B H lag aso 
 
 RELIM1NARY REPORT 
 
 ON THE- 
 
 
 FIRST SEASOtt'K WORK 
 
 OP THE 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 OF YESSO, 
 
 BENJAMIN SMITH LYMAN. 
 
 TOKE1: 
 
 i SHED BT Ti-' ; KAITAKI 
 
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 tSQ.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"V^VXVXVXVXXySXXy ^XV^XW^XXVx-^-V^^V^^ 
 
PRELIMINARY REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 FIEST SEASON'S WOEK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 OF YESSO, 
 
 BY 
 
 BENJAMIN SMITH LYMAN. 
 
 TOKEI: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE KAITAKTJSHI, 
 1874. 
 
EARTH 
 SCIENCES 
 
Preliminary Report on the FirstaSeason's Work 
 of the Geological Survey of Yesso. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Nature of Survey 
 
 Limits of Survey 
 
 General Plan 
 
 Fossils 4 
 
 Topographical Method "> 
 
 Advantages for studying the Geology 
 
 setting forth 6 
 
 Surveying required of the Geologist himself ... 6 
 
 Assistants 6 
 
 Their good behavior 7 
 
 General nature of their work ... 8 
 
 Benefit of the work to them 8 
 
 Instruments 9 
 
 Office work 9 
 
 Choice of points to Survey 10 
 
 Economy of Geological Surveys 10 
 
 History of Operations 11 
 
 'End of April to 1st July 11 
 
 1st July to beginning of October. . . 12 
 
 Beginning of October to middle -of November 13 
 
 Geology of the Region surveyed 15 
 
 Alluvium 15 
 
 New 15 
 
 Old 16 
 
 Volcanic-pebble Rocks 16 
 
 Volcanic Rocks 17 
 
 Toshibets Karaf to System 18 
 
 Coal Bearing Rocks 18 
 
 Hornmui Kavafto System' 19 
 
 Toshibets Kuril System 20 
 
 Economic Geology -" 
 
 Coal .< .'. 20 
 
 Knytiuoma 20 
 
 Situation and Geology 20 
 
 Coal Beds 21 
 
 / Shipping 21 
 
 Tramway 21 
 
 Harbor 
 
 Hornxnui 23 
 
 Situation and extent 23 
 
 Geology 23 
 
II 
 
 Coal Beds 24 
 
 Shipping 24 
 
 Kudow 25 
 
 Iron Sand 25 
 
 Yurap to Otoshibe 26 
 
 Kobui village 27 
 
 Southwesterly of Kobui 27 
 
 Shirikishinai 28 
 
 Komangadake 28 
 
 Whole amount 29 
 
 Sulphur o<) 
 
 Esan 29 
 
 Tarumai . . 3} 
 
 Iwaonobori . . 32 
 
 Nuburibets 32 
 
 Oi Lake 33 
 
 Kobui : 33 
 
 Whole Amount 34 
 
 Limestone 34 
 
 Garonosawa 34 
 
 Ishizaki 35 
 
 Kamiyunosawa 35 
 
 Washinoki 35 
 
 Traces elsewhere ... 36 
 
 Gold . ;;; 36 
 
 Toshibets . 3g 
 
 Kudow 37 
 
 Esashi 33 
 
 Jimikishi 3g 
 
 Other Rivers 38 
 
 Whole Amount 33 
 
 Rock Tar 33 
 
 Washinoki 39 
 
 Yamukushinai 49 
 
 Idzumisawa 41 
 
 Mineral Springs ... 41 
 
 Table \\\ '" 42 
 
 Summary . 4^ 
 
SHIBA, YEDO ; 25ra DECEMBER, 1873. 
 
 To the Honorable K. KURODA, 
 
 Jikuwan of the Kaitakuslii. 
 SIR, 
 
 My orders on leaving Sapporo were to report to yon 
 fully at Yedo in regard to the past season's geological 
 wjrk in Yesso. As it will take some time yet to work 
 up the details and set them forth in maps and fnll 
 reports, I hasten now after arriving at Yedo to give 
 you a sketch of what has been done, its nature and its 
 probable results. 
 
 The work according to your instructions has been 
 confined to the four south-westernmost provinces, 
 Oshirna, Shiribets, Iburi and Ishcari, about one-third 
 of the island. Indeed only the lower part of the pro- 
 vince of Tshcari was visited, by the direction of Governor 
 MA.TSMOTO ; since nothing of mineral value was reported 
 from the upper Welters, and it would have taken three 
 months or more to visit them, and there was little 
 
prospect of seeing much of geological interest without 
 making, in addition, long and difficult excursions away 
 from the almost unvarying alluvial plains that border 
 the river itself. 
 
 Within the region examined the aim has been to learn 
 something definite in regard to a few important points 
 at least, rather than even to go over much more ground 
 and obtain only vague and wholly imperfect information ; 
 since it is certain that the one method gives results ten. 
 times more valuable than the other. All places, how- 
 ever, where useful minerals were reported to exist have 
 been visited, with scarcely a single exception, even 
 though they often proved to be worthless either in 
 quantity or quality ; and in passing from one point to 
 another, an effort has been made to learn as far as 
 possible the general geology of the region aside from 
 its useful minerals merely. 
 
 For this purpose also a number of fossils have been 
 collected at several places ; and they will probably be 
 useful not only in recognising rocks of the same age at 
 other points in Yesso, but in determining their age as 
 compared with the rocks of the rest of the world, and 
 so possibly enabling conjectures to be formed sometimes 
 of the quantity and quality of certain minerals they are 
 likely to contain. A more minute study of the fossils is 
 of great interest to paleontologists and of great value for 
 the progress of learning, and I would urgently recom- 
 mend placing the collection in the hands of somebody 
 specially skilled in such matters, to be studied, described 
 and published. As our libraries here in Japan are too 
 defective in this branch of learning, to say nothing of 
 the lack of a man well fitted for the study, it would 
 probably be best to send the fossils abroad. There are 
 yet too few fossils and too little prospect of large ad- 
 ditions to the number hardly to "justify the employment 
 
hero for the present at least of a foreign paleontologist 
 for Yesso alone. For the education of the youth of 
 Japan, in general, it would however no doubt be de- 
 sirable to have such a foreigner come here, and if one 
 should come, these fossils might be turned over to him. 
 
 In the survey, the American, Pennsylvanian topogra- 
 phical method has been used ; for the creation and im- 
 provement of which, not only in its working details on 
 the small scale, but in the discovery of its. general laws 
 on a large scale, geology owes so mucl} to Professor 
 J. PETER LESLEY, of Philadelphia ; as I had the honour- 
 of showing about two years, ago in a paper read to the 
 American Institute of Mining Engineers. That method 
 is indeed, as compared with others in geology, what 
 quantitative analysis in chemistry is to mere qualitative 
 analysis, and is no less important for theoretical purposes, 
 than it is useful for practical ones. It strives to de- 
 termine the extent and position of mineral deposits both 
 underground and at their outcrop, by means of laying 
 down on paper the shape of the surface of the ground 
 (bf contour lines), as well as all the dips and strikes of 
 the rocks that can be- observed ; so that the contour of 
 any rock bed or vein may be drawn as it is even under- 
 ground, and its contents above or below any given level 
 or within any given limits rqay be calculated. In short, 
 the surface and the deposit are geometrically constructed 
 on paper. Of course, just as a chemical quantitative 
 analysis may be more or less exact according to the 
 difficulties of the case, so these geological surveys are 
 only roughly exact when poor instruments are used or 
 when the case is specially difficult; "but in almost any 
 case are far better than merely qualitative observations 
 alone. They are, in fact, as far as they go, definite and 
 precise ; while ordinary geological surveying, so called, 
 
gives vague and conjectural results, just as tlie qual- 
 itative analysis of a mineral enables the quantitative 
 composition only to be guessed at. 
 
 The topographical method moreover gives by its maj s 
 very much the best means of compactly and clearly 
 setting forth to others, observed geological facts and 
 the conclusions arrived at. From such a representation 
 of the facts, inferences can readily be drawn by others 
 independently of the observer's opinions, confirming or 
 opposing his judgment. The results of the season's 
 work then will be not merely personal opinions, but 
 facts so gathered and arranged that in future any other 
 geologist can form his own conclusions from thrm with 
 no need of revisiting the ground, unless a more d( tailed 
 survey should be desired. 
 
 A quantitative measurement naturally requires much 
 more time and work than a mere qualitative one ; and 
 that has hindered the more general adoption of LESLEY'S 
 method in countries where time and work are -dear, in 
 spite of its abundantly countervailing advantages ; and 
 has even caused professed geologists to remain in 
 ignorance of it and of its merits. There is perhaps 110 
 country in the world whose surface has already been 
 topographically mapped minutely enough to answer in 
 a detailed measurement of the rock deposits ; and only 
 few countries which have been mapped well enough for 
 somewhat more general geological purposes. It is there- 
 fore necessary for the geologist to undertake the map- 
 ping of the surface as well as of the underground 
 features ; and he can do it better for his purpose than 
 a mere topographer, because his work is guided by the 
 geological structure. 
 
 The assistants you kindly furnished me have added 
 very much to the amount of work that could have been 
 done by any one man ; even though they were young 
 
and inexperienced, and for the most part wholly ignorant 
 at the outset, not only of geology but of surveying, 
 drawing and even almost of common arithmetic. They 
 have been very useful, partly because they have eagerly 
 and rapidly learned what they could in a very short 
 time ; airl partly because siich surveys require much 
 work of a comparatively very simple character. 
 
 Mr. HENRY S. MUNROE, the American assistant, was, by 
 his former studies, much better fitted than the Japanese 
 assistants for undertaking such work, although it was in 
 great part practically new to him. He entered upon it 
 with interest and intelligence, and has worked industri- 
 ously and faithfully. He was especially useful at first 
 in teaching the others drawing, and in the field has 'had 
 charge of the details of the work of one-half of them 
 and the whole' management of the gold surveys, under 
 very general instructions. Of the Japanese assistants 
 Mr. T. YAMAUCHI by his greater age and therefore more 
 advanced education and matured judgment has easily 
 stood at the head. Mr. H. SATOW, besides, his remark- 
 able success as interpreter and his good service as an 
 assistant in surveying, has with admirable zeal made for 
 us an excellent botanical collection. My quartermaster 
 since August, Mr. Y. AKIYAMA, from mere love of 
 learning, frequently made himself very useful also in 
 surveying though it was quite outside of his required 
 duties to do so. He has therefore more than replaced 
 the single assistant whom it was found necessary to 
 dismiss. Mr. MUNROE'S quartermaster, Mr. S. ICHIGHI, 
 has kindly improved the opportunity of his abundant 
 leisure on the Toshibets by making an interesting col- 
 lection of insects. All the assistants, (including besides 
 those already named, Messrs. INAGAKI, KUWADA, MISAWA, 
 TAKAHASHI, KADA, SAKA and SAITO), with a laudable desire 
 .to do even more than their mere duty, and to help 
 
forward the interests of the survey and with eagerness 
 for their own improvement have done more than could 
 be reasonably exacted from them ; or, at any rate, in 
 addition to bearing many hardships cheerfully, have 
 worked harder both bodily and mentally than even 
 laboring nien in Japan are commonly expected to work 
 with their bodies alone. 
 
