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 >Si ii" ■ i* ~» » ~ ~ - , — , -, - x - x -i .. -i „, -.. « -» -. V »T i*>-. 
 
 ^ ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. 
 
 J AS. LEFFEL'S AMERICAN 
 
 atwltfkd, 
 
 Manufactured by 
 
 Leffel & Myers, 
 
 OREGON IRON WORKS, 
 PORTLAND, OREGON. 
 
 A. T. . Walling A Co., Printers, Portland. 
 
 - ^ .^, w ^ , M—-. — , .1— ... _ W — >. — >, — I^l —M—^- W-M—M -^ ^ —M — M...^ >, 
 *" ~ — --------- - - - . ____ __ _ — 
 
 Please hand this to some one interested in Water Power. 
 
 §r* Geo. H. Jones, General Traveling Agent for California, &o<^/_ 
 lapp & Grant. 310 Wash. St, Agts., for San Francisco, and Wheel Depot, 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 Ainoskeag, Ax Factory 4 
 
 Breast Wheels 8, 12 
 
 Compared with Overshots..... ..5, 64, 55 
 
 Circular Saw Mills 28, 54, 55, 49 
 
 Construction and finish 34 
 
 Connecticut 44 
 
 California 48, 49, 32, cover. 
 
 Double Wheel 19 
 
 Durability and Simplicity 19, 22 
 
 Directions for pnt'g in wheels,15, 18,38,39 
 
 Dimension Table 40 
 
 Delaware 43 
 
 Explanation Tables 22 
 
 Explanation Cuts ...15, 18, 38 
 
 Exchanging Wheels .52 
 
 Fall in feet, 17 ft " 7, 9 
 
 " 30 ft 10 
 
 "• " 20 ft 9 
 
 " 32 ft ". 8 
 
 » 10 ft 32,55 
 
 " 28 ft 21 
 
 " 44 ft 27 
 
 " 24 & 16 ft 54,55 
 
 Fastest Sawing on Record 13 
 
 Georgia 28 
 
 Historical Statement 2 
 
 High Heads Method of Setting.,15,17, 39 
 " " " " with 
 
 Tube 17, 39 
 
 High Heads New Case 52 
 
 Hurdy-Gurdy Wheels 52 
 
 Index 2d page cover. 
 
 Indiana 21, 29, 30, 33, 43. 
 
 Infringements 38 
 
 Iowa 43 
 
 Illinois 47 
 
 Idaho Ter 48, 55 
 
 Low Head Method 10 
 
 Leffel Wheel 36 
 
 Minnesota 48 and cover. 
 
 Massachusetts.^, 11, 21, 27, 31, 46, cover. 
 
 Method of Setting, Low Heads 10, 39 
 
 High Heads.... 15, 39 
 
 Michigan 12 
 
 Mill Gearing .36 
 
 Measurement of Water..26, 27, 49, 50, 51 
 Maryland 46 
 
 Page. 
 
 Miners' Measurement. 49 
 
 Miners' inches & cubic feet compared... 50 
 
 New Hampshire 4, 13, 45 
 
 New York ; 8. 12, 44 
 
 New Jersey.. 42 
 
 New Case for High Heads 52 
 
 Overshots compared. ..'..5, 7,8, 9, 10,12, 
 
 21, 27, 54, 55 
 
 Overshot replaced, 7, 8, 16,49, 54, 55, 56,cov 
 
 Ohio 9,10,16,28, 45 
 
 Oregon. ...33, 48, 53, 54, 55, 56 <fe cover. 
 Ordering Wheels 37 
 
 Preface 1 
 
 Price List 26 
 
 Percentage '. 34 
 
 Pennsylvania 41 
 
 Place of Manufacture 53 
 
 Quantity of Water how found..24, 27,49 
 
 50, 51 
 
 Rhode Island 45 
 
 Rule for getting the spouting velocity of 
 
 water 50 
 
 Rule for measnring water by a weir.. .5 1 
 Rochester millers cover 3d page. 
 
 Smith Paper Co .'.11 
 
 Step or Pivot 35 
 
 Small Wheels 20, 28, 51 
 
 Size of Wheel .: 26 
 
 Square inches of water of different sized 
 
 Wheels 26 
 
 Stout Mills and Temple Wheel.,29,30, 33 
 
 Special Notice 27, 37 
 
 Sixty-six inch Wheel 36 
 
 Shop, place of 53 
 
 Tables for horsepower, Ac. 23, 24, 25, 26, 40 
 
 Tables explained 22 
 
 Tyler Wheel 31, 49 
 
 Testimonials Pacific Coast. ....49, 53, 54, 
 55, 56 and cover 
 
 Table for Weirs 51 
 
 Too small Wheels 51 
 
 Ten inch Wheel 16, 21 
 
 Vermont 9, 32, 45 
 
 Velocity of Water, Rule for 50 
 
 Wisconsin 12, 13, 20, 32, 47, cover. 
 
 Wheels leave the Works complete 36 
 
 Warrantee 37 
 
 Washington Territory 48, 54 
 
 Water measured by Weir 51 
 
 Woolen Factory, Salem, Ogn 56 
 
 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 
 
 JAS. LEFFEL & CO., 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of thoDist. Court of the Southern Districtof Ohio. 
 
if 
 
 erngrtrmii rtv ffWOl 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 Knowing by an experience of over four years, by the result of trials 
 and tests without number by ourselves and by millwrights, millers, 
 and hydraulic engineers in almost every State in the Union, that we 
 making a wheel giving a greater percentage of the power of the 
 than any other wheel made in the United States, we desire to nioet the 
 demands of the public ; and instead of the incomplete and condensed 
 circular hitherto issued by us we offer this pamphlet, giyng full and 
 complete information in regard to the power, size, number of revolu- 
 tions, quantity of water usefd, manner of putting in, &c, #c, of our 
 justly celebrated wheel, the " Leffel American Double Turbine Wa- 
 ter Wheel," so that any millwright, with the instructions jAven in this 
 pamphlet, can easily and readily put them in and adapt them to any 
 circumstances. * S 
 
 We feel less hesitation in recommending our wheels and^in asking the 
 attention of all millers, mill owners, and all persons usmg water as a 
 motor, to the following pages, from the fact that the parties using our 
 wheel speak in higher terms and generally claim more for them than 
 we do ourselves. f\ 
 
 In this pamphlet we don't pretend to give the reason^ and explain 
 theoretically why our wheel excels so greatly any other known wheel ; 
 if we did, few would understand its theoretical advantages. We deem 
 it sufficient to give a description of our wheel, its size, shape, and many 
 advantages ; relying entirely upon the reputation it has made for itself, 
 and the inquiries of those interested in water power, which we hopa 
 they will make of those who know its great superiority by a practical 
 experience in the use of our wheels ; that is, we don't expect people 
 to purchase our wheel on account of its theoretical superiority, or from 
 our representations, but for its actual superiority as demonstrated by 
 the evidenee of practical business men, who have in actual use our 
 wheels, and have tested them alongside of other wheels ; and this evi- 
 dence we wish you to procure for yourselves. 
 
 In the latter part of this pamphlet there are a few names of practical 
 business men, using our wheel, selected from each State, so that any 
 one can refer to parties in their own immediate vicinity for evidence. 
 
 If you possibly can, go and see for yourself the steady, sturdy, 
 thorough manner that the little wheel does its work, with the small 
 quantity of water it uses. 
 
HISTORICAL STATEMENT. 
 
 The unparellelod success of the " American Double Turbine Water 
 Wheel " we deem a sufficient apology for giving here a brief history of 
 the life and labors of him whose unceasing efforts at last produced what 
 we can truthfully claim isthe best hydraulic motor ever invented. 
 
 The subject of Hydraulics was with Mr. Leffel a favorite one, and the 
 
 istruction of rude models of water wheels, and their practical appli- 
 to some boyish purpose, constituted almost the sole pastime of 
 the Mjuae hours of his boyhood. Like many other inventors he was 
 left at an curly age to battle alone in life ; and the peculiar difficulties 
 attending a pioneer life soon gave to his mind that practical turn which 
 characterised him, and which so peculiarly fitted him for those search- 
 ing and careful experiments which alone can obtain in the science of 
 Hydraulic 
 
 While yet a, mere boy he undertook the erection of a saw mill, and, 
 without the advice or assistance of any mechanic, completed it. It 
 proved the most efficient mill in that section of the country. The man- 
 ner in which lie constructed the wheel, and the great care he exercised 
 in admitting tlie water to it, at once gave proof of an innate knowledge 
 of Hydraulics possessed by no other mechanic in the country, even if of 
 greater age arid experience. The complete success of the undertaking 
 at once drew^ho attention of other mill owners, and, notwithstanding 
 his youth, he was beset on all sides to re-model wheels, which were now 
 in comparison considered as inefficient. 
 
 With the tact natural to him, he soon detected the errors in their con- 
 struction,- and many a manufacturer was constrained to praise that 
 youtjiful skill, which, as if by magic, transformed his hitherto insuffi- 
 cient power into a valuable and abundant one. Continuing lor a few 
 years to labor as a millwright, he then engaged in the foundry and 
 machine business. With the facilities offered by his new occupation he 
 began a scries of experiments in Hydraulics, which continued through 
 a period of nearly 34 years, that for thoroughness and accuracy perhaps 
 never were equaled in any department of the arts or sciences. 
 
 His first efforts were directed to the improvement of the re-action 
 wheel, of which there were a great many different kinds in use at that 
 time. Although he was able to produce better results than had hither- 
 to been obtained from that class of wheels, he soon saw an inherent defi- 
 ciency in their principle that would defy all attempts to carry them be- 
 yond a point of efficiency which was far below the standard of a thor- 
 oughly economical wheel. He then abandoned this form of wheel and 
 directed his efforts to the improvement of the Turbine. 
 
ueea-uit; tut; 
 
 t leas<equal 
 and eoiidi- 
 with more 
 
 ■k-n irnn.. ' +1> ^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 During the pursuit of his regular busincsH, he constructed some oithc 
 bestmillH in the country, and the performance of the Overshot Wheel 
 which he always employed, where economical ^use of water was desired, 
 was so satisfactory that he was almost induced to believe it the p 
 perfect form of wheel that could be adopted; yet however mueh he- 
 was pleased with its performance, there were some objections to its use ; 
 and with the true spirit of an inventor, which discards any, fixed form 
 or method to accomplish certain results, he determined if it were possi- 
 ble to improve the Turbine so that it would possess all the excellent 
 qualities of the Overshot without its defects. This, then, became the 
 great problem of his life — to construct a Turbine Wheel to atlej^equal 
 or if possible to excel the Overshot, in all circumstances 
 tions. Never, perhaps, did a man pursue a fixed purpose 
 devotion, patience and industry. Day after day, and year after year," the 
 study of Hydraulics and experiments connected therewith, occupied 
 his leisure hours — and after immense labor and expense, he saw but 
 little hope of realizing. Yet as the difficulties and discouragements in- 
 creased, he became proportionately more determined in his purpose, 
 which now became the sole aim of his life. Abandoning all other busi- 
 ness, he devoted his time exclusively to the construction of different 
 forms of wheels. 
 
 To convey some idea of the immense labor he performed in this de- 
 partment, we would say that he constructed and experimented with 
 over one hundred different forms of water wheels. Among these were 
 the Outward Discharge or Forneyron 'Wheel, the Jonval or Vertical ' 
 Discharge, and Center Vent, &c. Each different class underwent in his 
 hands numerous modifications, both in the construction of the wheel 
 and the manner of admitting the water to it, through various forms or 
 adjustable guides and scroll. 
 
 It must not be supposed, however, that among the great number of 
 wheels he constructed, there were none that proved to be of much merit 
 — on the contrary, there were many that yielded a very high percent- 
 age of the water, by the usual mode of testing them, and more than 
 once he was led to believe, from the splendid results of experimental 
 tests, that his long sought object was obtained. Yet, upon careful ex- 
 periments with them, in practical operation, they failed to meet his 
 expectations; although their performance would have been in the high 
 est degree satisfactory to one of less severe discriminations. 
 
 In the course of his large experience in Hydraulics, he was perhaps 
 the first to discover the important fact that a wheel might yield a high 
 per cent, of power in a test trial, yet be totally unfit for the ordinary 
 purpose of manufacturing, which among other causes is attributable 
 to the unsteady motion, speed and variable quantity of water used, 
 
\ 
 
 which in practical operation are conditions unavoidable and fatal al- 
 most to every Turbine. 
 
 With the knowledge acquired by a ceaseless toil of years in this de- 
 partment, and the construction of almost every conceivable form of 
 water wheel, he at last constructed the Double Turbine, which received 
 the most thorough practical tests before it was offered to the public. 
 
 We ask not the theorist, with his fine drawn theories of impact per- 
 cussion and re-action, but we appeal to the practical manufactures all 
 over the country, who are using them, and let them decide how well 
 he has succeeded in the great effort of his life. 
 
 Mr. H. C. Reynolds, of Amoskeag Axe Factory, Manchester, N. H.,, desir- 
 ous of purchasing a wheel for the Factory, and wishing to get the benefit 
 of the experience of some responsible firm running one of our wheels, 
 wrote to Messrs. Stimpson & Co., of Westfield, Mass., for their opinion. 
 
 Below is their reply : 
 
 Westfield, Mass., April 30, 1866. 
 
 Mr. H. C. Reynolds, Agent — Dear Sir : In giving you our opinion of the 
 Leffel Water Wheel, perhaps we shall bo so decided and positive as to create 
 distrust in our sincerity, or, if you please, our ability to judge or give an 
 opinion. But we know them to be the best wheels ever offered or used in 
 the United States. We are acquainted with over twenty different kinds, 
 and pronounce these to be superior in strength, durability, economy of wa- 
 ter, and in every respect, to any wheel now in use in this conntiy. 
 
 STIMPSON & CO. 
 
 Am, 
 
 loskeag Manufacturing Company indorses the Leffel Wheel. 
 
 Manchester, N. H., August 7th, 1866. 
 
 Mr. Wm. Duncan — Dear Sir: With regard to the Leffel Wheel, I 
 would say that it is as near perfection as we could wish for. It runs very 
 steadily, much more so than the old one. We have all the work on, and it 
 takes only about 7-10 of the gate, and think it will drive ninety horse pow- 
 er with ease. I think, also, that we can defy all the leaves and anchor ice 
 that comes along. In fact, I have perfect confidence in the economy of the 
 wheel in every particular. We are using — to do the same work that the 
 Boyden Turbine did — about three-fourths the water. But with both wheels 
 in equally good condition, I think this would beat it a little. 
 
 Yours, H. C. REYNOLDS, Agent of Amoskeag Axe Co. 
 
 I have been Foreman of the Amoskeag Axe Co. for the last four years, 
 and have had charge of their Water Wheels. I cheerfully endorse the above 
 statement of Mr. Reynolds, and I think the Leffel Wheel to be the best 
 wheel that I have any knowledge of, in every particular. 
 
 S. H. RANDLETT, Foreman. . 
 
 Manchester, N. II., Sept. 13, 1866. 
 
 Wm. Duncan, Esq. — Dear Sir : The Leffel Wheel which was put into 
 the Axe Factory continues to work in a very satisfactory manner. I have 
 written to Messrs. Leffel & Co. to send me a 48 inch Wheel, to replace a 
 Parker Wheel we are now using in the Bag Mill. 
 
 Yours, very truly, E. A. STRAW, 
 
 Agent Amoskeag Manufacturing Company. 
 
 
s 
 
 Leflfel Wheel in comparison with the Overshot. 
 
 When the class of water wheel known as the Turbine was first intro- 
 duced to the public, they were regarded with the greatest prejudice^ 
 and the repeated failures of the first rude and imperfect wheels in- 
 creased the distrust — they only doing well under low heads and with 
 a flood of water. 
 
 However, the attention of thinking men was early drawn to the fact 
 of the imperfections of the Overshot Wheel, noted in the latter part of 
 this article : the actual loss of head in introducing them, their unwiel- 
 dy and unsteady motion, the cumbersome and expensive gearing re- 
 quired, (killing the power by friction,) the great expense in keeping 
 them in repair, &c. 
 
 • Having decided that the Overshot was not the most desirable wheel 
 for the miller, they also became convinced that the Turbine, from the 
 fact of its utilizing every inch of the head and fall, its small size, du- 
 rability, steady motion, &c, was the wheel, if it could only be construct- 
 ed so that the water, in passing through it, could communicate its en- 
 tire force to the wheel ; and for the last forty years hydraulic engi- 
 neers, in all parts of the country, have been earnestly devoting them- 
 selves to the improvement of the Turbine wheel : and, as the result, 
 Turbines constructed on various principles have sprung up all over the 
 
6 
 
 country — some acquiring quite a reputation, and in many instances 
 giving complete satisfaction ; but they were found to fall short of the 
 Overshot, when compared with it under a medium head of from twen- 
 ty to thirty feet, (where the Overshot gives its maximum power.) 
 
 The Leffel wheel, in its first trial with an Overshot, was against one 
 of thirty feet in diameter, in a grist mill, at Springfield, Ohio. The 
 result was a surprise to everyone, and an enigma to the old millwrights 
 who witnessed it, thus giving a promise of the reputation it ultimately 
 gained by its superior qualities as a motor. 
 
 If any one has the faintest idea that he is trying an experiment, 
 when ordering our wheel, for any head between three and sixty feet, 
 let him disabuse himself of that idea as soon as possible, because that 
 day has passed long since. We can show him any number of wheels, 
 working under every head and fall, competing with the Overshot and 
 driving almost every variety of mill, in almost all parts of the United 
 States ; and what our wheel accomplishes in one mill it can do in an- 
 other. Our wheel is no experiment to be tried, but stands a demon- 
 strated success, and we boldly challenge any one to produce its equal. 
 We know what we are saying, for we have the facts, and a wheel as 
 yet unrivaled to back us. There are a great many reasons why the 
 Overshot never can become a perfect motor, viz.: 
 
 1st — As the power of the water is its weight, many persons believe, 
 (not having their attention called to it,) that in using the. Overshot you 
 utilize the full weight of the water. But it is a mistake, as you will 
 readily see— /or you do not get the full benefit of your full head. You 
 lose a head of water equal : First, to half the head on the gate. Sec- 
 ond, the depth of the buckets on the wheel itself. Third, the space 
 below the wheel necessary to give clearance to the discharge. 
 
 In the use of our wheel every inch of head and fall is utilized. 
 
 2d— The Overshot loses considerable power by the water spilling 
 from the buckets before it has reached the bottom. 
 
 Our wheel wastes no water — all of it passing through the wheel. 
 
 3d — One of the inherent defects of the Overshot appears when ap- 
 plying the power of the wheel to its work. Its slow motion requires 
 a great amount of heavy, cumbersome gearing in getting up the re- 
 quired speed — which not only causes a great loss of power, arising* 
 from so much friction, but makes it expensive ; 
 
 While our wheel, having a very rapid motion, (for instance, a wheel 
 20 inches in diameter, under a 20 feet head, giving 22| horse power, 
 makes 308 revolutions per minute,) requires very little gearing, and 
 that of the simplest description — gaining the power lost by the heavy, 
 cumbersome gearing of the Overshot, and saving the heav}^ expense 
 connected therewith. 
 
4th— The Overshot Wheel, hein^ loaded with ice in Winter, and 
 standing empty in Summer, and from various other causes, is serious- 
 ly thrown out of balance, rendering it unfit for purposes requiring a 
 steady, uniform power ; 
 
 While our wheel (always running under water) is never frozen up 
 or affected by the frost in any way, and is noted for its steady, uni- 
 form power. 
 
 5th — Our wheel always gives the same percentage of the power of 
 the water, whether under a low, high, or medium head and fall; while 
 with the Overshot the percentage varies with the head and fall. 
 
 <3th — Unless made of iron, (which is very expensive,) the Overshot 
 rots and decays in a few years, causing a considerable expense in re- 
 pairs, beside the trouble and loss of time ; 
 
 While the universal experience of every one using our wheel is its 
 cheapness in running, and freedom from getting out of order. 
 
 7th — Back water either stops the Overshot entirely, or clogs it so it 
 cannot be used to any advantage ; 
 
 While our wheel is never in the slightest degree affected by back 
 water, save in the loss of head and fall. 
 
 The Leffel Wheel taking the place of the Overshot under tt% feet fall. 
 
 Lake City, Minn., June 16th, 1866. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : From a sense of duty to you, as worthy in- 
 ventors, and to the public, who have a right to the benefits of my experi- 
 ence, I will subjoin the following: My wheel, which came to hand in due 
 time, we succeeded in starting the last of February in 2 feet 6 inches of 
 backwater ; this backwater, made by anchor ice, we had been running our 
 overshot in up to the time of putting in the 20 inch wheel you sent us. 
 We could grind only about 50 or 60 bushels of wheat per day -with the over- 
 shot. With nearly the same backwater your wheel started up with 90 and 
 100 bushels per day. With no backwater, and under the most favorable 
 circumstances, we could grind an average of 80 bushels of wheat per day, 
 and run the necessary machinery. With your wheel — circumstances being 
 always favorable, owing to uniformity, perfect simplicity, and the exceed- 
 ingly small amount of machinery — with the same water, and with no more 
 time, we can grind an average of 110 to 115 bushels of wheat per day. — 
 Facts, which are better than opinions or conjectures, demonstrate the supe- 
 riority of your wheel, as I can testify that it is at least 25 per cent, better 
 than the overshot which I had in use ; and my wheel was geared as direct 
 as machinery of this kind could be geared, and, as compared with other 
 mills, might be classed with the best constructed overshot wheel. It is but 
 due your valuable wheel and its benefits to the public that I make these 
 statements, hoping that all others buying your wheel will be as well pleased 
 and gratified with the change as I have been. The wheel is 20 inches in 
 diameter, and under 11% feet fall. I will subscribe myself, 
 
 H. COLLINS. 
 
8 
 
 The Leffel Wheel gives perfect satisfaction when taking the place of the Breast 
 Wheel under 18 feet fall. 
 
 Dalton, Mass., Sept. 8, 1866. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Co. : The 40 inch " Double Turbine " that your agent, 
 Mr. Jones, put in for me last May, gives perfect satisfaction. I have it un- 
 der 18 feet head, and it is doing all of 70 horse power, with % drawn gate. 
 It does one-third more work than the old Breast wheel taken out, and I 
 believe it to be decidedly more powerful than any other iron wheel in use 
 hereabouts. Z. CRANE, Jr. 
 
 Read what an old Overshot Builder and Manufacturer thinks about the Leffel 
 
 Wheel. 
 
 Northampton, Mass., Jan. 2, 1867. 
 
 James Leffel & Co. : With regard to the 30 inch wheel sent me in July, 
 I can say that it does more than I anticipated. I have been running two 
 Paper Engines, Rag Cutter, 2 Pumps, Circular Saw for sawing wood, for 
 nine or ten years, with the water used by Delany & Watson, whose mill is 
 25 rods above me, and who run just the same machinery, (except their en- 
 gines carry 200 lbs., while mine carry 175 lbs.) In low water, when it does 
 not run over their dam, which is tight, I have had just enough — none to 
 spare. Our machine wheels are just alike, and use the same amount of 
 water. Delany & Watson use 17 feet, 4 inch diameter, 7 feet buckets. — 
 Both wheels were in good running order as they could be : were good 
 wheels, well geared. I put in your wheel while the water was low, and 
 found that I had more power than before, (I lowered my pit 2 feet,) and had 
 added another engine, same size (200 lbs.) as Delany & Watson, and can now 
 run all three engines with the water that run but two with the Breast wheel, 
 and they run much more steadily. By letting the rolls of the engine on the 
 bed plate it would hold the Breast wheel so that it would not start at all. 
 I now put down all three, and with just one-half gate they will start right 
 off. I have built 35 Breast and Overshot wheels, and have set many iron 
 wheels. My sympathy has always been for the Overshot and Breast ; but 
 I have caved in on them, and now say I would not exchange the wheel in 
 my mill for the best Overshot or Breast, if it could be put in for nothing. 
 
