PHIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 1916-18 BY F. W. WOLL Apparatus Used by Supervisors of Dairy Tests. BULLETIN No. 301 November, 1918 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY 1918 Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University. EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF HEADS OF DIVISIONS Thomas Forsyth Hunt, Director. Edward J. Wickson, Horticulture (Emeritus). Herbert J. Webber, Director Citrus Experiment Station; Plant Breeding. Hubert E. Van Norman, Vice-Director; Dairy Management. William A. Setchell, Botany. Myer E. Jaffa, Nutrition. Charles W. Woodworth, Entomology. Ralph E. Smith, Plant Pathology. J. Eliot Coit, Citriculture. John W. Gilmore, Agronomy. Charles F. Shaw, Soil Technology. John W. Gregg, Landscape Gardening and Floriculture. Frederic T. Bioletti, Viticulture and Enology. Warren T. Clarke, Agricultural Extension. John S. Burd, Agricultural Chemistry. Charles B. Lipman, Soil Chemistry and Bacteriology. t Clarence M. Haring, Veterinary Science and Bacteriology. Ernest B. Babcock, Genetics. Gordon H. True, Animal Husbandry. James T. Barrett, Plant Pathology. Fritz W. Woll, Animal Nutrition. Walter Mulford, Forestry. W. P. Kelley, Agricultural Chemistry. H. J. Quayle, Entomology. J. B. Davidson, Agricultural Engineering. Elwood Mead, Rural Institutions. H. S. Reed, Plant Physiology. James C. Whitten, Pomology. fFRANK Adams, Irrigation Investigations. C. L. Roadhouse, Dairy Industry. Frederick L. Griffin, Agricultural Education. John E. Dougherty, Poultry Husbandry. S. S. Rogers, Olericulture. R. S. Vaile, Orchard Management. J. G. Moodey, Assistant to the Director. Mrs. D. L. Bunnell, Librarian. DIVISION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Gordon H. True R. F. Miller F. W. Woll }E. C. Voorhies J. I. Thompson Cora J. Hill tC. V. Castle t In military service. f In co-operation with office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, U. S. Department of Agriculture. KK» CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION, 1916-18 By F. W. WOLL During the past dozen years, production tests of pure-bred dairy cows have been conducted as a regular routine by the Animal Husbandry Division of the Department of Agriculture of the Uni- versity of California, in cooperation with the various dairy breed associations. Similar tests are conducted by the agricultural colleges or experiment stations in other states and form the basis for the Advanced-Registry system of American dairy breed associations. The importance of these tests to the breeders directly concerned and to our dairy industry in general can hardly be overestimated; they make progress possible in breeding dairy cattle and determine largely the value of both the cows tested and their near relatives. It is incon- ceivable that cows producing over 1000 pounds of butter fat in a year or over 40 pounds in seven days would have been developed but for the stimulus furnished by the Advanced Registry tests, and the definite knowledge of the capacity of cows for dairy production that they have supplied. These tests have had a profound influence also on the breeding and production of grade cows and for the advancement of the dairy industry, through the placing of pure-bred bulls from females of proved capacity for a large dairy production at the head of grade or common dairy herds. Nevertheless, this system of testing has so far been of interest mainly to breeders of pure-bred cattle. Appre- ciating the importance of production tests to the general dairy farmer, and desiring to bring home to many farmers their value in the man- agement of all dairy herds, the California Agricultural Experiment Station arranged in the fall of 1915 for the conduct of a dairy cow competition for California farmers. The plan of conducting the competition gradually took form during the following winter, and after conferences with breeders of dairy cattle and others interested, it was decided to have it commence on November 1, 1916, and con- tinue until the end of February, 1918. The competition was accord- ingly conducted between the dates stated; the results have now been verified and compiled, and as complete an account of the same as \ practicable is presented in this bulletin. 156 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Rules Governing the Competition. — The competition was conducted as a part of the regular work of the Advanced-Registery testing done by this experiment station, and the main rules governing these tests were adopted for the conduct of the competition as well. These rules and the general plan of conducting the competition are given in Circular No. 153 of the California Agricultural Experiment Station, to which reference is here made. 1 The record period decided upon for cows in the competition was ten months, which is the average normal lactation period of dairy cows. The reasons for adopting this period, instead of one for a full year, are stated in the circular cited above. Later developments in connection with Advanced-Registry tests of different breed associa- tions have further emphasized the wisdom of a ten-month record period. The production by the cows for each month was determined on the basis of tests of one or two days' duration (one day for grade or common cows, two days for pure-breds, in accordance with the rules of the various breed associations), and the milk records fur- nished by the owners, which were checked up in various ways. The accumulated credits for ten consecutive months make the records of production of milk and butter fat for the cows in the competition. Prizes Offered. — In order to make the competition of special inter- est to dairy farmers, numerous prizes for high records of production were provided. This was made possible through the liberality of breeders and others interested in the advancement of California dairy- ing, who subscribed to a large prize fund or donated cash prizes or special prizes of pure-bred bull calves, cream separators, feed, milking machines, trophies, etc. The value of all prizes offered aggregated over $7500. List of Contributors. — The following list gives the names of the contributors to the cash prize fund and of special prizes : (A) Cash Prize Fund. — Alexander and Kellogg, Suisun; Mrs. Anita M. Bald- win, Santa Anita; Balfour, Guthrie & Co., San Francisco; "Calf -Way" Milker Co., San Francisco ; California Central Creameries, San Francisco ; De Laval Separator Co., New York City, New York; W. H. Dupee, Santee; J. S. Gibson Co., Williams; F. M. Helm, Fresno; Miss M. M. Holdridge, Modesto; Larrowe Milling Co., Los Angeles; Millbrae Dairy, Millbrae; A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland; B. E. Nixon, Yountville; Pacific Dairy Eeview, San Francisco; Palo Alto Stock Farm, Palo Alto; Sacramento Clearing House, Sacramento; Somers & Co., San Fran- cisco; Sperry Flour Co., Stockton; State Holstein Breeders' Association, Chino; State Jersey Breeders' Association, Stockton; F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo; Western Creameries Co., San Francisco; G. W. Wilder, Eedlands. i Announcement of the California State Dairy Cow Competition, 1916-18, by F. W. Woll ? July, 1916, 8 pp. CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 157 (B) Special Prizes.— Pure-bred bull calves: K. W. Abbott, Milpitas; J. W. Clise, Seattle, Washington; Dr. J. W. Henderson, Berkeley; A. B. Humphrey, Mayhews; N. B. Locke Co., Lockeford; C. G. McFarland, Tulare; E. B. McFar- land, San Mateo; W. H. Saylor, San Francisco. Feed: Larrowe Milling Co., Los Angeles. Cream separators: Anker-Holth Mfg. Co., Port Huron, Michigan; Associated Mfrs. Co., Waterloo, Iowa; Baker, Hamilton & Pacific Co., San Francisco; De Laval Dairy Supply Co., San Francisco; Empire Cream Separator Co., Bloom- field, New Jersey; International Harvester Co., San Francisco. Milking machines: "Calf -Way" Milker Co., San Francisco; Sharpies Sep- arator Co., San Francisco. Fig. 1. — Trophies awarded in the competition. Upper row: Cups offered by Holstein-Friesian Association of America, and by Scott, Magner & Miller, San Francisco (center). Lower row: Trophies offered by American Jersey Cattle Club (outside), American Guernsey Cattle Club, and by Pacific Kural Press (in center). Trophies and medals: American Guernsey Cattle Club, Peterboro, New Hamp- shire ; American Jersey Cattle Club, New York City, New York ; Holstein-Friesian Association of America, Brattleboro, Vermont; Scott, Magner & Miller, San Fran- cisco. Special cash prizes: Barber & Thomson Co., Los Angeles; California Culti- vator, Los Angeles ; McAlister & Sons, Chino ; C. L. Hughes, Sacramento ; Modesto Creamery, Modesto; Pacific Kural Press, San Francisco; the Country Life Depart- ment of the Sacramento Bee, Sacramento. In addition, two especially engraved gold medals were provided, by the Department of Agriculture of the University of California, the cost of which was defrayed from donations to the prize fund received in excess of the cash prizes originally decided upon. The total number of prizes offered was 94, of which all but three series of monthly and special prizes were awarded for ten-month records. The 158 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION monthly prizes were awarded during the progress of the competition for the highest production of a grade cow, or the highest average pro- duction of five grades during each month. The detailed list of prizes will be found in the appendix in connection with the awards. As an encouragement for the small dairyman and for owners of grade or common cows, the work of cow-testing associations was recog- nized by the award of substantial prizes for the largest average production of herds of different sizes. Records obtained in associa- tions for a full year were considered in the award of these prizes, and only a general supervision over the production of the herds was exercised by the experiment station. All other tests were conducted by the regular supervisors of dairy tests employed by the station in connection with Advanced-Registry testing, or by testers in charge of cow-testing associations, under similar rules to those governing the Advanced-Registry tests, with the exception of the duration of the testing period, which as a rule, was one day only in the case of tests of grade herds. Entries in the Competition. — Entries in the competition were open to owners of all kinds of