 I have tried to turn the assistants' services to the best 
 account by giving them the simpler but more time- 
 taking work to do, while I myself (after they had had 
 a few weeks' practice) visited a larger number of places 
 more rapidly, and attended especially to purely geological 
 observations, where either little other work was required, 
 or Where it was done by the rest. 
 
 Besides the aid they have given, notice should be 
 taken of the benefit to them and to the empire of the 
 knowledge these Japanese have gained by their season's 
 labor. They are not only the first Japanese but the first 
 Asiatics to undertake the study and practice of geology ; 
 and although, the training of native geologists in India 
 has been begun nearly at the same time, (or is soon to 
 begin), I trust that ours will continue to take the lead, 
 and that Japan will become in a few years independent 
 of foreign countries in their profession. The young 
 assistants have not only learned something of surveying 
 and geology, but have in the field work, had under them 
 each two or more laborers for rod-men and choppers, 
 and have therefore gained a little" experience in the 
 management of men a matter of very great consequence, 
 if they are ever to be put in charge of important mining 
 works. It is, however, a matter too apt to be wholly 
 neglected in the training of the young men in all but 
 the military schools of foreign countries, although quite 
 as needful in civil or mining engineering or in agricul- 
 tural affairs as in military. 
 
On account of the shortness of the time for prepara- 
 tion and practice before going into the field, the Japanese 
 Mssisfcants neither learned the use of the larger and more 
 exact kinds of surveying instruments, nor were such 
 instruments received in time and in numbers enough to 
 be made much use of ; in fact only two came to hand in 
 the course of the summer, and one of them in a poor 
 condition. The surveys therefore were almost wholly 
 made with small and in part badly made instruments, 
 generally without the useful occasional checks of a larger 
 one. Still, the surveys made this season were mostly of 
 a somewhat preliminary nature and required less exact- 
 ness than would be needed in the actual working of a 
 mine ; and they are in that respect probably satisfactory 
 enough for present purposes. The measurements were 
 mostly made with prismatic compasses, hand levels, 
 aneroids and pacing ; and owing to the partial balancing 
 of the numerous small errors, sometimes less sometimes 
 more than the exact truth, the errors of the results were 
 far less than inexperienced surveyors would suppose. 
 Between the exactness of such results and merely con- 
 jectural mapping, by even the best head most familiar 
 with the ground, there is simply no comparison whatever. 
 For another season it would be very desirable to have at 
 least a few somewhat larger, light, more correctly made 
 instruments, by which with a stadia both compass or 
 transit running and levelling and the measurement of 
 distinces could be done almost or quite as rapidly as 
 they could be with this year's instruments and much 
 more exactly. Surveys with such instruments of the 
 better kind would be satisfactory as far as they went for 
 working maps in any possible future mining. 
 
 It is a great advantage to have the first rough mapping 
 of such surveys keep pace from day to day with the field 
 work, but owing to the changeableness of the climate, 
 
10 
 
 (which sometimes brought several rainy days together), 
 and owing to the inexperience of the assistants in office 
 work, so that it would have required more time, and for 
 other reasons, it was on the whole thought advisable, this 
 year at least, to leave much of even the rough mapping 
 to be done in the winter after returning to Yedo. This 
 arrangement has enabled somewhat more field-work to 
 be done, and has made the employment of the laborers 
 and some other matters rather more convenient ; but 
 besides, the disadvantage with respect to the surveys 
 themselves will lessen the time that the assistants can 
 give to other practice and studies during the winter, 
 and will therefore leave them next spring less well fitted 
 than they otherwise would have been for another season's 
 work. 
 
 In determining the importance of the points to be 
 more carefully surveyed, regard was had chiefly to their 
 mining value ; for the importance of any one of them 
 in respect to theoretical geology was sure to be great 
 enough ; and it was likely that those that should be 
 specially studied would throw such light on the general 
 geology of the island as to make it comparatively easy 
 to fill up the gaps with sufficient exactness by the time 
 the whole of Yesso should have been gone over on the 
 present system. In regard to the general geology of 
 the field of this year's work some important points 
 remain still undetermined, such as the relative age and 
 the superficial extent of certain groups of rocks ; but 
 some of them will perhaps be made known by the 
 winter's mapping ; while others may be cleared up by 
 the surveys of other parts of the island, or may possibly 
 require special examination at some future time. 
 
 Many places were visited where valuable minerals had 
 been supposed to exist, but where they proved to be 
 deficient either in quantity or in quality. Indeed, on 
 
11 
 
 the island of Yesso as almost everywhere else the chief 
 directly practical benefit of a geological survey is far 
 more in saving the expense of foolish outlay in mining 
 worthless deposits than even in guiding productive work, 
 and much money would have already been saved in 
 Yesso if competent men had long ago been employed to 
 examine the deposits properly, and authoritatively dis- 
 courage the working of mines whose ruins now remain 
 MS marks of the hopefulness of human nature. This 
 hopefulness here, as in other countries, leads most men to 
 the ruinous belief that the part of a deposit that is 
 hidden deep within the earth, is better than the part 
 exposed near the surface ; so that good deposits are sure 
 to be worked however unskilfully even without the re- 
 commendation of a geologist ; while bad ones are apt 
 also to be tried until his advice puts an end to further 
 waste of money. It would be very interesting if the 
 millions wasted all over the world in foolish mining 
 that would have been prevented by a good geological 
 examination could be compared on the one hand with 
 the perhaps hardly greater profits of successful mining, 
 and on the other with the relatively trifling cost of such 
 a survey. 
 
 On coming to Yesso towards the end of April we went 
 at once to -Sapporo according to the instructions given 
 at Yedo, expecting to begin at that time the survey of 
 the country to the north, hitherto geologically unexplored. 
 But owing to the reported high stage of the Ishcari 
 Hiver we were directed to go first southward for forty or 
 fifty days to the coal mines at Kayanoma and its neigh- 
 borhood. After finishing the coal survey, I sent Messrs. 
 MQNBOE, SATOW, INAGAKI, MISAWA, KADA and SAKA still 
 further southward to make a somewhat detailed survey 
 of the Toshibets gold region, against my visit t,here in 
 September, and then to go on towards Hakodate ; as 
 
12 
 
 they afterwards did, making rapid surveys of the small 
 gold regions near Kudow and Esashi, and of the lead 
 mines at Yurap. The other five assistants and myself 
 arrived again in Sapporo at the end of ahout fifty days 
 having visited the gypsum at Yunai in the Raiden 
 mountain (apparently too poor to work) ; the zinc blende, 
 galena and copper pyrites vein near Yudomari and Sak- 
 kadzuki (quite too thin to work) ; and the place of the 
 supposed traces of coal at Furubira (merely a lump of 
 coal that had been brought, no doubt, by some boat or 
 by the hand of a mail, and dropped on the river shore). 
 On the way, moreover, according to instructions, we 
 went quite around the Shakotan peninsula, without how- 
 ever hearing of any minerals of economical importance ; 
 though we had an interesting view of the rocks as we 
 passed along, sometimes by land where there were roads, 
 at other times by sea. After a week of office work and 
 preparation we set out from Sapporo for the coal field 
 On the Horumui, a branch of the Ishcari ; from a rapid 
 survey of which we returned to Sapporo in just a month, 
 after many unexpected delays occasioned by the weather 
 and other causes beyond my control. 
 
 From Sapporo I sent Mr. YAMAUCHI and the three 
 other assistants then left with me, to Horikap to make 
 a small addition t6 the Kayanoma survey, against my 
 revisiting that place in company with General CAPRON ; 
 and myself visited the blende,, galena, pyrites and or- 
 piment place (worthless as it turned out) near the Jozan 
 hot-springs on the upper waters of the Toyahira ; and 
 afterwards according to instructions, accompanied General 
 OAPKOtf to the mouth of the Ishcari, to Tobets, and then 
 to Iwanai, Horikap and Kayanoina, on the way visiting 
 the pyrites place near Rubeshibe, which proved however 
 to be quite insignificant. After inspecting the work of 
 the four assistants at Horikap and making a survey of 
 
13 
 
 the Chatsunai and Stiibui harbors and a visit of explora- 
 tion across the mountain to the Furubira River, I took 
 the assistants to the Ivvaonobori Sulphur place, and made 
 with their help a hasty survey of it. From there I sent 
 them to begin surveys at Yamukushinai and Washinoki ; 
 while with Mr. AKIYAMA I went myself across the Shiri- 
 bets valley to Usu on the east coast, and visited the 
 sulphur place there, which turned out to be wholly un- 
 important. We went thence still further north-eastward 
 along the coast to the sulphur place at Nuburibets 
 hot-spring, and then to the one on the top of Tai*umai 
 volcano. Returning south-westward we visited some 
 newly discovered Ores of zinc, lead arid copper on the 
 Horobets, and found them too poor to work ; and also 
 investigated a reported discovery of coal at the mouth of 
 the Washibets near Mororan ; but it proved to be several 
 lumps of coal that had been washed ashore from a 
 wrecked steanier. Then following the sea shore as far 
 as Kunnui, we went to the gold mines on the Toshibets ; 
 but as Mr. MUNKOE had just gone with his party to 
 the Kudow gold field and by some mistake had left none 
 of his mapping behind and no special information in 
 regard to the surveys he had made, after a day or two of 
 examination of the gold washings we went to Yamuku- 
 shinai. Here with the help of the rough mapping of 
 Mi; YAMAUCHI'S party the oil place and the iron ore sand 
 of the beach were examined and the daily yield of oil 
 was measured. 
 