 I know of no wheel that is its equal, and any person who wishes to econ- 
 omise in the use of water will find it to their advantage to use one of your 
 wheels. Truly yours, C. LOUD. 
 
 A 20 inch Wheel doing more work than a 32 feet Overshot, with the same 
 
 amount of water. 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 30th, 1865. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : About a year since, (my Overshot wheel 
 having given out,) I was induced, through personal examination and the 
 representations of reliable millers and millwrights, to put in your Double 
 Turbine Wheel. My Overshot wheel was one of thirty-two feet ten inches 
 (32 ft. 10 in.) diameter, with six feet buckets, with head and fall of thirty- 
 five (35) feet, and was replaced by two of your twenty (20) inch wheels,! 
 under the same head and fall. I am satisfied, after a thorough trial, that 
 
my mill does more work with less water than the Overshot ; runs with a 
 steadier and stronger motion, and makes better work than ever. One of 
 the wheels will run three (3) run of stones, with necessary machinery, with 
 less water than used with the old wheel, which is more than was expected, 
 as I had only intended it for two run. The amount of water used with 
 either wheel I do not know, but have certain means of judging of the com- 
 parative amounts by the gate in my dam — raising it less now than formerly 
 for same amount of work. The wheels have never been frozen up a minute, 
 when the overshot wheels about me have been frozen up for a week at a 
 time. To those wanting wheels, I shall take pleasure in recommending 
 . vours as the best I know of, or can learn. Yours, truly, 
 
 H. C. WILLIAMS. 
 
 A 17 Feet Overshot taken out and our Wheel Considered the Best he Ever Saw. 
 
 . Springfield, Ohio, October 10th, 1865. 
 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : This is to certify that I have put in my saw 
 
 mill one of your wheels. The one I had. before was an Overshot, in first 
 
 ? rate order, with which I sawed 3,000 feet per day. I then tried one of the 
 
 Wirtz Wheels, with which I could saw 1,500 feet. I then put in your wheel 
 
 which sawed 4,000 feet of lumber in a day — each one of the wheels using 
 
 the same amount of water. I have used it now over a year and a half, and 
 
 f consider it far beyond any other wheel in point of steadiness and conven- 
 
 [ ience in running, and would heartily recommend it. 
 
 ANDREW REBERT. 
 
 I 20 Feet Overshot Displaced by our 15% inch Wheel Driving Planers, Circular 
 
 Saws, &c. 
 
 Middletown, Vermont, December 19th, 1865. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : Some eighteen months since we ordered one 
 f of your Double Turbine water wheels, 15)^ inches in diameter, and remov- 
 ed from our Horse Power Manufactory an Overshot wheel, 20 feet in di- 
 ameter, and placed your wheel in its place, which occupies less than one- 
 fiftieth of the space of the old wheel, giving us much valuable room in two 
 stories of our factory, formerly occupied by the old wheel, which darkened 
 and spoiled one end of the factory, which is now lighted, and the most val- 
 uable part of the building. We are now running two planers, three saws? 
 sawing plank, two engine iron lathes, boring and drilling machines, two 
 wood lathes, screw cutters, mortising and tenanting machines, grindstones, 
 • &c. We seldom use one-half the capacity of the wheel, whose head and 
 fall is about 24 feet. We are millwrights by trade, and have no hesitation 
 in saying that we consider your wheel superior to any wheel within our 
 knowledge, and a great saving of room and expense, over the Overshot 
 wheels now extensively used in this section, and preferable to any of the 
 I numerous Turbine wheels that have come under our observation. Finally, 
 I will say in point of power, economy of water and cheapness of running, 
 I your wheel stands at the head of the class, putting all other wheels, that are 
 [ within our knowledge, entirely in the ground. 
 
 Very respectfully, A. W. GRAY & SONS. 
 
10 
 
 Decided to use the " Leffel American Double Turbine Water Wheel." 
 
 Springfield, Ohio, December 13th, 1865. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : Having lately built a new Grist Mill on a 
 very light stream of water, I was compelled to be very particular in the 
 kind of wheel I put in. After a most thorough investigation into the mer- 
 its of different kinds of water wheels, I decided to use " The Leffel Ameri- 
 can Double Turbine "Water Wheel," as the most economical in point of 
 power I could find — and my experience has fully justified my choice. 
 With the Leffel wheel of 1534 inches diameter, with gate half drawn, under 
 30 feet head and fall, I find I can grind 13 bushels per hour and run all the 
 necessary machinery at the same time. With gates full drawn, venting 26 
 inches of water, I can run one pair of 4 feet burrs and one pair of 3 feet 
 burrs, grinding 20 bushels of wheat per hour and at the same time running 
 smut machine, separator and the entire machinery of the mill. For steady 
 power, convenience and durability, it far surpasses any wheel I have ever 
 seen. I would heartily recommend it for any fall, and would say to those 
 desiring a wheel, they need not fear the result in the event of a purchase, 
 and as evidence to the truth of the above statement, I would refer parties 
 to my mill, situated in Springfield, Oliio. C. THO&PSOJST. 
 
 Explanation of Figure II. 
 
 Figure II is intended to show the manner of putting the wheel in 
 under low falls. A plain substantial flume is constructed with good 
 heavy timbers and firm foundation. There should be sufficient space, 
 depth and width between the bottom of flume and floor of tail race to 
 let the water pass out from beneath the flume without obstruction. The 
 
11 
 
 floor of flume should bo of heavy plank, to give sufficient firmness to 
 support the weight of water and wheel. In the floor of the flume 
 there should be a hole cut of a size to admit the cylinder of wheel cas- 
 ing, which will pass through the floor of flume, the wheel thus resting 
 upon the floor by the flange of the casing. It does not require any- 
 thing to fix it to its place, as the weight of the water and wheel will 
 hold it firmly in its position. 
 
 ' The flume should always be made in every case large enough so that 
 the wheel in no place will come nearer than one half its diameter to 
 the side of the flume. The floor of flume should come near enough to 
 the surface of standing tail water, so that the end of the cylinder of 
 wheel casing that projects through will dip two inches or more below 
 the surface of the water. A pit of good depth should always be dug 
 underneath the flume to prevent the water from reacting upon the 
 wheel. No particular style of flume is needed. It can be constructed 
 to suit the peculiarities of the location. The only point to be observed 
 is to have it strong enough and of sufficient capacity to let the 
 water to the wheel without obstruction. 
 
 In Figure II " A" is the crown plate of wheel casing : "K" is the 
 cylinder of casing prejecting below the floor : " M " the depth below 
 end of cylinder and bottom of pit, which should be from two to three 
 feet deep : " H " shows one of the guides of the wheel*, of which 
 there are twelve around the circumference of the wheel : "D" is the 
 bush containing wooden followers, which can be adjusted to the upper 
 end of wheel shaft. The coupling that connects the wheel shaft to an- 
 other shaft is shown detached. " B " is the gate rod for opening and 
 closing the gates of the wheel, which can be done with ease and accu- 
 racy. 
 
 What a Prominent Manufacturing Company thinks of our Wheel. 
 
 Smith Taper Co., Lee, Mass., Jan. 2, 1867. 
 James Leffel & Co.: Yours of the 21st ult. is at hand. In reply we 
 would say that we have used a great variety of iron wheels in our differ- 
 ent mills, (viz. : " Jagger," "Parker," "Tyler," and "Eeynolds,") but after 
 using one of yours, purchased through your agent, E. D. Jones, Esq., were 
 so well satisfied with its superiority over the other wheels, in durability 
 and economy iu the use of water, both with full and partially closed gates, 
 that we ordered more of them, and have now running in our 
 Columbia Mill, 1 48 inch wheel, under 14 feet head. 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 2 40 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 it u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 135 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 " 14 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 120 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 « 14 
 
 Housatonic 
 
 c< 
 
 148 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 8 
 
 Union 
 
 a 
 
 148 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 " 9, 
 
12 
 
 Valley Mill, 1 48 inch wheel, under 8K feet head. 
 u a 256 « « « g^« « 
 
 u u 130 u a (i g>£" " 
 
 You are at lberty to make such use of this information as you may deem 
 best. SMITH PAPER COMPANY. 
 
 The Leffel Wheel against new Breast Wheel. 
 Genesee Codnty Mills, Batavia, N. Y., Dec. 29th, 1866. 
 
 Messrs. Leffel & Co. : We have a four run flour mill, with 7 feet 10 inch- 
 es head, Last September we put in one of your 48 inch wheels in the 
 place of a Breast wheel, and we can say, without hesitation, it is the best 
 wheel out. We have tried it in low and in high water with equal success. 
 Our miller drove three run and the machinery one day with it. Perhaps 
 it will be well for us to explain a little. We have a mill with five run, 
 four run ±% feet, and one 30 inches. We have your wheel and the Breast 
 wheel in the same flume, and we can gear the whole mill together, or run 
 any part of the mill, with either wheel or both. So you see it is a fair test. 
 One day, when the water did not run over the dam, we put on two run 
 and all the water on the iron wheel, and measured the water in the tail 
 race. Then, without altering the feed on the stone, shut the water off the 
 iron wheel and put it on the Breast wheel, and measured the water again, 
 and found it 1% inches deep by 25 feet wide less with the iron wheel than 
 with the Breast wheel. 
 
 We have as good a Breast wheel as was ever made, but when it gets worn 
 out it will never be repaired, as one of Leffel & Co.'s wheels will take its 
 place. You can publish as much as you please of the above ; or, if any 
 one chooses to ask questions, or see the wheel work, they can, at any time 
 they choose, come to the Genesee County Mills, Batavia, New York. 
 
 Yours, JAMISON & PIERSON. 
 
 " Can't express the satisfaction it gives." 
 
 Mazo M aerie, Wis., Jan. 7th, 1867. 
 James Leffel & Co. : Yours of the 26th ult. received, and contents noted. 
 Would say that I cannot express in writing the entire satisfaction your 
 wheel has given me. I am no hand at writing certificates. lam perfectly 
 satisfied your wheel is the best wheel now in use, and I very much doubt 
 whether it ever will be surpassed in all its points. The wheel I have is a 
 56 inch wheel. Truly yours, W. E. BO WE. 
 
 Portland, Ionia Co., Mich., Dec. 28, 1866. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : We have one of your 40 inch Double Tur- 
 bine Water Wheels in our mill, attached to a four feet burr stone, with 
 which we can grind 20 bushels of wheat per hour under an 8 feet head. 
 
 NEWMAN SATTERLEE & CO. 
 R. N. STEELE, First Miller. 
 
 What an old Miller thiuks. 
 
 Honeoye, N. Y., Jan. 7th, 1867. 
 I have just got my mill in full operation. It astonishes all who see it, 
 
I 
 
 la 
 
 and there have been hundreds here for that purpose. The day we started 
 it there was quite a number in— so many that we could hardly get through 
 them to tend the mill. We had in several grists of two bushels each, and 
 every ten minutes we ground one. "Wo ground all the afternoon, and we 
 never went over eleven minutes to any of them. With our old wheel we 
 could grind only four bushels per hour, and not always as much as thafc — 
 say three bushels per hour. Finally, it does all and more than we ever ex- 
 pected it could do. The man who put in my last two wheels thinks there 
 never ^as any wheel that would beat these. The wheels are all in full op- 
 eration, earning lots of money, and I have all I can do to look after them. 
 I took out two center discharge wheels, which were geared together, which 
 took about 600 inches o# water, and ground not over four bushels per hour, 
 and now I have two 40 inch wheels under 6 feet head and fall, and draw 
 about half the water they call for, and grind about three times as much. 
 Yours, in haste, DANIEL PHELPS. 
 
 " Fully up to the recommendation." 
 
 Wecedah, Wis., Jan. 16th, 1867. 
 Gentlemen : We have two of your Leffel Wheels in use — one 30>£ inch- 
 es, and one 40 inches. Our head is 8 feet. They have been in use from 
 one to two months. With the 30)^ inch wheel we drive Power Lathe, 
 Wood Lathe, Jigger Saw, Corn Sheller, Smut Mill and Elevators. With 
 the 40 inch wheel we drive one set 43 inch burr stones, and one set 32 inch 
 do., elevators and bolts. We have not yet used more than % of the water, 
 running both stones, and grinding 8 to 10 bushels of wheat and 16 bushels 
 of feed (corn and oats) per hour. We think the wheels fully up to the rec- 
 ommendation. We formerly used a Parker wheel, used 350 to 400 inches 
 of water, and had about % the power of this 40 inch wheel, which uses 
 only 180 inches. Yours, &c, T. WESTEN & CO. 
 
 G. W. BAILEY & CO. 
 
 Fastest Sawing on record done by the Leffel Wheel. 
 
 The following statement appeared in some of the newspapers in New 
 England, one of which was sent to us. The wheel is 48 inches in diam- 
 eter, running under 12 feet head. It was put in by William Duncan, our 
 agent at Lebanon, N. H. The wheel was put in Henry Weeks' saw mill in 
 Warren, N. H. : 
 
 " Our correspondent says : 'I started the mill about one week ago, have 
 run it more or less every day since, but have not experimented much yet 
 with it, as I have not had time. Have tried it enough to confirm my belief 
 that the wheel cannot be beaten by any wheel in the world. I challeng e 
 any mill on the face of this earth to saw more lumber in the same length 
 of time with the same facilities than can be cut in this mill, because we 
 have the power to drive the saw up to its utmost capacity. I told the boys 
 last Saturday noon that I wanted to try for one hour and see how much 
 we could saw, and at twelve minutes past four I told them I was ready for 
 the trial ; and in sixty minutes we sawed, on one big circular saw, 4,517 
 feet of lumber. We took the trees in the pond without selecting, drew 
 
11 
 
 them into the mil], cut them up into logs 12 feet long, with a drag saw, 
 and cut up slabs 20 inches long and loaded them into the slab car, ran the 
 lumber out of the mill on to platform ready to load on to car — the three 
 saws and drawing in all driven by this one wheel, and all done in the six- 
 ty minutes. Beat that, and I will try once more— for I know that we can 
 even beat that on the second trial. The logs were only 12 feet long, and 
 some of them only six and eight feet long, and just an ordinary lot of hem- 
 lock logs. Had they been 16 feet long we would have gone over 5,000 feet 
 in the same length of time with the same ease. We had 12 feet head and 
 a fractional gate — say about three-fourths. The logs were sawed as fol- 
 lows, viz. : about one thousand feet of boards, three thousand feet of four 
 inch plank, and the remainder in 2% inch plank. % 
 
 JONATHAN STANYON, Millwright.'" 
 
 The above statement being disputed by millwrights and sawyers, we 
 wrote to Mr. "Weeks (fearing there might be some mistake) concerning the 
 statement, as we did not want to publish anything of which there was the 
 slightest doubt. The following is the reply of Mr. Weeks, the owner of 
 the mill : 
 
 Warren, N. II., Dec. 26, 1866. 
 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : Yours of the 20th is received and contents 
 noted, and in reply would say that I made a statement and sent it to Mr. 
 Wm. Duncan the 24th. He wanted i* to send you a copy, which I presume 
 is on the way ere this, therefore I will not send you the statement. The 
 qnantity of lumber was sawed, and the statement you have seen was made 
 by my millwright. Had I considered at the time that the work was of so 
 much importance, I should have had it surveyed by some one not in my 
 employ. The planks I got to order, and they held out our measure ; and 
 there could not have been an error in the boards and %% inch plank. I 
 talked with my sawman after I received your letter last evening, and he 
 says if any man doubts the statement, and will come here in the Spring 
 after the fros t gets out of the logs, he will try another hour, and if he 
 does not saw 5,000 feet, he will pay all expense for their time and travel- 
 ing expenses. I have seen a great many mills, but I have never seen a 
 mill so well situated for getting the logs on the carriage, and the lumber 
 from the mill. We had several logs on the deck before starting up, or we 
 could not have kept the saw at work. My old mill had the name of being 
 the best mill in New Hampshire. .In April last, a lumber dealer from 
 Lowell, who had seen many of the best mills about the country, said he 
 ' had seen many mills, but had never seen a saw mill before he saw Weeks' 
 Mills." Now, with my new mill and your wheel, we can saw twice as 
 fastms we could before. My old mill ran twelve years, and we had close 
 work, on account of low water, to saw out one million. This Winter I 
 contracted for two millions, for I know we can do double what we used 
 to with the old wheels. To driving the same saws and "drawiug-in 
 works," I had three wheels, drawing good 800 inches water, and now we 
 use 259 inches water, and can do twice the work, because we have more 
 power. 
 
 Yours, very truly, HENRY W. WEEKS. 
 
15 
 
 Explanation of Figure III. 
 
 There are some mills, particularly flouring and saw mills, that are 
 so situated with reference to flume, that it is difficult to pass the wheel 
 shaft above the surface of the water. This happens where the water 
 (as it frequently is) is on a level with the second or third story of the 
 mill, and the machinery operated on the first floor. In this case the 
 wheel can be put in as shown in the plate. In addition to the ordinary 
 perpendicular portion of flume or penstock there is a horizontal sec- 
 tion of flume built in which the wheel is placed. The shaft that is at- 
 taohed to wheel shaft passes out of the top or deck of this section of 
 flume, and around this shaft is placed a stuffing box to prevent leakage 
 of water abound the shaft. The power can then be taken off by bevel 
 or spur gears as shown. The advantage of this method of putting the 
 wheels in is that the power can be brought near to the point where the 
 work is to be done, otherwise it would have to be brought through a 
 long train of gears and shafting, which of course would tend much to 
 lessen the useful effect of the wheel. 
 
 As the value of any mill depends mainly upon the power to propel it, 
 we would say conform the machinery if possible to the wheel, and not 
 
16 
 
 the wheel to the machinery, as is too frequent done. Bring the work 
 as near the wheel as possible, and avoid too great length of shafting 
 and complication of gearing. In building this style of fludie we can- 
 not too much impress the necessity of having strong heavy timbers 
 and plank, which should also be fitted closely. The gate rod also pass- 
 es out of the decking, axound which is also a stuffing box. "We also 
 have a cast iron case fitted with stuffing box for shaft and gate stem, to 
 be attached to pipe for heads varying from 40 to 500 feet fall. 
 
 In the plate, " O " represents the stuffing box around wheel shaft — 
 u P " stuffing box around gate rod — " B " gate rod for opening and 
 closing the gates — " C" perpendicular portion of flume or penstock — 
 " M " depth of pit below end of cylinder of wheel casing — " T " top or 
 decking of horizontal section of flume. This section of flume may be 
 carried much further than is represented. The top or deck should al- 
 ways be high enough, so that the coupling on wheel shaft will come 
 under the deck. It is wrong to deck around the sleeve or bush of the wheel. 
 Eemember the coupling on wheel comes below the deck, and the stuff- 
 ing box goes around the portion of shaft above the coupling. 
 
 Read what a Wheel only ten inches in diameter can do in a Flour Mill. 
 
 West Milton, Miami Co., O., Nov. 12, 1866. 
 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : We have been running one of your Amer- 
 ican Double Turbine Water Wheels of only ten inches in diameter, which 
 we set in place of two Overshot wheels, one of twenty-six feet diameter, 
 and the other of twenty feet diameter. We now run the little ten inch 
 wheel under fifty-six feet head and fall, and are able to do fully one-half 
 more work with the same amount of water than we could do with the 
 Overshot. We have never used full gates on the wheel. With one-half 
 gates we have run two run of burrs, and ground ten bushels per hour ; and 
 we will not hesitate in saying that we can run three run of stone, and grind 
 fifteen bushels per hour, and run all the necessary machinery at the same 
 time ; and for steady power we have never seen any wheel to equal the 
 one we now use : in short, we think if they are put in right they will sur- 
 pass any other wheel, and from the experience we have had, we think the 
 wheel is very durable. Any person doubting this statement can come to 
 the well known Cedar Branch Mill, situated in Miami County, Ohio, for 
 further information. D. & J. WEIMER. 
 
 P. S. — Since I have written the above, I have tried the third run of burrs, 
 and have ground with two-thirds gates, fifteen "bushels per hour, and run 
 all the machinery at the same time. We have run these three pairs of large 
 burrs day after day, and have no trouble to run them strong with the gates 
 two-thirds open. We know this may seem to others as extraordinary 
 work for so small a wheel, and we are literally astonished ourselves at the 
 results of the little wheel, nor could we be induced to believe that a wheel 
 of that size would do the work stated, had we not made the trial ourselves 
 for weeks together. I>. & J. W. 
 
17 (M*Ar/&t*¥T> 
 
 Draft Tube- Explanation of Figure IV. " 
 
 In adapting wheels to very 
 high falls, it sometimes becomes 
 desirable, in order to avoid ex- 
 treme length of shaft on wheel 
 and also to otherwise conform it 
 to the peculiar location of the 
 mill, to place the wheel at a dis- 
 tance above tail water, and con- 
 duct the water away from the 
 wheel by an air-tight tube, called 
 a draft tube. We present on 
 this page a cut of a wheel thus 
 arranged. 
 
 Now, while, theoretically, a 
 wheel will do just as much work 
 with the same quantity of water 
 when using a draft tube ; yet 
 practically, the ' difficulties of 
 making a draft tube perfectly 
 air tight — which must be done 
 to avoid waste of power — are so 
 great, that we advise the use of 
 a draft tube of "great length 
 only in cases where it cannot well 
 be avoided. 
 
 There cannot be, ordinarily, 
 any objection to the use of a 
 draft tube not to exceed ten feet 
 in length, as within that limit, 
 by good "workmanship and pro- 
 per material, a tube can be con- 
 structed both air-tight and dur- 
 able. Yet, as inexperience in 
 this matter might lead to mis- 
 takes which would tend to 
 greatly diminish the power of 
 the wheel, we would here state 
 as a rule we would advise the 
 wheel to be placed at the bot- 
 tom of the fall. 
 
 When the draft tube exceg-ds 
 ten feet in length, and particu- 
 
18 
 
 larly when used for small wheels, it should be made of boiler iron, as 
 our experience has taught us that when the tube is of great length, a 
 wooden tube cannot be relied on as either air-tight or durable. 
 
 In constructing wooden tubes, the staves should be of any soft wood, 
 and from two to two and a half inches thick. They should taper so as, 
 when put together, the tube will be somewhat larger at one end, which 
 we call the drift. The drift in the tube should be about one-quarter of 
 an inch to the foot. The object in having the tube larger at one end 
 is, that the iron rings may be driven tightly on the tube. The ringB 
 may be two inches wide and one quarter of an inch thick, and should 
 be placed from twenty inches to two feet apart. "When the tube is com- 
 pleted and made as tight as possible, then a hole should be cut through 
 the floor "F" of flume; the end of the tube is passed through, and 
 should project above the floor of the flume six inches, as at " I." The 
 tube must be made of sufficient diameter inside to freely admit the 
 cylinder of wheel casing. The flange of wheel casing will thus rest on 
 top of the tube, which should be planed off smooth and even, thus af- 
 fording a firm support for the wheel. For small wheels, there is no 
 other support required — it will be sufficient to place the wheel in the 
 open end of the tube, which should be securely spiked td the frame of 
 the flume ; but for wheels of large diameter, we think it is best not to 
 trust to the tube alone for support. In this case, we would suggest that a 
 plank of proper thickness be fitted around the tube, thus causing the 
 wheel to rest partly on the end of draft tube and partly on the floor, 
 thus making a more general distribution of the weight of the wheels 
 and the column of water on the wheel. 
 
