BEPLER'S laqdi) Blanual^noWledg: AND ^^W ^^u^ 'i^y^^f THE ROBERT E. COWAN COLLECTION PRKSF.NTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA C. P. HUNTINGTON -JUNE. :8Q7. Accessior] No,6(^^<3 Class No, ^^^ — ^ J5W7 vT^ BEPLER'S [laildjjR|anuaI»'I^noWlBdgB AND Dgeful Infoiiiiiatioii BY DAVID BEPLER SAN FRANCISCO THE BANCROFT COMPANY 1890 1?M2 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by DAVID BEPIvER In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. PREKACE In issuing this volume the author aims to produce, in a clear and practical manner, a book of useful infor- mation for persons in all walks of life, and especially for those whose time vi iimit^d. Often when seeking such information as is here presented in a handy form valuable time is wasted looking through books, papers, etc. The public will at once see the advantage of having before them, arranged under proper heads and compiled from authentic sources with the strictest accu- racy, data such as tables of weights, measures, etc., important events, and in fact a vast storehouse of general and practical information. THE AUTHOR. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/beplershandynnanuOObeplrich INDEX Abbreviations, Dictionary of 98 Abbreviations used by Physicians in Preucriptions, Medical Books, etc Ill Active Volcano, the highest IS Age and Mortality of Mankind 152 Age which Different Animals Attain „ 72 Alloys or Composition of Metals 161 American Proverbs and Maxims 37 Anchors a Vessel must Carry 160 Ancient Money, its value 198 Animal-power 75 Animals, size of 144 Anthracite Coal, the largest deposit 67 Antidotes and Treatments for Poisons 50 Area of the Principal Countries of the World 169 Area of Most Notable Park of the World 203 Area of the British Empire and Colonies 278 Area and Population of the Earth by Continents ..140 Area of the States and Territories of the United Ptates 216 Armories and Arsenals of the United States 215 Artificial Echo, the most remarkable known 257 Attorney-Generals of the United States 230 Average Percentage of Alcohol in Wines and Liquors 274 Average Annual Rainfall in the United States 293 Average Annual Temperature in the United States 292 Average Weight of an American Man and Woman 25 Authors, their pen names 26T Bait for Different Kind of Game 144 Balloons, remarkable ascensions 162 Bank of England, facts about it 20O Banker's Table 166- Banks in the United States, a few facts about ihera 19ft- Banks of Europe, when established 199 Baseball Plates, distances 106 Battles of Revolutionary War 172: Bell, the largest in the world 19- Bells, weight of the largest 107 Belts, a few facts about them 77 Bible Facts and Figures 148i Billsof Exchange 16& Biographies of the Presidents of the United States 290 Birds and Beasts, how they are grouped 129 Birds, Life Period of - 129 Index — Continued Birds, Speed of 148 Boiler Iron, the thickness and pressure allowed by United States law 75 Bridges, notable ones of the world 70 British Empire and Colonies 27S British House of Commons G5 Broker's Technicalities 168 Builder's, Facts for 79 Business Law in Daily Use 162 Butter and Cheese, the amount obtainable from milk 206 California Game Law 176 California Governors 282 California, Mechanics' Lien Law of 177 €alifornians, Facts for 175 Canals, the greatest in the world 129 banning Fruits, Amount of Sugar required and time of Boiling 295 Capitals of the Different States 60 Capitals of the Principal Countries of the World 169 Capitol City (Washington, D. C.) 266 Carrying Capacity of a Freight Car 160 Cascades and Waterfalls, their elevation 133 Cataract, the greatest in the world 21 Cave, the largest in the world 256 Centennarians 106 Centennial Calendar 265 Chemical Substances, their common names 49 Chronological List of Noted Events of the World 187 Church, thelargestin the world ." 25 Clothes, what to do when they take fire 158 Coal, what a ton of it contains 161 Colleges, the oldest in the United States 210 Composition of the Human Body 156 Congress, what it costs per annum 126 Continental Congresses, when and where theymet 171 Countries, the three largest 20 Countries of the World, their form of government, title of ruler and term of office 243 Countries of the World, their ruler's name, ruler's salary or civil list and prevailing religion 245 Currency of Different Commercial Nations 45 Dates of Dignities 91 Dates on which the American Republics Declared their Independence 239 Day of the Origin of their Names 41 Decisive Battles of the World 63 Decorative Work Paste 139 Degrees of Heat and Cold Required to Freeze, Melt, and Boil Different Substances 83, 85 Density of Population 150 Desert, thelargestin the world 19 Diamond-Cutting House, the largest , 106 Diamonds, French paste — 150 Diamonds, the largest found 24 Index — Continued Diamonds, Value of ~ 106 Difterence of Time between Washington and other Cities 184 Distance Around the World in Traveling 141 Distance from New York City to Various Places 181 Distance from San 7<'rancisco to Various Places 180 Earth, Weight of 119 Electric Lights, the largest in the world 22 Elevation of Localities Above the Sea Level 130 Emblematic Names of States of the United States 42 Engineer's Duties About the Boiler 73 English Money 37 Epochs and Eras 269 Execution, the fashion in different countries 213 Expansion and Contraction of Railway Track by the Different Temper- ature 184 Expectation of Human Life 196 Exports of Different Countries 141 Extreme Heat in Various Countries 210 Fecundity of Birds 128 Fecundity of Fish 128 Fictitious Names of Cities of the United States 43 Financial Crises 166 Fires, Notable Historical 196 First Steam -propelled Vessel that Crossed the Ocean 208 First United States Flag 206 Flower, the largest known 258 Food, the time requiredto digest it 44 Formation of the Union (United States) 172 Fortification, the largest in the world 256 Fortress, the greatest in the world 24 French Dynasties and Sovereigns 65 Freshwater, thelargestbody of it 256 Game Laws of California 176 General Councils 114 Geneials Commanding the United States Army 270 Glossary of some California Names 25 God, the name in different languages 187 Gold, a few facts about it 200 Gold Leaf, thickness 152 Gold, the value of a ton of it 80 Government of Foreign Countries 239 Government of the United States 174 Governors of California 282 Greatest Men of History, classified in groups 17 Hanging Bell, the largest in the World 256 Harvest Dates of the World 204 Heart, facts about it 156 Heaviest Men Known 145 Height and Weight of Ladies 146 Height of Cascades and Waterfalls 133 Height of the Principal Monument, Towers and Pyramids 107 Index — Co7i tiri ued Number of Days it takes to travel to the Principal Cities of the World from San Francisco 183 Number of English Yards in Miles of Different Nations 35 Number of Poundsto the Bushel 36 Number of Years Seeds Retain their Vitality 203 Oceans, Size of 139 OflScial Census of the United States 266 Oils, classified 160 Oil, the amount in seeds 208 Oldest Colleges in the United States 210 Oldest Newspaper in the World 73 Origin of Orchard and Garden Fruits and Number of Varieties 207 Origin of the Names of the Days 41 Origin of the Names of the Months 41 Park, the most extensive in the world 257 Parks, their area 203 Patent Fees of Different Nations 197 Pen Names of Popular Writers 267 Percentage of Alcohol in Wines and Liquors 274 Periods of Gestation of Animals, Birds, etc 128 Philosophical Facts 283 Planet Earth, facts about it HO Planets, distance from the sun 131 Planets, their size and number of moons they have 131 Planets, their velocity of speed 132 Planets, the length of their days 132 Planets, the time in which they revolve around the sun 132 Pleasure Park, the largest in the United States 24 Poison, Antidotes and Treatment for 50 Polish for Fine Hardwood 137 Popular and Electoral Votes for the Presidents of the United States 286 Population, Area and Capitals of Different Countries 169 Population of Cities in the United States 260 Population of the British Empire and Colonies 278 Population of the Earth According to Race 140 Population of theEarthby Continents 110 Population of the largest Cities of the World 2:,9 Population of the United States since 1776 263 Portraits on Bank Notes of the United States 251 Postage Rates 218 Postmasters-General of the United States 229 Presidents of the Continental Congresses 171 Presidents of the United States 223 Pulse in Health, The 157 Pyramids, their height 107 Pyramid, the largest in the World 19 Railroad, the highest in the United States 23 Railway signal code 59 Rebellions in the United States 236 Relative Value and Weight of Wood 296 Religion that prevails in different Countries 215 Index — Con tin ued Rifles used in the Armies of different Nations 275 Rivers, the longest, their length 138 Rivers, the two longest in the World 23 Roman Money 37 Royalty, what it costs England 64 Rulers of England 61 Rulers of France 65 Rulers of Germany 116 Rulers of Prussia 118 Rulers of the principal Countries of the World 245 Rules for calculating the speed of Pulleys 76 Salaries of California State Officers 177 Salaries of State Governors 60 Salaries of the British Cabinet 64 Salaries of the United States Judges 128 Salaries of the United States Legislative Officers 127 Salaries of the United States Military and Naval Officers 197 Salaries of the United States Ministers to Foreign Countries 127 Salaries or Civil List of Rulers of different Countries 245 Salary of the President of the United States 126 Seas, size and length of 139 Seating Capacity of noted public buildings 254 Secretaries of Interior of the United States 231 Secretaries of Navy of the United States 228 Secretaries of State of the United States 225 Secretaries of Treasury of the United States 226 Secretaries of War of the United States 227 Seeds, the number of years they retain their vitality 203 Seven Dolours of the Virgin Mary 68 Seven in the Bible 68 Seven Sleepers 68 Seven Wise Men of Greece 68 Seven Wonders of the World 68 Shortest and longest verse in the Bible 145 Shrinkage of Casting 78 Silver, the value of a ton of it 80 Size of Animals 144 Size of Lakes 139 Size of Oceans 139 Size of Planets and the number of moons they have 131 Size of Seas 139 Smallest locomotive in the world 113 Smallest steam engine in the world 113 Small people or dwarfs 115 Smokestacks, the largest iu the world 2JS Sound, the distance it may be heard 91 Specific gravities of bodies 84 Speed of birds 148 Standard railroad time 182 Standard Silver Dollar, abrief history of it 269 Standard weightof United States Coins 33 Index — Co7itinued States and territories, their area, wlien admitted into the Union, when and where first settled 216 States and territories, their capitals, term of oflSce, and salaries of governors 60 Stationary engines, the largest in the world 257 Statute of Limitation on debts, notes, etc., of the different States 211 Statue, tte largest in the world 20 Steam engine, the smallest in the world 113 Strength of belt leather 78 Strength of different materials 284 Strength of ice of various thicknesses 91 Suffrage, qualifications required in different States 221 Suspension Bridge, the largest in the world 19 Table of approximate numbers for measuring circles, spheres, cubes, etc ... 81 Tallest men known 146 Telegraph wire, the longest span in the world 257 Telescopes, the largest 258 Ten laws of health 156 T.in seven years of life 158 Term of Oflace of Ruler of different countries 243 Term of Office of State Governors 60 Theater, thelargestin the world „ 24 Thickness of boiler iron and pressure allowed by the United States laws 75 Three largest countries in the world 20 Time in which various planets revolve around the sun 132 Time on shipboard, divided into three watches 59 Time required for digesting food 44 Title of Rulers of different countries 243 Towers, the height of the highest 107 Tower, the highest in the world 67 Treaties of the World ratified by different nations since 1140 246 Treatment of various causes (medical) 153 Trees, the largest in the world 24 Tunnels, the longest in the world 119 Tunnel, the longest in the world 257 Turf terms (dictionary) 119 Two longest rivers in the world 23 United States Custom duties 270 United States land offices 233 United States of Brazil 238 United States Squadron Stations 208 Universities, the largest in the world 295 University, the largest in the world 21 Useful Information (law) 164 Value of a bar of iron worked in various forms 185 Value of a ton of Gold or Silver 80 Value of Ancient Money 198 Value of Diamonds 106 Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money 167 Velocity of Bodies .' 71 Velocity of Speed of Planets 132 Ventilation 157 Index — Continued s^_ Vice-Presidents of the United States 223 Wall, the greatest in the world 22 Walnut Stain 137 Wars of the United States., 222 Waterfalls and Cascades, their elevation 133 Waterfall, the highest in the world 21 Wedding Anniversary 147 Weight and Pleightof Ladies 146 Weight of a Cubic Foot of Earth, Stones, Metals, etc 85 Weight of Various Breeds of Poultry 147 Weight of Liquids per Gallon 79 Weight of the Earth 119 Weight of Large Bells of che World 107 Weight of United States Coins 36 Weights and Measures: " Ale or Beer Measure 32 " Apothecaries' Measure (liquid) 31 " Apothecaries' Weight (dry) 32 " Assayers' Weight 251 " Avoidupois Weight. 31 " California Lot Measure 252 " Circular Measure 34 " Cloth Measure 252 " Common Measures and Weights Equivalent in Metric System 29 " Comparison of Measuresof Capacity 252 " Cubic Measure 30 " Diamond Weight 251 " Drop Liquid Measure 252 " Dry Measure 33 " English Money 37 " English Wine Measure 34 " Iron and Lead Weight 252 " Liquid or Wine Measure 32 " Long Measure 30 " Measure of Time 34 " Metric System Dry Measure 28 " Metric System Cubic Measure 28 " Metric System Equivalents in Common Measure 30 " Metric System Liquid Measure 28 " Metric System Long Measure 28 " Metric System Square Measure 29 " Metric System Weights 29 '* Paper Measure 252 " Shipping Admeasurement 33 '• Square Measure 31 " Surveyor's Long Measure 34 " Surveyor's Square Measure 34 " • Table of Miscellaneous Weights 35 '• Troy Weight 251 " United States Money 252 *' Units (measure) 252 Weights and Measures used in Foreign Countries 253 What a Horse can draw 291 What Congress Costs per Annum 126 What Housekeepers should Remember 205 What Royalty Costs England 64 What there is in a ton of coal 161 What to do when the clothes take fire 158 When State elections are held 234 When the Legislatures of different States meet 234 Where and when the Continental Congresses met 171 Whirlpool, the most remarkable in the world 23 Wonders in America 49 Words of Wisdom for the People 56 P- or TEa -«^ TREASURY USEFUL INFORMATION m Greatest Men of History^ Classified in Groups Poetry Homer, Pindar, -^scliylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Menander, Luceritius, Virgil, Dante, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakes- peare, Milton, Scott, Moliere, Goethe, Burns, Longfellow. Art Architects, Sculptors, Painters and Musicians Phidias, Praxiteles, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Corregio, Titian, Rubens, Rembrandt, Bach, Handel, Mozart, Beethoven Religion Religious Founders, Reformers and Theologians Oriental Religions— Confucius, Buddha, Mahomet. Christianity — St. Paul, St. Augustine, St. Bernard, St. Francis, Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, Loyola, Bossuet, Wesley. Philosophy Metaphysicians, Psychologists and Moralists Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza, John Locke, Leibnitz, Berkeley, Hume, Kant. — 17 — — 18 — History Historians, Orators and Critics Herodotus, Thucydides, Demosthenes, Cicero, Tacitus, Plutarch, Montaigne, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Lessing, Gibbon. Science Mathematicians, Physicians and Naturalists Hippocrates, Archimedes, Galen, Copernicus, Keppler, Galileo, Harvey, Newton, Linnajus, Lavoisier, Bichat, Cuvier. Industry Inventors, Discoverers, Philanthropists Gutenburg, Columbus, Palissy, Franklin, Howard, Montgolfier, Arkwright, Watt, Stephenson, Edison. Politics Warriors and Statesmen Pericles, Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Csesar, Charlemagne, Alfred the Great, William the Conqueror, Charles V, William the Silent, Richelieu, Cromwell, Peter the Great, Frederick the Great, Washington, Jeflferson, Nelson, Napoleon I, Wellington, Gladstone, Blaine, Lincoln, Bismark. Marvels of Nature and Art Highest Mountain in the World The loftiest mountain is Mount Everest of the Himalaya Range, having an elevation of 20,002 feet above the sea level. Highest Mountain Range in the World Tlie highest mountain range is the Himalayas, the mean elevation being 18,000 feet above the sea level. Highest Active Volcano in. the World The highest volcano is Popocatepetl in Mexico. It is 17,784: feet above the sea level and it has a crater of over three miles in circum- ference and is 1,000 feet deep. — la — lyargest Pyramid in the World The largest pyramid is that of Cheops in Egypt, it is 456 feet hight its original height was 479 feet, its sides are 746 feet in length against 764, its original length. It originally contained 89,028,000 cubic feet of masonry, it now contains 82,111,000 cubic feet of masonry, its weight is estimated at 6,316,000 tons. Largest Desert in the World The largest desert is the Sahara, in Northern Africa, extending from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to the Valley of the Nile on the east, about 3,000 miles in length, and its average width is about 900 miles, its area 2,000,000 square miles. Largest City of the World The largest city is London, England, its population numbers 4,021,880 souls. New York, U. S., is fifth in size, its population being 1,550,000. Largest Suspension Bridge in the World The largest suspension bridge is the New York and Brooklyn. It was commenced in 1870 under the direction of civil engineer J. Roebling and was completed in 1 3 years. The size of New York caisson is 172x102 feet; size of Brooklyn caisson, 168x122 feet; timber and iron in caissons, 5,253 cubic yards ; concrete in wellholes, chambers, etc., 5,669 cubic feet ; weight of New York caisson, 7,000 tons ; weight of concrete filling, 8,000 tons ; New York tower contains 46,945 cubic yards masonry ; Brooklyn tower contains 38,214 cubic yards masonry; length of river span, 1,505^ feet; length of each land span, 930 feet and 1,860 feet; length of Brooklyn approach, 971 feet ; length of New York approach, 1,562^- feet; total length of bridge, 5,989 feet; width of bridge, 85 feet ; number of cables, 4; diameter of each, 15| inches ; height of tower above roadway, 159 feet ; weight of each anchorage plate, 23 tons ; height of bridge above high-water mark, 135 feet; and the bridge cost $15,000,000. The Largest Bell in the World The largest bell is the great bell of Moscow, Russia, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at the bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its height more than 21 feet. In its thickest part it is 23 inches, and its weight has been estimated to be 443,772 pounds. It has never — 20 — Lecn hung, and has probably been cast on the spot where it now stands. A piece of the bell is broken oflF. The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned by water having been thrown on it when heated by the building erected over it being on fire. Largest Statue of the World The largest statue is Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. This colossal statue was given by the people of the republic of France to the people of the United States of America, as a monu- ment of ancient friendship and as an expression of the sympathy of France in the centennial of American Independence. It rests upon Bedloe's island in New York harbor, and in tlie face of the great cities of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City and Hoboken. The Government has promised to maintain it in perpetuity as a lighthouse and beacon. The statue is 150 feet in height and cost $250,000. For the purpose of transportation from France the statue was divided into 300 distinct parts. The pedestal, including the foundation, is 182| feet above low water. The pedestal proper is 62 feet square at the base, 41§ feet square at the top, and is 117 feet to the Ijase of the statue. The entire length is 309 feet above low water. On the face of the pedestal are bronze shields, which display the coats-of-arms of the diflferent States and Territories. From base of figure to top of torch is 151 feet; from base of figure to top of diadem, 116 feet; from the heel to the top of the head, 111| feet; length of index finger, 8 feet; circumference of the same at second joint, 4 feet 8 inches ; the finger nail is 1.14x85 feet; height of head, 14^ feet; width of eye, 2 feet ; length of nose, 3 feet 7 inches. The statue is provided with an electric light, which is visible 50 miles at sea. The Largest Inland Sea in the World The largest inland tea, is the Caspian, lying between Europe and Asia. Its greatest length is 760 miles, its greatest breadth is 270 miles, and its area is 180,000 square miles. The Caspian Sea lies 84 feet below the sea level. The Three Largest Countries of the World The largest empire is that of Great Britain comprising 8,567,658 square miles, more than a sixth part of the land of the globe, and embracing under its rule nearly a sixth part of the population of the world. — 21 — The next largest is Russia, liaving 8,352,940 square miles. The third largest is the United States of America, containing 3,581,243 square miles including Alaska, it ranks fourth in population with its 00,000,000 of people. The Highest Natural Bridge in the World The highest natural bridge in the world is in Rockbridge County, Virginia, U. S., it extends over Cedar Creek, it has an arch 200 feet in height, and the upper surface of the bridge is 240 feet above the stream. The Most Remarkable Natural Bridge of the World The most remarkable natural bridge is the Jisrel Hajar, which spans a gorge not far from the ruins of the Temple of Adonis, in the province of the Lebanon in Syria. It is a flat piece of limestone from 10 to 15 feet thick, perfectly arched on the under side. The gorge is about 150 feet across, and the bridge is about 100 feet from the bed of the torrent below. The Largest University of the World The largest University is Oxford University, at Oxford, England. It consists of 21 colleges and 5 halls. Oxford was a seat of learning as early as the time of Edward the Confessor ; University College claims to have been founded by Alfred the Great. Greatest Cataract in the World The greatest cataract is the Niagara Falls, the Horseshoe Fall on the Canadian side has a perpendicular descent of 158 feet; the height of the American Fall is 167 feet. The Horshoe carries a larger volume of water than the American Fall, is about 600 yards wide and extends from the Canadian shore to Goat Island. Geologists are agreed that the cataract was once six miles nearer to Lake Ontario than at present. Highest Waterfall in the World The highest waterfall is the Yosemite of California. It is formed by the Yosemite Creek, which is an affluent of the Merced River. Ihe average width of the stream in Summer is about 20 feet and its depth about 2 feet. From the edge of the cliff, from which the water plunges, to the bottom of the valley the vertical distance is about 2,550 feet, but the fall is not one perpendicular sheet of water. — 22 — Natural Echoes, the Most Remarkable in the World The most remarkable natural echoes are those of Eagle's Nest on the banks of Lake Killarney, in Ireland, Which repeats a bugle call until it seems to be sounded from a hundred instruments. Largest Electric Lights on Earth The largest electric light is at the Sydney Lighthouse, Australia, which has a power of 180,000 candle-power, and can be seen 50 miles. The second largest is at Paris in the Palais de I'lndustrie, of 150,000 candle-power. The next is at Marseilles, France, of 40,000 caudle- power. The fourth largest is at San Jose, California, U. S., of 24,000 candle-power, and sheds its light two miles. The Highest Inhabited Place in the World The highest inhabited x)lace is the Port House of Ancomarca, on the Andes, in Peru, South America. It is 16,000 feet above the sea level. Largest Passenger Locomotive in the World The largest passenger locomotivi; was built by the Rhode Island Locomotive Works for the New York, Providence and Boston Rail- road Company. The main driving wheels are 6 feet in diameter and set but 7 feet 6 inches apart. The cylinders are 18 inches in diameter, with two-foot stroke. The boiler is 54 inches in diameter at the smokestack, with a wagon top. It; extends to the very end of the cab, and necessitates the elevation of the engineer's seat to a height far above the fire door. Three tons of coal are consumed before the locomotive will move, and she carries four tons of coal on her tender. The tank of the tender will hold 4,000 gallons of waiter. The total weight of the locomotive proper is 95,000 pounds. The weight on the driving wheels is 66,000 pounds. Everything about the locomotive ia steel. There is not a particle of brass or bright work about her. She made a run of 62^ miles in 62^ minutes, pulling at the same time eight cars, four of which were Pullman cars. Greatest Wall in the World The greatest wall is the Chinese Wall, built by the first Emperor of the Tsin dynasty, about 221 B.C., as a protection against the Tartars on the North. It traverses the northern boundary of China, and is carried over the highest hills, through the deepest valleys, across rivers and every other natural obstacle. Its length is 1,250 miles, — 23 — including a parapet of five feet; the total heiglit is 20 feet, its thick- ness at the base 25 feet, and at the top 15 feet. Towers or bastidns occur at intervals of about every SOO feet. Highest Railroad in the United States The highest railroad in the United States is the Denver and Kio Grande Railroad, at Marshall Pass, 10,855 feet above the sea level. Most Remarkable Whirlpool in the World The most remarkable whirlpool is the maelstorm off the northwest coast of Norway, Europe, aneaver Leopards Jaguars Hyenas Chamois Peacock Cat Dog Fox Blackcap Queen Bee . . . . Drones Working Bees Years Name Years ..1,000 Stag 45 400 Hawks , 40 300 Pelican 40 100 Horse 30 100 Porpoise CO 100 Ox 30 100 Bear 20 100 Cow ....20 100 Deer 20 80 Rhinoceros 20 70 Wolf 20 50 Swine 20 25 Llamas 15 25 Monkey 16 25 Baboon IS 25 Hens 16 20 Pigeon 16 . 15 Nightingale 15 20 Sheep 10 15 Hare 8 , 15 Squirrel 7 4 Rabbit 7 (months) 4 Eel ' 10 . (months) 6 Wren 3 — 73 — The Oldest Newspaper in the World The oldest newspaper in the world is the Iwperial Gazette, pub- lished in the Chinese language at Pekin, China. In August, 1882, its proprietors celebrated the l,oOOth anniversary of its publication. Duties of the Engineer (About the boiler) Water. — Before lighting fire, fill the boiler until water runs* out of the lower gauge-cock and be careful, too, that the boiler is not full. Stationary boilers are usually filled from tanks elevated above them through the regular feed-water pipes, or through a separate pipe con- nected to the blow-off pipe or other convenient connection to the boiler. If there is no elevated tank they may be filled with buckets through the dome, Dy removing the safety valve or by a hand pump suitably connected. Building Fire under a Cold Boiler. — Do this slowly and cautiously until the gauge shows five or ten pounds of steam. Then replenish the fire to the usual heat. Many boilers are injured by a c[uick, flashing fire, heating the boiler unevenly, causing a great strain on the tubes and rivets through unequal expansion. Condition of Water and Fire. — Never unbank or replenish the fire before first ascertaining how high the water is in the water gauge. In Case of Low Water. — Smooth the fire wath ashes, dirt or fresh coal or draw it out of the furnace and wet it to extinguish fire. Never put water in the furnace. Management of Fires and Draught. — Replenish the fire quickly and a little at a time, not enough to smother the fire and do not keep the door open long enough to cool the boiler. If burning coal, spread it thinly and evenly over the surface. Leave no air holes or dark spots. This will, in fact, apply to any kind of fuel, which is frequently wasted and the boiler injured through irregular firing and cold-air draughts through the doors. Too much draught or too little causes waste of fuel and justenoughis essential to the best economy. Its management is of the greatest importance. A fireman who is painstaking and observant can save his wages to his employer by closely following the suggestion outlined above and keeping his boiler clean inside and out. Clean Boiler. — Particular care should be taken to keep the flues or tubes and connections well swept and all sheets exposed to the fire — 74 — Leaks. — When discovered in the seams, rivets, valves, cocks or else- where should be repaired at once to avoid further damage. Blisters. — V/hen they appear, must be promptly trimmed or patched, as they may require. Blowing Off. — Should never be done when the boiler is hot, as the hot iron would bake the sediment into a scale. The blow-off valve should be opened frequently while at work or before commencing work and just before leaving at night. This will keep the blow-off clear and remove all the sediment that pressure can remove. The time required to open the valve and ch>se it again is sufficient for the purpose. Then every week or two, when the boiler is cold, let the water run out. Open the hand-hole, and clean all sediment from the sheets over the fire before filling again. When the boiler is new, or if there is mud or other sediment in the water, this should be done often. Boiler Compounds. —For preventing or removing scale. There are several kinds on the market, but care should be taken in selecting, as they frequently contain acids injurious to iron. A good solvent is one part of gum gatechu, and two parts of soda. A couple of pounds once a week, introduced through the hand-hole, will be found sufficient. A half-gallon of molasses pumped into the boiler with the water a half a day before cleaning out will remove scale. Safety Valve. — Raise it often, as it is liable to become fast to it's seat. Pressure Gauge or Steam Gauge.— Should it at any time indicate the limit of pressure, see that the safety valve is blowing off steam. Gauge Cocks and Gauge Glass. — Keep the connection to the glas3 clear, by frequently shutting one end and blowing the other, so you know that the passage is clear to both steam and water, and constantly use the try-cocks to prove the glass. In Case of Foaming. — Close the throttle long enough to show true level of water. If water is too high, blow down to first gauge-cock, as shown when the throttle is closed, check the draft, and replenish fire; if possible, lighten the load on the engine until you can pump up and blow down a few times. Then carry a steady fire and high pressure of steam. This will, usually, stop the foaming; after which, improve the first opportunity to clean the boiler. Important. — Never carry the water too high, but carry a steady level first and second gauge-cocks, thus avoiding wrecking the engine with water in the cylinder, and insuring best economy of fuel. Keep the gauges, cocks, etc., tight and in good order, and things generally about the engine and boiler in neat condition. 75 Thickness of Boiler Iron and Pressure allowed by United States lyaws Pressure equivalent to the standard for a boiler 42 inches in diameter, and I inch thick. Thick DIAMETERS ness lU 34 in. 36 in. 38 in. 40 in. 42 in. 44 in. 46 in. T^ths lbs. lbs. lbs. Ib3. lbs. lbs. lbs. 5 169.9 160.4 152. 144.4 137.5 131.2 125.5 4.^ 158.5 149.7 141.8 134.7 128.3 122.5 117.2 4| 147.2 139.1 131.8 125.1 119.2 113.7 108.8 4 135.9 128.3 121.6 115.5 110. 105. 100. 3f 124.5 117.6 111.4 105.9 104.8 96.2 92. 3^ 113.2 106.9 101.3 96.2 91.7 87.5 83. 3 101.9 96.2 91.2 82.6 82.5 78.7 75.1 Mechanical Horse-Power A mechanical horse power is 33,000 pounds elevated one foot per minute, and is equal to elevating 3,957 gallons of water one foot per minute. Animal- Power Animal -Power ; working eight hours per day, in pounds raised one foot per minute Horse or mule, large - 22,000 Man, as in rowing - - 4,000 Horse or mule, small - - 18,000 Man, on tread -wheel - 3,100 Ox, average - . - - 12,000 Man, turning a crank - 2,600 Ass, average 3,500 Mechanical Horse-Power 33,000 Horse- Powe r, Belting will Transmit with Safety Horse-Power, per 100 Horse-Power pur 100 feet Width of Belt in Inches feet Velocity of Belt Width of Belt in Inches Velocity of Belt Belt Single Double Belt Single Belt Double Belt 1 .09 .18 12 1.09 2.18 2 .18 .36 14 1.27 2.55 3 .27 .55 16 1.45 2.91 4 .36 .73 18 1.64 3.27 5 .45 .91 20 1.82 3.64 6 .55 1.09 22 2.00 4.00 7 .64 1.27 24 2.18 4.36 8 .73 1.46 28 2.55 5.09 9 .82 1.64 32 2.91 5.82 10 .91 1.82 36 3.27 6.55 11 1.00 2.00 40 3.64 7.27 — 76 — HoRSK- Power The following table shows the indicated horse-power for each pound average pressure on a square inch for different diameters and speeds of pistons. Diameter of Cylinder Speed of Piston iu Feet a Minute Inches 240 300 400 500 GOO 4 .091 .114 .152 .19 .2-J8 4K .115 .144 .192 .24 .283 5 .144 .18 .24 .30 .36 ^'A .173 .216 .288 .36 .432 6 .205 .256 .342 .428 .513 cx .245 .307 .409 .512 .614 7 .279 .348 .466 .583 .699 7K .321 .401 .534 .669 .802 8 .365 .450 .608 .761 .912 8K .413 .516 .688 .86 1.032 9 .462 .577 .77 .963 1.154 ^% .515 .644 .859 1.074 1.288 10 .571 .714 .952 1.190 1.428 10>^ .63 .787 1.050 1313 1.575 11 .091 .864 1.152 1.44 1.728 n% .754 .943 1.257 1.572 1.886 12 .820 1.025 1.366 1.708 2.050 13 .964 1.206 1.608 2.01 2.412 14 1.119 1.398 1.864 2.3;u 2.797 J5 1.285 1.606 2.131 2.671 3.212 16 1.461 1.827 2.436 3.045 3.654 17 1.643 2.054 2.739 3.424 4.108 18 1.849 2.312 3.083 3.854 4.624 :9 2.C61 2.577 3.436 4.295 5.154 20 2.292 2.855 3.807 4.759 5.731 21 2.518 3.148 4.197 5.247 •6.296 22 2.764 3.455 4.007 5.759 6.911 23 3.021 3.776 5.035 6.294 7.552 24 3.2u9 4.111 5.482 6.853 8.223 25 3.569 4.461 5.948 7.436 8.923 26 3.861 4.826 6.435 8.044 9.652 27 4.156 5.199 6.932 8.666 10.399 28 4.477 5.596 7.462 9.328 11.193 Rules for Calculating Speed of Pulleys 1. The diameter of the driver and driven being given, to find the number of revolutions of the driven: Rule. — Multiply ttie diameter of the driver by its number of revolutions and divide the product by the diameter of the driven; the quient will be the number of revolutions. -11 — 1. The diameter and revolutions of the driver being given to find the diameter of the driven, that shall make any given number of revolutions in the same time. Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolu- tions and divide the product by the number of revolutions of the driven; the quotient will be its diameter. 3. To ascertain the size of the driver: Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the driven by the number of revolutions you wish to make ar?d divide the product by the revolutions of the driver; the quotient will be the size of the driver. Belts Leather belts must be well protected against water, and even mois- ture. India-rubber is the proper substance for belts exposed to the weather, as it does not absorb moisture, and stretch and decay. Leather belts run with grain side to the pulley will drive 30 per cent more than if run with flesh side. The belt, as well as the pulley, adheres best when smooth and the grain side adheres best because it is smoothest. It is desirable to run the grain (hair) side of leather belts on the pulley in order that the strongest part of the belt may be subject to the least wear. The transmitting power of a double belt is to that of single belt as 10 is to 7. In ordering pulleys the kind of belt to be used should always be specified. Belts should be kept soft and pliable. For this purpose blood-warm tallow, dried in by heat of fire or the sun, is advised. Castor Oil Dressing is also good. The motion of driving should run with and not against the laps of the belts. If too great a distance is attempted, the weight of the belt will pro- duce a very heavy sag, drawing so hard on the shaft as to produce great friction in the bearing; while at the same time the belt will have an xmsteady, flappi'jg motion, Avhich will destroy both the belt and the machinery. If possible to avoid it, connected shafts should never be placed one directly over the other as in such case the belt must be kept very tight to do the work. For this purpose belts should be carefully selected of well-stretched leather. — 78 — It is desirable that the angle of the belt with the floor should not exceed 45°. It is also desirable to locate the shafting and machinery so that belts should run oflF from each shaft in opposite directions, as this arrangement will relieve the bearings from the friction that would result when the belts all pull one way on the shaft. The diameter of the pulleys should be as large as can be admitted. The pulley should be a little wider than the belt required for the work. Having properly arranged the machinery for the reception of the belts, the next thing to be determined is the length and width of the belts. When it is not convenient to measure with the tape-line the length required, apply the following rule: Add the diameter of the two pulleys together, divide the result by 2, and multiply the quotient by 3^, then add this product to twice the distance between the centers of the shafts, and you have the length required. The width of belt needed depends on three conditions: 1. The tension of the belt. 2. The size of the smaller pulley and the proportion of the surface touched by the belt. 3. The speed of the boit. The working adhesion of a belt to the pulley will be in proportion both to the number of square inches of belt contact with the surface of the pulley and also to the arc of the circumference of the pulley touched by the belt. This adhesion forms the basis of all right galcu- lation in ascertaining the width of belt necessary to transmit a given horse-power. Strength of Belt Leather The tensile strength of good ox-hide, well tanned, has been carefully examined with the following results: The solid leather will sustain, per inches of width..C75 lbs. At the rivet-holes of the splices, per inches of width. 