cows in the state, pure-breds, grades, and "common" cows. In view of the large x^roportion of cows of the latter kind in the state (95 per cent or more), special efforts were made to interest their owners, and to secure a large representation of such cows. In this respect, we were very successful, as will be noted from the tabulation given below. The competition opened on May 1, 1916, with 73 entries. Month by month more cows were entered, until by the time the entries closed on May 1st, 1917, the number had reached 817. Of this number, 402 cows were in herds belonging to cow-testing associations entered in competition for the special prizes provided for such herds, while 415 were entered in competition for ten-month, and incidentally, for monthly records. Table I shows the entries in the competition made by different breeders and the representation of the different breeds. It will be seen that of the total number of cows entered, 231 were pure-breds and 586 were grade cows. The different breeds were rep- resented as follows in the former : Holsteins, 111 ; Jerseys, 77 ; Guern- seys, 41 ; Ayrshires, 2. The grades were classed as follows, according to breeds : Holsteins, 193 ; Jerseys, 306 ; Guernseys, 23 ; and mixed breeding (mainly Shorthorn grades), 64. Considering both pure- breds and grades, the various breeds were, therefore, represented as follows among the cows entered in the competition : Jerseys, 383 ; Holsteins, 304 ; Guernseys, 64 ; and Ayrshires, 2. CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 159 TABLE I Entries in the California State Dairy Cow Competition Total Pure-breds Grades Breeder II. J. G. Ay. T - H. G. Mixed bred Grades Abbott, K. W 4 1 26 .... 2 4 29 Baldwin, Anita M. 17 17 Beebe, Floyd 2 .... 12 .... 14 Bibens, A. M 1 1 Bolmett Bros 4 118 .... 14 Bomberger, J. M 4 5 4 5 Christen, J. M 1 11 1 11 Coppini, J. W : 10 12 10 12 Cornwell, H. E 6 6 Dupee, W. H 4 4 Elliott-Brant Bancho 9 9 Goodall, J. A 1 1 Grice, C. E 3 3 Gross, H. G 8 8 Guill, J. H., Jr.* 1 13 1 13 Guise, H. J 1 1 Henderson, J. W. 4 4 Hewins, Homer, Jr 1 .... .... 1 Holge, E. M 1 1 Higdon, W. J.f 2 .... 5 7 Hollow-Hill Farm 4 12 .... 4 12 Iversen, Iver 9 2 4 .... .... 15 Kell, F. J4 2 8 2 8 Kounias, S. G 4 4 McFarland, E. B 1 1 McFarland, C. G 4 4 McLouth & Dado 8 8 McLouth, Chas. M 2 2 McAlister & Sons 5 5 Mealey, S. A 1 1 Miller, Guy H 14 14 Morris, A. W. & Sons 28 26 Napa State Hospital.. 22 22 Pacific St. Corp...: 3 3 Palo Alto Stock Farm 12 .... 10 .... 22 Rexholme Farms 1 1 1 1 So. Cal. St. Hosp 10 10 Stenzel, F 15 15 Trigg, G. E 14 1 .... 15 Univ. of Calif 9 8 2 1 1 1 20 2 Van Derpoel, F. H 6 • 6 Leland Stan. Univ 9 9 Williams, S. F 1 .... 1 Wulff, F. B 1 1 Total 105 06 41 2 47 112 18 24 214 201 160 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Entries for Cow-Testing Association Prizes Breeder jj Ambort, Aux Beebe, Floyd 1 Coppini & Coppini Coppini, J. W Darnell, C Guill, J. H 1 Hansen John Iversen, Iver Kell, F. J 1 Terkelsen, W 3 G. E. Trigg Pure-bred; 1 Ay. jT 49 12 2 101 19 41 35 Grades H. G. 29 . 10 19 4 17 2 Mixed 13 11 Total Pure bred Grades 29 10 13 60 12 10 21 101 37 17 49 36 Total. 6 11 259 81 40 17 385 Grand totals Ill 77 41 306 193 23 64 231 586 Note. — H., Holsteins; J., Jerseys; G., Guernseys; Ay., Ayrshires. * Grades later sold to Leonard Hess, Tudor, Cal. t Guernseys later sold to A. J. Welch, Redwood City, Cal. t Grades later sold to D. J. Sullivan & Co., Stockton, Cal. Most of the herds competing for the cow-testing association prizes were located in two sections; viz., Humboldt and Imperial counties, mainly in the former; only one herd outside of these counties con- tinued to the end. The herds entered for ten-month records, on the other hand, were located in twenty-nine different counties scattered all over the state, from Humboldt and Butte counties in the north to San Diego and Imperial counties in the south, and represented greatly differing types of dairy farming. Forty-nine different breed- ers entered their cows in the competition, but for a variety of causes, more or less unexpected at the beginning, the war, labor shortage, business changes, etc., a number found it necessary to withdraw. Two hundred and forty-six cows owned by twenty-nine different breeders completed ten-month records, viz., twenty-one breeders of Jersey, Holstein, Guernsey, and Ayrshire cattle, and eight owners of grade dairy herds. A number of breeders of pure-bred cattle also entered grade cows owned by them. Through the cooperation of the cow- testing associations we were furnished with yearly records for 365 cows in nine different herds, making 608 cows in thirty-four different herds in all, whose records of production have been compiled for periods of ten months or of one year, and form the basis upon which the awards of prizes offered in the competition are made. Fig. 2. — Grade Jersey cows, owned by J. W. Coppini, Ferndale. Winner of first herd prize, Class A. Beauty 1st, ten-month record, 589.5 lbs. butter fat; Lady Mac, 583.7 lbs. butter fat; Florinda, 568.7 lbs. butter fat; Little Surprise, 559.2 lbs. butter fat. 162 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION pi u ^3 o .-^ rH io co b- cq iq iq 'S N c«3 <0 «C O t> OJ ScOrHLOCOOqOqoO Q CO IO CO LO LO CO IO *3 rH LO CD b- CI b- LO ^ CM* CO cd tdd^'oi * hjj tjh : o co b- oo -tj l id tjh o : id h w o h : t^ -h co :mcdooon 'IOCC* ' H^ CO CO CO LO oo ci ci i CQ iH O nooi •o co co ci co o oq TH CO r-l GO LO iH O CD LO OO CI "f CO LO CD LO CO OS CO OS CO OJ -H CO h^ o id cd cq tj? cq' os oq' '-h t^ hh rH CO CO CO CD CM CO OIMI> IO OS t> N ^ f^ O H^ HH LO 00 -I t-H H H CD CO "* N CO OOICO LO 00 N N ^ N CD -H -H O CO t— co oq OS CO o o CDr-i ^j" ■g rH CD ci -a LO CO OJ O o OS CO P o t^ «>: IO CO t- IO o p . tS mJ OrO 1 ft pj © b- "« CD t>^ 03 ■"JS rH b- cdD to cq X pH -1 rH IO CQ cd CO rH CO IO H M HH H • H & H O 2 rH 1 03 hs pq fc n < H Eh Q W W *q Wo pH i -6 03 C 3 h O £ C ^ • C > o io oq rH i os co co cq hjh cq o co cm : »o h q rt L CO HH* id ©' ©' oo os" co to i cd oo' cd oo iO^ocoooo^Ht. : oq cq oo os LON^HMIOMCON ' - N q to q a tJ< h q oo co co oo h_ o ! 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OS OO HH IO CD b- b- CD LO CO CO CD CO* c6 rH rH rH rH (MiiH I I I TtH LO IO CO* GO rH O CD CO b- CD IO cq ^; rO ^rH OLOHnddddodMHOW^ObM LoOOOrH r-jO 00 o CO CD LO rH OS LO CO t-' CD Ol OS CO OS rH OS CD b- CO HH rH I I CO t^ GO HH CM GO OS CI 03 «3 A P 3j OLOCqCOCOOSCqrHCOb-COOOrHH. *Zin, .•£*/*■■ ar !s. >«'* Fig. 9. — Imp. England's Lady Orange, 65663 (Guernsey), owned by Palo Alto Stock Farm, Palo Alto, winner of first prize, Class A, for the highest production of butter fat by a cow during ten consecutive months; 585.8 lbs. butter fat. Prizes for Monthly Production by Grade Cows. — Two series of prizes were offered for the highest monthly production by grade cows in the competition : one, for the highest production of butter fat by a single cow for each month during 1917, offered by McAlister & Sons, of Chino; and the other, for the highest average production of butter fat by five grades for each month during the competition, offered by the Pacific Rural Press, of San Francisco. Tables VIII and IX give the awards of these prizes with accompanying information as to the prize winners and their production. It will be noted that both the monthly production and the ten-month records of the winners of the McAlister & Sons prizes were very creditable indeed. The prizes of the former were won five times by Holstein grades, six times by Jersey grades, and once by a Shorthorn grade. The ten-month CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 175 ^ ° SP ci> o « iB ►^S£B3£S* ?♦■ °p h & g £^ s P P (X) o 3 g S- 2- o 6 ? *g o £ a> p p o • 2. • QM £j g- © ^ ^ ^ p fc* 02 o p ^ M W 3 s • ■ ' p • 4 H ^ M H^ 1— i • • • • *^ 3 H O h3 H 2Q g 3. o 3 3 p O Cfq g CfQ ffq £> B. W o CD P QQ N c+- Q w o w OlMOOOSOtCOCOtfx to to l-J t— ' 00 to CO --3 CO CO OS 1— ' -1 ►4- H s m 01 vj -1 ^M J-i J-> J-i bO JNO JNO J-» h-» CO CD IjO O "h O) M "- Ol if*. bo © bo © © cs co bi © co OlOlviCSStOOOtOfflOOOlOO p S Ci Ol M 00 p S W ^ OS J-» bl H» OS M © CO f^. *M © CO CO OS I^OM^ISWffiOOOlHOO ^cooias^ito©cooox©oi o»0)Oiaaoi*.ww^w^ OlOlCSOlOlhKOlSS OlfiOOOOlOOWCftK) p *• w w jo ^ to to co © "^ bo co to bi if*, to £-» oorf^^cototorf^coco ** rf*. cyn> p O'l Ol «8 00 J-» 00 bi h<- 00 m»" ji 176 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION records of the cows ranged from 451.58 to 762.29 pounds of butter fat and averaged 582.2 pounds, a remarkably high average production for eleven grade cows. The data presented in Table IX show that the average monthly production of butter fat by five grades varied from 34.3 pounds (for cows 288 days in milk, on the average) to 84.6 pounds, with an aver- age of 59.11 pounds. The production of the individual grades for the month ranged from 30.91 to 102.86 pounds. No cow was consid- ered more than once in the award of either of the two series of monthly prizes. TABLE IX Pacific Eural Press Prize. Average Pi iODUCTION of Five Grades Name of owner Breed Da v s in Milk, milk lbs. Butter fat A Bnttei <-fat Month Lbs. Per cent Max. Min. 1916 Nov. Napa State Hospital H. 1.1 1,276.8 43.587 3.65 58.39* 49.13 Dec. Bohnett Brothers H. 32 1,085.4 49.319 4.54 77.58 48.73 1917 Jan. Abbott, K. W. H. 53 1 436.5 56.605 3.94 62.35 52.24 Feb. Napa State Hospit: il H. 51 1,910.5 63.696 3.33 74.90 55.61 Mar. Kell, F. J. H. 23 1,905.1 71.050 3.73 84.32 55.97 Apr. Trigg, G. E. J. 15 1,744.0 82.372 4.72 91.70 77.12 May Stenzel, F. H. 116 2,177.0 84.640 3.89 102.8) 61.15 June Coppini, J. W. J. 65 1,280.6 67.297 5.33 73.30 64.52 July Trigg, G. E. J. 8"5 1,277.8 74.868 5.85 98.33 65.79 Aug. Iversen, Iver J. 134 1 279.1 64.740 5.06 67.90 60.78 Sept. Coppini, J. W. J. 175 843.6 51.033 6.05 57.29 40.96 Oct. Iversen, Iver J&G 208 879.2 51.952 5.91 59.28 45.01 Nov. Trigg, G. E. J. 246 612.2 41.950 6.85 48.99 32.66 Dec. Beebe, Floyd J. 234 836.4 46.199 5.52 56.54 40.30 1918 Jan. So. Cal. State Hospital H. 288 895.5 34.299 3.83 40.04 30.91 Eange 34.3-84.6 102.85-30.91 Average 59.107 28 days. Cow-Testing Association Prizes. — Three prizes for yearly records made by herds belonging to a cow-testing association were offered by the California Cultivator Publishing Company, Los Angeles ; one each for herds of 10-25 cows, 26-50 cows, and over 50 cows. Nine herds competed for these prizes, six of which belonged to the Ferndale Cow- Testing Association, two