 Explanation of Plate. 
 
 " C " represents the inside of flume : " K," the coupling by which 
 shafting is attached to wheel shaft : " F," floor of flume which should 
 be made of strong, heavy plank : "I," end of draft tube, which should 
 project above the floor of the flume six inches, in the end of which the 
 cylinder of wheel is inserted : " B," the gate rod for opening and clos- 
 ing the gates, which can be conducted to any convenient point in the 
 mill, on the end of which is a hand wheel. We wish here to caution 
 parties not to increase the leverage on this rod, as there is in the me- 
 chanical arrangement of the ^heel sufficient leverage, so that the gates 
 can be opened and closed with ease and rapidity, even under very high 
 falls. The rod is intended to make three-quarters of a revolution to 
 open or close the gates, and the leverage should not be increased so 
 that the rod makes over one revolution to open or close the wheel. 
 We wish this to be remembered when arranging to attach the gate rod. 
 We would also, in this connection renew our caution to give gooddepth 
 of pit below end of draft tube for free discharge of water. The end of 
 
19 
 
 draft tube should dip two or three inches below surface of standing tail 
 water, and there should bo a distance of two or three feet from the end 
 of the tube to bottom of pit below end of draft tube. " E " represents 
 draft tube : " M," depth of water in pit below draft tube. 
 
 Double Wheel. 
 
 "We wish to make a few explanations in regard to the feature in our 
 wheel we characterize as a Double Wheel — as many have been led to 
 erroneously believe it is in its compound form similar to many other 
 double wheels, in which the water discharged from one set of buckets 
 is made to operate on a second set, with the idea of more effectually 
 securing a maximum effect of the water. It is not our object to discuss 
 or point out the obvious objections to the arrangement of that form of 
 wheel, as it is now universally considered to be essentially wrong in 
 principle.. 
 
 But our object is here to explain the construction of our wheel suffi- 
 ciently to prevent its .being confounded with the class of double wheels 
 mentioned. In our wheel there is a combination of two independent 
 sets of buckets — one having a center and the other a vertical discharge, 
 and each receiving independent of the other, its proper quantity of 
 water from the same guides. 
 
 As one set of buckets is placed immediately under the other, a com- 
 bination is thus effected without increasing the diameter of the wheel. 
 By this arrangement there is admitted the greatest possible volume of 
 water to a wheel of any given size, and at the same time securing the 
 greatest area for escape of water : thus reducing the surface in the 
 wheel as compared to the quantity of water used, to the smallest com- 
 pass, thereby avoiding a great loss by friction, an element which serves 
 to diminish the effective power of a wheel. 
 
 To those understanding the necessity of reducing the frictional sur- 
 face in a wheel to a minimum, the value of this arrangement is appa- 
 rent, and the results obtained will fully justify us in attaching to it the 
 importance we do. 
 
 Durability and Simplicity of the LefFel Wheel. 
 
 Our wheel, simple in its construction and being made either of iron 
 or brass, is very durable — special attention being paid so as to secure 
 this last quality, and although there are twelve gates they are opened 
 and closed by an arrangement so simple as to almost preclude any lia- 
 bility of getting out of order. 
 
 Eival wheel builders who are obliged to admit the superior qualities 
 of the Leffel Wheel, try to damage its reputation by the cry of "It is 
 too complicated." "It won't last long." If that were true, it is a lit- 
 tle singular that we have never heard a single complaint on that point, 
 
20 
 
 from any one of the purchasers of the vast number of wheels already- 
 sold. We appeal to any one of our numerous patrons, scattered all over 
 the United States. 
 
 Small Wheels. 
 
 As the severest test a Turbine Wheel can possibly be put to, is to take 
 the place of an Overshot Wheel under very high falls, and with an ex- 
 tremely limited supply of water, such as is afforded by a few springs 
 only, it certainly can be claimed for the wheel that will succeed under 
 those circumstances, that it is the very best wheel that can be con- 
 structed. 
 
 We therefore invite special attention to the following statements from 
 practical Millers and Millwrights, who have had years of experience 
 with Overshot Wheels, under high falls and small quantities of water — 
 just the circumstances under which it has formerly been considered 
 impossible for any Turbine to successfully compete with an Overshot, 
 and we think it not too much to say that the Leffel Wheel is the only 
 wheel that can achieve such results under such conditions. But severe 
 as is this test, the Leffel Wheel not only has proved equal but superior 
 in every respect to the Overshot, and it will also be observed that not- 
 withstanding the high degree of economy demanded in the use of so 
 small a quantity of water, not one of the wheels are using full drawn 
 gates. In fact some are operating with gates only one-quarter open; thus 
 proving, beyond a doubt, the highest degree of economy in our wheel 
 with partial gates. 
 
 • Another fact, that cannot escape attention, is the immense power 
 produced by such small wheels. We claim this as a feature peculiar 
 to the Leffel Wheel, and we have found by careful comparison with 
 other wheels, that we can produce a far greater power from the same 
 sized wheel than any other wheel in use ; thus enablingus to use a much 
 smaller wheel for any purpose than can be used by any other form of 
 wheel. 
 
 Aside from a small wheel costing less, occupying a smaller space, 
 lessening the cost of flume, &c, it is not necessary to mention the many 
 other advantages of using a wheel in which the greatest possible pow- 
 er is condensed in a small diameter, rather than to employ much larger 
 and cumbersome wheels of other styles which it would be necessary to 
 employ in order to produce the same power. 
 
 " It runs up to the table." 
 
 Black Earth, Wis., Jan. 12, 1867. 
 Gentlemen : The 48 inch Leffel wheel is the best I have ever had in use. 
 Under the 8 feet head and fall I have, it drives all my flouring bolts and 
 machinery, with a pair of four feet stones, grinding from 14 to 16 bushels 
 of wheat per hour. It runs up to the table better than I ever had wheels 
 do before. Respectfully, JOHN WALL. 
 
21 
 
 A Ten Inch Wheel in a Saw Mill. 
 
 Adams, Mass., Jan. 4th, 1866. 
 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : I have just started the little ten inch wheel 
 under 16)^ feet head, and have belted on to a 16 inch circular saw, 7 inch 
 saw, pulley 3 inches, belt very tight. Saw runs 1,C00 or more revolutions 
 per minute. With half gate I can saw more than the majority of shop 
 saws, and with full gate can put the saw through the hardest seasoned six 
 inch timber, either endwise, crosswise or corner wise. If by hard pressure 
 I stop the saw, the wheel knows nothing of it. Its motion is onward : it 
 requires a larger belt to test the power. 
 
 On account of its more uniform speed it is worth for my light work 
 double the best Overshot in existence, and I believe it will do more work 
 with the same quantity of water. 
 
 Gentlemen, I am satisfied, and more than satisfied, with your wheel. 
 Years ago I was a millwright by trade, and I perfectly understand the per- 
 centage given by the iron wheels which are in general use in this section. 
 Yonr wheel is far superior, and worthy of and must have a more general 
 introduction. Yours truly, D. D. ALJJEN. 
 
 Our Wheel in a Woolen Factory. 
 
 Crawfordsville, Iud., Nov. 18, 1865. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : We wish to add our testimony to the value 
 of your Double Turbine Water Wheels. After an experience of some for- 
 ty years, of different wheels in use, I can say, without hesitation, I have 
 never found any to equal the Double Turbine. We have used one of your 
 10 inch wheels on 28 feet fall, after throwing out an Overshot, and were 
 able to do one-fourth more work and a more steady movement, not so lia- 
 ble to be checked, throwing on and off bands. And we are now using 
 one of your 11% inch wheels, on 1&% feet head and fall, running one set 
 of machinery — carding, spinning, weaving, fulling, and all other fixtures 
 for manufacturing cloth, with less water than could possibly do with an 
 Overshot wheel on same head and same amount of water. We have not 
 added machinery enough to our 11% inch wheel to know what it could do, 
 but have no doubt we could double the machinery before filling the ca- 
 pacity of the wheel. You can make whatever you choose of the above. 
 Yours, truly, . K. M. HILLS. 
 
 Have a remarkably steady, true speed. 
 
 Northampton, Mass., Jan. 1st, 1867. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Co. : You ask us how we like your wheels, put in our 
 new mill last Summer. The 23 inch wheel is running under 32 feet head, 
 and drives two rag engines 40 inch bore, 36 inch diameter of roll, (called 
 500 lb. engines,) rag cutter, duster, pumps, &c, with one-half gate. We 
 have ample power for another engine same size. The 10 inch wheel runs 
 the 54 inch machine with one-half gate. They have a remarkably steady, 
 true speed, and we consider them superior to any wheel within our knowl- 
 edge. We are now running a good Breast wheel in another mill, for which 
 we propose to substitute one of yours next Summer. 
 
 DELANEY & WATSON. 
 
22 
 
 Explanation of Tables. 
 
 On the three following pages will be found tables showing the power, 
 number of revolutions per minute, and also the number of cubic feet 
 of water discharged per minute for each size of our wheels, under heads 
 <from3to40 feet. The top line of figures shows the head and fall in 
 feet. The left hand perpendicular column gives the size of wheel from 
 6g- to 56 inches in diameter. In the small squares formed by the inter- 
 section of the perpendicular and horizontal columns will be found 
 three sets of figures. The upper one indicates the number of horse 
 power, which you will see is abbreviated at the left of the horizontal 
 column. The middle set of figures shows the number of cubic feet of 
 water used by the wheel per minute. This is likewise abbreviated. The 
 lower set of figures shows the number of revolutions of the wheel per 
 minute. We will give an example of the manner of determining by this 
 table the power, quantity of water used, and revolutions of any sized 
 wheel under a given fall. Suppose we wanted to find the power of a 20 
 inch wheel under 11 feet fall ; find in the top line of figures (indicating 
 the fall in feet) the fall required — 11 feet ; now follow down the perpen- 
 dicular column immediately under the figure 11 until you come to the 
 horizontal column in which the size of wheel (20 in.) is placed at the 
 left. In the square where these two columns intersect will be found 
 9 X oo horse power, 499 cubic feet of water per minute, 229 revolutions per 
 minute. Again, take a 48 inch wheel under 8 feet fall. In following 
 down the perpendicular column under figure 8. until you reach the hor- 
 izontal column leading from the 48 inch wheel to the right, at the inter- 
 section will be found 32^ horse power, 2457 cubic feet of water. per 
 minute, and 81 revolutions per minute, which will be the number of 
 horse power, the cubic feet of water used per minute, and the revolutions 
 per minute of a wheel 48 inches diameter under 8 feet fall. The same 
 method will determine the power, quantity of water used per minute of 
 auy size wheel, under any fall from 3 to 40 feet. The revolutions of the 
 wheels as laid down in this table are the number of revolutions the wheel 
 makes when at loork. But as there is always a loss of fall by the watefc 
 drawing down in the head race, and also raising in the tail race when 
 the wheel is running, we would here state that as a rule we would ad- 
 vise those who have charge of putting the wheels in, that in calculating 
 for the speed of wheel and machinery they should always base their 
 calculations on a fall of from 6 inches to a foot less than the measured 
 fall when the head and fall is from 4 feet to 20 feet; and 18 inches, when 
 the fall is over 20 feet — thus allowing for the loss of head mentioned : 
 which will bring the speed of the wheel to suit the actual running head. 
 On page 26 will be found a table showing the number of square inches 
 used by the different sized wheels, together with the prices. 
 
23 
 
 w U 
 
 o -.3 
 
 THE FOLLOWING TABLE 
 
 Was calculated expressly for " LEFFEL'S AMERICAN DOUBLE TURBINE 
 WATER WHEEL." and will apply to no other wheel. It contains the size of the 
 different Wheels in inches of diameter; the -number of horse-power; the cubic 
 feet ot water used per minute, and the number of revolutions per minute made 
 by each sized Wheel for any head from 3 to 40 feet : 
 
 HBAD IIST FBBT. 
 
 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 
 
 \00 
 
 <0 
 
 Horse T. 
 Cubic Ft. 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 .15 
 
 29 
 
 360 
 
 .22 
 33 
 
 416 
 
 .31 
 37 
 
 465 
 
 .41 
 
 41 
 
 510 
 
 .521 .63 
 
 441 47 
 551] 588 
 
 .76 
 
 50 
 
 624 
 
 .891 1.02 
 
 53 55 
 
 658] 690 
 
 1.171 1.31| 1.47 
 
 58 ' 60) 63 
 72l[ 750 779 
 
 1.63 
 65 
 
 806 
 
 1.79 
 
 67 
 
 832 
 
 
 HorsePT. 
 Cubio Ft. 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 .20 
 
 39 
 
 313 
 
 .30 
 
 45 
 
 362 
 
 .42 
 
 50 
 404 
 
 .56 
 
 55 
 
 443 
 
 .70 
 60 
 
 478 
 
 .86 
 
 64 
 
 511 
 
 1.02 
 
 68 
 
 542 
 
 1.201 1.38 
 
 • 71 75 
 572| 600 
 
 1.571 1.77 
 
 78 81 
 
 626] 652 
 
 1.98 
 
 84 
 
 677 
 
 2.20 
 
 87 
 
 700 
 
 2.42 
 
 90 
 
 723 
 
 00 
 
 Horse PT. 
 
 Cubic Ft. 
 Revoki'n. 
 
 .25 
 
 49 
 
 273 
 
 .38 
 
 57 
 
 315 
 
 .53 
 
 64 
 
 352 
 
 .70 
 
 70 
 
 386 
 
 .881 1.08 
 
 75 j 80 
 
 417 1 446 
 
 1.28 
 
 85 
 
 473 
 
 1.511 1.74 
 
 90 94 
 498| 523 
 
 1.98 
 
 98 
 
 546 
 
 2.23" 
 102 
 568 
 
 2.50 2.76 
 106 110 
 590] 610 
 
 3.05 
 114 
 630 
 
 H 
 
 Horse PT. 
 Cubic Ft. 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 .33 
 
 67 
 
 239 
 
 .521 .72 
 
 77 86 
 
 275 1 308 
 
 .95 
 
 94 
 
 337 
 
 1.18 
 102 
 364 
 
 1.46 
 109 
 390 
 
 1.74 
 115 
 414 
 
 2.041 2.35 
 122 128 
 
 436| 457 
 
 2.65 
 133 
 
 478 
 
 3.02 
 139 
 
 497 
 
 3.38 
 144 
 516 
 
 3.75 
 149 
 534 
 
 4.13 
 154 
 551 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 HorsePT. 
 Cubic Ft. 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 .44 
 
 87 
 207 
 
 .67i .941 1.24 
 100 112] 123 
 240 1 26S| 293 
 
 1.56 
 133 
 317 
 
 1.90 
 142 
 339 
 
 2.27 2.66! 3.07 
 160| 159 166 
 359| 379| 397 
 
 3.50 
 174 
 415 
 
 3.94 
 181 
 432 
 
 4.41 
 
 188 
 448 
 
 4.89 
 194 
 
 464 
 
 5.38 
 201 
 479 
 
 ■8 
 
 CO 
 H 
 
 HorsePT. 
 Cubic Ft. 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 .58 
 116 
 180 
 
 .90 
 134 
 
 208 
 
 1.251 1.65 
 149 164 
 233 1 255 
 
 2.08 
 177 
 
 275 
 
 2.54 
 189 
 294 
 
 3.03 
 201 
 312 
 
 3.551 4.09 
 211 222 
 329| 345 
 
 4.66" 
 232 
 360 
 
 6.26 
 241 
 375 
 
 5.83 
 250 
 389 
 
 6.52J 7J8 
 259! 267 
 403) 416 
 
 3 
 
 Horse PT.j JJQ\ J_J7 
 
 cubic Ft. j 151 1 174 
 
 Revolu'n. | 1571 181 
 
 1.631 2.14 
 194 213 
 
 202| 221 
 
 2.70 
 230 
 239 
 
 3.30 3.94 
 246! 261 
 256; 271 
 
 4.611 5.32 
 
 275 288 
 286 1 300 
 
 6.06 
 301 
 313 
 
 6.83 
 313 
 326 
 
 7.64 
 325 
 338 
 
 8.47 
 337 
 350 
 
 1 9.33 
 
 348 
 362 
 
 H 
 
 Horse FT. 
 Cubic Ft. 
 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 .97 
 197 
 136 
 
 1.53 
 
 227 
 158 
 
 2.131 2.80 
 
 254 278 
 176! 193 
 
 3.53 
 301 
 
 208 
 
 4.31 
 321 
 223 
 
 5.15 
 341 
 
 236 
 
 6.031 6.S61 7.93 
 359 377 393 
 249! 261 1 273 
 
 8.94! 9.99 
 410 425 
 
 284j 295 
 
 11.08 
 440 
 305 
 
 12.20 
 455 
 315 
 
 O 
 
 Horse PT.j 1#31 
 Cubic Ft. 260 
 Revolu'n. 1 119 
 
 2.02, 2,821 3.71 
 301 336 368 
 138! 154| 169 
 
 4.67 
 398 
 182 
 
 5.71 
 425 
 195 
 
 6.81 
 451 
 207 
 
 7.98 
 476 
 218 
 
 9.20 1 io.4y 
 499| 521 
 229| 239 
 
 11.83 
 542 
 
 249 
 
 13.22] 14.66 
 563 582 
 
 258! 267 
 
 16.15 
 602 
 
 276 
 
 CO 
 
 HorsePT., L75 
 
 cubic Ft. 347 
 
 Revolu'n.j 104 
 
 2.69 
 401 
 119 
 
 3.761 4.94 
 448 491 
 134! 147 
 
 6.23 
 531 
 159 
 
 7.61 
 567 
 169 
 
 9.08 
 602 
 180 
 
 10.64 
 634 
 190 
 
 12.28 
 665 
 199 
 
 13.99 
 695 
 208 
 
 15.77 
 723 
 216 
 
 17.63 
 750 
 224 
 
 19.55 
 777 
 232 
 
 21.54 
 802 
 240 
 
 
 HorsePT. 
 Cubic Ft. 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 2.27 
 451 
 
 90 
 
 3.5CF 
 
 521 
 104 
 
 4.89 
 583 
 116 
 
 6.43 
 638 
 127 
 
 8.10 
 690 
 138 
 
 9.90 
 737 
 147 
 
 11.81 
 
 782 
 156 
 
 13.83 
 
 824 
 164 
 
 15.96 
 864 
 173 
 
 18.18 
 903 
 180 
 
 20.50 
 940 
 
 188 
 
 22.92 
 975 
 195 
 
 25.41 
 
 1009 
 
 201 
 
 28.00 
 
 1043 
 
 208 
 
 . i Horse PT. 
 gM Cubic Ft. 
 W | Revolu'n. 
 
 3.03 
 602 
 
 78 
 
 4.67 
 
 695 
 
 90 
 
 6.52 
 
 777 
 101 
 
 8.57 
 851 
 111 
 
 10.80 
 920 
 120 
 
 13.20 
 
 983 
 
 128 
 
 15.75 
 
 1043 
 
 136 
 
 18.44 
 
 1099 
 
 143 
 
 21.28 
 
 1153 
 
 150 
 
 24.24 
 
 1204 
 
 157 
 
 27.33 
 
 1253 
 
 163 
 
 30.56 
 
 1300 
 
 169 
 
 33.881 37.33 
 1346 1390 
 
 1751 181 
 
 in 
 
 CO 
 
 Horse P r, 
 Cubic Ft. 
 Revolu'n. 
 
 3.99! 6.15 
 
 793 916 
 681 79 
 
 8.59 
 1023 
 
 88 
 
 11.29 
 
 1121 
 
 96 
 
 14.23 
 
 1211 
 104 
 
 17.38,20.74 
 
 1295J 1373 
 
 111! 118 
 
 24.30 
 
 1448 
 
 125 
 
 28.03! 31.94| 36.01 
 
 1518 1586 1650 
 
 131 1 136! 142 
 
 40.251 44.64! 49.17 
 
 1713 1773 1831 
 
 148 1 153] 158 
 
 (HorsePT.; 5,25 
 
 OicubfcFt. 1042 
 
 1 Revolu'n. | 60 
 
 8.08 
 
 1203 
 
 69 
 
 11.28 
 1345 
 
 .77 
 
 14.83 
 1473 
 
 84 
 
 18.79 
 
 1592 
 
 91 
 
 22.84 
 
 1701 
 
 97 
 
 27.26j31.92 
 
 1804 1902 
 
 103| 109 
 
 36.831 41.96 
 
 1995 2083 
 
 114| 119 
 
 47.31 
 
 2168 
 124 
 
 52.88 
 
 2251 
 
 129 
 
 58.64 
 
 2330 
 
 133 
 
 64.61 
 
 2406 
 
 138 
 
 HorsePT., 7.58,11.66 
 
 § joubic Ft. 150511738 
 
 J Revolu'n. 1 50 1 57 
 
 16.30 
 
 1942 
 
 64 
 
 21.42 
 
 2128 
 
 70 
 
 27.00 
 
 2299 
 
 76 
 
 32.99 
 
 2457 
 
 81 
 
 39.37 
 
 2607 
 
 86 
 
 46.11 
 
 2747 
 91 
 
 53.20 
 
 2882 
 95 
 
 60.61 
 3009 
 
 99 
 82.20 
 4060 
 
 85 
 
 68.33 
 3132 
 104 
 92.67 
 4224 
 89 
 
 76.39 
 
 3251 
 
 107 
 
 84.71 
 
 3365 
 
 111 
 
 93.32 
 
 3475 
 
 115 
 
 o l HorseP ' r - 110.40 
 1* 1 cubic Ft. 2045 
 
 Itf) ' RevoUi'ti.l 42 
 
 15.82 
 
 2345 
 
 49 
 
 22.12 
 
 2619 
 
 55 
 
 29.06 
 
 2870 
 60 
 
 36.63 
 
 3100 
 
 65 
 
 44.75153.40 
 
 3315 3566 
 
 69' 74 
 
 62.54 
 3717 
 
 78 
 
 72.17 
 
 3886 
 
 82 
 
 103.60 
 
 4385 
 
 92 
 
 114.92 
 
 4539 
 
 97 
 
 126.59 
 
 4687 
 
 99 
 
 to 
 
 «0 
 
 HorsePT. 
 j Cubic Ft, 
 IBerdfci'n. 
 
 13.10 
 
 2556 
 
 42 
 
 19.77 
 
 2931 
 
 40 
 
 27.65 
 
 3273 
 
 55 
 
 36.32 
 
 3587 
 60 
 
 45.78 
 
 3875 
 
 65 
 
 55.93 
 
 4143 
 
 66 
 
 66.75 
 4457 
 
 i 74 
 
 78.17 
 4646 
 
 78 
 
 90.21 
 
 4857 
 82 
 
 102.75 
 5075 
 
 85 
 
 115.83 
 
 5282; 
 89 
 
 129.501 
 
 548l| 
 93 
 
 143.65(158.23 
 
 5673 5858 
 97j 99 
 
24 
 
 is 
 
 ssi 
 
 THE FOLLOWING TABLE 
 
 Was calculated expressly for " LEFFEL'S AMERICAN DOUBLE TURBINE 
 WATER WHEEL," and will apply to no other wheel. It contains the size of the 
 different Wheels in inches of diameter; the number of horse-power; the cubic 
 feet of water used per minute, and the number of revolutions per minute made 
 by each sized Wheel for any head from 3 to 40 feet. 
 
 :h::ea.:d idst febt. 
 
