LIBRARY ill.' THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS, ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-THREE TABLES, CHARTS, AND DIAGRAMS. BY JOITN NINTH u. s. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1893. [CONCURRENT RESOLUTION.] Resolved by lite Senate (tlie House of Representatives concurring therein), That 5,000 copies, comprising the necessary lest. (aides, and charts, be printed of the paper entitled "Certain Climatic Features of the two Dakotas," being a presentation of special information collected by the Weather Bureau for a long series of years as to temperature, rainfall, winds, barometric pressures, evaporation, and atmospheric disturbances, which are believed to have marked influence upon agricultural interests in the said States. Sue. 2. That 1.000 copies be for the use of the Senate, 2,000 copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and 2,000 copies to be distributed by the Weather Bureau. 2 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, Washington, D. G., April 16, 1892. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled "Certain Climatic Features dl Hie Two Dakotas," called for by joint resolution introduced by Mr. Pettigrew in the Senate February 26, ISirJ. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, EDWIN WILLITS, Acting Secretary. The PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WEATHER BUREAU, Washington, D. G., April 12, 1892. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of Lieut. John P. Finley on "Certain Climatic. Features of the two Dakotas," the printing of which was authorized by concurrent reso- lution of Congress February 26, 1892. Very respect fully, MARK W. HARRINGTON, Chief. I ion. EDWIN WILLITS, Acting Secretary. D". S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WEATHER BUREAU, Washington, D. C., April 5, 1892. SIR : In accordance with your verbal instructions 1 have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a brief special report on the climatology of the Dakotas, the publication of which is provided for by a joint resolution of the Fifty-second Congress. In the time given me for the preparation of thi's report I have attempted to accomplish the work with as much care and thor- oughness as circumstances would permit. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, JNO. P. FINLEY, First Lieutenant, Ninth U. S'. Infantry. Prof. M. W. HARRINGTON, Chief of Weather Bureau, Washington, D. 0. 8 CONTENTS. LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL - INTRODUCTION ? PHYSICAL FEATURES: Areas of two Dakotas River systems Mountain ranges Forest areas METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS: Army medical officers the meteorological pioneers of the Northwest Work of the Smithsonian Insti- tution Establishment of first station by Signal Service Bureau Observations from 1854 to 1891. . 9 PRECIPITATION : Amount and distribution of rainfall, direct or through instrumentality of irrigation Long and short periods of observation Marked local peculiarities Important features revealed by study of accom- panying charts 12 DROUGHT: Definition Degree of dryness to which plant life will submit without destruction Evaporation and precipitation as related to drought Effect of winds Maximum periods without rain Cycles of excess and deficiency of precipitation Effect of modifications of land surface Testimony of resi- dents in regard to decrease of rainfall during recent years Prairie fires augment influence of evaporation Drought statistics extracted from Monthly Weather Review The great drought of 1887-'91 18 TEMPERATURE : Relation to other meteorological eletaents Conclusions from study of average temperature and dis- tinctive features of thermometric conditions 30 CONCLUSIONS : Brief statement of results drawn from the investigation of the climatology of North and South Dakota. 34 LIST OF APPENDICES, 1-158 37 5 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. By JOHN P. FJNLEY, First Lieutenant, Ninth U. S. Infantry. INTRODUCTION. In the preparation of this monograph exhaustive investigation and discussion are not attempted, although an effort has been made, within the time at the disposal of the writer, to examine all information immediately available at the central office of the Weather Bureau. The analysis of the data has largely been made with the view of throwing some light upon the funda- mental causes of the occurrence of drought on the Northern Plains. The subject is an important one and worthy of prolonged study. In the preparation of a more extended report, methods of observation should be carefully examined, results made comparable with greater precision, and due weight given to all variations from an accepted standard of com- parison and verification. The data have been selected, arranged, and analyzed to broadly cover the field of investigation, and suggest lines of comparative study and research to those who may desire to pursue the subject specially, in certain directions. Methods of treatment are explained and all the data employed in analysis and discussion are given in some one, of three forms, viz: tabulations, diagrams, and charts. The opportunity is thus afforded to any student of making other, more varied, and more exhaustive applications of 1 lit- fundamental values, as circumstances may suggest. A more complete analysis of the data would have been interesting and valuable, especially abnormal peculiarities in precipitation, tem- perature, and barometric pressure, on which some of the most iinportant.climatic features depend. However, the work submitted Pn this direction will, it is hoped, offer the means of extending research in various lines of climatic investigation with profit. In the preparation of the base for all temperature and precipitation charts employed, only such places appear as have been stations of observation for a mouth or more, from 1857 to 1891, inclusive. Therefore every station upon the maps has some meteorological value attached to it, the data from which appear in the tables wherever a satisfactory monthly value could be obtained. Jn a few cases such values could not be secured, and consequently the tabulated list of stations will not exactly coincide with the face of the charts. The base map is of particular value in show- ing the distribution of points of observation over the territory under investigation, and to this extent marking the weight to be given to certain sections as compared with the whole Brea. While South Dakota has the greatest number of stations, their distribution is not altogether as satis- factory as over North Dakota. The construction of two lines of railroads entirely across Forth Dakota, from west to east, one over the southern and the other over the northern portion of the State, has proved of great benefit in the establishment of weather reporting stations. In South Dakota the lines of railway communication are confined to that portion of the State east of the Missouri, except a short line running into the Black Hills from northwestern Nebraska. The Sioux Indian Reservation has for many years interfered with the development of South Dakota west of the Missouri, but the barrier is being gradually removed, and projected lines of communi- cation will, before long, open up a vast country the climatology of which is as yet practically unknown. If railroads are the pioneers of civilization and material prosperity, they are certainly the means of acquiring those benefits in no small degree, through the opportunities afforded for 7 8 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTA S. the establishment of reliable meteorological statistics, upon which to construct climatologicnl values of the utmost importance to agricultural and commercial interests. On the whole, tins monograph will present to the public the most complete, comprehensive, and accurate collection of meteorological and climatological data ever published for the Dakotas. In this connection it is important to note that the records include the year 1891, thus securing a large amount of additional information, the accomplishment of which has entailed much labor. Data are furnished from stations in the region adjacent to and immediately surrounding the Dakotas, and comparisons are made with records from selected stations at more distant points, in order that differences in climatic effect may be instructively observed. Certain agricultural values are also presented in tabular form from careful computations made by Mr. J. R. Dodge, the Statistician of the Department of Agriculture. These records offer means of useful comparison with climatological data. The scope of the data collected in this report will afford opportunity for valuable study in connection with the subject of irrigation, and in other directions, which in the brief discussion submitted can not receive more than a passing , notice. It is intended that the value of this monograph shall rest upon an accurate presentation of all available records, and also upon a truthful and somewhat extended analysis of the data. The methods of examination and classifi- cation are believed to be simple and practical, and it is expected that the information furnished will be within reach of the agricultural and commercial classes. The actual records are submitted, generally in detail and at their face value. If the method of treatment in any case does not appear to meet the expectations or fancy of the casual reader, or the careful student, the opportunity is afforded of applying his own ideas to the original values. In the discussion, effort is made to avoid masking the truth by any tendency toward exaggeration or concealment. Elaborate and involved methods of reasoning are not resulted to in support of preconceived or doubtful theories. Deductions are given in brief form and reference is made to the source of information with directness. Unfair comparisons have not been designed and undue advantage is not purposely given to any one section over another. Under such circumstances no unjustifi- able expectations can be aroused in the interest of any agricultural or commercial developments. Endeavor has been made to present the actual records and all that pertains to them in such a manner that each section of the two States represented will stand on its own resources and be judged accordingly. Indications will be set against certain records, but the reader will be able to measure the accuracy and usefulness of the application. PHYSICAL FEATURES. The region under discussion in this report embraces over 150,000 square miles, an area about five times as great as the whole of New England. Its northern limit is 49 north latitude, wliiHi parallel forms the boundary between the United States and the. Dominion of Canada west of the ninety-fifth meridian. Its southern limit is marked by the forty-third parallel of north lati tin le :iiid its eastern and western limits by the meridians of 90 20' and 104 west from Greenwich. Its extreme length from north to south is about 430 miles and the width from east to west is about 350 miles. The entire region is divided into two irregular portions by the course of the Missouri, from northwest to southeast, and much the larger part of the two States is drained by this great, river, which has a length within their boundaries of about 1,300 miles, when its tortuous course is entirely considered. The Red River of the North forms the dividing line between North Dakota and Minnesota and has a very devious course of about (500 miles before entering into Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, The valley of this river embraces an area of about 23,00(1 square miles, about 8,000 of which are in North Dakota. The soil of this valley is very fertile and is said to make the "finest wheat land in the world." The river systems of the Dakotas are very extensive and of considerable value to the agricul- tural and commercial interests of the States. Within the valley of the James, or Dakota River, the greatest artesian wells in the world have been found, the possibilities of which for the purposes of irrigation are enormous. The extraordinary supply of motive power along the rapid descent of the Big Sioux River furnishes opportunities for manufacturing and other industries of great commercial value. The two Dakotas are estimated to have a water surface of about J,. r .OO square Profile of JVortft DccJfofa on It'ne of ' tfie48'&2>aLraJM '. fooo Sfoo - Soon tan H09 loot Sf frofile of iSoiitJhDaJloia. on line of the 44 t* Parallel. S Er /.?./... .52 1 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. & miles (about oiie one-hundredth of the entire territory), considering the rivers and the large num- ber of small lakes, the latter being practically confined to the country east of the Missouri and predominating in South Dakota. The largest, Devils Lake, about 400 square miles, lies in north- east North Dakota. The general contour of the whole territory is a vast undulating plain, sloping gradually from west to east. The accompanying profile sketch shows approximately the characteristic contour features of the two States. There are two mountain regions in the territory, one in north-central North Dakota, called the Turtle Mountain, covering an area of about 800 square miles and having an altitude varying from 1,000 to about 1,500 feet above sea level. The other region, known as the Black Hills, lies in southeast South Dakota, and embraces an area of about 3,500 square miles, with an elevation varying from 3,000 to nearly 10,000 feet above sea level. In northeast South Dakota is an elevated plateau or range of hills, known as Coteau des Prairies, which reach a maximum elevation of about 2,000 feet above sea level. A similar range, but of larger extent, called the Coteau du Mis- souri, extends along the river of that name, the banks of which, near the central portion of the territory, are about 1,500 feet above sea level. In some places these hills have a width of 45 miles and their general trend is from northwest to southeast, for a distance of several hundred miles. They form very nearly the western limit of the area adapted to agricultural purposes in both States, though the opportunity afforded for grazing has a considerably greater limit to the westward. In the report of the United States Northern Boundary Commission, Capt. Twining states that: The surface of the Coteau consists of an irregular collection of pointed hillocks, growing more and more irregular in design anil contour until they are merged in the Bad Lands. These Bad Lauds, or ' mauvaises terres," as they are termed by tin; lialf-li reeds, set at defiance all rules of topography, as well as all adequate description. Lacking even the continuous lines of drainage on which the eye may rest and which give form and system to an ordinary terrain, they stretch in an endless and tiresome succession of arid and treeless hills and ridges, a tumult- uous expanse of baked mud. The surface of the whole lerritory is greatly varied, but, with the exception of the Black Hills, an outlying range of the Rocky Mountains, there are no important summits in the two Dakotas. A very considerable portion of the country is composed of irregular plateaus of moderate eleva- tion, scattered over which are numerous isolated buttes (peaks) having an elevation above the plains of from 500 to 1,500 feet. The topographical and ' geological surveys of the Dakotas are yet far too incomplete to fur- nish data upon which to base more than a very general and rather imperfect description of their physical characteristics. It is evident from the limited information now obtainable that marked local peculiarities abound in spite of what appears to be a general sameness of surface. Under such circumstances corresponding vagaries of climatic condition maybe expected which can only be, satisfactorily known by the most extensive and thorough system of meteorological observations, and by an accurate hydrographic survey of the two States. The only considerable areas of forest are to be found in the two mountain regions above described. In the Black Hills there is estimated to be about 1,500 square miles of wooded area. Along the river botlomsand about the lakes are occasionally heavy growths of timber. TLe U. S. Geological Survey in 1889 estimated the approximate area, in square miles, of timber land in North Dakota (river bottoms) as 200; in South Dakota, 2,800 square miles, only 400 of which embraced merchantable timber. The cultivation of forest trees began in both Dakotas in 1884, in accordance with the observance of Arbor Day, and very satisfactory results have followed this enterprise. METEOROLOGICAL 1{ F,< '< )Rt>S. Meteorological observations in the Dakotas do not cover the vast area in a satisfactory manner, but this statement need not create surprise if the undeveloped condition of the country is fully realized and its pecularities of topography are understood. Most of the work accomplished has naturally been confined to the territory east of the Missouri and principally in South Dakota. S. Ex. 157 2 10 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTA8. It is progressing quite rapidly with the march of civilization westward and the opening of new lines of railway communication. To the Medical Department of the Army must be accorded the credit of being the meteoro- logical pioneers throughout the region of the great Northwest. The medical officers, at the various military posts established in the Dakotas, began observations of temperature, rainfall, wind direction, and state of weather in 1854, the first station being opened at Fort Pierre, S. Dak., in January of that year. The next post was at Fort Randall, S. Dak., the observations beginning in November, 1856. At other posts meteorological records began as follows: Fort Abercrombie, N. Dak., February, 1859 ; Yankton Indian Agency, S. Dak., November, 1859; Fort Berthold and Fort Buford, N. Dak., September, 1866; Fort Stevenson, N. Dak., August, 18G7; Fort Totten, N. Dak., August, 1869. This distribution of stations of observation excluded south- west Dakota, where meteorological records did not commence until 1878, by the establishment of a Signal Service station at Deadwood in January of that year, followed in July, 1879, by observa- tions at Fort .Meade, in the Black Hills, a short distance east of Dcadwood. Altogether seven stations have, been established in the Black Hills for various periods of time since. January, 1878, four of which are now in operation. Following the initiatory work of the Medical Department of the Army came that of the voluntary observer, through the instrumentality of the Smithsonian Institution. The first station so established was at Yankton, S. Dak., in January, 1860; the next at Mouth Cherry, S. Dak., April, 1861. Other early stations opened as follows: Bon Homme, S. Dak., .A I arch, 1872; Fargo, N. Dak., December, 1872; Morriston, S. Dak., February, 1875; Webster, S. Dak.! June, 1.SS2; Richardton, N. Dak., February, 1884. Voluntary observers began their work at places convenient to established lines of communication, but yet they were well advanced to the outposts of civil- ization, and their work manifests a very creditable appreciation of the practical value of clima- fological data. The Signal Service Bureau was established by Congress in the early part of 1870 and in November of that year a number of regular stations of observation were opened. This Bureau entered Dakota in 1872, establishing its first station at Fort Sully, S. Dak., on May 7 of that \ear. The next at Pembina, N. Dak., November 1, 1872; Yankton, S. Dak., April], 1873; Mismarck, N. Dak., September, 15, 1874; Fort Buford, N. Dak., February, 1879. From January, 1854, to December, 1891, meterological observations have been taken at, 50 stations in North Dakota and 75 stations in South Dakota, a total of" 125 stations in both .States. The length of records at these stations has varied from a month at a few points to 10 years at Fort Vates and Fort Rice, N. Dak., and at Deadwood and Webster, S. Dak.; about 11 years at Huron, S. Dak.; 18 years at Fort Meade, S. Dak.; 15 years at Fort Stevenson, N. Dak.; 17 years at Mismarck and Fort Abercrombie, N. Dak. ; 18 years at Fort Abraham Lincoln, N. Dak.: 19. years at Vankton, S. Dak.; 20 years at Fort Sissetou, S. Dak., and Fort Pembina, N. Dak.; 21 years at Fort Totten. N. Dak.; 23 years at Fort Sully. S. Dak.; 20 years at Fort Buford, N. Dak.: and :;."> years at Fort Randall, S. Dak. It will be seen that the average period over which observa- tions have been taken is very nearly the same in both States, being about 18 years in North Dakota and about 19 years in South Dakota. The maximum record of ::."> years occurs in extreme southeastern South Dakota. The next highest, 26 years, occurs in extreme northwestern North Dakota a rather singular comparison between the two States. The hours of observation have been most varied at Signal Service stations. From November 1 , 1870, to December 31, 1884, observations were made at the following hours daily, Washington time: 7, 7:35, and 11 a. m.; 12 noon; 3, 3:35, 4:35, 7, 11, and 11 :35 p. m. On January 1, 1885, time was changed to the seventy-fifth meridian, eight minutes faster than Washington time. From that date to June 30, 1888, the hours of observation were 7 and 11 a. m.; 3, 7, 10, and 11 "p. in. On July 1, isss. the hours were changed and reduced to 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Those now mentioned formed the telegraphic series of observations. Observations at local time were taken at 7 a. m., u and 9 p. m., from November 1, 1870, to July 1, 1881. At voluntary stations the observations of temperature, wind direction, wind force (estimated), and cloudiness have been generally taken at 7 a. in., 2 and 9 p. m., local time. At some stations CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 11 the hours were shortened to two of the same name, usually 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., or 9 a. m. and 9 p. m. The amount of precipitation was observed once daily, unless abnormally heavy, at the most convenient hour. At military posts the hours of observation were changed from 7 a. m., 2 and 9 p. m., in the autumn of 1888, to 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., or to any two hours of the same name from 7 a. m. to 9 a. m., inclusive. At both voluntary and at military-post hospital stations observations have always been taken at local time. The mean temperature from three observations has been determined by taking one-fourth of the sum of the 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and twice the 9 p. m. The mean from two observations of the same name has been obtained by taking one-half of their sum. These rules apply to the local and two-hour observations of the same name at Signal Service and Weather Bureau stations. The means of pressure, temperature, humidity, aad-dew-point, computed from the synchronous tridaily telegraphic observations, taken at Signal Service stations, at 7:35 a. m., 4:35 and 11:35 p. m., or 7 a. m., 3 and 11 p. m., or 7 a. m., 3 and 10 p. m., have been obtained by taking one-third of the sum of the three observations. Precipitation was measured three times daily from Novem- ber 1, 1870, to June 30, 1888, and thereafter twice daily at the telegraphic observations. At Cana- dian stations the hours of observation have been the same, with corresponding changes, as the tri-daily and twice-daily telegraphic observations at Signal Service and Weather Bureau stations. From what lias preceded it will be seen that the records of temperature and precipitation given in Appendices Nos. 4 and 40 combine the work of three classes of observers, the most accurate and systematic of which have been those of the Signal Service and Weather Bureau. The observations vary, not only as to character of work performed, but as to methods pursued and as to quality of instruments employed. Such results have been combined in monthly and annual averages at those stations where it was necessary to do so in order to secure a continuous record of the maximum period for which observations had been taken. This method gives less satisfactory results for precipitation than for temperature. In order that comparison may be made with more uniform observations^ and perhaps more accurate and acceptable computations, in the case or temperature, three sets of monthly and annual temperature normals for different periods, of eight, nine, and ten years each, prepared exclusively from Signal Service and Weather Bureau obser- vations, are furnished in Appendices Nos. 42, 43, and 44. The results from combined records are expected to vary, because of different causes, there being present in the determinations varying hours of observation, different periods of time, quality of .work, and quality and kind of instru- ments employed. From a cursory examination it would seem that the longest record gives, gen- erally, the best result in spite of the want of uniform methods of work. Comparison made with the standard normal values shows the pronounced effect from warm and cold periods, of few years' duration, or even one season, as occurred in the abnormally warm winter in 1891. In the case of precipitation two sources of error appear in the records from voluntary observers and military-post hospitals, but greater in the former than in the latter, viz: (1) imperfect measurement of snowfall and its reduction to rain; (2) defective apparatus for the measurement of rainfall and want of care in measuring and recording the amount collected in the gauge. The Signal Service and Weather Bureau records are more uniform and more accurate in these respects than those obtained from other sources. The degree of this accuracy can only be spoken of in a general way and will doubtless vary v.ith every station, being more at some and less at others. But, aside from such a result, it must be conceded that the influence of locality and topography demand the most careful consideration in applying any correction for supposed erroneous methods of work in the measurement of precipitation. It is well known that the distribution of rainfall is subject to many and sometimes seemingly inexplicable variations, due to the conditions of exposure of the collecting apparatus and to the peculiarities of local topography. This fact being conceded, it becomes necessary to increase the number of stations of observation, as far as possible, and accept all records, even though each and every one can not be subjected to the same standard of criticism. In spite of the fact that other things may not be equal, the longer the record of pre- cipitation the more satisfactory the monthly and average values become. In the case of isolated records showing abnormal variations the data must become of considerable value. 12 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. In accordance with these views the precipitation records in Appendix No. 4 have been combined from all sources at each station, in order to secure the maximum continuity of obser- vations. The precipitations and temperature records in Appendices Nos. 4 and 40 have been employed as the basis of construction of all charts of these elements, also diagrams, and in the preparation of supplemental tables in extending the analysis of meteorological data. PRECIPITATION. An accurate knowledge of the rainfall of any considerable region of country is indispensable to a satisfactory estimate of its productiveness. The fundamental source of material prosperity and commercial supremacy in any country lies in the products of the soil, the development of which depends upon the amount and distribution of atmospheric precipitation, direct, or through the instrumentality of irrigation. It is the most important element for discussion in this monograph, aside from evaporation, and also the most difficult for thorough treatment. The immense area embraced by the Dakotas, the limited number of stations of observation, and the lack of uniform and continuous methods of work at all places render the data submitted inadequate for a satis- factory representation of the rainfall, especially west of the Missouri River. Precipitation has received consideration in the preparation of twenty-nine charts, forty-two diagrams, and nineteen tabulations, published in this monograph. The fundamental data for classification and analytical study have been obtained from the records published in Appendix No. 4. The cartographical representation of the monthly and annual average values has been prepared without the usual employment of isometric lines. The thirteen charts here referred to will be found in Appendices Nos. 27 to 39, inclusive. Recourse has been had to this rather novel and perhaps doubtful method of representation because of the rather remarkable differ- ences in isohyetal values, the small number of stations from which normal values could be obtained, and the large scale of the charts. It is believed, however, that the plan adopted will better serve to convey the truth than the employment of uncertain methods, of perhaps more graphic illustration. The values for each station are entered in very large figures, to aid the eye in locating them quickly and in making comparisons with surrounding stations. Peculiarities are thus prominently set forth, and with a degree of accuracy that prohibits criticism and pre- vents an unfair distribution of theoretical curves. Isolated stations are not neglected, and large areas are not given a shading of supposititious value. By the methods pursued due weight is given to stations of long and short records and consideration had for the influence, of local topog- raphy. The charts have entered upon them monthly and annual values of from three to thirty- five years, and in the extremes, on the average, from five to seventeen years, obtained from a total of forty stations. The agreement between the longest records is, on the whole, better than between the long and short ones, as might be expected; yet this disagreement is much less marked from April to September, inclusive, than during the remainder of t lie \ ea r, from October to March, inclusive. The hyetography of the Dakotas presents peculiar features of local divergence that seem inexplicable from topographical influences alone. From a general view of the face of the country one would expect to find a remarkable uniformity of precipitation expressed in the monthly aver- age values of three years or more, and especially in the annual values. While the precipitation records are a. little more complete and of somewhat greater length than those of mean tempera ture, yet the corresponding increase in value is extremely small because of the much greater length required for precipitation records in order to secure satisfactory normal values. The. advisability of charting three-year records of rainfall may be questioned; yet those of ten year's and over, aggregating twenty stations, were not sufficient in number, when properly distributed, to cover the territory. Moreover, considerable differences were found among the long records, and in some cases they were greater than those found to exist bet ween the long and short records, where reasonable comparison could be made. However, the averages show that the differences between the short records in North Dakota in the winter months (dry season) are about 65 per cent greater than those existing between the long records, the mean difference being about one-third of an inch. On the contrary, in South Dakota, the differences between I he long reci >rds are about 10 per cent greater than between the short records, the mean difference being about one-tenth CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 13 of an inch. For the summer months (wet season) the average. differences are about 45 per cent greater for the short records in North Dakota, the mean difference being about seven-tenths of an inch. In South Dakota the average differences for the short records are about 35 per cent greater, the mean difference being about four-tenths of an inch. Considering the long records by themselves the average differences in South Dakota during I he \vinler months (dry season) are about 70 per cent greater than exist in North Dakota, the mean difference being about four-tenths of an inch. During the summer months (wet season) the average differences in South Dakota are about 55 per cent greater than in North Dakota, the mean difference being about 1.2 inches. Considering the short records in similar periods it is found that the average differences in South Dakota during the winter months (dry season) are about 35 per cent greater than those in North Dakota, the mean difference being about half an inch. In the summer months (dry season) the average differences in North Dakota are about 30 per cent greater than in South Dakota, the mean difference being about 1.3 inches. From these comparisons it is evident that the short records show considerable uniformity although the observations were made for quite widely different years. It is important to state, however, that most of the short records are confined to the period between 1887 and 1891. There is also developed such a relation to the long records as to warrant the belief that the distribution of rainfall over the Dakotas is subject to rather marked local peculiarities, which can only be fully appreciated by largely extending the present system of rainfall observers. If the greater vari- ations in rainfall in South Dakota, as disclosed by the records, are due in part to the greater number of stations and the larger area covered, it is simply additional evidence in support of the existence of decided local features. In this connection it is deemed advisable to invite particular attention to the records at Kichardton, N. Dak., and Webster, S. Dak., the former covering a period of nearly five years and the latter about ten years. The precipitation at both stations ap- pears excessive and much at variance with surrounding points. It was first assumed that errors were made in measuring and reducing the snowfall, but throughout the year the excess is main- tained at both stations, although somewhat greater in winter than in summer. There has been no change in observers and both have reported to the Weather Bureau that their observations were properly made and recorded from standard instruments. These instruments were furnished to the observers by the Signal-Service Bureau. Peculiarities are also manifested in the records from Alexandria, Olivet, and Parkston, S. Dak., and also at Fort Seward, N. Dak. At the large majority of voluntary stations in both Dakotas standard Weather Bureau instruments have been employed, which fact seems to justify the expectation of fairly reliable observations, as the in- struments so furnished carry with them specially prepared instructions as to their use. Perhaps the most unsatisfactory work in rainfall observation arises from broken and incomplete records, seriously interfering with the determination of reliable monthly and annual normal values. The results met with in this respect have certainly been very unfortunate, and it is hoped that in succeeding years the great importance of accurate and complete precipitation records may be more fully appreciated by all classes of observers. It is not to be assumed, however, that the rainfall records at Weather Bureau stations, whether long or short, give a correct knowledge of the distribution of precipitation over any region simply because of their greater accuracy. These regular stations are necessarily few in number in any State and are not always located to the best advantage for representing the distribution of rainfall. Moreover, their small number essentially prohibits such a result. The efforts of voluntary observ- ers must be relied upon to support the work of the regular stations, which can never be considered more than a nucleus of standard value around which the former may be gathered for comparative study and the development of distinctive features. The records from regular stations are indis- pensable to the study and forecasting of daily weather changes because the daily observations are concentrated at suitable points for immediate consideration, through the aid of the electric telegraph. A further study of charts and tables reveals some important features, as follows: 1. The month of least precipitation is November, followed next in order by January. 2. The month of greatest precipitation is June, followed next in order by May or July. 14 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. 3. Precipitation increases from an average of about one-tialf inch in November to nearly 4 inches in June, the increase in South Dakota being about 5 per cent, greater than in North Dakota. 4. The mean annual precipitation in North Dakota varies from about 13 inches at Fort Buford to about 26 inches at Richardton and 20 inches at Fort Pembina; the average for the whole State, computed from 14 stations, being about 17 inches. 5. The mean annual precipitation in South Dakota varies from a>bout 17 inches at Fort Sully to over 28 inches at Deadwood and over 38 inches at Webster; the average for the whole State, com- puted from 21 stations, being about 22 inches. 6. Aside from the rather doubtful record at Webster, S. Dak., the region of greatest precipit a- t ion, considering both States, is found in the Black Hills. This applies not only to the snowfall o! winter, but to the rainfall of spring and summer. In this connection it is important to bear in mind that the Black Hills are the heaviest wooded region in either State. 7. The mean annual precipitation of the Red River Valley varies from about 15 inches at Fort Kice, N. Dak., to 23 inches at Winnipeg, Manitoba, and 24 inches at Moorhead, Minn.; the average computed from 6 long-record stations being about 20 inches. 8. The mean annual precipitation of extreme eastern South Dakota varies from about 16 inches at Brookings to about 22 inches at Fort Sisseton and 38 inches at Webster; the average being about 25 inches. 9. The mean annual precipitation of the James River Valley varies from 15 inches at Fort Sewanl, N. Dak., to about 26 inches at Olivet and Yankton and 27 inches at Morriston, S. Dak. The average; computed from 8 stations is about 22 inches, the portion in North Dakota giving an average of over 16 inches, while that in South Dakota rises to over 25 inches. 10. The mean annual precipitation of the Missouri River Valley varies from about 13 inches at Fort Buford to over 20 inches at Fort Randall, the average for the whole valley, computed from stations, being 17 inches. The portion in North Dakota has an average, of 16 inches and that in South I )akota over 18 inches. 11. The monthly and annual average precipitation from selected stations given in Appendix No. 6 furnishes interesting and valuable comparisons with surrounding territory, having both greater and less rainfall than occurs within the Dakotas. It is evident that the region of least, rainfall between the forty- first and fifty-fifth parallels and west of the ninetieth meridian (annual average about 9 to 13 inches) lies in northern Wyoming and eastern Montana. The Dakotas lie to the eastward of this arid region and make the nearest approach to it in northwestern North Dakota. 12. In Appendix No. 7 will be found the monthly and annual amounts and averages of snow- fall at certain stations in I lie Dakolas. The records are not altogether satisfactory, owing to the imperfect manner in which I lie measurements of unmelted snow have been made and the uncertainty in separating this element from rainfall. Prior to 1885, at Signal Service stations, the snowfall was not recorded separately and without reduction. The exceedingly small amount of snow is one of 1 lie. most, striking features of the tabulation and reveals one of the unfavorable points in the clima- tology of the Dakotas. The Black Hills show the largest amount of snowfall, as was also thecase with rainfall. The records appear to show that the snowfall is heaviest in South Dakota and least in North Dakota. It is also generally heavy in the Red River Valley and in extreme east- ern South Dakota. As to the months of heaviest fall the maximum is reached in February in North Dakota and in March in South Dakota. 13. Considering the distribution of snow over that portii f the United States and Canada where it usually falls, the Dakotas lie within the region of the minimum amount (annual average, 1 to 2 feet), which includes Wyoming and eastern Montana. The regions of maximum amount (annual average 10 to 30 feet) are the Sierra Nevada Mountains in northeastern California and the I 'rovince of Quebec in Canada. 14. The amount of unmelted snow on the ground at the end of month, as shown in Appendix No. 8, discloses the fact that the snowfall of the Dakotas disappears quite rapidly. But as the low temperatures of the snowfall season would preclude much melting it is perhaps fair to assume that the high winds of winter are largely responsible for the disappearance. Moreover, the vast plains in both States afford great advantage to the sweeping high winds in removing the snow. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 15 The snowfall disappears most rapidly in the interior of both States, and least rapidly in the Black Hills and in the Bed River Valley. 15. In Appendices Nos. 15 ;md 16 are tabulated the occurrences of excessive precipitation in both Dakotas. Monthly amounts equaling or exceeding 10 inches have occurred only twice in North Dakota and but eight times in South Dakota since 1871. The, heaviest monthly rainfall in either State. (14.05 inches) was reported from Webster, S. Dak., in June, 1884. The heaviest in North Dakota (10.93 inches) was reported from Fort Abraham Lincoln in June, 1890. The largest 24-hour rainfall in cither State (8 inches) was reported from Morriston, S. Dak., on July 22 and 23, 1878. The largest 2-1-hour rainfall in North Dakota (5.10 inches) was reported from Fort Totten, on August '2~> and 20, 1880. The greatest rainfall in less than two hours in either State (4.84 inches) was reported from Webster, S. Dak., on July 2, 1881, as occurring in one hour and forty-five min- utes. The greatest rainfall iu less than two hours in North Dakota (4 inches) was reported from Steele on June 14, 1891, as occurring in one hour and twenty minutes. It is evident from these records that the Dakotas are not liable to severe loss from flood, although the contour of the country is such, in some localities, as to drain off both the extreme and also the average excessive precipitation with detriment to the land, and with liability to damage other property to a degree that deserves to lie guarded against. 1C). A fundamental consideration of any periodical distribution of precipitation in the Dakotas is impracticable without correlative!}' discussing the distribution of atmospheric pressure over these States and the immediately adjacent region. In order that this important relation may be appre- ciated as far as the purposes of this monograph will permit, a graphic presentation has been made by the preparation of monthly charts of areas of low barometric pressure (see Appendices Nos. 137 to 1 IS, inclusive) and by the use of diagrams to show the comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values (see Appendices No. !>!) to 138, inclusive). 17. The charts of tracks of centers of low pressure show that the Dakotas lie in the path of all barometric depressions moving' eastward over the country from the Pacific Ocean. The black lines represent the direction of progressive movement of the low centers by connecting the plotted points designating those centers, at certain times each twentv-four hours. IS. The distribution of precipitation over the continent between the fortieth and fifty-fifth parallels north latitude, shows that the areas of low pressure drop the maximum amount of their moisture, west of the one hundred and twentieth meridian, and that from there eastward the rain- fall diminishes rapidly to a minimum between the one hundred and fifth and one hundred and tenth meridians, and thence increases again to a second maximum between the ninetieth and seventy-fifth meridians, but south of the fort ieth parallel. The source of the first maximum is found in the moisture gathered by cyclonic circulation from the warm waters of the Japan cur- rent in the North Pacific. The source of the second maximum is obtained in a similar manner from the Gulf and Gulf Stream. The probable cause of the minimum average annual precipi- tation between the one hundred and fifth and one hundred and tenth meridians is found in the fact of the great distance of this district from the two regions of maximum moisture supply to the continent of North America, viz: the Japan current and the Gulf and Gulf stream. 19. The major portion of the Dakotas appears to lie too far west and north of the path of northward air movement and the moisture supply from the Gulf. The bulk of the supply, under the influence of cyclonic circulation, tending northward is deposited east of the one hundredth meridian and south of the forty-third parallel. 20. The low-pressure areas are nearly drained of their moisture at the very coast line on the Pacific, and during the remainder of the journey to the great continental valley of the Mississippi no source of moisture supply can be drawn upon, except the snow beds of the great mountain sys- tems between the one hundred and twentieth and one hundredth meridians, which in any event could furnish but a limited and uncertain amount. In this connection it is well to state that a significant relation seems to exist between the snowfall of the most elevated mountain ranges and the rainfall of summer, over the, Northern plains. A deficiency in snowfall appears to correspond with a deficiency iu rainfall, and vice versa. In order to illustrate the importance of this matter from a practical standpoint typical charts of barometric pressure have been prepared to show the conditions under which a deficiency of snowfall occurs in the Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada 16 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. regions, and also in a similar manner to show the distribution of mean atmospheric pressure under which an excess of snowfall occurs over the same regions. These charts have been prepared from a consideration of all the monthly values of mean barometric pressure since 1872 as published by the Signal Service. The ideal character of the charts is explained on pages 17 and IS with those sub- mitted on the occurrence of variations in rainfall. An examination of the typical chart for defici- ency of snowfall reveals the fact that the mountain regions west of the one hundred and second meridian are under the influence of a preponderance of cold, dry air of high density. Such a pre- vailing characteristic in the distribution of mean atmospheric pressure indicates that a majority of all low-pressure areas have been diverted away from the region under the control of this High, and that they will continue to be so diverted until a decided change occurs in the mean pressure. When the Lows are thus prevented from passing over the mountain regions in question the distri hution of precipitation is, of course, very materially modified and reduced to a minimum. A notable example under this type chart is found in January, 1889, and reference to the deficiency in snow- fall is made in the Monthly Weather Review as follows : While in some portions of the country (viz, northern New York and the northern portion of the Upper Lake region) the monthly snowfalls have been heavy, and have prohahly equaled or exceeded the January average, as a whole the snowfalls of January, like those of the two preceding months, have hern unusually small. There can be no doubt that the winter snowfall to the close of January over much oi' tin- country, particularly the (in tral and southern portions, i the smallest that has occurred for a number of years. In the following month (February, 1889) precipitation remained considerably below the normal in the Plateau and Pacific coast regions. In March, 1889, the Monthly Weather Review state* as follows : To the northward of the fortieth parallel the line indicating the snow limit over the western part of the coun- try curves southeastward over the Plateau region of the Rocky Mountains, forming an enlongated area, within which no snow was reported, extending from Washiugton and the northeastern part of Oregon to western ( 'olnrado. It is well known that the summer of 1889 was a remarkably dry one in the I >a kolas. By ref- erence to Appendix No. 14 it will be seen that the total deficiency in precipitation over the Dakotas for 1889 was over 65 inches (about 7,500 tons of water to the acre) computed from the records of nineteen stations. 21. The following typical chart showing the conditions under which excess of snowfall occurs over the Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada regions discloses a distribution of mean monthly atmos- pheric pressure, directly opposite to that displayed on the typical chart for deficiency of snowfall. The conditions for excess of snowfall indicate that the areas of low barometric pressure from the Pacific ocean have passed eastward directly over the mountain regions, and that they will continue to do so until a decided change has been effected in the mean pressure over those regions. An im- portant example under this head is found in February, 1891. The Monthly Weather Review for that month records the occurrence of unusual snowfalls in the southern and western portions of the United States. Snow fell as far south as Meridian, Miss., for the first time in three years. It reached a depth of 120 inches at Cisco, Cal., and 104 inches at Alta, Utah. An unusually heavy snowstorm prevailed in the middle Missouri Valley and the extreme Northwest, seriously inter- rupting railroad traffic and causing the death of large numbers of cattle on the ranges. Precipi- tation was in excess of the normal as follows: Northeast slope of the Rocky Mountains, 130 per cent; Northern plateau, 129 per cent; Middle plateau, 108 per cent; Southern plateau, 219 per cent; Middle Pacific coast, 250 per cent. In March, 1891, the Monthly Weather Review reports excess of precipitation as follows : Northeast slope of the Rocky Mountains, 270 percent; Middle Eastern slope, 253 per cent; Middle plateau, 208 per cent; Southeast slope, 140 per cent. The summer of 1891 in the Dakotas was marked by a notable excess of precipitation. By reference to Appendix No. 14 it will be seen that the total excess, as computed from sixteen long-record stations, amounts to over 40 inches (about 4,600 tons of water to the acre). The reports of the U. S. Department of Agriculture show that the year 1891 was an extremely favorable one for crop production generally throughout the Dakotas, or at least for that portion of them east of the Missouri River. It is believed that from a study, of the distribution of mean atmospheric pressure depicted on these typical charts information can be obtained which \\ill permit of some, long range fore- casting as to the probable occurrence of excesses and deficiencies in precipitation over the North- ern plains. t/7rt Icfe&lTyjoical Chart of </fvercipc fJferthlyJ2arorne^r~zc Pressure Jneftcetdtrf qf Snorrfalf. in the ftocfCy <Moitnta.irt cuncf $ierra iWevaccfa fieyions , / to 2 mo J)ecem6e7~ to feb-njcar- inclusive . 8 Ei /7 / 52 1 Ideal Typical Chotrt of </tv-eraye ififontifily Sarome^Tic Pres.su r-e 1-nctica.tive of .Deficiency of tfno-rvfalt in ike fiocffy Mountain ecnc( >Sie?-7-a: JVevrxatccJteyzoTtv, /{o2 months ber- to J^eb7-u.a7-y tncfusiv f . 8 El A'X 62 1 CEKTAIN CLIMATIO FEATUKES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 17 22. An examination of storm-track charts of the Dakotas for a long series of years reveals monthly and annual fluctuations from the average path of easterly movement which bear impor- tant relation to the distribution of both precipitation and temperature. These deviations arc only in two directions, viz, north and south. The former corresponds to warm, dry weather and the latter to cold, wet weather. Illustrations of these results are given in Appendices Nos. 21 to 26, inclusive, and in Nos. 58 to 01. inclusive. 2.'!. The study of the storm-track charts in relation to the wet and dry seasons furnishes very interesting and valuable comparisons. The amount of precipitation over any area depends not so much upon the number of storm centers passing over it as upon the rate of progressive velocity of those centers. The number of low-pressure areas as shown in Appendix No. 143 is greatest during autumn and winter and least during spring and summer. The following monthly average progressive velocities, in miles per hour, of the centers of both low and high-pressure areas, computed from records for five years (1887 to 1S!U), show that the lowest velocities occur during the season of greatest precipitation. ArcriKji' riloeity of loirs. January, 39; February, 37 ; March, 33; April, 33; May, 26; June, -5, .July, 24; August. 27; September, 27 ; October, 2!); November, 35; December, 39. Average velocity of highe. Januiry, 25; February, 20; March, 25; April, 25; May, 21; June, 19; July, 18; August, 21; September, 21 : October, 22; November, 25; December, 26. This amounts to saying that the more slowly a storm center moves the more moisture it will deposit upon the earth if the supply remains practically constant. The distribution of mean atmos- pheric pressure over the interior of continents during the summer season is favorable to the sluggish movement of all large disturbances. 24. A comparison of the storm-track charts for the various months discloses a remarkable change in the curvature of the paths of low pressure areas across the Dakotas. During the dry season the deviations from a direct east and west line are very small, showing rapid progressive movement. But in the wet season (April to August inclusive) convolutions become extremely frequent, so that the five-year chart record for the month of June (month of greatest rainfall) becomes a labyrinth of winding lines. 25. A further application of the relation of barometric pressure to the occurrence and distri- bution of precipitation is shown in the preparation of the following typical dry and wet weather charts. They are termed "ideal" because their composite structure is not the result of the reduc- tion of actual mean values for a large number of months, but rather the reduction- of isometric lines; the former method is preferable because more accurate,and would have been followed in this report but for the large amount of labor involved. It seems reasonable, however, to assume that the charts will be found suggestive in t heir present form, to a degree .that may give practical results in long range forecast ing. If, for example, the mean barometric pressure for April or May should disclose a wet weather type, an excess of precipitation may reasonably be ex peeled for the next month or two. Under favorable, conditions for its existence it would appear to take that long for the type and its effect to disappear. An examination of the wet-weather type chart reveals the existence of a sort, of barometric trough of low pressure embracing the Kocky Mountain region and extending from British America, to Mexico. During the prevalence of such a distribution of mean atmospheric pressure the areas of low barometer from the Pacific are found to pass eastward over the Dakotas, and at a much lower latitude than in the event of a period of dry weather, I he condition of the atmosphere as to moisture and density being most favorable to a. prevailing south- erly air movement. It is generally found that lows tend to move in the direction of greatest, mois- ture and towards the region where the existing atmospheric circulation most readily conforms to the requirements of the passing storm center. In wet weather the lows trend southward but in dry weather their deviation from the average course, is decidedly northward. An example of wet- weal her deviation is shown in Appendices Nos. 25 and 20, where the. total excess of precipitation as compared with normal values for many years, amounted to 82.87 inches (about 9,400 tons of water to the acre), computed from the records of fifteen stations. 20. The dry-weather type chart shows a disposition of mean atmospheric pressure north of the fortieth parallel which has been found to be decidedly unfavorable to the development of low- pressure areas. Such a condition of atmospheric pressure not only aflects the latitude of theeast- S. Ex. 157 3 18 CKHTAIN CLIMATIC- FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. erly movement of lows from the Pacific, but it tends to materially redu.ro the number of such dis- turbances and to increase their progressive velocity, all of which are agencies in the reduction of precipitation over the Dakotas. Examples of dry-weather periods are given in Appendices Nos. L'l to 24, inclusive. During one of these periods the deficiency of precipitation, as compared with normal values for many years, shows a total loss of 72.93 inches (about 8, .">()() tons of water to the acre) over the Dakotas, computed from the records of twenty stations. Another dry period shows a total deficiency of 5(1.05 inches (about 5,700 tons of water to the acre) computed from the records of fourteen stations. 27. If the employment of these typical charts can be depended upon, the foreknowledge to be obtained from their study is of such a character that, even when expressed with a moderate degree of certainty, and properly distributed to the public, will prove of considerable value to agricultural and commercial interests. The success or failure of the most valuable crops, fruits, vegetables, or cereals very often depends upon the occurrence of a few days of abnormal weather changes, and especially so at the critical period of growth. Accurately prepared composite type charts, for various sections of the country, subjected to revision in order to take advantage of every confirma- tory occurrence, should be made the subject of careful study by the forecast officials of the Weather Bureau. The wet and dry weather type charts submitted relate especially to the wet season in the Dakotas. Similar types but not so strongly marked will exhibit the conditions which give rise to corresponding changes in precipitation during the remainder of the year. This explanation will apply to the type charts concerning snowfall and also temperature. DROUGHT. Liability to a marked deficiency in rainfall over any region is a matter of the utmost practical value to both. agricultural and commercial interests. Damage from excess of precipitation is not, so great and can be more easily provided against. The limits of agriculture and horticulture are determined by the dry season for any region. In discussing the distribution of precipitation over large, areas of country Dr. Hellman has made known the fact that in Spain marked differences in social and agricultural conditions have appeared between sections where the rainfall is in excess and where, it is deficient. The differences are of such a degree that they appear to control the character and mode of life of the inhabitants. In the discussion of this question it is of the utmost importance to have exhaustive experiments and observations made to ascertain what, degree of dryness the various food forms of plant life will submit to without destruction, and what amount of moisture will secure the best results in the full development of each variety. The scope of work to be assigned to the Agricultural Experiment Stations might profit ably embrace investigation of this character. The field is a broad and rather difficult one for it includes the whole subject of atmospheric pressure, evaporation, and condensa- tion, in which meteorology must have the cooperation of botany, chemistry, and geology to satis- factorily contend with the problems involved. In the limited investigation made in this monograph research has been confined to such meteoro- logical data as could be made most readily available from the records of the Weather Bureau. The method of treatment has been gradually developed by .suggestions arising from a study of the fundamental data embraced in the tabulations, charts, and diagrams. References to various authorities on climatic changes and the distribution of precipitation developed the fact that, as a meteorological condition, drought has apparently been considered only as a variation of the occurrence of rainfall, to such a degree as to injure vegetation. It would appear that drought, in the full meteorological sense of that term, has never been defined. In the New Century Dictionary the following definition appears: "Want of rain or of moisture; such a continuance of dry weather as injuriously affects vegetation." This is true as far as it goes, but the definition falls considerably short of completeness and does not touch the source of the essen- tial atmospheric conditions involved in the occurrence of drought. Drought as it has been studied in this report, and as the results of the investigation seem to show, has a closer relation to evaporation than to precipitation, and is more dependent upon the distribution of atmospheric pressure than upon the variation of any other meteorological element. Drought may therefore be brielly defined as that state of the weather over any region, within and ^2n Ldeai 'typical Chart ofJftbnh2y Ctrercu?e Barometric/ l7Tdicativ& of abnormally Drt/ W&affier in ttueDsiJlotas for from /Jo 2 JYContfKf, Jfcvy te ^epbcmber i 8 Ex /..' / 82 1 Ideal TtyptcxiLCfaart Wet' TVea&ier in the HcLftotas for from s -ex /:> / 68 i CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 1! about which the distribution of atmospheric pressure is most favorable, for the occurrence of Hie, minimum amount of precipitation and the maximum degree of evaporation; a strong- component being wind force, the result of which is to cause injury to both animal and plant life by the devel- opment of a high degree of aridity. The actual precipitation of a district might be entirely adequate for its industrial needs were it not for the influence of abnormal evaporation. To discuss the nature and extent of this influence involves a consideration of all the elements which enter into the process of evaporation and which retard or accelerate it. Evaporation from land areas, both cultivated and uncul- tivated, as well as from bodies of water, is here referred to. The elements may be briefly enumerated as follows: Temperature of the air, force of the wind; direction of the wind, accord- ing to the humidity of the locality from whence it blows; atmospheric pressure, aridity of the air, degree of cloudiness, character and extent of vegetation, proximity and extent of forests, char- acter of .surface soil, temperature and humidity of soil, character of subsoil, area and depth of water forming the evaporating surface, radiation, of surrounding bodies; dryuess, stillness and density of the, air over the evaporating surface. Prof. Russell says that The amount of evaporation depends principally on the dryness of the air and the velocity of the wind blowing over Hie, evaporating surface. The, measure, of the dryness of the air is the difference in vapor tension correspond- ing l.o Hie temperature of the air and that corresponding to the, temperature of the dew point. As to the values given in Appendix No. 83, Eussell states that they only Represent possibilities of evaporation and not actual evaporation over the whole surface of the country. If a set of figures were prepared from the various parts of the country which would represent the opportunities of evaporation, which depend on the relative amount of land and water surface, and on the wetness or dryness of soil, and the amount and character of vegetation, the product of the two sets of figures would be the absolute evaporation. Stelling determines evaporation from a combination of yalues which express the amount of vapor in the air corresponding to the temperature of the evaporating surface, the amouftt of vapor indicated by the dew point of the air at the time, and lastly the vapor tension for the existing' wind velocity. To obtain the depth of evaporation by this method would involve the preparation of constants based upon carefiil computations from records for many years. Maj. Powell says that Kvaporatiou from standing bodies of water will vary from .">!