382 lbs. At the lacing, per inches of width 210 lbs. Safe-working tension, per inches of width 55 lbs. The belts are assumed to be three-sixteenths of an inch thick. Shrinkage of Casting Pattern-maker's ru e should be for Cast-iron, 1-8 Brass ....3-16 « Lead 1-8 \'^.f^}'tf'^.^'' Tin.- 1-12 Zinc 3-lG linear foot — 79 Weight of Liquids Per Gallon 1 Gallon Pounds Ale 8.33 Acid, Nitric 10.C8 Acid, Sulphuric 15.42 Acid, Muriatic 10. Alcoliol, Commerce 6.74 Alcohol, Proof Spirit. . . 7.9375 Naphtha 7.08 0.1, Linseed 7.75 1 Gallon Pounds Oil of Turpentine 7.25 Oil, Whale 7.25 Petroleum 7.35 Vinegar 8.43 Saltwater 8.59 Tar 8.43 Distilled Water 8.33 Facts for Builders 1,000 shingles laid 4 inches to the weather will cover 100 square feet of surface, and 5 pounds of shingle nails will fasten them on. One-iifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of square feet of surface to he covered, because of the lap in the siding and matching. 100 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 pounds of lath nails will nail them on. 8 bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand, and 1 bushel of hair will make enough good mortar to plaster 100 square yards. A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand, will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. Five courses of brick will lay one foot in height on a chimney, 8 bricks in a course will make a flue 4 inches wide and 12 inches long, and 16 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 inches wide and 16 inches long. Cement, one bushel, and sand, two bushels, will cover 3.} square yards 1 inch thick, 4J square yards f inch thick, and 6| square yards ^ inch thick ; 1 bushel cement and 1 bushel of sand will cover 2^ square yards 1 inch thick, 3 square yards | inch thick, and 4^ square yards ^ inch thick. Number of Bricks Required in Wall per Square Foot Face of Wall Thickness of Wall No. 4 inches 7^ 8 " 15 12 - 22i 16 " 30 20 " 37i Thickness of WmU No. 24 inches 46 28 32 36 42 52 60^ 67 75i — 80 - The Number of Bricks Required to Construct any- Building Keckoning 7 bricks to each superficial foot. Example — Requirod the number of bricks in 100 superficial feet of wall, 12 inches thick. Under 12 inch, and opposite 100, you will find the answer, 2,250, the number of bricks required. Super- Number of Bricks to Thickness of ficial Feet of WaU 4 inch 8 inch 12 inch 16 inch 20 inch 24 inch 1 7 15 23 30 88 45 2 15 30 45 60 75 90 3 23 45 68 90 118 135 4 80 60 90 120 150 180 5 38 75 113 150 188 225 6 45 90 135 180 225 270 7 53 105 158 210 263 315 8 60 120 180 240 300 860 9 68 135 203 270 338 405 10 75 150 225 300 875 450 20 150 300 450 600 750 909 30 225 450 675 900 1,125 1,350 40 800 600 900 1,200 1 ,500 1 ,800 50 375 750 1,125 1,500 1,875 2,250 60 450 900 1,850 1,800 2,250 2,700 70 525 1,050 1,575 2,100 2,625 3,150 80 600 1,200 1.800 2,400 8,000 3,600 90 675 1,350 2,025 2,700 8.375 4.030 100 750 1,500 2,250 8,0J0 3,750 4,500 200 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 7,500 9,000 300 2,250 4,500 6,750 9,000 11,250 18,500 400 3,000 6,030 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 600 3,750 7,500 11,250 15,000 18,750 22 500 600 4,500 9,000 13,500 18,000 22,500 27,C00 700 5,230 10,500 15,750 21,000 26,250 31,500 800 6,000 12,000 18,000 24,000 30,000 36,000 900 6,750 13,500 20,250 27,000 33,750 40,500 1,000 7,500 15,000 22,500 80,000 37,500 45,000 Value of a Ton of Gold or Silver A ton of pure gold is worth $602,799.21. $1,000,000 gold coin weighs 3,685.8 pounds. A ton of silver is worth $37,704.84. $1,000,000 silver coin weighs 58,929.9 pounds. — 81 — Hints to Painter, Glazier and Paper- Hanger One pound of paint will cover about four superficial yards the first coat and about six yards each additional coat. About one pound of putty for stopping, will be required for every twenty yards. One gallon of tar and one pound of pitch will cover about twelve yards of superficial the first coat, and about seventeen yards each additional coat. White Paint 20 pounds white lead, 6 pints linseed oil, 2 pints turpentine and 1 pound litharge, will cover about 100 square yards. Black Paint 28 pounds black paint, 10 pints linseed oil, 2 pints turpentine, and i pound litharge will cover about 160 square yards. Distemper 112 pounds whiting, 28 pounds dry white lead, and 7 pounds glue,, mixed with boiling water. Slating A square of slate or slating is 100 superficial feet. In measuring, the jvidth of the eaves is allowed at the widest part. Hips, valleys, and cutting are to be measured lineal, and six inches width extra is allowed. The pitch of a slate roof should not be less than one inch height to four inches in length. Table of Approximate Numbers in Decimals FOR Circles, Spheres, Squares, Cubes, etc. Diameter of a circle multiplied by 3.1416 equals circumference. Radius of a circle multiplied by 6.283185 equals circumference. Square of the radius of a circle multiplied by 3.1416 equals area. Square of the diameter of a circle multiplied by 0. 7854 equals area. Square of the circumference of a circle multiplied by 0.07958 equals — 82 — Half the circumference of a circle multiplied by half its diameter equals area. Cii'cumference of a circle multiplied by 0.159155 equals radius. Square root of the area of a circle multiplied by 0.56419 equals radius. Circumference of a circle multiplied by 0.31831 equals diameter. Square root of the area of a circle multiplied by 1.12839 equals diam- eter. Diameter of a circle multiplied by 0.86 equals side of inscribed equilateral triangle. Diameter of a circle multiplied by 0.7071 equals side of an inscribed square. Circumference of a circle multiplied by 0.226 equals side of an inscribed square. Radius of a circle multiplied by 6.2832 equals circumference. Circumference of a circle multiplied by 0.282 equals side of an equal square. Diameter of a circle multiplied by 0.8862 equals side of an equal square. Base of a triangle multiplied by one-half the altitude equals area. Multiply both diameters and 0.7854 together equals area of an ellipse. Surface of a sphere multij)lied by one-sixth of its diameter equals solidity. Circumference of a sphere multiplied by its diameter equals surface. Square of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by 3.1416 equals surface. Square of the circumference of a sphere multiplied by 10.3183 eqiials surface. Cube of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by 0.5236 equals solidity. Cube of the radius of a sphere multiplied by 4.1888 equals solidity. Cube of the circumference of a sphere multiplied by 0.016887 equals solidity. Square root of the surface of a sphere multiplied by 0.56419 equals diameter. Square root of the surface of a sphere multiplied by 1.772454 equals circumference. Cube root of the solidity of a sphere multiplied by 1.2407 equals diameter. Cube root of the solidity of a si)here multiplied by 3.8978 equals circumference. Radius of a sphere multiplied by 1.1547 equals side of an inscribed cube. — 83 Square root of (g of the square of) the diameter of a sphere equals side of inscribed cube. Area of its base multiplied by ^ of its altitude equals solidity of a cone or pyramid whether round, square, or triangular. Area of one of its sides multiplied by 6 equals surface of a cube. Altitude of trapezoid multiplied by half the sum of its parallel sides equals area. Square root of area of a circle multiplied by 3.54 equals circumference. Radius multiplied by diameter of a circle multiplied by 1.57 equals area. Number of degrees multiplied by radius multiplied by .0174 equals length of arc. Square of diameter of sphere multiplied by .31416 equals convex surface. Diameter of sphere multiplied by .806 equals dimensions of equal cube. Diameter of sphere multiplied by .6667 equals length of equal cylinder. Square inches multiplied by .00695 equals square feet. Cubic inches multiplied by .00058 equals cubic feet. Cubic feet multiplied by .03704 equals cubic yards. Cylindrical inches multiplied by .0004546 equals cubic feet. Cylindrical feet multiplied by .02909 equals cubic yards. Degrees of Heat and Cold Required to Freeze, Melt, and Boil the Following Substances Air furnace melts 3300 above Antimony melts 950 Bismuth melts 476 Brass melts . . 1900 Cadium melts 600 Cast Iron melts 3479 Copper melts 2160 Gold melts 1983 Glass melts 2377 Gutta Percha melts 150 Iron, wrought, melts 3980 Iron, bright red heat in the dark 752 — 84 - Degrees of Heat, Etc. — Continued Iron, red hot in twilight 884 above zero Heat, cherry red 1500 Heat, bright red 1860 Heat, red, visible by day 1077 " Heat, white 2900 " Lead melts 590 " Lard melts 96 " Silver melts 1850 •* Steel melts 2500 Platinum melts 3080 '* Tin melts 424 Zinc melts 740 Ice melts 35 " The Specific Gravities ok Bodies Barometer, 30 inches; Fahrenheit's Thermometer, 60° {From the Work of Drs. Thompson, Young and Ure) Platinum 22.069 Steel 7.833 Gold 19.360 Iron (cast) 7.645 Quicksilver 13.568 Tin 7.320 Lead 11.352 Glass (crystal) 3. 150 Silver 10.474 Granite 3.000 Copper 8.878 Marble (Parian) 2.838 Brass 8.396 Flint 2.570 Brick 2.000 Oak (English) 760 Nitre 1.900 Walnut 671 Ivory 1.825 Cedar 613 Brimstone 1.810 Elm 600 Coal 1.250 Willow 585 Boxwood 1.030 Fir 550 Sea Water 1.026 Poplar 383 Common Water 1.000 Cork 240 Degrees of Cold at which the following Articles Freeze Milk freezes 29 above zero Strong wine freezes 20 " Water freezes '..... 32 " Turpentine (spirits) freezes 15 " 85 — Degrees of Heat at which the foUowiug Articles Boil Alchohol boils 175 above zero Blood Heat 98 Linseed Oil boils COO " Petroleum boils 305 " Quicksilver boils 622 " Quicksilver volatilizes 680 ** Water boils 210 " Water in vacuo boils 98 " Weight of a Cubic Foot of Earth, Stone, Metal, Wood, Etc. Avoirdupois Article Pounds Air (at the sea level) 07529 Alum ....107 Asbestos (starry) 192 Bismuth (cast) G13 Bronze 513 Brick (common) 102 Beach Wood 4G Bay Wood 51 Blood 66 Cobalt (cast) 488 Clay 120 Cork 15 Charcoal (hardwood) 18.5 Charcoal (softwood) 18 Cider 35 Chestnut 38 Chalk 174 Ebony 83 Firebrick Granite Grindstones Glass Hickory (pignut) Hickory (shell-bark), 137 165 133 180 49 43 Avoirdupois Article Pounds Alcohol 49 Antimony 418 Ash Wood 52 Brass (cast) 524 Brass (wire) 534 Brass (gun metal) 543 Brandy 58 Beer 65 Copper (cast) 549 Copper (sheet) 557 Copper (wire) 554 Coal, Lehigh 56 Coal, Lackawanna 50 Coal, anthracite 89 Coal, cannel 77 Cedar Wood 35 Earth (loose) 94 Elm Wood 44 Gold (pure) 1.203§ Gold (standard) 1.102 Gold (hammered) 1.210 Glass (window) 165 Hay (bale) 9 Hay (pressed) 25 — 86 Weight of a Cubic Foot, Etc. — Continued Avoirdupois Article Pounds Honey 90 Ice 57.5 Lead (cast) 709 Lead (rolled) 711 Limestone 185 Mercury (fluid) 848 Mercury (solid) 977 Millstone 155 Mud 102 Marl (mean) 109 Mortar 110 Nickel (cast) 487 Oil, Olive 57 Oil, Whale 57.7 Oil, Linseed 59 Platinum (pure) 1.218 Platinum (hammered) 1,271 Plaster of Paris 73.5 Plumbago 131 Peat 375 to 83 Poplar Wood 46 Rock Crystal 170 Red Hickory 52 Steel (soft) 489 Steel (plates) 487 Slate 167 Sand 95 Steel 490 Sulphur 127 Salt (common) 133 Tin 455 Tar 63 Vinegar 67 Water (Dead Sea) 77 Willow Wood 36 Avoirdupois Article Pounds Iron (wrought) 486 Iron (plates) 481 Iron (cast) 450 Lignum Vitse Wood 83 Logwood 57 Marble 171 Marble (Italian) 169 Marble (Vermont) 1 65 Milk 64 Maple Wood 47 Mahogany 66 Oak (English) 52 Oak (Live, seasoned) 67 Oak (Canadian) 54 Oak (American White) 45 Port Wine 62 Paving Stone 151 Pine (yellow) 38 Pine (white) 34 Pine (pitch) 43 Pine (red) 37 Red Lead . . ., 558 Silver (pure) 654 Silver (hammered) 656 Silver (standard) 658 Sandstone 130 Sand (coarse) 112 Stone (common) 158 Steam (not under pressure). 03689 Spruce Wood 31 Type Metal 653 Tallow 59 Water (fresh) . 62 Water (sea) 64 Zmc 429 — 87 Common Mining Terms (Dictionary) Adit. — A level; a horizontal drift or passage from the surface into a mine. Alluvium. — A deposit of loose gravel between the superficial covering of vegetable mold and subjacent rocks. Amalgam. — Gold or silver combined with quicksilver. Arastra (Mexican). — A circular combination in which ore is ground to powder by attrition of heavy stones. Assaying. — Finding the percentage of a given metal in ore or bullion. Assessment. — Amount levied on capital stock. Barren Contract. — A contract vein, or a place in the contract vein, which has no mineral. Base Bullion. — Precious metals contained in lead. Bedrock. — The formation underlying pay-dirt. Blende. — An ore of zinc, consisting of zinc and sulphur. Blind Lode. — A lode having no outcrop. Blossom Rock. — Float ore, found upon the surface or near where lodes or ledges outcrop, and from which they have become detached. Bonanza.— Fair weather; a mine said to en honajiza when it is yield- ing a profit. It is a Spanish term meaning good-luck. Breasting Ore. — Taking ore from the face, breast or end of a tunnel. Bullion, — Precious metals, gold and silver, etc., not coined. Cage. — The elevator used for hoisting and lowering the ore cars, men and materials of a mine. Cap Rock. — Formation overlaying the ore or vein stone. Carbonate. — A geological formation which carries silver ore, and from 5 to 70 per cent, of lead. Carboniferous. — Containing coal. Chlorides. — A compound of chlorine and silver. Chute. — An inclined channel through which ore slides. Chopping. — The rock that appears on the surface indicating the presence of a lode. Claim. — A piece of land 25 to 300 feet wide and 1,500 feet long, which the government sells to the man who finds mineral within its limits. Conglomerate. — Pudding stones, composed of gravel and pebble cemented together. Contact. — A touching, meeting or junction of two diflferent kinds of rock, a porphyry and slate. _ 88 — Contact Vein. — A vein along the contact plane of, or between, two dissimilai rock masses. Cord of Ore. — 128 cubic feet of broken ore; about seven tons in quartz rock. Country Rock. — Rock on either side cf a lode or ledge, usually bar- ren; the permanent rock inclosing a vein. Crevice. — A narrow opening, resulting from a vsplitor crack; a fissure. Cribbing. — A timber or plank lining of a shaft; the confining of a wall-rock. Cross Cut. — A level driven across the course of a vein. Cupriferous. — Containing copper. Debris. — Sediment from mines. Denudation. — Rocks laid bare by running water or other agencies. Deposit, — A body of ore distinct from a ledge. Diggings. — Name applied to plicers being worked. Diluvium. — A deposit of superficial sand, loam, gravel, pebbles, etc. Dip. — The slope, pitch or angle which a vein makes with the plane of the horizon. Drift. — A horizontal passage underground. Dump. — The pile of ore or debris taken from mines, or tailings from sluicing. End Lines. — The lines bounding the ends of a claim. Face. — End of level or tunnel against the ore or rock. Fathom. — Six feet square on the vein. Feeder. — A small vein joining a larger one. Fissure Vein. A fissure or crack in the earth's crust filled with mineral matter. Float. — Loose rock or isolated masses of ore, or ore detached from the original formation. Flume. — A boxing or piping for carrying water. Flux. — The flow of the ore in the furnace of the smelter. Foot-M'all. — The layer of rock immediately under the vein. Forfeiture. — A failure to comply with the laws prescribing the quantity of work. Free Gold. — Gold easily separated from the quartz or dirt. Galena. — Lead ore; sulphur and lead. Gangue. — The substance inclosing and accompanying the ore in a vein. Gash Vein. — A vein wide above and narrow below. Geode. A cavity studded around with crystals or mineral matter, a rounded stone containing such a cavity. Grizzly.— Bars set in a Hume to strain out the large stones used in hydraulic luining. — 80 — Gulch. — A ravine. Hanging Wall. — The layer of rock or wall over a lode. Heading. — The vein above the drift. Headings. — In placer mi-iing, the mass or gravel above the head of sluice. High Grade Ore. — Ore which runs more silver than twenty ounces to the ton, with 50 or more per cent of lead. Horse. — A mass of rock matter occurring in or between the branches of a vein. Inch of Water. — About two and a half cubic feet per minute; the water that will run out of an opening one inch square. Incline. — A slanting shaft. Jumping a Claim. — Relocating i claim on which the required work has been done. Level. — A tunnel cut on the vein from the main tunnel. A drift. Ledge, — A vein or lode. Little Giant. — A movable nozzle attached to hydraulic pipes. Locate. — To establish the possessory right to a mining claim. Lode. — A metallic vein. Low Grade Ore. — Ore which runs below twenty ounces of silver to the ton, fifty per cent of the ton being lead. Mill Run. — A test of quality of ore after reduction. Outcrop. — That portion of a vein appearing at the surface. Pan or Panning. — Usually to wash the dirt from the free gold with a pan, the pan resembles an ordinary milk-pan. Patch. — A small placer claim. Petering. — The ore giving out. Pitch. — The same as a dip. Piping. — Washing gravel in a hydraulic claim by discharging water upon it through a nozzle. Placer.— A gravelly place where gold is found; includes all forms of mineral deposits, excepting veins in place. Pocket. — A rich spot in a vein or deposit; sometimes an entire claim contains but one or two pockets. Porphyry. — A rock consisting of a compact base, usually felds- pathic, through Avhich crystals of feldspar are disseminated. Primary or Primitive Rocks. — Consist of the various kinds of slate, quartz, serpentine, granite and gneiss; they are the lowest group of rooks, are irregularly crystallized, and contain a few animal relics. Prospecting. — Hunting for mineral lodes or placers. Pulp. — Pulverized ore in the lixiviation process. Reducing. — Separating from foreign substances; the reductioa of ores consists in extracting from tliem the metals they contain. — &0 — Salting a Mine. — Placing mineral or ore in barren places to swindle. Shaft. — A vertical or inclined excavation for purpose of prospecting or working mines. Side Lines. — The lines which bound the sides of a claim. Slag. — Scum; dross; the excrement of a metal; vitrified cinders; waste from the smelters. Slimes. — The finest of the crushed ore and gangue from mills. Sluices. — Boxes or troughs through which gold-bearing gravel is washed. Smelting. — Reducing the ores in furnaces to metals. Soft Carbonate. — Silver-bearing mineral so soft that it can be readily taken out with a pick and shovel. It is usually sand impreg- nated with mineral, the mineral having been carbonated or oxydized. Stamps. — Machines for crushing ores. Stope. — A body or column of mineral left by running drifts about it. Stoping. — The act of breaking down a stope and excavating it with a pick. Strata. — A series of beds of rock. Stull. — Platforms of timbers between levels for strengthening the mine by supporting the walls, and for storing ore and depositing wall rock and waste material upon. Stull Timbers. — The large timbers placed across the vein or lode from one wall to another, to support the lagging upon which the ore or waste is placed. Strike. — A find; a valuable mineral development made in an unexpected manner. Sulphuret. — Combination of sulphur with a metallic, earthy or alkaline base. Sump or Sumph. — A pit sunk at the bottom of a mine to collect the water. It can be the bottom of a shaft. 'Tailings. — The auriferous earth that has once been washed and deprived of the greater portion of the gold it contained. Tunnel. A level, driven at right angles to the vein which its object is to reach. Vein. — Aggregations of mineral matter in fissures of rocks. Walls. — The sides next to the lode. Wash. — The first geological formation, being composed of earth, sand, gravel, and other mineral "washed" down from the mountains during a long series of ages. Whim. — A machine for raising ores and refuse. Wizen. — A shaft sunk from one level to the other. — 91 — Distances Sound May be Heard Human Voice 150 j'ards Rifle Shot 5,300 yards Military Band Playing 5,200 yards Cannon 35,000 yards Strength of Ice of Various Thicknesses Ice two inches thick will bear men or infantry to walk on. Ice four inches thick will bear cavalry or light guns. Ice six inches thick will bear teams with moderate load or heavy field guns. Ice eight inches thick will bear teams with very heavy loads, and sledges. Ice ten inches thick will sustain a pressure of 1,000 pounds per square foot. A cubic foot of ice weighs 57.5 pounds. Dates of Dignities The first English Duke was Edward, the Black Prince; he was created Duke of Cornwall by his father, Edward HI, in 1.337. The title Marquis was first bestowed by Richard II on his favorite, Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, created Marquis of Dublin in 1386. The Saxon titles of Alderman or Earl and Thane were changed into Earl and Baron by William I. The title of Viscount was long in use in France before it was bestowed on any person in England; the first person who held it wa^ John Beaumont, created Viscount Beaumont and Count of Boulogne in France in 1440. The order of Baronets was established by James I in 1611 and exists only in British Dominions. The Saxons in the fifth and sixth centuries founded the Heptarchy, meaning the seven States, though there really were nine; these were all subdued by Egbert, King of Wessex, who, in consequence, took the title of King of England in 827. The Norman Kings, beginning with William I in 1066, were also Dukes of Normandy. Henry II, in 1172, styled himself Lord of Ireland, which title Henry VIII changed into King in 1541. — 92 — Inventions and Discoveries Accordeon — Invented by Damian, a Viennese, a. d. 1829. Actinometer — Invented by Sir John Herschel, A. d. 1825. JEolian Harp — Invented by Athanasius Kircher (German), a.d. 1653. Air Brakes for railway cars — Invented by George Westinghouse, (American), a. d. 1871. Air Gun — Invented by Marin, of Lesseau, Normandy, a. d. 1408. Air Pump — Invented by Otto von Guericke, of Magdeburg, A. D. 1G54. Alum — Manufactured at Smyrna in the 13th century. Aluminium— A metal, discovered by F. Wohler, a. d. 1827. Anaesthesia — "Discovered by Dr. Horace Wells, a. o. 1884. Anchor — First forged in England, A. d. 578, invented by Anacharsia 594 B. c. Anemometer — Invented by Wolfius, a. d. 1709. Antimony — A metal, first extracted from the ore by Basiliua Valentinus, a. d. 1490. Arsenic — Discovered by Schroder, a. d. 1C94. Automatic Circuit Breaker — For Electro-Harmonic, in telegraphy, by 0. Gray, a. d. 1876. Automatic Valve Gear, for Newcomen steam engine, invented by Humphrey Patten, 1713. Backgammon — Invented by Palamedes of Greece about 1224 B. c. Balloon — The first inception, by Jesuit Francis Lana, a. d. 1670. Bank— The first mention of it occurs at Rome 352 B. C. Barometer — Wa? invented by Torricelli, a. d. 1643. Bassoon — Invented by Alfranio in a. d. 1539. Bayonet — Invented in Bayonne, France, a. d. 1640. Bellows — Invented by Anacharsis, 593 b. c. Bismuth — A metal, by Basilius Valentinu.j in the 15th century. Blood Circulation — Discovered by Dr. William Harvey, a. d. 1617. Bombs — Invented at Venlo, Holland, in 1495. Borax — Its chemical nature was discovered by GeoflFrey, a. d. 1732. Brandy — Manufactured in France early in the 14th century. Bromine — Discovered by Balard of France, A. T>. 1826. Bullets — Made of stone were in use a. d. 1514. Bullets — Made of iron are mentioned a. d. 1550. Bullets — :Madeof lead before the 17th century. Butter — Was used as food by the ancient Hebrews. Butter, Artificial — Oleomargarine, invented by M. Mega Monrfes, Paris, A. D. 1869. — 93 — Cable Railways, Underground— Invented by A. S. Hallidie, San Francisco, Cal., a. d. 1871. Cadmium — A metal discovered by Friedrich Stromeyer of Gottingen, A. 1). 1818. Caesium— A metal discovered by Kirchoff and Bunsen, a. d. 1860-61. Calcium — A metal first isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy, a. d. 1808. Caliper Compass — Invented in Nuremberg, A. d. 1540. Calomel — Mentioned by Crollius in the 17th century, but undoubt- edly know^n at an earlier period. Camera Obscura — Said to have been invented in the ICth century by Baptisa Porta; invention claimed by some for Roger Bacon, A. D. 1290 Cannon — Said to have been used in the I2th and 13th centuries by the Moors; were used by the Spaniards, A. D, 1309, at the taking of Gibraltar; were used by Edward III of England, A. D. 1327, in his campaigns against the Scots; were used by the French, A. D. 1338, at the siege of Puy Guillaume. Cannon first made for iron, balls A. D. 1440. Mortars came into use, A. d. 1435, at the siege of Naples. Howitzers came into use, A. D. 1697, at the siege of Ath. Carronades were introduced about A. D. 1779. Brass Cannon were cast in England by John Owen, A. D. 1535. Camel Machine- -Invented by Bakker about 1688. Carbon — Discovered by Antoine Lavoisier of France, A. D. 1788. Carbonic Acid Gas — discovered by Dr. Black a. d. 1757; liquefied by Faraday, a. d. 1823. Celluloid Billiard Balls— Invented by J. W. and I. S. Hyat, A. D. 1869. Chloral — First obtained by Liebig, a. d. 1831. Chlorine — First obtained by Scheele, A. d. 1774. Chloroform — Discovered by Samuel Guthrie of Sacketts Harbor^ N. Y., A. D. 1831. Chromium— A metal discovered by Vauquelin, a. d. 1797. Chronometer — First experiment with chronometers on a voyage to the coast of Guinea by Major Holmes, A, D. 1665. Clarionets — Invented by John Christopher Denner of Leipjsic, A* D, 1690. Clock — Invented in the 6th century by Boethius. Water Clocks —Invented by Scipio Nasica, 159 b. C. Cobalt— Discovered as a metal by Brandt, A. d. 1733. Coin— Brass money is spoken of by Homer as existing 1184 B. C.;. bronze was coined in China 1120 b. c; first copper and silver money was coined by Pheidon, King of Argos in ^gina, 895 B. c, ; tin coin — 94 — was coined by Dionysius of Syracuse; gold was first coined in Rome 207 B. c. ; leaden coin is current in the Burman Empire; platinum was coined in Russia, a. d. 1828-1845. Columbium— A metal discovered by Mr. Hatchett, a. d. 1801. Cotton Gin— Invented by Eli Whitney, a. d. 1793. Cyanogen — A gas discovered by Gay-Lussac, A. D. 1815. Diamonds— The mines of Golconda, India, were discovered A. D. 1534. Diamond Drills— Invented by Rudolphe Leschot, A. d. 1864. Dice — Invented by Palamedes about 1224 b. c. Didymium — A metal discovered by Mosander, a. d. 1841. Diving Bell— First used in Europe, a. d. 1509. Drum — An Oriental invention introduced by the Moors into Spain, A. D. 713. Dynamite — Invented by Ascagne Sobrero, 1846. Electricity— The electrical properties of certain bodies were discov- ered about 600 B. c. , by Thales of Miletus. Electric Light— Invented by C. F. Bush, 1879; T. A. Edison, 1879. Electric Light Carbon — Invented by M. Paul Jablochkoff, Paris, 1877. Electric Railway — Invented by T. A. Edison, 1881. Electrotype — Invented by Professor Jacobi in 1839. Erbium — A metal discovered by Mosander, a. d. 1843. Eudiometer — Invented by Dr. Priestly, a. d. 1772. Flute — Known to the ancient Greeks. French Horn — Was invented in the 18th century. Galvanic Battery — First constructed by Volta, A. D. 1800. Gas (Illuminating)— Made by Dr. Clayton about A. D. J 735. Gas Meter — Invented by Mr. Clegg, a. d. 1815. Geography— Known first as a study to the Romans. Geometry — Origin ascribed to the Egyptians. Glass — Discovered by the Phoenicians. Glycerine — Discovered by Scheele, a. d. 1789. Gold — A metal known as old as history. Guillotine — Invented by J. I. Guillotin of Paris. Gun Cotton — Discovered by Professor Schonbein of Basel, Switzer- land, A. D. 1846. Gunpowder — Known to some Hindoo tribes, B. c. 355. Harmonium — Invented by Grenie, a. d. 1810. Hats — First made by a Swiss at Paris, a. d. 1404. Heliometer — Invented byBouguer, a. d. 1747. — 95 — Hydraulic Ram — Invented by Montgolfier in the 18th century. Hydraulic Press — Invented by Pascal; constructed by Joseph Bramak, A. D. 1796. Hydrogen — Discovered in the 16th century by Paracelsus. Indium — A metal discovered by Reich and Ritcher of Frieberg, Saxony, a. d. 1863. Iridium — Discovered by Descotils, a. d. 1803. Iron — A metal known to the ancients. Lanthanium — A metal discovered by Mosander, a. d. 1841. Lead — A metal known to the ancients. Lightning Rods — Invented bj'^ B. Franklin, 1752. Lithium — A metal first obtained by Day, a. d. 1818. Locomotive — Invented by Watt, 1759. Lyre — The earliest known of all stringed instruments. Magic Lantern — Invented by Athanasius Kircher. Magnesium — The metal first obtained by Bussy, a. d. 1830. Magnet— The properties of the loadstone were discovered by the Greeks. Manganese — First isolated by Gahn, a. d. 1774. Mariner's Compass — Invention claimed by the Chinese for the Emperor Hong-ti, a grandson of Noah, about 2634 b. c. Matches, Lucifer — Invented by Godfrey Hanckurtz, a. d. 1680. Melodeon— Invented by Jeremiah Carhart, a. d. 1836. Mercury— Known from the earliest ages. Microscope — It was invented by Tansen, a. d. 1590. Mirrors — Invented by the Venetians with a coating of tinfoil and mercury on the glass in the 16tii century. Mower and Reaper — Suggested by the ancients. Musket — The first portable firearm, called the bombard, A- D, 1468. The Arquebuse came into use about a. d. 1480. The Musket was used a. d. 1521. The Wheel Lock was invented at Nuremberg about A. D. 1517. The Flint Lock came into use about a. d. 1692. Percussion Caps came into general use between 1820 and 1830. Nails — First machine for cutting nails was invented in New York, A. D. 1794. Nickel — A metal discovered by Cronstedt, a. i>. 1751. Nitric Acid — First obtained by Raymond Sully, a. d. 1287. Nitrogen — Discovered by Rutherford, a. d. 1772. Observatories — The Tower of Babel, erected 2247 B. c. Omnibus — First appeared in Paris, a. d. 1825. Oratorio — 6rigan ascribed to St. Philip Neri, a. d. 1550. 7ffnu*f^ — 96 - Organs — Invention ascribed to Archimedes about 220 B. c. Osmiuno — A metal discovered by Tennant, A. D. 1803. Oxygen — Discovered by Priestley in England, a. d. 1774, Padlock — Invented by Bccliar at Nuremberg, a. p. 1540. Palladium — A metal discovered by Wollasten, a. d. 1803. Paper — From fibrous matter l)y the Chinese, a. d. 95; first made from cotton, a. d. 1000; first paper made from rags, A. D. 1319. Pens — From quills, used about a. d. 553; steel pens were first made by Mr Wise of England, a. d. 1803. Phonograph— Invented by T. A. Edison, a. d. 1878. Phonography — Invented by Isaac Pitman of England, a. d. 1837. Photographing Objects in Motion — Invented by E. J. Muybridge of San Francisco, Cal., a. d. 1879. Phosphorus — Discovered by Brandt of Hamburg, a. d. 1G69. Photography — First known in the 16th century; the Daguerieotype process discovered by M. Daguerre, a. d. 1839; producing negative photographs, invented by H. F. Tabbot, a. u. 1839; collodion was used by F. Archer, a. d. 1851. Piano Forte— Invented by Cristofali, a. d. 1711. Pistols — Known before the middle of the IGth century. Platinum — Discovered by Don Antonio Qlloa, a, d. 1735. Potassium — Obtained in a metallic state by Sir Humphrey Davy, a. d. 1807. Printing — Was practiced by the Chinese 50 b. c. Printing Press — The inventor of the hand press is unknoMu; cylin- der press invented by Mr. Nicholson, a. d. 1790. Prussic Acid — Discovered by Dissbach (German), a. d. 1709. Pump— Invention of valve pump by Ctesibius of Alexandria, 224 B. c. Quinine — Discovered by Pellitier and Caventou, A. d. 1820. Rifle —Invented in the loth century by Gaspard Zollner. Rubidium— A metal discovered by Bunsen and Kirchofi", a. d. 1860. Ruthenium — A metal observed l)y Professor Osman in the Ural Mountains. Saddles — Were used first in the 13th century. Safety Lamp— Invented by Sir Humphrey Davy, A. D. 1815. Saw— According to Pliny, invented by Daedalus. Screw — Known to the Greek. Sewing Machine — lavented by Elias Howe, Jr., A. D. 1846. Silver — Known to the ancients. Soap — An invention of the Gauls. Sodium— A metal first obtained by Sir Humphrey Davy, a. d. 1807. - 97 - Spectacles — Invented by Alexander de Spina, a. d. 1285. Spinning Wheel — Invented 1330. Spinning Jenny — Invented by Hargreaves, a. d. 1767. StAamboat — Invented by Robert Fulton, 1807. SteaiA Engine — James Watt invented the first perfect steam engine ill Engl ind, A. d. 1 764. Steam Hammer — Invented by James Nasmyth, a. d, 183S. Steel — Has been fabricated from the earliest; tin.es. Steel Manufacture, Purification of Iron — Invented by H. Bessemer 1856. Stereoscope — Was known to Euclid, 300 b. c. Stereotype— Invented by M. M. Didot in the 18th century. Stethoscope — Invented by M. Laennec of Paris, a. d. 1823. Strontium — A metal first obtained by Sir Humphrey Davy, a. d. 1808. Swords — Were formed of iron by the Chinese, 1879 b. c. Telegraph — Invented by Professor S. F. B. Morse, a. d, 1837. Telescope— Was invented by Lifferbeinin 1608. The first reflecting one was made by Isaac Newton, a. d. 1668. Tellurium — A metal discovered by Kloproth, a. d. 1798. Telephone— Invented by A. G. Bell, a. d. 1876. Thallium — A metal discovered by Crookes, A. D. 1861. Theatres— The first erected, the Bacchus at Athens, Greece, by Philos, 420 B. c. Thermometer — The invention is generally credited to Galileo, \ d 1596. Threshing Machine — Invented by Michael Menizies at Edinburgh A. D. 1732. Thorium — A metal discovered by Berzelius, a. d. 1828. Tinanium — A metal discovered by Gregoi in Cornwall, England A. D. 1789. Tin — Was known to the ancients. Tobacco — Was discovered in San Domingo in 1496. Torpedo — Invented by David Bushnell, 1777. Trigonometry — Invented by the Greek astronomers at Alexandria. Vaccination — Proposed by Dr. Edward Jenner, A. d. 1796. Vanadium — A metal discovered by Sefstrom, a. d. 1830. Velocipede — Invented by M. Drais, a. d. 1817. Violin— Believed to have been invented by Ravana, King of Cevlon 500 B. c. Watch — Said to have been made first at Nuremberg, a. d. 1477. Wire — The invention of drawing wire invented by Rodolph of Nuremberg, a. d. 1410. Zinc — The ore from which the metal is made was by the Greeks. Zirconium — A metal first obtained by Berzelius, a, d. 1824. Dictionary of Abbreviations A. or @. At or to A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant- A. B. Bachelor of Arts General. Abbr. Abbreviated Abb. Abbott, Abbess A. C. Before Christ {Ante Christum) Abp. Archbishop Acct. Account Adj. Adjective A. D. {Anno Domini). In the year Adjt. Adjutant of our Lord A. D. C. Aide-de-camp Adjt. -Gen. Adjutant-General Ad. lib. At pleasure {Ad lilntum) Adm. Admiral, Admiralty Admx, Administratrix Admr. Administrator Mt. {^tatis). Of age, aged. Adv. Adverb Ala. Alabama Agt. Agent A. M. Master of arts Alex. Alexander Amt. Amount A,M. Before Noon Ans. Answer Anon. Anonymous A. R. Year of the reign Apr. April Ark. Arkansas Ariz. Ter. Arizona Territory Atty. -Gen. Attorney -General Atty. Attorney Aug. August A. U. C. In the year of Rome Avoir. Avoirdupois Ave. Avenue B b. Bom B. A. British America Bal. Balance B.A. Bachelor of Arts Bart, or Bt. Baronet Bbl. Barrel B. C. Before Christ B. D . Bachelor of Divinity Bk. Bank; book Bot. Botany Bp. Bishop Br. or bro. Brother Brig. Brigade; brigadier Brig.-G^n. Brigadier-General C Chap. Chapter C. or cent, {centum). A hundred Cal. California Capt. Captain Cath. Catholic Cat. ■ Catalogue C. C. P. Court of Common Pleas Cen. Century 99 — Dictionary of Abbreviations. — Continued C. H. Court House Chas. Charles Chron. Chronicles C. J. Chief Justice C. M. Common Master Colo. Colorado C. 0. D. Cash (or collect) on delivery Conn, or Ct. Connecticut Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary d. Penny; pence D. Five hundred D. C. District of Columbia D. C. L. Doctor of Civil Law Dea. Deacon Deft, or dft. Defendant Del. Delaware Dept. Department Diam. Diameter Dist. District Div. Dividend Dol.; dols.; %. Dollars Dr. Doctor; debtor; dram D Chap. Chaplain Chem. Chemistry Cin. Cincinnati Cld. or eld. Cleared Co, Company; county Col. Colonel; Colossians Col. Colorado. Cor. Corinthians; corner Cr. Creditor; credit Cwt. Hundredweight Ct. Connecticut; Count; Court d. Died; day Dan. Daniel; Danish D. 0. {da ca'po). Again D. D. Doctor of Divinity Dec. December Deg. Degree or degrees Dep. Deputy Deut. Deuteronomy Disc. Discount Dist. - Atty . Distric t- Attorney Do. or do. {ditto). The same Doz. or doz. Dozen Dwt. Pennyweight E E. East Ed. Editor; edition Edw. Edward e. g. {exempli gratid). For example Eliz. Elizabeth Eng. England; English Esd. Esdras Esq. or Esqr. Esquire Etc. or etc. or &c. And so forth; and the like; and others. Et seq. {et sequentia). And what Ex. Example follows Exch. Exchequer Ex. Exodus Ezek. Ezekie) Exec. Executor Eccl. or Eccles. Ecclesiaates Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus E. E. Errors excepted E. I. East India or East Indies E. N. E. East-northeast Eph. Ephesians; Ephraim E.S.E. East-southeast et. al. {et alii). And others — 100 Dictionary of Abbreviations. — Continued F Fahr. Fahrenheit Far. Farthing Feb. February Fern. Feminine Fig. Figure Fla. Florida Fol. Folio Fr. French; France; Franc Fri. Friday- Ft. Foot; feet; fort Fur. Furlong Fir. G Firkin Ga. Georgia Gal. Galatians; gallon G. B. Great Britain Gen. Genesis; General Gent. Gentleman Geo. George Geog. Geography Geol. Geology Geom . Geometry Ger. German: Germany Gov. Governor Gr. Greek; gross Gram. Grammar Gro. Gross H H. B. M. His (or Her), Britannic Majesty Hdkf. Handkerchief Hhd. Hogshead H. L. House of Lords H. M. His (or Her) Majesty H. M. S. His (or Her) Majesty's Steamer, Ship or Service. Hon. Honorable Hort. Horticulture Hos. Hosea H. R. H. His (or Her) Royal Highnesss H. orh. Hour H. C. House of Commons Heb. Hebrevs^ Hist. History; historical H. I. H. His (or Her) Imperial Highness la. Iowa lb, or ibid {ibidem). In the same Id. {idem). The same place 111. Illinois I. e. or i. e. {id est). That is I. H. S. {fesus {or Jesus) Hominum Salvator). Jesus the Savior of men. Incog, {incognito). Unknown In. or in. Inch; inches Inst. Of this month; instant Ind. Indiana; Index; Indian I. N. R. I. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews Ire. Ireland Int. Interest Ital. Italic; Italian I. O. U. I owe you — 101 — Dictionary of Abbreviations. — Conth J J. Judge or Jufjtice JJ. Justices Jam. Jamaica Jan. January Jail. Japan; Japanese Jas. Jatne3 Je. June Jer. Jeremiah Jno. John Jona. Jonathan Jos. Joseph Josh. Joshua J. P. Justice of the Peace Jr. Junior Jul. July Jus. Justinian K. King K. B. King's Bench Knt. or Kt. Knight K Kan. Kansas Ken. or Ky. Kentucky L. 1. £. A pound sterling La. Louisiana Lam. Lamentations Lat. Latin Lat. Latitude Lb. or Ih. Pound in weight Ld. Lord Lea. or lea. League Lev. Leviticus L. I. Long Island Lieut. orLt. Lieutenant L. LB. Bachelor of Laws L. L. D. Doctor of Law Lon. or Long. Longitude L. S. { Locus Sigilli). Place of the Seal M M. Noon, Meridian M. or Mons. Sir, Monsieur Mac. or Mace. Maccabees Maj. Major Mar. March Masc. Masculine Matt. Matthew M. D. Doctor of Mediciae Mdlle. Mademoiselle Mem. Memorandum M. A thousand M. A. Master of Arts Mad. Madam Maj. -Gen, Major-General. Marq. Marquis Mass. or Ms. Massachusetts M. C Member of Congress M. D. Maryland Me. Maine Messrs. orM. M. Gentlemen, Sirs — 102 Dictionary of Abbreviations, — Continued Mi. or Miss. Mifssissippi Min. Minute Mich. Michigan Mile. Mademoiselle Minn. Minnesota Mme. Madame Miss. Misses Mmes. Mesdames M. M. Their Majesties Mo. Missouri M. M. Gentlemen Mon. Monday- M. M. Messieurs Mon. Monsieur or Sir Mo. or mo. Month M. P. Member of Parliament Mr. Mister or Master Mrs. Mistress or Missis M.S. Manuscript Mt. Mount or Mountain MSS. Manuscripts N N, North N. A. North America N. B. Note well; take notice N. E. New England; Northeast Neh. Nehemiah Nev. Nevada N. H. New Hampshire N. N. E. North-northeast Nol. Pros. Unwilling to prosecute Non. Seq. It does not follow N. S. Nova Scotia N. T. New Testament N. W. Northwest N. or n. Noun N. B. New Brunswick N. C. North Carolina Neb. Nebraska Nem. Con. No one contradicting Unanimously N. J. New Jersey N. N. W. North -northwest No. or no. Number Nov. November N. S. New Style (after 1752) Num. Number N. Y. New York O O. Ohio Obad. Obadiah Oct. October 0. S. Old Style (previous to 1762) Or. Oregon Ob. or ob. (phm). Died Obj. Objective Olym. . Olympiad 0. T. Old Testament Oz. or oz. Ounce — 103 — Dictionary of Abbreviations. — Coyitinucd P. or p. Page; part; pipe Par. Paragraph Penn. or Pa. Pennsylvania Per. an. (Pr/ annum). By tlie year Per. cent {Per centum). By the hun- dred Phil. Philippiaui; Philemoa P. M. (Post Meridian). Afternoon P. 0. Postoffice Pp. or pp. Pages Prof. Professor Pro. tem. {Pro tempore). For the time being Prox. {proximo). Next (month) P. S. Postscript Pari. Parliament P. E. I. Prince Edward Island Per. or pr. By the Ph. D. Doctor of Philosophy Plff. Plaintiff Phila. Philadelphia P. M. Postmaster Pop. Population Pres. President Prot. Protestant Prov. Proverbs Prus. Prussia; Prussian Ps. Psalm or Psalms Pt. Pint, point, port Pwt. Pennyweight Q Q. Question Q. C. Queen's Counsel Q. M. Quartermaster Qr. Quarter Q. V. or q. v. {quod vide). Which see Qy. Query Q. or Qu. Query ; Question j Queen Q. E. D. Which was to be demonstrated Q. M. G. Quartermaster- General Qt. Quart R R. Take Recipe R. River; rood; rod R. A. Royal Academy Rev. Revelation; Reverend Regt. Regiment Rev. Review; Revolution Rep. Representative; Reporter R. I. Rhode Island Rep. Republican; Republic Richd. Richard R. N. Royal Navy Robt. Robert Rom. Roman; Romans Rom. Oath. Roman Catholic R. R. Railroad Rt. Hon. Right Honorable Russ. Russia Rt. Rev. Right Reverend lot Dictionary of Abbreviations. — Continued s. South; shilling Sam. Samuel Sax. Saxon Schr. Schooner Scot. Scotland Sec. Secretary Sen. Senate; Senator; Senior Ser. Series Sing. [Singular Sid. or sld. Sailed S. M. Short meter Soc. Society Sq. ft. Square feet Sq. iu . Square inches Sq. yc I. Square yard SS. or ss. (scilicet): Namely s. s. : E. South-southeast St. Saint; street; strait S. T. D. Doctor of Sacred Theology Sun. Sunday Surg. Surgeon; Surgery S. A. South America Sat. Saturday S. C. South Carolina Scil. or Sc. [scilicet). To wit S. E. Southeast Sect. Section Sep, or Sept. September Serg. Sergeant S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court S. Lat. South Latitude Sol. Solomon Sp. Spain; Spanish Sq. m. Square miles Sq. r. Square rood Sr. Sir; Senior SS. or ss. {semis). Half S. S. W. South-southwest Stat. Statute Ster. , or Stg. Sterling Supt. Superintendent S.W. Southwest Ten. or Tenn. Tennessee Tnx. Texas Ihess. Thessaloniana Thos. Thomas Tit. Titus Treas. Treasurer Triu. Trinity Ter. Territory Theo. Theodore Th. or Thurs. Thursday Tim. Timothy Tr. Trustee TVs. Trustees Tu. or Tues. Tuesday U Ult. or ult. {ultimo). Last, or of the U. S. United States last montli U. S. A. U. S. A. United States of U. S. N. America U. S. S. U. S. M. United States Mail U. T. U. S. V. United States Volunteers United States Army United States Navy United States Senate Utah Territory — 105 Dictionary of Abbreviatious. — Continued ¥ Va. Virginia Ver. Verse; Version Vice. -Pres. Vice-President Vil. Village Viz. or viz {videlicet). Namely; Vol. Volume To wit Vt. Vermont V. R. (Victoria Regina). Queen Victoria Vs. or vs. {versus). Against or iu opposition W W. West "Wed. Wednesday W. T. or W. Ind. West Indies Wk. Week W. N. W. West-northwest W. S. W. West-southwest W T. Wyoming Territory Wash. Washington Whf. Wharf Wis. or Wise. Wisconsin Wni. William W. S. Writer of the Signet W. Va. West Virginia Wt. or wt. Weight X. or Xt. Christ Xmas, Christmas Yd. or yd. Yard Yrs, Years Zacli. Zachary Zeph. Zephaniah &. and Zech. Zechariah Zool. Zoology &c. And the rest; and so forth The Most Valuable Gem in the World The most valuable gem is a sapphire; weighs 12J loth (a little over six ouneeLs), and is valued at $16,000,000, it is the property of the Royal family of Germany, at Berlin. — 106 — Value of Diamonds Diamonds averaging one-half carat each, ^60 per carat; diamonds averaging three-quarters carat each, ^80 per carat; diamonds averag- ing one carat each, $100 per carat; diamonds averaging one and one- quarter carats each, $110 per carat; diamonds averaging one and one-half carats each, $120 per carat; diamonds averaging one and three-quarters carats each, $145 per carat; diamonds averaging two carats each, $175 per carat. In other words the value of the gem increases in the geometrical ratio of its weight. Four diamonds weighing together two carats are worth $120; but one diamond weigh, ing just as much is worth $350. Stones weighing over two carats are about the same price per carat as two-carat stones; they should be dearer, but they are not simply because the demand for them is limited* If the demand for diamonds were as imperative as the demand for flour or beef the geometrical ratio would again come into play, and five-tarat stones would be valued in the thousands. Diamond-Cutting House The largest diamond-cutting house in Amsterdam, Holland, is the Amsterdam where they employ 400 men. The famous Kohinoor dia- mond was cut there. The cutters make from $7 to $12 and even $14 per day. Baseball Plates Distances The distance from the home-plate to the pitcher's position is 50 feet» so that must be the distance the ball is pitched. The distance from the home-plate to the first base is 90 feet, and 127 feet 4 inches to second base. Centenarians The most remarkable were : Thomas Parr, died after a dmner party, in his 152d year. The Countess of Desmond, killed by falling from a cherry-tree, in her 146 th year. John Riva of Venice, who chewed citron bark daily, died at the age of 116 years, leaving a son of 14 years. Cardinal de Salis, who recommended daily exercise in all weathers, died in his 1 10th year. Mrs. Ann Butler died at Portsmouth, England, January, 1883, at the age of 103 years. Mrs. Betty Lloyd died at Ruabon, Wales, 1883, in her 107th year, her funeral being attended by two of her children aged over 80 years. — 107 — Weight of Large Bells of the World Kremlin, Moscow, Russia 443,772 pounds St. Ivan's, Moscow, Russia 127,830 " Vienna, Austria 40,200 " Olmutz, Bohemia ,.,., 40,000 " Rouen, France 40,000 *' " Big Ben," London, England 30,350 " Montreal, Canada 28,560 " City Hall, New York City 22,300 " Fire Alarm, 33d St., New York City 21,012 " St. Peter's, Rome, Italy 18,600 ** " Great Tom," Oxford, England 18,000 ** St. Faul's, London, England 11,470 " Linden, Germany 10,854 " Lewiston, Maine, United States 10,233 ** Worcester, England 6,600 '* York, England 6,384 '* Height of the Principal Monuments, Towers and Pyramids Name Height in feet Eiffel, Paris, France (300 metres) 984 Washington Monument, Washington, D. C, U. S 555 Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany 524 Old St. Paul's Church, London, England 505 Pyramid of Cheops, Egypt 486^ Antwerp Cathedral, Antwerp, Belgium 476 Strasburg Cathedral, Strajburg, Germany 474 Pyramid of Cephrenes, Egypt 456 St. Peter's Church, Rome, Italy 469 St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, Austria 441 St. Martin's Church, Landshut, Germany 411 Salisbury Cathedral, England 404 Torazzo of Cremona, Cremona, Lombardy 396 Freiburg Cathedral, Freiburg, Germany 410 Florence Cathedral, Florence, Italy 272 Torre Asinelli, Bologna, Italy 370 St. Paul's Church, London, England 365 Cathedral of Seville, Seville, Spain 360 Pyramid of Sakkarah, Egypt 356 i08 Height of Principal Mountains, Etc. — Continued Utrecht Cathedral, Utrecht, Holland 35G Milan Cathedral, Lombardy 355 Cathedral of Notre Dame, Munich, Germany 34S Church of St. Isaac, St. Petersburg, Russia 33G Victoria Tower, Westminster, England 340 Bell Tower, St. Mark's, Venice, Italy 323 Cathedral, Frankfort on Main, Germany 326 Hotel de3 Invalides, Paris, France 344 Liberty Enlightening the World, New York Harbor (above water) . .305 " " " '« New York Harbor (above lciud).294 Boston Church, Lincolnshire, England 292 Trinity Church, New York, U. S 284 St. Genevieva Church, Paris, France 274 Column at Delhi, Hindoostan, Asia 2C2 Porcelain Tower, Nankin, China 2(50 Church of Notre Dame, Paris, France 224 Bunker Hill Mouument, Massachusetts, U. S 221 York Cathedral, England 198 Leaning Tower of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 188 Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, Turkey .182 Monument Place Vendome, Paris, Frrnce 153 Trajan's Pillar, Rome, Italy 151 Pantheon, Rome, Italy 145 Obelisk of Luxor, Paris, France 75 Egyptian Obelisk, New York, U. S 70 Washington Monument, Baltimore, U. S 175 City Column, London, England 202 Albert's Memorial, JLondon, England 180 Alexander Column, St. Petersburg, Russia 175 Tower of Water Works, Chicago, III, U. S 175 Nelson Column, Loudon, England 171 Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France 162 Column of July, Paris, France 157 York Column, London, England 138 Nelson Column, Dublin, Ireland 134 Napoleon Column, Paris, France 132 — 109 — How TO Prove that the Earth Does Move A simple and convincing mode of proving the assertion. It has puzzled the heads of a good many people to known how the earth turns round, A German educational journal published in Frankfort gives the following directions for proving that the earth "does move:" Take a good-sized bowl, till it nearly full of water and put it upon the floor of a room which is not exposed to shaking or jarring from the street. Sprinkle over the surface of the water a coating of lycopodium powder, a white substance sometimes used for the purposes of the toilet and which can be obtained at almost any apothecary's. Then upon the surface of this coating of powder make with powdered charcoal a straight black line, say an inch or two in length. Having made this black mark with the charcoal powder on the surface of the contents of the bowl, lay down upon the floor close to the bowl a stick or some other straight object so that it will be exactly parallel with the mark. If the line happens to be parallel with a crack in the floor or with any stationary object in the room this will serve as well. Leave the bowl undisturbed for a few hours and then observe the position of the black mark with reference to the object that it was parallel with. It will be found to have moved about, and to have moved from east to west — that is to say in the direction opposite to that of the movement of the earth on its axis. The earth, in simply revolving, has carried the water and everything else in the bowl around with it, but the powder on the sur- face has been left behind a little. The line will always be found to have moved from east to west, which is perfectly good proof that every- thing else has moved the other way. Two Natural Compasses Allen Thompson, the old White Mountain guide, says : " When I am in the woods I never use a compass, in fact, I don't need any. There are three sure ways that I have for finding out the points of the com- pass. You will notice that three-fourths of the moss on trees grows on the north side ; the heaviest boughs on spruce trees are always on the south side ; and thirdly, the topmost twig on every uninjured hemlock tree tips to the east. You just remember this and you'll never get lost." At any hour during the day-time, even in a dense fog or blinding snowstorm, the right direction may be readily ascertained by a very simple means of finding the position of the sun. All that is required is to place the point of a knife blade or a sharp lead-pencil on the thumb-nail, when a shadow will be cast directly from the'sun, however dense may be the fog or snow. — no — How TO Make a Compass at Home Get from a druggist a common pasteboard pill-box of about one and three-fourths inches in diameter. Cut in the lid a round hole an inch in diameter. Cover the hole on the inside with a piece of window glass, which can be held in place by bits of sealing-wax at the corners. Break off about three-eighths of an inch from the point of a sewing needle and affix it, point upward by means of sealing-wax, to the cen- ter of the bottom of the box. This is to be the pivot upon which the magnetic needle is to swing. For a needle, use the permanent magnet made of a darning-needle. To adjust this to the pivot, cut out a piece of ivory or bone — the handle of an old tooth-brush is good material — a quarter of an inch square by a tenth of an inch thick. In the center of the square side bore a hole by means of an knife-blade or the handle end of a file, nearly through the piece. The inner extremity of the hole must be smooth, with no small crevices or sharp edges. To the opposite surface attach by sealing-wax the needle, and after placing it upon the pivot, put the cover on the box. If the hole in the ivory be well made, one end of the needle will point to the north. Place the compass near any large mass of iron as, for example, the kitchen stove, and see where it will point then. News, the Derivation of the Word The word "news" was not, as many suppose, derived from the adjective new, but from the fact that many years ago it was customary to put at the head of the periodical publications of the day the initial letters of the compass, thus: N W- Signifying that the matter contained therein was from the four quarters of the globe. From the letters came the word "news." — HI — Abbreviations Used by Physicians in Pre- scriptions, Medical Books and Journals ss. {Semiisii). Half. iss {Sesqui). One and a half. A. aa. {ana, utrlusque). Of each. Abdom. Abdomen. Abs. Febr. {Absentefebre). In the absence of fever. Ad. or Add {Adde or Addator). Add, or let there be added. Ad Lib. {Ad WAtum). At pleasure. Altern. Hor. {Alternishoiis). Every other hour. Aq. {Aqua). Water. Aq. Bull. {Aqua Bulliens). Boiling Water. Aq. Conm. {Aqua Cormnunk). Common water. Aq. Ferv. {Aqua/ervens). Hot water. Aq. Font. {Aquafontis). Spring water. B. A. {Balneum Arence). A sand bath. Bib. {Bihe). Drink. Bis Ind. {Bis indies). Twice daily. Bol. {Bolus). A large pill. ^uW. {Bulliat). Let it boil. B. V. {Balneum vaporv^). A vapor bath. Cap. (Capiat). Let him take. Chart. {Chxxrtuh) . A small paper. Cochl. {Cochleare). A spoonful. Col. {Cola). Strain. Colly r. {Colly rium). An eye water. Comp. {Compositus). Compound. C. or Cong. {Congius). A gallon. Coq. {Coque), Boil. Cort. {Cortex). Bark. C. M. {Cras Mane). To-morrow morning. C. N. {Cras Nocte). To-morrow night. Crast. {Crastintcs). For to-morrow. D. {Detur). Let it be given. Decub. {Dtcubitus). Lying down. De D. in D. {De die in diem). From day to day. Dig. {Digeratur). Let it be digested. Dil. {Dilutus). Dilute. Dim. {Dimidius). One-half. ' Div. {Divide) Divide. Enem. {Enema). A clyster. _ 112 — Abbreviations, Etc. — Continued F. {Fiat). Let it be made. F. Pil. {Fiatpihcld). Make into a pill. Feb. Dur. {Febre durante). During the fever. Fl. {Fluidus) Fluid. GrT. {Granum). A grain. Gt. {Gutta). A drop. Gtt. (Outtce). Drops. Guttat. {Guttatini). By drops. Hor. Decub. [Hora decuUtus). At bedtime. Lb. and Lib. {Libra). A pound weight. Liq. Liquor. M. {Misce). Mix. Man. {Minijpulv^). A handful. Mic. Pan. {Mica Panis). Crumb of bread. Min. {Minimum). The sixtieth part of a drachm by measure. Mist. {Mistura). A mixture. Muc. {Mucilago). Mucilage. 0. {Octarius). A pint. 01. {Okum). Oil. Omn. Hor. {Omni Jwra). Every hour. Omn. Man. {Omni Mane). Every morning. Omn. Nocte. Every night. Oz. {(Jncia). An ounce. P. M. {Partes yEquales). Equal parts. Pil. {Pilula). A pill. P. R. N. {Pro re nata). As occasion may require. Pulv. (Pulvis). A powder. Q. S. {Qu£intum siifficit). As much as ifi yufl&cient. Rad. {Radix). Root. Rep. {Repetatur). Let it be repeated. S. {Signa). Write. S. A. {Secundum Artem). According to art. Sem, {Semen). Seed. Si Non Val. {Si non valeat). If it does not answer. Si Op. Sit. {Si opus sit). If there be need. Sig. {Sigulomm). Of each. Solv. {Solve). Dissolve. Sp. {Spirittis). Spirit. Sum. {Sumat). Let him take. Sp. Vin. {Spiritus vini). Spirit of wine, Syr. {Syrupus). Syrup. Tr. Tinct. {Tinctura). Tincture. V. S. {Vence sectio). Venesection. — 113 — How Human Life is Spent According to a French statistician, taking the mean of many accounts, a man of 50 years of age has slept 6,000 days, worked 6,500 days, walked 800 days, amused himself 4,000 days, was eating 1,500 days, was sick 500 days, etc. He ate 17,000 pounds of bread, 16,000 pounds of meat, 4,600 pounds of vegetables, eggs and fish, and drank 7,000 gallons of liquid, namely, water, tea, coflfee, beer, wine, etc., altogether. The Smallest Steam Engine in the World The smallest steam engine in the world was built by Mr. D. A. A. Buck (American). The engine, boiler, governor and pumps stand in a space of seven-sixteenths of an inch square, or the area of a gold dollar and five-eighths of an inch high, composed of 148 distinct parts held together by 52 screws. Three drops of water fill the boiler to its proper capacity. Diameter of cylinder, one-sixteenth of an inch; length of 3troke, three thirty-seconds of an inch; weight of engine, 15 grains. The Smallest Locomotive in the World A mechanic living in Jamestown, New York State, has constructed a perfect locomotive, which is said to be the smallest in the world. The engine is only eight and a quarter inches in length, with a tender ten inches long. The pumps throw one drop of water per stroke. As many a 3 585 screws were required to put the parts together. The engine itself weighs one and a half pounds, and the tender two pounds and two and a half ounces. The mechanic was at work on the loco- motive for eight years, though intervals of time only were given to the labor of constructing it. Jumbo, the Elephant Jumbo, the famous elephant, was bought from a wandering band of Arabs — according to Sir Samuel Baker — when four years of age. Then was brought to the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, Finance, from there he was transferred to the London Zoological Gardens, in 1866, and remained there until bought by Barnum, Bailey & Hutchinson, in 1882. Jumbo was killed by a locomotive at Ontario, Canada, in 1885. — 114 — General Councils A. D. Jerusalem, against Judaizers ... 51 Aries, against the Donatists 314 Nice, First (Ecumenical Council 325 Constantinople, Arian 337 Rome, Athanasian 342 Sardis, against Arius 347 Constantinople, Second (Ecumenical 38^ Ephesus, Third (Ecumciical 431 Chalcedon, Fourth (Ecumenical 451 Constantinople, Fifth (Ecumenical 553 Constantinople, Sixth (Ecumenical G81 •Nice, Seventh (Ecumenical 787 Constantinople, Eighth (Ecumenical 870 Rome, First Lateran 1123 Rome, Second Lateran 1 139 Rome, Third Lateran 1 197 Rome, Fourth Lateran 1215 Lyons, Emperor Frederick deposed 1243 Lyons, Temporary reunion of Greek and Latin Churches 1274 Vienne, Fifteenth (Ecumenical 1312 Pisa, Popes elected and deposed 140o Constance, Huss condemned to be Ijurnt 1414 Basle, Eighteenth (Ecumenical 1431 Rome, Fifth Lateran 1512 to 1517 Trent, Nineteenth (Ecumenical 1545 to 15G3 Rome, Last (Ecumenical 1870 Lucky Stones The stones sacred to the different months are: January Garnet July Ruby February. . . , Amethyst August Sardonyx March Bloodstone September Sapphire April Diamond October Opal May. Emerald November Topaz June Agate December Turquoise Limit of Perpetual Snow at the Equator The limit of perpetual snow is 15,200 feet above the sea level at the Equator - 115 — Highest Mountains in the World Feet Miles Name High High *Mt. Hercules, New Guinea 32,787 61-5 Mt. Everest, India, Thibet 29,002 5| Mt. Peterman, India, Thibet 28, 156 5^ Mt. Chumulri, India, Thibet 23,946 4| Mt. Sorato, Bolivia, S. Am 21,284 4 Mt. Chimborazo, Ecuador, S. Am 21, 149 4 Mt. lUimani, Bolivia, S. Am 21, 147 4 Mt. Hindoo-Koosh, Afghanistan, Asia 20,600 3| Mt. Demavend, Persia, Asia 19,998 3§ Mt. Cotopaxi, Ecuador, South Am 19,495 3§ Mt. Antisana, Ecuador, S. Am. 19, 150 3^ Mt. St. Elias, Alaska, N. Am 17,900 3J Mt. Popocatepetl, Mexico, N. Am 17,773 3^ Mt. Ararat, Armenia, Asia 17,260 3^ Mt. Roa Hawaii 16,000 3 Mt. Brown, British America, N. Am 15,900 3 Mt. Blanc, Savoy, Europe 15,744 21 Monte Rosa, Switzerland, Europe 15,284 2g Mt. Wliitney, California, N. Am 14,887 2f Mt. Fairweather, Alaska, N. Am 14,796 2| Mt. Shasta, California, N. Am 14,442 2^ Mt. Rauier, Washington, N. Am 14,444 2| Long's Peak, Colorado, N. Am 14,271 2§ Pike's Peak, Colorado, N. Am 14,216 2§ Mt. Ophir, Sumatra 13,800 2| Mt. Jungfrau, Switzerland, Europe 13,781 28 Fremont's Peak, Wyoming Ter., N. Am 13,570 2§ Mt. St. Helena, Washington, N. Am 1 3,400 21 Peak of TeneriflFe, Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean .12,236 2^ Mt. Miltzin, Morocco, Africa 12,000 2 Mt. Hood, Oregon, N. Am 11,225 2 Mt. Lebanon, Syria, Asia 10,600 2 Mont. Perdou, Spain, Europe 10,994 2 Mt. Etna, Sicily, Europe 10,874 2 Mt. Olympus, Greece, Europe 9,754 1£ Monte Corno, Naples, Europe 9,523 If *This mountain has only lately been estimated as to its height, but not yet measured by the Geographical Society; thus Mt. Everest is considered the highest mountain. — 116 — Highest MountainvS — Continued Feet Miles Name High High Pass of Stelvio, Tyrol, Europe 9,177 If Grimsel Pass, Switzerland, Europe 8,400 1^ Mt. Sneehattan, Norway, Europe 8,115 1^ Mt. Pindus, Greece, Europe 7,G77 1^ Great Pass of St. Bernard, Switzerland, Europe 7,173 1:^ Mt. Sinai, Arabia, Asia 0,985 \\ Black Mountain, North Carolina, N. Am 0,707 \\ Pass of Simplon, Switzerland, Europe 6,578 1^ Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, N. Am 6,293 \\ Mt. Marcy, New York, N. Am 5,402 1 Mt. Hecla, Iceland, Atlantic Ocean 5,095 1 Mt. Ben Nevis, Scotland, Great Britain 4,368 | Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, N. Am 4,279 I Peak of Otter, Virginia, N. Am 4,260 | Mt. Vesuvius, Naples, Europe 3,932 f Mt. Round Top, New York, N. Am 3,804 | Macgillicuddy's Reeks, Ireland, Great Britain 3,404 | Rulers of Germany House of Charlemange Time of Reign Yrs Charles I, the Great, second son of Pepin 800-814 14 Louis I, the Pious, son of Charles 1 814-840 26 Charles II, the Bald, son of Louis 1 840-843 3 Louis II, the German, son of liouis 1 843-876 33 Charles III, the Fat, Son of Louis II 880-887 7 Arnulf, grandson of Louis II 887-899 12 Louis III, the Child, Son of Arnulf 899-91 1 12 House of Franconia Conrad I, Duke of Franks, elected by the Princes of Germany 91 1-918 7 House of Saxony Henry I, the Fowler, Duke of Saxony 919-936 17 Otho I, the Great, son of Henry 1 936-973 37 Otho II, son of Otho 1 973-983 10 Otho III, son of Ofcho II 983-1002 19 Henry II, the Saint and the Lame, grandson of Henry I, Duke of Bavaria 1002-1024 22 — 117 — Rulers of Germany — Continued House of Franconia Time of Reign Yrs. Conrad II, the Salic, elected to the throne 1024-1039 15 Henry III, the Black, son of Conrad II 1039-1056 17 Henry IV, son of Henry III 1056-1 106 50 Henry V, son of Henry IV 1106-1125 19 House of Saxony Lathaire II, the Saxon, Duke of Saxony 1125-1137 12 House of Hohenstaufen Conrad III, son of Frederick of Swabia 1138-1152 14 Frederick I, Barbarossa, a nephew of Conrad HI 1152-1190 38 Henry VI, son of Frederick 1 1190-1197 7 Philip of Swabia, brother of Henry VI 1 197-1208 1 1 Otho IV, son of Henry, the Lion 1197-1215 18 Frederick II, son of Henry VI 1215-1250 35 William of Holland, elected King of the Romans 1247-1256 9 Conrad IV, son of Frederick II 1250-1254 4 Interregnum Wilhelm of Holland , 1254-1256 2 Richard of Cornwall, brother of Henry III of England. 1256-1273 17 House of Hapsburg Rudolphus I, son of Albert IV, Count of Hapsburg . . . 1273-1291 18 House of Nassau Adolphus I, elected in opposition to Albert 1 1292-1298 6 House of Hapsburg Albert I. son of Rudolphus 1 1298-1308 10 House of IvUxemboug and Bavaria Henry VII, Count Henry of Luxembourg 1308-1313 5 Louis IV, Louis of Bavaria 1313-1347 34 Charles IV, son of John King of Bohemia 1347-1378 31 Interregnum Wenceslaus (deposed), son of Charles IV 1378-1400 22 Rupert, Count Palatine 1400-1410 10 Sigismund, brother of Wenceslaus 1410-1437 27 — 118 — Rulers of Germauy — Co7itinued House of Hapsburg Time of Reign Yrs. Albert II, son of Albert IV of Austria. 1438-141^9 1 Frederick Til, Duke of Styria and cousin of Albert II . . 1440-1493 63 Maximilian I, son of Frederick III 1491^1519 26 Charles V (Chas. I of Spain), grandson of Maximilian 1. 1519-1556 37 Ferdinand I, brother of Charles V 1558-1564 6 Maximilian II, son of Ferdinand I 1564-1576 12 Rudolphus II, son of Maximilian II 1576-1612 36 Matthias I, brother of Rudolphus II 1612-1619 7 Ferdinand II, cousin of Matthias 1 1619-1637 18 Ferdinand III, son of Ferdinand II 1637-1657 20 Leopold I, son of Ferdinand III 1658-1705 47 Joseph I, son of Leopold 1 1705-1711 6 Charles VI, brother of Joseph 1 1711-1740 29 House of Bavaria Charles VII, Charles Albert, electoral Prince of Bavaria. 1742-1 745 3 House of Hapsburg— Lorraine Francis I, son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 1745-1765 20 Joseph II, son of Francis 1 1765-1790 25 Leopold II, brother of Joseph II 1790-1 792 2 Francis II, son of Leopold II 1792-1806 14 Interregnum Confederation of the Rhine 1806-1815 9 German Bund 1815-1866 51 North German Confederation 1806-1871 5 House of Hohenzollern William I, King of Prussia (see Prussia) 1871-1888 17 Frederick III, son of William 1 1 888-1888 \ William II, son of Frederick III 1888 Rulers of Prussia Frederick I, son of Frederick William of Brandenburg. 1701-1713 12 Frederick William I, son of Frederick 1 1713-1740 27 Frederick II, the Great, sou of Frederick William I. .1740-1786 46 Frederick William II, nephew of Frederick II 1786-1797 11 Frederick William III, son of Frederick William II. . 1797-1840 43 Frederick William IV, son of Frederick William III . . 1840-1861 21 William I, brother of Frederick William IV 1861 — 119 — Weight of the Earth It has been estimated that the average weight of the material of the earth is 354 pounds to the cubic foot. In the earth are about 250,800,- 000,000 cubic miles. As computed from these figures the weight of the earth is 6,768,838,943,539,200,000,000 tons. Turf Terms (Dictionery) Aged Horses— Usually applied to horses on the runnmg turf that are over six years of age. * Beefy — A horse with too much fat. Barney — A race in which there has been a " cross" or "sell-out.'*^ Bar — When a horse is prohibited from running or trotting in a certain class or entering for any special purse (he is said to be barred). Beat Out — Beaten by a distance or from the start. Bolt — To give up the race by running to one side. Boots — Canvas or leather appliances to protect the ankles or knees. Break — In trotting, to change to a run or skip. Breaker — A horse is said to be a good or bad breaker as regards his ability to get quickly back to the proper gait. Broke Down — When the tendons supporting the cannon-bones give way the horse is said to be broken down. Brush — A short contest on the road or track. By a Throatlatch — When a horse wins by a head he is sometimes said to have won by a throatlatch. Carom— So called when one horse in a race jostles another so as to interfere with the latter. Collar — To catch up with the leading horse. Colt — Usually applied to a male horse until he has completed his fourth year. Crack (To) — This is said of a horse that gives way and falls behind the moment he is caught up with. Cross — It is a double cross where the party who agrees to lose eitlier wins or tries to win without giving warning to his confederates. Campaign — To make a tour through tlie country during the racing season. Catch — To fall quickly into the proper stride. Caution — To admonish a jockey or driver against any infraction of the rules. — 120 — Turf Terms — Continued Circuit — A number of tracks associated together, such as the Western Circuit, Eastern Circuit, etc. Claim — To protest; to claim a name for any horse. Cluck — To make a clucking sound to encourage a horse to greater exertion. Collar — To draw upon an antagonist. Colors — The caps or costumes worn by jockeys or drivers to distin- guish one from another. Combination — A pool formed by jockeys or drivers to "fix" an event. Convert — A term used by trainers; to change a horse's gait, such as a pacer to a trotter. Cup — When a track is so moist that the horse's feet make deep impressions it is said to "cup." Cut Down — To run a horse into another and injure his limbs so as to disable him. Cut In— To take advantage of an opening. Cut Out — To lead the others from the start; to set the pace. Daisy Cutter — A horse that keeps his feet near the ground in trotting or running. Dash — A single heat of one or more miles. Dead Beat — Beaten to a standstill. Dead Heat — When two or more horses cross the score at the same instant. Dead One — A horse that will not run or has no chance to win, or is not meant to win. Distance — In races of mile heats, 80 yards; of two mile heats, 150 yards; of three mile heats, 220 yards; of mile heats, 3 in 5, 100 yardi. Horses in these positions are declared "distanced" when the leading horse or horses have crossed the score. Dosed — When a horse has been given a drug to cause him to lose a race he is said to have been dosed. Drawn — Withdrawn before or during a race. Duflfer — A horse which loses heart or refuses to exert himself during a race. Entry — The posting of the name:> of an owner and horse intending to participate in a race. End to End — A race in which the pace is forced from start to finish, Filly — Usually, a mare continues to be so called until she has com- pleted her fourth year. Fixed — A race which is decided, before coming oflf, to go a certain way is said to have been "fixed." — 121 — Turf Terms — Continued Feather Weight — Seventy -five pounds. If all the contestants in a race were privileged to "feather" it would be a race at "catch weight," although ordinarily ''catch weight" means that the owner of a horse can place any weight upon him that he chooses, and he is presumed to choose the liglitest practicable. Flag — The signal used by the judge to shut out or distance a horse. Fluke — So said when a horse has won a race through an accident. Free handicap — It is called a free handicap race in which the owner, if he does not like the weight imposed by the handicaper, may with- draw his horse without paying forfeit. For Blood — An expression used by drivers when they drive to win. Forfeit — To pay forfeit; nonfulfillment of the conditions. Gad — To whip or lash a horse. Gentleman Rider — An amateur, or one who does not ride for pay. Get Away — To rush from the score. Go As They Please— To wagon, harness, or under saddle, as the owner pleases. Gone Wrong — Out of condition, off the feed, or incapacitated from further use or turf training. Got At — To poison a horse on the eve of a race or otherwise unfit him. Handicaped — Weighted according to age, or the distance to be run or trotted. Hands Down — A horse that wins without the aid of his jockey^ and by the sheer force of his own speed is said to " win with [his jockey's] hands down." Harness — When a horse trots to sulky he is said to go in "harness." Headed— To lead the way by a head; to be lead by a head. Heat — A division of the distance of a race, such as half-mile heats, mile heats, etc. Hippodrome — A race that aims at gate money only, while professing to be for a stake, purse, or prize. Homestretch — The last qiiarter of a track. Hull Down — A nautical term, which, in its application to the turf, means that a horse is so far out of sight (behind) that he has no chance to win. Hurdle — A fence-like arrangement used in hurdle races for horses to jump over. — 122 — Turf Terms — Continued In Condition. — A term used by trainers to express a horse's being ia good form, or condition for racing. Jock. — Jockey, driver, or horse-dealer. Jog. — Generally used where a horse has won easily. Left at the Post. — A term used on the running turf, where a horse scores for races, but refuses to go on. Levanted. — Applied to a word-c f-mouth bettor, who disappears as soon as he ascertains that he has lost. Level-headed. — Steady. The opposite of flighty. Lift. — A term used by drivers when manipulating the reins to rouse a horse to greater exertion. Maiden. — A horse that has never won a running race. Match Race. — One made expressly between horses, usually not more than two, in contradistinction to a race for a purse. Mile and Repeat. — A race in which a mile is trotted and then repeated, the horse winning each mile being the winner. Mixed-gaited. — When ahorse changes from a trot to a pace, or runs in front and trots behind, he is said to be mixed-gaited. Moral. — "A moral '' is a "sure thing." It is a contraction of "a moral certainty." Mount. — A jockey who is engaged to ride a horse in a race is said to have been given the mount. Musician. — A horse that roars. Naming at Post. — Naming the starters at the starting-post; used on the running turf. Nobble — To poison a horse on the eve of a race, or otherwise unfit him. Nomination — The entry or naming of a horse or embryo foal for a race. Off— Out of condition; off the feed. Office — The same thing as the tip, which is secret information as to the condition of a horse or the purpose ia the race of those who have him in charge. It is called "the straight tip" when the information comea from owner, trainer or rider. On— To be "on" is to back a horse. A person is also "on" who fancies he knows what will be the outcome of a race that other persons believe is to be conducted squarely. Open The Gap — To draw away from the others. Outsiders — All persons who do not, in one way or another, thrive by means of racing. — 123 — Turf Terms — Coyitinued Permission — Assent from the judges to dismount or get out of the sulky. Plates — Light shoes worn by horses for racing. Play or pay — Either start or lose the money paid for entry. Pole — The inside or inside fence of a track. Pole-Horse — One of a double team; the one having the inside of the track. Pool — A combination or aggregation of bets. A clique. Protest - A complaint made to the judges for having been fouled or otherwise obstructed; a complaint against a horse-driver or jockey who is not qualified to enter in a certain race or go upon a certain track. Pulled — When a horse is prevented by his driver from winning a race, he is said to have been pulled. Pulling a Horse — ^Riding or driving to lose, by repressing the speed of a horse. The same thing is popularly but erroneously crlbd " hip- podroming." Punting — When