 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 
 
 ■Horse Power, 
 
 "K| Cubic Feet, 
 CD 
 
 ; Revolution,. 
 
 1.971 2.14 
 69' 71 
 
 858 i 883 
 
 2.32 
 73 
 
 907 
 3.14 
 
 98 
 
 788 
 
 2.51 1 2.70, 2.89! 3.091 3.30 
 
 75 77 78 80 82 
 
 9311 954l 9761 998; 1019 
 
 3.51 
 
 84 
 1040 
 
 3^2 
 
 85 
 1061 
 
 3.93J 4.15 
 
 87 88 
 1081 ! 1101 
 
 i Horse Power, 
 •o\ Cubic Feet, 
 Revolution, 
 
 2.651 
 
 93 
 
 745 
 
 2.89 
 96 
 
 767 
 
 3.391 3.64 
 101 103 
 
 809| 828 
 
 3.91 j 4.181 
 106! 108 
 
 847| 867 
 
 4.45' 4.73 
 111 113 
 
 886 • 904 
 
 5.02 
 115 
 922 
 
 5.31 5.61 
 
 117 119 
 939, 956 
 
 i Horse Power, 
 
 io Feet, 
 GO i 
 
 | Revolution. 
 
 3.34 
 117 
 650 
 
 3.64 
 121 
 
 668 
 
 3.95 
 124 
 
 687 
 
 4.26 
 127 
 
 704 
 
 4.59 
 
 130 
 722 
 
 4.93! 5.26 
 133 136 
 
 739 1 756 
 
 5.60 
 139 
 
 772 
 
 5.96 
 142 
 
 788 
 
 6.23 
 144 
 
 803) 
 
 6.69 
 148 
 819 
 
 7.06 
 150 
 834 
 
 ! Horse Power, 
 <5 Cubic Feet, 
 : Revolution, 
 
 4.521 4.93 
 159 i 163 
 
 5681 585 
 
 5.34 
 168 
 601 
 
 5.77' 6.21 
 172 176 
 617} 632 
 
 6.65 
 180 
 647 
 
 7.12 
 184 
 661 
 
 7.58 
 188 
 675 
 
 8.06 
 192 
 689 
 
 8.55| 
 196 
 703 
 
 9.05 
 200 
 716 
 
 9.50 
 203 
 729 
 
 JHorse Power, 
 ^j Cubic Feet, 
 ' H J Revolution, 
 
 5.90 
 207 
 494 
 
 6.43 
 213 
 
 508 
 
 6.97 
 219 
 522 
 
 7.53 
 224 
 536 
 
 8.10 
 230 
 549 
 
 8.68 
 235 
 562 
 
 9.28 
 241 
 574 
 
 9.89 
 246 
 
 587 
 
 10.51 
 251 
 
 599 
 
 11.15 
 256 
 611 
 
 11.80 
 260 
 622 
 
 12.46 
 265 
 634 
 
 : Horse Power, 
 
 -i, Cubic Feet, 
 
 CO 1 
 
 »"^ Revolution, 
 
 7.86 
 276 
 429 
 
 8.57 
 284 
 441 
 
 9.29 
 291 
 454 
 
 10.03 
 
 299 
 4651 
 
 10.79 
 306 
 447 
 
 11.57 
 313 
 
 488 
 
 12.37 
 321 
 
 499 
 
 13.19 
 327 
 510 
 
 14.02 
 334 
 
 520 
 
 14.87 
 341 
 530 
 
 15.74 
 347 
 
 540 
 
 16.62 
 354 
 550 
 
 ! Horse Power, 
 1 ri v 1 Cubic Feet, 
 
 »o ; 
 
 1*4 Revolution, 
 
 10.221 11.14 
 
 358 369 
 373 I 384 
 
 12.08 
 379 
 594 
 
 13.041 14.03 
 
 389 398 
 404| 414 
 
 15,04 
 407 
 424 
 
 16.08 
 417 
 433 
 
 17.14 
 426 
 433 
 
 18.23 
 434 
 452 
 
 19.33i 20.46 
 443, 451 
 461 1 470 
 
 21.60 
 460 
 
 478 
 
 , HorsePower.j 43.371 14.56) 15.79 
 
 jjK Cubic Feet, 469 1 482 1 495 
 S JRevolution, j 325| 334| 343 
 
 17.06] 18.351 19.671 21.03 
 5081 521 533 545 
 352 1 361| 369| 378 
 
 22.42 
 557 
 
 386 
 
 23.84 
 
 568 
 394 
 
 25.281 26.75 1 
 579 590 
 402| 409 
 
 28.25 
 602 
 417 
 
 j Horse Power,! 17.69) 19.28 
 Oj cubic Feet, 620 1 638 
 ^Revolution, | 2S4| 293 
 
 20.901 22.58 
 656 673 
 300 ! 308 
 
 24.29 
 689 
 316 
 
 26.04 
 705 
 323 
 
 27.83 
 721 
 331 
 
 29.67 
 737 
 338 
 
 31.54 
 752 
 345 
 
 33.46 
 
 767 
 351 
 
 35.41 
 
 781 
 358 
 
 37.39 
 796 
 365 
 
 1 
 CO 
 
 Sorse Power, 
 Cubic Feet, 
 Revolution, 
 
 23.59 
 
 827 
 247 
 
 25.701 27.87 
 851 874 
 254j 261 
 
 30.10 
 
 897 
 26S 
 
 32.38 
 919 
 275 
 
 34.72 
 940 
 281 
 
 37.12 
 962 
 
 287 
 
 39.561 42.05 
 9821 1003 
 294! 300 
 
 44.611 47.21 
 
 1022 1042 
 
 306 1 311 
 
 49.85 
 
 1061 
 
 317 
 
 Horsepower,! 30.651 33.41] 36.23 
 
 Cubic Feet, 1075 1106 1136 
 
 Revolution, | 214| 221 227 
 
 39.13 
 
 1166 
 
 233 
 
 42.10 
 
 1194 
 
 238 
 
 45.13 
 
 1223 
 
 224 
 
 48.25 
 1250 
 
 249 
 
 51.43 
 
 1277 
 
 255 
 
 54.68 
 
 1303 
 
 260 
 
 57.99 
 
 1329 
 
 265 
 
 61.37 
 
 1354 
 
 270 
 
 64.80 
 
 1379 
 
 275 
 
 , 7Bor&i; i J ower, 
 q x . Cubic Feet, 
 W [Revolution, 
 
 40.891 44.55, 48.31 j 52.17) 56.13 
 
 1433 1475! 1515; 1554 1592 
 
 187| 192J 197j 202| 207 
 
 60.18 
 
 1630 
 
 212 
 
 64.331 68.58! 72.91 
 1667 1703 1738 
 
 217; 22l! 226 
 
 77.32 
 1772 
 
 230 
 
 81.82 
 
 1806 
 
 235 
 
 86.40 
 
 1838 
 
 239 
 
 § 
 
 Horse Power, 
 Cubic Feet. 
 Revolution, 
 
 53.86 
 
 1888 
 
 162 
 
 58.68, 63.64| 68.73] 73.94 
 
 1943 1 1996 2048 2098 
 
 167 1 172! 17e] 180 
 
 79.27 
 
 2147 
 
 185 
 
 84.75 
 
 2195 
 
 189 
 
 90.34 
 
 2243 
 
 193 
 
 96.04 
 
 2289 
 
 197 
 
 101.84 
 
 2334 
 
 201 
 
 107.78! 113.82 
 2379! 2422 
 
 205! 208 
 
 § 
 
 'Horse Power 
 Cubic Feet, 
 Revolution, 
 
 70.76 
 
 2480 
 
 142 
 
 77.10 83.61 
 
 2552 1 2622 
 
 146 1 150 
 
 90.34 
 
 2690 
 
 154 
 
 97.14 
 
 2756 
 
 lag 
 
 104.15,111.33 j 118.69' 126.19 
 
 2821 2884 29471 3007 
 1621 1651 169! 172 
 
 133.82 
 
 3067 
 
 176 
 
 141.62 
 
 3125 
 
 179 
 
 149.54 
 3182 
 
 • 182 
 
 § 
 
 olorse Power 
 Cubic Feet, 
 Revolution, 
 
 102.21 
 
 3583 
 
 118 
 
 111.37 
 
 3687 
 125 
 
 120.771130.43 
 
 37871 3885 
 
 ! 125| 128 
 
 140.32 
 
 3981 
 
 132 
 
 150.44,160.83,171.44|182.27 
 
 4075 4166 4256 4344 
 
 1 135! 138| 141 1 144 
 
 193.311 
 
 4430 
 146 
 
 204.56 1216.00 
 
 4514 4597 
 
 149| 152 
 
 'I | Horse rower 
 
 £ Cubic Feet, 
 
 CO 
 
 IQ j Revolu tion, 
 
 . 138.62 
 
 483c 
 
 101 
 
 151.04; 167.7! 
 t 49761 51K 
 [ 104| 10 r 
 
 )il76.9c 
 ) 5243 
 
 r 11c 
 
 190.31 -204.0S 
 53711 5481 
 
 112| ne 
 
 218.11 ! 232.47 
 
 5691 1 5742 
 118| 121 
 
 ' 247.3i 
 
 586C 
 
 123 
 
 264.1S 
 
 597c 
 
 126 
 
 277.46 
 
 6090 
 
 128 
 
 292.91 
 
 6196 
 
 13C 
 
 *\ I Horse Power 
 
 <5 1 Cubic Feet, 
 
 CO 
 
 l£ (Revolution, 
 
 t\ 173.25 
 
 604] 
 1 10: 
 
 M188.8 
 L| 622 
 L 10 
 
 )i 209.71 
 )| 638' 
 
 i! 10' 
 
 j 221.1s 
 
 J 6553 
 
 r 11c 
 
 I 237.SS 
 
 67i: 
 11. 
 
 5,255.1c 
 5| 6851 
 i\ IK 
 
 M 272.6^ 
 
 705; 
 
 > US 
 
 * '290.56 
 
 \\ 718£ 
 J 121 
 
 I 309.15 
 
 ► 7325 
 
 123 
 
 330.23 
 
 7466 
 
 126 
 
 ! 346.85 
 
 7612 
 
 128 
 
 366.13 
 l 77j 
 1 13C 
 
25 
 
 Mel 
 
 THE FOLLOWING TABLE 
 
 Was calculated expressly for M LEFFEL'S AMERICAN DOUBLE TURBINE 
 WATER WHEEL," and will apply to no other wheel. It contains the size of the 
 different Wheels in inches of diameter; the number of horse-power; the cubic 
 feet of water used per minute, and the number of revolutions per minute made 
 by each sized Wheel for any head from 8 to 40 feet. 
 
 IiEl-A.ra IJST FEET- 
 
 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 
 
 B5SK5SCT 4.38) 4.611 4.84) 5.081 5.32 
 
 Revolution, 
 
 90 1 39 93! 59 96 
 11201 11401 1158| 1177! 1195 
 
 5.oCi 5.81 
 
 (i.Sl 7.(»!) 
 
 104 106 
 
 1283 12991 1316 
 
 
 HorsePower, | 5.91 1 6.22 
 Cubic Feet, j 121 124 
 Revolution, | 973 1 990 
 
 6.35I 6.85! 7.18< 7.50! 7.84 1 8.18 
 
 126 128 130 132! 134 136 
 
 1007| 1024| 1039| 1054| 1070 1085 
 
 8.52, 8.87 
 
 137 139 
 
 1100 1115 
 
 9.25! 9.58 
 
 141 143 
 
 1129] 1143 
 
 CO 
 
 HorsePower,; 744" 7.83) 8.23 
 
 Cubic Feet, ! 153 156 158 
 Revolution. 8481 863! 877 
 
 8.63 
 161 
 891 
 
 9.041 9.45 
 163 166 
 905 1 919 
 
 9.87 
 168 
 932 
 
 10.30 
 171 
 945 
 
 10.731 11.171 11.61 
 
 173 175 177 
 
 5981 971 1 984 
 
 12.06 
 180 
 996 
 
 9 
 
 HorsePower,: 10#07| 10#60 | 11>13 | H. 68 ; 12.231 12.79 
 
 cubic Feet, 2071 211 1 214 1 217 221 224 
 
 Revolution, | 742| 755| 7671 780| 792J 804 
 
 13.36 
 227 
 816 
 
 13.93 
 231 
 
 827 
 
 14.51 
 234 
 
 838 
 
 15.11! 15.71 
 237) 240 
 
 850 1 861 
 
 16.32 
 243 
 
 872 
 
 -^ 
 3 
 
 florae Po%mv 13-141 13.82 
 
 Cubic Feet, j 270 j 275 
 'Revolution, j 645 j 656 
 
 14.52! 15.23 
 
 279 284 
 667| 678 
 
 16.95 
 
 288 
 688 
 
 16.68] 17.42 
 292 297 
 699| 709 
 
 18.17 
 301 
 719 
 
 18.93 
 305 
 729 
 
 19.711 20.49 
 309 313 
 
 738 478 
 
 21.28 
 317 
 
 758 
 
 XTJ) jHorsePower,| 17.51 
 ^- Cubic Feet, 360 
 »H 'Revolution, ] 560 
 
 18.43 
 366 
 570 
 
 19.36 
 372 
 579 
 
 20.31 
 
 378 
 589 
 
 21.26; 22.24! 23.23 
 
 384 390 396 
 598| 607 | 616 
 
 24.23' 25.241 26.28 
 4011 407 412 
 624| 633, 641 
 
 27.32 
 417 
 650 
 
 28.37 
 423 
 658 
 
 j Uorse Power, | 22 .77 
 j\ Cubic Feet, 468 
 iH [Revolution, j 487 
 
 23.96 
 476 
 495 
 
 25.17 
 
 484 
 503 
 
 26.40 
 492 
 511 
 
 27.64 
 499 
 519 
 
 28.91 
 507 
 527 
 
 30.20 
 514 
 535 
 
 31.50 
 521 
 542 
 
 32.821 34.16| 35.51 
 528! 536, 543 
 550| 557| 564 
 
 36.89 
 550 
 02 
 
 
 HorsePower' 2 9.77 l 31.33 
 Cubic Feet, 612 1 622 
 Revolution, j 424 1 431 
 
 32.91 
 633 
 439 
 
 34.52 
 643 
 446 1 
 
 36.15 
 653 
 453 
 
 37.81 
 663 
 459 
 
 39.50 
 672 
 
 466 
 
 41.19 
 
 682 
 473 
 
 42.91 
 691 
 479 
 
 44.67 
 700 
 486 
 
 46.44 
 710 
 492 
 
 48.24 
 719 
 498 
 
 8 
 
 Horsepower,] 39.41 } 41 47 1 43.55 j 45.69 
 cubic Feet, | 810, 824 837 851 
 Revolution, i 371 1 378| 384 ! 390 
 
 47.84 
 864 
 396 
 
 50.04 
 
 877 
 402 
 
 52.27 
 
 890 
 408 
 
 54.51 
 902 
 414 
 
 56.80 
 915 
 419 
 
 59.12 
 927 
 425 
 
 61.46 
 939 
 430 
 
 63.84 
 951 
 436 
 
 go 
 
 (M 
 
 HorsePower,, 52.541 55.301 58.08 
 Cubic Feet, 1079 1098 1117 
 
 Revolution, | 323| 328| 334 
 
 60.92 
 
 1134 
 
 339 
 
 63.79 
 
 1152 
 
 344 
 
 66.72 
 
 1169 
 
 350 
 
 69.70 
 
 1186 
 
 355 
 
 72.681 75.73 
 
 1203 1 1220 
 
 360| 365 
 
 78.83 
 
 1236 
 
 368 
 
 81.95 
 
 1252 
 
 374 
 
 85.12 
 
 1268 
 
 379 
 
 
 HorsePower,! BS.301 71.89 
 Cubic Feet, 1403 1428 
 Revolution, j 280 1 285 
 
 75.50 
 1451 
 
 290 
 
 79.19 
 
 1475 
 294 
 
 82.93 
 
 1497 
 
 299 
 
 86.76 
 
 1520 
 
 303 
 
 90.61 
 
 1542 
 
 308 
 
 94.49, 98.45 
 
 1564 1585 
 
 312| 316 
 
 102.47 
 
 1607 
 
 321 
 
 106.53 
 
 1628 
 
 325 
 
 110.66 
 
 1648 
 
 329 
 
 i 
 
 HBrse Power,) 91.071 95.85il00.69 
 
 Cubic Feet, { 1871 1 1904 1 1935 
 Revolution, | 243 1 248! 252 
 
 105.58 
 
 1966 
 
 256 
 
 110.57 
 
 1996 
 
 260 
 
 115.65 
 
 2027 
 
 264 
 
 120.81 I125.98jl31.26 
 
 2057 2085 2114 
 
 268| 271 1 275 
 
 136.63| 142.04 
 
 2142! 2170 
 2791 '282 
 
 147.53 
 
 2198 
 
 286 
 
 CO 
 
 Horse Power, I H9.97 
 Cubic Feet. 2465 
 Revolution, j 212 
 
 126.26,132.60 
 
 2508i 2549 
 
 216 1 219 
 
 139.09 
 
 2590 
 
 223 
 
 145.65 
 
 2630 
 
 226 
 
 152.34 
 
 2670 
 230 
 
 159.14 
 
 2709 
 233 
 
 165.96 
 
 2747 
 236 
 
 172.91 
 
 2785 
 240 
 
 179.991187.11 
 
 2S22J 2859 
 243| 246 
 
 194.36 
 
 2895 
 249 
 
 9 
 
 HorsePower.i 157.62 
 Cubic Feet, 3238 
 Revolution, \ 186 
 
 165.89174.23 
 
 3295 3349 
 
 189! 292 
 
 182.75 
 
 3403 
 
 195 
 
 191.37 
 3455 
 
 198 
 
 200.161209.09 
 
 3508 3560 
 
 201 1 204 
 
 218.05 
 
 3609 
 
 207 
 
 227.18. 236.48 
 
 3658| 3708 
 
 210| 212 
 
 245.83(255.37 
 
 37561 3804 
 
 215! 218 
 
 8 
 
 HorsePower, 
 Cubic Feet, 
 Revolution, 
 
 227.67|239.62i251.66|263.97l276.42 
 
 4678 4759! 4837! 4915i 4991 
 1551 157! 160| 162! 165 
 
 289.14 
 
 5067 
 
 167 
 
 302.02' 314.95 
 
 5142 5213 
 
 170| 172 
 
 328.151341.58 
 
 52861 5356 
 
 175| 177 
 
 355.11| 368.87 
 
 5425 5495 
 
 179! 182 
 
 6 
 H 
 O 
 
 «orse Jf ower, 
 Cubic Feet, 
 Revolu tion 
 
 308.81 
 
 6310 
 
 132 
 
 325.04! 342.32' 352.04 
 
 6420J 65261 6667 
 
 1321 1321 139 
 
 375.31392.20 
 
 6838 6879 
 1421 144 
 
 410.231430.32 
 
 6985 7055 
 147| 149 
 
 440.52 
 7161 
 
 150 
 
 464.21 
 
 7260 
 
 153 
 
 489.85 
 7375 
 
 1 5 "> 
 
 503.75 
 
 7394 
 
 157 
 
 m m (HorsePower 
 
 & 1 Cubic Feet, 
 
 CD 
 
 IQ | Revolution, 
 
 | 386.01 
 
 7887 
 
 1 132 
 
 406.3C 
 
 802 f 
 
 13f 
 
 1427.90 
 ) 8157 
 i 137 
 
 1440.05 
 
 8330 
 
 139 
 
 469.16 
 8412 
 
 112 
 
 490.25 
 
 8593 
 
 144 
 
 512.73 
 
 8731 
 
 147 
 
 537:90 
 
 8818 
 
 149 
 
 550.05 
 
 8951 
 
 150 
 
 580.26 
 90ffl 
 
 153 
 
 612.31 
 
 9193 
 
 155i 
 
 &B9.68 
 
 9230 
 157 
 
26 
 
 Price List. 
 
 The first six sizes, from 6| inches up to 15J inches, are made of pol- 
 ished brass, and on that account the price is higher in proportion to the 
 other sizes, as it greatly increases the cost of manufacture. 
 
 61 inch wheel vents 4& square inches of water. Price $400. 
 
 7| 
 
 ci 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 6} 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 8» 
 
 « 
 
 M 
 
 it 
 
 ?J 
 
 a 
 
 (I 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 Hi 
 
 u 
 
 t{ 
 
 11} 
 
 a ' 
 
 (1 
 
 a 
 
 uz 
 
 ii 
 
 it 
 
 13} 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 " 
 
 19* 
 
 '! 
 
 a 
 
 1« 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 tt 
 
 261 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 17} 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 34} 
 
 kt 
 
 a 
 
 20 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 a 
 
 45 
 
 it 
 
 " 
 
 23 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 59} 
 
 a 
 
 ii 
 
 26} 
 
 " 
 
 a 
 
 U 
 
 79 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 30} 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 1041 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 
 35 
 
 tt 
 
 ct 
 
 a 
 
 137| 
 
 ci 
 
 kt 
 
 40 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 180 
 
 C( 
 
 a 
 
 48 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 259? 
 
 it 
 
 <( 
 
 56 
 
 "No.l" 
 
 (i 
 
 352« 
 
 tt 
 
 a 
 
 56 
 
 a No.2« 
 
 fi 
 
 441 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 »< 
 
 $400. 
 
 tt 
 
 a 
 
 $400. 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 $400. 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 $475. 
 
 » 
 
 a 
 
 $525. 
 
 « 
 
 a 
 
 $600. 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 $700. 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 $850. 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 $1000. 
 
 C( 
 
 a 
 
 $1100. 
 
 « 
 
 u 
 
 $1250. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 $1550. 
 
 $1800. 
 $2000. 
 
 (4 
 
 it 
 
 $2800. 
 
 « 
 
 '« 
 
 $3000. 
 
 Measurement of Water. 
 
 When a man has concluded to improve a water power, the first thing 
 he should ascertain is the amount of fall he can secure. The next and 
 most important thing is to determine accurately the quantity of water 
 that flows in a stream, as upon this will depend the amount of power, 
 and consequently the amount of work the stream is capable of perform- 
 ing. And as the improvement of water power is necessarily attended 
 with expense, it is therefore important to one who contemplates build- 
 ing a mill or factory, that he should know exactly what amount of work- 
 he can depend »pon the stream performing ; and for the want of an 
 accurate knowledge, or from erroneous supposition of the quantity of 
 water in the stream, which is too often obtained by a mere superficial 
 examination of the stream, parties frequently construct mills and fac- 
 tories of a magnitude which, upon trial, they find the power of the 
 stream wholly inadequate to carry. This being the case, it is import- 
 ant to got some one well versed in hydraulics to measure the capacity 
 of the stream. As this cannot always be done, wo will here give a few 
 plain rules, by the aid of which any one can determine approximately 
 the quantity of water in the stream : 
 
 To measure the stream, go to some place where the water runs with 
 a brisk and uniform current, and where the stream is of a uniform 
 
27 
 
 width and depth. Find how many feet the water will flow in the 
 stream per minute by putting a float in the surface of the water. Thon 
 measure the depth and width of the stream, and multiply the area of 
 the cross section of the stream in feet by the velocity of the water in 
 feet per minute. This will give the number of cubic feet of water 
 flowing in the stream per minute, or very nearly. 
 
 Special Notice. 
 