to the Imperial Valle}^ Association, and one to the Solano-Yolo-Colusa Association. The average production of CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 177 those herds is given in Table X. Two other herds, one eacli in the Gridley and the San Joaquin County Associations could not continue in the competition to the end, owing to the loss of testers through draft and resulting discontinuance of the work of the associations. TABLE X Cow-Testing Association Prizes, Offered ry California Cultivator Publishing Company, Los Angeles Average production No. of cows Name of owner in herd (a) 10 to 25 cows Milk, lbs. Butter fat, lbs. Per cent fat (1) J. W. Coppini,* Ferndale (2) Floyd Beebe, Esparto (3) C. Darnell, Brawley (&) 25 to 50 cows 22 18 10 8,979.0 9,470.1 10,813.7 510.09 387.56 362.78 5.68 4.09 3.37 (1) Iver Iversen,* Areata (2) G. E. Trigg, Fern dale (3) Aux Ambort, Holtville 37 35 29 10,445.0 8,658.8 9,134.7 497.73 485.96 357.39 4.76 5.62 3.91 (c) over 50 cows (1) W. Terkelsen,* Ferndale (2) Coppini & Coppini, Ferndale (3) John Hansen, Loleta 53 HO 101 8,445.1 7,000.0 6,635.5 420.46 379.44 339.63 4.98 4.99 5.12 * Winner of prize. All three prize winners were members of the oldest cow-testing association in the state, that of Ferndale, Hnmboldt County, which lias been in continuous operation since February, 1909. The other asso- ciations represented among the competitors, the Solano-Yolo-Colusa and the Imperial Valley Associations, were organized in April, 1916, and December, 1917, respectively. It is no accident that the Hum- boldt County herds rank highest and next to highest in all three classes. The effect of the cow-testing association work is cumulative ; it gives the dairyman definite knowledge of the production of his cows from year to year, and shows him which are profitable producers and which are not. He is able, therefore, to dispose of the latter kind of cows and thus gradually raise the production of his herd. The importance of well-bred dairy bulls for increasing the production of the herd is also brought home with increasing emphasis each year by the results of cow-testing association work. The showing made in the competition by the herds belonging to the Ferndale Cow Testing Association furnishes a striking illustration of the value of continued association work to the members and to the dairy industry of the state. It is a source of keen disappointment to all interested in the progress of our dairy industry that several of the associations in the state have been discontinued during the past year on account of the loss of their 178 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION testers through enlistment or draft, and the impossibility of securing new men to take their places. Prizes for Herd Records. — The largest cash prizes offered in the competition were the so-called herd prizes awarded for the highest average production of butter fat by ten cows in a herd; twelve such prizes aggregating $1950 in value were offered, viz., three each of v: Fig. 10. — Imp. President's Doris of Lewison, 32145, owned by Palo Alto Stock Farm. Highest producing Guernsey cow; 13,482.3 lbs. milk and 690.16 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 5.12 per cent. $300, $200, $100, and $50. Owing to lack five of these prizes were not awarded. The breeders given below. of qualified competitors, awards made went to the Average production of Butter fat, lbs. Milk, lbs. 7,592.5 7,445.0 Actual 435.85 394.49 Credit 470.95 418.18 Ave. per cent fat 5.74 5.30 17,193.4 588.75 671.86 3.43 Class A, Jerseys or Guernseys 1st prize, J. W. Coppini, Ferndale 2nd prize, Guy H. Miller, Modesto Class B, Holsteins 1st prize, A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland Class C, Other breeds and grades 1st prize, G. E. Trigg, Ferndale 2nd prize, Iver Iversen, Areata 3rd prize, F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo 4th prize, J. W. Coppini, Ferndale The winners of these prizes, at the request of the writer, furnished brief accounts of the method of feeding and handling their cows, which will be found in the following pages. 9,908.9 557.36 580.54 5.63 10,891.8 558.56 576.41 5.13 16,159.9 534.36 558.86 3.31 9,192.5 520.57 532.86 5.66 CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 179 SYSTEM OF FEEDING PRIZE-WINNING HERDS J. W. Coppini, Ferndale. — At the first inception of the California State Dairy Cow Competition, I fully realized the object and benefit to be derived from it, and decided to enter every cow in my herd. About two months before entering-, my cows were put dry and fed as follows: All the mixed rye-grass and clover hay they would eat up clean, together with a liberal ration of beets, and about three pounds of grain or dried beet pulp, as I happened to have on hand. Fig. 11.— Gertie Olga of Ferndale, 314818, owned by J. W. Coppini, Ferndale, winner of second prize, Class A, for the highest production of butter fat by a cow during ten consecutive months; 8,888.9 lbs. milk and 500.993 lbs. butter fat: average fat, 5.64 per cent. (Credited production, 576.1 lbs.) After freshening, the grain ration was increased to four or five pounds per cow daily. During the spring and early summer months green cut grass was fed in the barn during milking, and later as the grass became short, oxheart carrots were gradually substituted, and later beets and hay during fall and winter months* They were milked twice a day and pastured the year round; kept in the barn at night in the winter and also in the day time when real stormy. Plenty of bedding was always provided. Guy H. Miller, Modesto. — At the beginning of the contest, the cows were being fed a molasses dairy feed. A little later a ration composed of three parts crushed barley, two parts shorts and one part linseed meal was substituted. For the first month it was fed with a small amount of beet pulp. As the cows did not like beet pulp very well, it was discontinued December 1st. The cows were fed alfalfa hay and the above grain mixture up to April 1st, 1917. We then began feeding the first cutting of alfalfa and foxtail green as part of the night feed. About the first of May crushed barley alone was substituted for the former mixed ration. The ration then was crushed barley and alfalfa hay, with green 180 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION alfalfa as part of the night feed. In July crushed oats was mixed with the barley, half and half. The alfalfa hay and alfalfa soiling was continued as before. On August 1st, the oats were left out of the ration, alfalfa hay continued, and green kaffir corn was given in the night feed. This ration was continued until September 10th, when we ran out of kaffir corn. Alfalfa hay and crushed barley and oats were fed, in the proportion of two parts barley and one part oats, to September 25th. The cows were then turned out a part of each day to pasture off what was left on the alfalfa fields in the way of green feed, haying being over on account of short irrigation season. The cows were pastured about two weeks, receiving alfalfa hay in the morning and a light feed of the same at night, the grain ration of oats and barley being continued. Pasture was discontinued October 10th and cows were then on dry feed entirely. October 22nd, as the price of barley and oats had soared out of reason, we turned to molasses dairy feed for a concentrate. This dairy feed is supposed to consist of one-third each of molasses, crushed barley and ' ' dairy chop. ' ' This ration of alfalfa hay and molasses feed was continued to the end of the contest. The ten cows that won the second herd prize were fed 20,677 lbs. of concen- trates during the 304 days they were in the contest, as average of 6.8 lbs. per day, the largest average amount of concentrates being given to Goldie of Venadera, 10.2 lbs., and the smallest amount to Martha of Venadera, 3.6 lbs. The cows were fed and milked twice daily throughout the contest, with the exception of Lorita of Venadera, one of the older cows that now leaks her milk very badly. She was milked three times daily for six weeks, but as she seemed to leak just about the same, her three-times milking was discontinued. When not in the barn night and morning being fed and milked, the cows ran in a corral adjoining the barn at all times, except the two weeks they were pastured a part of each day. There is a closed-in shed in connection with the corral for protec- tion during bad weather. A. W. Morris <$r Sons Corporation, Woodland. — Miss Valley Mead De Kol Walker was milked four times a day during the first four months and three times a day during the last six months of the record period. Her grain ration varied from ten to eighteen pounds a day, consisting of equal parts of ground barley, ground oats, and wheat bran, with one to two pounds cottonseed meal and two to four pounds soy bean meal. A little linseed meal was fed in place of the above concentrates at times. Her roughage consisted of corn silage during the winter, about fifteen pounds once a day, and five to ten pounds of dried beet pulp a day. She also had fresh beets during part of the test, which were fed in place of the silage. In addition to this, she of course had what alfalfa hay she would clean up. The above feeds were varied in amounts according to the cow 's appetite for them. She was kept in corral and box-stall and fed at each milking. The other cows were handled in the same manner, and their rations consisted of the same feeds, varied in amounts according to the production and peculiarities of the cows. These other cows were milked three times a day and were kept with the herd and given a light feed of rice bran, wheat bran, and beet pulp. G. E. Trigg, Ferndale. — Up to 1906 my father dairied with good grade cows, but had no particular breed. In 1906 he bought eight head of half-bred Jersey heifers that freshened that spring. They milked fine and during the fall and summer we tested and weighed their milk and found that they were doing really better than some of our old cows. CALIFOHMA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 181 In 1907 lie began to prefer .Jerseys and bought three high-grade heifers and a registered bull. That summer Ave tested and weighed the heifers' milk and found that they were doing- far better than our other cows. The next spring we bought more high-grade heifers and in 1909 Ave had a nice bunch of young cows. That spring the Ferndale Cow-Testing Association was organized and we joined this association and our herd has been tested continually ever since. Fig. 12. — Little Beauty 2d, 45221, Guernsey, owned by Elliott-Brant Rancho, Owensmouth. Winner of third prize, Class A, for the highest production of butter fat by a cow during ten consecutive months; 10,083.8 lbs. milk and 532.766 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 5.28 per cent. (Credited production, 575.42 lbs.) Fig. 13. — Monte 1st, grade Holstein, owned by Napa State Hospital, Napa. Highest producing grade in the competition. Winner of first prize, Class C, for the highest production of butter fat by a cow during ten consecutive months, and winner of McAlister & Sons' prize for May, 1917; 20,596.4 lbs. milk and 762.287 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 3.70 per cent. 182 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION In 1913 I bought the cows and rented the ranch from my father and continued along the same lines of management. I raised all my heifer calves and in the fall picked out my best heifers to build up my herd and sold the rest. I have not bought a cow since I took over the ranch, but have raised all heifers that I put in to replace my older and poorest cows with. I consider that is the only way a man can build up a good herd after he has gotten a good start. That is, to get a good pure-bred bull, to test the cows, and keep the best heifer calves. During the summer of 1915, I was somewhat short of feed, so bought and fed some cocoanut meal with my carrots and beets and found after feeding it awhile that my cows milked far better than they did on roots alone. The next summer I fed cocoanut meal and bran continually and kept account of its cost ; at the end of the season I found that the cows had made me two dollars extra for every dollar I had spent for grain, and my cows were fat. As soon as I could dry my cows that fall, I began to condition them up for the 1917 season. I consider that a very important part in the dairy business. I was like many other dairymen — when my cows were dry I fed them straw and thought they would get along all right and that was all I cared, but I have found things different. I think the fatter one can get the cows at freshening time, the better they will do that season. In 1917 my cows always had lots of pasture and besides I fed a grain ration of about one pound of grain for every five pounds of milk. The grain consisted of cocoanut meal, bran, barley and dried beet pulp. I mixed these according to what feeds I had on the ranch and tried to make somewhat of a balanced ration. About August 1st I began feeding carrots and fed about 80 pounds a day to each cow until Nov. 20th, when I began feeding beets of which about the same amount was fed. December 1st I started feeding rye grass and clover hay and gave the cows all they would clean up. Iver Iversen, Areata. — During the months of April, May, and June, my cows were fed green clover pasture, green oats and vetches in the barn, twice daily, and also four pounds of a mixture of wheat, cocoanut meal, and cottonseed meal, daily per cow. In July and August they were fed green peas and clover pasture, and also four pounds grain. During September, October, November they were fed green Indian corn (Yellow Dent), carrots (120 to 150 lbs. per cow daily) and six pounds mixed grain as above mentioned. During the months of October and November they were also fed 10 lbs. alfalfa hay per cow. From December 1 to March they were fed from 125 to 150 lbs. beets per cow daily, with six lbs. grain feed, and 10 lbs. alfalfa hay. F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo. — The cows that were entered in the competition were fed like the balance of the herd. The daily rations fed until March 15, 1917, were 50 pounds wet brewers' grains, 10 pounds dried beet pulp, 1 pound linseed meal, with alfalfa hay and mangels. About 60 pounds fresh cut green alfala was fed March 15 to November 10, and after that time about 35 pounds of alfalfa hay was fed daily per head. On account of the high price of mill feeds we left them out of the ration entirely. This was very likely a mistake, for by adding a small amount of mill feed, the result in the competition might have been differ- ent, especially in the case of Alice. Another thing that worked against the best results was a change in the milker and feeder during the competition period. The first six months the cows were milked three times a day and cared for by a competent, careful man. After he left they were milked twice a day by an inex- perienced feeder. CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 183 Hollow-Hill Farm, Colton {A. Benjestorf, Supt.).* — The grade Guernsey cows which were entered in the State Dairy Cow Competition by Hollow-Hill Farm worked under the handicap of being milked under the strictest certified require- ments: they were washed twice daily, were milked in a cement-floored barn sep- arate from the one in which they were fed, stood for five hours twice daily in the two barns being milked and fed, and for the most of the time were milked but twice a day. Their feed was concentrates, "Sure-milk" and wheat bran, fed in the proportion of about one pound of feed for six to ten pounds of milk; Indian Fig. 14. — Interested Jap 's Santa, 296928, owned by University of California, Davis. Winner of trophy awarded by A. J. C. C. for the highest record of a registered Jersey cow for ten consecutive months; 12,108 lbs. milk, 703.369 lbs. butter fat. Average fat, 5.49 per cent. (Credited production, 759.6 lbs. fat.) Yearly record, 13,308.5 lbs. milk, 805.72 lbs. fat; average fat, 6.05 per cent. Four years, two months at beginning of test. State record for Jersey cows. corn silage at the rate of 25 pounds a day; a part of the time alfalfa pasture, and from March until November green alfalfa once a day; also five pounds of dried beet pulp. At first all were milked and fed three times a day, but as soon as the flow fell below forty pounds they were put on a twice-a-day schedule. They were fed a portion of the grain in the morning together with the silage. If they were 3 Winner of trophy offered by A. G. C. C. for highest production by ten grade cows, sired by a registered Guernsey bull (see p. 203). 184 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION milked in the middle of the day, a little more grain was given. In the evening they had the balanee of the grain, the beet pulp and the green feed. At such times as they were in pasture they went from 9 to 11 a.m. and were removed before noon. This schedule applies to all the grades and to Imp. Brittleware Wild Eose, which was also on Advanced-Register test. Under this treatment she made 9199 pounds of milk and 505 lbs. of fat in 12 months. During the same period her half-sister, Imp. Brittleware Mistletoe, was making 14,467 pounds of milk and 751 pounds of butter fat. There was little difference in the two cows and the manner of handling was largely responsible for the difference in records. Accommodations for Advanced-Register testing are limited at our farm, which accounts for the treatment given Wild Rose. Imp. Brittleware Mistletoe was allowed a separate box stall with a small exercise yard adjoining, was fed at the rate of one pound of grain mixture (90 pounds wheat bran, 90 pounds cocoa- nut meal, 70 pounds rolled barley, 50 pounds of corn meal and 100 pounds of Suremilk) for three pounds of milk. Wild Rose was also fed this mixture instead of the one given the grade cows. Imp. Brittleware Mistletoe made a record which gave her eighth place among the Guernsey cows of the United States at four and a half years old. Imp. Cherry III of the Eff ords was accorded the same treatment as Mistletoe and made 15,567 pounds of milk and 735 pounds of butter fat in her twelve months. In view of the treatment received by the grades their record of 478.34 actual pounds of butter fat is truly remarkable. By comparison of the records of Imp. Brittleware Mistletoe and Imp. Brittleware Wild Rose it is easy to see that certified requirements do not make for high production records. FEEDING OF THE COMPETITION COWS It was planned to secure complete records of the feed eaten by cows in the competition in connection with their production records so as to be able to determine, as accurately as possible, the relation between the feed consumption and the production of the cows, and the relative efficiency of the individual cows, as well as of cows of the different breeds, as producers of milk and butter fat. Unfortunately, it did not prove possible, however, to obtain sufficiently definite infor- mation in most cases as to the kinds and amount of feed eaten. Condi- tions growing out of the war, especially the labor situation, greatly increased the difficulties with which the breeders had to contend in carrying their cows through the competition period, and it was, in general, out of the question to keep careful detailed records of the system of feeding followed. The statements of prize winners given Fig. 15. — High-record cows in the University Dairy herd, University Farm, Davis. Pietertje Lorena Korndyke, 217767 (Holstein) ; ten-month record, 16,272.3 lbs. milk, 545.084 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 3.35 per cent. (Credited produc- tion, 588.7 lbs.) Mermaiden's Fern, 269301 (Jersey), 9,920.3 lbs. milk and 527.386 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 5.32. Langwater York Rose, 24202 (Guern- sey), 10,584.7 lbs. milk, 428.959 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 4.05 per cent. Korn- dyke Senorita, 191470 (Holstein), ten-month record, 18,111.0 lbs. milk and 638.050 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 3.52 per cent. Fig. 15. — (See foot of page 184 for description.) 186 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION in the preceding pages doubtless illustrate the methods of feeding and management adopted by a majority of the participants whose cows completed ten-month records in the competition. Nearly all of these fed their cows concentrates and grain, or succulent feed, with alfalfa hay throughout the record period. A few breeders, among them most of those who dropped out during the progress of the competition, did not feel that they could afford to feed grain to their cows at current feed prices, and depended entirely on alfalfa hay and pasture for feeding their cows. In some cases the feeling that satisfactory records of production cannot be obtained under this system of feeding was responsible for the withdrawal from the competition, but more often the reasons were the difficulty of securing efficient help to feed and milk the cows, and business changes that became necessary. There can be no question but that dairy cows can only make the best produc- tion of which they are capable when fed concentrates along with rough feeds and that with good cows it may pay to feed even a considerable amount of concentrates, say ten pounds per head daily, or more, preferably a mixture of two or three different kinds. Most of the dairymen participating in the competition provided succulent feed for their cows, either green forage, silage, or roots, in addition to dry roughage and concentrates, and thus secured the best conditions for obtaining a maximum production from their cows. The subject of feeding dairy cows under present feed conditions was discussed by the writer at the Dairy Farmers' Conference held at the University Farm on the occasion of the formal closing of the Dairy Cow Competition. 4 The following quotation from the paper (slightly revised) may prove of value to California dairy farmers: It is evident that no hard and fast rule can be given for feeding concentrates with roughage. There are many factors to be considered which vary for different farmers, like cost of feeds and relative cost for different kinds of feeds, type and production of the cows in the herd, prices obtained for the products, etc. As a general proposition, it may be assumed that under present conditions concentrates can only be profitably fed to very good dairy cows and that, for the average run of cows, it will pay best to feed roughage only, either alfalfa, or preferably alfalfa and silage from Indian corn, sorghum, etc., or alfalfa and root crops, where these can be produced cheaper than silage crops, considering the yield of nutrients obtained per unit of land. As a concrete illustration of rations that may be recommended for dairy cows of different productive capacity under present conditions the following systems of feeding are suggested : * War Time Eations for Dairy Cows, Pacific Eural Press, March 23, 1918; California Cultivator, April 20, 1918; Feeding of Concentrates should Depend on Capacity, Pacific Dairy Eeview, April 25, 1918. CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 187 For cows producing less than a pound of butter fat a day (or not over three gallons of milk per head) : (1) Thirty pounds of alfalfa hay (or all they will eat). (2) Eighteen pounds alfalfa hay, 30 pounds silage (from Indian corn, milo or sweet sorghum). For cows producing over a pound of butter fat daily: (1) Twenty -five pounds alfalfa hay, 1 pound of concentrates for every 5 pounds of milk produced. Concentrates suggested: Wheat bran, dried beet pulp, cocoanut meal, mixed in the proportion of 2:1:1 by weight. (2) Fifteen pounds alfalfa hay, 25 pounds silage, the same grain mixture as above in a somewhat smaller proportion, say 1 pound to every 6 pounds of milk. 1 r'iiV. »■'•-;! ^ BISIW^^ 1 jjt ^^B^s^ ^11 m * .~ A. Fig. 16. — Princess Zozo Pontiac, 199936, owned by Mrs. Anita M. Baldwin, Santa Anita. Winner of fourth prize, Class B, for the highest production of butter fat by a cow during ten consecutive months, 16,533.2 lbs. milk and 587.169 lbs. butter fat; average fat, 3.55 per cent. (Credited production, 634.1 lbs.) Other grain mixtures that may prove economical at present feed prices, under the conditions given, are: Wheat bran and dried beet pulp, equal parts by weight. Wheat bran, cocoanut meal, 3:1 by weight. Wheat bran, shorts (or middlings), ground milo (or rolled barley) and cocoanut meal, equal parts by weight. The relative cost of these feeds will largely determine the kinds and proportions of each that it is advisable to include in the grain mixture. If grain hay is fed and not alfalfa, either of the above mixtures will be improved by adding about a pound of cottonseed or linseed meal per head, since it is necessary in this case to supplement the low-protein roughage with a grain mixture containing some high-protein concentrate; linseed meal is too expensive to be fed to dairy cows in any but small amounts, but cottonseed meal furnishes more protein for the money and, with either of the mixtures given, makes a palatable and effective grain feed. If it cannot be obtained, wheat bran and cocoanut meal mixed in the proportion of 2 or 3:1, by weight, will make a good supplement when grain hay is fed. 188 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION DECREASE IN PRODUCTION DURING LACTATION PERIOD The purpose of the competition was to determine the production by dairy cows of different kinds in the state under as nearly normal, every-day conditions as possible. Except for the delayed breeding or failure to breed in the cases of about 24 per cent of the number of cows entered (p. 164), it is believed that the production by the cows represents the best practice of California dairy farmers and breeders at the present time. As such, it is of interest to ascertain the rate of decrease in production during the lactation period or the ten months of the competition. The average production for each month during the period was accordingly compiled for all cows that were entered, within the first week or two after freshening, and that finished a nine or ten-month record period. The results are given in Table XI which also shows the percentage decrease in the production of milk and butter fat for each month of the lactation period. TABLE XI Decrease in Production During Lactation Period Ave. daily prodi action No. of cows Decrease i n production A Milk, lbs. Bu tter fat, Lbs. Milk, Per cent Butter fat, Month lbs. per cent r -\ Lbs. Per cent 1 46.4 1.95 4.20 236 .... 2 46.7 1.98 4.24 236 .3* 1* .03* 1* 3 42.6 1.81 4.25 236 4.1 9 .17 9 4 39.7 1.72 4.33 236 2.9 7 .09 5 5 36.8 1.62 4.40 236 2.9 7 .10 6 34.4 1.52 4.42 236 2.4 7 .10 6 7 31.3 L42 4.54 236 3.1 9 .10 7 8 28.0 ' 1.29 4.61 236 3.3 11 .13 9 9 25.5 1.19 4.67 228 2.5 9 JO 8 10 22.7 1.07 4.71 149 2.8 11 .12 10 * Increase. Average distance from calving at beginning of first month, 12 days. The compilations of the average production by the competition cows for the different months given in the table show that the 236 cows in milk for a period of eight months or more, yielded on the average 46.4 pounds (about 5y 2 gallons) of milk during their first month in the competition and 22.7 pounds the last month ; the yield of butter fat being 1.95 and 1.07 pounds for the first and the last month, respectively. During the second month, a slightly larger pro- duction was obtained than during the first month, but with the third month and on, a somewhat regular decrease in production occurred CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 189 of 7 to 11 per cent in milk yield and 5 to 10 per cent in the yield of butter fat, the more rapid decrease occurring toward the end of the record period. Ten months after freshening, 149 cows still yielded an average of over 2y 2 gallons of milk and a pound of butter fat per head daily. These cows were largely pure-breds on Advanced-Registry tests for yearly records and included those barred from competing for prizes on account of not being bred within five months from calving. Nor- mally, they would be well along in the gestation period at the end of ten months and their milk flow would have gone down greatly prior to being dried off during the following month. The percentage de- crease in the production for the last couple of months given in the r i ■ i wA ~jt - Fig. 17. — Group of grades owned by Bohnett Bros., Campbell. Winner of Pacific Rural Press prize for December, 1916. Average production of butter fat, 49.319 lbs. table is, therefore, considerably lower than that which will be found in the case of cows kept under normal dairy conditions and bred so as to drop a calf at an interval of about a year. The decrease in pro- duction obtained for the earlier part of the lactation period is similar to that found elsewhere, 5 and shows the extent to which good dairy cows, fed and cared for according to the best modern dairy methods, arc able to maintain their production during the progress of the lactation. GENERAL DISCUSSION The California State Dairy Cow Competition was conducted by the California Agricultural Experiment Station primarily as an educational effort, to establish the value of production records of dairy 5 Wisconsin Experiment Station, Bulletin 102, Research Bulletin 26; Geneva (New York) Experiment Station, Report 1886, 21; Kentucky Experiment Station, Bulletin IOC. 190 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION cows to the dairymen of the state, and to bring home to them the possibilities of good cows, whether pure-breds or grades, for a large dairy production under California conditions. In this respect, the competition accomplished, in a large measure, what was intended. The records of production published each month throughout the com- petition period, with the awards of monthly prizes, were followed with keen interest, not only by those participating in the competition, but by all interested in dairying and in the advancement of the dairy industry of the state. The results obtained in the competition show the quality of dairy cows of different breeds in the state, and what can be accomplished under our conditions by intelligent methods of feeding and manage- ment of dairy herds. It is idle to speculate on what it would mean to the state if all our cows were fed and handled so as to secure the best results with them, or better still, if modern dairy methods were adopted in the management of all dairy herds. Progress in matters of this kind depends on many factors, some of them beyond human control, and is therefore necessarily slow, but the data secured in the competition clearly indicate the road to progress, and a study of the results and the conditions under which these were obtained, as sug- gested in the preceding pages, should be of the greatest value to all dairy farmers. The records made by the pure-bred cows in the competition show that it is not necessary for California dairymen to go outside of the state for breeding stock, because cows of the highest type and pro- ductive capacity, of all the important dairy breeds, are found within our borders. The production by the grade cows in the competition furnishes a most hopeful illustration of the value of the methods of dairying by which advancement may be made ; first, by placing a good pure-bred dairy bull at the head of the herd ; second, by production tests of all cows in the herd and subsequent culling out of those that do not yield enough milk to be profitable dairy animals ; and third, by feeding the cows liberally throughout the year, whether dry or not, so that they may be able to reach the largest production of which they are capable. In this work of herd improvement, the standard to be aimed at will vary with the quality of the herd ; to begin with, an average of a pound of butter fat a day (or 2% to 3 gallons of milk of average fat content a day) for the lactation period or for the year is none too high under present conditions of high wages and feed prices. This standard may be gradually raised to 400 pounds for the lactation period for all mature cows and possibly for all the cows in the herd. CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 191 That such an average production is within the reach of any dairy farmer who is ambitious to succeed is clearly shown by the results obtained with the herds in the cow-testing associations competing for the California Cultivator prizes. Three of these averaged over 485 pounds of butter fat during the year for all cows and heifers in the herd that were in milk for six months or more, and all herds yielded over 340 pounds of butter fat, the herd with the latter average pro- duction including 101 cows. Fig. 18.