> to Xl> inches per annum, depending upon exposure to winds and upon altitude. The higher the altitude the less the evaporation ; I lie greater the exposure, to wind the greater the evaporation. A large' stream may come from the mountains of Colorado which may lie lost before it rear he- the ( 'olorado Kansas line, and no water whatever pass beyond that line. Out, into the sands on either side the water may run for miles and is rapidly evaporated. What is not lost by evaporation disappears by infiltration. In further lest imony on this subject before the Senate Committee 011 Irrigation and Kecla mat ion of Arid Lands, Powell says that From waters flowing from irrigated land about, 30 per cent is evaporated. Growing plants evaporate 300 times their own weight of growth annually. \Vhatev er I he crop may lie. whet her corn, grass, or wheat, that grows in one year, it will evaporate :MKI limes its own weight of water. If, then, a crop is raised on a field which is irrigated and a farmer is careless to such an extent thai the field is covered not only with the corn or other crop he desires to raise, but also with a dense growth of weeds, the evaporation from that surface will be enormous. Hut if his field of corn is well cultivated, and if speedily after each irrigation he turns, with a harrow or raking tool, the ground bet ween I he rows, so as to have the ground mulched with a thin surface of soil, the evaporation is at a minimum. ('apt. Diilton. of the IJ. S. (Jeological Survey, says: Hie e\lcul of evaporation is always in proportion to the surface, other filings being equal. \Ve consider that evaporation depends on three <|nantities: The first is the f einperal urc of the water: the second is the absolute humidity of the air. There, is still a, third, the, rate at which the wind is blowing, the wind factor being really the most important .ni.l the most difficult to handle. Tate established by careful experiments the following laws of evaporation in 1862: (1) Other things being the same the r.ite of evaporation is nearly proportional to the difference of the, tem- perature indicated by the \vet and dry bulb thermometers, (li) Other things being the same the augmentation of evaporation, due to air in motion, is nearly proportional to the velocity of the 20 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. wind. (3) Other things being the same the evaporation is nearly inversely proportional to the pressure of (he atmosphere. Observations show that one third of the water falling in the Seine is taken by that river to the sea. the balance passing oil' by evaporation and percolation. A measure of flic exfeni of evaporation over any region is indirectly given by the flowing waters of rivers and all other streams, which represent substantially the amount by which the precipitation exceeds the evapo- ration, less a small amount permanently lost by infiltration. Irrigation will diminish the inflow to lakes, ponds, and rivers, but increase the active area of evaporation. Clarence King found an observed evaporation of one-half inch per day in the (Ireat liasin during the dryest period of the year. Anstead gives the same rate of evaporation for the lied Sea during the summer. Prof. Russell found the observed evaporation at Keeler, CaL, for the year ending .June .">0, 1888, to be 100.6 inches; Fort Grant, Ariz., 101.12 inches; Yu ma, Ariz., i)5.7 inches, and Fort Davis, Tex., 96.4 inches. Bergland gives the annual evaporation at Cumana, Vcne/ncla, as 130 inches, and the Dead Sea, 96. Moncrief reports the annual evaporation at Madrid as 05 inches, which corresponds very closely with the rate of evaporation in the California valleys. The total precipitation of any region is carried away by evaporation, surface and underground drainage, and underground storage, and the only means of regaining it, except from the clouds, is by the development of an artesian supply and thus increase the total amount of water available for irrigation. From what has already preceded we find that the relation of drought to evaporation is most intimate and important. So strong is the agency of evaporation in this respect that we, might, conceive of a region where the prevailing climatic conditions were such as to make the occurrence of drought entirely independent of rainfall. That is, no matter how great the. precipitation, oppor t unities for evaporation would dispose of all the water on the surface not lost by infiltration. It can not be said that any portion of the United States (a region where the average annual rainfall varies from less than 1! inches to over 100) is absolutely free from the occurrence of such a deli ciency iii rainfall and such an excess of evaporation as to result in injury to vegetation and animal life. The same may be said of British India, where the average annual rainfall varies from about 10 inches to 500, but where the density of population is many times greater than in the United States. Where the average annual rainfall is over 40 inches there are times when irrigation becomes necessary, especially under abnormal conditions of evaporation. Moncrief, in his work on irrigation in southern Europe, cites cases of the employment of irrigation where the annual rainfall was about 40 inches. Similar cases may be found in the United States when systems of irrigation become better understood and more readily applied, and their advantages fully appreciated in the protection of crops. Where the annual rainfall equals or exceeds 40 inches the average cloudiness is Sufficiently high to place a decided check upon evaporation, and therefore a large amount of moisture is saved to the soil and vegetation. By reference to Appendix No. 83 it will be seen that evaporation in the Dakotas is least in the, lied River Valley and is greatest in the Missouri Valley. The values of average cloudiness given in Appendix No. s."> show that the largest region of high percentage embraces the Red River Val- ley and eastern South Dakota. Another very important point to be noted in this connection is the fact that the greatest average cloudiness in the Red River Valley and in eastern South Dakota occurs during the spring and autumn, when crops need most protection from evaporation and plenty of sunshine during the wet and growing season. Many cases can be cited of remarkable evaporation under the influence of peculiar winds. liefening to the occasional "hot northers" of the California valleys, Abbot Kinney says: Orchards planted along the edge of the Sierras, and also the cultivated area planted up to and during 1880, suffered a great deal from the hot, dry, desert winds. I have seen the bark of the trees and the fruit frequently excoriated by the sand carried by the wind, so that the tree and fruit gave the appearance of having been subjected, on the windward side to asand blast. The hot desert winds have been undoubtedly lessened in force iu our valleys, and so also have what we call trade winds. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 21 The Chinook winds of the Northern Plateau and Saskatchewan Valley are attended with remarkable excesses of temperature and evaporation. During the, prevalenceof these winds, which occur most frequently in winder and spring:, the thermograph records at wea..ier bureau stations show almost a vertical ascent of the pen tracing to the extent of from 40 to 50. Reports show that an increase of 70 to 80 in six to eight hours is not, unusual. At Fort Assinaboine, Mont., during the prevalence of a remarkable Chinook wind on January 19, 1892, the thermograph record exhibited a rise in temperature of about 42 in fifteen minutes, and of about 49 in less than three hours. The Fovhn of Switzerland is a hot, dry wind, peculiar to the mountains and val- leys of that country, and during its prevalence remarkable rises in temperature, take, place, attended with an astonishing rate of evaporation. The southeast trade which descends the west- ern slopes of the Andes from the pampas of Brazil, becomes such a dry wind over Peru that 1'res- cott says the ancient Peruvians preserved their dead by exposing the bodies to its action. The northwest anti-trade of New Zealand becomes a hot, dry wind when it crosses the mountains, and its evaporating power is very great. The southeast trade on ilie African coast, and in Sicily, called the Sirocco, is attended with very high temperatures and causes great injury to vegetation by evaporation. Scott says that the Tlarmattan of the west coast of Africa is a hot, east wind, which coming off the desert brings with it clouds of reddish dust which cover the sails and decks of ships far out in the, Atlantic. In Egypt the hot winds from the desert known as the Khamsin, or "fifty," from the idea that it blows for that number of days, causes much damage to ve^eta tion by an excess of evaporal ion. The Zouda, the northeast trade of Argentine Republic, and called the Sirocco of South America, prevails during the months of July, August, and September, generally beginning about 8 a. m., and continuing until sundown, during which time "the heat, is almost suffocating and the air is a cloud of dust," says Mr. E. L. Baker, United States consul, I.nenos Ayres. The Zonda, however, is always followed by a south wind, which at once causes a sudden fall of the temperature, and reestablishes the atmospheric equilibrium. .M. Perez, United States consul, Cadi/, Spain, says: An si^fiit wliidi considerably modifies the damp character of the climate of northern S]tnin is the peculiar south wind of Ilial. region. It acts like an enormous sponge to absorb the humidity, and us a natural stove where botli Hit- air and the soil are speedily dried up. The atmosphere acquires then such transparency that scarcely any gradual lines or shadows of varying distances on the horizon are perceived. It is peculiar to the south wind that immediately it ceases to blow it is generally followed with rain and that while it is blowing on the coast rain will most likely be falling on the elevated plateau of Old Castile. The winds which prevail longest in the year come from the west-northwest, succeeding the periods from the south. The dry, hot southerly winds of the Dakotas, which we will call Hot Southers, are attended with extreme heat and a high degree of evaporation, the extent of which has never been accurately measured. The destructive effect upon vegetation, however, is well known. The occurrence of the Hot Souther is mostly con lined to late summer and autumn, except when abnor- mal deficiencies in precipitation occur earlier in the year. It is important to note, in connection with the occurrence of these high-power evaporating winds, that they result from peculiarities in the distribution of atmospheric pressure, modified to a certain extent by both general and local topography. A marked deficiency in precipitation over the Dakotas in any month arises whenever the number of low-pressure areas become greatly reduced, or when the majority of them pass eastward north of the forty eighth parallel. The latter condition operates most frequently as the determin- ing cause, and thereby develops a preponderance of southerly winds attended with excessive dryness and high temperatures. Atmospheric circulation in low-pressure areas moves toward the place of least pressure, and vice versa in the case of high-pressure areas. The air drawn north- ward over the Dakotas in low-pressure areas starts with the moisture of the Gulf and adjacent regions to the north, but precipitates the, vapor over the intervening country, getting rid of the water but retaining the heat and obtaining more of the latter as the currents progress northward over the hot plains of Kansas and Nebraska. In the case of high-pressure areas, when the lows pass eastward south of the forty-fifth parallel, they, the highs, start southward with the cold and dryness of the interior of British America and give the Dakotas the benefit of "first choice," the intensity of the disturbances becoming ameliorated as they progress to lower latitudes. 22 CUllTAIX CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Under such distribution of atmospheric pressure the Dakotas are frequently subjected to extremes <>f cold, heat, and aridity, according to the latitude and velocity of the progressive movement of the disturbances. As these conditions of occurrence depend upon fundamental and general changes in the atmosphere over extended regions of country, and as it is generally accepted that permanent climatic changes are not taking place, it must be conceded that the pre- vailing characteristics of atmospheric pressure over the Dakotas, as shown by the records in this monograph will continue in the future as they have occurred in the past. The conditions under which abnormal cold weather, warm weather, dry weather, and wet we.ii her are developed in the Dakotas are shown in Appendices Nos. 21 to 2(5, inclusive, ami in 58 to (51, inclusive. As to protection from the deleterious influences of evaporation, Prof. Fernow says: Summer and winter drought, viz. rapid evaporation, is the bane of the farmer mi Hie plains, ami this is due to the continuous dry winds, which can be checked by rationally disposed timber belts. Another merely mechanical influence which needs no argument or discussion with the observer of natural phenomena, is lhat which the forest cover oil the mountain sides exerts in retarding the melting of the snow anil the drainage of the water, thus prolong- ing tlie period during which the same may be made available. Complaints that the snows do not lie as long into I he summer as they used to, before the forest cover was removed, may be heard all along the eastern Colorado slop,-, where irrigation has been practiced in the most rational manner and the water flow the best observed. Absence of precipitation does not always mean drought, especially when the soil is moist and evaporation is retarded by cloudiness and unfavorable wind conditions. Therefore the maximum period without rainfall, as a measure of the intensity of the drought must be considered accord- ingly. In Appendix No. 82 are presented data from a long series of years expressing the drought period as measured by the total absence of rain, for the longest consecutive period, also by that absence plus the time during which there were but "traces" of precipitation, which could have little or no effect upon vegetation. A comparison of the records from North Dakota and South Dakota show that the former is subject to the longest average consecutive period without rain, about 23 days, the extremes varying from 22 days (September to May, inclusive, 1874, 1884, 1890) in the lied River Valley to 45 days (January and February, 1877) in the James River Valley, and 54 days (Aiigust to October, inclusive, 1883) in the southeastern portion of the Missouri Valley, to 59 days (January to March, inclusive, 1877) in the northwestern portion. In South Dakota the average consecutive period without rain is about 19 days, the extremes varying from 19 days (September to November, inclusive, 1885, 1891) in the Black Hills, to 31, days (( )ctobcr to 1 (ecember. inclusive, 1887, 1888) in the James River Valley, and 45 days (November to March, inclusive, 1804, 1887) in the Missouri Valley. Considering the greatest consecutive period without rain, including "traces," the average for North Dakota is about 32 days, the extremes varying from :.".> days (November to January, inclusive, 1885, 1889, 1890) in the Red River Valley to 54 days (February and March, 1880) in the James River Valley, to 113 days (January to April, inclusive, 1880) in the Missouri Valley. In South Dakota the average period without rain, including "traces," is about 27 days, the extremes varying from 24 days (January, 1879) in the Black Hills, to.'W days (November and December, 1888) in the James River Valley, to 61 days (October to December, inclusive, 1804, 1875, 1880) in the southern portion of the Missouri Valley, and 67 days (February to April, inclu- sive, 1887) in the northern portion. The maximum periods without rain are almost entirely confined to autumn, winter, and spring in both Dakotas, and appear to be most frequent from September to December, inclusive, during which latter period the average path of areas of low pressure (storm centers) is north of 1 lie forty- seventh parallel, as will be seen by a reference to Appendices Nos. 155 to 158. inclusive; another striking confirmation of the relation of precipitation and evaporation to the distribution of atmos- pheric pressure. A further illustration of this important relation is shown diagrammatically in Appendices Nos. 99 to 138, inclusive, where both the actual and the reduced barometric pressure have been considered, to compare principally, the corresponding effects of the extremes of heat and cold, and the deficiencies and excesses of precipitation. The fluctuations appear to be nearly identical, although perhaps slightly the greatest in reduced pressure, and most marked in both during periods of extremes of drought and excesses of precipitation^the latter being attended with CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTA S. 23 the greatest variations. Prof. Hazen has shown from a study of the observations at the summit and base of Mount Washington, for the months of January, February, and March, during a period of sixteen years. 1871 to 1886, inclusive, that the fluctuations of both pressure and temperature are almost exactly identical. ".Occasionally the change in temperature at the summit has preceded that, in pressure to such an extent as to cause the pressure phases to lag behind at the summit." In Appendices No. 80 and 81 will be found the normal values of dry periods, excluding "traces" of rain, and including them. These data are computed from a combination of the long and short periods, during a long series of years. Comparing these values with those for cloudiness and sunshine given in Appendices 85 and 86, it will be observed that the normal dry-period values (August to December, inclusive) reach their maximum during the maximum period of sunshine and the minimum period of cloudiness; another confirmation of the influence of barometric pressure on these conditions. Tate says that when the temperature of the evaporating surface is higher than that of the surrounding air the resulting ascensional current of vapor will facilitate the process of evaporation only during continued sunshine. In the case of heavy cloudiness the temperature of the evaporating surface is lower than that of the surrounding air, resulting in little or no ascensional current of vapor and a retardation of evaporation. Comparing the normal values of sunshine, cloudiness, and dry periods with the average hourly velocity of the wind (see Appendix No. 87) we find the maximum value of the force occurring from September to April inclusive. The highest of the average maximum -wind velocities (see Appendix No. 90) occur also from September to April inclusive. Secular change in precipitation, as shown in Appendix No. 14, appears to afford some evidence of a regular recurrence of eleven-year periods of excess and deficiency in the Dakotas. Perhaps failure to satisfactorily establish such periods may be due, in a measure, to broken records and want of a longer period of continuous observations. Considering the whole territory together, we find an eleven-year period of excess from 1875 to 1885 inclusive, which is also fairly well marked at some of the stations of longest record. If the records at Fort Randall, S. Dak., were complete for the years 1864, 18(>.", isoo, they might show an eleven-year period of deficiency in precipitation, ending with 1874 and immediately preceding the eleven-year period of excess, just referred to. During these missing years there was a rather marked deficiency of rainfall, especially in 18C6, at Fort Abercrombie, N. Dak.; but this would hardly justify the assumption of a deficiency at Fort Randall, particularly as in 1807 and continually thereafter to include 1870, a marked excess in rainfall was reported from Fort Abercrombie, during which time marked deficiencies prevailed at Fort Randall. The records at Fort Randall, which are complete from 1857 to 1891 inclusive (except 1804 to 1866 inclusive) show a twelve-year period of excess (except a deficiency in 1884) from 187.") to 1886 inclusive. The combined records for both Dakotas show a thirteen-year period of deficiency (except an excess in 1872) from 1862 to 1874 inclusive. A twenty-year continuous record at Fort Totten, N. Dak., shows an eleven year period of excess (except deficiencies in 1884 and 18S6) from 1S77 to 1887 inclusive. A twenty-three-year continuous record at Fort Sully, S. Dak., shows an eleven year deficiency (except excesses in 1883 and 1885) from 1880 to 1891 inclusive. An eighteen-year continuous record at Yankton, S. Dak., shows a thirteen-year period of excess (except deficiencies in 1879, 1880, 1882, and 1884) from 1875 to 1887 inclusive. A twenty-one-year record at Fort Buford, N. Dak., shows a thirteen-year period of excess (except deficiencies in 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, and 1889) from 1879 to 1891 inclusive. A seventeen-year continuous record at Bismarck, N. Dak., shows an eleven-year period of deficiency (except excesses in 1882, 1884, and 1891) from 1881 to 1891 inclusive. A fifteen-year record at Fort Abraham Lincoln, N. Dak., and a sixteen-year record at Fort Pembina, N. Dak., are too much broken to be considered independently. The same may be said of a twelve-year record at Fort Sisseton, S. Dak. The six-year record at Fort Rice, N. Dak., has not been used in computing the mean annual deviations for obvious reasons. Blauford sought to establish the occurrence of an eleven-year cycle in the Caruatic rainfall of India, from 1864 to 1885 inclusive, through the intervention of harmonic analysis to secure greater precision in the character of the periodical fluctuations than appeared on the face of the records, 24 CERTAIN CLIMATIC! FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. but without success. General Straehey. in criticism of this method (Nature, July 21. 1887), set forth the statement that Such ;i scries of calculated values has no physical signification whatever. The greater or less degree of differ- ence between the observed and calculated quantities only indicates how far the sums of the terms of the harmonic series employed coincide with the series of observed quantities, which the calculated series was designed to repre- sent. The mean variation of the series of observed values, from the mean of all of them, will, of course, lie greater than the mean variation of those observed values from a scries deliberately calculated so as to correspond with them, such as that obtained by aid of the harmonic scries. Mr. Elan ford shortly after admitted the correctness of the above criticism. Considering all of the annual deviations of precipitation lor 1891 collectively, as shown in Appendix No. 14, for each State, the data would appear to indicate that North Dakota is entering' upon a period of excess, beginning with that year. The same, can be said of South Dakota, but to a less degree, the excess for 1891 being about four-fifths less than in the case of 'North Dakota. On the contrary, during the period of thirty-one consecutive years from 1JSC1 to 1891, for North Dakota, and during a period of thirty-two years from 1857 to 1891 inclusive. (18G4, 1865, and 1866 missing) for South Dakota, the former shows an absolute excess about one-third less than appears for the latter. In other words, South Dakota seems to show the greatest tendency to a period of excess from and after 1891. The mean annual deviation of precipitation for the Dakotas is about 22 per cent, for North Dakota about 23 per cent, and for South Dakota about 21 per cent. Blanford has shown that in British India severe droughts occur in regions where the mean annual rainfall is less than 50 inches with a mean annual deviation of more than 12 per cent. The ravages of drought in any region must depend very largely upon the density of population. Therefore drought in India or China becomes severe with a much larger rainfall and a much smaller variability in precipitation than in any portion of the United States. It must be admitted, however, that with a mean annual rain- fall of about 20 inches and a mean annual deviation of about 22 per cent the conditions appear to be favorable for the frequent occurrence of drought in the Dakotas, being most marked in North Dakota and in the central and northwestern portions of both States. The least mean annual deviations are found in the Black Hills and in the Red River valley. Capt. Wheeler, in his report upon the U.'S. Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, says that While farming without irrigation may doubtless "be safely carried on where the rainfall exceeds 20 inches, yet for the whole interior basin, and indeed for much of the western mountain legion, especially that part south of the fortieth parallel, and particularly not including the more humid northwest, crops may be at least doubled from its use and ordinarily the soil be fertilized from silt deposited. A rainfall of from 12 to 14 inches, properly distrib- uted, would produce cereal crops without irrigation, while in the case of a much greater precipitation, recurring irregularly, it would be requisite. As a rule irrigation implies that the increased production results from a lesser area than that whereupon the necessary amount of rain utilized actually falls. A study of secular changes as shown in Appendix No. 14, and of the general distribution of precipitation as exhibited in the various charts, diagrams, and tabulations of this monograph, seem to warrant the belief that no important climatic change has taken place in the Dakotas during the past forty years, or is likely to occur in as many years to come. Local a?id temporary changes, effected through the employment of systems of irrigation and reforestation, are not con- sidered in the above statement because independent of it. Mr. C. W. Hall, of Dickey County, N. Dak., testified in 1889, before the Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lauds, as follows: This is the driest year we have had for eight years. My acquaintance with this part of the country commenced in August, 1881. In that year the condition of the country was very much the same with regard to drvness that it now is. The Cottonwoo/1 was dried up and only some of the lakes remained full. In 1881 and in 1X82 there was an immense fall of snow, and the next spring the country was full of water and the crops were the. liesl that were ever known in that section. But since that time the country has dried up. At times the whole country will get wet through and then it will gradually dry up. Mr. L. R. Casey, of Jamestown, N. Dak., testified as follows: Farming in Dakota was begun in 1875 by a few venturesome parties in the Re'd River Valley, but it was 1878 before confidence was established in Dakota sufficient to induce emigration to North Dakota. In ten years, from 1877 to 1887, the population of Dakota as a whole increased from less than 100,000 to (something over 000,000. Of that pop- CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 2f> ulation North Dakota in 1877 had not more than 20,000. In 1887 it had about two-fifths of the -whole. The basis of that large emigration to North Dakota was the great success of cropping lands, and the emigration to the country was almost entirely east of the one hundredth meridian. That success continued until 1883. During that summer the precipitation was deficient. For the year it was about as usual, but while in other years there had been good rains in June or July, that season it was not so. And in every year when there has been such lack of rain, crops have not been so good. In the year 1886 there had been scarcely any rainfall in the first part of the season in North Dakota. The crops were languishing and discouragement began to come over the people. On the 3d day of July there was a copious rain, lasting fifteen or twenty minutes in the James River Valley and for three hours in the Red Hi ver Valley. The farms in the Red River Valley that had been cropped eleven years without rest, the reports show, g-ve larger crops that season than ever before, and it all turned on that great rain of the 3d day of July. Mr. A. W. Burt, of Huron, S. Dak., testified as follows: I first went to Dakota in the fall of 1881, and moved there to live in the spring of 1882. At that time there was little or no settlement in that conutry. During the winter of 1880 and 1881 there was in that country what might In- 1'iillcd an abnormal snowfall. That snow melted and filled all the lake-beds and low places with water. During tin- summer of 1882 we had frequent and heavy rains. That season, what little crops there wen: became fully matured ami were good. The vegetables of every description grew to mammoth size. We were all well satisfied that the soil of Dakota was very fertile. In 1883 it was a drier season; still we had plenty of moisture on the surface, and good crops. The summer of 1884 came, and it was <lrier still, and since that time it has continued to grow drier until the supply of water obtained iu 1881 and 1882 became exhausted. The soil of Dakota is black and from 1C to 20 inches deep. Underneath this, esperiallv in the central portion of the Territory, lies a bed of red clay, hard and almost impe.rvious to water. When the water falls upon the, surface it penetrates to this subsoil and is held there, so tliat when the rains are over vegetation may draw from this supply. The only thing is to get the water into the ground. We of Dakota dislike to have our country referred to as an arid country. We have always insisted that we had one of the grandest countries in the world, yet to-day, while still clinging to that belief, we must admit that the farming of that country is substantially reduced to a question of luck. As to the occurrence of permanent changes in climate, Prof. Upton lias shown from a study of long meteorological records in Xew England that great fluctuations occur in different years, with some indications of periodicity, but no progressive change. The universal popular belief that the climate is changing can only be explained by the short and defective memories of people who recall a few seasons only and who exaggerate the frequency of some special event; by the fact that, the fluctuations are large and often in the same direction for several successive years, or by the difference between the impressions of the child and the adult. Mr. Gannett has compared the observations from twenty-six stations, covering periods of from six to twenty-six years, for the western and northern plains, and found some show of an apparent tot al increase of GO inches of rainfall, or a mean of 0.40 inch per year. Other series of observations were compared, of from ten to forty years, in the Central States and in New England, in con- uectiou with the influence of forest areas, and it was found that any difference in the amount of rainfall, as affected by the forests, was too slight to be of material importance. Schott has shown, in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Atmospheric Temperature, and Atmospheric Precipitation, that There is nothing in the meteorological curves to countenance the idea of any permanent change iu the climate having taken place, or being about to take place, in the last, ninety years of thermouietric records, the mean temperatures showing no indication whatever of a sustained rise or fall. The same conclusion has been reached in the discussion of the secular change in rainfall, which appears also to have remained permanent in amount as well as iu annual distribution. While there appears no important change in the amount of precipitation over the Dakotas, from an examination of the longest record, yet the inhabitants of both States report from various sections evidences of a gradual diminution in the amount of rainfall, by the drying up of lakes, ponds, rivers, and the failure of crops. Mr. W. N. Potter, of Lamoure, X. Dak., testified before the Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, 1889, as follows: Six years ago sloughs nearly impassable by teams were scattered in a majority of the townships, but they are now all dry. The Twin alkali lakes, 3 miles from the town of Lamoure, nearly 2 miles north and south and from 10 to 12 feet deep now one is dry and the other nearly so. Cottonwood Lake, 1 mile long and one-half mile wide, 9 miles southwest of Lamoure, is now a shallow pond 6 feet lower than it was live years ago. This is about all the surface water except the'james River in the entire 1,152 square miles of the county. The James River has been only a shadow of its former self most of the time during the present season. The disappearance of these pomls S. Ex. 157 4 26 CKHTAIN CLIMATIC FKATI'I.'KS OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. has been gradual, more or less from year to year, in ilie face of the generally received theory that cultivation of the land increases rainfall. Probably the cultivation of the surface, has one eii'ect, viz, to arrest the, falling water before it reaches the water courses. At the. same time it is evident that the supply has diminished and that our farmers have been suffering more and more from year to year. What is true of Lamourc (loiintyin these respects is also true of nearly all the present occupied portion of -the two Dakotas. These evidences as to the disappearance of shallow bodies of water and the drying up of the ground are not necessarily indicative of the actual falling off in the amount of rainfall over a vast region like the Dakotas. To develop a permanent deficiency in rainfall would require some catas- trophic change iu the atmosphere itself rather than in the surface of the country. If there is really an eleven-year cycle of precipitation in the Dakotas, a continued deficiency for such a period of lime would undoubtedly result in diminishing the amount of surface water very considerably. But as a marked deficiency in rainfall means an excess of sunshine and warm winds, the strongest influence in the disappearance of the surface wafer is evaporation. If the amount of rainfall has not essentially varied during a long series of years, then th" dis- appearance of moisture from the soil and of water from the surface must be due to some modifica- tion of that land surface which accelerates evaporation. It is not improbable that the cultivation of the soil in the Dakotas has hastened evaporation, and it maybe that the disappearance of the moisture has been largely influenced by the character of the soil, which is a black loam that very readily absorbs the heat. Before cultivation, the, hard prairie sod sheds the rain like a duck's back," the water running oft' rapidly and gathering in the nearest depressions, keeping the ponds, lakes, and rivers well supplied. With the advance of the conditions of civilization, extend- ing farther and farther westward the limits of agriculture, decided and permanent modifications have been made of the sin lace, of the country, which have increased the opportunity of the soil to absorb the rainfall and at the same time to give it off gradually to the atmosphere through the process of evaporation. Tlfcsc changes have taken place most decidedly where, the primitive con- ditions of the country have been most completely modified by changes incident to settlement. Prof. Fernow says: It can no longer be doubted that while, the destruction of forests was the chief agency, yet the pastoral huhil nf the people of western Asia and other oriental countries, once so fertile but now so barren, was one importiinl factor in producing the present dry and barren condition of those countries. Xo country in the interior of a continent, unless supplied with numerous lakes, or numerous and permanent rivers, can remain permanently fertile and pro- ductive if given up largely to pasturage of sheep, gouts, and cattle, without cultivation. The rapid destruction of mountain forests and pasturing their slopes and bordering plains will most certainly have a tendency to render that portion of onr country mure dry and barren. Mr. Tate says that The rate of evaporation from different substances mainly depends upon the roughness or inequalities of their surfaces. Evaporation is must rapid from the roughest or most uneven surfaces. In fact, the best radiators of beat arc the best vaporizers of moisture. The loss of moisture would appear to be greatest from water in commotion than when the surface is quiet; from cultivated land than from unbroken sod; from soil frequently cultivated I han from that occasionally so; from bodies of water exposed to the winds than when protected by forests. Capt. Twining, as chief astronomer of the Northern Boundary Survey, 1872 to 1876, states in his report that The streams between the valley of the Red River and the Rocky Mountains, excepting only the mountain tor- rents llo wing to the north into the How River and thence into the Saskatchewan, are merely prairie, streams, to which the name "river'' is only given by sufferance. Many of them are most insignificant of rivulets, which, during the melting of snows in the early spring may carry a reasonable volume of water, but in the summer consist, for the most part, of a series of pools, more or less stagnant, and with no appreciable current. The Mouse River and the Milk River are the most considerable of those along the northern boundary, and may be taken as a type of all the prairie, streams of Dakota and Montana. Tints, the Mouse River, though having a length of a,s much as 400 miles, and draining the eastern slope of the Coteau of the Missouri, from north of Woody Mountain to the bend of the .Missouri below Fort Stevenson, yet carries an insignificant volume, of water, being reduced to almost nothing during August ami September. In like manner, the Milk River, rising near tin- Rocky Mountains, ceases to flow during the month of August. As these rivers are not fed by springs, the lack of rain and the rapid evaporation reduces the volume of their flow in proportion to the distance from their sources. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 27 Prairie tires are, without doubt, a considerable detriment to the agricultural development of the Dakotas because of augmenting the influences of evaporation. They appear to occur most frequently in autumn when the atmospheric conditions are most favorable for the loss of mois- ture from the soil, and to the occurrence of drought. Capt. Twiniug refers to these tires in Sep- tember, 187:5, as follows: The prairie tires, which for some days had been buruing brightly in every direction, had swept every vestige of grass from these plains, except ill the immediate vicini-ty of the ponds, leaving the ground covered willi a light film of ashes. Our march from this point was most distressing, owing to this cause. A strong east wind raised the dust and ashes in clouds, filling the eyes, nose, and mouth with an irritating alkali which bit and smarted with undying zeal. We reached Fort Totteii on the 20th of October. The Monthly Weather Review of September, 1890, refers to prairie and forest fires as follows: In the region about Etta Mine, southwest South Dakota, and Bismarck, prairie and forest fires caused wide- spread damage. Iii September, 1891, as follows: On the 17th and 18th extensive prairie fires were reported in parts of North Dakota, near Rapid City, S. Dak., and in the northern portion of South Dakota. The lapse of time and the many changes consequent upon advancing civilization seem to hnve little effect upon this element of danger to the agricultural interests of a vast territory. The following information oil the subject of drought in the Uakotas is extracted from the Monthly Weather Review : NORTH DAKOTA. June, 18S3. Bismarck: Crops suffering from drought. July, 18S3, Bismarck: Little rain in the immediate vicinity since Juno 23. Crops suffering seriously for rain. Jamestown: Crops injured by previous drought. Kaiu of 13th will insure fair yield of wheat. June, 1SSG. Fargo: Extensive and severe drought in nearly all parts of Territory. Maudau: Continued dry weather seriously injured wheat < rop. Surrtiilii-i; 1XS6. The following extracts are from a report prepared by the observer, Signal Service, St. Paul, Minn., on the' drought which has prevailed throughout the Northwest during I lie past summer and autumn: " The severe drought which has prevailed over the western portion of the country during the summer of 1886 has left its devastating effects on the Upper Mississippi Valley and the Northwest. Its influence was mostly felt in northwestern Minnesota and northeastern Dakota, being most severe and longest in the latter section. Other areas which suffered for shorter periods were northern Iowa, western Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, southwestern Dakota, and eastern Montana. " This paper will treat mainly on its effects in Minnesota and Dakota. " In these States the usual copious rainfall of May was lessened so considerably that the drought literally began to be appreciable in that month. The temperature was abnormally high, with a deficiency in rainfall of nearly 1 inch. "In the month of June the temperature was about normal, while the precipitation was nearly H inches below the average in Minnesota, and about 2 inches below in Dakota. "In July the rainfall continued In-low the average, with the greatest deficiency occurring in eastern Min- nesota and southern Dakota. At Dulutu, Minn., the deficiency was 2.42 inches; La Crosse, Wis., 3.08 inches; Huron, Dak, 3.26 inches; and Yaukton, Dak., 3.28 inches. The temperature in Dakota was decidedly above the normal, at Huron being f>-.-l above, and Bismarck 6 above. In Minnesota it was also above the normal, with the mean temperature of the State 7 C .2, while the average of the minimum temperatures was 50-.5. The tempera- ture was phenomoually high during nearly the entire month, While at Sherbnrne and .Spring Valley the maximum temperature was respectively 107 and 104, which is about the greatest heat ever observed in this State. " In August there was an excess of over 2 inches oi' rainfall in the southeastern portion of Dakota, while in northern Dakota and Minnesota the rainfall was below the average: the deficiency being 3.1 inches at St. Vin- cent and 2.5 inches at Moorhead. The temperature continued above the average with the maximum above 100 north to St. Vincent, where it rose as high as 103.2. September in eastern Minnesota brought an excess of rainfall, while there was a deficiency in western Minnesota and northern Dakota. The temperature, was markedly below the normal at Dnlutli, while it was slightly above in southeastern Dakota. "In October the rainfall was slightly below the average, while the temperature was decidedly above. For Min- nesota the mean temperature was 8. 7 above the mean of the corresponding month of 1S85. The greatest depart- ures from the normal were 8 above at Dnluth, 6 above at Moorhead, St. Vincent, St. Paul, and Vankton, and 5 above at Huron. "Pastures became burned and brown early in the season and caught lire readily from sparks of passing trains. Those crops which yielded fairly well were favored with early rains and were past danger when the dry season be- 28 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THK TWO DAKOTAS. gan. Tin" effect on iiewiv seeded grass fields has been unusually severe, in many ruses rendering the seeding of t-arlv spring worthless. Tree seeds in northern Dakota have become very scarce and are in great demand. "Sloughs, lakes, and rivei-s, which had the appearance of having been in existence for ages, have become dry, leaving the alluvial soii found in their bottoms to be baked by the burning sun, thus causing it to be cracked over an inch wide and many inches deep in Nome, localities. Regions where there was but a thin layer of soil upon a gravel or stone bottom suffered far more from the drought than those favored by ground of clay formation. "Prairie fires were much more frequent and did greater damage than in previous years. The removing of the grass covering from the earth by these tires exposed its surface to the direct rays of the sun, thus allowing undue absorption of the moisture from the soil and leaving it in a dry condition. In localities well favored with forests the tli'eets of the drought were largely modified and showers were generally more frequent, thus showing the great necessity of protecting those woodlands which so materially assist in moderating droughts and floods. Rain was also more frequent near large bodies of water and along large streams. "During the fall of 1885 and winter of 1885 and 1886 the fall of snow and rain was very light, and was followed by a summer marked by a decided deficiency of precipitation, which had the effect of drying sloughs, hikes, and rivers to an almost unprecedented extent, causing the ground in many localities to be as dry as dust to the, depth of 8 or 9 feet. This, together with the lack of water all through the West and Northwest, could supply the at- mosphere with but little moisture to be precipitated. The universally high temperatures which prevailed added very materially to the injurious effects of the dry weather. " Were it not for the great number of lakes found in this region, there being 7,000 to 10,000 alone iu Minnesota, with an average of S'20 acres and upward, and the forests and woodlands which cover one-third -of the Stale, tin-re is no doubt but that the damage would have been far greater. "In some localities there seems to be a period of increase and decrease in the ai mt of water in lakes and rivers, while in other localities there seems to be a yearly decrease in the amount of water. "In Minnesota the drought began in May and ended in August, ami September in the, central and southern poi lions, while in the .northern it continued quite severe until November 1. In length it ranged from forty-one da_\s in the southeastern portion of the State to over five mouths in the northern portion. ******** # * * * " In Dakota the drought began generally during the latter portion of June and was still existing November 1. It seemed more severe in the western portion of the State; Wells and Stark counties reported the rainfall to be far below the average since July, 1S85. The State has also suffered severely from prairie tires, which devastated vast. tracts of land; in the northern portion of the State forest fires have done, irreparable damage. In some portions of the State trees planted several years ago are in a flourishing condition, showing that t imber can b grown ami \\ill prove valuable both as a commercial article and as an assistant preventive of drought." October, 1SSS. Bismarck: Weather very dry. No rain since September 1!'. Mai/, /SJ*/. Drought prevailed. Crops in bad condition previous to 18th and 19th. Drought broken on these dates. SOUTH DAKOTA. July, 1877. Olivet: Drought injurious to vegetation. April, 1S79. Yankton: Wheat suffering. l''<briiary, 1S8S. Deadwood: Small precipitation of past two months has caused scarcity of water in city and rural districts. filly, 1S8G. Aberdeen: Hot winds and unusually warm weather have prevailed in this vicinity for past week. Much damage to wheat. Estimated crop, not more than half the average, as very little rain has fallen during past month. Huron: Ground dry; grain and grass suffering. May, 1887. ParKston : Month has been hot and dry. Grain crop seriously injured. July, 1887. Parkston: Rain unevenly distributed during month. Some places, abundant; others, only a few miles distant, little rain. Fort Sully: Extremely dry weather has done considerable injury to crops. October, 1SS7. Parkstou: Precipitation unusually small and ground very dry. Webster: Very dry, rainfall about 70 per cent below the normal. Fort Randall : Rainfall over 70 per cent below the normal. General remarks on drought of past six months: The very serious drought which prevailed from May to Sep- tember in Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Missouri was slightly ameliorated in northern Wisconsin during October, but the condition of affairs at the end of the month was still serious, as appears from extracts elsewhere. The commencement of this drought was in April last, during which month less than .">() per cent of the average precipitation fell in southern Michigan and Wisconsin, northern Illinois, the southwestern part of Iowa, and the northwestern part of Missouri. During May a precipitation slightly above the average' fell over a holt of country about 60 miles wide, extending from Cincinnati, Ohio, and Frankfort, Ky., westward to Indiana, and Illinois, including the immediate valley of the Missouri River as far as Jefferson City; elsewhere in the States previously named Hie precipitation was largely delicient, especially in Iowa, Illinois, and the northern half of Michigan, where the percentage ranged from 20 to .".(I of the average rainfall. In June the area over which less than half the usual rain fell comprised Iowa, Illinois, southern Wisconsin, southwestern Michigan, and northwestern Indiana. Throughout the section named only from one-tenth to one-fifth of the usual rainfall for June occurred in many places. CEKTAIN (JLIMATIC FEAT[TRES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 29 During July a slight excess of rainfall fell over the northern half of the lower peninsula of Michigan and cen- tral Wisconsin, but throughout the rest of the drought-stric.ken States, the precipitation generally ranged from r>0 to 80 per eent of the average, except in Ohio, southern Indiana, southeastern Illinois, the western parts of Iowa, and Missouri, where the amount of rain in some cases was only from !.""> to :!0 per cent of the mean. During August slight excesses fell in western Iowa, western Wisconsin, and tin- northern part of Illinois; throughout the rest of the drought district the rainfall was generally from one half to three-fourths of the average, but in the greater part of Michigan, as well as in the, southern part of Illinois, the amount was less than one-half the mean. In September the greater part of Iowa, Wisconsin, and northern Illinois, and the extreme southern part of Michigan was relieved by rainfall slightly in excess of the average, but the remaining States still suffered from a deficiency for the month, which in the northern part of Michigan ranged from one-sixth to one-half the usual amount. The condition of a Hairs has improved materially in Wisconsin during October, where a slight excess of precipi- tation has fallen. In Michigan, Iowa, the greater part of Illinois, and Indiana the drought is aggravated, as the precipitation has only been from ".-third to three-fourths of the usual amount, while in the valley of the Ohio and of the Mississippi, from Cairo to (Jnincy, the amount of rainfall has been exceedingly small, not averaging more than 20 per eent for that district and ranging from 10 to SO per cent. During the six months from May to October, inclusive, the rainfall has been largely deficient over Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa. Missouri, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and parts of Minnesota and Dakota, and eastern Nebraska and southeastern Kansas. Less than one-half the usual amount of rainfall during these mouths has fallen in central Ohio and at certain points on the immediate, banks of the Ohio River, from Louisville lo ( 'airo. inclusive. Similar local deficiencies, averaging more than 50 per cent, occurred near Springfield, 111., Webster, Dak., and La crosse. Wis. Less than three-fourths of the average amount of rain has fallen during these live months from Mich- igan, Ohio, and Kentucky westward to include Missouri and Iowa. Unless an excess of ra.infa.ll occurs during November these Stales must sutler, owing to the small amount, of water which fell during the first of the season, as streams and wells must fail and the ground itself bo in such a dry condition as to interfere more or less materially with the winter wheat or the early spring crops. April, 7.S',9.V. Yankton : Kain of L'Tth benefited crops, which were Millering from ilrought. July, 18S8. Yankton: Protracted drought caused damage to small grain. Drought broken by heavy rains on 13th. Xi/ili'mbcr, 1SS$. Huron: Kain much needed for fall work. Ground has not been dry to such great depth in nine years. October, 1888. Woonsockot; Owing to very dry weather plowing has been delayed to greater extent than dur- ing the last eight years. .iuiii', 1NR9. ParUslon: Clronnd intensely dry : all vegetation withering. Such drought has not, existed in this section since its settlement. Spearlish : Last half of month very hot and dry. Where there was no irrigation crops of small grain Buffered considerably. Wolsey: Rainfall for month below the average; vegetation suffering. Wnon- socket: Continued dry weather; wheat and oats materially damaged. Am/iiKl, 1SS9. Fort Sully: Continued dry weather has injured corn, oats, and other late crops. WoonsocUct: Ground drier than for past eight years. Corn, that promised a full crop on 1st of month, will not yield more than one-third. Oats and barley suffered considerable damage. Huron: Long, protracted drought, felt on 5th, has lie. nine very serious. Late crops much injured. Corn can not mature. Wells running dry. Dakota Kiver lower than ever known before. Si'itlrmhcr, Ifif!!). Fort Sully: Corn crop completely parched by continued dry weather. t/n-il, JNO/i. Huron : Continued drought damaging sprouting grain. July, 1S90. Woonsocket: ({round exceedingly. dry. Wells becoming dry. All crops unusually light. Huron: Drought and hot winds had a bad effect upon late crops. Webster: Vegetation suffering. .-liif/nxl, 1X90. Late crops reported injured. Hi'lilcniliri-, 1SHO. Wolsey and Woonsocket : Streams and wells reported going dry; ground drier than in ten years. October, 1800. Woonsockot: Drought continued during month. Very little plowing was done. Mai/, 1891. Drought prevailed. Crops in bad condition previous to 18th and 19th. Drought broken on those dates. .////, W'/. East central South Dakota : Month very dry. Crops damaged. September, 1891. Very dry weather prevailed. The. following .statement relative to "the great drought," from 1SS7 to 1891 over the western and northern plains, is extracted from the Sioux City Journal, Sioux City, Imv;i, December, 18!) 1 : It may now be said that the great drought, which for several years afflicted the interior of the continent, a, large portion of the Rocky Mountain region as well as the whole Mississippi Valley, has been broken. The extent and severity of the great drought have not been generally understood. The drought began as early as 1887 and was not generally chocked till the winter of 1890 and 1891. It reached its climax in the season of 1890, when the wheat crop of the United States was cut down almost 100,000,000 bushels below the preceding year, which latter itself had been greatly shortened by drought; the corn crop, 600,000,000 bushels; the oat crop, 230,000,000 bushels, and other great crops, like hay, potatoes, etc., in similar degree. ;}< ) CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Tin 1 drought was felt through all these years, in varying degrees of severity, from the Gulf const northward over :ill tin- States bordering the Mississippi and Missouri rivers far into the British Possessions. It shortened crops in Illinois and Iowa materially, and it was more severe in Kentucky, Tennessee, and especially in Arkansas and large portions of Missouri. But tin-. tierce brunt of the drought fell upon that vast strip of plain country which lies west of the ninety-sev- enth meridian of longitude, including the western two-thirds of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, New Mexico, and the major portion of Jthe great Stale of Texas. Throughout this region the drought was general, although much more severe in one locality than in another. In extensive areas crops were total failures, and even in other areas which are exclusively devoted to grazing grass was almost burned up and water disappeared. In many places where the Government surveys have marked the mean derings of extensive lakes or marshes, as in some localities in South Dakota, and where such had been known to exist up to 1887, the water tolally disappeared. It was the greatest drought which the record of half a century in that region gives any intimation of. There has been nothing comparable with it. Its results were far-reaching. They were the more serious because for a- period of several years prior to 18S7 immigration had been pouring into the region west of the ninety-seventh meridian. Nearly all the settlers were poor, the majority very poor. They had come in quest of Government land, in most cases with barely means more than to effect a settlement. They were borrowers. For a period of several years loan com- panies sold an immense number yf loans on these settlements to people living in all the States to the East, and very largely to people living in New England. The loans went into improvements, into farm machinery, and into other means for cultivating the land. Under such circumstances, even if there had not been others to aggravate the situation, a drought extending over a series of years could not fail to be disastrous. Year after year in some localities the settlers suffered total loss of crops and were deprived not only of the means of repaying the money they had borrowed, but even of sub- sistence. At length some became so discouraged as to abandon their settlements. Those who had loaned mone\ to the settlers suffered with them, often neither principal nor interest being paid. It was not understood in the Kasl that an extraordinary drought was in progress, and the country got a hard name, which attached not only to the st ricken districts, but also to regions whore the effect was not so severely felt. Capital .eased to move towards t ho settlers and began to be withdrawn to the extent possible. In Missouri, Illihois, and Iowa, and in similar communities, whore for the most part the drought was not so severe, the people, by their longer establish men t and aerunmlat ions, were incomparably bet (IT prepared to end in v it. There were some regions, of course, which were more fortunate than the country -generally. The one which suffered least in the United States was a comparatively narrow belt on both sides of the Missouri River in north- western Missouri and extending north along the boundary between Iowa and Nebraska, gradually broadening to its greatest width, which included the northeastern counties of Nebraska and a number of counties of Dakota and northwestern Iowa, the central point of which is Sioux City. Drought, indeed, shortened crops even here, but the peculiarity of the. soil, the great depth of the line, spongy, friable soil, free from stratilied rocks, greatly modified the injurious ellccls, so that nowhere else in all those years was there so high an average yield as here. Outside, of southwestern Texas and extensive portions of New Mexico, this ex t .ra ordinary drought was broken in the winter of 1S!IO-'91. There were copious rains, followed by a heavy, general snowfall, which melted awa\ grad nally late in the spring, Frequent rain showers occurred all through the season, tilling up the old marsh and lake beds. The result was the prodigious crops of every kind which the whole interior of the continent, the legion west as well as the region cast of the ninety-seventh meridian, produced in 1S!H. Heavy rains last fall and early in the winter, have not onl\ again saturated the earth throughout the \\Yst. and made absolutely sure a crop this year, hut have also shown that the last vestige of the drought period has disappeared and the West has entered upon a cycle of abundant moisture. TEMPERATURE. The distribution of temperature and its relation to other meteorological elements in forming part of the subject-matter of the brief climatologica] study in tliis report is treated of in fifteen eharts, forty-two diagrams, and twenty-one separate tabulations, referred to as Appendices Nos. I4> to 79 inclusive, and !t!) to 1 10, inclusive. The data in Appendices 10 to 45 and l>7 to 7!>, inclusive, con- stitute, the basis of analytical study under this head. The monthly and annual means are expressed iii the nearest decree and this rule lias been followed in the preparation of all tables of temperature values. Fractions of a degree to the amount of five-tenths or less have been neg- lected, but those equaling or exceeding six-tenths have been considered as integers. (Jreater refinement is not justified by the character of the data or the scope of the discussion. In the presentation of monthly means and extremes of temperature broken records of a month or mote are given, in addition to those of long and continuous periods of observation. The latter, of course, are, the mote valuable, but within a region of such vast extent as that embraced by the Dakotas. and where I lie distribution of stations, together with the length of records, Ins been so inadequate, it has seemed very desirable and even absolutely necessary to submit all data of sum- CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 31 dent value to fairly determine a single monthly mean or extreme. In publications of this character it lias usually been the policy to neglect temperature and precipitation values where the records at any station fell short of a complete year. The thirteen charts of monthly and average temperatures have been prepared without the usual employment of isometric lines. The reason for this, as set forth under precipitation (see page 12), regarding the monthly and annual charts of rainfall, will apply in the case of temperature. Temperature data are submitted from selected stations (see Appendix No. 41) from regions sur- rounding the Dakotas. especially to the north and south. Comparisons under such conditions serve to disclose some of the peculiarities of climatology characteristic of the Northern Plains. From a study of the distribution of average temperature in the Dakotas, as shown upon the monthly charts, and from an investigation of the distinctive features of thermometrie conditions as exhib- ited by the various tabulations, the follow ing are suuie. of the conclusions and statements which may be otl'ered: 1. The higher average temperature of (South Dakota, due to latitude and independent of elevation. 