 Fronl Yamukushinai Mr. AKIYAMA and I made a short 
 trip to the old lead mines of Yurap, and left somewhat 
 detailed instructions in regard the survey to be made 
 there by Mr. MUNROE and his party. Thence we went to 
 Washinoki, visiting the Bord and Kusuri hot-springs 
 while passing Ofcosliibe. At Washinoki, the oil place was 
 visited rtn<l the geological observations of Mr. YAMAUCHI 
 
14 
 
 and his party were reviewed, and their other work just 
 then finished was inspected. They were then sent to 
 Idzumisawa to make in like manner a map of the oil 
 place there. Mr. AEIYAMA and I fixed the position of 
 the Washinoki limestone, and visited the Nigorikawa hot- 
 springs and the Torizaki insignificant lignite and oil gas, 
 all near Washinoki. Then going south-eastward along 
 the shore, we visited the Tomi hot-springs near Shikabe ; 
 the sulphur place (unimportant as it proved) on the top 
 of Komangadake ; the Shikabe hot-springs ; tho Isoya 
 hot-springs ; the Kemushitomari lignite bet \veen Isoya 
 and Kuniadomari (found to be quite unworkable ) ; the 
 Obctne hot-springs; the Kakumi ho t- springs ; and the 
 Esan sulphur mines of some importance. Then turning 
 south-westward and westward along the shore towards 
 Hakodate, we visited the Kobui gray sulphur mines ; 
 the Kobui iron sand ; the Setarai worthless pyrites and 
 calc spar ; the Ishizaki limestone ; the Yunokawa hot- 
 spring ; the Yunokawa kaolin ; the Kami- Yunosawa 
 limestone and hot spring. Then westward from Hako- 
 date we visited the Idzumisawa (or Kamaya) oil spring, 
 and with Mr. YAMAUCHI and his party reviewed their 
 geological observations and inspected their whole survey 
 at that time about finished. Then we visited the Moheji- 
 kawa brick kilns and clay pits ; the Tomigawa lignite 
 (quite unworkable, as it proved) ; and the Ichinowatari 
 long abandoned lead mines (very justly abandoned as it 
 seems). Then, with Messrs. YAMAUCHI and TAKAHASHI, 
 we visited the very abundant lime-stone of Graronosawa ; 
 and on our return were joined by Messrs. KUVVADA and 
 SAITO, and we all came to Hakodate on the first of 
 November, the field work all done. The next day was 
 very stormy and much snow fell at the Yurap mines 
 where Mr. MUXROE'S party had been working ; and they 
 all hastened, in accordance with my instructions, to 
 
15 
 
 II iknd-ifo. Thoy arrived on tbe seventh ; on the ninth 
 much more snow fell even around Hakodate ; and on 
 l!ii' tenth we all sailed for Yokohama and came directly 
 to Yodo. 
 
 The part of Yesso surveyed so far, contains the follow- 
 ing; ETi'onps of rocks : 
 
 O O L 
 
 AlhiviiiMi, new and old. 
 
 Volcanic-pebble Bocks. 
 
 Volcanic Rocks. 
 
 Rocks of the Toshibets Karafto System of Folds. 
 
 Coal bearing Rocks, or Rocks of the Hoiiunni Kuril 
 System of Folds. 
 
 Rocks of the Horumui Karafto System of Folds. 
 
 Rocks of the Toshibets Kuril System of Folds. 
 Alluvium. Along the Ishcari River are rich alluvial 
 plains, in all about fifteen miles (six ri) wide and forty 
 miles (sixteen ri) long ; and similar smaller plains are 
 found bordering all the large streams, the Shiribets, 
 Toshibets, Yoichi River, Horikap, Yurap, and many 
 others not so large, making admirable farming sites, 
 only with the lack of roads at present. The soil indeed 
 seems to be very good even on the uplands, and supports 
 a rich growth of wild plants. The chief exception is in 
 the neighborhood of Tarumai volcano, where for many 
 miles around even the low plains by the sea-shore have 
 so lately been covered by pumice as very much to lessen 
 their fertility. Yet even here a rich black soil, in some 
 places six feet thick, exists at the depth of only about 
 a foot below the surface of the ground. 
 
 On the Horumui, the Toyahira and elsewhere beds of 
 lignite and peat three feet or more thick are exposed in 
 this alluvium, very recent looking lignite with the woody 
 fibres and form plainly seen. This lignite is also found 
 in bits on the Shiribets and on the Furubira. At Kobui 
 there are eight feet or more of pent. 
 
16 
 
 A somewhat older alluvial deposit almost every where 
 along the coast forms gently sloping plains from a few 
 yards wide to several hundred between the mountains 
 and the sea-shore often spread out in fan shape just out- 
 side the mouth of narrow valleys ; and as it has been 
 eaten into by the sea it forms bluffs in many places. 
 The bluffe are not by any means always made up wholly 
 of the alluvium, but often merely capped by it. The 
 height of the top of the bluffs is often pretty uniform 
 for a good distance, but varies in different places from 
 a score of feet to a couple of hundred. Such gently 
 sloping plains at the top of bluffs have been called 
 marine terraces in Yesso, and their materials a terrace 
 deposit ; but bluff deposit would perhaps be a better 
 name. True marine (or lake) terraces seem, to have been 
 found nowhere on the shore except two or three one 
 above another near Hakodate, especially at Idzumisawa. 
 If they were caused by different stages of sea level it 
 would be strange not to find similar terraces on other 
 parts of the coast. Possibly therefore the sea between 
 Yesso and Nippon (either in part or wholly), was once 
 a closed basin with the water standing successively at 
 different heights. The rocks- that chiefly make up the 
 terraces are muph older and firmer than the loose alluvial 
 matter with which they are covered, so that they may 
 have lasted since the time when the outline of the land 
 was so very different ; and volcanic action may have 
 hastened the changes, 
 
 Volcanic-pebble Rocks. Much of thp western part of 
 this portion of the Island is covered with rocks that are 
 chiefly made up of pebbles of volcanic rocka. Such 
 pudding rocks are found especially in great thickness 
 around Iwanai and along th,e coast northward around 
 the Shakotan peninsula. The pebbles (sometimes very 
 large, even three feet) are of various kinds and are often 
 
17 
 
 different from the finer sand-like materials in which they 
 sometimes lie embedded, and they are often very much 
 rounded as if by water. These beds of rock have been 
 called " tufa conglomerates " but would seem rather to 
 be the result of the wearing away of volcanic rocks by 
 water. They have much the same dips as the coal 
 bearing rocks, or even steeper and rest perhaps con- 
 formably on them, 
 
 Volcanic Racks.^ The volcanoes that &till have active 
 sulphur vapors seem to be mostly along the shores of 
 Volcano Bay and the adjoining coast. Beginning at 
 the north there are Tarumai, N'uburibets, Usu, Komanga- 
 dake, Esan ; and besides there is Iwaonobori near Iwan/ii 
 on the west coast. Of these, Tarumai had a small 
 eruption about the first of March (20th of 1st month) 
 1867, and a large one seventy years before, both of 
 pumice ; and Komangadake one on the 23rd September 
 (26th of 8th month) 1856, also of pumice; the only 
 pumice volcanoes met with, and the only ones that have 
 been active^ within historic times. They are about 55 
 miles apart. Besides these partially active volcanoes, are 
 many more that seem to have long been quite extinct. 
 The highest, most symmetrical and beautiful of them all, 
 is Shiribets Mountain, perhaps 6,000 feet high above 
 the sea, and almost a regular cone. It stands fifteen 
 miles (six ri) south-east of Iwanai, half-way between 
 the two coasts ; either one of which has here for some 
 distance a nearly circular outline, with that mountain for 
 the centre. Possibly old eruptions of the volcano may 
 have had an influence on the position and outline of 
 these parts of the coasts though it is not obvious upon 
 a cursory examination of the rocks and topographical 
 details. A. large part of the rocks of the southern end 
 of the Island, say from Sapporo southward, are volcanic, 
 oftenest porphyritic in structure and several old ruined 
 
18 
 
 craters apparently are still to be seen, as for example on 
 Hakodate Mountain. 
 
 Toshibets Kara/to System. At the Toshibets gold field 
 and further southward, ar rocks with dips from 50 to 
 25, or even less with axes bearing north five degrees 
 east (magnetic) or thereabouts. These rocks contain on 
 the Toshibets, and at Yurap mines, Idzumisawa and 
 elsewhere great numbers of the fossil tubes of the tube- 
 worm; and in other places there are very modern looking 
 shells that seem to belong to the same group of rocks, 
 which are moreover mostly soft arid very new looking. 
 Also, in rocks of that group at Tomigawa, across the 
 harbor from Hakodate, are two or three thin beds of 
 earthy brown compact lignite much newer looking than 
 the Kayanoma and Horumui coals, though much older 
 than the lignite found in various places in the alluvium. 
 This folding may conveniently be called the Toshibets 
 Karaf to System ; for the sections of the Toshibets survey 
 will probably show the rocks folded by this system more 
 fully than any other. Mr. MUNROE thinks . that they 
 have there a thickness of three thousand feet, with red- 
 dish brown soft sand rock at the bottom, but above 
 almost wholly greenish gray soft clayey sand rocks or 
 sandy clays with some balls of limestone near the bottom, 
 and here and there in other places bands of pebble rock. 
 This description, except the red rocks at bottom, answers 
 closely also for the rocks of Idzumisawa. 
 
 Goal Bearing Hocks. The productive brown coal mea- 
 sures both at Kayanoma and on the Horumui have axes 
 running about north fifty degrees east (magnetic) with 
 dips of thirty degrees to sixty degrees, steep on the 
 north-west side at Kayanoma, and on the south-east side 
 on the Horunmi; and seems to be of comparatively 
 recent age, perhaps tertiary, from the appearance of 
 fossil leaves in the shales. A number of fossil shells 
 
19 
 
 found in "the Horumui field will perhaps determine 
 the age more exactly. The coal very much resembles 
 the coal of the Rocky Mountains, of about the end of 
 the cretaceous and beginning of the tertiary. At Kaya- 
 noma, the coal-bearing rocks seem at the edges of 
 the field to be overlain by the volcanic- pebble rocks ; 
 the underlying rocks have not been seen. In the Horumui 
 Held, the coal measures seem to be underlain by rocks of 
 the Horumui Karafto System of folding. Th : coal rocks 
 of the Kayanoma field are mostly light gray shales, with 
 but one exposure of limestone, a three foot bed. In the 
 Horumui field the rocks are mostly blue gray shales 
 having in certain parts balls of limestone with fossil 
 shells ; but no bed of limestone was found here. The 
 close parallelism of the axes of the coal rocks to the 
 trend of the Kuril Islands seems to justify the con- 
 venient name of Horumui Kuril System for the folds. 
 