— Fern's Silver Kay, 305081, owned by F. H. Van Derpoel, El Centre Ten-month record, 12,832.5 lbs. milk, 668.541 lbs. fat; average fat, 5.21 per cent. Yearly record, A. J. C. C, 779.544 lbs. butter fat. The average production by the dairy cows in the state at present is not over 150 pounds of butter fat per head annually. With the dairy herds referred to showing an average production of over 125 per cent in excess of this average, is it not worth while for owners of average dairy herds who comprise the rank and file of our dairymen, to adopt in so far as they may, similar methods to those followed by the breeders and dairymen whose cows were entered in the compe- tition, and thus aim at increasing the production of the herds by at least 50 per cent or more. Fifty per cent of 150 is 75. This amount of butter fat is now worth, in the case of a dairy of, say 25 cows, over $900, and for the one-half million dairy cows that furnish the state 192 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION with its dairy products, it would mean an increase of $18,500,000 in the annual income from our dairies. The objects of the California State Dairy Cow Competition will only be attained when the results reached therein will convince an ever-increasing number of our dairy farmers that improvement is possible and will enable them to realize larger returns for their invest- ment and labors than is now generally the case. There never was a greater need of adopting modern methods of dairying than at the present time, nor better chances for improvement, as farmers may readily profit hy the wonderful development of dairy cattle by using pure-bred bulls in their herds. The striking results obtained in the competition were accomplished through this and other simple means, to which attention has been called in the preceding pages. The three most important of these might well be adopted as the creed of the modern dairy farmer : A pure-bred dairy bull at the head of the herd. Disposal of all " slackers" in the herd. Feeding the cows so as to secure the highest possible production and net returns from the herd. Fig. 19. — Willowmoor Vesta 4th, 34150, Ayrshire; owned by E. B. McFarland, San Mateo. Winner of trophy offered by Pacific Eural Press, San Francisco, for the highest record by a registered Ayrshire cow. Production, 14 100.9 lbs. milk, (512.057 lbs. butter fat; average per cent butter fat, 4.24. (Credit for production of butter fat, 661.0 lbs.) CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 193 APPENDIX Note. — Ays., Ayrshire; G., Guernsey; H., Holstein; J., Jersey; Gr., grade. B, barred from competing for prizes on account of breeding record. Explanation of Notes. — Star (*) indicates 8 months' record; the dagger (t), 6% months; double dagger (I), 9 months; section (§), 7 months. Ten-Month Records, California State Dairy Cow Competition, 191G-1918 Days in milk at Age, beg. of Owner and name of cow Y-M record Baldwin, Mrs. A. M., Santa Anita Alba Sadie Cornucopia Greetia, H 7-4 7 Mabel Wyntje 2d, H 9 6 Princess Zozo Pontiac, H 4-4 6 Rhedon of Bloom, H 2-4 6 Mabel Aouda, H 5- 3 6 Beebe, Floyd, Esparto Blackie, Gr. J 7 5 Irene, Gr. J 6 17 Rosie, Gr 11 5 Mazie, Gr. J 6 7 Tessie, Gr. J 2-11 12 Little Jersey, Gr. J. -H. 2-6 7 Brownie, Gr. J 4 5 Ruth, Gr. H 12 6 Olga Petrovia, Gr. J 4 6 Jessie, Gr. J.-H 1-11 5 Lena, Gr. H 1-11 5 Toots, Gr. J.-D 2 17 Bib ens, A. M., Modesto Abbie De Kol of East Bank II, H 5- 3 5 Holland Aaggie Belle Colantha, H 7-9 5 Leda De Kol Ormsby, H 4-9 5 Bohnett Bros., Campbell Spot, Gr. J.-H 5 5 Cecil, Gr. J.-H 3 6 Tillie, Gr. H 7 10 Flossy, Gr. J 9 5 Dorris, Gr. H 7 60 Murne, Gr. J 5 5 Daisy, Gr. J 4 8 Nancy, Gr. J 5 11 Favne, Gr. J 6 5 Reddie, Gr. S 7 8 Baldy, Gr. J 2- 2 5 Maud, H. Gr 6 5 Alba, Gr. J 4 15 Total Butter fat credit for Milk, lbs. lbs. ave. % lbs. 17,627.5 632.136 3.58 632.1 18,495.0 631.874 3.42 631.9 16,533.2 587.169 3.55 634.1 14,074.3 582.976 4.14 757.9B 16,741.1 515.962 3.08 516.0 11,663.5 513.482 4.40 513.5 11,109.9 506.080 4.56 506.1 13,710.0 485.623 3.54 485.6B 12,248.7 447.135 3.65 447.1} 11,073.2 457.512 4.13 567.3B 7,608.4 407.699 5.36 505.5B 10,183.5 395.625 3.88 427.3B 10,309.9 393.897 3.82 393.9B 9 391.4 368.128 3.92 397.6B 9,358.3 325.736 3.48 423.5B 7,803.5 280.631 3.60 364.8 7,321.4 277.714 3.79 361.0 18,360.7 656.606 3.58 656.6 19,530.8 579.544 2.97 579.5 15,527.1 479.939 3.09 503.9 10,135.6 566.669 5.59 566.7 7,650.0 430.009 5.62 507.4 12,373.2 425.549 3.43 425.5 9,010.2 421.685 4.68 421.7 9,563.1 404.131 4.23 404.1 7,430.5 400.435 5.39 400.4 8 537.2 395.902 4.64 427.6 8,627.2 392.279 4.55 392.3 9,525.4 394.362 4.14 394.4 8,161.3 363.484 4.45 363.5B 5,580.4 277.684 4.97 361.0 5,591.7 273.240 4.89 273.2 5,624.5 226.237 4.02 244.3* 194 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Days in milk at Age, beg. of Owner and name of cow Y-M record Bamberger, J. M., Modesto Eose, Gr. J 8 6 Edith, Gr. J 5 8 Lula, Gr. J 9 5 Pansy, Gr. J 5 5 Pedralida, J 15 2 Nina, Gr. J 7 5 Pet of Green Gold, J... 3 20 Hope of Green Gold, J. 2-10 5 Loretta of Green Gold, J 2-11 9 Christen, J. M., Paoheco Aralia De Kol Young- fer, Gr. H 3-7 5 Marion 1st De Kol, Gr. H 5 5 Marion 2d De Kol, Gr. H 3-10 5 Snail De Kol, Gr. H 4 21 Alcartra Youngfer De Kol, Gr. H 2-8 5 Shilie De Kol, Gr. H 5 6 Comedia Soldene Heng., H 8-10 6 Mayflower Walker, Gr. H 6 5 Gretchen Sarcastic, Gr. H 1-9 5 Curly Ear De Kol, Gr. H 4 5 Idlewild Sarcastic, Gr. H 2 16 Black Bird De Kol, Gr. H 3 5 Coppini, J. W., Ferndale Beauty 1st, Gr. J 8 5 Lady Mac, Gr. J 12 5 Florinda, Gr. J 5-10 5 Little Surprise, Gr. J. 5- 1 5 Princess 2d, Gr. J 6-10 5 Gertie Olga of Fern- dale, J 3-11 5 Marigold Olga Ann, J. 7-11 5 Beauty 2d, Gr. J 6 5 Dina, Gr. J 8 5 Grace, Gr. J 6 5 Marigold of Fern., J... 5-1 5 Olga Fern Smith, J 5-11 5 Eosalee, Gr. J 11 5 Olga Darling, J 2-11 5 Pride of California, J. 3 5 Bellina Darling, J 5-1 5 Tormentor's Easter Lily, J 5 5 Dandy, Jr., Gr. J 2 5 Melia Olga Pogis, J 2-11 5 Rosette, Gr. J 5 5 Little Glynlyn, J 6-8 5 Total Butter fat credit for Milk, lbs. lbs. ave. % lbs. 10,458.9 520.161 4.97 520.1 10,704.2 496.787 4.54 496.8 10,440.3 487.561 4.67 487.6 9,730.0 486.248 5.00 486.2 8,089.4 439.282 5.43 439.3 7,640.2 405.276 5.30 405.3 5,567.7 353.615 6.17 417.3 5,718.5 334.509 5.85 415.1 5,111.1 330.760 6.47 410.1 6,261.6 284.740 4.55 327.5 6,967.5 269.450 3.87 269.5 6,981.3 237.455 3.40 273.1 5,272.9 235.788 4.47 254.7J 5,777.8 230.791 3.99 286.2 5,182.3 225.529 4.35 225.5* 6,663.4 220.585 3.31 220.6* 6,014.8 198.872 3.36 198.9B 5,340.2 192.086 3.60 249.7 6,242.6 174.631 2.80 188.6 4,149.6 144.337 3.48 187.6J 4,043.6 136.128 3.37 160.6 9,792.7 589.548 6.02 589.5 .2,474.4 583.704 4.67 583.7 9,076.7 568.680 6.27 568.7 9,629.9 559.215 5.81 559.2 9,820.3 550.929 5.53 550.9 8,888.9 500.993 5.64 576.1 9,104.6 495.017 5.44 495.0 8,991.9 494.711 5.50 494.7 8,765.3 492.163 5.61 492.2 9,113.6 490.838 5.39 490.8 8,167.1 487.259 5.97 487.3 8,358.3 472.362 5.65 472.4 7,281.9 466.181 6.40 466.2 7,364.8 441.642 6.00 547.6 7,028.1 435.815 6.20 514.3 7,668.7 426.849 5.56 426.8 6,926.6 415.515 6.00 415.5 6,978.7 409.735 5.87 532.7 6,622.4 382.319 5.77 474.1 5,586.9 319.367 5.72 319.4 5,795.6 300.378 5.18 300.4 I);i\ .s in milk at beg. of record Milk, lbs. Buttei A • fat Total credit for butter fat, lbs. lbs. ave. % 3 10,707.3 632.140 5.89 783.9B 23 11,072.9 589.110 5.32 695.2B 26 7,859.5 474.045 0.29 . 588.6B 5 6 5 5 1 1 ,855.0 10,083.8 8,852.4 7,943.4 608.893 532.7(56 476.323 400.395 5.14 5.28 5.38 5.04 608.9B 575.4 476.3 400.4B 5 5 6,782.5 7,558.9 370.501 348.023 5.46 4.61 400.1 348.0 CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 1!).") Age, Owner and name of cow Y—M Dupee, W. H., Santee Jesebel of Edgemoor, G. 2- 7 Imp. Snowdrop HI of Havilland, G 3 Jessy Rose of Edge- moor, G 2- 8 Elliott -Brant llanclio Butternut Queen, G 8- 1 Little Beauty 2d, G 4- 1 Elsie Argie Granger, G. 5 Vietime of Iowa, G 5- 2 Xcrio's Elsie Granger, G 4- 1 Lady Red 2d, G 11 Imp. Hayes Sweet Mar- joram, V, G 3-10 5 7,234.2 336.601 4.65 387.1 B GiCioe, C. B., Bel Mar Yeksa Poppy of Bella Vista, G...'. 4 - 7 Golden Buttercup of Bella Vista, G 4- 3 Lita of Bella Vista, G. 2- 3 Gross, H. G., Eureka Cynthia of Butter Val- ley, J 3- 6 Marian of Butter Val- ley 4-10 Old 's Golden Eminent, J 3-11 Undulata Gussie Lee, J. 3-11 Butter Valley Tulip J. 2- 8 Fairy Lad's Mabel 2d, J 3-11 King's Lady Maggie, J. 7- 3 Butter Valley Maggie, J. 2- 8 Guise, H. J., Davis Guise Beauty, Gr. J..... 5 Henderson, J. W., Berkeley Clementine Mabel, G 11-11 Kitchener's Clementine of Belle Vista, G 2- 1 Raneho Morning Rose, G 4- 8 Golden Idelia of Belle Vista, G 3- 4 Hewins, Homer, Calistoga Pauline of Broom, H... 6- 7 Silver Gloss Poplar 2d, H. ..: 7 Hollow-Hill Farm, Colton Imp. Britleware Mistle- toe, G 4- 9 Imp. Cherry of the Effords III, G 4- 7 10 7,038.4 301.216 4.28 316.3 13 5 6,009.9 5,158.7 292.854 284.897 4.87 5.13 316.3 344.4 5 8,126.4 390.186 4.80 460.4 5 6,905.3 375.804 5.44 394.6 37 62 5,005.1 5 772.8 4 902.7 304.048 286.592 283.931 6.07 4.96 5.79 349.7 329.6 352.1B 24 5 4,041.7 5 815.6 276.639 275.227 6.85 4.73 318.1 275.2* 44 4,608.7 259.157 5.62 321.4 9 7,643.4 430.016 5.63 430.0B 10 10,957.8 495.275 4.52 495. 3B 5 11,336.9 445.220 3.93 578.8B 5 9,048.0 406.207 4.49 426.5 5 7 597.0 388.654 4.85 435.0 8 9,735.7 361.300 3.71 361.31 5 9,042.9 328.386 3.63 328.4§ 6 12,691.2 651.403 5.13 68+.0B 20 13 081.8 614.841 4.69 01 5.0 B 196 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Age, Owner and name of cow Y— M Hollow-Hill Farm, Colton No. 458, Gr. G 5- 2 No. 811, Gr. G 4 No. 459, Gr. G 6 No. 481, Gr. G 5- 2 No. 812, Gr. G 4 No. 482, Gr. G 4- 9 Imp. Brittleware Wild Eose, G 4-11 No. 476, Gr. G 5- 1 No. 480, Gr. G 4- 9 No. 460, Gr. G No. 485, Gr. G 4- 5 No. 478, Gr. G 4-11 Iversen, Iver, Areata Eoan Cow, Gr. G 7 Donahue, Gr. H 7 Little Eed Cow, Gr. J. 7 Bony, Gr. J 5-11 Babe, Gr. J 6 Little Guernsey, Gr. G. 9 Jeffrey's Brownie Gr. J. 7 Kern's Holstein, Gr. H. 10 MacFarland, Gr. G 3 Little Browne, Gr. J 8 Big Brindle, Gr. J 5 Silky, Gr. J 3 Foster's Jersey, Gr. J. 5 -Foster 's Brindle Jersey, Gr. J 5 Anderson's Spotted, Gr. G 5 Kell, F. J., Stockton Creamcup Poybe, H. 5-10 McFarland, E. B., San Mateo Willowmoor Vesta 4th, Ayr 4- 5 Mealey, S. A., Gridley Beauty, Gr. H 5 Miller, Guy H., Modesto Goldie of Venadera, J. 7- 1 Lorita of Venadera, J. 10- 2 Juanita of Venadera, J. 8- 7 Gladys of Venadera, J. 4- 7 Lorna of Venadera, J. 12- 8 Pearl of Venadera, J... 10- 6 Fern of Venadera, J 5- 4 Annette of Venadera, J. 6- 7 Wanda of Venadera, J. 10- 3 Zama of Venadera, J. 1-11 Stella of Venadera, J. 3- 1 Lora of Venadera, J 2- 2 Martha of Venadera, J. 2 Days in Total milk at Butter fa credit for beg. of record Milk lbs. lbs. ave. % lbs. 5 8,794.8 563.643 6.41 563.6B 16 11,561.2 558.024 4.83 602.7 9 8,804.0 527.407 5.99 527.4 10 8,564.5 497.852 5.81 497.9B 18 9,380.7 489.422 5.22 528.6B 5 8,942.8 466.496 5.22 489.8 7 8,597.8 461.522 5.37 484.6B 8 10,704.4 455.735 4.26 455.7 6 9,680.3 436.302 4.51 458.1 6 8,196.9 398.762 4.86 398.8 15 7,387.7 389.744 5.27 420.9 13 5,039.0 272.627 5.41 286.3* 13 13,179.4 685.840 5.20 685.8 5 14,207.7 573.677 4.04 573.7 14 11,359.0 571.621 5.03 571.6 19 9,553.7 567.601 5.94 567.6 16 10,313.4 562.571 5.45 562.6 10 10,767.1 555.736 5.16 555.7 15 9,939.4 544.439 5.48 544.4 10 10,608.2 532.995 5.02 533.0 18 10,079.2 517.201 . 5.13 610.3 7 8,522.5 494.721 5.80 494.7 17 9,979.4 487.788 4.89 487.8 12 8,911.3 473.966 5.32 559.3 15 7,516.6 432.528 5.75 432.5 16 8,949.8 401.221 4.48 401.2 14 8,872.3 398.081 4.49 398.1 7 16,562.7 521.357 3.15 521.4 64 14,100.9 45 12 840.1 612.057 465.950 4.34 3.62 661.0B 466.0B 5 10,725.2 515.822 4.80 515.8 5 7,730.2 470.449 6.08 470.4 6 7,157.7 448.833 6.25 448.8B 5' 7,140.9 438.461 6.14 460.4B 5 8,987.8 438.305 4.87 438.3 64 7,186.9 433.288 6.02 433.3 5 7,008.4 330.876 4.72 330.9 5 8,431.3 422.151 5.01 422.2 72 6,706.4 416.319 6.20 416.3 5 6,722.1 330.823 4.92 430.1 31 6290.1 319.472 5.08 377.1 67 6,522.4 308.788 4.73 401.4B 12 4,671.4 267.348 5.72 347.6 California State dairy cow competition 197 Days in Total milk at butter fat credit for Age, beg. of Milk, n A ^ butter fat, Owner and name of cow Y-M record lbs. lbs. ave. % lbs. A. W. Morris 4- Sons Corp., Woodland Aaggie Acme of Kiver- side 2d, H 6-1 5 22,087.7 928.813 4.21 928.8B Aralia De Kol Mead, H. 5- 7 5 19,844.7 829.681 4.19 829.7B Miss Valley Mead DeK. Walker, H 3- 4 30 20,690.3 819.421 3.96 966.9 Pauline Creamelle Mer- cedes, H 8-7 5 22,814.2 759.761 3.33 759.8 Hartog Creamelle De Kol, H 7-5 5 24,201.7 758.086 3.13 758.1 Aralia De Kol 3rd, H. 6- 2 5 21,244.3 753.126 3.55 753.1B Margaret Aralia De Kol, H 5-6 5 18,462.4 745.761 4.04 745.8B Lady Mead Salambo, H. 6- 7, 5 19,511.6 662.071 3.39 662.1B Aralia De Kol Pontiac Mead, H 2-7 5 15,925.2 628.270 3.95 779.0 Miss Dutch 2d, H 4-8 5 16,082.9 557.493 3.47 585.4 Miss Gelsche Walker Korndyke, H 2-4 6 14,757.4 526.472 3.57 684.4 Linden Spoff ord Walker, H 2-1 6 14,447.6 508.615 3.52 661.2B Heil Pontiac Mech- thilde, H 6 5 15,129.3 502.674 3.32 502.7 Aralia Meade Pontiac De Kol, H 2-7 5 15,534.2 484.412 3.11 600.7 Cobossie Korndyke Burke, H 2-3 5 13,834.4 441.716 3.19 574.2 Queen Pontiac Char- lotte, H 5 5 12,671.0 421.827 3.33 421.8 Creamcup Electra Pon- tiac 2d, H 2-11 5 12,964.4 409.235 3.16 507.5 Napa State Hospital, Napa N. S. H. Monte 1st, Gr. H 6 7 20,596.4 762.287 3.70 762.3 No. 15, Gr. H 6 5 17,278.9 605.724 3.51 605.7 No. 29, Gr. H 5 5 14,474.1 526.479 3.64 526.5B N. S. H. Brownie, Gr. H 6- 7 20 15,872.1 497.165 3.13 497.2 N. S. H. Beauty, Gr. H. 3 11 14,292.0 491.345 3.43 565.0 No. 68, Gr. H 4 11 17,369.0 487.492 2.81 526.5 N. S. H. Queen, Gr. H. 7 31 15,665.8 485.519 3.09 485.5 No. 30, Gr. H 4 49 14,907.8 485.073 3.25 523.9 Shy Lady, Gr. H 3 11 15,357.5 459.204 3.02 541.9 Lady Ormsby Burke, H. 3-11 15 14,216.3. 458.883 3.23 527.7B No. 67, Gr. H 4 15 12,004.2 451.579 3.76 487.7* PaZo Alto Stock Farm, Palo Alto Eoxie Pauline Burke Hengerveld, H 6-3 5 21,871.2 809.780 3.70 809.8B Jennie Terzool Hicks 4th, H 7-9 5 21,445.0 764.938 3.57 764.9 Imp. President 's Doris of Lewison, G 7 7 13,482.3 690.160 5.12 690.2B May Wa Wa De Kol Burke, H 6-11 5 21,305.6 668.303 3.14 668.3B Kitchener's Dainty Lass, G 5-7 5 11,443.1 644.103 5.63 644.1B Ninette Aine Pauline, H. 5- 1 6 16,689.5 603.615 3.62 603.6fB 1 9 ^ credit for Age. beg. of Milk, butter fat, Owner and name of cow Y-M record lbs. lbs. ave. % lbs. Palo Alto Stock Farm Mysie's Jane of Alta Visto, G 7 7 13,065.2 586.913 4.49 586.9B Imp. England 's Lady Orange, G 5- 6 15 11,320.0 585.818 5.18 585.8 Mousie De Kol Lady 2d, H. 5- 8 10 18,639.6 540.329 2.89 540.3B Sieg's Finale, G 7- 8 5 10,488.5 460.719 4.39 460.7 Southern Cal. State Hospital, Patton No. 97, Gr. H 4 54 12,467.9 440.252 3.53 462.3 No. 28, Gr. H 10 62 12,003.0 424.153 3.53 424.2 No. 33, Gr. H 7 56 12,918.1 405.370 3.14 405.4 No. 68, Gr. H 7 15 11,338.9 377.738 3.33 377.7 No. 113, Gr. H 3 26 10,793.8 366.035 3.39 420.9 No. 119, Gr. H 3 113 10,729.1- 325.484 3.03 374.3 No. 110, Gr. H 3 19 10,208.5 303.766 2.98 349.3 No. 106, Gr. H 4 21 8,987.7 288.455 3.21 302.9 Stcnzel, F., San Lorenzo Alice, Gr. H 5 5 20,099.4 729.188 3.63 729.2 Blackie, Gr. H 5 16 18,130.2 621.245 3.43 621.2 Hilde, Gr. H..... 5 17 18,298.6 616.518 3.37 616.5 Janette, Gr. H 5 11 18,141.3 577.791 3.19 577.8 Rosa, Gr. H 5 16 15,418.9 515.661 3.34 515.7 Fannie, Gr. H 5 27 15,952.2 496.312 3.11 496.3B Spot Teat, Gr. H 3 20 14,812.9 485.496 3.28 572.9B Rumpy, Gr. H 5 9 16,054.0 473.132 2.95 473.1 Carmelita, Gr. H 3 28 13,154.4 471.265 3.58 556.1 Spot, Gr. H 3 13 14,027.2 453.335 3.23 534.9 Brownie, Gr. H... 5 12 12,424.7 448.896 3.61 448.9 Dixie, Gr. H 3 5 13,563.7 436.599 3.22 515.2 Trigg, G. E., Femdale Brindle, Gr. J 8 5 13,425.6 632.443 4.71 632.4 Queen, Gr. J 5 10,260.0 595.333 5.80 595.3 Vaida, Gr. J 5 9,884.1 576.136 5.82 576.1 Irene, Gr. J 5 9,582.9 569.575 5.94 569.6 Reddy, Gr. J 5 11,801.9 565.750 4.79 565.8 Mabel, Gr. J 5 9,947.1 558.511 5.61 558.5 Martha, Gr. J 9 5 9,979.1 555.530 5.57 555.5 Fanny, Gr. J 5 8,501.5 554.491 6.52 554.5 Lady Fern, Gr. J 5 8,505.4 532.303 6.25 532.3 Beauty, Gr. J 11 5 8,695.0 503.947 5.80 503.9 Juanita, Gr. J 2- 8 8 8,199.1 501.589 6.12 622.1 Frances, Gr. J 5 9,488.6 498.477 5.26 498.5 Betsv, Gr. J 11 5 9,482.6 484.515 5.11 484.5 Hilda, Gr. J 5 7,319.3 475.427 6.50 475.4 Bonnie, Gr. J 2- 1 5 7,507.3 464.266 6.18 575.7 University Farm, Davis Interested Jap 's Santa, J 4-2 5 12,108.5 Korndyke Senorita, H. 6- 2 5 18,111.0 Pietertje Lorena Korn- dyke, H 4- 2 5 16,272.3 545.084 3.35 588.7B Mermaiden's Fern, J... 8- 2 5 9,920.3 527.388 5.32 527.4B Cherry, Gr. S 5 11,611.1 464.078 4.00 464.1B Fern Ridge Pearl, G 7- 3 6 8 262.0 451.782 5.47 451.8B Meridale Jap 's Nora, J. 4-6 5 8,114.2 429.876 5.27 451.4B 703.369 5.49 759.6B 638.050 3.52 638.1B Age. Owner and name of cow Y-M University Farm, Davis Langwater York Rose, G !.. 9- 6 Agnes Colantha, IT 5- 3 Willowmoor Cherry, Ayr 7- 6 California Inka Colan- tha, H 3- 3 University La Polka Lady, H 9- 4 Queen of Hopland, H... 10- 2 California Juliana De Kol, II 2- 9 California Jap's Nora, J 2- 1 Van Derpoel, F. B., El Centra Fern's Silver Eay, J 7-11 Fern's Lowland Lassie, J 7- 8 Fern's Svlvana, J 8- 6 Fern's May Be J 7- 6 Lowland Lad's Lily, J. 12-11 Welch, A. J., Redwood City Imp. Acadia of Lin- wood, G 4- 2 Imp. Amy of Ore Hill, G. 4- 2 Imp. Alcia of Linwood, G 4- 8 Imp. Governor of the Chene 's Herald Queen, G 4- 2 Raymond 's Lily of St. Savior's, G 5- 1 TE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 1!)!) Davs in milk at beg. of record Milk. lbs. Butter fat A Total credit for butter fat, lbs. lbs. ave. % 5 9 10,584.7 10,355.2 428.959 404.296 4.05 3.84 429.0B 404.3 29 8,236.7 381.195 4.63 381.2 5 8,452.4 341.706 4.04 403.2 6 5 9,506.4 8,661.0 334.206 302.618 3.52 3.49 334.2B 302.6t 5 7,318.8 286.506 3.91 355.3 29 3,761.2 216.628 5.76 281.6*B 5 12,832.5 668.541 5.21 668.5B 5 5 5 5 9,569.0 7,464.5 8,578.3 8 021.9 441.040 427.384 420.568 413.292 4.61 5.73 4.90 5.15 441. 0B 427.4 420.6 413.3B 5 7 8,570.7 8 094.7 531.474 437.887 6.20 - 5.41 574.1 472.9 38 8,852.7 9,286.8 9,040.0 489.728 5.53 431.545 4.65 411.551 4.55 514.2 466.1 411.6 AWARD OF PRIZES IN THE CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION, 1916-18 Note. — Heifers and cows below five years old were allowed credits of 5 to 30 per cent, according to their age, so as to make the production comparable in all cases (p. 163). Many cows were barred from consideration in the award of prizes on account of not being safely in calf before the end of the fifth month after calving (p. 164). 1. Herd Prices. — For Hie highest production of butter fat by ten cows in a hod during ten consecutive months. Class A, Jerseys or Guernseys. 1st prize, $300. J. W. Coppini, Ferndale 435.85 2nd " 200. Guy H. Miller, Modesto 394.49 Class B, Holsteins. 1st prize, $300. A. W. Morris & Sons' Corp., Wood- land 588.75 Lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 470.95 418.18 671.86 200 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Class C, Other breeds and grades. 1st prize, $300. G. E. Trigg, Ferndale 557.36 580.54 2nd " 200. Iver Iversen, Areata 558.56 576.41 3rd " 100. F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo 534.36 558.86 4th " 50. J. W. Coppini, Ferndale 520.57 532.86 2. Individual Prizes. — For the highest production of butter fat by a cow during ten consecutive months. Class A, Jerseys or Guernseys. 1st prize, $200. Palo Alto Stock Farm, Palo Alto (Imp. England's Lady Orange, (G.) 585.82 585.82 2nd " 100. J. W. Coppini, Ferndale (Gertie Olga of Ferndale, J.) 500.99 576.14 3rd " 50. Elliott-Brant Rancho, Owensmouth (Little Beauty 2d, G.) 532.77 575.39 4th " 25. A. J. Welch, Redwood City, Imp. (Acadia of Linwood, G.) 531.47 573.99 Class B, Holsteins. . 1st prize, $200. A. W. Morris & Sons ' Corp., Wood- land (Miss Valley Mead De Kol Walker) 819.42 966.92 2nd " 100. Palo Alto Stock Farm, Palo Alto (Jennie Terzool Hicks 4th) 764.94 764.94 3rd " 50. A. M. Bibens, Modesto (Abbie De Kol of East Bank 2d) 656.61 656.61 4th " 25. Mrs. Anita M. Baldwin, Santa Anita (Princess Zozo Pontiac) .. 587.17 634.14 Class C, Other breeds and grades. 1st prize, $200. Napa State Hospital, Napa (Monte 1st, Gr. H.) 762.29 762.29 2nd " 100. F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo (Alice, Gr. H.) 729.19 729.19 3rd " 50. Iver Iversen, Areata (Roan Cow, Gr. J.) 685.84 685.84 4th " 25. G. E. Trigg, Ferndale (Brindle, Gr. J.) 632.44 632.44 Special Prizes A. Pure-bred Bull Calves 1. For the highest average production of butter fat during ten consecutive months, by a grade herd of ten to twenty-five cows headed by a pure-bred sire. Choice of an Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein. or Jersey bull calf, offered respec- tively by J. W. Clise, Seattle; A. B. Humphrey, Mayhews; K. W. Abbott, Milpitas, and N. B. Locke Co., Lockeford. Lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo 534.36 558.86 2nd " G. E. Trigg, Ferndale* 537.88 553.3 3rd " Iver Iversen, Areata 519.99 531.9 4th " J. W. Coppini, Ferndale 502.28 513.5, CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 201 2. For the highest average production of butter fat during ten consecutive months, by a grade herd of more than ten cows, headed by a pure-bred sire. Choice of an Ayrshire, Guernsey, or Jersey bull calf, donated respectively by E. B. McFarland, San Francisco ;f W. A. Saylor, San Francisco; C. G. McFarland, Tulare ;f and of $100 worth in pure-bred Guernsey or Hamp- shire males, donated by Dr. J. W. Henderson, Berkeley. Lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, Bohnett Bros., Campbell 384.02 401.56 2nd " J. M. Christen, Pacheco 219.37 242.29 B. Milking Machines, Cream Separators, Feed 3. For the two herds having the largest and next to the largest number of cows producing over 300 pounds of butter fat in ten consecutive months. Two prizes, choice of a two-unit outfit of the ' ' Calf -Way ' ' Milker, donated by the "Calf -Way" Milker Co., Chicago, and a two-unit Sharpies Mechanical Milker, donated by the Sharpies Separator Co., West Chester. 1st prize, J. W. Coppini, Ferndale, 21 records. 2nd " G. E. Trigg, Ferndale, 15 records. 4. For the highest average production of butter fat by ten cows in a grade herd. Five prizes (winner of first three cash prizes barred), choice of A No. 35 Iowa Cream Separator, capacity 850 pounds per hour, donated by the Associated Manufacturers Co., Waterloo, Iowa. A No. 5 Simplex Cream Separator, capacity 500 pounds per hour, donated by Baker-Hamilton & Pacific Co., San Francisco. A No. 6 Anker-Holth Cream Separator, capacity 600 pounds, donated by Anker-Holth Mfg. Co., Port Huron, Mich. A M-2 Baltic Cream Separator, donated by the Empire Cream Separator Co., Bloomfield, N. J., capacity 300 pounds per hour.f A No. 2 Primrose Cream Separator, donated by the International Harvester Company of America, San Francisco.f Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, J. W. Coppini, Ferndale 520.57 532.86 2nd " Bohnett Bros., Campbell 410.87 430.10 3rd " J. M. Christen, Pacheco 219.37 242.29 5. For the highest average production of three cows in the same herd, two and one-half years to three and one-half years old at the beginning of the competition. A No. 15 De Laval Cream Separator, capacity 675 pounds, donated by the De Laval Dairy Supply Co., San Francisco. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland 644.03 782.21 6. For the highest production of butter fat during ten consecutive months by a cow entered in the Competition. * Calf donated by N. B. Locke Co. turned over by Mr. Trigg to be sold at auction for the benefit of the Bed Cross Society at University Farm Picnic, April 20, 1918. f Prizes were turned over by donors to be sold at auction for the benefit of the Bed Cross Society, at University Farm Picnic, April 20, 1918. 202 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION Five tons of Larrowe's Dried Beet Pulp offered by the Larrowe Milling Co., Los Angeles (provided, that if the winner of this prize consumed not less than one-half ton of Larrowe's Dried Beet Pulp in her ration during the record period, the quantity to be awarded shall be increased to fifteen tons). Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland, Miss Valley Mead De Kol Walker 819.42 " 966.92 C. Cash Prizes 7. For the highest production of butter fat during ten consecutive months by five cows in a herd. Three prizes: $150 each for (a) pure-bred cows, (6) grade cows, (c) cows irrespective of their breeding, offered by the Country Life Department of the Sacramento Bee, Sacramento. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit (a) Pure-bred cows, A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland 698.40 789.65 (/;) Grade cows, F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo 603.20 620.17 (c) Cows irrespective of their breeding, Iver Iversen, Areata 583.19 583.19 8. For the highest and next to the highest production of butter fat during ten consecutive months by a cow in the Imperial Valley. Two prizes, $25 and $15, offered by Barber & Thomson Co., Los Angeles. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, F. H. Van Derpoel, El Centro, Fern's Sil- ver Ray, J 668.54 668.54 2nd " F. H. Van Derpoel, El Centro, Fern's Lowland Lassie, J 441.04 441.04 9. For the highest average production of butter fat by five cows in a grade herd, headed by a pure-bred sire, during each calendar month, November, 1916, to February, 1918, inclusive. A cash prize of $25 a month, donated by the Pacific Eural Press, San Francisco. Names of winners given on p. 176. 10. For the highest production of butter fat for one year by herds belonging to a cow-testing association. Three prizes, $100 each, for herds of (a) 10 to 25 cows, (b) 26 to 50 cows, (c) over 50 cows, offered by the California Cultivator, Los Angeles. Ave. lbs. » butter fat - (a) 10 to 25 cows, J. W. Coppini, Ferndale, 22 cows 510.09 (b) 26 to 50 cows, Iver Iversen, Areata, 37 cows 498.73 (c) Over 50 cows, W. Terkelsen, Ferndale, 53 cows 420.46 11. For the highest production of butter fat bij a grade cow for each month dur- ing 1917. A cash prize of $10 a month, offered by McAlister & Sons, Chino. Names of winners given on p. 175. 12. For the highest average production of butter fat by ten COWS in Q registered pure-bred herd, covering a period of ten months, { Offered by C. L. Hughes, Sacramento. , CALIFORNIA STATE DAIRY COW COMPETITION 203 Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit One prize, $100. A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Wood- land 588.75 671.86 12a. For the highest average production of butter fat during ten consecutive months by four cows in a Stanislaus County herd. Four prizes of $40, $30, $20, and $10, open to pure-breds and grade cows, offered by Modesto Creamery, Modesto. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, $40. J. M. Bomberger, Modesto 497.69 497.69 2nd " 30. Guy H. Miller, Modesto 464.47 464.67 3rd " 20. J. M. Bomberger, Modesto 364.54 420.37 4th " 10. Guy H. Miller, Modesto 372.19 411.38 12b. For the highest average production of butter fat by a herd in the Ferndale Cow-Testing Association that was not tested prior to January 1, 1917. A pure-bred Jersey bull calf out of a Eegister of Merit cow, offered by J. W. Coppini, Ferndale, California. Ave. lbs. butter fat S. J. Damon, Ferndale 365.0 D. Trophies and Gold Medals 13. For the highest production of milk during ten consecutive months by a cow irrespective of her breeding. A silver trophy donated by Scott, Magner & Miller, San Francisco. Lbs. milk A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland, Hartog Creamelle De Kol 24,201.7 14. For the highest record of a registered Jersey cow and by ten cows in a grade herd sired by a registered Jersey bull. Two cups, offered by the American Jersey Cattle Club, New York City. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, University of California (Interested Jap's Santa) 703.37 759.64 2nd " G. E. Trigg, Ferndale 557.36 580.54 15. For the highest records by a registered Guernsey cow and by ten cows in a grade herd, sired by a registered Guernsey bull. Two trophies offered by the American Guernsey Cattle Club, Peterboro. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, W. H. Dupee, Santee (Jesebel of Edge- moor) 632.14 783.85 2nd " Hollow-Hill Farm, Colton 478.34 494.35 16. For the highest records by a registered Hoist ein cow, and by ten cows in a grade herd, sired by a registered Holstein bull. Two silver cups offered by the Holstein-Friesian Assn. of America, Brattle- boro. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit 1st prize, A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland (Miss Valley Mead De Kol Walker) .... 819.42 966.92 2nd " F. Stenzel, San Lorenzo 540.34 573.58 204 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 16a. For the highest record by a registered Ayrshire cow. A silver trophy, offered by Pacific Eural Press, San Francisco, Cal. Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit E. B. McFarland, San Mateo (Willowmoor Vesta 4th) 612.06 661.02 17. For the largest production of butter fat during ten consecutive months by a cow bred by the owner. A gold medal awarded by the College of Agriculture of the University of California.* Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland (Miss Valley Mead De Kol Walker) 819.42 966.92 18. For the largest production of butter fat during ten consecutive months by five cows in a herd, bred by the owner. A gold medal awarded by the College of Agriculture of the University of California.* Ave. lbs. butter fat Actual Credit A. W. Morris & Sons Corp., Woodland 791.85 851.52 * Cost defrayed from donations to prize fund received in excess of cash prizes offered in the competition.