2. The high average temperature of the Black Hills in winter and the low average of summer, as compared with the remainder of South Dakota. This mountain region is protected by heavy forests from the high and dry. cold winds which sweep the more exposed portions of the territory. These differences apply also to the maximum and minimum temperatures, and to the ranges, monthly, annual, and mean annual. 3. The average, monthly temperature of North Dakota, computed from fifteen stations, ranges from 3" in January to 7(P in .Inly, the extremes varying from 3 at Kichardton and Fort I'embina (St. Vincent, across the river, (>) in January to 71 at Fort Stevenson and 75 at Fort Rice in July. The Red River Valley is both the warmest region in summer and the coldest in winter in North Dakota. The James Kiver Valley comes next, followed by the Missouri Valley. 4. The average, monthly temperature in South Dakota, computed from eighteen stations, ranges from i:> in January to 72 in July, the extremes varying from 3 at Fort Sisseton and 4 at Webster in January to 75' ! a' Fort Sully and 70 at Fort Randall and Vermillion in July. The coldest portion of South Dakota is found in the extreme nort heast and the warmest in the Mis- souri Valley. The extreme eastern portion of the State is colder in winter and spring than in the Black Hills, but much warmer in the summer. The James River Valley is, next after the Missouri Valley, the wannest portion of South Dakota. 5. North and South Dakota approach within about 1' of each other during t lie summer, but diverge to the extent of 4 to IIP in autumn and winter. North Dakota being colder. In the dry season, October to March, inclusive, they diverge about 7, and in the wet. season, April to Sep tember, inclusive, they are about equal. Considering the dry season to include Sept ember to March, inclusive, the divergence is still 7 "', but in the wet season, April to August, inclusive, they change from equality to a difference of 2. Narrowing down the dry season to tour months, November to February, inclusive, the divergence is still about 7. Extending the wet season to eight months, April to March, inclusive, the divergence increases to about 4. Comparing the wet lest period of the year, May to August, inclusive, the divergence remains steady at about 2. It is then evident that the mean temperature of the dry season is controlled by the four winter months (Novem- ber to February, inclusive), the driest period of the year, and that the mean temperature of the wet season is controlled by the four summer months (May to August, inclusive), the wettest period of the year. (See Appendices Nos. .">, 40, 41, and 54 to 57 inclusive.) (i. The mean annual range of temperature in North Dakota varies from 132 at Bismarck to 141 at Fort Buford. The extremes vary from IKJo at Fort Buford to 151 at Fort Yates and Fort I'embina, and 154 at Fort Buford. In South Dakota the mean annual range of temperature varies from 116 at Deadwood and 119 at Yankton to 132 at Fort Sully, and 13S nt Webster. The extremes vary from lo:-r at Fort Randall and 10<i afc Deadw 1 to 1 4.V at Fort Randall, and 14(i at Webster. The annual ranges of temperature are greatest in North Dakota, reaching a maximum in the Red River Valley and in the extreme northwest portion. The least ranges are in the Black Hills and the Missouri Valley of South Dakota. Compared with adjacent regions it is found that the district of maximum annual range embraces northeastern Montana and the Saskat- 32 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. c,hcwan Valley. The largest ranges are reported from Poplar River, Mont., 159, Medicine Hat, British America, 158; and Fort Assumiboine, Mont., 157. (See Appendix No. 47.) 7. The mean monthly range of temperature in North Dakota varies from 47 at Fort Totten in July to 80 at Fort Buford in January. In South Dakota^ the range varies from 45 at Yankton and 47 at Dead wood, in July, to 83 at Webster and 86 at Fort Meade, in February. The monthly ranges during winter are considerably the highest in South Dakota and occur later in the season. (See Appendix No. .48.) 8. The mean daily temperature ranges are quite uniform in both States and throughout the year. The least ranges are found in the Black Hills with a mean annual of 21, and the extremes varying from 18 in December and 19 in April to 23 in January. Generally the highest daily ranges occur in both States from July to October inclusive, and vary from 20 to 29, the highest being in northwest North Dakota and the lowest in the Black Hills. (See Appendix No. 49.) 9. The maximum daily ranges of temperature vary in North Dakota from 30 at Bismarck, in .1 nly, to 57 at the same station in January, and 55 at Fort Buford in February. In South Dakota i hev vary from 25 at Deadwood in March and 27 at Yankton in June to 54 at Huron, in De- cember, and 55 at Deadwood in January. (See Appendix No. 50.) 10. The minimum daily ranges in North Dakota vary from 1 at Bismarck in December and at Fort Buford in May to 18 at Bismarck in June and 21 at Fort Yates in August. In South Dakota they vary from 1 at Fort Sully in December to 13 at Deadwood in June and 17 at Huron in the same month. (See Appendix No. 51.) 11. The mean daily variability of temperature (the change which takes place in the daily mean temperature from one day to another, independent of increase or diminution of temperature, and the. best test of equability) varies, on the average, in both States from 4 during June to August inclusive, to 9 in January and February. The extremes vary from 4 in the Missouri Valley, ,) line to August, inclusive, to 10 in the Red River Valley hi January and February. (See Appendix No. 53.) 12. The extreme maximum temperatures in North Dakota range from 101 at Fort Feinbina in August, 1S86, to 110 at Fort Rice in July, 1871, and at Fort Abraham Lincoln in August, 187<i. In South Dakota they range from 101 at Brookings in July, 1888, to 112 at Fort Randall in July, 1ST I, Forest City, August, 1891, and Smithville, August, 1881, to 114 at Fort Sully in July, 1S71. In both States, the maximum temperatures rise above 100 from June to September, inclusive, occurring most frequently in South Dakota and in the central portion of that State. The lowest extreme, maximum temperatures are found in the Red River Valley and in the Black Hills. (See Appendix No. (55.) 13. The extreme, minimum temperatures in North Dakota range from 34 n at Furl Kice. in December, 1871, to 51 at Fort Peinbina in January, 1888, and 51 ! 'at Fort Stevenson in De- cember, 1879, and 55 at the same station in January, 1SS1. In South Dakota Micy range from 32 at Deadwood in February, 1883, to 44 at Fort Randall in January, 1875, at Webster in January, 1887, and 45 at Fort Sisseton in December, isso. In both States the minimum temperatures fall below zero from November to March, inclusive. In North Dakota the months of October and April arc included in this record of low temperatures, especially in the Red River Valley. Fort Peinbina, N. Dak., and St. Vincent, Minn., just across the river, are the only stations where the annual minimum temperature falls below zero, the. lowest record being 4 at Fort, Peinbina in 1875 and 1887, and at St. Vincent in 1887. (See Appendix No. (5(5.) 14. The time of occurrence of first killing frost in North Dakota ranges from August, I (Napoleon, 1890) to September 30 (Fort Buford and Fort Totten, 1884). The t hue of occurrence, of last, killing frost ranges from March 17 (Steele, 1890) to June 24 (Fort Totten, 1887). (See Ap- pendix No. 63.) 15. The time of occurrence of first killing frost in South Dakota ranges from August 22 (St. Lawrence, Webster, and Woousockct, 181)0) to October 21 (Yankton, 1884). The time of occur- rence of last killing frost ranges from April 7 (Fort Sully, 1888) to June 22 (Huron,* 1885). (See Appendix No. 64.) 16. The coldest weather prevails in North Dakota and throughout the territory east of the Missouri, the, lowest, average temperatures being reported from the Red River Valley. In summer the Missouri Valley receives the maximum amount of heat. Gn obdbrujrmaJJi/Cofd; Wert#ier -in. th&J)aJtotti8 for f mm , JVovernJier to Jlkuvfi inclusive. S Ei /-i / 62 1 8 Ex /.f? 68 1 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 33 17. From an examination of the distribution of temperature over the Northern plains, Manitoba, and Hudson Bay Territory, it is evident that eastern North Dakota lies within the southwest quadrant of the area of maximum cold in the interior of the, continent, and that with northeastern Montana and northwestern Minnesota it forms the region of greatest cold in the United States. IS. The marked increase in temperature west of the one hundred and eighth meridian, even as far north as the fifty-fifth parallel, shows the influence of the high northerly path of warm low- pressure areas from the Pacific. These disturbances rapidly diminish in intensity as they pro- gress eastward, reaching the maximum effect in this particular, from loss.of heat and moisture, at about the one hundredth meridian, when they begin to develop renewed energy through the influ- ence of these elements brought by the southerly winds from the Gulf. 111. The Dakotas, Minnesota, and Montana lie within the region- over which the most pro- nounced areas of high pressure descend from the interior of British America. These highs appear to produce their maximum effect, from the cold, dry air of the upper atmosphere, over the region from Hudson Bay south westward to northern Montana, northern Dakota, and northern Minnesota, and thence eastward north of the forty-seventh parallel. 20. North Dakota and northeast South Dakota are subjected to the coldest winds, and those of the highest velocity, which tend to remove the snow from exposed and cultivated lands and deprive them of the protection afforded by such a covering. 21. The distribution of temperature is governed very largely by the distribution of atmos- pheric pressure. Abnormal periods of heat and cold depend broadly upon the average latitude of areas of low barometric pressure in transit over the Dakotas. These facts are graphically set fort h in Appendices Nos. !W to 138, inclusive, and in Nos. 147 to 158, inclusive. The cumulative effect of warm and cold periods, under the influence of the distribution of atmospheric pressure, is graph- ically shown in Appendices Nos. 58 to(il, inclusive. The warm periods for the months of January, 1S8!, 1S91, and I'Ybruary, 1880, show a total excess of temperature of over 400. During these months the average latitude of areas of low pressure was considerably north of the forty-ninth parallel, thus bringing over the Dakotas, by means of cyclonic circulation, the warmer air of the Gulf and Mississippi Valley. A corresponding effect from the cold periods is shown for the months of January, iSSIJ. 1S87, and February, 1887, when the total deficiency of temperature amounted to over 400. During these periods the average latitude of areas of low pressure was south of the forty seventh parallel, which had the effect of carrying over the Dakotas, from British America, an abnormal quantity of cold, dry air by means of anti cyclonic circulation. A comparison of the attendant conditions of these warm and cold periods brings to view a remarkable compensating effect iii the annual distribution of temperature and disposes of the theory of permanent climatic changes. 22. The relation established between the distribution of temperature and tlrat of barometric pressure in the development and progressive movement, of low-pressure areas, as shown by the charts and tables for warm and cold periods (Appendices Nos. .~>S to <>1, inclusive), may be applied to the demonstration of the causes giving rise to the occurrence of any abnormally warm or cold month of tin 1 year. 23. As to the more remote but yet more important causes, because forming the basis of fore knowledge as to the probable occurrence 1 of warm and cold periods, the study of mean monthly barometric pressure would seem to justify the preparation of the accompanying ideal typical chart. An explanation of the construction of these charts is furnished under the head of "Pre cipitation" (see page 12), where, similar ones are submitted in connection with the forecasting of dry and wet periods. A distribution of average barometric pressure, giving rise to the formation of a pronounced HIGH over the Plateau and Rocky Mountain regions, will generally result in diverting the major- ity of the paths of all low-pressure areas to the northward of the forty-seventh parallel and result in carrying over the Dakotas the much warmer air of lower latitudes, giving rise to abnor- mally warm weather. If, on the contrary, the barometric pressure remains abnormally high over Manitoba and Hudson Hay Territory the low-pressure areas are diverted southward below the forty fourth parallel, and the attendant system of atmospheric circulation gives rise to a prepon- S. Ex. 157 5 34 CERTAIN GLJMAT1O FEATUKES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. derance of cold air over Hie Dakotas, with abnormally low temperatures. If, for example, 1 he mean isobars of November develop the warm-weather type, abnormally high temperatures (usu- ally warm days in periods of 2 to 5) may be reasonably expected in December and January fol- lowing. If the type chart appears in January, then the warm periods may be expected in Febru- ary and March. A similar explanation applies to the occurrence of cold-weather types. 24. The general direction of low-pressure areas over the Dakotas and adjacent regions to the north and south, as illustrated on the Monthly Storm Track Charts, Appendices Nos. 147 to l.">x, inclusive, explain the occasion for the continued alternation of warm and cold periods and the occurrence of extraordinary extremes of temperature. The direction of progressive movement is so nearly due east and west that atmospheric circulation over the Dakotas is practically confined to either northerly or southerly winds. Under such circumstances the tendency to extremes of tem- perature is very strong all <i must result in a peculiar effect upon the industrial interests of the two States. It is hopeless to expect any radical change in the atmosphere itself, but the surface of the, << iinitry in relation thereto, may be modified by cultivation, irrigation, and the growth of forests so :is to diminish the effect of abnormal and destructive weather changes. In the protection of eon siderable areas of land it would appear advisable to plant the trees in comparatively narrow strips, extending east and west. They would not only diminish evaporation from the soil over the pro tected area, and thus lessen the range of temperature, but by interrupting the course of the winds destroy their effect in developing and maintaining extremes of temperature and abnormal evap- oration. 2.~>. The annual distribution of temperature over the Dakotas, as shown by the records fora long scries of years, a tabulation of which appears in Appendix No. 56, develops no well-estal> lislied cycle, perhaps because the records are not sufficiently extensive and uniform as to the length of the period of observation. From an examination of the annual sums there appears some evidence of the existence of two and three-year cycles of temperature changes, the latter being practically confined to excess of temperature (warm periods) and the former to deficiency of tern perature (cold periods). This results in an apparent increase in temperature in North Dakota of about 2 in the past 30 years, while in South Dakota during the past 33 years the records appear to show a deficiency of about 1. If the records were satisfactory in all respects we might say that the Dakotas have been gradually growing warmer since about 1860, North Dakota taking the lead. The tabulation appears to indicate that the alternation of warm and cold periods is so evenly balanced and of such short duration that all tendency to permanent excesses or deficien- cies is prevented. There is also developed the important fact that the yearly departures are often very sharp and considerable, illustrating one of the characteristic features of the climatology of the Dakotas. It is necessary that the climatology of every State, or larger areas having uniform elimat ic con ditious, should be thoroughly investigated and discussed before satisfactory comparisons in impor- tant details, affecting animal and plant life, can be made in a comparative study of the whole country. CONCLUSION. In a brief summarization of final deductive results the following are submitted as some of the lessons which may be drawn from this investigation: 1. The Dakotas must resort to an extensive system of irrigation. 2. Forests must be preserved and extensive reforestation adopted. 3. Increase the number of rainfall stations and make the reports accurate and continuous. 4. If there are great local variations in rainfall they should be carefully investigated. 5. Increase the area covered with vegetation. (i. Pursue some method in cultivating the soil whereby the snowfall may be prevented from drifting away under the influence of the winds. Plowing shallow ditches every few rods or the, growing of hedges every few hundred yards might accomplish the object sought. 7. The distribution of temperature and precipitation in the Black Hills furnishes an instruc- tive lesson as to the. influence of forests on climate. CERTAIN (JLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 35 8. The distribution of precipitation throughout the year, while favorable, in a measure, to agricultural interests, is too small in the aggregate to prevent the occurrence of severe droughts, especially in North Dakota and the central portion of South Dakota. 9. The snowfall is too light and the winds are too heavy to secure from this form of precipita- tion much, if any, protection to crops. 10. The precipitation of spring and summer compares favorably with the moist regions of the Central .Mississippi and Ohio valleys, but the precipitation of autumn and winter shows a pro- nounced deficiency, which makes the average of these seasons less than in the arid regions of the Middle Plateau. 11. The geographical position of the Dakotas is such, relative to the path of atmospheric disturbances between the Pacific and the Atlantic^ near the forty-ninth parallel, that no impor- tant permanent change can reasonably be expected in the amount and distribution of their pre- cipitation. 12. The withering effect of the hot, dry southerly winds may be obviated, in a measure, by spraying plants and trees with water and irrigating the soil beneath them. 13. The Dakotas lie within what is called the "subhumid region," a mean condition between the arid and moist regions of the country, where agriculture can hardly be conducted without years of drought succeeding years of prosperity, and where irrigation from artesian wells and storage reservoirs must be resorted to in order to tide over the unpropitious seasons. 14. A careful hydrographic survey of the Dakotas should be made in order to obtain reliable and exhaustive information on the subject of evaporation, in connection with the supply and dis- tribution of precipitation, and the establishment of a satisfactory system of irrigation. 15. Every feasible means of checking evaporation must be adopted. Wind-breaks of trees or hedges may be employed to this end. Becquerel has ascertained that a hedge 6 feet in height will afford protection to the surrounding soil a distance of 70 feet. Experiments have shown that a narrow belt of trees, every 300 to 1,000 feet, according to the character of the soil and the kind of vegetation, will offer protection from the drying effect of winds. 16. The meteorological and physical features of the Dakotas are such that under the influence of settlement and the consequent development of agriculture changes are effected which tend to the rapid dissipation of the moderate rainfall, through absorption and evaporation. Irrigation and reforestation are the only remedies. 17. The creation of lakes, ponds, and rivers in the Dakotas, with the expectation of thereby increasing the amount of local evaporation, and that a corresponding increase in precipitation will follow over the same region, is hardly justified by the meteorological records. Precipitation over the Dakotas is not the result of local influences. It has been shown that the controlling influence in precipitation comes from a vast system of cyclonic circulation or atmospheric eddies passing across the country near the forty-ninth parallel, absorbing moisture from the waters of the Pacific, the snowbeds of the Rockies and Sierra Nevadas, and the warm waters of the Gulf. 18. Prairie fires should be prevented, as they increase evaporation by setting up convection currents in the atmosphere and augmenting the drying effect of the usual winds. 19. Both Dakotas need a greater variety of wind currents. The abnormal excess of northerly and southerly winds is productive of destructive extremes in temperature and evaporation. 20. As the population of the two States increase the deleterious effect from deficiency in pre- cipitation and high evaporation must become more severe unless overcome by the employment of irrigation. Mr. J. J. Gushing, of Ashton, S. Dak., testified before the Senate Committee on Irri- gation in 1889 as follows: In Dakota Territory the best calculation for the last two years places the loss at $25,000,000 a year from the fail- ure of its water supply. 21 The occurrence of drought in the Dakotas bears such a close relation to the distribution of atmospheric pressure over the north-central portion of the United States that it becomes an inevitable result unless obviated through the intervention of artificial influences. APPENDIX No. 1. List of Appendices. No. 1. Classified list of appendices. No. 2. Chronological list of stations, with latitude, longitude, aud~elevation, length and character of record, for North Dakota and South Dakota. No. 3. Chart: Geographical list of stations. Xo. 4. Monthly and annual precipitation. No. 5. Normal monthly and annual precipitation. No. 6. Monthly and annual precipitation averages from certain selected stations. No. 7. Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmelted suow. No. 8. Amounts of unmelted snow on ground (inches) at end of mouth. No. 9. Monthly average number of rainy days. No. 10. Percentage of probability of rainy days. No. 11. Monthly average number of clear days. No. 12. Average snowfall in inches (Manitoba). No. \'A. Average snowfall in inches ( British Columbia^. No. 14. Mean annual precipitation with auuual and mean annual deviation in inches. No. 15. Excessive precipitation (North Dakota). No. Iti. Kxcessive precipitation (Smith Dakota). No. 17. Seasonal precipitation normals : Quarterly values. No. 18. Seasonal precipitation normals: Dry season, winter; wet season, spring, summer, and autumn. No. 111. -Seasonal precipitation normals: Dry season, winter, spring, and autumn; wet season, summer. No. 20. Seasonal precipitation normals: Dry season, October to March, inclusive; wet season, April to September, inclusive. No. 21. Dry periods, May, June, and August, 1889: Deficiency of precipitation (table). . No. 22. Dry periods, May, June, and August, 1889: Deficiency of precipitation (chart). No. 23. Dry periods, May, June, and July, 1886: Deficiency of precipitation (table). No. 24. Dry periods, May, June, and July, 1881!: Deficiency of precipitation (chart). No. 25. Wet periods: Kxcess of precipitation (table). No. 26. Wet periods: I'.xc ess of precipitation (chart). No. 27. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (January). No. 28. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (February). No. 29. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (March). No. 30. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (April). No. 31. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (May). No. 32. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (June). No. 33. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (July). No. 34. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (August). No. 35. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (September). No. 36. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (October). No. 37. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (November). No. 38. Chart: Monthly average precipitation (December). No. 39. Chart: Annual average precipitation. No. 40. Monthly and annual temperatures. No. 41. Monthly and annual temperatures for stations of longest record. No. 42. Temperature normals, 1881 to 1890. Computed from mean of the maximum and minimum readings of self- registering instruments. No. 43. Temperature normals, 1879 to 1886: 7 A. M., 3 and 11 P. M. observations. No. 44. Temperature normals. 1881 to 1889: Synchronous observations. No. 45. Monthly and annual mean temperatures from selected stations. No. 46. Mean annual temperature, with annual and mean annual deviations. No. 47. Annual maximum and minimum temperature, and mean annual range of temperature. No. 48. Average monthly absolute range of temperature. 37 38 CEKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. No. 49. Monthly and aimual mean daily temperature ranges. Jfo. 50. Greatest daily range of temperature with monthly and annual averages in North Dakota. No. 51. Least daily range of temperature with monthly and annual averages iu North Dakota. No. 52. Monthly and animal mean maximum temperature. No. 53. Monthly and annual mean daily variability of temperature. No. 54. Seasonal temperature normals: Quarterly values. No. 55. Seasonal temperature normals: Dry season, winter; wet season, spring, summer, and autumn. No. 56. Seasonal temperature normals: Dry season; winter, spring, and autumn; wet season, summer. No. 57. Seasonal temperature normals: Dry season October to March, inclusive; wet season, April to September, inclusive. No. 58. Warm periods : Excess of temperature, February, 1886, and January, 1889, and 1891 (table). No. 59. Warm periods: Excess of temperature, February 1886, January, 1889, and 1891 (elmrt). No. 60. Cold periods: Deficiency of temperature, January, 1886 and 1887, and February, 1887 (table;. No. 61. Cold periods: Deficiency of temperature, January, 1886 and 1887, and February, 1887 (chart). No. 62. Number of days on which the temperature was 90 or above. No. 63. Dates of first and last killing frosts (North Dakota). No. 64. Dates of first and last killing frosts (South Dakota). No. 65. Monthly and annual absolute maximum temperature*. No. 66. Monthly and annual absolute minimum temperatures. No. 67. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (January). No. 68. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (February). No. 69. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (March). No. 70. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (April). No. 71. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (May). No. 72. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (June). No. 73. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (July). No. 74. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (August). No. 75. Chart; Monthly average temperatures (September). No. 76. Chart; Monthly average temperatures (October). No. 77. Chart: Monthly average temperatures (November). No. 78. Chart; Monthly average temperatures (December). No. 79. Chart : Annual average temperature. No. 80. Average maximum consecutive number of days without rain, including "traces." No. 81. Average maximum consecutive number of days without rain, excluding "traces." No. 82. Maximum period of drought expressed by the greatest consecutive number of days without "traces" of precipitation and with them. No. 83. Depth of evaporation in inches, Piche evaporometer, for year ending June 30, 1888. No. 84. Monthly and annual mean relative humidity, expressed in per cent. No. 85. Mean cloudiness, expressed in per cent. No. 86. Clear weather (sunshine), expressed in per cent. No. 87. Average hourly velocity of the wind. No. 88. Mean wind direction. No. 89. Average number of times northerly and southerly winds observed. No. 90. Average maximum wind velocities in miles per hour with prevailing directions. No. 91. Monthly mean temperature of the dew point. No. 92. Normal absolute humidity. No. 93. Average yield per acre and price per bushel of grain, and average price per head of live stock. No. 94. Average condition, in percentages, of corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes, 1882-'91. No. 95. Mean percentage of clear weather (sunshine). Manitoba. No. 96. Mean percentage of clear weather (sunshine). British Columbia. No. 97. Mean percentage of cloudiness. Manitoba. No. 98. Mean percentage of cloudiness. British Columbia. No. 99.-Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Bismarck, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- mal values. No. 100. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Fort Buford, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No.lOl.-Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Deadwood, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 102.-Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Huron, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 103. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Fort Sully, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. l()4.-Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Yauktou, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- null values. CEETA1N CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 39 No. 105. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Moorhead, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. \o. KM). Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. St. Vincent, 1887. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal valnes. No. 107. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Bismarck, 1888. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. Nn. 108. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Fort Buford, 1888. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 109. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Huron, 1888. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 110. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Rapid City, 1888. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 111. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Fort Sully, 1888. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 111'. Diagram: Miscellaneous' elements. Yankton, 1888. Cmiiparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- mal values. \n. 113. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Moorhead, 1888. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. Nn. 114. Dingram: Miscellaneous elements. St. Vincent, 1888. Comparative! curves of monthly deviations from normal values. \o. 115. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Bismarck, 18X9. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- mal values. No. 1 Hi. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Fort Buford, 1889. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 117. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Huron, 1889. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No 118. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Rapid City, 1889. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 119. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Fort Sully, 1889. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 120. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Yankton, 1889. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- mal values. No. 121. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Moorhead, 1889. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 121'. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. St. Vincent, 1889. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 123. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Bismarck, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- mal values. No. 121. -Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Fort Buford, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 125. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Huron, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal valnes. No. 126. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Rapid City, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 127. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Fort Sully, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 128. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Yankton, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- mal values. No. 129. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Moorhead, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 130. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. St. Vincent, 1890. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 131. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. Bismarck, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 132. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Fort Buford, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 133. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Huron, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 134. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Rapid City, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal valnes. No. 135. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Fort Sully, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from normal values. No. 136. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. Yankton, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from nor- mal values. 40 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. No. No. No. No. .No. No. .No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Moot-head, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from St. Vincent, 1891. Comparative curves of monthly deviations from Comparative curves of seasonal deviations from normal values. North Dakota Comparative curves of seasonal deviations from normal values. South Dakota. Comparative curves of seasonal deviations from normal values. North Dakota South Dakota. 137. Diagram: Miscellaneous elements. normal values. 188. Diagram : Miscellaneous elements. normal values. 139. Diagram : Temperature. and Minnesota. 140. Diagram : Temperature. 141. Diagram: Precipitation. and Minnesota. ML'. Diagram: Precipitation. Comparative curves of seasonal deviations from normal values. 1 i:;. Number of areas of low pressure. 111. Average number of centers of low pressure passing withiu 150 miles of the station. 145. Mean monthly actual barometric pressure, llli. Mean monthly reduced barometric pressure. 147. Chart: Storm tracks. 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (January). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (February). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (March). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (April). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (May). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (June). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (July). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (August). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (September). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (October). 1887-1888-1889-1890-1891 (November). 1887-1888-18S9-1890-1891 (December). 14K. Chart: Storm tracks. 149. Chart: Storm tracks. 150. Chart : Storm tracks. 151. Chart: Storm tracks. 152. Chart : Storm tracks. 153. Chart: Storm tracks. 154. Chart: Storm tracks. 155. Chart : Storm tracks. 156. Chart : Storm tracks. 157. Chart: Storm tracks. 158. Chart : Storm tracks. APPENDIX No. 2. Chronological list of stations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, and Minnesota, with reference to location and to character and extent of meteorological observations. The names are arranged alphabetically without regard to geographical position. The latitude and longitude have been taken from the latest standard maps. In the ease of broken records the extent of the missing portions can be ascertained by reference to the tabulated data elsewhere in this report. The elevations above sea level have been taken from the Dictionary of Altitudes, U. S. Geological Survey, and from the Weather Bureau reports. [Abbreviations: V.O., voluntary observer; W.B., Weather Bureau; U. S. P. H., United States post hospital.] NORTH DAKOTA. Station. County. Longi- tude. Lati- tude. Eleva- tion above sea level. Kichland , o ' 96 47 / 46 27 Feet. 100 51 46 45 2 211 1 Vmbiiia 97 28 48 52 lirrtlmld Fort (Jarficld 101 45 47 35 liurleigh 100 48 46 47 1 668 Jiu ford Fort Itiiford 103 56 48 00 2 017 ]' ister 99 07 47 36 till 08 48 15 97 03 46 43 921 98 54 48 08 1 467 Stark 100 45 46 52 2 403 98 32 46 01 96 48 46 52 903 90 43 46 18 97 58 47 21 Walsh 97 24 48 25 97 04 47 55 98 20 46 25 97 42 47 18 98 40 Hi 52 1 395 Kelso Traill ( I7 01 47 20 Lakota 98 20 48 02 Leech Kami 'It; 45 46 50 lilt) ;V 46 50 1 644 Milton '18 00 48 40 Mi lint Ward im ::n 48 15 Napoleon 'MI ;;,x 46 30 New Kn^land Citv Hillings . 101' 57 46 34 Peiubina 97 10 48 56 791 PeinMna, Fort do 97 03 48 57 750 Power 97 12 46 33 Raii.snni, Fort '17 ">."> 46 32 1 4;!S Rice, Fort 'Hi .~>3 46 07 Richard ton Stork 102 17 46 52 '' -164 St. Johns ... .... Rolette 99 45 48 49 St. Thomas I'embina 97 26 48 37 Sauborn Harnes 48 12 46 58 1 460 Seward, Fort 98 49 46 55 Sheyenne.., Eddy 99 ( 47 48 1 9 00 Spiritwood stutsman 98 29 46 56 1 477 Stoele Ividder 99 !>' 46 50 1 857 Stevenson, Fort si evens 101 28 47 35 1 731 Tobacco Garden Hnford ... . 103 36 48 05 Totten, Fort 'i<i ()' IT .V) 1 -)W> Valley City '17 5'l 46 55 1 218 Wahpeton 'n; :;s 46 15 Wild Rice 96 49 46 33 Willow City iiottineau 100 15 48 35 Woodbridge Cavalier I IX 55 1!) 59 Yatea, Fort Knunona 100 35 46 09 S. Ex. 157 6 42 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Chronological list of stations, etc. Continued. NORTH DAKOTA Continued. Station. Record. Authority. Rainfall. Temperature. From To (inclu- sive) Character. From To (inclu- sive) Character. Abercrombie, Fort Aug., 1860 July, 1873 Oct., 1891 Sept., 1866 Sept., 1874 Sept., 1866 Mar., 1889 June, 1891 Apr., 1888 Oct., 1877 July, 1891 Dec., 1891 May, 1867 Dec., 1891 do Broken ....do Complete . Broken ... Complete . Broken ....do Feb., 1859 July, 1873 Oct., 1891 Sept., 1866 Oct., 1874 Sept., 1866 Mar., 1889 June, 1891 Apr., 1888 Jan., 1884 Nov., 1891 Dec., 1890 July, 1872 Oct., 1877 July, 1891 Dec., 1891 May, 1867 Dec., 1891 do do . Broken . . . ....do Complete . do U. S. P. H. U. S. P. H. V.O. U. S P H Abraham Lincoln, Fort . . Bathgate . Berthold, Fort Bismarck ....do Broken do W. B. U.H..U. S. P. H. V.O. V. 0. V. 0. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. V. 0. v.o. v.o. v.o. V. 0. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. W.B. U.S.I'. II. v.o. I'.S. P. II. U.S. P. 11. v.o. AM). V. ( ). v.o. U. S.P. H. v.o. v.o. v.o. W.B.,U.S. P. H. W.B. W.B., U. S. P. H. V.O. V.O. V.O. V.O. V.O. W.B., U. S. P. H. Buford Fort Carringtou Nov., 1891 Aug., 1891 do Church's Ferry Complete . Biokeu Aug., 1891 do Complete . Broken Complete . .do do Davenport Devils Lake Apr., 1884 Dec., 1891 do Dickinson Nov., 1891 Nov., 1891 Dec., 1891 do Complete . Broken do Ellendale Dec., 1890 Dec., 1872 June, 1888 Dec., 1889 Jan 1891 Far^o do Broken Farmington June, 1888 Dec., 1891 Nov., 1891 Dec.. 1891 ....do Nov., 1891 Deo,, 1891 Oct., 1891 do Complete . ....do Broken ....do Complete . do <<;illatin Feb., 1888 Jan., 1891 June, 1887 July, 1891 June, 1891 Dec., 1890 Dec., 1891 ....do ..... ....do Nov., 1891 Broken . . . ....do ....do Complete . do Grafton (fraud Forks June, 1887 July, 1891 June, 1891 do Grand Rapids Hope . Jamestown Broken Kelso July, 1890 June, 1891 Apr., 1888 Aug., 1883 Doc., 1891 Complete . do July, 1890 June, 1891 Apr., 1888 Dec., 1891 do Dec., 1889 Complete . Broken ... Complete . Lakota Leech Farm Dec., 1889 Mar., 1884 Dec., 1891 do Mandau ....do Milton do Minot Nov., 1891 June 1889 Dec., 1K91 il Complete . Broken ... Complete . ....do liioken ... ,i.. Napoleon June, 1889 July, 1888 Nov., 1872 Aug., 1871 June, 1891 Dec., 1868 Dec., 1891 Mar., 1891 Aug., 1880 Dec., 1891 do Broken New England C'itv Complete . do .Illlv, 1XSX Nov., 1872 Aug., 1871 June, 1891 Dec., 1868 July, 1868 Feb., 1884 Sept., 1891 July, 1891 Mar., 1890 Jan., 1873 June, 1872 Feb., 1881 Apr., 1889 Aug., 1867 Feb., 1882 Aug., 1869 Sept., 1891 July, 1889 June, 1890 Sept., 1891 Oct., 1891 Jan., 1882 .Mar., 18111 Aim., 1880 Dec., 1891 do Pembiua Pembina, Fort Broken Complete . ....do Broken ....do Complete . do Power Ransom, Fort July, 1872 Dec., 1878 July, 1888 Dec., 1891 ....do July, 1872 Complete . Oct., 187* ....do July, ]X8K Broken ... Dec., IS)! Complete . Rice, Fort July, 1868 Feb., 1884 Sept., 1891 July, 1891 Mar., 1890 Jan., 1873 Richardton St. .lulms St. Thomas Sanhorn Mar., 1890 Sept., 1877 . do Mar., 18! 10 Sept., 1877 Aug., 1872 May, 1881 Oct., 1891 Apr., 1883 June, 1883 Nov., 1890 Dec.. 1891 do ilo Seward, Fort Broken ....ill) '.'. ....do .....ID ....do Broken ... ....do .. (In Sheyenne Spiritwood Feb., 1881 Apr., 1889 Aug., 1867 51 a v, 1881 Oct., 1891 May, 1883 Complete . Broken do Steele Stevenson, Fort Tobacco Garden Totten, Fort Aug., 1869 Sept., 1891 July, 1889 June, 1890 June, 1891 Oct., 1891 Jan., 1882 Nov., 1890 Nov.. 1891 Dec.,' 1891 ....do ... Complete . ....do Broken Complete . ....do Valley Citv Complete . do Wahpeton Wild Rice do ,i n Willow City, ....do do do Woodbridgo ....do ...do do ,i~ Yates, Fort ....do do do dn CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Chronological list of stations, etc. Continued. SOUTH DAKOTA. 43 Station. County. Longi- tude. Lati- tude. Eleva- tion above sea level. Aberdeen Brown O ' 98 28 O ' 45 28 Feel. Alexandria Hanson 97 45 41! 40 Armour Douglas 98 20 43 '>~> BaiJ "111' Walworth - 100 02 4f> >{', Bennett, Fnrt 100 39 44 4'f 1 440 Bon 11 online Bon Honinie 97 40 42 5-t Britton Marshall . 97 44 45 47 Brookin^s % 48 44 I'l 1 (>'!(> Oaiiton 96 31 43 19 i '"ii Castlewood Hainlin . 97 00 4-1 13 Clark Clark ... 97 41 44 :">' Cross 103 30 Dakota City Hutchiuson 97 12 43 21 1 >akota, Fort . Lincoln % 45 43 30 103 43 44 9 3 4 630 De Smet 97 29 44 ''1 i 7''i; Egelaml . Day 97 18 45 13 Elkton 96 28 44 \ r > Firesteel Aurora 98 23 43 50 Flandreau Moody 96 30 44 03 1 550 Forestburg Saiiborn 98 04 44 01 Forest City Potter 100 15 45 01 Frankfort 98 14 44 5'' 1 2tMi Garden City Clark 97 34 44 57 Gary Deuel . . 96 27 44 48 1 484 Goddard , Sully . . 100 06 44 35 Grand View . . . . Douglas 98 19 43 24 Greenwood !'<>rf 97 57 42 54 1 100 Hale, Fort Lynian 99 22 43 5H Henry 97 26 44 r }'> 1 810 Highraore Hyde 99 27 44 31 Howard . ... Miner 97 30 44 (Hi Hurley Turner 97 05 43 IS 1 272 Huron.... Beadle 98 09 44 21 1 285 Kimball Brule 98 57 43 4."> Lead City Lawrence, 103 45 44 ''> Long Creek Lincoln 96 50 43 15 Lower Brnle .V'em \ Lyman . . 99 22 43 .VI Mammoth .Springs Pennington 103 16 44 OH Meade, Fort Lawrence 103 24 44 24 Millbank Grant 96 36 45 12 1 149 Mitchell Davidson 97 58 43 43 Morriston Hanson 97 53 43 40 Mouth Cherry Stanley - - 100 24 44 ''(! Oelrichs Fall Kiver 103 08 43 (17 Olivet Hutehinson 97 38 4:-! 17 Onida . . . Sully . . 100 02 44 I'' Parker Turner . . . 97 10 43 -T} 1 340 Parkston Hutchinson 97 58 43 ''4 Pierre Hughes 100 16 41 :;i 1,438 Pierre, Fort 100 21 41 ''I 1 456 Plankintoi, Aurora 98 27 43 i:: Randall, Fort Todd 98 32 43 <>:; 1 245 Rapid City . 103 14 n in Redfield Spink 98 30 44 '<> Roscoe ...... . 99 20 4", '* St. Lawrence Hand 98 53 44 31 Scranton 100 18 45 ''X Sioux Falls Minnehaha 96 39 43 31 1 500 Sisseton, Fort Marshall 97 32 45 :>S Smithvillo 102 24 44 13 Spearfish do 103 51 44 ''!! Spring Lake Kingsbury 97 12 44 r> Sully, Fort Sully 100 36 44 311 1,688 Swan Lake Turner . 97 04 43 13 Tyndall Bon Homrae 97 47 43 00 Clay 96 03 42 48 1 161 Watertown.. Codineton.. 97 03 44 53 1.735 44 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Chronological list of stations, etc. Continued. SOUTH DAKOTA Continued. Station. County. Longi- tude. Lati- tude. Eleva- tion above sea level. Wei) s tor Day o ' 97 30 96 57 98 32 96 57 98 27 98 15 97 20 O ' 45 22 44 00 44 06 43 57 44 25 44 05 42 52 Feet. Lake . Jerauld . . Lake .. .. Beadle Saiiborn Yaukton .... ... 1,228 Station. Record. Authority. Rainfall. Temperature. From To (inclu- sive) Character. From To (inclu- sive) Character. Aberdeen . . ..... Mar., 1890 Mar., IXXL' May, 1889 June, 1891 Oct., 1880 Mar., 1872 Sept., 1891 .July, 1888 July, 1889 Aug., 1891 July, 1889 Mar., 1890 Dec., 1891 ....do Aug., 1889 June, 1891 Oct., 1891 May, 1872 Dec , 1891 do June, 1891 Dec., 1891 ....do do ... Complete . Broken Complete . do Mar., 1890 Mar., 1882 May, 1889 Dec., 1891 do Complete . Broken . . . Complete . V.O. V.O. V.o. v.o. W.B..U.S.P. H. V. 0. V.O. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. V.O. v.o. r.s-p. u. AV. B. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. V. (.). v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. U.S. P.] I. r. s. p. H. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. W<B. v.o. W.B. v.o. U. S. P. H. v.o. W.B.,U. S.P. H. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. v.o. Alexandria . . . Anno or Aug., 1889 Ban for Bennett Fort Broken . . . Complete . ....do Broken ....do Complete . Broken ... do Oct., 1880 Oct., 1891 Broken . . . Bon Homme Britton Sept., 1891 July, 1888 Aug., 1889 Aug., 1891 July, 1889 .Mar., 1890 May, 1886 Sept., 1866 Jan., 1878 Dec., 1891> do Complete . An Canton June, 1891 Dec., 1891 do ..do ..do . .. rlo .. Castle wood Clark Cross . . ....do May. 1886 Apr., 18(19 Her., 1887 Dec., 1X91 June. 1X91 Dec.. 1X91 Broken . . . Complete . Broken ....do Complete . do Broken ... Dakota City . . Dakota, Fort July, 1866 Jan., 1878 June, 1869 Dec., 1887 Dec., 1891 June, 1891 Dec., 1891 June, 1877 Her., 1891 do Broken ... do .. . Deailwood De Siuet Feb., 1889 May, 1891 Jan., 1891 Feb., 1875 Jan., 1890 May, 1891 July, 1891 Sept., 1891 Oct., 1887 July, 1891 Jane, 1888 Oct., 1888 Feb.. 1860 Jan 1879 Complete . do ....do ... do Feb., 1889 May, 1891 Jan., 1891 K tr eland Elkton Firesteel Flandreau ..... . ....do do June, 1890 May. 1891 July, 1891 Sept., 18!)1 Oct.. 1887 Aug., 1891 Nov., 1888 Oct., 18X8 Nov., 1859 Jan.. 1879 Oct., 1886 Feb., 1887 Aug., 1890 Jan., 1888 July, 1881 Jan 1889 Dec.. 1891 ....do NOT., 1X91 Dec 1891 Broken . .. Complete . ....do do ForeNtburg Forest Citv . . . Nov., 1891 Dec., 1891 May, 1889 Dee., 1891 Aug., 1888 Dec., 1888 .May. 1861 May, 1884 Sept., 1887 Aug., 1891 Dec., 1891 ....do ....do ....do ....do Broken Complete . Broken . . . Complete . do Broken do Frankfort Garden City . May, 1XX9 Dec-.. 1891 Feb., ixsii Dec., 1X88 Dec., 1X62 May. 18X4 Sept.. 1XX7 Apr., 1891 Dee., 1891 ..do ... ...lo ... ,],, ( larv . Goddard Grand View ....do Broken . . . Complete . ....do Broken ... ....do do Greenwood, Fort Hale, Fort I Icnrv Oct., 1886 Fob., 1887 Sept., 1890 1 1 i^lllllorr . Howard Hurley Huron July, 1881 Apr., 1886 July, 1878 Dec., 1891 do Complete . do Dec., 1891 do Complete . dn Kimball Lead Citv Oct., 1878 ....do June, 1878 May, 1SXX Sept., 1X75 Sept.. 1883 July, 1X711 Apr.. 1890 July, 1891 Dec., 1878 Oct., 1878 Sept., ixxx Dec., 1X78 Mar., 1X81 Dec., 1891 ...do .. ....do July, 1884 do Long Creek .1,, Lower Bruit: Agency Mammoth Spriii"H Sept., 1875 Sept., 1883 July, 1879 Dec., 1889 June, 1891 Jan., 1X77 Dec., 1878 Mar., 1884 Dec., 1891 do Broken Complete . Broken ... do ....do .. ....do Broken . .. Complete . do Broken . . . Meade, Fort Millliank .. Mitchell ....do July, 1X84 May. 1861 Dec., 1X91 Nov., 1XXL' Dec., 1X!I1 Nov., 1881 Complete . Broken . . . Complete . Broken ... C ]llete . Broken ... ...do .. Morriston Mouth ( llclTV Apr., 1861 Mar., 1890 June, 1X77 Apr., 1**9 July, 1891 Oelrichs Olivet Mar., 1890 June, 1877 Mar.. 188!l Julv. 1891 Dec., 1891 Dec.. 1882 Dee.. 1891 ...do .. Broken ... Complete Broken ... ...do .. Ouida I'arLiT /Y> 3. Geographical JL/isl of 703" ror" 100 ' 1 42 S BT ../.?/ 52 1 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 45 Chronological list of stations, etc. Continued. SOUTH DAKOTA Continued. Station. Record. Authority. Rainfall. Temperature. From To (inclu- sive) Character. From To (inclu- sive) Character. Parkstou Feb., 1877 .Ian., 1X91 .lulv, 1X55 May, IS!M Jan., 1*57 Dec., 1891 ....do Apr., 1857 Aug., 1891 Dec., 1891 do Broken ... Complete . . . do Jan., 1887 July, 18!il Jan 1854 Dec., 1891 .... do Mav. 1857 Aug., 1891 Dee., 1X91 do Broken . . . Complete . Broken ... Complete . Broken ... do V. 0. W. 15. U. S. P. H. V.O. U. S. P. H. W. I!. v.o. V. 0. v.o. v.o. v.o. U. S. P. H. W. B. V.o. V.O. W.B., U.S.P. H. V.O. V.O. V.O. v.o. v.o. V.O. V.O. v.o. v.o. v.o. V. O., W. B. 1'ierre Pierre, Fort I'laukinton do June, 18!ll Nov., 1X56 Mar., 1881 Apr., 1X8!) Mav, 18811 Ang., 1890 Dec., 1889 June. 1890 Sept., 1866 June, 1881 Jan.. lxx< Nov., 1888 Jan., 1866 Randall. Fort Broken . . do Rapid City Feb., 1X81 Apr., 1XX9 Ma.y, 1XX9 Aug., 1X90 Dec., 1889 Rcdfield June, 1889 Sept., 1889 Dec., 1891 Apr., 1891 !><<., 1891 Apr., 1889 Complete . do Broken ... Complete . Broken ... ....do June, 1889 Oct., 1889 Dec., 1891 Apr., 1891 Dec., 1891 Apr.', 1889 June, 1883 Dec., 18111 Aug., 1889 Dec., 1891 Complete . ....do Broken . .. ....do ....do ....do ....do Complete . ....do Brokeu ... Roscoe St. Lawrence Scr.autou Sioux Falls . .Inno. 1X90 Sept.. 1866 Sisseton, Fort . Smithville Speartish Jan., 1XX9 Oct., ixxx Apr., 1866 Jan., 1881 .lulv. 1891 Dec., 1883 Nov.. 1X91 June. 1882 Sept., 1883 .lulv. 18!ll June, 1882 Jan.. 1XX9 Apr., I8S8 Jnni!, 1862 I ., 1891 Aug., 1889 Dec., 1891 Sept., 1881 Dec., 1891 Feb.. 1S91 Dec., 1891 ....do ....do Complete . do Brokeu Complete . do Spring Lake Sully, Fort Swan Lake Tvndall Alii,'.. 1X111 Jan.. 1884 Deo., 1891 Feb., 1X91 Complete . Broken . .. Vermillion Watertowu Broken Complete . Broken do .. Webster Went worth June, 1X82 Sept.. 1883 .lulv. 18111 July, 1882 Jan., 1XX9 Apr., 1888 Nov., 1859 Dec., 1891 do Broken . .. do Wessinfton Springs ....do Apr., 1883 Dec., 1891 Doc., 1890 Dec., 1891 Complete . Broken . . . Complete . do Brokeu ....do Apr., 1883 Dee., 1891 Dec:, 1890 Dec., 1891 Complete . Broken ... Complete . do Broken Wicklow Wolsev . . . . Woonsoeket . Vauktoii . MINNESOTA, NEBRASKA, AND IOWA. Station. County. Longi- tude. Lati- tude. Eleva- tion above sea. level. Hay Springs, Nebr Robinson, Fort, Nebr. Sioux City, Iowa Valentine, Nebr Moorhead, Minn St. Vincent, Minn.. .. Sheridan . . Dawes Wood bury Cherry Clay Kittson 102 37 103 23 9(i 2-1 100 27 96 44 97 14 42 40 42 40 42 30 42 52 46 52 48 56 Feet. 1 , 25S 2,613 935 805 Station Record. Rainfall. From To (inclu- sive) Character. Temperature. From To (inclu- sive) Character. Authority. Hay Springs, Nebr Robinson, Fort, Nebr . Sioux City, Iowa Valentine, Nebr Moorhead, Minn St. Vincent, Minn Jan., 1886 Dec., 1891 July, 1883 ....do Complete . Broken . Sept., 1857 do ' do Sept., 1885 Jan., 1881 Sept., 1880 .do Complete .do do.. .do .do Jan., 188ii Dec'., 1X91 July, 1883 No\., 18111 Aug., 1857 Dec., 1891 Sept.. 1886 ....do Jan., 1881 ....do Sept., 1880 Complete Broken . . ...do .. Complete ...do .. .do .do V.O. W.B.,U. S.P. H. V. O., W. B., U. S. P. H. W. B. V. O., W. B. W. B. APPENDIX No. 4. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations m Forth Dakota, [Keferenres: An asterisk (*) indicates incomplete record, but to what extent not accurately known; I ]. interpolated values. ! the alphabet indicate the number of days missing from the record; T, trace of rainfall, or an amount too small to measure. .interpellated values. Letters of FORT ABERCROMBIE, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Fob. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Ang. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Animal. I860 *0. 59 2.09 2.81 2.36 0. 94 /. I , SI 1 1 50 0.32 0.56 3.95 6.67 1.85 1.66 4.78 0.33 0.63 1.79 0.30 23.84 |Ni-> 0.70 0.90 0.78 1.82 1.61 0.95 1.68 0. 29 1.12 0.36 0.36 o. s:: 11.38 isi;:; 0.15 0.74 0.39 0.04 0.87 0.26 0.79 4.62 1.38 3.29 0.26 O.til 13.40 i8;i 0.18 0.14 0.94 0.45 0.38 1.72 7.24 1.76 1.60 1.16 0.25 1.01 16.85 isii.-> 0.24 2.08 2.00 4.20 0.83 1.46 1.61 3.30 0.60 1.10 0.02 0.08 17. .",_' ISIM; 0.93 0.02 0.62 3.72 0.20 2.00 0.54 1.&5 0.92 0.99 1.24 (1.01 12.51 ixtiT o. 05 0.45 1.95 0.45 2.14 6.83 3.70 0.76 0. 50 0.03 0.60 1.30 ii>. i;(i 1868 1.30 0.60 1.28 0.83 2.48 3.05 4.25 J . US 3.09 T 0.27 0. !M 19.47 1889 0.10 0.50 0.86 2.16 4.32 1.02 0.50 6.40 5. 92 0.10 0.70 0.15 22. 7:: 1870 0.30 0.38 1.48 0.32 4.04 2.01 2.70 2.80 5. 10 1.10 1.00 0.14 21.37 1X71 0.60 0.72 1.40 1.36 0.30 4.10 1.62 o. 5 1.40 0.62 0.70 1.82 15.2(1 1872 "0. 40 *0 40 1.50 1.50 4.20 10.15 3. 45 2.35 0. 90 2.20 (1.22 0.55 "27. S2 1873 50 51 69 2 00 2 20 3 65 92 4 03 44 0.26 *0. 14 1874 80 39 *0 70 1 70 8 16 1 20 4 33 76 0.60 1X75 T '0.43 3.17 2.96 0.32 2. 12 1.80 "1.80 0. 50 6.90 187fi . 0.80 0.08 0.66 0.74 0.56 0.50 1.10 1.96 0.46 0.10 0. 70 0. 95 X. .-)9 1877 "(1 10 60 1 70 ' (ill .1 15 0.30 4.40 0.40 Means 0.4!) 0.55 1.01 1 . 55 >> 3.17 2 22 2. 43 1.82 0. 08 0.69 0.70 17. 83 FORT ABRAHAM LINCOLN, N. DAK. 187:: 80 1.40 0. 24 T T 1871 30 00 13 10 45 1 4 05 1 ''11 (ill 0. 17 1.60 0.02 5. 56 1X75 1871 i a 08 12 0.32 34 0.21 34 1.95 1 54 1.20 4 "X 3. 04 34 0.97 49 1.23 4 83 0.43 1 40 0.86 '() 0.06 (r. 56 T O.(il 10.35 15. OS 1K77 0. -16 0.33 :; i;:; 4.42 4.33 5.42 2.44 1.20 T i. :;.-> 0.50 1.70 26.78 187S T 1.20 0.90 2.15 i :;o 1.18 0.57 0.60 0.40 0.51 T 0. 30 9. 11 1X79 0. II 0.24 0.07 :; t;o 4.40 1.65 0.88 T 1.10 0.04 1.01 isso T T T 1.75 1 5' 1 . 54 0.95 5. <;:> 1.10 T 0.70 'J' i:;. in 1X81 . T 1. 00 40 60 3 00 2 '! 1 00 2.00 2 "5 0.10 0. 50 T 13.72 1882 T 10 1.30 6 40 2 80 3.30 4 60 42 1.68 1.26 0. ill) 0.90 28.66 1883 1.10 1 9'' 70 2 40 1 70 3 42 2 00 1 ''2 ''I) 2 XX 0.30 >. oo 19. X! 1881 . . 1.00 OX 72 1 88 00 5 16 3 80 4 18 2. "0 1.20 I) SO 1.60 25. ;i2 1XX5 r. oo 80 90 4 00 1 34 3 20 v 82 2 52 22 0.70 0.40 0.50 18.4(1 ISSli 94 70 88 1 44 1 70 2 20 1 40 1 90 38 80 0.40 1. 20 13.94 1SS7 1. 18 0.40 0.90 1.24 0.80 1.20 5.30 1.84 1.68 1. 10 0.75 0. 90 17.29 1XXX (1 !!<> '.IX 50 2 04 64 5 96 3 32 5X 20 'T> 0.10 1889 1) 11) 45 70 00 3 61 ' (IK 1 45 (i H5 54 00 OS 0.60 10. 26 1890 1) 11) 10 30 85 X'l 10 "1.3 1 48 o si; (1 S", 1 40 07 o ->s IS. 11 1891 05 43 67 > 85 4 85 *4 42 , Means 41 55 74 2 05 2 14 3 44 2 08 1 si 77 84 48 69 16 On BATHUATE, N. DAK. 1891 1 72 40 70 46 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAR. .7 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in North Dakota Continued. FORT BERTHOLD, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1866 .. 0.40 54 00 9 01 1867 0.16 1.40 BISMARCK, N. DAK. 1874 64 83 2 18 37 1X75 . 1.13 1.32 2.06 4.22 3.10 5.02 1 54 2 89 1 85 2 37 1 33 39 27 52 1X70 .. 0.78 1.45 3. '" 2.77 5.71 1.24 1.48 6.55 5 61 30 86 87 30 92 1X77 1.01 0.19 0.77 1.32 4.15 4.60 2.52 35 0.11 94 40 69 17 68 1X78 . T 0.26 1.46 5.71 3. 15 2.78 1.17 2.79 0.67 1 45 21 58 20 23 1X7!) 0. 15 0.82 0.58 '. 00 3.67 4.97 4.27 2.69 0.07 1 35 16 1 28 99 6[ 1X80 0.30 1SX1 0.09 0.16 0.78 0.69 0.45 ::. 05 1.02 2.76 2.27 2.82 4. 11 2.02 1.28 4.82 2.98 0.72 1.26 0.27 51 0.87 35 1.17 06 19. 75 15 76 IXXL' II.L>:; isx:; 0.25 ixxi ii. ::x 0.30 0.66 0. X7 36 1 . 22 0.38 0.60 18 :;. 50 1 . 57 2. L'O 3 1 3.46 1.15 L'. 50 '!> 3.88 3.84 3.63 2 39 4.31 1.32 3.62 2 41 0.30 0. 118 3.80 1 li'' 1.74 0.04 2.34 14 1.44 3.88 0.92 54 0.46 0.26 0.73 66 0.43 1.33 1.71 34 21.33 15. 06 23.36 13 08 ixxii 02 54 94 1 49 1 73 2 03 1 43 1 15 38 05 1 4 76 1" ''0 1887 II 115 0.52 78 1 52 2 19 85 4 49 1 02 1 35 1 15 11 80 10 33 ixxx 0.90 ixxn 0.50 1X90 II SO 0. II 1.18 0. '! 0.87 0.55 0.19 0.11 0. L'O OX 0.70 3. 35 0.57 5.77 1.03 8 40 3.96 2.01 1 11 1.73 0. 53 09 0.33 0. 18 98 1.02 T 1 37 0.38 0.15 14 0.24 0.69 -) 2 16.51 11.03 15 75 1X91 0.05 0.57 1.24 2. 40 2. 92 4.19 4.20 1. i:; 0.87 0.99 1.20 0.11 20.50 Mi'juis 0.57 0.65 0.97 2.25 2.03 3.59 2.54 2.19 1.09 1. 11 0. 02 0.69 18. 90 FORT BUFORD, N. DAK. ixoii 0.20 0.30 T 1X07 70 08 06 42 1 27 51 10 46 58 1 13 ixox ISO'I 0.26 T 0.12 0.38 0.02 46 0.33 o o:, 1.79 1.78 3.21 86 1.97 1 0-' 2.39 94 0. 27 2 17 0.62 T 0.13 55 0.39 T 11.50 9 41 INTO 1871 0.32 0.21 1.03 0.19 *0.31 0.21 0.00 0.45 3.92 2.43 0.77 HO 0.76 0. 55 0.81 10 0.45 T 1.25 72 0.03 1 00 0.25 1.40 *9.90 8 19 1872 1X7!! 1.36 '18 0.00 4 35 1.48 2 95 1.55 1 25 1.12 6 60 1. 75 2 69 2.44 T 0.45 40 3.25 1 10 0.80 45 1.04 *1.57 T *J0.80 1X71 n. 15 0.20 0.25 0.15 1.80 1.02 0.21 2.26 0.25 0.13 0.83 0.30 7. 5X 1X75 0.71 1.12 0.73 1.83 1.39 3.46 1.48 3.05 0.43 0.45 0.20 o.oo 14.85 1X70 I). 13 0. 12 0.09 0.10 4.00 1 . 75 0.00 3.95 1.05 0.80 0.22 0.13 12.34 1X77 n :;i 00 11 0. 13 1 Till 2 01 80 00 85 1 60 1 75 20 12 29 1X7X 00 05 1 60 1.85 9 60 3 15 1 00 1 35 2 05 T 1.26 1X7H 1 XXI 1 0.02 10 0.59 51 0.03 21 2.75 74 5. 56 4.02 3.35 5.46 3.63 4 17 0.18 2 36 0.00 1 04 1.55 90 0.37 66 1.64 3.08 19. 67 23 "5 1881 1.98 1.10 1.17 1.34 1.00 3.44 1 3'< 1 10 1 58 0.39 0.39 0.09 14. 9O 1 xx-' 0.26 29 0.69 I) 91 1 61 1.87 2.25 16 2 86 1.00 0.29 0.51 12. 7f! ixx:; 1 XX 1 1.98 0.11 0.36 0.12 0.91 0.10 0.48 1.30 0.59 0.14 0.97 0.99 1.69 1.87 1.96 1.06 0.22 0.53 1.41 0.44 0.14 0.31 0.11 0.40 10.82 7.37 1X85 0. 64 0.44 0.03 1.71 1.02 6.05 3.02 1.50 0. '-"6 0.19 0.56 0.14 15. 50 [886 11 0.71 0.31 2.25 1.44 0.93 0.56 0.87 0.05 1.57 0.59 0.55 10. 21 1887 0.51 0.18 0.12 1.09 1.59 3.25 2.00 3.91 1.07 1.43 0.10 0.18 15. 43 1XXX 1889 0.47 0.13 0.33 0.30 0.44 0.20 0.61 0.60 0.96 2.69 6. 75 1.03 2.12 0.63 1.65 0.95 0.62 1.13 0.62 0.01 0.10 0.37 0.07 0.42 14.74 8.40 1890 o. '' 0.18 0. 58 0.60 1.58 5.23 1.06 0.22 2.05 2.45 0.03 0.04 ll.L'l 1891 0.19 0. 11 0.27 1.84 1.49 7.08 2.99 0.78 0.66 1.96 1.44 0.14 18.98 Mrann ... 0.48 0.54 0.51 0.98 2 24 2.78 1 62 1.30 0.91 0.91 0.48 0.54 13.29 CARRINUTON, N. DAK. 1889 17 1 07 1.93 1 92 3.03 2 37 1891 3.64 4.32 0.30 1.19 1.77 0.67 f 2.78 3.68 1.34 48 CURTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in North Dakota Continued. CHURCH'S FERRY, N. DAK. Tear. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1881 5.15 2.66 0.88 , DAVENPORT, N. DAK. 1XXX l.Ofi 1.82 2.04 3. 04 1.24 0. 52 1.04 06 05 1 NX' 1 58 it i;r> 05 1 23 1.68 84 1.50 ' II 5 Oil ii ()' 111 1) 70 UI7 1890 0.43 0.30 0.38 0. 10 1.47 :-.. 7r> 3. 04 3.25 2.73 2.20 ix;n 0.89 5. lit 6. 52 1.51 Means 0.50 0.48 0.22 0.80 1.46 3.46 3.52 2.11 2.78 1 09 12 38 16 9'' DICKINSON, N. DAK. ISitl 0. 50 ELLENDALE, N. DAK. 1890 *0.06 1X91 2. 48 2.94 2.06 . :;. X7 5.12 0.41 0.78 1.29 0.34 0.70 Means 0.38 FARGO, N. DAK. 1X72 25 1X91 :{. 83 3.64 2.96 2.69 1.32 0.46 0. 43 Means 34 FARMINGTON, N. DAK. 1888 3. 30 GALLATIN, N. DAK. 18X9 .. 03 1X!K) 0. 09 0. 21 0.26 0.42 0.21 0.28 0.46 1.6!) 1.06 2.21 3.51 3.03 2.63 4.43 2. 53 0. SX 1.X9 1.61 2. 06 2.71 0.09 o. ;r> 0.06 0. 57 14. X5 18.70 1X91 Mr.ans 0.15 0.34 0.24 1.08 1.64 3.27 3.53 1.70 1.75 2.38 0.38 0.22 16.68 GRAETON, N. DAK. 1891 0.34 1.58 2.32 7.13 4.65 2.09 2.23 2.44 0.10 GRAND FORKS, N. DAK. 1XX7 .. 5 33 1XXX 9 5 1 3 y 18X9 1.22 1.00 1X90 34 1 ''1 3 77 1 48 > r.ii 019 1801 0.27 o. it:, 2.81 1.37 0.71 0.71 1.29 Means 0.74* 0.98 3.80 0.81 1.02 0. 42 0.71 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in North Dakota Continued. GRAND RAPIDS, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 :; six 16 94 1 70 1 03 3 3'' HOPE, N. DAK. 1801 3 33" 5 OH 81 1 34 2 27 30 JAMESTOWN, N. DAK. 1891 6.29 1.42 KELSO, N. DAK. 1890 2.51 2.45 2.06 0.99 1.49 2.01 2.60 2.60 0.20 0. 09 1891 0.42 0.95 2.17 2.21 1. 15 4.85 Means 2.48 1.52 1.75 2.60 LAKOTA, N. DAK. 1891 4.55 2.74 2 00 1 97 2 17 LEECH FARM, N. DAK. 188 I.OH 1.82 2.04 3.04 1.1' 1 0.52 1.04 06 50 1889 0.75 0.65 0. 05 I . _':; 1.68 0.84 1.50 2. 1 1 *5. 09 02 19 70 ''0 1 1 1.14 1. 75 1 44 2 27 1 84 2 80 53 12 60 MANDAN, N. DAK. 1883 0.75 0.08 1.81 0.03 0.81 1884 0.02 0.34 T / MILTON, N. DAK. 1891 1 00 NAPOLEON, N. DAK. 1889 2.45 1.43 7.19 7.87 2.85 0.46 4.93 1.74 1.06 1.21 2.29 1.02 2.17 T 1.44 2.18 0.13 0.20 1.13 0.69 0.36 1.76 1890 0.59 0.43 0.10 0.52 1891 0.12 0.98 1.11 2.39 2. 02 27.90 0.36 0.70 0.60 1.46 2.24 5.50 2.75 1.35 1.83 1.21 0.49 0.94 19.43 S. Ex. 157- 50 CKKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in North Dakota Continued. NEW ENGLAND CITY, N. DAK. Year. .Inn. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1888 o.oo 1.38 T 0.48 0. 05 0. 25 1XX9 . ... 0. 50 6.86 0. 02 0.84 2.18 0.94 2. 58 0.70 0.47 T 0.07 0.40 9. 55 1890 . .. ' 55 0. IS 0.03 1.56 2. 35 6.93 1.96 0.1)1 0. 55 1.25 0. IN 0. 50 16.08 1891 T (1 III I 00 Means ... o.:r> 0.48 0.35 1.20 2.26 3. 94 1.81 0.70 0.34 0.58 0.10 0.38 12. 49 FORT PEMBINA, N. DAK. 1871 2.95 0.23 1. 1:; 0.54 0.47 1 872 0. 28 0. 25 0.45 2.00 1.90 2.09 3.09 0.82 1.67 1. 16 0.53 2. 95 17. 19 1873 0. 4 1 0. 75 0.35 0.39 2.11 2.91 1.30 2.38 2. 05 0.56 0.66 0. 18 14. 05 1S7I 0. 2li 0.25 0.35 0. 20 1. 55 3.41 1.40 2.21 1.54 0.29 0.30 0. 12 11.88 1875 "0.04 *0.03 *0. 05 0.47 1.87 3.83 1.18 2. 62 0. 92 1.26 0.70 0.56 "13.53 1876 0. 17 0.53 1.09 0.49 6.55 3.43 5. 52 6.47 0.51 0.14 0. 39 0.43 25. 75 1X77 1878 1879 1X80 1881 0.06 0. 12 0.58 0.43 0. 56 0.10 0.26 0.98 0.20 1.40 1.13 4.50 0.94 0.32 0.28 0.68 r,. 78 0.34 0.59 0.70 4.15 2.52 1.54 7.98 3.94 9.85 3.57 3.90 4.98 3.10 1.47 4.57 3.01 4.75 0.40 0. 51 3.01 0. 90 4.34 2.50 1.40 1.95 I. 18 1.70 2.52 0. 69 li. til 3. 38 1.30 2. 66 0.55 0. 32 0. 31 0.00 0.70 1.08 0.62 2.22 0.76 0.50 21.67 33. 83 19.31 27.35 19.26 1882 1 08 0.62 1 78 0.50 2.50 3.34 2.82 0. 10 1.30 1883 ''(I 50 1.67 1 80 1.26 1.11 2.63 0.58 1.75 0.63 1.72 1884 10 80 1 81 1 86 1 25 2.23 2 62 1885 . . 0.50 0.20 0.75 5.90 1.40 1 . 95 3.10 1.20 0. 10 0. 35 0.87 1.05 17.37 IXXIi 1887 1888 2.25 1.60 0.17 4.59 4.10 0.26 0. 35 1.58 0.98 2.85 2.80 0.69 1.55 3.73 0.56 3. 60 3.94 8.41 3.30 2.98 3.06 0. 25 0.86 0.45 3. 90 0.55 1. 10 1. 10 0. 13 1.48 3. 80 0. 33 0. 35 1.70 0.76 0.48 29.24 23.36 17.99 IXX'I 34 48 32 71 10 1 42 1 66 2 34 ' XX 30 18 1 02 11 75 1X90 1891 0.54 0. 88 0. 21 1.06 1.09 1.41 1.56 1.07 2.38 5. 81 (i. 82 2.75 2.69 2.39 3.10 3. 89 2.38 3.98 1.93 0.29 1.74 0. 15 0.80 25. 93 Means 0.53 0.90 0.98 1.58 2.52 4.06 2. ,64 2.10 1.62 1.59 0.77 1.01 20 30 POWER, N. DAK. 1891 3.85 4.96 0.14 2.80 1.07 0.60 0.99 FORT RANSOM, N. DAK. 1868 0.80 1869 10 18 77 80 2 80 79 54 5 18 *3 94 T 34 33 "15 77 1870 1871 1872 l.xi 0. 