a man backs a horse for small stakes he is called " a punter;" and if he uses the money he wins on one race to bet on the one next succeeding, he is said to be ** playing on velvet." That is, as he cannot lose, he has " a soft thing.'" Quarttr-Horse— In running turf parlance, a horse good for a short distance only. Quarter-Pole — The first dividing line of a mile track. Quitter — A horse that loses heart in a race; a "duffer" or bolter. Racker — A horse having a gait between a pace and a trot. Rattle-Headed — Unsteady, flighty, unreliable. Recall — A call back after a false start. Record — The time made by a horse, under the rules; more specific- ally, his best time. Right Off the Reel — Winning in straight heats. Ringer — A running or trotting horse that is entered for or participates under an alias in races slower than bhose of his class. Road-Horoc — A horse used for road -driving. Roarer —A horse that is broken-wmded or breathes laboriously. Ruled Off— Banished from a track or ail tracks for infraction of rules. Rules to G-overn — The National Association Rules are generally meant when this expression is used. Ruck — The main body of horses in a running race, neither the lead- ers nor the tailers, the latter of whom are termed whippers iu. Sandwiched — When running and trotting races are alternated at the same meeting, the events are said to be sandwiched. — 124 — Turf Terms — Continued Score— The starting-point on a track; to score for a start. Scratch — When a horse won a race through an accident. Season— The duration of racing or stud service for the year. gent — Driven to win, or driven fast. Set Back— When a horse has finished first in a heat througli an infraction of the rules, the second horse is given his place, this is called a "set back." Shake up — To rouse or encourage a horse. Shut Out — Ahorse that is distanced or prevented from getting ahead of the others. Side-Wheeler — A pacer. Skip — A short break. Spin — A short burst of speed; a sharp drive; used by road-riders. Split Heats — Heats divided among the contestants. Spoked — Having the spokes taken out of a wheel by the iiub of another's vehicle. Square Away — To get awa); steady from the start. Square Gaitod — Of level, steady action. Starter — The person who sees that the horses are in proper positions and that they get away together. Stayer — A horse that maintains steadiness and has the ability to go a long race without distress. Steady — Pure-gaited, level-headed; to keep a horse well in hand. Steepleciiase — A running race in which fences, ditches and other obstructions are to be jumped. Straight Heats — Heats of any race which are won in succession l)y one horse. As a technicality the race is not one of straight heats if the first heat is " dead" or is lost by a horse that wins the race in the next consecutive heats. Stride — The distance from the point where a lior.se's hind foot leaves the ground to wliere it is put down. Sugared — Bribed or paid to throw a race or heat. Suspended — Ruled off a track or tracks for a time. Sweepstakes — A race in which the winner of first and second hor.ses takes the stakes, each owner contributing an equal amount. Swerve — O-oing out of the regular cour.se, such as cutting in ahead of an opponent. Ticker. — Stop-watch . Time-bar. — A record which bars a horse from entering into a slower class. — 125 — Turf Terms — Continued Tip. — Is secret information as to the condition of a horse or the pur- pose in the race of those who have him in charge. It is called the " straight tip '' when the information comes from owner, trainer, or rider. Track Horse. — A horse used exclusively for racing. Train on, — When a horse is able to race season after season, and improve. Trial. — A private test of a horse's speed. Turned Out. — Withdrawn from the turf and stabled or pastured. Touts. — Hangers-on around stables for the purpose of picking up information and selling it. Unplaced. — On the running turf, where a field of more than four start, the first four are numbered as they cross the score at the finish; the rest are unplaced. Untried Horse. — Said of a stallion or a mare whose progeny has not yet been a winner. Wagon (To). — To be driven to a skeleton four-wheeled vehicle. Walk Over. — A race in which all the contestants but one are with- drawn. Weaver. — A pacer is sometimes called a weaver from the peculiar motion of the head and neck while in motion. Weight-for-Age. — The handicap or weight apportioned to a horse according to age. Weighing-in — Weighing the jockeys with their whips and saddles, or drivers in a handicap race, before the start. Weights — Metal appliances for a horse's feet, to steady him or con- vert from one gait to another. A bar of metal carried by a driver to bring him to the required weight. Wearing Silk — Said of a jockey when he has donned the full suit of his stable. Welcher — One who bets with no intention or means of paying if he Welter Weights — Heavy weights. Whippers-in— The mam body of horses in a running race — neither the leaders nor the tailers, the latter of whom are termed whippers-in. Winded — Blown out, exhausted. Winning Straight — See "Straight Heats." "Wire — The line from the judge's stand which marks the score. Word — The signal from the judges for a fair start. — 126 — What Congress Costs There are just 414 members of the House and of the Senate, and to wait upon and run errands and hold open the doors as they pass in and out, and carrying cards of their callers, and taking care of the thousands of bills they put in, they have employed about 400 people, who are paid the snug little sum of $084,000 for doing so. Every member has one employe, and for the service of the same there is paid an average of about $1,800 each. A total of $420,000 is required to pay the salaries of the Senators, and for the compensation of the members of the House $1,695,000 is to be provided, and this brings the salaries of our national law-makers to a total of over $2,000,000 per year. It costs a little less than $150,000 per session to pay the mileage of the meml^ers, and the country pays $50,000 to purchase the stationery for the members and officers of the House alone in any one session. The treasury pays $52,000 for reporting the debates, whether Congress sits for one month or for 12, as the official reporters, like most of the cleiks, are paid by the year, though they seldom do more than 12 months' work in the 24 months that make a ConizreBsional term. Salary of the President of the United States Most people believe that the $50,000 a year which the president gets as his salary is the total sum. This is a mistake. $36,064 is given him, in addition to his salary of $50,0C0, to pay the salaries of his subordi- nates and clerks. His private secretary is paid $3,250; his assistant secretary $2,250; his stenographer $1,800; five messengers, each $1,200; a steward $1,800; two doorkeeper.^, each $1,200; four other clerks at good salaries; one telegraph operator; two ushers $1,200 and $1,400; a night usher $1,200; a watchman $900; and a man who takes care of the fires who receives $864 a year. In addition to this, there is given him $8,000 for incidental expenses such as stationery, carpets, and the care of the presidental stables. And under another heading there is given him nearly $40,000 more. Of this $12,500 is for repairs and refurnish- ing the White House; $2,500 is for fuel; $4,000 is for the green-house; $15,000 is for gas, matches, and the stable. The White House, all told, costs the country in connection with the president considerably over $125,000 yearly. - 127 - Salaries of the Principal United States Officers Legislative Hank Salary per Annum President - $50,000 Vice-President 8,000 Secretary of State 8,000 Secretary of Treasury 8,000 Secretary of Interior 8,000 Secretary of Navy 8,000 Secretary of War 8,000 Postmaster-General 8,000 Attorney General 8,000 Speaker of House of Representatives 8,000 United States Senators 5,000 Representatives in Congress 5,000 Salaries of United States Ministers to Foreign Countries Country Salary per Annum England $17,500 Germany 17,500 France.'. 17,500 Russia 17,500 Italy 12,000 China 12,000 Brazil 12,000 Spain 12,000 Japan 12,000 Mexico ,. 12,000 Central America 10,000 Chili 10,000 Peru 10,000 Venezuela 7,500 Turkey 7,500 Sweden and Norway 7,500 Netherlands 7,500 Denmark 5,000 Greece 5,000 Uruguay 5,000 Portugal 5,000 Switzerland 5,000 Siberia 4,000 — 128 — United States Judges' Salaries Office Per annum Chief Justice IT. S. Supreme Court , .i?10,oOO Associate Judges 10,000 United States Circuit Judge?. 0,000 United States District Judges from $3,500 to 5,000 Judge of U. S. Court of Claims 4,500 The Periods of Gestation The periods of gestation are the same in Horse and Ass, 1 1 months each; Camel, 12 months; Elephant, 2 years; Lion, 5 months; Buffalo, 12 months; Cow, 9 months; Sheep, 5 months; Reindeer, 8 months; Monkey, 7 months; Bear, 6 months; Sow, 4 months; Dog, 9 weeks; Cat, 8 weeks; Rabbit, 4 weeks; Guinea Pig, 3 weeks; Wolf, 90 to 05 days; Parrots sit 40 days; Swans, 42 days; Goose, 30 days; Ducks, 30 days; Pea Hens, 28 days; Turkeys, 28 days; Hens, 21 days; Pigeons, 14 days; Canaries, 14 days. The periods of gestation are subject to considerable variation, espe- cially in domestic animals, and various conditions modify the period, of which the above are only the averages. Fecundity of Pish a codfish has been found to produce 3,086,760 eggs; a liounder, weighing 24 ounces to produce 1,357,403 eggs; Herring, weighing from 4 to 6 ounces to produce from 21,285 to 36,960 eggs; Ling to produce 19,248,652 eggs; Lobsters, weighing from 14 to 36 ounces to produce 21,699; a mackerel, weighing 20 ounces to produce 454,061 eggs; a prawn, to produce 8,800 eggs; a shrimp to produce 2, 800 to 6,800 eggs; Soles, weighing 4| ounces to produce 100,362. Fecundity of Birds Eagle, lay at a sitting 2 to 3 eggs; Falcon lay from 2 to 4 eggs; Fowl, domestic, lay from 6 to 20 eggs; Hawk, from 2 to 4 eggs; Owl, from 2 to 6 eggs; Partridge, from 14 to 20 eggs; Pheasant, from 10 to 20 eggs; Wren, from 10 to 16 eggs; Sparrow, from 4 to 6 eggs; Sparrow Hawk, from 2 to 5 eggs; Stork, from 2 to 3 eggs; Swallow, from 5 to 6 eggs. 129 — Life Period of Birds ^^ OF TS2 r^ Blackbird, lives from 10 to 12 years; Blackcap, lives 15 years; Canary (if it does not couple), lives 24 years; Chaffinch, lives from 20 to 24 years; Crane, lives 24 years; Crow, lives 100 years; Eagle, lives 100 years; Fowl (common), lives 10 years; Goldfinch, lives from 10 to 15 years; Goose, lives 50 years; Heron, lives 60 yearn; Lark, lives from 16 to 18 years; Linnet, lives from 14 to 23 years; ^Nightingale, lives from 16 to 18 years; Parrot, lives 10 years; Partridge, lives 15 years; Peacock, lives 24 years; Pelican, lives from 40 to 50 years; Pheasant, lives 15 years; Pigeon, lives 20 years; Raven, lives 100 years; Robin, lives from 10 to 12 years; Skylark, lives from 10 to 30 years. Sparrow Hawk, lives 40 years; Starling, lives from 10 to 12 years; Swan, live ; 100 years; Thrush, lives from 8 to 10 years; Tit- lark, from 5 to 6 years; Wheatear, lives 2 years; Wren, lives from 2 to 3 years. How Birds and Beasts are Grouped A covey of Partridges; a nide of Pheasa-nts; a wish of Snipe; a bevy of Quails; a flight of Doves; a flight of Swallows; a muster of Pea- cocks; a siege of Herons; a building of Rooks; a brood of Grouse; a plump of Wild Fowls; a strand of Plovers; a watch of Nightingales; a clattering of Choughs; a flock of Geese; a cast of Hawks; a trip of Dottrell; a swarm of Bees; a school of Whales; a shoal of Herrings; a herd of Swine; a skulk of Foxes; a pack of Wolves; a drove of Oxen; a sounder of Hogs; a troop of Monkeys; a pride of Lions; a sleuth of Bears. The Great Canals in the World The longest canal is the Imperial Canal of China; it is over 1,000 miles long. In the year 1681 was completed the greatest undertaking of the kind on the European Continent, the Canal Languedoc or the Canal du Midi, to connect the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea; its length is about 148 miles; it has over 100 locks, and about 50 aqueducts, and its highest point is not less than 600 feet above the sea level; it is navigable for vessels of upward of 100 tons. The largest shi'p canal in Europe is the great North Holland Canal, completed in 1825; it is 125 feet wide at tiie water surface, and 31 feet wide on the bottom, and has a depth of 20 feet; it extends from Amsterdam to the Helder, in all 51 miles. The Caledonia Canal in Scotland is 60 miles long, which includes three lakes. The Suez Canal is 88 miles long, of which 66 miles is actual canal. The Erie Canal is 350} miles long and cost over $7,000,000. The Ohio Canal from Cleveland to Portsmouth is 332 miles long, and cost nearly ^5,000,000. The Miami and Erie Canal is 291 miles long, and cost nearly $4,000,000. The Wabash and Erie Canal is 379 miles long. — 130 — Elevation of Localities Above the Sea Level Feet Above Place Location Sea Level Tunnel, C. & 0. R. R Peru, S. Am 15,645 feet City of Potosi Bolivia, S. Am 13,330 " LakeTiticaca Peru, S. Am 12,846 " Cityof Cuzco Peru, S. Am 11,380 " City of La Paz Bolivia, S. Am 10,883 " City of Quito Ecuador, S. Am 9,543 " City of Chuquisaca Bolivia, S. Am 9,343 " Cityof Bogota U. S. of Colombia, S. Am 8,732 " Montezuma Colorado, N. Am 10,295 " City of Leadville Colorado, N. Am 10,200 '* City of Sherman Wyoming Ter. , N. Am 8,242 '* Hospice Great St. Bernard. . . Alps, Europe 7,963 " City of Arequipa Peru, S. Am 7,852 " City of Mexico Mexico, N. Am 7,471 " City of Puebla Mexico, N. Am 7,200 " Summit C. P. R. R California, N. Am 7,042 " City of Valladolid Mexico, N. Am....... 6,395 " City of Cabul Afghanistan, Asia 6,360 " Lake Tahoe California, K Am 6,216 " City of Cheyenne Wyoming Ter. , N. Am 6,041 " City of Popayan U. S. of Colombia, S. Am 6,000 " City of Kelat Beloochistan, Asia 6,000 " City of Truckee California, N. Am . 5,866 " City of Cashmere India, Asia 5,000 '' City of Ogden Utah, N. Am 4,340 '' City of Jalapa Mexico, N. Am 4,340 " Great Salt Lake Utah, N. Am 4,220 " City of Teheran Persia, Asia 4,137 " Pyramid Lake Nevada, N. Am 4,000 " City of Jerusalem Syria, Asia 2,730 " City of Madrid Spain, Europe 1,995 " City of Munich Germany, Europe 1,764 " Lake Neufchatel Switzerland, Europe 1,437 " Gibraltar Spain, Europe 1,400 " Lake Lucerne Switzerland, Europe 1,380 " Lake Zurich Switzerland, Europe 1,363 " Lake Constance Switzerland, Europe 1,250 " City of Geneva Switzerland, Europe 1,230 " City of Moscow Russia, Europe 928 " Lake Superior United States, N. Am 587 " Lake Huron United States, N". Am 574 " Lake Erie United States. M. Am 555 " Lake Ontario United States,' N. Am 282 " City of Paris Frf«,nce, Europe 115 " City of London England, Europe 64 '* — 131 Lake and Seas Below the Sea Level Feet Below Name. Location. the Sea Level I>ead Sea Syria, Asia 1,317 feet Lake Gennesaret Syria, Asia 653 " Caspian Sea Between Europe and Asia 83 *' Planets, Distance from the Sun Planet Distance in Miles Neptune 2,745,998,000 miles Uranus 1,822,360,000 " Saturn 872,132,000 " Jupiter 480,000,000 " Mars 145,000,000 " Earth 92,000,000 " Venus 68,000,000 '' Mercury 37,000,000 " Earth's Moon distant from the earth 240,000 " The enormous distance from us of the fixed stars, which are sup- posed to be suns for other planets, are beyond conception. One of these Sirius (the Dog Star), is supposed to be twenty trillion miles away. The Size of Planets and Number of Moons. Planet Number of Moons It Has Diameter in Miles Sun 882,000 miles Jupiter 4 Moons 91,000 " Saturn 8 Moons 71,903 " Neptune 1 Moon 38,000 " Uranus 6 Moons 34,331 " Venus 7,621 " Mars 2 Moons 4,222 " Mercury 2,984 " Earth 1 Moon 8,000 " Earth's Moon 2,162 " — 132 — The Velocity of Speed of Planets The velocity cf speed with which the various planets move through space a3 they move around the sun is shown in the following: Planet Miles in One Hour Mercury 110,725 mile Venus 80,000 " Earth 68,000 " Jupiter 30,000 " Saturn 22,309 " Uranus , 15,000 " Neptune 12,000 " Light moves at the rate of 192,000 miles a second, and yet passing with that velocity it would take three years and nine months to reach Alpha, the nearest star, which is nineteen trillions of miles away. Time in Which Various Planets Revolve Around the Sun The following h the time of revolution of the various planets around the sun: Neptune 164^ years Uranus 84 " Saturn 29^ " Jupiter 12 " Mar.] 1 year 10.^ months Earth 1 yea Venus 224§ days Mercury 88 The Length of Days of the Planets The length of days of the various planets is indicated by the follow- ing table, which shows the length of time required for revolution on its axis: Planet Time of Daily Revolution Mars 24 hours, 39 minutes, 2^ seconds Mercury 24 " 5 " 28 Earth 24 " Venus 23 " 21 " 7 Saturn 10 " 30 Jupiter 9 " 56 Uranus 7 " .5 The sun revolves upon its own axis at the rate of 4,564 miles per ho\ir, and yet it requires 25^ days to complete one entire revolution. — 133 — Height of Cascades and Waterfalls Name Location Height of Fall iu feet Sentinel Ycsemite Valley, Cal., N. Am 3,270 feet Yoscmite Ycsemite Valley, Cal., N. Am 2,634 " Royal Arch Yosemite Valley, Cal., N. Am 2,000 " Cascade Alps Mountains, Europe 2,400 ' * Arve Savoy, Europe 1,600 '* Montmorency Canada, N. Am 250 '* Niagara U. S. and Canada, N. Am 164 " Missouri Montana, N. Am 94 " Missouri Montana, N. Am 80 " Missouri Montana, N. Am 50 '"' Potomac Virginia and Maryland, N. Am 74 " Passaic New Jersey, N. Am. 74 " Mohawk New York, N. Am 68 '* Cataracts of the Nile,. Egypt, Africa 40 " How Long it Would Take a Railroad to Reach the Sun If a railway were built to the sun, and trains upon it were run at the rate of sixty miles an hour, run day and night without a stop, it would require 175 years to make the journey from the earth to the sun, distance 92,000,000 miles. For Cleaning Various Substances Black Silk Brush and wipe it thoroughly, lay on table with the side intended to show, up; sponge with hot coffee strained through muglin; when par- tially dry, iron. Alabaster Use strong soap and water. To Remove Stains or Grease from Oil Paint Use bisulphide of carbon, spirits of turpentine, or if dry and old, use chloroform. These and tar spots can be softened with olive oil and lard. — 134 — Rust from Steel Take half-ounce of emery powder mixed with one ounce of soap, and rub well. Fruit Spots from Cottons Apply cold soap, then touch the spot with a hair pencil or feather dipped in chlorate of soda, then dip immediately in cold water. Stains, Iron Rust or Ink from Vellum or Parchment Moisten the spot with a solution of oxalic acid; absorb the acid quickly by blotting-paper or cloth. Grease from Silks Take a lump of magnesia, rub it wet on the spot, let it dry, then brush the powder off. Iron Rust from White Goods May be removed from white goods by sour milk. Scorch Stains from White Linen Lay in bright sun. Mildew Moisten the spot with clean water; rub on it a thick coating of Cas- tile soap mixed with chalk scrapings; rub with end of finger, then wash off. Oil Marks on Wall Paper Apply paste of cold water and pipe clay, leave it on all night, brush off in the morning. To Renovate Plush Goods Sponge carefully with chloroform. This is also excellent for restoring the color to goods that are faded. Spoons Discolored by Cooked Eggs May be brightened by a vigorous rubbing with comnuon salt. — 135 — Paint Spots from Clothing Saturate with equal parts turpentine and spirits < f ammonia. To Extract Stains from Silver Salamoniac one part, vinegar sixteen parts, mix well and use this liquid with a piece of flannel, then wash the plate in clean water. To Cleanse House Paper Rub with a flannel cloth dipped in oatmeal. To Cleanse Black Cloth Mix one part of spirits of ammonia with three parts warm water, rub with sponge or dark cloth, clean with water; rub with the nap. Ink and Rust Stains Are removed easily by a solution containing ten parts each of tar- taric acid, alum and distilled water. The solution has the trade name of Encrivior. Ink Stains from White Cloth and Hands Ripe tomatoes will remove ink stains from white cloth, also from the hands. Cleanse Chromos Go over lightly with a damp cloth. Cleanse Furniture of Finger Marks Rub with a soft rag and sweet oil. Cleanse Zinc Rub with a piece of cotton cloth dipped in kerosene, afterwards with a dry cloth. Cleanse Hands from Vegetable Stains Rub with a slice of raw potato. — 136 — To Cleau Tinware Common soda applied with a moistened newspaper and polish with a dry piece will make it look like new. To Clean Window Glass Paint can be removed by a strong solution of soda. How to Prevent Iron from Rusting or to Remove Rust. Apply kerosene with a rag when you are about to put your stove away for the vSummer and it will prevent it from rusting. Treat your hardware and farming implements in the same way before you lay them aside in the Fall. To remove rust immerse the articles in kerosene oil and let them remain for some time; the nist will become so much loosened as to come off very easy. How to Preserve Eggs To each pailful of water add two pints of fresh slaked lime and one pint of common salt, mix well. Fill your barrel half full with this fluid, put your eggs down in it any time after June and before January, and they vail keep two years if desired. How to Keep Fresh Meat a Week or Two in Summer. Any one can keep fresh meat very nicely for a week or two by putting it into sour milk or buttermilk (to be covered over with it) placing it in a cool cellar. The bone or fat need not be removed. Rinse well when used. Prevent Decay of Panning Implements When not in use have them sheltered from the sun, wind, rain and snow. By this means sleighs, carts, wagons, ploughs, harrows, threshing-machines and the like would last twice as long as they would if bft in the open air, swelling from moisture one week and shrinking the aext from the influence of the sun and wind. Dei. troy Moss on Trees Paint them with whitewash made of quicklime and wood ashes. - 137 — Protect Fruit Trees from Attack of Mice, etc. Paint with tar, 1 part; tallow, 3 parts; mixj apply hot to the bark of a tree with a paint brush. Prepare Flannel from Shrinking Put new flannel into clean cold water and let it remain a week, changing the water frequently, then wash well in warm water using a little soap to remove the oily matter. Flannel prepared in this way will never shrink or get hard. Clean Feathers Feathers may be cleansed with a lather of soap and hot water and pearl ash. When it is a little cool wash the feathers in it, gently squeezing it, rinse it well in cold water, shaking well before the fire, bnt not too near. Curl it by drawing each fibre over the blunt edge of a fruit knife. To Revive Withered Cuttings of Flowers, Rosebuds, etc. Mix four drops of spirits of camphor with one ounce of water and place withered cuttings of flowers, rosebuds, etc., after carrying in the hands, and they will revive. Keep the stems in the fluid for half a day iu a dark place. How to Make Corks Good for Stoppers Corks which you steep in vaseline are an excellent substitute for glass stoppers. They are not in the least affected by acids, and never become fixed through long disuse. Polish for Fine, Hard Wood Take shellac, 8 pounds; wood naptha, 3 pints; another recipe, 2 pounds shellac; 1 ounce each of powdered gum mastic and gum sandarac, one-half pint of copal varnish, mixed well and shaken until di'ssolved in one gallon spirits of nitre. Walnut Stain One and one-half ounces common soda, two and one half ounces Vandyke brown and one-quarter ounce bichromate of potassium, dis- solved in one quart water, boil the ingredients together for ten minutes: it nmkes a fine walnut stain. 138 — The Longest Rivers in the World Name and Location Miles Loug Missouri (with the Mississippi,) United States 4,500 Nile (Stanley's), Africa 4,100 Nile (Old Survey), Africa 3,000 Amazon, Brazil, S. Am ; 3,994 Mississippi (Proper), United States 3,200 Missouri, United States 2,900 Murry, Australasia 3,000 Yang-tze-Kiang, China, Asia 2,990 Hoang-Ho, China, Asia 2,800 Yenesei, Siberia, Asia 2,580 Lena, Siberia, Asia 2,500 Niger, Soudan, Africa 2,500 Mackenzie, British North America 2,500 Obi, Siberia, Asia 2,800 Congo, Central Africa 2,600 Volga, Russia, Europe 2,030 St. Lawrence, Canada, N. Am 2,060 Madeira, Brazil, S. Am 2,000 Amoor, Siberia, Asia 2,300 Parana with Platte, Argentine Republic 2, 130 Rio Grande, United States, N. Am 1,800 Indus, Hiudostan, Asia 1,795 Danube, Russia, Europe 1,G30 Sandes, Hindostan, Asia 1,600 Brahmapoota, Thibet, Asia 1,500 St. Francisco, Brazil, S. Am 1 ,400 Columbia, United States, N. Am 1,090 Colorado, United States, N. Am 1,000 Yellowstone, United States, N. Am 1,000 Ohio, United States, N. Am 980 Rhine, Germany, Europe 810 Arkansas, United States, N. Am 900 Tennessee, United States, N. Am 800 Red River of the North, United States, N. Am 700 Cumberland, United States, N. Am 600 Alabama, United States, N. Am 600 Susquehanna, United States, N. Am 500 James, United States, N. Am 500 Connecticut, United States, N. Am 450 Seine, France, Europe 425 Delaware, United States, N. Am 400 Potomac, United States, N. Am 400 Hudson, United States, N. Am 325 Kenebec, United States, N. Am 160 Thames, England, Europe 233 Shannon, Ireland, Europe 200 139 - Fine Decorative Work Paste Take seventy -five parts of India-rubber, dissolved in sixty parts of chloroform, with fifteen parts gum mastio added makes a purely trans- parent paste which can be used in the most delicate kind of decorative work. Size of the Oceans Name Square Miles Name Square Miles Pacific 77,000,000 Antarctic 13,000,000 Atlantic 31,000,000 Arctic 7,000,000 Indian 21 ,000,000 Size and Length of Seas Area Name Location Sq. Miles Mediterranean Bet. Europe and Africa 977,000 Behring Bet. North America and Asia 567,000 Caribbean South America 200,000 China Asia Red Bet. Africa and Asia 185,OOo Japan Asia Black •. Europe 185,000 Caspian Asia 156,000 Baltic Europe 154,570 Okhotsh Asia White Europe 4,500 Aral Asia 26,900 Dead Asia 400 Size of Lakes Length Width Name Location Miles Miles Superior North America 380 120 Michigan North America 330 60 Baikal Asia 360 35 Huron North America 250 90 Great Slave North America 300 45 Erie North America 270 50 Winnipeg North America 240 40 Athabasca South America 200 20 Ontario North America 180 40 Great Bear North America 150 40 Maracaybo South America 150 60 Ladoga Europe 125 75 Champlain North America 123 12 Lake of the Woods . North America 70 25 Geneva Europe 50 10 Constance Europe 45 IQ George North America 36 3 Cayuga South America 36 4 Great Salt Lake. . .North America Length in Miles 2,000 1,800 1,700 1,400 1,000 932 640 600 600 450 250 Area Sq. Miles 32,000 22,400 8,000 21,000 12,800 9,600 8,500 4,600 6,300 14,000 6,500 6,804 15,000 7,650 336 200 114 100 46 — 140 — Facts About the Planet Earth Diameter at the Equator, 7,925 miles, diameter at the Poles, 7,899 miles; mean diameter, 7,916 miles; circumference at the Equator, 24,899 miles; surface of the Earth, in round numbers : Land, 54,500,- 000 square miles; water, 142,000,000 square miles; total, 190,000,000 square miles. Mean annual temperature: Poles, 30°; Polar region.;, 36°; Torrid Zone, 75°: Equator, 82°: Globe, 50°. Mean annual rain- fall, 36 inches. Specific gravity, 5.450 to 5.000. Area and Population of the Earth by Continents (According to Behm and Wagner's estimate, 1884. ) Continental Area in Inhabitants Per Divisions Sq. Miles Number Sq. Mile Asia 17,832,340 795,591,000 44.0 America 15,389,250 100,41C,400 6.5 Africa 11,929,300 205,823,200 17.0 Europe 3,892,234 327,743,400 84.0 Australasia 3,581,140 4,232,000 1.1 Polar Regions 1,791,280 82,500 Total 54,415,544 1,433,887,500 26.3 An estimate of the population of the earth made in 1886 by Professor E. Levasseur for the International Statistical Institute is as follov/s. Asia, 789,000,000; America, 112,000,000; Africa, 197,000,000; Europe,' 347,000,000; Oceania, 38,000,000; total, 1,483,000,000. Population of the Earth According to Race (Estimate by John Bartholomew, F. R. G. S., Edinburgh.) Race Location Nuinl)er Indo-Germanic or Aryan Europe, Persia, etc 545,500,000 Mongolian or Turanian Greater part of Asia 630,000,000 Semitic or Hamitic North Africa, Arabia 65,000,000 Negro and Bantu Central Africa 150,000,000 Hottentot and Bushmen South Africa 150,000 Malay and Polynesian Australasia and Polynesia. . 35,000,000 American Indian North and South America. . 15,000,000 Total 1,440,650,000 — 141 — Distance Around the World in Traveling (Statute Miles) From San Francisco, Cal., to Yokohama, Japan 4,764 miles Yokohama to Hong Kong, Hong Kon^ Island 1,C20 Hong Kong to Singapore, Asia 1,150 Singapore to Calcutta, India, Asia 1,200 Calcutta to Bombay, India, Asia 1,409 Bombay to Aden, Arabia, Asia 1,664 Aden to Suez, Egypt, Africa ] ,308 Suez to Alexandria, Egypt, Africa 250 Alexandria to Marseilles, France, Europe 1,000 Marseilles to Paris, France, Europe 536 Paris to London, England, Europe 31 G London to Liverpool, England, Europe 205 Liverpool to New York, United States 3,000 New York to San Francisco, Cal., United States 3,311 Principal Exports of Countries Argentine Republic. — Condensed meats, hides, hor&ehair, oil, tallow, wool. Austria. — Salt, meerschaum pipes, flax, cutlery, linens. Autstralasia. — Tin, copper, coal, hides, wool, gold, silver. Arabia. — Coffee, gum arable, aloes, alum, almonds, frankincense, myrrh, balsam. Belgium. — Cotton, linen and woolen manufactures, iron, marble, mats, mirrors. Brazil. — Coffee, diamonds, drugs, hides, sugar, rum, tobacco, dye- woods, crude rubber. Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. — Corn, flour, fish, furs, gold, leather, hides, lumber. Cape Colony. — Brandy, wine, ostiich feathers, hides, tallow. Central America. — Logwood, cochineal, coffee, rice, sugar, mahogany, indigo, cocoa, tobacco. China. — Camphor, cassia, chinaware, lead, mercury, opium, pearls, rice, silk, raw and manufactured, tea, sugar, zinc. Colombia Republic. — Coffee, gold, indigo, Peruvian bark. Denmark. — Butter, cheese, cattle, feathers, horses, grain, jute, wool, beef, pork. — 142 — Exports — Con ti7i ued Eastern, Western, and Southern Africa. — Gold, ivory, ostrich feathers, palm oil, fruit. Egypt.- — Asafoetida, cotton, grain, hemp, hides, linseed, gum, silk, tobacco, indigo, fruit, sugar. Ecuador. — Cocoa, coflfee, cotton, India-rubber, Peruvian bark, sugar, indigo. France. — Brandy, butter, chinaware, cotton, linen, silk and woolen manufactures, drugs, artificial flowers, hair, hats, millinery goods, jewelry, wine, olive oil, paper, perfumery, leather goods, toys. Germany. — Linen, cotton, silk and woolen manufactures, copper, hops, zinc, jewelry, cutlery, hardware, toys, perfumery, chemical pro- ducts, flax, beer, wine, leather. Great Britain and Ireland. — Iron, cotton, linen, silk and woolen manufactures, ale, alkali, arms, coal, chemical products, hardware, earthenware, cutlery, copper, horses, tin, pcrter, lace, machinery. Greenland. — Whale oil, whalebone, sealskins. Greece. — Cotton, currants, figs, olive oil, honey, leather, silk, soap, wine, zinc. Holland. — Fine linen, woolens, butter, cheese, fish, cattle. India. — Cofi'ee, cotton, gum, hides, indigo, jute, opium, pearls, precious stones, safi"ron, pepper, shawls, sugar, tea, silk, raw and manufactured. Italy. — Alabaster, brimstone, almonds, chemical products, fruit, hemp, olive oil, sumac, silk, wine, spirits. Iceland. — Fish, train oil. Japan. — Silk and cotton goods, copper, iron, glass, chinaware, varnish, tea, silk, raw and manufactured. Java. — Arrack, cinnamon, rice, indigo, cofi'ee, cloves, cochineal, gold, pepper, sago, pearls, tin, tobacco. Liberia. — Cofi'ee, gold, palm oil, gum, rice, sugar. Mexico. — Gold, silver, sugar, cochineal, vanilla, copper, mahogany, dyewood, indigo, jalap, hides, lead. Madagascar. — Cattle, cotton, hides, indigo, maize, rice. Morocco. — Almonds, beans, fruit, gum, Morocco leather, oil, skins, wool. Paraguay. — Cassava, sugar, corn, tobacco. Persia. — Asafoetida, carpets, rugs, madder, opium, pearls, shawls, silk, tobacco, rhubarb, swords. Peru. — Silver, gold, Peruvian l^ark, saltpetre, quinine, borax, cubic- nitre, guano, copper, alpaca-wood. — 143 — Exports — Contin iied Chili. — Copper, gold, hides, wheat, flour, silver, sugar, wooL Portugal. — Cork, fruit, oil, tish, saffron, salt, wine. Russia. — Bristles, hemp, iron, linen, grain, cordage, flax, copper, caviar, flour, linseed, furs, com, potash, skins, hides, stearine, timber, tallow, tar, wool, platina. Sandwich Islands. — Hides, rice, salt, skins, sugar, tallow, wool, fruit. Spain, — Copper, cork, fish, fruit, grain, lead, olive oil, quicksilver, rice, saffron, sheep, skin, wine, wool. Sweden and Norway. — Iron, steel, copper, timber, fish, bones, butter cheese, cattle, nickel, jute, tar. Switzerland. — Cheese, cotton, linens, watches, jewelry, laces, silks, machines. Turkey. — Currants, figs, gum, goat's hair, carpets, hides, maize, mastic, meerschaum, oil, opium, raisins, saffron, shawls, silk, muslin, swords. Transvaal. — (xum arabic, gold, ivory, ostrich feathers. United States. — Butter, cattle, cheese, coal, coal oil, corn, cotton, canned fruits, meats and fish, flour, furs, gold, grain, ham, hardware, hides, hogs, iron, lard, lead, copper, leather, lumber, machinery, meat, molasses, pork, quicksilver, raisins, silver, skins, tobacco, watches, wine, linen, woolen and cotton goods, machinery of all kinds. Uruguay and Argentine Republic. — Condensed meat, guano, hides, horsehair, oil, skins, tallow, wool. Venezuela. — Balsam, cocoa, coffee, copper, cotton, hides, tobacco. West Indies. — Alum, arrow root, cochineal, cocoa, ginger, tobacco, sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, indigo, jjepper. Marriage Age in Different Countries In Austria, 14 years for both sexes; Belgium, the man 18 years and the woman at 15 years; France, the man at 18 years, the woman at 15 years; Germany, the man at 18 years, the woman at 14 years; Greece, the man at 14 years, the woman at 12 years; Hungary — the Catholics, the man at 14 years, the woman at 12 years; the Protest- ants, the man at 18 years, the woman at 15 years; Portugal, the man at 14 years, the woman at 12 years; Russia, the man at 18 years, the woman at 16 years; Saxony, the man at 18 years, the woman at 16 years; Spain, the man at 14 years, the woman at 14 years; Switzer- land, the man at 14 years, the woman at 12 years; Turkey at puberty; United States, the man at 21 years, the woman at 18 years. 144 Size of Animals Antelope, 3^ feet Armadillo and tail, 5 feet Anteater, 1 foot Badger, 2^ feet Barbary Ape, 3^ feet B>)Ltle-nosed Seal, 11 to 18 feet Civet, 2 feet Cliamois, 3 feet Common Bat, 4 or 5 inches Common Seal, 4 to 6 feet Dormouse, G inches Dog-faced Baboon, 6 feet Dromedary, G to 7 feet Elephant, 10 or 11 feet Elephant (high), G or 7 feet Ermine, 10 inches Ferret, 14 inches Flying Squirrel, 6 inches Fox, li to 2 feet Giraffe, 15 to 16 feet (high) Great Anteater, 4 feet Hedgehog, 10 inches Hyena, 3 feet Stag, 4 to 5 feet Sable, 11 inches Spectrum Bat, 7 inches Tiger, 8 to 9 feet Tiger (high), 4 feet Tapir, 6 feet Hippopotamus, 10 to 20 feet Ichneumon, 15 inches Jackal, 2h feet Kangaroo, 3 to 4 feet Lion, C to 8 and 9 feet Lynx, 4 feet Lioness, 5 to 7 feet Mole, G inches Marmot, 10 inches Musk Deer, 3^ feet Maned Seal, 10 to 14 feet Opossum, 15 to 18 inches Ordinary Squirrel, 8 inches Otter, 3^ feet Orang-outang, 4^ to 5| feet Pigmy Antelope 10 inches Pigmy Ape, 3^ feet Polecat, 17 inches Porcupine, 2^ feet Roebuck, 3| feet Raccoon, 2 feet Rhinoceros, 12 feet Rhinoceros (high), 6 to 7 feet Vampire, G to 12 inches Vaulting Monkey, 13 inches Wolf, 2^ to 3 feet Weasel, 7^ inches Wild Cat, 2 to 5 feet Walrus or Morse, J 5 to 18 feet Bait For Different Game Badger — Mice or flesh of any kind. Beaver — Fresh roots. Fox — Fowl, flesh, fish, toasted cheese. Marten — Head of fish, piece of meat or fowl. Mink— Fowl, flesh or roasted fish. Muskrat — Carrots, potatoes, apples, etc. Opossiim — Nuts, corn, mice, piece of fowl. Otter — Fish, piece of a bird or otter mush. Raccoon — Chicken, frog or fish. Skunk — Mice, meat, piece of a fowl. Squirrel — Grain, nuts, or ear of corn. Wolf — Waste part of tame or wild game. Woodchuck — Roots, fruit, corn or bread. — 145 — How Fast Rabbits Increask One Pair of Rabbits in four years, if none are killed or die, will be increased to 1,250,000 rabbits. Shortest and Longest Verse in the Bible Shortest verse, St. John, llth chapter, 35th verse; longest verse, Esther, 8th chapter, 9th verse. Large Families Lucas Saez returned to Spain in June, 1883, from the United States with 37 children, 79 grandchildren, and 81 great-grandchildren — in all 197 people, 107 males and 90 females, his eldest son being 70 years of age. Tedor VassileflF, of Moscow, Russia, in 1782, had 83 children living: when pensioned by the Czar. He had 69 children by his first wife, at 27 births; and, after her death, had 18 more by his second wife, in 8- births. Number Parent Place of Children Date Mme. Frescobaldi Florence, Italy 52 1570 David Wilson Indiana, United States 47 1850 Mr. Greenhill Abbots Langley, FiUrope 39 Rev. Dr. Erskine Scotland, Europe 33 1760 Mme. Frescobaldi had never less than three children at a birth. Heaviest Men Miles Darden (the Tennessee Giant), height 7 feet 6 inches, and weighed over 1,000 pounds. Daniel Lambert (English), was 5 feet 11 inclies high, and weighed 739 pounds. Small People or Dwarfs Smallest woman, Lucia Zarate, height 20 inches, born in Mexico in 1865. Smallest man, General Mite, height 21 inches, born in New York in 1864. Che Mah (the Chinese dwarf), if living is nearly 50 years of age, he is 25 inches high. Tom Thumb, height 28 inches. Commodore Nutt 32 inches. - 14<^ Tallest Men (Giants) The Giant Og. (in Bible), 16 feet high. The Giant Goliah (in Bible), 10 feet high. Hans Bar (Hungarian Soldier), 11 feet high. Chang (the Chinese Giant), 8 feet 2 inches high. Brustard, the Giant, 7 feet 9 inclie^s high. Miles Darden (the Tennessee Giant), 7 feet 6 inches high. A Lady's Chance to Marry Every lady has some chance to marry, it may be one to lifty, or it may ba ten to one that she will. Representing her entire chance at one hundred at certain points of her progress in time, it is found to be in the following ratio: Ladies between the ages of 15 and 20 years 14^ per cent " " " 20 " 25 " 52 " •' " " 25 '• 30 " 18 " " " " 30 " 35 " 154 '^ " '« " . " " 35 " 40 " 3f '' " " " '* " 40 " 45 " 24 " " " " 45 "50 " §-of 1 " " " " *' 50 " 55 " iof 1 '' '' Height and Weight of Ladies It is often asked how thick a lady ought to be in proportion to her height. A very young girl may becomingly be thinner than a matron, but the following table gives a fair indication of proper proportions: Weight Pleight iu Pounds Four feet, 7 inches about 73 Four feet, 10 inches Five feet Five feet, one inch .... Five feet, two inches . . . Five feet, three inches . . Five feet, four inches. . . Five feet, five inches . . . Weight Height iu pounds Five feet, 6 inches about 144 90 Five feet, 7 niches *' 150 100 Five feet, 8 inches " 155 106 Five feet, 9 inches " 163 113 Five feet, 10 inches " 169 119 Five feet, .11 inches " 170 130 180 ]3S Six feet, one inch " 186 — 147 — The Wedding Anniversary At end of first year comes the Cotton Wedding At end of second year comes the Paper At end of third year comes the Leather At end of fifth year comes the Wooden At end of seventh year comes the .... Woolen At end of tenth year comes the Tin At end of twelfth year comes the Silk and Fine Linen At end of fifteenth year comes the Crystal At end of twentieth year comes the China At end of twenty-fifth year comes the Silver At end of thirtieth year comes the Pearl At end of fortieth year comes the Ruby At end of fiftieth year comes the Golden At end of seventy-fifth year comes the Diamond Weight of Various Breeds of Poultry Black Polish cock, 3 years old weighs 5 pound::! 