 Hurumui Karafto System. The rocks just mentioned 
 as seeming to underly the Horumui coal have a nearly 
 vertical dip and a strike of north three degrees or five 
 degrees east (magnetic). They are at least six hundred 
 feet thick, and are bluish grey shales and pebble rocks, 
 coarse and fine, all much older-looking than the coal 
 rocks, as if somewhat metamorphosed. The pebbles of 
 the pudding rocks are of granitic, syenitic, or other 
 ancient crystalline rocks, such as are not seen at all in 
 the overlying beds. No fossils have yet been found in 
 these older nearly vertical beds. The close parallelism 
 of their strike to the general trend of the Island of 
 Sagalin (Karafto) and of the northern part of Nippon 
 is very noticeable, and seems to justify giving to such 
 rock folds the name of the Horumui Karafto System. 
 
 Near the Tomigawa lignite of the Toshibets Karafto 
 System is the Garonosawa limestone, a much older 
 looking rock, much broken up by cleavage planes and 
 
20 
 
 apparently much metamorphosed. It would seem, there- 
 fore, to be of nearly like age with the vertical rocks of 
 the Horumui ; while the more recent looking rocks near 
 it of similar strike would seem to be newer than the 
 brown coal measures, and to have been folded by a later 
 action than that of the Horumui Karafto System, though 
 nearly or quite in the same direction. 
 
 Toshibets Kuril System. On the Toshibets Mr. MUNROE 
 found in places ancient looking syenite, generally quite 
 soft, which had a strike nearly north-east and south-west 
 with nearly vertical dips. Pebbles of similar granitic 
 rocks are found on the headwaters of Kunnui River and 
 perhaps elsewhere. If these be really ( as they seem ) 
 older than the rocks of the Horumui Karafto System, to 
 which they probably furnished the crystalline pebbles, 
 the folding of the rocks of the island would seem to 
 have been twice alternately about north-east and about 
 northerly in direction, and the folding of these crystalline 
 rocks may be said to belong to the Toshibets Kuril 
 System. 
 
 Of course the same system of folds might affect rocks 
 of very different age ; but no more precise determination 
 of the relative age of the rocks has yet been made. Still, 
 the thickness of the rocks belonging to each system is 
 not very great, and each group has throughout an ap- 
 pearance so uniform that there is probably no very great 
 difference in the age of their different parts. 
 
 The useful minerals of chief importance in the field 
 gone over this year are : Coal, iron-sand, sulphur, lime- 
 stone, gold, rock tar and mineral springs ; and traces of 
 silver, lead, zinc, manganese and copper. 
 
 Coal. The Kayanoma Coal Field is about seven miles 
 (three ri) north of Iwanai, and one mile and a half 
 (half a ri) from the sea-shore, and covers half a square 
 mile or so (say 400,000 tsubo). The beds of rock lie in 
 
Hin form of a saddle running mnrly north iif'ty degrees 
 cast, (magnetic), the avis passing through the Shibui 
 valley. The coal at the present mines dip steeply (fifty 
 degrees), but in other parts of the field the coal beds 
 dips only thirty degrees or even ten degrees. The coal 
 rocks seem to be limited on all sides by overlying beds 
 of volcanic-pebble rock made up of volcanic materials ; 
 the underlying rocks seem not to be exposed. 
 
 There are six workable coal beds from three feet to 
 eight feet in thickness. The coal is what is strictly 
 called brown coal, probably of tertiary age, though 
 closely resembling bituminous coal in its appearance and 
 in many of its qualities. The coal of one of the old 
 mines, abandoned on account of its greater distance from 
 the sea shore, cokes in the fire ; none that has been tried 
 at other points cokes. The quality of some of the beds 
 is very fair, although assays made last winter show from 
 6 f per cent, to 9 per cent, of ashes, and consumers com- 
 plain of it in this respect. The mining has, however, 
 been so poorly managed that much slate is no doubt 
 needlessly mixed with the coal. The whole field contains 
 perhaps a million and a half of tons of coal above its 
 lowest natural drainage level, and as much more for 
 every hundred feet in depth below that. 
 
 The present mines are about two miles (28 cho) 
 from the sea shore at the present shipping place at 
 Kayanoma. Vessels there are very much exposed to 
 the weather on a dangerous rocky shore ; and special 
 attention was given to the question of shipping the coal 
 elsewhere. Our maps will probably show the possibility 
 of building a tramway, with ease and without tunnelling 
 from the neighborhood of the present mines to the Shibui 
 harbor close to Chatsunai less than two miles distant 
 in a straight line. Such a road would start from the 
 lowest natural drainage level of the bed now mined, 
 
22 
 
 much lower than the present mines and near the foot of 
 the second inclined plane, and doing away with the third 
 also would, with a very gentle down grade, pass along 
 the hill side and over the lowest gap in it, and then 
 descend more rapidly to the shipping place. If the last 
 descent should prove so steep as to require a plane, it 
 could perhaps be so arranged that the loaded cars should 
 draw the empty ones to a little greater height than the 
 bottom of the gap, so that they could run all the way 
 down hill to the mines again. Coal has also been opened 
 at several points in the Chatsunai valley itself, about two 
 miles from the harbor, and one of the beds has about 
 8 feet of coal and dips but thirty degrees. A tramway 
 could easily be built, with a gentle down grade, from this 
 coal all the way to the harbor. 
 
 The harbor at Chatsunai is, however, very small 
 though well protected, and the deep water of Shibui 
 harbor close adjoining is still smaller in extent. But 
 a break- water 375 feet long in water at most 25 feet deep, 
 built from the northern head of Shibui harbor to the 
 north end of an outlying ledge of rocks ; and some 250 
 feet more to connect this ledge with other smaller ones 
 in line with it, would make a land-locked harbor of about 
 six acres of water twenty-five feet or more deep, and give 
 protection to about ten acres of like depth from all 
 quarters except about thirty degrees (west to south-west 
 by west), and to much more from the north-westerly 
 storms of winter. It seems an unusually good place for 
 making an artificial harbor. The breakwater would be 
 not only in shallow water but very short in comparison 
 with the surface protected. The stone for building would 
 be in the cliffs at the very starting point of the break- 
 water ; the entrance to the harbor would be wide, deep 
 and easy ; and the only streams emptying into the harbor 
 are two small brooks which could not silt it up. On 
 
23 
 
 the other hand, the Iwanai poorly sheltered harbor is 
 the next best resource, and it is five miles distant from 
 the coal and separated from it by the Horikap River 
 and the hill next to it. To the foot of this hill, however, 
 the country is flat, and a tunnel of perhaps only a 
 thousand feet would reach a thick bed in the Chatsunai 
 valley from the Horikap side. 
 
 The Horumui Goal Field, near the head waters of the 
 Horumui and about twenty seven miles (eleven ri) east- 
 northeast of Sapporo, is part of what would seem to be a 
 very large field. Our survey this year went over a por- 
 tion of it only, about three miles (1| ri) long by half a 
 mile (seven cho) wide : because that seemed enough to 
 show what part of the field was nearest to the navigable 
 water of the Ishcari, and whether it would be best to 
 open mines there soon. The surveyed coal lies about a 
 dozen miles (five ri) in a straight line from the Ishcari 
 river, and is separated from it chiefly by a level plain. 
 "We did not see the north-eastern end of the field. Indeed 
 information was given, some months after our departure, 
 that coal was known to exist on the Sorachi river, some 
 twenty five miles (ten ri) to the north-east, almost cer- 
 tainly a continuation of the same field, since the general 
 strike of the coal is about north fifty degrees east (mag- 
 netic). Coal is also said to be found on the south side 
 of the mountains between the Horumni and the East 
 Coast, and quite likely it belongs also to the same field. 
 In that case there would seem to be an extent of some 
 thirty miles (twelve ri) in length by perhaps as much 
 in breadth. 
 
 In the portion we traversed, we found the beds to lie 
 in the form of a saddle running (as at Kayanoma) about 
 north fifty degrees east (magnetic) ; with a steep dip of 
 some sixty degrees on the south-east side, and a gentler 
 one of say forty five degrees on the north-west side. No 
 
24 
 
 rocks are exposed above the coal-bearing rocks within 
 (lie limits of this year's surveying ; but the underlying 
 rocks apparently are exposed in many of the neighboring 
 streams and are chiefly grey shales, GOO feet thick at 
 least it would seem, and some brown pebble rocks with 
 pebbles of old crystalline metamorphic or possibly erup- 
 tive rocks.. The dip of these underlying beds is very 
 steep, eighty five degrees, and the strike is north three 
 degrees or five degrees east, (magnetic), closely parallel 
 to the general course of Sagalin (Karafto) and of the 
 greater part of Nippon. 
 
 The whole number of workable coal beds seems to be 
 six, with different thicknesses, from three feet to five feet. 
 The coal is (like that of Kayanoma) a brightly shining 
 brown coal, probably of tertiary age, very closely like 
 good bituminous coal in appearance. A sample assayed 
 by Mr. MUNROE last winter, said to come from here, con- 
 tained 
 
 Moisture 3.8 
 
 Volatile matter 39.5 
 
 Fixed carbon 52.4 ) Coke (friable and 
 
 Ash (fawn color) 4.3 / dull) 56, 7 
 
 100,0 
 We have now taken a number of samples from each one 
 
 of the six beds, and they will be assayed this winter. 
 The coal is much firmer than that of Kayanoma, and will 
 therefore bear rough handling and distant transportation 
 better than that does. In the portion of the coal that 
 we went over there would seem to be perhaps ten millions 
 of tons of coal above the natural drainage level. The 
 hills are high (some five hundred feet) and the larger 
 valleys are wide enough for mines to be opened near the 
 points where the outcrops of the several beds cross the 
 streams. 
 
 It is a dozen miles (five ri) to the nearest water 
 navigable for large boats (the Ishcari river), and 
 
25 
 
 tho country between seems to be wholly a flat plain, 
 mostly covered with, heavy (but rather open) timber, with 
 here and there treeless prairies, and sometimes swamps. 
 From the nearest point of the Ishcari the distance by 
 river to the sea is about 30 miles (12 ri ) and the water 
 is said to have been found, by Lieut. Day's survey this 
 season, to be deep enough for vessels drawing fourteen 
 feet, except on the bar at the mouth, where for a short 
 space there are but twelve feet at low tide. In another 
 direction a railroad might be built, over almost wholly 
 level ground, to the excellent harbor of Mororan, about 
 eighty miles (thirty two ri) distant. Unquestionably 
 the amount of coal in the field would enable the shipment 
 of coal enough to repay amply the cost of such a road. 
 
 The traces of coal at Kudow, though of no economic 
 value, (three beds from two to fourteen tenths of a foot 
 thick) were yet found by Mr. MONROE to be interesting, 
 from the fact that the rocks there had a strike of about 
 north fifty degrees east, like the coal rocks of Kayanoma 
 and the Horumui. 
 
 Iron Sand. The only ore of iron that has yet been 
 found in any quantity in Yesso is magnetic iron sand. It 
 is most abundant on the south shore of Volcano Bay, 
 especially near Yamukushinai. It is also found in some 
 quantity near Kobui, on the eastern end of the peninsula, 
 east of Hakodate. Though these two are the only work- 
 able places yet found the magnetic iron ore is also found 
 in some quantity on many a beach, and in the sands of 
 many a river bed. Indeed, traces of it, at least, are found 
 in almost every deposit of sand, even though not notice- 
 able to the naked eye before separation by a magnet. It 
 is sprinkled through many of the wide spread volcanic 
 rocks of the island, and, from the wearing away of these 
 rocks, their reduction to sand and concentration of the 
 
26 
 
 heavier ore by the washing .of the tides and waves or 
 rivers that the sand ore deposits are due. 
 
 The iron sand deposit on the shore from Yurap to 
 Otoshile, and perhaps a little beyond at either end, is, say, 
 ten miles (four pi) or 17,600 yards (8,800 ken) long, by 
 twenty yards (ten ken) wide on the average, and perhaps 
 half a foot thick on the average ; making in all, 58,667 
 cubic yards (7,333 cubic ken). The ore looks very rich 
 in many parts, but is generally mixed with a notable 
 amount of other sand. If it would average eighty per- 
 cent of pure ore there would be about 120,000 tons of it, 
 which would contain 87,000 tons of iron. The ore seems 
 to contain a certain amount of titanium ; for, at the old 
 forge near Okotsunai, the ore was found hard to work 
 alone, and was mixed with half its quantity of Kobui ore 
 to make it more fusible. The old iron works of Okotsu- 
 nai, half a mile from the sea shore, and a mile and a half 
 (half a ri) from Yamukushinai, were first built some ten 
 years ago, worked a couple of years, were idle a year and 
 a half, worked again four or five years, and were finally 
 abandoned three years ago, and are now in ruins. There 
 were two bloomary forges, with large bellows worked by 
 a water-wheel. The furnaces were worked only in the 
 summer half of the year. Eight workmen were employed 
 daily in two shifts, four in each; and 5,800 fcs. (700 
 kuanme), it is said, were made in three days, that is 
 1,933 Tbs, in one day (perhaps in some exceptional case 
 only). The amount of charcoal burned was three and a 
 half times the weight of iron produced, they say, and 
 costs now one quarter of a cent a pound (twelve and a 
 half sen for six kuwamme) ; formerly it was a little cheaper. 
 For the mere washing of the ore there is plenty of water 
 in the small streams that cross the iron sand and empty 
 into the sea at every little distance. The same streams 
 would float down wood for charcoal to be used in smelt- 
 
27 
 
 ing ; and the supply from the Yurap valley would be very 
 large. Besides the iron sand reckoned in the estimate 
 just given, there is a very large amount of poorer sand, 
 either in underlying layers or in neighboring places, and 
 with cheap labor it is quite possible that more ore could 
 be washed. 
 
 At Kobui village, on the sea shore, twenty seven miles 
 (eleven ri) easterly from Hakodate, is a deposit of easily 
 smelted iron sand. At the thickest point it is about two 
 feet thick, but thins out to a knife edge in all directions 
 from that. The whole length of the deposit is about six 
 hundred yards, almost all (say five sixths) of it either 
 very thin (one tenth of a foot) or comparatively poor. 
 There are perhaps in all 250 cubic yards (thirty one 
 cubic ken) of sand, containing perhaps two hundred cubic 
 yards, or say four hundred tons, of pure ore, which would 
 hold 290 tons of iron. 
 
 About a mile (half a ri) south westerly from Kobui 
 v illage is some more rich sand, at the mouth of the Otsuki 
 river. Ore was taken here and at the village, for the 
 blast furnacce whose ruins now stand half a mile (ten 
 cho) inland on the Musagawa ; but smelting the ore was 
 abandoned within the first year, fifteen years ago. About 
 ten years ago a single boat load, it is said, of ten koku 
 (perhaps one ton and two thirds) of sand, was sent from 
 the mouth of the Otsuki river to the iron works near 
 Yamakushinai, to be mixed with the ore there as already 
 mentioned. No other working of the sand has been 
 done. The rich part of the deposit is about thirty yards 
 (fifteen ken) in diameter, with a thickness of two feet 
 and eight tenths at the centre ; and contains, perhaps, 700 
 cubic yards of sand of which, perhaps, 500 yards, or 1,000 
 tons would be pure ore, containing 725 tons of iron. 
 From this place for four hundred yards or so towards 
 Kobui is poorer sand, formerly thought too poor to work, 
 
28 
 
 some twenty yards wide and perhaps a foot thick on the 
 average, making in all 3,667 cnbic yards; containing per- 
 haps 2,000 cubic yards, or 4,000 tons, of pure ore, holding 
 2,900 tons of iron. That would make in all, at Otsuki, 
 5,000 tons of ore, containing 3,650 tons of iron. But 
 these estimates of the richness of the sand at all places 
 are mere guesses from looking at it, as no assays have 
 yet been made of the samples taken. No more solid bed 
 of such ore is known in this region. 
 
 At Sliirikishinai on the sea shore, near Kobui, and 
 twenty five miles (ten ri) from Hakodate, is a small bed 
 of iron sand, say a hundred yards long by twenty five 
 yards wide, and said to be one foot and three tenths thick 
 at the thickest place, and containing therefore some 100 
 cubic yards. The sand does not look very rich, and holds 
 perhaps in all 140 tons of iron. The sand was worked 
 seventeen years ago, and during three years after that for 
 a furnace on the Menokonai river near by, at two miles 
 (thirty cho) from the mouth. The furnace is said to 
 have been oblong square in form, seven feet long by four 
 wide and five feet high, and built of clay ; and to have 
 been of the kind used in Nambu, the neighboring province 
 of Nippon. The iron, they say, was soft and pretty good, 
 though not the best ; and the working was abandoned 
 from the smallness of the quantity of ore. 
 
 No vein of solid ore has yet been found anywhere, and 
 most likely there is none. In one case, however, in a gully 
 on the side of the volcano Komangadake a layer of mag- 
 netic iron sand a foot thick was found, regularly bedded 
 with the other volcanic rocks, and about seven feet and a 
 half from the surface of the hill. It is 1150 feet above 
 the sea, and two miles a half (one ri) distant from it. It 
 seems to be exposed nowhere else, and its extent and per- 
 sistence in thickness is quite unknown. Above it is only 
 loose pumice, which would need to be stripped off in case 
 
29 
 
 the ore were worked. Perhaps it may at some future 
 time be thought worth working and can then be explored 
 by digging, but at present it does not seem worth while. 
 
 The whole amount, then, of pure ore in the principal 
 workable deposits is perhaps 125,500 tons, containing 
 91,000 tons of iron. Only 5,500 tons of the ore (con- 
 taining 4,000 tons of iron) are of the easily smelted kind. 
 
 Sulphur. The Sulphur occurs mostly within the craters 
 of now inactive volcanoes. Hot sulphur fumes rise through 
 small crevices and deposit yellow sulphur on the cold 
 surface of the ground, forming a crust more or less impure, 
 with a mixture of partially decomposed rocks. The shape 
 of such deposits is extremely irregular and often rather 
 inaccessible in many parts ; so that the precise extent 
 can hardly be measured except very roughly. At the 
 place at Esan (the only mines worked at present) some 
 four tenths of the surface over which the deposit is scat- 
 tered seemed to be covered with sulphur earth. The 
 thickness of the sulphur layer there is about half a foot, 
 but the lower part is so very impure that only one twen- 
 tieth to one fifth of a foot, perhaps one tenth on the 
 average, is at present thought worth gathering. This 
 gathered impure mixture yields, it is said, four tenths of 
 its weight in sulphur. If this be taken as a guide in 
 estimating the quantity at the different places there would 
 be at Esan (guessing roughly) 400 koku, or about sixty 
 three tons of sulphur, to be won, but the workmen there 
 estimate the amount at less than one fourth of that, 
 owing perhaps in part to its having been worked out in 
 places, since the working has been going on for a dozen 
 years on a small scale. There may perhaps be thirty 
 tons (or nearly 200 koku) left. 
 
 The Esan sulphur is on the northern side of the crater 
 of a volcano long inactive, and on the close adjoining slope 
 of the mountain just outside the crater. The elevation 
 
30 
 
 above the sea is from 1,250 to 1,550 feet ; and by road 
 the distance is about a mile and a half (a long half ri). 
 In the middle of the plain, half a mile in diameter, that 
 now fills the old crater, stand the small sulphur works, 
 where for a dozen years in the summer months the sul- 
 phur earth has been purified by melting. It is melted 
 three times over, in three large pots two feet in diameter 
 and three in depth. The stones and dirt mostly sink to 
 the bottom of the pots and are separated so ; but the sul- 
 phur after the last melting is strained through thick 
 canvas. Five men do the whole work of gathering the 
 sulphur, bringing it to the furnaces, tending the melting, 
 and packing the sulphur in the bags to be carried to the 
 sea-shore at Netanai. One hundred koku or about sixteen 
 tons of sulphur are made in three months, at the follow- 
 ing cost, according to the workmen : 
 
 En. En. 
 
 Wages of five men, at $10, 50.00 
 
 Food for five men, for three months : 
 
 Rice, 16.87| 
 
 Miso, 9.00* 
 
 Soy, 5.62^ 
 
 Salt, ... 0.56J 
 
 Pickles, 4.50 
 
 36.56J 
 
 Iron pots, 189.00 
 
 Wood fuel, 75 cords of 125 ft. @ 1.06 J, 76.93 f 
 
 Cotton bags, ; ... 53.12J 
 
 Picks, hoes, hammers, skimmers and other tools, 33.87J 
 
 Kegs for moulds, 18.75 
 
 Mats and ropes for carrying sulphur earth, ... 10.87J 
 
 to Netanai, 28.75 
 
 Horse hire for carrying sulphur, 15.37 \ 
 
 513.25 
 Carriage of sulphur to Hakodate, 25.00 
 
 538.25 
 
 As the price of sulphur at Hakodate is said to be from 
 three hundred to three hundred and fifty dollars (en) 
 
31 
 
 for 100 koku, it is possible that there is some mistake in 
 the statement just given ; but it is also possible that the 
 sulphur is manufactured at a decided loss. Since the 
 wood costs at Netanai only eighty-seven and a half cents 
 (sen) for one cord, the saving in respect to it, if the 
 furnaces were on the shore, would just about equal 
 the additional expense of bringing down there the im- 
 purities of the sulphur earth, and there would besides be 
 many advantages in having the furnaces there. Horses 
 could go all the way from the sea to the mines. The 
 ' great expense for kettles would be reduced one-half by 
 working at night also, instead of merely keeping the 
 sulphur liquid in the kettles as at present. Although 
 sulphur is so valuable and rare a mineral, no royalty is 
 taken for it ; in order, it is said, to encourage its manu- 
 facture. 
 
 The sulphur on the top of Tarumai volcano, about nine 
 miles (3| ri) from Tarumai village on the sea shore, is 
 wholly within the inner crater, of about 400 yards in 
 diameter and 250 feet below the edge of the outer crater 
 lip, which is about 3,000 feet above the sea. The sulphur 
 appears to be in two deposits only one of them in cres- 
 cent shape about four hundred yards long by twenty yards 
 wide, the other about thirty yards long by twenty yards 
 wide ; making in all, then, a surface of 8,600 square yards. 
 Reckoning the same average thickness of workable sul- 
 phur earth as at Esan, there would be about thirty-five 
 tons (or over 200 koku) of sulphur to be won here. 
 The very abundant fumes here, as at Esan, must be con- 
 stantly adding to the deposit, but how rapidly there is 
 at present no means of judging. The present deposits, 
 however, have probably accumulated since the last erup- 
 tion, a small one about seven years ago. The sulphur 
 was formerly worked for three years, but abandoned 
 thirteen years ago. The ruins of the furnaces with places 
 
32 
 
 for at least five pots are still to be seen about two miles 
 (twenty- seven cho) below the mines. Horses could go 
 all the way to the mines from the sea. 
 
 The sulphur on the top of Iwaonobori is about fourteen 
 miles (5 1 ri) from, the sea at Iwaiiai, and about 3,500 to 
 3,800 feet above the sea. The sulphur deposits cover 
 perhaps twenty thousand square yards, and would contain, 
 by the same reckoning as at Esan, perhaps seventy-five 
 tons (or 150 koku) of sulphur to be won. The ruins of 
 the old sulphur Avorks, abandoned 15 ve years ago after 
 many years of work, are just below the mines and seem 
 to have been larger than those at Tarumai. The road to 
 them from Iwanai is passable for horses and even beyond 
 that as far as the mines ; but the last two or three ri are 
 at present very bad, though a good road for horses could 
 be built without any great ^difficulty. If the Shiribets 
 valley, as it deserves, should be opened up by a wagon 
 road, from Isoya, the distance to the road from the 
 sulphur mines would be perhaps only a couple of miles 
 (or a ri). The sulphur fumes are less abundant here 
 than at Esan and Tarumai. 
 
 The N-iiburibets sulphur is found in a small valley 
 close by the Nuburibete hot-springs, about nine hundred 
 feet above the sea, and at about four miles from the sea 
 shore at a point seventeen miles (seven ri) from Mororan 
 by the new road. The sulphur place hardly seems to be 
 an old crater, though possibly it may be so. Abundant 
 sulphur fumes however rise from the rocks, and other 
 appearances are the same as in volcano craters. The 
 extent of the deposits is, at a rough guess, fifty thousand 
 square yards, containing by the same way of reckoning as 
 at Esan some one hundred tons (600 koku) of sulphur. 
 The working of sulphur here was abandoned some sixteen 
 years ago ; there seem to have been but three melting pots. 
 
33 
 
 The 01 Lal-o sulphur is on the banks of that lake of 
 hot and boiling water, about ^ quarter of a mile (4 cho) 
 i'roiii the Nuburibets sulphur. The lake is apparently 
 within an old crater. The sulphur covers perhaps 8,600 
 square yards, and would in that case be capable of yield- 
 ing, according to the Esan reckoning, thirty-five tons 
 (or over two hundred koku). A horse path or wagon 
 road could probably be easily made from the lake all the 
 way down the valley of its outlet to the Nuburibets hot- 
 spring, and so to the sea shore. 
 
 The Kobui sulphur is partly, at the old sulphur works 
 on the Musu River, at four or five miles (a ri and a half, 
 or two ri) from Kobui village near the mouth of that 
 river on the sea shore, and partly at a place discovered 
 this year on a branch of the same stream about a mile to 
 the north-west. The sulphur is a bedded deposit from 
 sulphur water and seems to be very pure, but is of a gray 
 color quite unlike the yellow sulphur of all the other 
 places. The deposit at both places is extremely irregular. 
 The old mine is a drift called 240 yards (two cho) long, 
 which is said, to have followed a vein one foot thick 
 which contained yellow sulphur (without any gray) in 
 small nests and single crystals, but gradually grew poorer 
 to the end. Outside near the mouth of the mine is a bed 
 of gray sulphur about two feet thick, dipping 35 north 
 80 east, and is exposed for a length of about four yards. 
 Also, at the mouth of the mine is a thickness of four feet 
 of gray sulphur, which the former worker of the mine 
 however insists does not extend to the interior. Still it 
 was not much sought after, as, on melting some of it 
 a dozen years ago and sending it to Hakodate, it could not 
 be sold, it is said, on account of its color. Nevertheless, 
 the bed having been deposited probably in a stream or 
 pool of sulphur water is not likely to be very uniform iu 
 thickness nor very wide spread. The same may be said 
 
34 
 
 of the newly discovered gray sulphur a mile to the north- 
 west, which however is exposed for a space of a hundred 
 feet in length, in the bank of a small ravine, and some 
 four yards in height, partly very pure, partly mixed with 
 earthy impurities. Perhaps one-third of the whole is 
 pure sulphur. It might perhaps be well enough to count 
 upon two hundred tons of sulphur here in all, and 
 twenty-five tons at the old mines ; but the quantity may 
 prove to be far greater. 
 
 The whole quantity of sulphur to be got from the 
 places visited this year would seem, then, to be possibly 
 five hundred tons (three thousand koku). The com- 
 pletion of our maps may bring about very important 
 changes in these estimates. 
 
 Limestone. The principal exposure of limestone is on 
 the small stream Garonosawa, about five miles from 
 Arikawa and Sekirichi, which are seven miles (three ri) 
 across the bay from Hakodate. The limestone is exposed 
 in cliffs on the hills either side of the brook to a height 
 of perhaps six hundred feet, for a distance of some four 
 miles. The amount, then, within one yard of the surface 
 would be (very roughly) some eight million cubic yards, 
 or twenty million tons. As the whole depth is probably 
 many yards, perhaps hundreds of yards, that quantity is 
 very little compared with what may be expected to exist 
 within the hills, and may be safely considered as inex- 
 haustible for a thousand years. Of that amount perhaps 
 twelve thousand cubic yards, or thirty thousand tons, are 
 already in loose blocks in the bed of the brook. The 
 quality seems to be very good indeed, say one-half dark 
 blue limestone, the other half light gray. It all seems 
 very much metamorphosed, in some small parts even like 
 marble ; and no fossils could be found. The cleavage 
 planes are very strongly marked and often obscure the 
 dip ; but at least one saddle in the rocks (anticlinal) is 
 
35 
 
 to be clearly seen, with a course of north five degrees 
 oast (magnetic) sinking five degrees in the opposite 
 direction, south five degrees west, the bearing of the 
 Horumui Karafto System of axes. A wagon road or 
 a railroad could easily be built with down grade all 
 the way about four miles to the sea shore. Wood at the 
 limestone costs two dollars a Japanese cord (125 feet). 
 
 On the sea shore at the western end of the village of 
 Isliizctki, ten miles (four ri) east of Hakodate, begins an 
 exposure of gray and white pure looking lime rock about 
 250 yards long in cliffs on the side of a bluff eighty-five 
 feet high. The whole amount "in sight" may perhaps 
 be 2,000 cubic yards or 5,000 tons. No doubt a far 
 larger amount exists behind what is in sight; namely 
 15,000 cubic yards or 40,000 tons for every six feet 
 (one ken) back from the face of the bluff, or in 100 
 yards, 750,000 cubic yards, or 2,250,000 tons. 
 
 The Kamiyunosawa limestone about five miles (two ri) 
 north-east of Hakodate, is exposed on both sides of a 
 very small valley here and there for a space of a quarter 
 of a mile. Some 800 cubic "yards or 2,000 tons (very 
 roughly speaking) seem to be exposed. The quality is 
 good ; and a kiln is in use here since last year for burn- 
 ing the stone to make lime. The kiln is thirteen feet 
 high by six feet in diameter, cylindrical ; and, it is said, , 
 burns 1,750 Ibs. (210 kamme) of lime at a time during 
 three days, and burns twice and a half in the month or 
 4,325 Ibs. (525 kamme) about two tons in all. Nine 
 Japanese cords (of 125 feet) of wood, at $ 1.45 a cord 
 are burned each time that is $ 18.60 for a ton of lime. 
 The carriage of one horse load of 218J Ibs. of lime to 
 Hakodate is $ 0.115, or $1.20 a ton. Laborers' wages 
 are $0.25 a day. The lime at Hakodate brings $7.10 
 a ton (or 37| sen for one hio of four to or 13,100 mo). 
 A wagon road to Hakodate could be made with very 
 
36 
 
 great ease, as it would be almost wholly over nearly level 
 ground free from rocks and trees. 
 
 About a mile (twelve cho) north-westward from Waski- 
 noki on the sea shore some gray limestone is exposed 
 that looks rather impure with clay, but on burning may 
 make strong lime. The exposure is at the axis of a basin 
 (synclinal) with a dip of sixty degrees on one side, and 
 one of eighty-five degrees east t on the other ; and belongs 
 therefore probably to the Toshibets Karafto System of 
 rock folding. The thickness of the limestone is about 
 four yards in all, besides some accompanying gray clay 
 shales, perhaps limy also. Supposing it extends only a 
 quarter of a mile (3| cho) inland, and to have an average 
 height of thirty feat from the sea level up to the surface 
 of the ground, the whole amount would be 17,500 cubic 
 yards or 4,300 tons ; enough to supply such a kiln as 
 that of Kamiyunosawa at the present rate for about a 
 thousand years. Single blocks or large balls of limestone 
 are also found on the Washinoki river about a mile above 
 the main oil spring, and may come from the same beds as 
 those just mentioned as exposed on the sea shore. It is 
 also not unlikely that these beds may be found in place 
 farther up stream as their bearing from the sea shore 
 would seem to bring them there. 
 
 In like manner, balls of limestone arc found in some 
 numbers near the Horumui coal beds ; but none are in 
 place except small ones imbedded in the thick beds of 
 shales that accompany the coal. It is probable, therefore, 
 that the balls come wholly from such a source, and that 
 there is no bed of lime rock. 
 
 Gold. The chief gold field surveyed this season is that 
 of the Toshibets The gold occurs in the form of small 
 grains and scales in the alluvial gravel that borders the 
 river. The bed rocks are of the Toshibets Kurile System, 
 chiefly soft sand and clay rocks. No gold-bearing quartz. 
 
37 
 
 vein has yet been discovered, but the grains of gold seem 
 to be somewhat larger in the upper part of the field. 
 The gold-bearing alluvium of Mr. MUNROE'S survey he 
 found to extend half a dozen miles along the river (four 
 miles and a half in a straight line), and to cover in all 
 a space of some three square miles and six-tenths, with 
 a thickness of some six to twelve feet ; in some places 25 
 to 30 feet covered by five or ten feet of barren yellow 
 sand. The richness seems to him to be perhaps four, 
 possibly five, cents to the cubic yard ; but he has not yet 
 had a chance to weigh the gold he washed from measured 
 quantities of gravel. That would give for the whole 
 amount of gold within the field surveyed, say a million 
 and a half of dollars worth. But one-half or mor*e of 
 the field seems to have been worked over in old times, 
 and is consequently still poorer ; and that would bring 
 down the amount of gold to a million dollars or even less. 
 Of course the cost of washing the gold should be sub- 
 tracted from that in estimating its value. The streams 
 seem to furnish ample amounts of water at sufficient 
 height for washing the whole by the hydraulic method, 
 without very long flumes. It is hardly probable, how- 
 ever, that so poor and small a field would pay for 
 working on a large scale. Washing by hand, as hitherto 
 practised, yields about twenty cents a day to each laborer, 
 rather scanty wages for Yesso. The survey was not 
 pushed to the very uppermost (northernmost) limit of 
 the field, and it is possible that a small extent of some- 
 what richer ground may be found there, since the grains 
 are slightly larger in that direction. But that part of 
 the valley is narrow and must be quite short. The 
 working of this field has been abandoned for about 
 eleven years. 
 
 Near Kudow Mr. MUNROE found about a third of a 
 square mile of gold-bearing earth four to eight feet thick, 
 
38 
 
 poorer than that of the Toshibets and resting on marlite, 
 volcanic and metamorphic rocks. The whole value of 
 the gold within the field would be then only some eighty 
 thousand dollars, and probably quite too much scattered 
 to work at all. 
 
 Near Esashi he found on the Jimikishi river about one 
 fifth of a square mile of gold-bearing earth three to eight 
 feet thick ; with perhaps four to five cents worth of gold 
 to the cubic yard. The bed-rock was of mica schist and 
 other metamorphic rocks. There were some quartz veins 
 which perhaps furnish the gold, though no gold was 
 found in them. The whole amount of gold on this river 
 would seem then to be some sixty thousand dollars 
 worth ; so much scattered, however, as scarcely to pay for 
 working. 
 
 On other rivers near Esashi, the Meniu, Todo, Grokatte, 
 Asabu, Otobe and other small streams, he found some 
 four to five square miles of the gold bearing earth, three 
 to twelve feet thick, poorer than that of the Jimikishi, 
 except the headwaters of the Asabu and Otobe, which 
 may prove equal to Jimikishi but no better. The whole 
 amount of gold then would seem to be perhaps a million 
 and a quarter of dollars. All the streams for fifteen miles 
 (six ri) and more, along the coast here, yield more or less 
 gold. 
 
 The amount of gold then in all the fields surveyed 
 would seem to be less than two millions and a half of 
 dollars ; and in none of them to be abundant enough to 
 give much encouragement to working. 
 
 Eock Tar The so-called oil of Washinoki, Yamukushi- 
 nai and Idzumisawa is all black, and so very thick as to 
 deserve better the name of tar. At Idzumisawa it comes 
 clearly from the soft bluish gray somewhat shaly sand 
 rock,, that in its dip belongs to the Toshibets Karafto 
 System, and has the some fossils as the Toshibets and 
 
39 
 
 Yurap rocks. Some at least of the Wasliinoki tar comes 
 from rocks with a similar system of dips ; the rest comes 
 from alluvial gravel in which it has perhaps accumulated 
 after oozing out of such rocks below. At Yamukushinai 
 it comes only from alluvial gravel, but has perhaps enter- 
 ed it from rocks below of like age with those of Idzumi- 
 sawa. All the oil would seem then to be possibly of the 
 same age and it very likely is so ; and that age seems to 
 be comparatively recent, perhaps tertiary. 
 
 The Washinoki oil springs all occur within two thou- 
 sand feet up and down the Washinoki river and within a 
 mile or so (one half ri) from the sea. The main well is a 
 somewhat triangular hole dug last year, about ten feet 
 long by five wide and half a foot deep. Within the past 
 year about four gallons accumulated here. The next day 
 after gathering that amount about two gallons more were 
 taken ; it was of the specific gravity marked by fifteen 
 degrees of Beaume's scale. Another well dug last year 
 and reopened this year is about a quarter of a mile below 
 the main well and is a shallow hole about two feet and a 
 half in diameter. About eleven quarts (seven sho) were 
 taken here as the past year's accumulation ; and within 
 the next following day a pint and a half accumulated, 
 which marked twelve degrees and a half of Beaume. 
 There are two or three still smaller springs near by. 
 The oil seems to come wholly from deposits of small 
 extent ; and though in some cases seeming to come from 
 the alluvial gravel, it probably at the outset came from 
 the soft greenish gray sandrock from which it seems to 
 come at the two wells just mentioned. That rock dips 
 from thirty-five to seventy degrees at different places, so 
 that its outcrop crosses the country far and wide. Yet 
 the oil springs are confined within a narrow space, and 
 would seem therefore to belong to but a small portion of 
 the oil-bearing beds of rock. It is not likely then that 
 
40 
 
 a large yield of oil can ever be got here ; and as with so 
 steep a dip the depth and consequent cost of wells would 
 very rapidly increase according to the distance from the 
 outcrop at which they are bored, the encouragement to 
 such undertakings, in view of the small yield of the 
 present wells, is not very great. 
 
 The oil at Yamukushinai is found wholly within the 
 village in the alluvial gravel of a plain 150 yards (75 ken) 
 wide, that borders the sea shore. The main well, dug last 
 year, is a hole some ten feet square and eight feet deep 
 loosely walled at the sides with wood. About twenty four 
 gallons were taken here as the accumulation of the past 
 year ; and in the next day a little over three pints (about 
 one sho) collected there, which was so thick as to have the 
 specific gravity of eleven degrees of Beaume's scale. An- 
 other well, somewhat smaller, dug by a merchant at about 
 seventy yards (thirty five ken) southward of the main 
 well, yields only a few drops of oil in the day. One or 
 two other very small Dholes one foot or so in diameter 
 have exposed the same black thick oil in the gravel. But 
 all these exposures are within a diameter of about a 
 hundred yards (fifty ken) except a slight trace at a dis- 
 tance of four hundred yards (200 ken) south of the main 
 well. The deposit then appears to be of very limited 
 extent ; for, although the underlying rocks from which 
 the oil probably comes, have a dip of twenty five degrees 
 or so, and an outcrop running doubtless a long distance 
 through the country, there is nowhere else a trace of oil 
 coming from it. There is nothing then to encourage very 
 expensive exploration by boring. Perhaps it may be worth 
 while to gather what oil can be got by digging small in- 
 expensive wells near the main one, and if they turn out 
 profitable, it may some time be good to sink a small bore- 
 hole to a short depth near the main well. The thickness 
 of the oil goes to show that it is a very superficial 
 
41 
 
 deposit. Besides the oil here, there are perhaps forty 
 cubic feet of asphalt (dried oil), which would weigh say a 
 ton and a half. 
 
 The oil at Idzumlsawa is in a narrow ravine, about a 
 mile from the village, and about half a mile from the sea 
 shore. It is only found at the main well and in mere 
 traces at some other holes within ten yards of that. The 
 main well dug last year is a hole about four yards long 
 by a yard and a half wide, and two yards and a half deep 
 with about four feet of water in it. About eighty- two 
 gallons (two koku and one to) were taken here as the 
 accumulation of the past year ; and in three days after- 
 wards an average of two quarts and two gills and three- 
 quarters (one sho and a half) were taken ; which marked 
 eleven degrees Beaume, it was so remarkably thick. The 
 oil comes almost wholly from one corner^ from greenish 
 gray somewhat shaly broken sandrock with a dip of 
 some twenty degrees. Although much digging has been 
 done close about here, only traces of oil have been found, 
 and not even so much as that has been noticed at anv 
 other part of the necessarily extended outcrops of so 
 steep a bed. It seems therefore highly unwise to under- 
 take the boring of wells along the outcrop, especially 
 very deep ones. 
 
 Mineral Springs. Mineral springs are quite numerous 
 and of varied character in the southern part of Yesso. 
 They have all been visited in passing, with but two or 
 three too distant exceptions ; and the main facts in regard 
 to them have been gathered so far as possible without a 
 chemical analysis, and are given in the following table : 
 
 (The beat is given in degrees centigrade ; a star means a close 
 approximation ; a question mark, a rougher one.) 
 
42 
 
 NAME. 
 
 No. 
 