13 1.33 0. 58 0. :,7 0.96 1.68 1. 55 1.10 0.34 3.26 2.21 3.60 0. 63 2 76 1.95 2.96 5 49 0.70 0.30 9 19 2. 11 0. 35 2.36 0.17 1.07 o.:;i 0.18 1.73 0.63 1.43 17.04 13. 72 Means 92 57 1 28 1 65 2 45 2 80 2 68 ' ~>5 2 16 47 75 80 19 08 FORT RICE, N. DAK. 1868 1 98 81 00 50 69 1869 6.04 0. 50 6.36 1.49 1.98 1.46 54 T 0.68 T 1870 0. 16 O.IK; 0.72 4. 5-' 0.12 0.72 1.41 1.14 *0. 96 T 0. 13 1X71 "9 02 -1 1 2 92 00 3 84 1 III 51 T '{8 '!4 T 9 84 1872 1 50 T F,l 1 22 2 32 3 73 1 5'i 1 19 10 '('' f)4 34 14 10 1873 0. 72 *1.66 56 10 1 90 ' '.-) 1 79 1 :!(i 1 16 XO V 5 T 1'' 55 1874 1.76 T o :i5 T 1 10 5 08 '>'> 69 T 75 1 47 32 11 71 1X75 1876 0.38 ii. 1 1 1.38 1.30 0.41 0.56 3.32 21 1.01 :; 75 0. 42 1 '"1 0.51 XO L62 1 19 1.23 1 20 1.01 T 0.51 0. IX *0 50 15. 01 1877 T 4 25 7 57 '! S'! 9 59 08 1 01 71 1 69 1878 lit 1 00 " 15 7 >J 8 4 40 3 78 ' |X j |o ". ir> ' 65 [0 ''111 [0 60] [30 88] M*';ms .. 0.61 66 li-' > 07 > H 1 ' " T) 1 '!8 1 48 x:'> 8 r > ii -,D 40 15 1" CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE T\Y<> DAKOTAS. 51 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at station* in North Dakota Continued. RICHARDSON, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ]) (<. Annual. 1884 0. 00 0.35 4.20 1.40 6 00 5 20 6 40 '' 50 70 70 1 50 1885 1886 1.90 1.10 0.80 1.20 1.00 1.00 3. 80 3. !IO 2. 10 . 3. 80 2. 50 2.80 2 75 2.80 0.10 1.00 1.30 (] 1 40 80 8(1 (1 . 50 23. 40 'ID 1887 L'. (XI 1.10 ... 3. 20 2 2(i 2 93 1 07 60 3 (10 1888 4.00 1.X7 2.00 0. 86 8.23 4.05 Means 2. IT) 1. 19 1.09 3.47 ! 2.34 4.62 ! 3.62 3 38 1 30 08') 85 i 1 48 9 6 48 i ST. JOHNS, N. DAK. 1891 1.11 1 12 1 44 3 11 ST. THOMAS, N. DAK. 1891 5.33 2.24 3.01 . 2 34 10 5 50 SANBORN, N. DAK. 1890 0.62 FORT SKWARD, N. DAK. 1873 .. 1874 0. 34 38 0.32 (1 >(> 0.36 0. 39 0.26 0.22 3.10 3 10 3. II 5 83 1.93 97 5. 14 9 73 0.36 81 0.28 3K 0.42 13 0.25 T 15. 90 15 15 1875 1876 0.04 0.06 0. U 0.16 0.10 2.00 0.30 >.>:! 2. 57 5.15 ro2.K5 1. 13 jfO.84 2.92 3.16 0.80 2. 07 1.80 0.96 0.10 T 0.16 15 "13.09 1877 0.04 0.04 0.57 0.93 1.97 6. 31 2.72 0.43 JO. 54 Menus 0.17 0.17 0.68 0.79 3.18 3.82 1.88 2.45 1. 12 0.53 16 14 1") 09 SPIRITWOOD, N. DAK. 1881 0.22 0.81 0. Ifi 2.75 STKKI.K, N. DAK. 1881 0. 57 3.ft5 1.85 3. 39 1.28 7.911 7.40 2.24 0. 59 4.08 0.44 0. 15 0. 56 0.06 i.'AiV 0.20 0. 10 0.65 0.30 1890 1891 0.65 0.50 1.35 1 . 52 *0.80 1.38 0.34 2. 05 1.44 0.92 2.80 5. 20 2. 30 0.48 1.20 0.94 0. 15 0. 48 FORT STKVENSON, N. DAK. 1867 . 0.13 0.03 0.57 0.67 0.97 1868 "0.60 0. 20 0.90 0. 68 '1.82 1.88 0.97 3.16 0.24 0.08 0.00 0. 65 *11. 13 1870 50 02 2.05 T 2.70 1.65 2. 4'' 3 00 4. 15 09 37 1871 1872 0.76 1.15 0. 80 0.06 0.80 0.76 3.50 0.77 1.58 0.55 3.00 1.50 3.35 2.49 0.28 2. 15 0.20 3.73 0. 15 0.82 1.78 0.31 0.79 0.70 16. 99 14.99 1X73 0.17 0.55 1.43 0.14 1.26 1.46 1.80 1.95 0.97 T 0.03 0.04 Ml. SO 1874 02 T 0.4'' 0.48 "1. 15 1.51 0.41 3.19 0.54 0.02 0. 10 02 *7. 81 1875 1876 1877 . . 0. II 1. 15 0.21 0.51 1.00 0.02 0. 17 1.96 0.71 0.26 1.30 0.99 0. 33 4.40 4.74 2.22 2. 21 2. 15 0.8(i 0.11 6.98 5.82 1.61 1.23 2.20 1.03 0.60 0.05 0.45 0. 73 0.77 0.14 0. 26 0.11 0.20 14.98 21.86 52 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual preoipitatwn, in inches, at stations in North Dakota Continued. FORT STEVENSON, N. DAK. Continued. Year. .Inn. Fob. Mar. Apr. May. Juno. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 T 18 2 74 0.69 0.36 5.00 0.91 1.77 1.58 T 0.40 1X79 T 0.92 0.86 2.67 3.35 5.80 3. 68 1.00 0.06 1.58 0. OR 1.07 21.00 1880 1) L'7 0. 11 0.49 0.66 2.48 2.20 0.83 1.96 1.08 0. 3(i 0.88 0. 91 12. 23 1SXI 0.72 0. 56 0.14 0.60 2.31 5.83 2. Ill 3.12 2. 10 1.26 1.00 0. 18 19.83 1882 1883 0.43 1) 1 1 0.54 10 2. or, 0.65 3.25 1.44 2.49 0.53 5.61 4.34 0.21 2.56 2.82 0.71 0.70 25.74 0.44 0.37 1.08 1.16 2.00 3.19 1.83 2.38 1.38 0.96 0.49 0.49 15.77 FORT TOTTEN, N. DAK. 1869 2.62 1.18 0.03 0.40 0.00 ix~0 . .. 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.40 5.35 0.59 2.33 0.82 2.04 1.32 1.10 0.24 15 20 1871 1.80 0.74 0.90 1.87 1.04 5.91 0.06 1.95 0.41 0.80 0.93 1.12 17 03 1872 0.74 0.26 3.40 3.15 1.10 1.66 4.00 2.48 0.60 0.78 0.64 0.19 19. 00 1873 1.16 1.32 0.87 0.57 3.75 4.68 1.03 2,34 0.70 0.06 0.77 0.05 17 30 1X71 0.38 03 0.49 0.62 1.43 2.52 0.98 6.34 1.92 0.40 1.41 0.19 16 71 1875 0.51 0.80 0.24 1.54 2.77 6.25 1.62 3.44 2.21 1.66 0.75 0.38 22.17 1X71) . 0.12 0.42 1.52 0.42 3.92 1.10 2.33 2.48 1.08 0.00 0.53 0.48 14.40 1S77 0.20 0.00 0.90 0.47 4.41 5. 12 5.16 0.00 0.19 0.58 0.51 1.30 18.84 1878 . 0.00 0.30 3.70 5.19 *2.38 2.90 2.82 0.70 1.10 2.46 0.70 "0.20 *22. 45 1S79 0.17 0.70* *0. 10 0.14 3.80 3.90 2.10 3.80 1.30 1. 50 0.20 1.44 19 15 ixxo "0.40 0.60 0.30 *0.24 *4. 38 3.17 2.94 8.80 0.38 *0. 55 T *0. 48 *22 24 1X81 0. 16 1.34 0.28 *0. 30 2.05 3.88 0.10 2.24 2.46 "0. 24 5.10 T *18 15 1XX2 0.48 '0.30 2.04 2.40 1.30 4.30 1.08 0.31 0.35 3.89 1.73 0.40 *18 58 ixx:; 0.92 0.79 0.19 1.71 1.79 1.42 1.84 1.46 0.14 4.10 0. 73 2.84 17 93 1 X8 1 0.28 0.58 0.68 2.38 1.20 2.50 3.05 3.72 1.32 0.82 0.25 i 0.48 17 36 1 SS5 0.17 0.25 0.15 3.07 1.70 3.45 5.83 1.91 0.13 0.66 0.90 0.47 18 69 IXX6 0.91 0.19 0.72 0.85 2.75 2.79 1.29 1.06 0.87 1.16 0.65 0.38 14 22 1XX7 1888 0.70 0.63 0.50 0.09 0.56 0.79 0.63 0.65 1.57 0.60 5.57 7.41 4.62 3.34 2.36 0.90 0.59 0.47 0.98 0.87 0.40 0. L'7 0.87 0. 11 19.35 16 13 IXX!) 0.23 0.64 0.16 0.78 0.62 1. 56 2.05 2.69 1.62 T 0.19 0.00 10 54 1890 0.35 0.60 0.27 1.97 0.79 6.84 1.25 2.37 0.80 4.00 0.00 Means . .. 0.49 0.53 0.92 1.40 2.32 :;. c>!) 2.37 2.49 0.99 1.20 0.83 0.55 17 78 VALLEY CITY, N. DAK. 1891 1.20 3.56 0.95 WAHPETON, N. DAK. 1889 94 1.30 1.97 00 T 18 IX! 10 0.50 0.30 0.72 2.98 5.75 4.84 2.91 3.32 1.73 0.35 0.10 1891 0.05 1.54 1.19 1.73 1 82 5 36 1 l'i 77 2 32 93 1 00 1 30 22 50 Means 0.28 0.74 1.22 2.40 5.56 5. 14 2.49 3.80 0.89 0.45 0.53 WILD RICE, N. DAK. 1X90 . 7 07 1 41 3 39 2 09 1 84 35 20 1891 0. 35 L*65 1 '5 1 68 05 3 78 7 6(5 1 '>(> 9 r,x 1 26 67 78 9 T 87 Menus 5 42 4 54 2 32 2 34 1 55 51 49 WILLOW CITY, N. DAK. 1891 2 41 3 17 1 02 1 <V\ 3 03 1 Z", 1 10 (TTHI7EI CERTAIN CLTMATFC FEATURES OF THE TWO BAKOTAS. 53 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in North Dakota Continued. WOODBRIDGE, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 0.83 0.55 0.44 FORT YATES, N. DAK. 1882 50 0.10 1.00 2.00 2.04 2.59 2.63 0.07 0.87 0.57 0.12 0.06 12. 55 1 .x*3 0.82 0.68 0.78 1.59 2.12 1.97 -2.25 0.67 0.04 1.08 0.15 1.98 14.13 1884 0.58 1.24 0.28 0.72 0.62 2. 75 3.10 3.12 1. 56 0.81 0. 58 0. 63 15.94 lXX~i 39 73 44 1.92 1.78 5.68 2.80 1. 10 24 0.38 0.34 0. 95 16. 75 ISM! 1.12 4.62 1.09 0.89 1.58 2. or, 4.70 4.83 0.80 0.50 1.19 0.60 '3. 97 IKS" 0.47 0.36 0.35 2.24 2.00 0. 57 3. 5!) 1.91 1.31 0.37 0.15 0.87 14.22 1 xxx 0.09 0.16 0.40 0.30 0.80 7. 92 3.86 2.32 0. "0 0.11 0.08 0. 20 l(i. 24 |XX!> . 0.87 1.00 0.33 1.14 3.29 1.74 3. 99 0. 28 0.59 0.10 0.07 0.28 13.68 1890 . . 0.28 0.43 0.22 1.33 0.57 6.84 2.59 1.51 o. tis 0.60 0.16 0.39 16.60 1891 0. 07 0.84 1.37 3.08 1.34 4.70 2.63 0.42 1.66 1.25 0.95 0.67 18.98 Meant* 0.52 1.02 0.62 1.52 1.61 3.68 3.19 1.63 0.80 0.58 0.38 0.66 16.21 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota. ABERDEEN, S. DAK. 1890 0.18 0.28 2. 04 7.54 1.40 0.85 1.18 1.33 0.40 0.20 1891 6.08 0.55 0.40 2.50 1.65 2.76 1.65 0.63 1.56 1.88 1.30 1.00 15.96 0.29 1.39 1.84 5.15 1 52 74 1.37 1.60 0.85 0.60 ALEXANDRIA, S. DAK. 1882 1.38 4.42 1.60 3.86 3.79 2.61 67 3 22 75 0.45 1883 0.35 1.10 0.86 3. 30 5.34 4.55 6.72 3 80 1 68 1 60 0.06 1.18 30. 54 1884 0.22 1.04 1889 1.40 1.52 2.15 3.81 6.25 0.80 1890 55 1 10 1 54 3 80 4 26 2 38 2 86 2 16 1 00 50 20 1891 0.01 1.60 2.00 4.26 1.33 6.45 3.05 1.40 0.43 1.72 0.28 1.25 1.34 3.38 2.69 4.13 3.62 2.90 2.24 1.94 0.44 0.87 25. 08 ARMOUR, S. DAK. 1889 4.32 3.10 7.03 1.80 BANGOR, S. DAK. 1891 4.47 FORT BENNETT, S. DAK. 1880 15 08 55 1881 0.82 1.18 1.57 0.93 4.10 3.07 1.45 2 24 2 74 1 00 70 T 19 80 1882 ' 01 83 1 63 3 04 1 35 4 06 2 29 32 1 03 69 50 05 17 80 1883 37 40 64 2 82 2 35 3 9<l 1 79 1 88 30 1 19 T 1 18 16 91 1884 0.31 57 1 08 2 35 2 69 3 10 3 7 l l 74 68 ill! 17 46 III 'Ml 1885 0. 14 21 13 1 84 2 40 5 62 1 55 5 87 1 17 14 '>8 1889 . . . 43 69 2 66 3 50 1 56 5 85 68 1 16 04 1 40 1 50 1890 0.05 1.30 14 0.76 1 53 4 41 1 40 71 2 03 43 59 24 13 59 1891 0.04 0.40 0.38 2.27 1.08 1.76 1.70 2.29 1.26 1.63 Means . .... 0.53 0.66 78 2.08 2 38 3 45 "> 48 1 84 1 33 69 46 57 17 25 64 CEKTAIX CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THK TWO DAKOTA S. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota (Jon tinned. BON HOMME. S. DAK. Year. Jail. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Aunual. 187'' 2.13 *2.60 3.30 BRITTON, 8. DAK. 1891 2.04 0.97 0.90 0.73 BROOKINGS, S. DAK. 1888 1.61 3.21 0.56 0. 62 (I 05 1889 1 05 1.20 0. 16 1.02 1.50 1.48 2.92 0.72 2.70 T !M 1890 65 0.56 0.79 3.33 7.91 1 . 51 2.07 0. 15 0.31 0.30 80 1891 0.10 "1.00 0.60 2.23 0.84 4.09 2.01 1.38 0.48 1.07 0. 25 2.30 *16.35 0.60 1.10 0.44 1.35 1.89 4.49 2.02 1.84 1.05 0.50 0.28 1.02 16.58 CANTON, S. DAK. 1889 . . . : ! 1.40 3.09 4.53 1.08 1.88 1890 1.65 1891 . . <>. so 0. 10 L.20 2.30 1 . 20 2.12 8.48 3.64 2.13 3.91 5.82 1.68 2.46 0.87 0.73 1.36 0. 60 21. 42 Means . 1.22 0.65 1. 75 2. 78 2.88 4.86 1.54 2.78 2.70 1.22 1.24 CASTLEWOOD, S. DAK. 1891 1.92 1.28 83 55 1 49 CLARK, S. DAK. 1889 . . 3 69 T 5 29 40 T 19 IX! 10 - . T f 0.45 3.10 6.28 1.49 0.88 0.87 !Ui 22 1891 . . 0.00 T 1.00 3.74 3.35 3.01 0. 99 1.03 1.11 o m; 1 '>0 57 T T 2 10 3 22 4 64 2 06 64 2 42 77 47 'i8 CROSS, S. DAK. 1890 1.84 1.41 2.28 2 56 1 29 03 08 1891 1.27 1.77 2 59 4 53 1 86 3 41 1 57 50 21 ''5 Means 1.80 2.44 3.54 2.35 0.80 0.14 FORT DAKOTA, S. DAK. 1X66 <yO. 75 1.74 4 25 12 1 62 1X07 0.12 6.00 1868 1 91 2 91 1 ''(i XS 32 1869 0.03 1.02 0.47 0. 56 0.97 oO 41 Means 0.34 3.48 1 X2 3 58 69 1 25 CERTAIN CLIMATIC IT.ATCRF.S OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 55 Monthly and annval precipitation, in inclu-it, at stations in South Dakota Continued. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. .June. .l.il.\. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 . 0.30 1.01 :; 85 8.77 7.80 '' (il " (Hi *1 81 *0 75 3 63 1X79 1880 0.58 0.66 0. 72 1. 11 0.51 0. 75 7.69 1.57 5.03 2.43 4.67 3 33 1.82 i :.i 1. lit 3 33 0.32 30 4.26 1 ''7 0. 27 ' :;7 1.14 lit 28.50 19 20 ]X81 :;. in 1.26 2.59 2. 05 3.70 :: in i .->i; (1 51 i 1.80 58 HI 05 '1 1'! 1882 o :;:; (I '] 1 29 7 31 7 05 5 7X 1 SI 1 '17 "S S8 1 Ti ' r >7 33 83 I**:; (1.74 1.32 0.84 5.69 10. 33 5. 2ti 1.82 i 32 0. 11 80 '45 1 01 '4 (i'l 1XX| 0.85 1.01 2. 01 3.29 1.72 2. :>i 3.51 :;. 07 1. !i 1.48 1 4<i 1 79 24 >$ 1886 1 (id 2 S,s 3 31 3. 11 3 '' 4.83_ 1 44 2 !r> ')(> 1 64 1 40 I IX v>8 48 1886 1 28 1. 78 2 12 6.72 1 01 2 00 ' ir. 1 84 1 (Hi 96 3 '! 1 51 '". '17 1887 3.18 71 2.01 6. -17 1 "."> 2 16 3 70 .. .,., 1 75 2 05 48 1 65 31 66 Means . 1. 25 1.21 1.99 5. 17 4.65 3 73 2 84 2 23 1 06 1 58 1 26 1 01 28 48 DE SMET, S. DAK. 1889 o. r,o 0. 5(1 1.10 0.04 0.41 0.80 2. 3(> 1. 14 2.88 2.59 bio!) 1.20 5. 35 3.81 4.80 1.25 1.46 0.38 1.25 0.2(1 2.74 0.70 1.49 0.10 0.32 0.86 0.01 0.70 1.05 1.80 0. 80 1.37 1890 0. 45 0. (17 15.8G 15.78 1891 . . Means 0.26 1.05 0.62 2.13 2.16 3.45 2.50 0.61 1.64 0.43 0.59 1.26 16.70 EGELAND, S. DAK. 1891 3.17 4.32 ELKTON, S. DAK. 1891 0.72 1.35 1.68 2. 91 2.11 3.19 1.19 1.50 0. 50 1. 33 0.22 2.05 18.78 FIRESTEEL, S. DAK. 1875 . 0.80 (i.(i.-. 0.10 0.50 2. 20 3. 35 1.95 <. 15 2.60 4.00 3. 00 4.60 2! 40 2.40 2. 20 6. 55 :;. 20 2. 65 1.50 4. 70 0. 50 1.50 0.22 0.13 0. 15 0. 50 1870 1877 .. 0. 50 0. (id 24.93 FLANDREAU, S. DAK. 18!K) O.2.', 0. 15 0.42 1.08 4.85 5.98 3.25 2 06 92 65 o r,:; 39 20 53 18i)l 0.12 0.67 1.20 2.82 0.81 i s:; 3.05 2 33 35 1 48 (i n; i;o '() 7'' Means 18 41 81 1 95 2 83 5 40 3 15 2 20 64 1 06 50 1 50 20 63 FORESTBURG, S. DAK. 1891 0.38 6.31 1 45 2 18 1 02 87 48 1 07 FOREST CITY, S. DAK. 1891 7 53 57 1 i;f> 1 49 75 56 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued. FRANKFORT, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 0.67 0.69 1.19 1.30 GARDEN CITY, S. DAK. 1887 1.02 0.37 0.34 0.09 1.25 0.15 1888 0.40 0.62 0.40 0.53 1.79 0.20 2.85 1.53 2.25 3.01 1.10 4.55 2.97 0.60 17.52 i wku i 0.51 0.46 1.00 2.19 2.63 0.70 0.22 0.70 GARY, S. DAK. 1891 1.69 0.72 1.17 0.83 0.45 0.89 GODDARD, 8. DAK. 1888 3.30 1.49 GRAND VIEW, S. DAK. 1888 0.42 0.15 0.22 FORT GREENWOOD (YANKTON INDIAN AGENCY), S. DAK. 1860 20 3.50 8.00 4.40 7.40 12.00 1 00 1861 0.25 3.10 0.22 5.75 5.90 FORT HALE, S. DAK. 1879 0.14 0.22 1.50 0.60 0.71 0.16 0.08 0.60 3.08 0.48 1.45 0.84 0.20 0.34 1.66 0.86 1.21 1.56 1.50 0.42 0.60 2.04 1.94 2.07 3.04 3.68 3.92 2.54 4.33 tnO. 46 4.04 4.58 4.56 3.11 2.17 2.54 0.82 2.28 2.98 3.32 0.54 5.46 2.78 0.02 2.88 0.96 0.00 1.30 0.50 0.76 0.80 1.36 3.20 3.44 2.81 T 0.06 0.68 0.50 0.00 0.82 1.12 T 0.11 0.-40 14.66 18. <; iT>. r><; 18.08 21.98 1880 1881 1882 183 1884 Mf.MIIS 0.56 1.09 0.97 1.43 3.00 3.69 2.39 2.52 0.70 2.32 0.25 0.49 19.41 HENRY, S. DAK. 1886 1.06 0.49 0.25 1887 0.23 0.39 0.29 3.78 0.90 3.72 3.90 2.81 1.35 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 57 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Contiuued. HIGHMORE, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1887 *6.30 3.50 *4. 60 1888 5.79 3.10 1890 0.30 0. 1!> 0.83 6.17 0.36 0.56 0.45 0.32 0.30 1891 00 T 0.83 1.94 0.72 0.80 3 15 1 04 1 06 2 29 1 49 2 52 HOWARD, S. DAK. 1890 0.34 0.64 0.45 0.75 1891 T 1.12 2.03 1.87 6.37 0.76 1.81 0.50 1.10 0.64 1.55 Means 0.42 0.87 0.54 1.15 HURON, S. DAK. 1881 3.58 6.31 3.11 2.10 0.45 0.06 182 0.14 0. 25 0.80 4.18 4.50 5.86 5.88 1.44 0.86 3.37 0.61 0.23 28.12 1883 0.17 0.47 0.42 2.14 4. 45 4.33 5.20 1.77 1.68 1.96 0.05 0.61 23. 25 1884 0.09 0.58 1.53 2.70 2. !H) 3.18 5.11 1.18 1.26 1.52 0.17 0.62 20.84 1885 0.15 0.22 0.12 1.06 5.20 5.43 4.52 3.89 2.61 0.98 1.50 0.10 25.78 1886 n 48 16 62 3 52 ] r>8 1 90 1 60 5 62 i r>'i 1 26 1 18 74 '() 25 1X87 0.33 1. 11 0.64 3.72 1.39 3.98 4.96 6.13 0. 15 0.79 0.25 2.09 25.54 1888 0.78 0. 52 1.22 0.88 4.98 1.10 3.11 3.46 0.19 0.29 0.34 0.18 17. 05 1888 1 26 93 19 3 41 3 04 1 04 3 51 66 3 89 55 16 1 53 20. 17 1890 66 0.18 0.32 64 2 88 5 87 1 41 73 32 61 38 68 14.68 1891 0.07 1.32 1 64 3 45 44 8 08 1 01 1.43 47 78 0.94 0.54 20.17 0.41 0.57 75 2 57 3 14 4 08 3 63 2 97 1 47 1 29 0.55 67 22.10 KIMBALL, S. DAK. 1886 3 20 0.70 2.55 1.05 2 95 1 35 60 60 1.10 1887 0.70 1.35 0.40 2 75 0.60 2.05 3.40 10 15 15 30 0.20 2.60 2-1. if. 1888 0. 40 0.20 1.05 1.00 4.00 1.77 90 2 15 15 60 0.10 O.~>0 12. 5'' 1889 1. 10 1.00 0.12 2.40 1.56 0.72 3 93 1 76 3 43 50 0. 47 0.75 17. 7-1 1890 0.60 0.18 0.87 1.45 2.03 3.07 1.98 2.21 0.17 0.44 0.68 0.40 14.08 1891 0.40 1.70 1.00 3.25 0.56 9.28 2.53 2.91 0.18 0.67 1.00 0.76 24. L'l Means .... 0.64 0.89 0.69 2.34 1. 58 3.24 2.30 2.19 0.90 0.52 0.51 0.97 16.77 LEAD CITY, S. DAK. 1878 5 77 2 61 2 06 1.81 LOWER BRULE AGENCY, S. DAK. 1875 1 50 33 09 28 1876 0.22 0.27 0.57 13 28 3 02 1 46 4 38 3 04 26 27 14 14 04 1877 0.32 1.74 2 00 3 16 1 17 2 04 3 34 1 09 20 2 23 1878 0.05 0.10 0.15 3.44 1 98 1 22 6 30 1 44 16 10 78 20 *15 92 20 18 82 1 86 1 81 1 80 3 27 2 91 2 01 44 34 71 16 35 MAMMOTH SPRINGS, 8. DAK. 1883 00 75 51 3 42 1884 1.48 0.94 1.32 S. Ex. 157- 58 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued. FORT MEADE, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 187U 0.78 1.40 0.14 1.60 0.04 0.89 n <m 1 00 9 75 4 68 1.62 3.91 T 0.54 0.44 0.39 1881 *0.56 1.30 0.95 1.10 3.33 2. 60 1.50 1.57 1.00 0.63 0.46 T is. 06 1882 0.10 0.10 0.60 4.77 3.87 5.47 3.05 0.44 0.26 0.49 0.05 0.12 19.32 1883 2.90 0.30 2.16 4.50 9.61 i . :.t; 2.80 0.18 1.60 0.67 0.06 0.72 27.05 18X4 0. 37 0.33 2.26 5.04 8.58 0.48 1.20 2.30 0.23 0.75 0.53 0.90 '22. 97 1885 1886 0.32 0.32 0. 23 0.67 0.52 0.88 1.30 2.17 0.64 0.57 :;. :;s 0.90 1.52 3.38 3.22 1.50 0.28 0.40 0.74 0.40 0.93 1.60 0.17 0.72 13. 25 13.51 1887 0. 56 0.20 0.76 2.12 2.72 1.76 4.46 4.25 1.10 0.40 0.24 0.36 18. :; 1888 1.65 1.29 0.75 0.20 3.94 5.50 2.64 3.54 0.02 0.14 0.16 0.17 20.00 1889 0.27 0. 85 0.12 2.64 2.02 1.60 6.38 0.00 0.67 1.71 0.88 0.86 18.00 1890 0. 55 0.46 1.24 1.65 2.31 6.30 0.16 1.64 0.76 0.38 0.40 0.38 16.23 1891 0.78 0.83 1.63 2.29 6.60 4.29 1.75 1.50 0.87 0.41 0.52 0.32 21.79 0.73 0.63 1.07 2.38 4.02 3.22 2.40 1.96 0.56 0.68 0.48 0.46 18. 59 MILLBANK, S. DAK. 1889 1.40 1890 00 0.27 1.54 10. 53 0.86 1.53 1.45 1. 35 0.30 0. 45 1891 0. 00 0.25 *1.86 1.90 3.04 1.44 0.55 0.78 0.67 0.40 0.56 Moans 00 1.06 1.72 6.78 1.15 1.04 1.12 1.01 0.35 0.80 MITCHELL, S. DAK. 1891 8.50 3.01 1.86 1.95 1.09 0.31 1.95 MORRISTON, S. DAK. 1877 60 0.10 3.35 2.60 4.60 2.40 1.60 1.10 2.70 3.50 0. 25 3.05 L ; 5. 85 1878 1879 1880 0.45 0.10 0. 25 0.33 0.30 1.00 1.30 0.40 0.60 4.90 1.20 1.30 2.30 5. 65 3.40 3.40 4. 75 6.90 10.20 5.00 1.80 LOO 1.70 5. 80 1.20 1.90 0.20 0.70 2. 30 1.55 0. 20 0. 05 1.00 0.90 0.86 27. 83 22.80 1881 1882 1.30 0.60 1.60 0.70 1.50 1.20 1.00 4.30 7.40 2.10 6.80 4.50 2.40 4.30 8.60 3. (X) 3. 80 0. 50 3. SO 3. :io 0. 10 0.60 0.15 0.40 38. 75 26.50 1883 60 70 1 10 2 55 4 80 3.90 6.30 2.80 1.90 1884 1 50 3 40 4 20 3 10 2.60 Means 0.56 0.68 1.37 2.66 4.31 4.47 4.28 3.43 2.13 2.30 0.51 1.02 27.72 MOUTH CHERRY, S. DAK. 1861 9.30 6.32 OELRICHS, S. DAK. 1890 1 12 1 47 2 59 1 07 10 13 O'l 45 10 1MI1 1. a5 2.80 "4.20 40 1.75 2.00 2.90 1.66 2. :;' II. 911 o. r>8 1. 19 22. 05 2 66 '14 2 17 1 98 88 i >} 50 52 64 OLIVET, S. DAK. 1877 3 14 3 23 2 31 1 44 4 8 80 2 86 1878 1879 .. 0.08 0. 10 0.43 0.51 0.36 0.42 4.96 1.20 2. -18 2. in; 8.37 5.3B 5.96 1.83 1.11 2.02 2.56 1.57 0.08 1.09 0.50 0.07 1.60 0. 72 23. lit 17 54 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued. OLIVET, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. .III lit!. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1880 0.39 0.46 0.80 0.31 5.90 6.03 2.30 5.62 0.59 2.02 0.03 0.95 25. 40 1881 1.40 3.00 2.69 2.45 10.08 L'. 82 1.30 3.95 6.34 2.75 0.38 0.15 37.31 ]82 0.34 0.75 0. 34 3. 6-1 3.17 6.69 2.97 3.14 0.37 3.03 0. 25 0.46 1.03 0.92 2.51 4.86 4.57 2.93 3.02 2.14 2.30 0.34 1 26 26 34 ONIDA, 8. DAK. 1889 2 27 2.27 1.52 2.14 0.37 IX' 10 10 0.22 0.24 0. ''7 1.25 25 0.55 1891 1.70 1.56 1.08 0.77 0.33 1.26 1.06 0.42 0.51 . 1 36 1.35 1.30 1.05 0.30 0.96 0.66 0.48 PARKER, S. DAK. 1891 - 1.30 0.73 0.38 0.45 PARKSTON, S. DAK. 1887 1.75 0.65 3.17 1.37 2.94 5.20 10.84 0.75 0.15 40 2.50 1888 0.60 0.08 1.55 1.84 8.98 1.16 2.15 4.47 0.10 0.20 1X89 1.02 0.75 0.11 2.64 3. 86 2.67 6.54 0.70 *0. 76 1.25 1890 1.00 0.20 1.47 1.73 2.10 3.20 2.30 0. 15 1891 0.12 2. 50 1.60 3.18 1.05 3.43 4.00 4.00 0. 25 0.65 1.20 1.50 23. 4 Menus ........ 0.68 1.06 1.08 2.48 3.38 2.67 3.50 5.50 2.51 0.50 0.62 1.12 25. 10 PIERRE, S. DAK. 1891 0.20 0.26 0.30 1.11 0.83 0.96 0.30 0.45 0.45 0.66 6.23 0.45 6. 20 FORT PIERRE, S. DAK. 1855 0.38 1.98 3.03 0.33 1.88 0.70 0.42 1. 75 1.74 1.05 0.39 0.55 11'. 5l> 1856 0.02 0.97 6.19 2.17 0.64 0.29 2.68 0. 58 2.19 0.48 18-YT Means 0.50 1.18 0.46 1.63 1.18 1.68 1.29 1.08 1.40 0.47 PLANKINTON, S. DAK. 1891 1.14 6.67 2.10 2.41 FORT RANDALL, S. DAK. 1857 0.91 1.70 0.04 0.00 0.37 0.56 0. 1 I 0.72 0. 45 0.70 0.32 0.10 0.27 0.20 0.11 0.38 1.76 0.20 1.34 0.74 0.20 1.21 2.17 0.22 1.28 1.54 1.43 O.IK) 1.96 3.22 3.75 4.36 2.76 2.35 0. 22 1.98 1.36 3.15 3. 40 2.18 1.29 1.44 1.94 3.85 0.26 2.32 1.47 0.47 1.01 1.14 3.96 3.84 1.58 4.66 4.40 0. 15 3.10 0. 92 1.38 4.05 4.27 3. 40 1.56 2.04 2.76 0.18 1.20 0.64 0.04 0.50 0. 85 0. 21 i 0.28 0.40 0.36 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.27 0.14 0.08 0. 54 0.30 0.68 16.16 21. 30 16.70 19. Ill 20. 23 15.51 7. 21 1858 185!) I860 1861 1862 1863 .. CKHTAIN (CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued. FORT RANDALL. S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1864 20 T 54 0.30 0.70 0.30 1.50 1.64 1.60 T 0.00 lOCX 00 40 72 38 1.31 0.00 1866 3.94 0.26 1. 50 0.14 1867 0.59 0.63 0.76 0.16 4.08 3.60 2. 92 0. 74 0.00 [1. 31] [0.49] 0.57 [15. 85] 1868 0.74 0.68 1.22 0.84 4.50 2.26 0.64 1.33 0.44 1.33 0. 33 0.32 14.63 ISIill [0. 41] 0.20 1.21 0.96 1.81 1.24 5.18 [2. 60] 2.38 0.07 0.52 0.34 [16. 92] 1870 0.35 T 0.81 0.87 2.23 0.49 0.29 0.03 1.69 0.11 0.03 0. 22 7.12 1871 0.05 0.76 0.18 2.11 [3. 54] 0.48 1.53 4.44 0.48 0.41 1.28 0.21 [15. 47] 187'' [0. 41] 0.22 0.85 1.06 8.67 1.65 2.13 2.00 0.13 1.13 0.11 0.06 [IX. 42] 1873 0.47 1.66 0.15 2.73 4.71 3.13 1.20 0.26 0.60 3.10 0.05 0.24 18.30 1874 0.11 0.21 0.88 0.58 1.76 5.70 2.71 1.49 1.16 *1.78 0.76 0.76 *17.90 1875 0.72 0.42 0.77 1.60 2.69 12.82 0.75 5.15 3.70 T T 0.10 28.72 1876 0.47 0.75 2.49 2.07 2.70 1.86 8.55 4.90 8.45 0.45 0.70 0.50 33.89 1877 T 0.20 1.90 4.35 8.15 6.60 4.10 2.20 2.10 5.95 0.90 4.75 41. 20 1878 0.30 0.50 1.48 6.30 4.98 7.80 11.85 0.70 2.70 0.58 1.10 1.01 "39. 30 1879 T *0.52 0.69 2.42 6.40 3.25 2.45 1.95 0.35 0.75 T 2.05 *20.83 1XXO 1.06 1.87 1.61 1.07 6.21 4.80 3.10 3.80 0.20 3.20 T 0.50 27.42 1881 0.10 1.30 2.55 2. 05 6.05 3.15 1.35 1.85 3.95 1.90 0.60 0.10 24. 95 1882 0.20 2.00 1.50 3.40 2.70 4.40 1.60 3.50 0.50 3.90 T 2.20 25. 90 1883 0.80 1.70 2.30 1.70 4.70 5.00 4.80 l.'K) 1.50 2.20 T 3.51 30.11 issl 0.58 47 2.98 2.80 1.70 4.31 2.32 2.39 0.04 0.97 0.07 1.08 19.71 1885 0.20 0.42 0.13 1.78 1.75 6.36 3.83 5.17 2.36 1.16 1.48 0.12 24. 56 1886 ISX7 0.41 0.24 0.32 0.58 1.50 0.20 3.39 1.14 2.62 0.31 2.02 0.88 0.24 2.90 4.25 3.49 4.05 1.68 0.91 0.36 1.04 0.74 0.75 4.21 21.50 16.73 1888 0.20 0.47 0.92 1.30 5.66 2.64 [2. 30] 3.71 0.66 0.66 [0. 19] 0.66 [19. 37] 1X8!) 0.75 0. 40 0.25 1.95 1.97 1.43 5 49 1.54 3.09 0.60 1.10 0.45 19. 02 1890 0.60 0.12 1.19 2.35 2.06 2.37 1.95 1.94 0.13 0.64 0.64 0.05 14. 04 1891 ... 0.42 1.34 1.40 4.39 0.62 6.34 3.23 2.84 0.36 0.79 0/42 0.80 22. 95 Mi-UUS 0.42 0.61 1.06 1.85 3.41 3.33 2.70 2.59 1.91 1.28 0.49 0.82 20.47 RAPID CITY. S. DAK. 1881 77 0.78 0.95 2.02 3.67 2.64 0.20 1.45 0.71 0.12 0.00 lxx2 0.20 0.19 0.07 3.47 4.71 5.07 1.80 0.66 0.50 0. 60 0.60 0.40 18.27 ixx:t 0.18 0.20 0.35 0.90 11.02 0.51 1.66 1XXI 1.20 0.91 2.40 1888 0.33 1.62 1.76 0.41 6.01 4.74 1.69 4.76 6.02 0.43 0.47 0.51 2'>. 75 1889 1890 0.52 0.47 1. 39 0.66 0.56 1.40 4.22 1. 55 2.19 2.46 2.97 3.77 4.52 0.13 0.11 1.83 0.37 0.75 0.43 0.56 0.32 0.27 0.33 0.17 17. ! 14.02 1891 0.27 0.87 1.96 2.74 1.72 3.25 2.09 1.97 1.32 0.34 0.17 0. 05 Hi 75 Means 0.45 0.83 1.16 2.03 4.30 3.91 2.14 1.59 0.74 0.51 0.35 0.45 18.46 REDFIELD, S. DAK. 1889 2.09 1.62 1.50 ROSCOE, S. DAK. 1889 0.45 80 3 15 51 1 76 SANHORN, S. DAK. 1889 2.40 ST. LAWRENCE, S. DAK. 1890 74 26 46 41 35 1891 0.27 1. 45 0.42 2.78 1.11 <;. 94 0.52 2. 51! 28 45 Means 1.64 0.34 40 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 61 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued. SCRANTON, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1889 .. 0.80 181)0 i8!n 0. 35 0.10 0. GO 1.07 0.43 1.04 o.r.t 2.16 0.66 9.74 1.72 0.23 1.15 0.72 0.58 0.87 17. 59 Means 0.22 0.84 0.74 1.35 0.84 SIOUX FALLS, S. DAK. 1890 3.70 1.35 3.03 3.78 0.37 0.35 75 1891 0.35 1.01 L'aa 2.69 0.68 2.99 T 1.35 0.60 2.96 Means 2.03 3.01 3.78 '0.86 0.48 1.86 ' FORT SISSETON, S. DAK. 1866 . 0.23 1SIS7 7.96 13.80 8.88 2.37 1.65 1869 20 "1 47 49 1 82 1 54 99 67 3 31 2 76 41 36 07 *14 00 1870 48 '."> 67 ''3 5 51 4 73 2 63 89 45 1 50 20 32 17 86 1X71 1ST' 1 0.44 ''0 0.30 ~>2 1.08 64 2.36 1 78 0.74 4.38 1.96 4 02 1.48 5 04 0.76 2 56 0.36 1 34 0.60 2 46 0.52 56 0.20 16 10.80 23 36 IST:! is'l 2.14 1.18 1.16 ' 10 1.22 3 90 2.54 1.84 4.52 2 70 2.82 4 56 3.82 1 16 2.00 3 34 1.10 62 3.26 3 90 1.16 2 60 1.38 4 24 27.12 :>' 11 1875 ../ 187t> 1X77 2.84 0. XX III) 6.30 0.54 00 4.50 0.80 1 22 2.78 1. 92 1.74 3.06 1.46 2.22 1.62 2.70 2.00 4.16 4.86 80 2.04 2.22 0.36 1.84 0.30 0.14 0.82 31.40 1 X7X 0.14 L> 04 5.00 2.00 3 50 4 70 0.50 74 1X711 0. 08 0.80 0.34 1.50 4.50 6 76 1.20 0.80 00 80 1SXO 0. 30 0.22 2.00 3.50 6.00 5.08 3.88 0.60 2.26 0.12 20 1XX1 0.56 2.00 1.30 2.52 2.86 1.02 3.96 1.64 1.62 0.26 0.12 1882 36 32 *1 04 2 46 2 20 7 .() 3 64 1 02 36 3 50 70 19 *23 21 1X88 0. 13 0.22 0.05 1.12 2.51 1.08 2.22 1.92 1. 65 2.07 0.35 1884 1 885 0.35 48 0.82 15 0.2 40 1.26 1 86 3.00 1 79 1.32 3 74 3.45 2 79 2.37 1 53 1.43 4 10 3.63 70 0.52 1 70 1.31 75 20.28 19 O'l 1886 60 65 55 3 06 1.64 1 72 1 23 1 60 78 1 00 96 32 14 11 18X7 . .. 40 46 42 2.80 1.87 5 82 5 50 8 07 1 02 94 19 1 37 28 86 18XX 25 0.17 59 60 1.90 1.56 3 48 2 10 08 60 08 1X.S1I 0.46 0.31 1.52 Means 0.63 0.88 1.24 1.97 2.96 3.77 3.41 2.71 1.28 1.68 0.68 0.71 21 92 SPEARFISH, S. DAK. 1889 75 1 20 40 3 87 2 60 1 45 5 84 14 1 42 1 72 48 2 00 21 87 1X1M) 1X91 2.10 0.82 0.75 2.04 1.51 1.73 1.47 2.66 3.42 3.15 6.81 7.29 0.20 2.53 1.66 2.51 0.53 0.71 1.37 1.23 0.35 0.75 0.53 0.90 20. 73 26. 32 Means 1.22 1.33 1.22 2.67 3.06 5 18 2.86 1.44 0.89 1.44 0.53 1.14 22.68 SPRING LAKE, S. DAK. 1888 11.75 0.05 0.28 1S89 0.75 0.78 0.50 8.40 5.40 4.00 8.75 2.00 f>2 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FKA'JTUKS OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued, FORT SULLY, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1866 1.40 ' 1 868 0. 15 IXli'l 0.08 0.50 0.06 0.96 3.11 3.50 0.90 4.~96 1.06 T 0. 62 0.40 16. 15 1X70 0.70 0.55 2. 40 2.10 2.76 1.64 2.50 1 . 35 2.28 1.10 0. 10 T 17.48 1S71 0.90 0.50 9.60 2.63 2.25 1.50 4.50 I). 2.-> T 0,20 0. 30 0. 11 23. 74 187'' T 0.10 0.25 3.66 2.98 2.34 6.48 1.53 0. 21 0.02 1.28 0.67 19.42 1 873 1.00 0.29 0.49 1.06 3.17 3. 23 1.86 2. 66 0. 07 0. 56 1). 15 0. 08 14.62 1874 0.09 0.17 0.92 0.21 5. 05 6.24 0.67 0. 57 0.18 1.51 0.55 0. 08 1C. 24 1X75 0.53 0.91 0.58 1.60 2. (52 2.36 0.51 3.26 0.89 0. 38 0.20 0. 15 13.99 1878 0.09 0.10 0. 91 1.07 1.37 4.26 1.99 4. 14 4.09 0. 45 o. :>> 0.58 19.54 1877 1 878 1.01 0.02 0.03 0.25 2. 5 1 0.14 4.14 3.91 4.02 3.47 1.76 1.73 3.69 7.45 0.84 0.80 0.44 0.97 1.11 0. 50 0.88 0.39 2.48 0.56 22.91 20. 19 1X7!) o. ir. 0.23 0.24 1.20 4.70 6. 11 (i. :;:> 2. 11 0. 55 0.94 0.03 0. 56 23.50 1880 0.88 0.65 1.02 1.71 1.88 2.35 1.93 5.26 0.12 0.14 0. 16 0.56 16. 66 1S81 0. 33 0.36 0.54 1.00 2.96 3.02 1.83 0.50 2.50 0. 50 *0. 31 *0. 00 "14.85 1 88'' 0. -'3 0.09 0.42 2.66 1.81 3.19 2.12 0.20 1.07 0. 14 0.31 *0. 06 *!''. 20 1883 0.17 0744 0. 67 2.68 3. 58 3.38 3.28 3. 08 0. (18 1.37 0.00 1. IX 19.91 1881 0.88 0. 35 0.87 0.14 0.36 3.00 2.57 0.72 0.71 1.29 0. 19 0. 8!) 11.97 188T> 1886 0.37 0.18 0.30 0. 10 0.06 0.66 2.28 3.62 2. 70 0.86 5.12 3.24 2.71 2. 44 4.50 1.41 1.77 0.44 0.12 0. 49 0. 65 1.60 0. 11 0. 96 2( i. 72 16 mi 18X7 1.03 0.18 T 0.90 1.28 2.88 3.04 3.12 0. 35 0.85 0. 13 0.60 14.26 1888 0.37 0.35 0.49 0.53 2. 63 3.73 3.47 2. 50 0. f 0.21 0.11 0. 26 11.77 18X11 0.70 0.46 0.59 2.86 2.96 1.64 3.35 1.01 1. 09 0. 08 0.19 0.36 15.29 1890 0.15 0.20 0.28 0.58 1.27 6.41 0.25 0.61 1.51 0.44 1.01 0.44 13.28 1891 0.28 0.78 0.65 2.64 1.98 2.13 0.78 1.41 1.37 0. 53 0. 33 0.30 13. 18 Means 0.44 0.43 1.06 1.89 2.60 3.25 2.81 2.05 0.95 0.57 0.44 0.47 16.96 SWAN LAKE, 8. DAK. 1881 0.85 1.07 0.79 0.53 4.34 0.46 1.60 3.90 5.00 TYNDALL, S. DAK. 1891 1.31 5 89 0.26 94 57 1 <)-, VERMILLION, S. DAK. 1883 *0 31 1884 0.00 0.50 1.50 1.22 1.68 1.57 3.38 "1.70 2.18 T 0.70 1885 0.53 0.22 T 1.89 1.17 3.20 2 35 3 87 3 07 98 1 54 T, 19 17 1886 1.35 0.59 2.40 3.60 2.23 2.55 75 2 97 1 65 40 2 50 1 00 '1 'Mt 1889 '() 95 1890 0.67 0.55 0.82 1.13 2.37 2.19 2 89 2 14 35 1 35 58 10 15 14 1891 . 0.50 1.30 Means 0.61 0.63 1. 18 1 96 1 86 2 38 2 00 3 09 1 I'.'.i 1 23 1 16 57 18 3fi WATERTOWN, S. DAK. 1891 0.52 1 07 WEBSTER, S. DAK. 1882 8.45 1.91 8.01 8.88 8.91 8.21 2.32 1 1.65 4.97 1.37 0.62 1.8-4 6.41 1.4.1 2. 36 0.65 3.78 .1.48 8.28 1 71 9.39 1.85 5. 09 0.79 1 77 2.82 0. OS 0. 92 1.17 d :w 1.36 4.72 1.62 0.63 ' ::> 32. 54 6:,. 18 38.81 n an 1883 3.33 1.42 0.31 1.24 2.18 7.46 T 1.93 1.80 5. 30 0.71 2.02 1.71 3.73 6.33 7.72 3.99 9.19 5. 33 6.22 1884 1885 1886 .. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 63 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued. WEBSTER, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Miir. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Se]>t. Oct. Nov. Dec. Anniiiil. 1887 .. 18SH IXX9 4. 55 2.29 3.34 5. 06 1.00 !!. 94 1.64 1.93 1.94 3.94 2.42 2.03 1.72 2. Oit 4.01 3.09 1.99 7.07 4.73 2. NX 7.07 2.27 4. 11 0.42 0.88 o. is 4 XI 1.44 0.29 1 . 35 0. 20 63 ''0 2.59 0.40 .) -^ 32. 20 21. 17 38 ()'' IX'KI 1891 2.04 0.86 0. 53 2. 55 1.67 2.06 0.28 3.86 3. :,x 9.33 3. 73 3.43 3.39 1.10 2.07 4. 11 1. 88 3. 20 1 till 2 39 2. 2S 3 30 33. 96 2 15 2.74 2. 12 3 56 4 52 6 41 L5 31 2 40 2 83 2 89 1 56 > m 38 68 WENTWORTII, S. DAK. 1883 1.81 ISX5 3.71 2. 8!) 3.06 1.34 1891 0.38 ' ox WESSINGTON SPRINGS, S. DAK. 1x91 2.70 2.14 0.23 0.55 0.57 1.95 WICKLOW, S. DAK. 1882 5.07 5.45 1.78 0.27 2.45 0.66 0.26 1883 1.22 1.27 3.38 WOLSEY, S. DAK. 1889 1890 1.85 0.50 0.90 0.08 T 0.29 3.00 0.40 3.60 1.81 .0.70 4.98 2.84 1.16 0.67 0.88 3.31 0.43 0.34 0.07 51 i 0.58 1.60 65 18.88 v> ~'~ 1891 0.12 1.60 2 '."> 2.79 80 5 50 50 1 83 35 07"> 1 23 75 18 47 0.82 0.86 0.85 2.06 2 07 3 73 1 50 1 13 1 36 53 63 1 00 16 54 : WOONSOCKET, S. DAK. 1888 0.86 4.56 1. 99 1.62 0.82 17 0.47 0. 10 08 IXXil 0.80 0.90 0.12 2.58 1.92 1 57 3 91 62 '> 81 40 T 1 05 16 68 1890 0.80 0. 15 0.71 0.87 2. 42 4.47 1 04 81 34 0.52 47 70 13 30 M-'inis .... 0.80 0.52 0.48 1.44 2.97 2 68 2 19 75 1.11 0.46 0.19 0.61 14 14 YANKTON, S. DAK. 1862 3.62 1873 2 00 '6 98 4 59 1 59 2 80 93 1 49 03 5'> 1874 0.57 0. 65 79 24 ' 5'l 6 l>5 3 84 1 05 1 84 1 64 56 51 23 93 1875 1876 1X77 IX7X 1.07 0.32 0.74 0.20 1. 51 1. 10 0.33 0. 27 1.79 2. IX 1.37 93 5. 26 0.97 5.99 5.14 2.04 3.15 4.45 1 in 9.21 3.18 5.07 7 83 5.53 5. 49 1.31 6 '.a; 4. 95 5.14 1.16 1 I 5.33 5. 26 1 . :.'3 1 36 0. 14 0.88 3. tit; 18 0. 1 2 0.80 0.54 (1 39 0.20 0.37 2. 16 Hit 37. 15 28.84 28. 31 'X. 73 1X7H 1XXO 1X81 1882 .. 0.23 0.62 1 . 23 0.04 0. 36 0. 16 2. 70 0.09 LOB 0. 95 1.71 0.06 0.37 0. 10 2. 19 2.93 2. 35 l.ol 9.88 5.25 5.34 1.99 3. 51 4.87 7. 51 :;. :\-i 4.51 1.65 1.68 3.04 1.77 0.64 2. XI 0.88 8.61 0.07 0.33 1.98 3. 47 3.93 0. 23 0.21 0.90 0.31 0. 11 0.99 0.11 0.79 22. 73 21.68 10. 95 20.63 64 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at stations in South Dakota Continued. YANKTON, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Annual. 1883 1.06 0.73 1.42 5.71 8.76 4.40 3.33 2.85 3.91 1.98 0.08 0.91 35.14 1 ss l 0.25 1.80 0.92 5.73 1.43 1.72 4.63 2.61 0.28 1.97 0.02 0.80 22.16 18X5 0.53 0.43 0.25 5.08 4.01 2.90 1.97 6.21 4.80 1.24 2.69 0.07 30.18 1S8<; 1887 0.43 0.43 0.57 0. 64 3.38 0.20 5.12 2.45 3.39 1.28 3.07 2.48 0.69 5.00 5.40 4. -it; 3.45 6.70 0.31 0.74 2.44 0.57 0.90 2.07 29.15 27. 08 1 SSS 0.37 0.41 1.24 2.16 8.56 1.03 1.91 3.29 0.50 0.55 0.19 0.68 20. 89 1889 0.96 0.20 0.27 1.46 1.72 2.68 4.54 2.68 2.31 0.48 1.04 1.37 19.71 1890 56 46 1.07 1.84 4.18 3.59 4.27 2.16 1.16 0.92 0.79 0.25 21 25 1891 0.78 1.47 1.75 3.79 1.45 4.97 3.27 3.30 0.36 0.62 0.34 2.33 24. 43 0.58 0.77 1.19 3.11 4.19 4.28 3.76 3.09 2.73 1.40 0.64 0.88 26. 62 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at two stations in Minnesota. MOORHEAD, MINN. 1881 0.60 2.13 0.62 0.77 2.80 5.59 1.97 5.89 4.75 2.75 1.41 0.20 '11 Is 1882 1.34 0.80 2.83 1.69 5.32 5.43 4.92 2.50 1.23 4.04 2.54 1.37 34 <U 1883 1.19 0.74 0.38 1.65 3.59 2.32 4.57 3.16 2.51 3.22 0.16 1.47 >[ 'Hi issl 55 1 32 1 03 1 9 3 1 75 1 84 7 32 6 17 2 49 3 70 34 76 8 -,(l 1885 0.02 0.08 0.31 3.43 2.27 7.92 3.34 1.47 2.20 0.68 0.64 0.32 2'' (IN 1886 0.94 0.78 0.14 5.49 2.51 3.71 5.40 1.32 1.31 2.21 2.42 0.53 2(i. 7(! 1887 0.48 0.58 0.26 2.45 2.57 3.77 6.40 1.45 0.30 1.40 0.57 1.74 21.97 1 sss 1.09 0.42 1.04 1.43 2. '!) 2.98 3. 48 0.92 0.55 2.22 0.08 0.09 16 50 1 S8H 1.13 0.85 0.24 1.48 1.71 0.96 1.95 1.40 6.27 0.07 0.18 0.83 17. 07 1890 0.26 0.40 0.56 0.19 1.42 6.60 3.59 3.69 2.62 2.10 0.31 0.05 21. 7!l 1891 0.91 1.36 1.46 1.91 1.03 4.32 3.57 2.54 3.50 1.65 0.99 1.07 24.31 Means 0.77 0.86 0.81 1.97 2.47 4.13 4.23 2.77 2.52 2.19 0.88 0.77 24 37 ST. VINCENT, MINN. 1880 2.19 2.69 07 73 I8M1 0.13 0.56 0.08 81 4.00 3 47 48 1.96 1.99 1 30 48 25 15 51 1882 0.74 0.83 1 66 90 2 94 3 35 3 79 42 1 51 4 60 1 02 72 22 48 1883 0.33 '[ 11 73 2 13 1 03 2 16 5 16 1 57 3 90 26 26 17 88 1SK4 0.14 0.24 38 80 1 11 2 63 3 47 7 18 3 44 1 15 42 85 21 81 1 x8r> 0.32 10 46 2 85 1 5M 2 92 3 82 95 98 93 1 12 54 16 5N IXSli 0.49 0.46 (1 '!-! 2 09 1 53 2 15 ' '21 41 3 20 1 36 52 27 15 04 1 SX7 68 83 48 1 43 3 57 4 15 4 28 1 68 45 16 22 54 18 47 1888 0.71 22 93 1 06 28 7 37 2 76 52 1 22 1 32 30 53 17 '''* 1889 82 1 03 35 69 81 76 1 23 2 20 2 77 18 1 20 2 40 14 44 1890 1 98 63 95 1 41 1 29 4 08 2 32 2 40 3 82 2 79 19 23 22 00 1891 78 2 04 1 23 1 68 1 29 8 17 2 56 3 12 2 43 2 38 88 1 79 ''8 T> Means 0.65 0.65 0.63 1.31 1 87 3 64 2 65 2 36 2 13 1 90 56 76 19 11 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at three stations in Nebraska, HAY SPRINGS, NEBR. 1886 55 93 1 51 1 83 1 80 9 fifi <? fKt 200 007 007 210 Ofift 10 99 1887 1888 0.81 0.44 0.41 1.22 1.22 94 2.30 88 5.87 7 ''5 3.60 3 ">6 1.48 3 09 3.14 3 38 0.78 Q0 1.45 15 0.23 33 1.61 32 22.90 91 9fi 1889 46 94 82 2 27 3 66 3 41 1 OC Q KK OfiA Ofift 0->Q OKI 1Q Ifi 1890 0.61 0.40 1 01 1 73 2 24 4 55 2 75 1 ^7 T 43 ft fi1 ft ^ 1*1 Q^ 1891 1.49 1.38 2.76 2 07 2 33 2 70 4 90 1 12 1 90 ft 7^ 1 *>1 ft ( ;s 9^ 9fi Means ........ 0.73 0.88 1.38 1 85 3 86 3 36 2 86 2 46 62 ft fi9 ft 81 ft 7ft 2ft IS CERTAIN CLIMATIC EEATUKES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at three stations in Nebraska Continued. FORT ROBINSON, NEBR. Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. .May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Doc. Annual. 1883 , 18 ' 05 1 ''2 50 1 97 issl 10 50 1 80 1.49 2 85 1 53 ' <:, 1 00 0.50 34 o i;, 1 15 13 'Mi iss5 .... i) i:. 1. 12 ii i;:> " (io ' !."> 3 94 ' (Mi 1 41 50 1 80 1 70 05 19 03 1S86 . . 0.117 o :>7 1 74 0.47 1 21 1 91 71 !IO 0.30 0.31 1 12 1 11 11 OS 1X87 ... Ill o 50 0.63 ' (ill 3 T> T> 1 !H> :: :;> 1.05 8.60 3fi 74 >5 ">a 1S88 O.IK! 7(1 1.83 1 "I! 6. 39 1 3S ' 15 > ss T T 4li 07 17 51 1S89 o. os 0.32 T 1 . 39 55 ' 71 ' 07 ' 15 38 0.7^ 13 78 13 90 1S90 (1.29 1891 II 95 0.66 89 1.54 1 |5 L.82 1 57 2.51 ' 05 O.UU :; > also :; "i 1.81 1 'il 0.00 1 52 0.06 45 0.18 57 0.01 V> 11.76 IS 71 07 1 24 1 65 9 93 '' 01 2 04 1 94 53 1 50 57 71 16 '"* VALENTINE, NEJJK. 1885 !.. 2.23 0.93 31 15 1886 0.19 1887 : 0.29 0. 35 0. 1 1 0. 53 0.23 1.39 2. 52 3. 21 i 2.60 2.25 3.89 2.04 2.53 1.86 2.94 1.18 1.36 0.27 0.57 0.56 13 0.10 53 13. 9H 18 00 I sss 0. 04 0.75 1.44 1 . 05 9. 35 2.30 4.83 1.77 0.66 rO. 701 0.19 "(i (':( 34 | ISM' 1.27 0. 15 1.19 3.87 2.05 2.99 2.60 0.34 1.71 2.12 0.56 84 19 69 1S90 : ().(>!) 1.49 2. 28 1.33 1.91 3.09 4.39 2.04 0.68 0.64 0.93 0*32 19 79 1891 0.61 1.55 2.58 3.12 1.33 6.36 -1 29 4.68 0.40 1.65 0.78 (i )> 27 77 Menus 0. 5'' 0.78 1.38 2.21 3.42 3.48 3.45 2.27 1.17 0.98 0.49 0.37 20 52 Monthly and annual precipitation, in inches, at one station in Iowa. SIOUX CITY, IOWA. 1857 2.12 1.47 i 1S5S 0.56 6.89 4.36 3.30 4.72 7.42 6.07 3.60 2.21 0.89 3'> 18til 1.52 1.47 2.06 4.29 3.00 3.19 1 40 4 87 1 05 2 28 15 18(52 0.15 0.42 2.48 1.89 1.54 1.22 3.05 3 59 1 08 63 1863 1.00 0.30 6.58 1 72 ism 0.93 1.15 2.64 0.60 1 s"5 0.16 lS7(i 0.46 2.01 0.85 2.42 3.12 8.61 7.65 4.77 1 16 97 72 1877 0.78 0.60 1.53 4.75 3.88 6.79 1.23 1.52 1.57 2.04 2 05 1 (ill ''8 -III 1 S7S 0.41 0.20 2.21 3.46 5.78 1.05 2.88 1879 3.70 8.70 6.15 8.25 3.50 1SS1 11.15 5.80 1 60 1 10 i 1SS7 1 'M l*ss . . 1.40 0.33 1.56 4.96 5.53 1.21 4.65 6.38 6.56 18X9 1 72 1 40 4 45 3 31 1 19 1 71 21 1 99 1 14 1X90 1.14 0. .10 2. 12 1.32 2.29 3.61 2.59 3.64 2.36 1.84 0.84 0. 10 22 ''5 1S91 l.fifi 1 . 26 2.01 2.22 2.41 7.62 5.77 3.54 0.91 3.04 0.37 2.48 33 29 Menus 0.90 0.50 1.55 2OD . OO 3.34 4.22 4.73 3.54 3.34 1.86 1.38 1.02 29.26 S. Ex. 157, 9 APPENDIX No. 5. * Normal monthly and annual precipitation^ in inches, from the stations of longest record. Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Srpt. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. NORTH TIAKOTA. Abercrombie, Fort Abriiliam Lincoln, Fort 0.49 0.41 0. 57 0.55 0. 55 0.65 1.01 0.74 0.97 1.55 2.05 2.25 2.22 2.14 2.63 3.17 3.44 3.59 2.22 2.08 2.54 2.43 1.84 2.19 1.82 0.77 1.09 0.98 0.84 1.11 0.69 0.48 0.62 0.70 0.69 69 17.83 16. 03 18 90 Buf'ord. Fort Iiiivcii|ii>rt 0.48 0.50 0.35 0.54 0.48 0.48 0.51 0.22 0.35 0.98 0.80 1.20 2.24 1.46 2.26 2. 78 3.46 3.94 1.62 3.52 1.81 1.30 2.11 0.70 0.91 2.7S 0.34 0.91 1.09 0.58 0.48 0.12 0. 10 0.54 0.38 38 13.29 16. 92 12 49 Pembina, Fort 0.53 0.92 0.90 0.57 0.98 1.28 1.58 1.65 2.52 2.45 4.06 2.80 2.64 2.68 2.10 2.55 1.62 2 16 1.59 0.47 0.77 75 1.01 80 20.30 19 08 Hire, Fort 0.61 2.25 0.66 1 19 0.62 1.09 2.07 3.47 2.82 2.34 2.95 4.62 1.38 3 62 1.48 3 38 0.83 1 30 0.85 89 0.50 85 0.40 1 48 15. 17 26 48 17 17 0.68 0.79 3 18 3 82 1 88 2 45 1 12 53 16 14 15 09 Stevenson, Fort . 0. 14 0.37 1.08 1.16 2.00 3.19 1.83 2.38 1.38 0.96 0.49 0.49 15 77 Totten, Fort .. . . 0.49 0.53 0.92 1.40 2.32 3.69 2.37 2.49 0.99 1.20 0.83 55 17 78 52 1 02 0.62 1 52 1.61 3 68 3 19 1 63 80 58 38 66 16 21 Mea.ns 0.62 0.62 0.79 1.60 2.30 3.51 2.38 2.07 1.28 0.90 0.52 64 17 23 sorni DAKOTA. Aloxftndria . 0.28 1.25 1.34 3.38 2.69 4.13 3.62 '.!() 2.24 1.94 0.44 87 25 08 IVuiH'tl, Fort Brookings Deadwood 0. 53 0.60 1 . 25 0.66 1.10 1.21 0.78 0.44 1.99 2.08 1.86 5. 17 2.38 1.89 4.65 3.45 4.49 3.73 2.48 2.02 2.84 1.84 1.84 2.23 1.33 1.05 1.06 0.69 0. 50 1.58 0. 16 0.28 1.26 0. 57 1.02 1 51 17.28 16.68 2S -IS Hide, Fort .. 0.56 1.09 0.97 1.43 3.00 3.69 2.39 2.52 0.70 2.32 0. 25 1i) If) 41 Unriiii . 41 57 0.75 2.57 3.14 4.08 3.63 2.97 1.47 1.29 55 67 22 10 Kimball Mo:ulc Fort 0.64 73 0.89 63 0.69 1 07 2.34 2.38 1.58 4 02 3.24 3.22 2.30 2 40 2.19 1 96 0.90 56 0.52 0.68 0.51 -IS 0.97 46 16.77 18 59 Morriston 56 68 1 37 2 66 4 31 4 47 4 28 3 43 2 13 2.30 51 1 02 27 72 Olivet Parkston Randall, Fort Kapid Citv Sisscton. Fort Sullv, Fort 0.46 0.68 0.42 0.45 0.63 0.44 1.03 1.06 O.fil 0.83 0.68 0.43 0.92 1.08 1.06 1.16 1.24 1.06 2. 51 2. 48 1 . 85 2.03 1. !>7 1.89 4.86 3.38 3.41 4.30 2. 96 2.60 4. 57 2.67 3.33 3.91 3.77 :;. 25 2.93 3.50 2.70 2.14 3.41 2.81 3.02 5.50 2.59 1.59 2.71 2.05 2.14 2.51 1.91 0.74 1.28 0.95 2.30 0. 50 1.28 0.51 1.68 0. 57 0.34 0. (i2 0.49 o. :;.-, 0.68 0. II 1.26 1.12 0. 82 0.45 0.71 0. 47 26. 34 25. 10 20.47 18.46 21.92 16.96 Vcniiillioii Webster Wolsey 0. 61 2.15 X2 0.63 2.74 86 1. is 2.12 0.85 1.96 3. 56 2.06 1.86 4.52 2 07 2.38 6.41 3 73 2.00 5.34 1 50 3.09 2.40 1.13 1.69 2.83 1.36 1.23 2.89 0.53 i.Hi 1.56 0.63 0.57 2.16 1 00 18. 36 38.68 16. 54 Woonsocket . o so 52 0.42 1.44 2 97 2 68 2 19 75 1.11 0.46 0.19 (il 14.14 Yankton 5S 77 1 19 3.11 4 19 4 32 3 76 3 09 2 74 1.39 0.64 88 26.62 Means 68 92 1 08 2 41 3 24 3 78 2 91 2 49 1 54 1 26 0.59 88 21 78 MINNESOTA. Moorhead St. Vincent 0.77 0.65 0.86 0.65 0.81 0.63 1.97 1.31 2.47 1 87 4.13 3 64 4.23 1 05 2. 77 2 36 _'. 52 ' 13 2.18 L.90 0.88 0.56 0.77 0.76 24.36 19.11 IOWA. Sioux City 90 50 1 55 2 88 3 34 4 22 4 73 3 54 3 34 1 86 1 38 1 02 29 26 NEBRASKA. Hav Springs 73 88 1 38 1 85 3 86 3 36 2 86 2 46 62 62 81 70 20 13 Rob i nson , Fort .... 50 67 1 24 1 65 2 93 2 01 2 04 1 94 53 1 50 57 71 16 29 Valentin 52 78 1 38 2 21 3 42 3 48 3 45 2 27 1 17 98 49 37 20 52 66 APPENDIX No. 6. Monthly and annual average precipitation, in Inches, front selected stations. Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Assinaboine, Ft.,Mont. 0.98 0.63 0.60 0.83 1.41 3.00 2.22 1.62 1.20 0.53 0.66 0.63 14.68 Austin, Tex. 1 98 2.21 2.83 3 29 4.18 3 81 3 28 2.07 4 33 3 75 3 61 9 60 37.94 Benton, Fort, Mont 0. 72 4? 0.54 1.13 2. 59 2.37 1.65 1.03 0.93 0.72 0.58 57 13.25 Hoise, Idaho '' 1)5 1.81 1.96 1. 73 1. 14 0.74 0.21 0. 19 0.38 0.98 1.30 2 22 15. 61 Concho. Fort. Tex 0.72 0.90 1.00 L42 3.35 2. 40 2. 60 2.84 s!o2 l.ll i!os 1.28 22! 27 Cheyenne. YVyo 81 0.29 0.63 1 38 2.00 1 46 1 64 1.46 98 67 35 22 11 39 Ouster, Fort, Mont 0.86 0.46 0.57 1.15 2.10 2.62 1.01 1.16 0.81 0.94 0.39 0.74 12.72 Davenport, Iowa 1.98 1.97 2. 28 2.78 3.78 4.37 3.45 4.06 3.45 3.11 1.88 1.65 34.76 1 )enver, Colo 0.69 0.54 0.96 2.08 2.64 1.37 1.59 1.55 1.02 0.71 0.86 0. 71 14.72 Dnlntli. Minn 1. 16 1.17 1.52 2. 22 3.81 5.18 3.91 3.22 4! 23 2^89 L80 l!38 32! 49 El Paso, Tex 1 1. 52 0.46 0. 45 0.20 0.32 0.49 2. 16 1.89 1.22 1. 15 0.47 0.56 9.89 Fetfcerman. Fort, Wvo. 0.46 0.67 1.19 L68 2.51 L26 1.59 0.96 L14 1.00 o!so o!s7 u!is Hat terns, N. C-... .... 6.28 4.75 5.32 4.95 4.14 4.50 6.46 6.65 6.73 6.55 5.41 6.32 68.06 Helena, Mont 1.36 0.66 0.60 1.17 1. 44 2.21 0.96 0.70 1.17 0.84 0.50 1.03 12.53 Leayenw orth. Kans 1.37 1.49 2.17 3.48 5.03 5.34 4.51 3.80 3.69 3.72 2.20 1.61 38.41 Maginnix. Fort. Mont.. 1.71 1.32 1.64 1.17 1. 49 2.79 0.90 1.40 1.34 1.12 0.82 0.68 16.41 Muiiliatt.an. Kaus 1). US 0.88 1.23 2.73 4.66 4.44 4.12 3.55 3.41 3.06 1.48 0.78 31.62 Nea.li Hav. \Va.sh IX. (H) 13. 72 12.28 5.95 5. :;2 4.23 2.23 2.83 6.35 8.41 12.10 15.85 107.27 North Platic. Nelir.... o. 4i 0.36 0.56 1.96 2.91 3.34 2.59 2.47 1.88 0.97 0.49 0.62 18. 56 Omaha, Nelir 0. 58 0.77 1.42 3.23 4.62 5.75 5. 30 3.45 3.62 3.00 1.31 1.04 34.09 Poplar River. Mont . .. 0. 66 0.41 0.33 0.58 1.52 2.37 1.52 0.96 0.84 0.83 0.89 0.55 11.46 I'ortlanil, Oregon 7. 25 6.83 6.53 3.47 2.70 1.64 0.64 0.63 1.78 3.94 6. 56 8.31 50.28 K ilc\ , Fort, Kans 0. 15 0.82 0.88 2.09 3.47 3.98 4.13 3. 39 2.90 1.89 1.30 0.71 26.01 Rio Grande, Tex O.X7 0.69 0.96 0.81 2.51 1.80 1.24 2.82 3.98 1.64 1.08 1.18 19.58 Salt Lake City, I 'tali.. 1.60 1.68 1.95 2. 57 2.46 0.82 0.59 1.08 0.93 J. 58 1.49 1.40 18. 15 Santa Fe, \. Mex 0. 50 0.61 0. 57 0.63 0.97 1.68 2.82 3.10 1.73 1.07 0.73 0.78 15.19 Shaw. Fort, Mont. 0. 73 0.49 0.46 o.xx 2. 05 1.97 1.07 0.82 0.83 0.63 0.48 0.60 11.01 Sill. Fort. Ind. T 0.78 1.30 1.50 2.42 4.88 4.23 3.06 3.10 3.09 2.74 1.28 t.93 30.26 St. Louis, Mo 2. 14 2.80 2.90 3.41 .'!. 97 4.77 3.72 2.62 3.41 2.84 2.78 2.50 37.86 si. I'aul. Minn 1.09 o!96 1.49 2.24 3! 35 1.62 3. 28 3.92 3.43 2.02 l!83 L27 28. 90 \Vashakie, Fort, Wyo. 0.62 0.31 0.61 1.55 2. 53 1.08 0.73 0.53 0.32 1.39 0.47 0.42 10.56 \Vinnenuicca, Nov 1. IX 0.99 1.08 0.87 0. XI 0.69 0.19 0.07 0.21 0.72 0.92 1.08 8.84 Vnnia, Ariz 0.36 0.41 0.24 0.08 o.o:; 0.01 0.21 0.77 0.15 0.13 0.31 0.41 3. 11 I'ANAPIAN STATIONS. Calgarry 0.57 0.76 0.76 0. Ii2 1.49 2.34 2.58 1.77 0.90 0.36 0.35 0.78 13.28 Chun-hill, Fort 0.00 0.20 O.a5 l.ill 1.10 1. 03 2.72 2.10 3.90 1.36 1.14 0. 30 15.14 Edmonton 0.73 0.46 0. 65 0.57 1.60 2.19 3.10 1.83 1.49 0.57 0.22 0.40 13.81 Medicine Hat 0.33 0.44 0.61 0.51 1.16 :;. 03 1.72 0.99 0. 85 0.44 0.33 0.36 10.77 Minnedosa 0.63 0.98 0.66 1.12 1.64 3.79 2.54 1.86 1.42 1.56 0.80 0.73 17.73 Port Artbnr 0.81 1.33 1.17 1.37 2.18 2. XI 3.01 2.37 3.47 2. 69 1.98 (. 85 24.04 Qu 'Appelle 0.38 0.67 0. 64 1.06 1.52 3.35 2.45 1.47 1.14^ 1.02 0.60 0. lil 14.94 Swift Current 54 0.65 0.74 1. 16 1.47 3 55 2 12 1.74 1.13* 1.21 0.51 0.71 15.53 Winnipeg 0.66 1.17 1.02 1.35 2.82 3.84 3.22 3.46 2.00 1.73 0.99 1.19 23.45 York Factory . 0.87 0.37 0.87 0.76 3.41 4. 22 5.60 4.04 5.06 2.72 1.85 1.76 31.53 Years of record. 10 17 17 16 15 18 11 18 18 17 14 13 13 11 18 8 18 12 12 18 9 18 IX 17 16 16 17 18 18 18 9 18 18 7 2 8 9 11 11 9 6 12 5 67 APPENDIX No. 7. Monthly ana annual innoiiiitx and averages of unmcltcd xnoir, in indies, at stations in North Dakota. "FORT ABRAHAM LINCOLN, N. DAK. [An astiTisfc (*) indicate* doulill'iil rcw.nl. 'I' imlinitcs a lr;icc nl precipitation.] Year. Jan. Feb. . Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1S71 3 00 1 30 1.20 16.00 0.20 21.70 1 s7."> 0.80 3.20 2.10 1.10 0.60 7.80 187!> 1 ''() 3 40 3 40 5.10 6 40 lit 50 1877 4.60 2.30 13. 70 12.00 32.60 1878 12.00 :t. in 15.40 187'i 1.40 2.40 0.70 0.40 10.40 15 :;o 18X1 10 00 4 00 5 01 1 19 00 188'' 1. 00 13.00 4.00 4.50 22. 50 lxx:i 11.00 19 20 3.50 1.50 1.50 17.40 54.10 1881 II) (HI 6 80 7.20 1.50 2.80 16.00 II :;o 18X5 11) HI! 4.00 9. (X) 4.00 2.50 '!! .">() 188li 1 7(1 70 8.80 4.00 1 . 20 in to iss7 11 80 4 00 4 50 0. (iO :;. to 8.00 :;:; :;o 1888 9 00 I MI 5 (Ml 5.00 3. 00 'i; no 1889 1.00 4.50 0.50 4. no 1.00 6.00 17.50 IS! 10 1.00 1. 00 3.00 1.00 3.00 .%. 0.75 2. 95 12.70 Menus 5.35 5.28 5.31 3.75 i.is 3.82 8.78 ::i. 18 BISMARCK, N. DAK. 1885 3.07 3.05 1 06 0.27 17 6.04 4.03 17 69 1886 7.06 5 05 10 04 11.00 8.02 II 17 1SX7 '.i 07 5 00 7 06 1 02 :; oo 0.01 0.01 7. 02 :!' '>5 1888 11.02 5.05 8.03 0.01 2.81 4. CO Ml. 02 18X9 7.28 15. 07 1.09 0.01 6.00 T 1 . 05 6.06 :i. 4!t 18! M) s :;o 1 Oil 49 02 .Ml 1. 00 2. 33 Hi ill ISitl it. i;:; 5.91 11.40 5. 06 0.03 6.08 111.01 4.08 :!7. is MI -ill IS 6.63 6.16 5. 59 1.06 1.94 0.02 4.50 5. 16 :;i in, FORT Hl'FORD. N. DAK. 18(17 7.00 1.00 5. 80 1 1 . 30 '5 10 18118 2."e6 1 . 30 i :;o 3.90 9 10 ISIilt 1.80 1 80 5 50 9 10 187!) 3.20 10 :>o t20 3 00 i) :io ' 50 '1 50 1X71 2.10 1.90 40 5.00 1*00 14.00 35.40 1872 13.50 1 1 so 10 40 15 70 54 40 1X7:1 11.80 '13.50 22 50 75 80 1X71 1 . 51 1 2. 00 2.50 1.00 8.30 3.00 18 :;o 1X75 T. 10 11.20 T. 30 1.00 2.00 28. (10 lX7(i 1877 1.30 3. 10 1.20 0.90 0.40 - 2.20 17 50 1.30 2 00 (i. 90 28 00 1XTX 0. 50 9.50 5 00 12 (iO 27 tiO 1X79 17. 11 2.00 1 00 20. 1 1 1881 0.50 3.60 0.70 1. 80 1XXL 1 2'" 60 2. 90 5 40 2 60 2 TO in "o 1883 19. Ill 8.60 9.10 1.70 17.50 7. 60 58 !M) 18X1 12 40 18.00 4.67 *35. 07 1885 8.02 26.01 0.08 5.01 4.07 2.02 4f.. '-'I 68 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. -69 Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmclted snow at stations in North Dakota Cont'd. FORT BUFORD, N. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1886 8 05 11.09 7.09 0.00 7.00 11.11 44 34 1887 11 I).") 3.10 2.06 8.00 1 1. 05 2.06 6.00 43 32 1888 8 07 6.08 9.04 6.08 1.04 1.04 1.04 32. 39 1889 3.09 3.07 5.06 T 13.05 5.06 4.07 a:i .10 1890 4.08 3. 09 5.09 3.05 2.06 T 1.03 18.40 1891 2.05 3.03 4.00 1.06 T 14.00 12.07 0.09 36. 30 Alt-ails 6.14 7.99 5.44 3.31 5.04 4.72 6.49 5.37 44.50 FORT PEMHINA, N. DAK. 1871 5.36 7.40 *12. 76 1872 2.80 2.50 4.50 5.30 2.95 18. 05 1873 4.10 7.50 6.60 1.80 20.00 1874 > lit) ' 50 3 00 1 20 9 30 1875 0. 40 0.30 ~ 2.30 1.50 1 . 50 1876 1 In 5 50 6 40 6 20 19 50 1877 7(1 3 10 2 20 30 6 30 1878 (I 50 " 10 > 40 2 90 7 !io 1879 ' '() 1 no 2 50 9.00 17. 70 1880 < r,n 5 00 7.60 15.20 1881 5 6O 11 00 7.00 5.00 31.60 1882 1(1 SO (1 '() *17. 00 1883 2 OO 00 5.50 17.20 24.70 1884 1 00 8.00 22.50 *26. 20 *57. 70 1885 5. 00 2.00 8.70 10.50 26. 20 1886 L>-> .">() *15. 90 *38.00 17.00 123.40 1887 Hi 00 *41.00 3.30 7.60 *67. 90 1888 17 00 ' 40 9 80 3 30 3 50 4 85 40 85 1889 3.40 4.80 3.20 3.00 1.75 10.25 26.40 1890 5.43 2.42 2.78 3.42 2.54 1.50 18.09 5.58 8.38 5.07 3.15 7.16 7.42 36. 76 FORT RAXSOM, N. DAK. 1867 7.60 * 7.0 1869 1 80 6 10 3 40 1.80 2.50 15 i;n 1870 18 40 5 80 13 80 2 40 0.20 4.20 44 !SO 1871 1 30 5 70 15.10 lit '() 0.20 4.50 9.10 58. 10 187'' 13 30 9 60 11 00 13 00 16. !H> 1'' 00 5 72 1 1 . 50 9.50 2.17 5.85 46.74 FORT RICE, N. DAK. 1868 6.90 *6. 90 1869 40 5 00 3 60 5 00 13 60 1870 4.60 0.60 4.40 6.80 1.30 17. 50 1*71 ' 90 20 4 40 3 40 10. 90 1872 15.00 6 10 3 40 3.40 '7 !K) IS'.'f 7.20 16.60 5 60 3.00 2.50 34.90 1S7I 17 60 3 50 5 09 14 70 3 20 44 00 1875 3.80 13.80 4.10 2.00 5.10 1.80 30.60 lS7(i 1 40 13 00 5 60 '(> 00 1877 7.10 16.90 24.00 1878 1.90 10.00 4.10 *16. 00 M'-ans .... 6.09 8.46 4.66 3.52 6.00 5.58 34.31 70 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTA s. Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmelted snow at stations in North Dakota Cont'd. RICHARDSON, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1884 9.00 3.50 10.10 *44.00 47. 10 '113. 70 1885 *44 00 00 1 70 2 50 48 20 1886 *29 50 *22 00 *26 00 10 2 20 15 00 13 50 *108 30 1887 19.00 11.00 2.75 5.25 19.00 57.00 1888 17.50 18.75 15. 50 *51. 75 Means 27. 50 12.44 14.00 5.10 2.48 16.49 20.52 98 53 FORT SEWARD, N. DAK. 1873 . . 3.40 3 20 2.00 1 10 2 50 12 9 1874 3.80 2 00 0.90 1 30 8 00 1875 0.40 1 40 1.00 1 00 GO 4 40 1876 0.60 1.60 20.00 1 50 23 70 1877 0.40 0.70 1.00 2.10 Means 1.72 2.05 4.92 1 13 1 40 11 22 FORT STEVENSON, N. DAK. 1867 6 70 9 70 16 40 1868 ... 0.20 00 6 50 6 70 1870 5.00 0.20 00 3 70 8 90 1871 . .. 7.60 8.00 17 80 7 90 41 30 1872 11.50 0.60 3 10 7 00 22 20 1873 1.70 6.00 0.30 0.40 8 40 1874 0.20 00 1 00 9 1 40 1875 1 40 5 40 7 30 2 00 16 10 1,876 11.50 10.00 7 70 1 10 30 30 1877 2.10 0.20 1 40 50 4 20 1878 0.00 1.80 00 4 00 5 80 1879 0.00 0.20 7 10 *67 60 *75 00 1880 20.20 0.60 9.70 30.40 1881 4.70 4.80 4 00 2 00 15 50 1882 . 2.10 4.30 1 90 8 00 16 30 1883 ... 6.40 1.20 *7 60 Means 4.17 4.21 3 93 8 69 21 00 FORT TOTTEN, N. DAK. 1869 4 00 *4 00 1870 0.10 10.00 10 20 2 40 22 60 1871 18.00 7.40 9.00 7 30 11 20 52 90 1872 7.40 2.60 3.40 7 80 6 40 1 90 29 50 1873 11.60 13.20 8.70 5 50 '0 50 39 50 1874 3.80 0.30 0.90 14 10 1 90 21 00 1875 5.10 8.00 2.40 2 60 7 50 3 80 29 40 1876 1.20 4.20 15.20 5 30 4 80 30 70 1877 2.00 9.00 80 2 00 13 80 1878 3.00 5 60 7 00 2 00 17 60 1879 1.70 7.00 0.10 30 2 00 14 40 25 40 1880 0.60 3.00 4 80 8 40 1881 1.60 13.40 2.80 2 40 5 00 25 20 1882 4.80 0.30 20.40 5 30 6 30 40 37 50 1883 9.20 7.90 1.90 7 30 *28 40 *54 70 1884 6.80 5.40 9.80 1 60 2 50 6 30 32 40 1885 3.00 3.00 1.05 8.04 0.07 5 07 8 04 5 03 33 30 1886 '... 12.03 8.08 8.04 0.07 (I nl 7 03 4 03 39 32 1887 6.08 5.02 6.03 1.05 0.09 1 (X) 3 09 6 00 28 36 1888 5.07 T 7.00 1.00 T 1 00 2 00 1 00 17 07 1889 2.00 7.25 1.90 1.70 2 25 15 10 1890 3.00 5.00 3.40 2.25 *13 65 Means 5.80 5.09 6.20 2.37 0.80 3.58 5.44 5 60 34.88 CERTAIN CLIMATIC F K.YIT KKS OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 71 Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmelted snow at stations in North Dakota Cont'd. FORT YATES, N. DAK. Yeur. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. ' Nov. Dec. Annual. 18X2 5.00 1.00 10.00 2.70 1.40 20 10 iw.'i 2.80 0.80 1.40 4.30 9 30 1884 30 3 5o 90 5 40 5 00 17 10 1885 4 20 3 40 1 40 1 40 2 80 13 20 1886 60 1 60 6 80 5 80 16 00 32 80 1887 8 60 8 60 17 00 1 90 36 10 1888 8 70 1 60 1 DO 1 00 2 00 17 30 1889 4 50 6.00 1 ."() 20 2 40 14 60 1890 2.80 5.60 1 "I I 40 1 20 T 90 3 90 16 00 Means 4.61 3.57 4.91 2.41 4.72 20.22 Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmelted snow, in inches, at stations in South Dakota. [An uMturi.sk (*) iudicates doubtful record, T indir:itt;s a trace of precipitation.] ALEXANDRIA, S. DAK. 1882 .. 6.50 1.51 2 70 10.71 1883 2. 10 11. 00 8.60 11 30 1.00 6.60 40.60 1884 2.30 10.40 12.60 Moans .... 2. 15 10.70 7.55 4 65 25.05 FOKT HKNNKTT, S. DAK. 1884 46 17 63 1885 0. 14 3.20 1. 10 8 50 12 94 1889 4.05 ... 3.00 5.50 12.55 1890 o no 3.50 1 . 50 5 75 2.50 13.75 Means o. 32 3.58 1.30 4.43 2.72 12.35 DEADWOOD, S. DAK. 1883 0.71 1.32 2.06 1884 x ;.o 10.10 2 61 2 42 12 90 36 52 1885 !l 9(1 14. 10 14 20 6 40 4 70 22 10 71.40 1886 . . 17.50 IN MI '."> 10 7 60 20 *28 80 17 60 115 (id 1887 35.80 7. .so 20.60 15 10 13.10 5 00 18.30 *145. 70 M^uns 14.49 10.42 15.63 26 35 6.57 10.23 17.72 99.41 . FIRESTEEL, S. DAK. 1875 8.00 5.00 2.25 1.25 16.50 1876 5.00 6.50 2 9 . 00 5 00 5.00 43.50 1877 6.00 11 50 17.50 Means . 5. 50 7.25 12.83 3.62 3.12 32.32 FORT HALE, S. DAK. 879 1.40 0.80 2.00 8 20 12 40 LH80 . 2.20 6.00 3 40 60 11 20 23 40 881 .. 15.00 '30. 80 15.50 6 40 *66 70 882 6.00 4.80 8.60 2 80 1 10 23 30 883 7.10 14.50 12.11 4 00 37.71 1884 1.60 7.60 8.00 17.20 Means 5.55 10.75 8.27 3.27 6.12 33.96 72 CERTAIN CLIMATIC 1 FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmclh'd xnoic at stations in South Dakota Cont'd. HENRY, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1886 2.50 2.50 5.00 1887 2 30 3 90 2 50 2.50 0.10 11.30 HURON, S. DAK. 1888 1 00 2 00 00 Oti 70 3 76 1886 3 75 1 35 4.70 3.20 4.80 17.90 1NS7 3 10 7 90 5.10 1.70 15 5(1 33.30 1888 r> 75 3 30 8.70 T 1 ''0 18.95 1889 15 10 11 10 T T (1 50 11 :>5 41.05 1890 6 20 1 70 1 70 0.00 T 3 50 (i 70 1(1 80 1891 50 12 60 15 511 (III 7 50 2 40 39 10 5.06 5.71 5.10 T 0. 30 2.74 li. 51 25. .15 LOWER BRULE AGENCY, 8. DAK. 1875 60 >() 2 80 1876 2 ''0 2 70 5.70 70 1 40 12 70 1877 3 20 00 3 20 2 00 1 50 1 1 c)o 1878 50 1 00 70 ''0 2 40 Means 1.97 1.23 4.45 1.10 1 3'' 10 07 FORT MEAIIK. S. DAK. 1879 40 X 1KI 9 30 1880 3.80 10.00 9.20 1 00 4 40 3 90 3 1 ' "o 1881 5.60 5.40 5.10 i; :;o 4 60 '7 do 1882 1.00 1.00 1.00 ^s 90 50 (10 "> 110 1883 *29. 00 S.'OO "0 00 50 > 00 "il "ill 1884 3.70 3.30 11. til) 2.50 !P 00 33 10 1885 3.20 2.30 4.90 0.20 0.50 80 11 '10 1886 2.50 3.80 7.00 16 00 4 20 33 50 1887 5.60 2.00 6.60 4 00 1 00 3 60 2'> 80 1888 0.00 11.50 5.20 0.70 1 60 1 70 20 70 1889 .... 2.70 8.50 1.20 7 00 6 92 og 32 1890 8.20 2.27 8 70 7.10 4 00 12 00 1 00 43 27 Means .... 5.94 4.82 7.59 3.90 2.48 4.25 3.87 32 85 : MORRISON, S. DAK. 1877 2 50 8 50 11 00 1878 4.50 2 50 1 00 4 50 10 00 22 50 1879 1.00 3.00 4.00 9 00 18 00 1880 2.50 10.00 6.00 4.00 !' 00 50 6 50 41 00 1881 13.00 16.00 15.00 4 00 1 50 49 50 1882 6.00 7.00 7.00 1 00 4 00 25 00 1883 6.00 4.00 11.00 4.50 25 50 1884 9.00 9.00 18 00 Means 5.50 7.08 7.57 5.83 2.50 6 58 35 06 OLIVET, S. DAK. 1877 .. ' ">(> 8 36 10 86 1878 6 00 5 20 75 7 00 1 50 9 12 75 33 30 1879 7.50 3.37 3.75 8.00 22. 82 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual amounts and averages of u melted nnoio at stations in South .Dakota Cont'd. OLIVET, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Animal. 1880 4 10 11 00 2.50 7.00 11.02 35.62 1881 17 9 5 " 'ti '."> in :.o 14 75 3.00 1.50 79. 25 1882 3 40 6 75 1 01! 4 00 1.00 19.15 7 65 10 39 7.20 7.06 3.60 2.17 8.33 46.49 FORT RANDAET,, -S. DAK. 1860 3.20 0.40 0.80 4.40 1861 3.70 1.00 1.00 3.60 5.40 14.70 1862 5 60 2 70 7 10 2. 00 1.00 18.70 1863 1 40 2 00 2.40 6. XO 12.60 1864 2; 00 2. 10 *4. 10 1865 > >() *2. 20 1X66 15.00 1.40 "16.40 [867 5 90 6 30 7 60 1.20 21. 00 1868 7 40 4 80 9 40 2.80 3.20 27.60 1869 80 0.30 5.00 3. 40 it. 5(1 1870 3 50 6 10 1.20 10.80 1871 50 6.60 1.00 0. 80 2.10 11.00 1872 0.30 1.10 0. 60 *2. 00 1873 4.70 Hi (ill I 50 0.50 2.40 25. 70 1874 1. 10 " 10 5. 10 0.50 7.60 16. 40 1875 7.20 4.20 7.70 1.00 20. 10 1876 4 70 7 50 *'>4 90 2. (K) 5 00 *44. 10 1877 5. 50 5.00 8.00 18.50 1878 3.00 3. 50 10. 10 16.60 1879 .. . 2.20 5.40 20. 50 2S. 10 1880 10 60 ],x 70 16 10 15 10 1881 1.00 L3.00 12. 00 6.00 1.00 33. 00 1882 2.00 20. on 16.00 *22. 00 59.00 1883 8 00 17 00 >3 00 7.10 *55. 10 1884 5 80 1 70 4.00 10.80 25. 30 1885 2.00 4.20 1.00 14. 80 1.20 ':;. "o 1886 1887 4. 10 2. 40 3.20 5.80 15.00 1.80 "'."'.'. 1 (i. 90 14.80 3. 20 12. 10 32.40 66.90 1888 4 00 3 80 8 80 6 ('}> >'j >> 1889 6.00 2.60 11.00 4.00 23. 60 1890 6.00 1.20 9.10 6.00 0.50 22.80 Means 4.28 6.31 7. 15 5. 29 6.44 2U. 77 RAPID CITY, S. DAK. 1888 3.03 16 02 15.01 T 10. 00 5.00 6.00 55. 04 1889 6.25 i:: 5o 1.09 6.05 1.08 0.10 3.06 2. OB 33. 13 1890 4 06 1 05 10 06 " 05 2 05 3 01 ' (K) '7 ->s 1891 2.90 13. 05 12.00 1.00 2.00 0.03 0.05 0.03 31. 00 Means 4.06 11.66 !l 51 2.28 3.77 0.06 2.78 2.52 36, 67 FORT SISSKTOX, S. DAK. 1869 2.00 14.70 1.20 3.60 70 22.20 1870 4.80 2.50 3. 50 3 ''(I 14. (X) 1871 4 40 3 00 10 80 5 '() 2 00 "5 ID 187'' 2 00 2 ''() ii in 5 60 1 (ill 17 80 1873 *21 40 11 16 11.70 11 60 13 XO (i'l (ill 1874 11.18 M 00 '35.00 "t> 00 ' T> 10 "138 58 1875 *28. 40 "63.00 '15 (K) :; (K) 1 10 1 1 1 1 ,SO 1876 8.80 5.40 8.00 8 20 30 40 1877 6.60 12. 20 * 18.80 1878 1.40 1.20 6.20 8.80 1879 .. 0.80 8.00 2.00 8.00 18.80 S. Ex. 157 10 74 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmelted snoic at stations in South J)akota Cont'd. FORT SISSETON, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. IfiAO 3 00 2 20 1 20 2 00 8 40 1881 5.60 *20.00 2.60 1.20 *29. 40 -iwuo 3 60 3 20 7 00 1 90 15 70 188S 1.30 2.20 0.10 3.00 6.60 1 wwl 3 50 8 20 4 10 5 20 13 10 9 4 40 1885 4.80 1.50 4. (X) *17.00 7.50 *34. 80 leoa 6 00 6 50 5 Ml 4 60 3 -) 25 80 1887 4.00 4.60 4 . L'O 13.70 26 50 1888 2.50 1.70 5.90 10 10 1889 4 GO 3.50 8 10 (3. '22 9.31 10.06 7.72 7.39 40.70 FORT SULLY, S. DAK. 1868 . 1 50 *1 50 1869 0.80 5.00 0.60 4.00 4 00 14 40 J870 . ... 5.00 5.50 22.50 33.00 1871 9.00 15.00 *46. 00 1 00 1 10 *72 10 ]X72 1.00 2. 50 8.70 3.80 16 00 1873 8.40 1.70 3.00 1.50 2. 50 17 10 1874 3.50 1.80 0.80 3.50 4.40 () 14 80 1875 4.40 5.50 1.50 11 40 1876 0.80 5.30 2.50 3.90 5.00 17 50 1877 10.10 0.30 16.00 4.10 9 70 :iO '<) 1878 0.20 2.50 3 50 1.00 5 60 12 80 1879 1.50 1.60 1.40 0.30 5 60 10 40 1880 8.80 6.50 9.00 1.40 5.60 31. 30 1881 3.30 13.60 5.40 1.80 3.10 *27. 10 1882 2.30 0.90 2.50 1.10 0.30 7.10 1883 1 70 4.40 1.90 2 60 10 60 1884 2.90 4.70 2.90 0.20 6.30 17 00 1885 1 80 1.40 1.50 30 1 20 1 00 7 ''(I 1886 . .. 4.07 2.01 12.01 3.00 8.03 5 20 34 32 1887 2.00 0.00 08 1.01 5 07 8 16 1888 5.08 2.08 5.04 T 0.05 6 00 18 '>'> 1889 10.60 6.03 T 3 00 6 03 25 66 1890 2.08 4.01 2.01 0.00 0.00 6.24 5. 10 19. 44 1891 3.10 8.50 2.70 0.20 0.40 14.90 Means 4.26 4.41 6.68 0.80 0.20 1.78 2.93 4.01 25.07 VERMILLION, S. DAK. 1883 3 75 *3 75 1884 5.00 11 00 16 00 1885 1.00 3.00 3 00 7 00 1886 4.00 5.50 '25.00 *34 50 Means 2.50 4.50 5 92 12 92 WEBSTER, S. DAK. 1883 8 20 *8 PO 1884 . 5 04 18 05 20 65 55 00 019 2QC 679 CO jn 1885 0.45 0.05 4.90 45 1.80 ------ " ...... . ....... 00 6 70 2 22 16 57 1886 22 7 88 7 20 1 '!"> 00 010 *19 Qf 849 1887 16.05 16. 52 6.60 1.60 0.00 ...... . . ...... 25 50 '14 50 *56 O 9 1888 8.45 5.93 11.46 0.25 60 10 1 72 28 51 1889 10.43 *12. 03 6.25 0.10 65 98 8 90 *3<) 34 1890 6.63 2.45 5.35 30 9 00 7 55 31 28 Means 6.75 8.99 8.92 1.22 0.45 0.29 4.66 7.28 38.56 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 75 Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmelted snow at stations in South Dakota Cont'd. YANKTON, S. DAK. Year. .hui. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1885 1 05 4 01 1 05 0.01 00 13.09 19.21 1886 5 06 5 03 *23 06 *29. 08 5.06 *67. 29 1887 4 00 1 02 1.05 0.02 4.05 18.01 28.15 1888 *16 08 4.00 11.04 3.00 0.03 3.03 *37. 18 1889 . 2 09 1 08 2.02 3.04 1.07 9.30 1890 8 04 4.08 10.00 0.00 5.05 3.00 30.17 1891 . . 6.07 *13. 08 9.05 2.03 10.40 *40. 63 Means 6.06 4.61 8.18 0.76 6.18 7.67 33. 46 Monthly and annual amounts and averages of unmelted snow, in inches, at two stations in Minnesota, MOORHEAD, MINN. [An asterisk (*) indicates doubtful record. indicates no record. T indicates a trace of precipitation.] 1884 .. 0.55 *0. 55 1885 02 2 05 3.02 12 01 2.00 4 03 3 00 26 13 1886 8 06 6 06 ' 1 03 1 06 *20 77 7 05 *44 03 1887 8 05 8 00 3.50 2 80 10 3 25 '20 20 *45. 90 1888 "12. 05 4 70 11 05 0.25 06 00 1 22 *29. 27 1889 12.32 9 70 2 50 10 1 70 1 01 27. 3:! 1890 2.02 3.03 5.09 0.03 3.04 05 T 4 00 1 08 18.84 1891 8.03 '13.00 14.01 '2.00 25 5 02 5.00 *47. 31 Means 6.39 6.65 5.74 2.61 2.52 0.05 0.10 5.54 5.51 35.11 ST. VINCENT, MINN. 1885 3.09 1.05 5.06 *18.02 2.01 1.02 12.09 5.03 47. 37 1886 9.00 7.01 3.08 2.03 1.01 0.00 1.00 2.08 IT. 21 1887 6.07 '15.50 4.09 2.05 0.00 2.04 6.00 :c.. 7:. 1888 9.06 2.00 9.06 3.01 0.07 2.06 5.06 80.32 1889 8.04 10.05 3.05 3.00 T T 9.00 *23.06 r<c,. '!> 1890 "16.40 6.01 8.08 T 4.05 3.00 8.00 2.00 2.05 '49.69 1891 1.00 1.00 8.00 18.00 'S. nil Means 8.61 6.94 5.40 4.68 2.35 1.00 1.44 5.17 8.75 44.34 APPENDIX No. 8. Amounts ofunmelted snoie, in inches, on ground at end of month at stations in North Dakota. BISMARCK, N. DAK. [An asterisk (*) indicates dimhtl'iil record. 1 iudicatc.s a trace of precipitation.] Year. .Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. .Jiuir. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1884 4.00 4 00 '2 00 00 0.00 2.04 1^X(J > 05 ' ()> 00 1.00 7.07 9 08 3 00 00 02 1.00 18S8 9 00 6 00 3 00 0.00 2.00 1889 00 00 00 0. 00 8.00 18MO 4 00 3 00 00 0. (X) 0.33 IftOI 00 20 00 5.00 2.00 4 02 2 32 43 1.29 2.92 1-PRT miFORD, N. DAK. ixxi 8.00 1885 7 05 5 00 T 0.00 T 1886 li 14 4 09 0. 00 2.00 11.00 *4 03 12 00 T 1 2 00 5 00 1SX8 3 03 4 07 2 02 T 1.00 1889 1.00 T 0.00 2.00 6.02 1890 li 03 5 03 T ! T 1). (H) 1XM1 (I '."> 3 00 T 1 (ill 3.08 4.00 ti 93 4 74 ") 1.30 3.86 FORT TOTTKN, N. DAK. 1885 5 oo 2 06 00 2.00 4.00 L886 ]' in 4 02 05 7.00 7.00 ixxl i:: IK) "17 00 1 00 0.05 6. 05 1888 10 00 li (H) 3 00 ;; 0.00 0.09 1889 05 8 02 7 27 1 01 2 96 4 6 Amounts of unniclti'd unoir, in inches, on t/round at end of month at nttitionn in 8ot<th Dakota. FORT BENNKTT, S. DAK. [An astfrisk (*} iiu!i-aics ilnnhi t'nl i-cmrd. T indicates a trace of precipitation.] 1884 6 10 00 1885 0.30 0.00 0. 00 00 76 CEBTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF TIIK TWO DAKOTAS. 77 Amounts ofunmelted snow on ground at end of month at stations in South l)ul;otn Continued. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. Tear. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Srpl. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1888 00 1XXI 5 50 X (X) 5 00 0.00 5. 50 1 xx5 4 30 <; 50 IKI L. 10 0. 00 2. 10 1SSH ' :io 2 00 00 (>. 00 8.00 1887 *30 00 10.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 Means 10. 52 5.30 2.00 1.75 4.65 _ HURON, S. DAK. 1 SS5 2 00 00 00 0.00 0.00 1886 3 00 1 00 o oo 3 00 4 00 1SS7 7. 00 6.00 0.00 1.00 15.00 1888 15 00 1 0(1 1 00 1.00 18811 S 00 3 IX) 00 0.00 8.00 1890 10 IK) ' (X) IKI 0.00 o.oo 1891 05 7 00 1 00 1 . 75 2.00 Mrans 6 44 3 29 '*9 0.96 4.29 I RAPID CITY, S. DAK. 1 SSS T 1.08 T 1.00 1889 00 1 00 00 2 0' 1890 00 :; 01 i; ix) 0.03 1891 1 40 4 05 OO ()' Mc;llis 0.35 2.29 1.50 0.77 FORT SULLY, S. DAK. ixsi; 1 05 1 03 00 3.00 3.00 1X87 00 00 L.OO 2. 00 1SXX 05 T T 0.00 2.00 1889 1.00 1.00 0.0(1 0.00 3. 00 1890 1.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 1891 2.10 0.80 T 1 04 1 14 T 0.80 2.75 YANKTON, S. DAK. 1885 2 00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1886 2 00 06 7 () "13.00 4.07 1887 1 04 00 00 0.07 5.01 1888 4 00 00 o oo 0.00 0.00 IXX'I 00 00 o oo 0.00 2.00 IX'K) 00 2 05 3 00 0.00 0.08 1891 2 00 2 05 00 0.00 3.00 1 58 59 1 43 1.87 2.02 78 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Amounts of unmelted snow, in inches, on ground at end of month at two stations in Minnesota. MOORHEAD, MINN. [An asterisk (*) indicates doubtful record. T indicates a trace of precipitation.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1885 05 00 0.00 5.00 0.03 04 1886 2 00 5 00 0.00 0.00 12 00 6 00 1887 6 00 3 00 0.00 0.00 0.10 08 11 00 1888 10 00 4 00 8.00 0.00 00 00 00 1889 10.00 "12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 00 1890 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 00 1891 1.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 3.00 1 00 4. 15 4.43 1. 14 0.71 09 2 16 2 86 & ST. VINCENT, MINN. 1885 10.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 4 00 1886 12.03 8.05 0.50 0.00 6 00 2 00 1887 8.07 16.00 2.02 0.00 2 00 5 00 1888 7.00 12.00 9.00 00 00 02 1889 6.00 8.00 0.00 1) DO 1 00 "16 00 1890 "18.00 14.00 3.00 00 2 00 > 00 1891 1.00 3.00 12 00 Means 10.18 10.34 2.92 0. 17 2.43 5 86 APPENDIX No. 9. Monthly average number of rain;/ rliu/.t. [A rainy day is one. on which an amount of precipitation equal to in- c din^ 0.01 inch lias fallen.] Stations. .Ian. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- imal. Length of record. Bismarck, N. Dak 8 9 9 9 11 12 11 8 6 7 7 9 9 Oct. 1874-Dec. 1X91. Fort Buford, N. Dak. 7 8 6 7 9 12 11 7 5 8 6 7 8 1X711-1891. Fort Totten, N. Dak. 8 7 s 8 9 14 11 9 6 8 6 9 8 June IXXI-.hm. 1889. I'orl Bennett, S. Dak. 7 9 9 8 10 12 11 6 fi 6 4 6 8 Oct. Ixxo-Nov. 1S85. Deadwood.S. Dak... 11 10 12 14 14 13 11 9 5 9 8 11 10 1878-1887. Huron, S. Dak 6 8 8 10 11 11 10 11 7 8 6 6 8 July 18X1-1 >.-<-. 1X91. K'iipicl City, S. Dak.. 5 9 11 9 12 13 9 10 4 7 6 5 8 1XXX-1X9I. Fort Sully, 8. Dak .. 7 7 6 7 9 13 11 11 4 4 4 7 7 Jan. IXX.V.hine 1891. Yankton, S. Dak .... S 6 9 10 13 11 10 9 8 fi 5 8 9 Apr. 1X73-1 KM-. 1X91. Valentine. Nebr 7 7 8 8 12 11 10 10 6 I 4 8 Sept. 1XX5 Dee. 1891. Moorhead, Minn 8 ! g 9 9 10 10 8 8 i| 7 9 9 lxxi-1891. St. Vincent, Mian.... 9 8 7 7 7 10 11 8 8 8 8 8 .8 Sept. 1880-Dec. 1891. Me ;ms 8 8 8 9 10 12 10 9 6 7 6 7 8 APPENDIX No. 10. Percentage of probability of rainy dm/ft. [A rainy <Iay is on on which rain or molted snow falls to I he a nl ol'H.i;! inch or more.] Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Length of record. Bismarck, N. Dak Bnlbrd, Fort, N. Dak 1 >ead\vod. S. Dak. . . Huron, S. Dak 26 22 ::i 21 26 27 23 24 24 31 27 37 28 31 30 25 25 22 28 20 37 27 26 24 17 25 26 29 24 46 33 32 24 24 27 32 36 29 44 37 30 24 30 31 41 42 41 45 36 35 33 42 48 37 36 34 37 34 32 36 34 36 32 26 22 29 35 26 26 30 30 28 21 18 16 24 27 28 15 19 25 23 24 28 25 28 27 14 26 19 22 22 29 19 24 25 16 19 17 28 22 37 21 29 26 22 29 24 29 25 35 28 29 27 24 28 27 Oct. 1874-Dec. 1891. 