose and poetry ; sermons, tales, and works relative to philology, divinity, and antiquities. Died, 1830. WESTON, Thomas, an eminent comic actor, who performed at the Ilaymarket and Covent (iarden Theatres. In " Jerry Sneak," " Abel Drugger," and characters of a similar stamp, he was very successful ; but he ruined his health and prospects by dissipation, and died in distress, in ]77(). WESTON, William, rector of Campden, in Gloucestershire, where he died in 17G0, was the author of two very learned works, one entitled, " An Enquiry into the Rejec- tion of the Christian Miracles by the Heathens ;" the other, " Dissertations on some of the most remarkable Wonders of Antiquity." WETSTEIN, John James, a learned the- ologian, was born in 1693, at Basle (where several others of his family also distin- guished themselves by their acquirements). He devoted himself, with great ardour and perseverance, to the restoration of the purity of the text of the New Testament ; and, after collating the various Greek manu- scripts wliich lie met with in his travels and researches, came to the conclusion, " that a variety of readings were no objection to the general authenticity of the text." In sup- port of this opinion, he publishe<l his " Pro- legomena ad Nov. Test. Grseci editionem ac- curatissimam & vetustissimis Codd. MSS. denuo procurandam." Died, 1754. WETHERELL, Sir Charles, a distin- guished chancery lawyer, was the son of the learned Dean of Hereford, who for more than half a century was master of Univer- sity College, Oxford. He was born in 1770, received his education at Magdalen College, and in 1794 was called to the bar. For many years he practised, though but with moderate success, at the common law bar ; i and he resolved on quitting the courts of king's bench and common pleas soon after Lord Eldon received the great seal. In 1818 Mr. Wetherell obtained a seat in parliament as member for Shaftesbury ; and though lie displayed much talent and energy in debate, i " his slovenly attire, uncoutii gestures, patch- work phraseology, fanciful illustrations, ' odd theories, recondite allusions, and old I fashioned jokes, tempted men to call him a j buffoon when they ought to have admired his ingenuity, reverenced his learning, and honoured his consistency." From 1820 to I 182*) Sir Charles represented the city of Oxford ; subsequently he sat for Plympton ; i and in 1830 he was elected for Boroughbridge, which was disfranchised by the reform act. In 1824 his just ambition was gratified in j being appointed solicitor-general, and re- ! ceiving the honour of knighthood. Three years afterwards he succeeded Sir John Copley as attorney-general, but on Mr. Can- j ning assuming the reins of government he resigned. He again, however, came into I oflSce in 1828, under the Duke of Wellington, 871 but remained only 1.") months, being inve- | terately opposed to Catholic emancipation, ! and determined, as he expressed himself, to j have no connection with " the scarlet indi- vidual whose seat is on the seven hills." To t the latest moment of his parliamentary j career his zeal for Protestantism and his I opposition to reform — either whig or radi- j cal — knew no abatement; and amidst a ; torrent of eloquence, learning, drollery, and enthusiasm, he closed his senatorial life, ex- claiming, "This is the last dying speech and confession of the member for Boroughbridge." Sir Charles held the office of recorder of Bristol ; and it was expected that his great unpopularity, as the marked opponent of the reform bill, would render him particularly ! obnoxious in that city, when he appeared | there to hold the Michaelmas sessions for 1831. This was intimated to him, but he was unwilling to shrink from the discharge of a j public duty, and (after consulting Lord Mel- bourne, the premier) he resolved to proceed i to Bristol as usual. When Sir Charles en- tered the city, his carriage was surrounded by ] an infuriated mob, who hooted at and pelted '< him with stones ; a^d it was with the utmost difficulty that he and the other corporate authorities who accomi)anicd him escaped without sustaining mortal injury. Of the disgraceful riots and burnings that took j place on the following day and night, it is sufficient here to observe, that the subject of this memoir escaped the deadly peril that | was designed for him, and continued to fulfil the duties of his office until his death in 184(}, aged 7(>. WEWITZER, Ralph, a comic actor, dis- tinguished for his wit and powers of repartee, was a native of London, and originally a jeweller ; but the admirable manner in which he personated Jews, Frenchmen, &c., proved that. In venturing on the stage, he had not mistaken his forte. He died, a pensioner on the Theatrical Fund, in 1824, aged 76. WEYSE, Christopher Ernest Frede- rick, a dramatic and lyric composer of great eminence, was born at Altona, in 1774. From his relations who were musical, he received instructions from his very infancy ; and his fine natural capacity was thus so much im- proved, that in 1799, when he was barely 25 years old, the Allgemeine Musikalische Zei- tung, a very high musical authority, said of him, " He is one of the first performers on the pianoforte now living ; in his fantasias he unites the science of Bach and the inex- haustible genius of Mozart ; if he can succeed in reaching the taste of the latter, the art cannot be carried to greater perfection." Though to his musical studies he added a very diligent and extensive cultivation of philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and lan- guages, his compositions were very numerous and various. lie composed "Floribella" and " Kenilworth," two admirable operas; "An Adventure in the Garden of Rosen- berg," a very spirited comic operetta ; almost innumerable songs, so popular, that they are every where sung by the peasantry of Swe- den, where he found constant patronage. But it was chiefly in oratorios and other sacred music that he excelled j of which his WHA ^ ^fix) Winibtv^aX ^Siotjiajpljn. [WHI "Ambi-osian Chaunt," "Pentecost," "The Sacrifice of Jesus," &c. are excellent speci- mens. Died, 1842 ; aged 68. WHALLEY, Peter, a native of Rugby, in Warwickshire, was born in 1722, was educated at St. John's College, Oxford, be- came head-master of the grammar-school I attached to Clirist's Hospital, and was rector i of St. Margaret Pattens, London. He was I the author of an " Essay on writing History," I an " Inquiry into the Learning of Sliak- j speare," &c. Died, 1791. I WHAPtTON, Hexkv, an English divine, I antiquary, and historian, was born in 1604, at Worsted, in Norfolk. He was author of "Anglia Sacra," 2 vols., and various other works. WHARTON, Thomas, Marquis of, was born in 1640, sat in several parliaments j during the reigns of Charles and James IL, ! in which he strenuously opposed the court, j and at the Revolution he was made a privy j councillor. Being a zealous Whig, and a I firm supporter of the Hanoverian succession, he was raised to the rank of a marquis by George I. Died, 1715. WHARTON, Philip, Duke of, son of the preceding, was born in 1669, and very early ! gave signs of those talents which he after- j wards displayed in a manner that more dis- ! graced than honoured their possessor. After j having, during his travels, accepted the title of duke from the Pretender, lie returned to England, and evinced the versatility of his political principles by becoming a warm championof the existing government. Hav- I ing impoverished himself by extravagance, he again changed his politics, and, retiring to tlie Continent, intrigued with tlie Stuarts. He died in indigence, in Spain, 1731. His poems, letters, and miscellaneous pieces form 2 vols. WHEATEEY, Chakles, a divine of the church of England, and author of a " Ra- tional Illustration of the Common Prayer." Died, 1742. AVHE ATLE Y, Francis, a painter of some eminence, born in London, in 1747 ; died, 1801. He was a self-instructed artist, at- tained celebrity as a portrait painter, and excelled in the representation of rural scenes. WHELER, or WHEELER, Sir George, a divine and traveller, was born in 1650, at Charing, in Kent ; was educated at Lincoln Hall, Oxford, travelled into Greece and Asia Minor, became a prebendary of Durham, j vicar of Basingstoke, and rector of Houghton- j le-Spring, and died in 1723-4. Besides his j " Journey into Greece," a valuable and au- ] thentic work, he wrote " The Protestant Monastery " and " An Account of the Churches of the Primitive Christians." He I built a chapel on his estate in Spitalfields, which still bears his name. WHISTON, William, a learned divine and mathematician, was bom at Norton, in Leicestershire, in 1667. He studied at Clare Hall, Cambridge, was chosen a fellow of his college, and entered into holy orders. In 1703 he succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as pro- fessor of mathematics, but having conceived douDts concerning the doctrine of the Tri- j nity, and, at length, adopted Arian opinions, 672 he was expelled from the iniiversity in 1710, and deprived of his office. He then removed to the metropolis, and gave lectures on as- tronomy ; but was prosecuted as a heretic, though the proceedings were ultimately ter- minated by a,n act of grace in 1715. Being refused admission to the sacrament at his parish church, he opened his own house for public w^orship, using a liturgy of his own composition ; and towards the close of his life he became a baptist. Having subse- quently distinguished himself by an abor- tive attempt to discover the longitude, and by his professed opinions relative to an ap- proaching millennium and the restoration of the Jews, he died in 1752. His principal works are, "A New Theory of the Earth, from its Original to the Consummation of all Things," " Praelectiones Astronomicse," " Prailectiones Pliysico - Mathematicae, " "The Works of Josephus, " 4 vols; and " Memoirs of his own Life," 3 vols. WIIITAKER, Edward, ".was bom in 1750; studied at Christchurch College, Ox- ford ; obtained the livings of St. Mildred's, and All Saints, Canterbury ; afterwards kept an academy at Egham, in Snrrcy ; and, not long before liis death, he was very instru- mental in establishing that useful institu- tion, the Refuge for the Destitute. His principal works are, "A general and con- nected View of the Prophecies," " Family Sermons," 3 vols. ; and " An Abridgment of Universal History," 2 vols. 4to. WIIITAKER," John-, an eminent divine and historian, was born at Manchester, in 1735 ; and died, rector of Ruan Lanyliorne, Cornwall, in 1808. Among his numerous works are, "A History of Mancliester," a " Vindication of Mary, Queen of Scots," 3 vols. ; " The Course of Hannibal over the Alps," 2 vols. ; and " The Origin of Govern- ment." WHITBREAD, Samuel, a distinguished member of the House of Commons, was the son of the eminent brewer in Chiswell Street, London, and born in 1758. He re- presented Bedford in parliament many years, and was one of the most vigorous opponents of Mr. Pitt. He also conducted the impeachment of Lord Melville, and was uniformly in opposition to the govern- ment. In a fit of insanity, supposed to be occasioned by liis overianxious attention to business, and particularly to the intricate concerns of Drury Lane Tlieatre, with which he was connected, he destroyed himself in 1815. WHITE, Gilbert, a divine and natu- ralist, was born at Selborne, in Hampshire, in 1720. He resided on his paternal estate in his native village, devoting his leisure to literature and the study of nature ; and the fruit of his researches appeared in his popu- lar work, " The Natural History and Anti- quities of Selborne." Died, 1703. WHITE, Henry Kikke, a youthful poet of great promise, was born at Nottingham, in 1785, and from his infancy manifested an extraordinary love of learning. He was first placed with a stocking-weaver, from which business he was removed to the office of an attorney, where he devoted all his spare time to the acquirement of Latin and Greek j wni] ^ i^ctD Bnibtv^Hl 3SiDgrapI)M. [tvhi and at length, throngh the generosity of Mr. Wilberforce, he was admitted a student of St. John's College, Cambridge. There he applied himself to his studies with such unremitting labour, that his constitution sunk under the effort, and he died in 18')6. The " Remains of Ilcury Kirke White," con- sisting of poems, letters, and fragments, have been edited by Southey. WHITE, the Rev. IIe.vky, a clergyman of the church of England, long known as one of the most eminent literary characters of Lichfiehl, and who in his younger days was the acquaintance and friend of Miss Seward and Dr. Johnson. Died, 1836. WHITE, Jamks, a miscellaneous writer, ■was a native of Iieland, and was educated at the university of Dublin, lie was the author of " Conway Castle, and other Poems ; " " Earl StronglK)w," a roman(;e ; "Adventures of John of Gaunt," 3 vols. ; " Richard Cccur de Lion," 3 vols. &c. Died, 1799. WHITE, Jekemy, a Nonconformist mi- nister, who wrote a remarkable hook on the "Restoration of all Things," in which he maintained the doctrine of universal re dcmption. Died, 1707. WHITE, or WIIYTE, Jonx, bishop of Winchester, born at Faniham, in Surrey, in 1511. In the reign of Edward VI. he was sent to the Tower for opposing the Reform- I ation, but Queen Mary released him, and ' made him a bishop. Died, 1,500. I WHITE, John, usually styled the " Pa- ' trlarch of Dorchester," was highly esteemed \ for his preaching and sauclity. Born, 1574 ; I died, lfi48. I WHITE, Joseph, an eminent divine and orientalist, was born at Stroud, in Glouces- tershire, in 1746 ; was educated at Wadham College, Oxford ; and was elected Laudian , professor of Arabic, in 177.5. Having, in j 1781, as Bampton lecturer, delivered a set of I sermons on the evidences of Christianity, I which were highly approved of, he was pre- ' sented to a prebend at Gloucester, and took [ the degree of D. D. ; though it afterwards j appeared he was much indebted to Mr. Bad- cock and Dr. Parr in the composition of them. In 18(X) he published his "Diates- saron," or a Harmony of the Gospels in ' Latin, which was followed by his " ^gyp- ' tiaea, or Observations on certain Antiquities i of Egvpt;" " Griesbach's Greek Testa- i ment," &c. Died. 1814. WHITE, Sir Thomas, founder of St. I John's College, Oxford, was born at Read- I ing, in 1492 ; became an opulent London tradesman ; and, in i5r>S, he served the office of lord mayor, and received the honour of knighthood for preserving the peace of the city during Wyatt's rebellion. He died in 15()f). I WHITE, Thomas, an English philosopher ] of the ]7th century, chiefly known as the friend and correspondent of Hobbes and Descartes. Died, 169B. WHITEHEAD, George, a Qiiaker, bom at Orton, in Westmoreland, in 1B36. He endured with patience much persecution for his zealous attempts at proselytism ; but he continued to persevere, and, after the Revolution, he procured for the members of 873 his sect the legal allowance of an affirmation instead of an oath» Died, 172.5. WnilTEHEAD, John, a physician and methodist preacher, who attended Mr. John Wesley in his last illness, preached his funeral sermon, and published "Memoirs of his Life," 2 vols. Died, 1804. WHITEHEAD, Paul, author of the sa- tires entitled "The State Dunces," "The tiymnasiad," and " Manners." He was deputy-treasurer of the exchequer chamber. Died, 1774. WHITEHEAD, W'ili.iam, a poet, was bom at Cambridge, in 1715, was educated at Winchester School and Clare Hall, and succeeded Cibber as poet laureate. He wrote the tragedies of " The Roman Father " and "Creusa," the comedy of "The School for Lovers," several elegant poems, &c. Died, 178.5. WHITEFIELD, or WHITFIELD, Geo., founder of the Calvinistic Methodists, was born in 1714, at Gloucester, where his father kept the Bell Inn. While at Pembroke College, Oxford, he joined the Wesleys and their associates, and on being ordained dea- con, he soon became a popular preacher. In 17;}8 he went to Georgia, where his conduct gave great satisfaction to the colonists, and he returned to England to procure subscrip- tions for building an orphan house in that settlement. On obtaining priest's orders, and repairing to London, the churches in which he preached were incapable of holding the assembled crowds ; he therefore adoi)ted the design of preaching in the open air, which he did to vast assemblages of people, who came from all parts to hear him. In 1739 he again embarked for America, and made a tour through several of the provinces, where he jM-eached to immense audiences, and returned to England in 1741. After visiting many parts of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and displaying a de- gree of intrepidity and zeal that overcame all difficulties, he made a seventh voyage to America, and died at Newbury Port, in New England, Sept. .W. 1770. WHITEIIURST, John, an ingenious me- chanic, born at Congleton, in Cheshire, in 1713 ; was distinguished by his superior construction of hydraulic machines, ther- mometers, barometers, &c. Died, 1788. WHITELOCK, Bn.sTFODE, an eminent lawyer and statesman, born in 1605. He was chairman of the committee for drawing up the charges against the Earl of Strafford; but though he adhered stedfastly to the re- publicans, he rendered various services to learning and religion during that dreadful period, and took no part in the proceedings against Charles I. Died, ]G7«. WHITGIFT, John, archbishop of Can- terbury, was born at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, in 15.53, and having been gra- dually advanced to the primacy, as successor , to Grindal in 1,583, he filled the situation with orthodox firmness, and was regarded both by Catholics and Puritans as a perse- cutor. Died, 1603. WHITLOCK, Elizabeth, a sister of the Messrs. Kemble and Mrs. Siddons, was born j in 1761 . Allured by the success of her sister, | she chose the histrionic art, and after a little . WHi] ^ |lel» ^nitin'^al 28i0jarap]55« [WIL practice in the country, made her first ap- pearance at Drury Lane Theatre in 1783, the same year that John and Stephen made their debuts in London. In 1785 she mar- ried Mr. Whitlock, manager of the Newcastle Theatre, and in 1792 she accompanied her husband to America, where, in 1799, he died. Though far excelled by her sister, whom slie greatly resembled in person, she was a good tragic actress, and realised a fortune by her profession. Died, 18;5f5. WHITTINGHAM, Sir Samuel Ford, a lieutenant-general in the British service, passed through tlie various gradations as a cavalry officer, and was appointed deputy as- sistant quarter-master-general in the army under the Duke of Wellington in 1809. lie afterwards served with the Portuguese army, and was subsequently emploj'ed in America. But the chief scene of his services was with the Spanish troops during the Peninsular war, having been aide-de-camp to General Cas- tanos, and afterwards serving under the Duke of Albuquerque. He consequently shared in the battles of Baylen, Barossa, andTalavera, in the latter of whicli lie was severely wounded. In 1812, after having raised and disciplined a large corps of Spanish troops, he was appoijited to the command of them, as major-general ; and, in junction with tlie British army at Alicant, he was success- fully opposed to tlie French under Marshal Suchet ; after which he served with distinc- tion in command of a division of infantry, under Sir John Murray, and subsequently under Lord W. Bentinck. As a reward for his services, the prince regent appointed him one of his aides-de-camp, and he re- ceived tlie honour of kniglithood. He was also invested with the grand cross of the order of San Ferdinando by the king of Spain, who, on Napoleon's escape from Elba, in 1815, sent expressly for Sir William. In 1819 he was appointed governor of Do- minica ; but in 1822 his services were trans- ferred to India, as qnarter-master-general of the king's troops, and subsequently as a major-general. On returning from India in 1835, he was appointed to the command of the forces in the Windward and Leeward Islands ; but he was permitted to resign this post in 1839, in order to take the command in chief at Madras, where he arrived in August, 1840, and died in January, 1841. WHITTINGHAM, William, a divine, who in the reign of Elizabeth was dean of Durham, in which cathedral he committed sad outrages, by mutilating or removing the statues, monuments^ and other ancient re- mains, under an idea that they savoured of popery. Died, 1579. AVHITTINGTON, Sir Richakd, a citizen and mercer, and " thrice lord mayor of London," was an extensive benefactor to the metropolis, though the marvellous stories connected with his name are groundless fictions. His almshouses for 13 poor men form an interesting object on Highgate Hill, and near them stands the famous stone which commemorates his return to London at the time the church bells so invitingly recalled him, in tones which he was fain to believe assured him of future civic honours. His last mayoralty was in 1419. WHITWOP.TH, Charles, Earl, an able diplomatist, was bom in 1754, at Seabnrne Grange, in Kent, and was educated at Tun- bridge School. He was ambassador to Po- land in 178<5. and to Russia in 1788, at which court he resided 12 years. In 1801 he nego- tiated a treaty with Denmark, was sent as j)lenipotentiiiry to Paris in 1802, went to Ireland as viceroy in 1814, and died in 1825. WICKIJJ F, or WYCLIFFE, John, an English divine of the 14th century, who has received the appellation of the " Morning Star of the Reformation," was born about 1324, at a parish in Yorkshire, whence he takes his name. He studied at Oxford, and was the first who opposed the authority of the pope, the jurisdiction of the bisliops, and the temporalities of the church. AVickliff also translated the Scriptures, and in 1381 he ventured to attack the doctrine of tran- substantiation, in a piece entitled " De Blas- phemia," which being condemned at Oxford, lie went tliitherand made a declaration of his faitli, professing his resolution to defend it witli liis blood. Died, 1384. WIELAND, Chiustophkr Martin, an eminent German novelist and essayist, was born in 1733, at Biberach, in Suabia. Like Goethe and Schiller, lie resided chiefly at Weimar. His works form 42 vols., and are too multifarious to enumerate ; they include histories, tales, poems, essays, and numerous translations ; among the latter are the works of Sliakspeare. His chief poetical production is his epic romance " Oberon," in 12 cantos, published in 1780. Died, 1813. WIFFEN, Jeremiah Holme, a celebrated Quaker poet, was born in 1792, and brought up to the profession of a schoolmaster, in which he was for some years engaged. The work on which his poetical fame mainly rests is a translation of Tasso, in which he adopted the Spenserian stanza ; but he wrote many other works, and was a contributor of poetry to some of the most popular Annuals. Among his productions we must name " Aonian Hours, and other Poems ;" also, a translation of poems from the Spanish of De la Vega ; a series of stanzas illustrative of the portraits at Woburn Abbey, entitled "Tlie Russells," and his able prose work, •' The History of the Russell Family," which he traces up to the heathen chiefs three centuries before the time of the conquering Rollo. With a liberality befitting his wealth and station, the Duke of Bedford appointed him to the situation of private secretary and librarian ; and, under the patronage of his grace, surrounded as he was by rare books, paintings, sculpture, and objects of vertu, lie spent his hours in an enviable state of mental luxury ; for lie was not a mere book worm, but had a taste for the fine arts generally ; and, while he was an admirer of all that is good in morals, he well appreciated whatever was beautiful in creation. He died in 1836. His sister is the wife of Mr. Alarie Watts, both poets, and well known in the literary world. WILBERFORCE, William, a distin- guished philanthropist, was born in 1759, at Hull. He completed his education at Cambridge, and there obtained the friend- ship of Mr. Pitt. He was elected M.P. for 874 wil] ^ i^m UnibniKl 38i0ffrapTjn. [wil Hull directly he was of age. The next year (1787), he distinguished himself by his exertions for tlie abolition of the slave trade, which, after a long warfare and many strug- gles, was finally decreed by the British legis- lature in 1807. Mr. Wilberforce approved the principles of the French revolution, as they exhibited themselves at its commence- ment ; and, on the motion of M. Brissot, in Augtist, 1792, was voted the right of French citizenship. But, in ISOI, he denounced the designs of Buonaparte, and supported all the ministerial measures of vigorous op- position to France. In his exertions to emancipate the hapless African from the chains of slavery, Mr. Wilberforce never relaxed ; and he lived to see the second read- ing of the "Emancipation Act" carried by the House of Commons. He published a " Practical View of the prevailing Religious Systems of Professed Christians," and an " Apology for the Christian Sabbath." Died, aged VS, in 18.'«. WILCOCKS, Joseph, a philanthropist and ingenious writer, was the son of the Bishop of Rocliester, and born in 172.'$. He was the author of " Roman Conversations " and " Sacred Exercises." Died, 1791. WILD, Henry, a tailor of Norwich, who made himself master of the Hebrew, Arabic, and other Oriental languages ; and was in- debted to Dr. Prideaux for a place in the Bodleian library. He translated from the Arabic, Mahomet's Journey to Heaven. Born, 1684 ; died, 1735. WILDBORE, Charles, an ingenious mathematician, who was entirely eelf-taught both in his favourite science and in the lan- guages. Died, ]80;5. WILFORl), Fraxcis, an eminent orien- talist, was a native of Hanover, and went to India in 1781, as an officer witli tlie foreign troops sent there by the British government. He became one of the first members of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and published many valuable memoirs on tlie history and antiquities of Hindostan, in the Asiatic Re- searches. Died, 1822. WILKES, Jou.v, an alderman of London, distinguished for tlie violence of liis political conduct, was born in the metropolis, in 1727. He received a liberal education ; and, after travelling on the Continent, married a lady of fortune, and became a colonel of the Buckinghamshire militia. In 17(51 he was elected M.P. for Aylesbury ; but on publishing an offensive libel in No. 45. of his periodical paper, the North Briton, a general warrant was issued by the secretary of state to seize liim and his papers, and he was committed to the Tower. In a few days after, however, he was brought, by writ of habeas corpus, before Chief-justice Pratt of the common pleas, who decided that general warrants were illegal, and he was conse- quently discharged, amidst the general re- joicings of the populace. In the meantime Wilkes incurred another prosecution for printing an obscene poem, called an "Essay on Woman ;" and, for not appearing to re- ceive judgment, was outlawed. He then went to France, where he resided till 1708, when lie was elected for Middlesex ; but was prevented from taking his seat, and com- mitted to the king's bench prison, which occasioned dreadful riots in St. George's Fields. He had now attained the height of his popularity ; a large subscription was entered into to pay his debts ; and in 1774, the year of his mayoralty, he was again elected for Middlesex, and permitted to take his seat without further opposition. He died in 1797. WILKIE, Sir David, a painter of dis- tinguished merit, was born near Cupar in Fifeshire, in 1785, his father being a minister of the Scotch church. In 1805 he came to London, and soon attracted notice by the excellence of his earliest efforts ; his career of fame commencing with his " Vil- lage Politicians," " Blind Fiddler," " Rent D.ay," &c. His reputation was now esta- blished, and in 1811 he was made a royal academician, 'from which period he regu- larly produced, and as regularly sold at increasing prices, his most celebrated pic- tures, of which we shall merely mention a few; as "Distraining for Rent," "The Penny Wedding," "Blind Man's Buff," " The Village Festival " (now <in the Na- tional Gallery), " The Reading of the Will," and "Chelsea Pensioners reading the Ga- zette of the Battle of Waterloo" (painted for the Duke of Wellington, in 1823, for 1200Z. ). In consequence of ill-health, brought on by close ai)plication and some serious pecuniary losses, a continental tour was recommended by his physicians ; and he accordingly visited Italy and Spain, where he remained till 1828. But his love of art and his habitual industry could neither be restrained by the injunctions of phy- sicians nor the entreaties of friends ; and, accordingly, several finished pictures, alto- gether different from his former style of execution, soon appeared. Upon this " total change " of style and choice of subjects it has been remarked, that, in departing from the principle of the Flemish and Dutch scliools, and adopting that of the Spanish, "he determined on the hazardous experi- ment of resting his future fame on a style utterly opposite to that in which he then stood unrivalled amidst European artists." In January, 183<), on the death of Sir Tho- mas Lawrence, he was appointed principal painter in ordinary to (ieorge IV., whose portrait in the Highland costume, and " His Majesty's Reception at Holyrood House," he was at that time occupied in painting. On the accession of William IV. the royal favour was continued to him, and he was knighted in 1836. Queen Victoria honoured him with sittings for his splendid picture of her majesty's "First Council;" and by the queen's command he went to the Turkish capital to paint the portrait of the sultan. This was his last and fatal mission. On his return on board tlie Oriental steamer, after having touched at Malta and Gibraltar, he was taken suddenly ill, and died in Gib- raltar Bay, aged 5(), June 1. 1841 ; the last sad offices of committing his body to the deep being rendered necessary by the strict orders of the governor, who could not allow it to be brought on shore. Among the principal pictures painted by Sir David, in his second or Spanish style, may be named wil] ^ |2cto Winibtv^nl "MiaQmi^l)]}. " The Maid of Saragossa," " The Guerilla's Departure" and "Keturn," "John Knox preaching," " Columbus," " Peep-o'-day- Boy's Cabin," " Mary Queen of Scots escap- ing from Lochleven Castle," " The Cotter's Saturday Night," " The Empress Josephine and the Fortune-teller," and " The Dis- covery of the Body of Tippoo Saib " (painted for the widow of Sir David Baird, at 1300/.). He also produced many celebrated portraits. As a man, Sir David VVilkie had the cha- racter of being mild and unassuming ; as an artist no difficulties could daunt him, nor could any labour be too great for him to undertake with a view to the attainment of excellence. VVILKIE, WiLLiA.\r, a Scotch poet ; au- thor of " The Epigoniad." Born, 1721 ; died, 1772. WILKINS, Sir Cuarles, F.R.S., &c., an eminent oriental scholar, was a native of Somersetshire. He went to Bengal, in the civil service, in 1770. While thus employed, he directed his attention to the study of the Sanscrit language, and followed it up with such perseverance, that he translated the Bhagavad Gita into English, which Warren Hastings, then governor-general, presented to the court of directors, and prefixed to it an elegant dissertation. Mr. Wilkins also possessed great mechanical ingenuitj', and prepared with his own hands the first Bengali and Persian types employed in Bengal. After residing 15 years in India he returned, but continued to pursue his oriental studies, and published a translation of the Hitopa- desa, or the Fables of Vishnoo Sarma ; and in 1800 he was made librarian of the valuable 1 collection of MSS. which the court of direc- I tors possessed through the conquest of Se- 1 ringapatam. lie was also appointed visitor in the oriental department for the com- pany's colleges at Haileybury and Addis- combe. In 1808 Sir Charles produced his excellent " Sanscrit Grammar ;" he also edited and enlarged Richardson's Dictionary of the Persian and Arabic languages, in 2 vols. 4to. He was a member of the French Institute, admitted to the honorary degree of D.C.L. in the university of Oxford, and was a knight of the Guclphic order. Born, 1751 : died, 1836. WILKINS, David, a learned divine, born in 1685, who became archdeacon of Suffolk, and published "Leges Saxonies," "Concilia Magnaj Britanuiaj," 4 vols. &c. Died, 1745. WILKINS, John, bishop of Chester in the 17tli century, was born in 1614, at Faws- ley, in Northamptonshire, and educated at Oxford. He married Oliver Cromwell's sister, and was appointed warden of Wad- ham College, and master of Trinity College ; and though he was deprived of these prefer- ments at the Restoration, he afterwards found favour in the siglit of Charles II., and, in 1668, was raised to the bishopric of Chester, He was the founder of that asso- ciation which afterwards became the Royal Society, produced several mathematical and theological works, and died in 1672. WILKINS, William, an eminent archi- tect. His chief buildings are St. George's Hospital, the London University, the Uni- versity Club House, and the National Gal- lery, which last has probably provoked more caustic criticism than has been bestowed up- on the works of any previous architect. His additions to some collegiate buildings, both in England and Ireland, show great taste and learning. Though popular opinion was in unison with the general expressed condem- nation of tlie National Gallery, Mr. Wilkins had, on other occasions, given convincing proof of his abilities as an architect. His very numerous and extensive engagements ! in his profession did not prevent him from , being an author of some voluniinousness. i Born, 1778 ; died, 1839. WILLDENOW, Charles Louis, a cele- j brated botanist, born at Berlin, in 1765. After having filled the professorial chair, he ' was made director of the botanic garden at Berlin, which he vastly improved, and also presented to the museum, a zoological cabinet ' of his formation. In 1811 he was invited to Paris by Humboldt, to classify and describe the multitude of new plants brought by that traveller from America. Among his prin- | cipal works are, " Prodromus Florte Beroli- nensis," "Ek'mens de Botanique," and " Species Plantarum," which was not quite completed when he died, in 1812. WILLIAM I., king of England, sur- named the Conqueror, was the natural son of Robert I., duke of Normandy, and of Arlotta, the daughter of a tanner at Falaise, where he was born in 1024. He reigned as duke of Normandy till the death of Edward the^ Confessor, when, pretending that the crown had been bequeathed to him by that monarch, he fitted out a large expedition, and landed on the coast of Sussex. As soon as the troops were disembarked, he burnt the vessels exclaiming, " See your country." Harold opposed him, but was defeated and slain at Hastings ; after which William marched to London, and was crowned at Westminster, on Christmas Day, 1066. His first measures were mild and judicious ; but during his absence in Normandy, the English being treated like a conquered people, showed a disposition to rebel ; upon which he adopted the feudal system with all its injustice and severity ; dividing the land into baronies, expelling the rightful owners from their possessions, and giving them and the church dignities to foreigners. He also introduced the Norman language, and ordered tliat all law pleadings and statutes should be in that tongue ; and, in order to prevent nightly meetings and conspiracies, he instituted the curfew, or " cover fire bell." To gratify his passion for the chase, he laid waste the New Forest in Hampshire, where he demolished villages, churclies, and convents, and ex- pelled the inhabitants for 30 miles round. In 1078 he finished the Tower of London. In 1087 he invaded France, where he com- mitted great ravages, and was about to march to Paris, but died in consequence of a fall from his horse, and was buried in the abbey of St. Gervais, near Rouen. WILLIAM II., surnamed Rt'iTS, from his red hair, was the second son of the Con- queror, and was born in 1060. He succeeded to the English throne on the death of his father in 1087 ; bought the dukedom of Nor- mandy of liia brother Robert, who joined the crusaders ; and, after au unquiet reign of nearly 13 years, Jie was accidentally killed while hunting in the New Forest ; au arrow shot by a French gentlerean, nam«d Walter Tyrrel, having glanced from a tree, and I pierced his heart. This event took place, I August 2. ] 100. He is described as having been cruel, perfidious, and rapacious in a high degree. The Tower of London, London I Bridge, and Westminster Hall were built in his reign. I WILLIAM III., of Nassau, prince of I Orange, and king of England, was born at the Hague, in 1650. He was the son of I William, prince of Orange, and of Hen- I rietta Maria, daughter of Charles I. He I married tlie princess Mary, daughter of I James I., duke of York ; and succeeded to the stadtholdership in 1(572. In 1G88, tlie arbitrary measures of James II. induced many disaffected nobles and others to invite over the Prince of Orange ; who gladly em- braced the occasion, and landed, without opposition, in Torbay, Nov. 5. the same year, and was crowned April 11. lt)89. The year following William went to Ireland, where he defeated James at the battle of the Boyne. In 1091 he headed the confederated army in the Netherlands ; took Namur in 1695 ; and in 1697 he was acknowledged king of Eng- land by the treaty of Ryswick. On the death of Mary, in 1693, the parliament con- firmed to him the royal title. His death, which occurred March 8. 1703, was accele- rated by an injury he had sustained in a fall from his horse. WILLIAM IV., king of England, known before his accession to the throne as William Henry, duke of Clarence, was the third son of George III., and was born August the 21st, 1765. At 14 years of age he entered the navy as a midshipman on board the Prince George, a 98-guu ship, commanded by Admiral Digby ; and, at the king's es- pecial desire, he was placed on the same footing, in every respect, with other youths of the same rank in the eervice. Within 12 months of his having been at sea, Pnnce William Henry had the good fortune to be present with Admiral Rodney at the capture of the Caraccas fleet, commanded by Don Juan Langara. When the Spanish admiral was brought on board the Prince George as a prisoner, and was told that one of the midshipmen, whom he saw actively engaged in his duty, was an English prince of the blood, he exclaimed, " Well may England be mistress of the sea, when the son of her king is thus employed in her service I " The prince served nearly all the residue of his time as a midshipman in tlie West Indies, and off the coasts of Nova Scotia and Canada; and many characteristic anecdotes, honour- able to hid bravery and humanity, are re- lated of him during the period of his naval career. He was afterwards removed to the Warwick of 50 guns, commanded by Lord Keith, and was present wlien that oflficer captured the frigates I/Aigle and La Sopliie, and the Terror sloop-of-wtir, oft" the Dela- ware, in 17t>2. He then joined Lord Hood, who was in quest of the i'rench fleet under Vaudreuil, aud first became acquainted with 877 Nelson on board the Barfleur. In June, 1783, Lord Hood's squadron returned to England ; and in the summer of 1785, the prince, having served the regular time as a midshipman, was appointed third lieutenant of the Hebe frigate. In 1786, as captain of the Pegasus of 28 guns, he sailed for Nova I Scotia ; whence he proceeded to the Leeward I Islands station, aud remained for some months under the orders of Nelson, then captain of the Boreas frigate ; when a strong | and lasting friendship (iiouourablc to both) sprang up between them. In December, 1787, the prince returned to England, and was appointed to command the Andromeda frigate, in which he again sailed for the West Indies. On his arrival at Port Royal he received the congratulations of the house of assembly, who voted 1000 guineas for a diamond star to be presented to him, as a mark of the high sense they entertained of his conduct while formerly on that station. In 1789 he was created duke of Clarence, and earl of Munster in Ireland, took his seat in the House of Lords, and was made rear-admiral of the blue in 1790. From the time, however, he received his flag, the Duke of Clarence saw no more active service afloat, though he repeatedly expressed his most anxious wishes to be employed. In 1811 he succeeded Sir Peter Parker as admiral of the fleet. In that capacity he hoisted his flag for the last time, for the purpose of escorting Louis XVIII. to France ; and on board the Impregnable he received the em- peror of Russia and the king of Prussia, with their splendid cortege. For many years the duke lived the life of a private English gentleman, residing at Bushy Park, of which he had been appointed ranger, on the death of the Countess of Guildford, in 1797. [His connection with Mrs. Jordan has been given at sufficient length in our biographical me- moir of that lady.] After the death of the I Princess Charlotte of Wales, in 1817, a new i era took place in the position and prospects [ of the Duke of Clarence ; and on the 11th ^ of July, 1818, he married the Princess Ade- ! laide Louisa Theresa Caroline Amelia, the ' eldest daughter of the Duke of Saxe Mein- ingen. Two female children, the eldest of which died on the day of her birth, and the ' youngest when only three months old, were ; their only offspring. Having become heir- ! presumptive to tlie throne, in 1827, by the i death of the Duke of York, his royal high- \ ness received an additional parliamentary ! grant, which raised his income to 40,000/. a year. He was also appointed lord high I admiral of England, a post revived for the occasion, after having been in abeyance just i 100 years, in which important station he was highly popular ; but owing to some objec- I tions made by the Duke of Wellington (wlio, 1 with his colleagues, came into oflSce soon after i the death of Mr. Canning) to the expenses of , his royal highness's progresses, he resigned ' the office. On the 26th of June, 1830, the Duke | of Clarence succeeded his brother, George IV., i as king of England, and was crowned, with j his royal consort, in Westminster Abbey, September the 8th, 1831. A marked differ- ! ence was soon observable in the conduct of William IV. and his predecessor. The se- | wil] ^ ^^IB Winibtv^KX MiOQvn^f^yi* [wil eluded habits and fastidious retirement that had distinguished tlie last jears of his bro- ther's life, gave place to an obvious desire of popularity on the part of the new mouarch ; while the Wellington administration was succeeded by that of Earl Grey, under whom the reform of parliament was eifected. Po- litical animosities were at their height ; but still the king was on the popular side, and the court offered, in every respect, an example worthy of imitation. In May, 1837, his ma- jesty was taken ill, and in four weeks from tliat time. June 29. 1837, " he died in a gentle sleep." Sincere and honourable were the encomiums pronounced upon him at his death by men of all parties ; and perhaps we could not paint his true character more justly than in the brief and expressive lan- guage of Lord Grey: — "A man more sin- cerely devoted to the interests of his country, and better understanding what was necessary for the attainment of that object, there never did exist ; and if ever there was a sovereign entitled to the character, his majesty may truly be styled a rATiuox king ! " [The following are the names, &c. of the Fitz-Clarence family: — 1. Sophia, lady T>K LiSLEY and Dudley ; married, Aug. 13. 1825; died, April 10. 1837 2. George, earl of Munstek, viscount Fitz-Clarence,&c. ; born, Jan. 16. 1794 ; married Mary Wind- ham, daughter of the late Earl of Egremont, Oct. 18. 1819 3. Captain Henry Fitz- Clarence ; died in India, in 1817 4. Lady Mary Fox ; born, Dec. 19. 1798 ; mar- ried, June 19. 1824 .'5. Lord Frederick Fitz-Clarence ; born, Dec. 9. 1799 ; married Lady Augusta Boyle, May 19. 1821 6. Elizabeth, countess of Errol; born, Jan. 18. 1801 ; married, Dec. 4. 1820 7. Lord Adolphus Fitz-Clarence ; born, Feb. 18. 1802 8. Lady Augusta GoRDo?f ; born, Nov. 20. 1803; married, July 5. 1827 9. The Rev. Lord Augustus Fitz-Clarence ; born, March 1. 1805 10. Amelia, vis- countess Falkland ; born, Nov. 5. 1803 ; married, Dec. 27. 1830.] WILLIAM FREDERICK, king of the Netherlands and count of Nassau. After studying at Leyden, and travelling for a few years, this illustrious prince entered upon a military career, in which he greatly distinguished himself by his gallant though unsuccessful opposition to the arms of re- volutionised France. At Wagram and at Jena he was conspicuous for both skill and courage, and he made a most noble defence when the last French revolution of 1830 caused Belgium to be severed from Holland. Attentive to encouraging the commerce and promoting the welfare of his subjects, he necessarily was very popular, till he proposed in 1839 to marry the Countess d'Outrement. That lady being both a Belgian and a Ca- tholic, the proposed union was so unpopular, that his majesty, resolute not to have his will disputed upon a point so purely personal, abdicated, married the lady, and settled at Berlin. Even while on the throne, the ex- king had been among the most extensive and sagacious of all the commercial men of his nation, as will be inferred from the fact that he has left property to the amount of above 13,000,000 sterling. Died, Dec. 1843, aged 72. WILLIAM II., king of Holland, better known in England as the prince of Orange, son of William I., was born in 1792, at the very moment when revolutionary France invaded the Netherlands, and thus com- pelled the young prince to be brought to England, where he passed the first period of his life. Educated under the care of Dr. Howley, late archbishop of Canterbury, he at 19 j'ears of age joined Lord Wellington in Spain as extra aide-de-camp, and in this capacity he followed the fortunes of the British army from 1811 to 1814, and gained great distinction at the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, as well as in the battles of Salamanca and Vittoria, the Pyrenees, and the Nivelle. After the expulsion of the Fiench from Holland in 1813, the young prince was designated as the husband of the Princess Charlotte of AVales ; but she evinced the most decided objection to the imion ; and many years subsequently, when Prince Leopold, who afterwards became lier hus- band, was elected to the throne of Belgium, the coincidence was remarked that he should have been successful against his princely competitor in obtaining from him both a kingdom and a wife. During the whole of the campaign of 1815 he commanded the army of the Netherlands, and distinguished himself at Waterloo, where he was severely wounded. After this event he chiefly re- sided in Brussels, till the revolution of 1830, separating Belgium from Holland, compelled his departure for the Hague. The abdication of his father (see above) in 1840, raised him prematurely to the throne, and he continued to govern with great prudence and modera- tion, till his death in March, 1848, a few- days after the outbreak of the third revolu- tion of that country, wliich it had been his fate to witness. WILLIAMS, Anxa, a poet and miscel- laneous writer, who having lost her sight by a cataract, was received under the hospitable roof of Dr. Johnson, where she died in 1783, aged 77. WILLIAMS, Sir Charles Hanbuey, an English stateman and poet, was born in 1709 ; represented the borough of Monmouth in several parliaments ; was ambassador to Berlin in 1744, and afterwards to St. Peters- j burgh ; and wrote various poems, which are more remarkable for their ease and viva- citv, than for their moral tendency. Died, 1759. AVILLIAMS, Daniel, a Presbyterian mi- nister, was born at Wrexham, in Denbigh- shire, in 1G44, and died in 1716. He founded the library in Redcross Street for dissenting ministers. WILLIAMS, David, a miscellaneous writer, was born in 1738, in Cardiganshire ; became a dissenting minister ; but, adopting the deist's creed, he opened a chapel, near Cavendish Square, for the ditfusion of his new opinions. In a short time, however, this temple of infidelity was deserted ; and the preacher had recourse to private teaching and literary speculations. It is worthy of record, that Mr. Williams was the founder of the Literary Fund Society, and that, at the close of his life, he was himself an object of the bounty of that excellent institution. wil] ^ l^cto Uni\itriKl 23i0flraplji». [wil His chief works are, " Lectures, on Edu- cation," 3 vols- ! " Lectures on Political Principles," a " History of Monmouthshire," 2 vols. 4to. ; and " Lectures on the Principles and Duties of Religion and Morality." Died, 1816. WILLIAMS, Griffith, bishop of Ossorj', was borr. in Wales, in 158i) ; became chaplain to the king, prebendary of Westminster, and then dean of Bangor. lu 1G41 he was ad- vanced to the see of Ossory, but the rebellion breaking out the same year, lie was obliged to fly to England. He suffered much for his loyalty ; but at the Restoration recovered his bishopric, and died at Kilkenny, in 1C72. He wrote " Seven Golden Candlesticks, hold- ing the Seven Lights of the Christian Reli- gion," and other works of a similar character. WILLIAMS, IIki.ex Mauia, a modern writer on history, politics, and general lite- rature, was born in the north of England, in 17C2, and was introduced to the public notice by Dr. Kippis. In 1790 she settled at Paris ; and soon after appeared her " Let- ters from France," the object of which was to recommend the doctrines of the Giron- dists ; and consequently on their fall she was arrested, imprisoned, and nearly shared tiieJr fate. Besides her poems and many works of minor importance, she engaged in an English translation of the "Personal Narrative of the Travels of Humboldt and Bonpland in America," G vols. ; she also wrote a " Narrative of Events in France in 1815," &c. Died, 1827. * WILLIAMS, John, archbishop of York, and lord keeper under James I. ; an eminent tlieological writer. Born, 1582 ; died, 165(). WILLIAMS, John, an English prelate, born in 1634 ; became chaplain to William and Mary, who gave him a prebend at Canterbury, and in 1696 promoted him to the bishopric of Chichester. He died in 1709. WILLIAMSON, Sir Joshph, a statesman, was born about 1630, at Bridekirk, in Cum- berland. In 1674 he became principal secre- tary of state ; but, in 1768, he was sent to the Tower, for granting commissions to popish recusants. The king, however, re- leased him the same day, and Sir Joseph resigned his place soon after. He died in 1701, leaving a valuable collection of manu scripts, with 6000Z., to the college where he had been educated : he also founded a ma- thematical school at Rochester. WILLIAMSON, Hugh, an American physician, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1735, and received his education at the col- lege of Philadelphia ; but relinquished the clerical profession, for which he had been intended, and turned his attention first to mathematics, and subsequently to medicine. After visiting Edinburgh and Leyden, at which latter university he obtained the degree of M.D., he returned and practised in Philadelphia. He was one of the com- mittee appointed by the American Philoso- phical Society, 1769, to observe the transit of Venus over the solar disc ; and he attracted considerable attention by his observations on the remarkable comet whicli then made its appearance, as he came to the conclusion that comets, instead of being ignited masses, are inhabited planets, a. He was appointed to the medical staff of the revolutionary army ; and, at the restoration of peace, he became a member of congress. Among his chief works are, "The History of North Carolina," 2 vols. ; and " Observations on the Climate of America." Died, 1819. WILLIS, Dr. Bkowne, an English anti- quary, who made and published a " Survey of the Cathedrals of England," and wrote other works. He was born at Blandford, in Dorsetshire, in 1682 ; died, 1760. WILLIS, Francis, a celebrated physi- cian, distinguished for his skill in the treat- ment of mental disorders, was a native of Lincolnshire, and received his education in Brazenose College, Oxford, of which lie became a fellow. He took the degree of M. A. in 1740, entered into holy orders, and obtained the living of St. John's, Wapping. He then studied medicine, and, devoting his attention to maniacal diseases, established a private asylum for lunatics at Greatford, in Lincolnshire. The anomaly of a clergy- man keeping a madhouse being sharply animadverted upon by the faculty, he pro- ceeded to take his degrees, and properly qualified himself as a physician. When George III. was seized with the malady which for a time suspended the royal func- tions. Dr. Willis was called in, and, in op- position to the other physicians, pronounced it as his decided opinion, that his majesty would recover. The doctor was, in conse- quence, intrusted with the principal care of the royal person ; and the result confirmed the accuracy of his judgment. His success was rewarded with a handsome gratuity from parliament, and a vast accession of professional practice very naturally flowed in upon him. He died in 1807. WILLIS, Thomas, one of the most cele- brated physicians of his time, was born at Great Bedwin, Wilts, in 1621, and died in Westminster, in 1675. His medical and philosophical works have been printed in 2 vols. WILLUGHBY, Fraxcis, a celebrated naturalist, born in 1635. He paid particular attention to ornithology and ichthyology, and formed a rich museum of animal and fossil productions. He was the friend of Ray, who arranged and published his works after his decease. Died, 1672. WILMOT, John Eardley, a learned judge, was born at Derby, in 1709 ; and, passing through the ordinary legal promo- tions, became chief justice of the common pleas in 1776. Died, 1792. His " Notes of Opinions" were published in 1802 His son, John Wii>mot Eardley, born at Derby, in 1748, was an eminent chancery lawyer, and died in 1815. He wrote " A Treatise on the Laws and Customs of England," " Me- moirs of his Father," " Life and Letters of Bishop Hough," &c. WILSON, AivEXANr)F.R,'a celebrated orni- thologist, was born at Paisley, in 176(J. lie was brought up as a weaver, but his poetical disposition, and relish for the quiet and se- questered beauties of nature beginning to assume almost the character of a passion, he gave utterance to his feelings in verse ; and he longed for an opportunity to disenthral himself from the bondage of trade. After having been prosecuted and imprisoned for libelling the master-weavers of Paisley, during a violent dispute which had broken out between them and the journeyman, Wilson emigrated to America, where he landed in July, 1794, with his fowling-piece in his hand, and only a few shillings in his pocket, without a friend or letter of intro- I duction, or any definite idea in what manner he was to earn his future livelihood. In the varied occupations of a weaver, pedlar, and I schoolmaster, he toiled on for upwards of ; 8 years, during which time he tasked his powers to the very utmost in his efforts at t eelf-improvement ; and among the acquire- ments he thus obtained were the arts of drawing, colouring, and etching, which afterwards proved of such incalculable use I to him when bringing out his " Ornitho- logy." In October, 1804, he set out upon ; an expedition to the Falls of Niagara ; and, i wading on through the mud and snow, en- ! cumbered with his gun and fowling-bag, the latter of which was of course always in- creasing in bulk, he arrived safely at home, after an absence of 59 days, during which he had walked 1260 miles. From this time forward, Wilson applied his whole energies to his ornithological work, drawing, etching, I and colouring all the plates himself; and Mr. Bradford, a bookseller of Philadelphia, having agreed to run all the risk of publica- tion, in 1808 the first volume of his " Ame- 1 rican Ornithology" made its appearance. Another and another volume followed, and ! their indefatigable author travelled from one end of the American continent to the other, for the purpose of obtaining sub- scribers to his work, as well as to increase his stores of ornithological curiosities. In 1811 he thus writes to his brother ; " the ambition of being distinguished in the literary world j has required sacrifices and exertions from j me with winch you are unacquainted ; and i a wish to reach the glorious rock of inde- ! pendence, that I migiit from thence assist my relations, who are struggling with and i buffeting the billows of adversity, has en- ! gaged me in an undertaking more laborious and extensive than you are aware of, and I has occupied every moment of my time for ; several years. Since February, 1810, 1 have 1 slept for several weeks in the wilderness alone, in an Indian country, with mj' gun and my pistols in my bosom ; and have I found myself so reduced by sickness as to I be scarcely able to stand, when not within , 800 miles of a white settlement, and under ! the burning latitude of 2.5 degrees. I have, by resolution, surmounted all these and j other obstacles, in my way to my object, I and now begin to see the blue sky of inde- pendence open around me." Honours as well as profit soon after began to pour in upon him ; he was a member of several learned societies, and there was not a crowned head in Europe but had then be- come a subscriber to the " American Orni- thology." But his end was fast approaching. He was attacked with a fatal dysentery in August, 1813, which carried him off in a few days. WILSON, AnxnuR, an historian, was secretary to Robert, earl of Eosex, and after- wards steward to the Earl of Warwick. He wrote a pedantic and partial history of the " Life and Reign of James I." Died, 1642. WILSON, Florenx'E, a Scotch writer, was born at Elgin, in Scotland, in 1500, and was educated at King's College, Aberdeen. He went to Paris, and taught philosophy in the college of Navarre, but returned to his native country, where he died in 1557. He wrote a treatise, "De Trauquillitate Anima;." WILSON, RicHART), an eminent English landscape painter, was born in 1714, in Montgomeryshire. He began his career as a portrait painter, which line he quitted, by the advice of Zuccarelli, and went to Italy, where he studied landscape painting with a success that obtained for him the apel- lation of the English Claude. The first picture he exhibited was Niobe, and in 1765 he produced a view of Rome. Although whatever came from his easel bore the stamp of elegance and truth, yet, during the latter part of his life, he was doomed to undergo neglect, and he was reduced to solicit the office of librarian to the Royal Academy, of which at its establishment he had been chosen one of the first members. Died, 1782. WILSON, Sir Robert, a distinguished general oflBcer, who played also a conspicuous part in the party politics of his time, was born in London, 1777. Educated at West- minster and Winchester, he went into a solicitor's offlce, with a view to qualify him- self for the law ; but an accidental intro- duction to the Duke of York induced him to exchange the desk for the field, and in 1793 he went to Flanders as a volunteer, and bore a distinguished part in all the cavalry actions of that campaign. During the re- bellion in Ireland he served on the staff; in 1799 he made the campaign in Holland, and the following year he took part in Aber- crombie's expedition to Egypt. He after- wards published an accoimt of this expedi- tion, which derived especial popularity from its charges of cruelty against Buonaparte towards the prisoners at Jaffa. In 1805 he accompanied Sir D. Baird to the Brazils, and was present at the capture of the Cape of Good Hope. On his return he accom- panied Lord Hutchinson to the Continent j on a secret mission. He was attached to the ! combined armies, and present in all the j operations, battles, and actions, from Pultusk to Friedland. We next find this active I officer in Lisbon, where, in 1808, he super- j intended the levy of the Portuguese refugees ; j and he subsequently commanded a legion in ' Spain, and wound up a career of great gal- lantry and peril in the Peninsula by a suc- cessful engagement with the French at Bainos. His reputation for courage and ability was still further increased by the German and Russian campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814 ; and the emperor Alexander testified his admiration of his exploits by hanging the cross of St. George round his neck in the presence of the assembled army. After the peace in 1815 he visited Paris, where he drew upon himself great notoriety by aiding in the escape of I^avalette, as detailed in our sketch of that remarkable personage. In consequence of this act he i wil] ^ jfictD Bnibtx^Rl 3St0firajpTj|?. [win increased the displeasure of the prince re- gent, and his conduct at the funeral of queen Caroline having completed his disgrace at headquarters, he was dismissed from the army in 1821, and all the foreign orders he had received were resumed by their respec- tive sovereigns. But a public subscription was made to indemnify him, and after the lapse of a few years he was restored to his rank. Sir R. Wilson sat from 1818 to 1831 in parliament for Southwark ; in 1841 he at- tained the full rank of genernl, and in 1842 he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, and had just returned from that post after seven years of command, when he died, suddenly, May 9. 184y. WILSON, Thomas, bishop of Sodor and Man, an excellent prelate, and eminent writer in theology ; bom, 1603 ; died, 1755. His works consist of " Religious Tracts " and " Sermons," with a short " History of the Isle of Man." WILSON, Thomas, son of the bishop, born in 1703 ; was rector of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, 46 years; and published a work entitled " The Ornaments of Churches con- sidered." Died, 1784. His warm patronage of, and ridiculous attachment to, the cele- brated female historian, Catherine Macauley, to whom, while living, he erected a statue in his church, is well known. WILSON, William Rae, I^L.D., chiefly known by his " Travels in the Holy Land," was bom in 1774. At an early age lie be- came acquainted with the late Duke of Kent, who remained his steady patron through life, and who furnished him with every species of recommendation likely to facilitate his travels in the East. He w.is one of the first of a class of travellers, since become nume- rous, whose object has been to illustrate the statements of holy writ by observations on the scenery and manners of those parts of the world in which its events transpired. In all his works he preserved a religious tone of sentiment, with a strong bias against the Roman Catholic Clmrch ; but, on the whole, his writings display an unusual freedom from false colouring and affectation. Died, June 2nd., 1849. WIMPEN, Felix de, a French military officer, born in 1745. He served with the French troops during the war between Great Britain and the United States ; be- came a member of the tiers 6tat, and i)ro- f)Osed the establishment in France of what le termed a royal democracy ; defended the fortress of Thionville, in 1792, against the Austrian and emigrant armies ; was de- feated at Vernon by the royalists ; retired to Bayeux, where he remained in obscurity till 1799, when the first consul gave him a pension. WINCKELMANN, Joinv Justus, a Ger- man historian, was born at Gnessen, in 1620, and died in 1697. WINCKELMANN, Johk Joachim, a celebrated German antiquary, born in 1718. He had a great taste for the arts, and wrote many works on subjects connected with sculpture, painting, &c. Having embraced the Catholic faith, he took a journey to Italy, to survey the treasures of art at the Vatican, and the relics discovered at Her- culaneum. He was made keeper of the pope's cabinet of antiquities ; and while returning from Germany, which country he had visited in 1768, he was basely assassin- ated by a wretch named Archungeli, with whom he had fallen in company at Trieste. His murderer was soon after taken, and executed on the wheel. WINDHAM, Joseph, an eminent anti- quary, was bom at Twickenham, in 1739 ; was educated at Eton, and Christ's College, Cambridge ; went to Rome, and there took xlrawings of the monuments of antiquity ; composed the principal part of the " Ionian Antiquities," published by the Dilettanti Society, and assisted Stuart in his work on Athens. Died, 1810. WINDHAM, William, an eminent se- nator, was born in 1750, and entered par- liament in 1782. Till the French revolution he acted with the opposition ; but in 1794 he joined Mr. Pitt, and was appointed secre- tary at war, which office he held till 1801, when he vigorously opposed the ephemeral peace of Amiens. On the death of Mr. Pitt, Mr. Windham became secretary of state for the war department, but went out of place again the following year. Died, 1810. WING, Vincent, an astrological writer. He was the author of the " Celestial Har- mony of the Visible World," an " Ephemeris for 30 Years," " Computatio Catholica," and " Astronomia Britannica." He died in 1668. WINGATE, Edmund, an eminent ma- thematician, was born in l.TOS, in York- shire ; studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and at Gray's Inn ; went to France, to in- struct Henrietta Maria in the English lan- guage ; espoused the popular side in the civil war ; was an M. P. ; and died in 165G. Among his works are, " A Natural and Ar- tificial Arithmetic," " The Exact Surveyor," " Ludus Mathematicus," " Maxims of Rea- son," and an " Abridgment of the Statutes." WINSLOW, James Eenignus, a cele- brated Danish anatomist, was born in 1669, at Odensee ; settled in France ; and, in 1743, succeeded M. Munald as professor of anatomy and physiology, at the Royal Bo- tanic Garden. His principal work, which still preserves its reputation undiminished, is " An Anatomical Exposition of the Struc- ture of the Human Body." Died, 1760. WINSOR, Fkedekic Albekt, an enter- prising projector, to whom the public is indebted for the beautiful gas lights which now illuminate our streets, &c. ; made his first public experiments at the Lyceum, in the Strand, in 1803. He afterwards lighted with gas the walls of Carlton Palace Gardens, on the king's birthday in 1807 ; and, during 1809 and 1810, he lighted one side of Pall Mall, from the house which he then occupied in that street. He followed up his object with great perseverance, and at length obtained a charter of incorporation for a gas-light and coke company. In conse- quence, however, of some misunderstand- ing with the parties with whom he was associated he did not obtain his expected remuneration. In 1815 he went to Paris, where he also erected gas-works, and es- tablished a company. Died, 1830. WINSTANLEY, William, a literary 881 4 F3 win] ^ ^m Bnibtv^nX Mwqvk^^)J* [WOL barber, who wrote the " Lives of the Poets," "Select Lives of England's Worthies," " Historical Karities," &c. He died about 1690. WINTER, Jonx Wilt.iam be, a Dutch admiral, was born in 1750. Having been an active partWan in the revolution which broke out in 1787, he was obliged to take refuge in France, when the party of the stadtholder prevailed. In France he entered the army, served under Dumouriez and Pichegru, and in a short time rose to the rank of general of brigade. In 1795, when Pichegru invaded Holland, De Winter re- turned to his country, where the states- general made him vice-admiral and com- mander of tlie naval forces at Texel. Here, with 29 vessels, of which 16 were ships of the line, he was completely defeated by Duncan, Oct. 7. 1797. Died, 1812. WINTER, Peter vox. an eminent Ger- man musician, bom at Manheim, in 17.54, and, at the age of 10 years, was appointed a member of tlie orchestra of the elector. He composed a variety of operas, oratorios, and other pieces of vocal and instrumental music, many of wliich possess very considerable merit. Died, 1825. WINWOOD, Sir RAi.rn, a statesman, was born about 1.5C5, at Aynhoe, in North- amptonshire. He was twice envoy to Hol- land, and was secretary of state in 1G14, till his decease in Kil". He wrote " Me- morials of Affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I.," 3 vols. folio. WISE, Fkaxcis, a learned antiquary, born at Oxford, in 1695. He was the author of mauy ingenious works, principally on subjects connected with the antiquities of tliis country. Died, 1762. WISHART, Geokge, a Scotch Protestant martyr, was born at the commencement of the 16th century. He embraced the Pro- testant faith while travelling in Germany, and resided for some years at Cambridge, where he taught at Bene't College. In 1544 he returned to his native land, and exerted himself zealously in preaching tire doctrines of the Reformation ; for which, in 1546, he was condemned to the flames. WITHER, George, a poet, whose works have lately been brought into repute by Sir Egerton Brydges and others, was born in 1588, at Bentworth, in Hampshire, and was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1613 he was committed to prison for his satires, called " Abuses Stript and Whipt." In the civil war he espoused the popular cause, and rose to the rank of major'-general ; but having published a piece, called "Vox Vulgi," he was again incarcerated after the Restoration. Died, 1667. WITHERING, WiLLTAM, a physician and writer on botany, was born in 1741, at Wellington, in Shropshire ; studied at Edin- burgh ; practised at Stafford, and afterwards at Birmingham ; and died in 1790. His chief work is, " A Systematic Arrangement of British Plants ;" but he wrote several others, and the native carbonate of barytes was discovered and first described by him. WODHULL, Michael, a poet, born at Thenford, in Northamptonshire. He lived on his paternal estate, and amused his leisure hours with literature ; he wrote some mis- cellaneous poems, and translated the tra- gedies of Euripides. WODROW, Robert, a Scottish historian, was born in 1679, at Glasgow ; studied at the university of that city, of which he after- wards became librarian ; and attained great popularity as a preacher. He wrote a " His- tory of the Sufferings of the Church of Scot- land." Died, 1734. WOFFINGTON, Margaret, a celebrated actress, was born at Dublin, in 1718. Her first appearance in London was at Covent Garden Theatre, in 1738, in the character of Sir Harry Wildair, in which she was emi- nently successful, as she generall3' was, in fact, in whatever parts she assumed. Her attractions in private life were also uni- versally acknowledged, and lier society sought by persons of rank and talents. Died, 1760. WOLCOT, Jotix, a humourist and satiric poet, known by the name of Peter Pindar, Was born in 1738, at Dodbrook, in Devon- shire, and was apprenticed to his uncle, an apothecary at Truro, who ultimately left him the bulk of his property. Having taken the degree of M.D., he accompanied Sir William Trelawney to the government of j Jamaica, as physician. While residing at that island lie took orders, and was presented ' with a living. On his return to England j he settled at Truro, whence he removed to I Helston ; and it was while he resided in i Cornwall that he drew from obscurity the ' painter Opie, with whom, in 1780, he came to London. After his arrival in the metropolis he soon rendered himself conspicuous by his satires, which rapidly succeeded each oth»r, and were highly popular. Among his most finished works are, " Lyric Odes to the Royal Academicians " and " The Lousiad." In the decline of life he became blind, and died In 1819. His works have lost much of their interest, owing to the temporary and per- sonal nature of the subjects ; but they ex- hibit a racy humour and freshness, often imitated, but rarely equalled. WOLF, Frederich Augustit.s, one of the greatest of modern German scholars, was born near Nordhausen, in 17.59 ; studied at GOttingen, and was successively professor of philology at Halle and Berlin. His com- mentaries on the classic authors are models of learning and critical sagacity ; but he is chiefly known in England for his attempts to prove that the Iliad and Odyssey did not proceed from one hand, but were the works of several rhapsodists, subsequently put together and made up into the two epics bearing the name of Homer. He was a great antagonist of Heme. Died, 1824. WOLF, or WOLFIUS, Cukistiax, an eminent German mathematician and philo- sopher, who filled the professor's chair in the university of Halle, and was eventually created a baron of the empire. His principal works are," Elementa Matheseos UniverssB," 5 vols., " A System of Philosophy," 23 vols,, and a " Treatise on the Law of Nature and Nations," 3 vols There were several other learned Germans of the name of WoLFii^s JoHX CiiRiSTorHEK, a diviuc wol] ^ ^riD BxiihtvM 3iiaQta^f}ij* [woo and philologist, born in 1683. He was author of many works on Hebrew and Greek litera- ture, and bequeathed a vast collection of rabbinical and oriental books to the rnblic library at Hamburgh, where he died, in 1739 Jerome, an eminent critic and classical scholar, who died at Augsburg, in 1680 Joiix, an historical and miscella- neous writer, who was employed as a diplo- matist, and at his death, in IGOO, was go- vernor of Mindelsheim. WOLFE, CnAi!i-E.s,an Irish divine and a poet of great promise, was born in 1701, at Dublin : was educated at Iligli Abbey School, Winchester, and at Trinity College, Dublin ; obtained the curacy of Ballyclog, which he exchanged for that of Castle Caul- field ; and died, of consumption, in 1823. Among other pieces possessing very con- siderable merit, he wrote the well-known " Ode on the Death of Sir Jolin Moore," com- mencing, " Not a drum was heard ;" which acquired much posthumous celebrity, and was pronounced by Lord Byron, "'Ihe most perfect ode in the language." WOLFE, Jamks, the son of Lieutenant- general Edward AVolfe, was bom at Wester- ham, in Kent, in 1726. He entered early into the army, and distinguished himself by his bravery and the decision of his character on many occasions during the German war. On his return from the Continent, he was appointed to the command of the expedition against Quebec. The enterprise was great and hazardous; but General Wolfe, adhering to his own plan of operations, surmounted all obstacles, and on the heights of Abraham encountered the enemy ; when, in tlie mo- ment of victory, he received a ball in the wrist and another in the body, which obliged him to be carried into the rear. There, while in the agonies of death, being roused by the sound of " They run !" lie eagerly asked, " Who nm ?" and being told the French, he exclaimed, " I thank God, and die contented." Died, 1759. A monument was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. WOLLASTON, Wilmam, an ethical and theological writer, was born in 16.59, at Cotton Clanford, in Staffordshire ; was edu- cated at Sidney College, Cambridge ; took orders ; but having come into possession of considerable property, he relinquished the clerical profession, and devoted his time to literary researches. His principal work is, " The Religion of Nature delineated." Died, 1724. WOLLASTON, Wilt.tam Hide, a phy- sician and experimental philosopher, was great-grandson of the foregoing, and born in 17()6. His want of patronage as a physician induced him to give up his profession in disgust, and devote himself to scientific pursuits, the result of which was, that he became one of the most eminent cliemists and experimentalists of modern times. Among his discoveries in mineralogy are the two metals, palladium and rliodium, and the method of rendering platina malle- able, by the last of which he is said to have gained SOfiOOl. He invented a sliding scale of chemical equivalents, a goniometer, and the camera lucida. His papers in the Philo- sophical Transactions are namerous. Died. 1828. WOLSEY, Thomas, a celebrated cardinal and minister of state under Henry VlII., was the son of a butcher at Ipswich, in Suffolk, and born there in 1471. After finishing his education at Oxford, he became tutor to the sons of the Marquis of Dorset ; was subsequently domestic chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury ; and, on going to court, he gained the favour of Ilenry VII., who sent him on an embassy to the emperor, and on his return made him dean of Lincoln. Henry VIII, gave him the living of Tor- rington, in Devon, and afterwards appointed him register of the garter and canon of Windsor. He next obtained the deanery of York, and, attending the king to Tournay, in France, was made bishop of that city. In 1514 he was advanced to the see of Lin- coln, and the year following to the arch- bishopric of York. Insatiable in the pursuit of emolument, he obtained the administra- tion of the see of Bath and Wells, and the temporalities of the abbey of St. Alban's, soon after which he enjoyed in succession the rich bishoprics of Durham and Winches- ter. By these means, his revenues nearly equalled those of the crown, part of which he expended in pomp and ostentation, and part in laudable munificence for the ad- vancement of learning. He founded several Icctnies at Oxford, where he also creeled the college of Christchurch, and built a palace at Hampton Court, which he presented to the king. He was at this time in the zenith of power, and had a complete ascendancy over the mind of Henry, who' made him lord chancellor, and obtained for him a cardinalship. He was also nominated the pope's legate ; but having given offence to the king, by not promoting his divorce, he fell into disgrace, and his property was con- fiscated. In 1530 he was apprehended at York, but was taken ill, and died on his way to London, exclaiming, " Had I but served my God as faithfully as I have served my king, he would not have given me over in my grey hairs." WOOD, Anthoxt, an eminent English biographer and antiquary, was born in 1632, at Oxford, and was educated at Merton Col- lege. His " History and Antiquities of Ox- ford," which was translated into Latin by Dr. Fell, appeared in 1674, and his " Athenas Oxonienses" was published in 1691. An attack upon Lord Clarendon, in the last of these works, subjected him to a sentence of expulsion from the university, and his pre- judices in favour of Jacobitisra rendered him an object of hatred to the other party. Died, 1695. WOOD, James, proprietor of the Old Gloucester Bank, — a miUionaire, whose riches and parsimonious eccentricities en- title him to a place among the " remarkable characters " of the age, — was born at Gloucester in 1756, and succeeded to the bank, which had been there established, in 1716, by his grandfather. In conjunction with the bank, he kept a shop to tlie day of his death, and dealt in almost every article that could be asked for ; nothing was too trifling for "Jemmy Wood" by which a SS-i woo] ^ 0t^ ^ixihtriKl ^t03ntpi^i). [woo penny could be turned, and nothing too extensive for him to supply — a farthing rushlight, or a merchant's shipping order. He was a bachelor, and spent the whole week in his banking-shop, or rather his shop-bank (for it is worthy of remark, that the business of the "Old Gloucester Bank " was transacted at one end of liis multifa- rious chandlery store) ; he entertained no company, visited none, took his country walk of a Sunday in order to enjoy a frugal meal in the open air, and ever made it his especial care not to diminish his wealth by attending to the calls of humanity. He died April 20. 1S3G, leaving Iiis vast property to be divided between his four executors, viz. Mr. (afterwards Sir) Matthew Wood, of London (but wlio is not related to him); Mr. John Chadborne, of Gloucester (his attor- ney) ; Mr. Jacob Osborne, and Mr. John Surnam of Gloucester (his two clerks). In preparation for the probate of this will, the personal property of the deceased was sworn under 900,0l)0Z.; but Mr. James Wood, of Islington, who is stated to be one of nine cousins of the deceased, entered a caveat against the probate. A codicil was after- wards discovered, by which various legacies are bequeathed to his kindred, besides a very large sum to the corporation of Gloucester ; this codicil, however, was not satisfactorily authenticated. WOOD, Alderman Sir Matthew, bart., M.P., was the son of a serge manufacturer at Tiverton, and had but a limited scholastic education, as at the early age of 11 years he was employed in his father's business, and at 14 was apprenticed to Mr. Newton of Exeter, his cousin, who carried on a very extensive business as a chemist and druggist. After serving his time, and being for a few 3'ear3 employed as a traveller in the drug trade, he commenced business on his own account in London, at first as a chemist, and subsequently as a hop merchant, in which latter trade he acquired a very handsome fortune. After serving some minor offices in the city, Mr. Wood was, in rotation, elevated to the mayoralty in 1815, and gave such great and universal satisfaction in that high office that he was re-elected in 1816 ; a departure from the ordinary course that was unprecedented during several previous cen- turies. During his second mayoralty he gained a still higher position in public favour by his humane conduct in saving the lives of three poor Irishmen who were sentenced to be hanged, on the perjured testimony of three police officers, named Brock, Vaughan, and Pelham. So great was the public ad- miration of Mr. Wood's conduct on this occasion, that the livery actually sent his name up a third time for the mayoralty ; but the court of aldermen deeming this too irregular, passed his name over. During his second mayoralty he was elected M.P. for London, and from that time till his death he was invariably returned, and on all occasions save one at the head of the poll. Of Mr. Wood's conduct as a magistrate it is not possible to speak too highly; but we can by no means give the like unqualified praise to his course as a senator, for, in his place in parliament, he displayed more obstinacy than candour, more zeal than wisdom. He gained great notoriety for the zeal with which he attached himself to the fate and fortunes of the ill-starred queen Caroline. His political course obtained him the friend- ship of a maiden lady, sister of the wealthy Mr. James Wood, banker, of Gloucester. At her death she bequeathed him a handsome property, and her brother subsequently left him a fourth of his vast fortune, which, in- dependent of land, and, after being much diminished by litigation, produced the for- tunate alderman nearly a quarter of a mil- lion of money. He was created a baronet during the Melbourne administration, in 1837. Died, Sept. 25. 1843, aged 7G. WOOD, Robert, an accomplished scho- lar, was born in 17 Ki, at Riverstown, county of Meath ; made the tour of Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, in 1751 ; and was appointed nnder-secretary of state in 1759. He wrote a " Description of the Ruins of Balbec," the " Ruins of Palmyra," &c. Died, 1771. WOODD, Basil, a clergyman of the church of England, distinguished as a most active member of bible and missionary societies, and other religious associations. He was born at Richmond, in Surrey, in 17G0 ; was educated at Trinity College, Oxford ; be- came rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill, and morning preacher at Bentinck chapel ; and died in 1831. His" Advice to Youth," "Th^ Duties of the Marriage State," &c. are well known. WOODDESON, Richard, an eminent civilian, was born in 1745, at Kingston, in Surrey ; was educated at Pembroke and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford ; and chosen Vinerian professor, on the resignation of Sir Robert Chambers. He wrote " Elements of Jurisprudence," " A Systematic View of the Laws of England," and "A Brief Vindica- tion of the Rights of the British Legislature." Died, 1822. WOODFALL, William, a printer and parliamentary reporter, who became in some measure a public character from his being exposed to a prosecution as publisher of the famous " Letters of Junius." Being gifted with a wonderfully retentive memory, he re- ported the debates in parliament with great ability and precision, and was the first who introduced them to the public after their present fashion. Died, 1803. WOODHOUSE, Robeht, an eminent ma- thematician, was educated at Cambridge. He was elected Lucasian professor in 1820, Plumian professor in 1822, and keeper of the observatory in 1824. He wrote " The Prin- ciples of Analytical Calculation," "A Trea- tise on Trigonometry," another ou "Plane Astronomv," &c. Died, 1827. WOODVILLE, Elizabeth, widow of Sir John Grey, who was slain in the battle of Bernard's Heath. After his death she applied to Edward IV. for the restoration of his estate, wlien that monarch fell in love with, and married her. The princess Elizabeth was the fruit of this marriage, who married Henry VII., and thus united the houses of York and Lancaster. WOODVILLE, William, an eminent physician, was bom in 1752,at Cockermouth; studied at Edinburgh; and settled in London, •woo] ^ IJffitj HiuberiJaT 28i0():rai)T)in [WOR where he became physician to the Middlesex, Dispensary and the Smallpox Hospital, lie was tlie author of " Medical Botany " and the "History of the Smallpox Inoculation." Died, 1805. WOODWARD, nEJfisy, a celebrated co- median, was born in Loudon, in 1717, and was unrivalled in such parts as Marplot, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, &c. As a composer of pantomimes also he had great merit, and he was the author of some few dramatic pieces. Died, 1777. WOODWARD, Jony, a physician and naturalist, was born in Eterhyshire, in ICCi. In 1C92 he became professor of physic at Gresham College ; and in 1090 published an " Essay towards a Natural History of tlie Earth." Died, 1728. WOOIiSTON, Thomas, a deistical writer, was born in 1&>9, at Northampton, and be- came a fellow of Sidney College, Cambridge. His first work, " The Old Apology for tlie Truth of the Christian Religion revived," was meant to prove that tlie actions of Moses were typical of Christ and the church ; but he gradually became a deist, and his " Six Discourses on Miracles " subjected him to a prosecution, and he was fined and imprisoned. Died, 1732. WORDSWORTH, William, one of the greatest poets of our age and country, was born at Cockermouth, in Cumberland, April 7th, 1770. He received the rudiments of liis mental culture at Hawkshcad School, and in the year 1787 was entered at St. John's College, Cambridge. Having completed his studies and taken his academical degree, he made the tour of France and Switzerland, at a period when the revolution in France had attained its grand crisis ; and its influ- ence upon the fiery imagination and sensi- tive mind of Wordsworth was no less for- cible than that produced upon those of his friends and frequent companions, Coleridge, Southey, and Lloyd. The earnest thoughts that had been generated by his continued meditations upon this theme found an utterance in his " Descriptive Sketches " and " Evening Walk," both of which made their appearance in 1793. In 1797 he had con- ceived a plan for the regeneration of English poetry. In 1798 he published, in conjunc- tion with Coleridge, a collection of" Lyrical Ballads." The majority of these productions were from his own pen. This book so far from making converts to Wordsworth's pe- culiar way of thinking, met everywhere with the bitterest contempt and ridicule. The Edinburgh Review denounced his theory as puerile, and stigmatised his verses as a species of second-rate nursery rhymes. There can be no doubt that Wordsworth in his zeal to redeem the English muse from a corrupted and inane pliraseology, like other re-actionists of a sterner character, pushed his favourite theory too far. Still many of his readers sympathised with liis views ; and through their encouragement he was induced to publish other two volumes of poetry in 1807. In 1814 appeared his great work, " The Excursion," which, according to a contemporary critic, is "brimful of splendid thoughts clothed in splendid lan- guage, while it breathes a spirit of en- lightened benevolence and charity, which seem wondrous, grand, and beautiful in their drapery of glowing eloquence when tested by the poet's own theory." About the period of tiie publication of the " Excursion," Wordsworth obtained the situation of dis- tributor of stamps, which oflSce he retained during the lapse of 28 years, retiring in 1842 upon a pension of 300/., while his son filled the vacancy thus occasioned. Several works followed the " Excursion," among which may be mentioned the " White Doe of Ryl- stone ;" and in 1842 appeared a volume con- taining several poems written in the poet's early youth, accompanied by others written in his old age. In 1843 he succeeded his friend Southey as poet-laureate. It would be almost impassible to exaggerate or over- estimate the importance of the influence whicli Wordsworth, in conjunction with Coleridge, has exercised in the formation of the intellectual characteristics of the pre- sent age. Many of our greatest thinkers have sat at the feet of Coleridge, that " old man eloquent ; " while the whole of the poetry that has issued from the English press for years has been tinctured and co- loured by the genius of Wordsworth. " Dur- ing the last 30 years," says a contemporary critic, " the regenerative power of his genius has so operated upon the public taste, that the pure, the simple, and the good are now the more regardecl elements of poetrj', while the Laras, Giaours, and the other distempered objects of a feverish imagination are ceasing to be among the attractive imagery of song. Perhaps the most remarkable triumpli of his genius is its conquest over that very Review which scorned and sneered at him in the beginning of his career ; for his spirit now undoubtedly pervades this very organ which scoffed at him so bitterly, and even rejected his language as too puerile for the nursery. For many years, Wordsworth enjoyed the inestimable privilege of receiving that guer- don of love and admiration while living, which are too frequently brought into opera- tion for no other purpose than that of scat- tering garlands upon the tomb of genius. Thousands of his admirers made a pilgrimage to the poet's sanctuary, Rydal Mount ; and not a few crossed over from other lands to catch a glimpse of tliat great man who has filled the world with his fame. Died, 1*50. Ilis noble autobiographical poem, " The Prelude on the Growth of a Poet's Mind," was a posthumous publication. AVORLRIDGE, Thomas, a portrait painter and engraver, whose etchings after Rembrandt are peculiarly excellent. He published a book of gems from the antique. Died, 17()fl. WORMIUS, Olaus, an able Dutch phy- sician and antiquary, was born in 1588 ; was made a canon of the cathedral of Lunden by Christian IV. as a reward for his medical ser- vices ; and died in 1054. His principal works relate to Danish and Norwegian history and antiquities. WORSDALE, James, a painter and dra- matic writer. He was pupil to Sir Godfrey Kneller, whose niece he married. His dra- matic performances obtained much tempo- rary notoriety. Died, 1767. wor] ^ ^ctu Sffniijer^al Ui0srajpl)n, [WRE WORSLEY, Sir Riciiaijd, bart., was born in 1751, in the Isle of Wight ; and became governor of the island, comptroller of his majesty's household, and member of parlia- ment for Newport. He resided in Italy many years, and made a large collection of an- tiquities, of which a catalogue was published, imder the title of " Miisajum Worsleianum." Sir Richard also wrote the " Ilistory of the Isle of Wight." Died, 1805. WORTIIINGTON, William, a learned divine, was born in Merionethshire, in 1703 ; M-as educated at Jesus College, Oxford ; and obtained prebends in the cathedrals of Asaph and York. His principal works are, an "Essay on tlie Scheme of Redemp- tion," "On the Historical Sense of the Mosaic Account of the Fall of JIan," and " Tlie Scripture Theory of the Earth." Died, 1778. WOTTON, Sir Hejtry, a diplomatist and political writer, was born in 15()8, at Bough- ton Hall, in Kent ; was educated at Win- chester and Oxford ; became secretary to the Earl of Essex, whom lie accompanied on his expedition against the Spaniards, and into Ireland ; and, on the fall of that nobleman, he went to reside at Florence. James I. employed him on various missions to Italy and Germany. He was made provost at Eton College in 1024, and died in ICSO. He wrote " Elements of Arcliitccture," " The State of Cliristendom," and " Reliquiae "\Vot- tonianae." WOTTON, William, an English divine, critic, historian, and miscelluneous writer, of great learning ; born, 1060 ; died, 1720. His chief works are, " Reflections ui)on An- cient and Modern Learning " and " The His- tory of Rome from tlie Death of Antoninus Pius to the Deatli of Severus Alexander." WOUVERMANS, PuiLir, an eminent painter, was born at Haerlem, in 1(!20. His hunting pieces, landscapes, and battle scenes, are admirable. Died, 1088. WRAXALL, Sir Natiiaxiel William, bart., an eminent traveller and historical writer, was born at Bristol, in 17.51. He entered into the civil service of the East India Company, and in 1771 acted as judge- advocate and paymaster of the forces for the presidency of Bombay. Next year he returned to England, and then travelled on the Continent, visiting almost every country from Naples to Lapland. He published se- veral tours, the " History of the House of Valois," " Memoirs of tlie Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna," " The His- tory of France," 6 vols. 8vo. &c. In 1813 he was created a baronet, and, in 1815, he pub- lished his last work, " Historical Memoirs of his Own Time," 2 vols. Svo. In these me- moirs, which contain a fund of anecdote, was a libel on Count Woronzow, the Russian ambassador ; for which Sir Nathaniel was sentenced to a fine and six months' imprison- ment. He died at Dover, while on his way to Naples, in 1831, aged 80. WREDE, Field-marshal Prince, an emi- nent Bavarian soldier and statesman, whose fate it was to be a most formidable foe to the gigantic military genius under whom he had obtained the earliest distinction due to his gallantry and skill. In 1805 lie served 886 as a Bavarian lieutenant-colonel against Austria and as the ally of France, and dis- tinguished himself so much, that Napoleon personally conferred upon him the then much coveted grand cross of the legion of honour. In the subsequent actions of that war he still further distinguished himself, and Mas created a field-marshal when dan- gerously wounded at the decisive battle of Wagram. In tlie memorable campaign against Russia, too, the contingent army furnished by Bavaria to France was com- manded by him ; and covered the retreat of the French with such dogged determination, as to lose nearly the wliole of its cavalry. In 1813, tlie political state of things in Europe made it impossible for Bavaria to remain attached to the emperor's cause, but to share liis inevitable ruin ; and Marshal Wrede, as Bavarian plenipotentiary, signed the treaty by which Bavaria declared herself separated from the confederation of the j Rhine, and also from the cause of the em- peror. Shortly afterwards, Wrede, at the head of a combined Bavarian and Austrian army, made a gallant and skilful, though unsuccessful attempt, to intercept Napoleon at Hanau, after the battle of Leipzig. In 1814 he was activelj' engaged in France, and with his usual gallantry ; and, at the con- clusion of the war, he was elevated to the rank of a prince, and, shortly afterwards, nominated an honorary knight grand cross of the English order of the Bath. The ter- mination of the war did not terminate his services to his country. As minister of state, and inspector general of the army, he ren- dered most important benefits. Born, 1707 ; died, 183!). WREN, Sir Christopher, a celebrated architect and mathematician, was born at East Knoyle, in Wiltshire, in 1632 ; studied at Wadham College, Oxford; was cliosen a fellow of All Souls, in 1653; was appointed professor of astronomy at Gresliam College, in 1057 ; and, in 1601, was nominated to the Savilian professorship, and created LL.D. His fame as an arcliitect had by this time widely spread ; and he received a commis- sion, in 1003, to produce designs for the re- storation of St. Paul's cathedral, then one of i the most remarkable Gothic edifices in the I kingdom. To prepare himself for the ex- j ecution of this great undertaking, he made a visit to France, in 1005, and then finished j the designs ; but while they were under con- ] sideration, the cathedral was destroyed by the fire of 1600. Wren had now an oppor- i tunity for signalising his talents by the erec- ■ tion of an entirely new structure. The con- j temporaneous destruction of fifty parochial \ churches and many public buildings also i furnished an ample field for his genius ; and j he would have had the honour of founding, i as it were, a new citj', if the design which he laid before the king and parliament could have been adopted ; but private interests prevented its acceptance. On the death of j Sir John Denham, he succeeded to the office of surveyor of the works ; and, in 1674, received the lionour of knighthood. His greatest performances were the Monument, Greenwich Hospital, Hampton Court, St. Mary-le-Bow ; St. JCichael, Cornhill ; St. wre] ^ llffio Bnibtv^Kl Btograplbe* [WTC Dun&tan in the East; St. Magnus, London Bridge; St. Stephen, Walbrook ; and, above i all, St. Pttiirs cathedral, which he lived I to 8ee completed. In 1(>80 he was chosen president of the Royal Society ; was after- wards appointed architect and commissioner of Chelsea Hospital, and comptroller of the ! works at Windsor. He was elected M. P. '■ for the borough of Plympton, in IGSo, and i for Weymouth, in 17(X). After having long been the highest ornament of his profession, he was, in 1718, to the disgrace of the admi- nistration, deprived of the survey orship of the royal works, merely from political mo- tives ; he was then in the 85th year of his age. He died, Feb. 25. 1723. aged 90, aud was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. WREN, CuRisTOPnEK, son of the pre- ceding, was a learned antiquary, and col- ; lected memoirs of his family, which in 1750 were published by Dr. Stephen Wren, his son, under the title of" Parentalia." WREN, Matthew, a learned prelate, successively bishop of Hereford, Norwich, and Ely. During the civil war he was im- } peached by the Commons, and sent to the ; Tower, where he lay 18 years, without any j trial. At the Restoration, he visited his dio- I cese, and built a new chapel in Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Died, 1G67. WRIGHT, Edward, a mathematician, born at Garveston, in Norfolk ; to whom is attributed the discovery of the true method of dividing the meridian line. Died, Itilo. I WRIGHT, Joseph, a celebrated painter, ; usually styled " Wright of Derby," was born in that town in 1784. He was first placed I under Hudson, the portrait painter ; after- I wards visited Italy, where he made great I advances in his profession; returned to Eng- land in 1755, and was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. He settled at Derby, painted many admirable landscapes, &c., and died in 1797. WRIGHT, Walter Rodwell, author of " HoroB lonicoe," descriptive of the Isles of Greece, wliich Lord Byron has warmly eulogised. He died in 182i>, at Malta, where he held the situation of president of the court of appeal. WURMSER, Daoobeht Sioismoxd, Count, an Austrian tield-marshal, who dis- played great bravery and skill in the wars with France. He drove the republican troops out of Alsace in 1798, took Manheim in 1794, and contended successfully against the French in Italy in 179Q, but was at length obliged to submit to the superior numbers of the enemy, at Mantua, after an obstinate defence and the loss of 24,000 men. He died in 1797, aged 80. WYAT, Sir Thomas, a distinguished courtier, statesman, and poet, was born in 1503, at Allington, in Kent; was educated at Cambridge and Oxford, became a fa- vourite of Henry VIII., and was employed by him on various missions, and died in 1541. His poetical works consist of odes, love elegies, &c., and possess a considerable degree of elegance. WYATT, .J\mes, an eminent architect, was born at Burton, in Staffordshire, about 1748, and studied architecture and painting at Rome. On his return to England, he erected the Pantheon in Oxford Street, and he succeeded Sir William Chambers as sur- veyor-general to the board of works. He also became a member of the Royal Academy, and for some time sat as president of that institution. Fonthill Abbey, Kew Palace, and many other edifices, owe whatever merit they possess to his skill as an architect. He died in 1813. WYATT, R. J., an accomplished sculptor, was born on the 3rd of May, 1795, in Oxford Street, London, where his father, Edward Wyatt. was then settled. At an early age he was articled to Charles Rossi, R. A., for the term of seven years ; and during that term his services at the Royal Academy were so successfully prosecuted, as to entitle him to the award of two medals upon ditferent occasions. At the time Wyalt was under the tuition of Rossi, he executed a monument in the church of Esher, in memory of Mrs. Hughes, and another in the chapel at St. John's Wood. When Canova visited this country, he became so far interested in Wyatt, as at once to promise him his pro- tection and the permission to work in his studio at Rome. Thither he proceeded in the early part of the year 1821, after having spent some time in Paris under the cele- brated Italian sculptor Bozio ; and so de- votedly did he prosecute the labours of his profession, that only once in tliis lengthened term of nearly 30 years did he revisit his native country, and that occasion was in the year 1841. It was during Wyatt's visit to England, in 1841, that he was honoured by the queen with a commission for his statue of Penelope, which in Rome was considered the best of his works. His group of " Ino and the Infant Bacchus," a statue of" Glycera," " Musidora, " a statue ; two statues of Nymphs, and "Penelope," a charming statue, the property of her majesty, are all works of high merit. The industry of Wyatt was singularly constant. In summer, long before five in the morning, he was to be seen on his way to the Caffe Greco, wliere artists of all nations assemble ; and in winter, long before daylight, he was to he seen at the same place reading the papers by the light of a taper wiiich he always carried with him for that purpose. At daylight he was in a studio, and not only thus early, but he also remained at work sometimes until midnight. Died suddenly at Rome, May 29. 1850. WYCHERLEY, Wir.LiAM, a dramatic writer, and man of fashion in the time of Charles II., was born in 1G40, at Cleve, in Shropshire ; studied the law ; but having a taste for poetry and the drama, he came into notice as the author of "Love in a Wood," a comedy, and obtained through I it the patronage of the Duchess of Cleve- land, the profligate Duke of Buckingham, and the monarch himself. He at length lost tlie king's favour by clandestinely marrying the Countess of Drogheda, a young, rich, and beautiful widow ; and al- though at her death she settled her fortune ! on him, yet his title being disputed, the ! law expenses produced embarrassment and arrest, and he remained in confinement 7 years. He was at last released from prison : wyd] ^ ^f&) Wini^tY^Rl 3St05riqi5y. [WYT by James II., who gave him a pension of 200Z. per annum. He was the author of tlie Comedies of the " Plain Dealer," the "Gen- tleman Dancing Master," and the " Country Wife ; " besides poems, &c. Died, 1715. WYDEVILLE, or WOODVILLE, Ax- THONV, Earl Rivkrs, an accomplished no- bleman of the 15th century, was horn in 1442. In consequence of his sister having been married to Edward IV., he shared in all the vicissitudes which befel that warlike and luxurious monarch, and became go- vernor of Calais and captain-general of the king's forces. He was also made go- vernor of Prince Edward, and chief butler of England. On the death of the king, the earl assembled a body of troops, with the intention of crowning his nephew ; but his design was defeated by the machinations of the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III., who caused the gallant nobleman to be beheaded, without trial, in the castle of Pontefract, June 13. 1483. WYKEUAM, William of, bishop of Winchester, and lord high chancellor of England, was born in 1324, at Wickham, in Hampshire, of respectable parents, but poor, and was indebted for his education to Ni- cholas ITvedale, governor of Winchester castle. On the completion of his studies, lie became private secretary to his patron, and was by him eventually recommended to the notice of Edward III. The talents, di- ligence, and integrity he displayed in the service of the king raised him gradually to a distinguished place in the royal favour ; and being appointed surveyor of his works at Windsor, under his directions that splen- 1 did structure was completed. He now gra- dually, but rapidly, rose to the highest dignities both in church and state. In 1.357. , lie was presented to the rectory of Pulham, I in Norfolk, to which was added a prebend j in the church of Lichfield ; and in 1300 he was made dean of the collegiate church of I St. Martin le Grand, London. He was also successively appointed keeper of the privy seal, secretary to the king, and governor of the great council. In VMiH he was advanced ; to the bishopric of Winchester, and in the I following year was made chancellor of England. These high dignities he sustained with honour and ability, dedicating a large portion of his temporalities to the improve- \ ment of his cathedral. Owing to the in- fluence of a party, headed by John of Gaunt, who were strongly opposed to the increasing wealth and influence of the clergy, he was compelled to resign the seals in 1371 ; but the esteem in which he was held by the people generally, compensated for the loss ; and on the accession of Ri- chard II. he was restored to his dignities and emoluments. In 1386 he completed his munificent foundation of New College, Ox- ford ; in the chapel of which is still to be seen his crozier, or pastoral staff, supposed to be the only one in England. He also built and endowed St. Mary's College, at Winchester; and having, in 1301, a second time resigned the chancellorship, he de- voted the remainder of his life to the su- perintendence of his nobler establishments, and the exercise of Christian benevolence. He died, Sept. 24. 1404, and was buried in Winchester cathedral, where a splendid j monument is erected to the memory of its wortliy and munificent benefactor. WYNANTZ, JoHX, an eminent Dutch landscape painter, born at Haerlem, in 10(50. He was the instructor of Philip Wou- vermans, and is famous for the boldness of his designs and the delicacy of his tints. Died, 1670. WYNDHAAf, Sir William, a celebrated statesman, was a native of Somersetshire, and born in 1687. Having been elected M. P. for the county, he soon became con- spicuous as one of the ablest senators in the house. He was appointed secretary of war, and afterwards chancellor of tlie ex- chequer ; but being displaced on the death of queen Anne, he took a leading part in opposition, and signalised himself by his defence of the Duke of Ormond and the Earls of Oxford and Strafford, when im- peached by the Commons. He was com- mitted to the Tower in 1715, on the charge of being concerned in the rebellion of the ] Earl of Mar, but was never brought to trial. Died, 1740 His eldest son, Charles Wyndham, became Earl of Egremout, I and died in 1763. j AVYNN, Right Hon. Charles Watkins Williams, M.P. for Montgomeryshire, a dis- tinguished M.P., and, at the time of l>is death, the oldest member of the House of Commons, ' having sat for Montgomeryshire since 1797, | and about a year previously for Old Sarum. j He held the olflces of secretary-at-war (in ( the Grey administration) and chancellor of | the duchj- of Lancaster from December, 1834, ■ to April, 18.35. Next to Sir Robert Peel, perhap?, there was no parliamentary cha- ! racter more prominent than Mr. Wynn, whose age and experience made him an ■ oracle upon questions of privilege and ; doubtful points of precedent and order, even \ amid the infirmities of accumulated years. I At one period he was nearly chosen to fill the speaker's chair. He was the fast friend of the poet Southey, attached to literature, an able exponent of political measures, and altogether a man to be respected and es- teemed during a lengthened career, in which | every thing praiseworthy and honourable : attached to his name. Died, 1850. I WYNNE JoHX HuDDLESTOX, a miscel- | laneous writer, was born in Wales, in 1743 ; ! followed the business of a printer in London for a time, then obtained a commission in the army, and eventually sat down as an author by profession. His principal works are, " A General History of the British Empire in America," 2 vols.; "A General History of Ireland," 2 vols.; and "Fables for the Female Sex." He died in 1788. WYTTENBACH, Daxiel, a learned phi- lologist, was born at Berne, in 1746 ; studied at Marpurg and Gcittingen, obtained the professorsliip of philosophy and literature at the Remonstrants' College at Amster- dam ; and was siibsequently appointed phi- losophical professor at the Athenaeum in that city. His chief works are, " Epistola- Critica," " Precepta Philosophise Logicae," and an edition of the "Moral Works of Plutarch." Died, 1820. xan] ^ ^ebi aTnifafrtfal SBiOfivapl^e. [yat XANTIPPUS, a Lacedaemonian general, who defeated the Romans under Regulus. XAVIER, St. Francis, styled " Tlie Apostle of the Indies," a celebrated Spanish missionary, was born at the castle of Xavier, in Navarre, in loOC ; studied at Paris ; and became one of the most zealous disciples of Ignatius Loyola, with whom he formed an intimate friendship. He was sent by John III., king of Portugal, to the East Indies, to preach the gospel ; arrived at Goa in }r>42, and propagated the Christian faith, not only in that city, but in Japan and the neigh- bouring islands. He was proceeding to China as a Christian missionary when he died, iu I 1552. XENOCRATES, a Greek philosopher, remarkable for the severity of his manners, I and his incorruptible integrity, was born at Chalcedon, B.C. 4()0. lie was sent on an embassy to Philip, king of Macedon, and I afterwards to Antipater, neither of whom j could corrupt him by presents. Notwith- standing this, the Athenians were so un- grateful, that they caused him to be sold as a slave, because he was too poor to pay the taxes. Demetrius Phalerens, however, dis- charged the debt, and gave him his freedom. Died, B. c. 314. XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher, born at Colophon, was founder of the Eleatic sect, and became a preceptor in the Pytha- gorean school ; but added many new opinions of his own to that philosophy, particularly on the immutability of matter. Died, b. c. 456. XENOPHON, an illustrious Athenian philosopher, soldier, and historian, was born B. c. 450. He was the disciple of Socrates, whose doctrines he imbibed, and whom he accompanied to the Peloponnesian war. He afterwards went to the court of Cyrus, with whom he was in great favour ; but when that prince was killed at the battle of Cu- naxa, Xenophon and 10,000 Greeks eifected their march home, in spite of all opposition. After this he went into Asia with Agesilaus, king of the Lacedaemonians ; and, in his absence, tlie Atlienians passed a decree of banishment against him ; on which he with- drew to a retreat iu Elis, near Olympia, i where he employed himself in composing 1 works on history and philosophy, and in rural occupations and amusements, until his death, b. c. StiO. The principal of Xeno- phon's works which are extant are, the " Cy- 1 ropaedia," or the life, discipline, and actions of the elder Cyrus ; seven books of the " Ex- t pedition of the Younger Cyrus into Persia, I and of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand Greeks;" four books of [the "Memorabilia I of Socrates," and the " Hellenica, or Grecian History." His style has always been ad- mired for sweetness, Attic purity, and sin- I gular clearness. j XERXES, the fifth king of Persia, and second son of Darius Hystaspes. He con- quered Egypt, and then turned his arms ! against Greece, with an army of 800,000 [ men, and lOO ships. He was slain by Ar- tabanus, the captain of his guards, B. c. 4ii5. XIMENES DE CISNEROS, Fkancisco, ! a celebrated Spanish prelate and statesman, I was born at Torrelaguna, in Old Castile, in 1437, and died in 1517. After having filled I various benefices, he became a monk of the Franciscan order, and attained great reputa- tion as a preacher. When he was raised to the archbishopric of Toledo, he continued to preserve the austere habits of the cloister. He subsequently became prime minister and a cardinal, and few men have displayed j more ability or firmness. He founded the 1 university of Alcala. j XIMENES, Fhancis, one of the 12 friars who first preached Christianity to the Mexi- cans. During his residence in Mexico, he [ collected a great deal of information relative j to the plants and animals of that country, I and published a treatise on the subject, I which is allowed to possess considerable i merit. XIMENES, RoDERic. archbishop of To- ledo in the 13th century ; author of a " His- tory of Spain." XYPHILIN, Jonjf, patriarch of Con- stantinople in the 11th century, was a man of great erudition and exemplary manners. Died, 1075 His nephew, of the same name, was the author of a Greek abridg- ment of Dion Cassius, and is often con- founded with his uncle. Y. YALDEN, Thomas, a divine and poet, was born at Exeter, in 1(571, and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he formed an intimacy with Addison and Sacheverel, which lasted through life. He obtained the rectories of Charlton and Cleanville, in Herefordshire ; and, in 1713, was appointed preacher to Bridewell Hospital, on the re- signation of Dr. Atterbury. Among his poetical pieces are, " The Temple of Fame," " The Conquest of Namur,"&c. Died, 1736. YATES, Fhedkkick Henry, a popular and versatile actor, first made his appear- ance on the stage in a piece called " The Actor of All Work," in 1817. In the fol- lowing year he was engaged at Covent Garden, subsequently may be said to have performed in every line of character from tat] ^ ^eia SanilJCijSaT 3Sio0rap]^H« [you Shakspeare's tragedy to the broadest farce, and it was not easy to decide whether his pathos or his iiumour were most admirable. As manager of the Adelphi Theatre his taste and skill were also universally allowed. Died, June 21. 1842, aged 45. YATES, Richard, a comic actor, who for many years was a public favourite in " Fon- dlewife," in the Old Bachelor, and similar characters. Died, 1796 His wife, Anna Makia, was a tragic actres of great ability ; and on the deatii of Mrs. Gibber, in 17(5.5, she for a time became the unrivalled heroine of the stage. Died, 1787. YEARSLEY, Anne, a poetical and dra- matic writer, was born about 17.56, at Bris- tol. She was originally a milk-woman ; but, under the auspices of Hannah More, a volume of her productions was published by subscription in 178.5, the jiroflts of which enabled her to open a circulating library at the Hot Wells. Her principal publications are, " Poems on various Subjects," Earl Godwin," a tragedy, and "The Royal Cap- tives," a romance. YEATES, Thomas, a celebrated oriental scholar ; author of excellent grammars of the Hebrew and Syriac, and a most laborious editor and translator of portions of tlie Scrip- ture, as well as a variety of biblical labours of considerable ingenuity, industry, and value. In early life he was a member and secretary of the Society for promoting Con- stitutional Information, but for many years previous to his death he took no part in politics. Born, 17(58 ; died, 1839. YEATS, Thomas Pattinson, an eminent entomologist ; author of " Institutions of Entomology," &c. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and died in 1782. YELVERTON, Sir Henky, an eminent English judge, born in 1,5(5(5. He successively filled the offices of solicitor-general, attorney- feneral, and judge ; published "Reports of pecial Cases," and died in 1630. YORK, Fredekick, Duke of, second son of George III., was born August 16. 176.'?, and in the February following he was elected prince-bishop of Osnaburg, in Germany. In 1780 he was appointed a brevet-colonel in the British army, and went to the Continent in order to study military tactics in tlie school of the great Frederick at Berlin. In 1784 he was created Duke of York and Al- bany ; returned from the Continent in 1787 ; took his seat in the House of Lords in the same year ; and, in 1789, fought a duel, which had nearly proved fatal to him, with Colonel Lennox, afterwards Duke of Rich- mond. In 1791 he married the eldest daughter of the king of Prussia ; was placed at the head of tlie British army in Flanders, in 1793 ; and, after alternate success, was expelled from that country by tlie French. Nor was he more fortunate in 1799, when he was employed in Holland, being under the necessity of signing a disadvantageous con- vention. In 1809 a series of charges were preferred against him in the House of Com- mons by Colonel Wardle, for having suffered a female favourite, named Mary Anne Clarke, to influence him in the disposal of commissions in the army ; but as nothing occurred to implicate the duke in the corriipt transactions between Mrs. Clarke and the persons to whom she sold her services, he was acquitted. Ilis royal highness, how- ever, thought proper to resign his post of commander-in-chief, but he was reinstated about two years after by the prince regent ; and from that time he exercised the most rigid impartiality in the distribution of pro- motion, wliile he attended to the rights and comforts of the soldier, and enforced at the same time the necessity of strict discipline and subordination. He was humane, frank, affable, and benevolent ; but a passion for high play was fatal to his own repose, and threw a shade over his manly and generous character. Died, January 5. 1827. YORKE, Admiral Sir Joseph Sidney, K.C.B., entered the navy as midshipman in 1780, and was in the actions with Lord Rod- ney of the 9th and 12th of April, 1782. He was made lieutenant in 1789, and appointed master and commander to the Rattlesnake ; promoted to the rank of post-captain in 1793 ; continued in active employ on various services; and, in 1805, he received tlie honour of knighthood. In 1810, Sir Joseph was ap- pointed to a seat at the admiralty board, was made vice-admiral in 1814, and became admiral of the blue in 1830. During his parliamentary career he was distinguished by his honest zeal for the interests of his profession, and by his irresistible good humour, whicli often proved successful in appeasing the angry feelings of debate. He had been with Captains Bradley and Young to Spithead, and, on their return, the vessel was upset in Stokes Bav, and all perished, May .5. lasi. YOUNG, Sir Aretas Willtam, Colonel. This officer entered the army in 1795, as ensign ; and became a captain in the 13th foot tlie following year, l;y purchase. His first active duty was in Ireland, during the rebellion ; his next in Egypt. 1801 ; and, for several j'ears after, in Sicily and at Gib- raltar, he acted as aide-de-camp to General Fox. In 1807 he obtained the rank of major in the 47th, and was present at the battles of Vimiera, Talavera, Busaco, Badajoz, &c. In 1813 he was promoted to a lieut.-colonelcy in the 3rd West India regiment, stationed at Trinidad ; and, in 181.5, he was sent to join the expedition against Guadaloupe, and received one of the badges of the order of Merit, presented by Louis XVIII. He was next selected to command the troops in Grenada, where his conduct gave the highest satisfaction ; and on his being ordered back to Trinidad, the council of assembly pre- sented him with a sword, value 100 guineas. From this time to the final disbandment of the 3rd West India regiment, in 1825, he administered the government at various times during the absence of Sir Ralph Woodford, and was rewarded for the " can- dour, intcgritj', and impartiality which had marked his administration," by 150 guineas for a sword, and a piece of plate, value 250Z. In 182G, Lieut.-colonel Young was appointed to the office of protector of slaves in Deme- rara ; in 1831 he was made lieut. -governor of Prince Edward's Island ; and, in 1834, he received the honour of knighthood. Died, 1835. you] ^ iitio ^nibtviKl ISt05iajp^3?. [tsa YOUNG, Arthur, an eminent writer I on agriculture, was born in 1741, at Brad- ; field, in Suffolk. With a desire to improve British husbandry, he made innumerable j experiments at home, and also travelled I over the greatest part of Great Britain, Ire- ; land, France, Spain, and Italy. In 1770 he published his " Farmer's Calendar," which i became a popular work ; and also a period- i leal, entitled the " Annals of Agriculture." I On the establishment of the Board of Agri- 1 culture he was appointed secretary, which office he held till his deccaae, in 1820. Be- sides the works already mentioned, he pub- lished hia " Tour in England, Ireland, and France." YOUNG, Edward, a poet and miscella* neous writer, was born in 1679, at Upham, Hants, and was educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. Though designed for th« law, he chose the clerical profession, and, in 1718, was appointed chaplain to the king. Ills poetical repu- tation he had already established by the poems of " The Last Day," " Tlie Force of Religion," and the "Love of Fame," and the tragedies of " The Revenge " and " Bu- siris." His " Night Thoughts," which abound in sublime passages, though sometimes rather obscure, are supposed to liave been prompted by the death of his wife, whom he lost in 1741. As a prose writer, he is chiefly known by his " Centaur not Fabulous " and " Con- jectures on original Composition." His fame, however, rests altogetlier on his poetry, par- ticularly his "Night Thoughts." Died, 1765, aged 83. YOUNG, Matthew, an Irish mathema- tician and divine, was bom in 1750, in the county of Roscommon ; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where, in 1786, he became professor of philosophy ; was raised to the see of Clonfert, by Marquis Corn- wallis, and died in 1800. He was the author of " An Analysis of the Principles of Natural Philosophy" and "The Method of Prime and Ultimate Ratios." YOUNG, Dr. Thomas, F.R.S., and F.L.S,, a celebrated physician and natural philo- sopher, was born at Milverton, in Somer- setshire, in 1774 ; was educated at Gottin- gen and Edinburgh ; became physician to St. George's Hospital, and foreign secretary of the Royal Society ; and distinguished himself as a man of great literary and sci- entific acquirements. His chief works are, " A Course of Lectures on Natural Philoso- phy," an " Introduction to Medical Litera- ture," a " Practical and Historical Ti>eatise on Consumptive Diseases," and " Element- ary Illustrations of the Celestial Mechanics of La Place." Dr. Young contributed to Hodgkin's Caligraphia Graeca, Dalzell's Collectanea Majora, and the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica. He also interested himself greatly in the discoveries made by Belzoni in Egypt, and engaged in researches concerning Egyptian hierogly- phics ; upon which, and various other learned subjects, he published his observa- tions. Died, 1829. YOUNG, Sir William, a political and miscellaneous writer, was born in 17.50, at Charltou House, near Canterbury ; studied 891 at Eton, Cambridge, and Oxford ; was an M.P. for St. Mawes. in 1783 ; and died in 1815, governor of Tobago. His principal works are, " The History of Athens," " The West India Common-place Book," and " The Rights of Placemen." He also edited the " Contemplatio Philosophica " of his maternal grandfather, Dr. Brook Taylor. YPSILANTI, Prince Ale.yandkk, the first active agent in the Greek revolution, son of Demetrius, hospodar of Wallachia, was born at Constantinople, in 1792. About the year 1805, Ypsilanti's fother received a summons from the grand seignior to repair to Constantinople, and judging that obe- dience to the command might cost him his life, he determined on retirmg into Russia. The son, adopting the military profession, entered into the Russian army ; was a cap- tain of hussars, when a ball, at the battle of Dresden, carried away his right hand ; attained the rank of major-generul, and was made aide-de-camp to the emperor. In 1820 he became acquainted with the Hetaireia, of which association he eventually became tlie leader. When he saw that the breaking out of the insurrection in Greece could no longer be delayed, he resolved to plant in Moldavia the standard of revolt. He crossed the Pruth with a few attendants, and in March, 1821, he issued a proclamation, an- nouncing that Greece had kindled the torch of freedom, and thrown off the yoke of ty- ranny. The emperor Alexander, to express publicly his disapprobation of the undertak- ing of the Hetairists, summoned Ypsilanti to make his defence ; and, as he did not obey, he caused his name to be struck from the rolls of the Russian army. After sus- taining repeated defeats, Ypsilanti gave up the cause of Greece. Having crossed the frontiers, he was arrested in "Transylvania, and long held captive, as a prisoner of state, in the fortress of Mungatseh. He died at Vienna in 1828, aged 36. Ypsilanti un- doubtedly possessed the necessary courage, but his ridiculous pride and tenaeiousness of ceremony due to his rank rendered him wholly unfit for the duties of a patriot chieftain. YRIARTE, Don Juan de, a learned archasologist, was a native of Teneriffe, and, on going to Spain, he obtained the post of royal librarian at Madrid. He published " Palajographia Graeca," &c. Died, 1771. YRIARTE, Don Thomas de, an eminent Spanish poet, was born in 1750, studied at Madrid, held an official situation under the government, and was editor of the Madrid Mercury. His chief works are, " Comedies," "LaMusica," a poem; "Literary Fables," and " Moral Epistles." Died, 1798. YSABEAU, or ISABEAU, Alexander, a French revolutionary statesman, was a deputy from the department of Indre and Loire to the National Convention ; voted for the death of Louis XVI. ; was sent, in 1793, with Tallien, as an agent to Bourdeaux ; was appointed, in 1798, commissionary sub- stitute of the Directory in the administration of the post-office of Brussels, which he lost in 1814 ; and died, in obscurity and poverty, at Paris, in 1823. ysa] ^ ^t^ Bnihti'Sal SStofftapl^i)' [ZAM YSAURE, or ISAURE, Clemence, a lady of Toulouse, wlio in the 14th century instituted the Floral gameSj wJiich were annually solemnised there in the month of May ; for which she also provided a fund for prizes to be given to the successful can- didates for poetical fame. YVES, CiiAULES St. an eminent French oculist, born near Rocroy, in 1667. He was a monk in the abbey of St. Lazarus, but becoming distinguished for his medical skilU he left the convent, and settled in Paris, where he practised with great success. Died, 17;«. YVETEAUX, Nicholas Vauqueun, a native of Normandy, who was tutor to Louis XIII. He afterwards led a life of literary retirement, and wrote several poems, and a treetise in verse, entitled " Institution d'un Prince." Born, 1559 ; died, 1649. ZABAGLIA, Nicholas, an Italian archi- tect, was born at Rome, in 1674, and dis- played such mechanical abilities while em- ployed as a carpenter at the Vatican, that he •was appointed arcliitect of St. Peter's. Died, 1750. He invented the method of transfer- ring fresco paintings from the plaster. ZABAREI,LA, Francesco, a distin- guished Italian ecclesiastic, was born at Pa- dua, in 1339. He was an eminent professor of the canon law ; and arrived, successively, at the dignities of bishop of Padua, arch- bishop of Florence, and a cardinal. He took a prominent part in the council of Constance, and w^as the author of a variety of learned and elaborate treatises on matters connected with ecclesiastical policy. Died, 1417. ZABARELLA, James, an astrologer, was of the same family as the cardinal, and born at Padua, in 1533. He wrote " Commentaries on Aristotle," &c. Died, 1589. ZACCARIA, Francesco Antonio, a learned Jesuit, born at Venice, in 1714. He wrote " The Literary History of Italy," 14 vols. ; " Literary Annals of Italy," 3 vols. ; " The Lapidary, and Numismatic Institu- tion," 2 vols. ; " Library of Ancient and Modem Literary History," 6 vols. &c. Died, 1795. ZACCHIAS, Paolo, a medical writer of the 17th century, was born at Rome, in 1584, became physician to pope Innocent X., and •wrote several professional treatises. Died, 1659. ZACHARIA, Justus Frederic William, a German poet, was born at Frankenhausen, in Thuringia, in 1726 ; studied at I>eipsic ; and was appointed professor of poetry in the Caroline College at Brunswick. His poetical works are distinguished by a lively satiric turn, and form 6 vols. 8vo. Died, 1777. ZACUTUS LUSITANUS, a Portuguese physician, born in 1575. He was educated as a Christian, though bom of Jewish parents ; but after having practised 20 years at Lisbon with great reputation, he became alarmed at the decree of exile issued by Philip II. against the Jews, in 1625, and fled to Am- sterdam, where he embraced the faith of his ancestors. He wrote several medical works, and died in 1642. ZAIONCZEK, Joseph, a Polish general, was born in 1752, at Kaminieck. In the diets from 1788 to 1792, he espoused the cause of his country's freedom, and was among the foremost who fought for it in 1792 and 1794. 892 I He commanded at Praga, when the suburb of Warsaw was taken by assault. Being I I made prisoner, and sent to the fortress of ! Josephstadt, he remained there till after the I death of the empress Catharine ; when, on ; being liberated, he entered into the French j army, and was in active service from 1797 till I 1S12, in the various campaigns of Italy, 1 Egypt, Prussia, Poland, and Russia. When I the congress of Vienna assigned Poland to I Russia, the emperor Alexander conferred on him the office of viceroy, with the title of prince. With these favours the patriotism of Zaionczek vanished, and he became the devoted slave of the sovereign who had ex- alted him. He died in 1826. ZAKRZEWSKI, N., a deputy of Posen, born about 1767 ; a brave and liberal Pole, who, in 1792 and 1794, distinguished himself among his popular countrymen in their efforts to shake off the yoke of Russia. On the Russians being driven out of Warsaw in 1794, he •was appointed president of the national council : but when that city fell into tlie hands of Suwarrow, the implacable Catharine caused him to be arrested, and imprisoned with Mostowski, Potocki, and otlier patriots, at St. Petersburgh, wJiere he remained till the accession of the emperor Paul set him at liberty. ZALEUCUS, a renowned legislator of the Locrians, who flourished about 500 B.C. Having made a law to punish adulterers 1 with the loss of sight, lie refused to exonerate ! his own son when convicted of the crime, I but proved the strength of his paternal feel- i ings by submitting to the loss of one of his own eyes, instead of exacting the penalty of both from the offender. ZAMBECCARI, Count Francesco, a ce- lebrated Italian aeronaut, born at Bologna, in 1756. His experiments and researches were chiefly directed to the means of guiding balloons in the air, by availing himself of currents at different heights, by employing oars, and by the occasional diminution and augmentation of the gas. He perished in making one of these experiments in 1812, the balloon which conveyed him having en- tangled itself in a tree, and caught fire. ZAMBECCARI, Joseph, a learned Flo- rentine physician, of the 17th century, whose researches -were principally devoted to the anatomy and physiology of the brute cre- ation. ZAMOSKI, John, a distinguished Po- zan] ^ ^fto Bni^trinX 38iO0rapIj». [ZEN lander in the 16th century. After studying at Paris and Padua, and becoming rector of the university at tlie latter city, he returned to Poland, in 17.W, and was one of tlie am- bassadors sent to Paris to olFcr the Polish crown to the Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III. of France. When Stephen Bat- tori came to the throne, he gave liis niece in marriage to Zamoski, whom he also made chancellor of the realm and general of his armies. He di.stinguished himself as a war- rior, and rescued from the Muscovite yoke many of the Polish provinces. He also founded colleges, and jjatronised the arts ; and at his death, in 1005, he was honoured with the title of defender of his country and the protector of the sciences. ZANCHIUS, Bash,, a learned ecclesiastic, was born at Bergamo, in 1501. He became a canon regular, and was made keeper of the Vatican library ; but ended his days in prison, on a charge of heresy, in 1560. ZANCHIUS, Jerome, was born at Al- zano, in 151C ; and having formed a close intimacy with the celebrated Peter Martyr, while they were canons regular of St. Gio- vanni di . Laterano, the conversation and example of this distinguished convert to the reformed church ultimately produced such an effect on the mind of Zanchius, as induced him to throw off the monastic habit and abjure the Romish faith. He was accord- ingly under the necessity of quitting Italy, and, after seeking a refuge first at Geneva, and next at Strasburg and Chiayenna, he accepted the divinity professorship at Hei- delberg, in 15fi8 ; where he settled under the immediate patronage of Frederic III., elector palatine, at whose instigation he composed his great treatise against Antinomianism. The death of this prince, in 1578, occasioned his resignation, and he removed to Newstadt ; but he returned to Heidelberg in 1585, and died there in 1590. His treatise "On the Doctrine of Predestination " has been trans- lated into English by Dr. Toplady. ZANICHEIiLI, John Jerome, a celebra- ted Italian physician and natural pliiloso- pher, was born at Modena, in 1662. He pursued his scientific researches with great assiduity, undertaking many journeys, mak- ing collections of curious fossils, shells, &c., and publishing various works. Died, 1729. ZANOTTI, Francisco Maria, a mathe- matician, was born at Bologna, in 1692, and became librarian, secretary, and president of the academy of his native city. He was at first a Cartesian, but afterwards became a zealous defender of Newton's system. He was a good Latin and Italian poet. Died, 1777. ZAPPI, GiAMBATiSTA FELICE, an Italian lawyer and poet, was born in 1067, and died in 1719. His sonnets have been greatly admired. The poetical talents of his wife Fattstin A, who was the daughter of the cele- brated Carlo Maratti, rivalled those of her husband. ZARCO, John Gonzales, a Portuguese navigator of the 15th century. He disco- vered the islands of Porto Santo and Ma- deira ; and was made governor of a part of the latter island, where lie founded Funchal. ZAZIUS, Ulric, a learned professor of law at Friburg in the IGth century. Among his principal works are, " Iiitellectus Legum singulares," " De Origine Juris," " Traetatus de Judaeorum Infantibus Baptizandis," and " Epitome in Usus Feudales." Died, 1535. ZEA, Don Fkaxcisco Antonio, one of the founders and vice-presidents of the republic of Columbia, was born in 1772, at Antioquia, in New Grenada. In 1820 he arrived in England on a diplomatic mis- sion, and remained here as the agent of the Columbian government till his death, in 1822. ZENDRINI, Bernard, an eminent Ita- lian mathematician, particularly excelling in the knowledge of hydraulics, was born at Saviore, in 1679, and settled at Venice as a physician. His profound knowledge of hy- draulics obtained for him the appointment of chief engineer to the Venetian reiiublic, with the superintendence of all the rivers, ports, &c. He was also employed by the Austrian government, and the rei>ublic of Lucca ; and many works of great importance were executed by him. Died, 1747. ZENO, of Elea, a Greek philosopher, was born B. c. 403, at Elea, in Magna Graecia, and was a disciple of Parmenides. The in- vention, or at least the development, of dialectics, is ascribed to him. His native city having fallen under the dominion of a despot, he endeavoured to deliver it, but failed ; and, being put to the torture, he ia said to have bitten off his tongue, in order to prevent himself from betraying his com- panions. ZENO, founder of the Stoic sect, was born about b. c. 302, at Citium, in the isle of Cyprus, and quitted mercantile pursuits to become a philosopher. After having received the lessons of Crates, Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon, he himself opened a school of phi- losophy in the Stoa, or porch, whence his followers acquired the name of Stoics. His integrity was so great, that the Athenians intrusted him with the keys of the citadel, and honoured him with a crown of gold and a statue of brass. He taught for nearly 50 years, lived to the age of 98, and then strangled himself, B.C. 264. ZENO, Apostolo, the father of the Ita- lian opera, was born at Venice, in 1669. He established the academy of the Animosi at his native city, in 1696, and commenced, in 1710, the celebrated periodical work called " II Giornale di Letterati." He wrote " Ob- servations on the Italian Historians," 2 vols. 4to ; and his dramatic works were printed in 1744, in 11 vols. Died, 1750. ZENO, Nicholas and Anthony, two celebrated Venetian navigators of the 14tli century, to whom the discovery of America, prior to the voyage of Columbus, has been attributed. Washington Irving, however, considers that they merely visited Green- land, and that the rest of their story is a fabrication. ZENOBIA, queen of Palmyra, one of the most illustrious women ever invested with royalty, was instructed by the celebrated Longinus, and spoke the Latin, Greek, and Syrian languages with fluency. She was married to Odenatus, king of Palmyra, in ZEU] ^ ^cto mnibcrifaX SStograpIji). [ZOP whose labours of war and government she liad participated, and after whose death she assumed the sovereignty. But, on the ac- cession of Aurelian, that warlike prince marched against her, and laid siege to Pal- myra, which she defended to the utmost ex- tremity; but, in attempting lo escape, was taken, and carried to Rome to grace his triumpli; and died there, in private life, about the year 3()0. ZEUXIS, a celebrated painter of an- tiquity, was a native of lleraclea, believed to have been born about b. c. 407, and died b. c. 400. He brouglit to perfection the manage- ment of light and sliade, and is allowed to have excelled in colouring. He gained such immense wealth by his pictures, that at last he ostentatiously gave them away, on the ground that no attainable price was equal to their real value. ZIEGENBALG, Bahtholomew, a cele- brated Protestant missionary, who was sent to India in 1706, visited the territories of the Great Mogul, and returned to Copen- hagen in 181.5. After completing a dic- 1 tionary of the Malabar language he visited 1 England, was handsomely received by i George I., and embarked for India, under I the direct countenance of the East India ; Company, in 1816. While he was actively engaged in his pious labours, he was attacked with a fatal disease, and died in 1819. ZIETEN, John Joacium vok, a Prussian general, who distinguished himself greatly in the seven years' war, particularly at the battle of Prague, and the storming of the heights of Torgau. Born, 1C99 ; died, 1785. ZIMMERMANN, Joiix George, a cele- brated physician, was born at Brugg, in the canton of Berne, in 1728. His writings re- commended him to the friendship of the king of Prussia, and he was appointed, by the regency of Hanover, physician to his Britannic majesty. On the breaking out of the French revolution, Zimmermann wrote zealously against the Illuminati, and took pains to form societies for the purpose of counteracting them. The principal of his works, the " Treatise on Solitude " and " Essav on Natural Pride," have been trans- lated into English. Wliile his mind was in a state of agitation from these causes, the approach of the French towards Hanover in 1794 almost subverted his reason. He could think of nothing but the pillage of his house and ruin of his fortune, and, under tlie morbid irritation, literally wasted away, and died in 1795. ZIMMERMANN, Eberiiahd Ahoustus William vox, a German naturalist, was born at Weltzen ; in 1743 ; studied at Got- tingen and Leyden ; and obtained the pro- fessorship of natural philosophy at the Caro- line College at Brunswick. His first work i was a treatise on the " Analysis of Curves ;" I and in 1777 he published " Specimen Zoo- 1 logiaj," the outline of his " Geographical I History of Man and Quadrupeds," 3 vols. He visited England three times, and printed here, in 1787, his " Political Survey of the Present State of Europe ;" and he subse- quently employed his pen in opposing the revolutionary statesmen of France ; for S04 which he was ennobled by the emperor Leopold II. After this he published several geographical works ; one of the l>est of which was a " General Survey of France and of the United States of America," 2 vols. Died, 1815. ZINCKE, CnEisTiAX Frederic, a cele- brated painter in enamel, was born at Dresden, abojit 1684. He came to England in 1706, studied under Boit, whom he far surpassed ; and was patronised by the royal family. Died, 1767. ZINZENDORFF, Nicholas Loris, Count, a German chief of the sect of Ilernhutters, which he intrcd iced into England by the title of Moravians, where several congrega- tions of them still remain. He was born at Dresden, in 1700 ; and died in London, in 1760. ZISCA, John, a famous Bohemian patriot, who defended his country against the em- peror Sigismund, and performed prodigies of valour after he had lost both his eyes. He headed the sect of tlie Hussites after the death of John Huss, and died in 1424. ZOEGA, George, an eminent Danish archaeologist, who resided for many years at Rome as consul for Denmark, and was much esteemed by Pius VI. Among his works are, a treatise " De Origine et Usu 01)eliscorum," "Nummi ^gyptii," and tlie " Ancient Basso Relievos of Rome." Born, 1753 ; died, 1809. ZOILUS, a Thracian rhetorician, who lived in the 3rd century before the Christian i era, and whose hypercriticisms on the works of Homer, Aristotle, Plato, and others, have given him a very unenviable distinction. So severe and indiscriminate, indeed, were his censures, that his name has become a by- word, designative of illiberal and captious pretenders to criticism. ZOLLIKOFER, George Joachim, an eminent Swiss divine, born at St. Gall, in 1730. He was educated at Bremen and i Utrecht ; after which he became, succes- sively, pastor to congregations at Murten, Monstein in the Grisons, Isenburg, and j Leipsic ; distinguishing himself at each ' place by great purity of character, elo- quence, and general abilities. His "Devo- tional Exercises " and " Sermons". have been translated into English. ZONARAS, John, a Greek historian, who compiled a "Chronicle, or Annals from the Creation to A. d. 1118." He was also the author of " Commentaries on the Apostolic Canons." ZONCA, "Victor, an able mathematician of Italy, in the 17th century, who published a collection of curious inventions in me- chanics, entitled " Novo Teatro di Machini ed Ediflci." ZOPPO, Mark, an historical and portrait painter, was born at Bologna, in 1451. He was the disciple of Andrew Mantegna, whose style he imitated. Died, 1517. | ZOPYRUS, one of the courtiers of Darius, the son of Hystaspes. It is asserted that he cut off his nose and ears at the siege of Babylon, and went over to the Babylonians, pretending that the Persians had thus in- humanly treated him. Thinking he would be stimulated by revenge, they gave him the zor] ^ ]J2eto Bnibtvi^X 33i0i3TapIjM. [zwi command of their army, which he treache- rously betraveil to Darius. ZOROASTEll, a celebrated eastern plii- losopher. Tlie history of Zoroaster is in- yolved in much obscurity ; some asserting that there was but one of that name, the Zerdusht of the Persians, while others speak of several, and carry the name back to the patriarchal ages. The most credible suppo- sition is, that there was a Zoroaster, a Perso- Median, in the time of Darius Hystaspes, and also another who lived at a more remote period, and who taught the Babylonians astronomy. Zoroaster, or Zerdusht, was the reputed founder, but more trnly reformer, of the Magian religion, aud lived under the reign of Darius Ilystaspes. He is said to have predicted tlie coming of the Messiah in plain and express words ; and that the wise men of the East, who came to worship our Saviour on account of his star, were liis disciples. ZOUCH, Richard, an eminent civilian, born at Anstey, in Wiltshire, about 1.590. He was educated at \^■inclle8ter and New College, Oxford i became principal of St. Alban's Hall, warden of the cinque ports, and judge of the admiralty ; wrote nume- rous works, in Latin, on civil, military, and maritime jurisprudence ; and died in 1(M50. ZOUCn, Dr. Thomas, a divine and bio- grapher, was born at Sandal, in Yorkshire, in 1737 ; received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge ; became rector of Scray- ingham and prebendary of Durham ; refused the bishopric of Carlisle, in 1808, on account of his advanced age ; and died in 1816. Among liis works are, "The Crucifixion," a Seatonian prize poem; "An Inquiry into the Prophetic Character of the Romans," Memoirs of Sir Philip Sidney, Dean Sudbury, Sir George Wheler, &c. ZRINYI, Nicholas, a Hungarian poet, of the 17th century ; author of an epic poem, in 15 books, called the " Zrins'as, or the Syren of the Adriatic ;" which, though rude and monotonous, has bocn praised for its religious feeling and patriotic spirit. ZSCHOKKE, Hexkv, whose name oc- cupies en important place in the annals of German literature and Swiss history, was born at Magdeburg, 1771. He commenced life as a strolling player, but afterwards found means to study philosojihy and di- vinity at Frankfort-on-thc-Oder ; and, after many years of travels and varied adven- tures, he devoted himself to the education of youth, and fixed his residence in Swit- zerland in 1792. Here he rendered great political services to his adopted country ; and for more than 40 years sent forth, at in- tervals, from his peaceful retreat at Aarau, various works of philosophy, history, criti- cism, and fiction ; displaying at once the versatility of his acquirements, his fertile imagination, and a power and felicity of expression attained by few. His chequered life had given him a deep insight into the springs of human action ; and few writers have more largely contributed to entertain and improve their fellow-men. His chief productions are, " Miscellen ftlr die neueste Weltkunde," "History of Switzerland," "Bilder aus der Schweitz," "Das Gold- macherdorf," "Stunden der Andacht," &c. His works have been collected in 40 vols., in- cluding his autobiography, which has been translated into English. Died, 1848. ZUCCARELLI, Francis, a celebrated Italian painter, born at Florence, in 1710. He came to England about 17."i2, and met with such encouragement, that he saved a, handsome independence, and returned to his own country, where lie died in 1788. ZUCCHERO, Taddeo, an eminent Italian painter, bom at Urbino, in 1529, who at- tained to great proficiency in the art, and died in his 27th year His younger bro- ther, FKKnKRico, born in 15 W, resided several years in England, wheie he grew into liigh repute, and painted the portrait of queen Elizabeth. Previous to his coming to this country he had given great offence to pope Gregory XIII. by caricaturing several dis- tinguished persons connected with the papal court ; but his friends in England succeeded in restoring him to favour at Rome ; and, on his return, he established an academy of painting in that city, which he continued to superintend till his death in 1(!09. ZUMALACARREGUI. Tuomas, Don, a distinguished Spanish military commander, first entered the army as a guerilla ofl3cer, under Mina, when the French invaded Spain; but being opposed in politics to the new constitutional government, he took an early opportunity of joining the army of the Faith under Quesada ; and, on the rising of the Navarrese, became gcneral-in-chief of the trooi>8 and partisans attached to the cause of Don Carlos. In this service he dis- played the greatest skill and bravery, per- forming the most brilliant exjdoits, and keeping in check the regular army of Donna Maria, which, under various generals, was sent to oppose him. Bom at a village near Villafranca, 1789; died, from a wound he received in battle, IS.'Jo. ZUMBQ, Gaetano Jilio, a celebrated modeller in wax, was born at Syracuse, in Sicily, in 1()5(). His profound knowledge of anatomy, combined with his skill in execut- ing his works in coloured wax, obtained the admiration of connoisseurs. Some of his specimens represent, with astonishing accu- racy, the different stages of decomposition which take place in the human body. He died at Paris, in 1701. ZURITA, Jerome, a Spanish historian, was a native of Saragossa. After having been employed in various offices at home, and on a mission to Germany, he was ap- pciinted historiographer of Arragon. Born, 1512 ; died. 1.-.81. ZIIRLAUBEN, Beat FinEi.E Axtoixe Jeax DojiixiQiE, baron de la Tour Cliaiil- lon de, a Swiss officer and author. lie was born at Zug, in 1750 ; rose to the rank of lieuteuant-gencral, spent the latter part of his life in literary pursuits, and <lied in 1793. He wrote a " History of the Swiiis and their Allies," a "Military History of the Swiss in the French Service," and a " Picturesque Tour in the Thirteen Cantons." ZWINGLI, or ZUINGLIUS, Ulric, one of the most enlightened and tolerant of the Protestant reformers, was born at Wilder- hausen, in Switzerland, in 1484. In 1513 zwi] ^ ^^tu Winihtt^aX Biagrapfin. [zwi he was made preacher at Einsidieln, and in 1518 he became rector of Zurich. He opposed Indulgences in Switzerland at the same time that Luther did in Saxony, but he went farther in the work of reform iition, particularly in simplifying the mode of worship, and explaining the doctrine of the | eucharist. He showed a spirit far in ad- ! vance of the age, raising his voice against I the corruptions and abuses that had crept into the church, and declaring himself for [ the use of the Scriptures in their genuine form, without regard to the prescribed texts and lessons. In 1524 he had the gratifica- tion of seeing his doctrines adopted by the great council of Zurich, and his influence among the Swiss Protestants continued to be powerful during the remainder of his life. Open war having broke out between tlie Catholic and Protestant cantons, a battle ensued, in which Zuinglius was among the slain, Oct. 5. 1531. Or THT UNIYERSIfY or THE END. Spottiswoodks and SiiAl^, New-street- Square. 89G m AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE NEW WORKS In general and MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE, PUBLISHED BY Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. CLASSIFIED INDEX. Agrriculture and Rural Affairs. Pages Bayldonoii ValiilngRents, etc. - - 6 Crocker's Land Surveying - - • 8 Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopedia . - 16 Loudon's Kncyclopiediii of Agriculture - 18 ,, Self-Jnstruction for Farmers, etc. 17 ,, (Mrs.) Lady'sCoutitry Companion 17 Low's Elements of Agriculture - - 18 ^, On Landed Property - - - 18 Arts, XKanufactures, and Architecture. Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine g Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 6 Budge's Miner's Guide - • • - 6 Cresy's Encycl. of Civil Engineering - g D'Agincourt's History of Art - - - 23 Dresden Gallery _ - - - . 9 Eastlake on Oil Painting - - • 10 Evans's Sugar Planter's Manual - - 10 Gwilt's EucyclopicdiB of Architecture - 11 Humphreys' Illuminated Books - - 1.5 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art - 15 Loudon's Rural Architecture - - - 18 Moseley's Engineering and Architecture 22 Scoflfern on Sugar Manufacture - - 26 Steam Engine (The) , by the Artisan Club 5 Tate on Strength of Materials - - -29 Twining on Painting - • - - 31 lire's Dictionary of Arts, etc. - - 31 BiogTapby. Foss'g Judges of England - - - 10 Grant (Mrs.) Memoir and Correspondence 11 Head's Memoirs of Cardinal Pacca - 13 Humphreys's Black Prince - • - 14 Kindersley's De Bayard - - - - 16 Maunder'sBiographicalTreasury - - 21 Soulhey's Life of Wesley - - - - 29 ,, Life and Correspondence - 28 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography - 29 Taylor's Loyola - - - - - 30 Townsend's Twelve eminent Judges - 31 Waterton's Autobiography and Essays - 31 Books of General Utility. Acton's (Eliza) Cookery Book - - 6 Black's "Treatise on Brewing • . . 6 Cabinet Lawyer (The) - - - _ 7 Foster's Hand-book of Literature - - 11 Pages Hints on Etiquette 13 Hudson's E.\ecutor's Guide - - •14 „ On Making Wills ... 14 Loudon's Self Instruction . . ■ 17 ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener - I7 Mauuder's Treasury of Knowledge . . 20 ,, Scientilicand LitcraryTreasury 20 „ Treasury of History - - 20 ,, Biographical Treasury . - 21 ,, Natural History • • - 20 Pocket and the Stud - - - .12 Pycroft's Course of English Reading . 24 Reece's Medical Guide - ... 26 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries and L«zicou 25 Rowton's Debater ----- 26 Short Whist 26 Stud (The) for Practical Purposes - 12 Thomas's Interest Tables - - - 30 Tbomsou'sManagement of Sick Room - 30 ,, Interest Tables - • .30 Webster's Encycl. of Domestic Economy 32 Botany and Gardening-. Callcott's Scripture Herbal Conversations on Botany Evans's Sugar Planter's Manual Hoare On the Grape Vine on Open Walls Hooker's British Flora ,, Guide to Kew Gardens Lindley's Introduction to Botany - Loudon's HortusBritannicus - ,, Encyclopaedia ofTrees& Shrubs »» It Gardening- „ Eneyclopnedia of Plants - ,, Self-Instruction for Gardeners „ (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide Schleiden's Botany, by Lankester . Chronology. Allen on the Rise of the Royal Prero- gative, etc. - .... 5 Blair's Chronological Tables - . . g Bunsen's Ancient Egypt - - _ 7 Haydn's Book of Dignities - - - 12 Commerce and Mercantile Affairs. Banfield and Weld's Statistics * • 6 Gilbart's Treatise on Banking - .11 Gray's Tables of Life Contingencies - 11 Lorimer's Letters to a Master Mariner • I7 London: Friuted by M. Maso.n, Ivy Lane, ratesaogter Bow. M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce - 19 Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant - - 29 Symoiis' Merchant Seamen's Law - - 29 Thomas's Interest Tables - - - 3(1 Thomsou'sTables of Interest - • • 'M Criticism, History, and IVIemoirs. Blair's Chron. and Historical Tables Bunseu's Ancient Egypt . - - Coad's Memorandum - - * Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul - Dandolo's Italian Volunteers - Deunistoun's Dukes of Urbino Dunlop's History of Fiction Eastlake's History of Oil Painting Foss's Judges of England . - - Foster's European Literature - - - Gibbon's Roman Empire ■ " " " Grant (Mrs.) Memoir andCorespoiidence Hamilton's (Sir William) Essays - Harrison On the English Language Head's Memoirs of i;ardinal Paccu - Holland's (Lord) Foreign Reminis- cences - - - Humphreys's Black Prince - . - Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions Kemble's Anglo-Saxons in England Macaulay's Essays - - - - - „ History of England Mackintosh's Miscellaneous VVorks M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo- graphical, and Statistical - - . Mauuder's Treasury of History Merivale's History of Rome - - - Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - Mure's Ancient Greece . . _ Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary Riddle's Latin Dictionaries Rogers's Essays from the Edinburgh Rev. Schmitz's History of Greece - Smith's (S.) Lectures on Moral Philosophy Southey's The Doctor etc. - - - Stephen's Essays . . - - , Sydney Smith's Works - - - - "Taylor's I,oyola - - - - - Thirlwall's History of Greece • • . Tooke's Histories of Prices - - - Towusend's State Trials - . . - Twining's Philosophy of Painting - Twiss on the Pope's Letters - - . Zumpt's Latin Grammar ■ - - . Geograpby and Atlases. Butler's Ancient and Modern Geography 7 ,, Atlas of General Geography - 7 Erman's Travels through Siberia - - 10 Hall's Large Library Atlas - - - 12 ,, Railway Map of England - - 12 Johnston's General Gazetteer - - 16 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary - 19 Murray's Encyclopijedia of Geography - 22 Sharp's British Gazetteer - . - 26 Juvenile Books. Amy Herbert -.---. 27 Corner's Children's Sunday Book - - 8 Earl's Daughter (The) - - - - 27 Gertrude ...----27 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - U Howitt's Bov's Country Book - - -14 „ Children's Year - - - 14 Laneton Parsonage ----- 27 Mrs. Marcet's Conversations - - '9> "2 Margaret Percival ----- 27 Marryat'sMasterman Ready • - - 20 ,, Privateer's-Mau - - - 20 ,, Settlers in Canada - - - 20 „ Mission; or, Scenes in Africa 20 Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 24 Twelve Years Ago : a Tale - - . ai Medicine. Bull's Hints to Mothers ... 6 „ Management of Children - . 7 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - . 8 Latham On Diseases of the Heart - - 17 Moore On Health, Disease, and Remedy 21 Pereira On Food and Diet - - - 24 Beece's Medical Guide - • - - 25 Miscellaneous and Creneral Iiiterature. Allen on Royal Prerogative - . - 5 Coad's Memorandum ... - 7 Dresden Gallery ----- 9 Dunlop'sHistory of Fiction . - - 9 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - 11 Graham's English - - - - 11 Grant's Letters from the Mountains - 11 Haydn's Beatson's Index . - -12 Hooker's Kew Guide • - - - 13 Howitt's Rural Life of England - - 14 ,, Visits to Remarkable Places - 14 Jardine's Treatise of Equivocation - .15 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 16 Kay on Education, etc. in Europe - - 16 Loudon's(Mrs.) Lady'sCountry Companion 17 Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays 18 Mackintosh's (Sir J.) Miscellaneous Works 19 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 19 Pascal's Works, by Pearce - - - 24 Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 24 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries and Lexicon 25 Rowtoiv's Debater ----- 26 Seaward's Narrativeof his Shipwreck - 26 Sir Roger De Coverley - - - 27 Southey's Common-Place Books - - 2S „ The Doctor etc. - - - 28 S tow's Training System - - - - 29 Sydney Smith's VVorks - - - 27 Townsend's State Trials - - - - 31 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary - - - 32 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - - 32 natural History in General. Callow's Popular Conchology - Doubleday's Butterflies and Moths Ephemera and Young on the Salmon Gosse's Natural History of Jamaica Gray and Mitchell's Ormtholog)- Kirby and Spence's Entomology Lee's Taxidermy . . . . ,, Elements of Natural History - Maunder's Treasury of Natural History Tarton's Shells of the British Islands VVaterton's Essays on Natural History Westwood's Classification of Insects Youatt's The Dog - - - . ,, The Horse - _ _ TO Messrs. LONGMAN and Co.'s CATALOGUE. 3 ITovels and VTorks of Fiction. Pagres Dunlop's History of Fiction . - - 9 Head's Metamorphoses of Apnleins - 12 Lady Willoujfhbv's Diary - - - 32 Macdnnald's Villa Verocchio - - -19 Marryat's Masterman Heady - - 2() „ Privateer'g-Maii - - - 20 „ Settlers in Canada - - - 20 ,, Mission; or, Scenes in Africa - 20 Mount St. Lawrence - - - -22 Sir Roijer de Coverley • - - - 27 Southey's The Doctor etc. - - - 28 Twelve Years Aj{0: a Tale ... 31 One Vol. Encyclopsedias and Dictionaries. Blaine's, of Rural Sports - - - - B Brande's, of Science, Literature, and Art 6 Copland's, of Medicine - - - - 8 Cresy's, of Civil Enifinceriug - - - 8 Gwilt's, of Architecture - - - - 11 Johnson's Farmer ----- 16 Johnston's Geographical Dictionary - 16 Loudon's, of Treesand Shrubs - - 13 ,, ofGardening- . . - - 18 I, of Au;riculture - - . - 18 „ of Plants 18 ,, of Rural Architectnre - - 18 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 19 ,, Dictionary of Commerce - 19 Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography - 22 Ure's Arts, Alanufactures, and Mine's • 31 Webster's Domestic Economy - - 32 Poetry and tbe Drama. Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets ... 5 BailUe's (Joanna) Poetical Works - - 5 Flowers and their Kindred Thouifhts - 23 Fruits from the Garden and Field - - 23 Goldsmiths Poems, illustrated - - 11 Gray's Elegv, illuminated - - - 23 Key's Moral of Flowers - - - . 13 „ Sylvan Musings - - - - 13 L.E.L.'s Poetical Works - - - 16 Linwood's Anthologia Uzonieusis - - 17 Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome - - 19 Moutgoraerv's Poetical Works • - 21 Moore's Irisli Melodies - - - - 21 ,, LallaRookh - . _ . 22 ,, Poetical Works - - - -21 „ Songs and Ballads - - - 21 Shakspeare, by Bowdler - ... 26 ,• 's Sentiments and Similes - H Southey's Poetical Works . - - 29 ,, British Poets - • . -29 Swain's English Melodies - - - 29 Taylor's Virgin Widow - - _ - 30 Thomson's Seasons, illustrated - - 30 ., with Notes, by Dr. A. T. Thomson 30 Watts's Lyrics of the Heart - - - 32 Winged Thoughts ----- 22 Political Economy and Statistics. Banfiold and Weld's Statistics . . 6 Gilbart's Treatise on Banking - - - 11 Gray's Tables of Life Contingencies - 11 Pages Kay on the Social Condition, etc.of Europe 16 Lainf's Notes of a Traveller - - - J7 M'Culloch'sGeographical.Statistical.and Historical Dictionary - . - 19 M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce - 19 „ On Taxation and Funding - 19 ,, Statistics of the British Empire 19 Marcet's Conversations on Polit. Economy 19 Tooke's Histories of Prices - - - 31 Keligrions and Moral IVorkSf etc. Amy Herbert -.---- 27 Bloomfieid's Greek Testament - - 6 „ Annotations on ditto - - 6 ,, College and School ditto - 6 ,, Lexicon to Greek Testament g Book of Ruth (illuminated) - - - J5 Callcott's Scripture Herbal ' ' ' 7 Convbeare and Howsoa's St. Paul . - g Cook's Edition of the Acts - - - 8 Cooper's Sermons - - " " - 8 Comer's Sunday Book - • * - 8 Dale's Domestic Liturgy - ■ • 8 Discipline -..-.- g Earl's Daughter (The) - - - - 27 Ecclesiastes (illuminated) - - - 23 Elmes's Thought Book - - - - lo Englishman's Hebrew Concordance - 10 „ Greek Concordance - 10 Gertrude ------- 27 Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week 13 Home's Introduction to the Scriptures - 13 „ Compendium of ditto > - 13 Howson's Sunday Evening - - - 14 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art - 15 „ Monastic Legends - - - 15 ,, Legends of the Madonna - 15 Jeremy Taylor's Works - - - - 16 Lanetou Parsonage ----- 27 Letters to my Unknown Friends - * 17 ,, on Happiness - - - - 17 Maitiand's Church in the Catacombs - 19 Margaret Percival ----- 27 Marriage Service (illuminated) - - 23 Maxims, etc. of the Saviour - - - 15 Miraclesof Our Saviour - - - 1.5 Moore on the Power of the Soul - - 21 „ on the Use of the Body - - 21 ,, on .Man and his Motives - - 21 Morell's Philosophy of Religion . - 22 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - - 22 Mount St. Lawrence - . . - 22 Neale's Closing Scene - - • - 22 ,, Resting Places of the Just- - 22 Newman's (J, H.) Discourses - - 22 Paley's Evidences, etc., by Potts - .22 Parables of Our Lord - - - • IS Pascal's Works, by Pearce - . - 24 Readings for Lent ----- ig Robinson's Lexicon of the Greek Testa- ment ------- 25 Sermon on the Mount (The) - - - 23 Sinclair's Journey of Life - - - 27 ,, Business of Life - - - 27 Sketches (The) 27 Smith's (G.) Perilous Times - - - 28 „ Religion of Am lent Britain - 28 1, Sacred Annals - - - 27 „ Doctrine of the Cherubim - 27 „ (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck - - 28 ,, (S.) Lectures on Moral Philosophy 27 Solomon's Song (illuminated) - - - 23 Southey's Life of Wesley - . - 29 Stephen's (Sir J.) Essays - - . - 29 CLASSIFIED INDEX. Sydney Smith's Sermons Tayler's (Rev. C. B.) Margaret ,, ,, Lady Mary . Taylor's (J.) Thumb Bible ,, (Isaac) Loyola Toraline's Introduction to the Bible Turner's Sacred History Twelve Years Ago - - - - Twiss on the Pope's Letters - Wilberforce's View of Christianity Willoughby's (Lady) IJiary Wisdom of Johnson's Rambler, etc. Xtnral Sports< Blaine'sDictionarvof Sports The Cricket Field '- Pages - 27 Ephemera on Angling - - . ,, 's Book of the Salmon Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen The Hunting Field Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady'sCottDtryCompanion I7 Pocket and the Stud - • - - 12 Practical Horsemanship - - - - 12 Pulman's Fir-Fishing ... - 24 Ronalds's FlV-Fisher - ... 25 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - - 12 The Stud, for Practical Men - - - 12 Wheatley's Rod and Line - - - 32 The Sciences in General and nXatlieniatics. Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine 6 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 6 Conversations on Mineralogy - - 7 DelaBecheontheGeologyot'Cornwall,etc. 9 „ 's Geological'Observer - - 8 De la Rive's Electricity .... 9 Dixon's Fossils of Sussex - - ■ 9 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - 11 Pages Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy - - 13 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature - - 14 „ Cosmos .... 14 Hunt's Researches on Light - • - 15 Marcet's Conversations - - - 19, 20 Memoirs of the Geological Survey - - 21 Moseley's Practical Mechanics - - 22 ,, Engineering and Architecture 22 Owen's Comparative Anatomy - - - 23 Peschel's Physics ... - - 24 Phillips's PalaeoaoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc.24 ,, Mineralogy, by Miller & Brooke 24 Portlock's Geologv of Londonderry - 24 Schleiden's Scientific Botany- - • 26 Smee's Electro-Bletallurgy - - - 27 Steam Enjfine (Ure), by the Artisan Club 5 Tate on Strength of Materials - - 29 Thomson's School Chemistry - - 30 Veterinary Medicine. The Hunting Field - The Pocket and the Stud Practical Horsemanship - Stable Talk and Table Talk - The Stud for Practical Purposes Youatt's The Dog - - . - „ The Horse Voyagres and Travels. Chesney's Euphrates and Tigris Erman's Travels through Siberia - Forbes's Datromey - - - - - Forester and Biddulph's Norway Head's Tour in Rome - - - . Humboldt's Aspects of Nature Laing's Notes of a Traveller - . . Power's New Zealand Sketches Richardson's Overland Journey Rovings in the Pacific - - - _ Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - Snow's Arctic Voyage - - . . AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OP NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS PUBLISHED BY Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. MISS ACTON, MODERN COOKERY-BOOK. Modern Cookery in all its Branches, reduced to a System of Easy Practice. For the use of Private Kamilies. In a Series of Practical Receipts, all of which have been strictly tested, and are fjiven with the most minute exactness. ByEliza Acton. 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Edited by John Bourne, C.E. New Edition. With 30 Steel Plates, and about 350 Wood Engravings. 4to. 27». cloth. JOANNA BAILLIE'S DRAMATIC AND POETICAL WORKS. Now first collected ; complete in One Volume; and comprising the Plays of the Passions, Miscellaneous Dramas, Metrical Legends, Fugitive Pieces (including several now first pub- lished), and Ahalya Baee. Uniform with the New Edition of Jamet Montgomery's Poetical fVorkt; with Portrait engraved in line by H. Robinson, and Vignette. Square crown 8vo. cloth ; or 42(. handsomely bound in morocco by Hayday. BANFIELD AND WELD.— THE STATISTICAL COMPANION, Corrected to 185(»; exhibiting the most interesting Facts in Moral and Intellectual, Vital, Economical, and Political Statistics, at home and abroad. Compiled from Official and other authentic Sources, by T. C. Banfield, Statistical Clerk to the Council of Education; and C. R. Weld, Assistant Secretary to the Royal Society. New Edition (1850), corrected and extended. 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