3 ounces " " hen, 3 years old weighs 3 " 4 ' ' Spanish cock, 4 months old weighs 2 " 11 " " pullet, weighs ' ' U Cochin-China cock, 16 mo. old (Moulting) weighs. . G " 5 " ' * hen weighs 4 " q Dorking cock weighs 7 ' « " hen weighs 6 " 8 Game cock weighs 4 «< jq " hen weighs 3 <« Golden Polish cock weighs 5 " " " hen weighs 3 " g MaJay cock, IC months old weighs G " 14 " hen, 16 months old, weighs 4 " 3 Pheasant M?lay cock, 2 years old, weighs 7 " " " hen w-eighs 5 *' 1 " " pullet, 17 months old, weighs 5 " 3 Silver Hamburg hen -^-eighs 3 " j " Polish hen weighs 3 " 4 Turkey (cock), 16 months old, weighs 16 " '* (hen), 3 to 4 years old, weighs 8 " 6 White China gander, 6 years old weighs ] 2 " 13 " " goose, weighs H <' 13 148 Speed of Birds Hawks fly at the rate- of 150 miles per hour. Ducks " " " 90 •' '• •• Crows " " " 25 " " '• Falcons " " " 75 " " '* Sparrows " " 92 " " " Bible Facts and Figures The Old Testament contains 2,728,100 letters, 592,493 words, 23,214 verses, 929 chapters, and 39 books. The New Testament contains 838,380 letters, 181,253 words, 7,959 verses, 260 chapters and 27 books. The total for Old and New Testament, 3,560,480 letters, 773,746 words, 31, 173 verses, 1,189 chapters and 66 books. The Bible contains 3,500,000 ems (compositor's measure). The word Reverend occurs but once, which is in the 9th verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle verse of the Bible is the 8th verse of the 1 18th Psalm. The 21st of the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J. The 19th chapter of II Kings and the 37 th chapter of Isaiah are alike. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of the Book of Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of the Book of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six syllables. Most Northern and Southern Points Reached by Explorers The following table shows the farthest points of north latitude by Arctic Explorers up to and including the Greely expedition: Year Explorers Morth Latitude 1607 Hudson 80 deg., 23 min., 00 sec. 1773 PhiDps (Lord Musgrove) 80 " 48 " 00 " 1806 Scoresby 81 " 12 " 42 " 1827 Parry 82 " 45 " 30 " 1874 Meyer (on land) 82 " 9 " 00 ** 1875 Markham (Nare's expedition) 83 " 20 " 26 " 1816 Payer , 83 " 7 " 00 " 1S84 Lockwood (Greely's party) 83 " 24 " 30 " The farthest point reached south was by Rose in February, 1842, was 78 degrees, 11 minutes, south latitude; and the farthest points north was l)y Lockwood in May, 1882, was S3 degrees, 24 minutes^ 30 seconds north latitude. — 149 — The Longest Tunnels in the World The longest tunnel in the world is the Mount St. Gothard Tunnel, Italy. It is 48,840 feet long or nearly 10 miles long. The Mount Cenis Tunnel, Italy, is next, is 39,840 feet long or about 7 miles long. The Hoosac Tunnel, Mass., is 25,080 feet long or about 4^ miles long, the longest in the United States. The Nochistongo Tunnel is 21,659 feet long, or about 4 miles long. The Sutro Tunnel is 21,120 feet long or about 4 miles long. The Thames and Medway Tunnel, England, is 11,880 feet long, or about 2 miles long. Herschel's Weather Table For Foretelling the Weather, Throughout all the Luna- tions of Each Year, Forever This table and the accompanying remarks are the result of many years' actual observation, the whole being constructed on a due con- sideration of the attraction of the Sun and Moon, in their several posi- tions respecting the Earth, and will, by simple inspection, show the observer what kind of weather will most probably follow the entrance of the Moon iuto any of its quarters, and that so near the truth as to be seldom or never found to fail: If the New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moou.or Last Quarter Happens In Summer In Winter Between Midnight and 2 o'clock. Fair Frost unless wind Southwe&t. 2 and 4 morning Cold and showers. Snow and stormy 4 and 6 " .... Rain Rain. 6 and 8 " Wind and rain. . .Stormy. 8 and 10 " Changeable Cold rain if wind W, snow if E 10 and 12 " Frequent showersCold and high wind 12 and 2 afternoon. . .Very rainy Snow or rain. 2 and 4 *' . . .Changeable Fair and mild. 4 and C " ...Fair Fair. 6 and 8 " .. .Fair if wind NW. Fair and frosty if wind Nor NE 8 and 10 " . . .Rainy H S or SW.Rain or snow if South or SW. 10 and midnight Fair Fair and frosty. Observations. — 1. The nearer the time of the Moon's change, first quarter, full and last quarter are to midnigJit, the fairer will be the weather during tlie next seven days. — 150 — Wea ther Table — Con tinued 2. The space for this calculation occupies from ten at night till two next morning. 3. The nearer to midday or noon the phases of the moon happen, the more foul or wet weather may be expected during the next seven days. 4. The space for this calculation occupies from ten in the forenoon to two in the afternoon. These observations refer principally to the Summer, though they affect Spring and Autumn nearly in the same ratio. 5. The Moon's change, fir^t quarter, full and last quarter, happen- ing during six of the afternoon hours, i. e., from four to ten, may be followed by fair weather; but this is mostly dependent on the wind, aa is noted in the table. C. Though the weather, from a variety of irregular causes, is more uncertain in the latter part of Autumn, the whole of Winter, and the beginning of Spring, yet in the main the above observations will apply to those periods also. 7. To prognosticate correctly, especially in those cases where the vnnd is concerned, the observer should be within sight of a good vane, where the four cardinal points of the heavens are correctly placed. French Paste Diamonds French paste used in making artificial diamonds is a kind of glass with a mixture of oxide of lead. Imitation stones are now so nearly perfect that the market of real diamonds is beginning to suffer. French chemists now reproduce the dichroism of the sapphire, and the composition of rubies of which the base is phosphate of lime. Density of Population The population per square mile fif the different countries is as follows: Belgium 451 China 110 England and Wales 389 Scotland 109 Holland 291 Portugal 108 Italy 237 Spain 90 Japan 209 Greece 73 Germany 193 Sweden and Norway 21 Switzerland 175 Tuykey 20 Ireland 1G9 United States 11 Austro-Hungary 158 Kussia 10 France 150 Mexico : 9 Denmark Ill Brazil 3 151 — Different Nations, Names of their People AND THE Language they Speak Name of Nation Name of People Language Spoken Abyssinia Abyssinians Abyssinian. Afghanistan Afghans Persian and Hindoostance. Algeria Algerine Chiefly Arabic. Arabia Arabs, Aral^ians . . . Arabic. Australasia Australasian. ''"'''5;,SS''arc?;S"'"'" Austria Austrians German, Hungarian, Slavonic. Belgium Belgians Flemish and French. Beloochistan Beloochces Beloochee and Hindoostanee. Bolivia Bolivians Spanish Brazil Brazilians Portuguese. Canada Canadians English and French. Chile .... Chileans Spanish. China Chinese Chinese. East Indies East Indians ^^"^'''''*%t'laTe?c!^^' ^''''^^'^* Egypt Egyptians Chiefly Araliic and Italian. France French French. Germany Germans German. Greece Greeks Greek. Greenland GreenJanders Danish and Esquimaux. Hindoostan Hindoos Hindoostanee and others. Holland Dutch Dutch. Iceland Icelanders Icelanderic. Ireland Irish English and Irish. Italy Italians Italian. Japan Japanese JaY)anese. Mexico Mexican Spanish. Norway. Norwegians Danish. Paraguay . Paraguayans Spanish. Peru Peruvians Spanish. Poland Poles Polish. Persia Persians Persian. Portugal Portuguese Portuguese. Prussia Prussians German. Riissia Russians Russian. Sweden Swedes Swedish. Scotland Scotch English and Gaelic. Siam Siamese Siamese. Siberia Siberians Russian mostly. Spain Spaniards Spanish. Switzerland Swiss German, French and Italian, Turkey Turks Turkish. United States American English. Venezuela Venezuelans Spanish. Wales Welsh English and Welsh. West Indies West Indians Spanish. — 152 — The Human Family The human family living to-day consists of about 1,450,000,000 individuals. In Asia, where man was first planted there are now about 800,000,000 souls, on an average 120 to the square mile. In Europe there are about 320,000,000 souls, averaging 100 to the square mile. In Africa there are about 210,000,000. In America, North and South, there are about 110,000,000, relatively thinly scattered and recent. In the islands, large and small, are probably 10,000,000 souls. The extremes of the white and black are five to three, the remaining 700,- 000,000 intermediate brown and tawny. Of the human race 500,000,000 are well clothed, that is wear garments of some kinds and live in houses partly furnished with the appointments of civilization; 700,000,000 are semi-clothed, living in huts and caves with no furnishing; 250,000,000 are practically naked, having nothing that can be called a home, are bar- barous and savage. The range is from the topmost round — the Anglo- Saxon civilization, which is the highest known — down to naked savagery. The portion of the race lying below the line of human con- dition is at the very least three-fifths of the whole or 900,000,000. All the people now living in the world, say 1,450,000,000, could find stand- ing room within the limits of a field 100 miles square. In a field 200 miles square they could all be comfortably seated. Gold Leaf Thickness Gold leaf is the 254-248th part of an inch in thickness, which is common work of the gold-beater. Sheets have been beaten the 367,- 500th part of an inch in thickness. One ounce of gold can be beaten out so as to cover 160 square feet of surface. Age and Mortality The following table which years of experience of scientific men has proven, settles the death-rate. One of the following number of per- sons may die within one year: At 10 years 1 in 134 At 45 yeai*s 1 in 90 At 15 " 1 in 131 At50 " 1 in 73 At 20 " 1 in 129 At 55 " 1 in 54 At25 " 1 in 124 At 60 " 1 in 35 At30 " linllO At65 '' 1 in 25 At 35 " 1 in 112 At 70 '* ' 1 in 17 At 40 " 1 in 103 - 1.33 - Bleeding Wounds. How to Stop It. If blood spurts from the wound, an artery is divided; bind limb tightly above wound with India-rubber tubing, strap, handkerchief or scarf; or, bend the limb forcibly at next joint above wound; or, press flat hand or stone where blood is flowing. If blood flows freely, but does not spurt, a vein is divided ; then apply same measures as in case wounded artery, but below the wound. If scalp wounded, make a pad of cloth or waste, and bandage very tightly over wound with folded pocket handkerchief. Send for a physician then. Burns and Scalds — Treatment Apply lint, cotton, wool or waste, soaked in oil, or oil and lime water, and bind the same on with handkerchief or cloth. If necessary to remove clothes, cut them off by running knife or scissors along seams. Send for a physician then. Broken Limbs Broken Leg — Treatment Pull on leg steadily and firmly until it is of same length as sound one. Roll up a coat or empty sack into form of a cushion; carefully place leg upon it; then bind two together with scarves or handker- chiefs. Do not lift patient from the ground until stretcher is close at hand. Take great pains by carefully lifting to prevent broken bone coming through skin. Broken Thigh — Treatment Take hold of ankle and by steady traction, pull limb to same length as sound one; another person must then tie knees together, and after- ward the ankles. Both limbs should then be laid over a sack of straw, or folded coat, so as to bend the knees. Patient should on no account be moved until stretcher or cart is close at hand. Send for a doctor then. Broken Arm — Treatment Pull arm to length of sound one. Apply splints, one outside and the other inside, binding them firmly on with cloth or handkerchiefs. The best splints are made by folding newspapers to necessary length, bind- ing them above and below seat of fracture; anything hard and lighti of suitable size, would act equally wt 11, for instance, wood, pasteboard, twigs, leather, etc. Send for a doctor then. — VA — Broken Ribs — Treatment Broken Ribs cause intense pain when patient breathes; bind roller towel firmly round chest, fastening with pins, or sewing. Send for a doctor. Broken Collar Bone — Treatment Bend arm over front of chest; x>lace it in a sling; bind it in that position by scarf going round chest outside sling. Send for doctor then. Treatment for Various Causes Flesh Wounds Uncover wound; wash it with clean water; wring out a clean hand- kerchief, or lint, in cold water, and lay it over the wound. Then bind in position with handkerchief. On no account use tobacco or cobweb. Fainting From heat, exhaustion, or loss of blood. Keep head low; undo clothing about neck; plenty of fresh air; dash cold water on face and chest; smelling-salts carefully used; a little brandy when sensibility has returned, excepting in cases of sunstroke, and where means have not been taken to prevent further bleeding. Fits 1. If snoring and face flushed, undo clothing ai*omid neck, keep head raised and dash cold water on top of head; hot -water bottles to feet. Send for doctor. Do not give brandy. 2. If foaming at mouth and convulsed, undo clothing, apply smelling- salts and prevent the patient from hurting himself or herself until conscious again. Rupture or * 'Break of the Body" Try and push it back with flat hand; keep man on his back. Cold, wet cloths laid over rupture will, perhaps, aid its return. Send for doctor then. — 155 — Suffocation Suffocation from breathing noxious vapors from wells, coal gas or charcoal flumes. — Remove the patient to fresh air, sprinkle cold water on face and head, rub strong vinegar about nostrils, give drink of vinegar and water; to excite breathing, apply rules given in case of drowning. Unless a candle will burn with a clear flame in a well near the water, it is unsafe for persons to go down. Air may be purified by showering water into the well. Drowning Freely expose the face, neck and chest in the breeze, except in very severe weather. Turn the patient on face (let some one hold head so that the face does not touch the ground) and elevate the body so that the water in the lungs may flow out at the nose and mouth. First turn the patient slightly on his side, apply snuff or ammonia to the nostrils, dash cold water in the face, rubbing the body briskly until it is warm. To imitate respiration, throw the patient on his face, then turn the body gently but completely on the side and a little beyond, repeating these measures deliberately, efficiently and perseveringly fifteen times a minute in all. This number of thoracic movements per minute acts with the natural order of respiratory thoracic dilations and contractions, corresponds with the slow movement of the heart, averaging something less than sixty pulsations per minute. When the prone position is resumed, make equable but efficient pressure along the spine; remove it immediately before rotation on the side. (The first measure augments expiration; the second commences inspiration.) To induce circulation and warmth, continue these measures, rubbing the limbs upward with a firm pressure and with energy, using handkerchiefs, etc. Replace the patient's wet clothing by such other as can be soonest procured- To incite inspiration, let the surface of the body be briskly slapped with the hand or let cold water be dashed briskly on the surface, previously rubbed dry and warm. Frozen Limbs Rub with snow or place in cold water until sensation returns. Warm very gradually. A Shock If faint and cold, give stimulant in small doses, once in fifteen or twenty minutes, and secure warmth by external application or rubbing. — 156 — Composition of the Human Body A man of 154 pounds weight contains 11(3 pounds of water, and 38 pounds of dry matter. Of the dry matter 28 pounds are organic, and 10 pounds are mineral matter. The blood of a fully grown and healthy man weighs, in a liquid state, about 20 pounds, consisting of about 15§ pounds of water and 4J pounds of solid matter. Ten Laws of Health 1. Pure air is the food of the lungs. This is obtained by scientific ventilation, which consists in admitting currents or movements of air in the apartments through two or more apertures. 2. Good and properly cooked food, not food seasoned to cover up decay, partial or complete. 3. Water, not iced, but cooled by being placed upon ice, either in pitchers or bottles. 4. Adequate exercise in the o]pen air, in order to help the skin throw off effete matter. 5. The sun bath. No sitting or reading in darkened rooms, or those lighted by gas. Gas burns up oxygen very rapidly. Sitting under a gas jet turns the hair gray, and by overheating" the scalp destroys its vitality, and causes the hair to fall out. 6. Proper and sufficient clothing: that which is loose, light and warm. Light colors for Summer, and dark for Winter. In Winter wear a flannel bandage around the abdomen. 7. Occupations which are of an outdoor character; eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, eight hours for rest. 8. Personal cleanliness is essential. Bathe once a week. Baths to be of the same temperature as the body. Bathing enables the skin to throw off effete matters, causing the dead and useless epidermis to peel off. 9. No marriage with a near relative. 10. Avoid wine, whiskey, beer and tobacco. Keep thy soul and body clean. The Heart The heart is six inches in length and four inches in diameter. It beats 70 times per minute. It forces out 2^ ounces of blood at each beat; 10 pounds 15 ounces of lilood per minute. — 157 - The Lungs Ihe lungs are inflated on an average of 19 times per minute; 1,140 times per hour. At each inspiration about 26 cubic inches of air are inhaled; 2| gallons of air per minute. To Remove a Particle From the Eye Take a horsehair and double it, leaving a loop. If the object can be seen, lay the loop over it, close the eye, and the mote will come out as the hair is withdrawn. If the irritating object cannot be seen, raise the lid of the eye as high as possible, and place the loop as high aj you can, close the eye, and roll the ball around a few times, draw out the hair, and the substance which caused the pain will be sure to come with it. The Pulse in Health New born infants from 140 down to 130 per minute. During 1st year from 130 down to 115 per minute. During 2d year from 115 down to 103 per minute. During 3d year from 105 down to 95 per minute. During 7th to 14th year from 90 down to 80 per minute. During 14th to 21st year from 85 down to 75 per minute. During 21st to GOth year from 75 down to 70 per minute. In old age from 75 up to 80 per minute. Ventilation Each person requires at least from three to four cubic feet of air per minute. Ordinary windows allow about 8 cubic feet a minute to pass. Sleeping apartments require 1 ,000 feet to each occupant. An ordinary gas flame requires as much air as nine persons. A neat, clean, fresh aired, sAveet, cheerful, well-arranged house, exerts a moral influence over its inmates, and makes the members of a family peaceable and considerate of each other's feelings; on the contrary, a filthy, squalid, noxious dwelling, contributes to make its inhabitants selfish, sensual, and regardless of the feelings of others. Never sleep in a small, close bedroom, either during Summer or Win- ter, without free ventilation from door or windows, unless otherwise supplied with abundance of fresh air. It will be seen that a person's house usually corresponds with his character. — 15S — How Fast a Person Grows At birth the mean length of boys is 18| inches, and of girls is 18| inches. Growth is most rapid immediately after birth and continually diminishes until about five years of age, from tlien until 16 years the annual growth is 2 1-5 inches; during the next year, 1^ inches, and during the next two years, one inch only. The mean height of man has been estimated at 5 feet 4 inches. A man is taller in the morning than at night by half an inch The Ten Seven Years of Life Seven years in childhood's sport and play, 7, Seven years in school from day to day, 14 Seven years at trade or college life, 21 Seven years to find and place a wife, 28 Seven years to pleasure's follies given, J?5 Seven years by business hardly driven, 42 Seven yours for fame, a wild-goose chase, 49 Seven ycar^ for wealth, a bootless race, 56 Seven years for hoarding for your heir, 63 Seven years in weakness spent, and care, 70 Then die and go you know not where. What to Do When the Clothes Take Fire Three out of four persons rush up to the burning individual and b2gin to paw with their hands without any definite aim. It is useless to tell the victim to do this or that, or to call for water. In fact, it is generally best to say not a word, but seize a blanket from a bed, or a cloak of any woolen fabric — if none is at hand take any woolen material — hold the corners as far apart as you can, stretch them out higher than your head, and running boldly to the person make a motion of clasping in the arms, mostly about the shoulders. This instantly smothers the fire and saves the face. The next instant throw the unfortunate person on the floor. 1 his is an additional safety to the face and breast, and any remnant of flame can be put out more leisurely. 159 — Muscles, Heat and Fat, Water Properties OF Food 100 parts of each Heat and Name of Food Water, etc. Muscle making Fat making Apples 84.0 5.0 10.0 Barley 14.0 15.0 68.8 Beans 14.8 24.0 57.7 Beef 50.0 15.0 30.0 Buckwheat 14.2 8.6 75.4 Butter all Cabbage 90.0 4.0 5.0 Cheese 10.0 65.0 19.0 Chicken 46.0 18.0 32.0 Corn 14.0 12.0 73.0 Cucumbers 97.0 1.5 1.0 Eggs, white of 79.0 17.0 none Eggs, yolk of 53.0 15.0 • 27.0 Lamb 50.5 11.0 35.0 Milk, cow's 86.0 5.0 8.0 Mutton 44.0 12.5 40.0 Oats 13.0 17.0 66.4 Peas 14.0 23.4 60.0 Pork 38.5 10.0 50.0 Potatoes 75.2 1.4 22.5 Rice 13.5 6.5 79.5 Turnips , 94.4 1.1 4.0 Veal 68.5 10.1 16.5 Wheat.... 14.0 14.6 69.4 To Determine the Weight of Live Cattle Measure in inches girth around breast just behind shoulder-blade and the length of back from tail to fore part of shoulder-blade. Multiply girth by length and divide by 144. If girth is less than three feet, multiply the quotient by 11; if between three and five feet, mul- tiply by 16; if between five and seven feet, multiply by 23; if between seven and nine feet, multiply by 31. If animal is lean, deduct one- twentieth from result, or take girth and length in feet, multiply square of girth by length, and multiply product by 3.36. Live weight multi- plied by .605 gives net weight, nearly. — 160 Carrying Capacity of a Freight Car This table applies to Ten Ton Cars Apples. 370 bushels Barley 300 " Bran 1,000 " Butter 20,000 pounds Cattle 18 to 20 head Corn 400 bushels Eggs 130 to 160 barrels Flaxseed 360 bushels Flour 90 barrels Flour 200 sacks Hogs . . 50 to 60 head Lime 70 barrels Lumber 6,000 feet Oats 680 bushels Potatoes . . . 430 " Salt 70 barrels Sheep . . 80 to 100 head Wheat .... 340 bushels Whiskey . . GO barrels Wood 6 cords Drying Oils Linseed Oils Cress-seed Oil Poppy Oil Sunflower Oil Walnut Oil Tobacco-seed Oil Oils, Classified Non-Drying Oils Almond Oil Castor Oil Colza Oil Oil of Mustard Rape-seed Oil Olive Oil, etc. Essential Oils Oil of Anise Oil of Bergamot Oil of Carraway Oil of Cassia Oil of Cedar Oil of Cloves Oil of Lavender Oil of Lemon Oil ofMint Oil of Myrrh Oil of Nutmeg Oil of Peppermint Oil of Rose Oil of Turpentine Anchors a Vessel Must Carry a vessel of 2,000 tons must carry anchors weighing 18 tons with two-inch chain cables 300 fathoms long, and pro rata for larger or smaller vessels. All vessels carry seven anchors. 161 — Name of Alloys or Composition of Metals Name of Metal Aluminium bronze Bell metal Brass Britannia metal Bronze Dutch metal German Silver Gold currency Gun metal Mosaic gold Ormolu Pewter Silver currency Shot Solder Stereotype metal Type metal Metal combine with Metal combine with Metal combine with Allo5^s Copper and Aluminium Copper and Tin Copper and Zinc Antimony and Tin Copper and Tin Copper and Zinc Copper, Nickel and Zinc Gold and Copper Copper and Tin Copper and Zinc Tin and Lead Silver and copper Lead and Arsenic Antimony and Tin Lead, Antimony and Bismuth Lead and Antimony (also copper at times) Chlorine and produce Chlorides. Sulphur and produce Sulphides. Oxygen and produce Oxidei> What There is in a Ton of Coal From one ton of ordinary gas coal may be produced 1,500 pounds of coke, 20 gallons of ammonia water, and 140 pound? of coal tar. By destructive distillation the coal tar will yield 69.6 pounds of pitch, 17 pounds of creosote, 14 pounds heavy oils, 9.5 pounds of najjhtha yellow, 6.3 pounds of naphthaline, 4.75 pounds of naphthol, 2.25 pounds of alazarin, 2.4 pounds of solvent naphtha, 1.5 pounds of phenol, 1.2 pounds of aurine, 1.1 pounds of benzine, l.I pounds of analine, 0.77 of a pound of toluidine, 0.46 of a pound of anthracine and 0.9 of a pound of toluene. From the latter is obtained the new sub- stance known as saccharine, which is 230 times as sweet as the best cane sugar, one part of it giving a very sweet taste to a thousand parts of water. TJIJ 0» -^ 17 B- tY o* dr.Twn-e: — 162 — Balloons, Remarkable Ascensions The most remarkable ascents ou record are those of Montgolfier, who ascended to the height of 2,000 yards from Lyons, France, in 1783. Guy Lussac, in 180i, from Paris, France, to the height of 7,700 yards. Cox and Glaisher, in 1862, from Wolviston, England, to the height of 12,333 yards. During the Siege of Paris, France, from September 1870, to February 1871, 04 balloons were sent up, with 91 passengers, 354 pigeons, and 3,000,000 letters, weighing nine tons. Business Law in Daily Use It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. Ignorance of the lavV excuses no one. The acts of one partner bind all the rest. A note or contract made with a minor or lunatic is Toid. An agreement without consideration is void unless fully executed. Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. The law compels no one to do impossibilities. A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. Contracts for advertising in Sunday newspapers are invalid. Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm, except in case of special partnership. Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. Agents are responsible to their principals for errors. A note given by a minor is void. A note drawn on Sunday is void. It is not legally necessary to say on a note *' for value received." A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of intoxica- tion, cannot be collected. If a note be lost or stolen, it does not release the maker; he must pay. The indorser of a note is exempt from liability if not served with notice of its dishonor within twenty-four hours ai its non-payment. Notes bear interest only when so stated. Checks or drafts must be presented for jiayment in reasonable time. An indorsee has the right of action against all whose names were on the bill when he received it, unless an indorsement be such as would free the indorser from liability. — 163 — Part payments of a debt which has passed the time of statutory limitations revives the whole debt. An indorsee may prevent his own liability to be sued by writing ** without recourse " or similar words. If the letter containing a protest of non-payment be put into the post-office, any miscarriage does not affect the party giving notice. An oral agreement must be proved by evidence, a written agreement proves itself. The law prefers written to oral evidence because of its precision. An indorsement should be written on the back of a bill or note. The payee should be distinctly named in a note, unless payable to bearer. No consideration is sufficient in law if it be illecjal in its nature. A bill may be written upon any paper or substitute for it, either with ink or pencil. If two or moic persons as partners are jointly liable on a note or bill, due notice to one of them is sufficient. All claims which rest upon written contracts must be sued within four years from the time when they are due. If the time of payment of a note is not inserted, it is payable on demand. Notes falling due Sunday, or on a legal holiday , must be paid the day previous. Notes dated Sunday are void. Altering a note in any manner, by the holder, makes it void. If a note is transferred as security, or even as payment of a pre- existing debt, the debt revives if the note be dishonored. The holder of a note may give notice of dishonor to all previous indorsers, or only to one of them. Releasing a prior iudorser releases all who follow him. Indorsers are liable in their order; and each has twenty-four hours after receiving his own notice to give notice to those whom he wishes to hold liable. The maker of an *' accommodation " bill or note, that is to say, one for which he has received no consideration, having lent his name or credit for the accommodation of the payee, is nob bound to the person accommodated, but is bound to all parties into whose hands it may subsequently fall in due course of business, precisely as if there was a good consideration. — 161 — Useful Information — Law Every citizen is entitled to inspect and copy public writings. When an instrument consists partly of written words and partly of a printed form, and the two inconsistent, the former controls the latter. The language of a writing is to be interpreted according to the taeaning it bears in the place of its execution. A married woman who is adjudged a sole trader is responsible and liable for the maintenance of her minor children. The husband of a sole-trader is not liable for any debts contracted by her in the course of her sole-trader business, unless agreed by con- tract. If original pleadings or papers be lost, the court may authorize a copy thereof to be filed and used in jjlace of the original. When debts are incurred by any person or his wife or family for the common necessaries of life, one half of his earnings for personal ser- vices rendered at any time within thirty daj's next preceding attach- ment or execution, are subject to execution, garnishment or attach- ment, to satisfy debts so incurred. Legal holidays are every Sunday, the first day of January, 22d of February, 30th of May, 4th of July, and 25th of December. If the 1st of January, 22d of February, 30th of May, 4th of July, or 25th of December fall on Sunday, the Monday following is a holiday. The day of the state elections, or by order of the President or G-overnor. The Knot and the Mile The "knot" and the mile are terms often used interchangeably, but erroneously so. The fact is that a mile is less than 87 jjer cent of a knot. Three and one-half miles are equal, within a very small frac- tion to three knots. The knot is 6,082.06 feet in length. The statute mile is 5,280 feet. The result of the difference is that speed in miles per hour is always considerably larger than when stated in knots, and if a person forgets this and states the speed at so many knots, when it was really so many miles, he may be giving figures verging on the incredible. « ,-Hca »a CO'* CO -^ CO ^ lO «0 t-- GO ^H \s4rj1 jiO'-i'Mco-fin'^t^oooso^Cjeo-^vo ^-l1-Hl-lI-i^^1-(I-tT-(.-l(^^(^^{^(^^(^^<^^ (J)Oi— iC^co-'tiiOlOl^COOSO'— ifNCO"^^ Cn S H ^ H P>^ O} C/) ^ H ^ H fa OD W S H C<1 (M (M P^i-(i-l-H,-(,-lrHjL^rHi-liM(r^(N(Mj5l'^ )OiOH^co'*u:)Ot^OOCiO'-H CO ■* If) 'Xi t- 00 050 rH OJ CO"* lOCOf^cooOr-Krqco ^HfaoQC/) S H ^ H - — ^ I- 00 C5 o '-t (NCvjj^C^C^JfMCOCO "^ lO vo I "' "' w CO Tt 10 to •>• CO OiO .-( cCOOiO ^Hfa:/:C/3S Hfa f-( I— I i—i I— I rH ^ C^ (N C^ C<1 UN u^ jVj ^N UN -v wrf H^HfaaD(/)^H^HPc, 1— t 10 ,_! (M ^ CO CO TJH rtl CO M^ tX> GO 00 GO CO GO T-{ rH rH rH r-< Oi 1—i CO ■^ 1^ OA CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 00 CO 00 00 r-t r—t rH r—i T-i T-< 00 a> ^ (M CO CO rH rH (N (M (M 00 00 GO on 00 GO 1—t 1-i rH -0 CO t>. t^ 00 GO 00 GO 00 00 GO 1—1 1-i rH >— t Tj< 00 00 00 ^^ o CJ rj 43 OO au GO OD rH rH rH I rH •3 -a W QJ M O >' o 03 £ o a O CI S M O p^ .rt (M >» E =9 - O "OJ 2 O) -S 1 "^ =^ .• ■►J fl ^-^•^ „ ^ ^ !=^ S -:= •^ jj fH •a «-'•;:« a ^ ^ ^ 5 ^ S § 5 kj S S i2 ^ H — 166 — Bankers' Table Showing the number of days from any date in one month to the same date in any other month. FROM xo -l^"- ^^^- Mar. Apr. I May June July Aug. Sep. Oct Nov, January February March April May June July August September October November December 365 334 306 275 245 214 184 153 122 92 61 31 31 365 337 306 276 245 215 184 153 l23 92 62 59 28 365 334 90 59 31 365 304335 273 3J4 243 i 274 212,243 181 ,212 151 182 120,151 90121 120 89 61 30 365 334 304 273 242 212 181 151 151 120 92 61 31 365 335 ^04 273 243 212 182 181 150 122 91 61 30 365 334 303 273 242 212 212 181 153 243 212 184 122 153 92|123 61 1 92 311 62 365 31 334 '365 273 242 214 183 153 122; 92 61 30 304 335 365 273 304 334 243 274j304 304 273 245 214 184 153 128 92 61 31 365 335 Oec. 334 303 275 244 214 183 153 122 91 61 30 365 Example — How many days from May 5th to October 5th? Look for May at the left hand and October at the top; in the angle is 153. In leap year add one day if February is included. Bills of Exchange A Bill of Exchange or Draft is an order drawn by one person or firm upon another, payable either at sight or at a stated future time. It becomes an "Acceptance " when the party upon whom it is drawn writes across the face "Accepted" and signs his name thereto ; and is negotiable and bankable the same as a note and is subject to the same laws. In many States both Sight and Time Drafts are entitled to three days' grace, the same as notes ; but if made in form of a bank check, "pay to," without the words " at sight," it is payable on presentation without grace. Financial Crises 1837— United States "Wild Cat" crisis, all banks closed. 1839 — Bank of England saved by Bank of France. Severe in France where 93 companies failed for six millions. 1844— England, State loans to merchants. Bank of England reformed. 1847 — England, failures, 20 millions; discount, 13 per cent. 1857 — United States, 7,200 houses failed for 111 millions. 1866 — London, Overend-Gurney crisis ; failures exceeding 100 mil- lions. — 167 — Value of Foreign Coins in U. S. Money (Proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury, January 1, 1889) Value in Country Standard Monetary Unit U. S. Mon. Argentine Rep Double. Peso $0.96,5 Austria Single silver Florin 88,6 Belgium Double Franc 19,3 ' Bolivia Single silver Boliviano 68 Brazil Single gold Miireis of 1,000 reis . . .54,6 British N. Amer Single gold Dollar 1.00 Chili Double Peso 91,2 Cuba Double Peso 92,6 Denmark Single gold Crown 26,8 Ecuador Single silver Sucre 68 Egypt Single gold Pound (100 piastres). . 4.94,3 France Double Franc 19,3 German Empire Single gold Mark 23,8 Great Britain Single gold Pound sterling 4.86,6^ Greece Double Drachma 19 3 Guatemala Single silver Peso 68 Hayti Double Gourde 96,5 Honduras Single silver Peso 68 India Single silver Rupee of 16 annas ... .32,3 Italy Double Lira 19,3 J-P-" *D-wo Yen ]|tt::::;.::: :§} Liberia Single Gold Dollar 1.00 Mexico Single silver. Dollar 73,9 Netherlands Double Florin 40,2 Nicaragua Single silver Peso 68 Norway Single gold Crown 23,8 Peru Single silver Sol 68 Portugal Single gold Miireis of 1,000 reis. . 1.08 Russia Single silver Rouble of 100 kopecks .54,4 Spain Double Peseta of 100 centimes . 19,3 Sweden Single gold Crown 26,8 Switzerland Double Franc 1 9, 3 Tripoli Single silver Mahbub of 20 piastres .61,4 Turkey Single gold Piastre 04,4 U. S. Colombia Single silver Peso 68 Venezuela Single silver Bolivar 13,6 *Gold the nominal standard. Silver practically the standard. The value of the Shanghai taels based on the price of silver used in esti- mating the value of foreign silver coins, as above, is $1,005. Note. — The "Standard" of a given country is indicated as follows, namely: Dovble, where its standard silver coins are unlimited legal tender, the same as its gold coins; Single gold or single silver, as its standard coins of one or the other metal are unlimited legal tender. The par of exchange of the monetary unit of a country with a single gold, or a double, standard is fixed at the value of the gold unit as compared with the United States gold unit. In the case of a country with a single silver standard, the par of exchange is computed at the mean price of silver in the London market for a period commencing October 1st and ending December 24th, as per daily cable despatches to tlie Bureau of the Mint. 168 Brokers' Technicalities A ''Bull'' is one M'ho operates to raise the value of stocks, that he may buy for a rise. A " Bear " is one who sells stock for future delivery which he does not own at the time of sale. A "Corner" is when the bears cannot buy or borrow the stock to deliver in fulfillment of their contracts. *' Overloaded " is when the bulls cannot take and pay for the stock they have purchased. " Short " is when a person or party sells stocks when they have none and expect to buy or borrow in time to deliver. "Long" is when a person or party has a plentiful supply of stocks. A "Pool or Ring" is a combination formed to control the i^rice of stocks. A broker is said to carry stocks for his customer when he has bought and is holding it for his account. A "Wash " is a pretended sale by special agreement between buyer and seller, for the purpose of getting a quotation reported. A "Put and Call " is when a person gives so much per cent, for the option of buying or selling so much stock on a certain fixed day, at a price fixed the day the option is given. Navy Yards of the United States 1. Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. 2. Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, Mass. 3. Gosport Navy Yard, near Norfolk, Va. 4. Kittery Navy Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. H. 5. League Island Navy Yard, seven miles below Philadelphia, Pa. 6. Mare Island Navy Yard, near San Francisco, Cal. 7. New London Naval Station, New London, Conn. 8. Norfolk Navy Yard, Norfolk, Va. 9. Pensacola Navy Yard, Pensacola, Fla. 10. Washington City Navy Yard, Washington, D. 0. There are naval stations at New London, Conn., Port Royal, S. C, and Key West, Fla., and a torpedo station and naval war college at Newport, R. I. United States Naval Academy is at Annapolis, Md. — 169 ~ Principal Countries of the World, their Population, Area in Square Miles and Capitals Country Population Area Sq. M. Location Capital Abyssinia 3,000,000 129,000 Africa Gondar Afghanistan 4,000,000 279,000 Asia Cabul Anam Kingdom 12,000,000 202,600 Asia Hul Algeria 3,310,412 161,476 Africa Algiers Arabia 6,000,000 887,442 Asia Mecca Andorra 5,800 175 Europe Andorra Argentine Confederation 3, 026, 000 1,125,086 S. Am. Buenos Ayres Australia 3,200,000 3,091,897 Oceanica Melbourne Austro-Hungary 39,206,052 261,591 Europe Vienna Belgium 5,720,807 11,373 Europe Brussels Beloochistan 1,000,200 140,000 Asia Kelat Bolivia 2,327,000 481,600 S. America La Paz Brazil 10,200,000 3,219,000 S. Am. Rio de Janeiro British India 199,755,993 874,220 Asia Calcutta British Honduras 27,542 7,562 C. America Belize Bulgaria 2,007,919 24,360 Europe Sophia Burmah Kingdom 5,000,520 176,568 Asia Mandalay Canada 4,500,200 3,425,743 N. America Ottawa Cape Colony 1,029,168 229,815 Africa Capetown China Empire 404,180,000 4,179,559 Asia Pekin Chili 2,271,949 256,399 S. America Santiago Colombia, U. S. of 4,000,000 331,420 S. America Bogota Congo Free State 8,000,021 1,056,200 Africa Corea 10,227,885 82,000 Asia Seoul Costa Rica 190,000 26,040 C. America San Jose Denmark 2,045,179 13,784 Europe Copenhagen Ecuador 1,146,000 248,370 S. America Quito Egypt 6,806,381 394,240 Africa Cairo France 37,672,048 204,177 Europe Paris German Empire 45,234,061 212,028 Europe Berlin Great Britain and Ireland 35,246,568 120,908 Europe London British Empire 315,885,000 8,991,254 London Greece 1,979,453 25,111 Europe Athens Guatemala 1,278,311 46,774 C.Am. N.Guatemala Hayti 93,200 9,830 W. In. Port -au-Prince Dominican Republic 300,000 20,596 W. In. Sar I Domingo 170 Principal Countries, Etc. — Coiitinued Country Honduras Ireland Italy Japan Empire Liberia Madagascar Mexico Montenego Morocco Natal Nicaragua Netherlands Norway- Nubia Orange Free State Paraguay Persia Peru Portugal Roumania Russia Russian Empire San Salvador San Marino Sandwich Islands Servia Scotland Siam Spain Sweden Switzerland United States Uruguay Turkey Turkey Transvaal Tunis Venezuela Zanzibar Population Area Sq. M. 458,000 42,(358 5,174,836 32,531 28,459,451 114,411 36,700,118 148,456 1,140,000 14,300 3,000,000 228,570 10,097,000 748,953 245,380 13,486 6,500,000 319,000 416,219 21,150 400,900 51,660 28,459,628 12,648 1,806,900 122,869 400,000 35,000 133,518 70,000 476,000 91,970 7,653,600 635,940 2,970,000 503,718 4,306,554 36,510 5,376,000 48,307 86,486,959 2,041,402 102,970,000 8,644,100 554,000 7,225 7,816 32 66,097 6,667 1,820,000 18,800 3,815,753 29,820 5,700,000 28,554 16,061,859 191,100 4,603,595 170,979 2,846,102 15,992 58,442,060 3,602,990 520,536 73,538 4,490,945 63,850 16,172,981 729,350 800,000 114,360 2,100,000 42,000 2,121,958 632,695 300,000 625 Location Capital 0. Am. Tegucigalpa Near Europe Dublin Europe Rome Near Asia Tokio Africa Monrovia Nr. Africa Antanarivo North America Mcxica Europe Cetigne Africa Morocco Afa. Pietermaritzburg 0. America Managua Europe The Hague Europe Chris tiania Africa Dongola Africa Bloemfontein S. A. Asuncion Asia Teheran South America Lima Europe Lisbon Europe Bukharest Europe St. Petersburg St. Petersburg 0. Am. San Salvador Europe San Marino Pacific 0. Honolulu Europe Belgrade Nr. Europe Edinburgh Asia Bangkok Europe Madrid Europe Stockholm Europe Bern N. Am. Washington S. Am. Montevideo Europe Constantinople Asia Constantinople Africa Pretoria Africa Tunis^ S. Am. Caracas Africa Zanzibar 171 Navies of the World Country Vessels Men Great Britain 556 87 ,427 France 507 42,848 Russia 410 31,000 Italy , 175 13,328 China 124 8,935 Netherlands 120 7,204 Spain 114 22,000 Austro-Hungary 110 9,775 United States 107 12, 1 14 Denmark 92 1,500 Germany 79 16,995 Sweden 68 5,927 Country Vessels Men Turkey 64 4,200 Brazil 59 4,323 Portugal 55 4,908 Norway 50 1,260 Argentine Republic. . . 38 1,500 Japan 36 4,500 Greece 35 2,864 Egypt 29 2,100 Chili 18 1,988 Roumania 16 1,247 Canada 7 1,200 Mexico 5 510 Presidents of the Continental Congresses Peyton Randolph, of Virginia Sept. 5,1774 Henry Middleton, of South Carolina Oct. 22, 1774 Peyton Randolph, of Virginia May 10, 1775 John Hancock, of Massachusetts May 24, 1775 Henry Laurens, of South Carolina .» , Nov. 1, 1777 John Jay, of New York Dec. 10, 1778 Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut Sept. 28, 1779 Thomas McKean, of Delaware July 10, 1781 John Hanson, of Maryland Nov. 5, 1781 Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey Nov. 4, 1782 Thomas MifHin, of Pennsylvania Nov. 3, 1783 Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia Nov. 30, 1784 John Hancock, Massachusetts Jan. 11, 1785 Nathaniel Gorham, of Massachusetts Juno 6, 1786 Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania Feb. 21, 1787 Cyrus Griffin, of Virginia Jan. 22, 1788 Where the Continental Congresses Met The seat of government was established first at Philadelphia, Penn., commencing Sept. 5, 1774 and May 10, 1775; at Baltimore, Md., com- mencing Dec. 20, 1776; at Philadelphia, Penn., commencing March 4, 1777; at Lancaster, Penn., commenxjing Sept. 27, 1777; at York, Penn., commencing Sept. 30, 1777; at Philadelphia, Penn., commencing July 2, 1778; at Princeton, N. J., commencing June 30, 1783; at Annapolis, Md., commencing Nov. 26, 1783; at Trenton, N. J., commencing Nov. 1, 1784; and at New York, N. Y., commencing Jan. 11, 1785. -172- FORMATION OF THE UnION (UnITED StaTES) On Monday, September 5, 1774, a number of men were assembled at Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia, who had been chosen by the several Colonies, in what now constitutes the United States, to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain grievances imputed to the mother country (England). This Congress resolved that each colony should have one vote only. On Tuesday, July 2, 1776, the Congress resolved: "That these United Colonies are and of right ought to be Free and Independent States," etc.; and on Thursday, July 4, 1776, the whole Declaration of Independence having been agreed upon, was publicly read to the people. On September 9, 1776, it was resolved that the words "United Colo- nies" should no longer be used and that "United States'' should thenceforward be the style of the Union. On Saturday, November 15, 1777, "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States of America" were agreed to by the State Delegates, subject to the ratification of the several State Legislatures. Eight of the States ratified these articles, July 9, 1778; one July 21, 1778; one July 24, 1778; one November 26, 1778; one Februai-y 22, 1779; and the last March 1, 1781. Battles of the Revolutionary War The following comprises all the battles for freedom of the American Colonies, that took place from April 19, 1775, to the closing, October 19, 1781, just 6 years and 6 months. The British sent over 134,000 sol- diers and sailors (and paid Indians to do bloody work on the field and to families at home) to the war. The Colonies met them with 230,- 000 Colonists and 50,000 militia (and near the close the French helped a little). The leading and notable battles of the war were as follows: Con- cord and Lexington, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Tren- ton, Princeton, Bennington, Monmouth, King's Mountain, C-owpeus, Eutaw Springs, and Yorktown. Name of Battle Won by Whom When Fought Lexington and Concord, Mass. . . .First skirmish..... April 19, 1775 Ticonderoga, N. Y .American May 10, 1775 Bunker Hill, Mass American June 17, 1 7~5 Montreal, Canada British •. Sept. 25, 1 775 St. John, Canada American Nov. 3, 1775 Great Bridge, Va British Dec. 9, 17^5 173 — Name of Battle Won by Whom When Fought Quebec, Cancada British Dec. 31, 1775 M cores Creek Bridge, N. C American Feb. 27, 1776 Boston, Mass British tied Mai\ 17, 1776 Fort Moultrie, S. C American June 28, 1776 Long Island, N. Y British Aug. 26, 1776 Harlem Plains, N. Y. American Sept. 16, 1776 White Plains, N. Y British Oct. 28, 1776 Fort Waslaington, N. Y British Nov. 16, 1776 Trenton, N. J American Dec. 27, 1776 Princeton, N. J American Jan. 3, 1777 Hubbardtown, Vt British July 7, 1777 Bennington, Vt American Aug. 16, 1777 Brandy wine, Penn British Sept. II, 1777 First Battle of Saratoga, N. Y". . .American Sept. 19, 1777 Paoli, Penn. British Sept. 20, 1777 Germantown, Penn British Oct. 4, 1777 Fts Clinton and Montgomery, N Y.British Oct. 6, 1777 Second Battle of Saratoga, N. Y. .American Oct. 7, 1777 Surrender of Burgoyne, N. Y American Oct. 13, 1777 Fort Mercer, N. J American Oct. 22, 1777 Fort Miffiin, Penn British Nov. 1777 Monmouth, N. J American June 28, 1778 Wyoming Massacre, N. Y July 3, 1778 Quaker Hill, R. I American Aug. 28, 1778 Savannah, Ga British Dec. 29, 1778 Kettle Creek, Ga American Feb. 14, 1779 Briar Creek, Ga British Mar. 3, 1779 Stone Ferry, S. C British June 20, 1779 Stony Point, N. Y American July 16, 1779 Savannah, Ga American Aug. 9, 1779 Paulus Hook, N. J American Aug. 13, 1779 Chemung (Indians), N. Y American Aug. 27, 1779 Charleston, S. C (Sur. to the ]5ritish). . . May 12, 1780 Springfield, N. J American June 28, 1780 Bocky Mount, S. British July 30, 1780 Hanging Rock, S. C American Aug. 6, 1780 Sanders' Creek, nr. Camden, N. C.British Aug. 16, 1780 King's Mountain, S. C British Oct. 7, 1780 Fish Dam Ford, Broad River, S. C American Nov. 18, 1780 Blackstocks, S. C American Nov. 20, 1780 Cowpens, N. C American Jan. 17, 1781 Guilford, S. C British Mar. 15, 1781 Hookirk's Hill, S. C British Apr. 25, 1781 Ninety-six (besieged), Ga American May and June 1781 Augusta (besieged), Ga British May and June 1781 Eutaw Springs, S. C American Sept. 8, 1781 Yorktown, Va. (Coruwallis sur. ) . American Oct. li), 1781 Peace declared Treaty signed at Paris. Sept. 3, 1783 174 Government of the United States The executive power is vested in the President, who holds office for four years, and receives $50,000 annually. The President and Vice-President are elected by electors chosen by the people. The number of electors from each State is equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled. The electors vote by ballot. These votes are sent sealed to the President of the Senate, who opens them in the presence of Congress. If there are two parties who have received an equal number of votes, the House of Representatives choose by ballot one of them for Pres- ident. The various Cabinet Officers are appointed by the President. They are six in number and receive $8,000 annually. The legislative power is vested in Congress, of which there are two branches; the Senate, which is composed of two members from each State, who hold office for six years, at an annual salary of .$5,000; and the House of Representatives, who are elected by the vote of each State, to hold office two years, and receive a salary of $5,000 annually. As President of the Senate, the Vice-President performs his entire duty, except in case of removal or death of the President, in which event he assumes the executive powers. He is elected for the same term of Office as the President, and receives $8,000 annually. The President of the United States is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy; but the direct supervision of them belongs to the Secretaries of War and of the Navy. The Judiciary of the United States consists of a Supremo Court which sits at Washington, D. C, and which is composed of a Chief Justice, who receives $10,500 annually, and eightAssociate Justices who receive $10,000 annually. They are appointed by the President and hold office during good behavior. The United States is divided into nine Judicial Circuits, each of which has a Circuit Judge, whose salary is $G,000 annually. There are fifty- eight District Courts from which an appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Each State and Territory has its own local government, not unlike the general government in its essential features. The executiv^e author- ity is vested in the Governor. The revenue of the Government is chiefly derived from custom-house duties on imports, proceeds of sales of public lands, and internal reve- nue taxes. Since the j'ear 1865-6 the revenue has each year largely exceeded the expenditure, and there has been gradual reduction of taxes. In conformity with several enactments of Congress, the surplus reve- nue is devoted to the gradual redemption of the public debt. — 175 — Facts for Californians Legal Holidays. — January 1st; February 22d; May 30th; July 4th; Ocneral Election day; Thanksgiving Day; December 25th. Interest. — Seven per cent is the legal rate, though any rate can be made by contract. Statue of Limitation. — Open accounts, two years; Notes, four years; Judgments, five years. Garnishments. — One month's wages is exempt from garnishment to the head of a family. Justices' Court. — Jurisdiction is limited to $299.99. Chattel Mortgage. — Is not valid on stock of merchandise, unless mortgagee takes immediate possession. Qualification of Voters. — Must be a citizen of the United States either by birth, naturalization or treaty of Queretaro; have resided one year in the State, ninety days in the County, and thirty days in the Precinct. Area of California. — There are 157,801 square miles or 100,992,640 acres in the State, being over 100 acres for every man, woman and child. Land Offices. — There are nine United States land offices in the State located as follows : At Humboldt, Los Angeles, Marysville, Sacra- mento, Redding, Stockton, San Francisco, Susan ville and Visalia. Filing Claims. — Against estate of deceased person within four months, unless the estate exceeds $10,000, when ten months is allowed. With Assignee, no special time, but should be within three months. Exemptions under Homestead Law. — Home worth $5,000 to head of family, together with numerous and specific articles, including house- hold goods, implements, tools, horses and wagons, provisions, library of professionals, stock, etc., irrespective of value, besides mining tools to the value of $500; cabin, $500; and mining claim actually being worked, $500. A single man has personal property exemptions from $500 to $1,000. Marriage Law. — Prohibited degrees are, ancestors, descendants, brothers, sisters, nephews and nieces; void marriages : the above, and also white with negro blood. Voidable : under age of consent, if no cohabitation since attaining such age; insane or idiot; phj'^sical incapacity. License is required. Male attains age at twenty-one and female at eighteen. Divorce Law. — Six months previous residence required. Cause: violation of marriage vow; willful desertion one year; habitual drunk- enness; conviction of felony; cruel and abusive treatment; failure by the husband to provide for one year. 176 Game Laws of California When game may be killed or caught. Male Deer or Buck July 1st to December 15th. Quail September 10th to February 28th. Rail Grouse Partridge Doves June 1st to December 31st. Female Deer or Doe Must not be killed i.z xoy .ime. Antelope " " " " " Elk " Mountain Sheep '' '* " " SpottedFawn " '•' " Speckled Trout April Ist to Octr,V,r 31st. Brook Trout " " Salmon Trout '* " Salmon October 1st to August 1st of next year. The egg3 of Quail, Partridge or GroTis*? must never be taken, gathered or destroyed. In Marin County Qnai! shooting begins October 1st, and Doves August 1st. Deer season ends September 15th. Napa Coi^niy, Quail shooting on August 1st. The killing, taking or injuring of mocking birds is expressly pro- hibited. In Nevada County, Elk, Deer or Antelope must not be killed between the first of February and the first of August. Phosphorus must not be used for killing animals in Santa Clara, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Santa Cruz or San Mateo Counties between the first of March and the first of November. To net, pound, wear, cage or trap any quail, partridge or grouse is illegal at any time or to have in possession any that have been killed or taken that way. Trout must not be taken except by hook and line. The taking of any kind of fish by explosives is prohibited. Salmon and shad must not be caught with net or seine between the sunrise of Saturday and the sunset of Sunday. Seines or nets for catching shad or salmon must have the meshes seven and one-half inches in length. Fishing is prohibited in the creeks or streams of Alameda County between the first day of October and the first day of April. Traps, set-nets, wears, etc., for catching fish is illegal, while seines or nets must not extend more than one-third across any stream or water-wav. — 177 - Salaries of California State Officers Rank Per Annum Governor $6,000 Lieutenant-Governor $10 per day during Session Legislators, both houses $8 " " " '* Secretary of State 3,000 Controller 3,000 Attorney -General 3,000 Clerk of Supreme Court 3,000 Surveyor -General 3,000 Adjutant-General 3,000 Superintendent of State Printing 2,400 State Librarian 3,000 Treasurer 3,000 Superintendent of Public Instruction 3,000 Mechanics' Lien Law of California Condensed from "Statutes and Code of California." Edition of 1886 with amendments of 1887. Mechanics, material men, contractors, sub-contractors, artisans, architects, machinists, builders, laborers, etc. , performing labor upon or furnishing materials to be used in the construction or alteration of any building or other structure, shall have a lien upc n such property for the value of labor done or materials furnished. Said lien shall extend to the entire contract price and shall operate in favor of all persons, except the contractor; after all other liens are satisfied then as a lien for balance due the contractor. All contracts over $1,000 shall be in writing, duly signed, shall describe the property and char- acter of work to be done and the amount to be paid, as also when such payments shall be due. Before beginning, this shall be filed with the County Recorder, otherwise it will be void. In such case the owner of the building or structure is responsible for all liens for labor or mate- rial. No part of the contract work shall be paid in advance ; but it may be made payable in installments after the commencement, provided that at least 25 per cent is made payable at least 35 days after com- pletion. No payments paid in advance, under the contract, shall be valid for the purpose of defeating a lien, except that of the contractor, even — 17S — though the contractor may afterwards abandon the work or become indebted to the owner. No alterations of contract will afifect any lien acquired. If contracts or alterations do not conform to the statutes, the owner will be responsible for all liens except those of the con- tractor. Any of the parties mentioned above except the contractor, may at any time notify the owner, in writing, that they have performed labor or furnished materials to the contractor or others acting for him; they should name the parties, state the kind of labor or material fur- nished, the value of same and of the whole agreed to be done or fur- nished. Care should be taken that the owner, his architects, or authorized agents receive such notice. Upon receipt of such notice the owner or his agents shall withhold from the contractor or his agents suflBcient money to answer such claim, or any lien that may be filed therefor for record, including counsel fees, not to exceed $100 and costs. If the land built upon belongs to the party building, said land is also subject to the lien. Liens here mentioned are preferred to any lien, mortgage or incum- brance, attached subsequent to the commencement of the building or improvements; also of any lien, mortgage or incumbrance unrecorded at the time of such commencement. A contractor must, within sixty days after completion of contract, and other parties within thirty days of such completion, file for record with the County Recorder, a claim under oath, containing a statement of his demand, giving all the facts in the case. When one claim is filed against two or more buildings or structures, such claim must state the amount due on each of said buildings, or structures; otherwise the lien of such claim is postponed to other liens. A lien does does not extend beyond the amount designated, as against other liens. A lien expires after ninety days unless proceedings be commenced in a proper court within that time. If credit be given, then ninety days after such credit is due; a,nd no agreement of credit can extend it beyond two year?. A lien can be laid against a city lot that has been improved at the request of the owner. A n owner of land is responsible for all buildings erected or alterations made on his property unless he shall, within three days after acquiring such knowledge, give notice in writing, that he will not be responsible for the same. A contractor can only recover amount due him according to contract, and he is also responsible for all liens filed for labor and material. - 179 — Where different liens are laid against property, those for manual labor come first; for furnishing materials, second; sub-contractors, third; original contractors, last. Any number of persons claiming liens may join in the same action. Material furnished for the construction or alteration of a building or structure are not subject to attachment, etc., except on a debt due for purchase money of same. An owner or contractor cannot waive or impair the liens of other persons, except by their written consent. Any person who shall give a false notice of his claim to the owner, or who includes work or materials not done or furnished, will forfeit his lien. If the owner or contractor shall conspire or agree that the written contract filed shall appear to show the contract price to be less than it really is, and it shall so show, such contract will be void, and the owner will be responsible for all liens except those of the con- tractor. Liens for Salary and Wages Where an assignment is made, the wages of the employees not exceeding $100 each, and for services rendered within sixty days pre- viously and preferred claims, must be paid before other creditors. In case of the death of an employer, wages for services rendered within sixty days next preceding the death, not exceeding $100, rank in priority next after the funeral expenses, expenses of the last sick- ness, the charges and expenses of administering upon the estate, and the allowance to the widow and infant children. In case of execution, attachment, etc., employees having a claim for labor done, may give notice, with amounts, and- sworn to, to the creditors and oflScers executing such writs, any time before the sale. Unless disputed, the officer will pay to such person, out of the pro- ceeds of the sale, the amount the person is entitled to for services ren- dered within sixty days preceding the levy, not exceeding $100. If the claim is disputed the party claiming must begin action within ten days or be forever barred. In case of dispute, the debtor or creditor shall, within ten days, serve upon the claimant and officer executing the writ, a sworn state- ment, in writing, denying such claim is justly due for services ren- dered within the sixty days next preceding the levy. If claimant brings suit which is disputed in part only, and fail to recover a sum exceeding that which was admitted to be due, he shall not recover costs. 180 — Distance From San Francisco to Various Places To Miles Baltimore 3,222 Boston 3,387 BigTrees 168 Carson... 324 Charleston 3,254 Chicago 2,359 Cheyenne 1,351 Cincinnati 2,558 Colorado Springs 1,530 Columbus. 2,547 Corinne 858 Council Bluffs 1,869 Doming 1,198 Denver 1,457 Duluth ..2,671 Geysers 95 Grand Island 1,713 Hot Springs 1,406 Hanging Rock 932 Indianapolis 2,530 Junction 17 Kansas City 2,096 Laramie 1,294 Lathrop 82 Los Angeles 482 Merced 138 Milwaukee 2,347 Mcnterey 1 25 To Miles National Park 1,713 New Orleans 2,449 New York 3,302 North Platte 1,576 Ogden 835 Omaha 1,867 Oregon City 683 Philadelphia 3,242 Pittsburgh 2,88S Portland 782 Prescott 933 Rawlins 1,206 Reno 294 Sacramento 139 Salt Lake City 870 San Jose 48 Santa Barbara 438 Santa Cruz 80 Santa Fe 1,515 St. Louis 2,340 St. Paul 2,694 Sydney 1,453 Stockton 91 Tucson 978 Virginia City 346 Washington 3,263 Yosemite Valley 199 Yuma 731 How Iron Wears Out When a worn car- wheel tread is examined under the microscope it is perceived that the surface of the metal comes off in thin flakes or scales. Examined under high powers the scales are found to resemble portions of a brick wall, the fractures not being in the particles of iron, but in the materials which unite the particles in a manner similar to which mortar unites the bricks of a wall. Continuous jarring breaks the cement or uniting material, thus allowing iron so treated to fall in pieces. — 181 Distance from New York City to Various Places To Miles Albany, N. Y 144 Altoona, Pa 314 Antwerp, Belgium 3,272 Augusta, Ga 830 Augusta, Me 402 Baltimore, Md 186 Bangor, Me 477 Bellows Falls, Vt 222 Boston, Mass 236 Bremen, Germany 3,800 Bridgeport, Conn 59 Buflfalo, N.Y 423 Burlington, Vt 296 Cadiz, Spain 3,120 Cairo, 111 1,143 Calcutta, India ] 2,500 Canton, China 14,090 Cape Horn, S. A 7,000 Cape Race, N. F 1,000 Cape Town, Africa 6,800 Charleston, S. C 829 Chicago, 111 898 Chillicothe, O 674 Cincinnati, O 744 Cleveland, O 581 Columbus, O 624 Concord, N. H 270 Council Bluffs, Iowa 1,411 Davenport, Iowa 1,082 Dayton, O 624 Decatur, 111 1,095 Denver City 2,012 Detroit, Mich 664 Dover, N. H 292 Dubuque, Iowa 1,0SG Dunkirk, N. Y 501 Elmira, N. Y 274 Fernandina, Fla 841 To Miles Lansing, Mich 778 Leavenworth, Kan 1,393 Lisbon, Portugal 2,940 Little Rock, Ark 1,384 Liverpool, England 3,017 London, England 3, 143 Louisville, Ky 852 Macon, Ga 1,471 Melbourne, Australia 12,720 Memphis, Tenn ] ,229 Milwaukee, Wis 1 ,000 Mobile, Ala 1,628 Montgomery, Ala 1,236 Montreal, Can 396 Naples, Italy 4,200 Nashville, Tenn 1 037 New Bedford, Mass 238 New London, Conn 126 New Orleans, La 1,483 Newport, R. 1 162 Niagara Falls, N. Y 444 Ogdensburgh, N. Y 396 Omaha, Neb 1,385 Panama, U. S. of Col 2,066 Philadelphia, Penn 88 Pittsburg, Penn 444 Portland, Me 349 Providence, R. I i8S Quebec, Canada 567 Quincy, 111 1,169 Richmond, Va 356 Rio Janeiro, Brazil 4, 733 Rochester, N. Y 373 Rock Island, 111 1 ,095 Sacramento, Cal 3,082 Salt Lake City, Utah 2,462 San Francisco, Cal 3,302 Sante Fe, New Mexico 2,037 — 182 Distances from New York — Continued To Miles Fon-du-lac, Wis 1 ,090 Fort Benton, Mont 2,870 Fort Kearney, Neb 1,581 Fort Laramie, Wyo 1,953 Fort Wayne, Ind 765 Galveston, Texas 1,857 Gensva, Switzerland 4,065 Greenland ." 1,780 Halifax, N. S 557 Harrisburg, Penn 183 Hartford, Conn 112 Havana, Cuba 1 ,170 Havre, France 3,090 Hong Kong, China 14,015 Honolulu, S. 1 13,530 Hudson, N. Y 116 Indianapolis, Ind 812 Ithaca, N.Y 262 Jackson, Miss 1,307 Joliet, 111 950 Key West, Iowa 1,107 La Crosse, Wis 1,214 To Miles Saratoga, N. Y 182 Scranton, Penn 149 Sioux City, Iowa 1,41 1 St. Joseph, Mo 1,352 St. Louis, Mo 1,087 St. Paul, Minn 1,347 St. Petersburg, Russia.... 4,679 Shanghai, China. 14,500 Springfield, 111 1,033 Stockholm, Sweden 4,272 Sydney, Australia 12,910 Syracuse, N. Y 292 Toledo, O 093 Toronto, Canada 528 Valparaiso, Chili 8,720 Venice, Italy 4,950 Vera Cruz, Mexico 1,965 Vicksburg, Miss 1,352 Washington, D. C 226 Wheeling, W. Va 496 White Mountains, N. H. .. 32S Worce iter, Mass 1 92 New Standard of Railroad Time With the enormous increase of railway traveling the necessity arose for inventing some method of counting time which should avoid the complications arising from the use of local mean time, which varies with every mile of east or west travel. This was brought about in 1884, and the railroads of the United States, of the Dominion of Canada, and many cities and towns in these coun- tries now use the standard time : Name Central Meridian Nearest Places Pacific 120°=8h. w. from Greenwich . . 1|° east of Sacramento Mountain . ..105''=7h. w. from Greenwich. .Denver, Colorado Central 90°=6h. w. from Greenwich. .St. Louis and New Orleans Eastern 75°=51i. w. from Greenwich. .Between N. Y. and Phila. Intercolonial.. G0°=4h. w. from Greenwich. .About 3^° east of Halifax The standard meridians are 15 degrees of longitude or just one liour in time apart. 183 The Number of Days it takes to Travei. TO THE Principal Cities of the World FROM San Francisco Name of City Days Acapulco, Mexico 9 Adelaide, Australia 28 Aden, Arabia 26 Albany, vVest Australia. 39 Alexandria, Egypt 21 Algiers, Africa 19 Amsterdam, Holland 16 Antigua, Leeward Is 15 Apia, Samoa 17 Arica,Peru 33 Aspinwall, U. S. of Colombia. .14 Athens, Greece 20 Auckland, New Zealand 20 Bahia, Brazil 27 Balizc, Br. Honduras 12 Bankok, Siara 37 Barbadoes, Windvi ard Is 14 Bircelona, Spain 18 Batavia, Java 41 Berlin, Germany 16 Bermuda Islands 9 Berne, Switzerland 16 Boyrout, Syria 24 Bombay, Hindostan 33 Brindisi, Italy 17 Brisbane, Australia 28 Brussels, Belgium 16 Bueno:! Ay res, Arg. Republic. .35 Cairo, Egypt 21 Calcutta, Hindostan 36 Callao, Peru 30 Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal 5 Cape Town, South Africa 36 Christiana, Norway 18 Colombo, Ceylon 35 Constantinople, Turkey 20 Copenhagen, Denmark 17 Corinto, Nicaragua 22 Ensenada, Lower Cal 2 Falkland Island 44 Farao Islands 20 Fiji Islands 31 Genoa, Italy 16 Gibraltar, Spain 19 Glasgow, Scotland 16 Guatemala, Cen. Am 13 Guayaquil, Ecuador 21 Guaymas, Mexico 9 Name of City Days Halifax, Nova Scotia 8 Havana, Cuba 9 Havre, France 14 Hobart, Tasmania 29 Honduras, Central America . 18 Hong-Kong, China 28 Honolulu, Hawaii 7 Kingston, Jamaica 14 La Libertad, Cen. America.. .14 La Union, Cen. America 14 Launceston, Tasmania 29 Levukd,, Fiji Islands 31 Lima, Peru 30 Lisbon, Portugal 18 Liverpool, England .14 London, England . 14 Madeira Islands 20 Madras, Hindostan 35 Madrid, Spain 17 Magdalena Bay 4 Malta Islands .' 19 Mazatlan, Mexico 6 Mauritius Islands 44 Melbourne, Australia 26 Mexico City, Mexico 5 Montevideo, [Truguay 34 Moravia, Russia 18 Munich, Bavaria 16 Panama, U. S. of Colomljia. . .17 Paris, France 14 Perth, West Australia 43 Quebec, Canada 8 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 31 Rome, Italy . 17 Saigon, Cochin China 35 St. Petersburg, Russia 18 Salvador, Cen. America 14 Samoan Islands 17 San Jose de Guatemala, C. A... 13 Santiago, Chili 44 Shanghai, China 28 Sitka, Alaska 8 Stockholm, Sweden 18 Sydney, Australia 25 Valparaiso, Chili 43 Vera Cruz, Mex 13 Vienna, Austria 18 Yokohama, Japan 17 — 184 Difference of Time between Washington and other cities of the world 12:00 12:12 12:24 12:27 1:37 3:19 4:31 4:43 4:55 5:07 5:17 5:58 6:02 6:14 6:22 7:04 11:01 12:54 2:48 4:51 8:58 9:40 11:08 11:18 11:52 12:00 o'clock (noon) at Washington, D. C. P. M. at A. M. Noon at New York City, N. Y. Boston, Mass. Portland, Maine St. John's, N. F. Angra, Azores Lisbon, Portugal Dublin, Ireland Edinburgh, Scotland London, England Paris, France Rome, Italy Berlin, Germany Vienna, Austria Cape Town, Africa • . . . . Constantinople, Turkey Calcutta, India Pekin, China Melbourne, Australia Auckland, New Zealand San Francisco, Cal. Salt Lake City, Utah Territory New Orleans, La. Chicago, 111. Lima, Peru The Expansion and Contraction of Railway Track by the Different Temperatures In climates having a difference of 70 degrees of temperature between the hot and cold seasons, a railway track of 400 miles is 338 yards longer in Summer than in Winter. Of course, the length of the road remains the same, but expansion forces the lengths of metal closer together, making an aggregate closing up of space between the rails of nearly a yard in each mile. A steel rail lasts upon the average about eighteen years. — 185 — How TO Tell How Fast One is Traveling BY Railroad The number of miles per hour at which a train is running will be the same as the number of rails passed over in twenty seconds, which can be ascertained by the "click" produced by the wheels at each joint. Value op a Bar of Iron Worked into Various Forms A bar of iron worth five dollars, worked into horseshoes, is worth ten dollars and fifty cents ; made into needles, it is worth three hun- dred and fifty -five dollars ; made into penknife blades it is worth three thousand two hundred and eighty-five dollars ; made into l)alauco springs of watches, it is worth two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. How TO Mix Paints and Printing Ink for Tints Mixing red and black makes brown *' lake and white makes rose " white and brown makes chestnut *' white, blue and lake makes purple * ' blue and lead color makes pearl *' white and carmine makes pink ** indigo and lampblack makes silver gray " white and lampblack makes lead color " black and Venetian red makes chocolate '' white and green makes bright green ** light green and black makes dark green •• white and green makes pea green <' white and emerald green makes brilliant green " purple and white makes French white * * red and yellow makes orange «' white and yellow makes . . r straw color *• white, blue and black makes pearl gray ** white, lake and vermilion makes flesh color •* umber, white and Venetian red makes drab " white, yellow and Venetian red makes cream ** red, blue, black and red makes olive '* yellow, white and a little Venetian red makes buflF — 186 — How TO Remove Rust from Steel Brush the rusted steel with a paste composed of half an ounce of cyanide potassium, half an ounce of castile soap, one ounce of whiting and enough water to make a paste. Then wash the steel in a solution of half an ounce of cyanide potassium iti two ounces of water. How TO Write on Glass An ink that will write on glass can be made from ammonium fluoride dissolved in water and mixed with three times its weight of liarium sulphate. How TO Remove Paint from Painted Surfaces Take, 4pou"ndsof Irish moss, 3 pounds of methylated spirit, and 3 pounds of Fuller's earth are mixed with 30 pounds of water, the whole boiled, and a solution of 16 pounds of caustic soda and 16 pounds of caustic potash dissolved in 28 pounds of water added, after which the product is let stand until it is cold and has solidified to a brownish gelatinous mass. The proportions of the ingredients may be varied. The compound is used by applying it to the painted surface with a brush, allowing it to remain thus from 20 minutes to one hour and then washing it off together with the paint that has been disintegrated by its action. How TO Kill Grease Spots before Painting Wash over the smoky or greasy parts with saltpetre^ or very thin lime whitewash. If soapsuds are used, they must be washed off thor- oughly, as they prevent the paint from drying hard. Number of Believers in Different Creeds The estimated number of Christians in the world is over 408,000,000; of Buddhists, 420,000,000; of the followers of Brahma, 180,000,000; of Mohammedans, 150,000,000; of Jews, 8,000,000; of atheists, deists, and infidels, 85,000,000; of pagans, 50, 000, 000;' and of the eleven hun- dred other creeds, 123,000,000 — 187 The Name of God in Ivans^uage Name of God -^olian Ilos Arabic Allah Armoriaa Teuti Assyrian Eleah Celtic Diu Clialdaic Eilah Cretan Thios Chinese Prussa Coromandel Brama Danish Gut Dutch Godt Egyptian (old) Teut Egyptian (modem) Teun English God Finch Jumala Flemish Goed French Dieu German Gott German (old) Diet Greek Theos Gallic Diu Hebrew Elohim, Eloha Hindoostanee Rain Japanese Goezur Irish Dia Italian Dio Different Languages Langua8:e Name of God Madagascar Zannar Malay Alia Norwegian Gud Latin Deus Low Latin Diex Low Breton Done Lapp Jubinal Olalu Tongue Deu Old Saxon God Peruvian Puchecammae Persian Sire Pannonian Istu Polish Bog PoUacca Bung Portuguese Debs Provencal Dion Runic As Russian Bojh Spanish Dios Swedish Gut Slav Buch Swiss Gott Syriac Allah Tartar Magatal Turkish Allah Zemblain Fetizo Chronological List of Noted Events Since the Creation of the World Event Date B. C. Creation 4004 Mcnes, first King of Egypt began to reign 2717 The Flood 2349 Chinese Empire founded 2637 Uranus settles in Greece 2042 Jewish history opened, birth of Abraliam 1996 Abraham settles in Canaan 1921 First gold mine opened in Thrace by Cadmus 1550 — 188 — Noted Events — Continued Event Date, B. C. Areopagus founded in Greece 1506 Exodus of Jews from Egypt 1491 Jews enter Canaan 1451 Greeks colonize Italy 12')} Saul elected King of Israel 1095 Solomon's Temple completed 1004 Capture of Jerusalem by Sliisshank 989-959 Date of earliest existing gold coin 800 Home founded 753 Siege and capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar 598 Cyrus conquers Babylon 538 Darius orders the rebuilding of Jewish Tem]>le 520 First treaty between Rome and Carthage 508 Battle of Marathon, the Athenians defeated the Persian = 490 Battle of Thermopolyaj 480 Beginning of Athenian Supremacy 477 First Decemvirate at Rome 451 Battle of Syracuse 413 Expedition of Cyrus the younger 401 Prosecution and death of Socrates ^ 399 Birth of Alexander the Great 356 Battle of Arbela, Alexander defeated Darius 331 Death of Alexander (at Babylon) 393 Alexandrian Library founded 284 Silver money first coined at Rome 269 Rome completes conquest of all Italy 265 First Roman fleet launched 260 The gate of Janus shut 235 Hannibal crosses into Italy 218 First Macedonian War 211-205 Battle of Metaurus 207 Scipio carries the war into Africa 204 Hannibal defeated at Lama 202 End of second Punic War 201 Flaminius declares the Independence of the Greeks 198 Third Punic Warbegan j49 Birth of Pompey and Cicero J03 Birth of C. Julius Caesar jqq Pompe}', Caesar, and Ciassua form the first Triumvirate GO Csesar invades Britain 5,V54 — 189 — Noted Events — Continued Event .Date, B.C. CaBsar assassinated 44 Battle of Philippi 42 Herod appointed King of the Jews 40 Spain conquered by Augustus Caesar 38 Battle of Actium 31 Gates of Janus shut a second tinje 25 Temple of Jerusalem rebuilt by Herod 17-7 Birth of Jesus Christ, according to Ussher's system 4 B. C. j^vent Date A. D. Death of Augustus Caesar » 14 Romans invade Germany 14-16 Crucifixion of Christ 33 London founded by A. Plautus 47 Nero became Emperor 54 Rome on fire six days 64 Jerusalem destroyed by the Romans under Titus 70 Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed ^ 79 Great persecutions of Christians at Rome 05 Galen born - > • 130 Polycarp martyred 16G Birth of Origin 185 Great persecution of Christians 202 New Persian monarchy founded under Artaxerxes 226 Iriuption of Franks into Gaul 253-263 The Thirty Tyrants rule in Roman Empire 268 Tacitus elected Emperor of Rome 275 Persecution of Christians by Diocletian 303 Declaration of Constantino as Emperor 306 First General Council of Church, at Nice 325 Athanasius Patriarch of Alexandria 326 Death of Arius 336 Saxons invade Gaul 370 Second General Council of Church, at Constantinople 381 Alaric proclaimed King of the Goths 382 Roman legions withdraw from Britain 418 Third General Church Council, at Ephesus 431 Fourth General Church Council, at Chalcedon 451 Battle of Chalons, the Huns defeated by the Romans 451 — 190 — Noted Events — Continued Event Date, A. D. Venice founded 452 Great fire in Constantinople 465 Earthquakes at Constantinople, lasting for forty days 480 Conquest of Italy by Theodorus 489-493 Nestorian Missions began 500 Paris made the Capital 510 Benedictine Order founded 528 Plague begins in Persia, its ravages extend for thirty years 531 The Gothic War 535-540 Invasion of Roman Empire by Slavs and Huns 550 Fifth General Council, held at Constantinople 553 Conquest of Italy by Lombards 556-571 Birth of Mohammed . 570 or 571 Augustine arrives in England (died 605) 597 Supremacy of Roman Bishop acknowledged 602 Mohammed begins to preach at Mecca 610 Damascus and Jerusalem taken by the Persians 614 Flight of Mohammed from Mecca 622 Battle of Beder, first victory of Mohammed 623 Death of Mohammed 632 Caliph Omar takes Jerusalem and founded Mosque of Omar 637 Invasion of Egypt and capture of Alexandria 639-640 Theodus, Pope of Rome, the first called " Sovereign Pontiff " 642 First invasion of Africa by Saracens 647 The Colossus of Rhodes destroyed 653 Sixth General Council, at Constantinople 680 Doge of Venice first elected for life 697 Carthage conquered and burned by Saracens 698 Saracens invade Spain 710 Invasion of France by Saracens 721 Conquest of Sardinia by Saracens 723 Victory over Saracens by Martel at Tours 732 Death of the Venerable Bede 735 Great Earthquake at Constantinople 740 The Plague at Constantinople 747 Merovingian line of French kings ended 752 Carlovingian line begins, Pepin crowned king 752 Council at Constantinople condemns worship with pictures, images and crucifix 754 Charlemagne begins to reign in.France 772 — 191 — Noted Events — Continued Events Date A. D. Lombard Kingdom overthrown by Charlemagne 774 Seventh general Council at Nice re-established image worship 787 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West, at Rome 800 Charlemagne imposes Athanasian Creed on Church 802 Death of Charlemagne 814 Kingdom of Navarre founded 857 Russian Monarchy founded by Ruric, a Verandian chief 862 Eighth general Council at Constantinople. ....869-970 Norwegian settlement in Iceland 874 Arnuph, King of Germany, besieged Rome and is crowned Emperor 894 Tang dynasty in China ends 907 Sung dynasty in China founded 960 Deposition of Pope by Otto I, Emperor of Romans 963 Pope Benedict VI Strangled at Rome 979 Edward, King of England martyred 975 Greenland colonized from Iceland 983 Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian line, crowned King of France 987 Greek Ritual introduced into Russia 988 Earliest canonization of a saint 993 Hungary erected by Pope Sylvester II into a Kingdom for Duke Stephen 1000 First in , 3,500 Lieutenant-Colonels 3,000 Majors 2,500 Captains, mounted 2,000 Captains, not mounted 1,800 First Lieutenant, mounted 1,C00 First liieutenant, not mounted 1,500 Second Lieutenant, mounted 1,500 Second Lieutenant, not mounted 1,400 Chaplains 1 ,500 Naval Officers Rank Salary Per Annum Admirals $13,000 Vice Admirals 9,000 Rear Admirals 6,000 Commodores 5,000 Captains ' 4,500 Commanders 3,500 Lieutenant Commanders 2,800 Lieutenants 2,400 Masters 1,800 Ensigns 1,200 Midshipmen 1,000 — 1! Limit of Jurisdiction with Justice of Peace OF THE Different States The following table shows the largest amount m the dififerent States and Territories which the Justice of Peace, through his position, can have jurisdiction ov^er as follows: State Amount Alabama $100 Arkansas 300 California 300 Colorado 300 Connecticut 100 North and South Dakota 100 Delaware 100 Florida 100 Georgia 100 Idaho Ter 100 Illinois 200 Indiana 200 Iowa (consent of parties 300). . 100 Kansas 300 Kentucky 100 Louisiana 100 Maine 20 Maryland 100 Massachusetts 300 Michigan 300 Minnesota 100 Mississippi 150 State Amount Missouri $300 Nebraska 200 Nevada 300 ^lew Hampshire 100 New Jersey 100 New Mexico Ter 100 New York 200 North Carolina 200 Ohio 300 Oregon 250 Pennsylvania 300 Rhode Island 100 South Carolina 100 Tennessee 500 Texas 200 Utah Ter 300 Vermont 200 Virginia 50 Washington 100 West Virginia 1 00 Wisconsin 300 Wyoming . 100 Value of Ancient Money Denominations Weight, Grains Gold Value Gold Shekel 132 $5.69 GoldManeh 13,200 5C9.00 Gold Talent 1,320,000 50,900,000.00 Silver Gerah 11 .02^ Silver Beka 110 .26^ Silver Shekel 220 .53 Silver Maneh 13,200 32.00 Silver Talent 660,000 1,660.00 Copper Shekel 528 .03 14 Persian Daric or Drachm (gold) 128 5.52. Maccabcean Shekel (silver) 220 .53 "Piece of Money" (Stater, silver) 220 .53 Penny (Denarius, silver) 59 .14 Farthing (Quadrans, copper) 42 .00^ Farthing (assarium, copper) 84 .00^ Mite (copper) 21 .00^ 199 Banks of Europe — When Established The first bank was established in Italy in 808. Other banks were established as follows : Bank of Year Bank of Year Venice 1151 England 1694 Geneva 1345 Scotland 1695 Barcelona 1401 Copenhagen 1736 Genoa 1407 Berlin 1765 Amsterdam 1607 Ireland 1783 Hamburg 1619 St. Petersburg 1780 Rotterdam 1635 France 1803 Stockholm 1688 New York (U. S.) 1784 Facts About Banks in the United States Bank of North America, Philadelphia, incorporated by Congress 1781; by State of Pennsylvania, 1782. Bank of the United States, incorporated 1791; went into operation 1794 ; capital, $10,000,000 ; charter limited to 20 years. • Bank of New York founded 1784. Bank of Massachusetts founded 1784. New United States Bank chartered 1816 ; capital, $35,000,000. Act re-chartering vetoed by Preside.it Jackson, 1832. United States funds withdrawn, September, 1833. Re-chartered by Pennsylvania 1836; temporarily suspended payment of specie, 1831, and again October 9, 1837; resumed in compliance with Act of Pennsylvania Legislature, January 15, 1840; finally sus- pended February 4, 1840, having sunk its entire capital. State banks nearly all suspended specie payments in 1837, resuming again the following year, again in 1857, and still again in 1861. February 25, 1863, act creating the system of national banks in the United States was passed. No bank should be of less capital than $50,000. In cities of over 10,000 inhabitants, no bank should bo of less capital than $100,000. Ninety per cent of the par value of United States bonds deposited as security allowed in circulating notes. Aggre- gate circulation allowed $300,000,000. July 12, 1870, act allowing $54,000,000 additional circulation. No bank to exceed in capital $500,000. January 14, 1875, repeal of all limitation on amount of circulation, thus maldng national banking practically free. •200 — Facts about the Bank of England February 26, 1797. Bank of England suspended pay/nent of specie. May 1, 1821. Resumed payment of notes in bullion at mint prices. May 1, 1821. Resumed payment of notes in current coin of the realm. July 19, 1844. Issue of notes limited in amount to £14,000,000. For all circulation above that sum bank must hold an equal amount of coin for its redemption. October 25, 1847. Suspension of the limitation clause of 1844, and bank aHowed to make extra issue. November 25, 1857. Extra issue of bank notes to the amount of £2,000,000 allowed. 1866. Similar suspension of bank act. Bank of England notes are legal tender everywhere in England save at the bank. No interest on deposits allowed. Has entire charge of the British national debt. A Few Facts About Gold a cubic inch of gold is worth $210; a cubic foot is worth $362,380; a cubic yard is worth $9,792,762. This is valuing it at $18 an ounce. At the commencement of the Christian era there was in the world $427,000,000 in gold. This had diminished to $57,000,000 at the time America was discovered. Then it began to increase. Now the amount of gold in use is estimated to be $6,000,000,000. Yel; all this welded into one mass would be contained in a cube of twenty six feet. The relative value of gold to silver has varied greatly at different periods. The ratio wa3 in the days of the patriarcli Abraham 1 to 8 A. D. 1545 1 to B. C. 1000 1 to 12 A. D. 1551 1 to 2 B. C. 500 ltol3 A. D. 1600 1 to 10 A. D. 1 1 to 9 A. D. 1627 1 to 13 A. D. 500 1 to 18 A. D. 1700 1 to 15^ A. D. 1100 1 to 8 A. D. 1870 1 to 20 A. D. 1400 Itoll A. D. 1886 1 to 28^ tlie hicrliest poiat until then ever known. — 201 — Interest Laws of all the States, Canada, England, Ireland and France Place Penalty of Usury * Alabama Forfeiture entire interest *Arizona Ter No penalty 10 * Arkansas No penalty ^California No penalty i-Colorado . - . . .No penalty 10 tConnecticut Forfeiture entire interest *Dakota Forfeiture entire interest tDelaware Forfeiture of Principal i-Dist. of Columbia . Forfeiture entire interest ^Florida No penalty tGeorgia Forfeiture interest and excess . . . i-Idalio Ter Forfeit 3 times the amount paid, fine $300 O' G months' imprison- ment or both ^-Illinois Forfeiture excess interest *Indiana Forfeiture excess interest and cost *Iowa Forfeiture excess interest tKansas Forfeiture excess over 12 per cent *Kentucky Forfeiture excess interest ^Louisiana Forfeiture entire interest *Maine No penalty ^Maryland Forfeiture excess interest * Massachusetts No penalty *Michigan Forfeiture excess interest *Minnesota Forfeiture entire interest *Mississippi i'orfeiture excess interest 6 ^Missouri Forfeiture entire interest *Montana No penalty *Nebraska Forfeiture entire interest *t-Nevada Forfeiture all interest *New Hampshire .. Forfeiture of 3 times the excess and cost *Ne w Jersey Forfeiture entire interest *Ne\v Mexico No penalty *Ne\v York Forfeiture of contract *North Carolina. . . Forfeiture of interest Legal rate per cent. Rate per contract per cent. 8 8 10 any rate 6 10 7 any rate 10 any rate 6 6 7 ' 18 6 6 6 10 8 any rate 7 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 10 7 12 6 10 5 8 6 any rate 6 6 6 any rate 7 10 7 10 6 10 6 10 10 any rate 7 10 10 any rate 6 C 6 6 6 12 6 6 6 8 — 202 — Interest Laws — Continued Legal rate per cent. 6 Place Penalty of Usury tOhio Forfeiture of excess *Oregon Forfeiture of principal, interest and cost tPennsylvania Forfeiture of excess •Rhode Island Forfeiture, unless by contract. . . •South Carolina Forfeiture entire interest •Tennessee Forfeit of over C per cent and $100 fine +Texag No penalty •Utah Ter No penalty + Vermont Forfeiture of excess tVirginia Forfeiture of all interest •Washington No jjenalty tWest Virginia. . . . Forfeiture of excess •Wisconsin Forfeiture of all interest •Wyoming Ter .... No penalty 12 •Canada England 5 France 5 Ireland 6 •Three days' grace is allowed on Sight Drafts. +Grace not allowed on Sight Drafts. Rate per contract per cent. 8 12 6 any rate any rate 10 12 any rate G 8 any rate G 10 any rate any rate How TO Remove Tight Rings from the Finger The removal of rings is practiced by jewelers in the following manner : The swollen finger is wrapped very tightly with a flat rubber braid, commencing at the end; the finger is then held upright for a few minutes, the braid quickly removed and again wound around it. The operation being repeated three times leaves the finger so Bhrunken that the ring may easily be taken ofi".' - 203 — Area of the Most Notable Parks of THE World Name Location Area in Acres Windsor Park Windsor Castle, England 3,800 Fairmount Park Philadelphia, U. S .2,740 Water Park Vienna, Austria 2,300 Bois de Boulogne .Paris, France 2,100 Phoenix Park Dublin, Ireland 1,760 Royal Park Munich, Germany 1,300 Forest Park St. Louis, U. S 1,350 South Park Chicago, III., U. S 1 ,055 Golden Gate Park San Francisco, Cal. , U. S 1 ,043 Central Park New York City, U. S 843 Druid Hill Park Baltimore, Alary land, U. S 680 Their Garten Berlin, Germany 600 Prospect Park Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S 550 Regent's Park London, England 450 Queen's Park Edinburgh, Scotland _. 407 Hyde Park London, England 400 Schloss Garten Stuttgart, Germany 320 Grosse Garten Dresden, Germany 300 Victoria Park London, England 290 Eden Park Cincinnati, U. S 210 City Park New Orleans, U. 8 150 Prospect Park Buffalo, U. S 150 Jardin des Plantes Paris, France 77 Jardin des Tuilleries Paris, France 50 Boston Common Boston, U. S 48 Number of Years Seeds Retain Their Vitality Vegetables Years Vegetables Years Artichoke , 5 to A3paragus 2 to 3 Beans 2 to 3 Beets 3 to 4 Broccoli 5 to 6 Cauliflower 5 to 6 Carrots 2 to 3 Celery 2 to 3 Corn (on cob) 2 to 3 Cress 3 to 4 Cucumber 8 to 10 Egg Plant 1 to 2 Endive 5 to 6 Leek 2 to 3 Lettuce 3 to 4 Melon 8 to 10 Mustard 3 to 4 Okra 3 to 4 Onion 2 to 3 Parsley 2 to 3 Parsnip 2 to 3 Pea , 5 to 6 Pepper 2 to 3 Pumpkin 8 to 10 Radish 4 to 5 Rhubarb 3 to 4 Spinach 3 to 4 Squash 8 to 10 Tomato 2 to 3 Turnip 3 to 6 Herbs Anise 3 to 4 Caraway 2 Sage 2 to 3 Summer Savory 1 to 2 Lavender 2 to 3 Thyme 2 to 32 — 204 — Harvest Dates of the World January. — Harvest h ended in most districts of Australia and ship- ments have been made of the new crop, Chili, New Zealand, ArgeutiuG Republic. February. — Upper Egypt, India. March. — Egypt, India. April. — Coast of Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, India, Persia, Asia Minor, Mexico, Cuba. May. — Persia, Asia Minor, Algeria, Syria, Texas, Florida, Morocco, China, Japan, Central Asia. June. — California, Oregon, Southern United States, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, Turkey, Southern Russia, Southern France, Greece, Sicily, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Utah, Colorado. (Fruit in California.) July. — Oregon, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, New England, New York, Virginia, Upper Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland, Russia. August. — Great Britian, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, British Columbia, Lower Canada, Manitoba. September. — America, maize; England and Scotland, hops and roots; Sweden, Norway, Russia, France, beet root, buckwheat; Athabasca, wheat, barley, etc. , California vintage. October. -rScotland and America, maize crop; France and Germany, vintage. November. — Northern Australia, Peru, South Africa. December. — South Australia, Chili, Argentine Republic. The Housewife's Table The following is a very valuable housewife's table by which persons not having scales and weights at hand may readily measure the article wanted to form any recipe without the trouble of weighing, allowance to bo made for any extraordinary dryness or moisture of the article weighed or measured : Wheat flour, 1 pound is 1 quart. Indian meal, 1 pound 2 ounces are 1 quart. Butter, when soft, 1 pound is 1 quart. Butter, when soft, the size of an egg weighs 1 ounce. Loaf sugar, broken, 1 pound is 1 quart. White sugar, powdered, 1 pound 1 ounce are 1 quart. Best brown sugar, 1 pound 2 ounces are 1 quart. Ten common sized eggs are one pound. A common tumbler holds half a pint. A teacup is 1 gill. A large wineglass is 1 gill. Forty drop3 are equal to 1 teaspoonful. Four teaspoons are equal to one tablespoon. — 205 What Housekeepers Should Remember That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them intc. lx)il- ing water for a minute. That which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use again by stirring in a little soda. That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed out-of-doors in the cool air over night. To keep oilcloth looking new wipe off the dust with a dry cloth, then rub with a cloth dampened with kerosene. The cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable fabrics. To remove clinkers from stoves or fire-bricks put in about half a peck of oyster shells on top of a bright fire. This may need repeating. That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solution of salt and water will keep it from falling out. To restore the hair, apply equal parts of glycerine and bay rum mixed well together. That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking them in sour milk. That salt will curdle new milk, hence in preparing porridge, grav- ies, etc., salt should not be added until the dish is prepared. To clean dirty marble— sal soda one part, powdered pumice one part, wliiting two parts, oxalic acid half a part. Mix. Spread the preparation on the marble, and moisten with sufficient hot water to form a paste. Rub well. That castor oil softens boots and shoes which have been hardened by M'ater. That one teaspoonful of ammonia to a teacup of water applied with a rag will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly. That furniture may be brightened and cleaned from soiled spots by rubbing with a cloth dipped in sweet oil. That paint stains that are dry and old may be removed from cotton or woolen goods with chloroform. It is a good plan to first cover the spot with olive oil or butter. That when a room is to have a new paper the old ought to be removed first. A boiler of hot water set in a room, and the doors and windows closed for a while will cause the paper to loosen, so that it may be taken off without difficulty. The wood-work may then be cleaned easily, while the dirt is softened by the s<-eam. — 206 — That charcoal is recommended as an absorber of gases in the milk- room where foul gases are present. It should be freshly powdered and kept there continually, especially in hot weather when unwhole- some odors are most liable to infect the milk. That to keep worms from fruit, a small quantity of sassafras bark placed among any kind of dried fruit will keep it free from worms for years. For chapped hands; one ounce of glycerine, one ounce of rose water, ten drops carbolic acid. This prevents and cures chapping of the skin, and at the same time bleaches it. Amount of Butter and Cheese Obtainable From Milk 100 pounds of milk contains about 3 pounds pure butter. 100 '* " " " 7.8 •' cheese. 100 " " averages " 3.5 ** common butter. 100 " " " " 11.7 " " cheese. 100 " of skim milk yields 13.5 ** skim milk cheese. The time required for the full amount of cream to rise to tlie surface of new milk at different temperatures is as following: 10 to 12 hours if the temperature of the air is 77° Fahr. 18 to 20 •* •' " " •' 68° '« 24 ** ' . " ** " 55° •* 36 " " ** '• " 55° " The First United States Flag In June, 1776, a committee was appointed by the Continental Con- gress to design a flag for the new government about to go in operation. Colonel George Ross was on this committee who, accompanied by George Washington, called upon an upholsterer in Philadelphia, named Mrs Ross, to instruct her how to make the new flag. Wash- ington himself made a drawing of the flag in her parlor, and while doing this took some suggestions from her as to its design. She said that the stars should be five-cornered instead of six-cornered as Wash- ington had made them. This ingenious lady made the first flag, and several others afterward, finishing them up in a very superior manner, entirely satisfactory to those who had the honor of first lifting them to the breeze. — 207 — Origin of Orchard and Garden Fruits and Number of Varieties Name Place of Origin Number of Varieties Almond North Africa 9 Apple Europe , 1,570 Banana Asia Barberry Asia 1 Blackberry Asia 20 Butternut. America 1 Cherry Asia Minor 209 Chestnut Asia Minor 4 Citron Media 2 Cranberry Both hemispheres 3 Cucumber Asia Currant Europe 27 Egg-plant Africa Fig Asia and Barbary 15 Filbert Europe 8 Gooseberry Europe and Asia 81 Grape Persia 232 Hickory -nut America 2 Lemon Asia 2 Lime Asia 1 Medlar Europe Melon Musk Persia 17 Mulberry, black Persia . ^ « ** white China ) . Nectarine Northern India 32 Olive Asia and Africa 6 Orange , Africa 10 Peach Persia and China 239 Pear Asia Minor 1,087 Pecan United States Pineapple Tropical America Plum Asia Minor 297 Pomegranate China 8 Pumpkin Uncertain , Quince Europe 10 Raspberry Asia Minor 88 Service France and Italy Shaddock China and Japan Squash East Indies Tomato America Walnut Persia 5 Watermelon Old World 15 — 208 — Amount of Oil in Skebs The amount of oil in a certain seed will vary according to the con- ditions of growth. In a scale of 100 this is considered about the average per cent. Per cent Per cent Name of Oil Name of Oil Bitter Almond 37 Oats 6^ Hempseed 19 Sweet Almond 47 Linseed 17 Turnip seed 45 Rapeseed 55 Wliite Mustard 37 The First Steam-propelled Vessel that Crossed the Ocean The Times (of London, England), in the issue of May 8, 1819, thus announced the expected event: "Great Experiment. — A new steam-vessel of 300 tons has been built at New York for the express purpose of carrying passengers across the Atlantic. She is to come to Liverpool direct." This steamer, named the Savannah, the first that crossed the Atlantic, was built at New York by Francis Ficket. Her engines were made by Stephen Vail, of Morristown. She was launched on the 22d of August, 1818. She could carry only seventy-five tons of coal and twenty-five cords of wood. Commanded by Captain Moses Rogers, of New Lou- don, Conn., the Savannah sailed from Savannah, Ga., on the 25th of May, 1819, bound for St. Petersburg via Liverpool. She reached the latter port on the 20th of June, having used steam eighteen days out of the twenty -six. United States Squadron Stations North Atlantic - - Headquarters at Washington, D. C. South Atlantic - - - ** Rio Janeiro, Brazil North Pacific - - " San Francisco, Cal. South Pacific - - - ** Panama, U. S. of Col. European . - - '• London, England Asiatic - - - - ** Hong Kong, nr. China 'I7iri7B? 209 Mottoes of the States and Territories United States. — E plurihus unum (Latin). One composed of many. Alabama. — Here we rest. Arizona. — Ditat Deus. God enx'iches. Arkansas. — Regnant pc/puli (Latin). The people rule. California. — Eareha (Greek)./ I have found it. Colorado. — Nil sine numine (Latin). Nothing without God. Connecticut. — Qui transtulit sustinet (Latin). He who transplanted still sustains. Dakota. — Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Delaware. — Liberty and Independence. District of Columbia. — Juatitia, OmnihuK (Latin). Justice to all. Florida. — Iii God is our trust. Georgia, — Wisdom, justice and moderation. Idaho. — Salve (Latin). In good condition. Illinois. — State Sovereignty— National Union. Iowa.— Our Liberties we prize, and our Rights we will maintain. Kansas. — Ad astra per aspera (Latin). To the stars through diffi- culties. Kentucky. — United we stand, divided we fall. Louisiana. — Union, Justice and Confidence. Maine. — Dirigo (Latin). I direct or guide. Maryland. — Grescite et multipUcamini (Latin). Grow, or increase and multiply. Massachusetts. — Erne pitit placidam sub lihertate quietem (Latin). With the sword she seeks quiet place under liberty. Michigan. — Si quoeriesides regular postage, special stamp 10 cts. Postage on Sec3NI)-clas3 Matter — which embracer newspapers, magazines, and periodicals published not less than four times a year — one cent, prepaid, per pound or fraction thereof, when mailed by pub- lisher or news-agent t^ rcrjular subscribers. Second-class matter mailed by other persons than publishers or news-agents becomes special matter, specially entitled to pass through the mails at one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof. Postage on Third-class Matter— Books, pamphlets, circulars and other matter wholly in print, such ai hand-bilh, posters, music, phota- graphs, lithographs, corrected proof-chects and manuscripts accom- panying the same, seed-cuttings, ])ulbA, roots, etc. — one cent, prepaid by stamp, for cveri/ twj ounces or fraetioa thereof. Packages of transient printed matter are limited to four pounds each, unless in the case where a single volume of a book shall exceed that weight. The sender may write his name and address on the wrapper, preceded by the word "from," and may mark a passage of the text, or write on a fly-leaf a simple inscription or dedication. Packages must be wrapped with open sides or ends. Postage on Fourth-class Matter — Merchandise, blank cards, pat- terns, letter envelopes, letter-paper with or without printing, printed blanks, original pain tings in oil or water-colors, maps mounted on cloth, printed letter-heads, models, ores, metals, and all mailable matter not embraced in the foregoing classes — one cent, prepaid by stamp, for each ounce or fraction thereof. Liquids (except poisons, explosive, inflam- mable or offensive articles), in packages properly secured, may be transported. The limit of weight is four pounds. Postal Notes and Money Orders Postal Notes under $5, payable to bearer, 3 cts. Money Orders in U. S. — Not exceeding $5, 5 cents; $5 to f 10, 8 cents; exceeding $10 to $15, 10 cents; exceeding $15 to $30, 15 cents; exceed- ing $30 to $40, 20 cents; exceeding $40 to $50, 25 cents; exceeding $50 to $60, 30 cents; exceeding $G0 to $70, 35 cents; exceeding $70 to $80, 40 cents; exceeding $80 to $100, 45 cents. Money Orders to Foreif/n Countries — Great Britain and Ireland, France, German Empire, Canada, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, Portugal, Algeria, Jamaica, Windward Islands, Sandwich Islands, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, Cape Colony, Japan, Hong Kong, New Zealand, New South Wales, Leeward Islands and Sweden, not over $10, 10 cts.; not over $20, 20 cents; not over $30, 30 cents; not over $40, 40 cents; not over $50, 50 cents; Canada, not over $100, $1; Grermany, not over $97, $1. - 219 — Foreign Postage From the United States to all following countries and places, which are in the Universal Postal Union, the postage on letters is five (5) CENTS for each half ounce or fraction thereof (prepayment optional), TWO CENTS for each postal card, and one cent for each two ounces news- papers: Argentine Republic, Au5tria aid Hungary, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Ceylon, China via Hong Kong, Chili, Cuba, Denmark and Danish colonies, Ecuador, Egypt, Falkland Island?, France and French colonies, Germany, Great Britain and British West Indies, Greece, Greenland, Guatemala, Hayfci, Holland or Netherlands and Netherland colonies, Honduras, Hong Kong, India (British), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malacca, Mauritius, Montenegro, Newfoundland, Norway, Paraguay, Patagonia, Penang, Persia, Peru, Portugal and Portuguese colonies, Roumania, Russia, St. Bartholomew, Salvador, Servia, Siam, Singapore, Spain and Spanish colonies, Straits Settlements, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad, Turkey, United States of Colombia, Uruguay, Venezuela. Postage to Countries and Places not in Postal Union. Pre-Payment Compulsory. COUNTRIES AND PLACES. Australia via England Australia, except New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania, via San Francisco Canada and British N. A. provinces, except Newfoundland Cape Good Hope and Colony China via England Natal New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tas- mania and New Zealand via San Francisco. . . . St, Helena Transvaal Letters not exceed in:? y^ oz. 12 cts. 5 " jeach oz. \ 2 cts. 15 " 13 " 15 " 12 " 15 " 21 " Nows,- papers. 2 cts. 2 " (ec. 2 oz. j 1 ct. 4 " 5 " 4 " 2 " 4 " 5 " Caxada. — Same as in United States. Mexico. — Same as United States. Limit of weight of single pack- ages, 4 lbs. 6 oz., except single printed books, which may weigh more. Merchandise must be sent by parcel post. — 220 — Bahamas, Barbadoes, Hoxduras (British), Jamaica, U. S of Colombia, Hawaii Islands, Leeward Islands, Salvador and Mex- ico.— Merchandise may be sent by parcel post, 12 cents a pound, or fraction thereof. Limit of weight, 11 pounds. Letters, postal cards, printed matter of all kinds, commercial docu- ments and samples of merchandise are transmissible in Postal Union mails. The following are considered as printed matter, viz.: News- j)apers and periodical works, books stitched or bound, pamphlets, sheets of music, visiting cards, address cards, proofs of printing with or without the manuscript relating thereto, engravings, photographs, drawings, plans, geographical map3,catalogues, prospectuses, announce- ments and notices of various kinds, whether printed, engraved, litho- graphed or autographed. Address cards and all printed matter presenting the form and con- sistency of an unfolded card may be forwarded without band, envelope, fastening or fold. The maximum weight of printed matter is fixed at 2 kilograms (4 lbs. C oz.). Postage on printed matter, one cent for each 2 oz. Qualifications Required for Suffrage in Different States STATES Alabama Arkansas California * Colorado * Connecticut * Delaware Florida * Georgia Illinois * Indiana Iowa * Kansas J Kentucky. Louisiana Maine * Maryland * Massachusetts * Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada * Citizens or have declared intentions- Actual Citizens Citizens or have declared intentions... Actual Citizens Actual Co\.nty Tax-Payers U. S. Citizens or have dec'd intentions Actual Citizens New Hampshire..* New Jersey + New York t North Carolina ...* North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania * Rhode Island * South Carolina....* South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont * Virginia * Voters must be males 21 years of age and 1 yr. Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizens Citizens or have declared intentions. Free White Male Citizens Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizens Citizens Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizens Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizeus Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizens. Residence required in State County Voting Prec't mo. yr. Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizens Actual Tax-Paying Citizens Actual Citizens Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizens Citizens or have declared intentions. Actual Citizens Washington West Virginia Wisconsin *iCitizens or have declared intentions... 3 mo. 6 " b mo. 1 " 1 yr. 6 mo. 6 mo. 1 mo. 2 " 5 mo. •1 " 3 " 1 mo. 1 " 1 " 6 mo. 1 mo. 1 " 1 mo. 6 mo. lOdys 10 •' Town 6 mo. 1 mo. Qo'dys Idiots, lunatics, paupers, persons convicted of various crimes (Chinese in California) are not allowed to vote in most of the States. All the 42 States limit suffrage to male citizens, but in Colorado, Massachusetts and several other States, women may vote at school dis- trict elections. In States marked * voters are required to register before they can vote. In States marked + registration is required in cities having a popula- tion of 10,000 and over. In States marked X registration required in cities only. In Ohio, registration is required only in the larger cities. (221) Wars of the United States Statement of the Number of United States Troops Engaged Wars War of the Revolution N'thweslern Indiau Wars. War with France* War with Tripoli Creek Indian War War of 1812 with Great B. Semiuole Indian War Black Hawk Indian War., Cherokee Disturbance or Removal Creek Indian War or Dis- turbance Florida Indian War Aroostook Disturbance War with. Mexico Apache, Navajo and Utah War Seminole Indian War Civil Wart From To April 1!), 1775 Sept. lit, 1790 July 9, 1798 .June 10, 1801 July 27,1813 June 18,1812 Nov. 20,1817 April 21, 1831 1836 May 5, 1836 Dec. 23,1835 1838 April 24, 1846 1849 1856 1861 Regu- lars April 11, 1783, 130,711 Aug. Sept. June Aug. Feb. Oct. Sept. Militia i and jVoIun- teers I 1G4,08C 3, 1795 30, 1800 4, 1805 9, 1814 17, 1815 21, 1818 31, 1832 1837 600 85,000 1,000 1,339 Sept. 30, 1837 Aug. 14,1843J 1839 ! July 4,1848; 30,954 935 11,169 1855 1858 1865 1,500 13,181 471,622 6,911 5,126 9,494 12,483 29,9£3 1,500 73,776 Total 294.781 8,983 *4,593 *3,330 13,781 576,622 7,911 6,465 9,494 13,418 41,122 1,500 112,230 1,061 2,.561 3.687 3,687 2772,408 * Naval forces engaged, f The number of troops on the Confederate side was about 600,000. Revolutionary War cost the United States $135,193,703; War of 1812 cost the United States $107,159,003; Mexican War cost the United States $100,000,000; Civil War cost the United States $6,189- 929,900. In the War of 1812-15, there were 10 battles, 8 combats and assaults, 52 actions and bombardments. In the Mexican War there v/ere 1 1 pitched battles and 35 actions, combats, sieges and skirmishes. In the Civil War of 1861-G5, there were 107 pitched battles, 102 com- bats, and 362 actions, sieges and lesser affairs. Since 1812, the United States Army has had over 640 battles, fights and actions against Indians. Since 1789 there have been 912 garrisoned forts, arsenals and military posts in the United States. At the present time (1890) there are 144 garrisoned forts, arsenals and military posts. Up to and including June, 1861, there were 1,966 graduates of the Military Academv, and of these there were living at the outbreak of the Civil War of 186''l-65, 1,249. Of the 1,249, 428 were in civil life and 821 were in the military service of the United States. Of those in civil life, 292 took sides with the Union, and 99 joined the Confed- eracy, while 37 are unknown. Of the 821 in the army, 627 sided with the Union, 184 joined the Confederacy, and 10 took neither side. Of the 99 who joined the Confederacy from civd life, all, except one, were either born and brought up or were residents of Southern territory. On the other hand, of the 350 graduates 1)orn or appointed from Southern States, 162 remained loyal to tlie United States. Of the graduates who served in the Civil War, oneififth were killed in battle, while one-half were wounded. (222) 223 — Presidents of the United States Name From vState of Date ill Office Term of Office George Washington Virginia 1789 to 1797 8yrs. John xA.dams Massachusetts 1797 to 1801 4yrs. Thomas Jefferson Virginia 1801 to 1809 8yrs. James Madison Virginia 1809 to 1817 8yrs. James Monroe Virginia 1817 to 1825 8 yrs. John Quincy Adams Massachusetts 1825 to 1829 4 yrs. Andrew Jackson Tennessee 1829 to 1837 8 yrs. Martin Van Buren . New York 1837 to 1841 4 yrs. William H. Harrison Ohio 1841 to 1841 1 month *John Tyler Virginia 1841 to 184.5 3 yrs. 11 mos. James K. Polk Tennessee 1845 to 1849 4 yrs. Zachary Taylor Louisiana 1849 to 1850 1 yr. 4 mos. * Millard Fillmore New York 1850 to 1853 2 yrs. 8 mos. Franklin Pierce N. Hampshire 1853 to 1857 4 yrs. James Buchanan Pennsylvania 1857 to 1861 4 yrs. Abraham Lincoln Illinois 1861 to 1865 4 yrs. 1 mo. *Andrew Johnson Tennessee 1865 to 1869 3 yrs. 1 1 mos. Ulysses S. Grant Illinois 1869 to 1877 8 yrs. Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio 1877 to 1881 4 yrs. James A. Garfield Ohio 1881 to 1881 6^ mos. *Chester A. Arthur New York 1881 to 1885 3 yrs. 5| mos. Grover Cleveland New York 1885 to 1889 4 yrs. Benjamin Harrison Indiana 1889 * Vice-President became President on ^ death of President. Vice-Presidents of the United States Name From State of With what President John Adams Massachusetts George Washington Thomas Jefferson Virginia John Adams Aaron Burr New York Thomas Jefferson George Clinton New York Thomas Jefferson *George Clinton New York T. . . James Madison +Wm. H. Crawford Georgia James Madison *Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts J ames Madison tJohn Gaillord South Carolina Tames Madison Daniel D. Tompkins New York James Monroe John C. Calhoun South Carolina John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun South Carolina Andrew Jackson — 224 — Vice-Presidents — Continued Name From State of With what President Martin Van Buren New York Andrew Jackson Richard M. Johnson Kentucky Martin Van Buren John Tyler Virginia William H. Harrison tSamuel L. Southard New Jersey John Tyler fWillie P. Mangum North Carolina John Tyler George M, Dallas Pennsylvania James K. Polk Millard Fillmore New York Zachary Taylor tWilliam R. King Alabama Millard Fillmore *William R. King Alabama Franklin Pierce +D. R, Atchinson Missouri Franklin Pierce +J. D. Bright Alabama Franklin Pierce John C. Breckenbridge — Kentucky James Buchanan Hannibal Hamblin Maine Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Tennessee Abraham Lincoln tLafayette S. Foster Connecticut Andrew Johnson tBenjamin F. Wade Ohio Andrew Johnson Schuyler Colfax Indiana Ulysses S. Grant *Henry M. Wilson Massachusetts Ulysses S. Grant tThomas W. Ferry Michigan Ulysses S. Grant William A. Wheeler New York Rutherford B. Hayes Chester A. Arthur New York James A. Garfield tThomas F. Bayard Pelaware Chester A. Arthur tDavid Davis Illinois Chester A. Arthur ^George F. Edmunds Vermont Chester A. Artliur *Thomas A. Hendricks .... Indiana Grover Cleveland tJohn Sherman Ohio Grover Cleveland tJohn J. Ingalls Kansas Grover Cleveland Levi P. Morton New York Benjamin Harrison * Died while in office. + President -pro tern, of the Senate. - 225 — Secretaries of State of the United States The ' ' State Department ' ' was created by Act of Congress, 1789. Name From State of In whose Cabinet Appointed Thomas Jefferson Virginia George Washington 1789 Edmund Randolph Virginia George Washington 1794 Timothy Pickering Pennsylvania George Washington 1795 Timothy Pickering Pennsylvania John Adams 1797 John Marshall Virginia John Adams 1800 James Madison Virginia Thomas Jefferson 1801 Robert Smith Maryland James Madison 1809 James Monroe Virginia James Madison 1811 John Q. Adams Massachusetts James Monroe 1817 Henry Clay Kentucky John Q. Adams 1825 Martin Van Buren New York Andrew Jackson 1829 Edward Tivingston Louisiana Andrew Jackson 1831 Louis McTlleges, libraries, or printed more than 20 years, or in use abroad more than 1 year, and not for sale . . free Boots, shoes, articles of leather 30 per cent. Bronze, Manufactures of 45 per cent. Carpets, aubusson, Axminster and all woven whole j45cts. persq. yd- for room f and 30 per cent. " Brussels tapestry, printed on the warp or j 30 cts. persq. yd. otherwise ( and 30 per cent. " Saxony,Wilton&Toumay, velvet, wrought j45 cts. persq. yd. by the Jacquard machine , ( and 30 per cent. — 271 — United States Customs — Continued Carpets, treble ingrain, three-ply and worsted China ( 12 cts. per sq. yd. Venetian ( and 30 per cent. " velvet, patenter tapestry, printed on the j25cts, persq. yd. warp or otherwise \ and 30 per cent. Carriages 35 per cent, China— porcelain and parian ware, plain 55 per cent. " gilded, ornamented or decorated 60 per cent. Cigars, cheroots and cigarettes F ^5 p^r^cent*" Clocks, and parts of 30 per cent. Clothing, wholly or in part of wool \ ok^JvIL ^^-^i^ " linen 40 per cent. ** silk component 50 per cent. '•' all other descriptions 35 per cent. Coal, Bituminous 75 cts. per ton Cotton, manufactures of 35 per cent. Cutlery, table, etc 35 per cent. ' ' pen, jack, and pocket knives 50 per cent. Diamonds, unsei; 10 per cent. Engravings - . . 25 per cent. Furniture 35 per cent. Furs, manufactured 30 per cent. Gilt and Plated Ware, etc 35 per cent. Glass Ware 45 per cent. Gloves, kid 50 per cent. Gold and Silver Ware, etc 45 per cent. Guns, rifles, muskets 25 per cent. ' ' sporting 35 per cent. Hats and bonnets of all kinds except wool 30 per cent. Iron, pig and scrap $6.72 per ton ' ' manufactures of 45 x>er cent. Jewelry, gold, silver, or imitation 25 per cent. Jewelry, jet, and imitations of 25 per cent. Laces, silk, and silk and cotton 50 per cent. " thread > 35 per cent. Leather, manufactures of SO per cent. Linen — table, toweling, etc 35 pe? cent. Machinery, brass or Iron 45 per cent. ** copper or steel 45 per cent. Musical Instruments 25 per cent. 272 United States Customs — Continued Oils — animal and olive 25 per cent. " castor 80 cts. per gal. Paintings 30 per cent. " If work of an American Artist free Photographs 25 per cent. Pipes — Meerschaum wood, and of all other material except Common Clay (35 per cent. ) 70 per cent. Rubber Boots, shoes, and other articles wholly of Rubber (not fabrics) 25 per cent. " Br.*?ces, Suspenders, Webbing, etc., unless in pait silk 30 per cent. ' * Silk, Cotton, Worsted or Leather 50 per cent. Saddles and Harness 35 per cent. Shawls— Silk 50 per cent. /-. 1. FT • i.1 1 (35 cts. per lb. Camel's Hair or other wool ^^^^ ^^ J^^^ ^^^ Silk — dress and piece. 50 per cent. Skins, dressed 20 per cent. Snuff 50 cts. per lb. Soap— Castile 20 cts. per lb. " fancy, perfumed, Toilet and Windsor 15 cts. per lb. Statuary, marble 30 per cent. . . , i40 and 25 per Stereoscopic views on glass or paper -j^^ respectively Spirits— Brandy, whiskey, gin, etc |2 per proof gal. Sugars, above No. IG, Dutch Standard 3 cts. per lb. '< " "20, " " 34 cts. per lb. Tobacco, manufactured 40 cts. per lb. Toys • 35 per cent. Umbrellas— Silk or alpaca 50 per cent. Velvet— Silk 50 per cent. " Cotton or mostly cotibon . 40 per cent. Watches 25 per cent. Wines— All still wines, such as Sherry, Claret or Hock in casks 50 cts per gal. Ditto, per case of 12 bottles $1.60 per case All Champagnes and Sparkling Wines in cases of 1 doz. quarts or 2 doz. pints $7 per case (and bottles extra, 3 cts. each). — 273 - Articles Free of Duty Actors' Costumes and Effects intended for personal use. Animals for breeding purposes. Antiquities not for sale. Articles and Tools of Trade. Art Works of American Artists. Bed Feathers. Birds, Land and Water Fowl. Books printed over 20 years. Bullion, Gold and Silver. Coal, Anthracite. Cocoa, crude. Coffee. Collections of Antiquities, etc, for use in College;!, Museums, Incor- porated Societies, etc. Diamonds, rough. Drugs, crude, used in dyeing or tanning. Effects of American citizens dying abroad, if accompanied bj' Con- sular certificate. Engravings (engraved over 20 years). Farina. Fertilizers — Manures. Fruits and Nuts, green, lipe, dried. Furs, undressed. Hides, raw. Household effects in use abroad over one year, and not for sale. India Rubber, crude. Insfcraments, professional, in use. Macaroni and Vermicelli. Mineral Waters, natural. Natural History Specimens (not for sale) . Newspapers and Periodicals. Olives. Plants, Trees and Shrubs. , Rags, not wool, for paper stock. Sausages, Bologna, German, Skins. Scientific Instruments for colleges. Skins, raw. Tapioca. Tea. Tin in bars and piga. — 274 — U. S. Manufactures forwarded to foreign countries and returned. Vines and Vine Cuttings. Wax, vegetable and mineral. Personal Effects when old and in use over one year.* *NoTE. — Personal effects, when old and in use over one year, can be entered free, provided they accompany the owners, or the owners can take oath tliat they have arrived in the United States within one year prior to the date of arrival of the goods, specifying steamer and date upon which they arrived. If the owners have not arrived within the year, duty must be paid on appraisement. Household effects, books and libraries; if used abroad not less than one year, and not intended for any other person, nor for sale, are entitled to free entry, even if the owners have resided 7norc than one year in the United States. Old cloth- ing and household effects sent as presents are dutiable. Paintings, statuary, and other works are embraced in tlie term "household effects. " Horses, carriages and saddlery are now embraced iu the term "house- hold effects." Duty must be paid on all watches but one brought by a single passenger. Each passenger is entitled to bring with him fifty cigars. If above that quantity, they are liable to duty or seizure, as the case may arise. Average Percentage of Alcohol in Wines and Liquors Name Per Cent. J^ame Per Cent. Beer 4.0 Sherry 19.0 Porter 4.5 Vermouth 19.0 Ale 7.4 Malmsey 19.7 Cider 8.6 Marsala 20.2 Perry 8.8 Madeira 21.0 Elder 9.3 Port 23.2 Moselle 9. G Curacoa 27. Tokay 10.2 Aniseed 33.0 Rhine 11.0 Maraschino 34.0 Orange 11.2 Chartreuse 43.0 Bordeaux 11.5 Gin 51.6 Hock 11.6 Brandy 53.4 Gooseberry 11.8 Paim 53.7 Champagne 12.2 Whiskey, Irish 53.9 Claret 13.3 Whiskey, Bourbon 54.0 Burgundy 13.6 Whiskey, Rye 54.0 Malaga ' 17.3 Whiskey, Scotch 54.3 Canary 18.8 Cognac 55.0 The per centage as above is by volume! "Proof Spirit" contains 49.24 per cent, by weight, or 57.06 per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol. - 275 — Rifles Used in the Armies of Different Nations Hebler Rifle is used by Switzerland, calibre .30 inch, powder 65 grains, bullet 270 grains, muzzle velocity 1,750 feet per second. Jarmann Rifle is used by Sweden and Norway, weight 10 lbs. 1| oz., calibre .39 inch, powder 77 grains, bullet 337 grains, muzzle velocity 1,536 feet per second. Lee Rifle is used by Great Britain, calibre .30 inch, powder 70 grains, bullet 217 grains, muzzle velocity 1,700 feet per second. Lebel Rifle is used by France and Russia, calibre .31 inch, muzzle velocity 1,760 feet per second. Mannlicher Rifle is used by Austria, calibre .31 inch, powder 62 grains, bullet 240 grains, muzzle velocity 1,700 feet per second. Mauser Rifle is used by Germany, weight 10 lbs. 2 oz., calibre .43 inch, powder 77 grains, bullet 386 grains, muzzle velocity 1,410 feet per second. Peabody-Martine Rifle is used by Turkey, weight 9 lbs. 6 oz,, calibre .45 inch, powder 70 grains, bullet 370 grains, muzzle velocity 1,400 feet per second. Remington Rifle is used by Spain and Denmark, weight 9 lbs., <;alibre .45 inch, powder 70 grains, bullet 386 grains, muzzle velocity 1,340 feet per second. Springfield Rifle is used by the United Stages, weight 9 lbs. 4 oz., calibre .45 inch, powder 70 grains, bullet 500 grains. Vetterli Rifle is used by Italy, weight 10 lbs. 8 oz., calibre .41 inch powder 55 grains, bullet 312 grains, muzzle velocity 1,427 feet per second. How TO Secure a Copyright Send by mail or otherwise prepared a 'printed copy of the title (and two copies after publication) of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph, or a descrip- tion of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuarj', or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which copyright is desired, addressed, Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. The legal fee is 50 cents, and for a copy of this record an additional fee of 50 cents is required, making $1, which must be inclosed. No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy published, on the title page or the page following, if it be a - 276 — book; or, if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected as a work of the line arts, by inscribing vipon some portion thereof, or on the substance on which the same is mounted, the following words, viz: '^ Entered accordin'j to act of Con- gres.^, in the year , by . in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washin /^o,dou <. j^ 1836 W. P. Mangum Whig ) ( H 1840 W. H. Harrison Whig 1,275,017 234 1840 Martin Van Buren Democrat 1, 128,702 GO 1840 J. G. Birney Liberty 62,300 1844 James K. Polk Democrat 1,337,243 170 1844 Henry Clay Whig 1,299,068 105 1844 J. G. Birney Liberty 62,300 1848 Zachary Taylor Whig 1,360,101 163 1848 Lewis Cass Democrat 1,220,544 127 1848 Martin Van Buren Free Soil 291,263 1852 Franklin Pierce Democrat 1,601,474 254 1852 Winfield Scott Whig *. . . . 1,386,578 42 1852. John P. Hale Free Soil 156,149 1856 James Buchanan Democrat 1,838,169 174 1856 John C. Fremont Republican 1,341,264 114 1856 Millard Fillmore American 874, 534 8 1860 Abraham Lincoln Republican 1,866,352 180 1860 Stephen A. Douglas. . .Democrat 1,375,157 12 1860 John C. Breckinridge... Democrat 845,763 72 1860 John Bell Union 589,581 39 1864 Abraham Lincoln Republican 2,2)6,067 212 1864 Geo. B. McClellan Democra.t 1,808,725 21 1868. . . . . .U. S. Grant Republican 3,015,071 214 1868 Horatio Seymour Democrat 2,709,613 80 — 287 — Electoral Votes — Continued Elec- Year Candidates Party Popular Vote torlal Vote 1872 U. S. Grant Republican 3,597,070 286 1872 Horace Greeley.. Liberal and Democrat, 2,834,079 63 1872 Charles O'Connor Democrat 29,408 1872 James Black Temperance 5,608 1 876 R. B. Hayes Republican 4,033,950 185 1876 SamuelJ. Tilden Democrat 4,284,757 184 1876 Peter Cooper Greenback 81,740 1876 G. C. Smith Prohibition 9,522 1876 Scattering 2,636 1880 James A. Garfield Republican 4,439,745 214 1880 WinfieldS. Hancock ... Democrat 4,435,911 155 1880 James B. Weaver Greenback 306,219 1884 Grover Cleveland Democrat 4,845,255 219 1884 James G. Blaine Republican 4,818,671 182 1884 Benj. F. Butler Greenback 270,359 1884 John P. St. John Prohibition: . . . . 150,707 1888 Benjamin Harrison Republican 5,439,877 233 1888 Grover Cleveland Democrat 5,538,421 168 1888 Clinton B. Fisk Prohibition 251,147 1888 A. J. Streeter Labor Vote 145,961 — 288 — How THE States have Voted Presidential Elections from 1824 "^^ ^^^^ CO ^ GO ^ 9P ^ ^ 00 S K) to W 05 >t D. \t^ o< >i~ C/3 IC D. D. D. D. Alabama D. D. D. D. Arkansas D. D. D. J). D. I), T> D Colorado .... Connecticut R. R. N.R. D. W. W. w. D. R. Delaware W. R. N.R. W. W. W. w. D. D. Florida W. D. P Georgia W. b. b. W. W. D. W. D. D. Illinois i). D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. Indiana D. D. D. W. VV. B. D. I). D. Iowa .... .... D. 1). n Kansas Kentucky W. D. N.R. W. W. W. W. W. D. Louisiana 1). D. D. D. VV. i). VV. D. D. Maine R. R. D. D. W. D. D. D. K Maryland D. R. N.R. W. W. W. W. D. A. Massachusetts R. R. N.R. VV. W. VV. VV. VV. R. Alipliicra.n 1) W 1) 1) D R. ATinnpsotfi Mississippi D. D. D. D. W. D. D. D. D. Missouri W. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. Nebraska New Hampshire R. R. D. D. D. D. D. D. R. New Jersey D. R. D. VV. VV. VV. VV. D. D. R. D. D. D. D. D. D. W. W. D. W. W. W. D. D. R North Carolina P. Ohio W D. D. W. W. W. D. D. p Oregon Pennsylvania D. b. D. D. W. b. W. i). T) Rhode Island... R. R. N.R. D. W. W. W. D. R. South Carolina D. D. W. W. D. D. D. D. D. Tennessee D. D. D. W. W. W. W. W. D. Texas .... D. D. D. Vermont R. R. A.M. W. W. w. W. W. R. Virginia W. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. WfiQ-f-, VirciTiia. Wisconsin D. D. R 289 — Presidential Election s — Continued Alabama Arkansas California Colorado , Connecticut . . . . Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampsli'rc New Jersey New York North Carolina . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania . . . Rhode Island . . , South Carolina . , Tennessee Texa3 Vermont Virginia .. West Virginia. . . Wisconsin R. R. R. R. R. R. R. R. D. R. R. R. R. D. R. R. D. R. R. R. R. D. R. R. R. R. R. R. R. R. R. R. R. D. D R. R. R. R. D. D. R. R. D. D. R. D. R. D. R. R. D. R. R. D. R. R. R. D. D. R. R. R. D. D. D. R. R. R. R. R. D. D. R. D. D.- R. CO CO CO 00 O tP>. D. D. D. R. R. D. D. D. R. R. R. R. D. D. R. D. R. R. R. D. D. R. D. R. D. R. D. R. R. R. R. D. D. D. R. D. D. R. D. D. R. R. D. D. D. D. R. R. R. R. D. D. R. D. R. R. R. D. D. R. R. R. D. R. D. R. R. R. R. D. D. D. R. D. D. R. R— Republican. W — Whig. D— Democratic. U— Union. A— Am- ericau. A. M. — Anti-Masonic. N. R. — National Republican. — 290 — Biographies of the Presidents of the United States George Washington was born February 22, 1732, near Bridges' Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia ; paternal ancestors were English; vocation in early life was surveyor, when elected planter ; religious connection Episcopalian ; died December 14, 1799. John Adams was born October 19, 1735 ; Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts ; paternal ancestors were English ; vocation in early life teacher, when elected lawyer ; religious connection Congregationalist ; died July 4, 1826. Thomas Jefferson was born April 2, 1743 ; Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia ; paternal ancestors were Welsh ; vocation in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Liberal ; died July 4, 1820. James Madison was bora March 16, 1751 ; Port Conway, King George County, Virginia ; paternal ancestors were English ; vocation in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Episcopalian; died June 28, 1836. James Monroe was born April 28, 1758; head of Monroe's Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia ; paternal ancestors were Scotch ; vocation in early life lawyer, when elected statesman ; religious con- nection Episcopalian ; died July 4, 1831. John Quincy Adams was born July 11, 1767; Quincy, Norfolk County, Massaclmsetts ; paternal ancestors were English ; vocat.'on in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Congrc- gationalijt ; died February 21, 1848. Andrew Jackson wa^ born March 15, 17G7 ; near Curetou's Pond, Union County, Nortli Carolina ; paternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish ; vocation iu early life lawyer, when elected the same; religious connec- tion Presbyterian ; died June 8, 1845. Marti Vau Burcii was bor:i December 5, 1782 ; Kinderhook, Columbia County, Nov/ York ; paternal ancestors were Dutch ; voca- tion in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Reformed Dutch ; died July 24, 18G2. William Henry Harrison was born February 9, 1773, Berkeley, Charles City County, Virginia ; paternal ancestors were English; voca- tion in early life soldier, when elected farmer ; religious connection Episcopalian; died April 4, 1841. John Tyler wai born March 29, 1790 ; Green way, Charle.3 City County, Virginia ; paternal ancestors were English ; vocation in early — 291 — life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Episcopalian ; died January 18, 1862. James Knox Polk was born November 2, 1795 ; near Pineville, Mecklenburgh County, North Carolina ; paternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish ; vocation in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Presbyterian ; died June 15, 1849. Zachary Taylor was born September 24, 1784; near Orange Court House, Orange County, Virginia ; paternal ancestors were English ; vocation in early life soldier, and when elected the same ; religious connection Episcopalian ; died July 9, 1850. Millard Fillmore was born January 7, 1800 ; Summerhill, Cayuga County, New York ; paternal ancestors were English ; vocation in early life tailor, when elected lawyer ; religious connection Episcopa- lian, died March 8, 1874. Franklin Pierce was born November 23, 1804 ; Hillsborough, Hills- borough County, New Hampshire; paternal ancestors English; vocation in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Epis- copalian ; died October 8, 18C9. James Buchanan was born April 23, 1791 ; Cove Gap, Franklin County, Pennsylvania ; paternal ancestors were Scotch -Irish ; voca- tion in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Presbyterian; died June 1, 18G8. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809 ; near Hodgenville, Larue County, Kentucky ; paternal ancestors were English ; vocation in early life farm-hand, when elected lawj'er ; religious connection Methodist ; died April 15, 1865. Andrew Johnson was born December 9, 1808 ; Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina ; paternal ancestors English; vocation in early life tailor, when elected statesman ; religious connection Methodist ; died July 81, 1875. Ulysses Simpson Grant was born April 22, 1822 ; Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio ; paternal ancestors were Scotch ; vocation in early life soldier, when elected the same ; religious connection Methodist; died July 23, 1885. Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born Oct. 4, 1822 ; Delaware, Dela- ware County, Ohio ; paternal ancestors Scotch ; vocation in early life lawyer, when elected the same; religious connection Methodist. Jamc3 Abram Garfield wa3 born November 19, 1831 ; Orange Town- ship, Cuyahoga County, Ohio ; paternal ancestors English ; vocation in early life teacher, when elected lawyer; religious connection Disci- ples; died September 19, 1881. Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5, 1830, Fairfield, Franklin County, Vermont ; paternal ancestors Scotch-Irish; vocation in early life teacher, when elected lawyer ; religious connection Episcopalian ; died November 18, 1886, Grover Cleveland was born March 18, 1837, Caldwell, Essex County, New Jersey; paternal ancestors English ; vocation in early life teacher, when elected lawyer; religious connection Presbyterian. Benjamin Harrison was born August 20, 1833, North Bend, Ohio; paternal ancestor English ; vocation in early life lawyer, when elected the same ; religious connection Presbyierian. — 292 — Average Annual Temperature in the United States Pl^ce of Observation Average Temperature Tucson, Arizona Ter 69 Jacksonville, Florida , 09 New Orleans, Louisiana 69 Austin, Texas 67 Mobile, Alabama 66 Jackson, Mississippi 64 Little Rock, Arkansas 63 Columbia, South Carolina 62 Fort Gibson, Indian ler 60 Raleigh, North Carolina 59 Atlanta, Georgia 68 Nashville, Tennessee 58 Richmond, Virginia 57 Louijvillc, Kentucky ■ 56 San Francisco, California 55 Washington, D. C 55 St. Louis, ^lissouri 55 Baltimore, Maryland 54 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 54 Wilmington, Delaware 53 Trenton, New Jersey 53 Columbus, Ohio 53 Portland, Oregon 53 Ft. Boise, Idaho Ter 52 Salt Lake City, Utah Ter 52 Romney, West Virginia 52 Indianapolis, Indiana 51 Leavenworth, Kansas 51 Santa Fe, New Mexico Ter 57 Steilacoom, Washington 51 Hartford, Connecticut 50 Springfield, Illinois 50 Camp Scott, Nevada 50 De } Moines, Iowa 49 Omaha, Nebraska 49 Denver, Colorado 48 Boston, Massachusetts 48 Albany, New York 48 Providence, Rhode Island 48 Detroit, Michigan 47 Ft. Randall, Dakota 47 Sitka, Alaska Ter 46 Concord, New Hampshire 46 Augusta, Maine 45 Madison, Wisconsin 45 Helena, Montana • 43 Montpelier, Vermont 43 St. Paul, Minnesota 42 - 293 — Average Annual Rainfall in the United States Place ^ Inches Neah Bay, Washington 123 Sitka, Alaska Ter 83 Ft. Haskins, Oregon 66 Mt. Vernon, Alabama 66 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 60 Meadow Valley, California 57 Ft. Tonson, Indian Ter 57 Ft. Meyers, Florida 56 Washington, Arkansas 54 Huntsville, Alabama 54 Natchez, Mississippi 53 New Orleans, Louisiana 51 Savannah, Georgia 4S Springdale, Kentucky 4^ Fortress Monroe, Virginia 47 Memphis, Tennessee 45 Newark, New Jersey 44 Boston, Massachusetts 44 Cincinnati, Ohio 44 Bruni,wiek, Maine 41- New Haven, Connecticut 44 PhSadelphia, Pennsylvania 44 Charleston, South Carolina 43 New York City, New York 43 Gaston, North Carolina 43 Richmond, Indiana 43 Marietta, Ohio 43 St. Louis, Missouri 43 Muscatine, Iowa 42 Baltimore, Maryland 41 New Bedford, Massachusetts 41 Providence, Rhode Island 41 Ft. Smith, Arkansas 40 Hanover, New Hampshire 40 Ft. Vancouver, Washington 38 Cleveland, Ohio 37 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 37 Washington, D. C 37 — 294 — Rainfall in the United States — Continued Place Inches White Sulphur Springs, Virginia 37 Ft. Gibson, Indian Ter 36 Key West, Florida '. 36 Peoria, Illinois 35 Burlington, Vermont . . 34 Buffalo, New York 33 Ft. Brown, Texas 33 Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas 31 Detroit, Michigan 30 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 30 Penn Yan, New York 28 Ft. Kearney, Nebraska 25 Ft. Snelling, Minnesota 25 Salt Lake City, Utah Ter 23 Mackinac, Michigan 23 San Francisco, California 21 Dalles, Oregon 21 Sacramento, California 21 Ft. Massachusetts, Colorad<^ 17 Ft. Marcy, New Mexico Ter 16 Ft. Randall, Dakota 16 Ft. Defiance, Arizona Ter 14 Ft. Craiz, New Mexico Tor 11 San Diego, California 9 Ft. Bliss, Texas 9 Ft. Bridger, Utah Ter 6 Ft. Garland, Colorado 6 What a Horse Can Draw On metal rails a horse can draw: One and two-thirds times as much as on asphalt pavement; three and one-third times as much as on good Belgian blocks; five times as much as on ordinary Belgian blocks; seven times as much as on good cobble-stone; thirteen times as much as on ordinary cobble-stone; twenty times as much as on an earth road; and forty times us much as on saud. A modern compilation of engineering maxims states that a horse can drag, as compared with what he can carry on his back, in the following proportions: On the worst earthern road, three times more; on a good macadamized road, nine; on plank, twenty-five; on a stone trackway, thirty-three; and on a good railway, fifty-four times as much. 295 — Canning Fruits, Amount of Sugar Required AND Time of Boiling A general rule for canning fruit is as follows : Quantity of Sugar Kind of Fruit Time of Boiling per quart Bartlett Pears .20 minutes 6 ounces Blackberries 9 Cherries 5 Gooseberries 8 Peaches, whole 15 Peaches, halves 8 Pie-plant, sliced 10 Pineapples 15 Plums 10 Quinces, sliced 15 Raspberries 6 Ripe Currants 6 Small Pears, whole ... 30 Siberian Apples 25 Sour Apples 10 Strawberries 8 Tomatoes 20 Whortleberries 5 Wild Grapes 10 .6 .6 .8 .4 .4 .10 .6 .8 .10 .4 .8 " .5 " .8 " , none ,4 ounces .8 " Largest Universities University Location, Country Number of Professors Berlin Germany 142. Buda-Pesth Hiingary 141 . Cambridge, England 36, Copenhagen Denmark 60 . Edinburgh Scotland 43 . Harvard United States 184 . Leipsic Germany 120 . Moscow Russia 117. Munich .Germany 82 . Naples Italy 110. Oxford England 40. Paris France 180 . Rome Italy 50. Salamanca Spain 40 . Upsel Germany 104. Vienna Austria 1 60 . When Founded ....1810 . . . . 1635 ....1231 . . . . 1479 . . . . 1582 . . . . 1636 . . . . 1409 ....1755 . . . . 1472 . . , . 1224 ....1280 . . . . 1206 . . . . 1303 . . . . 1240 ....1476 . . . . 1365 — 296 — Relative Value and Weight of Wood The following table shows the comparative value of firewoods for fuel in a seasoned state, or when burnt to charcoal. Shellbark Hickory being taken at 100 ari the standard. Name Value Weight American Chestnut 52 2,333 American Holly 57 . 2,691 American Hornbeam 65 3,218 Apple 70 3,115 Barren Oak 66 3,102 Barren Scrub Oak 73 3,339 Black Birch 63 3,115 Black Walnut 65 3,044 Butternut 51 2,534 Chestnut White Oak 86 3,955 Dogwood 75 3,643 Hard Maple 60 2,878 Jersey Pine 48 2, 137 Large Magnolia 56 2,704 Mountain Laurel 66 2,963 Pignut Hickory 95 4,241 Pine Oak 71 3,339 Pitch Pine 43 1,906 Post Oak 74 3,464 Persimmon 69 3, 178 Red Oak 69 3,254 Red Cedar 56 2,525 Rock Chestnut Oak 61 3,030 Service-tree or shade-bush.. 84 3,964 Scrub Black Oak 71 3,254 Sassafras 59 2,762 Shellbark Hickory 100 .*. 4,469 Soft Maple 54 2,668 Sour-gum 67 3,142 Spanish Oak 52 2,449 Swamp Whortleberry 73 3,361 8weet-gum 57 2,8.34 Sycamore 52 2,391 Western Hickory 81 3,705 White Beech 65 3,236 n'hite Birch 48 2,369 White Elm 58 2,592 White Ash 77 . . 3,450 White Oak 81 3,821 White Pine 42 1,808 Witch Hazel 72 3,505 Wild Cherry 55 2,068 Yellow Oak 60 2,919 Yellow Pino, soft 54 •. 2,463 Yellow Poplar 52 2,516 — 297.— The New Navy of the United States The new navy of the United States received its first start in 1881, when, under the direction of Secretary W. H. Hunt, the first Advisory Board was appointed to report upon the pressing need of appropriate vessels to replace the old wooden vessels, many of which were unfit for repair. The Advisory Board, consisting of fifteen naval officers, and with Rear-admiral John Rogers as president met early in June, and in November it made a report recommending the building of thirty-eight unarmored steel cruising vessels. Of those, two were to be of 5,873 tons displacement, six of 4,560, ten of 3,013 tons, and twenty of 793 tons. But it was not until March 3, 1883, that Congress made an appropriation to build four vessels as recommended by tlie Naval Advisory Board in its report, December 20, 1882, A contract was made with John Roach and Sons to build these four vessels — the Chicago, the Atlanta, the Boston, and the Dolphin. In the building of these vessels there was an impetus given to the iron and steel industries throughout the land which promises steady employment to hundreds of thousands of men. The gun trials, the speed, and all that pertains to the con- struction and behavior of these four modern ships proves the wisdom maintaining the Navy in a state of usefulness and dignity. The next legislation which provided for the construction of modern steel ships was on March 3, 1885, the last day of President Arthur's Administration. Other appropriations have since been made and when the vessels provided for have been finished, the Navy will have twenty- nine new stoel unarmored and armored cruising vessels. The follow- ing is a list of the new Navy, their type, displacement, armament hor.ie-power and cost : The Chicago — a cruiser of 4,500 tons displacement ; 5,084 horse-power; armament consists of four 8-inch B. L. R., eight 6-inch B. L. R., two 5-inch B. L. R., two 6-pdr.R, F., two 1-pdr.R. F,, four 47 -mm. R. C, two 37-mm, R. C, and two Gatlings ; speed, 16 knots per hour; cost $889,000 ; is in commission. The Boston— Si cruiser of 3,189 tons displacement; 3,780 horse-power; armament consists of two 8-inch B, L. R., six 6-inch B. L. R., two 6- pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. F., two 1-pdr. R. F., two 47-mm. R. C, two 37-mm. R. C. and two Gatlings ; speed, 14 knots an hour ; cost $619,- 000 ; is in commission. The Atlanta — a cruiser of 3,189 tons displacement; 3,356 horse-power, armament (same as .Sos^ow); speed, 14 knots per hour; cost $617,000; is in commission. — 298 — The Dolphin — a dispatch-boat of 1,485 tons displacement; 2,240 horse-power ; armament consists of one 6-inch B. L. R., four 47-mm. R. C, two 6-pdr. R. F., two Gatlings ; speed, 15 knots per hour ; cost $315,000 ; is in commission. The Charleston — a cruiser of 3,730 tons displacement; 6,006 horse- power; armament consists of two 8-inch B. L. R., six 6-inch B. L. R., four 6-pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. F., two 1-pdr. R. F., four 37-mm. R. C, two Gatlings; speed, 19 knots per hour; cost, $1,017,000; is in com- mission. The Baltimore — a cruiser of 4,413 tons displacement; 10,300 horse- power; armament consists of four 8-inch B. L. R., six 6-inch B. L. R.^ four 6-pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. F., two 1-pdr. R. F., four 37-mm. R. C. and two Gatlings; speed, 19 knots per hour; cost, $1,325,000; is in, commission. The Yorktown—a. gunboat of 1,700 tons displacement; 3,400 horse- power; armament consists of six 6-inch B. L. R„ two 6-pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. F., one 1-pdr. R. F., two 37 mm. R. C. and two Gatlings; speed, 17 knots per hour; cost, $490,000; is in commission. The Pe^reZ— a gunboat of 870 tons displacement; 1,100 horse-power? armament consists of four 6-inch B. L. R., two 3-pdr. R. F., one 1-pdr. R. F., two 37 mm. R.. C, and two Gatlings; speed, 14 knots per liour; cost, $247,000; is in commission. The Ve^uviui — a dynamite vessel of 970 tons displacement; 3,200 horse-power; armament consists of three 15-inch dynamite guns, two 3-pdr, R. F., one 1-pdr. R. F., two 37-mm. R. C, two Gatlings; speed, 21 knots per hour; cost, $350,000; is ready for service. The Gushing — a torpedo vessel of 99 tons displacement; 1,000 horse- power; armament consists of eight automobile torpedoes; two 6-pdr. R. F., speed, 23 knots per hour; cost, $82,750; is ready for service. The Newnrh — a cruiser of 4,083 tons displacement; 8,500 (estimated) horse-power; armament consists of tweh^e 6-inch B. L. R., four 6-pdr, R. T^\, four 3-pdr, R. F., two 1-pdr. R. F., three 3-mm. R. C. and four Gatlings; speed, 20 knots per hour; cost, $1,248,000; nearly completed at Philadelphia. The Philadelphia— a, cruiser of 4,300 tons displacement ; 10,500 (estimated) horse-power; armament (same as Newark) ; speed, 20 knots per hour ; cost $1,350,000 ; was launched at Philadelphia, September 7, 1889. The San Francisco — a cruiser of 4,083 tons displacement ; 9,000 (estimated) horse-power ; armament (same as Newark) ; speed, 1 9 knots per hour ; cost $1,428,000 ; was launched at San Francisco, October 26, 1889. — 299 — The Concord — a gunboat of 1,700 tons displacement ; 3,400 horse- power; armament (same as Yorhtown) ; speed, 20 knots per hour ; cost $490,000 ; is nearly completed at New York. The Bennington — a gunboat, same displacement, horgse-power, arma- ment as the Concord; speed, 20 knots per hour. The Maine — a battle-ship of 6,648 tons displacement ; 9,000 (esti- mated) horse-power; armament consists of four 10-inch B. L. K, six 6-inch B. L. R., four 6-pdr. R. F., eight 3-pdr. R. F., two l-pdr. R. F., four 37-mm. R. C. and four Gatlings ; speed, 19 knots per hour ; cost $2,844,503 ; building at New York Navy Yard. The Texas — a battle-ship of 6,300 tons displacement; 8,600 (estimated) horse-power; armament consists of two 12-inch B. L. R., other guns same as the Maine', speed, 19 knots per hour; cost $2, 376,000 *» building at Norfolk Navy Yard. The Puritan — a double-turret monitor of 6,060 tons displacement ; 3,058 horse-power; armament consists of four 10-inch B. L. R., two 6-pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. P., two 37-mm. R. C. and two Gatlings ; speed, 13| knots per hour ; completing at New York Navy Yard. The Miantonomah—a. double-turret monitor of 3,815 tons displace- ment ; 3,000 horse-power ; armament same as the PwWton except carries no 3-pdrs ; speed, 10| knots per hour ; completing at the New York Navy Yard. The Terror — a double-turret monitor of the same description as the Miantommah ; speed, 10 knots per hour ; lays at New York Navy Yard. The Monadnock—a double-turret monitor of the same description as the Miantonomah ; speed, 10 knots per hour ; lays at Mare Island Navy Yard. The Amphitrite — a double-turret monitor of the same description as the 3Iiantonoma7i; speed, 10 knots per hour; lays at Norfolk Navy Yard. The Cruiser No. 7— of 3,183 tons displacement; 10,000 (estimated) horse-power ; armament consists of one 6-inch B. L. R., ten 4-inch B. L. R., two 6-pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. ¥., one l-pdr. R. F., two 37- mm. R. C; speed, 16 knots per hour; cost $1,100,000 ; building at New York Navy Yard. The Cruiser No. 8—oi 3,183 tons displacement; 10,000 (estimated) horse-power ; armament same as Cruiser No. 7 ; speed, 16 knots per hour : cost $1,100,000 ; building at Norfolk Navy Yard. The Cruiser No. 9—oi 2,000 tons displacement ; 5,400 (estimated) horse-power; armament consists of two 6-inch B. L. R., eight 4-inch B. L. R., two 6-pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. F., two R. C, and one Gat- ling ; speed, 17 knots per hour ; cost $612,500 ; building at Baltimore. — 300 — The Cruiser No. 10 — 2,000 tons displacement; 5,400 (estimated) horse-power ; armament (same as Cruiser No. 9) ; speed, 17 knots per hour ; cost |ol2,500 ; building at Baltimore. The Cruiser No. 11 — 2,000 tons displacement ; 5,400 (estimated) horse-power; armament (same as Cruiser No. 9); speed, 17 knots per hour ; cost $674,000 ; building at Boston. The Gunboat No. 5 — 1,000 tons displacement ; 1,600 (estimated) horse-power; armament consists of eight 33-pdr. R. F., two 47 -mm. R. C, two 37mm. R. C, one Gatling ; cost $350,000; building not yet begun. The Qwiboat No. 6 — 1,000 tons displacement ; 1,600 (estimated) horse-power ; armament and cost (same as Gunboat No. 5) ; building not yet begun. The Pratice Vessel — 835 tons displacement ; 1,300 (estimated) horse- power; armament consists of four 33-pdr. R. F., two 6-pdr. R. F., two 3-pdr. R. F., one 1-pdr. R. F. and one 37-mm. R. C; cost $260,000; building not yet begun. Plans being made ready for an armored cruiser of 7,500 tons displace- ment ; an armored cruiser of 5,300 tons displacement ; a cruising monitor of 3,030 tons displacement; a harbor defense ram of 2,000 tons displacement, and a coast defense vessel of 4,000 tons displacement. B. L. R. — Breach loading rifles. i R. C. — Revolving cannon. R. F. — Rapid firing guns. mm. — Millimetre, 39-l,000ths of an inch. (^CA. f?. / f^ r' mm ^ Mil .