1879-1891. 1X78-1887. July 1881-Dec.. 1X91. 1881-1X111. Sept. 1880-Dec. 1891. 1885-1891. June 1884-Dof. 18XX. Apr. 1873-Dec. 1891. Moorhcad, Minn St. Vincent, Minn . .. Snlly, Fort, S. Dak.. Totten, Fort, N. 1 >ak . Yankton, S. Dak Means 25 28 26 30 34 40 34 28 21 24 21 26 28 79 80 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. APPENDIX No. 11.' Monthly average number of clear days. [A clear day is one on which the average cloudiness, on a scale of 10, is three-tenths or less.] Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M ay. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Length of record. Bismarck, N. Dak . . . 11 9 8 9 9 8 11 13 13 12 10 10 10 Oct. 1K74-J ><>c. 1891. Fort Buford, N. Dak. 7 7 6 7 6 6 8 13 10 8 8 8 8 1879-18!)!. Fort Tot ton. \. Dak. 12 10 8 9 11 9 12 13 12 10 12 10 11 June 1884-.Ian. 1889. Fort Bennett, S. Dak. 9 9 7 7 8 10 9 11 12 11 9 8 9 Oct. 1880-Nov. 1885. Dcadwood. S. Dak 12 9 10 8 9 11 15 16 18 15 14 11 12 1878-1887. Huron, S. Dak 10 10 7 10 10 10 10 13 12 13 13 12 11 July IXXl-Dec. 1891. Rapid City, S. Dak.. 13 6 6 10 6 6 9 9 14 11 14 13 10 1888-1891. Fort Sully, S. Dak... 12 9 8 10 9 11 12 14 16 15 17 12 13 Jan. Ixx.VJune 1891. Yankton, S. Dak 11 9 9 10 9 10 11 13 13 12 11 10 11 Apr. 1873-Dec. 1891. Valentino Nebr 12 11 11 11 10 10 12 13 15 14 13 11 12 Sept. 1885-Deo. 1891. Atoorhcad Minn 10 8 7 9 10 9 10 13 11 9 9 9 9 1881-1891. St. Vincent, Minn 12 9 11 10 10 10 11 13 10 8 9 10 10 Sept. 1880-Dec. 1891. Moans 11 9 8 9 9 f) 11 13 13 12 12 10 10 APPENDIX No. 12. Average xnoirfaU in inches. Computed from the records at all stations. [Annual report Meteorological Service, Dominion of Canada, 1887.] MANITOBA. [T indicates a trace of precipitation.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. J.OV. Dec. Annual. 1872 5 4 8 16 3 39 2 3 7 9 3 4 81 ( 1873 6.2 16.4 4.0 0.4 0.0 10 6 X !) 10 '1 57 4 1874 . . . 9.2 10.6 5.8 6.6 0.0 1 | 17 4 i i; :">"> 1) 1875 4.3 3.8 1.9 r> x T !l ' X 1 s ' 41 fi 1876 !. 1 11.0 11.1 o n 2.3 5 7 I'l :( 7 4 lili 8 1877 3.1 2.2 S 7 3 X 0.1 1 1 6 4 ">() ') 1X7X 2.0 1.2 8 1 8 5 5 7 5 1 7 7 i 27 6 ]X7!I 7. 1 3.4 5.8 1.6 1). X 1.4 2 6 18 5 41 2 1880 5.7 8 4 4 7 7 9 T "i 1 2 6 4 SI (i 18X1 0.9 28.3 4.9 2. 5 T 4.9 17 !) 4 1 tili X 1882 X. 9 9.0 14. 1 2.9 1.7 2 7 I'l X 11 :i in i 1883 4 9 5 1 :; 'i 3 2 o :; 1 2 7 8 7 4 34 i 18X4 4.4 8.9 8.5 5.6 0.0 5 1 1 li 7 8 45 2 1X85 2.4 2.8 6.1 5.0 2. 2 > r> ;; 9 6 I) 31 5 ISXli 7.0 6.7 3.3 2.5 0.4 S 4 6 '> 'I 98 2 1887 8.8 6.5 6.5 5.1 1.2 1 5 8 10 6 45 5 Means 5.6 8.1 6.6 5.9 0.9 3 7 7 8 7 4 46 4 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. APPENDIX No. 13. Average snowfall in inches. Computed from the records at all stations. [Annual report Meteorological Service, Dominion of Cauada.j BRITISH COLUMBIA. [T indicates a trace of precipitation.] 81 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. .hinc. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1873 9.0 T 3.0 0.0 0.0 T 6 18 1874 1X75 is. 5 7.1' 7.5 0.0 7.0 4.8 0.0 T 0.0 : . ;- 0.0 13.0 r> 5 2.0 1 8 43.0 10 3 1876 ' 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 ii \ 1877 3.0 1.5 0.9 0.0 ^ d. 1 87S 1.0 ' :> 0.2 4.7 0.0 * 7 9 9 11 8 1*7'. I IX. S L'll ' 4.7 0.1 0.0 1 > '> 1 1 7 60 8 1880 31.8 14.7 10.7 2.4 0.0 1 7 }> \ 7-i > 1XS1 16.6 6.2 0.5 4 T 1 4 3 6 \ i; 39 3 lxx-> . .. 8. 1 13.7 3. 1 0.0 0. 1 T 2 4 3 6 SI 3 iss:; 10. 1 fi. 5 1. 1 T 7 3 4 29 1 sx 1 5. !l 3.7 0.2 0.0 " 0.0 2 1 1 i; 7 17 8 1 xx.-> 10.7 S.9 0.7 0.4 T T 7 2 3 18 7 IXSli 15. H 1.2 2.6 0.0 1.3 6 3 13 1 34 7 18X7 10.2 U. 5 3.8 0.5 0.1 05 0.9 3 33 5 Means 10.9 0.5 3.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 2 7 5 1 29 2 -11 APPENDIX No. 14 Mean annual precipitation with annual and mean annual deviations in inches. [NOTE. The mean annual deviation ia obtained by dividing half the sum of the excesses and deficiencies, neglecting the algebraic signs, by the mean annual precipitation.] Stations. Mean annual. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. NORTH DAKOTA. 17.83 - +5.51 6.45 4.43 0.98 0.31 16 03 Bismarck 18.90 Buford, Fort 13.29 Pembina, Fort 20.30 Rice Fort 15.17 Stevenson Fort . . . 15.77 Totten Fort . . 17.78 Yates Fort 16.21 SOUTH DAKOTA. Bennett, Fort . . 17.25 28 48 Hale Fort . . 19.41 Huron 22.10 Kimball 16.77 Meade, Fort . . . 18.59 Morriston 27.72 Randall, Fort 20.47 4.31 +0.83 4.77 1 28 0.24 4.96 13. 23 Rapid Citv 18.46 Sisseton, Fort 21.92 Sully, Fort 16.96 Webster 38.68 Yankton ... . 26.62 MINNESOTA. 24.37 St. Vincent 19.11 NEBRASKA. 20.13 Robinson, Fort 16.29 Valentine 20.52 . Annual sums . .... 20 19 1 31 +0 83 4 77 1 28 +5 27 11 41 17 66 98 0.31 Annual sums North Dakota. .. 16.81 +5 51 6 45 4.43 0.98 0.31 Annual sums South Dakota 22.57 4.31 +0.83 4 77 1 28 24 4 96 13. 23 82 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 83 Mean annual precipitation with annual and mean annual deviations in inches Continued.. Stations. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. NORTH DAKOTA. Aberrrombie, Fort 5.29 +1.83 + 1.64 + 4.90 + 3.54 2.63 + 9.99 Abraham Lincoln, Fort 10 47 5 68 Bismarck + 8 62 Buford, Fort . 1.79 3.88 3.39 5.10 + 3.51 5 71 + 1 56 Pembiua, Fort 3.11 6.25 8.42 6 77 Rice, Fort 5.33 1.07 2.62 3 43 16 Stevenson, Fort .............. 4.64 + 1.22 0.78 5.97 7.96 79 Totteii, Fort 2.58 0.75 + 1.22 0.48 1.07 + 4 39 SOUTH DAKOTA. Bennett, Fort Deadwood Hale, Fort : Huron Kimball Meade. Fort . .... Morriston Randall Fort 1 . 02 5.84 3 55 13 35 5 00 2 05 2 17 2 57 + 8 25 Rapid City 7 83 4 06 11 12 4- 1 44 + 5 20 +10 52 + 9 48 Sully, Fort 0.81 + 0.52 + 6.78 + 2.46 2.34 0.72 2.97 Webster . ... Yank ton ...... 2.69 +10. 53 MINNESOTA. Moorhead .. St. Vincent - NEBRASKA. Hay Springs Robinson, Fort Valentine Annual sums 5.29 2.79 10 63 11 17 19 32 21 93 +11 61 14 63 32 52 +26 46 Annual sums North Dakota.. . Annual sums South Dakota 5.29 +1.83 1.62 4.79 5.84 + 1.02 12. 19 2.43 16. 89 12. 59 9.34 + 9.76 + 1.85 15. 32 + 0.69 37.06 + 4.54 + 0.97 +25.29 84 CKKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. i ininiii/l precipitation with annual and mean annual deviations in inches Continued. Stations. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. XlllIMI DAKOTA. 9.24 0.95 +10. 75 6.92 2.84 2 31 +7 (ili + 3 81 + 9 '") +12.02 i '>; + 1.33 + 3.71 + 0.85 3. 14 +'-'. 13 :; -M + i 4<; Hi i Con I. Fort 0. 95 + 5.45 1.00 + 1.37 +13. 53 + 6.38 0.99 4- 9.96 + 7.05 + O.fil - 1.04 0. 56 2.47 - 5.92 + 15.71 + 6. Oil + f>. 23 3. 54 + 4.06 -J-9 97 To tt en Fort 3 38 + 1 06 + 4.67 + 1 37 + 4 46 + 37 +0 80 + 15 4 3 66 2 08 27 SiH'TH DAKOTA. + 55 +0 55 34 S5 + 0. 01' 9 28 7 35 + 5 35 4- 1 'M 4 19 Hale, Fort 1.75 0. 75 + 6. 15 1.33 + 2 57 Huron +6. 02 + 1 15 1 26 Kiinball 3 53 +0 73 + 8 46 + 4 38 Morriston 1.87 + 0. 11 4.92 +11 03 _> ->2 Ivandall Fort . . +13.42 +20. 73 +18. 83 + 0.36 + 6.95 + 4 48 +5 !!! + ') 64 76 R&pidCity 0. 1!) Sissctou, Fort +1. 29 1 64 Sullv Fort + 2 58 + ."> ft") + 3 93 + li 54 30 2 11 4 76 + '' T> 4 9 1 ! Webster - li 11 + 9 6 50 Yank ton + 2.22 + 1.69 + 2.11 3.89 4.94 +14 33 5 99 + 8 52 4 46 MINNESOTA. Moorhcad + 5.11 +9.64 + 0.59 + 4 13 St. Vincent 3.60 +3.37 - 1 23 + 2 70 NEBRASKA. Hay Springs Robinson, Fort 2 33 Valentino Annual sums +27 26 +37 44 +52 60 + ( i o<; + 7 62 + 9 5 31 +34 50 +'''! 55 + 9 4 87 Annual sums North Pakotu + 9 04 + 10 96 + 9 8 32 +15 70 +15 94 1 15 +lf> 61 - '! S'! 4- 7 14 Annual sums South Dakota +18 22 +26 50 +24 28 6 64 g 32 p>-, -,-, + 4 48 +''8 0'' +13 9 3 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. 85 Mean annual precipitation with annual and mean annual deviations in inches Continued. Stations. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Abso- lute de- viation. Mean devia- tion. NORTH DAKOTA. Abercrombie Fort + 38 I'ercmt. "4 Abraham Lincoln Fort +2.37 2.09 + 1.26 5. 77 + 2.08 + OS 31 Bismarck 5 Sl> 5.64 " :>? 2.39 7.87 3.15 + 1.60 + lit 22 Biit'ord, Fort +2.27 3.05 + 2. 11 + 1.45 4. S3 + 0. 95 + 5.69 + (i ';{ 25 Pembina, Fort 2. 93 + 8.94 + 3.06 2.31 s. 55 + 5.63 + 1 95 27 Rice, Fort ....... + 3. 11) Stevenson, Fort + 1.36 29 Totten, Fort . +0. 91 3.56 + 1.57 1.65 7. 24 0.44 12 Yates, Fort +0. 54 + 7.76 1.99 + 0.03 2.5:! 0.61 +2. 77 + 0.92 14 SOUTH DAKOTA. Bennett, Fort 3.66 1.25 22 Doftdwood _L 2 41 + 3 18 2 70 12 Hale, Fort + 2.08 17 Huron +3 68 1 85 + 3 44 5 05 1 93 7 42 1 93 + 33 15 Kirn ball + 78* 1 '."> + 97 ' li'i + 7 17 j_ i 1)7 26 Meade, Fort 5 34 5 08 + 34 4- 1 41 59 9 3(j + 3 20 o >< 17 Morriston . : + 2.57 15 Randall, Fort +4.09 + 1 03 3 74 1 10 1 45 13 + 2 4S + 3 14 'x Rapid City Sisseton, Fort 1 93 7 81 + ti 'M + 4.29 0. 53 - 4.41 - 1.71 2.57 + 08 16 26 Sully, Fort. +3 70 96 2 70 2 19 1 07 3 (is 3 78 + 1 4't 18 Webster +0.13 + 3 2 6 48 17 51 66 1 7' 1 + 2 85 44 Yankton +3. 56 + 2 53 + 46 5 73 6 111 5 37 2 19 + 1 06 >o MINNESOTA. Moorhead 1.69 + 2 39 2 40 7 87 7 30 '> 58 06 + 72 16 St. Vincent 2. 53 4 07 64 1 89 4 07 + 2 98 + 9 9 4 + 1 89 19 NEBRASKA. Hay Spri n s;s 1 91 + 2 77 + 1 13 97 4 18 + 3 13 01 11 Robinson, Fort +2.74 5 21 + 8 96 + 1 25 2 39 4 53 + '' 45 + 23 23 Valentine. . . T 6 54 2 52 -4- '' 8'' o s;i 73 + 7 25 + 2 38 19 Annual sums +3.81 9 4 31 +18 96 39 56 tr> T'' 50 54 +41 ''4 +27 72 21 Annual sums North Dakota 2.66 + 2 36 + 3 47 4 87 36 79 73 + 15 t; l l + 8 67 ':> Annual sums South Dakota +7.95 11 33 + 9 32 30 13 12 77 40 77 + 3 54 +13 84 21 APPENDIX No. 15. Excessive precipitation. NORTH DAKOTA. Stations. Rainfall of 10 inches or more per month. Rainfall of 2.50 inches or more in 24 hours. Rainfall equaling or exceeding 1 inch per hour. Year. Amount. Year. Day. Amount. Year. Day. Time. Amount. May. Inches. 1880 1872 1874 1888 1885 1877 1872 1871 1875 1887 1888 26 30 23 8 1 22 25,26 4 1 15,16 8,9 Inches. 2.64 3.50 3.14 2.54 3.23 3.24 2.05 4.02 2.80 2.55 2.64 Hrs. min. Inches. June. 1872 10.15 1874 6 1 00 1.40 1890 1 35 1.00 1890 10.93 1890 1890 1891 1891 1891 1891 1876 1872 19,20 29,30 12 12,13 27 14 18,19 24 3.50 2.74 2.64 2.50 3.10 4.25 3.41 3.45 1891 14 1 20 4.00 July. 1872 1879 7 21 55 1 10 2.05 1.92 1877 1888 26 1 2.68 2.70 Steele 1889 1890 16 10 33 55 1.25 1.04 1890 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1876 14 20,21 12 11.12 12 20,21 22,23 3.00 3.10 2.70 3.02 2.50 2.90 3.36 1891 12 2 30 2.60 "Wild Rice 1891 1891 12 21 1 45 1 50 2.50 2.51 August. Fort Buford 1887 7 1 00 1.04 1876 1874 1880 22 27,28 25,26 3.00 2.82 5.10 Fort Totten 1874 4 35 1.04 Fariro 1891 1891 19 7 63 45 1.07 1.30 Fort Pembina September. Fort Abercrombie 1869 1877 1889 1878 1890 1891 1 7,8 13 1 13,14 3.46 3.10 2.55 2.56 2.88 2.80 Davenport October. Pembina Fort Pembina Valley City APPENDIX No. 16. Excessive precipitation. SOUTH DAKOTA. Stations. Rainfall of 10 inches or more per month. Ratnfall of 2.50 inches or more in 24 hours. Rainfall equaling or exceeding 1 inch per hour. Year. Amount. Year. Day. Amount. Year. Day. Time. Amount. April. Deadwood Inches. 1877 1878 1879 1886 1886 1875 16 17 21,22 22,23 24,25 6,7 Inches. 2.52 3.20 2.86 3.32 2.74 4.60 Hrs. mm. Inches. Fort Stilly Yankton 1889 11 1 00 1.40 May. Deadwood 1883 10.33 1874 1882 1883 1883 1881 1872 2 7,8 17,18 18,19 16,17 15 4.55 3.33 2.77 2.62 3.40 6.13 Morristown ... ... Fort Randall Rapid City . . 1883 10.02 Fort Sully ... 1874 1,2 4.55 Webster 1885 1886 20 8 1 05 45 1.34 1.84 Yankton 1888 27 2.52 Wolsey 1889 1891 16 30 1 00 2 00 1. 25 2.37 Clark , Fort Meade 1891 1874 1883 1875 1875 1885 3.24 2.51 3.34 5.10 4.85 2.80 June. Deadwood 9,10 23,24 30 18 1 Fort Randall 1875 12.82 1873 1875 1878 1888 28 14 23 7 15 45 1 30 12 i.nti 1. 10 2.20 0.27 Rapid City Fort Sully 1869 1886 28,29 13 3.50 3.19 Webster 1884 1885 1886 1875 24 :i 14 18 20 2 00 3 15 1 15 i. s:i 2.22 3.65 1.73 Yaukton 1875 1875 18 30 3.10 5.20 Armour 1889 1889 1889 1889 19 17 25 17 50 30 1 15 2 45 1.00 1.00 3.00 3.90 Onida Spring Lake 1889 1889 1890 1890 1890 1890 25 17 16,17 4,5 3,4 17 3.00 3.90 3.35 3.80 3.78 2.50 Webster Aberdeen Fort Meade Fort Sully Highinore 1890 1890 17 20 1 30 40 2.50 1.20 Milbank 1890 10.53 1890 1891 3,4 1,2 4.40 2.65 Cross Huron 1891 13 1 15 1.36 Kimball 1891 1891 1891 1891 15, 16, 17 26,27 14 15,16 6.01 2.75 3.00 3.75 Plankinton Spearfish 1891 14 2 40 3.00 St. Lawrence 87 88 CEKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUBES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Excessive precipitation Continued. SOUTH DAKOTA Continued. Stations. Rainfall of 10 inches or more per month. Rainfall of 2.50 inches or more in 24 hours. Rainfall equaling or exceeding 1 inch per hour. Year. Amount. Year. Duy. Amount. Year. Day. Time. Amount. July. Inches. Inches. 1872 27 Hrs. min. 45 Inches. 1.16 1876 1888 8 28 3.80 2.70 1882 1884 1885 1888 29 21 26 1 2 00 45 10 1 00 2. (X) 1.05 1.30 1.40 Murristou -. 1878 10.20 1878 22,23 8.00 1887 1 50 1. 45 Kurt Randall 1878 11.85 1889 1871 1878 1884 1887 14,15 31 21, 22 2,3 2,3 3.10 ;. ir, 3.10 4.84 2.74 Kurt. Sully . Webster 1884 14.65 188-1 ISM 1885 1888 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 2 1 19 13 11 11 7 11 24 1 45 1 05 55 50 1 05 1 20 2 00 35 45 LSI 1.10 2.21 1. 20 2. If, 2. fit; 2.20 1.40 1. 10 Yankton . ... . .... 1879 15 3.11 Beulali 1889 11 2.56 De Sniet Fort Mcade . Speariish ... .. Spring Jjake .. . 1889 1889 7,8 11 3.00 2.89 Webster Wolsey 1889 1890 25 21 1 00 40 1.59 1.06 Scraiitou Yankton 1890 19,20 2.70 Flandreau 1891 1891 1891 1891 18!tl 1875 1875 L888 i<; 3 16 19 5 8 25 5 35 40 30 1 00 43 1 05 1 00 30 1. Ki 2. 2:> L80 1.58 1.33 1.70 2.30 1.32 Forest City 1891 5,6 2.72 Gary . Parkston Rapid City August. Dead wood - Fort Randall 1871 1885 1809 1886 12,13 7 13 19,20 2.84 2.68 4.32 2.49 Fort Sully Huron 1888 1886 1881 1887 7 19 30 2 1 00 1 00 1 30 1 00 1.90 1. 62 1.60 1.50 Morristou .. 1881 1877 1884 1886 1889 1 29 19 8,9 18 3.20 3.60 3.54 3.46 2.75 Parkston .. . . .. 1887 10. 84 Webster Yankton . . i ... Alexandria Yankton 1889 1890 wn 1891 1891 12 10 14 19 10 1 02 1 06 30 1 00 30 1.4fi 1.17 1.00 1.22 1.43 Rapid City - Fort Bennett Sioux Falls Tyndall September. Fort Randall 1876 1881 18X5 1875 1879 1885 1881 1889 1889 1889 1890 1879 8,9 6 12 2 29 11,12 6 13 13,14 13,14 5,6 15,16 3.40 4. OS 3.81 3.00 2.59 Smithville \V,.|.t,.r .., _ . _ ,.--^3 ..,.,. t^ ISR- rts'* &-*-; Yankton . . :::::::::: .......... 1875 2 1 30 1.5(1 '- A^\ W Alexandria .. ' :.:; :t. ir, 3.00 4.22 3.48 2.80 3.47 Canton \.-S>.,. -I ... Webster , Sioux Falls >. . g^:: October. Dead wood APPENDIX No. 17. Seasonal precipitation normals Quarterly values Records for many years. Stations. First quarter. Second qrm-trv. Third quarter. Fourth quarter. Annual. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. XOKTII DAKOTA. Inches. 2 05 7<7ic.v. 6 94 Inches. 6.47 Inches. 2.37 Inches. 17.83 1 70 7 63 4 69 1.98 16.00 2 19 8.47 5.82 2.42 18. 90 liiifonl, Fort 1.53 6.00 3.83 1.93 13.29 1 20 5.72 8.41 1.59 16.92 1 18 7.40 2.85 1.06 12.49 2.34 8.15 6.44 3.23 20.16 2.77 6.90 7.39 2.02 19.08 i xy 7.84 3.69 1.76 15. 18 Ridutrdton 4. r>3 10.43 8.30 3.22 26. 48 Sr\\ aid, Fort 1.02 7. 79 5.45 0.83 15.09 Strvriisoii Fort 1.89 6.35 5.59 1.94 15.77 Totteu, Fort 1.96 7.41 r>. sr> 2.61 17.82 Yules, Fort 2. 16 6.84 5.63 1.62 16.23 Means 2.03 7.42 5.74 2.08 17.23 SOl'TII DAKOTA. 2 87 10 20 8 76 3 25 25 08 JVniH-tt Fort 1 98 7 90 5 65 1 72 17 25 Brookings 2.14 7.73 4.91 1.80 16. 58 I i:> 13 55 6 13 4 35 ',s l,x Hale Fort 2 62 8 t!2 5 61 3 06 I'l 91 Huron 1 73 9 79 8 06 2 51 2 09 Kimball 2 22 7 16 5 39 2 00 l(i 77 Mt-iidc, Fort 2 42 9 61 4 92 1.62 IX 57 Morriston 2 61 11.44 9. S4 3.83 27 72 Olivet 2 41 11 ;il 8.09 3.90 '(> :il Parkston 2 X2 s r,3 11.51 2.24 '5 10 Kan<lall, Fort . 2 US ,x :,'.i 7. 19 2.59 '() 15 Kapi<l City - 2 II 10.24 4. 16 1.30 18 44 Sissetou, Fort 2 73 8.71 7.40 3.07 21 91 Sull\ , Fort 1 !C! 7.77 5.81 1.49 17 00 Vennillion 2.42 6.20 6.78 2.96 18 36 Webster 7.01 14. 48 10.08 6.27 37.84 Wolaey '' 53 7 86 3 99 2 16 Hi 51 Woonsooket 1.74 7.09 4.05 1.26 14. 14 Yunktoii 2 54 11 62 9 59 " ill 'II (iii Means > (is !i ir> 6 91 2.71 21 75 IOWA, MINNESOTA, AXI> M) I '.K A SKA. Sioux Citv, Iowa 2.95 10.44 11.61 4.26 29 26 2 44 8 57 9 52 3 83 24 36 St Vincent, Minn 1 93 6 82 7 14 3 22 I'l 11 1 fa v Springs Nebr 2 99 9 07 5 93 2 13 20 12 Robinson, Fort, Ncbr 2 41 6 59 4 75 2 78 16 53 Valentine, Nebr 2 64 9 11 6 89 1 84 20 48 S. Ex. 157 12 APPENDIX No. 18. Seasonal precipitation normals Records for many years. Stations. Dry season Winter. Wet season Spring, summer, and autumn. Annual. Jan. Feb. Nov. Dec. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. ,_ , - NORTH DAKOTA. Abercrombie, Fort . Inches. 2.43 Inehet. 15.40 17 83 Abraham Lincoln, Fort. 2.10 13 90 16 00 Bismarck . 2.53 16 37 18 90 Buford, Fort 2 04 11 25 13 29 Davenport i 1 48 15 44 16 92 New England City 1.31 11.18 12 49 Pembina, Fort 3.01 17.15 20 16 Ransom, Fort . . 3.04 16.04 19 08 Rice, Fort . . . 2.18 13 00 15 18 Richardton 5 77 20 71 26 48 Sftward, Fnrt 64 14 45 15 09 Stevenson, Fort 1 79 13 98 15 77 Totten, Fort 2.43 15.39 17 82 Yates, Fort 2.58 13.65 16 23 Means ... 2.38 14.85 17 23 SOUTH DAKOTA. Alexandria 2.84 22.24 25 08 Bennett, Fort 2.23 15.02 17 25 Brookings .. . 3.00 13 58 16 58 Deadwood ...... .. 5 23 23 25 28 48 Hale, Fort 2.39 17.52 19.91 Huron 2.20 19.89 22 09 Kimball 3.01 13.76 16 77 Meade, Fort 2.30 16.27 18 57 Morriston 2.77 24.95 27 72 Olivet 3 09 23.25 26 34 Park stem 3.48 21.62 25 10 Randall, Fort . . . 2.33 18 12 20 45 Rapid City . . . 2 07 16 37 18 44 Sisseton, Fort 2.89 19.02 21.91 Sully, Fort 1 79 15 21 17 00 Vermillion 2.97 15.39 18.36 Webster 8.34 29.50 37 84 Wolsey 3.31 13 23 16 54 Woonsocket 2.12 12 02 14 14 Y auk ton 2.87 23 79 26 66 Means 3 06 18 70 21 75 IOWA, MINNESOTA, AND NE- BRASKA. Sioux City, Iowa 3 80 25 46 29 26 Moorhead, Minn 3 28 21 08 24 36 St. Viuceut, Minn , . 2 62 16 49 19 11 Hay Springs, Nebr 3 12 17 00 20 12 Robinson, Fort, Nebr 2.45 14 08 16 53 Valentine, Nebr 2 15 18 33 20 48 APPENDIX No. 19. Seasonal precipitation normals-^ Records for many years. Stations. Dry season Winter, spring, and autumn. Wet season Summer. Annual. Jan. Feb. Mar. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Apr. May. June. July. Ang. NORTH DAKOTA. Abercrombie, Fort . Inches. 6 24 locket. 11 59 17 83 Abraham Lincoln, Fort ...... 4 45 11 58 16 00 Bismarck. . .. 6 70 13 20 18 90 Buford, Fort 4 37 8 92 13 29 Davenport . . 6 57 11 35 16 92 New England City 2 58 9 91 12 49 Pembina, Fort 7 19 13 11 20 16 Ransom, Fort . 6 95 12 13 19 08 Rice, Fort 4 48 10 69 15 18 Richardton 9 05 17 43 26 48 Seward, Fort - 2 97 12 12 15 09 Stevenson, Fort 5 21 10 56 15 77 Totten. Fort 5 55 12 23 17 82 Yates, Fort 4.58 11 63 16 23 Means 5.35 11 89 17 23 SOUTH DAKOTA. Alexandria 8.36 16 72 25 08 Bennett, Fort 5.03 12 22 17 25 Brookings 4.99 11 59 16 58 Dead wood 9.86 18 62 28 48 Hale, Fort 6 38 13 03 19 91 Huron 5.71 16 39 22 09 Kimball 5 12 11 65 16 77 Meade, Fort 4 60 13 99 18 57 Morriston 8 57 19 15 27 72 Olivet 8.45 17 89 26 34 Parkston 7.57 17 53 25 10 Randall, Fort 6.58 13 89 20 45 Rapid City 4.48 13 98 18 44 Sisseton, Fort 7.08 14 84 21 91 Sully, Fort 4.37 12 59 17 00 Vermillion 7.07 11 29 18 36 Webster 16.11 22 57 37 84 Wolsey 6 05 10 49 16 54 Woonsocket ...... 4.11 10 03 14 14 Yankton . ........ 8 19 18 47 26 66 Means 6.93 14 84 21 75 IOWA, MINNESOTA, AND NE- BRASKA. Sioux City, Iowa 10 55 18 71 29 26 Moorhead, Minn 8 79 15 57 24 36 St. Vincent, Minn 7 28 11 83 19 11 Hay Springs, Nebr 5.74 14 39 20 12 Robinson, Fort, Nebr 6.72 10 57 16 53 Valentine, Nebr 5.65 14 87 20 48 91 APPENDIX No. 20. Seasonal precipitation not-main Records for many years. Stations. Dry season October to March, in- clusive. Wet season April to September, in- clusive. Annual. Jan. Feb. Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. NORTH DAKOTA. Incites. 4 42 Inches. 13 41 17 83 Abraham Lincoln, Fort 3 68 12.32 16.00 4 61 14. 2!) 18.90 3 46 9.83 13.29 2 79 14 13 16.92 2 24 10 25 12 49 5 57 14 59 20 16 Ransom, Fort 4.79 14.34 19.08 Rice, Fort 3.65 11.53 15. 18 Kiohardtou 7.75 18.73 26. 48 Sew a rd Fort 1.85 13.24 15 09 Stevenson Fort 3 83 11.94 15.77 Totten Fort 4 56 13.26 17 82 3 78 i<> 45 16 23 Means ... 4.07 13. 16 17.23 SOUTH DAKOTA. Alexandria. ... 6.12 18.96 25 08 Bennett Fort 3 70 13. 55 17 25 Brookings 3.94 12.64 16.58 8 80 19 68 28 48 Hale Fort 5 68 14 23 19 91 Huron. . . . 4.24 17.85 22 09 Kiuiball 4.22 12.55 16 77 Meade, Fort. 4.04 14. 53 Is 57 6 44 21 28 27 72 Olivet 6.31 20. 03 26 34 Parkstou . 5 06 20.04 25 10 Kaudall, Fort 4 67 15.78 20 45 Rapid City 3.74 14.70 18.44 Sisseton, Fort 5.80 16.11 21.91 Sully, Fort 3 42 13 58 17 00 Vcriuilliou 5.38 12.98 18.36 Webster 13.28 24. 56 37.84 Wolst-v 4.69 11.85 16.54 Woon socket 3.00 11.14 14 14 Yankton 5.45 21.21 26.66 Means 5.40 16.36 21 75 IOWA, MINXKSOTA, ANM) NK- HUASKA. Sioux City, Iowa 7 21 22 05 29 26 Moorhcad, Minu 6 27 18 09 24 31 > St. Vincent, Minn 5 15 13 % 19 11 Hay Springs, Nebr 5 12 r> (Ki 20 12 Kobiuson, Fort, Nebr. 5 19 1 1 :n Hi 53 Valentine, Nebr 4 48 16 00 20 48 DryPerwcls. Tracffs ofJlreas ofjLowPres s ure . (Storm Confers.) un&, Total Deficien 72. 93 Tnch es . 8 Ex /-? 7 62 1 APPENDIX No. 21 Deficiency of precipitation as compared with normal values for many years. DRY PERIODS. [In inches.] Stations. Mav, 1889. June, 1889. August, 1889. Total de- ficiency. Bismarck, N. Dak -f 72 2 56 1 66 3 50 Fort Bnford, N. Dak +0 45 1 75 35 1 65 Fort Pemlnna, N. Dak 2 42 2 64 J-O 24 4 82 Fort Tot ten. N. Dak 1 70 2 13 -j-0 20 3 63 Fort Yates, N. Dak +1 68 1 94 1 35 1 61 Davenport, N. Dak. +0 '>1 2 62 -f-0 33 2 07 Fort Bennett, 8. 'Dak . ... . -\-\ 12 1 89 1 16 1 93 Huron, 8. Dak 10 3 04 9 31 5 45 Fort Meade, S. Dak 2 00 1 62 1 96 5 58 Fort Randall, S. Dak 1 44 1 90 1 95 4 39 Rapid City, S. Dak 2 11 94 1 48 4 53 Fort Sully, S. Dak +0 36 1 61 1 04 2 29 A\Vl>stcT, S. Dak 51 +0 66 1 98 1 8S Yankton, S. Dak 2 47 1 60 41 4 4S Alexandria, S. Dak 1 ?9 2 61 _i_l 11 9 7<) Brookings, S. Dak 39 3 01 1 12 4 52 Kimball, S. Dak 02 9 52 43 9 Q7 Spearfish, S. Dak . . 46 3 73 1 30 c 40 Moorhead, Minn . . 76 3 17 1 37 K on St Vincent, Minn. ._ 1 06 2 88 16 A I/) Sums . 12 18 43 50 17 25 79 QQ 93 APPENDIX No. 23. Deficiency of precipitation as compared with normal values for many yean. DRY PERIODS. [In inches.] Stations. May, 1886. June, 1886. July, 1886. Total de- ficiency. Bismarck. N. Dak . . . 90 1 56 1 11 StW Fort Bnford, N. Dak 80 1 85 1 06 <? 71 Fort Pembina, N. Dak 46 +0 66 077 Fort Totten, N. Dak 4 ' " 0.90 1 08 T W Richardson, N. Dak . ... .. (*) 1 82 87 2 69 Deadwood, S. Dak X lit 1 73 39 *i 7fi Huron, S. Dak 1 56 2 18 2 03 577 Fort Meade. S. Dak ... 3 45 2 32 +0 98 A 7Q Fort Randall, S. Dak 0.79 1 31 2 46 4 56 Fort Stilly, S. Dak 1.74 01 37 2 12 Fort Sisseton, S. Dak 1 32 2 05 2 18 5 55 Yankton, S. Dak 80 1 21 3 07 5 08 Kimball, S. Dak 88 69 1 25 2 8 9 St. Vincent, Minn 0.34 1.49 0.38 2 21 Sams 16.76 19.58 14 61 50 95 Missing. :-. TracJCs ofJlreasofLovrPressiLre. (Storm Centers.) tjWcty, (furze, czrzd t/uljr /88O. Toia,L -Deficiency- ofJKac.iTtfa.lt SO. , rot' nr' 'Of' 'os to* ros' /oe" m' roe' 99' .99* 97 se' fff' 31' ss' 32" yr" ./ S Ex ./?/. 62 1 Wet Periods. 7rac/Cs ofvflreasofJjow-Pre<3SLu~e. (Storm Centers.) June /888, 1890, and 789 f. 97 * # * f-5 .** J& -9X* 8 Ei JfJ 0? 1 "TT JlFPENOIJf A" 2 7. htercujje> Precipitation in Inches. January. '*' w at' 8 B /. / 03 I w fr , /V Z 28. Pr&eix)iatiori in Inches. lebriuinj. T ! /A f, J^ fji. tanton !tT : : A) s E B 8 Eta../,?? 62 1 OCXS in> Inches. /V*29. JUarch ro/' JEN 55x5 ecipi&ttiorv in/ Inches. /V S 3O. zvfr. ^<M> Jv'll^ a sti /.ft ea i in Inches. APPENDIX N 3 3T. May. S Bl /?./ 62 1 s^Cbzemq-e Pveci&i6cLtiori irv Inches . /APPENDIX A/ 3 3Z. June. 103' M- *?' 62 1 July. f+' tor" jeo " S El Af/ 52 1 n >> 88 1 B.V &vejttCfe Precinitatiorv in Inches. 99" 8 Bx AT/ 62 1 s - jjlctober. toa' 700 ' ' <$ & JVbv&rnb&r. /V 3 37. S Ex /} f 62 1 v & \c$; in Inches . APPENDIX /V*38. 8 Ebi ./if/!. 82 1 ^ tXJ i\ v\: \3\ V\ .V 8 Ex APPENDIX No. 25. Excess of precipitation as compared with normal -values for many years. WET PERIODS. [In inches.] Stations. June, 1888. June, 1890. June. 1891. Total ex- cess. 2 52 7 49 1 41 11 42 Fort Buford N Dak 3 97 2 45 4 30 10 72 4 31 1 78 2 26 8 35 Fort Totten N. Dak 3.72 3.15 () 6 87 4 24 3 16 1 02 8 4'' Davenport N Dak 1.42 2.29 1.73 2 60 Brookin^s S Dak ... ... (*) 3.42 0.40 3 02 Khnball''s Dak 1.47 0.17 6 04 4 40 2.98 1 79 4.00 2 81 Fort Meade S. Dak . . 2.28 3.08 1 07 6 43 Fort Randall 6. Dak , 0.69 0.96 3 01 1 36 Fort Sully S. Dak 0.48 3.16 1 12 2 52 Spearfish S. Dak (*) 1.63 2 11 3 74 1.15 2 47 19 1 51 St Vincent, Minn . 3.73 44 4 53 8 70 17 54 35 18 30 15 82 87 Missing. 95 APPENDIX No. 40. Monthly and annual mean temperatures at station* in North Dakota Continued. [References: An asterisk (*) indicate!! incomplete record, but to what extent not accurately known; [ ], interpolated values. Letters of the alphabet indicate the number of days missing from the record.] FORT ABERCROMBIE, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1850 9 24 34 1860 54 48 25 10 1861 3 12 17 43 53 71 72 68 58 44 28 14 40 1862 1 2 20 35 62 69 73 68 59 44 28 19 40 1863 8 7 21 52 62 70 72 68 57 36 24 10 41 l.siil 9 20 23 42 60 72 74 72 50 43 26 1 42 lNi5 ft 17 14 38 59 67 73 72 68 47 38 5 42 1866 8 4 14 60 58 49 30 10 18U7 3 4 3 38 53 70 75 75 63 49 32 9 40 1868 4 4 24 35 61 70 79 69 49 40 26 13 40 1869 10 6 13 39 58 64 70 68 60 38 24 1870 3 10 16 47 63 73 71 67 62 47 36 16 43 1871 .. 6 10 21 39 63 70 73 72 60 45 19 0.3 40 1872 7 10 12 40 57 70 73 68 59 50 21 1 39 1873 1 10 19 36 53 73 72 71 52 40 24 8 38 1874 4 6 14 32 65 71 75 72 63 48 23 15 41 1875 6 - 6 13 39 60 66 73 69 61 45 19 17 38 1876 5 3 10 40 60 68 74 69 55 39 16 4 87 1877 3 19 17 42 61 72 69 61 38 Means 4 8 16 39 59 70 73 70 59 44 26 10 40 FORT ABRAHAM LINCOLN, N. DAK. 1873 70 73 55 42 30 16 1874 .. 12 14 22 39 60 69 76 70 63 50 23 19 43 1875 8 4 16 35 58 64 73 68 59 46 20 22 37 1876 11 9 14 43 60 69 75 72 57 44 24 8 40 1X77 6 27 20 40 60 62 73 69 62 47 32 34 II 1878 20 28 40 50 53 70 74 74 59 42 ;>? 11 46 18751 8 4 24 56 69 74 72 57 50 24 5 1880 12 10 16 33 60 64 68 57 45 18 2 1881 3 8 24 38 61 66 75 72 53 40 24 24 in 18X2 10 21 20 37 52 64 67 71 60 28 11 10 1883 5 6 21 42 52 67 69 67 57 39 24 12 38 1884 2 2 18 39 57 71 66 68 57 46 28 2 38 18X5 3 i 23 43 57 66 72 64 58 44 30 23 in 1886 6 15 24 46 61 67 76 71 56 48 25 2 40 1887 9 11 15 41 61 70 72 66 59 41 31 9 37 1888 6 10 13 43 51 65 71 58 43 28 25 18X11 14 6 35 48 52 65 70 71 56 46 25 15 42 1890 3 3 19 45 49 67 72 68 58 47 38 26 41 1891 25 8 17 i42 60 64 Means 4 8 21 41 56 66 71 70 58 45 27 14 40 BATHGATE, N. DAK. 1891 43 20 15 96 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO JJAKOTAS. 97 Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in North Dakota Continued. FORT BERTHOLD, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Fob. Mar. Apr. May. Juno. Inly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. IRfifi 58 47 36 17 1S(I7 10 10 8 46 53 J'.ISMARCK, N. DAK. ISTI 46 18 16 1S7"> <} 15 34 56 60 68 65 56 43 17 21 35 1 x7< > o 12 40 55 62 70 68 54 41 20 6 37 1X77 27 19 40 57 59 71 69 60 43 30 29 42 I,s7s . is 26 40 47 50 66 73 71 54 40 37 15 45 isr'l y 6 24 46 56 65 70 67 55 49 29 i 40 1.XXO 16 15 19 36 59 63 68 66 55 42 20 4 38 I SSI . . 2 10 24 37 60 66 72 70 53 40 25 26 40 INS' . 12 22 22 40 52 63 67 71 60 45 27 12 41 IXXil . . 3 8 21 41 50 65 67 66 56 40 26 14 38 ixs-t . ... 4 20 39 55 69 64 66 56 46 29 5 38 1.XX5 4 26 43 54 62 69 62 57 43 31 23 40 ISSli . 4 16 24 45 59 65 75 70 54 47 25 4 40 1 s.sy 7 4 28 43 59 68 70 65 58 41 28 9 38 1 XKS 5 11 13 42 49 63 70 65 59 43 29 23 39 1SX1I 15 11 36 49 52 65 69 70 56 47 26 16 43 ISilO . ... > 4 21 47 51 67 71 67 56 46 37 25 41 IK! 11 24 6 16 47 54 60 65 66 62 46 23 20 41 Means 5 10 22 42 55 G5 69 67 57 44 26 15 40 FORT BUFORD, N. DAK. 1886 56 45 16 1867 !( 9 3 44 52 65 74 60' 46 31 10 1XI1X . . . 11 34 45 61 71 76 67 . 49 42 27 16 42 IKIJ'.I 16 18 21 42 58 64 69 68 55 38 26 19 41 1S7H . .. 7 15 14 50 80 72 73 62 60 39 33 10 41 1X71 6 10 27 39 63 68 73 67 57 42 14 2 3!) 1X7'' 8 15 22 38 51 66 70 68 53 42 17 2 38 1X73 2 7 25 37 48 66 67 67 46 37 28 6 36 1X71 1! 7 27 38 69 67 76 68 58 47 16 16 3!> 1 s75 10 3 16 35 68 62 72 68 56 44 16 23 36 1X7H 6 4 13 42 57 ill 72 67 54 41 >> 10 37 1*77 X 29 21 40 53 68 70 68 63 49 3S 28 44 1X7K -'1 2!) 38 46 49 66 76 50 37 33 14 |X7!t 15 5 23 47 54 63 68 66 55 45 28 3 39 1880 13 14 18 36 51 61 66 63 53 41 19 1 37 1 XX 1 2 11 37 40 57 64 70 68 51 39 23 24 3! ixx-' 13 21 23 40 52 62 66 71 58 44 28 14 41 1883 4 5 22 41 50 65 66 65 54 39 >> 10 36 1 XX | 6 20 39 66 70 64 66 52 44 29 2 37 1XX5 0' 5 29 44 54 62 68 62 66 43 34 24 40 1XXH 4 17 26 44 57 66 76 69 53 45 25 8 40 1SX7 4 5 27 43 58 in; 68 64 58 40 27 9 3s 1SSS 6 12 13 41 50 63 69 64 59 44 28 22 3X IKS'.I 12 15 MS 51 53 66 70 69 54 47 24 15 43 IX'.Kl 4 23 45 52 66 72 67 56 45 36 26 40 I.VM 22 10 19 48 55 60 67 65 59 41 23 20 41 Moans 5 10 22 42 55 65 70 67 55 43 26 13 39 CABRINGTON; N. DAK. 1XS9 35 48 52 65 67 68 1891 t63 61 22 16 X P,v 1K7 13 98 OEBTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUKES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in North Dakota Continued. CHURCHS FERRY, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. An?;. 61 Siqil. Oct. Nov. Deo. Aiinii:;!. 1891 .7 62 62 / DAVENPORT, N. DAK. 1888 44 47 47 50 55 51 58, 66 65 70 64 70 70 72 66 64 70 64 66 40 44 45 28 26 20 20 1889 11 1 3 6 33 20 55 55 42 1890 1891 Means 6 4 26 46 54 66 70 66 55 43 27 20 40 DEVILS LAKE, N. DAK. 1884 c 1 - 4 ft 15 m35 DICKINSON, N. DAK. 1891 23 25 ELLENDALE, N. DAK. * - * 1890 25 21 1891 23 . 8 18 51 61 67 70 till 69 47 25 44 FARGO, N. DAK. 1872 78 A- 63 77 65 57 63 45 45 21 20 1 /20 1891 62 70 71 60 45 21 10 OALLATIN, N. DAK. 1888 18 g 3 26 45 42 41 18 46 67 64 66 66 48 55 44 38 40 26 2:! 29 19 17 16 ISS'.t 5 - 6 28 13 66 66 6!) 65 37 3B 1S!K> Means 0.5 4 20 41 45 66 66 67 53 41 26 ' 17 37 GRAFTON, N. DAK. 1891 ell 2 /52 59 62 63 68 42 18 3 GRAND FORKS, N. DAK. 1KX7 - 67 1888 . 60 57 1889 10 5 1890 43 47 68 64 71 43 30 19 19 12 1891 14 2 65 ?i 62 Means 12 4 66 67 60 24 16 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 99 Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in North Dakota Continued. GRAND RAPIDS, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juue. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 68 69 64 44 20 16 HOPE, N. DAK. 1891 bl 62 63 59 44 /22 KELSO, N. DAK. 1890 69 64 62 65 54 61 44 45 33 20 19 18 18'U 15 3 13 46 54 61 39 Means 66 64 58 44 26 18 - LAKOTA, N. DAK. 1891 61 60 62 44 18 13 LEECH FARM, N. DAK. 18SX 44 47 50 53 66 65 70 70 64 70 57 55 40 44 28 26 20 20 18X11 11 3 33 41 46 52 66 70 67 56 42 27 20 MINOT, N. DAK. 1891 t!7 .20 NAPOLEON, N. DAK. 1X89 65 66 60 68 71 64 71 64 65 54 56 61 44 44 43 26 32 20 21 22 15 1890 1 3 4 2n 14 45 44 1X91 20 54 39 Means 10 4 17 44 64 68 67 57 44 26 19 NEW ENGLAND CITY, N. DAK. 1888 73 67 69 64 71 65 54 54 55 38 39 41 26 26 36 18 16 21 JXX!I . . in 11 - 3 5 21 6 33 34 20 47 45 50 49 64 63 41 39 ix! in 1891 .. 100 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTA S. Mont Hi/ and annual mean temperatures at stations in North Dakota Continued. PEMBINA, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. IS71 64 53 39 14 4 1872 4 6 8 32 50 64 68 65 54 44 18 6 34 1873 4 .| 12 34 52 66 64 64 46 36 16 7 33 1X7-1 3 3 12 29 55 64 70 67 56 13 14 6 35 1875 15 H 11 33 53 60 65 63 58 38 11 8 30 1876 9 4 7 36 54 61 68 64 52 37 16 6 32 1S77 6 17 9 33 57 56 68 64 55 40 26 27 37 17X . 11 25 36 45 48 63 69 a5 51 36 ;u < 41 1879 1 4 16 41 52 63 67 63 50 45 21 14 33 1880 .. 1 1 8 31 56 63 68 63 52 39 14 33 1881 . . 9 4 18 32 59 64 70 67 51 35 14 13 35 1882 1 9 14 35 51 62 65 69 56 1883 .. 14 9 34 46 62 62 62 52 36 17 1 1884 .. <l 10 8 32 49 99 j 1885 10 9 14 37 51 61 65 60 54 39 26 10 35 1886 12 1 17 44 55 63 70 66 51 45 19 ^ a5 1887 13 4 15 36 57 62 86 60 54 36 20 3 34 1888 70 54 41 26 15 1889 7 1 29 41 51 64 66 67 53 42 9 6 12 38 1890 _ 7 6 11 42 45 68 69 63 54 44 32 17 36 1891 23 8 18 51 61 67 70 69 69 47 36 21 44 Means -3 2 14 37 53 63 68 64 54 40 20 6 35 POWER, N. DAK. 1891 67 68 e68 64 46 22 19 FORT RANSOM, N. DAK. 1868 .. 13 1869 11 11 17 39 57 63 70 66 65 86 23 15 S') 1870 . 3 10 15 48 61 69 70 64 I;D 42 88 14 41 1871 5 10 23 40 63 68 71 68 58 43 17 2 39 1872 7 11 14 39 54 68 69 Means 6 10 17 42 59 67 70 66 58 40 24 11 39 FORT RICE, N. DAK. 1868 .. 80 68 44 30 27 IK 1869 20 20 27 41 56 64 72 71 58 40 24 18 43 1870 7 12 26 49 62 72 , 72 62 61 43 37 17 43 1871 10 16 26 42 63 70 75 70 61 45 18 1 41 1872 9 15 20 35 in 68 70 70 57 62 24 7 40 1873 12 27 41 55 72 72 73 55 41 33 16 42 1874 11 14 24 41 64 70 78 70 64 49 21 20 44 1875 6 l 18 37 60 64 74 70 60 46 20 22 38 1876 12 9 16 44 ()' 69 76 7'2 68 42 25 13 42 1877 13 :;:: 23 47 59 65 76 73 65 46 32 28 47 1878 15 27 41 48 52 68 76 76 5!| 41 Mciiim 10 16 25 42 58 68 75 70 58 45 26 16 42 RICHARDTON, N. DAK. 1884 21 37 55 65 64 64 55 46 30 3 1R85 10 26 40 48 60 68 62 57 40 32 24 40 1886 7 16 25 11 69 77 70 15 25 7 1887 8 24 57 50 64 II 28 9 1888 4 12 47 63 70 Means 3 10 24 40 52 61 70 65 56 45 29 11 38 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 101 Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in Xorth Dakota Continued. ST. JOHNS, X. DAK. Year. [ Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. St-]>t. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 It 58 41 18 14 I ST. THOMAS, N. DAK. 1891 62 l!2 57 42 18 14 \ SAN BORN, N. DAK. 1890 14 FORT SEWARD, N. DAK. 1873 5 11 5 2 5 7 8 1 25 19 15 13 10 15 37 36 85 98 a 39 52 60 57 57 57 70 67 56 64 59 67 73 S 68 71 71 68 68 66 68 69 49 58 54 55 j 63 36 44 40 40 L'l 18 15 18 11 16 25 2 36 39 34 36 1874 1875 1876 1877 Means 0.2 6 14 37 57 63 70 68 56 40 19 14 37 SHEYENNE (SECOND CROSSING), N. DAK. 1872 66 68 73 SPIRITWOOD, N. DAK. 1881 6 19 29 t60 STEELE, N. DAK. 1889 47 47 47 52 50 53 65 67 61 70 72 66 72 67 66 58 57 63 48 46 46 26 35 17 22 1890 2 19 2 5 19 16 40 1891 .. FORT STEVENSON, N. DAK. 1867 77 63 48 28 7 1868 2 12 si 42 59 69 78 69 48 42 28 13 41 1870 4 13 14 47 62 70 72 64 60 40 35 14 41 1871 4 15 24 40 63 68 76 68 57 42 15 2 39 1872 8 13 17 38 54 68 69 69 56 46 19 38 1873 1 8 22 37 51 67 67 69 49 37 29 7 37 1874 5 6 17 36 59 67 75 68 56 45 17 15 39 1875 10 7 15 32 55 60 68 65 55 42 16 19 34 1876 6 3 13 40 55 61 70 66 53 41 9Q 6 36 1877 6 24 16 38 54 iliX 66 58 41 27 24 1878 13 27 38 47 50 67 72 52 39 35 12 1879 14 3 20 46 56 65 71 68 56 42 26 8 38 1880 10 16 37 60 64 71 67 55 40 17 1 1881 7 6 23 36 62 66 74 71 52 39 28 22 34 1882 g 18 20 40 53 65 68 72 59 44 28 10 40 1883 5 4 19 43 Means 4 10 20 40 57 66 71 68 55 42 24 9 39 102 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in North Dakota Continued. TOBACCO GARDEN, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Miir. Apr. May. Juue. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. .Nov. JJ.:e. Annual. 1882 . 17 i'21 37 51 c62 nil 70 c58 43 25 j 4 1883 50 r47 Means 50 54 FORT TOTTEN, N. DAK. 1869 65 55 36 21 13 1870 7 1 1 46 59 68 70 67 <;' 41 36 12 4/i 1871 _ 2 l!l 36 62 65 69 71 r >6 49 l r > > Q 1872 6 10 12 34 51 65 68 66 -)l 45 17 3 OK 1873 5 5 16 34 50 66 66 111! 48 37 2j '-tl 1874 12 31 58 65 71 65 57 45 l r > ifl Oft 1875 14 10 11 32 54 60 68 65 55 40 13 13 83 1876 1 1 9 37 55 62 70 66 54 3 C ) 17 o 34 1877 99 12 37 57 56 0') 68 61 42 Ofl >x in 1878 14 25 38 46 48 66 72 71 56 41 '!4 11 44 1879 4 i 20 45 54 65 71 67 55 JK '''i y .7 1880 6 12 33 59 64 68 64 51 41 15 1 1881 5 6 21 35 60 64 72 70 53 36 18 1') 07 1882 4 13 15 36 51 01 66 72 lil 44 25 *N 1883 1 1 I 12 36 50 65 67 66 56 40 21 7 q< 1884 . ... 9 5 13 36 "ill 70 (>'! <r> 54 43 >-, 2 Oft 1885 . 5 _ 2 18 40 51 60 65 60 54 40 26 OK 1886 10 7 18 41 54 (>'' 70 Ii7 51 46 20 Oil 1887 11 G 19 38 57 60 ill! 62 55 37 94 OJ 1888 10 3 8 35 47 61 117 63 56 42 20 10 OK 1889 12 11 36 46 53 66 68 69 56 45 35 10 41 1890 7 2 14 42 47 67 71 64 55 45 36 ftl Means - 2 5 17 38 54 64 68 66 55 42 23 8 30 VALLEY CITY, N. DAK. 1891 ....'. 60 43 21 16 WAHPETON, N. DAK. 1889 .. 70 70 58 45 27 22 1890 3 8 22 52 54 72 74 68 60 47 35 99 i** 1891 18 8 18 60 54 67 64 66 67 49 22 91 d.9 Means 10 8 20 51 54 70 69 68 62 47 28 22 42 WILD RICE, N. DAK. 1890 .. 68 71 62 51 49 9g 15 1891 12 1 12 45 56 fi3 ft.-. n'i KQ 11 1Q 1 7 00 Means 66 68 62 55 42 ''3 16 WILLOW CITY, N. DAK. 1891 57 42 17 jl t Station discontinued. CEKTAIX CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. 103 Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in North Dakota Continued. WOODBR1DGE, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. A]>r. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1890 43 15 8 . FOKT YATES, N. DAK. 1882 12 L'l! 20 43 55 68 72 72 i;2 46 28 If, 43 1883 1 10 '5 M 52 72 75 72 63 42 30 18 42 1884 1 II 22 :i7 59 7" 69 72 60 50 :;u 10 40 1885 1 31 44 58 66 7:: 66 c,;. 17 33 25 43 1886 2 I'll 28 48 62 67 78 7" 59 5(1 29 7 43 1887 V) L'!l 17 60 70 71 OS 61 42 32 11 41 1888 r t 15 16 17 51 66 73 G8 62 46 29 26 41 1XX9 17 11 88 49 :,t; 68 72 71 59 50 111) 24 46 1X!M) 1 10 '(I 60 55 69 71 69 59 IN 38 26 11 1891 26 10 '1 50 58 63 68 70 65 48 26 21 44 Means > 6 11 20 46 57 69 73 70 62 47 30 18 43 Monthly and tiniuial mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota. ABERDEEN, S. DAK. 1890 28 15 1 1 52 n; 56 67 63 ' 66 67 67 55 5!l 43 46 31' 22 * 19 1891 21 4 40 19 44 54 65 70 67 57 44 26 21 ALEXANDRIA, S. DAK. 1882 26 45 41 52 51 66 66 67 70 71 68 61 57 47 43 33 31 14 17 41 40 1883 6.3 8 10 ;> 1 XX 1 1 XX 1 1 67 71 65 72 76 69 72 68 68 72 61 68 58 48 29 34 30 25 n22 1 X' K 1 7 24 17 8 L-li 50 21 50 55 57 45 1891 Means 10 10 26 46 51 G7 71 69 6-1 49 32 22 43 ARMOUR, S. DAK. 1889 /60 /i 68 ,72 71 FORT BENNETT, .S. DAK. 1880 46 44 48 43 51 45 50 50 50 23 30 31 30 32 34 2-1 38 11 31 20 20 9 1881 . 5 18 6 12 5 IX I L'X It 29 16 6 11 11 16 .13 24 82 30 28 33 in 30 23 39 45 46 42 47 53 53 50 64 51 51 57 56 56 57 58 69 66 (ili 72 65 69 71 67 71 69 70 69 74 72 77 72 74 73 70 70 66 73 72 73 57 63 59 62 60 69 62 69 44 46 42 42 1882 1883 1884 1885 1889 25 27 46 46 1890 1891 Means 12 16 30 47 57 68 72 71 61 47 30 20 44 ISRITTON, S. DAK. 1891 63 46 22 19 104 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly ami annual mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota Continued. BROOKINGS, S. DAK. 1888 70 70 71 65 62 70 65 66 57 56 58 65 43 44 44 45 30 26 29 24 24 26 21 25 1889 14 5 21 10 11 7 33 20 18 48 48 44 54 52 56 64 67 64 43 41 42 1890 1891 .Means 13 10 24 47 54 65 69 66 59 44 27 24 42 CANTON, S. DAK. 1889 73 68 60 61 49 49 32 36 31 28 1890 14 25 21 10 26 23 51 49 56 /58 71 67 75 46 1891 Means 20 16 24 50 57 69 70 60 49 34 30 CASTLEWOOD, S. DAK. 1891 . -- 66 64 44 20 22 CLARK, S. DAK. 1889 69 71 69 70 66 70 55 57 67 46 45 48 28 33 '2'2 26 23 24 1890 4 22 12 e 23 20 52 48 54 57 67 61 42 43 1891 Means 13 9 22 50 56 66 70 69 60 45 28 24 43 CROSS, S. DAK. 1890 29 a 27 41 52 53 62 59 /67 63 f5S 62 n36 33 1891 18 /64 48 30 28 52 60 65 60 34 DAKOTA CITY, S. DAK. 1886 59 FORT DAKOTA, S. DAK. 1866 56 52 1868 44 28 15 1869 17. 18 23 42 59 Means 64 DEADWOOD, S. DAK. 1878 .. 26 22 31 16 23 16 32 24 24 24 28 19 38 86 I'd 82 82 32 41 46 37 42 38 38 46 54 52 54 47 43 37 33 21 31 32 34 19 16 18 33 26 26 1879 61 58 64 58 58 68 64 66 63 68 66 63 53 63 60 57 54 1880 4'2 40 44 40 41 1881 . . 1882 63 62 43 40 1883 .. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 105 Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota Continued. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. Continued. 1884 21 19 15 20 15 22 31 15 28 33 30 36 36 41 41 41 49 49 55 54 63 57 60 64 62 66 71 66 61 60 67 61 53 55 54 57 50 45 48 41 36 41 29 35 12 33 25 23 40 43 44 43 1885 1886 1887 Means 21 23 32 40 50 60 65 65 54 44 33 23 42 DE SMETr-S.JDAK. 1889 4 10 6 32 21 20 47 46 47 55 51 56 66 69 63 69 71 67 70 66 67 43 57 64 42 42 43 23 30 22 23 21 22 1890 3 >_> 40 42 1891 Means 12 7 24 47 54 66 69 67 55 42 25 22 41 EGELAND, S. DAK. 1891 60 64 KLKTON, S. DAK. 1891 17 8 20 63 65 65 64 45 23 23 FLANDREAU, S. DAK. 1890 69 64 72 66 65 68 59 66 47 47 33 24 1891 21 9 20 48 56 26 43 66 69 66 62 47 28 FORESTS URG, S. DAK.* 1891 57 64 67 68 65 48 27 27 FOREST CITY, S. DAK. 1891 79 76 70 51 32 FRANKFORT, S. DAK. 1891 64 48 23 23 GARDEN CITY, S. DAK. 1887 .. ll 41 29 29 !> 22 1888 3 12 11 16 9 /25 40 46 47 53 65 70 64 56 38 1889 Means ': 4 10 20 43 50 41 29 22 S. Ex. 157 14 * Temperatures not reliable. 106 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual mean temperature* at stations in South Dakota Continued. OAKY, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. .lime. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 c69 67 48 24 24 GODDAKD, S. DAK. MUM 32 25 .16 12 GRAND VIEW, S. DAK. 1888 54 51 35 FORT GREENWOOD (YANKTON INDIAN AGENCY), 8. DAK. 34 35 14 16 | SI it 1 21 :;o 44 32 53 48 66 57 71 74 75 60 .-,-1 1X1)1 lX(i'' 70 49 33 32 Means 1 18 28 38 50 62 70 .I- 34 21 FORT HALE, S. DAK. 1879 13 24 1 20 4 12 16 25 12 27 12 7 36 26 21 33 28 28 51 46 41 47 46 43, 62 66 lid 55 52 m57 70 70 72 69 68 72 76 76 71 70 74 73 76 75 70 62 61 59 66 60 57 46 47 50 43 32 22 30 32 32 4 30 29 19 20 46 45 44 47 42 1880 1SX1 1883 1884 Means i 12 16 28 46 60 70 73 74 61 49 30 16 45 HENRY, S. DAK. 1886 50 24 8 1887 2 28 45 61 68 70 64 57 HIGHMORE, S. DAK. 1XX7 3 30 47 61 69 c71 63 67 69 58 1888 1890 23 19 50 45 55 69 77 60 48 36 26 1891 25 10 Means 6 24 47 58 69 74 66 59 HOWARD, S. DAK. 1890 66 68 62 66 49 4X 37 24 21 27 1891 22 9 21 61 64 67 Me ;ms 67 64 48 30 24 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota Continued. HURON, S. DAK. 107 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1881 72 72 56 45 28 28 1882 18 L'5 30 44 52 65 66 70 60 49 31 17 44 1883 3 13 28 45 no 65 69 67 56 44 31 18 41 1884 9 t; 26 42 r><; 69 67 66 60 50 :n 9 41 1885 4 7 30 46 55 66 72 64 59 43 30 24 42 1880 () 19 27 46 no 65 74 70 59 51 27 8 42 1887 4 1 30 47 62 70 72 66 (10 42 30 10 41 1888 1 1 1 19 15 50 (j(i 74 67 .VI 45 33 24 41 1889 13 ] 1 36 50 55 66 71 72 57 47 28 26 44 1800 ]J 13 26 50 54 60 71 68 60 47 35 24 43 1891 "I 19 I!) 56 64 67 68 66 IS '1 24 43 Means .. .. 7 12 27 46 55 66 71 68 59 16 30 19 42 KIMBALL, S. DAK. 1889 13 11 33 17 54 68 71 70 56 44 24 26 43 1890 1 13 24 48 54 71 74 67 58- 43 30 22 42 1891 22 6 18 46 57 65 69 67 66 50 28 28 44 Means 13 10 25 47 55 68 71 68 60 46 27 25 43 LEAD CITY, S. DAK. 1878 58 67 66 49 40 LONG CREEK, S. DAK. 1888 650 a 64 70 i65 g5G LOWER BRULE AGENCY, &. DAK. 1875 . . 63 49 26 28 1876 17 18 19 48 64 70 78 73 59 46 27 12 44 1877 10 32 24 46 59 65 76 74 65 ' 44 32 29 i 46 1878 21 31 44 50 5:1 67 77 75 60 47 38 15 48 Means 16 27 29 48 59 67 77 74 62 46 31 21 46 MAMMOTH SPRINGS, S. DAK. 1883 63 49 40 31 1884 25 10 22 FORT MEADE, S. DAK. 1879 75 73 62 55 36 17 1880 31 24 27 41 65 72 71 60 48 20 13 1881 13 21 35 43 57 67 74 73 54 44 34 36 46 1882 22 30 35 39 52 62 69 72 54 44 34 23 45 1883 16 22 34 42 50 65 69 72 64 45 34 25 45 1884 20 g 27 38 52 66 65 64 55 49 37 6 41 1885 14 15 32 46 54 62 71 65 61 48 40 33 45 1886 .. 7 31 30 44 61 67 79 78 59 48 31 20 46 108 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly anil annual mean tempera lures at stations in tiouth Dakota Continued. FORT MEADE, S. DAK. Continued. 1887 17 14 22 12 31 16 28 21 20 13 37 22 36 32 25 46 60 68 CM 71 65 till 71 71 70 61 59 57 60 65 43 45 51 48 51 34 24 32 39 36 22 24 :;:; 32 38 45 1 ,s,s* 1889 47 47 48 49 :,l 56 63 66 02 68 76 OX 46 40 40 1890 1N91 ... . Mruiis .... 18 21 31 44 54 C5 71 70 5!l 48 33 24 45 MILLBANK, S. DAK. 1890 40 56 47 65 69 69 71 72 65 73 64 63 .1* 50 38 24 29 24 1891 27 14 26 47 48 56 69 72 69 64 49 31 20 MITCHELL, S. DAK. 1891 68 68 67 -III 30 28 OELRICHS, 8. DAK. 1890 :;i t46 23 48 53 58 74 69 69 71 60 64 47 48 95 31 29 27 1891 25 10 63 45 Moans 28 47 56 72 70 62 46 33 28 OLIVET, S. DAK. 1877 06 67 69 71 71 69 71 76 76 73 75 (ill 71 74 72 72 76 72 63 00 61 60 59 63 46 47 55 41 47 51 30 37 31 21 30 31 30 13 7 11 29 [15] 1878 21 14 26 2 c!8 31 18 S 25 42 36 39 20 32 49 50 46 38 47 55 63 00 III 54 48 46 45 43 [46] 1879 1880 1X81 1882 Means 16 22 32 46 60 69 73 73 61 48 30 17 45 ONIDA, S. DAK. 1889 34 23 19 45 46 45 48 51 54 66 71 74 64 <Z74 66 60 56 58 62 10 II 4-1 26 32 22 24 1890 1 33 12 6 1891 63 19 41 Means .... 12 9 25 45 51 64 70 69 59 45 20 22 41 PAKKER, 8. DAK. 1891 68 69 67 29 28 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 109 Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota Continued. PARKSTON, S. DAK. year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1887 6 30 49 63 70 74 70 63 45 33 14 [44] 1W8 3 20 23 47 52 68 77 [66] [56] [42] 32 24 [42] 1889 18 14 35 [46] [51] 65 68 70 55 44 - 24 32 [43] 1X<)0 9 18 '!> 50 68 71 30 1891 '8 13 24 48 57 64 68 69 67 49 30 28 45 Jll'illlS 13 14 28 48 56 67 72 69 60 45 30 32 44 PIERRE, S. DAK. 1891 71 72 68 50 30 28 FORT PIERRE, S. DAK. 1854 13 31 37 ' 57 63 68 1855 77 69 64 48 32 14 1856 4 24 30 49 61 75 79 72 61 57 30 q 46 1857 li 15 33 39 59 Means 8 23 33 48 61 72 78 70 62 52 31 12 46 PLANKINTON, S. DAK. FORT RANDALL, S. DAK. 1891 65 69 69 1856 31 9 1 857 3 15 28 34 54 68 76 73 63 49 31 28 44 1858 28 11 42 47 65 74 78 73 64 46 30 20 47 1859 23 21 34 40 62 71 82 73 62 50 33 12 47 I860 23 29 44 50 64 69 74 74 60 53 33 16 49 18lil . ... 12 26 31 49 58 74 78 74 62 49 32 26 48 18li2 . . 9 14 28 39 62 72 78 74 64 51 34 31 46 18113 23 21 35 51 65 70 75 77 65 41 35 18 48 ixiil 20 33 32 46 ill 77 81 78 66 57 35 16 50 1865 20 28 26 45 64 76 IS! 16 58 52 37 22 1867 16 17 9 46 56 71 77 78 64 54 40 27 46 1868 9 22 38 44 68 71 X2 73 57 40 34 24 47 1869 29 26 33 46 61 68 75 T' 61 42 33 27 48 1870 19 29 25 51 67 82 71 64 50 43 23 50 1871 22 28 38 48 F64 1 76 76 74 66 51 26 15 [491 1872 17 27 29 50 62 73 75 76- 65 58 28 16 48 1873 . 18 24 37 42 66 76 75 77 60 47 36 20 47 1X71 18 22 32 45 68 75 81 78 65 51 32 26 49 1X75 3 6 25 43 62 67 73 70 63 50 29 30 43 1X76 21 24 22 50 63 68 60 47 30 16 46 1877 15 35 29 48 60 66 75 73 66 47 33 31 48 1X78 24 33 45 51 55 68 77 75 62 49 40 18 50 1X7!) , 18 17 38 53 64 71 74 74 63 60 33 8 48 1880 29 27 31 48 liX 70 76 63 48 23 4 47 1881 4 14 23 41 66 72 76 80 61 49 33 32 46 1882 23 30 36 48 56 70 70 74 65 53 34 21 48 1883 ' 18 32 49 55 70 73 72 60 46 36 25 45 1884 14 S 30 46 61 73 7I{ 71 65 54 36 12 45 1885 9 14 35 50 60 69 711 68 64 48 29 47 1886 ... 8 26 30 50 65 70 80 76 64 55 S 9 17 48 1887 10 23 34 51 65 76 68 61 46 35 15 47 1888 6 23 28 51 F541 [711 -T791 70 61 47 35 28 F46] 1889 20 19 42 55 61 71 70 60 51 31 35 49 1890 13 21 30 51 55 71 80 1'2 65 54 40 31 49 1891 28 12 25 50 59 66 69 68 68 53 32 30 47 Means 16 22 32 47 61 71 76 74 63 50 33 22 47 110 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Month!;/ and annual mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota Continued. RAPID CITY, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May! June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1881 35 46 69 67 74 74 59 46 34 33 I SX1> 25 33 37 40 51 63 70 73 63 50 32 26 47 1 SSM 13 16 35 42 48 eg 1XXS 11 28 25 50 49 lil 71 66 62 44 31 29 44 1889 23 21 - 40 50 52 65 69 T2 58 51 33 35 47 1890 13 22 33 47 54 66 74 70 60 49 42 34 47 1891 32 12 25 47 55 63 68 69 '64 50 35 32 46 Means 20 22 33 46 53 64 71 71 61 48 34 31 46 KEDFIELD, S. DAK. 1889 (246 54 ?65 ROSCOE, S. DAK. 1889 ft 51 065 69 no d54 <J45 ST. LAWRENCE, S. DAK. 1890 j 72 d58 m46 27 1891 L'li 9 21 51 59 66 71 70 28 30 Means . . . . 71 . SCKANTON, S. DAK. 1889 I 20 18SK) 1 10 21 50 r>u 70 77 69 45 33 1891 - ... 25 8 L'O 47 Means 14 9 24 48 22 SIOUX FALLS, S. DAK. 1890 72 74 67 60 47 33 24 1891 23 9 1'LJ 17 66 R7 66 49 25 ''6 Means .... 70 67 63 48 29 25 FORT SISSKTOX (FOk'MKI.'I.Y FORT WADSWOKTII), S. DAK. 1866 56 46 34 14 1x117 1 6 1? MX 51 66 7;i 72 60 49 29 1869 14 12 16 38 -,-, (;> 69 fi7 56 S6 00 IK QO 1X70 3 11 15 1 1 VI (iX ii 1 ) 53 gg 43 35 17 | | 1871 6 14 23 1 1 ii'' 66 70 68 57 43 17 1 39 1X72 7 12 13 89 ">! 66 70 I IS 56 48 18 1 38 1X7:; * l 7 20 :r> -,1 70 69 69 51 36 25 10 37 1X74 8 IX :>(i 61 ti7 74 69 (iO 46 20 16 40 1X75 11 r> 15 35 57 HO 70 66 KT 42 19 19 ST 1876 !l 5 13 40 57 (>> 71 (j7 53 40 4 1X77 2 25 15 40 (i't 1X7X 14 39 45 50 64 72 40 8 1879 K 4 25 47 55 70 54 54 26 4 1880 14 12 18 60 ' g5 69 66 56 42 16 3 1881 3 18 33 61 65 72 70 53 40 22 23 CKRTA1N CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Ill Monthly and animal menu temperatures at stations in South Dakota CoJitinucd. FORT SISSETON (FORMERLY FORT WADSWORTH), S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jnue. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1882 9 lit L'O 39 51 63 65 70 59 46 26 9 40 1XX3 6 6 18 40 49 63 68 67 56 40 27 12 37 ! xx 1 3 17 56 70 65 86 57 46 27 3 37 1885 3 1 23 12 53 63 70 62 58 43 28 20 38 ISM; 5 12 23 hi 58 65 74 70 56 49 21 4 40 ISST (> 1 25 43 60 fix 69 63 57 39 28 6 38 188X 6 13 40 18 64 70 lil 58 43 31 22 :w 1889 I.I 5 33 46 Mrans 3 8 19 40 55 (;:, 70 67 57 43 25 10 38 SMITHV1LLE, S. DAK. 1881 - 78 068 [62 /75 ftl 80 <Z72 62 e66 J6* 31 30 1882 21 29 22 ft 35 d29 43 1883 ,ir,\ 26 32 68 73 76 64 SPEARFISH, S. DAK. isx'.i 24 15 32 23 22 13 39 33 25 50 48 47 55 54 56 69 68 62 70 76 68 74 72 70 57 60 63 51 48 49 33 44 35 34 35 32 48 48 Hi IXill) 18!H .. SPRING LAKE, S. DAK. 1888 17 17 1 XX' 1 16 15 34 48 54 66 69 70 FORT SULLY, S. DAK. ISlit) 12 17 21 45 1868 55 34 22 ixi;:> 21 20 29 41 58 65 73 73 fiO 42 29 22 45 1870 13 25 20 49 62 74 80 71 H7 50 44 30 4!t 1X71 M> 24 34 48 68 76 XI) 77 67 52 25 14 49 1X7'> 17 25 28 44 58 70 74 72 62 52 24 1 '' 45 1X73 10 15 32 42 54 74 74 76 57 42 35 15 41 1874 l(i 20 28 44 63 70 79 76 65 51 26 27 47 1X7.") 4 22 39 HO 66 74 71 61 49 24 27 41 1 876 19 16 62 68 16 59 47 28 14 1X77 14 :;:; 24 45 59 ill 73 65 45 32 29 46 1878 22 31 44 50 53 68 77 74 60 48 39 17 4(1 1X7!) 16 16 36 52 61 71 72 61 56 32 3 46 1XXO 23 24 28 44 64 69 75 72 62 46 21 8 45 1881 2 13 22 40 65 70 75 58 45 29 30 45 1882 23 27 30 44 54 7:t 73 78 67 53 31 20 48 1883 .-- 8 17 31 37 53 liX 72 71 63 47 34 21 44 IXXl 12 6 27 44 60 74 71 71 64 56 36 9 44 1 xxr, 7 12 36 51 60 68 7I> 69 63 l!l 35 26 46 1886 2 24 29 47 62 68 76 76 61 52 30 9 45 1887 S 2 34 r>8 64 71 68 63 46 33 14 44 1XXX 2 18 20 50 52 t!7 II!) 62 47 34 26 44 1889 17 15 38 52 55 68 72 74 60 50 28 28 47 1890 2 15 29 51 56 70 77 72 61 50 39 28 46 1891 28 9 22 49 57 65 72 73 68 49 28 27 46 Means 13 18 28 46 59 69 75 73 62 49 31 20 45 112 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota Continued. TYNDALL, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Mav. June. July. An};. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 70 68 50 39 29 VERMILLION, S. DAK. 1884 fl2 13 (J32 45 d60 ft 68 172 <Z55 36 034 1885 16 mil 7' 32 j 51 62 A 77 Z67 62 a 48 39 a 28 1886 ... . o5 24 628 /52 62 668 675 <773 e63 e57 e31 014 46 1890 11 22 26 50 56 71 75 67 58 46 34 26 45 1891 24 12 Means 12 16 30 50 60 69 76 70 61 52 35 26 46 WKBSTER, S. DAK. 1882 71 73 78 70 56 33 15 1883 1 11 25 46 51 69 77 73 63 45 33 14 42 1884 2 19 38 58 77 73 71 62 52 35 9 41 1885 4 7 28 46 58 67 75 67 62 45 31 23 43 1886 18 29 50 63 69 77 72 59 51 23 1 43 1887 13 1 29 45 61 69 72 64 58 40 31 11 39 1888 2 12 19 43 52 67 74 66 58 43 32 23 41 1889 11 7 34 49 55 66 71 74 59 48 29 27 44 1890 6 15 24 50 53 69 73 68 61 47 35 26 44 1891 >.-, 13 22 50 64 69 70 50 27 28 Means 4 9 25 46 56 69 73 70 62 48 31 18 43 WENTWORTH, S. DAK. 1883 < r>(> 1885 44 74 I'M 70 1891 24 25 WKS8IN(iT()\ STRINGS, S. DAK. 1891 68 69 68 51 27 28 WICK LOW. S. DAK. 1882 773 76 as 47 28 20 1883 10 43 WOLSKY, S. DAK. 1X80 11 n 33 48 55 67 7t 71 55 44 23 22 43 1X1)0 4 13 'ii 49- 55 71 7H 70 80 46 32 24 44 iK'.n 33 6 20 48 58 66 71 70 67 47 24 22 44 Means 13 9 26 48 56 68 74 70 61 46 26 23 43 CE11TAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTA8. Monthly and annual mean temperatures at stations in South Dakota Continued. WOONSOCKET, S. DAK. 113 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June,. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Doc. Annual. 1888 .. 46 51 68 75 68 50 42 91) 22 1889 12 10 34 49 56 67 71 72 56 44 OS Ofi 1890 4 13 24 49 54 69 74 68 59 44 31 OQ Means 8 12 29 48 54 68 73 69 58 43 28 24 44 YANKTON. S. DAK. 1859 * 34 14 I860 24 30 44 52 66 72 74 74 59 52 33 16 ^n 1861 11 25 [32] [49] [58] 1862 70 50 32 31 1873 40 54 73 74 77 60 46 36 20 1874 18 19 31 44 64 71 78 73 61 49 30 23 47 1875 o 23 41 61 66 70 68 60 47 26 28 43 1876 20 21 20 46 61 66 73 72 50 45 27 12 44 1X77 14 34 27 45 59 65 73 70 64 47 32 32 47 1878 23 33 44 50 54 66 75 73 60 48 39 16 4X 1879 16 19 36 50 63 69 75 73 60 59 35 12 47 1880 29 22 31 47 66 70 75 73 62 46 24 15 47 1881 6 14 22 39 65 72 75 77 60 49 32 33 45 1882 23 29 34 48 54 68 69 72 64 53 35 19 47 1883 7 17 30 48 53 67 72 71 59 46 35 24 44 1884 14 12 29 44 60 72 71 69 64 54 34 12 45 1885 9 13 33 47 57 67 73 66 62 47 35 27 45 1886 5 23 ''X 48 62 68 76 73 62 55 31 14 45 18X7 8 11 34 51 64 71 74 60 62 47 35 17 4^ 1XXX 5 93 24 48 52 69 76 71 63 49 36 20 i^ I XX!) 20 18 39 52 60 69 73 73 61 50 32 34 48 1890 11 ''1 29 51 56 71 76 70 62 50 39 31 47 1891 27 12 93 51 58 65 70 T601 68 52 30 31 46 Menus 14 20 31 47 59 69 74 72 62 50 33 22 46 Mean monthly and annual temperatures at tioo stations in Minnesota. MOOEHEAD, MINN. 1881 3 7 19 34 60 65 71 68 53 40 20 20 38 1882 6 17 19 39 51 63 65 69 58 46 26 6 30 1883 10 3 14 39 48 62 66 63 53 40 23 6 34 1884 4 4 15 39 54 69 64 64 57 44 25 6 36 1885 1 3 22 41 53 62 68 60 56 41 28 15 37 1886 7 8 24 46 56 63 70 67 54 48 22 o 38 1887 9 2 22 41 60 68 69 63 56 38 26 6 37 1888 9 4 12 38 48 64 69 63 57 43 29 20 37 1889 10 33 45 52 64 67 60 54 44 25 20 40 1890 1 5 18 45 48 68 69 63 55 45 33 19 39 1891 14 2 14 47 54 g2 63 65 62 45 20 18 39 Menu i 4 19 41 53 65 67 65 56 43 25 12 37 ST. VINCENT, MINN. 1880 1881 1882 1883 1X84 188T. 1886 1887 1888 52 4"0 16 2 6 9 19 31 58 02 69 66 K1 37 16 14 36 7 12 33 48 59 62 66 55 49 24 5 34 13 o 34 46 61 62 60 51 37 18 1 30 g S 11 36 53 gg 61 9 K,l 49 99 1 33 to 4 15 37 51 59 63 KG KQ j-rt 9S 12 34 11 5 18 44 55 62 69 C4 50 46 19 1 35 13 ^ 16 38 58 65 66 fii CK ^ 20 2 33 14 8 3.5 46 63 flfi A1 KB -11 2fi 15 88 Ex. 15715 114 CKUTAIN CLIMATIC FEATU11ES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Mean monthly and annual mean temperatures at two stations in Minnesota Continued. ST. VINCENT, MINN. Continued. Fear. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1889 7 3 30 43 50 63 65 66 52 40 24 11 37 1890 10 3 12 41 45 69 69 60 51 42 28 19 35 1891 11 3 12 44 51 (il 61 62 58 43 19 13 36 Mean - 6 ^ 15 38 51 63 65 62 53 40 22 8 34 Mean monthly and annual temperatures at three stations in Nebraska. HAY SPRINGS, NEBR. 18S 10 29 28 41 59 64 75 69 58 47 26 20 44 1XX7 17 14 37 44 56 66 71 BE 59 40 29 18 43 1888 9 28 25 48 49 67 71 65 60 44 30 28 44 1889 21 19 37 47 52 64 70 70 55 47 28 32 45 1890 12 23 33 46 53 55 74 68 60 45 34 28 45 1891 25 11 22 46 55 c60 66 68 61 46 31 27 43 Mean 16 21 30 . 45 54 64 71 68 59 45 30 26 44 FORT ROBINSON, NEBR. 1883 .. 72 71 60 41 28 31 1884 23 18 32 42 57 72 74 70 88 54 38 12 46 1885 . . . 19 23 37 47 58 66 74 71 63 49 41 34 48 1886 16 34 33 47 66 68 78 71 56 50 32 25 48 1887 21 18 41 19 61 72 71 68 63 45 34 'M 47 1888 17 32 28 53 52 T671 73 65 61 48 37 36 I47T 1889 26 27 43 50 53 65 70 71 58 52 32 38 49 1890 16 28 37 48 ft 67 76 70 61 49 33 1891 29 16 25 48 57 62 67 70 68 4!) 34 Mean . . . 21 24 34 48 57 67 73 70 61 'I'l 36 39 47 VALENTINE, NEBR. 1885 60 '16 37 IXXfi 7 27 27 1 1 61 65 76 72 (ill 52 30 19 45 1XX7 15 13 36 47 61 70 72 67 45 ixxx 9 28 35 50 M 68 74 68 61 l'43 1 11 34 rl'^i 1889 25 25 1 1 52 55 66 72 73 r>x 50 32 'ill 49 1X9(1 11 23 50 55 69 76 69 62 49 38 32 AT 28 13 >> 48 57 64 68 69 65 51 'i'i 31 Aft Mean 16 22 31 48 57 67 73 70 61 48 35 29 40 Mean monthly and annual temperature* at one station in Iowa. SIOUX CITY, IOWA. 1857 71 /.in; 27 9R 1868 9 8 14 11 44 54 71 73 70 6'' J.Q 97 1O 1859 L'l 1861 9 19 ''X 17 55 70 70 CO AJ 01 1862 7 17 S3 38 59 68 73 i;'i fi9 An 09 1864 22 19 32 22 1865 15 28 31 45 61 1878 *29 *39 *51 "-,'.< 1889 76 73 61 50 33 yc 1890 14 23 ''8 52 58 79 7ft RQ ft9 1891 28 13 25 53 59 58 (I'l 8 rn OA 01 Mean 19 22 34 48 58 70 73 70 63 49 31 27 47 * Mean temperature* from one observation daily at noon. APPENDIX No. 41. Jformnl monthly and annual temperatures from the stations of longest record. Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. NORTH DAKOTA. AbercronibU', Fort 4 4 5 5 6 0.5 10 3 6 10 3 0.2 4 2 6 8 8 10 10 4 4 7 2 10 16 10 6 10 5 11 16 21 22 22 26 20 26 14 17 25 24 14 20 17 26 39 41 42 42 46 41 46 37 42 42 40 36 40 38 46 59 56 55 55 54 45 50 53 59 58 52 57 57 54 57 70 66 64 65 66 66 64 63 67 68 61 63 66 64 69 73 71 69 70 70 66 70 68 70 75 70 70 71 68 73 70 70 67 67 66 67 67 64 66 70 65 68 68 66 70 59 58 57 55 55 53 54 54 58 58 56 56 55 55 62 44 45 44 43 43 41 39 40 40 45 45 40 42 42 47 26 27 26 26 26 26 29 ) 24 26 29 19 24 23 30 10 14 15 13 20 17 18 6 11 16 11 14 9 8 IX 40 -40 40 39 40 37 40 35 39 42 38 37 39 36 43 Abraham Lincoln, Fort Bismarck .... _ . Buford, Fort Davenport _ . (Tallatiu New England Citv Pembina, Fort .. Ransom, Fort Rice, Fort . . Richardton . Seward, Fort.. Stevenson, Fort Tottcn, Fort .. Yates, Fort . Means . . 3 8 21 41 55 65 70 67 56 43 25 13 39 SOUTH DAKOTA. Alexandria 10 12 13 21 12 7 13 18 16 13 16 20 3 13 12 4 8 14 10 15 ]0 23 16 12 10 21 22 14 22 22 8 18 16 9 12 20 26 30 24 32 28 27 25 31 32 28 32 33 19 28 30 25 29 31 46 47 47 40 46 46 47 44 46 48 47 46 40 46 50 46 48 47 54 57 54 50 60 66 55 54 60 56 61 53 55 59 60 56 54 59 67 68 65 60 70 66 68 65 69 67 71 64 65 69 69 69 68 69 71 72 69 65 73 71 71 71 73 72 76 71 70 75 76 73 73 74 60 71 66 65 74 68 68 70 73 69 74 71 67 72 70 70 69 72 64 61 59 54 61 59 60 59 61 60 63 61 57 62 61 62 58 62 49 47 44 44 49 46 46 IS 46 48 50 48 43 49 62 48 43 50 32 30 27 33 30 30 27 33 30 30 33 34 25 31 35 31 28 33 22 20 24 23 16 19 25 24 17 32 22 31 10 20 26 18 24 22 43 44 42 42 45 42 43 45 45 44 47 46 38 45 46 43 44 46 Hennett, Fort . lirookings Headwood Male, Fort Huron Kimbnll Meade, Fort Olivet Parkston Randall, Forl . . Rapid City Sisseton, Fort. . . Sully, Fort Vermillion Webster Woonsockct Yankton Means 13 16 28 46 56 67 72 70 60 47 31 22 44 MINNESOTA. Moorhead 1 - 6 19 16 21 16 4 1 22 21 24 22 19 15 34 30 34 31 41 38 48 45 48 48 53 61 58 54 57 57 65 63 70 64 67 67 67 65 73 71 73 73 65 62 70 68 70 70 56 53 63 59 61 61 43 40 49 45 49 48 1 25 22 31 30 36 35 12 8 27 26 29 29 37 34 47 44 47 46 St. Vincent IOWA. Sioux City NEBRASKA. Hay Springs Robinson, Fort Valentine 115 APPENDIX No. 42. Temperature normals (degrees Fahrenheit), Wwitlur llnrmu, 10 years, 1881 to 1890. [Computed from the averages of the readings of scll'-r*-^i^l''i ini; maximum ;unl mini mum thermometers.] Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. NORTH DAKOTA. Bismarck 1 8 24 43 54 65 70 68 57 44 29 14 40 Buford, Fort 0.2 g 25 44 54 65 70 68 56 44 28 13 40 6 8 24 44 54 65 70 liS 56 44 28 14 40 SOUTH DAKOTA. Deadwood 14 23 33 46 54 66 71 68 60 50 36 27 46 Huron . . 5 12 29 47 55 67 72 69 60 47 31 18 43 Sully, Fort 6 14 30 49 .">7 69 76 72 63 50 34 21 45 Yankton 11 19 31 48 59 70 74 72 63 "id 36 >l 46 9 17 31 48 56 68 73 70 62 I') ;| ;> 45 MINNESOTA. Moorhead 3 4 20 41 53 68 67 62 54 42 25 11 37 St. Vincent 8 _ l 15 37 51 63 66 63 53 40 ''2 6 34 APPENDIX No. 43. Temperature normals (degrees Fahrenheit), naxr^x tables, 8 years, 1879 to 1SS6. [Computed from synchronous observations, at 7 a. m., 3, and 1! p. in.) Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. .rune. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. NORTH DAKOTA. Bismarck 2 9 23 40 56 65 69 67 56 43 9 6 12 39 Bnford, Fort 2 g 24 41 55 65 68 66 54 42 26 12 39 Means 2 g 24 40 56 65 68 66 55 42 26 12 39 SOUTH DAKOTA. Dead\vood 20 22 31 39 50 60 65 64 54 44 32 24 42 Huron . . 7 13 28 44 57 67 70 68 58 46 29 15 42 Sully, Fort g 15 X 45 59 68 73 68 57 Hi 30 18 43 Yankton 13 18 30 46 60 69 73 71 62 50 33 '>0 45 Means 12 17 30 44 56 66 70 68 58 46 31 19 43 MINNESOTA, Moorhead 1 5 19 <*Q KK CK i;s Kf, KK 42 24 g 37 St. Vincent 7 14 35 53 63 65 62 53 40 20 5 33 116 APPENDIX No. 44. Temperature normals (degrees Fahrenheit), Weather Bureau, 9 years, 1881 to 1880. [Computed from synchronous observations at 7 a. in. and 11 p. in., from 1881 to 1888, combined with S a. in. ami S p. in. observations for 188Dj reducing the former to tbe latter by applying corrections lor diurnal variation.] Stations. .Ian. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. NORTH DAKOTA. Bismarck _ 1 6 22 41 55 66 70 68 56 42 25 14 39 Buford, Fort . - 1 6 24 42 53 65 68 66 53 40 24 12 38 Means - 1 6 23 42 54 66 69 ti7 54 41 24 13 88 SOUTH DAKOTA. Dead wood . . 16 21 31 42 51 62 67 65 56 44 32 26 4;) Huron .... 6 11 26 43 56 6(i 70 67 56 44 27 16 41 Sully, Fort 6 14 28 46 56 68 73 70 58 44 28 18 42 Yauktoii 10 16 29 46 58 70 74 72 60 48 32 21 15 Means 10 16 28 44 55 66 71 68 58 45 30 20 43 MINNESOTA. Moorhead . .. 4 2 19 40 54 65 68 65 54 41 23 10 ;;i; St. Vincent 10 2 14 35 52 64 66 62 50 38 20 6 33 APPENDIX No. 45. Monthly and annual mean temperatures from certain selected stations. Stations. Jan. Fob. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. lire-. Anniitil. Yours ol' rrr- ord. ABsinaboine Fort Mont 7 14 6 15 21 15 12 15 5 8 14 12 2 3 11 8 9 8 26 22 14 21 12 22 28 23 19 20 3 16 22 14 7 10 6 2 8 2 18 17 30 34 22 32 33 34 29 30 24 27 33 28 25 28 12 16 24 12 11 7 44 46 38 49 43 43 47 41 43 46 43 38 40 44 34 37 42 35 11 17 53 55 49 61 55 50 60 50 .").") 59 52 49 50 54 48 50 50 52 25 35 63 65 58 69 67 60 60 59 66 68 63 56 56 62 58 60 60 62 40 52 68 72 66 74 74 C7 73 66 69 72 70 60 60 66 62 62 65 66 56 62 66 70 64 71 70 66 70 64 65 70 69 58 58 64 58 61 63 64 52 54 55 59 GO 63 58 57 63 54 56 60 57 50 49 55 49 50 53 52 40 42 43 47 45 51 45 44 50 43 43 48 43 41 40 44 36 38 42 38 24 28 29 32 89 36 33 30 SB 34 26 31 26 29 24 29 20 21 26 18 7 6 19 23 17 21 24 24 23 25 8 18 24 16 10 16 2 5 12 3 13 13 11 44 38 47 46 43 46 42 39 43 43 38 35 40 30 32 37 33 16 20 9 9 <i !l 13 I 9 6 5 l 12 6 7 7 7 7 5 17 3 9 Fetterman Fort Wvo Helena, Mont La Crosse, Wis . Ma <r innis Fort, Mont Poplar River, Mont, St. Paul, Minn Washakie Fort Wvo CANADIAN STATIONS. Calvary Medicine Hat Miunedosa .. Qu'Appello ... Swift Current Churchill Fort York Factorv 117 APPENDIX No. 46. Mean annual temperatures, with annual and mean annual deviations, in degrees FaJirenJidt. [The mean annual deviation is obtained by dividing half the sum of the excesses and deficiencies, neglecting the algebraic signs, by the mean aunual temperature.] Stations. Mean annual. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1805. NOIiTII DAKOTA. 40 -i-O 4-0 j-1 4-2 _LO 40 40 Buford Fort 39 35 Rice Fort 42 1 39 Totten Fort 36 Yates Fort 43 SOUTH JMKOTA. 44 42 Hale, Fort 45 Huron 43 43 45 Randall Fort 47 3 4-0 J-0 J-2 +1 _1 -1-1 4-3 46 Sisseton, Fort 38 Sully, Fort 45 Webster 43 46 -1-4 MINNESOTA. Moorhead 37 St Vincent 34 NEBRASKA. Hay Springs 44 Robinson, Fort . . . 47 Valentine . ... 46 Annual sums 42 3 -t-6 j-1 1 4-2 4-5 4-2 Annual sums North Dakota 39 i 4-0 _i_l 4-2 4-2 Annual sums South Dakota . . . 44 3 o +6 +1 +1 +3 118 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 119 Mean annual temperalm-cx, irith annual and mean annual deviations, etc. Continued. Stations. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. NORTH DAKOTA. -t-0 j-0 + 3 o 1 2 + 1 2 + 3 5 +3 +2 + 2 +0 1 - 3 o 3 I 2 t a Rice Fort + 1 + 1 1 2 +_ o + 2 3 +2 + 2 . i -2 5 Totten Fort + * 1 2 o 4 -. SOUTH DAKOTA. | Hale Fort Kimb'ill Randall Fort ". 1 +1 + 3 +2 +1 o + 2 4 + 1 + 3 +1 -t-0 1 + 2 g Sully Fort o + 4 +4 -J-0 1 + 2 - 4 + 1 5 MINNESOTA. ' St Vincent NEltKASKA. 1 +5 +5 +22 +6 6 13 +i:s -46 -i-O -1-5 +3 +12 1 7 11 + 6 30 Annual sums South Dakota .. . 