 HEAT. 
 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 ROCK. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Oi Lake 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Black 
 
 | mile N. 
 
 f mile 
 
 
 
 
 with gas. 
 
 mud 
 
 W. of 
 
 wide. 900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nuburi- 
 
 ft. above 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bets Hot 
 
 the sea. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Springs. 
 
 
 Nuburi- 
 
 1-6 
 
 99 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Alluv- 
 
 
 6 or more 
 
 bets 
 
 7 
 
 83 
 
 with gas. 
 
 ial 
 
 At the 
 
 boiling 
 
 
 8 
 
 81 
 
 
 earth. 
 
 Nuburi- 
 
 springs 
 
 
 9 
 
 78| 
 
 
 
 bets sul- 
 
 in the 
 
 
 10 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 phur 
 
 sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 place and 
 
 deposit, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 close by. 
 
 900 ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 above the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sea, also 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 other 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' cooler 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ones. 
 
 Jozan 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 
 A little 
 
 grani- 
 
 At Jozan 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, 
 
 
 2 
 
 89 
 
 sulphuret- 
 
 tic 
 
 on the 
 
 3, 54. 
 
 
 3 
 
 87 
 
 ted hydro- 
 
 (vol- 
 
 Toyahira 
 
 6 large 
 
 
 4 
 
 83 
 
 gen. 
 
 canic?) 
 
 1 7 miles 
 
 springs. 
 
 
 5 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 above 
 
 Some 2 or 
 
 
 6 
 
 80i 
 
 
 
 Sapporo ; 
 
 3 other 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 all within 
 
 springs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 yds. 
 
 besides. 
 
 Obune 
 
 1 
 
 78J 
 
 Sulphu- 
 
 Alluvi- 
 
 1 ri in- 
 
 All small, 
 
 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 retted hy- 
 
 al 
 
 land, 
 
 but oth- 
 
 
 3 
 
 73 
 
 drogen. 
 
 gravel. 
 
 from 
 
 ers still 
 
 
 4 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 Kumado- 
 
 smaller. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mari and 
 
 All with- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Usudzui. 
 
 in 12 yds. 
 
 Isoya 
 
 1 
 
 72 
 
 Sulphur- 
 
 Gray 
 
 J ri in- 
 
 All with- 
 
 
 2 
 
 69 
 
 retted 
 
 soft 
 
 and from 
 
 in about 
 
 
 3 
 
 67 
 
 hydrogen, 
 
 clay. 
 
 Isoya, 
 
 20 yds. 
 
 
 4 
 
 67 
 
 with gas. 
 
 
 between 
 
 and not 
 
 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 Shikabe 
 
 large. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kuma- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 domari. 
 
43 
 
 NAME. ' 
 
 No. 
 
 HEAT. 
 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 ROCK. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Nigori- 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 Sulphur- 
 
 Allu- 
 
 If ri 
 
 All small, 
 
 kawa 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 etted hy- 
 
 vium. 
 
 from sea 
 
 all within 
 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 drogen, 
 
 
 shore, 
 
 50 yds. ; 
 
 
 4 
 
 49 
 
 with gas 
 
 
 near Ishi- 
 
 Jm. & 1 
 
 
 
 
 bubbles, ex- 
 
 
 kura, 2 ri 
 
 m. to- 
 
 
 
 
 cept No. 4 
 
 
 N. W. of 
 
 wards 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Washi- 
 
 sea, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 noki. 
 
 many 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 small cold 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 springs. 
 
 Esau 
 
 1 
 
 531 
 
 Very acid 
 
 Allu- 
 
 On Esan 
 
 All small 
 
 
 2 
 
 50* 
 
 and astrin- 
 
 vium. 
 
 Mtn, "J 
 
 and 
 
 
 3 
 
 45? 
 
 gent, sul- 
 
 
 ri"from 
 
 within 20 
 
 
 
 
 phuretted 
 
 
 Netanai. 
 
 yds. 
 
 
 
 
 hydrogen. 
 
 
 
 
 Kakumi 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 A very little 
 
 No. 2 
 
 J ri in- 
 
 All small. 
 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 sulphuret- 
 
 from 
 
 land from 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 40? 
 
 ted hydro- 
 
 surface 
 
 Kakumi, 
 
 
 
 
 
 gen, gas 
 
 gravel ; 
 
 all within 
 
 
 
 
 
 bubbles, but 
 
 others, 
 
 100 yds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 none from 
 
 green- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 ish, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 volca- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 por- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 phyry. 
 
 
 
 Yunai 
 
 1 
 
 49J 
 
 Sulphuret- 
 
 volca- 
 
 In Raid- 
 
 All with- 
 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 ted hydro- 
 
 nic, 
 
 en M'nt'n 
 
 n 30 yds. 
 
 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 gen with 
 
 mot- 
 
 3 ri N. W. 
 
 another 
 
 
 
 
 gas bubbles'. 
 
 tled 
 
 from 
 
 30 cho 
 
 
 
 
 
 white 
 
 Iwanai. 
 
 distant 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 cooler. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 bluish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
44 
 
 NAME. 
 
 No. 
 
 HEAT, 
 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 ROCK. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Kusuri 
 
 1 
 
 45| 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Allu- 
 
 200 yds. 
 
 Within a 
 
 Lower 
 
 2 
 
 cold. 
 
 and iron 
 
 vium. 
 
 towards 
 
 space of 
 
 
 3 
 
 cold. 
 
 with gas. 
 
 
 Otoshibe 
 
 25 yds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 from 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kusuri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 upper 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 springs. 
 
 
 Yudo- 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 Sulphur? 
 
 Pale 
 
 At Yudo- 
 
 Water 
 
 mari 
 
 2 
 
 32s 
 
 and 
 
 green 
 
 mari 
 
 used as 
 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 copperas 
 
 gray 
 
 " copper 
 
 an eye 
 
 
 4 
 
 27J 
 
 with gas. 
 
 volca- 
 
 vein " 
 
 w r ash 
 
 
 
 
 
 nic 
 
 near Sak- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 por- 
 
 kadzuki. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 phyry. 
 
 
 
 Kusuri 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 Sulphuret- 
 
 River 
 
 3 ri from 
 
 Small. 
 
 upper 
 
 
 
 ted hydro- 
 
 gravel. 
 
 Otoshibe 
 
 
 
 
 
 gen with 
 
 
 on Esashi 
 
 
 
 
 
 gas bubbles. 
 
 
 road. 
 
 
 Notap 
 
 1 
 
 cold. 
 
 Sulphuret- 
 
 River 
 
 2 ri from 
 
 Small. 
 
 
 
 
 ted hydro- 
 
 gravel. 
 
 Dtoshibe 
 
 
 
 
 
 gen. 
 
 
 towards 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Esashi. 
 
 
 Shikabe 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 91 
 
 70i 
 
 A little 
 iron, 
 
 Beach 
 gravel 
 
 In Shika- 
 oe village 
 
 No. 1 
 largest, 
 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 gas bubbles. 
 
 of sea 
 
 No. 1 at 
 
 all small, 
 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 
 shore. 
 
 200 yds. 
 
 No. 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 from the 
 
 orobably 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 others 
 
 aoiling at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 little 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 below 
 
 depth. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ligh tide. 
 
 
 Yumoto 
 
 1 
 
 43$ 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Gran- 
 
 On 
 
 Deposit 
 
 
 2 
 
 43* 
 
 
 ite (or 
 
 ennichi 
 
 of traver- 
 
 
 3 
 
 43* 
 
 
 syen- 
 
 River 1J 
 
 tine 
 
 
 
 
 
 ite?) 
 
 ri from 
 
 (H.S.M.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W. coast, 
 
 
45 
 
 NAME. 
 
 No. 
 
 HEAT. CHARACTER. 
 
 ROCK. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Yuno- 
 
 1 
 
 43* 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Light 
 
 1 ri from 
 
 Near so- 
 
 sa\va 
 
 2 
 
 32* 
 
 
 green- 
 
 sea on 
 
 called 
 
 
 
 
 
 ish ar- 
 
 Moshibe- 
 
 copper 
 
 
 
 
 
 gillite ? 
 
 ts near 
 
 mines 
 
 
 
 
 
 meta- 
 
 Kudow. 
 
 (H.S.M.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 mor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 phic. 
 
 
 
 Yurap 
 
 1 
 
 39' 
 
 Iron, 
 
 Allu- 
 
 Close to 
 
 No. 1 ra- 
 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 (no gas ?) 
 
 vium. 
 
 the 
 
 ther large 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 furnace 
 
 No. 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 building. 
 
 small. 
 
 Yuno- 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 Iron (car* 
 
 Allu- 
 
 At Yuno- 
 
 Small. 
 
 kawa 
 
 
 
 bonate ?) 
 
 vium. 
 
 kawa 
 
 
 
 
 
 with gas. 
 
 
 village 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 miles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. B. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bakodate 
 
 
 Boro 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 Iron (car- 
 
 Allu- 
 
 1 ri from 
 
 Small. 
 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 bonate ?) 
 
 vium. 
 
 Otoshibe 
 
 
 
 
 
 with gas. 
 
 
 towards 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Esashi. 
 
 
 Yuno- 
 
 1 
 
 cold 
 
 Strongly 
 
 Allu- 
 
 4 cho W. 
 
 Small. 
 
 saki 
 
 
 
 copperas ? 
 
 vium. 
 
 ofWashi- 
 
 On beach 
 
 
 
 
 without gas 
 
 
 noki near 
 
 close by, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sea. 
 
 cold 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 springs. 
 
 Tomi 
 
 1 
 
 502 
 
 Nearly pure 
 
 Allu- 
 
 IJrifrom 
 
 Small. 
 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 vium. 
 
 Ikusa- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kusa, 2 ri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 from Shi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kabe. 
 
 
 Kamiyu- 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 Nearly pure 
 
 Allu- 
 
 At Yuno- 
 
 Pretty 
 
 nosawa 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 vial 
 
 sawa lime 
 
 large. 
 
 
 
 
 
 gravel. 
 
 2 ri N. E. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hakodate 
 
 
46 
 
 Of these twenty one springs, then, there are thirteen 
 sulphur springs with temperature from coldness up to 
 boiling; six iron springs from 27 to 91; one cold 
 spring with copperas ; and two nearly pure springs 30 
 and 50 hot. 
 
 Hoping that this statement of the probable results of 
 the season's survey may be of some use while you are 
 waiting until they can be worked out more exactly ; I 
 have the honour to remain, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 BENJ. SMITH LYMAN, 
 
 Chief Geologist and Mining Engineer. 
 
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