 We frequently receive letters from our correspondents, saying that 
 they have a certain number of " surface inches " of water in the stream 
 or so many " cubic inches," and like statements. Now we wish to say 
 that from this we cannot determine the quantity of water in the stream, 
 as it affords no idea of the size of the stream. We would therefore 
 caution persons in writing to us concerning the size of their stream to 
 let us know how wide the stream is, how deep, and how fast the water 
 runs in the stream ; or if another wheel has been used in the stream, 
 to let us know how many square inches of water the wheel used, and 
 depth of water above the orifice; or take a board and cut a notch in 
 it, and place it as a dam across the stream, and make all the water spill 
 through the notch, then let us know how wide the notch is, and how 
 'deep the water pours through it. Or if there is a waste way about the^ 
 dam or race, let us know how wide it is, and how deep the water pours 
 over it. By any of these means we can calculate definitely the quan- 
 tity of water in the stream, and by so doing will save much time and 
 correspondence. 
 
 How a Ten Inch Wheel, with U gate, works against an Overshot 
 
 Northampton, Mass., Jan. 1st, 1867. 
 Leffel & Co. : Your agent, Mr. Loud, put one of your ten inch wheels 
 into our Silk Mill in place of an Overshot. We find your wheel superior 
 to the Overshot, both on account of the water used, economy of space, 
 and steadiness of power, and are able to drive one-third more machinery 
 than we formerly did. Our stream is small, and we use only one-fourth 
 gate — say three square inches under nineteen feet head and fall. We con- 
 sider it a perfect success. 
 
 Truly yours, J. & J. F. WARNER. 
 
 Astonishing amount of work for a I7 1 - inch Wheel. 
 
 Lbe, Mass., Jan. 29th, 1866. 
 To whom it may concern : I have lately put in operation, in one of my 
 paper mills, a Leffel's American Double Turbine Water Wheel. This 
 wheel is 11}4 inches in diameter, set under a 44 feet head, and drives 4 rag 
 engines and one rag duster. It has ample power to drive all that is at- 
 tached to it, and I can cheerfully recommend it as being the best iron 
 wheel that I have used, having had several different kinds. 
 
 PRENTISS O. BAIRD. 
 
26 
 
 Wheel in a Circular Saw Mill. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, Ohio, January 17th, 1867. 
 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : Your favor of the 12th instant has been at 
 hand some days. It has been very cold ever since we put in our wheel, 
 and we have not been able to give a full day's trial, but are satisfied that 
 the wheel will give power enough to cut five thousand feet of oak lumber 
 per day. Our fall is seventeen feet, our wheel 26)4 inches. The only trial 
 made was on a log sawed just after we put in the wheel. It was peeled 
 black oak, 12 feet long, partially dry. This we cut into inch boards, 
 squared up, making 176 feet in 19 minutes, or about 550 feet per hour. 
 The wheel gives all the power we want, and its quick response when the 
 gates are opened, its rapid and steady motion, are the admiration of all 
 who see it. We intend to replace the Overshot in our Flour Mill with one 
 of your wheels a3 soon as we can, for we believe we can do a great deal 
 more work with the same water, and will never more be troubled with 
 freezing up, however cold it may be. 
 
 I should have stated in the beginning that our saw mill is an old circular 
 mill that has been run by steam some ten years ; that the saw we now have 
 gives no fair test of the wheel's capacity. For running circular saw mills, 
 I think your wheels are the ne plus ultra. They start as quick as a steam 
 engine, and when nearly through a log water may be shut off, and the mo- 
 tion will carry the saw through and gig back the log. Our mills are situ-. 
 * ated on a small stream, and we were fearful that we would not be able to 
 run a 26 inch wheel, but the result has exceeded our highest anticipations. 
 
 I have examined the table calculated for your wheels, and I believe it 
 to be perfectly correct as to the amount of water consumed. 
 
 Yours truly, A. STALEY & SON. 
 
 Surprised that the Wheel requires so small a quantity of Water. 
 
 Columbus, Ga., Jan. 4th, 1867. 
 Messrs. James Leffel <fc Co. : After an experience of fifteen years with 
 the " Riche Wheels," which gave an abundance of power, I was very un- 
 willing to make a change ; but having obtained one of your circulars giv- 
 ing a description of the " Double Turbine Water Wheel," and it having be- 
 come necessary to make repairs, the position of your wheel in the flume, 
 giving at all times ready access to the wheels, induced me to order three 
 of the 40 inch wheels. On trial I was surprised to find that the wheels re- 
 quired so small a quantity of water, and to each of the wheels, with the 
 gates half open, I am running, under a 14 feet head, two 4 feet burrs, with 
 all the machinery attached. The power and steadiness of the wheels are 
 wonderful, and the advantage of the position of the wheel is great. 
 
 Yours truly, R. L. MOTT, Proprietor of Palace Mills. 
 
 Lockland, Ohio, April 30th, 1866. 
 Messrs James Leffel & Co. : Gents— Find inclosed check for the amount 
 of your Wheel, $500. We have been running it for 30 days in place of 
 Stout, Mills & Temple Wheel, which we run for better than one year, gear- 
 ing in the same manner as the Stout, Mills & Temple Wheel, and we can 
 say that we are doing 20 per cent, more work than we did before with the 
 
29 
 
 other wheel. We are entirely satisfied with your Wheel so far, and take 
 pleasure in recommending" it to any one as the best wheel we have used, 
 feeling confident that we can make 100 bbls. now, where, as before, we 
 could not make more than 80 bbls. We find the wheel not near so liable 
 to clog as the Dayton Wheel, never having found any thing to obstruct the 
 wheel as yet. BACHELOR & PALMER. 
 
 We would call the attention of those who have any doubt of the super- 
 iority of our Wheel over the Stout Wheel to the above certificate, particu-, 
 larly from the fact of the two wheels having been tried under exactly the 
 same conditions and circumstances— as all who are versed in hydraulics 
 know that, unless the Wheels are tried under precisely the same circum- 
 stances, there can be no satisfactory results obtained. In the mills above 
 mentioned, the Dayton Wheel, (through the exertions of the proprietors,) 
 was put in the best possible condition : such as we were, in fact, well pleas- 
 ed with, as our Wheel was put in exactly the same place, and geared in the 
 same manner and running the same machinery. The Stout Wheel was 42 
 inches in diameter, venting, according to their tables, 156 inches of water. 
 Our Wheel, which took the place of the above Wheel, is only 35 inches in 
 diameter and venting only 13Wnches of water. It will be observed that 
 the Leffel Wheel is doing one-fourth more work than the Dayton Wheel. 
 
 JAMES LEFFEL & CO. 
 
 4 
 Knightstown, Indiana, November 6th, 1865. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : Gentlemen : About September, 1864, 1 pur- 
 chased of Messrs. Stout, Mills & Temple, one of their Turbine Water 
 Wheels, with the understanding that it was the best wheel in use, and a 
 guarantee that it would grind an average of fifteen bushels per hour : and 
 before putting it in I saw Mr. Leffel, who told me if I would put in one 
 of his Double Turbine Water Wheels, and it did not beat the Stout Wheel 
 ten per cent, he would give me the wheel for nothing. I took the wheel 
 under those conditions. In using the same amount of water under a six 
 foot head, I find I can grind at the very least one bushel more per hour 
 with the Springfield wheel and at the same time drive all the machinery of 
 the mill, which I consider is one-fourth more power than Stout, Mills & 
 Temple's Wheel gives with the same amount of water used. 
 
 I now have been using the two wheels, side by side, for the last twelve 
 months. I grind about 11 bushels per hour with the Stout wheel, and 12 
 bushels per hour with the Springfield wheel, beside driving the machinery 
 of the whole mill. From a practical experience of twelve months, I have 
 no hesitancy in recommending the Leffel Double Turbine Water Wheel as 
 being the best wheel of the two in point of power according to amount of 
 water used, or the best wheel I know of; and the faet is, if I could not get 
 another one of your wheels I would not take three times the cost of it and 
 run the risk of getting a wheel which would be its equal.- 
 
 Yours truly, J. A. CHURCH. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind., March 1st, 1866. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : Gents : We have now been running the 
 40 inch wheel we got of you for 3 years, aud we are free to say that it does 
 
30 
 
 more than wc expected or you promised. Our fall is 15 feet and the wheel 
 gives ample power to run 3 four feet burrs strong, and all the machinery of 
 the mill at the same time, and we can easily, and have repeatedly, ground 
 1,200 barrels of flour a week. We have not had the least difficulty with 
 your wheel since we put it in. As compared with the Stout wheel, we 
 have certainly the best means of judging, having seen them tried side by 
 side for over two year in N. Sohl & Co/s mills, that are situated the next 
 door to our mill, and we are fully satisfied of the great superiority of 
 your wheel over the Stout & Co. wheel. In fact, there is no comparison 
 between the two wheels. In conclusion, we know your wheel to be the 
 best we have seen or used, having used almost every kind of wheel, includ- 
 ing the overshot. We would heartily recommend the Double Turbine to 
 all who want a steady and economical wheel. 
 
 JAMES SKILLED & BRO. 
 
 Indianapolis, March 18th, I860. 
 
 James Lellel & Co. : Gents : We have now been running two of your 
 Double Turbines over two years in our paper mills, in this city, almost 
 constantly, night and day. With one 35 inch wheel under 15 feet fall we 
 run three 400 lb. engines, with gates only two-thirds open, and cutter and 
 pump at the same time ; and with full gates we are confident that it would 
 run four 400 lb. engines with cutter and pump. 
 
 The 20 inch wheel, under 15 feet fall, will run a 62 inch machine 65 feet 
 per minute, 'with gates only half open. In fact, having seen a great num- 
 ber of your wheels in this city, used for various purposes, and in compe- 
 tition with others, including the Stout wheel, we think them far better than 
 any other. We are fully and entirely satisfied with the wheels, and they 
 perform more than we expected. 
 
 We would most heartily recommend them to others who may want wheels, 
 as we know they will be satisfied if they will ever try them. 
 
 GAY & BRADEN, 
 By A. Gay, agent for the Canal Co. 
 
 Indianapolis, Indiana. November 16th, 1865. 
 
 Messrs James Leffel & Co. : Dear Sirs : Three years since, after a pretty 
 thorough examination of the merits of a number of the most approved 
 water wheels, we put into our Paper Mill one of your 48 inch wheels, and 
 must say its thorough working has fully demonstrated the wisdom of the 
 selection, and to-day we could not be induced to change it for any other 
 within our knowledge. 
 
 Its power is ample, with 13 feet fall, water not gauged, to drive tour 36 
 inch rag engines, rag cutter, rotary boiler, three pumps, &c. 
 
 It is not liable to freeze, is not effected by back wafer only in proportion 
 as the fall is lessened, and for dnrabil ty we see no evidence of its failing. 
 We say, as an evidenee of its popularity in this locality, that since ours, 
 there have been ten others of yours put in by the Mills of this city, and but 
 one " Stout, Mills & Temple's." 
 
 Yours, truly, J. McLENE & CO. 
 
31 
 
 increased his Power One-third. 
 
 Lee, Mass'., January 4th, 1867. 
 
 Messrs. James Leffei & Co. : In September, 1865. your agent, Mr. E. D. 
 Jones, of this place, came to n% and offered to put me in one of your 35 
 inch American Double Turbine Water Wheels, with the understanding that 
 i f it did mot drive three Rag Engines with the same amount of water that 
 it took to drive two engines with my 36 inch Tyler Wheel, which I was 
 using, (and it was a new one,) I was not to pay for the wheel. 
 
 Under the above consideration I gave my consent to have your wheel 
 pat in, and also put in a third engine. 1 am now free to say that your 
 wheel, with gates % drawn, is doing all your agent recommended it to do, 
 and is now driving my three engines stronger with the same amount of 
 water that it took to drive two engines with the Tyler Wheel with full gate . 
 In point of steadiness as well as power, I consider it far superior to the 
 Tyler Wheel or any other iron wheel that I ever saw. I have also put in 
 one of your Yly x inch wheels to drive my machine, (it took the place of an 
 Overshot Wheel,) and is doing its work nobly. For variable streams your 
 wheel cannot be beaten by any wheel, for with gates partially closed I am 
 satisfied it will give as good per centum of power as with full gates, and 
 will cheerfully recommend it to any that are in want of a first class wheel. 
 Yours, truly, JOHN BOTTOMLY. 
 
 Durable, Steady and Economical. 
 
 Eau Clair Co., Wis., January 23d, 1867. 
 The 30)^ inch Double Turbine Water Wheel which we purchased from 
 you, we have been running in our mill under 12 to 13 ft. head, for about four 
 months ; I am happy to say it works to our entire satisfaction in every re- 
 spect. It drives one run of 3)£ ft. burrs, our separator, smutter, elevators, 
 cooler and conveyor, and grinds 12 to 15 bushels of wheat per hour, with 
 % gate hoisted. We don't hesitate in recommending the Leffei Double 
 Turbine Water Wheel to be the most durable, steady running and economi- 
 cal wheel now in use. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 JOHN F. STONE & SON. 
 
 Opinion of a Practical Miller. 
 
 Leon, Wis., January 17th, 1867. 
 I most cheerfully comply with your request in making a statement show- 
 ing the result of my experience with the use of the Leffei Water Wheel. I 
 will freely give you the facts. I have been using in my flouring mill one 
 of Leffel's 40 inch wheels, drawing 180 ' inches of water, under 9 ft. head, 
 since early last Spring. The first three months we could grind on an average 
 15 bushels wheat per hour with % of the gate open, or 20 bushels with a 
 full gate, and run J£ chest of bolts, smutter, separator, storing elevator, and 
 cooler. I was so well pleased with the first wheel that I have bought and 
 put in another 35 inch wheel, drawing 137 inches water, in my mill, to run 
 a pair of 4 feet new stock burrs. The wheel is now in fine working order, 
 and gives entire satisfaction — grinding from 15 to 20 bushels per hour, de- 
 
32 
 
 pending on what kind of wheat we arc grinding. These three wheels that 
 Mr. Mather and I arising in the paper mill are giving entire satisfaction. 
 Judging from my own experience and knowledge of water wheels, the 
 Leffel wheel will do at least one-third more^work than any other wheel in 
 use any where in this section of country, with the same head, and using no 
 more water. 
 
 Yours with great respect, 
 
 WM. J. AUSTIN. 
 
 Convinced of the Superiority of the Leffel Wheel. 
 
 Plymouth, Wis., January 21st, 1866. 
 
 After having been to considerable expense, and time spent in traveling, 
 in order to satisfy ourselves as to the merits of the Leffel Water Wheel, 
 represented in the north-western States by your firm, we were so far con- 
 vinced of the superiority of these wheels, that we ordered three of the 
 wheels of you in June last. We have had these wheels in operation in our 
 flouring mills for four months, and are happy to inform you that they come 
 up to expectations. We are using two wheels (35 inch diameter), each driv- 
 ing a run of stones, under a head of about 10 feet. We have, with this 
 head, ground as high as 24 bushels winter wheat and 20 bushels spring 
 wheat per hour. We run all the machinery of the mill, elevators, convey- 
 ors, smut machine and separators, in fact everything, except the stones, 
 with a 26}£ inch wheel, which gives us plenty of power with the gates 
 two-thirds closed. 
 
 During the last seventeen years we have used four different descriptions 
 of water wheels in our mills, and have no hesitation in saying that the Lef- 
 fel wheel is from 15 to 20 per cent, better than either of the wheels former- 
 ly used. 
 
 HOTCHKISS & PUHLMAN. 
 
 Saves him from buying an Engine. 
 
 Peacham, Vt., June 28th, 1866. 
 Messrs Jas. Leffel & Co. : Gentlemen : The 33 inch wheel you sent us, 
 through Mr. Horton, has arrived, and we have got it in operation. It fully 
 comes up to all expectation, and will save us the necessity of buying an 
 engine. 
 
 The 26)£ in. wheel you sent May 21st has not arrived yet ; when it comes 
 the pay will be forthcoming. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 E. F. EMERSON. 
 
 It more than meets our expectations. 
 
 Manitowoc, January 24th, 1867. 
 
 We, the undersigned, have in our use at our Mills in the town of Cato, one of 
 Leffel' s Double Turbine Water Wheels. To say that we are pleased with it would 
 express but little of the satisfaction we feel. It more than meets our expectations, 
 and does all that the manufacturers claim for it. 
 
 It gives double power; is small in size; no leakage; cannot be frozen up and 
 will run with a very low head of water. „ 
 
33 
 
 Forty Inch Circular Saw driven by a Ten Inch Wheel. 
 
 Mountain Spring, near Portland, Oregon, July 2f>th. 1865. 
 (ientlemen : I take pleasure in making the following statement in refer- 
 ence to yonr wheel. I have been using for the last five months pee of Lef- 
 fel's American Double Turbine Water Wheels, of ten inches in diameter, 
 driving a forty inch circular saw, undera twenty-nine feet head of water. 
 With this little wheel, we have usually cut 1,600 feet of lumber per day, 
 without rushing things ; and one day we cut 2,500 feet. I am perfectly 
 satisfied with the wheel, and believe it accomplishes more than you claim 
 for it, and am perfectly convinced that it does not use more water than your 
 circular represents. I therefore cordially recommend the wheel to all 
 wanting cheap, economical and efficient power. • H. KELLY. 
 
 Indianapolis, October 4, 18G4. 
 Messrs. James Leffel & Co. : We, the undersigned, are millers in the 
 employ of N. Sohl & Co., and have had a good opportunity to know all the 
 facts in regard to the test of wheels claimed to have been made by Messrs. 
 Stout, Mills & Temple, as one or both of us were present when the wheels 
 were started, and during all the time since, and we know that no measure- 
 ment of the amount of water used by either wheel has been taken, and 
 from what we have seen of the working of the two wheels, consider the 
 Leffel Double Turbine to be decidedly the best wheel — as under the low 
 head your wheel, with gates one-half drawn, uses no more water than the 
 Stout wheel with full gates, to do the same amount of work, and is not so 
 liable to be clogged up. ALFRED J. SOHL, 
 
 Junior partner of N. Sohl & Co., and Head Miller. 
 JOHN SMITH, Miller. 
 
 E. Smith & Son, of Dayton, Ohio, are using one of our Wheels in their 
 Mills on the Canal, seven miles above Dayton, by the side of one of Stout 
 & Co.'s wheels, and give our wheel the most decided preference as the best 
 and most economical, and authorize us to refer any parties to them for a 
 corroboration of their statements. Below is the opinion of their Millers: 
 
 Messrs James Leffel <fc Co. : We are running your wheel right along, 
 and have no trouble with it. The Stout & Co. wheel clogs up frequently, 
 and we have to stop and clear it out. I think we can do twice the work 
 with your wheel that we can with tho Stout & Co. wheel, using the same 
 water. I can safely say that your wheel will grind ten bushel with the 
 w r ater it takes to grind six bushels on their wheel. 
 
 FREDERICK BENJAMIN. 
 
 This is to certify that I have been in the employ of E. Smith & Son, in 
 their Mills near Dayton, for eight months after the Leffel Double Turbine 
 Wheel was put in there, and that 1 heartily concur with the above statement 
 of the comparative merits of the two wheels. Also, that during this time 
 Stout, Mills & Co. ma^le a change in their wheels and gearing to enable 
 them to compete with the Leffel Wheel, but without success. 
 
 D. GUTSHALL. 
 
34 
 
 The Construction and Finish of our Wheel. 
 
 We make the manufacture of our wheel a specialty — our works, and 
 particularly our machinery, being specially designed for that purpose, 
 and all other work done being merely incidental to, it. Most of the 
 Turbine wheel manufacturers carry on a large machinery business — 
 the manufacture of water wheels being merely an incident in their bus- 
 iness, to which is is utterly impossible for them to pay the attention 
 necessary to the construction and finish of water wheels, and their 
 adaptation as a hydraulic motor. 
 
 We pay special attention to the construction and finish of our wheel. 
 The guides or gates, buckets, &c, are ground smooth. Every part of 
 the wheel and casing over which the water flows is turned to a smooth 
 surface, so that the water flows through the wheel with as little friction 
 as possible ; and all wheels under fifteen inches are made of brass, pol- 
 ished to a smooth, even surface. Our wheels are put together in the 
 most accurate and substantial manner, by thorough machinists, and 
 not thrown together as a great many cheap and worthless wheels are. 
 It has been our constant endeavor to make a first class wheel in point 
 of finish and workmanship. Our patterns were built by James Leffel, 
 the patentee, who, knowing how much damage is sometimes done by 
 the little inaccuracies and want of correct proportions in a wheel, de- 
 voted a great deal of time and attention to their perfect accuracy; and 
 in order to secure this beyond a doubt, he personally superintended 
 the purchase of the machinery for the works, and its adaptation to the 
 wheel, and drilled the machinists so that they should build a wheel ac- 
 cording to his idea of what a wheel should be. Thomas Leffel, a broth- 
 er of the inventor, who has always been associated with him in his bus- 
 iness, devotes his whole time and attention in our works, toward carry- 
 ing out the ideas of his brother in regard to the construction of the 
 wheel. 
 
 Percentage. 
 
 The ordinary method of determining the ratio of useful effect pro- 
 duced by a wheel from a certain quantity of water is by means of a 
 friction brake, or by raising weights where the quantity of water and 
 the hight through which it falls — or, in other words, the amount of 
 head and fall employed — is carefully compared with the amount of re- 
 sistance overcome. Thus, what is called the percentage of power is 
 accurately obtained. Now, while in a scientific sense to ascertain the 
 percentage of a wheel is of some value, and to which formerly much 
 mportance was attached, it has become a well established fact, from 
 the many careful tests made by individuals and corporations, that the 
 co-efficient of useful effect thus determined cannot be held as a measure 
 of the efficiency of a wheel, or taken as any assurance that the same 
 
35 
 
 comparative results will bo obtained, when applied to the various pur- 
 poses of manufacture. Before this fact was fully established, it was a 
 matter of much astonishment, not only to manufacturers, but to the 
 builders of whoels themselves, to find a great disparity existing between 
 the results obtained in an experimental test and the results produced 
 when practically applied to propel machinery. So great has been this 
 difference that many wheels which, from the high per cent, obtained by 
 test trials, gave nattering promise of a successful and economical wheel, 
 when required to overcome the ever-changing resistance of machinery, 
 have totally failed to meet the requirements of an economical wheel. — 
 So frequently have these failures occurred, that it forms one of the great 
 obstacles in the way of introducing a really valuable and successful 
 wheel ; and it is an ordinary thing for shrewd and careful manufacturers 
 to say, " Wo know beautiful results can be obtained before test commit- 
 tees, but what will your wheel do in my mill?" 
 
 The repeated failures of wheels whose value has been determined alone 
 by their percentage, has thus caused manufacturers (and justly too) to 
 demand more substantial proof of the practical results of a wheel, in 
 which alone they are concerned. . 
 
 The different results we have mentioned arise from several causes : 
 1st. In an experimental, the conditions are all favorable ; the wheel be- 
 ing held to a calculated speed, at which the discharge of water is least, 
 and the work performed the greatest, while any fluctuations above or 
 below are attended with a serious reduction of power, and frequently 
 an increased discharge of water, and then again the quantity of water 
 used is constant and such as will give the best results. It will be seen 
 at a glance, that these conditions are exactly the opposite of what a 
 wheel in practical operation will be placed under, as every manufactur- 
 er knows a fluctuating motion and the use of a variable quantity of 
 water is unavoidable. 
 
 Now, while we have obtained the very highest ratio of useful effect, 
 we wish to be understood we do not base our claims on this alone, but 
 it is from the evidence furnished by hundreds of wheels operating un- 
 der high and low falls, and for every purpose, and under all conditions, 
 that for steady running under a variable motion and with a variable 
 quantity of water, without perceptible decrease in ecoRomical results, 
 we triumphantly claim to have no equal. 
 
 Step or Pivot. 
 
 Our wheel is so arranged mechanically that the head and fall of water 
 produces no weight whatever upon the stop or pivot — the action of the 
 water tending rather to lift the wheel, thus preventing to a great degree 
 the wearing down of the step and also the waste of power from friction, 
 We have wheels running now that were put in when the wheel was 
 
36 
 
 first invented — running on the same steps as when first put in. If in 
 the course of years the step should wear down, it is only a matter of a 
 half hour to take the bridgetrce out and put in a new step. 
 
 Mill Gearing. 
 
 As one of the advantages which the rapid motion of our wheel, (aris- 
 ing from its small size and diminished friction,) gives over other wheels 
 is in the use of light gearing ; and as the power of our wheel, and es- 
 pecially the smaller sizes, has sometimes been much diminished by 
 the heavy, clumsy gearing of the overshot being used, we have at great 
 expense made a set of patterns of mill gearing, light and with well 
 shaped cogs, especially adapted to the rapid motion of our wheel ; and 
 we ask the purchaser of our wheel, to let us furnish, if possible, those 
 pieces by which the main power is taken from the wheel. 
 
 The Leffel Wheel. 
 
 Among the vast amount of evidence we have of the superiority of 
 the Double Turbine, we cannot refrain from calling attention to the 
 continual reference made by other wheel builders, to the " Leffel Wheel," 
 either for the purpose of elevating their own by detracting from the 
 merits of ours, or as a standard of comparison, all of which shows an 
 ill disguised fear and virtual indirect acknowledgement of the superior 
 merits of the Leffel Wheel. 
 
 It has now become an ordinary practice among wheel builders, in 
 enumerating the points of excellence in their wheel, to particularly 
 impress the fact " That their wheel is at least equal in point of economy 
 to the Leffel Wheel." 
 
 In fact, the Double Turbine has almost superceded the Overshot as a 
 standard by which to determine the comparative merits of wheels, and 
 it is thought by other wheel builders to be quite as significant now to 
 say that their wheel equals the Leffel Wheel, as it was formerly to say 
 that it equaled the overshot. 
 
 Ndw, while we know all such claims to be unfounded, we can nut 
 but thank them for thus affording additional proof of the truth of the 
 claim we make of having the best wheel in the world. 
 
 66 Inch Wheel. 
 
 We are getting up patterns for a 66 inch wheel, which will issue 
 about 700 square inches of water. Parties needing wheels of that pow- 
 er will please write us and we will furnish the desired information. 
 
 Wheels Leave the Works Complete. 
 
 Our wheels are completely finished before leaving the works, so that 
 parties in putting the wheel in have nothing to do but cut a hole in 
 floor of flume the size of the cylinder of wheel, and set it in, coupling 
 
37 
 
 the upper shaft to the wheel shaft by coupling furnished with the 
 wheel live ol cost. 
 
 Parties ordering Wheels, will please observe the following : 
 
 State which way you want your wheel to run, with the sun or against 
 the sun ; or right hand wheel or left hand wheel, as we make them 
 to run either way, according to order — and write your shipping di- 
 rections in a clear manner. 
 
 Parties wishing any further information concerning the wheel, not 
 contained in this pamphlet, or have any peculiar location to which 
 ■they wish to adapt the wheel, will please write us, and we will take 
 great pleasure in answering any letters. 
 
 in writing to us we wish parties to state plainly their post office ad- 
 dress, and particularly to name the State, as we receive letters almost 
 daily in which the name of the State is omitted, and which necessarily 
 receive no answer. 
 
 Special Notice. 
 
 James Leffel's American Double Turbine Wheel is manufactuiea at 
 five different places in the United States. The shop from which this 
 circular is sent, is located at Portland, Oregon, and is not connected 
 with any other. 
 
 A.Myers, a son-in-law of the inventor, having bought the exclusive 
 right, under the patent, to the Pacific Coast, comprising the States of 
 Oregon, California and Nevada, and the Territories of Idaho and Ari- 
 zona and part of Montana, and having operated under the firm name of 
 Leftel & Myers, is now manufacturing the wheel at the Oregon Iron 
 Works, Portland, Oregon ; from whom, or his authorized agents, all 
 the wheels used, in this territory, must be secured. 
 
 "Warranty. 
 
 Our wheels are warranted to work to entire satisfaction, when they 
 are put up in poriect accordance with our instructions in this pamphlet ; 
 when speeded under the head, according to the number of revolutions 
 designated in the tables ; and using the quantity of water described. 
 When thus put up, if they do not perform to the entire satisfaction of 
 the purchaser, they may be returned within six months, we paying the 
 freight, and money refunded. Any variation from our directions vitiates 
 the guarantee in every particular. This clause is inserted in order to se- 
 cure correct principles in putting up the wheel. There are many 
 Millwrights on this coast who think they know everything about 
 wheels, and know nothing at all, and will use their own stupid ideas. 
 Thus we are compelled to secure the reputation of our wheel from their 
 vicious designs. 
 
38 
 
 Infringements. 
 
 James Leffel, of Springfield, Ohio, is the original inventor and pat- 
 entee of James Leffel's American Double Turbine Water Wheel, and 
 he has secured and protected his invention by letters patent dated Jan- 
 uary 14, 1862. and which patent was surrendered and re-issued Octo- 
 ber 11, 1864, more fully protecting his patent by eleven distinct claims, 
 fully covering and protecting every part of his invention. 
 
 This celebrated wheel has become so widely known, and its superior 
 merits approved, that parties are modeling after it, and in many cases 
 infringing on the patent. To all such we hereby notify and declare 
 that said patent will be protected from all infringements ; and we 
 hereby caution any one buying a wheel infringing in the least on the 
 American Double Turbine, that they will be proceeded against and 
 damages collected from them. 
 
 JAMES LEFFEL & CO. 
 
 Directions for putting in the Wheel. 
 
 The following cut shows the manner of placing the wheel in the flume 
 or penstock. Through the heavy planking of the floor of the flume 
 there is a hole cut of sufficient size to let the cylinder of wheel casing 
 pass through, the flange of wheel casing resting upon and sustained by 
 the floor, as shown. But that which is of the greatest importance, 
 and which we particularly desire those who have tho care of putting 
 wheels in to carefully observe, is the depth of pit below the end of cyl- 
 inder of casing. This pit should not be less than 2 feet deep, and from 
 that to 3 feet deep, according to size of wheel. It will be observed 
 that in the cut the pit is shown as being excavated below the ordinary 
 level or bottom of the tail race. This plan will answer in a majority 
 of cases ; but where tho earth is liable to wash away, which would af- 
 fect the foundation of the flume, a box or curb 2 or 3 feet deep, and of 
 sufficient diameter, can be placed below tho end of cylinder of wheel 
 casing. The object in having this pit below tho wheel is to secure a 
 free discharge of water from the wheel ; and unless it is so arranged, 
 it will certainly seriously affect the operation of the wheel. There should 
 also be sufficient space under the flume to let the water pass out freely. 
 The next point to be observed is, that the end of the cylinder, or end 
 of draft tube, if one is used, should dip from 2 to 3 inches below the 
 surface of the water in the tail race when standing, as shown by the 
 dotted line in the cut. The flume should also be of sufficient size to 
 admit the water to the wheel without obstruction, and the side of the 
 flnme should in no place come nearer than one foot to the wheel cas- 
 ing, and from 20 inches to 2 feet for large wheels. 
 
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41 
 To the Reader. 
 
 We always wish that the purchaser should judge of our wheels by 
 seeing them at work in the mills, and hearing, from those using them, 
 what their opinion may be. These are the sure tests, and by these we 
 are ready to stand. As an aid in doing this we give the following list 
 of names of some of the responsible practical business men who are 
 using theLeffel wheel manufactured by us, their postoffice address, the 
 size of wheel they use, their head and fall, and the character of work 
 done. We beg of any one in want of a wheel to go and see the wheel 
 run, and if you can't do that, to at least write and get their opinion. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Paper mill— M. Nixon, Manayunk, 40 inch wheel displaced overshot wheel, 24 feet fall ; 26 
 
 inch wheel di< iced overshot, 24 feet fall ; 30% inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— Woouen Pulp Works, Manayunk, two 40 inch wheels and one 35 inch wheel, 
 
 new mill, 24 feet fall. 
 Cotton mills— Ripka Mills, Philadelphia, 48 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— J. h. Reigle, Reiglesville, 48 inch wheel displaced Tyler wheel, 8 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— P. Uhler, Uhlerville, 15 inch wheel displaced Tyler wheel, 35 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— S. S. Shryock, Chambersburg, 40 inch wheel displaced Stout, Mills & Temple's 
 
 10 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— D. Wannamacker, Jacksonville, 30% inch wheel ; also, use 36 in. Stout, Mills & 
 
 Temple's, 7 feet fall. 
 Cotton Works— Mt. Vernon Cotton Works, Chester Co., 17% inch wheel displaced Overshot, 
 
 17 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Isaac Stover, Carversville, 20 inch wheel displaced Reynolds wheel, 22 feet fall 
 Paper mill— Jas. Lyle & Son, Lewisville, 17>£ inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Young & Slough, Easton, 17% inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall; 17% 
 
 inch wheel displaced overshot, 14 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— L. J. Smith & Co., Reading, two 15>£ inch wheels displaced overshot, 21 fee 
 Flour mill— P. Uhler, Uhlerville, 40 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 14 feet fall. 
 Cotton mills— A. J. Coughey, Fairview, 23 inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— I. B. Broomall, Coatesville, 23 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Wm. Hughes, A vondale, 20 inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— Mt. Holly Paper Co., Mt. Holly, 35, 26% and 17% inch wheels, new mill, 26 ft. fall. 
 Woolen mill— J. D Heft & Co., Philadelphia, 48 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 9 ft. fall. 
 Blast Furnace— Ahl & Bros., Newville, 48 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall ; 26 inch 
 
 wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— J. L. Reigle, Reiglesville, 56 inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 Agricultural Works— Thos. Burchinell, h untingdon , 48 inch wheel, new works, 8 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— E. Shober, Lancaster, 35 inch wheel displaced Burnham wheel, 16 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— Swartz & Co., Reading, 30% inch wheel displaced Gates wheel, 8 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— C. s. Garret, Philadelphia, 23 and 20 inch wheels, new mill, 32 feet fall, 
 ^lour mill- J. W. Kochler, Easton two 40 inch wheels displaced Kalbeck wheel, 13 ft fall. 
 Saw mill— I. & E. Thomas, Torresdale, 30% inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— Pierce & Bolbrook, Lewisville, 20 inch wheel displaced Jonville Turbine, 14 feet 
 
 fall. 
 Paper mill— C. Megarge, Philadelphia, 40 inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 Paper mills— C. Wells & Co., Philadelphia, 26>£ inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet falk 
 Woolen mill— Bishop, Kelly <fc White, ohestnut Hill, 48 in. wh. displaced breast wh., 9 ft. fall. 
 Woolen factory—^. C. Lewis, Kelly ville, 30 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 14 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Amos, favis & Co., Reiglesville, 35 inch wheel displaced overshot, 28 feet fall. 
 Paper mills— I A. Lyster, Chambersburg, 35 and 40 inch wheels displaced Jonville Turbine, 
 
 9 feet fall. 
 Woolen mills— John Passmore, Paschal ville, 40 inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 Woolen mill-T. D. Heft & Co., Philadelphia, 48 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 9 ft. fall ; 
 
 20 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— 0. S. Garret, Philadelphia, 40 inch wheel displaced pitch-back, 13 feet fall. 
 
42 
 
 Paper mill— W. W. Harding, Philadelphia, 48 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall ; 17 
 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. » 
 
 Woolen mill— wolfenden, Shure & Co., Philadelphia, 35 inch wheel displaced overshot, 12 ft. 
 fall. 
 
 Water works for private residence— Jay Cooke, Philadelphia, 17% inch wheel displaced over- 
 shot, 16 feet fall. 
 
 Woolen mill— Geo. .Bullock, Philadelphia, 48 inch wheel, new mill, 9 feet fall. 
 
 Saw mill— Jas. M. Wilcox & Co., Philadelphia, 20 inch wheel, new mill, 14 feet fall; 23 inch 
 wheel displaced overshot in paper mill, 18 feet fall. 
 
 Woolen mill— Callihan & Bro., Philadelphia, 40 inch wheel, new mill, 11 feet fall. 
 
 Slate works— Young 3 Slough, Eastern, \Z% inch wheel displaced overshot, 13 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— J. Tyson, Coatesville, 48 inch wheel displaced overshot, 12 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Daniel Stout, Lower Bern, 40 inch wheel displaced undershot, 6 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— Jessup & Moore, York, 48 inch wheel displaced Jonville Turbine, 9 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— A. Davis & Co., Easton, two 35 inch wheels, new mill, 14 feet fall. 
 
 Agricultural works— L. Palmer, Media, 20 inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall ; 20 in. 
 wheel displaced overshot, 14 feet fall. 
 
 Woolen mill— S. Hoffman, Kellyville, 35 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 16 feet fall. 
 
 Woolen mill— James Irving, Chester, 40 inch wheel displaced overshot, lo feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— A. J. Beaumont, New Hope, 20 inch wheel displaced overshot, 35 feet fall. 
 
 Woolen mill — John Passmore, Paschalville, 35 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— D. S. Young, Coatesville, 30 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— J. H. Lewis, Oakdale, 40 inch wheel displaced overshot, 16 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— H. Z. Van Reed, Reading, 35 inch wheel displaced Parker, 13 feet fall. 
 
 Woolen mill— M. Buggy, Lieperville, 40 inch wheel displaced overshot, 16 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— T. L. Marshal, Rennet Square, 40 inch wheel displaced overshot, 14 feet fall. 
 
 Rolling mill— Seifert, McManus & Co., Reading, 48 inch wheel displaced pitch-back, 21 ft. fall. 
 
 Paper mill— E.Shober, Lancaster, two 48 inch wheels displaced Burnham wheel, 16 feet fall. 
 
 Cotton mill— Wm. Simpson, Norristown, 56 inch wheel displaced Jonville wheel, 9 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— S. K. & J. Moyer, Auburn, $0)4 inch wheel, 14 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— P. Rudolph, Lewisville, 20 inch wheel displaced overshot, 17 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Myers & Irwin, Frankfort, 48 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 10 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Reese Davis, Leesport, 30% inch wheel displaced overshot, 14 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Charles H. Warner, New Hope, two 35 inch wheels displaced overshot, 14 ft. feJL 
 
 Flour mill— E. J. Ridgway, Darby, 17 inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Ahl & Bro., Newville, 26 inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— W. Mode, Coatesville, 48 inch wheel displaced overshot, 13 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— D. B. Fisher, Reading, 30% inch wheel displaced overshot, 11 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Sol. Rhoades & Son, Douglasville, 40 inch wheel displaced Parker, 6 feet fall. 
 
 Powder mill— H. A. Weldy & Co., Tamaqua, 35 inch wheel, new mills, 13 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— Eli Morrison & Co., Hollidaysburg, 20 inch wheel, new mill, 42 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Isaac Shaneman, Reading, two 1534 inch wheels displaced overshot, 21 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— D. Y. & I. Wilson, Coatesville, 30% inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— I. B. Broomall, Coatesville, 35 and 20 inch wheels, 22 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— A. D. Jessop, York, 48 inch wheel displaced Jonville, 9 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— Swartz & ^o., heading, 30% and 56 inch wheels displaced Gates wheel, 8 feet Ml. 
 
 Flour mill— J. Z. Geismeir, Reading, 30 inch wneel displaced overshot, 11 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— E. Shober, Lancaster, 20 inch wheel, new mill, 16 feet fall. 
 
 Woolen mill— George Bullock, Conshehocken, 56 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 9 ft. fall. 
 
 Woolen mill— Worth & Dickey, West Chester, 15% inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 ft. fall. 
 
 Flour mill— C. Brinton, jr., Chaddsford, 56 No. 2 wheel, 5 feet fall. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 Foundry and Machine Shop— Thomas Loring, Spring Mills, 35 inch wheel displaced breast 
 
 wheel, 11 feet fall. 
 Woolen mill— East Lake Woolen Manufacturing Co., Bridgeton, 26% inch wheel displaced 
 
 overshot, 26 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— McMill, Irwin & Rich, T ; llwood 40 inch wheel displaced Kalbach wheel, 10 feet 
 
 fall. 
 Flour mill— C. Stewart, Change water, 56 inch wheel displaced Tyler wheel, 11 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— J. L. Reigle, Reiglesville, 30% inch wheel displaced overshot, 20 feet fall. 
 Rolling mill— Pat. Metallic Co., Blackwoodtown, 30% inch wheel displaced Kalbach wheel, 
 18 feet fall. 
 
43 
 
 Flour mill— Finlay & Slichter, Lambertsville, 48 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 11 ft. fall. 
 Flour mill— A. McMurrice, Belvidere, 30 and 35 inch wheels displaced overshot, 12 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Joseph Smith & Co., Lambertsville, 26% inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 ft. fall. 
 Flour mill— T. L. Shimer, Phillipsburgh, 23 inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— A. Davis & Co., Carpentersville, 15 inch wheel displaced Tyler, 35 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Baird A Co., Lambertsville, 35 inch wheel displaced overshot, 16 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— B. Rlackwell, Lambertsville, 35 inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— John Liraberg, Belvidere, 48 inch wheel displaced overshot, 10 feet fall. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Cotton mill— J. Bancroft, Wilmington, 23 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. • 
 
 Paper mill— Curtis & Bro., Newark, 48 inch wheel displaced overshot, 14 feet fall. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Flour mill— J. Boyd, Yatton, 40 inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— Crockett Ribble, Coon Rapids, 26% inch wheel, 12 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— F.*Bupp & Co., Kellog, 40 inch wheel, 10 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Wm. Seeka, Plum Hollow, 20 inch wheel, 14 feet. 
 
 Paper mill— Clark & Close, Iowa City, two 48 inch wheels, one 40 inch wheel, one 35 inch 
 
 wheel, driving works under 8 feet head and fall. 
 Flour mill— J. M. Overman, Cedar Falls, one 56 inch and one 40 inch wheel, 7 feet fall. 
 J. W. Lewis, Des Moines, 20 inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— C. N. Smedley, Oskaloosa, three 40 inch wheels, 7 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— John Minert, Volney, 40 and 48 inch wheels, 6 feet fall. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Judson, Montgomery & Co., Mishawawa, 56 inch No. 2 wheel, 7 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill-J. D. Smith, Connersville, 23 inch wheel, 20 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— John Church, Knightstown, 48 inch wheel, running alongside of Stout, Mills 4 
 
 Temple, 6 feet fall. 
 Woolen mill— T. Bushnell & Co., Monticello, 48 inch wheel, 5 feet fall 
 Paper mills-J. L. Baldwin, Logansport, 48 inch wheel, 10 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Jas. F. Leonard, Bloomington, 10 inch wheel, 24 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— P. & J. Suman, Daleville, 48 inch wheel, grinds 24 bushels per hour, 8 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— N. Sohl & Co., Indianapolis, 48 inch wheel, running alongside of Stout, Mills & 
 
 Temple. (We have 18 wheels running in the City of Indianapolis.) 
 Flour mill— F. Underhill, Indianapolis, two 35 inch wheels, grind 40 bushels per hour, 16% 
 
 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— Gay & Braden, Indianapolis, 35 inch wheel, drives 3 rag engines, 400 lbs. each , 
 
 pumps, <fec, 15% feet fall ; 20 inch wheel drives machine. 
 Flour mill— C. E. Geisendorf & Co., Rome, 30 inch wheel drives two run of ±y z feet burrs, and 
 
 bolts, Ac, grinds 15 bushels per hour, with gate % drawn ; 20 inch wheel drives one run cf 
 
 4 feet burrs, bolts, &c, grinds 15 bushels per hour with gate % drawn ; 17 inch wheel drives 
 
 one run 4% feet burrs, 20 feet overshot taken out, head 23 feet. 
 Flour mill— I. M. Troutman, Thornton, 40 inch wheel drives one run of burrs, 7 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— McKinsy, Thornton, 35 inch wheel drives one run stones and machinery, 9 feet 
 
 fall. 
 Flour mill— G. W. Wilson, Thornton, 48 inch wheel drives one run 4 feet burrs, bolts, &o., 
 
 grinds 10 bushels per hour, 4% feet fall. 
 Flour mill— H. M. La Follet, Thornton, 35 inch wheel drives two run 4 feet burrs, grinds 14 
 
 bushels per hour, overshot taken out, 9 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Benjamin Crose, Thornton, 48 inch wheel drives two run burrs, bolts, &c, 8 feet 
 
 head. 
 Flour mill— J. A. Thompson, Edenburgh, two 48 inch wheels drive four run 4 feet burrs, 
 
 grind 24 bushels per hour, fall 7% feet head ; 30 inch wheel to drive machinery. 
 Flour mill— Smith & Taylor, Zionsvillo, 48 inch wheel drives two run of stone, 5 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— g. Kyne, Thorntown, 48 inch wheel drives one run of stone, 4% feet head. 
 Flour mill— Falls mill company, Pendleton, 40 inch wheel drives two run of 4 feet burrs, 
 
 overshot taken out. 
 Flour mill-Williamson & Edmonds, Yorktown, 48 inch wheel drives two run 4 feet burrs, 
 
 bolts, &c, overshot taken out, 9 feet fall. 
 Flour mill-Caughron & Jennings, Indianapolis, 30 and 40 inch wheels drive three run and 
 
 machinery, 10 feet fall. 
 
u 
 
 rlour mill— Abraham Hoefger, Indianapolis, 26 inch wheel drives one run of corn burrs, 10 
 
 feet fall. * 
 
 l- lour mill— C. E. Geisendorf & Co., Indianapolis, two 40 inch wheels grind 1,500 bbls. of flour 
 
 per week, 15% feet fall ; 23 inch wheel drives machinery. 
 Flour mill-James Skillen, Indianapolis, 40 inch wheel drives three run and grinds 1,200 bbls 
 
 flour per week, 15% feet fall. 
 Paper mill— McClane & Co., Indianapolis, 48 inch wheel drives four rag engines 400 lbs each, 
 
 pumps, &c, 13 feet fall. $. 
 
 Flour mill— Eli Davis, Harvey's Station, Wayne Co., 40 inch wheel drives twgypn of 4 feet 
 
 burrs, &c, overshot taken out, 9 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— A. B. Taylor, Huntsville, 40 inch wheel drives two run 4 feet burrs, &c, overshot 
 
 taken out, 10 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— W . W. Wilson, Martinsville, two 40 inch wheels drive one run 4 feet burrs to 
 
 each run, grind 25 bushels per hour, one Kindleberger wheel taken out, 7 feet fall. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Grist and Plaster mill— P. C. Cummings, Canaan, 35 inch wheel drives grist and plaster mill, 
 
 head and fall 8 feet ; 40 inch wheel drives grist and plaster mill. 
 Benjamin Benedict, Canaan, 30% inch wheel drives grist, plaster and saw mill, head and 
 
 fall 12 feet. 
 Iron works— Clifton Mill Co., Winsted, 40 inch wheel drives bolt and wrench factory, head 
 
 and fall 8 feet. 
 Cotton mill— E Palmer, Montville, 35 inch wheel drives cotton mill, head and fall 11 feet- 
 Grist and Saw mill— E. Hurt, Canaan, 35 inch wheel in grist and saw mill, head and fall 10 
 
 feet. 
 Saw mill— Cromwell Barnes, Burlington, 20 inch wheel in circular and upright saw mHls, 
 
 head and fall 20 feet. 
 Woolen mills— Samson, Almy & Co., Moosop, two 48 inch wheels drive large woolen mill, 
 
 head and fall 21 feet, Tyler wheel taken out. 
 Cowles Paper Co., 'Unionville, 40 inch wheel drives two engines 500 lbs each, head and fall 17 
 
 feet ; 15% inch wheel drives 56 inch paper machine, head and fall 17 feet. 
 Saw mill— John W Bliss, Col ebrook, 17% inch wheel drives saw mill, 30% inch wheel drives 
 
 5 paper engines, head and fall 25 feet ; 13% inch wheel drives paper machine, head and 
 
 fall 25 feet. 
 Music factory— Ditson, Pond & Co., Unionville, 26% inch wheel drives music factory, head 
 
 and fall 17 feet. 
 Paper mill— Hammer & Forbes, Burnside, 48 inch wheel drives 3 paper engines, &c, head 
 
 fall 17 feet. 
 Paper mill— 1>. & P M. Fairchilds & Co., Bridgeport, 30% inch wheel drives Jordan and two 
 
 rag engines, head and fall 20 feet. 
 Zinc Works— Piatt <fe Son, Waterbury, 15% inch wheel, head and fall 10 feet. 
 Iron works— Union Bolt and Nut Company, Unionville, 35 inch wheel driving works, head 
 
 and fall 17 feet. 
 Paper mil!— Byron, Loomis & Co., Suffield, 30 and 15 inch wheels, 30 feet fall. 
 Paw mill— A. Wilcox, Granly, 15 inch wheel displaced overshot, 25 feet fall. 
 Green & Borthwick, Chaplin, 40 and 17% inch wheels, 23 feet fall. 
 Winchester & Darrow, Southington, 26 inch wheel. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 We have about thirty-five of our wheels running in the city of Rochester. We give below 
 a list of some of the parties using them : 
 Flour mill— G. W. Burbank, Rochester, 35 inch wheel grinds 30 bushels per hour, head and 
 
 fall 14 feet ; 30% inch wheel, head and fall 14 feet. 
 Flour mill— James Conolly, Rochester, two 23 inch wheels drive two run of stones each, head 
 
 and fall 24 feet. 
 Flour mill— Kennedy <fe Bostwick, Rochester, four 30% inch wheels driving large flouring 
 
 mill, head and fall 14 feet. 
 Machine shop— D. K. Barton & Co., Rochester, two 40 inch wheels driving the works, head 
 
 and fall 24 feet. 
 Machine works— Ward & Bro., Rochester, 48 inch wheel driving works, head and fall 24 feet . 
 Flour mill— Joseph Hall, Rochester, one 30 and one 35 inch wheel driving mill. 
 Flour mill— Charles Hill & Son, Rochester, one 40 inch wheel. 
 Flour mill— J. W. Fiske, Rochester, three 40 inch wheels running large flour mill. 
 
47 
 
 Axe Factory— J. & R. J. Dowd, Lee, 26 ? a ' wheel drives grindstones, 4a, head and Tall 15 reet. 
 Paper mill— R. Roberts & Co., Amherst, 23 inch wheel drives paper mill, head and fall 20 ft. 
 Paper mill— Cushman & Brothers, Amherst, 23 inch wheel drives paper mill, head and fall 
 
 20 feet. 
 Paper mill— Carson Paper Company, I>alton,20 inch wheel drives paper mill engine*, head 
 
 and fall 28 feet. 
 Woolen mill— J. L.& G. W. Barker, Hancock, 26# inch wheel drives woolen mill. 
 Cotton mill— Taylor & Olmstead Manufacturing Company, Springfield, 23 inch wheol din- 
 placed 30 inch Chapman wheel. 
 Paper mill— Wm. Clark & Sons, Northampton, 35 inch wheel displaced Chapman wheel. 
 Cotton waste— J. H. Simmons, Westfield, 20 inch wheel displaced overshot, 20 feet fall. 
 Circular saw mill— A. Bartholomew, West Springfield, 20 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 
 
 feet fall. 
 Saw mill— Chas. Talmage, South wick, 17 inch wheel displaced overshot, 18 feet fall. 
 Furniture manufactory— S. K. Pierce, South Garden, 40 inch wheel displaced Fairbanks 
 
 wheel, 12 feet fall. 
 Whip makers— Kuowles & Kellogg, Westfield, 17 inch wheel displaced breast wheel, 12 feet 
 
 fall. 
 Manufacturer— P. Holland, Butchertown, 35 inch wheel. 
 Paper mill— Samuel Horton, Westfield, 40, 23 and 35 inch wheels displaced Clapp wheel, 9 
 
 feet fali. 
 Saw mill— Ed ward Gilbert, Southwick, 15 inch wheel displaced overshot, 24 feet fall. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Flour mill— W. J. Austin, Leon, one 40 inch wheel, one 35 inch wheel, head and fall 9 feet. 
 
 Flour mill— William Kyle, Maiden Rock, one 26^ inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— D. R. Sylvester, Castle Rock, one 30% inch wheel running alongside of the 
 
 Warren Wheel. 
 Flour mill— Henry Steinberg, Weyauwega, four 35 inch wheels, one 40 inch wheel, new mill. 
 
 head and fall 11 feet. 
 Flour mill— S. O.Raymond, Geneva, one 26% inch wheel, head and fall 12 feet. 
 Flour mill— Henry Thien, Thiensville, Milwaukee Co., two 56 inch wheels, one 40 inch 
 
 wheel in place of Parker wheel, head and fall 6 feet. 
 Flour mil!— Connit & Clack, Kekoskee, Dodge Co., one 56 inch wheel, in place of American 
 
 Turbine wheel, head and fall 10 feet. * 
 
 Flour mill— John Wall, Black Earth, one 48 inch wheel in place of Tuttle wheel, head and 
 
 fall 8 feet. 
 Paper mill— Mather & Irwin, Sparta, one 56 inch No. 2 wheel, one 40 inch wheel, one 35 inch 
 
 wheel, head and fall 6 feet. 
 Flour mill— Dillingham & Co., Gleebeulah, Sheboygan Co.. one 23 inch wheel. 
 Flour mill— Hi & S. Hoesley, New Glarus, Green Co., one 35 inch wheel. 
 Hills & Clark, Sheboyscan Falls, one 30& inch wheel. 
 Saw and Flour mills— T. Weston & Co., Wecedah, one 40 inch wheel in Saw Mill ; one 30>£ 
 
 inch wheal in Flour Mill. 
 Flour miH—C.B. Cox & Co., River Falls, Pierce Co.. one 48 inch wheel, grinds 18 bushel per 
 
 hour, head and fall 7 feet ; one 26% inch wheel drives three run of stone, head and fall 27 
 
 feet. 
 Flour mill— Lyon & Co., Manitowoc, one 48 inch wheel, head and fall 8 feet. 
 Flour mill— C. Raymond, Evansville, one 20 inch wheel, head and fall 15 feet. 
 S. H. Harris, Waupun, one 48 inch wheel, in place of American Turbine, head and fall 7 ft. 
 Flour mill— N. S. Clapp, Hudson, 40 inch wheel. 
 Saw mill— A. Hall 4 Co., Ahnapu, 40 inch wheel. 
 Paper mill— Wright &Ne.wcomb, Beloit. 35 inch wheel, 7 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Phcenix Mill, Milwaukee, 56 inch No. 2 wheel, displaced Overshot, 12 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— W. D. Hillyer. Sparta, 30)^ inch wheel, 10 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— W. E. Rowe, Mazo Maerie. 56 inch wheel. 
 Flour mill— Geo. Runkle, Tomah, one 23 inch wheel, one 26# inch wheel, head and fall 14 
 
 feet. 
 Flour mill— Hotchkiss & Puhlman, Plymouth, Sheboygan Co.. two 35 inch wheels, one 26>£ 
 
 inch wheel in place of Goodwin wheels, head and fall 8 feet.' 
 Flour mill McClessen & Quint, Rural, Waupaca Co., one 48 inch wheel. 
 Flour mill— Amaden &, Judcl, Morkesan, two 23 inch wheels, head and fall 14 feet. 
 Flour mill— John Marshall, Fon du Lac, one 30% inch wheel, head and fall 9 feet. 
 Flour mill— Otis & King, Trimble, Price Co., one 40 inch wheel. 
 Flour mill— J. L. Brewer & Co., Fox Lake, one 40 inch wheel in place of Noyes wheel, head 
 
 and fall 12 feet. 
 
 8 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Flour mill— Joseph Smith, Danville, 35 inch wheel, 10 feet fall. 
 
48 
 
 Flour mi)!— John Shott, Byron, 35 and 30 inch wheels, 10 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Chas. Moore, Orangeville, 35 inch wheel, 9 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— S. Alderson. Council Hill Station, 15 inch wheel displaced Over.- hot, 22 feet fall. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Flour mill— N. B. Gaylord, Redwing, 10 feet head. 
 
 Flour mill— C. Grosvenor, Cannon Falls, 30 .^ inch wheel, 8 feet head. 
 
 Flour mill— Brainard & Co., St. Paul, 20 inch wheel, Overshot taken out, head 28 feet. 
 
 Flour mill— H. Collins, Lake City, 20 inch wheel Overshot taken out, 17 feet head. 
 
 V;onr mill— W. W. Phelps, Redwing, 15% inch wheel, 30 feet head* 
 
 Flour mill— S. W. Steveng, Hokah, 26% inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— Clark & Hawley, Redwing, 40 iuch wheel, 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Saw mill— John West & Co., West Port, Clatsop Co., 23 inch wheel, 24 feet head, driving 54 
 
 inch Circular Saw, with half gates cuts 1,(*X) feet per hour. 
 Planer mill— John West & Co., West Port, Clatsop Co., 15% inch wheel, Woodworth Planer, 
 
 10 feet fall 
 Saw mill— H. Kelloy, near Portland, 13% inch wheel, 29 feet head, driving 40 inch Circular 
 
 F our mill— Savier & Co., Oregon City, 30% inch wheel, 13% feet head, grinds with two pair 
 
 40 inch burrs 150 bbls. flour, 24 hours. 
 Paper mill— Oregon City, 20 inch wheel 18% inch wheel, both with partial gates, small 
 
 wheel 13 feet head driving machine ; 20 inch wheel, the Engines and all other machinery. 
 Flour mill— Dayton. Palmer <fe Brown, variable head from 3 to 21 feet, 35 inch wheel driving 
 
 from 1 to 8 pair of burrs and machinery. 
 Flour mill— Rob't Kinney, McMinnville, 15% inch wheel, 56 feet fall, with partial gates drives 
 
 two pair of burrs and machinery. 
 Woolen Factory— Salem, W. W. Mf. Co., 48 inch wheeJ, 17 feet fall, with partial gates, drives 
 
 all machinerv, manufacture 1000 yards per day. 
 Flour mill— Salem, W. W. Mf. Co., 26% inch wheel, driving machinery, 30% inch wheel, 
 
 drives 2 pair 40 inch burrs, grinds 50 bushels per hour, full head, head varies" from 20 feet 
 
 Saw mill— Springfield Mi. Co., Engine City, 40 inch wheel drives double Circular, Planer, 
 &c, &c, 20 feet fall. 
 
 Flour and Saw mill— Haker & Olds, LaGrande, two 30}< inch wheels, 11 feet head, driving 
 double Circular and Flour Mill, S pair burrs and machinery, alternately. 
 
 Flour mill— Forest Cove, Union Co., French & Co., 20 inch wheel, 34 feet head, drives 2 pair 
 burrs and machinery. 
 
 Flour mill— Baker City, French & Co., 20 inch wheel, 30 feet head, 2 pair burrs and machin- 
 ery, partial gates. 
 
 Quartz mill— Eagle Creek, Union Co., 15% inch wheel, 25 feet head. 
 
 Furniture Factory— Millwaukee, Snelling & Co., 20 inch wheel, 11 feet head, driving 40 inch 
 Circular Saw, 10 inch wheel turning lathes, &c. 
 
 Woolen mill— Aurora, F. Keil & Co., 23 inch wheel, 7 feet head. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Flour mill— Clear Lake, O. Simmons & Co., S0>£ inch wheel, variable head, 2 pair burrs and 
 machinery. 
 
 Flour mill— Fol3ome, Jacobs & Co., 60 feet head, partial gates, 3 pair 40 inch burrs and ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 Saw mill— New Lexington, Santa Clara Co., J. Covail, 20 inch wheel, 21 feet head, driving 54 
 in. circular, 5C0 feet per hour, partial gates 
 
 Sawmill— New Lexington, Santa Clara Co., J. Y. McMillen, 17% inch wheel, 42 feet" fall, par- 
 &al gates, driving double circular, displaced a Tyler wheel and Overshot. 
 
 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 Saw mill— Lewis Love, Columbia Mills, 20 inch wheel, 34 feet fall, driving double circular, 
 Woodworth planer, cut-off and lath saws. !&>.. 
 
 Flour mill— Lewis Love, Columbia Mills, 13% inch wheel, 34 feet fell, drives one 54 inch burr 
 and all machinery of mill, going 12 bushels per hour with parlia 1 gates. 
 
 Flour mill— Overholtzer & Jacobs, Walla Walla, 26% inch wheel, 16 feet head, drives two pair 
 40 inch burrs and machinery. 
 
 Flour mill— J. C. Reynolds, Walla Walla, 26% inch wheel, same as above. 
 
 IDAHO TERRITORY. 
 
 Quartz mill— Rocky Bar, 3J% inch wheel, 26 stamp mill. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Cotton mill— Metcalf &Clapp, Columbus, Georgia, 56 inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— Geo. Jennings, Nebraska City, Nebraska, 23 inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— Hurford & Bro., Omaha, Nebraska, 35 and 26 inch wheels, 6 feet fall. 
 
 Circular saw mill— Staley & Dver, Marysviile, Kansas, 56 inch wheel No. 2, 10 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Wheaton, Pencost & Co., Hillsdale, Michigan, 15% inch wheel, 26 feet fall. 
 
 Jas. Taylor, Staunton, Delaware, 15 inch wheel, 40 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— J. W. Smith, Denver City, Colorado, 40 inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— Perry Hutcheson, Marysviile, Kansas, 56 inch wheel No. 2, 6 feet fall. 
 
 H. Perrin, Marshal, Michigan, one 40 and three SO inch wheels, 6 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— C. G. Foot, Warn ego, Kansas,, 20 inch wheel. 
 
 Flour mill— Luther Hadley, Brownsville, Nebraska, 40 inch wheel. 
 
45 
 
 Fl 0ur mill— Joseph H. Pool, Rochester, two 30% inch wheels drive two run of stone each 
 
 head and fell 35 feet ; one 26% inch wheel drives two ran of stone. 
 Flour mill— Richardson, Burbanks & Co., Kochester, 40 inch wheel drives. 
 Steam engine builders— D. A. Woodbury & Co., Rochester, ;»y. hi<-h wheel. 
 Flour miU-M. B. Ovitt, Rochester, 30% inch wheel. 
 Flour mill— Mosely, Motley & Wilson, Kocbester, 35 inch wheel. 
 Flour mill — L B, Gordon & Bio., Cuba Pepot, one 17% inch wheel driving Hour mill. 
 Crist mill— * ■ A. Sherman, Groton, one 30% inch wheel driving grist mill, head and fall 13 
 
 feet. 
 Flour mill— Hiram Finch, Lockport, two 40 inch wheels running large flour mil!, head and 
 
 i i feet. 
 Cement worts— Fosendale Cement Works, Rondout, one 23 inch wheel driving works under 
 
 40 feet head. 
 Jamieson & Pierson, Batavia, one 48 inch wheel running alongside of new breast wheel. 
 Westover & Foster, Richmondville, 20 inch wheel. 
 Cotton mill— New Hartford Manufacturing Company, Sew Hartford, 40 inch wheel drive* 
 
 cotton mill, 100 looms, head and fall 20 feet. 
 Paper mill— D. P. Davis, Nassau, 26% inch wheel drives 3 engines 250 lbs each, head and fall 
 
 80 feet ; 13J£ inch wheel drives paper machine, head and fall 20 feet. 
 Paper mill— Buikly, Benton & Co.. New York City. 13% inch wheel drives 62 inch paper mill. 
 
 head and fall 27 feet. 
 Paper mill— Orr & Co.; North Hoosick, 35 inch wheel drives paper engines. 
 Paper mill— Taggart, West & Co., Watertown, 56 inch wheel No. 2 drives four rag engines, 
 
 500 lbs., head and fall 8 feet. 
 Paper mili— George West & Son, Eallston, 40 inch wheel drives engine, &c; 15 inch wheel 
 
 drives machine, &c. 
 Saw mill— Daniel Phelps, Honeoye, 40 inch wheel drives saw mill, head and fall 6 feet; two 
 
 40 inch wheels drive flour mill, 6 feet head and fall. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Cotton mill— Wm. R. Green & Co., Hope Valley, 40 inch wheel displaced Collins wheel, 17 feet 
 
 fall. 
 Cotton mill— Benjamin Wilbur, South Scituate, 30 inch wheel, 17 feet fail. 
 Manufactory— Alanson Steere, Rockland, 30 inch wheel displaced Tyler wheel. 
 Angel & Matteson, Prendon, 17% inch wheel displaced IS inch Tyler wheel, 18 feet fall. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 Faper mill— David Hunter & Co., North Bennington, 30% inch wheel drives paper machine. 
 
 head and fall 8 feet. 
 Norman Cobb, jr., East Putney, 20 inch wheel. 
 Erastus F. Enierson, Peacham, i6% inch wheel. 
 
 NEW HABIPSHIRE. 
 
 Manufacturing Com pany—E. A. Strain, agent Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., Manchester, 
 one 40 inch wheel driving Amoskeag Axe Factory, Boyden Turbine taken out; one 48 inch 
 wheel driving cotton mill, head and faU 30 feet. 
 
 Woolen Factory— Daniel Hale, Woolen Manufacturing Company, Centre Ossipee, one 40 inck 
 wheel driving works. 
 
 Saw mill— Henry W. Weeks, Warren, 48 inch wheel drives circular saw, head and fall 12 feet- 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Flour mill— Moore 6r Wilier, Milford Center, 85 inch wheel, 10 feet fail. 
 
 Fiour mHl— Geo. Gerolman, Maumee City, 26% inch wheel alongside overshot, 26 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Service, Hill & Co., Urbana, 23 inch wheel displaced overshot, 20 feet fall. 
 
 Flour mill— Jas. Gordon & Co., Cincinnati, 56 inch wheel, 11 feet fall. 
 
 Flour miU— Bachelor & Palmer, Lockland, 35 inch wheel displaced 42 inch Stout, Mills * 
 
 Temple, 15 feet fall. 
 Flour and Saw mill— B. W. Maxwell, Sidney, two 17J£ and two 15% inch wheels in flour 
 
 mill ; 28 inch wheel in circular saw mill, 21 feet fall. These wheels all displaced overshot 
 
 wheels. 
 Flour mill— J. W. Oarey, Sidney, five 17% inch wheels, 20 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— D. & j. Weimar, West MHton, 10 inch wheel drives three run of stone, 56 feet 
 
 fall, diaplaaed two overshot wheels. 
 Circular saw mill-^. Malay & Son, Meehanicsburg, 26 inofa wheel, 18 feet fall. 
 Flour mill- Jacoby & Stewart, Clifton, Greene Co., 26 and 1% inch wheel*, 22 feet fell. 
 
46 
 
 Flour mill— Wm. M. Marlatt, Newconierstown, 35 inch wheel, 8 feet fall. 
 Flour mill— Jacob Vernon, Calais, 4S inch wheel, 7 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— ThOB. Nixon, Dayton, 40, 30 and 13% inch wheels, 11 feet fall. 
 Lagonda Agricultural Works, Springfield, 35 inch wheel driving works. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Paper mill->A. Priestly & Co., Elk ton, 23 inch wheel displaced overshot, 22 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— Stonebraker & Cook, Hagerstown, 53 inch wheel No. 2 displaced Burnham wheel, 
 
 9 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— J. W. Stonebraker & Co , Hagerstown, 35 inch wheel displaced Burnham wheel, 
 
 9 feet fall. 
 Paper mill— Emmert & Sou, Funkstown, 30 and 48 inch wheels displaced Burnham wheel, 
 
 9 feet fall. 
 Saw mill— W. H. Spratt, Elktown, two 20 inch wheels, 14 feet fall. 
 
 Paper mill— W. B. Hoffman, Paper Mills P. O., 35 inch wheel displaced Burnham, 18 ft. fall. 
 David Scott, Elktown, 26 inch wheel. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, 
 Paper mills— Smith Paper Company, Lee, 48 inch wheel drives three engines, 700 lbs each, 
 
 head and fall 14 feet ; 35 inch wheel drives one Jordan engine, head and fall 14 feet ; 20 
 
 inch wheel drives one 76 inch machine, head and fall 14 feet ; 40 inch wheel drives three 
 
 rag engines 700 lbs each, head and fall 14 feet ■; 40 inch wheel drives one Jordan engine, 
 
 four cutters, two dusters, &c, head and fall 14 feet ; 48 inch wheel drives one Jordan and 
 
 mixing engines, head and fall 8% feet ; 48 inch wheel drives three engines 350 lbs each, 
 
 head and fall 8 feet ; 56 inch wheel No. 2 drives two engines 600 lb3., one engine 300 lbs., two 
 
 cutters, dusters, &c, head and fall 8 feet ; 56 inch wheel No. 2 drives one Jordan and one 
 
 500 lb. mixing engine, head and fall 8 feet ; 30% inch wheel drives one 62 inch machine, 
 
 head and fall 8 feet ; 48 inch wheel drives engines, &c. 
 Paper mill— P. C. Baird, Lee, X$K inch wheel drives four rag engines 400 lbs. each, head and 
 
 fall 43 feet ; 26 y % inch wheel drives finishing works, head and fall 8 feet. 
 Paper mill— Z. Crane, jr., Dalton, 40 inch wheel drives four rag engines SCO lbs. each, two 
 
 calenders, &c, head and fall 17 feet. 
 Paper mill— May & Rogers, Lee, 20 inch wheel drives three rag engines, 300 lbs each, head 
 
 and fall 40 feet ; 17% inch wheel drives four engines 275 lbs each, two calenders, head and 
 
 fall 40 feet ; 23 inch wheel drives two paper engines 300 lbs each, and one calender, head 
 
 and fall 24 feet. 
 Cotton mill— Adams & Clark, South Adams, 48 inch wheel drives cotton mill, head and fall 
 
 14 feet. 
 Cotton mill— J. D. Wheeler & Son, Milbury, 30% inch wheel, 26 feet fall. 
 Caleb Bates, Kingston, two 23 inch wheels. 
 
 Cotton mill— Seely & Adams, Housatonic, two 56 inch No. 2 wheels, 7 feet fall. 
 P. Bryant & Son, West Chesterfield, 23 inch wheei driving circular saw mill. 37 feet fall ; 17 
 
 inch wheel driving planing mill, 22 feet fall ; 26 inch wheel driving mill, &c. 
 Nail works— S. Loring, Plymouth, 13>4 inch wheel driving works. Also, 30>£ inch wheel. 
 Saw mill— Ira Chandler, Kingston, 17% inch wheel, 8 feet Call, 
 
 Machine shop— D. D. Allen, South Adams, 10 inch wheel displaced overshot, 16 feet fall. 
 Wire Works— Cobb & Drew, Plymouth, 23 inch wheel ; also uses Warren Turbine, 18 feet fall. 
 Cotton mill— Monument Mills, Housatonic, 56 inch wheel No. 2 drives large cotton mill, 
 
 head and fall 17 feet. 
 Woolen factory— Blackington & Phillips, South Adams, 48 inch wheel drives seven set 
 
 woolen machinery, head and fall 16 feet. 
 Paper mill— Delany & Watson, Northampton, 23 inch wheel drives two rag engines, head 
 
 and fall 31 feet ; 10 inch wheel drives paper machine, head and fall 34 feet. 
 Paper mill— John Bottomly, Lee, 35 inch wheel drives three rag engines 200 lbs each, head 
 
 and fall 12 feet ; 17^ inch wheel drives paper machine, head and fall 12 feet. 
 Paper mill— Wm. Blovelt & Co., 26% inch wheel drives one 62 inch paper machine, head and 
 
 fall 7 feet, 
 Iron works— 30>£ inch wheel drives trip hammers, Ac, head and fall 12 feet. 
 Paper mill— Benton, Garfield & Co., Lee, 30% inch wheel drives two rag engines 400 lbs each, 
 
 head and fall 12 feet. 
 Paper mill— John Trimbles, Tyringham, 26% inch wheel drives two paper engines, 250 lbs 
 
 each, head and fall 13 feet. 
 Circular Saws— J. Allen & Son, West Tummington, 30% inch wheel drives circular saws, 
 
 head and fall 8 feet. , 
 
49 
 TESTIMONIALS FROM THE PACIFIC STATES. 
 
 Lexington, Santa Clara Co., Cal., June 29th, 1867. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers — Gentlemen : 
 
 I am well pleased with the wheel j like it better than the over- 
 shot. As to its doing more work than the overshot, I am not sure 
 that it does. As to comparing it with the Tyler wheel, I cannot do 
 it. The Leffel Wheel is so far superior to the Tyler wheel that it 
 admits of no comparison. I am satisfied with the wheel. 
 
 A word about Covell's Wheel. He has an edger running now, 
 and yesterday sawed 0.500 feet, which is doing well. 
 
 Yours, truly. J. Y. McMILLO. 
 
 P. S. If you send airy one to my mill I will take pleasure in 
 showing the merits of your wheels. J. Y. Mc. 
 
 Mountain Spring, East Portland, July 25, 1867. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers — Gentlemen : 
 
 You wished to know how I liked the LefiV's American Double 
 Turbine Water Wheel. It is the best wheel now in use for conven- 
 ience and economy, always doing its work with precision, and saves 
 one-half the cost in machinery. After using it three years, I would 
 recommend it to all wanting water wheels. 
 
 Yours, &c., H. KELLY. 
 
 MINERS' MEASUREMENT, 
 
 It is the custom on this coast generally, to estimate water by 
 what is popularly known as Miners' Measurement; which, accord- 
 ing to custom, is any opening under six inches pressure. In some 
 camps four inches pressure is only allowed, and in others ten. The 
 pressure varies according to the circumstances of different camps ; 
 hence there is no correct standard upon which lo base calculations. 
 The pressure varying, varies the quantity of water of a given num- 
 ber of inches under the different heads; hence, there is a great 
 difference in the judgment of miners, as to what quantity of water 
 constitutes a certain number of inches of water as it flows in a 
 stream. 
 
 Taking these things all into consideration,' no millwright or hy- 
 draulic engineer can come to any definite conclusion, from a declaration 
 that this or that man. who proposes to construct a mill, has so many 
 miners' inches of water. He may make his estimates for a six inch 
 pressure, and it may be four, eight, or ten, or even twelve, not 
 knowing the pressure, the result would vary materially. 
 
50 
 
 Again, the methods for constructing the openings vary, so that 
 the quantity of water issued under the different methods, is as vari- 
 ous as from the different heads. Therefore, no definite calculation 
 for mechanical purposes can be determined from miners' measure- 
 ment. 
 
 The various results of miners' measurement range from 1.66 (one 
 and sixty-six one hundredths) to 2.66 cubic feet per minute to a 
 miner's inch, and sometimes as high as 3 cubic feet to an inch. 
 
 It will therefore be plainly seen by all, that the practice of this 
 coast for estimating water is not practical, and ought to be aban- 
 doned. 
 
 The only definitely certain method is to compute the numb 
 cubic feet per minute, which is accomplished by the following 
 
 Rule — Get the spouting velocity of the water under the head, 
 which is ]/h X 8.02, multiplied by the number of square inches of 
 the orifice, X 12 X 60, and divided by 1728, the number of square 
 inches in a cubic foot, where h represents the night of fall in feet. 
 
 By this process any competent mechanic can determine what 
 power may be reasonably expected from a given quantity of water 
 under any given head. By this method all our tables are computed 
 and our horse power, quantity of water and revolution determined. 
 
 Miners' Indies anxl di!>i© ITeet: Compared. 
 
 As the results and practice of miners' measurement are so vari- 
 ous, it is desirable that we arrive at some method by which the two 
 can be compared. From numerous experiments in measuring water 
 in miners' ditches and wiers, we have adopted the following rule, to 
 approximate the truth, in statements where miners inches are made 
 use of. For instance, a man writes me that he has 34 feet fall and 
 250 inches of water, miners' measurement. I find on page 25, in 
 the column under 34, opposite the 151 inch wheel, 507 cubic feet per 
 minute, which water will give nearly 29, horse power. Or, another 
 has 40 feet head and 100 inches water. I see in column 40, on the 
 same page, and opposite the 10 inch wheel, 243 cubic feet per min- 
 ute, and 16.32 horse power. Therefore, to arrive at the truth as 
 near as possible, take the half cf the cubic feet under the head, 
 for the number of miners' inches, to know what horse power may 
 be expected from a given number of miners' inches from any given 
 head. But, as we said before, this is only approximate to the truth, 
 and the result may be far greater, but it is safe to base the estimates 
 on this result. 
 
51 
 
 By the use of the following table, any quantity of water can be 
 accurately estimated in cubic feet, by having the water spill through 
 a notch cut in a board placed across the stream, as described on 
 page 27. The notch should be equally distant from each side of the 
 stream, and six inches or more from the bottom. You will make 
 your estimate as follows : 
 
 The table shows the number of cubic feet of water that will pass 
 a weir of one inch in breadth in one minute, from one-tenth of an 
 inch to eighteen inches and 9-I0ths in hight of water on tho weir. 
 
 Bide: — Find the inches of hight in the left hand column, then in 
 the same horizontal line under the tenths of inches will be found 
 the cubic feet of water passing over one inch of breadth in a minute; 
 this quantity, multiplied by the breadth of the weir, in inches, giv 
 the total number of cubic feet per minute. 
 
 Table for Weirs. , 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 5 
 
 6 7 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 0.000 
 
 0.013 
 
 0.036 
 
 0.066 
 
 0.102 
 
 0.143 
 
 0.187 
 
 0.236 
 
 0.288 
 
 0.34-J 
 
 1 
 
 0.403 
 
 0.465 
 
 0.530 
 
 0.598 
 
 0.668 
 
 0.741 
 
 0.816 
 
 0.894 
 
 0.974 
 
 1.05( 
 
 2 
 
 1.140 
 
 1.227 
 
 1.315 
 
 1.406 
 
 1.499 
 
 1.594 
 
 1.690 
 
 1.7S9 
 
 1.S89 
 
 1.99] 
 
 3 
 
 2.095 
 
 2.200 
 
 2.308 
 
 2.417 
 
 2.527 
 
 2.640 
 
 2.754 
 
 2.869 
 
 2.986 
 
 3.10: 
 
 4 
 
 3.225 
 
 3.347 
 
 3.470 
 
 3.595 
 
 3.721 
 
 3.848 
 
 3.977 
 
 4.108 
 
 4.239 
 
 4.37: 
 
 5 
 
 4.507 
 
 4.643 
 
 4.780 
 
 4.919 
 
 5.059 
 
 5.200 
 
 5.342 
 
 5.486 
 
 5.630 
 
 5.77V 
 
 6 
 
 5.925 
 
 6.073 
 
 6.223 
 
 6.375 
 
 6.527 
 
 6.681 
 
 6.835 
 
 6.991 
 
 7.148 
 
 7.30; 
 
 
 7.466 
 
 7.627 
 
 7.788 
 
 7.951 
 
 8.115 
 
 8.280 
 
 8.446 
 
 8.613 
 
 8.782 
 
 8.951 
 
 S 
 
 9.122 
 
 9.293 
 
 9.466 
 
 9.640 
 
 9.814 
 
 9.990 
 
 10.167 
 
 10.345 
 
 10.524 
 
 10.704 
 
 9 
 
 10.884 
 
 11.086 
 
 11.249 
 
 11.433 
 
 11.618 
 
 11.804 
 
 11.991 
 
 12.179 
 
 12.369 
 
 12.557 
 
 10 
 
 12,748 
 
 12.940 
 
 13.132 
 
 13.326 
 
 13.520 
 
 13.716 
 
 13.912 
 
 14.110 
 
 14.308 
 
 14.507 
 
 11 
 
 14.707 
 
 14.908 
 
 15.110 
 
 15.313 
 
 15.517 
 
 15.721 
 
 15.927 
 
 16.133 
 
 16.340 
 
 16.549 
 
 12 
 
 16.758 
 
 16.968 
 
 17.178 
 
 17.390 
 
 17.602 
 
 17.816 
 
 18.030 j 
 
 18.215 
 
 18.461 
 
 18.678 
 
 ; 13 
 
 1S.895 
 
 19.114 
 
 19.333 
 
 19.553 
 
 19.774 
 
 19.994 
 
 20.21S 
 
 20.441 
 
 20.666 
 
 20.891 
 
 14 21.117 
 
 21.344 
 
 21.511 
 
 21.799 
 
 22.028 
 
 22.258 
 
 22.489 i 
 
 22.720 ' 
 
 22.952 
 
 23.1S4 
 
 15 23.41S 
 
 23.654 
 
 23.890 
 
 24.126 
 
 24.362 
 
 24.600 
 
 24.839 \ 
 
 25.07S 
 
 25.31S 
 
 25.559 
 
 16 25.800 
 
 26.042 
 
 26.2S6 i 
 
 26.529 
 
 26.774 
 
 27.019 
 
 27.265 i 
 
 27.512 
 
 27.759 
 
 28.007 
 
 17 28.256 
 
 28.506 
 
 28.756 
 
 29.007 
 
 29.259 
 
 29.512 
 
 29.765 
 
 30.019 ! 
 
 30.274 
 
 30.529 
 
 IS 30.786 
 
 31.035 
 
 31.282 
 
 31.564 
 
 31.800 | 
 
 32.068 
 
 32.310 1 
 
 32.582 1 
 
 32.803 
 
 33.008 
 
 Example. — A weir is 5.4 inches deep, and 40 inches wide 
 Number of cubic feet in a minute for one inch wide and 5.4 inche - 
 deep is 5.059 X 40 = 202.3G or 202£ cubic feet per minute. 
 
 This would not be a correct method to measure water in a Hum- 
 or ditch, but only as it pours through a weir, which any one. under 
 any circumstance, can construct. By this method the quantity of 
 water can be ascertained with the greatest certainty. 
 
 Too Small Wlieels. 
 
 Most persons are apt to select too small a wheel to do their work 
 well. From what can be learned from the experience of others in 
 
52 
 
 the within certificates, it will be seen that these wheels operate with 
 equal satisfaction with partial as full gates — a facility which 
 no other wheel has. Hence be sure to order a wheel of sufficient 
 size, for a small quantity of water, even down to the third and fourth 
 capacity of the wheel, can be applied on a larger wheel with the 
 same results as if it were applied on a wheel whoso capacity it 
 would fill. An additional advantage is thus secured, for when the 
 quantity of water is increased, the same wheel can use it to advan- 
 tage, and work done in proportion to the amount of water used. 
 Hence three or four times the power can be obtained from the same 
 wheel which would use a small quantity economically. We have 
 exchanged wheels as often as three times, for persons who have 
 selected too small a wheel at first. 
 
 We are always willing to exchange wheels with any of our cus- 
 tomers, upon these conditions : Customer to deliver wheel at the 
 office or agency, pay for all necessary repairs if any are needed, and 
 difference of price of the different size. 
 
 New Case for Higfli Head. 
 
 In order to adapt our wheel to very high heads and unusually small 
 quantities of water, we have constructed a new case, to which a 
 pipe or hose can be attached. By the use of this case, all expense of 
 a penstock is avoided, and all leak also. When very high heads are 
 used, a very small leak will lose a horse power of water per minute. 
 From this fact many of the appliances heretofore used have failed. 
 By this new case we obviate all loss from leakage, and the wheels used 
 for very high heads being manufactured expressly for that purpose, 
 are put up very exact, so that no perceptible amount of water will 
 waste. 
 
 We keep no wheels on hand for high or very high heads, because 
 every wheel for a very high head must be made for the head and 
 quantity of water to be*used. And it is not probable any two or 
 three wheels will be demanded in a year which are desired for the 
 same head and quantity of water. 
 
 Hence persons desiring wheels for very high heads should send 
 their orders at least three months before they expect the wheel to 
 be shipped. 
 
 Hixrd.y-Grurd.y Wlieels. 
 
 Many of the quartz mills in California and Nevada, and other min- 
 ing districts, are driven by what is called hurdy-gurdy wheels. 
 They seem to give a great deal of power, but when the amount of 
 
53 
 
 water and high head is considered, it is very evident that the per- 
 centage obtained from the amount of water used is very small 
 indeed. 
 
 Although none of our high head wheels have, as yet, been substituted 
 for these wheels, we are very well convinced that our wheel will 
 give at least one-third more power, from the same water. The first 
 wheel of this kind is now in use at the Old Forbes, Mill, near New 
 Lexington, Santa Clara County, California. We desire all who are 
 any ways skeptical on this subject, to go and see for themselves, or 
 write to Messrs. Rogers & Harrison, the present owners. 
 
 We are always ready to make calculations and estimates of water 
 for any head or quantity of water for which we have no printed 
 tables. 
 
 Place of Manufacture. 
 
 We have been frequently asked, ;; Why do you make your wheels 
 in Portland, Oregon ? " There are several reasons. We can manu- 
 facture them here more cheaply than anywhere else on the coast. 
 There is a greater demand for water wheels in Oregon and Washing- 
 ton Territory, in proportion to the population, than any other district. 
 We have greater and better facilities for manufacturing here than 
 we could obtain anywhere else. We make a speciality of manufac- 
 turing water wheels. Our machinery is all adapted to it, and our 
 hands are accustomed to this kind of work. If we have any sym- 
 pathy with any portion of this coast more than another, it is for 
 Oregon, being among its first settlers. We furnish wheels for Cali- 
 fornia, Nevada, Arizona and Mexico, and all ports and places pur- 
 chasing from our agency in San Francisco, at the same price, deliv- 
 ered in San Francisco, as we do at the shop. 
 
 If the demand increases as we hepe it will, we doubtless will, in 
 time, establish a factory in San Francisco. 
 
 Portland, Ogn, June 19th, 1865. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers — G-entlemen : 
 
 The " Leffefs American Double Turbine" purchased of you last 
 fall is now doing duty, and we are satisfied, from present experience, 
 that it is doing all and even more than was expected of it. We 
 have it doing duty on two pair of forty-eight inch burrs. With 
 these two forty-eight inch burrs, we are grinding as much wheat, in 
 the same time, with a three-quarter gate, as Ave are with the other 
 three pair, and they are fifty-four inch burrs. The head we are using 
 is fourteen feet. Yours, very truly, 
 
 SILVER & CO., A Comstock Miller, 
 
54 
 
 Westport, Clatsop Co., Ogn., Nov. 16, 1864. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers — Dear Sirs : 
 
 We have plenty of water now, and your Double Turbine is in 
 successful operation. We are satisfied that your wheel is fully 
 equal, if not superior to the Overshot. With the same water that 
 the Overshot uses, we can do more work with the Turbine than with 
 the Overshot. I have tried many wheels which were claimed to be 
 superior to any overshot, but yours is the first I have found. Hence 
 we do not hesitate to recommend the American Double Turbine as 
 the most efficient economizer of water in our knowledge. 
 
 .WO. WEST & CO. 
 
 Westport, Ogn., Dec. 6th, 1865. 
 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers — Gentlemen : 
 
 We have now been using your Double Turbine Water W r heel more 
 than one year. We cannot endorse what we have heretofore said of 
 your Wheel in any better way than by ordering another. Will you, 
 therefore, send us another Wrheel fifteen inches in diameter to drive 
 our plainer and small circular saw. We are not able to find any water 
 motor so economical and useful as your '• Double Turbine Water 
 Wheel." JOHN WEST. 
 
 Walla Walla, W. T., Nov. 30th, 1865. 
 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers — Gentlemen : 
 
 We take pleasure in making the following statement in reference 
 to the t4 Leffel's American Double Turbine Water Wheel," purchased' 
 of you last spring. The Wheel was first put in according to the 
 directions of a millwright near this place. Previously our mill was 
 driven by a Wheel made after the TJpham plan. With this Wheel, 
 with our present amount of water, we could only grind about a bar- 
 rel of flour per hour, or twenty-four barrels in twenty-four 
 hours : because we could only run by heads. After putting your 
 Wheel in, as per the directions above, we could run one pair of burrs 
 with the machinery constantly, and grind from fifty to sixty barrels 
 of flour per day of twenty-four hours. But the Wheel evidently did 
 not do full duty. Since, you have caused it to be taken out and put 
 in properly, we now can run both burrs at the same time, with all 
 the machinery of the mill — consisting of conveyors, elevators, clean- 
 ing apparatus, smutter, &c, &c. This work is all done with a two- 
 third gate, or about two-thirds the quantity of water the wheel will 
 use. 
 
 We are now making one hundred barrels of flour in twenty-four 
 hours' run, and have sufficient water to run constantly. 
 
 We believe your Wheel accomplishes all you claim for it; and it 
 proves itself to be one of the few patent implements which does all 
 its most sanguine friends claim. Our former Wheel was four feet in 
 diameter; the Wheel we are using of yours is twenty-six and a half 
 inches in diameter. We, therefore, do not hesitate to recommend 
 your Wheel to all wanting efficient and reliable power. 
 
 OVEBHOLTZEK & JACOBS. 
 
56 
 
 ;ns— -Dear Sir: 
 
 ►leasure in making tho following statements: I am situated 
 
 on the north side of the Columbia river, six miles above Ifancou- 
 
 where the Hudson's Bay Company run their saw-mill, where 
 
 1 a twenty-two feet overshot wheel, and am told that 
 
 I feet, at their best — using all 
 the* water. And with one of your Double Turbine Wheels, under 
 thirty-six feet head, and a twenty-inch wheel, I can cut six thousand 
 feet of lumber ; and with a ten-inch wheel, under the same head, 
 at the same time, can grind one hundred and twenty bushels of 
 wheat — using no more water than the said Company used. Your 
 Wheels make the most steady power that I ever used. For saw 
 I consider it preferable to the overshot. The Turbine can be 
 gauged so that there is no waste of water above keeping up the 
 motion; therefore, I can recommend them to the public; and if 
 orooerly put up, they need not fear the results. 
 
 Yours, respectfully, LEWIS LOYE, 
 
 Idaho City, Dec, 21st, 1865. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers : 
 
 I have long neglected writing to you, in relation to that Turbine 
 Wheel which I bought of you last Fall; not that the wheel does not 
 merit the highest recommendation — for if any wheel, or other piece of 
 machinery, is worthy of a recommendation, it is Leffel's Double 
 Turbine Water Wheel. 
 
 I cannot do it justice in speaking in its favor; nor will any one 
 be likely to believe all that may be said, in justice, in its favor, until 
 they have tested it. If I wanted another wheel, for any kind of 
 milling — but especially to drive a Circular Saw — I would pay the 
 price for the Turbine, in preference to having an Overshot, or any 
 other kind that I have ever seen, if it was made a present to me. 
 
 I used mine about eight months, and used water out of Moore's 
 Creek, when the miners were using the same water, before I got it, 
 and it was so thick with sediment it would scarcely run ; but I could 
 see no difference between that and clear water, so far as the motion 
 or power of the wheel is concerned. 
 
 I have reluctantly abandoend my water power, and substituted 
 steam, in consequence of miners having the first right to the water, 
 and there not being enough for them and the mill at the same time. 
 Yours, truly, I. P. LAMBING. 
 
 Portland, Ogx., July 5th, 1867. 
 Messrs. Leffl & Myers — Dear Sirs : 
 
 We cheerfully add our testimony to the value of your Double Tur- 
 bine Water Wheels. 
 
 We have in use in our mills at Oradel, Union County, Oregon. 
 two of your 30 1 inch wheels — one driving the saw mill, and one 
 driving our flouring mill. With the wheel in the saw mill we can 
 cut with a 54 inch circular saw, 6,000 to 7,000 feet inch lumber in 
 lOhours, with ease, and with the wheel in the flour mill we can 
 drive one pair 40 inch burrs and machinery, and grind lo bushels 
 per hour. 
 
56 
 
 The head we use is ten feet. We are well satisfied with the 
 wheels, and can assure all that they accomplish all that you claim 
 for them. We know of no wheel equal to yours in value or econo- 
 my of water. <{• ^V^a t ' 
 
 i). Uij-Uo, Jr. 
 
 Salem, Ogn., July 25, 1867. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers— G-entlemen : 
 
 Havinff been "bilked" time and again by water wheel men and 
 water wheels, in our Woolen Factory and Flouring Mill in this 
 city wo despared of ever having anything that would at once give 
 power and economically use water. But having been frequently 
 uroed by you to try one of your Leffel's American Double lurbme 
 Water Wheels, and you having guaranteed the wheel to perform as 
 specified, Ave accepted the test. i 
 
 We have now been using a 48-inch wheel m the Woolen factory, 
 of five setts of machinery, under a seventeen foot head of water 
 for more than a year; also having substituted the wheels in our 
 Flouring Mills. Wo are perfectly satisfied that your wheels are all 
 you recommend them to be, and in every respect come up to your 
 
 guarantee. . . _ „, 
 
 In our Flouring Mill we had four wheels driving five run of burrs, 
 and machinery on which at most we could not grind over 40 bush- 
 els per hour. jN t ow with one of your 30*-indh wheels we can on one 
 burr orind 50 bushels per hour, or with the same wheel on two 
 burrs grind 60 bushels per hour, when we have a full head, and 
 then we only use partial gates. 
 
 We are so well satisfied with your wheels that we are putting 
 them in all our mills, and will this season put in a 26£-mch wheel 
 for the machinery, a 20-inch wheel for the chopping burr, and a oo- 
 inch wheel to drive the other two burrs. > . 
 
 We most cordially recommend the wheels to all wanting efficient 
 and economical power. 
 
 L. F. GEOYEE, Agent, 
 DANIEL WALDO, President, 
 J. HOYT, Sup't Woolen Factory, 
 ANDEEW McCALLEY, Head Miller. 
 
 McMinnville. Ogn:, July 29, 1867. 
 Messrs. Leffel & Myers— Gentlemen : 
 
 Savin * been one of the first that purchased your Leffel's American 
 Double Turbine Water Wheels in Oregon, I feel it but justice to you 
 and the public that I add my testimony to its worth. I have had in use 
 in my flour mill at this place for nearly two years a lo-inck wheel, 
 under a head of 88 feet. For the first year I was not entirely satis- 
 fied with it. not knowing how to manage it but after I ascertained 
 the correct'speed to run it, I am satisfied it is one of the best wheels 
 in use, and n\> man can induce me to exchange it for' an oversho^ 
 for it is so much easier managed, and also much cheaper, and b) ts 
 hia-h speed much geering is dispensed with, thereby making the 
 colt of a mill and expense for repairs materially less. 
 

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