1 +2 +10 +7 +1 2 + 7 16 120 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO f)AKOTAy. Mean annual tempcralitrctt. iritli annual and mean annual deriations, etc. Continued. Stations. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. NORTH DAKOTA. Abercrombie, Fort . .. 3 4- 4- 4 + 6 4-0 4- <> -3 4- 2 + 5 2 _(-0 + 1 2 Btil'ord Fort 2 + 5 J_0 '> 4-0 -4- 2 3 } 3 + 2 + 6 2 2 4-0 -4- + 5 8 1 4-0 4- 1 Totten Fort 2 + 4 + 8 4-1 j-1 4- 2 | Q Yates Fort 1 J SOUTH DAKOTA. Bennett Fort . . . - 4-0 4- 2 2 1 _i_ i n Hale Fort -fi 4-0 1 2 3 Huron 4- 2 1 1 Kimball _i_l i |) 1 _L 1 4- 3 -LI ID I J- 1 V Rapid City _L 1 Sisseton, Fort _j_ 2 1 Sully, Fort -f 1 4- * +1 4-0 3 _i_ 3 I Webster 1 Yaukton 2 4. 1 4- 2 4-1 .LI j -1- 1 Q MINNESOTA. Moorhead 4-1 -4- 2 3 1 St. Vincent 4-2 4- 4 J NEBRASKA. Hay Springs Robinson, Fort Valentine Annual sums . . 19 +25 :i4 4-2 -6 4-0 4-23 30 07 An 1111:1] Hums North Dakota ... 16 4-22 j_25 2 g _4_1 -4- fi 10 tj Annual sums South Dakota 3 J_ 3 _L 9 -4-4 4-0 5 4-1 Pi IK ~\f\ CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 121 Mean annual temper attires, with annual and mean annual deviations, etc. Continued. Stations. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Abso- lute va- riation. Mean vari- ation. NORTH DAKOTA. -j-O Per cent. .02 4-0 _j_0 3 4- 2 + 1 +0.5 .03 Bismarck 2 k 1 4- 3 + 1 + 1 0.2 .04 Buford, Fort +1 +1 -1 * -1 + * + 1 + 2 +0.3 .04 4-0 4-0 1 4- 3 + 1 + 9 +0.9 .05 +0.3 .03 0.7 .03 Totten Fort 1 4-0 -_2 1 + 5 +1.0 .05 Yates Fort -1-0 1 2 + 3 + 1 + 1 ^0.2 .02 SOUTH DAKOTA. 4- 2 + 2 +0.2 .03 -1-1 +2 4. i 0.4 .03 Hale Fort 0.3 .05 4-0 +6 - 1 ^ 4- 2 + 1 + 1 +0.3 .02 Kimball .{- + 1 0.0 .01 -1-0 +1 4- 4- i + 1 + 1 ^0.2 .(fe Randall, Fort +1 1 4- 2 + 2 4- +0.2 .02 Rapid City . ... 2 + 1 + 1 0.2 .02 4-0 +2 4- 4- +0.4 .02 Sully Fort -)-l o 1 4- 2 + 1 + 1 +0.5 .03 Webster .... 40 -j-O A 2 4- 1 + 1 1.0 .02 Yankton i 1 j 4- 2 + 1 o 0.1 .03 MINNESOTA. Moorliead 40 4-1 +_ o o 4- 3 + 2 + 2 +0.4 .03 St. Vincent +1 J 4- 3 + 1 + 2 +0.1 .04 NEBRASKA. 40 1 4- 4- 1 + 1 j .01 -)-l 4-1 4- 4- 4- 2 +0.5 .01 4- 3 + 1 o +0.6 .02 Annual sums ... 4-2 48 19 15 +45 +19 420 +2.9 .03 Annual sums North Dakota 4-0 41 1 5 +20 + 5 +13 +1.9 .03 Annual SIMMS South Dakota +1 45 6 8 +13 + 9 + 4 ^0.6 .02 S. Ex. 145 16 APPENDIX tfo. 47. Maximum and minimum and mean annual ranges of temperature. .States and stations. Temperature ranges. Highest. Lowest. Mean annual. Length of record. Xl:TII DAKOTA. Bismarck Buford, Fort Pembina, Fort Kiclitirdton Tot ten, Fort Yatcs, Fort SOl.'Tll DAKOTA. Dead wood Huron Olivet Randall, Fort Rapid City Sisseton, Fort Sully, Fort Webster Vankton MINNESOTA. Moorhead St. Vincent NEBRASKA. Robinson, Fort Valentine SIII.KCTED STATIONS. Assinnaboine, Fort, Munt Duluth, Minn Helena, Mont McKinney. Fort, Wyo . Poplar River, Mont St. Paul, Minn Washakie, Fort, Wyo (' \ X A 1)1 A X. STATIONS. Calgary Churchill, Fort Kilinonton Medicine Hat Minnedosa yu 'Appelle Refjina Swift Current Winnipeg 141 154 151 146 148 151 124 142 136 145 130 141 144 146 133 145 146 140 138 157 135 140 131 159 135 141 134 124 144 158 155 141 156 146 148 120 116 122 127 120 128 106 114 118 103 117 112 110 128 108 127 132 115 121 120 110 108 109 146 109 114 116 119 135 130 134 130 143 121 129 132 141 137 135 133 138 116 131 126 129 124 126 132 138 119 134 138 127 128 137 120 122 118 155 123 124 125 121 140 143 141 137 148 133 138 1875-1891 1867-1891 1872-1891 1884-1887 1870-1890 1882-1891 1879-1887 1882-1891 1878-1XX2 1860-1 89 1 1888-1891 1869-1X88 1869-1 S91 1883-1891 1874-1891 1881-1891 1881-1890 1884-1891 1886-1891 1881-1891 1873-1891 1881-1X91 18S8-1891 1884-1888 1873-1891 1888-1890 1885-1890 1885-1887 1883-1886 1884-1890 1883-1890 1883-1890 1885-1889 1886-1890 1883-1890 122 APPENDIX No. 48. Average monthly absolute-rouges of temperature. Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Length of record. FortBnford, N. Dak.. Bismarck, N. Dak Ft. Stevenson, N. Dak. St. Vincent, Jliun FortTotten, N. Dak.. Fort Yates, N. Dak... Moorliead, Minn 80 73 71 75 73 77 73 79 73 74 75 73 78 75 75 70 66 68 59 72 65 67 64 69 74 70 68 69 64 58 55 61 57 60 61 56 53 54 56 53 59 55 53 50 50 49 47 51 48 59 55 53 57 52 59 56 62 61 59 60 59 65 61 64 61 59 59 59 65 58 70 68 62 68 68 71 68 73 69 70 71 66 67 66 67 63 62 64 61 66 63 1879-1891 1875-1891 1879-1882 1881-1891 Jnly 1880-Dec. 1890 1883-1891 1881-1891 Fort Bennett, S. Dak. Dead wood, S. Dak... Huron, S. Dak 75 70 73 79 73 76 74 61 71 65 53 64 60 50 58 56 50 54 54 47 50 59 50 53 62 52 62 64 58 61 67 62 70 73 67 71 66 58 63 ^Sept. 1880-Nov. 1885 JFeb. 1889-Oct. 1891 1878-1887 July 1881-1891 Fort Meade, S. Dak.. Fort Sully, S. Dak... Yankton,'S. Dak 76 72 70 86 78 71 71 73 70 04 64 64 62 60 55 54 54 49 52 54 45 58 58 48 59 64 57 63 66 62 73 70 67 75 69 68 66 65 60 Jan. 1883-Dec. 1891 Jan. 1883-Jmie 1891 Apr. 1873-1891 Rapid City, S. Dak... Ft.Pemoina,N. Dak.. Fort Randall, S. Dak. Valentine Nebr 73 73 78 78 77 72 78 78 73 69 75 78 66 72 68 68 58 62 60 61 53 57 55 51 48 51 53 51 53 56 57 56 60 62 67 62 57 66 69 65 68 73 76 76 67 71 76 73 66 65 68 66 1888-1891 Nov. 1872-Dec. 1891 Jan. 1872-Dec. 1891 Sept. 1885-Dec. 1891 Webster S Dak 74 83 79 69 61 53 50 57 68 67 79 77 68 June 1882-Dec. 1891 Fort Robinson, Nebr. . 72 81 71 64 65 53 56 59 60 66 76 71 66 1884-1891 Means 74 77 71 66 . 59 54 50 56 61 63 70 71 64 APPENDIX No. 49. Monthly and annual mean daily temperature ranges. Bismarck, N. Dak Fort Buford, N. Dak. Dead wood, S. Dak... Huron S Dak 22 23 23 23 22 23 21 22 20 22 20 20 23 24 19 25 23 26 20 25 23 25 21 24 23 27 21 24 25 29 22 25 25 29 22 26 22 24 20 25 21 22 20 23 20 21 18 21 22 25 21 24 1877-1891 1879-1891 1878-1887 July 1881-Dec. 1891 Alimrhead, Minn St. Vincent, Minn Yankton, S. Dak Fort Bennett, S. Dak. Rapid City, S. Dak... Ft. Stevenson, N.Dak. Fort Sully, S. Dak... Valentine, Nebr 21 21 21 26 22 20 20 25 22 22 21 25 22 21 20 25 20 23 21 24 22 21 21 24 22 22 23 24 24 22 24 25 25 25 21 24 22 23 25 24 23 24 21 24 22 24 24 23 23 24 21 24 22 24 27 26 24 25 22 26 25 25 26 25 24 25 24 26 27 25 27 27 21 21 23 26 24 22 26 27 19 18 21 25 24 18 24 26 19 20 19 23 23 18 21 25 22 22 22 25 23 22 24 25 1881-1891 1877-1891 1877-1891 Oct. 1880-Nov. 1885 1888-1891 Feb. 1879-May 1883 (Jan. -Oct. 1877 /Apr. 1885-June 1891 Sept. 1885-Dec. 1891 22 22 22 23 24 23 24 25 26 23 22 21 23 123 APPENDIX No. 50. Oreatest daily ranges of temperature, icith monthly and annual averages, in North Dakota. BISMARCK, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jllllr. July. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Auuual. 1885 . . 43 39 34 39 34 32 33 36 48 40 25 47 38 1886 4'2 51 40 33 39 36 35 37 40 43 44 4 41 1887 57 47 35 37 43 34 37 40 39 36 43 30 40 1888 :i7 49 12 44 37 36 30 40 45 46 38 40 40 1889 48 49 11 40 42 37 3x 50 4-' 51 45 39 44 1890 Hi 51 42 45 46 31 15 46 45 33 41 41 43 1891 46 r>i 54 40 :)* 37 32 39 45 40 38 28 11 46 49 41 40 40 35 30 41 43 42 39 40 41 BUFORD, FORT, N. J)AK. 1885 . . 41 32 35 42 43 35 40 37 47 44 27 36 38 1886 48 41 43 38 39 38 38 40 43 ts 42 47 42 1887 51 53 39 41 44 32 43 37 39 41 3 l l 42 42 1888 55 II 43 36 40 40 40 43 42 36 34 1889 48 88 41 42 37 411 48 51 48 51 43 40 45 1890 53 40 18 44 43 37 47 43 46 38 40 33 43 1891 ... . .. .. 43 43 43 42 47 38 31 41 43 39 35 37 40 Means . . 47 43 42 42 41 38 41 41 44 43 37 38 41 TOTTEN, FORT, N. DAK. 1885 43 31 40 36 35 32 35 51 39 24 44 1886 30 49 39 33 38 38 38 39 41 43 34 4li 40 1887 51 36 39 44 40 32 34 27 39 33 35 50 38 1888 30 in 33 33 35 38 31 42 44 38 40 36 30 1889 43 Minns 41 39 37 38 37 35 34 36 44 38 33 44 38 YATES, FORT, N. DAK. 1887 40 45 41 39 41 47 40 47 31 1888 45 44 42 44 38 39 41 43 49 49 38 45 43 1889 50 42 39 45 45 46 48 40 Means ... 42 44 41 40 43 47 45 44 39 Oreatest daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in South Dakota. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. 1885 ... 31 33 25 31 31 30 32 32 34 35 34 31 32 1886 55 28 29 30 34 31 32 32 32 30 35 39 34 1887 36 49 30 36 29 33 36 36 35 35 40 Means 41 37 27 30 34 30 32 33 34 33 35 37 34 124 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 125 Greatest daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in South Dakota Continued. HURON, S. DAK. ' Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juue. July. AIIR. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1 XX5 39 36 3!) 46 42 32 33 36 40 46 30 44 39 ISSli 47 47 43 45 48 37 III 43 44 111 41 44 44 1887 Hi 43 35 45 45 35 38 33 40 47 II 54 42 18X8 II 43 41 47 38 36 37 41 52 52 43 37 42 1XX!) H; 47 44 49 30 is 34 43 48 44 4X 50 46 1SHO 40 35 32 51 43 35 41 If, 49 51 48 42 43 1X1)1 53 43 39 15 42 36 33 43 50 47 40 34 42 45 42 39 47 42 37 38 41 46 48 42 44 43 PIERRE, S. DAK. RAPID CITY, S. DAK. SULLY, FORT, S. DAK. YANKTON, S. DAK. 801 38 39 49 47 42 31 1888 48 56 43 44 36 34 3!) 34 43 48 41 40 42 IjjSO 40 37 52 40 39 41 50 41 40 41 II 44 42 ]X<) IX 46 39 40 40 34 38 46 45 40 IX 37 42 180] 37 45 41 43 39 36 36 39 48 44 42 39 41 Means 43 46 44 42 38 36 41 40 44 43 44 40 42 1887 32 35 36 38 43 44 38 1888 49 50 46 44 38 38 38 39 46 47 44 39 43 1889 41 45 41 38 37 42 46 44 46 45 43 38 42 1890 41 1!) 42 46 47 39 39 40 48 49 45 40 ' 44 1891 III 46 37 41 43 32 45 48 42 42 41 37 40 40 44 46 44 39 42 1885 33 .'il> 40 42 41 27 29 28 41 43 35 40 36 1886 40 41 33 35 38 32 38 34 39 46 37 38 38 1887 11 SO 42 43 39 35 32 35 32 40 42 53 39 1888 41 46 35 42 32 29 32 31 50 48 48 37 39 188!) 43 41 40 44 39 38 38 33 45 42 42 38 40 1890 44 38 35 43 36 29 32 36 44 47 45 45 40 1891 46 40 33 45 36 33 29 36 44 35 33 42 39 37 42 39 32 33 32 41 44 41 41 39 Greatest daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in Minnesota. MOORHEAD, MINN. 1885 35 32 39 38 34 35 31 43 41 45 29 35 36 1X8H 41 53 35 36 38 34 42 42 48 42 37 1887 51 36 30 49 48 37 36 35 40 44 40 52 42 18XX 40 35 31 32 40 43 35 40 46 49 36 43 39 1889 40 41 3fi 50 44 40 40 42 46 44 42 34 42 1890 . . 51 40 33 51 42 33 41 42 44 34 40 36 41 1891 .. 41 42 41 51 46 34 33 39 44 37 40 32 40 43 40 35 44 42 37 36 40 43 43 38 38 40 126 CKKTAIN CLIMATIC FKATULiKS OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Greatest daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in Minnesota Continued. ST. VINCENT, MINN. Year. .Ian. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. .IlltlC'. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1883 .. 40 36 39 43 34 35 31 41 40 35 25 39 36 1886 48 37 35 37 41 44 40 44 44 46 34 37 41 1887 42 31 38 38 49 45 40 40 51 47 42 38 42 1888 46 43 38 32 43 46 35 43 54 42 40 37 42 1889 34 36 37 15 47 43 45 45 48 39 37 45 42 1890 48 49 40 45 44 43 39 45 41 33 35 36 42 1891 38 46 38 50 52 32 38 36 47 35 40 36 41 42 40 38 41 44 41 38 42 46 40 36 38 40 Greatest daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in Iowa. SIOUX CITY, IOWA. 1889 22 30 46 38 33 :;i 1890 41 35 37 44 40 29 34 34 38 41 46 38 88 1891 46 42 28 35 33 31 32 29 43 46 29 34 36 Means ... 43 38 32 40 36 30 29 31 42 42 36 35 36 Greatest daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in Nebraska. VALENTINE, NEBR. 86 .. 50 37 43 38 36 31 40 40 46 41 .'!() 40 40 87 44 49 37 16 12 40 55 58 36 II 51 :;<; 45 88 48 66 47 48 38 44 42 36 48 17 IS 89 51 53 56 49 42 41 43 II 53 IS 43 II 47 90 42 42 39 12 46 34 12 40 46 46 52 43 43 91 43 40 49 45 38. 33 38 38 43 17 88 39 'ID Means 47 48 45 45 40 37 42 42 45 46 45 42 II * APPENDIX No. 51. Least dally ranges of temperature, icith monthly and annual averages, in North Dakota. BISMARCK, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1885 9 7 7 4 12 10 10 6 11 6 7 10 8 1886 11 8 8 11 9 11 14 13 14 8 11 7 10 1887 8 9 5 9 13 18 11 9 13 6 12 8 10 1X8X !) 10 S 7 3 7 11 7 12 4 3 1 6 ISS'I 4 3 5 13 5 18 11 13 4 7 5 5 8 18')0 5 5 ; 9 8 9 12 18 6 5 6 <; X ixiii 8 4 5 3 11 4 8 10 9 4 2 8 6 8 7 5 8 9 11 11 11 10 6 7 6 8 BUFORD, FORT, N. DAK. 1885 . . 11 10 10 9 16 11 17 8 14 11 4 8 11 ISSli 8 11 7 9 11 11 15 10 14 6 7 6 10 1XX7 7 5 4 8 10 IB 9 8 9 6 12 8 8 18XX ' .. 10 11 7 7 7 14 10 9 3 6 5 |XX!I 11 fi 5 8 1 15 17 8 10 12 8 5 9 IS1IO 7 (3 5 6 5 X 13 11 5 4 8 6 7 IX'.U 7 8 r, 6 11 3 10 18 6 6 4 2 7 8 7 7 8 9 10 14 11 10 7 7 6 9 TOTTEN, FORT, N. DAK. 188T 10 4 3 9 12 12 8 7 6 3 8 1XX6 9 10 7 7 11 11 14 13 8 6 5 7 ii 1887 13 9 9 4 6 12 4 6 8 7 10 8 X 1888 6 to 6 11 8 8 11 6 3 3 5 2 7 IX^'l 7 9 8 7 6 8 11 11 8 6 6 6 6 8 YATES, FORT, N. DAK. 1887 11 15 8 12 12 4 20 9 7 1888 4 6 6 7 7 7 12 10 21 10 8 6 9 1889 3 20 16 21 12 10 10 11 9 8 12 13 14 12 13 9 8 Least daily ranges of temperature, with, monthly and annual averages, in South Dakota. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. 1 88;". 6 8 4 8 9 8 10 9 6 10 11 9 8 I8xt? 4 6 4 5 7 7 12 7 10 7 10 3 7 1887 7 8 6 5 13 7 5 8 9 8 6 Moans . 6 7 4 6 7 9 10 7 8 9 10 6 7 127 128 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Least dally ranges of temperature, icith monthly and annual averages, in South Dalcota Continued. HUKON, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juni'. July. \n. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1885 7 9 8 7 10 10 7 6 12 4 7 7 1886 10 8 6 9 15 17 12 14 12 10 5 4 10 1887 11 5 7 9 12 7 8 9 14 6 8 9 9 1888 9 7 7 11 6 6 14 5 10 6 7 2 8 1889 5 6 7 4 7 15 6 10 6 7 5 5 7 1XSIO 4 5 9 10 6 7 12 8 15 5 7 7 8 1891 3 5 3 10 4 4 14 16 14 4 4 5 7 7 6 7 8 8 9 11 10 11 7 6 6 8 PIERRE, S. DAK. 1891 11 10 5 9 7 5 RAPID CITY, S. DAK. 1888 11 9 10 14 7 5 10 4 7 8 7 6 8 1889 7 3 7 4 6 7 7 10 5 8 8 5 6 1890 '... 5 9 6 6 9 5 13 8 8 10 2 7 7 1891 . 4 5 4 2 2 9 10 10 10 4 10 7 r, 7 6 7 6 6 li 10 8 8 6 7 7 SULLY, FORT, S. DAK. 1887 13 13 5 11 5 8 G 1888 7 4 4 11 7 8 14 5 7 8 i; 3 7 1889 2 3 5 5 13 10 12 5 3 6 1 6 1890 5 4 10 6 9 9 12 ID 6 3 5 6 7 1891 7 4 4 3 6 3 6 4 5 6 7 12 8 7 5 6 I 7 YANKTON, S. DAK. 1885 2 (i 9 12 10 12 8 5 3 7 7 7 7 1886 8 5 5 10 11 12 1 1 12 7 13 3 5 1887 8 6 5 5 10 9 10 4 7 8 11 4 7 1888 6 5 <; 5 3 S 11 9 12 7 4 3 7 1889 5 4 7 H 14 12 3 10 4 7 5 5 7 1890 5 5 3 12 3 7 1 6 10 :; 7 6 (i 1891 4 4 2 7 3 11 14 X 5 5 7 Moans ... 5 5 8 8 9 9 9 7 7 (i 5 7 Z/eas* daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in Minnesota. MOORHKAD, MINN. 1885 11 9 9 6 5 12 15 4 15 5 4 9 9 1886 5 7 7 6 6 15 13 13 8 6 7 1887 5 6 7 3 11 13 13 7 11 3 li 4 7 1888 6 6 7 4 9 10 10 8 5 5 3 6 1889 2 3 4 9 5 13 13 12 5 2 4 5 6 1890 . 5 5 5 13 8 7 8 7 8 5 6 7 1891 7 7 5 4 10 5 9 11 4 2 3 4 6 Means .... ... 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 9 9 4 4 5 7 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 129 Least daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in Minnesota Continued. ST. VINCENT, MINN. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juno. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Annual. 1885 .. 12 5 10 5 8 12 10 14 13 7 4 9 9 1886 6 9 g 6 11 12 14 12 12 6 4 4 9 1887 7 9 7 7 6 12 7 7 15 9 12 10 9 1888 6 8 7- 7 8 12 8 8 3 4 4 7 1889 7 2 5 6 5 11 7 9 4 6 8 7 6 1890 2 5 3 6 8 4 10 10 5 5 5 5 6 IS! 1 1 7 7 11 4 7 6 5 13 8 5 4 5 7 i Mouns 7 6 7 6 7 9 9 10 9 6 5 6 7 i/i/ ranges of temperature, icith monthly and annual averages, in Iowa. SIOUX CITY, IOWA. 1889 4 10 8 7 6 5 1890 6 7 5 10 5 8 7 10 9 4 7 4 7 1891 5 6 5 10 5 4 10 14 8 3 4 6 7 Menus 6 6 5 10 5 6 7 11 8 5 6 5 7 Least daily ranges of temperature, with monthly and annual averages, in Nebraska, VALENTINE, NEBH. 1886 8 9 5 7 14 8 15 14 8 10 7 8 9 1887 12 12 8 3 . 8 13 13 7 10 7 10 8 9 1888 8 7 9 11 7 11 13 6 11 9 9 1889 6 6 11 5 7 8 8 11 5 4 5 6 7 1890 4 6 2 9 6 12 10 10 10 11 10 8 8 1891 4 6 3 5 6 7 11 5 10 8 9 6 7 7 8 6 7 8 10 12 9 9 8 8 8 8 S. 157 17 APPENDIX No. 52.' Monthly and annual mean maximum temperatures. Stations. Jan. Kdi. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Si'i>l. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Length of record. I.ismarck, N. Dak Fort liuford, N. Dak . 15 14 9 4 18 19 24 31 26 15 29 20 20 15 10 23 24 39 32 36 21 32 33 35 29 26 38 40 40 42 46 37 43 54 56 52 49 59 60 60 60 62 61 48 67 67 66 64 68 69 71 64 63 70 59 76 77 76 75 79 80 81 75 75 81 70 81 82 79 77 83 87 85 83 87 84 76 80 81 77 75 81 84 83 82 83 82 75 70 70 68 66 73 75 75 8 74 65 56 55 54 51 59 68 62 lil 62 59 55 39 37 35 31 42 46 15 48 '19 44 40 25 25 22 17 30 32 34 45 41 29 33 51 52 48 45 54 57 57 58 59 55 52 1880-1891 1880-1891 1881-1891 Sept. 1880-Dec. 1891 July 1881-Dec. 1891 1885-1891 1880-1891 1888-1891 L888-1890 1883-1891 1882-1887 St. Vincent, Minn Huron, S. Dak ... . Fort Sully, S. Dak... Yankton S Dak Rapid City, S. Dak. . . Valentine, Nobr . Fort Yates, N. Dak . . Dead wood, S. Dak 17 21 37 56 65 77 82 80 71 58 42 30 53 APPENDIX No. 53. Monthly and annual mean da Hi/ -car-lability of temperature. Stations. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 6 6 6 6 6 7 H 7 Dec. An- nual. r.cn^tli of rooord. Fort Kuford.N. Dak.. Hi.sma.rck, N. Dak St. Vincent, Minn Fort Totten, N. Dak . . Moorhead, Minn T 1 M r< n , ft. Dak .... 9 9 9 8 10 9 8 9 9 <) 10 10 JO 9 9 9 7 7 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 (i 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 (i .- 6 5 4 1 I 1 :> 4 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 1 5 (i 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 fi 6 6 5 8 8 8 8 X 7 7 7 6 ! 6 6 6 6 6 1881-1891 1881-1891 1881-1891 June 1884-Jan. 1889 Dor. 1881-1891 July 1881-1891 Dor. 18.S5-.luno 1891. 1881-1 MM Fort Sully, S. Dak Yankton, S. Dak Means . 9 9 7 6 5 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 NOTE. The variability of temperature is expressed by the change in the daily mean temperature from day to day independent of whether the temperature rises or falls. 130 APPENDIX No. 54. temperature normals quarterly values records for many years. First quarter. Second quarter. Third quarter. Fourth quarter. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. NOHIll DAKOTA. Abercrombic, Fort. .. 9 56 67 27 4ft Abraham Liucoln, Fort 11 54 66 29 1J1 Hismarck 12 54 64 28 At) Buford, Fort 12 54 64 27 Q.O DavenpoFt 12 55 64 QA Gallatin X 50 62 90 New England City . . . . 14 53 64 29 J.O Pembiua, Fort 4 51 62 99 Ransom, Fort 11 56 65 9K Rice, Fort- . 17 56 68 on Richardton 10 51 64 28 QQ Seward, Fort 7 52 65 24 Stevenson, Fort 11 54 65 9K Totten, Fort. . 7 r ,'> 63 91 Yatos, Fort.. 14 57 68 SQ Menus 11 54 65 97 OQ SOI'TII DAKOTA. Alexandria 9 56 67 97 ,10 Bennett, Fort 19 57 68 82 I'.rookings 16 55 65 S9 Di-auwood 25 50 61 89 Hale, Fort.. 19 VI nn 09 Huron 15 56 68 39 Kiinball Ifi 57 06 <M Meade, Fort >:; 54 07 8K Olivet 23 58 69 ^1 Parkstou 18 57 67 ^ifi Randall, Fort 23 60 71 35 Rapid City 25 54 68 38 Afi Sisscton, Fort . . 10 53 65 26 00 Sully, Fort 20 58 70 00 Vcrmillion 19 60 69 00 Webster 13 57 68 Q9 Woonsooket 16 57 67 .9 Yankton 22 55 69 or; Means 18 56 67 QQ IOWA, MINNKSOTA, AMI M. BRABXA. Sioux City, Iowa 25 59 60 J7 Moorhcad, Minn. . 7 53 63 97 07 St. Vincent, Minn 3 51 60 '''! Hay Springs, Nobr 22 r,4 66 34 Fort Robinson, Nehr 2(> 57 KK JQ Valentine, Nebr 93 57 SK 07 131 APPENDIX No. 55. Seasonal temperature normals records for many years. Stations. Dry season. Winter. Wet season. Spring, summer, and autumn. Annual. Jan. Fob. Nov. Dec. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NORTH DAKOTA. 12 13 14 13 14 \i 16 6 13 17 12 10 12 8 16 54 54 52 52 53 50 52 49 52 55 52 51 52 50 56 40 40 40 39 40 37 40 35 39 42 38 37 39 36 43 Davenport Oallatin Totten Fort Yates Fort . 13 52 39 SOUTH DAKOTA. 18 19 18 25 . 18 17 19 24 21 22 23 27 12 20 22 16 18 22 56 57 54 61 58 55 55 55 59 56 59 56 52 57 58 56 55 57 43 44 42 42 45 42 43 45 45 44 47 46 38 45 46 43 44 46 Kimball Meade, Fort Olivet Parkstou . Randall, Fort . Rapid Citv Sisseton, Fort Sully, Fort Vemiillion Webster Woonsocket Yankton Means 20 56 44 IOWA, MINNESOTA, AND NE- BltASKA. Sioux City, Iowa 25 10 6 23 28 26 58 61 48 54 67 57 47 37 34 44 47 46 Moorhead, Minn. . . . St. Vincent, Minn.... Hav Springs, Nobr . Robinson, Fort, Nebr Valentine, Nebr . ..... 132 APPENDIX No. 56. Seasonal temperature normals records for many years. Stations. Dry season. Winter, spring, and autumn. Wet season. Summer. Annual. Jan. Feb. Mar. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. NORTH DAKOTA. Abercrombie, Fort . 24 25 26 25 26 23 26 19 24 28 24 21 23 21 28 v ~v ' 62 61 59 60 60 57 59 57 61 63 58 59 60 58 63 40 40 40 39 40 37 40 35 39 42 38 37 39 30 43 Abraham Lincoln, Fort ^ Bismarck . Buford, Fort . .. Daveuport Gallatin New England City . Pembina, Fort Uausoiii, Fort Rice, Fort Richardtoii .. Se ward, Fort Stevenson, Fort . . . Totten, Fort Yates, Fort ... Means ... 24 60 39 SOUTH DAKOTA. 28 31 29 33 30 28 29 33 82 32 34 36 24 32 33 28 29 33 61 63 60 56 65 61 62 61 64 62 66 61 59 64 65 63 62 64 43 44 42 42 45 42 43 45 45 44 47 46 38 45 46 43 44 46 Bennett Fort Brookin^s Deadwood Hale, Fort Huron Kimball Meade, Fort Olivet Parkston . Randall, Fort Rapid Citv SisHeton, Fort. . Sullv, Fort Vermilliou . Webster Woonsocket Yanktou Means 31 62 U IOWA, MINNESOTA, AND NE- BRASKA. Sioux City, Iowa.... 35 22 19 32 36 34 64 58 56 60 63 63 47 37 34 44 47 46 Moorhead, Minn. St. Vincent, Minn Hay Springs, Nebr Robinson, Fort, Nebr Valentine, Nebr 133 APPENDIX No. 57. Seasonal temperature normals records for many years. Stations. Dry season. October to March, in- clusive. Wet season. April to September, in- clusive. Annual. Jan. Feb. Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. NORTH DAKOTA. 18 20 20 20 21 18 22 13 18 23 19 15 18 16 23 62 r 60 59 59 60 56 58 56 60 62 57 58 60 58 63 40 40 40 39 40 37 40 35 39 42 38 37 39 36 43 Buford Fort Gillatin ' Rice Fort Seward Fort Totten Fort Yates Fort Moans 19 59 39 SOUTH DAKOTA. 22 26 24 29 25 24 24 29 27 27 29 31 18 26 28 22 24 28 62 63 60 56 64 01 62 60 64 62 65 66 59 64 64 63 62 64 43 44 42 42 45 42 43 45 45 44 47 46 38 45 46 43 44 46 Hale Fort Huron Kimball Olivet Parkston Randall Fort Rapid City St.- -i-l on Fort SuUy Fort Means 26 59 44 IOWA, MINNESOTA, AND \K BRASKA. Sionx City, Iowa 30 17 13 28 32 30 64 58 55 60 63 63 47 37 34 44 47 46 Moorhead, Minn St. Vincent, Minn Hay Spring, Nebr. .. Robinson, Fort, Nebr . Valentine, Nebr.. . . 134 Warm Periods . Tra,fi/{s ofJlreasofZtowPre'S-suj^e. (Storm Centers. / January 7889 aneS 789 7, and February 7886 . Total '.Excess ofTemjjeraZitre >j ' 3 Ei . /? / 62 1 APPENDIX No. 58. Excess of temperature (degrees Fahrenheit) as compared with normal values for many years. WARM PERIODS. Stations. February, 1886. January, 1889. January, 1891.' Total excess. Abraham Lincoln, Fort, N. Dak. Bismarck, Fort, N. Dak Buforel, Fort, N. Dak Pembina, N. Dak Yates, Fort, N. Dak Huron, S. Dak Meade, Fort, S. Dak Randall, Fort, S. Dale Sully, Fort, S. Dak Webster, S. Dak Yankton, S. Dak Moorhead, Minn St. Vincent, Minn Sums . . 7 6 7 - 1 9 7 10 1 ti 9 3 4 8 77 10 10 7 10 11 6 4 4 4 7 6 11 13 103 21 19 17 26 20 17 13 12 15 21 13 15 17 226 38 35 31 35 40 30 27 20 25 37 22 30 36 406 135 APPENDIX No. 60. Deficiency of temperature (degrees Fahrenheit) as compared icith normal values for many years. COLD PERIODS. Stations. January, 1886. January, 1887. February, 1887. Total de- ficiency. Abraham Lincoln, Fort, N. Dak .'. 10 Bismarck, N. Dak 9 Buford, Fort, N. Dak 9 Peinbina, N. Dak 9 Totten, Fort, N. Dak 8 Yates, Fort, N. Dak 8 Deadwood, S. Dak 6 Huron, S. Dak 7 Meade, Fort, S. Dak 11 Randall, Fort, S. Dak Sisseton, Fort, S. Dak 8 Sully, Fort, S. Dak 11 Webster, S. Dak 4 Yankton, S. Dak 9 Moorhead, Minn 6 St. Vincent, Minn 5 Sums . . 128 13 12 9 10 9 8 1 7 1 6 9 10 17 6 8 7 133 19 14 15 6 11 11 8 8 5 + 1 7 16 8 9 6 3 145 42 35 33 25 28 27 15 22 17 13 24 37 29 24 20 15 406 136 G>ldPericds. Tracffs of Jlre as of Low Pressure. (Storm Centers.) titccr-jr /886 'artc? 788^ artct February J88Y. Tbicc.1 ^Deficiency of Terrz^eT-ctii^re Degrees ftz rot' lor' rof' 'as' /*" roi' >oz" mi' roe' 99' Jf 52 1 APPENDIX No. 62. Record of the number of days on which the maximum temperature equaled or exceeded 90 throughout the year. [Letters prefixed to records indicate the number of days of observations missing, thus the letter d shows four days not recorded.] ABRAHAM LINCOLN, FORT, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1874 .. 1 6 10 15 2 4 38 1875 1 2 3 1876 3 5 3 11 1877 1 4 1 6 1878 3 7 2 12 1879 ... 4 2 1 1880 2 1 1881 1 8 6 1 16 1882 5 1 6 1883 4 4 1 2 11 1884 3 5 8 1885 3 3 2 8 1886 1 3 20 13 1 38 1887 1 1 5 4 1 12 1888 ' 3 3 5 2 13 1889 4 r 6 2 17 1890 4 12 8 24 Means o 0.1 0.6 2 5 4 1 0.1 14 BISMARCK, N. DAK. 1875 4 1 5 1876 . . 2 4 6 12 1877 1 3 1 5 1878 2 6 6 1 15 1879 1 2 u 3 1880 1 3 3 7 1881 . 8 5 13 1882 . 5 1 6 1883 4 2 1 2 9 1884 . . . 2 2 4 1885 . 2 2 2 6 1886 ... 1 1 16 11 1 30 18X7 2 4 4 1 11 1888 1889 3 1 5 1 10 1890 . 2 8 4 14 1891 1 5 2 8 Means .. 0.3 1 4 4 0.6 10 BUFORD, FORT, N. DAK. 1873 1 5 6 12 1874 4 14 '2 20 1875 3 1 4 1876 1 4 4 9 1877 1878 3 S 1S7 IS 137 138 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Record of tlw number ofdtiys on /cliicJi 1he maximum temperature equaled or exceeded 90 throughout the i/tar Continued. BUFORD, FORT, X. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Animal. 1879 1 1 1880 .... 1 2 5 2 10 1881 ... 1 2 9 6 18 1882 1 6 18 4 o 29 1888 6 6 3 1 o 16 1884 12 2 10 o 24 1885 o 2 5 1 1 o 9 1886 o 4 17 11 o o 32 1887 1 3 3 2 o o o o 9 1888 o o 6 12 9 2 o o o 29 1889 o o o 5 5 5 1 o o o 16 1890 o o 9 4 1 o o o 14 1891 o o o o 3 o o o o 3 Means . o 0.1 3 6 5 0.6 o o o 15 DEADWOOD, S. DAK. 1X78 o o o o o 1879 o o o o 1 1 1 o o o 1880 o o o o 1 o 2 o o o o 3 1881 o o o o 2 6 4 o o o o 12 1882 o o o o o o 1 o o o o 1 1883 o o o o o o o o o o 1884 o o o o 1 o o o o o 1 1885 o o o o o o o o o o o 1886 o o o o o 8 4 o o o o 12 1887 o o o o o 1 o o o o o 1 Means o o o o o 7 2 1 o o o o 4 HAY SPRINGS, NEBR. 1888 . o o t5 1 o 1 o o o 13 1889 o o o <2 y 9 3 o o o 23 1890 o 1 3 14 7 o o o Q 9^ 1891 o o o eO o 8 2 o y Q in Means . o 2 2 7 6 1 o o 16 HURON, S. DAK. 1X81 4 6 o 1882 .. o o o o o ) g 3 A 1883 o o o 3 3 2 () 1884 o o o '> 2 Q 4 1XX5 o o o o 6 o 1 7 1886 o o 1 1 14 9 '> 97 1887 o 1 1 5 5 > Q 1888 o o o o o o o 1X89 o o o o 4 4 11 J A A OA 1X90 . . o o o 1 3 13 g 1 n Qf> 1891 o o o 1 1 3 7 A 19 Means o o 1 4 2 > MEADE, FORT, S. DAK. 1879 - 4 6 18X0 1 3 11 o Q n 1X81 o o o (J 2 12 12 o 1X82 o o () o o o 3 Q a 1883 .. 3 S 9 1 n n A m CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. 139 Record oftitc number of days on which the maximum ICDIJH raturc equaled or exceeded 90 throughout the year Continued. MEADE, FORT, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1884 3 1 5 9 1885 11 3 1 15 1886 3 2 15 14 1 35 1887 4 6 1 11 1888 1 7 4 12 1889 3 4 6 1 14 1890 1 1 17 7 26 1891 1 1 1 t> '> 11 o 0.4 2 7 7 1 17 MOORHEAD, MINN. 1881 3 1 4 1882 2 2 1883 2 2 4 1884 2 2 1885 1 1 1 3 1886 3 7 1 11 1 887 3 3 2 I) 8 1888 l,xx!t 1 2 1 4 ISild 1 2 1 4 1891 1 1 1 3 3 9 Means 0.1 0. 1 0.8 1 2 0.0 5 PEMBINA, N. DAK. 1873 1874 1 2 1 4 1875 1876 1 2 1 4 1877 1 1 1878 1879 1 1 1880 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 1 RANDALL, FORT, S. DAK. 1875 3 4 4 2 1 14 1876 ct 2 7 15 7 31 1877 2 8 5 3 18 1878 2 6 7 2 17 1879 2 4 10 7 6 29 1880 7 6 9 13 2 2 39 1881 2 8 18 2 30 1882 . . 1 4 12 4 21 1883 . 3 4 4 1 12 1884 3 4 2 2 11 1885 4 17 1 4 36 1886 1 2 21 14 3 41 1887 3 3 9 12 3 2 32 1888 6 12 7 3 28 1889 2 10 10 15 2 39 1890 1 4 18 10 3 36 1891 2 1 2 9 14 () 0.2 1 4 10 8 3 0.5 27 140 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Record of the number of days on ichich the maximum temperature equaled or exceeded 90 throughout the year Continued. SULLY, FORT, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juiie. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1875 5 10 5 1 o o 1876 2 8 13 9 o o o 09 1877 4 14 13 6 o o o 07 187X 3 14 10 2 o o o on IST'I 4 10 8 3 o OK 1880 5 5 12 11 1 1 o o 35 1881 1 2 12 14 1 o o o SO 1882 . 1 7 20 10 o o o 38 1883 0' 4 6 10 4 o o o 24 1884 12 7 11 5 o o o S*i 1885 3 18 5- o o ^1 1886 1 4 21 is 3 o o o 4.7 1887 1 3 5 13 3 2 o o 97 1888 o o o o Q 1889 4 5 12 3 o o o 24 1890 5 16 8 1 o o o 30 1891 2 2 3 8 14 11 o o o 40 o o 2 1 4 11 10 3 2 oq VALENTINE, NEBR. 1X85 5 o o 1886 o 1 1 16 13 3 o 34 1887 o o o 4 6 3 1 14 1888 8 11 3 1 o 1889 o o o 3 6 13 3 9^; 1890 1 5 12 5 2 o o 05 1891 o 1 4 5 o o 10 o o 5 4 8 7 3 n 00 ST. VINCENT, MINN. 1881 o o 2 o o o o 1882 o o o o o o 1883 o o 2 1 o 3 1884 o o o o 1 o o o 1 1885 . o o o o 1 o 1 1886 o o o o o 6 5 o 11 1887 o o o 2 1 '0 9 1888 o o o o 1889 o o o 1 > 1 1 5 18!M) o o o 3 1 1 o 5 1891 o o o o Meuus o o o o 2 1 '> 8 1 4 SISSETON, FORT, S. DAK. 1870 o 1*77 o o o o 1878 o o o o o 1 o o 1879 o o o o o o 1X80 o o o o 1 1 o o L881 o 1 A A 1 1882 o o o o o o 1 1 > ixx:j o o o o o 2 2 4 1884 o o o o o o o 1885 o o o o 1 O 2 o 3 1886 o o o o 8 9 1 18 1XX7 o o o 1 1 1 1 4 188S o o o o o 2 4 4 10 1X8! 1 o o Moans ....... o 1 1 5 2 2 4 5 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATMRES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 141 Record of the number of days on which the maximum temperature equaled or exceeded 90 through- out the year Continued. YANKTON, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1873 o 2 6 12 3 o o o 91 1874 2 4 13 7 2 o o 9R 1875 2 1 o o o j 1876 2 5 3 o o o 10 1877 3 2 o o o ej 1878 7 7 1 o o o 15 1879 2 2 8 5 o o o 1880 I) 4 ~1 8 7 1 o o o 01 1 S8 1 3 13 1 o o o 2(i 1882 o o 2 4 10 2 o o o 18 1X81! I) 3 7 2 o o o 12 1884 4 4 1 o Q Q 1885 2 8 3 o Q o 1S 1881! 1 1 15 12 3 o o o 32 1887 1 1 4 8 6 2 o o o 22 1888 . o o o 188!) 1 5 5 6 o o 17 1890 5 12 6 1 o o o 24 1891 1 2 o o o Moans 0.6 2 6 6 1 o o o 16 YATES, FORT, N. DAK. 1882 1 5 9 2 o o 1881! 5 10 8 3 26 1881 7 1 8 16 1885 3 7 4 3 17 1886 2 3 20 13 2 40 1887 1 4 9 5 19 1888 3 4 5 1 13 188fl 3 4 10 1 rO 18 1890 4 12 8 1 25 1891 2 1 1 9 4 17 Means . 0.2 0.4 3 7 8 2 20 APPENDIX No. 63. Dates of first and last kUUny frosts. NORTH DAKOTA. Stations. Season of First frost. Last frost. Bismarck --- - 1881-1882 Sept. f5 May 23 Fort Buford 1881-1882 Sept. 17 May *>3 Bismarck . - - - 1882-1883 Se.pt 23 MJ1V It Fort Buford 1882-1888 Sept 9 Juiie 2 INKi-1884 Sept 8 Mnv 1 Fort Bnford 1883-18X1 An" 22 M'iv f Bismarck . .. - 1884-1885 Sept 27 May 9 Fort Buford ISM -1885 Sept 'Hi Mav 1 1 Fort Totten 1884-1885 Sept 30 M 1 v 17 Bismarck . 1885-1886 Sept 1 May 15 Fort Buford 1885-1886 Sept 1 Fort Totten 18K5-1886 Ail" ''~i Bismarck - 188(>-1887 Sept 18 Mav 17 Fort Buford 1886-1887 Sept 16 M'iv 17 Fort Totten . 1886-1887 \ii" SI Bismarck ... 1887-1888 Sept 15 Fort Buford 1887-1888 Sept 15 May 1G Fort Totten 1887-1888 Bismarck 1888-1889 Sept 12 Fort Buford 1888-1889 Sept ''"> Fort Totten 1888 issi) \ii" 17 Bismarck 1889 1890 Sept 26 Davenport 1889 1S'H) Sept 15 Fort Buford IKS') IK'IO Sept 11 Fort Yates . 188't 1890 Srpt 15 Gallatin 1XS<) 1890 Grand Forks 1889 1890 Napoleon 18X9 1890 Sept 15 New England City 18x') 1890 Se.pt 5 Steele 1889 1890 Sept 15 Wahpeton 1889 1890 Sept 14 Bismarck 1890 1891 Sept 13 Fort Buford ix'io 1891 S'it 12 Gallatiu is 1 io 1891 Sept Y> "U'i'v >.-. Davenport 1890- l,x c 11 Sept 13 Kelso 1890 IX'H A ii IT 92 Napoleon 1890 1891 New England City is c ID 1891 Sept 13 Steele 1X< 10-1891 Sept 8 Wahpeton 18" 10 1891 An" 22 \; ; Wild Rice IX'tl) 1891 <r-lit 19 Fort Yates 1890-1891 C An f 19 APPENDIX No. 64. Dates of first and last killing frosts. SOUTH DAKOTA. Stations. Last frost. Fort Bennett 1881-1882 Huron i 1881-1882 Yankton . 1881-1882 Dead wood 18X1-1882 Fort Bennett | 1 882-1 8S3 Huron 1882-1883 Yaukton ! 1882-1883 Deadwood | 1882-1X8:1 Fort Bennett i 1883-1884 Huron : 1883-1 884 Yankton ixx:!- 188 1 Deadwood ! 1883-1884 Fort Bennett ixxl-lsxr, Huron ! 1884-1885 Yank ton 18X4-1 885 Deadwood '. 1884-1885 Fort Bennet t 1885-1886 Huron IXX.VlXXt; Fort Sully 1885-1886 Yankton i 1885-1886 Deadwood , 1885-1886 Huron 18X6-1887 Deadwood J 886-1 887 Fort Sully 1886-1887 Yaukton ]XXti-lXX7 Dead wood 1 887- 1 888 Garden City 1 887- 1 888 Higbrnore 1887-1888 Huron . 1887- 1 888 Huron Rapid Fort S Yankton Aberdei Alexani Brookii Canton Clark De Smet Etta K Flandi Fort S Highn Huron Kimball Millbanl Oelricbs Onida Parks I Rapid Roscoe Oct. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Oct. <>et. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. 13 May 9 May Iti May :;o Ma\ 22 22 23 23 16 I May 12 21 | Apr. May May Ma'y May 30 5 15 1 2 23 6 24 June 22 May 10 June 16 2 | Apr. 21 May 30 Apr. May 6 June 3 May 16 May 16 Apr. Apr. 25 24 <nllv 1887-1888 Oct. 9 socket 1887-1 xxs Sept 19 .on 1887-1 XXX Oct. 11 i 1XXX-1889 Sept. 12 City 1888-1889 Oct 2 Sully 1888-1889 Sept. 29 on . 1888-1889 Oct 2 eon 18811 190 n dria 18S1I-1X1KI Sept. 16 ings . 1889 181KI Sept 15 u 1889-1890 Sept 17 1889-1890 Sept 17 let 1889-1890 Oct 14 Uine 1889-1890 reau 1889-1890 illll y 1889-1890 Oct. 17 aore 1889-1890 i.. .... 1889-1890 Get 5 ill 1889-1890 Oct 5 ink 1889 1890 bs 1889 1890 1889 1890 ton 1889 1890 City 1889-1890 Sept 15 e 18s;i I.XHO Sept 17 isll 1889 1X90 Sept. 15 llion 1889-1890 30 4 1 4 5 1 81 25 30 1 I May 4 9 I 15 I May 14 15 i No rec'd. 23 | May If. ' May 18 Apr. 7 16 12 2 15 2 3 7 16 16 May May May May May May June May May May 16 May May May May May May May May May May May May May 12 17 15 19 15 15 5 15 25 15 13 15 7 143 144 CEBTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUKES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Dates of first and last Trilling frosts Continued. SOUTH DAKOTA Continued. Stations. Season of- Webster 1889-1890 Wolsey 1889-1890 Woonsocket 1889-1890 Yankton 1889-1890 Aberdeen 1890-1891 Alexandria 1890-1891 Brookings 1890-1891 Canton 1890-1891 Clark 1890-1891 Flandreau 1890-1891 Fort Bennett 1890-1891 FortMeade 1890-1891 Fort Randall 1890-1891 Fort Sully 1890-1891 Highmoro 1890-1891 Howard 1890-1891 Huron 1890-1891 Millbank 1890-1891 -Onida 1890-1891 Oelrichs 1890-1891 Rapid City 1890-1891 St. Lawrence 1890-1891 Scranton '- 1890-1891 Sioux Falls 1890-1891 Spearfish 1890-1891 Vermillion , 1890-1891 Webster 1890-1891 Wolsey 1890-1891 Woonsocket 1890-1891 Yankton 1890-1891 First frost. Sept. 15 Sept. 15 Sept. 15 Oct. 5 Sept. 8 Sept. 13 Sept. 5 Sept. 13 Sept. 6 Sept. 13 Sept. 13 Sept. 19 Sept. 13 Sept. 19 Sept. 13 Sept. 12 Sept. 13 Sept. 13 Sept. 13 Sept. 6 Sept. 13 Aug. 22 Sept. 13 Sept. 13 Oct. 18 Sept. 13 Aug. 22 Sept. 13 Aug. 22 Sept. 13 Last frost. May 18 May 15 May 16 May 5 May 25 May 13 May 17 Apr. 14 May 16 May 6 May 10 May 10 May 8 May 5 May 4 May 16 May 4 May 21 May 9 May 10 May 4 May 10 May 3 APPENDIX No. 65. Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages at stations in North Dakota. ABERCROMBIE, FORT, N. DAK. [Letters prefixed to records indicate the number of days of observations missing, thus the letter d shows four days not recorded.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1860 .. 102 86 78 51 40 1861 31 38 46 67 80 94 95 98 90 77 54 40 68 1862 30 38 47 70 86 94 93 91 94 78 70 50 70 1863 33 37 41 83 93 99 98 1864 40 1865 34 38 45 68 89 90 92 89 82 67 40 1866 39 36 42 89 94 94 58 38 1867 28 33 32 66 SI 96 97 89 80 71 35 186S 33 37 49 78 87 97 92 88 74 68 68 38 67 186!) 43 34 47 74 90 88 98 96 90 72 78 1870 30 34 41 83 90 98 95 99 86 78 til 50 70 1871 35 33 47 70 96 96 104 101 94 82 57 34 71 1872 30 38 32 76 96 94 95 16 85 81 I'l 35 67 1873 29 36 41 60 75 99 102 93 80 78 55 32 65 1874 39 31 42 80 102 95 96 94 98 79 67 4fi 72 1X75 17 24 45 65 93 94 96 00 98 90 59 47 68 1X76 36 "'7 48 SI) !K) 102 98 100 79 72 50 42 89 1877 38 48 50 72 84 92 90 92 Mr;it's 33 35 43 73 89 95 96 95 89 79 61 40 69 1S74 1X75 1X76 1X77 1X7S 1879 1XXO 1881 1882 1883 1884 BATHGATK, N. DAK. BERTHOLD, FORT, N. DAK. BISMARCK, N. DAK. 38 30 51 67 88 89 95 91 is IS 42 76 86 93 100 ]()-, 11 tiO '10 66 XI K2 'H ( >2 - 42 50 72 71 71 02 100 96 46 11 68 75 76 91 05 90 49 55 67 74 92 85 93 101 39 46 45 so 85 90 102 97 40 60 67 7 77 89 90 99 40 40 55 73 82 99 92 92 42 44 58 70 80 92 89 91 K91 70 60 41 1866 .. 89 92 58 61 1867 43 46 43 74 81 S. Ex. 157- -19 90 83 54 43 85 82 5S 55 6S 7* 74 67 43 72 99 67 66 56 71 91 70 60 48 72 81 88 66 36 71 82 80 63 44 74 90 71 63 60 72 94 67 50 38 70 92 73 60 54 71 81 81 64 45 70 145 146 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute maximum temperature*, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Continued. JUSMAKCK, X. DAK. Ontinuoil, Year. Juu. Fob. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1885 39 48 49 72 83 87 97 92 95 80 51 53 71 1886 39 56 61 81 92 92 102 104 92 81 58 47 76 1887 44 45 r.i 87 91 97 96 91 85 73 73 47 74 1888 40 46 47 81 74 !I5 96 98 93 79 59 57 72 1889 46 48 69 85 81 97 95 102 93 86 63 42 76 1890 . S9 46 52 82 83 91 98 103 88 84 70 64 75 1891 50 48 50 90 93 87 86 94 92 78 63 46 73 41 48 56 77 84 91 95 96 83 78 61 49 72 BUFORD, FORT, N. DAK. 1866 97 96 60 1867 52 50 44 80 82 96 100 88 76 57 40 1868 28 44 78 88 89 96 106 99 71 78 67 45 74 1869 43 40 62 70 82 95 100 100 99 78 78 40 74 1870 43 44 52 87 95 106 99 97 90 88 59 49 76 1871 40 40 69 70 99 95 102 100 90 75 53 47 73 1872 41 47 46 72 90 95 104 101 97 85 48 48 73 1873 45 40 53 69 74 91 100 102 84 80 60 43 70 1874 38 35 50 82 90 101 103 90 96 80 57 39 72 1875 34 32 47 69 90 85 95 92 82 79 59 50 68 1876 45 43 41 79 80 91 99 101 76 74 62 42 69 1877 37 51 49 73 84 87 90 90 89 75 65 55 70 1878 58 49 68 68 70 86 94 71 52 60 45 1879 45 44 70 81 85 89 94 98 95 95 62 40 75 1880 47 50 68 80 95 95 96 92 85 77 61 46 74 1881 36 47 51 92 90 96 104 102 87 70 58 51 74 1882 45 57 70 75 79 91 97 107 100 65 55 46 74 1883 45 41 53 76 87 107 96 % 91 74 58 46 73 1884 46 45 59 76 85 99 93 100 80 86 62 57 74 1885 45 46 58 75 84 91 96 90 90 78 58 59 73 1886 44 51 69 79 89 94 106 104 86 85 57 45 76 1887 42 47 59 88 93 98 98 92 89 80 68 45 75 1888 42 49 51 82 75 100 95 96 93 76 54 58 69 1889 45 51 72 76 76 101 98 99 87 89 61 44 75 1890 42 49 51 82 83 88 100 98 91 80 65 56 74 1891 50 39 58 87 90 82 >vl 97 87 75 68 47 72 43 45 58 78 86 95 q 97 88 79 61 48 73 CARRINGTON, N. DAK. 1889 ... 77 87 85 97 101 99 1891 98 % gg 46 Means 98 CHURCHS FERRY, N. DAK. 1891 86 83 90 DAVENPORT, N. DAK. 1890.. 41 41 45 83 89 91 90 93 100 S5 94 94 90 79 1891 Means 90 92 92 94 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 147 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. DICKINSON, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 71 45 ELLENDALE, N. DAK. 1890 53 1891 48 41 54 88 95 ~96 89 100 96 76 62 44 74 48 FARG.O, N. DAK. 1891 95 84 95 92 79 62 44 GALLATIN, N. DAK. 1889 72 82 90 82 84 92 96 96 94 102 102 84 98 100 98 96 96 80 84 74 60 62 64 40 50 42 1890 32 46 40 40 44 50 72 72 1891 Means . . 39 40 47 81 86 95 96 99 94 76 62 44 72 GRAFTON, N. DAK. 1891 46 30 91 84 85 92 88 71 61 41 GRAND FORKS, N. DAK. 1890 82 81 99 92 104 "92 . : . 87 76 63 61 48 45 1891 43 33 96 62 46 GRAND RAPIDS, N. DAK. 1891 95 102 97 77 65 42 HOPE, N. DAK. 1891 90 88 93 85 71 63 JAMESTOWN, N. DAK. 1891 85 KELSO, N. DAK. 1890 . 94 90 95 93 85 92 77 72 60 64 52 48 1891 4r, 35 47 89 92 94 72 92 94 88 74 62 50 148 CKKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute ma.rimiim temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. DAKOTA, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. An-;. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 98 81 93 7") 57 II) LEECH FAEM, N. DAK. 1888 71 72 97 94 95 96 88 KC 1889 42 40 68 83 91'- 92 96 95 95 73 PIS AA 70 1890 41 41 45 83 89 90 100 94 90 79 Means 41 40 56 79 84 93 97 95 Q1 KO fix 70 LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, FORT, N. DAK. 1873 : 95 96 95 92 (i"> **if) 1874 49 53 56 92 98 98 103 94 101 77 57 44 77 1875 32 32 46 60 89 89 96 97 87 84 58 "if) ftQ 1876 53 65 43 76 90 96 100 110 80 76 X'' 41 77 1X77 45 60 52 66 89 97 95 95 85 70 00 fift 70 1878 * 50 52 74 78 86 90 99 98 'IS 68 'Vt 44 7^ 1879 45 45 66 74 89 96 93 80 92 45 30 1880 1!) 36 64 65 95 84 94 84 79 62 41 1881 46 34 68 79 84 92 103 98 'I 1 1 71 r iX Afi 70 1XX2 42 50 66 72 73 85 88 100 '!"> 68 r >d 40 fin 1883 34 42 50 74 84 104 94 92 93 74 60 50 71 1884 40 44 60 72 84 92 88 96 82 80 65 48 71 1885 38 42 49 74 84 90 !(!(> 96 100 XI 55 57 79 1XS> 34 62 64 83 95 96 lOfi 100 95 85 63 43 70 1887 36 37 43 91 92 101 96 'id 90 XX v\ AQ 71 188S 45 49 47 84 76 98 97 102 'Hi SO (II) 59 74 1SX9 44 47 67 83 80 98 96 104 96 X'! 64 44 7fi 1XIHI II 4X 51 83 80 93 102 lir> 89 xo 69 62 7K 1891 50 48 50 68 88 S3 Means 43 47 56 76 85 13 96 99 91 79 61 48 70 MINOT, N. DAK. 1891 41 42 NAPOLEON, N. DAK. 1889 98 % L06 'Mi 8' 59 49 IS! Ml 40 42 49 82 95 99 101 XT 78 67 57 ISill 47 42 42 90 02 92 86 96 99 7'' 58 S8 Moans 44 42 46 86 96 93 101 '' 77 HI 46 7"* NEW ENGLAND CITY, N. DAK. 1889 .. 43 66 85 80 104 97 101 Rfi 8K fi! ^fi 1X90 42 48 60 87 87 88 102 99 87 SO fifi **% 7= 1891 58 44 57 91 Means 50 45 61 86 84 MI; 100 100 Kft 89 fil KA 77 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 149 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. PEMBINA, FORT, N. DAK. Your. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1871 82 72 41 36 1X72 si 39 82 59 79 91 97 100 85 77 48 34 65 1ST;; 31 33 43 64 81 93 89 91 80 82 45 35 64 1874 37 32 .17 76 98 94 94 94 92 76 51 39 69 1X7.". 21 22 40 64 91 87 93 88 90 82 46 41 64 1X7(1 36 33 48 76 86 - -92 95 96 77 71 65 41 68 1877 50 44 46 69 80 Illl 89 89 88 69 56 49 68 1878 41 48 70 73 73 87 90 89 81 72 53 41 68 1879 35 31 53 73 79 90 90 80 90 50 37 1880 42 36 46 72 87 86 91 82 80 78 52 36 60 1881 34 32 42 73 85 X4 93 89 68 47 35 63 1882 30 40 41 58 77 85 90 91 89 1883 23 40 67 71 91 93 86 86 76 57 45 1884 34 34 39 66 83 58 11 1885 . 39 40 41 68 84 89 94 90 83 73 44 40 (>5 1886 24 47 42 82 86 91 96 101 88 83 58 33 69 1887 . . 2 33 44 71 92 95 91 88 87 73 68 42 67 1888 30 38 42 76 80 95 94 99 84 78 53 43 68 1889 51 36 70 74 83 96 97 97 96 78 63 40 73 1890 35 33 47 77 83 97 96 94 84 82 64 48 70 1891 38 28 48 90 93 92 85 93 91 75 in 50 71 34 34 46 71 84 ill 92 92 85 77 54 40 67 POWER, N. DAK. 1891 94 88 94 94 78 69 45 RANSOM, FORT, N. DAK. 1868 46 1869 34 39 63 73 83 86 103 97 87 70 70 35 70 1870 . 32 32 47 82 85 97 99 102 84 81 58 54 71 1871 . 37 38 46 64 89 97 102 100 99 81 54 36 70 1872 34 39 39 76 91 98 96 35 37 49 74 87 94 100 100 90 77 61 42 70 RICE, FORT, N. DAK. RICHARDTON, N. DAK. 1868 107 100 72 57 60 41 1869 48 45 66 72 90 91 93 76 71 11 1870 . . ... 44 48 66 90 101 102 98 82 80 68 50 1871 49 46 57 73 89 97 110 103 90 78 54 46 74 1872 40 45 42 78 79 101 99 102 94 84 56 42 72 1873 . . 40 42 54 74 80 94 104 98 % 89 70 42 74 1874 46 40 64 87 97 102 108 102 106 83 54 41 78 1875 . 36 32 54 72 92 90 101 94 92 86 67 57 73 1876 52 47 50 70 90 94 102 109 79 74 64 43 73 1877 44 56 54 72 84 90 95 100 102 70 60 55 74 1878 39 50 74 70 75 90 103 100 97 70 Means 44 45 58 74 86 95 102 101 91 77 62 46 73 1884 38 64 71 76 88 88 91 78 80 68 41 1XX5 37 40 48 70 80 83 95 94 97 79 56 59 70 18X6 32 51 52 76 87 88 104 106 80 58 38 1887 30 52 97 84 78 70 40 Means 33 43 54 72 81 89 96 94 87 79 63 44 70 150 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. ST. JOHNS, N. DAK. Year. J.-ni. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Doe. Annual. 1891 84 71 53 42 ST. THOMAS, N. DAK. 1891 94 90 90 78 60 42 SA\BOR\, X. DAK. 1890 41 SEWARD, FORT, N. DAK. 1873 30 37 46 70 76 98 96 99 84 83 64 41 69 1874 42 37 58 87 99 98 103 94 99 78 49 42 74 1875 . 27 28 56 64 88 78 96 92 87 79 57 47 67 1876 40 36 36 81 88 96 99 104 82 69 68 37 70 1877 37 58 44 63 81 83 89 86 80 35 39 48 72 86 91 97 95 86 77 59 42 69 SHEYENNE, N. DAK. 1872 96 96 94 SPIRITWOOD, N. DAK. 1881 32 40 75 90 STEELE, N. DAK. 1889 : 87 84 99 101 110 99 9+ 63 43 1890 It 40 48 88 86 92 108 104 97 86 72 61 77 1891 48 45 50 92 93 89 87 96 97 83 Means 46 42 49 89 88 93 99 103 98 88 67 52 76 STEVENSON, FORT, N. DAK. 1868 29 51 65 78 84 93 100 95 75 73 64 42 71 1870 34 44 49 82 94 102 94 85 78 59 47 1871 45 43 52 65 90 91 99 102 86 75 50 36 70 1872 35 48 45 76 94 100 103 101 86 81 50 40 72 1873 37 43 51 69 75 91 91 92 88 86 59 42 69 1874 43 43 56 86 94 101 108 93 97 83 69 47 76 1875 . 37 29 52 63 83 86 90" 88 86 85 55 50 67 1876 44 45 43 74 82 89 100 100 76 75 68 43 70 1877 40 55 40 68 82 j 93 93 95 72 65 55 1878 42 52 71 73 74 90 96 94 78 59 55 1879 43 42 59 77 76 87 <tr> 90 85 90 58 33 70 1880 42 62 82 95 87 93 100 85 86 62 39 1881 36 38 45 78 89 91 103 % 90 67 58 55 71 1882 88 54 57 66 79 89 91 102 96 67 55 41 70 1883 88 42 46 75 39 45 53 74 85 91 97 96 87 78 59 45 71 CEETAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 151 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. TOBACCO GARDEN, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1882 54 66 72 81 90 93 102 99 64 55 27 1883 83 82 TOTTEN, FORiy UT DAK. 1869 94 7 70 76 30 1870 30 38 52 83 88 98 91 90 86 80 60 48 70 1871 40 35 39 63 89 89 97 96 86 74 45 36 66 1872 34 40 30 56 77 94 99 100 86 77 40 3(> 64 1873 29 38 39 60 74 93 92 93 83 81 58 40 65 1874 40 37 43 77 97 94 98 90 95 79 51 36 70 1875 . 16 26 46 60 83 81 90 89 84 84 50 46 63 1876 39 33 38 76 81 89 94 105 76 74 68 34 67 1877 36 45 41 64 80 85 89 90 92 G6 60J 49 66 1878 41 46 69 67 68 89 93 94 87 72 57 39 68 1879 37 40 CO 70 79 87 94 93 81 90 56 40 69 1880 35 40 45 72 85 84 86 82 81 79 50 37 65 1881 . 35 31 40 SO 86 82 95 95 83 64 45 49 65 1882 30 42 43 62 78 85 91 94 93 69 49 32 64 1883 35 35 41 71 76 104 88 88 92 74 53 40 66 1884 35 38 42 65 82 94 87 94 88 86 62 43 68 1885 40 39 40 74 86 88 93 86 96 79 44 43 67 1886 32 45 44 80 86 88 95 103 81 80 63 37 70 1887 35 35 52 84 90 91 90 84 81 68 70 41 68 1888 35 38 41 74 76 93 88 94 87 78 59 54 68 1889 45 46 71 84 82 95 96 97 98 82 58 36 74 1890 35 40 40 79 75 93 98 95 87 78 76 35 38 46 71 82 90 93 93 87 76 57 40 67 VALLEY CITY, N. DAK. 1891 . 94 72 62 42 WAHPETOX, N. DAK. 1889 . 95 96 97 81 48 1890 47 52 55 88 88 93 99 99 89 80 60 54 75 1891 " 52 54 56 88 90 90 90 94 94 80 58 45 74 50 53 56 88 89 92 94 96 93 80 64 49 75 WILD RICE, N. DAK. 1890 89 97 85 62 60 54 1891 49 90 92 42 48 WILLOW CITY, N. DAK. 1891 94 92 75 45 42 WOODBRIDGE, N. DAK. 1891 79 64 37 152 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and animal averages, at stations in Iforth Dakota Continued. YATES, FORT, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1882 46 56 54 78 81 92 96 102 99 74 57 (i3 76 1883 43 47 65 77 85 108 98 % 96 78 64 55 76 1884 42 49 50 70 83 97 96 96 90 89 68 52 74 1885 45 49 56 76 89 93 97 97 98 87 58 56 75 1886 35 63 67 81 98 96 107 106 95 85 61 40 78 1887 29 46 54 88 92 101 99 95 81 76 45 1888 50 47 49 83 76 100 102 101 95 82 59 64 76 1889 53 52 72 81 85 99 99 102 97 84 67 52 79 1890 57 54 58 86 87 97 100 101 92 81 71 53 78 1891 52 47 58 96 95 93 88 103 98 78 68 46 77 45 51 59 82 87 98 98 100 96 82 64 63 77 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota. ABERDEEN, S. DAK. 1890 .. 47 89 93 96 103 100 88 82 63 51 1891 48 39 50 87 90 94 88 103 97 79 65 39 73 Means . . . 48 88 92 95 96 102 92 80 64 45 ALEXANDRIA, S. DAK. 1882 70 80 80 1889 98 101 98 92 58 59 1890 45 50 55 83 96 98 103 103 95 79 68 62 78 1891 54 46 52 90 95 92 93 100 ;? 50 Means 50 48 59 84 90 % 100 100 95 63 57 ARMOUR, S. DAK. 1889 89 98 98 97 ' BANGOR, S. DAK. 1891 96 BENNETT, FORT, S. DAK. 1880 .. 90 63 50 1881 .. 44 43 56 75 ( I2 98 101 104 91 72 65 (j-> 7r 1882 . . 55 63 78 86 82 90 94 104 95 76 58 r 7 1883 47 60 72 78 85 97 100 98 95 83 63 rfl 70 1884 . 49 50 71 74 86 97 97 98 92 85 7f) KQ 77 1XX5 49 51 63 78 87 90 102 97 94 83 54 1890 46 55 68 89 91 102 107 106 91 86 75 61 81 1891 55 43 57 95 >)6 95 96 108 103 82 44 52 66 82 88 >4(i i'i -ino qi 9 i; i K7 BRITTON, S. DAK. 1891 96 82 65 40 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 153 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. BROOKINGS, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1888 95 101 94 93 8'' 69 58 1889 41 43 64 83 91 93 98 97 89 71) 60 58 74 1890 48 48 51 84 90 90 94 99 91 74 68 56 74 1891 52 48 50 88 92 89 88 100 98 80 62 52 75 45 46 53 85 91 92 95 98 93 78 65 56 75 CANTON, S. DAK. 1889 96 95 89 87 78 76 56 65 54 58 1890 53 52 58 40 54 48 84 86 91 90 98 87 101 77 1891 Means 52 49 51 85 90 92 96 88 77 60 56 CASTLEWOOD, S. DAK. 1891 99 96 82 61 50 CLARK, S. DAK. 1889 100 105 93 100 99 100 92 91 100 79 82 57 64 63 55 54 48 1890 44 50 50 46 59 55 85 87 93 102 95 90 76 76 1891 47 48 57 86 98 92 99 100 94 82 61 52 76 CROSS, S. DAK. 1890 69 97 85 96 90 86 88 74 78 1891 54 60 86 86 81 60 91 93 87 76 DAKOTA CITY, S. DAK. 1886 86 DAKOTA, FORT, S. DAK. 1866 80 87 1868 85 64 37 ... X ... 1869 40 39 63 69 87 Means DEADWOOD, S. DAK. 1878 54 56 55 47 59 53 55 58 66 71 63 65 65 71 74 82 68 81 84 80 68 63 61 60 54 50 68 58 1879 92 95 ;ir> 92 90 102 92 93 101 84 86 HI 1880 77 73 78 1881 .. S. 154 CEftTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEBS OF THE TWO DAKOTA S. Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. Continued. 1882 49 62 59 47 49 45 60 62 50 56 59 58 73 70 52 55 60 65 77 59 62 65 69 73 70 73 72 73 86 80 82 90 91 81 82 92 88 89 86 90 96 90 93 87 83 85 93 88 85 71 78 83 83 80 70 66 76 76 78 75 56 66 62 3 53 64 51 59 53 58 51 49 71 71 69 69 72 72 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Means . .... 52 57 64 70 77 89 91 91 82 74 62 54 72 DE SMET, S. DAK. 1890 34 38 63 76 71 82 85 82 77 62 53 1891 .- -- Means . ... . 70 EGELAND, S. DAK. 1891 90 92 ELKTON, S. DAK. 1890 ... 41 41 47 84 87 91 98 92 78 56 46 FLANDEEAU, S. DAK. 1890 . 93 93 94 91 95 90 98 100 91 99 75 80 75 66 1891 52 44 52 96 57 . 77 Means 93 92 92 99 95 78 70 FORESTBUKG, S. DAK. 1891 90 90 94 98 99 82 64 56 FOREST CITY, S. DAK. 1891 94 112 107 95 FRANKFORT, S. DAK. 1891 97 86 64 45 GARDEN CITY, S. DAK. 1887 .. 38 55 1888 40 46 39 65 71 97 97 94 57 Means 46 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 155 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. GARY, S. DAK. Tear. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 92 97 96 80 61 50 GODDAED, S. DAK. 188S 45 85 74 98 108 96 95 90 62 56 1889 40 GRAND VIEW, S. DAK. 1888 84 87 68 HALE, FORT, S. DAK. 1879 63 60 38 48 38 48 56 65 50 63 43 49 82 64 46 68 64 68 80 90 78 88 74 75 91 96 91 82 74 86 93 91 97 89 96 96 102 94 95 97 103 103 100 97 96 87 89 90 97 90 93 86 81 80 80 76 65 "60 64 65 38 49 61 56 55 80 80 74 77 73 1880 1881 1882 1883 . 1884 . Means 49 54 65 81 87 93 97 100 91 84 66 52 77 HENRY, S. DAK. 1886 81 58 39 1887 33 37 64 85 87 90 91 80 HIGHMORE, S. DAK. 1888 51 57 62 52 104 96 97 105 1890 ... 87 88 93 105 96 81 69 57 1891 . 48 41 Means 57 88 100 101 HOWARD, S. DAK. 1890 100 95 94 98 76 82 65 64 54 55 1891 53 44 52 90 87 89 98 96 79 64 54 HURLEY, S. DAK. 1888 36 150 CEKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute maximum temperature*, irith monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. HURON, S. DAK. Year. Jau. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juue. July. AMI;. Sept. Oct. Nov. I>T. Aiinual. 18*1 91 96 88 74 35 58 188L' 46 57 75 81 77 89 93 ill 93 81 63 5Q lxx:> 45 48 70 79 79 94 99 91 88 77 6 9 r 7 71 1SX-I . 44 44 65 72 83 94 90 89 96 82 67 01 70 1885 Hi 50 64 75 86 89 98 89 91 82 55 r >'4 70 1886 42 60 65 83 96 90 104 IDII 05 X") 60 j 1887 38 47 68 94 92 97 99 11 89 78 76 dft 1888 40 45 50 80 74 95 !()' 'Hi 88 79 (ili (!'J 1888 42 45 70 84 90 98 104 97 92 78 R9 r.r, 1X90 4.'i 45 50 84 92 'II 10'j 10^ 'H 79 7O r,i 18111 55 46 50 87 92 92 90 97 96 8'' fi9 r- 44 49 63 82 86 93 98 95 99 XII fid. KIMBALL, S. DAK. 1889.. 99 109 99 77 1890 45 56 60 82 91 97 105 10 9 9 r > 74. 69 1891 56 44 51 87 94 84 91 103 M8 wi 50 50 56 84 92 95 10'' 101 Of! 7ft ' LEAD CITY, S. DAK. LOWER BHULE AGENCY, S. DAK. 1878 81 92 85 86 7'' 1875 100 90 73 (\7 1876 62 75 55 87 95 105 105 101 90 SI I 7A 1877 50 67 57 74 87 104 101 99 qx 77 CK 1878 49 63 81 81 82 91 98 Q7 Qfl 01 10 (0 Means .. 51 6S 64 81 88 100 101 qo QK OQ o(l MEADE, FORT, S. DAK. 379 .. 100 100 QO 'HI 70 380 82 60 72 81 97 93 101 88 82 71 PLQ 381 54 67 61 89 84 102 108 QA 7K fi7 382 62 71 81 78 84 94 inx QO 70 i<83 50 60 71 71 84 100 N <)X QA 7fi K84 54 57 66 73 8 9 97 Q^i it; QO Oft (O S85 58 65 64 78 g9 81 M'l QK QJ_ X I i^ 486 52 68 72 78 94 V, 1Ofi 1AO il 87 49 71 73 86 88 Ms 1(V) xo ^88 61 59 67 84 77 HI; QQ 80 <89 48 57 68 79 7Q Q4 Q7 76 390 54 63 64 81 'ii <i,; Ifll il <!>! 55 58 61 83 <ii ()1 (11 10 80 5b 7s Means 53 62 68 80 85 <u QQ 1AA 7o MILLBANK, S. DAK. 1890 . . 60 87 'IS MS 1Ofi 1891 60 48 56 XX UK Ml 1 O.S 54 77 Means 74 91 9-1 94 101 qo xi CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 157 Monthly abxolnte maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South J)ak<> f Contin nci I . MITCHELL, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 88 94 94 84 65 63 MORRISTON, S. DAK. 1878 j 45 47 55 60 48 1879 70 10 III 52 58 70 14 60 70 84 72 50 65 77 70 82 85 83 68 82 78 92 96 91 82 72 85 90 92 94 90 96 98 100 102 100 96 106 98 102 104 100 96 98 93 95 70 66 70 66 82 ixxo 1881 98 96 74 80 84 71 i 71 1*82 1883 1884 Means 53 60 70 80 86 93 100 100 90 86 6X 51 78 OKLRICHS, S. DAK. 1890 69 60 78 102 91 94 104 104 96 104 93 97 81 76 70 80 60 57 1891 50 49 94 XO 64 < 90 )LIVF 92 T, S. 100 104 95 78 75 58 DAK. 1X77 89 91 94 95 93 90 102 inn 102 98 100 92 94 103 98 106 98 100 93 96 89 95 97 96 79 81 91 76 80 59 71 60 61 70 66 56 52 47 54 62 1S7X 4X 58 59 39 IX 62 53 70 II 70 77 84 72 54 82 80 82 85 78 86 84 92 93 93 85 79 79 82 77 ISTil 1880 ]XX1 1882 Means 50 60 74 82 89 92 99 100 94 83 65 54 78 ONIDA, S. DAK. 1890 40 48 46 40 56 48 84 88 90 90 104 90 104 102 88 911 84 80 69 72 1891 96 41 76 44 43 52 86 90 97 103 94 82 70 PARKER, S. DAK. 1891 89 99 96 65 59 PARKSTON, S. DAK. 1887 40 52 54 58 46 60 52 70 56 48 92 82 98 80 99 96 94 92 88 104 102 100 95 92 98 97 96 93 79 82 78 48 65 66 70 54 1888 . 42 50 52 68 1889 90 81 1890 82 82 88 86 1891 .. 98 96 84 72 76 158 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Coi i ti i incd. PIERRE, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 90 104 101 81 80 56 PLANKINTON, S. DAK. 1891 90 89 98 RANDALL, FORT, S. DAK. I860 68 19 94 91 96 102 90 90 74 56 1861 38 60 62 88 84 98 106 106 92 82 70 67 79 1862 44 54 79 78 92 98 105 98 99 88 66 58 80 1863 54 54 76 80 92 102 104 108 106 84 66 60 82 1864 65 67 73 87 105 106 100 99 65 47 1865 52 52 72 82 101 100 92 1866 87 87 74 44 1867 44 48 36 73 81 100 94 100 60 1868 50 58 74 74 81 92 106 98 90 90 75 53 70 1869 . . 59 56 70 76 86 89 96 91 80 80 47 1870 51 65 51 88 92 104 107 100 92 80 73 67 81 1871 61 61 76 76 96 103 102 99 85 72 50 1872 51 57 60 79 96 96 94 104 99 90 60 50 78 1873 49 63 73 85 83 97 100 103 99 84 75 48 80 1874 56 58 66 95 99 102 112 103 106 89 81 59 86 1875 35 32 73 80 90 99 98 94 92 92 70 62 76 1876 67 77 50 86 91 102 106 99 87 78 79 58 82 1877 63 66 67 76 85 92 98 104 94 75 63 57 78 1878 50 61 77 80 80 92 98 102 97 82 75 65 80 1879 . ... 68 62 83 83 95 97 100 107 89 93 79 42 83 1880 65 71 80 88 96 93 97 103 92 94 60 57 83 1881 42 47 46 80 89 94 97 104 102 77 78 57 76 1882 57 70 85 86 91 90 96 94 96 82 65 59 81 1883 55 60 74 78 79 95 99 99 92 82 68 64 79 1884 48 53 70 74 89 96 95 96 97 89 78 58 79 1885 52 56 68 81 90 98 107 91 93 83 66 61 79 1886 53 65 69 84 97 99 110 101 98 85 67 68 83 1887 51 48 69 94 92 99 101 95 94 81 77 40 78 1888 46 55 59 87 73 99 107 100 91 90 72 68 79 1889 45 53 74 86 95 99 105 100 94 79 62 65 80 1890 58 59 65 84 92 96 104 103 98 80 75 70 82 1891 57 47 52 87 92 92 88 95 94 86 69 61 77 53 58 66 80 90 97 101 100 95 85 69 57 79 RAPID CITY, S. DAK. 1881 . . . 67 87 85 100 106 104 92 71 67 80 1882 56 65 75 82 89 90 97 103 97 75 67 57 79 1883 46 60 72 70 79 1888 66 59 66 84 75 99 100 91 94 79 68 68 78 1889 57 58 69 80 82 95 100 100 94 86 72 61 80 1890 56 66 68 82 90 99 99 101 92 79 75 75 82 1891 59 55 64 87 88 89 92 100 94 79 77 60 79 Means 57 60 69 82 84 95 99 100 94 78 71 64 79 REDF1ELD, S. DAK. 1889 71 88 100 1 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 159 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. ROSCOK, S. DAK. Tear. Jan. Feb. Star. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Annual. 1889 75 103 106 108 91 78 ST. LAWRENCE, S. DAK. 1890 101 92 80 ' 58 1891 53 47 52 92 90 98 92 101 68 58 Means 101 58 SCRANTON, S. DAK. 1890 40 44 60 87 94 97 100 102 89 75 66 55 76 1891 50 44 55 93 Means .. 45 44 58 90 SIOUX FALLS, S. DAK. 1890 92 96 98 87 74 60 52 1891 ' 50 43 4ti 90 89 90 96 82 62 55 Means 92 94 92 78 61 54 SISSETON, FORT, S. DAK. 1867 SI 35 35 72 81 90 92 89 85 66 1868 33 1869 34 54 65 80 85 88 85 88 75 74 35 1870 28 34 42 81 83 90 93 95 79 76 58 55 68 1871 35 42 48 84 84 88 102 94 93 59 36 70 1872 . 37 39 35 79 90 93 99 100 8fi 84 42 35 68 1873 32 36 43 li" 70 92 98 95 xs 78 55 33 66 1874 40 32 51 80 93 96 100 88 101 80 60 46 72 1875 22 24 59 62 85 86 91 93 89 85 64 53 68 1876 44 48 54 75 87 102 94 100 76 72 40 1877 37 47 44 68 75 90 1878 40 62 72 82 83 91 74 39 1879 44 40 72 73 86 90 87 56 33 1880 44 53 54 83 92 96 84 86 56 39 1881 35 37 76 86 85 89 91 83 71 57 45 1882 37 51 60 76 73 80 82 93 93 71 48 31 68 1883 35 39 42 73 74 93 95 90 86 71 57 72 69 1884 45 42 46 65 79 89 85 86 86 78 62 42 67 1885 .. 40 41 49 69 81 85 92 89 96 80 50 50 69 1886 .. 45 54 61 79 86 88 98 100 94 80 f>0 40 74 1887 .. 32 48 91 94 91 92 88 80 75 73 34 1888 .. 38 40 42 70 70 95 100 95 88 77 60 55 69 1889 34 36 69 78 Means . 37 40 50 74 82 89 93 93 88 78 59 43 69 SMITHVILLE, S. DAK. 1881 .. 108 112 98 82 62 64 1882 54 65 72 83 82 92 160 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Month!)/ absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. SPEARFISH, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1890 55 62 66 76 83 96 105 96 88 78 69 71 79 1891 55 49 59 88 89 89 91 96 02 ft 79 62 78 55 56 62 82 86 92 98 96 90 80 74 66 78 SPRING LAKE, S. DAK. SULLY, FORT, S. DAK. 1888 65 60 IRRfl 52 48 72 84 92 92 98 96 1866 42 50 50 83 1868 . 79 67 61 1869 53 52 71 72 88 95 104 106 BB 80 80 46 78 1870 50 57 56 79 93 104 107 105 82 87 71 64 80 1871 61 59 70 89 94 104 114 107 100 88 64 54 84 1872 ... 50 64 64 77 96 108 106 105 101 93 62 48 79 1873 45 48 70 82 84 106 108 104 100 87 69 45 79 1874 52 60 68 98 101 106 105 107 107 89 63 55 84 1875 30 30 59 81 88 98 103 101 98 90 69 59 76 1876 56 52 46 84 93 103 105 108 87 78 78 56 79 1877 47 62 54 67 85 98 106 100 97 77 63 57 76 1878 48 64 83 76 89 95 107 94 96 84 <; 58 80 1S7II 68 59 79 82 86 98 103 99 90 95 82 38 82 JSXO 56 65 71 80 96 99 101 106 94 92 68 50 X2 1XX1 12 48 49 87 90 93 104 107 88 77 68 61 7li 1882 55 67 66 81 85 95 100 106 98 86 60 58 79 1883 48 60 76 67 86 96 101 90 !!!> XI 70 60 78 1884 52 57 72 75 88 89 100 11!) 9 X8 70 59 79 1885 50 58 67 80 89 97 108 103 98 87 57 61 79 1886 46 64 74 79 98 98 10!) 106 100 86 63 41 81 1887 34 49 62 92 92 99 1().| 98 94 78 77 46 77 1888 50 57 59 83 74 99 104 97 95 79 66 67 78 1889 45 47 71 85 85 99 105 107 98 85 64 53 79 1890 . . 46 56 69 86 90 99 103 102 93 85 77 62 80 1891 53 44 56 93 93 91 97 109 102 80 76 52 79 Means .... 49 55 65 82 90 99 105 103 96 85 69 51 79 TYNDALL, S. DAK. 1891 104 93 85 65 62 VERMILLION, S. DAK. 1883 43 1XX1 47 53 70 73 84 89 66 60 1XX5 46 69 64 76 85 90 99 95 91 XI 72 58 77 1886 41 60 58 81 !I2 91 72 1890 55 58 57 80 88 97 101 96 58 1X91 48 33 Means ... .. 47 55 62 78 87 9"3 100 96 86 70 54 WATERTOWN, S. DAK. 1891 37 48 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 161 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. WEBSTER, S. DAK. . Tear. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. ISS^ no 96 96 98 83 53 44 IN, :: 39 58 60 83 80 96 108 100 96 83 75 <i(i 79 IS.- 1 39 37 54 68 87 102 97 95 93 88 61 75 - 55 62 70 79 91 94 99 99 98 83 52 68 78 1886 44 61 69 81 93 95 102 106 97 85 63 44 78 1 x><7 :;i 45 70 ill 94 94 96 89 87 73 77 :i8 74 1 SSS 43 47 50 75 74 98 101 97 89 81 69 (il 71 1889 38 41 71 81 92- 94 96 100 92 81 60 '!') 75 1890 50 50 51 80 90 88 98 98 85 77 70 5(i 74 1S1I1 r.i 45 47 87 92 104 104 88 68 51 44 49 60 80 87 94 98 98 94 82 66 53 75 WENTWORTH, S. DAK. !8S3 81 IHS.'i 73 83 87 94 189J 69 51 i WESSINGTON SPRINGS, S. DAK. 1891 88 102 97 84 64 55 WICKLOW, S. DAK. 1883 40 40 71 92 95 97 97 42 WOLSEY, S. DAK. 1889 40 41 70 80 88 07 105 96 90 74 '60 50 71 1890 44 48 52 82 96 95 104 103 96 75 68 55 1891 54 44 52 89 92 96 94 102 99 86 64 47 ' ' Menus 46 44 58 84 92 96 101 100 95 78 64 51 76 WOONSOCKET, S. DAK. 1888 84 80 99 107 99 90 79 64 63 1889 45 41 73 88 92 99 104 99 14 77 62 59 78 1890 44 48 54 84 96 99 105 104 95 80 69 57 ' Means 44 44 63 85 89 99 105 101 93 78 65 60 77 YANKTON, S. DAK. 1873 73 80 94 06 103 04 86 66 4~y 1874 62 58 50 89 02 94 '17 101 95 85 71 56 79 1875 32 'il 72 82 89 92 03 87 80 87 65 6 b> 70 1876 69 I i* 45 80 87 97 93 93 82 77 76 54 76 1877 51 59 65 78 81 87 96 93 89 73 57 57 73 1878 46 62 77 80 78 89 94 97 92 83 73 65 1879 62 62 87 80 P3 92 98 97 85 89 73 4 r > 80 1880 67 66 68 82 94 94 97 99 91 84 82 "il 80 1881 36 52 44 79 88 96 98 101 100 76 65 71 1882 :>i 64 80 86 88 93 96 95 93 82 6 r >(i" 79 1883.. 44 50 70 78 89 95 103 92 89 81 67 60 77 S. Ex. 157 21 162 CERTAIN CLIMATIC! FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. YANKTON, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1884 50 52 66 72 82 94 94 90 88 87 fifi K7 fJK 1885 50 53 66 77 86 92 101 89 92 83 68 59 76 1886 42 66 59 80 95 90 103 99 92 S3 1Q 77 1887 47 50 78 90 90 94 98 99 91 SI) 78 AK 70 1888 50 56 69 85 79 95 102 97 93 82 79 65 1889 47 56 72 81 94 93 98 96 88 80 60 60 77 1890 56 60 56 86 88 93 98 99 93 75 74 67 7Q 1891 57 42 49 89 90 86 94 92 86 65 61 50 56 66 81 87 93 97 96 91 82 i;s fifi 77 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in Nebraska. HAY SPRINGS, NEBR. 1886 50 63 68 78 93 100 08 92 83 54 50 1887 50 57 75 85 86 92 99 IX 87 Rf> 7ft AC 70 1888 55 56 69 85 79 99 101 86 94 76 7ft fit 7ft 1889 49 56 67 78 82 93 -1 104 98 95 84 64 64 78 1890 54 62 71 82 91 102 102 98 90 76 70 62 80 1891 47 49 58 87 90 89 90 97 94 76 78 55 Means 51 58 68 82 87 95 99 96 92 80 68 *\7 ROBINSON, FORT, NEBR. 1883 .. 103 C M 94 84 71 60 1884 51 56 76 88 97 101 97 94 82 73 1885 55 55 fi!) 77 86 89 100 96 06 xx 74 74 VI) 1886 56 71 73 76 95 92 104 108 80 88 79 <yj 01 1887 54 59 76 88 88 95 99 97 92 88 77 r iO 80 1888 85 1889 55 64 70 82 89 96 106 09 97 87 G7 66 8"> 1890 63 72 70 81 90 99 102 100 93 80 74 68 SQ 1891 54 46 58 87 87 85 89 06 95 79 81 57 7fi 56 60 69 81 89 93 100 98 94 84 74 62 8ft VALENTINE, NEBR. 1885 94 88 69 68 1886 57 66 74 78 95 91 103 98 88 8i 59 61 KO 1887 . 49 56 73 89 88 94 Q7 'Hi 93 87 7K KQ 7Q 1888 63 62 67 88 77 100 103 92 99 80 68 1889 58 66 81 82 84 92 106 98 97 86 67 66 Q9 1890 r>!) 66 69 83 91 08 103 98 92 80 75 liX 09 1891 54 45 55 89 92 87 84 99 05 84 75 fiO 77 Means 57 60 70 85 88 94 99 97 95 84. 71 fift an Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in Minnesota. MOORHEAD, MINN. 1881 .. 34 33 40 73 88 86 95 Q9 8ft fiQ 18 1ft fie 1882 33 49 50 63 76 85 88 93 88 71 18 QC fie 1883 . 37 40 44 74 72 100 01 87 87 fil RK KK fi7 1884...., 7 43 37 53 67 85 91 83 88 81 70 Kfi 1Q fi8 1885 43 50 49 67 85 86 92 91 M" 81 Ifi 1ft fiQ 1886 32 50 59 84 Sfi 8O <ii 1!Vt 00 1887 .. 30 39 46 86 95 95 95 x.i XI 71 . 71 ftfi fiQ CEKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUEES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 163 Monthly absolute maximum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in Minn? sota Continued. MOORHEAD, MINN. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1888 30 38 40 76 71 98 95 95 87 77 65 54 69 1889 - - - 46 39 68 62 87 90 93 96 94 78 59 41 73 1890 40 47 44 82 84 91 98 93 86 76 63 47 71 1891 42 37 48 91 91 95 83 96 92 79 62 47 72 Means . 37 42 49 77 84 91 92 92 88 76 58 44 69 ST. VINCENT, MINN. 1880 80 77 49 37 . 1881 35 33 49 73 85 83 92 88 78 63 47 40 64 1882 32 42 39 55 76 83 85 90 87 73 45 27 61 1883 22 35 42 67 74 93 93 82 89 69 57 42 64 1884 36 30 38 67 85 90 83 89 80 75 59 45 65 1885 39 38 42 65 85 84 91 86 82 70 40 39 64 1886 26 49 44 82 83 87 95 103 84 82 58 36 69 1887 23 28 45 83 % 93 89 88 85 71 69 43 68 1888 36 39 41 77 77 91 89 96 84 76 50 43 67 1889 48 38 69 83 80 92 94 95 94 77 58 40 72 1890 32 38 40 75 82 94 95 92 82 78 57 52 68 1891 41 31 46 90 92 90 81 88 88 71 63 46 69 Jlrans .. 34 36 45 74 83 89 90 91 84 74 54 41 66 APPENDIX No. 66. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota. ABERCEOMBIE, FORT, N. DAK. [Letters prefixed to records indicate the number of days of observations missing, thus the letter d shows four days not recorded.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. So jit. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. I860 53 33 20 15 15 1861 27 40 20 27 39 53 56 49 29 21 13 16 13 1862 20 36 9 7 36 43 55 47 32 10 4 16 10 1863 20 29 18 18 43 47 54 1864 22 1865 23 9 27 4 33 46 58 45 13 18 24 1866 20 35 16 33 35 18 4 24 1867 30 30 27 9 28 54 59 53 35 14 13 38 10 1868 40 40 23 2 43 45 56 50 22 17 27 9 1869 30 40 40 25 40 40 50 52 32 7 5 1870 ... 35 29 18 9 36 39 44 32 32 19 10 20 10 1871 20 20 15 20 33 45 36 39 20 18 22 21 13 1872 23 27 20 4 29 40 44 41 31 15 16 32 7 1873 33 22 27 21 30 28 34 43 20 10 7 18 7 1874 29 22 18 6 19 35 47 47 27 11 15 35 6 1875 30 27 21 8 18 28 42 29 25 12 25 18 3 1876 23 23 23 12 22 29 40 36 20 7 28 28 3 1877 32 11 5 38 42 38 30 Means 28 27 21 10 32 41 47 44 29 14 9 24 9 BATHGATE, N. DAK. 1891 20 20 23 BERTHOLD, FORT, N. DAK. 1866 32 14 10 19 1867 20 20 13 25 33 BISMARCK, N. DAK. 1874 26 6 16 29 1875 34 31 25 8 21 32 46 39 39 21 28 6 6 1876 30 28 22 16 23 33 45 42 10 14 15 23 5 1877 30 5 6 2 32 34 48 42 33 25 6 2 14 1878 19 9 20 27 27 46 47 44 20 19 20 ]879 29 26 21 11 30 36 48 41 25 10 1 38 1880 21 17" 16 7 37 40 44 44 29 12 14 28 1(1 18X1 34 23 7 1 28 48 Hi 40 29 17 1 1 1XX" -24 20 17 24 37 47 43 23 2 _->> 1 ; i sx:> :- 29 10 11 25 33 43 42 16 20 14 ixxt 10 29 14 17 29 44 32 45 10 10 35 7 1XX5 36 28 _ 9 19 22 34 44 39 32 16 10 11 11 1886 37 25 13 9 30 41 51 34 22 19 8 34 1XX7 44 43 16 12 26 38 50 37 28 2 25 25 3 1888 37 31 20 6 20 31 49 86 29 20 5 8 1889 18 34 4 20 22 42 48 44 26 29 12 6 13 1890 34 24 19 27 46 44 40 26 22 8 _ 7 1 1 1891 9 23 33 8 20 40 41 35 32 23 11 22 8 30 as 14 13 26 39 45 41 26 16 - 7 19 9 1 164 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTA?. 165 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, unth monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. BUFORD, FORT, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 186(> .. 37 9 24 18t>7 25 29 39 14 31 44 36 34 94 4 17 1868 30 23 10 22 40 51 58 47 19 20 -^ ''6 15 18ti!l 8 15 18 9 31 35 40 38 27 4 -9 19 10 1870 35 36 19 13 34 35 ir> 31 8 11 16 25 Q 1871 35 31 5 18 37 40 40 34 30 9 33 35 7 1872 36 25 13 18 28 32 37 29 21 11 28 35 3 1873 36 28 8 5 23 48 47 35 1C 5 2 27 6 1874 . . 28 25 22 7 ~25~ 10 37 44 24 5 21 29 5 1875 33 34 20 4 L'I; 30 10 37 26 21 37 o 5 1876 34 33 22 15 19 20 42 35 19 17 15 28 3 1877 31 11 7 7 24 31 43 33 29 16 13 10 1878 22 8 12 18 23 39 44 20 10 4 20 1879 17 35 22 24 30 38 44 41 26 11 10 g 1880 35 22 23 7 31 39 48 41 24 14 18 38 6 1881 41 24 3 8 28 45 43 43 28 9 20 20 g 1882 27 24 19 20 22 38 43 37 31 23 3 24 10 1883 46 40 7 12 22 30 40 36 18 14 19 34 2 1884 ^1 40 23 12 25 44 38 44 28 14 Q 40 4 1885 46 32 3 19 20 36 46 40 30 15 12 10 11 1886 48 26 10 11 30 36 50 34 20 22 10 33 6 1887 46 11 10 12 32 39 45 44 31 '*) 9 5 4 1888 49 28 28 4 22 36 49 36 25 22 1 9 7 1889 18 32 3 15 27 38 41 42 26 15 28 12 9 1890 37 43 18 20 24 42 44 36 29 25 9 2 11 1891 10 37 30 10 14 36 40 35 32 15 7 17 7 33 29 13 13 27 38 44 38 25 14 10 23 g CARRINGTON, N. DAK. 1889 4 15 23 40 45 40 1891 . . 37 30 30 9 6 ''8 Means . 41 35 CHURCH'S FERRY, N. DAK. 1891 37 38 28 DAVENPORT, N. DAK. 1890 30 25 28 15 16 43 42 35 30 20 1891 17 40 40 34 Means 16 41 41 34 DEVILS LAKE, N. DAK. 1884 36 33 22 12 DICKINSON, N. DAK. 1891 14 8 ELLENDALE, N. DAK. 1890 .. 6 1891 10 18 21 19 30 44 50 25 32 26 10 166 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. FARGO, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 41 41 31 29 22 28 17 GALLATIN, N. DAK. 1889 16 14 28 24 20 40 48 40 46 50 44 42 36 28 28 28 28 18 26 24 12 32 12 22 32 1890 40 20 42 32 36 32 7 3 1891 - - - - 30 37 34 10 24 42 47 35 28 23 15 22 6 GRAFTON, N. DAK. 1891 24 30 25 40 38 29 26 16 21 22 GRAND FORKS, N. DAK. 1890 18 16 41 31 47 28 18 25 21 1891 19 31 32 32 36 9 23 GRAND RAPIDS, N. DAK. 1891 35 23 24 16 30 27 HOPE, N. DAK. 1891 39 40 31 30 24 9 KELSO, N. DAK. 1890 41 38 32 30 27 28 22 20 1 26 18 20 1891 16 37 25 10 19 40 5 Means 40 31 28 21 14 19 6 LAKOTA, N. DAK. 1891 36 38 30 19 28 30 LEECH FARM, N. DAK. 1888 .. 24 21 15 21 21 16 31 36 43 48 40 42 64 38 35 34 31 30 25 19 20 17 5 ^ 7 1889 .30 30 38 25 2 28 10 1890 .. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTAS. 167 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, FORT, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1873 ... 53 50 28 9 3 16 1874 . 33 18 7 15 20 43 54 52 43 16 12 21 13 1875 40 27 14 10 27 41 53 45 32 22 23 I 10 1876 25 30 11 18 33 41 58 52 25 20 9 20 13 1877 27 7 5 38 38 51 48 42 27 9 1 17 1878 15 10 22 32 28 54 54 52 30 6 20 19 23 1879 34 30 25 28 50 58 54 34 16 8 43 1880 24 16 20 10 -87- 44 48 31 10 19 33 1881 36 22 10 1 32 47 45 48 30 17 15 1 10 1882 24 - 5 21 15 '2 37 46 41 30 22 g 30 9 1883 . . .. 40 36 12 13 26 37 43 42 16 17 17 31 4 1884 45 35 18 15 29 42 42 42 30 10 15 43 4 1885 42 35 15 16 22 46 BO 38 30 13 8 11 10 1886 37 27 22 g 31 41 50 32 21 17 11 34 g 1887 48 44 28 3 31 38 50 38 30 2 24 28 2 1888 36 33 21 7 18 34 48 36 27 16 6 g 1889 19 30 20 21 24 42 48 48 26 23 12 8 15 1890 31 34 30 11 26 45 48 37 27 21 8 8 10 1891 9 27 30 8 20 41 48 32 26 14 12 27 42 50 44 30 16 7 20 141 MINOT, N. DAK. 1891 11 22 NAl'OLEON. N. DAK. 1889 .. 50 45 43 25 20 7 9 1890 30 32 24 14 39 38 32 22 17 2 7 1891 .. 14 26 20 4 18 38 39 32 28 21 19 5 Means 22 29 22 9 42 41 36 25 19 g 14 NEW ENGLAND CITY, N. DAK. 1888 .. 42 39 17 13 4 8 1889 T> 33 19 20 34 37 37 25 12 "0 14 1890 36 43 19 15 16 34 38 33 20 20 5 g 1891 8 32 35 34 Means 23 36 18 17 18 34 39 33 24 15 g ij 7 PEMBINA, FORT, N. DAK. 1871 22 14 33 36 1872 ... '-"8 33 9 3 7 28 38 36 41 25 15 8 . . ^1 1873 40 31 40 16 29 38 34 34 23 3 "5 7 1874 44 32 29 ^ 26 33 41 41 93 on 1875 44 45 29 i 15 30 41 30 20 2 36 S A 1876 37 34 27 2 17 30 40 32 20 QO A<3 1877 . 44 24 ''1 14 26 32 43 35 23 i r i A A 1878 25 3 13 20 22 35 45 36 19 1 on 1879 30 40 26 4 28 35 44 20 8 f] 18 1880 32 32 30 33 35 41 38 28 13 fi 37 1881 42 32 15 12 29 37 39 36 23 15 1 ^ 1882 40 34 24 6 23 36 42 44 23 1883 45 33 _ 3 22 29 39 38 11 10 3 35 1884 35 37 26 9 29 19 . 47 1885 .. 46 34 25 12 22 34 38 27 as 18 a 9A 9 168 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute mini mum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at statiunx in North Dakota Continued. PEMBINA, FOET, N. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. "Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1886... 38 38 15 2 21 26 42 34 12 12 OK 1887 1T> 10 24 2 22 32 40 31 18 9 "9 (> 1888 51 18 30 4 15 30 44 34 24 ''0 8 ] ^ 1889 27 13 8 11 23 35 37 33 26 10 o Oft 1890 .. x 37 46 30 10 12 36 38 30 26 ''3 1891 24 29 24 5 15 34 38 30 26 18 4 >7 Means 38 34 23 1 23 33 40 35 22 11 in 00 POWER, N. DAK. 1891 42 42 31 33 22 1 to RANSOM, FORT, N. DAK. 1868... 17 1869 19 19 24 21 37 42 45 53 V> 7 1870 i. 25 29 13 11 40 43 53 39 39 19 . () 1 10 1871 26 24 5 21 36 51 53 48 31 10 07 97 19 1872 29 32 21 16 29 40 40 Means . . . 25 26 16 17 35 44 48 47 34 10 Q 01 RICE, FORT, N. DAK. 1868 60 48 12 25 5 1. 1869 12 11 12 15 40 44 50 1 g 00 1870 24 31 14 30 46 49 39 38 25 18 22 1871 f>2 20 5 22 45 53 59 42 34 14 QQ CM TO 1872 28 31 18 1 32 32 41 40 27 12 10 07 1873 ... 30 19 _ 7 24 38 48 43 39 23 1 Q *> 1874 29 23 _ 7 9 34 44 50 50 39 5 IK 7 1875 33 28 23 10 20 41 56 51 ''9 24 07 K 1876 28 23 24 18 36 42 60 52 23 19 A on 1877 20 4 4 10 46 44 58 r,-> 40 98 Q 7 1878 29 8 19 27 29 43 44 49 20 6 Means . . . 36 17 10 15 34 44 52 46 ''8 14 Q ft 10 RICHARDTON, N. DAK. ISXl 34 16 13 30 ^2 50 49 8 g HI Q(J 1KX5 36 23 6 20 20 40 46 42 34 )> 11) 10 TO 1886 40 22 13 12 32 48 55 36 94 3 35 1887 38 g 45 43 I . QA O'J Means . 38 26 11 15 27 46 50 49 Vt in *>fi ST. JOHNS, N. DAK. 1891 31 tfi 17 OA ST. THOMAS, N. DAK. 1891 36 29 9fi 18* fi oe CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 169 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Uakota Continued. SANBOKN, N. LAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juno. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1890 36 SEWARD, FORT, N. DAK. 1873 35 30 32 18 25 42 40 43 18 10 26 4 1874 30 25 25 1 28 37 42 45 28 6 16 26 5 1875 38 34 24 11 17 32 46 31 40 20 28 12 5 1876 >> 20 22 6 29 34 48 42 26 12 24 30 7 1877 37 12 23 1 30 25 41 36 32 Means 32 24 25 7 26 34 43 39 29 10 20 24 5 SHEYENNE, N. DAK. 1872 44 54 \p 50 1 [ SPIRITWOOD, N. DAK. 1881 24 3 4 41 STEELE, N. DAK. 1889 10 15 37 40 39 22 16 13 11 igyo 35 41 26 3 18 40 41 33 18 11 2 10 4 1881 14 28 32 5 16 35 37 28 27 19 Moans '4 34 29 6 16 34 26 33 22 15 g 10 STEVENSON, FORT, N. DAK. 1868 24 30 9 15 42 48 60 48 12 15 o IK 1870 32 35 12 10 40 52 40 34 16 16 28 1871 35 28 2 20 45 51 53 39 27 10 32 37 1872 '9 27 20 9 31 37 38 38 26 12 05 9K 1873 35 28 30 12 25 41 41 38 16 4 5 27 \ 1874 29 32 24 3 32 38 41 11 27 11 18 07 1875 37 36 30 7 25 22 46 38 26 20 29 12 1876 :u 30 24 12 22 32 45 39 15 11 9 2 32 3 1877 41 13 14 2 30 j'40 35 28 16 11 ij 1*7* 32 3 12 21 24 43 48 16 8 8 34 1X711 38 33 26 14 30 44 48 40 22 13 12 54 4 1MSO 29 28 2 48 36 42 38 20 1 98 45 1881 6B 40 23 15 24 38 44 45 27 13 22 13 2 1882 30 37 30 14 24 33 45 34 29 22 5 34 183 47 37 17 7 Means , 35 29 17 8 32 39 46 40 23 12 13 99 TOBACCO GARDEN, N. DAK. 1882 35 14 14 22 33 41 32 21 21 .,, 5 35 S. Ex. 157 170 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO UAKOTAS. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. TOTTEN, FORT, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1869 50 29 3 10 32 1870 31 38 15 8 38 40 50 43 40 19 6 26 11 1871 34 34 8 20 34 50 51 44 30 16 29 32 9 1872 31 27 22 13 26 42 40 43 26 15 21 36 6 1873 31 30 23 16 26 44 43 42 25 2 10 38 6 1874 j. 33 25 19 29 35 48 47 31 12 20 29 6 1875 40 34 20 6 23 36 48 38 32 12 28 18 5 1876 27 27 15 12 24 34 48 38 27 15 24 25 7 1877 35 12 20 10 29 31 45 41 32 21 5 3 11 1878 23 6 17 29 26 45 53 45 19 9 10 26 18 1879 34 35 22 5 30 35 45 45 26 9 6 51 4 1880 42 25 28 8 35 47 45 46 31 10 20 38 6 1881 42 25 8 1 25 45 52 47 45 14 18 12 10 1882 31 25 20 2 25 40 45 44 28 23 2 29 8 1883 ii 40 19 1 24 34 45 43 12 16 16 31 2 1884 39 31 21 10 29 46 43 44 34 12 22 35 6 1885 37 34 20 14 20 35 43 35 29 19 3 20 7 1886 43 38 16 2 28 33 42 29 17 20 13 33 2 1887 39 36 23 1 29 35 44 37 25 8 23 35 2 1888 ^1 tl 22 1 22' 30 46 35 29 19 30 5 3 1889 25 36 3 19 29 42 37 46 29 21 8 11 12 1890 36 37 26 7 21 42 46 39 30 25 5 35 30 17 9 27 39 46 42 28 14 13 26 7 VALLEY CITY, N. DAK. 1891 . 25 16 28 24 WAHPETON, N. DAK. 1889 40 38 31 19 4 4 1890 31 26 26 22 19 42 44 32 26 25 2 12 10 1891 11 39 36 18 21 41 41 32 32 21 24 21 6 21 32 31 20 20 42 42 34 30 22 9 12 9 WILD RICE, N. DAK. 1890 51 57 50 32 30 2 16 1801 15 26 24 13 29 WILLOW CITY, N..DAK. 1891 24 19 16 31 -41 WOODBRIDGE, N. DAK. 1891 17 35 37 YATES, FORT, N. DAK. 1882 28 30 20 21 18 34 46 40 30 20 2 24 9 1883 41 39 10 17 25 33 42 42 25 11 10 31 5 1884 44 38 14 19 34 48 42 45 29 11 21 37 6 1885... 34 32 10 20 24 33 38 41 30 8 8 15 9 OEBTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTA&. 171 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in North Dakota Continued. YATES, FORT, N. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1886 39 24 20 10 32 41 50 27 20 10 21 44 4 1887 50 33 8 12 30 39 38 43 1 24 25 1888. .. 32 22 18 12 24 35 51 43 25 21 3 6 11 1889 17 26 5 26 23 39 38 41 28 23 g 5 14 1890 30 28 19 15 27 47 50 40 27 21 5 10 12 1891 5 20 30 9 23 42 41 35 35 26 7 16 11 32 29 14 16 25 ~ 39 44 40 28 15 6 21 9 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota. ABERDEEN, S. DAK. 1890 20 10 15 30 36 35 20 12 1 5 1891 2 25 26 8 21 40 39 28 18 23 21 21 8 Meaus . .. 23 9 18 35 38 32 24 18 10 13 ALEXANDRIA, S. DAK. 1882... 6 26 35 1889 42 42 32 _ 9 1890 24 25 14 20 23 45 46 37 26 15 i 14 11 1891 4 21 24 12 31 45 42 31 30 16 Means 14 23 15 19 30 45 43 37 29 0.5 13 ARMOUR, 8. DAK. 1889 39 47 52 52 2 13 BANGOR, S. DAK. 1891 40 BENNETT, FORT, S. DAK. 1881.. 50 49 34 24 3 4 1882 . .. 18 18 6 27 31 33 46 43 28 20 9 19 15 1883 42 31 1 22 30 37 47 42 27 20 4 19 11 1884 31 32 11 19 32 43 1885 40 27 4 19 25 38 48 46 39 18 16 1890 25 28 13 12 24 42 45 41 30 16 o 9 11 1891 1 25 28 14 26 43 45 36 35 23 Means 26 27 9 19 28 39 45 43 32 20 4 11 13 BRITTON, S. DAK. 1891 31 21 27 22 172 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, irith monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. BKOOKINGS, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aimual. 1888 33 38 40 23 21 20 5 1889 24 30 4 12 20 36 37 41 30 24 6 21 10 1890 28 35 28 10 23 39 41 35 25 28 20 8 1891 10 28 24 11 30 38 39 30 24 20 29 21 7 21 31 16 11 24 36 39 36 25 23 4 17 9 CANTON, S. DAK. 1889 49 35 27 1890 24 23 12 15 23 47 49 39 30 25 7 12 14 1891 20 20 13 34 45 12 22 16 14 28 46 44 32 26 4 6 CASTLEWOOD, S. DAK. 1891 25 24 14 34 24 CLARK, S. DAK. 1889 39 46 31 19 5 16 1890 28 20 16 14 24 43 41 35 32 19 4 20 10 1891 8 21 22 8 28 44 41 32 33 22 23 21 !i MeauB . 18 20 19 11 26 43 40 36 30 20 8 19 10 CROSS, S. DAK. 1890 4 22 14 32 26 40 44 38 34 28 32 16 3 1891 32 42 16 3 13 29 42 30 30 6 DAKOTA CITY, 8. DAK. 1886 38 DAKOTA, FORT, S. DAK. 1866 31 27 1868 22 4 19 1869 14 17 17 18 41 29 DEADWOOD, S. DAK. 1878 8 24 7 22 11 11 12 23 20 13 10 5 26 20 11 11 14 30 29 27 31 30 3 3 16 2 3 25 16 1879 37 33 42 41 44 42 44 43 43 41 43 40 30 29 29 32 1880 5 17 27 20 1881 1 6 13 16 16 1882.. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 173 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in 8outh Dakota Continued. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. Continued. 1883 30 14 15 24 18 32 27 15 3 29 7 7 7 6 10 17 13 21 15 16 21 28 17 26 31 38 43 85 40 40 42 45 45 48 45 42 40 39 38 41 31 28 35 35 33 22 26 18 25 7 7 4 15 5 11 8 28 2 15 11 13 12 17 16 13 1884 1 s,s.-, 1886 1887 17 16 3 16 27 39 44 41 31 18 0.7 13 14 DE SMET, S. DAK. 1890 25 3 17 19 11 5 27 17 33 52 58 53 40 27 11 13 20 1891 14 18 8 22 ELKTON, S. DAK. 1891 22 12 27 37 34 34 28 20 28 20 EGELAND, S. DAK. 1891 22 40 | FLANDREAU, S. DAK. 1890 24 8 26 27 15 22 10 8 20 27 43 39 43 34 37 31 26 27 12 19 4 29 19 21 9 6 1891 16 -26 18 9 23 41 38 34 26 15 12 20 8 FORESTBUEG, S. DAK. 1891 32 45 44 32 29 20 13 16 FOREST CITY, S. DAK. 1891 ' 52 41 38 20 12 FRANKFORT, S. DAK. 1891 28 21 24 24 GARDEN CITY, S. DAK. 1R87 24 1888 35 31 15 13 GARY, S. DAK. 1891 36 34 21 22 15 174 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FBATUEES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at itations in South Dakota Continued.. GODDARD, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Annual. 1888 11 24 30 40 58 52 31 18 1889 . . 2 GRAND VIEW, S. DAK. 1888 '. 27 16 18 HALE, FOKT, S. DAK. 1879 . 35 18 5 8 32 34 52 45 33 5 2 to g 1880 8 22 28 8 37 46 47 43 26 15 15 20 11 1881 41 33 12 1 41 50 50 54 34 18 8 3 13 1882 . 19 14 6 25 31 37 49 43 31 23 3 23 15 1883 39 36 21 36 40 48 45 29 17 3 22 12 1884 32 34 15 21 32 Means .. .. 29 26 11 14 35 41 49 46 31 16 4 20 12 HENRY, S. DAK. 1886 24 5 22 1887 28 28 13 13 29 36 51 37 28 HIGHMORE, S. DAK. 1888 29 17 51 42 1890 17 13 27 36 43 34 28 19 o 9 1891 10 20 17 8 24 17 10 47 38 HOWARD, S. DAK. 1890 35 23 10 9 20 1891 5 24 26 29 42 37 30 28 23 25 20 32 26 16 8 20 HURLEY, S. DAK. 1888 30 HURON, S. DAK. 1881 54 49 34 21 6 3 1882 16 18 6 19 28 37 47 43 30 25 3 20 14 1883 30 32 8 24 32 34 46 43 28 22 4 20 11 1884 38 32 15 22 30 43 49 43 36 22 13 34 g 1885 33 24 3 18 25 38 45 47 31 21 8 11 14 1886 32 27 6 9 32 39 55 33 28 20 5 32 10 1887 43 30 4 16 32 38 44 40 26 5 28 23 6 1888 36 32 14 20 24 36 48 42 29 17 3 7 11 1889 25 30 8 21 22 40 44 46 32 17 4 12 13 1890 28 24 15 17 23 45 47 35 05 14 16 10 1891 8 22 24 11 29 43 41 34 30 20 18 20 10 29 27 Q 18 28 39 47 42 30 19 ' 6 18 n CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 175 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual aver ages, at stations in Soutli Dakota Continued. KIMBALL, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec. Annual. 1X8! 1 41 47 48 34 19 4 5 1890 24 27 10 18 25 44 51 39 28 19 2 3 14 1891 7 18 17 11 2S 44 II 33 31 22 13 14 12 16 22 14 14 26 43 47 40 31 20 5 _ 7 13 LEAD CITY, Sv BAK. 187S 38 41 46 27 6 LOWER BRULE AGENCY, S. DAK. 1875. . . 30 19 13 187<i _.)> 28 14 23 28 31 44 50 25 18 4 21 11 1X77 25 1 18 16 33 33 43 44 33 21 g 3 14 1878 12 3 25 28 30 44 52 48 25 8 IS 18 >Q 20 8 2 22 30 36 46 47 28 16 2 12 15 MEADE, FORT, S. DAK. 187! 48 45 34 5 3 25 1880 10 29 22 19 32 43 39 33 11 17 24 1881 24 25 5 8 32 44 47 50 31 12 -r 9 5 15 1882 14 18 1 18 25 39 40 40 31 21 3 18 14 1883 34 34 4 8 20 37 35 38 27 14 7 11 9 1XS-I 21 28 11 12 25 38 40 34 20 13 12 32 6 1886 -jy 19 _ i 25 20 37 45 40 37 22 20 16 188H 33 16 _ 7 12 26 45 55 32 33 21 13 24 11 1SX7 33 37 2 13 27 38 48 41 34 1 25 32 6 ISSS . ... :>i 10 17 21 23 35 54 40 35 15 8 13 1889 3 20 5 29 42 34 47 28 22 4 2 16 1890 26 29 l (j 27 43 51 48 28 27 10 5 15 1891 4 33 22 17 20 41 43 40 37 21 4 3 13 Means. . 22 25 6 15 27 39 45 41 31 16 g 13 12 MILLBANK, S. DAK. 1890 31 22 30 54 50 48 35 29 6 7 1891 12 19 18 20 34 44 50 50 34 20 20 14 14 Means . 22 21 32 49 50 49 34 24 7 10 MITCHELL, S. DAK. 1891 44 33 34 18 12 14 MORRISTON, S. DAK. 1878 12 1879 24 16 3 20 38 50 60 60 42 18 1 6 18 1880 5 14 14 12 48 52 57 53 8 20 1881 33 25 3 1 42 60 65 60 40 26 1 o 19 1882 10 16 2 32 40 46 60 50 37 25 g 21 1883 30 30 26 33 48 50 42 28 1884 10 26 30 50 50 Means 20 20 6 19 38 51 57 57 37 23 5 16 18 176 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly nd annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. OELRICHS, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Annual. 1890 12 11 24 39 39 25 16 10 1891 23 23 28 12 24 40 39 35 28 11 10 10 8 20 12 24 39 37 26 14 _ 5 OLIVET, S. DAK. 1877 . 46 53 57 44 23 15 1878 10 6 14 32 40 54 62 59 36 14 10 15 25 1879 29 16 9 40 45 61 48 40 6 - 6 25 14 1880 4 20 14 18 48 52 55 49 " 40 10 10 17 17 1881 36 20 5 2 43 52 60 60 40 25 2 IS 1882 18 14 1 28 37 48 56 50 36 23 6 19 13 0.8 18 42 49 58 54 39 16 2 11 20 ONEIDA, S. DAK. 1890 20 28 2 19 22 53 40 24 19 4 1891 IT 20 20 15 28 42 40 35 34 22 13 11 12 14 24 9 17 25 46 38 29 20 4 PARKER, S. DAK. 1891 40 36 27 15 PARKSTON, S. DAK. 1887 22 10 16 45 40 52 66 60 10 27 22 1888 . 28 20 12 20 30 40 56 65 2 2 1889 22 28 10 40 48 50 31 17 2 1890 26 29 12 18 28 46 <15 4 1891 16 16 18 34 50 55 42 34 24 12 18 Means 19 23 8 18 34 43 51 56 42 17 8 8 16 PIERRE, S. DAK. 1891 46 42 38 27 8 11 PLANKINTON, S. DAK. 1891 45 48 35 RANDALL, FORT, S. DAK. 1860 6 18 42 58 56 48 40 22 4 22 1861 17 11 6 32 36 60 62 56 34 26 3 3 23 1862 22 10 10 1") 40 52 62 58 49 10 10 1 22 1863 11 17 5 24 41 53 54 'II 34 - t 14 27 15 ]864 27 6 4 29 52 58 68 40 1 '>ti 18a5 11 4 11) 14 30 45 11 1866 37 22 9 17 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 177 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. RANDALL, FORT, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Jan. Fob. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1867 . . 15 21 15 19 37 52 61 55 5 1868 . . 20 91 12 20 49 51 65 51 33 26 12 7 24 1869 5 1 1 12 41 52 56 36 4 4 7 1870 . .. 17 12 7 14 37 37 46 40 40 20 12 -18 16 1871 11 9 3 5 26 46 51 43 19 16 14 -17 1872 . . 21 12 3 20 31 48 48 50 35 20 13 30 15 1873 30 10 -08 53 42 54 22 6 2 25 8 1874 '8 18 11 10 43 52 50 30 10 5 25 10 1875 44 89 28 8 21 36 48 42 27 15 25 22 3 1876.. 17 20 7 27 30 47 49 18 16 24 33 (i 1S77 "7 16 12 36 43 42 44 29 17 14 13 1878. 22 8 15 24 28 41 45 48 24 10 8 27 14 1879 38 95 12 48 39 55 46 28 9 4 32 11 1880 4 14 20 12 39 47 42 39 28 11 -11 -17 12 1881 as 29 6 2 38 49 53 50 33 21 -6 4 14 1882 8 8 1 25 33 41 49 41 30 22 6 20 18 1883 30 32 1 27 29 36 45 40 32 19 1 18 12 1884 29 29 12 22 33 40 47 44 36 18 4 31 11 1885 33 25 18 25 38 43 39 33 20 9 15 12 1886 .. 29 21 5 4 32 37 40 30 23 15 1 25 8 1887 33 93 1 24 39 44 54 49 18 14 41 16 11 1888 30 20 17 24 29 41 50 42 25 20 4 4 14 1889 15 13 12 27 30 45 48 49 32 18 -3 3 19 180(1 24 ->3 3 20 27 49 50 42 30 18 10 6 16 1891 2 13 9 15 32 48 43 35 32 23 - 3 11 15 Means 99 17 5 17 33 45 50 49 33 16 - 4 16 15 RAPID CITY, S. DAK. 1881 30 10 10 29 44 37 50 30 15 2 3 1882 16 21 2 13 27 36 45 42 36 22 2 25 13 1883 37 40 6 2 20 35 1888 30 3 16 20 22 40 51 42 35 21 10 4 l(> 1889 3 17 10 21 31 43 46 49 30 25 2 19 1890 24 27 3 8 25 45 55 46 32 25 13 3 1(3 18 l )l 2'2 17 19 23 42 47 42 38 22 3 3 18 23 2 13 27 41 46 45 34 22 3 5 15 REDFIELD, S. DAK. 1889 20 24 41 i ROSCOE, S. DAK. 1889 28 39 42 41 26 18 ST. LAWRENCE, S. DAK. 1890 52 42 32 28 9 1891 - 7 20 19 16 32 46 54 6 10 Means . 47 10 SCRANTON, S. DAK. .1890 23 6 33 26 12 18 30 12 33 54 59 51 32 28 6 7 18 1891 Meaus . .... '14 SO 15 21 S. Ex. 157-^ 23 178 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. SIOUX FALLS, S. DAK. Your. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1890. .. 52 54 36 34 22 17 1891 4 26 18 14 50 29 28 18 24 22 Mean H .. . 52 32 31 20 12 20 SISSETON, FORT, S. DAK. 1867 - . 27 24 24 7 30 48 57 36 24 4 1868 12 1869 19 24 21 35 42 53 55 31 5 5 17 1870 25 30 19 9 39 42 54 40 41 22 11 28 is 1871 24 23 2 18 34 49 51 49 34 16 24 30 is 1872 29 26 20 4 29 41 43 44 29 15 20 35 X 1873 32 32 22 15 28 48 47 48 22 9 7 23 6 1874 28 25 12 4 31 37 46 51 32 jj 11 23 <l 1875 . . 37 33 18 5 22 31 48 45 28 5 25 22 4 1876 . . .. 27 20 18 14 24 34 40 :; 19 10 28 1877 29 10 15 6 30 42 1878 25 9 25 30 45 51 g 25 1879 34 32 21 3 33 49 6 8 40 1880 24 16 20 40 45 41 27 9 >o 45 1881 32 9 2 26 46 51 48 30 20 15 11 1882 26 23 14 6 25 37 49 41 28 17 7 30 9 1883 41 38 19 15 25 35 40 40 19 15 15 27 4 1884 44 29 23 16 27 44 44 41 32 12 22 38 5 1885... 37 36 16 11 20 32 40 33 ''7 12 5 19 i; 1886 44 36 12 4 28 36 50 29 17 1't 17 37 3 1887 40 38 o 2 27 33 41 83 28 g 94 30 o 1888 38 35 15 2 14 39 4<) 40 32 24 4 3 () 1889 25 30 3 17 Means 31 28 14 10 28 40 47 42 28 1 1 11 27 g SMITHVILLE, S. DAK. 1881.. 51 53 35 20 o 1 1882 21 23 12 24 41 36 "SPEARFISH, 8. DAK. 1890... 20 23 3 20 28 44 61 47 33 29 18 4 20 1891 1 28 20 17 24 39 43 40 3*1 93 2 15 Means 10 26 8 18 26 42 52 44 36 26 g 9 18 SPRING LAKE, S. DAK. 1888... 12 12 1889 14 18 10 32 40 54 50 62 SULLY, FORT, S. DAK. 1866 19 18 19 1868 30 7 11 1869 9 15 10 24 sn <*7 AR AQ 00 q in 1C 1870 28 20 12 g 19 38 50 36 34 23 14 3 12 1871... 30 26 1 Q ST 10 AQ 4.1 94. IK 11 10 1872 . 22 14 <j 7 v> 4.9 JO 4.7 00 OA 1 -v, 1873 25 22 11 15 32 48 50 50 24 5 7 19 1874 . 13 10 2 15 34 i't KK KO QQ 7 10 1875... 32 30 14 11 24 38 49 48 29 23 13 11 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 179 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. SULLY, FORT, S. DAK.-Continned. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1876 19 24 15 19 26 29 55 48 25 21 4 26 11 1H77 20 i 14 14 32 42 48 48 37 24 8 1 17 is 78 15 8 23 25 37 54 56 53 67 14 15 22 ''(i 1X79 33 15 11 15 38 48 61 50 38 8 4 28 15 1880 18 13 11 19 41 46 55 52 34 19 13 19 18 1881 30 29 o 2 35_ 50 53 42 18 15 11 o 11 188! 21 92 12 22 15 50 48 45 27 18 6 1883 39 30 2 21 31 42 51 50 28 22 3 13 14 1884. 33 25 19 20 31 46 51 41 32 18 _ 7 30 10 1885. 33 25 3 21 27 36 45 45 34 19 10 8 14 1886 28 18 11 12 29 43 54 43 29 23 o 19 13 1887. 28 26 8 19 32 44 53 43 35 4 27 18 10 1888 32 20 13 22 30 38 52 45 30 18 2 6 14 1889. 1(1 22 10 27 25 46 50 48 36 20 6 6 17 1890 LC> 30 12 18 29 49 55 43 33 21 8 2 16 1891.. :; 19 24 15 30 44 48 41 40 26 Y 12 15 Me:ins 24 19 7 16 30 43 51 46 32 17 j 15 14 TYNDALL, S. DAK. IS!) I 1 33 35 25 8 13 VERMILLION, S. DAK. 1883 24 1884 34 27 10 22 29 20 g 30 1885. 33 24 17 25 40 46 39 32 23 13 14 14 1886 30 26 10 18 39 40 1 1890 24 25 10 13 28 48 45 39 32 21 10 8 14 1891 2 20 Mtf.'UlH 25 24 8 18 30 43 46 39 32 21 4 19 13 WATERTOWN, S. DAK. 1891 26 20 WEBSTER, S. DAK. 1882 48 53 54 27 27 4 26 1883 33 37 12 19 28 37 49 44 25 3 13 22 7 1884 39 33 31 17 26 54 48 43 25 25 36 4 1885 33 38 24 20 28 29 46 44 27 21 16 12 8 1886 . 10 24 9 29 ft 53 31 16 20 16 37 5 1887 . . 44 39 22 10 37 48 55 39 30 4 27 33 5 1888 17 38 20 7 23 32 52 57 27 23 _ 9 11 1889 26 33 14 23 35 43 42 27 15 7 21 9 1890 30 28 28 11 20 44 43 31 24 26 7 19 8 1891 12 30 27 7 27 25 28 15 33 25 Means 30 33 19 12 27 41 48 41 26 15 13 24 8 WENTWORTH, S. DAK. 1883 27 1885 17 23 38 43 1&91 25 18 130 CERTAIN' CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, icith monthly and annual averages, at stations in South Dakota Continued. WESSINGTON SPRINGS, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 18*11 / 44 35 36 24 13 14 WICKLOW, S. DAK. 24 28 26 53 48 30 18 WOLSEY, S. DAK. 1889 31 34 7 20 20 38 44 43 27 2 10 15 9 1890 29 28 16 13 19 50 59 34 26 15 2 11 11 1891 7 25 23 11 33 47 54 35 39 22 18 21 12 22 29 11 15 24 45 52 37 31 13 10 16 11 WOONSOCKET, S. DAK. 1888 16 23 36 45 37 27 16 1 9 1889 29 30 8 18 22 39 41 KH 28 14 4 13 13 1890 -28 29 16 16 23 42 46 32 24 12 6 21 8 28 30 4 17 23 39 44 45 26 14 - 4 14 11 YANKTON, S. DAK. 1873 20 23 49 51 59 30 11 10 10 1874 20 4 7 16 35 44 54 50 30 16 14 18 1875 25 22 12 17 24 42 52 45 31 18 15 15 12 1876 17 18 16 21 34 38 51 46 26 16 7 18 13 1877 . . 19 5 14 14 31 38 44 46 38 25 5 - 1 17 1878 ... 10 3 21 27 28 47 56 48 28 9 15 11 22 1879 30 17 3 7 29 38 53 51 32 13 1 34 12 1880 2 (j 16 20 43 47 47 46 37 15 5 19 17 1881 32 >;! 8 _ 3 38 53 54 52 36 24 1 4 16 1882 " 6 7 29 35 42 48 48 32 30 12 16 21 1883 22 4 4 27 28 39 52 48 37 21 3 13 18 1884 28 23 11 27 34 47 56 48 39 25 3 23 16 1885 24 18 2 19 26 43 48 46 38 26 18 10 18 1886 28 25 6 4 39 44 56 41 34 20 23 13 1887 29 22 2 19 36 45 53 44 35 13 18 16 13 1888 . . 28 19 18 24 32 43 54 44 35 24 9 6 17 1889 12 18 13 27 30 44 50 51 34 22 3 20 1890 22 17 7 15 32 50 51 41 33 22 9 7 17 1891 1 19 17 32 49 46 38 26 8 6 Means .. 20 14 5 18 32 44 51 47 34 20 1 12 16 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in Minnesota. MOORHEAD, MINN. 1881 36 33 7 13 29 46 47 45 30 17 15 9 g 1882 36 19 20 7 26 35 45 38 24 95 7 29 7 1883 42 33 22 6 33 32 43 39 17 15 14 34 3 1884 43 30 "3 17 98 39 43 19 Sfi IK IK 31 1885 35 30 15 14 21 30 43 32 26 18 5 20 7 1886 36 37 g 4 27 33 47 32 23 10 22 35 1887 47 35 19 4 25 36 4 37 23 fi 00 Sfi 1 1888 44 47 30 7 20 28 47 3S 26 20 5 1889 29 35 o 20 20 35 39 <*8 29 IX e g in 1890 31 26 22 10 14 11 dfi 3fi <*n 91 1ft q 1891 17 35 23 11 22 40 49 n 19 91 4_ on 7 Means . 36 33 16 8 24 ^R AA 07 97 00 . 67. Temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, January. Appendix JVb, 6<3. Jfoervyre Temperatures, in decrees Fahrenheit, Appendix JVb. Temneraiures , in decrees Fahrenheit, Jkfarch . 63 1 $ 7O. Temperatures, in decrees Fahrenheit, S Vn.JI.fjf 88 1 Appendix JVb. 71 '. Tempera fitres^ in decrees Fahrenheit, Jtfay . too' ' M^9 f \ _f ---~*T~ ^n jfki *v ~IJ~ }'r-^if^fft YiTK-M* -? Appendix <fto.7 2. Temneraf tires, in degrees fa hrenheit, June . rvo ' o 3 i V . 73. Jlveraqe Temperatures^ in degrees Fahrenheit* >- *> /<> 7CO *. 7 '93' / s#' .? ' El. /<$ / 62 1 > \\ ndix JVb. 74. Temperatures, in decrees : . 75. Jlveraye Temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, September. JUppen dix JVb. 76 . Jlveraye Temperature^ in degrees Fahrenheit, October. 631 o 77. Jlveraye Temperatures, in JVbvemJber. Fahrenheit, \> JZnnendizc JVb. 7&. Temperatures, in cteywes Fahrenheit, DecemJber. at' oa - TO* ts\ Appendix JVb. 7*9. Jive ray e Temperatures, in degrees fa hren he it^ / Annual '. tto ' 8 Bt ./:f7... " V* Xifr CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 181 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, icith monthly and annual averages, at stations in Minne- sota Continued. ST. VINCENT, MINN. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1880 . . 27 15 22 42 1881 . . 44 31 12 14 28 37' 40 36 23 18 18 20 3 1882 42 35 25 8 21 36 42 41 25 23 5 30 4 1883 ... . 44 38 31 4 26 29 40 39 17 11 22 40 1 1884 41 37 27 18 29 39 41 38 32 10 19 49 3 1885 .. 46 39 25 14 22 32 39 27 24 17 1 21 1 1886 ... . 41 36 13 1 22 30 44 33 24 15 18 38 2 1887... . 42 38 27 4 25 34 38 29 18 10 30 44 4 1888 -53 50 29 6 14 ' 1>5 46 30 24 19 7 16 0.7 1889.. 36 43 9 9 22 33 41 32 28 9 21 5 1890 38 36 30 13 15 40 43 30 29 23 9 27 5 1891 27 34 29* 6 16 32 37 32 29 20 24 27 3 41 38 23 0.6 22 33 41 33 25 14 14 31 2 Monthly absolute minimum temperatures, with monthly and annual averages, at stations in Nebraska. HAY SPRINGS, NEBE. 1886 31 5 15 5 25 33 55 40 30 23 5 13 12 1887 23 24 6 15 27 39 47 44 31 2 26 28 9 1888 30 2 14 23 29 37 52 34 30 17 3 6 14 1889 . . . 5 20 4 19 26 39 43 43 24 22 6 3 16 1890 . . 19 21 1 l(i 28 36 52 *3 23 17 12 7 1U 1891 3 20 21 13 24 43 42 37 33 20 y 8 13 Means . . . . . 18 15 7 15 26 38 48 40 28 20 5 8 14 KOHINSON, FORT, NEBR. 1883 40 37 28 14 5 4 1884 22 39 10 26 46 40 42 32 14 8 1885 25 24 22 18 35 50 38 35 y 11 13 13 1886 33 5 8 12 24 41 50 38 26 12 16 13 11 18'b7 25 27 2 18 30 39 49 45 31 1 19 26 10 1888 20 1889 1 17 8 20 22 38 40 40 24 24 1 17 1890 20 23 4 18 27 36 51 36 27 19 , 10 5 15 1891 , 3 15 19 15 25 41 42 40 35 15 10 3 14 17 21 2 17 L>t 39 45 39 30 14 5 - 9 13 VALENTINE, NEBR. 1885 35 22 16 _ 9 1886 30 19 8 13 25 43 44 37 35 23 3 16 12 1887 . .. 30 22 5 14 21 39 38 38 32 27 31 29 8 1888 35 8 15 24 32 41 49 41 2P 9 18 1889 ^ . 10 15 10 23 23 43 44 46 33 22 2 5 18 1890 24 22 3 17 26 44 54 44 27 19 1 1 15 1891 18 26 13 26 45 44 39 37 24 18 8 13 22 17 8 17 26 42 46 41 32 23 4 12 14 APPENDIX No. 80. Average consecutive number of days without rain, including traces. [A ''trace" of rainfall means an amount too small to measure.] Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Length of record. NORTH DAKOTA. 16 18 11 13 14 15 12 14 14 9 11 14 16 11 13 16 10 13 13 15 12 12 13 9 13 13 13 9 11 10 8 11 10 10 11 10 8 6 8 8 9 8 10 9 7 12 9 12 8 12 13 11 14 10 11 13 12 17 13 16 10 14 14 19 18 12 16 13 16 16 15 19 12 15 13 15 yj 16 17 11 16 13 16 15 Aug., 1860-Oct., 1877. July, 1873-Julv, 1891. Sept., 1874-Dec., 1891. Sept., 1866-Dec., 1891. Aug., 1871-Dec., 1891. Aug., 1869-Nov., 1890. Jan., 1882-Dec., 1891. (Oct., 1880-Nov., 1885. }Feb., 1889-Oct., 1891. Jan., 1878-Dec., 1887. Jan:, 1879-May, . 1884. July, 1881-Dec., 1891. July, 1879-Dec., 1891. Feb., 1860-Dec., 1891. Jan., 1888-Dec., 1891. Sept., 1876-Apr., 1889. Jan., 1866-Dec., 1891. July, 1877- July, 1884. Dec., 1882-Dec., 1891. Apr., 1873-Dec., 189). *Fan., 1881-Deo., 1891. Jan., 1881-Dec., 1891. Jan., 1886- Dec., 1891. July, 1883-Dec., 1891. Sept., 188u-Dec., 1891. Aug., 1857-Deo., 1891. Fort Abraham Lincoln. . . Bismarck . Fort Buford .... . Fort Pembina - Fort Totten Fort Yates 14 13 13 12 10 8 10 12 14 16 15 15 SOUTH DAKOTA. Fort Bennett 13 9 15 11 14 18 13 14 14 16 8 12 10 8 15 9 13 15 8 13 13 14 9 12 16 7 14 12 12 14 7 14 14 14 9 11 10 6 12 9 10 11 7 10 11 12 8 9 7 5 10 7 9 10 5 9 9 8 7 7 7 6 8 7 9 9 6 8 10 5 5 6 8 8 11 7 11 12 9 7 10 10 6 8 13 11 13 8 15 13 9 12 13 13 10 9 12 12 22 11 20 14 15 14 15 11 10 11 15 10 14 12 18 17 13 13 16 14 10 12 16 10 22 14 16 19 11 17 14 17 13 13 16 8 16 15 18 16 16 13 16 12 11 12 Dead wood . ... Fort Hale Rapid City Fort Sisseton Fort Sully Morrison . Webster Yau k ton . Means 13 12 12 10 8 7 9 12 14 14 15 14 MINNESOTA. Moorhead . . 10 9 8 8 10 11 8 12 8 11 8 8 9 6 9 8 10 10 11 11 10 14 9 11 St. Vincent Means .... 9 8 10 10 9 8 7 8 10 11 12 10 NEBRASKA. Hay Springs ... 12 12 12 10 11 12 9 15 13 9 12 9 9 9 7 10 11 9 8 11 10 10 12 13 18 20 14 15 14 12 14 14 15 16 17 17 Fort Robinson Valentine Means. ..... 12 11 12 10 8 10 10 12 17 14 14 17 IOWA. Sioux City ... . 14 16 11 9 9 7 10 10 10 14 15 15 182 APPENDIX No. 81. Average consecutive number of days without rain, excluding traces. [A "trace" of rainfall means an amount too small to measure.] Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. Length of record. NORTH DAKOTA. 9 13 7 10 12 11 11 9 12 7 10 13 12 10 8 11 7 11 12 12 10 8 10 7 9 11 11 9 9 9 6 9 10 9 9 7 7 5 6 7 8 6 8 8 7 9 8 9 7 9 11 9 11 10 9 12 11 15 9 14 10 12 14 13 14 10 12 12 13 14 9 12 10 10 13 11 11 9 14 10 12 11 12 11 Aug., 1860-Oct., 1877. July, 1873-July, 1891. Sept., 1874-Dec., 1891. Sept., 1866-Dec., 18H1. Uig 1871 Dec IS'H Fort Abraham Lincoln. . . Bismarck .. . . . K<rt Buford .. . Fort Totten . . Aug., 1869-}s 7 ov.', Ufflo! Jan., 1882-Dec., 1891. (Oct., 1880-Nov., 1885. }Feb., 1889-Oct., 1891. Jan., 1878-Dec., 1887. Jan., 1879-May, 1884. July, 1881-Dec., 1891. July, 1879-Dec., 1891. Feb., 1860-Dec., 1891. Jan., 1888-Dec., 1.S91. Sept., 1876-Apr., 1889. Jan., 1866-Dec., 1891. July, 1,877-July, 1W1. Dec., 1882-Dec., 191. Apr., 1873-Dec., 1891. Jan., 1881-Dec., 1891. Jan., 1881-Dec., 1891. Jan., 1886-Deo., 1891. July, 1883-Dec., 1891. Sept., 1885-Dec., 1891. Aug 1857 Dec 1891 Fort Yates Means . 10 10 10 9 9 7 8 10 12 13 11 11 SOUTH DAKOTA. 9 6 10 7 10 12 10 10 11) X 8 7 C 12 7 ;i 11 (i 8 11 11 7 9 9 13 8 8 12 6 7 11 8 7 8 9 6 11 8 7 9 6 7 9 10 8 7 5 5 7 5 7 x 5 5 7 5 t; 6 7 5 6 6 7 7 4 6 8 5 5 6 7 7 11 5 9 9 (i 5 8 8 5 7 9 10 12 7 i:i 10 6 8 12 10 9 7 10 11 18 8 16 12 10 10 13 8 9 9 10 8 13 10 13 11 11 10 13 11 11 10 10 X 18 10 IL' 12 H) III 12 8 12 11 14 7 13 9 13 13 10 9 13 11 10 10 Huron . Fort Randall Rapid Citv Fort Sully . . Morrison - - Webster Yank ton ... Menus . 9 9 9 8 6 6 7 9 11 11 11 11 MIXNK.SOTA. Moorhead .. 7 7 6 7 5 8 7 9 7 8 6 6 6 5 7 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 9 St. Vincent Means. 7 6 6 8 7 G 5 7 8 8 8 8 NEBRASKA. Hay Springs . .... 10 12 10 7 11 8 7 12 10 7 10 8 6 9 6 6 9 8 7 8 9 7 12 7 12 18 13 11 12 11 10 12 12 14 17 13 Fort Robiusou . MeatiH .. . 11 9 10 8 7 8 8 9 14 11 11 15 IOWA. Sioux City .. ... 13 13 11 9 8 6 9 10 9 12 14 15 183 APPENDIX No. 82. Maximum period of drought expressed by the greatest consecutive number of days without traces and with them. [A "trace" of rainfall means au amount too small to measure, 0.01 inch being tlie smallest quantity measured by the Weather Bureau in recording precipitation.] BISMARCK, N. DAK. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1874 23 14 12 20 14 14 19 27 15 18 18 17 16 22 24 19 17 14 Sept.20-Oct. 12 Apr. 11-Apr. 24 May 1-Mav 12 Jan. 21-Feb. 9 Jan. 10-Jau. 23 Aug. 6-Aug. 19 Oct. 1-Oct. 14 Dec. 2-Dec. 28 Feb. 1-Feb. 15 Nov. 1-Nov. 18 Nov. 2-Nov. 19 Oct. 12-Oct. 28 Nov. 6-Nov. 21 Oct. 24-Nov. 14 Sept.20-Oct. 13 SJulv 26-Aug. 13) (Oct. 1-Oct. 19 (, Dec. 7-Dec. 23 Dec. 5-Dec. 18 23 14 12 31 43 20 36 27 17 24 18 19 21 22 29 53 19 21 Sept.20-Oct. 12. Apr. 11-Apr. 24. May 1-May 12. Jan -) 1 Feo ''0 1875 . 1876 1877 1878 . . Jan. 1-Feb. 12. Srpt. 6-Sept. 30. Sept. 20-Oct. 25. Dec. 2-Dec. 28. Sept. 1-Sept. 17. Sept. 7-Sept. 30. Nov. 2-Nov. 19. Sept. 12-Sept. 30. Nov. 1-Nov. 21. Oct. 24-Nov. 14. Sept.l5-Oct. 13. Oct. 1-Nov. 22. Dec. 5-Doi:. 23. Jan. 2-Jan. 22. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 ... 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 ,, 18 25 FORT ABERCROMBIE, N. DAK. 1861 17 Dec. 6-Dec. 22 24 Dee. 1-Dec. 24. 1862 19 Oct. 13-Oct 31 57 Oct. 4-Nov. 29. 1805 10 \F1>. 3-Feb. 12? 18 Nov. 1-Nov. 18. 1867 21 (Nov. 3-Nov. 12J Nov. 9-Nov. L'9 46 Sept. 16-Oet. 31. 1868 18 Oct. 9-Oct. L'G 36 Sept. 26-Oct. 31. 1869 13 Jan. 18-Jan. 30 40 Jan. 4-Feb. 12. 1870 22 Sept. 22-Oct. 13 34 Nov. 19-Dec. 22. 1871 22 Sept. 9-Sept. 30 25 Aug. 2-Aui,'. 26. 1872 23 Oct 5-Oct. 27 27 Oct. 1-Oct. 27. 1873 11 June 9 June 19 45 Nov. 17-Dec. 31. 1874 25 Sr|lt 17 Oct. 11 61 Nov. 1-Der. 31. 1875 14 July 15 July 28 90 Jan. 1-Mar. 31. 1876 19 Oct 1 Oct 19 19 Oct. 1-Oct. 19. Means 18 40 FORT ABRAHAM LINCOLN, N. DAK. 1874 28 Feb 1-Feb ''8 28 (Feb. 1-Feb. 28. 1875 . . 17 <11 31 )Dec. Dec. 1-Dec. 1-Dec. 28. 31 1876 .. 35 Soot. 14-Oct. 18 35 Sept. 14-Oct. 18. 184 CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTA3. 185 Maximum period of drought expressed by tht greatest consecutive number of days. etc. Continued. FORT ABRAHAM LINCOLN. N. DAK. Continued. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1877. .. 38 22 23 26 41 22 29 . 26 19 33 14 38 31 36 Jan. 14-Feb. 20 Sept. 9-Sept. 30 Sept. 1-Sept. 23 Sept.l9-Oct. 14 Nov. 18-Dec. 28 Jan. 25-Feb. 15 Oct. 21-Nov. 18 Oct. 5-Oct. 30 Sept. 12-Sept. 30 Oct. 20-Nov. 21 Nov. 1-Nov. 14 Nov. 15-Dec. 22 Oct. 1-Oct. 31 Jan. 12-Feb. 16 39 40 44 113 49 48 29 26 19 34 18 38 53 36 Jan. 13-Feb. 20. Nov. 1-Dec. 10. Sept. 1-Oct. 14. Jan. 1-Apr. 22. 51 Nov. 13-Dec. 31. Jan. 1-Feb. 17. Oct. 21-Nov. 18. Oct. 5-Oct. 30. )Sept. 12-Sept. 30. }Nov. 12-Nov. 30. Oct. 20-Nov. 22. Sept. 13-Sept. 30. Nov. 15-Dec. 22. 3 Oct. 1-Nov. 22. Jan. 12-Feb. 16. 1878 1879 . ... 1880 . 1881 . ....... 1882 1883 .. .. . . 1884 . . ... 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 MeiiiiH .. .. ........ 28 40 1 October 17-Novernbei 22 (37). 'January and October. FORT BUFORD, N. DAK. 1 April and 29 days December. 1867 19 Mar. 1-Mar. 19 25 Mar. 1-Mar. 25. 1868 ... 26 Mar. 6-Mar 31 26 Mar 6-Mar 31 1869 27 Jan. 1 Jan 27 47 Jau 1 Feb 16 1870 30 Apr. 15-May 14 30 Apr. 15-May 14. 1871 . 29 Sept. 1-Sept 29 43 Mar 17 Apr 28 1872 37 Feb. 1-Mar 8 37 Feb 1 Mar 8 1873 27 Dec. 1 Dec 27 36 1874 44 Sept. 10-Oct. 23 44 Supt. 10-Oct. 23. 1875 31 Dec. 1-Dec. 31 31 Dec- 1 Dec 31 1876 39 1 July 1-Aug 8 39 July 1 Aug 8 1877 59 J Jan. 10-Mar 14 59 Jan 15-Mar 11 1878 46 Jan. 1-Feb 15 46 1880 14 Mar 18-Mar 31 20 Mar 12-Mar 31. 1881 22 Aug. 5-Aug. 26 22 Auc. 5-Aug. 26. 1882 22 July 23-Aug 13 22 July 23-Aug lii 1883 12 Apr. 9- Apr. 20 25 Oct 24-Nov 18 1884 12 May 18-May 29 19 Nov 1-Nov. 19 1885 25 Sept. 15-Oct. 9 44 Sept. 15-Oct. 28. 1886 14 May 14-May 27 21 1887 17 Sept. 14-Sept. 30 18 Sept. 13-Sept. 30. 1888 14 Aug. 17-Aug. 30 38 Nov. 15-Dec. 22. 1889 21 Oct 1-Oct 21 42 Oct 1-Nov 11 1890 23 Nov. 2-Nov 24 24 Nov. 1-Nov 24 1891 12 Dec. 4-Dec. 15 20 Sept. 2-Sept. 21. 26 32 > September 19-0ctcb IS (37). * August 1-September 12 (43). FORT PEMBINA, N. DAK. 1872 . 13 Feb. 9-Feb. 21 23 Feb. 4-Feb. 26. 1873 21 Mar. 1-Mar. 21 21 Mar. 1-Mur. 21. 1874 ... 27 Mar. 21-Apr 16 27 Mar 21 Apr 16 1875 . 13 Feb. 3-Feb. 15 18 Feb 1 Feb 18 1876 17 Jan. 8-Jan. 21 17 Jan. 5 Jan. 21. 1877 . 34 Jan. 18-Feb. 20 34 Jan 18-Feb 20 1878 25 Jan. 6-Jau. 31 25 Jan 6-Jan 31 1879 17 Mar. 14-Mar. 30 18 Mar. 14-Mar 31. 1880 30 Nov. 1-Nov. 30 30 Nov. 1-Nov. 30. 1881 23 Apr. 1-Apr. 23 23 Apr. 1-Apr. 23. 1883.. 20 Mar. 12-Mar. 31 25 Mar. 7-Mar. 31. 157- 186 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OP THE TWO DAKOTA 8. Maximum period of drought expressed by the greatest consecutive number of days, etc. Continued. FORT PEMBINA, N. DAK. Continued. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1885 28 22 15 29 29 28 24 Sept. 13-Oct. 10 Nov. 1-Nov. 22 Nov. 1-Nov. 15 Nov. 2-Nov. 30 S<-|.t. 25-Oct. 23 Nov. 2-Nov. 29 Aug. 21-Sept. 13 48 26 20 29 29 28 24 Nov. 13-Dec. 30. Mar. 20-Apr. 14. Apr. 11-Apr. 30. Nov. 2-Nov. 30. Sept. 25-Oct. 23. Nov. 2-Nov. 29. Aug. 21-Sept. 13. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 23 26 FORT TOTTEN, N. DAK. 1870 23 21 27 25 19 20 34 45 31 21 21 15 15 15 18 22 21 20 16 43 44 1 Sept. 8-Sept. 30 Feb. 8-Feb. 28. Oct. 1-Oct. 27 Dec. 1-Dec. 25 Oct. 5-Oct. 23 Feb. 1-Feb. 20 Apr. 10-May 13 Jan. 15-Feb. 28 3 Jan. 1-Jan. 31 5 Apr. 9-Apr. 29 Sept. 23-Oct. 13 Dec. 17-Dec. 31 J Sept. 12-Sept. 26) )Dec. 17-Dec. 31 ( (Sept. 4-Sept. 18 ( [Jnly 26-Aug. 9$ Mar. 13-Mar. 30 'Feb. 7-Feb. 28 Mar. 20-Apr. 9 Oct. 24-Nov. 12 May 12-May 27 9 Oct. 1-Nov. 12 Oct. 18-Nov. 30 31 27 29 30 36 20 42 45 31 25 54 31 33 23 18 22 22 20 35 43 44 Jan. 1-Jan. 31. July 1-July 27. Oct. ]-Oct. 29. Deo. 2-De. 30. Sept. Is-Oct. 2;-!. Feb. 1-Feb. 20. Oct. 1-Nov. 11. Man. 15-Feb. 28. Man. 1-Jan. 31. Nov 1 \ov 25 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 . . 1880 Feb. 1-Mar. 25. "Dec. 1-Dec. 31. Jan. 18-Feb. 19. Mar. 6-Mar. 28. Mar. 13-Mar. 30. Feb. 7-Feb. 28. -Mar. 20-Apr. 10. Oct. 24-Nov. 12. Nov. 7-1 )cc. 11. Oct. 1-Nov. 12. Oct. 18-Nov. -M. 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Means 25 31 > August 2-August 22 (21). August, 1-Sr |>tinl>i-r 14 (45) ; October 16-November 15 (31). March 12-April 7 (27) 'July IS- August 11 (25). ' October 10-October 2X (19); December 11-December 29 (19); November 2-Noveraber 20 (19) March 18-April 13. ' November 12-Noveuiber 28 (17). 'November 1-Nbvember 21 (21). December 1-December 31 (31). FORT YATES, N. DAK. 1882 .. 18 54 24 18 15 16 29 26 30 19 Aug. 1-Aug. 18 Aug. 12-Oct. 4 Oct. 5-Oct. 28 2 Oct. 11-Oct. 28 Oct. 25-Nov. 8 Oct. 23-Nov. 7 Sept. 15-Oct. 13 Mar. 20-Apr. 14 Jan. 18-Feb. 16 Jan. 13-Jan. 31 35 64 46 19 34 31 38 26 30 19 Jan. 13-Feb. 17. 'Aug. 12-Oct. 14. Oct. 5-Nov. 19. Nov. 12-Nov. 30. Oct. 20-Nov. 22. Dec. 1-Dec. 31. Nov. 16-Dec. 23. 'Mar. 20-Apr. 14. Jan. 18-Feb. 16. Jan. 13-Jau. 31. 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Means 25 34 'October 21 -November 30 (41); April 23-Hy lit (27). September 14 September 30 (17). February 1C -March 12 (25); July 25-August 17 (24). CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 187 Maximum period of drought expressed by the greatest consecutive number of days, etc. Continued. DEADWOOD, S. DAK. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1879 13 11 16 18 17 Oct. 1-Oct. 13 Dec. 2-Dec. 12 <Aug. 3-Aug. 18) }Dec. 9-Dec. 24$ Aug. 1-Aug. 18 Sept. 14-Sept. 3D Nov. 1-Nov. 15 Sept. 12-Sept. 30 July 1-July 15 June 13-June 24 24 11 18 18 17 16 19 15 16 Jan. 8-Jan. 31. Dec. 2-Dec. 12. Dec. 9-Dec. 26. 'Aug. 1-Aug. 18. Sept. 14-Sept. 30. Nov. 1-Nov. 16. Sept. 12-Sept. 30. July 1-July 15. June 13-June 28. 1880 1881 . 1882 . . . . 1883 .... ... 1884 . . . 15 19 15 12 1885 . . 1886 1887 Moans . . ...... 15 17 1 August 4-Augugt 18 (15). FORT BENNETT, S. DAK. 1882 15 SSept. 3-Sept. 17) 23 Jan. 24-Feb. 15. 1JK83 . 15 ijjan. 28-Feb. 11) Oct. 25-Nov. 8 37 Oct. 25-Nov. 30. 18N4 13 Nov. 3-Nov. 15 25 Nov. 1-Nov. 25. 1885 22 Sept. 13-Oct. 4 27 Sept. 13-Oct. 9 1890 27 Dec. 5-Dec. 31 30 Jan. 19-Feb. 17. 18 28 FORT HALE, S. DAK. 1879 26 Oct 17-Nov 11 45 Oct 17 Nov 30 1880 30 Sept. 1-Sept. 30 36 1 Mar. 13-Apr 17. 1881 21 Dec. 11-Dec. 31 31 Dec. 1-Dec 31 1882 26 Sept. 1-Sept. 26 30 Sept. 1-Sept 30 1883 . . . 38 Oct. 24-Nov. 30 38 Oct. 24-Nov 30 Means 28 36 1 O. tulier 16-November 18 (34). FORT MEADE, S. DAK. 1880 . . 25 Mar. 20-Apr 13 45 Sept 1 Oct 15 1881 19 Dec 9-Dec 27 45 Sept 7 Oct ' ; 1 1882 . .... 20 Aue 1-Autr 20 22 1883 . 15 July 7-July 21 43 Feb 3-Mar 17 1884 . . . . ... 16 Oct. 3-Oct 18 45 Oct 3-Nov Hi 1885 . . ... . . 26 Sept. 13-Oct. 8 29 Sept 10-O<'t 8 1886 15 <Aug. 4-Aug. 18( 33 Oct. 12-Nov 13 1887 15 {Sept. 16-Sept. 30 <, June 13-June 27 23 Jan. 8-Jau 30. 1888 . . 29 Sept. 2-Sept. 30 45 Aug. 17-Sept. 30 1889 34 July 29-Aug. 31 34 July 29-Aug 31. 1890 . 50 ' Sept. 4-Oct. 23 50 2 Sept. 4-Oet. 23. 1891 ... . . 36 J Oct. 6-Nov. 9 36 Oct. 6-Nov. 9. Means . 25 38 1 Also 22 dy November. 3 Also 29 days December. 1 Also 27 days December. 188 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTOS. Maximum period of drought expressed by the greatest consecutive number of days, etc. Continued. FORT RANDALL, S. DAK. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). day f | Dates (inclusive). I860 25 23 17 21 45 24 27 18 16 22 26 15 29 29 30 14 40 31 21 24 31 18 24 17 22 19 32 38 24 Oct. 1-Oot. 25 Mar. 3-Mar. 25 Dec. 15-Deo. 31 Mar. 20-Apr. 9 Nov. 17-Dec. 31 Dec. 7-Dec. 30 Jan. 1-Jan. 27 Oct. 8-Oct. 25 1 Sept. 14-Sept. 29 Oct. 5-Oct. 26 Sept. 1-Sept. 26 ^Oct. 5-Oct. 19? /Dec. 17-Dec. 315 Oct. 9-Nov. 6 Sept.21-Oct. 19 Jan. 20-Feb. 18 Jan. 10-Jan. 23 Oct. 16-Nov. 24 Mar. 18-Apr. 17 Dec. 11-Dec. 31 Sept. 1 Sept 24 28 26 25 31 61 25 31 43 28 49 28 17 61 29 49 34 46 61 27 BO 37 27 24 28 22 30 32 38 24 Nov. 3-Nov. 30. Mar. 3-Mar. 28. Apr. 17-May 11. Feb. 16-Mar. 18. Nov. 1-Dec. 31. 1861 . 1862 1863 1864 1868 1869 Jan. 1-Jan. 31. Jan. 17-Feb. 28. Jan. 1-Jan. 28. 2 Jan. 1-Fob. 18. Aug. 2-Aug. 29. Feb. 6-Feb. 22. Oct 1 Nov 30 1870 . ... 1871 1872 . 1873 1874 1875 . . 1876 Sept. 21-Oct. 19. Jan. 1-Feb. 18. Nov. 11-Dec. 14. 3 Oct. 16-Nov. 30. Oct. 16-Dec. 15. Aug. 3-Aii;;. 29. Oct 12 Nov '!() 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 Aug. 15-Aug. 14 <Nov. 3-Nov. 20 / ?Feb. 8-Feb. 25* Nov. 7-Nov. 30 July 1-July 17 Nov. 1-Nov. 22 Mar. 5-Mar. 23 Feb. 16-Mar. 19 Jan. 15-Feb. 21 Mar. 4-Mar. 27 <Oct. 25-Nov. 30. Nov. l-No\ . 27. Nov. 7-No\ . :;o. July 1-Jiily 28. Nov. 1-Nov. 22. Nov. l-No\ . MO. Feb. 16-Mitr. HP. Jan. 15-Feb. 21. Mar. 4-Mar. 27. 1884 1885.. 1886 . . 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 .Means 25 35 1 Ji.mmrv i:i-,Iann:ry 28 (1C), and December l-l)ecember 16 (16). September 12-Oetober 26 (45). 3 .J;muary 1-Febriiary 11 (42). February 14-March 18 (33) ; August 15-September 18 (38). FORT STSSETON, S. DAK. 1 1878 10 (Apr. 11-Apr. 20 ^ 50 Oct 12 Nov 30 1880 11 )Sept. 18-Sept. 27 i iJan. 1-Jan. 11? 25 1 Oct 18 Nov 11 1881 13 (Oct. 26-Nov. 5$ Mar. 17-Mar 29 35 \ov 14-Dec ] 8 1882 18 Dec. 14-Dec. 31 19 $Aug. 1-Aug. 19. 1883 22 Nov. 1-Nov. 22 30 ;Sept. 10-Sept. 2. Nov 1 Nov 30 1884 14 JOct. 6-Oct. 19 ) 18 Nov 2 Nov 19 1885 : 17 ?Nov. 2-Nov. 15$ Sept. 14-Sept. 30 17 Sept 14-Sept 30 1886 16 <Sept.25-Oct. 10? 19 Nov. 3-Nov 21 1887 13 JNov. 6-Nov. 21$ Dec 5-Deo 17 36 Feb 11 Mar 18 Means 15 28 1 December 3-December 25 (23). FORT SULLY, S. DAK. 1869 . . 28 27 29 27 23 31 Dec. 2-Dec. 29 Nov. 14-Dec. 10 Sept. 1-Sept. 29 Oct. 1-Oct. 27 Dec. 9-Dec. 31 Anr. 5-Anr. 25 31 48 34 31 23 21 'Oct. Nov. Feb. Jan. Dec. Anr. 1-Oct. 31. 14-Dec. 31. 8-Mar. 13. 1-Jan. 31. 9-Dec. 31. 5-Anr. 25. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 28 in January, 30 in March, 27 in Jane; July 15-Augnst 12 (29). CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 189 Maximum period of drought exprfxxrrf hi/ the greatest consecutive number of days, etc. Continued. FORT SULLY, S. DAK. Continued. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1875 . 20 22 39 23 as 17 43 24 41 47 23 9 45 16 23 15 16 Oct. 26-Nov. 14 Sept. 13-Oot. 4 Jan. 19-Feb. 26 Mar. 9-Mar. 31 Nov. 1-Nov. 25 Sept. 1-Sept. 17 Nov. 19-Dec. 31 Jan. 23-Feb. 15 Oct. 21-Nov. 30 Oct. 5-Nov. 20 S Sept. 12-Oct. i) )Nov. 7-Nov. 29 \ (Feb. 15-Feb. 23? }Oct. 23-Oct. 31 S Feb. 2-Mar. 18 Sept, 15-Sept. 30 Feb. 25-Mar. 19 Dec. 16-Dec. 30 July 1-July 16 37 37 89 28 25 27 50 48 41 48 37 19 67 25 25 25 22 Oct. 9-Nov. 14. Sept. 13-Oct. 19. Jan. 19-Feb. 20. Jan. 1-Jan. 28. Nov. 1-Nov. 25. Nov. 20-Dec. 16. Nov. 12-Dec. 31. Aug. 9-Sept. 25. Oct. 21-Nefv. 30. Oct. 5-Nov. 21. Sept.l2-Oct. 18. Oct. 13-Oct. 31. 1 Feb. 2-Apr. 9. Nov. 16-Dec. 10. Feb. 23-Mar. 19. Dec. 6-Dec. 30. 'Dec. 2-Deo. 23. 1876 1877 1878 1879 l.xxo 1881 . 1SS" ISSS 1XSI ~ 1885 . 1886 1887 1888 . . . . l.xS'l . IK'M) 1891 26 34 -Norember 21 (111 1 ). S t>ctober23-November 13 (22). HURON, S. DAK. 1882 18 Oct 12-Oct 29 20 Oct 12 Oct 31 1883 10 Sept. 24 Oct. 3 25 Nov 6 Nov 30 1884 14 Oct 6-Oct. 19 21 Nov 1 Nov. 21 1 8S5 19 Nov. 12-Nov 30 23 Dec 9-Dec 31 isst; 16 June 21-July 6 16 ' June 21-July 6 1887 20 Oct 24-Nov. 12 20 2 Oct 24-Nov 12 1888 ... . . . .... 18 Sept. 22-Oct. 9 38 Nov 16-Dec. 23 1889 . . 10 ^Mar. 2-Mar. 11 ) 16 Nov. 15-Nov. 30 1890 . 16 (Oct. 1-Oct. 10$ Dec. 16-Dec. 31 26 Dec. 6-Dec. 31 1891 . 11 Oct 22-Nov. 1 25 Oct. 14-Nov. 7. Mcjins ... 15 23 1 February 11-Fobruary 26 (16). 1 September 11-September 30 (20). RAPID CITY, S. DAK. 1888 16 (Sept. 15-Sept. 30? 24 Aug. 21-Sept. 13. 1889 12 (Aug. 21-Sept. 5$ Feb. 24-Mar. 7 18 Feb. 24-Mar. 13. 1800 12 (Jan. 20-Jan. 31) 27 Sept. 4-Sept. 30. 1891 19 (Sept. 19-Sept. 30 ( Oct. 21-Nov. 8 28 Oct. 13-Nov. 9. Meau s 17 22 MORRISTON, S. DAK. 1878 . . 22 Aug. 10-Aug. 31 24 Jan. 4-Jan. 27. 1879 14 Jan. 1-Jan. 14 29 July 20-Aug. 17. 1880 . 18 Feb. 6-Feb 23 31 Mar. 18-Apr. 17. 1881 18 Dec. 11-Dec. 28 28 Apr. 12-May 9. 1882 20 Oct. 12-Oct. 31 20 Oct. 12-Oct. 81. Means 18 26 190 OEKTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. MaMmum period of drought exprcnned by the greatest consecutive number of days, etc. Continued. WEBSTER, S. DAK. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1884 17 18 11 8 31 21 16 12 Nov. 3-Nov. 19 1 Sept. 13-Sept. 30. Nov. 10-Nov. 20. May 3-May 10. Nov. 15-1 >ec. 15. July 29-Aug. 18. Nov. 15-Nov. 30. Oct. 18-Oct. 29. 17 28 14 12 31 21 19 13 Nov. 3-Nov. 19. Feb. 1-Feb. 28. Mar 14 Mar 27 1885 ISSti .. 1887 ... . . . Nov. 1-Nov. 12. Nov. 15-Dec. 15. July 29-Aug. 18. Dec. 5-Dee. 23. Oct. 18-Oct. 30. 1888 1SX9 .. - . . 1890 1891 Means ... ... 17 19 ! February 6-February 22 (17) ; January 12-January 27 (16). YANKTON, S. DAK. 1874 16 14 13 30 20 16 15 11 18 16 13 14 16 31 10 J ]fi I 16 25 19 Feb. 6-Feb. 21 Nov. 1-Nov. 14 Feb. 1-Feb. 13 Jan. 22-Feb. 20 Oct. 2-Oct. 21 1 Sept. 7-Sept. 22 Apr. 3-Apr. 17 JNov. 19-Nov. 29? {Mar. 17-Mar. 27$ Oct. 13-Oct. 30 Aug. 16-Aug. 31 Nov. 3-Nov. 15 Dec. 14-Dec. 27 Sept. 26-Oct. 11 Oct. 24-Nov. 23 Dec. 1-Dec. 10 Mar. 22-Apr. 6^ Dor. l-I>(-r. 16J Dec. 1-Dec. 25 Oct. 22-Nbv. 9 16 14 25 32 27 21 21 11 26 28 20 24 26 31 17 20 34 20 Feb. 6-Feb. 21. Nov. 1-Nov. 14. Feb. 1-Feb. 25. Jan. 20-Feb. 20. Nov. 11-Dec. 7. Jan. 11-Jan. 31. Nov. 24-Dec. 14. (Mar. 17-Mar. 27. {Nov. 19-Nov. 29. 2 Sept. 1-Sept. 26. 3 Aug. 16-Sept. 12. Nov. 1-Nov. 20. <Mar. 8-Mar. 31. Sept. 26-Oct. 21. Oct. 24-Nov. 23. Jan. 15-Jan. 31. Feb. 23-Mar. 14. Jan. 16-Feb. 18. Oct. 22-Nov. 10. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880... 1881 ,. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890.. 1891 Means 17 23 1 October 17-October 31 (15) ; November 12-November 26 (15). January 1-January 25. 8 November 6-November 30. 4 December 9-December 31 (23). CERTAIN CLIMATIC FKATURKS OF THE TWO DAKOTA S. 191 Maximum period of drought t'.r by the greatest consecutive number of days, etc. Continued. MOORHEAD, MINN. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of (lays. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1881 ' 9 \l 13 10 13 18 11 11 21 12 (Mar. 1-Mar. 9\ lOct. 19-Oct. 27 1 Uuly 1-Jnly 9? [Dec. 10-Dec. 18) Aug. 8-Aug. 18 June 18-Jime 30 $Oct. 6-Oct. 18? (Aug. 3-Aug. 15$ Sept. 18-Sept. 27 May 17-May 29 (Oct. 21-Nov. 7) JSept. 13-Sept. 30} Nov. 17-Nov. 27 (Oct. 1-Oct. 11 > )Apr. 4-Apr. ii< SNov. 10-Nov. 30 1 (Dec. 4-Dec. 24 $ Oct. 18-Oct. 29 16 19 25 15 29 19 18 14 29 28 13 July 16-July 31. Aug. 1-Aug. 1!(. June 16-July 10. Aug. 3-Aug. 17. Jan. 1-Jan. 29. (Mar. 20-Apr. 7. JNov. 3-Nov. 21. jOct. 21-Nov. 7. (Sept. 13-Sept. 30. Nov. 17-Nov. 30. Nov. 1-Nov. 29. Dec. 3 -Dec. 30. Oct. 18-Oct. 30. 1882.. 1883 1884 . 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 13 20 ST. VINCENT, MINN. 1881 12 Apr 3-Apr 14 22 Apr 2-Apr 23 1882 15 Apr. 10-Apr. 24 16 ,Xov. 7-Nov. 22. 1883 13 Srpt. 7-Sept. 19 22 Apr. 10-Apr. 25. Mar. 10-Mar. 31 1884 21 May 1-May 21 21 May 1-May 21. 18X5 12 Sept. 16-Sept. 27 15 Sept. 16-Sept 30 1 XXK 17 1 tec. 1-Dec. 17 20 Nov. 2-Nov 21 1 SX7 14 Oct. 24-Nov. 6 27 Oct. 20-Nov 15 I8SX 12 Aug. 20-Ang. 31 24 May 4-Mav "7 1889 12 Feb. 17-Fel). 28 26 Sept. 26-Oct. 21 1890 17 Nov. 13-Nov. 29 29 Nov. 1-Nov 29 1891 14 Dec. 6-Dec. 19 20 Aug. 22-Sept. 10 Means . . . 14 22 HAY SPRINGS, NEBR. 1886 11 Sept 16-Sept 26 13 Aug 14 Aug 26 1887 15 Jan. 7-Jan. 21 22 Nov. 1-Nov 22 1888 17 Sept. 14-Sept. 30 40 ' Ang 22-Sept 30 1889 17 Dec. 1 1-Dec. 27 23 Aug 20-Sept 11 1890 27 "Dec. 4-Dec. 30 30 Sept. 1-Sept 30 1891 18 Dec. 3-Dec. 20 27 Apr. 21-May 17 Means 18 26 1 November 16-December 16 (31). 19 in October and 16 in November. FORT ROBINSON, NEBR. 1884 19 35 29 24 39 37 June 8-1 Mar. 1-Mar. 19 Feb. 9-Mar. 15 'Sept. 2-Sept. 30 Oct. 24-Nov. 16 Nov. 1 6-Dec. 24 Nov. 21-Dec. 27 r uue 29 (22) ; March 5-J 19 35 29 24 71 40 If arch 26 Mar. l-Mr. 19. Feb. 9-Mar. 15. Sept. 2-Sept.30. 'Oct. 24-Nov. 16. Aug. 22-Oct. 3. Mar. 1-Apr. 9 (21). 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1 August 4-Anguat 31 (28). > 192 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Maximum period of drought expressed by the greatest consecutive number of days, etc. Continued. FORT ROBINSON, NEBR. Continued. Year. Excluding traces. Including traces. No. of days. Dates (inclusive). No. of days. Dates (inclusive). 1890 30 26 'Sept. 1-Sept. 30 Oct. 12-Nov. 6 30 . 26 \Scpt. 1-Sept. 30. (Dec. 1-Dec. 30. Oct. 12-Nov. 6. 1891 30 34 1 December 2-December 30 (29). VALENTINE, NEBR. 18SH l(i July 1-July 16 17 July 1-July 17 1SS7 30 Oct. 24-Nov. 22 32 Oct. 24-Nov. ?4 1888 17 jApr. 10-Apr. 26( 17 JApr. 10-Apr. 26. 1889 L 1 :-! (Jan. Nov. 1-Jan. 28-Peo. 5 20 37 (Jan. 'Nov. 1-Jan. 14-Dec. 17. ?0. 1890 24 Dec. 7-1 <<. 30 28 Dec. 3-Dec. 30 1891 33 'Oct. 6-Nov. !t 38 'Got, fi-Nov. 11* 24 28 ' August 1-Augnst 31 (31) ; Feb. 16-March 19 (32). 2 September 1-September 22 (22). SIOUX CITY, IOWA. 3 December 4-December 23 (20). 1858 25 Dec. 7-Dec. 31 25 Dec. 7-Dec. 31. 1861 27 'July 23-Aii},'. 18 28 Feb. 1-Feb. 28. 1862 51 'Oct. 11-Nov. 30 51 3 Oct. 11-Nov. 30 1890 26 Dec. 5-Dec. 26 26 Dec. 5-Dec. 30 1891 12 <Sept. 12-Sept.23> 19 Oct. 22-Nov. 9. (Oct. 22-Nov. 2) 28 30 i March 8-Marcli 31 (24). December 13, 1863-January 22, 1803 (). * March 13-April 15 (28). APPENDIX No. 83. Depth of evaporation, in inches, as measured by the Piche evaporometer, for the year ending June 30, 1888. _ . rvHtimi* nia-lr in \\V;itlnT Burojiu thermometer shelters and values computed from the means of the tridaily determinations of the dew- point and wet-bulb readings by Prof. Thomas Russell, Weather Bureau.] Station, 1888. 1888. 1888. 1888. 1888. 1888. 1887. 1887. 1887. 1887. 1887. 1887. Year. Bismarck, N. Dak 0.4 0.6 0.6 3.0 4.3 4.1 5.6 4 2 4.0 2 6 1 2 0.4 31.0 Fort B 11 ford N Dak 1 4 7 g 3 4 7 5 6 2 4 9 4 8 3 1 7 5 35 5 Huron, 8. Dak Moorheud, Minn. 0.3 0.2 0.7 1.4 0.8 5 3.7 2.1 3.7 3.6 4.1 3.8 5.7 3.7 4.2 3.3 4.1 3.5 3.1 2 4 2.4 1 3 0.7 5 33.0 26.3 4 8 8 ' 7 4 9 5 7 6 4 8 4 4 2 5 1 7 7 35 4 Fort Sully, S. Dak 0.6 0.9 1.3 4.4 4.1 5.2 7.7 4.9 5.7 3 6 2.8 7 41.9 St. Vincent, Minn Fort Totten, N. Dak 0.3 0.2 0.3 o. :t 0.5 0.4 1.8 2.2 3.8 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.1 4.2 2.6 3.7 2.6 3.7 2.0 2.3 0.9 1.4 0.3 0.4 22.1 27.2 1 2 1 6 1 8 5 3 2 5 3 6 9 5 5 2 3 8 3 3 1 5 43 8 Yankton S Dak 0.4 1 4 1 2 3 3 3 1 ' 4 4 4 6 3 7 2 9 3 2 2 8 31 AlTKXDIX NY). 84. Monthly and annual mean relative humi'liljf. l in ptMvni.i^i'*. < 'mnnliTr saturation id tin* uxistiny temperature at time of observation Is assumed as 100.) Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Length of record. Hismarck. X. Dak .. . Fort, Bulord, N. Dak. Fi.rt . Tottcn. X. Dak. Fort Bennett. S. Dak. Dead \voixl, S. Dak .. Huron S Dak 80 7!l 80 73 70 7:: 70 76 71 84 86 81 79 82 7:; 70 75 72 75 71 82 84 78 77 83 72 7(1 73 (ill 73 70 7!) 83 68 65 75 B7 70 66 56 (11 66 71 77 65 60 63 67 67 65 58 58 66 64 69 69 66 74 70 67 72 59 (if, 71 71 73 <i5 63 75 67 i;i 72 54 68 71 71 7X 65 III 73 65 63 72 54 63 71 73 79 65 62 70 63 63 68 50 58 69 72 78 67 68 71 65 65 67 55 63 66 72 77 76 77 80 72 67 69 63 66 69 80 79 78 79 82 74 70 71 63 76 72 83 83 71 70 76 69 67 70' 60 66 li!) 75 7!) Scj.1.. 1874-Dec., 1891. 1879-1X91. June, IXSI-.Ian.. IXs!. Oct., IXXO-Nov., 1XX5. 1878-1887. Julv, 1881- Dec.. 1X!I1. 1888-1891. Dec.. IXX.V.Imie. 1X!M. Apr., lX78-Dce., 1891. 1881-1891. 1881-1891. l.'apid City, S. Dak.. Fort Stilly. 8. Dak... Vankton, 8. Dak Moorheud, .Minn St. Vincent, Minn . . . Means 77 77 75 67 64 69 67 67 65 67 73 76 64 S. Ex. 157- -25 193 APPENDIX No. 85. Percentages of mean cloudiness. [Total cloudiness, 100; absence of clouds, zero (0).] Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. S,-|,t. <>,-(. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Length of record. Bismarck, N. Dak .. . Buford, Fort, N. Dak. Deadwood, S. Dak . . Huron S. Dak 42 52 41 44 15 51 12 41 37 42 48 52 45 46 51 52 44 48 15 48 53 57 48 55 54 48 46 52 52 .-,2 52 54 52 50 50 50 48 49 53 49 52 54 49 48 50 52 46 49 44 53 48 55 44 47 52 65 47 50 49 48 42 48 35 43 46 39 45 41 41 42 37 40 32 41 41 46 40 38 39 41 38 44 35 39 45 48 46 33 39 40 47 :.i 38 49 55 56 55 38 49 43 48 51 40 45 53 56 52 33 15 .11 50 52 45 50 52 56 45 48 48 48 47 52 41 45 49 51 46 43 44 40 Oct., 1874-IV,.. 1891. Feb., 1879-Dec., 1891. Jan., 1878-Dec., 1887. July, 1881-Dec., 1891. 1881-1891. 1873-1880. 1881-1891. Dec., 1885-Jnue, 18!>1. June, 1884-Dec., 188*. Apr., 1873-Dec., 1891. Moorhead, Minn Peinbiua, N. Dak St. Vincent, Minn . . . Sully, Fort, S. Dak.. TottVn, Fort, N. Dak. Yankton, S. Dak .... Mt'iins 44 48 52 51 50 50 42 40 41 48 47 49 46 APPENDIX No. 86. Percentages of clear weather (sunshine), expressed as the complement of mean Station. Jan. Feb. M:ir. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Length of record. Bismarck, N. Dak . . . Buford, Fort, N. Dak. Deadwood, S. Dak . . Huron S. Dak 58 48 59 56 52 48 55 54 47 43 52 45 48 46 48 50 48 46 51 52 52 45 56 53 58 52 85 "57 63 60 68 59 62 56 65 61 53 46 62 51 52 49 iO 55 50 48 55 50 53 48 59 55 Oct., 1874-]>cr., ISill. Feb., 1879-Dec., 18!)l. Jan., 1878-Dec., 18*7. July, 1881-Dec., 1S91. Moorhead, Minn Pembina, N. Dak St. Vincent, Minn . . . Sully, Fort, 8. Dak .. Totten.Fort, N.Dak. Yankton, S. Hak 55 49 58 59 63 58 49 48 56 52 55 52 46 52 54 48 48 48 50 50 52 51 47 51 50 48 54 51 56 47 48 45 53 50 51 52 r,i 61 56 59 59 58 59 54 60 62 61 59 55 52 54 67 61 60 45 44 45 62 51 57 47 44 48 67 55 56 48 44 55 52 52 52 51 49 54 57 56 54 1881-1891, 1873-188(1. 1881-1891. Dec., 1885-Jmir, 1X91. Juno, 1SS 1-1 ).<-,., 1888. Apr., 1873-Dec., 1891. Means 56 52 48 49 50 -50 58 fiO 59 52 53 51 54 194 Arrrcxmx Xo. 87. Average Jtonrlt/ Telocity of fJir wind, in miles per hour; computed from the records of self-registering instruments- Nineyeavs, 1883-1891. Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. Bismarck, N. Dak . . 7 9 9 10 10 10 g g 9 9 e Bnfortl, Fort. N. Dak 8 9 9 10 10 g 9 g 9 i) a Huron, S. Dak Moovlicad. .Minn. 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 13 11 12 11 11 9 g 9 9 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 St. Vincent. M inn (i 10 10 10 10 9 1 g 9 9 g Sully, Fort, S. Dak X 'I 10 11 10 11 9 9 10 10 Q Yauktou, S. Dak S 9 9 10 10 g 1 g g Means 9 'I 10 12 10 10 g g 10 10 q 1A APPEXDIX No. 88. Mean wind direction, computed from the eight cardinal points, true dirrclion, for fifteen years. " Haven's Tables." Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Bismarck, N. Dak N' 24 W. N 7 ' \V \ 5 E N 34 K N 48 E N 60 E X r >8E B 11 ford, Fort, N. Dak N 71 \V. N. 71 \V N 30 \V N 35 E N 14 E S 8') K X 39 K Dearlwood, S. Dak S. IS \V S 17 \V S 2E S :2 E S 5-j W S 9 W N 61 E Moorhead, Minn . \ 711 \V \ Ml W \ 1'' W N 24 E X 83 K s liiP E S 51 K St. Vincent. Minn N S5 W. \ 7!' \V \ til) \\' x :>o w \ ;;7 ^ \v S 54 W N s'i \V Sully, i'ort. S. Dak N :!2 J W. \ N \\' X 19E N 26 E S 85 E S 84 E S 56 E Yankton, S. Dak . \ 57 \Y. N 51" \V X "0W. N 2 W s s'j E S 23 E S 31 E Station, Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. Bismarck N. Dak \ 511 i: N 11 W N 13 W N 18 W X 30"W N 4 E H 11 lord Fort N. Dak X 57 E ' N 41 W N 61 W N 88 W X 85 \V N 41 W S .1!) K X N 31 E s :>\v N 87 \V S 34 W S 5S F S 58 W N 84 W N 69 W X 81 W N 24 W St Vincent Minn X. (id W S 72 W. S 85 W N 69 W N 8(i \V N 81 W Sully Fort S Dak S li'l" E \ 1 [ !', N 14 W N 32 W N 27 W N 24 W Yankton S. Dak S. 35- 1. S. 64 W. N. 85 W X 55 W N 54 W N 58 W 195 APPENDIX No. 89. Averdf/e number of times northerly and southerly winds observed. [Northerly im'lmlcs XK. In X\V.; southerly includes SE. to SW. Observations made three times daily iirior to July, 1S8S. affi-r which they were made twice daily, at 8 a. m. and 8 p. in., -rvrnty tir'th meridian time.] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Station. N. S. X. S. N. s. X. S. X. S. N. S. N. S. X. S. Bismarck N Dak . 43 14 44 15 43 20 41 23 41 24 33 26 35 25 37 24 Hutbril Fort N Da k 29 20 31 19 37 19 36 19 35 24 29 24 31 20 33 20 IVmliina. X. Dak 37 34 41 20 37 28 37 16 13 31 3i ; ":', 44 23 33 19 42 34 33 27 37 34 26 26 30 38 30 27 31' 35 27 33 Totten Fort N Dak .... 46 25 12 25 11 31 43 30 45 27 29 41 40 31 33 37 Bennett Fort 8 Dak 43 18 43 17 III ''I 42 29 39 37 30 46 33 37 36 42 Di'a<lwoo<l S 1 >ak 27 46 26 39 32 38 30 38 32 30 30 38 30 40 2!' 35 Huron S Uak 44 30 39 26 17 27 40 32 13 32 28 42 31 40 32 41 Kniiiil Citv, S. Dak Sn 11 v. Fort . S. Da k Yankton S Dak 33 12 34 9 42 24 27 14 30 13 39 22 33 IS 39 17 11 23 32 19 ;;;, 21 40 31 32 22 37 23 34 34 31 23 28 29 28 39 20 24 25 24 26 39 18 23 24 24 25 37 28 28 28 18 33 14 21 22 18 30 20 22 25 "7 19 30 35 19 211 20 35 24 34 21! 37 26 28 31 23 35 23 36 311 33 37 29 II 30 ::s 3d 42 30 3D 37 34 31 32 31 Moorhead, Minn 1 1 29 40 28 1 1 "t; 4 1 32 42 32 31 11 31 :!:; 33 37 Mr:ins 37 24 35 22 40 :;t 37 26 37 29 29 33 30 32 29 32 Station. Sept. Oct. Nor. Dec. l.cn^lli nl' rrrord (in- clusive). N. S. X. S. X. S. X. S. 37 21 34 18 36 33 27 28 32 33 31 32 31 30 31 38 26 16 27 17 29 32 17 32 26 30 27 31 30 36 39 21 32 23 40 31 40 19 40 31 46 29 31 26 35 37 23 16 28 IX 37 31 29 23 32 28 34 35 32 37 40 20 26 24 39 31 40 21 37 30 46 24 26 34 31 i 31' 29 12 30 1 1 (II 25 I'll 22 30 23 37 32 35 33 43 16 27 22 41 36 3S 17 44 23 49 19 31 30 II 31 26 14 36 14 42 26 22 27 31 24 3S 32 36 33 >,|,i.. 1X74-1 >'., 1891. .Inn.. 1879-Prc., 1891. .Ian., 1873-Ati}?., 1880. Feb., 1879-1-Vl'i., '1883. Jni..'. IXSl-Dcc., 1888. Sept., 1880-Xov., 1885. Jan., 1S78-IW., 1887. .Inly. 18Sl-Dcc . 1891. .la,,'.. issX-Drr., ]891. Dec., ixs5-])e.c., 1891. Apr., 1873-Dec., 1891. July. IXXD-poc., 1891. Sept., 1XX5-Dcc., 1891. Sept., 1880-Dcc., 1891. Jan.. 1881-Dec., 1891. Biit'onl Fort X Dak lYinhina X. Dak T.<t I rn Fort N Dak Bennett Fort S Dak 1 ii ;i'i wncxl S. Dak Huron. S. l):ik Rapid ( 'it v S. 1 >ak Sully. Forl.S. D:ik Yankton S Dak V;i leu tine. XVhr Means . 30 28 34 27 35 25 36 24 196 APPENDIX No. 90. Maximum anil average wind velocities, in miles per hour, with the attendant prevailing directions. BISMARCK, N. H,\K. Year. Jau. Feb. Mar! Apr. May. June. 1885 . . 29 NW 30 NW 48 NW 36 S 38 S 43 E 1886 27 NW 39 NE 37 N W 4v> N 31 F **8 NE 1887 .... 30 NW 40 \\v 44 NW 40 N F 40 N '-!i| S 1888 54 NW 51 NW 50 NW 48 NW 48 NW 48 N 1889 48 NW 5(i \ 48 N\V 70 W .|" S Iti ^ J890 36 W 64 N\V 51 NW 50 NW 60 NW V SK 1891 48 \W 18 NW 36 NW 48 N W 49 SE "> 1 N F Mt-alls . 39 NW 47 NW 45 NW JX V'lv 13 S N W 44 S NF * Year. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1885... 29 NW. 30 NW 29 N 32 NW 24 N 47 NW 1886 28 \W 48 N 40 NW 33 NW 53 NW 45 NW 1887 37 N 36 W 36 X W 48 NW 5') \ W 44 NW 1888 47 \W ;!' N W 37 NW 50 NW 48 NW 42 NW 1889 MI; s 41 NW 46 N :iii NW 48 \\V 40 NW 1890 48 E. 46 NW 4'' NW 5 1 ' W 48 N 58 NW 1891 48 NE 38 NW 40 SE 54 N W 50 NW 42 NW Means 38 N'ly 39 NW. 39 NW 44 NW 47 NW 45 NW FORT BUFORD, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 1885 34 W. 50 W. 58 W. 50 \V 32 NW 56 NE. 1886 40 NW. 46 NW. 52 W. 36 NW. 46 W 36 W 1887 47 W 33 W 57 \v 43 NW 46 NW 52 NW 1888 . 48 NW Hi W 46 NW 48 \\V 36 E 46 W 1889 . . 38 NW 5'' NW 35 NW 66 NW 36 SF 36 NW 1890 36 W 7'' NW 60 NW 44 NW 54 NW 56 NW 1891 38 NW. NW. 48 NW. 42 NW. 34 NE. 48 NW. Means ... 40 NW 48 N W 51 NW 47 NW 41 N'ly 47 NW Year. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ' 1885 . 50 W :; E 32 SW 32 N W 33 W 60 W 1886 . . 48 W 40 W 48 W ;;o \w 52 NW 50 W 1887 . IN NW 48 NF. :r> NW 50 NW 60 NW 50 NW 1888 . 54 NW. 30 N W I 1 ' NW 60 NW 36 N" W 42 NW 1889 . . . 38 N. 18 NW. 48 N W 42 N W 40 NW 37 NW. 1890 40 NW. 46 N. 34 NW 60 W 42 NW 60 NW. 1891 36 N. 42 NW. 36 N. 36 N W 46 W 36 SW. 45 N'ly 41 N'ly 39 N'ly 44 NW 44 NW 48 NW 197 198 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATUBES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Maximum and average wind velocities, in miles per hour, etc. Continued. FORT TOTTEN, N. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 1885 . 45 W. 41 W. 52 W. 54 NW. 41 NW. 46 SE 1886 43 S. 56 NW. 40 SW. 42 SE. 42 W. 40 E. 1887 60 NW. 48 S. 64 NW. 42 S. 52 S. 54 NW. 1888 52 S. 50 S. 58 X. 54 NW. 40 S. 60 E 1889 36N.NW. 47 N'ly. 49 S. 54 N'ly. 48 NW. 44 S. 50E Year. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1885 53 NE. 37 SE. 40 NW. 40 SW. 36 SE. 48 NW. 1886 32 NW. 52 NW. 48 NW. 45 NW. 64 NW. 50 SW. 1887 60 W. 54 W. 50 W. 50 NW. 45 NW. 42 NW. 1888 48 SE. 36 SE. 46 NW. 48 NW. 46 NW. 38 NW. 48 N'ly. 45 SE. 46 NW. 46 NW. 48 NW 44 NW HURON, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 1885.. 27 S. 28 NW. 37 NW. 33 ST.. 34 SW. 42 SE. 1886 34 NW. 38 NW. 44 NW. 38 NW. 27 SW. 30 SW. 1887 30 NW. 33 NW. 40 NW. 45 SW. 49 NW. 39 NW. 1888 60 NW. 47 NW. 45 NW. 84 SW. 36 NW. 45 SE. 1889 42 NW. 60 NW. 38 NW. 60 NW. 48 SE. 39 S. 1890 38 SE. 45 NW. 45 NW. 40 S. 50 N. 60 N. 1891 . 36 N. 48 N. 35 NE. 42 NW. 50 S. 56 SE. Means .... ... 38 NW. 43 NW. 41 NW. 45 S'ly. 42 S'ly. 44 S'ly Year. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1885 39 NW. 25 NW. 31 SE. 37 S. 38 NE. 39 NW 1886 32 S. 40 NE. 34 SE. 34 SW. 42N\V. 31 NW 1887 66 SE. 39 SE. 42 SE. 38 NW. 54 NW. 48 N. 1888 40 NE. 47 SW. 38 NW. 40 NW. SOW. 32 NW. 1889 45 SE. 42 S. 42 S. 33 SE. 36 NW. 44 NW. 1890 36 S. 42 NW. 38 NW. 42 NW. 34 NW. 48 NW. 1891 44 NW. 44 NW. 63 SE. 66 SE. 46 SE. 46 NW. Means ... . 43 S'ly. 40 N'ly. 41 S'ly. 41 S'ly. 40 NW. 41 NW. RAPID CITY, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 1885' .. 22 SW. 15 E. 16 NE. 18 NE. 20 SW. 25 SW 1886 1 33 SW. 21 SW. 26 SW 26 SW. 16 SW. 17 NE. 1887' 34 SW. 32 SW. 23 NE 24 SW. 34 S 1888 29 N. 42 W. 36 N 46 SW. 38 N 44 SW. 1889 . 42 N. 52 N. 36 NW 48 N NW 36 W. SE. 36 N 1890 48 W. 48 NE. 42 NW. 60 N 38 N 59 SW 1891 36 NW. 42 NW. 42 NW. 39 NW 36 SW. 44 SW 35 SW. 36 N'ly 33 N'ly 37 N'ly 30 S'ly 37 S'ly 1 Oburvatione made at Dcadwood. CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. 199 Maximum average and icind velocities, in miles per hour, etc. Continued. RAPID CITY, S. DAK. Continued. Year. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.* l*8o ' 18 SW. 20 S \V 16 N I : 16 \ K '1 SW 30 W 1886' 23 SW. 17 S 18 S 21 S\V 14 SW 23 SW 1887 ' 32 W. 24 S. 24 S\V 30 NW 05 "\\\r ^0 SVV 1888 36 SW. 48 S. 48 N\V 40 N 40 N 42 X 1889 60 N. 36 N. 48 NW 46 W 36 NW 47 SW 1890 36 SE. 60 SW. 35 S. 38 NW 36 NW 42 N 1891 57 NW. 36 W. 38 NW. 42 W. 47 NW 48 SW Meal 1,-* 37 S'ly. 34 S'ly. 32 N'ly 33 N'ly 32 N'ly 36 SW ' 1 Observations made at Deadwood. FORT SULLY, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 1885 38 \W ' 36 NW > 48 NW ' 42 S l 40 N ' 44 W ' 1886 44 N 44 \ W 44 NW 44 SE 37 SW 39 SE 1887 51 NW 44 NW 52 N W 48 NW 56 NE 42 S E 1#88 51 W 41 W 36 N W 47 \ W 45 E 50 W 1889 1.". NW 66 NW 41 NE 60 \ W 36 W NE 34 NE 1890 36 NW 43 NW 46 NW 54 NE 52 N gg w 1861 46 NW 52 NW. 38 N 47 NW 58 SW 50 SF Means 15 NW 47 NW. 44 NW 49 NW 46 N'ly ' 46 W SE Year. 1 J July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1885 44 NW ' 35 SE ' 29 N ' 40 NW ' 44 N ' 58 N ' 1886 86 SE 46 SE 42 NW 36 SE 48 NW 40 NW 1887 47 S 48 E 42 W 44 W 52 W 43 W 1888 36 NE 48 NW 44 NW 42 W 36 NW 36 NW 1889 46 NW 38 W 50 NW 31 NW 36 NW 42 NW 1890 . 42 NW 56 NW. 40 NW 42 NW 42 NW 54 NW 1891 35 SW 4 38 W. 3 38 NW 2 42 W * 42 NW * 36 NW Means 41 N'ly. 44 W. SE 41 NW 40 "W NW 43 NW 44 NW NW. * 1 Observations at Fort Bennett. * Observations at Pierre. YANKTON, S. DAK. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. 1885 32 SW. 27 N. 33 N. 41 N 36 S 44 SE 18*<> 39 NW. 36 NW. 38 NW. 39 SW 32 NE. 30 S 1887 38 N W 10 NW 46 NW 46 S 40 NW 28 SE 1888 54 N W :;i; NW 36 N IS S ;>G s 36 NW 1889 41 NW 60 NW 32 \ W 48 N W 56 S 52 W 1890 31 S :i'i \ 18 NW 48 N W 51 S 70 SE 1891 45 NW 41! \W 32 NW 57 S Means . 40 NW 41 NW 38 NW 45 S NW 42 S 45 S'lv Yr;ir. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1885 22 NW 38 NE 37 E 28 N W 36 NW 44 NW 1886 30 S :>' s 32 S :i7 s 37 N 36 N 1887 54 NW 15 S 30 E :;:; s 44 W 34 N 1888 34 N. 36 NW 28 NW. :;' NW 26 NW 25 NW 1889 48 NE. :!!> w. 27 NW :ii NW 29 NW 45 N 1890.. 47 SW. 38 SW. 40 NW. 39 N W ;{') s 54 N W 1891 SON. 42 NE. 48 SE 36 SK 38 NW 35 NW Moans .. 41 N'lv. 38 S. NE. 35 NW. 34 NW. 36 N'lv. 39 N'lv. 200 CERTAIN CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE TWO DAKOTAS. Mammum and average wind velocities, in miles per hour, etc. Continued. MOORHEAD, MINX. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jane. 1885 38 S. 29 N. 44 N. 40 NW. 40 N 42 SE INN; 38 S. 44 S. 38 \ 46 SE. 44 S 36 SE 1887 I'l S 45 SE. 1 1 S I'l S 61 SI-' 4') S 1886 5i> s 50 S 50 S 5i SK 38 SI-' 60 S 1889 . . 37 N. 40 S. 36 NW. n; s 50 SE 48 S 1890 1" S 48 \ 50 S Hi S 44 X 1 ' 38 SE 1891 38 S 36 SE 36 SE n ]; 36 SF 44 SE -Means . 42 S. 42 S'lv. 42 S'ly. 47 S'lv 45 S'ly 4-, s'lv fear. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. 1885 51 N 40 SE is s r> s 32 N 50 s 1886 36 X \V 36 S\V 5(1 ,S 1 1 S 48 X \V 'il \\V 1887 60 XW I" S 48 SE 38 si'', I" \ jx \\y 1888 42 SE 51 S 48 S !i; SK '!'! s '-IX ^ 1889 48 S !' S 5(1 S Tt S 30 N >j ^J. 1 1890 75 NW. 40 S. 36 SE. ::i> W ;;-, \\y 44 \\V 1891 1 36 SE 46 SW. 54 SW. ;V SK ;;> s.E 42 NW A] < :i UN r _ , ..... 50 N'lv. 43 S'ly 48 S'ly 40 S'ly 36 N'lv 40 NW ST. VINCENT, MINN. Year. Jan. Feb. f Mar. Apr. May. June. 1889-.. 40 S. 33 S. 44 S. 48 NW. 38 NW. 30 N. 36 NE. 29 NW. 45N\V. 32 NW. 48 S. 38 N. 40NW. 35 N. 42 N. 39 W. 15 tt. 51 XW. ::s \w. us xw. 36 SE. 41 XW. 36 SE. ::o s. 40 S. II S. US SK. Id SK. 40 NW. ur. w. 38 NW. 42 W. 11 S. 40 W. 44 S. 32 N. 2s S. 26 S. 44 S. 38 S. 32 S. 46 S. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 38 Nay. 38 N'ly. 42 N'ly. 38 S'ly. 40 W. 35 S. Year. Jaly. Aug: Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1885 . . ..... 32 N. 27 S. 36 N. 29 NW. 40 W. 28 SE. 42 E. 28 NW. 39 XW. 30 S. 34 NW. 36 S. 35 xw. 42 SK. 34 W. 39 NW. IX S. :;i \w. no s. Ill 1 NW. 41 SE. ui; s. no s. 41' XW. no sw. ut; NW. 30 S. 43 SE. SOS. 46 W. 37 NW. 308. 40 N. 36 NW. 368. 41 S. 39 N. 38 N. 36 NW. S. 36 S. 36 W. 48 N. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Meant) 33 N'ly. 35 N'ly. 40 NW. 35 S'ly. 36 S. 39 N'ly. APPENDIX No. 91. Monthly mean temperature of the dewpoint. Station. Jan. I'Vl.. Mar. Apr. May. 'June'July. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. 9 9 9 21 14 16 7 3 17 11 3 17 22 12 Length of record. l$ism;ircl\ X Dak 1 2 9 2 5 5 12 13 4 1(1 7 14 3 2 5 12 7 11 1 6 14 8 1 11 7 16 16 18 1!) 19 21 13 10 24 22 11 19 18 33 29 33 29 35 35 32 30 31 33 30 32 33 41 36 42 36 41 44 39 39 39 43 38 42 39 54 50 56 47 54 58 54 53 49 66 51 58 53 57 52 59 50 58 62 58 54 49 56 49 54 59 54 54 51 56 53 55 55 44 40 46 38 42 51 45 44 43 45 42 44 46 34 32 33 29 32 37 33 33 33 34 31 33 35 21 20 lit 20 20 24 111 16 25 23 18 22 21 1882-1891. 1882-1891. 1882-1891. 1888-1891. Dec., 1885-Jnne, 1891.' 1882-1891. 1882-1891. 5 1882-1890. (Oct., 1891-Doc., 1891. Jan., 1882-Dec., 1887. Jan., 1882-Nov., 1885. June, 1884-Jan,, 1889. Sept., 1885-Dec., 1891. July, 1889-Dec., 1891. Fort Hutbrd, N. Dak Huron, S. l);ik K;ipi<l City,S.Dak Fort Sully, S. Dak Yaiikton, S. Dak Moorhead, Miiiu St. Vincent, Minu 57 53 58 57 57 60 Fort Totten, N. Dak Valentine, Nebr Sioux City, Iowa Menus .. 2 5 17 32 40 58 57 54 44 33 21 1 Inclusive. APPENDIX No. 92. Normal absolute humidity. Expressed as the weight of vapor in grains troy -per cubic foot of saturated air, computed from " Hazetfu Tables." Station. Bismarck, N. Dak ... Fort Buford, N. Dak. Huron, S. Dak Rapid City, S. Dak . . Fort Sully, S. Dak... Yankton, S. Dak Moorhead, Minn .St. Vincent, Minn . Dead wood , S. Dak Fort Bennett, S. Dak Fort Totten, N. Dak . Valentine, Nebr Sioux City, Iowa Means Jan. Feb. 0.52 0.49 (1.51 0.81 0. 59 0.68 '0.40 0.20 0.96 0.65 0.25 0.74 1.00 0.60 0.62 0.59 0.68 0.92 0.74 0.88 0.52 j Mar. Apr. 0.37 1.00 0.77 0.43 0.88 0.74 0.70 1.09 1.09 1.19 1.24 1.24 1.35 i 0.96 ; 0.84 ' 1.54 1.41 0.88 1.24 1.19 1.17 2.21 1.89 2.21 1.89 2.38 2.38 2.13 1.97 2.05 2. 21 1.97 2.13 2.21 May. June. 2.13 2.97 2.47 3.08 2.47 2.97 3.31 2.76 2.76 2.76 3.19 2.66 3.08 2.76 2.86 4.70 4.09 5.03 3.68 4.70 5.38 4.70 4.54 4.09 5.03 4.70 4.54 4.54 July. Aug. 4.59 5.20 4.38 ' 5.57 j 4.09 5. 38 6.15 5.38 5.20 4.54 5.38 5.20 5.20 5.76 5.18 4.70 3.95 5.03 3.95 4.70 5.57 4.70 4.70 4.23 5.03 4.54 4.86 4.86 4.86 Station. Bismarck, N. Dak . . . Fort Buford, N. Dak . Huron, S. Dak Rapid City, S. Dak . . Fort Sully, S. Dak . . . Yankton, S. Dak Moorhead, Minn St. Vincent, Minn Dead wood, S. Dak Fort Bennett, S. Dak Fort. Totten, N. Dak . Valentine. Nebr Sioux City, Iowa Means Sept. 3.31 2.86 3.55 2.66 3.08 4.23 3.43 3.31 3.19 3.43 3.08 3.31 3.55 3.30 Oct. 2.29 2.13 2.21 1.89 2.13 2.56 2.21 2.21 2.21 2.29 2.05 2.21 2.38 Nov. 2.21 1.35 1.30 1.24 1.30 1.30 1.54 1.24 1.09 1.61 1.48 1.19 1.41 1.35 1.34 Dec. 0.81 0.81 0.81 1.35 1.00 1.09 0.74 0.62 1.14 0.88 0.62 1.14 1.41 0.% Length of record. Dec., Uan., JOct., Jan., Jan., June, Sept., July, 1882-1891. 1882-1891. 1882-1891. 1888-1891. 1885-June, 1891.' 1882-1891. 1882-1891. 1882-Dec., 1891-Dec., 1882-Dec., 1882-Nov., 1884-Jan., 1885-Dec., 1889-Dec., 1890. 1891. 1887. 1885. 1889. 1891. 1891. 1 Inclusive. S. Ex. 157- -26 201 APPENDIX No. 93. Table shoirini/ the average yield per acre and price per bushel of corn, irheat, oats, and potatoes, and the price jiff head of hornets, in ales, milch cotes, oxen and other cattle, sheep and hogs, for the years to 1891. NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. Year. Average yield per acre. Average price per bushel. Aver Mules. ugr price per head. Corn. Wheat. Oats. Po- tatoes. Corn. Wheat. Oats. Po- tatoes. Horses. Milch cows. Oxen and other cattle. Sheep. HdJJS. 1882 Bush. 25.0 18.2 30.0 28.9 23. 9 33.0 25. 5 18.0 13.6 18.0 22.5 Hush. 15.9 16.0 14.5 12.8 11.5 14.3 it. 7 9.4 9.6 17.8 15.2 /;/!. 25. 7 42.9 37. 5 37. 5 25. .31.4 27.2 18.7 21.0 33.5 32.3 Hush. KXi. 5 103. 95. 75.0 65. 105. 80. 54.0 45. 105.0 91.0 $0.51 .45 .30 .28 .37 .35 .33 .33 .50 .40 .35 $0.80 .72 .46 .63 . 52 .52 .91 .60 .70 .70 .72 $0.38 .28 .23 .23 .30 .25 .26 .27 .32 .26 .25 $0.38 .30 .32 .42 .58 . i:: .35 .37 .68 .20? .28< (') $73. 23 79.52 72.35 77.86 77.60 76.21 78.03 69. 69 '66:25 (') $96. 92 98. 33 94.56 10(1. 10 99. 85 97. S9 91.71 Sit. 70 4 86. 50 (') $30. 84 33.37 29.1X1 30.94 28.00 21.67 2x. 00 19. 32 4 18. 25 (') $26. 49 26.69 26.23 23.61 22.31 21.73 20.42 15. 79 4 15. 91 $2.98 2.71 2.39 2.24 2.43 2.60 5. 52 2. 64 4 3. 16 (?) $8.81 6.80 5. 78 4.98 5. 42 5.94 7.16 5.01 4 5.02 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891" 1891 3 Means . 23.63 13.02 29. 98 82. 65 .38 .66 .28 .41 74.42 95. 43 26.60 22.13 2.63 (i. 10 ' Included in the Territories. North Dakota. 3 South Ilakota. The Dakotas. APPENDIX No. 94. Table showing the average condition, in percentages, of corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes, computed from reports from all counties where grown, by the month, for the years 1882 to 1891. NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. Year. Corn. Wheat. Oats. Potatoes. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. June. July. Aug. Sept. June. July. A 111;. Sept. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1882 92 78 101 102 101 95 93 X7 90 95 77 97 84 95 90 98 X7 87 84 96 98 81 96 86 67 48 87 82 90 71 105 99 77 98 91 (it 55 70 80 (') 100 103 101 99 94 92 88 90 '96 98 103 102 101 85 S7 98 62 94 98 97 99 97 96 100 62 88 91 57 88 99 98 108 103 96 96 71 89 78 63 68 91 99 (') 102 102 103 97 92 90 92 90 MN; 107 105 99 103 88 82 94 60 95 97 96 108 101 90 100 80 87 (18 54 78 97 98 106 107 97 99 75 89 90 60 72 95 95 106 96 102 100 100 98 78 77 97 99 98 108 97 95 92 90 98 ill 80 81 100 too 107 107 95 91 65 93 90 82 60 97 98 102 99 88 78 60 90 83 83 44 98 93 1883 1884 1XX5 1XX6 1887 1888 75 89 96 91 90 1889 1880 1X91 - 1891 ;1 Means - 92 90 82 82 96 93 88 87 96 93 i 89 89 95 94 89 82 1 Included in tue Territories. 202 .North Dakota. 1 South Dakota. * The Dakotas. APPENDIX No. 95. Mean percentage of clear weather (sunshine), expressed as the complement of the percentage of cloudi- ness. Computed from records at all stations. [Annual Keport Meteorological Service, Dominion of Canada.] MANITOBA^ Yrar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sc.pt. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1872 M 49 53 41 35 57 47 69 39 53 29 53 49 1873 IL' 38 55 59 44 61 56 65 39 45 38 55 50 1874 ia 49 64 66 58 54 66 56 67 71 47 48 58 1875 76 64 55 43 55 53 64 60 53 39 47 46 55 1876 ... 58 63 53 60 51 56 62 52 56 45 37 56 54 1877 62 69 64 62 39 36 65 66 60 50 44 41 55 1878 55 34 47 43 47 59 59 65 44 "33 58 25 17 1879 51' 50 '55 49 43 42 55 53 62 3X 36 55 49 1880 51 54 58 55 38 54 57 49 42 33 46 50 49 1881 70 . 36 61 52 49 42 60 59 37 42 33 61 60 1882 46 50 47 55 53 52 51 69 63 39 40 45 51 1883 57 69 60 51 50 53 54 50 59 35 41 69 53 1884 66 59 68 53 65 53 52 57 46 42 44 50 55 1885 68 63 47 i:; 47 48 51 56 59 44 33 54 51 1886 58 56 57 56 52 57 62 60 53 52 61 61 57 1887 61 61 55 49 53 53 59 56 62 49 53 46 55 57 54 56 52 49 52 58 59 53 44 43 51 52 APPENDIX No. 96. Mean percentage of clear weather (sunshine), expressed as the complement of the percentage of cloudi- ness. Computed from records at all stations. [Annual Keport Meteorological Service, Dominion i>f Canada.] BRITISH COLUMBIA. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 'Dec. Animal. 1872 17 46 59 55 55 54 63 57 34 41 35 29 48 1873 38 43 34 30 46 44 45 45 63 (Hi 37 35 44 1874 27 38 41 52 45 47 67 1(1 10 45 34 "I 43 1875 56 56 35 67 51 49 74 71 73 17 32 36 r il 1876 44 36 37 49 51 50 61 57 58 Hi 10 31 47 1877 37 53 II 44 50 51 55 68 43 50 36 40' 4X 1878 32 23 38 52 51 65 61 75 54 50 '7 45 48 1K79 44 32 32 49 50 1880 21 52 36 55 26 52 46 53 35 44 52 29 42 1HX1 45 33 26 50 39 44 45 52 53 85 >6 27 40 1882 33 24 68 58 66 43 46 37 1887 18 49 1!> 26 34 88 58 64 43 40 35 24 37 Means . 37 40 36 48 45 50 58 59 51 46 36 33 45 203 APPENDIX No. 97. Mean percentage of cloudiness, computed from records at all stations. [Annual Report Meteorological Service, Dominion of Canada.] MANITOBA. Year. 1872 1873 1874 187ri 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Means Jan. 9 Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 46 51 47 59 65 43 43 31 61 47 71 47 51 58 62 45 41 56 39 44 35 61 55 62 45 50 57 51 36 34 42 46 34 44 33 29 53 52 42 24 36 45 57 45 47 36 40 47 61 53 54 45 42 37 17 40 49 11 38 48 44 55 63 44 46 38 31 36 38 6] i;i 85 34 40 50 56 59 45 45 65 53 57 53 41 11 35 56 67 42 75 53 48 50 45 51 57 58 45 47 38 62 64 45 51 49 46 42 45 62 46 43 51 58 67 54 50 51 30 64 39 48 51 58 40 41 63 58 67 39 40 54 50 53 45 47 48 49 31 37 61 60 55 49 43 31 40 49 50 47 46 50 41 65 69 31 47 34 41 32 47 35 47 48 43 54 58 56 50 45 32 37 53 57 53 52 46 44 41 56 67 46 49 42 44 43 44 48 43 38 40 47 48 ' 39 39 43 39 39 45 51 47 47 41 44 38 51 47 54 45 43 46 44 48 51 48 42 41 47' 56 57 49 47 APPENDIX No. 98. Mean percentage of cloudiness, computed from records at all stations. [Annual Report Meteorological Service, Dominion ot'Caniwlii.] BRITISH COLUMBIA. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1872 53 54 41 45 45 46 37 43 66 59 65 71 52 1873 62 57 66 70 54 56 55 55 37 34 63 65 56 1874 73 62 59 48 55 53 33 54 60 55 66 71 57 1875 44 44 65 33 49 51 26 26 27 53 68 64 46 1876 56 64 63 51 49 50 39 43 42 54 60 69 53 1877 63 47 56 56 50 49 45 32 57 5C 64 60 52 1878 68 77 62 48 49 35 39 25 48 50 73 55 52 1879 66 68 68 51 50 47 1880 79 48 64 45 74 48 54 47 65 56 4X 71 58 1881 55 67 74 50 61 56 55 48 47 65 74 73 60 1882 67 76 32 42 34 57 54 63 1887 82 51 81 74 66 62 42 36 57 60 65 76 63 Means 63 60 64 52 55 50 42 41 49 . 54 64 67 55 204 ftPPENO/X 99 BismarcK, JY.DaKo la . /ffffr. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. r * *, * i 1 i A ^ 1 I 1 1 4 s; | w g i K ^ 1 1 * ^ 1 4 " k" 5|^ Ci R Rainfall, ft-nches.) 7 t, 5 1 3 1 1 < I J Jttmosjahertc Pre$s -cere, -reetiuceti ' . ftrt trtcAea.) ~ ~= ^^ ~2 A \, X 7H I ~^- r~. C- i Sairty cfocyj.f'^Yfof) ib 10 f, /o V 1 V A \ - - A \ 1 \ / A jfl?nosf>Sierfcfressttre, cccua. fin inches ) MsoZutemont/ity rartpe ; -3 to ; 10 / & \ -- ft r~ D<ii(y rootle of'Jerryt? ( t ?ty**f>sj ^a 5 s | *\ / V /^-> / -~~-/ y^v, "^. \ S / 3Z 7 s ^ A v. <jf2ernp?e'-iztitT'e.fcfryrr3J b S 10 - !/ / ! A V /\^ 1 I Clear <Jaj's. fjff ofj (zreatest consectflzveJY} /o ! S 1C S "^^ * ., ->, / A / ^v -\ / \/ / [/ i ^ V r A A ^. \ tAffecn <Aonthty tMoxtmum Jemjy (deqrrtfs.j (5 10 S 5 1t >s 10 \ / / S> /\ A, X N \/ ?"N ~7 0T \ ^ f-inctt<t.ny' Traces. j Grozte&tcesisecuttre-^ o/Jaj-<s +r-z tf/wu ^ rat'n . (txctttiJt'ftff 2ract*.j s 10 rfo S s '01 ^ / i , !rw , -^/ \ % V / A V / V 5 \ \ _Z)er*--J-otn.l!.(dkg'rer.j LMotsfttrc, (ira irrs jt?er~ CttAecfoo'f, ny<z&( ra teeZiSrt r-. s 5 /.o a 6 .* i 6 8 AO _/ | S / V A /\j ^,1^^' ^\ A \-^ V^ * ^^ . 8 Ex /.?/ 52 1 tfff!7ERSIT7 C NO /OO 7887. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values* 8 Ex A?'/ 52 f A/O /Of. _Deacforpocl, S.J)a/foa. J887. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. MMMl \|iU ^ ^ iI8 HI! 1 HHl i Rain fa! I. ft-nches.) 1, s * 3 J 1 t i f j Jltmosjah ertc Press ure. i 3 i ; *5 ; . . ^^ -^ j -^ ^ \ ^r 1 - . \^ a 5 / -^^ / Tiainy ctcyv.fJYfof:) s 3 t t ^ ^ V - - fr\L77tO SttsZCJ r tCAr'f3m f Q 1 c 1 5 ^^ ^-*' ^ ^ ^ / \ / j Jibsolufe monMj ran ye iftfean iMonfkly tMaximum 7emjo (dea'rees.j 25 10 15 i S to a 4 fO -- v/ \ / V :/\ \ Daily raftye f7rmjo (Tlear days . f*7ffof.j w 5 5 M a o 10 10 i A j: 11 MB j i z s V f' / t 1 '\ ^ 1 V /' 2 A / / \ \ 1 t / d_ ^ /\ \ \ "--^ i v X- t ' incfucltfy Iraces J QJ~GCZY$ tt*l,rtOC<.~ S'CCCft . ( tX.c{t4cf-rvtf Trrxce^.J 5 TU !0 5 5 ;o / /\ 25 v^ : / f 1 1 | \ = --x ^ A ^^ S J)er>- foin i. (ckyreesj (t $ s .4 .1 t # 1 a N V: xX f*_ * y i ^ E -^^ 8 Ex /^ / 52 1 NO /02, Hu ron, S.DaKo la . 7887. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. * ' * 1 i 1 I * s s ? 1 ! V s? . i s ? S3 s 1 i ^ 1 ^ 8 | 1 i VI ^ 8|S 1 2ia*nfotil finches.) * 5 .1 .1 o ,i .3 i. -. 3 2 ) /\ /^ ,f\. \d ^- Jlknosjah ertc JPre^f ure; 7-ecfttceat. ff're tttefas.) -/ s^ 9 -^~ 1 t2 3 V rfirnospfortc-jPressure, txodiux.i- fin tn<&&s.) .1 ,f o 3J Rainy <fay*.(Jriof) H ft 7 ^ ^ i s I fl s, s/ A \^ x^ \ \ > y^^H 3 >/- i Si 20 IS 'n 1 JJcuty ranjre ofTemjo. (Jeg-neta.J iflbjol-uteTnoTitAfa -rartpe afJSrrtpena&ere fcftyrrea./ |A' : I / t S .... HE _^v V > A \ _ ^_ / W y^^ \ J 1 5 V - S V /^ v^ r-\- S V r Ctecvr otcys . fjY"fo/\J 11 6 A / ~ s ^ , vftfiean dContfily Mtifimum 7em/D (defrets.j -In J 6 IV A S fO 10 / -/ s"" ^ V \ ^ \ > v^ y^ 'jT ^ >i 1 V ^s 1 /- / q s ~v /^s / 4 j Greatest consecudireJVi <jf idzj-s -n-cihoivt rcciin . (incluakry Jr~a.ce3.J s 6 iff ' I- V r \ / / vx r^l - 't < \ JJ0*r*-jPotn i. (ek<fre*s.J 10 5 5 "^^ J A \A /v^ _ I ^ F ^ V" s^~ (ire^Bt&y6cx>rtsee^ttire~ft? ofcfayj vrithoud Trttttt?. (Oxcfrx&nff SrvtffSj 10 S f, \ \l A \/ / \ \^ / S A \ \ <Atoi3tte.rv, GnuJiSj&er- ffu&icfoo't', /.ya^u nortec? <tfir: IB 1.6 .0 ,t V .1 ? ^x. s \ , 10 V i a 10 ir S El A* '/ 52 1 APPENDIX WO./O3. .Fort Sully, S.DaKola. J887. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values, ? >S V y v js i< \ * s s s s \ 1 V I p *: xi ? 1^ i K ^ * J 1 ! i J Q \ i fiainfottl. finches.) t 5 t 3 2 1 1 ^ 3 u. 15 <w .3 .2 v a^ ^^v "*^ ' J/tmosjaTtenc Pressure, reduced, ft'n tnckes.) JfttnosjoJiericfrfssure, .1 1 1 3 <+ .J .1 A O / ^^; -^ jtfazny afacys . fJK' 'ofj 10 5 4 10 \ / ^/ / ^ n / I ctcduttt. f in. incizes.) jfbsoZuteTHOTitftfy rartpe gf3rnpfnztttr-f.f<Jiy'~rr3.) ./ .2 .3 li 1C / ^-' - 1 i It 10 5 w I)a((y recnpe of Terryo . fcffyrrreej * 5\ A i ' /\ P I fx V, A. t 2 \ S tn L -\ 25 / 5 \ ,/ Xx^ X ' j s/ Hi V! Clear cfaj'j. {Jrto/J YO /5 S 1C 15 10 5 S ia A - J i /\. i \ \ Jlrtfan dfonfkty - / r \ / \/ s x,l / ^N^ N ft ^s. ^V ^V JfaictmumTernp (deprves.) \ V \ \l i Greatest consecu.ftvjyi r>f tfty-r -n-cUiou.( -ra-ift . trnctuctt.rtjr 27~<x.cf&.J 10 5 a 5 10 S I 1 E H a \ X ^ \ j\ ro 5 i i *% \ \ X / , x\ s \, Sx ^v \j 1 J}ert--JPotn ?. ( depress.) ,5 7(1 \ i ^ s / ~^, ^v s. (treecteft cartsecu fa rc*jV? ofcfaysvrttTiout f-cctn. (fxclia&Tty Trnce^J to S 5 10 / l\ \ vWot.s'tttre, in a . * v / 'S \ N 2^ '\ Vj s s\ \ A i S \ Grains ^>er Ctc trie foot, t.fa'titrctfccfdbr-. .1 .* i a 10 ^^ 1 V / -= . ^ K/ \ ^= SKi 02 1 ftPPEND/X NO./ 04. lanKlon, /S.DaKo la . /887. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. \ 1 1 ,. I ! > s 5 ^ 1 1 6 k N 1 i 1 k Ij i 1 n *i 1 b i J^&CL i Tiin 1. ff, m, c/tf>y-J & 5 f 3 2 J/tmasph eric Press ure, reafctce^f. ft'rt tncfes.J .V- J 1 a i .i .3 1 "** A / r / \ V-* ^ / * v Lx ^^ ^- i Jlcariy deyv.fJfeef) 1 3 JO * to etcHuaZ. fin inches.) 4 1 O 1 t ^=-^ v-- ^- 1H^ 1H = p" ^<; -*r- _ / ' *^ )0 tS IS + NX '\ 2 ^ ^/ ^ \ V V / 1 - - ] r=2- 6 S ia H ^ A ^ S 5 ** X- - ^s K t O S _r- *H V k / A V I 1 Clear da,yp. fjYJofj S S s N, I A 5 ^ h^_ ^ - \ i/}featn dConf/lty IS 10 5 s \ J N ^1 v s ^* ^-s J /V IL \ Greatest coitstcittfitiTn of C/JU.JTS t*~i.t ho tt, retire. 10 s s Kl <f> * t\ P f^ X ^^ /^ i /\ J JJ&wAotnG. /<dR<7r*e&&.j -IS 1C 5 i to V V i i* -N . " ^ ifc-i.^ \ \ - Greet, tost conjwu. ture^Vf i i 10 \ - A ^^^ i d'voz$'ir*& , 1.0 8 l. 5 .Z .8 i n 5 J r / : ^J s / ^ ~i S BJL /fit. 62 1 #PPEHD!X /VO./O5. ^'toorAead, Jtfftnn. 7887. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. t s *' s | 4 i t | 4> S s 1 k <c 8 I b ^ g 1 k | i 4 1 ! ^ j 1 4 S 1 R Rainfall, (inches.) i V .* .1 i 1 p a -> 1 I J y /*" /^ ^^ *\ Y reduced '. f in tncAes.} 4 .1 3 1 6 3 2 fS ^ ffainy ctayv.fJfiaf) 15 10 .< 5 10 Jftmosjo tier ic Press are, actital- fin. inches.] I 1 a .1 .t .1 y v_ * V / / ' \ ^_ . / _^. 5 ^ V" ^*^" /* /_ "H 13 30 IS rA \ f\ h Daily raryre. of Temp . (degrees^ Ctear Jays. (JY>0fJ o^3enyyfm^ure.f<^iy-efA) 10 s f 1s 10 s i/ s \ \ \ j I i 6 in f -~s; ^i^' ^~ \ y s / I s > V X, /^ l , ~^Si V \ v^ ^ t ^ s* K-^- V X \-^ / r w A ^ \ x. >, \ V I Greatest, consecutive JY? of dcys f >rit7iioH,( ret-in, (inctufftrvp JriareS.J 5 10 la 5 5 -10 13 ^ s\ \ J /s s >s 5- > s/ / 1 f\ A V \^ S \ JWeatt JforidMy Maximum Temp (ityneesj .De*y- Poin,i.(decfree3.) 5 10 il to S S 1C to / ' 1 / / j' r j_ '^ V N s v / v A \ j s/ ^j A 1 i* \ ^\ \ ^. Greatest 'cottiifcu. tirg.^? o/-dqy$ ivithout rain. . (f-Kcttce/trtp Traces) 5 9 10 ^ ^~~ K. 2 A X/ i i V (.Moisture, Gmuis per- f?u&icfoot, /iSatu ratee/ flzr. a -t / .1 .1 t t a (0 s /I / / ^. -% \ > HH ^ > \f /^-^ 3 Ex /7 / 52 1 /v<ft t- f nli APPEND/* NO /O6 . Sam? Vincent, JyCtTtn. 1887. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. k I K 2 * I 4 1 ? * s s ? * J * < * .3 t si * I * i I ! 1 $ 1 ^ 1 fiainfaZt'. (ineheJ.) ftarjirt,y days. (tf? of) Daily rttnffe of'Zenyo . (Ayrfe^ 14 J t 1 1 a 3 1C S S H 10 S S 10 t i *vX ^* ' _>f <.v S sX >^ .TV S S ^y ^ ,/"^ /-"' \ -/N "Sr f *** / A; \ ~? | JltmosjoherK>Pre63um, rsalucoJ^. fin, wtG/ief.J JftmoSfthericfrefStire, oa>KiM(2/- fuwincStes.) JJbsokdte. THont/lfo- ra<rye af27np>eraure.f<&ffreiv} t ,1 -I . f 5 ) 1 1 I 1 -) LS 30 15 <o i i fi <0 y*"" i/ "*v^ 7 V h h -\ ^- S = Sp-?- f == i / ^ n ^r- t- Clear days. (*W>ofJ Greatest consecutive -Jtyg of days wifAan.t-ra.in.. fineliuHry Unties- 1 GreaJ!e#f,consecutire<SVf ofdcwKwitTtoibt' ruin*. (exvtitdinp Tracer./ ti 1( 10 4 S 10 10 S e 5 10 . .^ ^ ^ "V s %X / _/ ^ V *^^ /- \ k / *v V /\ ^s \ . ^^% s^ JKfia.rv ^Kon-th-iy Maximum Jernp ((dryrves.) J)e*r-Point. f&y rees.j <rffoi&&U.7^j fjrasff.v /jr/- f,'itJii<- j uot, j$of,urciZect: '///: <5 45 5 5 <j + 9 .6 -* .1 .* H t, 1.* X* / / / ^^ / y A A A \^ \ M X, ^^ ^x. ^ "**S t\ \ S / '. V V /v S El / '// 52 1 >\ kmiofl t noti afiohteiveQ ^MtaoM to aavu/D eyi APPENDIX /VO./O7. ft 7 <? ~y^7 /T yv* r) / \/ / /S7 it S~l 7SY LJ &C> rrf (A. / C/ 6^ X V . JL/(^LJ 6C/666 . /<588. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. ' s 1 k 1 1 1 1 1 u ^ ^ I I || tl t 4 1 jl o 1 *^ ,w,,,. * * 3 *~V*~*J**~~, V . -^ s^ \ r - reduced, fin TTtcfaj.j + /ieztsty fJfty,v.(JY?of') 3 -f /o fa \ N 1 j ^^ I \ Qi ^ "f+i. *Ti \ c&c&u>c&6 / ' z-73 tsec&&<y.J S'QsolitfeTnoTitfnty '/To&itfe of ,I&tn.&erwu, 7*e. ftfap ree-s.j .j z 15 >o J x** ^ \ \ V f ^~ 1 / 1-^ V s k *~* Daily nutyr 1 1>/ '/e?ry;j. (J/eew afafv. fiA^ofJ f i to J 4 fo / ^ ^, r J "V^ "^s *./ S ^~ / _^_ * to /J fO f s fO / A | s/ / ' i H Greatest ':ast# ecutive*A/! of t&w-r 'trid/eaitjt, rax/TV J *s /J /o .4 J S0 r-i ?v /s 5 f SO z. / r < ^ s ^^ s, s \_ ^ ^ 1 ^s "> \ JZte?f-JL0i's ft- &,fdiKQ> re*t-v.j / \/ S/ ofrSs*f,w-tst/wtf> 7*a,zn. fO 3 w ,^- 1 A s v_ .-> /- vj V V t^roOuf.eSsT'G , (%fa<zrK$iyef f*tthic j9ff<6 t 8 .6 V 2 .2 ^ ^_ s 1 ^ . - <, J i Ex / ' X 52 1 1JK ?(I vldJlloM 10 89YTJJ3 Q71 /JPPENO/X NO. t08. fbrlBuford, JV.DaKoia . 1888. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. $ i k- * 1 1 1 1 1 U i 1 4 1 Ki I ^ 4 I 1 4 | $ 1 Rainfall, ftncfief.) I t V i j\ JftmosjaA-ertc Press ure. ; - - i i J f 1 \ reduced ' . f-trt incites.} 3 E N/ Hcciny c/ccyv.(JYfof) fS tc i 2 32 r s> ^i Jfimoso/iertcPressur'e, cxcfuaf. ftn inches.) TO \ =>, | f^- f '- 1 s V*- N Daily rartjve/Tftryr. t fa rs s %zz$& +1 S i \ ., 1 ^ \- K \ " 3J -s 1 X V 3 * - ^^^ ^ /o / f i 1 ^ /s i- f \ ^/ Ctear cfaj-j . (Jffefj to f - IS re i f s >t IS 1 v i ^- g S *X s^ ^^ ^ x Jt&eart dfonthty Jtctxtrrtum Ternja (tlefrefs.) j /o /s l A V ^ ^ 1 -- Greatest t:ortGecu?tvt*/\! of (fefjr^f yvt'Uiott^Tanft . s 3 A* Hi ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * /f- 1 1 J)fi*~- fom H. (ac<jfre*6j re S to 1 i 1 [ H =^ H ^ <=d ^ -j (xreactfftcartjectc fc're^f s -^ zs ^ K- - / * si ^ \ aJZSZ** 1,0 6 * .1 .2 -r S?" j y ^7 J .* /.* 8 Ex /* / 62 1 taanoft inoit yliitnoM lo ^S%' APPENDIX NO.tOB. Huron, S.DaKola. 7888. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 1 ' * 1 4 ? ? J> S s 1 \ M \ I! J xi ^ i 4 I 1 ! 1 4 1 % $ RainfctZl. finches.) t r JHmosf&eric Pressure, .t .3 2 ./ * ./ . .3 Jt .t ^ ^s^ \i 1 V / ^ _^i 7-ectttceat ' . fttt trtcfiee.) 9 Ssx "S^T \ > jRcciny dayv.fJYfoj:) ft > r JfiTnosjahericPrffS ure, aciu<z. fin treaties.) ,r t . / . .3 ^ S *X 1 X -^' - ^, s\ H e t fO - \ ^ > / V^ -f^. hs ^ - \. z<> fs to S f f /t 'i V * JffooZutemoTttfifr rartpf afyfmpfnzture.fc&ynsj ~ Daily -rcinye of2emja . (<ieyrtea.J to S f S S s ^ ^\ y- - L \ T= v^ A fi. \ . /\ s -fr- \ ( /\ vs, r . _ J N^ N^- -^d ^/t - ' 1? \7> Clear cfaj-s . fjrfo/:J to 4 f 1* - h :V- fO -~-" \ \ / "^\ s/ _ tAfean dfonf/tly S sc , A | A ^ s ~jr- \ , / / \ r / N/ Maxt mum Temp (drprffff / \i V Greatest consecuitt/e^! of </ajr-r >rctAoutt rain . lificfuoftny^frttce-s-J /S to S f S fa ^. 'X^' / A -- \ A ^ t A 's t / E - / J3et*~-Poin?.fikg'refa.) rs tl> f } ft -/I A r s\ i ^^ / ^. \^ ""* ^J / J~ (creectestcartfecu tcTrtJVf ofcfayd wit&ou fain . (exctva&nj ZrncesJ /t i t S to \ ^ / A \: ^^ . A - \ h *Moistttre, Gratis j^er- (subt'cj'OO'f:, /Jiafufrx^eef^tf. t. z t.o t * .2 .1 * f S 'a =3 ^^ V ^ vn '^\ V^ /* /-- /x \ ^ V^. f *r' _^ S Ex /'" 7 62 1 r V tear APPENDIX NO. //O. Rapid Cily, S.Dafiota Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 4 I ress ure, reduced, fin inches. J rf&sofate ntonJfyy ra- r ty e -ratye ofTemjo. 3 = ('tea.r A V s/ Greatest consee-u fire -7^ rntin. s L \~ 7 \x S Bl /-/ / 68 1 Jalji{ moil gnoitBivafl aeviij!) svi /JPPENDfX NO. III. forlSu lly, iS.DaKola . me. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. r 3 K)' 5 * \ \ 1 J <b S s ! i Kj i 1 ^ \\ M' ^ 1 4 1 1 ! 1 4 1 1 R Jfctt'nfixH. fi'nchtff.) t f ft ' * 3 2 t f Z 3 u Jllmosphertc Press ure, reduteat. ft'rc tncties.) N \^t f *r- u^ \ g - -^t_ i^ v.,-.^ ^- 1 B^~ ^"^i 20 >S re S o f /f fS - re S 3 jRazny ctccy&.fJftof) 2)oJfy range afTemjy. (degrees.} Clear- cttxjrs . fjftjjf) *S /* s o J so '4 fO f c y fO s \ \-^ ~*>+s ~~~? >\J ':\ **\ A ^ V ^ ~~" -^ ">x 'S A" A / S,/ s, / s^. ("V T 2 A ._ y v y r^ J?t?nosjDfaricf-res3 ure, ctcilLO.- ftn inches.) JfbsolutemontAfy range of TSfrtperatur f.fity ***) \ / | ^ s | t s H ~"" -1 ^x f 7^ ^ "**\ s/ / v y\ v^ s *r _ f "7 7 Greatest consec&tfyveJV* of <fctjr*f 7vca0t<^VV/r . ( zrtcfacftry^&tx.ces.J Gretrfffifccvrjecit fart JW of</cejr$ iwdfoud r<zt'n. fatefaJtrty ZrvxcesJ f /c x^ fO s c to *0 s a s *0 V \\ ^ / \/ /^ f /^* / -- f - ^. ~ s**i* f "" "\ U - "\ \x X*" A Ar 's-^H s \__ \ Jfaxtmum Tetnjo (dtprets.) JJerr-'fotn i. (ck<pref#.) tMot's'tvre, CtmtrMjoer Cu&tcfoo'f, iy<zttrae<fifltr~. S /O rf to S ^ fO '2 i .1 .* V .z t; .z f 6 t 1.0 g 7 I fy | | / V -^ yl ^jf j-^ _-X *"\ ^ \_ ^x ^L \/j \^ 8 Bx../^./ 52 1 " APPENDIX Yanfaton, S.DaKola . 7888. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. \ \ K 4 i | 1 ! 4 J ^ b 1 ? 1 4 I 1 t 4 4 J 1 1 Rainfa.lt. finches.) Jiainy ctay&.ftftf a) i, S 3 Z y 2 V fs fo f o f* : ^! 2 ^ W- ^~/i * j *| ~-^ s \ A S~? >^ .A, '*-' \ Jlimospheric Pressure, reduced, fin- inches. } JJiTnos&TiertcJ^re&s u re. .3 i o t t .2 2 3 / s, V" ^ i "S^ 1 ^v-* r ^ - h-v r ^-v ^ Daily range ofZernp Clear days- (Jtftafi) fO J o S 10 o t fo ~^: id \ ^ -^ ^^.. y -- ^*? ^H A v-| ^H6soiutenwnXhly ranye Mecxtmumjemp (deqrerS.1 S o i /o i ff to fO 1 N/~ ^ A _ | y XX 1 " \ ^/ A i Greatest cons ecu iiveiAQ oftfajrs *v~ihou rctt'n (trtctu ^vtjf ^Zr-ftces-J tl fo o S ~\ \ \,. / A V A V *?"S, fiery- Poini.(dc:ffrees.j ro S c J 1 A I -^ ^ n r" . &rccriesc0nseci&ivev'v2 fffrJays -wtf./iou. fa t n fO f o f fa \ V- x s, ^ y Gm.tn.SjOer (7ijAic foot, / }a(.i ret KecfiSrir: to ' Z f a f 2 Z f t, S / 1 ^ - __ S Ex ./v?? 52 1 IfiV LamioM ino'il *-. M APPZND/X NO. f/3 . J\oorh ead,, jfyfinjz. 7888. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. r s c * 1 \ 1 1 1 1 * 1 \ 1 s 1 \ 1 i i i 1 4 $ 1 J Rainfall, (inches.) s ' ,-- * i ^ 3 Z ^ -N S'= :V /--J reduced, fin inches.) - X. ^ JlniTvy days. (JY? of) ft - /jtmosjohericPTessu re, Ojcif^iMl. ft^inffrieS-) Z .3 ZC \: r^ K s n x-> ^^ iT^ ^^ S '0 - 1 ta*._ *$ S 1 3 ^ I Daily rwnpe ofTomjj. f&egrrecvj to S f - ^", S V V-- f*** ~^"l ^-*- ofTenyaerct&zr'&f'&yrees.J s fO 1 V^ /\ "1 i . H Clear days (JY^ofJ r^ ^ ^ g fS s A \/ -J j JWaxunu*Tri,jerry> (ckcrrees.] * > V? ^ ^ fa ofeteyv -n-ithoutd mini. J fC S J A -y f j: '0 \ ^ 1 \ . X, 1 A v- ^ / V- J)ew-Poin t. fdeyrees.j 1 A ^J H ' ^a M -l ^ Greatest comsecu-tire>/Y? of cloys without 7~a,in. (fx rSij'Stm/ Trctcetf.J fa f "-^ -f\ A A Sr- 77 f. 8 * * 2. S ro (friainsjaet' Cubicfoofy .S / ~2 5 H E | -"*"' 8 Ex /?;' S2 1 flPPEND/X. /VO . Sa in I Vine en i, JWin n . 7888. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. K 3 I k" i | 1 1 i * I ^ ^ 1 >Q 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 1 ^ 1 ,._... f\ 51 hi 7 3 Z. f o f 1 3 A ^^i oj/o/5 ff A-ZC press te re, 1-fdi.icecl, . fin. irvcftes.) . -f ,/ - 3 V .3 Z 1 U- ^ > ^ 1 '^1 4** ft fO otcfuexZ- ^ in, inches.) ./ I ./ Z .3 ?c 5 k* ^ VS k-JI 9 - " '/ "f~~ V ^_ =J - 5J ^s ^__ Jifocdujte monJt%y rang" of 'Temperature fc&praes) /J /o J- <? rf- ^ "^ ^ \ ,0 - \ / \ A T) ' f -fT* U&tiy range oj~ Jemjy. fO f 1 7 V- i_: A V 1 4- \ - \/ U \ i EE \ i A \ s V- C/Leaf <&jrs. fiJV? ofi/ s ~v ^3^ / < y- o s fo V L;:^J ? J- /< c /-^ i :/H s^ -X Crreaiest consecu i?t ^0^,^fs f tnst tiding jTr-ace&.J /S '0 /o -*- jDew-fain- l.(<fe<fce&.J /^ /^> S v EBE i I 1 1 I _ h I /si ^ ^ f 3 A J >V 1 fe : ^ y V y i of cfetyg without rart'n. 4 O TV" ^Moisture, f v , z ^ ^~ -A*- ""AT ^j r 2 5 vs s 5 > f\. 5? -^ -^ " st) fit tt r*z r<tz i/ftr-~. 1 f v/ V. S Bx../,?.?. 82 I /7PP/VD/X NO.//5. 7889. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 6 1 ? 1 1 1 1 s f 1 1 I 1 * 1 ? E K S- *c 1 1 i * 1 * 1 ~Rajimfa>ll. finches.) i! 3 Atmospheric Pressure, reduced . fin inches.} j a f. .3 V ^ 1 f 2 -^ xS 5 ^ . y V sr 'i ^ ^ V fO * --- V y A Jttmosphe ric Pressu. re, ctetua,!/. fin tnc/ifJ.J 3 . / ~\ ..3 -*i - ^-* ^. == ^, 1 -^= f=>* ^_r_ ***** f^- Daily r-atye ofJetnp . S It '0 6 - 7 V ^ "^ . V J1oSolu6efnonfMy ra-rye ofyzTnperT&tiir'Rf&yree'f] i r > fO '3 ' f v. \ y i /y \ Clear day?. (JV^ofiJ /o S s ;"- /o s a -- - t ? | * r s^ S r- ^J, c^T JMxvKMantU - h A A /c ~~~***~> = V "\/ ^V VT : G/maif$i' coris eciLliirtST? (irKtwZiry IrtLOaj-J tt m \ S .1 " .5 - I n A s 1 I \ -. : ir s fO i Jf f 1 JJ&~WPoi7l.(<!z<fWe&.I H 7^ -s \ t 'V ^ Greatest Canseco. ti-rtt*W ofdays'wiffoou.t' rain.. frxctttdznq Trac&fJ /c ^ A T N ^ A - V ^fyZoist.ui'e; /. a 8 .6 .2 - c 'V \ "V fO ^f 'r . - t^cifu. rafact. '^liy. i. M .6 '.0 V - \ ..j/,fif 62 1 APPENDIX NO. //6 . Fort J3uford, JYDaJfoia. 7889. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. *> !?, 1 C 1 \ \ i 1 1 \ 1 ^ Ki t S i 1 | 4 1 H Kninfottt Benches.) b J 3 I 1 t 2 Jtlmosjj/i ert'c Press -u re, reduced, ftn tncfies.) .3 3 ; -- - -. =^ '^V V- -^ | T* * II. -ra == ==z *. =>. ^3 w^ ^~ ss v Rainy c{ccyTS.('JV?oj:j 3 V to J arc6lict{,. f t'n trt/ie$.) Z J a z J ; r- 1 -- h-^- ^-= === ^ C "\ Ar _^" A ' \ | /\ ff 9 i tc / /n 55 V t ! f \ i p Dettly rattle of3emf> 'S re J C' J JjOSoiute monmty ranye of TempeniPii refdffves.} 1 \. \t* \ i II r A : \ 1 i r- \ / ' \ n , 1 v \* ^ ^ ^ 1 , - -4\- V \/ \ / \r -h- T i V +t= si* / f /i/^ft ^ ) (zreal.f.sf, ronsecu?tr'f<fts '0 s o /o /.r to s rs S n S to '0 ro 25 s ^ A \/ A 1 \ rx- . r /, \ JitajLirnum _Lemp [(tfarees.) \ g 1 V A \t A \ " of f/ftj\y **'r/ht>/.t/ rot in . / t i r r < 1 { tnrttt ctiny Jr~arrs.J ofc/aw wrf.fiouf fatn . (fij r/ut/nM Tniw.s.J o s fO .-0 .< '0 ^ "A /- 7l \ ^~ ' \/ TV /\ a \ J I ~ t \ \ \ V- \ . v_ tfifoi's^urf} Cira. t'nsjae r Cu. btcj-oot:. i f 1 r.o 2 o .i .f \ _\ | \ N s - ^ ^-*^j e^ ^ s/^ (- - - s mt-./JL-M i APPENDIX /VO.//7. J-furort, tS.DaKota. 7889. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 1 1 1 i 1 I 1 i i fc' ^ ^ * I 1 4 4 ^ 4 f 1 1 V < 1 Jj KairvfaZt. finches.) i Jiimosjo/ifrtcPressurv, rea-tfjced . /tn. trtP?ie&>s .2 J U j ' ^s. H \ \ i i d H - "= *^^ ^* /** \. Jtamjr rZaya . (JY? 0f) J V _... L^^J 3 2 V 3 f- \ i H T^* '.S tr> j A V" V jtkolute. tmmtfitr runye J - V jrt Daily rartjreofTenya. (eteyrvee.) /s s rn L_ 2 H /o V 1 . /- -^- -^ s ^ ^ ' ^ "TV -V- '0 J 'i 20 -- C'lea.r c&yv. fJY$o/:J /o JWean JCcmthly JfammurnJemp (e&yrfexj 'S -5 __^ -V 1 i A V -7^- v- 10 v ^ \ / xo 5 > 1 > s~~i *-* \ ^ ^ * G/nK&t&slconsecu.'i* f e*/i9 of <<tjr* irtcjioti^. rain'. /I 'C IS - -\ . j^*l ^ ^ -v H v/ *?s 2)e+r~ Point, (ckyrres.j /o \\ V/ /\ I ,r /It /.o a \_ -\ N / ^~ ^ V s/ Ccr r tx.i<?sconsf i f?u. ^t,re^f ofcZays without mm. (eJCctm/inff Irru&s.) J - - - - - j .s , -^" W ^ 1 S t^fotstu. re, G.i-avtsjt>er Cubic foot. 6 u a .i .f h -: ^ / N "S - ^1 / '- / S / " - 3 '.u - 8 Bx ../?/ 62 1 f\ft I ft Y/ I D moD /JPPENDtX NO. //8 . fjfapictfsiiy, S. Da/iota . 7889. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 4 $ 1 4 1 1 t II | 4 1 1 ? c 4 I 1 J 1 1 l|^ JSainfatt. finches.) 1 s 1 ,. . ' 1 | i i f a t i 3 7V A Jit7no8/>/iertc Pt'ffiture, reduced/ . ftn, tncAes.j ^ X ' ^ | : - *^ M > IS /tf fl't'tnosphertt-Pr'ftssrt re. : z o .2 9* ^ =5 =* . . - :s U= == .3^- *~-> s. 5T ctffuac Sin. inches.) s 5 |fc^ \ \ | \ 1 k- x~ ti 10 ( - -A (deefreeaj IS J- .i =* VY f* rn s k= Jfbsolute monthly rantfa S fO >> 20 ~ * f N "V /- ^ V - \ ^C Clear etays. P^ of.) Greatest consecutit'r.fli of daj^t y^-if /loud fain. (indttJtry Treats.) ra t } /a ft> s s ? ' j &\ n ^ A V "r= A *^. XV v ~ J tJflfftn i/rZon fsi ly vMaxtmttm. Temp fayrreesj i to 10 li i .^ V - \ ) V L ^ ^2 ^ / v A~ ^\ \ , -V A V _j S/ y afc/aj-3 wit 'Ao u t ra. in . 19 s = <1 ^r ^ P^- 7^1 \^ A \^ y^- Jje ir- Pom t. (iitifme,<!.) 1. 2 '. a 6 2 2 6 .s ^^ <4 3 X J A J -/ A, 1 j -- 63 1 1 [flflnolft niOTl anoitftnrad vlrftnnM fo sviirfl AV.I : NO 119. fbrl tSully, jS. .Da/iota. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 1 Ill fdttf.e<L. s u.re* incites ) ( in* mates .) K Daily Clear day*. ( v A MateiTnam Jemf> fdcyreesj t con&et of fifty.* vriUio** */ / finfltuHi-ny Tract* ) S Ex /7PPEND/X NO. /20. Yanffion, /S.DaKota . /889. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 1 -c i \ 4 1 1 6 | 1 4 to I 1 1 si 3 \ I 1 i \ ft 3 \ 4 1 i * 1 JtainfcttZ. finches.) f~\ * t / >/* __^ 1 Jrainy ofcyw.fv'rfofy Daily rartyeofTernp. i . 3 . / ./ j. 3 1+ .3 2 ./ t . / z J ft i) s s tO /6 A * 3 2 / / 2 ! ..} / .5 a .-> /. t Jftmosfhen'c Press u re, reduced ' . fm, inches.) Jftmosp/tericfreasure, ctcfujCbt. ft rt inches.) Jtbsotutemortth(yraHffe of'lernper'uturt.f'&yrets.) ^k- v Sr__ , ^ ^X^ V ^"fca^ S^ *" \ 3 ""^ '~~\ I^X -- ^7^ "^^N s c~ t_v_ ^*~ ^ 1 * k ^^ i| ^ te *^x^' _x\ r v V - S ^ ^ 3 , ^^ v V (<Jeyre*a.J Clear daj-f. fjVfqf) Greatest consecu ftt'e.^ of djr* tvifAo n.t ra in . ( inciticltnjr Traces-) s <(> s f) J /o M s -.5 A5 ~^ ~T~ 3 -^f ^ T* " ^ s ^ V ! ^ ^^ "VjX ^ S^ ^v<< ~/^~\ f^ 3 T ,\ V ^/ ' N t ^ s/ ^- 1 Jbtea.n JCont/ify- JfajciTniart'Ternj? (dyrees.) 2}ew-_Pot n i. fdcfrrfej.) to 'f 'O 4 j /a 2 /S ,f> J t \ >, . \i ^ V - 1 ^ V v~ v /* V.-*" t~ \ V Sr , v^ \/- ~/ 3 t 1 (xrealest corisecu'tire'ft* of days vt~i tho u.t ra in . (excfat/i'ny Truces.) /O i O 3 /N J_ - .-7* A ^ ~7~" | tdfotstu.rf. Grains jaer- Cubic foot, f.o .a t 'y .u i \^ r V- ~jf -f A V i ? "*v .N J ,0\ ^/ ^Sa. (u. ra. 4eJdh. r*. .i, .* 1.0 ^r V e HI 62 ^.-rV- APPENDIX .Moorhead, JKinn. 1889. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. r \ KJ ^ 1 41 | * s x 1 * <s U t ? >" * \ I 1 1 1 1 S $ I tta.iiifa.fl. (inches.) 6 - i f 3 X / / 2 N JfintospTi ertcfress u re, -- ~^-~~* , ~^- ME: -/^ N """I 3.3c 1 - t. .x^ ~?~ reduced, ftn. inches.} P\^ E Jfainy days f~V' 'f) 4f 15 /a - - J/2mosf>her~icjPressu re, ctcttJMf" ftn inches j ^ f K^i *~> ^. s-^, _>--r fc/ /^ ^N, K- a f _ ^v / X" ~^ ~ -^_~. Jf *" ^V N^ s u 10 s s fo ri 2t -- \ > \r V % ^ h / \v AT Zj tv-/ L^!S \ Daily rttntpe ofTemjo. (deyrees.J rf / f S ofKrnpfrtitu r-e.fdfffr-fesj V \ \ R 1 V V -\ "A" 1 - sV^ /\ ^~ X \ J V \ ? ^- - S" ^ -- | v Clear dajrg. (<JYfofJ 10 } o J / /t* /o' 10 /S /o s A- s y L^\_ \^ ^N K *J- A | L --y V ^ L_ _2t - V V - I 1 A ... - 1 >.Wean J^fonthfy ^faJctmum.'lemp (</eerrve&j s 10 10 ^ i - - v V 1 ^ L/ / \ V S / ffreatesi consecutive JV? ofefayj without ra.in. ( inchttitnjr '/rarrj.J a V s fO f5 -rf" ^ /*v *v ~\- ^ ^ xs. ^ ^A X, JJeir Point. (f$ef?rte&.) 1C i i f. I iA | "V 1 \ ^ Xx* X ^N, i~ (irfa.le.-i/i-onseeu fir-e-^^? oft?ajr.s without m iri (exrtuJi'rty 7ra re.*.) 1 a s x> ~^ - - / ^ - - v^ \ J J _ > >^ ^/ /s s \ ifrfois'titr-Cs (rrain,<i/>t>r Cti&icJ<wt, /t) Su rr> fi'c/i flt r. 1 f0 ) A. / S V i, V X -%_ "V_- \ / - V - 8 Ex. ..*<(-.. 69 1 APPEND /X NO. /^2, Sainl Vincent, jfflinn . 7889. . Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. t >? * 1 4 \ i i $ s s 1 * i ? c ^ 1 1 \ N f ^ S* v X ^ 1 1 ! ^ ffawnfot'lt ' fi/nchts.) 6 J V J 2 I <> / Z < 4 .1 2 / ./ 2 .1 .V - A -- V . Jt/mospfae ric Press tire, reduced, fin inches.} _> \f =7^ / \. V - XXr _I7^^ ~^< -\ ^> -f* ^" V Jfoiny dfx/y$.(Mof) If It to 3 o - - - MmotyhericPresswe ./ A actucd. fm/inches.) / Z .3 ^J 7 - s 3C "*^/^ 7^ 1 1 4 a N^- ^ / N/^ - V Msolute monthly ranye of "Rmperatu re (tkg reefy in t .-, " /^ 11 /.5 >ij .i - > ^^^ /\ V I -^f* J^ ^* / FV - Daily rcuye ffTftryy. (dryrnretj Clear Jays. (SV>ofj tii '0 ^ o s '0 i o f J - / 2 H "~^ "'V s /\ > \. -I 3 \ V A V V f^ f _^ t l v fc ^ h S V 1 /' \ [\/ !v V CirrH.ttst crmsncutiveJYt of day f Hritftntttirtvin. (inctAttih.no Traces.} :i to 'i fO t <; to '5 1 E^ P \? -***^ ^ * *1 '\ ' ^ JWean/^f0nt/ify JffaxiimtmTf!ny> fttyr<nK) Dew^Poiirnt'.ff/ry rt">fij O 3 fO 1C, 1.1 to ' if 3 1 V | \ \s s, . f "v^ ? '\ \/( V_^ X ,x^ / ftreai6f3fi(x>n*sfj''i*fcrf'-JYt offftty-jj-H^^t/uJud ruin,. (4jcrduf&ny Traces./ to J 1 t 1 k \ <^s* /"S ^ ,/ ^ ^ -7Wvr,.?ure . G^tUtSJUf (f'tbic.J'oot. Cf 1 A 7 // /. i '.n ' s .1 .1 * .' v ; \^ s / A s \ / ! /\ S^_ s~~ -:: tfj -_ Ajia/Mfr-aefeaJ stir. t .*> ** M . .63 J '! ino'i I#i79(l yJrfiiioM X \W* _o i-a a APPENDIX NO. S23 . Bismarcfc, JYDaKoia . /<390 Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 1 *, t $ 1 j II 4 III ^ I j \ 1 \ II \ \ 1 4 1 "Vi \ 1 Katrrfa//- finches.) 6 i 4- J 2 1 O I 2 3 4 3 2 1 !> f- 3 - - t I . _. M,^*r~^ ^ ==; -^ b H == FF-^ J -^ ^^ ~w**- ^r- ** = \ - ~ ~ ***** li rc v~ft,?flGS7}ft-?~t&-*~f1?'5$H7*&> CX-CcU&t'''- f t-ft' t,TtCh*$ ./ Z o i .2 .3 --^~ -==. FW ^^ - , *SX A r __1 r "V / \ \, pzr Jtfaolufa 7n07z&& rvznpe It 10 J .5 /<? It ' ' z | / - i V sr~^ /o j fc.^ ^\ V A \ JJaify runcpe of Temp. 10 5 6 --- .- . .__ J . . V - v_ i s /- EE i V | V I "*v /- \ 7- - - -- / \ : .... V - i >L v/l ] - - 1 _. f*fea,r days . f*W* of.) li 10 .5 O J /O \ \ / 2 -\ 1 "V - _3 ^- if. - - tJWeG,n- dCon'lkty li fO J i / s^ / A ^ r-^ Sfc *^> i / s f ^f- Sfrfaffsf cons ecu /tr-e*ftf af day & vi-ilhttt*^ rti in . 10 J o 111 10 --- ^ N r-^ . .. I \- ~ ' / g / \ ~- 10 1C o s / < y \ / H S s" ^ ^ J /--! (f.7Y'/v. t 'fsf ' cejfiscf -uft-y 'et.- fyf ofrfuy& vriifiou t ra. in . {KKcfuttiny 7relcej^ .-i O j 10 ^ to / A ^ s A X . ^^ Aforstur-e, Grains jaer- difacjoolt, jjadu na c(J,sfT r. .6 1 . - - ^- f ^ / / \ v s- I .-. 8 Bx / - / M I i tioitmveG vIittnoM to stwiu APPEND/* NO,/ 24. jFbrt uford, JY.DaKo ia . /890. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. ij 1 1 4 1 | | l ^ p S I i ^ 1 1 J 1 ^ 1 | 1 Ra.iivfaJ.1. (inches.) 3 4 J 2 Z\ 3 ts ssf* *- ^=| > A S ^ | \. ,///mosj)A.ertc -Pressure, 2 O 2 J .? .2 _rs L^. =rr ^ n-. V T == =S, "^ ^\ rnl flamy clays. fJY} off) li /O. S 'O =4 A v- 7= A- .- v -S \ 4 i V v v Jl?77if>isa<kertcff~essu r-e, ac/.iud- (ininc/ies.) Jlisolute tnontfi.fy ranye ./ .2 .1 /J to S ft i * _^ ^^, ^^ i Daily range a/7emjr> (deyrets.j /o 5 O v f~* ^_ -r- <4 ofTtrnjaeraturK (c&yrees.) 5 m li -t~ H V 1 -\ r s ^^^ - C"tecir days. f*j\^?ajf:J f.7^ff( n trftOTL&ll'Y* Jfaxtrnum Temp (dxrrers.i /S 10 .5 t-/^ (\ i /o - ' -~ / -. ^ ^s. i L: / vV r i k- y y /^. X ; I / (zivrttesl consecutivrJIfi of (fuyvt ivTf.hou.'t T'ctt n . / i -i t* \ ( inffttrttntt Ir'tttvx.j /J ro S to r 20 li n i -^ ^ ^X - - - | \ 1 z \ V ^ / A> ^ ,x\ ^ 3 N / J> ^,^ / V 1 - O s - :-/ A \^ y A, V \ v 7 ^x 1 fJireateet Consecutive <'V? oj tfa.y,f+vithout rntri . (Kfcfuding 'Inteta.J 10 5 J H> A rH 5= G m t'fs fie t~ Cu&icjoat, t^u/'* ' n tedi, 7'. r*. s fc 4 i u 3 t to - . /' ; /\ ./ -- ^s | / V, ^ 1 > 'K-- V _ ' * ^^ J /- -- E V -- - 1 S/ - V a Ex /-5 f 62 l Lfiflnoft fflott 2i liiJfloM 'io /JPPEND/X MO./26. J890. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. e S 8 I V i 1 1 ^ ^ 1 1 4 i .4 i s 8 1C N^ S I 4 1 ! s tf 1 1 1 ^ f JiaiiTifcbll. flinches.) 4 3 2 1 Z a f /s 10 --J f | A, V * i ^^- -=- JLtmoyfifario Pressure. -r&driff.ti 1 . fan, iruines.) S/t mosphf- ricPressure, O .a 4 3 .2 "" 6 '0 16 -V V V 1 /-* s V. "^ H f /lOSOMl&' r non6r&fyy ro,7tOff J /o rf P 7V J fc | V Jkuly range ofjern t -> . ( day ree.tj /O 1 s 7^ | ~v H -N ^ H -^ -7 7 ^ 1 dea*?* dcyy\? . fJV?o/./ '0 .5 .'0 If A --/ 1 S .J vftfecvrv ./wotvtfiiljy /d = \ -/- - 1 *. V ,9 TV J/A - - !C rfvn&sijMttjrfj /ernip (deortes.} ^AL s/. _. Greatest conseci&tivViAiS ()f (fa^y*' TviJ'fao u>f rfj.i-rt: (incluictiny Traces I 10 i 6 10 -^ ^ V-y 7 1 -f A ' S 7 v . A \/ i /jfW / o /,///. ff&yrfte&.j aol /o o "V-? 5 /I 1 ^v - . ^ ^ of day ft n-iS'/u>>&t- ru^in. / v n 6 10 -^ /" / /S s / /* I (jfoarut per CtiAir^foot, ..0 4 'o .r. ; s> Ai , - y Lzt:;: \J 4j 1 / - . - \/ 1 ~ 7 / 62 1 ijBin I vidJuoM lo aeviii APPENDIX NO. 726. Hap id City, tS..DaKola. /890. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. . 1 ^ k' 1 4 | 3 f 1 j i * & 1 v> s \ "' s I j 1 \ * h| * i a 4 1 ~vo <s i 1 1 f 1 /fit.) nj'aft. ft'nches.) 6 3 4 $ 1 ./ O ./ 2 .4 .* Mm osjj/i eric J^ress u re. i Z 1 -fc^. ^~ -reduced. . ft?t rrtche.s.j ' ' '^r^ ^*~ r i *-< i 2 3 4- := ^s i . *^j/ s\ t j \/l ' - //ft fry c?ay&.(*fr?cifi) /5 10 5 o 5 jg IS JJ{,mosjahf-/-tcf > 7-e#su r^ actuctf fin tnc/ee'S.J z ./ i .2 .1 =' r=" --. *+s x- ^n - ^ ~l ^ \ ^ - * \ f^ ~*^^ s- It 10 c, h JJltsolufe ntonf?i/j- range / I ' 1' /- \ \ \ A V A /^ / s^' s/ / / 2 Dfti/y- rwtye ofZrmjo . (<f<ymeg.j M i 5 /(i s\ /v .5 /c '.5 f - \ ^x \ ^""^i fy,.,,r,/,s^ (^o/J (rntatest cortsPca.litse*sr? of t/tn f ,-.\- K-i/Jtejr tS rain. ttTir/neJtiif Traces. ) S A ID /.? -ii .' 1 S ^ <<\ s/ V /\ 1 / \/ /\ >^~ i \i ~~\ Aj H^ x\ l\ / V V V /\ T ^ A Nf~ \ Mean Jfont/it^ ^fct^rrnitm'jfemp tdear-ees.) 10 3 O 5 IO IV '5 10 5 J i I/" S S7- /-~ ^\ S ^ A ~v [ f/.rtalf.s/c&rtsi-fu firt^>Y? of f*fijr&\v-ith0u / rvr trt.. (ejrcfutftny 'Jrofm.J ,,, t t 6 10 -^ -s s / V , ^s ^- ~ **./ \/^ N. ! 7J(^v- l~*oin /i. (decfreesj JWar'sture , Grainsjoer Cu6ic J oat . s,ya/ur-afae/, nrtr~. S IJO 8 t > 2 Z * t ^ if / /^ r. "*V^ S**. *\ *%__ t ^' ^^ S, \ S El /.''"/ 62 1 APPENDIX NO/27. JFbri/Stt lly, A Da/io ia . 7890. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. ft * L- 1 4 i 1 1 l 5 $ '^ j * 1 i E 1 V ^ | i i ii 5 fttU.rtfct.il. finches.) 6 S t z o t 3 i MrnospAertc fre ss u. re, reduced ftn znchfsj 4 .y. / 1 4 r * 1\ *vX ' \ ! - - /i /* , ; ^ > - : 1 *^ ^= s/:. \ ^ ' ' I] - '-^ V JJt?noSfkcr -rcfressu re, ctrfu.(if>- f in, inches.) J ';; t Ratny f^oyf.f^'? ffj 16 10 9 o S a if- 1=^ 1 iir: NB ~^~ i= ^ x? x^ !>- = - \ : wd 'j V 1 ^""^ ifci^ of7em/ner-a.tiere.fc?t3rr~er&) 10 o / r i \ J \ / ^ -\ Daily range ofTemjo. ( deer rrrf.j 10 o .; ? /\ tt / - 5 ^ =^ ^ j \ xx ' a 'O /'i C'lfar days- (JfeofiJ i > to S ft ^ ^. -A, \ 4 -A V * 5 J. Jftuct'mumJemp (driers.) '5 ft i O 5 A ^^ / - __ V t 7 V N/ \ i V CtsY-tiiedt. const'f.M.f.r.i-'evJv? o/'e/cyv vr-i{fiot*t ro.in { rncLitdwjy Tra.cesJ m o - - i '0 90 t o 1 v j ^ : ^ V A 1 \f^ /i jr V A E CtTTeatesfconsecu ttv^Jte off/ays vr-it/touti twin . to S V s \ \ \J V r- sa ^ \A 'A V y' f I l7mn3firr- C'ltbr'cfoof, (0 .8 .6 7. O 2 6 uo / S f\. \ s i A.1 - - S Si /j '/ 52 1 NO JZS. m Yanftion, S.DaKola. 1890. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. f * i o' \ 1 1 1 i s a * s^ 1 i s i 1 4- X ^ si \ V * 1 J 4 i 1 4 $ 05 1 I J&tinfall. ('inches.) Rainy days . (Jfe of) Daily rarufe of'J^&nyi. ('teprves.J i -/ 3 a / / ;' 3 4 '.* in .5 5 10 'S /ft .* 3 /o .5 / S^~ *^jS V f ""N XN, \ X 1 f\ 3^ _-/j f^ s\. s / J* |Z_ 7 s ~ JHnteapheric Press ure, -reetujced . ftn tncfov.J J?i7nosf7ie7~icPressur-ej ac^uzZ f*n, inches.) iffbsolu te moTi&fy- range qfye7npfmtur-e.('&?'~ires.} 3 .2 .f ./ 2 .3 .3 .2 ./ ./ 2 .3 /f /a ,5 O 6 >o t& /6 /O -~*^ $ ' ^ S^. v 3 =^H M ^^ ..A /" 7~ 1 K | ^ -f % f f Clear days. ^J-ofJ Greatest consecutive JV? of days trithaiitra.! . (incliatiny Traces.) Ccreatestcorwectt. tire #$ ofeirt.y3i*'if/ioit.'( rain. (eKctttcti^Thnces.) .5 fO 3 /<? 4 o .5 /o <s ,11 ,i II .5 to ^z ^^s" ^A, px-- v- v'V i\ f\^ s s s / ./ X ,/ /"* ;v/< **- ^H . x /^v ?^ ^ i "\ * ^ /_ Afeetn itton(hly Jftvcimtfm.Je7np /decrees.} 2)e W- Point. (ciyr-ees.J tfifozstfurej (l7Ui.i3joer- Ctt.6ic t foo'f., ,t')'a'u7~ia.ec{, ,/fr, r~. 5 o .-> /o ^0 /A '0 5 5 /.o a . 4. Z O .2 4 6 8 '0 / ~K: ^T V s^ T\ ^*. -~\ Vx -A sJ ^^ t_ 3 \ aix? V* V ^ 1 ' ^ / -- ^ J S**^* S Bl /.v?? 6S 1 /VO. /29 . JWoorheacL, Jbfinn. 7890. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. n 1 1 1 4 1 2 i 3 i 1 1 ^ 0' * 4 1 ^ | I j I <L R -^ "V K 1 "1 E e \i j * I 'Jj.ota,flftiUL. (inches.) t 4 i Z 1 A Jitmosfheric Pi-ess wre, Teduzset. f~in mcfas.J o 3 ^ _ / V -\ ... 2 ! y .'1 ^J ffairy (Jayj.(<Mcfi 4 /., jy.t-mosjaAericJ'-ressv.re^ G6CC'lbOt- / 'mi'TzG/i&S.) '4 < >*. -^ <^. j == SXZ. ^ =^ . = \ 7^: t4 4 A { 5 s y ~~\L'] .. . i -l -L-- -^ 5 S^ ^\~ -\ /A /O V \ . ^ /o / -J- g J)aUy r*mip&of'rem.ps. (Ayr,**./ '.> si(>soiue TnoniMy -r&npe / 4= / ^r 3 ofTSnyaera/w^fi^yrves^ E3H \ iU V .'/ a V / A s V \ 'r^ / ff in :> :><i J s/ \^f \ J Y Clear days . (JV'fofJ 10 /.; /!> !l 'i til y ;> O ; SV 1 J /^ g t - \ ! : JWearv ^Tomthly ^ A / ~v / :'<> v vfyfu-T&ifnturrvJeffljj (clearest 1 V S- t \ t_s / CirecUest Vortec.llti+-eJYi of Jctyv n-MouS-rax.n-. (inrludifUjr TraeeJ ) to 'i > 1, T / 20 t n i It ,; n | '/\\ - / ' \ IP v ^. / / \ /s ^ S V0tV-Rif*& (decrees.) O /s / ' S / r -* fc ^ \ / / r V \^ 5; X^ s. / / Ctncofafconseeuftur&JVi o/ otqQnfw/d/H/u/' /wire. f^SeccuAuja 'J'rafvg.J .; : \ s \/ -/^ J 7 .A t \ ' ,Mofx/ttrr. flriMM/u-f C(i6ieJ'ti<i/>, la t .1 j .2 1) .: .1 , = =^~ 5 =r~ > /s \ s v^- / <- .' t 4 s. 1 (a. /7PPE/VD/X NO./3O. Saini Vincenl,Jlinn. 1890. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. | 1 i 4 1 1 1 1 1 \ -_ 1 1 1 1 V 5 * \ i t> 1 Xs ^ V 1 s ^ Rcvirvfa/ll. (irvcfas.) e 2 2 / n 4 - ~ 7"ec?uceci fin inches. J h - x _ ~-^~, r ^ 2=i *=: =* _ =^ *^\- X" -** H .ffcdwy day#.(JVsofi] DrtUy ranye ofJerrtjo. 10 - - - o.ci*.o(.l fvn inches.) O == i e ^ 1 = -^e= g^r - " g ?** ^^^s = Stb&viufa-manityy range I,J ,'0 1) 10 J it J It u -s \y - s r S f 1 V I \ ^> 1 1 /^ v/- 1 (7?*>nr day,?. f./Y'?o/'J .> la > u in H V > s/ / A V, s \l ' h H ^:;^> /j n> io 'in -s \ "s^ A V N- .Xj ^ V^ -~ fjt-reatest cansectttitt^y tyiiayf tritho'jj rajin,. finelvuH.ina Trurfxs-J .'> .1 16 I \ 1 A s ^vj ^ - S- JsWv'-.fioitriS.. (Qfepree&.J in ,y n -A. \ 1 V -y n drviajte.rf, corisevutire t- 7 ^ in .'i 'I z -\ -^v g s. V \/ A r _ ^ ) t^W o r/sif, w/*& , tirutfis jofa" C*t&ioftntt f 4 II n f^ K 1 * \ I r \ y y -4- i I, S Ei /4 / 52 1 i IfilfiGf: /JPPEND/X NO./3/. BismarcK, JWDaJGoia. 789L Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. j 1 \ 4 1 1 t 1 i vi \ 1 i 9 1 1 1 4 1 I t ! CL 1 Vi & 1 1 Rairrfalt. (inches.) 6 1 recbccec. (in inches.) .3 .3 o .1 z J .3 X .1 A 3 2 / Z 3 IS z^* " - =a=; -^^- <^ _J ^ 5= =* * / s. ^ s Rainy dotyr {JVfefj 10 i 1 /ft . J I H - ^ ' ^ ^ -/j 3 V t/?&solu.le rnffrtikly range z i 'i /o \ 1 ^ "Y i -V- Daily rvcrtye of2emjO. (decrees: J /o ... V t 1 y 1 ^ | * 5 ,0 'S V I ! 4 s '*s\ - ..1 _ / ! V i C'l/eocr days. (*ftscfj /o o s /<. --- dlG&ctrrzLc/rz jefft/? fdeyretsj /o J s v f- -^- hr \ ' / i V J 7^ N-^ V 1 - I- /V - A, ^ \ 3 ^ | 1 S d of ^ffy-s wid&oi* rattt. . fc rtchicfl ftp Triers.) la f V -Dew- JPoinf. (ofeyreesj to fS a s \ j \ \ -, r<= =- 1^ "^s 3 y ' (^ S ^ | ' k ^ ~~^ i! ^ \ ^ - Greatest ccrtsecu. five JV: \of days vrifkoui rain . (cjr.ctuctLny Traces.) It S drains f>e7- Cu-fricfoo? /fa lu.ro. ted J7z > : i. U .S L. .i ^ s^* 1 s - k/ ' ^ 7 a Jt * N / \ s ^1 >/- S El / ' / Hc"r,TAfT frTi Avi tftfliff! /IPPEMD/X NO. Fort Buford, JV.DaKota. 1891. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. A \ I 4 1 1 & 3 1 4 < $ 1 4 4 | 1 1 i 1 I 4 a i 1 1 1 floccnf'ocU (ifccnes) 6 ,3 I' t / o t 3 Jftmosphercc Pressure redttcea, . (in indies) .'4 . 1 . 1 J 3 A ^^^^ }~t"~H ^s i V \ 3 jT-L-t ^fc_ > ^ i "^^i '-=5 =3 ^ ^ i /o i A - - *jitmos&rtefic ire^ss^cre , adtUtl . fen inches.) t 1 5 xs 1^ ^ N^ .' -> / 1 V \ ^ X ' \. <#63ottte monffily rasye ofjemjferedure. /dyrees.) ti t j M ft h s, l^__ [ . 11 1 /\ 7)cii.iy ratngre ofTemjD. ., o i p [A ;/- s i iV 7 V ; : 1 \ C'lea.r cfeiys f^Y.'tf.j (xreaiesi consecutive */Y? II J n A -" ; IS s J to tt 1 2 - i / SZ \x X^^ M I t i = y^ 1 1 / :/ A \ li of fux.y.'j -irttnoK.^ rotirz . ftrtct^dtTty Tracer .J (trecilfsi consecutive JV? ff alacyj triihoitl rwi>e . ff> a V r yv *r 7. \ ^ / DeW-JR)in t. (decrees ) QrninfveT' Cubic foot, .1- o .i '.* <!0 t n 4 .S 6 1 \ *. XX. ^v^' X if '"N N ^/ \ / , S Ex /,?V. 63 1 Huron, S. JDaKoia. 1891. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. Sexinftxli . Imcste-s J Jtcciny cteeys. (JVtfff.) Daily rccrrpe of2e?ryy, (etryrrrs.J 1 t I I 7 a i >. \ 4 tt '11 1 .-, r<J /I' t it .; ff e j / s' \ H 1 s /\ 4 ~s- \ \ f ! 1 V7 V /\ 1 A / \ \ / V ^ 1 s -, V i T^* ^ ^*- 1 __^*- -^.^^ \ \/ 1 N: 4 JJlmospJiericPressure, -recfuceot. fin -inches.) JfimospAericPressuj-e, oc.ccO,. ( crt tncsies ) , flfeotule rnon&fy- rcf/rfe ofTerryoerafare. (deipreesj <> 3 2 f t z 3 r 1 S : f l> ./ i .' tS fo 1 i IS ^ >-- 5 "5> 1 SQ i 1 7-= 1 ^ 1 B=^ /v 1 zs; Xs i 5 1 s V, * \ 3 e 1 1 t V 1 ^ 1 H fe _ ^\ N 1 i s. X3 \ Clear Jays .(JK cf.) (zrettfedlcortsecuforeJI/s of days- ivi^Aou.^ rat ft . f ' irzcfudc'sTf 2~ra. c?3.J Cc-re&'tfrdcffTtsecK&r'eJ 0faacjr<s -Mritttatt^raitt. (eJccfue?injryrei.ct3.) i n fi> M .J l> II 'V i / ( s s 2S t*' a \ /\ ^\ \/ V N^, /^ *^\ r* t ^ V ^f / / s~ A /\ \ | \ ^ \ , V S ./L ' *Mea.n <Acn?/ilj r JWaxcmum Jefryy.faefrwj J)epV~-foin{cii!yr-ees.j J^foisiur^e, Grains jaer Cu.tc/0i>i, jSctlfu.ra. Sffef^/fc?-. tt f> f (f J '() 3f. /i' 7f> S 5 '-.? R0 H 9 ... Jt .( J \\ \ . V [ [-/ ^/ 1 ^ A \ \ v^ \x V XX s V ^x V - f^ y f / f\- /s A \ ^ S" "^ V - / 1 n i/ S Ex ../.?/. 52 1 APPEND/X NO./34. Jiapict Ciijr, S.J)aMoa. /89J. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 1 I i J f ; 1 | 1 < ^ 1 e 5 t 15 Cj. 1 1 i I B j | > 8 fiat n fix It '. (me/if sj .> V ( - -: a r i \ Z&++J z l v ~" s t?* V .Rainy days fJV? of) - JftmosjyAericfre&sttrf, .z _- > cc-cfttaZ. (zn inc/tfs ) ., ** ^~ i y~- _ ^ -7 ^- \ J 10 IE to A ni 77 7/7 s - A / \ ./ \ / p - / / JsCftCy rocflffc t7r ^c^nty. (cfryr^es) fo .5 o f\ srfaocuce mcnc/ily range S ( 1 1 k r V y H ~S ^-"S SI -^ 2 r "X. " /.r -/ = Clect r ctizys. (JV?of./ ro t S r'l -A .5 .> ^% "^^ ,A 1 - 'jzsz. \ / S 1 ' \ / / \ u ^ >*s ^ . X GcrectleslconsecutiyeJV? Oj 0LcCy'3 T*yct/t0Kr 7'<Z1.7t . i 1: .f /ll ^s H ^ ^4 2 1 V ^ s/- 1 V -y- 7^ _i?e IV -feint, (cfryref*.) ro S \ J ^v, (it 'eacrrs r consec udc irJft ofcrfay^ rvctAcut rain.. 10 s a - / / Gracnsjyer Cubic foot, t5 l Ktura.ec{ ifltr. /.i' a vsj s- | ,_ - r "N, 4 .1 \ V jC -,* f*^ s ro .J ^ -^ S Kl /> / 63 1 JPPEND/X A/O. /35. for i Su lly, S. DaKo la . J89J. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. 1 * 1 4 f 4 1 1 f 1 1 4 ? 1 4 | i s 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 jffat: nfa 11. (inches) .5 3 < O 2 3 / N r 2 J * - ecfitceo . ( r'n inches ) ~, ^ \-~~ L- ^ !5 ~^ rs ,xs. - "H V- ^^^ ... -- -3 ,, w , fS /o S . _! J/tmospJlercc fre&sure , V ? -^ , x~^* oc.cH/ua:l . (in trtcAfff-/ r=^ k/ V- / ^ ft fr '-- A ' 5 ~ "* , H i \ A -^ - A- _ rr; to t S E II I : l FTM -y~ -4 VeciCY range of'Ternf?, \'\ r- 1 --j /^ V-r | - n -^ ^" ' ^ ^ i ^a Z H 1 . fO * j/ 1 N, ! C^icviT eiecv'-s fJV? 0f 1 $ /ft Ls- .A S~ 1 1 J ,t. - J 1- | I N/ V / - / \ f V- .> s/ A - \ Great e-sl cerr-secu Je 're J^' ^i dfty-s wiwnfftd rcctn. { trcc&t thirty Traces J o \ \ k .7 / / K S/ & jV J 2 v/ V. J J I X t Greet te-sf cortsect*.tir* t .JV ofdcy-s wif/feui retin o s - \ De TV -fo tni. (e&prefs) tAt o i s c u. r~ e , Gra.tnfj3cr Cttbicfost, t' 3 J f /7 ia .M *, * .6 <9 \ 1 ^ ''V J -^s | ^ / V ^ >s V \ v s ^^ h 1_ ^-. - fJa. Cu--atec/ ^//i f. J s \T S Ex /f' '/ 62 ] APPENDIX NO. /36 . YanJiion , S. DaKoia . 1891. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. t j ? 1 1 I 1 T 1 1 i 1 c| f 3 ? 1 4 1 I i i | | 1 1 Rccmfa.ll (inches) i, .> B / a t 3 .f 3 .'I --= ^ V | ^ V , ^ A B. ~^ V Rainy clays .(JK. of) 'S JO <; JllmosjjJiercc Pressure, etciuccl. f tn inches.) ^ J = ^ ^~- kr V o .J -j. /v ^ =v x- v \ \s x- X Jfbsolute monthly ranye aj Tempera iu.re.(&fyrefs) '^ / 5 i' 1 \ | \ \ A Daily ranye oflemjo. / T . til II S A f \ \ t\ j \ ^ V - 'j H i / i /\ \ t S / f \ / . ^ ' - Clear days . (JV.'of) n> /> .T JKean Jlo7i?hly ' / ' \ ^ \ \ \- . \ V \ / / /\ 1 Gtvadff? consecutive J- **&- l J ftf c J // iMnximum Temp ideyrets } j > J / // O * J i ! \ Si i- : 1 \ \ . - 1 7 ^^. f- J)ew~- ^01.77.1 ftzfy/'eej) I / / 7^. L '\ rr> k-J i of ofays miTtout ra.in. (ejcct^trtfTrxcrsJ 70 \ J 1 *** j s~ -^/ ^N \s h^ c J^Coisiure , (zraim jier Ctc&icfooi, f.1 l.o a 6 f ' '. . \ ^ X / !' \ L ^ / ' \/ S Ei /i/_ 52 I /1PPEND/X A/0. /37. ^Moorkead,, Jl^tinn. 189?. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. I \ I 4 \ | I | 4 1 j i 4 1 | 1 f 4 f 1 ^ 1 i? 1 jRa: t nf<%> (( f-cftc&es./ (> \ Mmos ^ er , cJ > rem 3 O a 3 ^~^* X I .? * *-^ ^/ x- "- 3 X^ Xx : #&**#"***' S V i S cccdtc&Z fen t-rtcjkes.) .3 t .y 2 .3 - Ji<zinjr <#y* {iMf*f.) t ^: ^^x \ "v" .-^ S ~~? .. v 1 "S/ S X= f/jfeTfflirfraz&tTTe./ttfprTees) J A / ' ^V y \ ~ / A / ,V A \- - /\ 1 = Daily rot-nye of Tetftf? St o /v 1 . V ^N^ i S O S \ s* x> IE \ / 4 -; C7leGC?~ e&cjr&.fj\r ' * cf) -5- </ J /t* :,- S / \ i \ \ ^ / j rh V */flfGG7^. i^&Lo?^ b'ZO'y w%4CJC('SfC~J f ft. J?Fflyjtifyr'rr&.} - r S / \ ' - \ \- X i-^ V - \ 1 Grcccsdc0?t3ecu&-r'e*fy* o/L&y& W,tstott1; rec^ft . */ / ftifc^ctcte rt& jfr"ix. cr& J S S fO L-- -> i^v \ -j V /- h-O'. A V e \ \ V A \ j \ / V fT VS. 1 ty cuty-? -W1-G/Z06CC -fcCf. ft . feJCccttftt.rt*' ^-r~*rc'ff -J /'j ^ ! A> | s^ ^^ff ^ y\ - \ \ , G.rc*ir7f>"r- Cfc^cjfot^ H .6 It V s s A / /\ \ at V ^ s % "/ s/ ^-.j + - S El /.?/ 63 APPENDIX NO. /38 . iSaini Vincenl, JbCinn. 1891. Comparative Curves of Monthly Deviations from Normal Values. I ? I 4 I j J I I I 1 1 1 1 I i I ^ J t 1 1 d 2 stai.rtfa.lf. ftTtfStcs.l .-: * 3 I r o t 3 .* j 3 t- A ^ ^ -, I / \ V- x^l X.J rec^t^cec^.f-e^t trtc/te-s ) \ \ " 'r rs ro S .; to . tettttCJ-&9 c-ncfees.) *. - ? '^ ^ ^ ^ ^. s?*^ *- Si: ! X* " ' _/ /v t ^ \ g ^.^S 1 X. - zzzzz O _. N i .. . _ . _ </ t i E r- 1 \ \ \r C"ftcc /- ci<x.y-s . (Jr? of.} A> S ' I _ *- \ I ^= "^ h ^^^- x ' s /Nj ; Jnaxtrrttsm 7e??zi!y/t&?rteij S3 /<-s O | I y N 1 \ v. ~r*S 3. A, s K / fcrea. dest 'consecu tew ety* tn 4 o ,5 1', x ^ ^x, ^/ S : / r^ ' \ * I f<> 3 G.-rea.'tes'f consecu &wj% i 10 -"s >/ - K / V. : ^ r- =- -w E L^fo i <s ^it re , f? t.<> .4 .u $ - ^ X | S fc../*T.? 52 1 NO Temperct tu, re . Comjoctratire Curves of&easonal-Devtafa'ortsfromJVbrmctt ffatues . PcTiod s. ! ff.uforct,JY.D. Bis7narc?,JVJ}. J? Vtrzcent, tMinn. JToorkead, JKirzn W87. 7S88. iVdy /j m/. 1397 /<*? ttfff M90 /i; 1387 tssa. /aty J89O. 169t >SB7 f988 t889 ^i'O /rf^/. .- -_-z /?? Quarter. /Jan. J?e6 ^tfa r-cA.j to a 6 + 2 -A- - A -A- A A S f -/ V / \ : -/-\ - . ' i i=\ ! \ _ / / / \ u y V >r O -2 <* 1 3 =/ \ / / \-y =1 ^qi! /- -\V" /- -v- /- 3E 1 / Z&Quartffr. (vfotrtf. -JKctjr. JitrteJ # * * z p \ -/^ sr \ ^r -V . j V 2 / \ s -2 V- -v^ -\7 h=^ -v 32* Quarter. f,.7i*ty: ~tft<y. tTejat.J (, - t-2 -z _ K*** 4* # Quarter. fOcf.JV0r.Dec) S t * + z O A / \ /\ f \ iE5i h^-V i ^^v j/^K ^ f- /*. / \ /~^ 7 \ /"^" ^ N^ / *^s \ / 'v^/ \ / ^^/ \ / S \ / / "j / \ / / / / * / f / / / / Winter. fJan.jfy6Ja7-ck.Oc{.J?erJ)ecj 6 ? + z a z * /^ /v / X /^ /v / J jt : / ^ / 'S / r^= \. j ^v / ^v J " ~-~., / \ *^' -/ y / ,/ /~ ^x -/- > 7^ s> ^^ ^ Summer 1 . ffl>r.Mfy:<7urce.Jufy. vfuy.jSepi. t f t-2 O . - - . \^ -..*'*" ^^ w-r' ^^ <^ y t J/9ry Season. h7ac.Tt. _fei>. JVor.j)ecJ 6 + Z O ~ z * f - / , I ^^*^. * / / -/ - "' ^-' I /-v. 5K5Z ^* -^ 1 ^* "^TT^ JC m ^- ./ -^- j J i / / ^ -y- We tSea&ort . hJfarcA.^f i i/Wctjr. Jitrze. i/Ufy-. J7t(cf.t5fej&.(?cf..) a 6 < *-2 O - 2 V -7^; \ ^ s v,_^ yv^ -r ^_ "X. x/ \ / \/ ^^/ ^ N / \ ^/rrru<zjE)cv-cct&oK. i t y -*- X. O -t f t i - - z ^V". c. 7^ ^^ s 7^ "^"l ^f ^^ ~~ *^ -- ' S Ei ./-?/. S2 1 APPEND/X NO. 14O . Temperature . Cur res Pttriofls. ft/a ch.J Jfu ro?? , /5T.Z?. rsaa A raa? /<$ /wr IMS. t Yanfifcn, SJ). L 4- N/ Winter. :/^4 fan J?el> Wet Season -7^ t 6 f + 2 O - Z V 6 /VO. Precipitation. Comparative Curves of&easonalJJeriatzonsfromJVbrmott '88 ffS8 t883 1890 7497. 8 Er .AS./ .52 1 APPEND/* NO. Precipitation . CoTryoaratire Curves oftS'ea.&onal-De'riationsJ'romJVb rmct T/atizes . Periods 1688. mo. IfapicCCttytfJ). rasa. nsr tsar /^Quarter. ro 8 6 t- 4-Z O -Z. 2**i '{.-Jfccy.t/i. V Winter. 6 4 + 2 /Summer. "XX -Dry /Seaport, f-2 O -2 f son + ?. o -I 6 8 S Ex ./-f/. 62 1 APPENDIX No. 143. Xumber of areas of loir pressure traversing the region inclosed by the parallels of 42 and 54 north latitude and Ihr meridians of 95 and 105 treat longitude. Year. .hiii. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1882 5 5 6 r, i 4 ,| 1 10 3 3 55 1883 2 ;, 2 2 2 6 4 3 t; 7 51 1884 5 g .-, 4^ 3 4 7 12 11 i; 1 71 1885 8 6 2 5 4 7 4 4 3 4 4 56 1886 .| 6 7 t 8 3 5 7 7 5 !l 4 69 1887 !> 2 8 9 8 4 3 5 7 7 7 4 73 1888 4 r. 5 8 3 8 4 4 5 7 1 4 58 1889 3 i; 2 5 <> 5 9 5 7 7 2 7 60 1890 5 i; 5 6 8 4 6 8 6' 4 7 g 74 1891 6 6 "> 5 5 6 6 8 9 7 e 9 81 6 5 5 5 g 5 6 6 6 5 5 65 APPENDIX No. 144. Average number of centers of low pressure passing within 150 miles of the station. Five years, 1887- 1891. Station. Jan. 1Y1>. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. 2 3 I 3 3 4 3 Aug. Kept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. Fort Buford, N. Dak 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 a o n 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 n n 2 2 2 3 4 2 1 1 2 1. 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 J 1 1 1 1 3 A 2 2 2 2 22 26 29 21 24 24 24 L'3 Bismarck, N. Dak. St. Vincent, Minn Huron S Dak Rapid City S Dak Fort Sullv S Dak Yankton S Dak Means . 2 2 2 - 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 24 205 APPENDIX No. 145. Mean monthly actual barometric pressure. [All observations corrected for temperature and instrumental error only. Fifteen -year normals from " Hazen's Tables.' Station. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. I'lisiimrck, N. Dak 28.22 28. 22 28.21 28.15 28.12 28.12 28.17 28.18 28.18 28.18 28.21 28.22 St. Vincent, Minn . 9.21 9.22 9. 19 9.13 9.08 9.04 9.06 9.08 9.09 9.12 9.17 it. 20 Moorhcad, Minn Fort Buford, N. Dak IViitUvood. S. Dak Huron 8 Dak 9.07 7. !Hi r>. 1'5 8.68 9.06 7.98 5. 26 8.66 9.04 7.96 r>. so 8 64 8. 96 7.92 5.30 8.56 8.93 7.89 5.33 8 5-1 8.90 7.87 5. :!7 x .-,:; 8.95 7.93 r>. n 8 :>8 8.97 7.94 5.44 8.59 8.97 7. 95 5.43 8 61 8. !I.X 7.96 5. 39 8 61 9.08 7.97 5. 35 8 65 9. (Hi 8. 00 5. 30 8 68 Rapid City, S. Dak. 1 Yankton 8. Dak 6.62 8.78 6.56 8.76 6.59 8.72 6.61 8.64 6. 57 8. 62 6.53 8.62 6.64 8. 66 6.65 8. 68 6.65 8. 69 6.61 8.71 6. 66 8.74 6.56 8.77 Kurt Sully S Dak 8.35 s. :;i s. :n 8.26 8.21 8.21 8.27 S. "9 8. HI) 8.31 8.34 8. 36 Valeiit iiif iS'eln 1 -' .' .. 7.30 7.28 7. -'II 7.26 7. "5 7.23 7.30 7.3] 7. 31 7.33 7.32 7.28 1 1088-1891. ' September, 1886-December, 1891. APPENDIX No. 146. Mi-tn> monthly rrtlwrtl Jmrometriu pressure. [All observations < urrerird ;uid reduced to sea level. Fifteen-year normals from " Ha/.en's Tables."] Station. Jan. fob. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. An-;. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Bismarck, N. Dak 30. 1!) 30. 16 30.10 29. 97 29. 89 29.86 29.90 29.92 29.9r, 30. 00 30. (IS 30. 11 St. Vincent, Minn 0.18 0.18 0.12 0.01' 9. 91 9.89 9.91 9.93 9.95 0.00 0.09 II. 15 Moorlirad. Minn 0.17 0. 15 0.10 9.98 9.93 9.87 9.91 9.94 9.96 (UK) 0.08 0.15 Tort Hnloicl. N. Dak 0.17 0.17 0.08 9.97 9. S!l 9.84 9.88 9.90 9.95 0.01 0.08 0.17 1 lead \\ 1, s. 1 >ak 0. IX 0.17 0.10 0. 01 9.93 9.88 9.91 9. 91 9.99 0.01 0. 11 (I. IS Huron. S. Dak 0.21 0.17 0.10 9.98 9.98 9.90 9. 91 9. 95 0.00 0.03 0.11 0. 19 Rapid City, s. DaU. 1 0. 19 0.12 0.09 0.00 9.93 9. 82 9,89 9.92 9.97 0.01 0.14 0. 05 Vanklon, S. Dak 0. 20 0.16 0.09 9. 117 9.92 9. 90 9.93 9. 95 9. 98 0. 03 0. 11 0.17 Fort, Sully. S. Dak 0.20 0.17 0. 09 9. 99 9,89 '1 86 9.91 ' 9. 91 9.99 0. 03 0. 11 0. 17 Valentine, Nebr. 2 0. 18 0.14 0.10 9.99 9.93 9.86 9.93 9.96 9. 99 0.06 0. 12 0. 11 206 ' 1888-1891. 2 September, 1885-Decembcr, 1891. TracKs ofJJreas ofLowPressure. (Storm Centers.) January. SYears. 7887-189 J. ros' mr~ to<?' ros' '04' 103' >oz" rot" 100" 99' ye' 9S' 94' 93 &" Sf' 9O' 8 Ex /> / 62 1 * 74-8. TracKs ofJlreas ofLowPressure. (Storm Centers) february. ^1887-" tog' ror' roe' ms 104' io> roz ror' roa* 99' fa' 97* ff' 9f' 9+' 93' 02' sf ao* TracKs ofJlreas of LowPressure. (Storm Centers.) KM' mr' iOf' ns >o*' ms' 101' rat" toe" 99' j>' 97' ss' 9f st' 93' 92' sr 90 8 Br /f? 62 I -X- ? 75O. TracJCs ofJJreas of LowPressure. (Storm Centers.) J^lpril. /<?" tor' tof' tos ro* 103" / fat' toe' 99' fa' 97* 9e' s>f' 94' 93 jiz' sr so' ri Ez /.: ; /.. 63 1 r 45 5: oafl ^F /5"/. TracKs ofJlreas ofLowPressure. (Storm Centers) May. 5 Years /887 - 1891. 100* 99' 99* S7 ye' 9f' 3*' 93" ya' Sf' ao' 4r ^ La/ 7V? 752 . TracKs ofJlreas of LowPressure. (Storm Centers.) June. 5 Years. 7887-7891. rat' too' 99" ^*f 94' 93' 02' sr so ^irpoVg TracKs oft/Ireas of LowPressure. (Storm Centers.) fffT' roe" ros* fo* fos* foz" rot " too" 99' S3* 97* $e* &$* 94* 93* &g" / &o" ^ * TracKs of Areas of Low Pressure . (Storm. Centers) las' far' >o<r" >oe' >4 roa roe" #* 100' 99' ** 97 se' f' 9** 93 sz s>' so* =4 ' 755. TracKs of Areas of LowPressure. (Storm Centers) 5 Year*. 7887- 7891. toe' tor' roe' las' >o* ras roz' 93' .99 yy se' 9f' 9*' 93' .92" s/ so' f<y t ov i " ^ TracKs of^reas ofLowPressure. (Storm Centers] October*, 5 Years. 7887- 7891.^ i ^ <; 4: TracKs ofJlreas of LowPressitre. (Storm 5 Year*. 7887 -/891. 8 Ex tSLT 52 1 ^ r > 7S8. TracKs of Areas ofLowPressure. (Storm Centers.) J/ecexnoer*. 5 Year*. 7887 - 7897. ' 1OO 99' 33' 97" fe' 8 St...../:?./ 52 1 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO S1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. OCT 25 1933 . ' 29W b ^ "'J^SUHW -7 MAR 081988 l'lnr\ w O WOO igigi ' B8 LD 21-100m-7,'39(402s) YE 00862 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES &C98+ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY