C-NRLF 
 
 VI D 
 
 SELECTIONS 
 
 E. S. SHUCKBURGH 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 
University of California. 
 
 Cr-lKX < >!" 
 

SELECTIONS FEOM 
 
 OVID. 
 
 Edited for the use of the lower classes in Schools 
 
 E. S. SHUCKBUEGH, M.A. 
 
 LATE FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, 
 CAMBRIDGE; ASSISTANT MASTER AT ETON. 
 
 LIB j. 
 .viv; 
 
 'Hontfon : 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 1879 
 
(Eamfatoget 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. Lift of the Poet. 
 
 In the 1 7th extract of this book is contained most 
 of what we know of the life of Ovid detailed by him- 
 self. He was born in the Consulship of Hirtius and 
 Pansa, i.e. B.C. 43, at Sulmo (mod. Sulinona), about 
 90 miles from Rome, in the country of the Peligni, 
 on the 20th of March. His full name was Publius 
 Ovidius Naso. He always speaks of himself by his 
 cognomen Naso. He tells us that he received from 
 his earliest youth the best and most careful education, 
 and in due time was sent to study rhetoric with the 
 best teachers in Rome ; and finally, though he does 
 not mention it in the life of himself, he visited Athens 
 for purposes of study 1 . He had one brother exactly 
 a year older than himself, and their father wished the 
 two boys to study for the profession of Advocates, 
 which was the best way of rising in public life. The 
 family was a well-to-do one, and for many genera- 
 tions the men in it had been included in the Eques- 
 
 1 He alludes to this in the description of his voyage to 
 Tomi. Tr. 1, 2, 77, Non peto quas quondam petii studiosus 
 Athenas. 
 
vi INTEODUCTION. 
 
 trian Order. Tlie elder Ovid, however, died when he 
 was only twenty : and the younger very early showed 
 his distaste for the mode of life which his father 
 planned for him. He tells us, with some pardonable 
 exaggeration, that whenever he tried to compose in 
 prose the words naturally and in spite of himself 
 arranged themselves in metre ; that the mysteries of 
 the Muses had an attraction for him which it was 
 impossible to resist; and that his dearest objects of 
 reverence, almost of worship, were the poets of the 
 day. His father tried at first to discourage him from 
 this occupation and to warn him that nothing was 
 to be made of it. But his bent was too strong, and 
 his father's opposition was probably not very deter- 
 mined. And accordingly alter serving some minor 
 offices in the states, as one of the triumviri, decemviri, 
 and centumviri, he declined to try for a curule office 
 which would have given him an entree into the 
 Senate; and devoted himself wholly to literary pur- 
 suits and literary society. His verses soon became 
 the fashion. He appears to have lived in the best 
 Roman society ; and from being an enthusiastic neo- 
 phyte in the set of poets of the day rose to be their 
 leader. Thus he lived at Rome until A. D. 8, when he 
 was 51 years old. In this interval he had been three 
 times married. All we know about this part of his 
 life is that he tells us that his first wife was given him 
 when he was a mere boy, and that they were not 
 happy and were soon divorced. His second wife he 
 also quickly divorced, although he owns that he had 
 nothing to say against her. His third venture was 
 more successful ; and with this third wife he appears 
 to have maintained affectionate relations to the day of 
 his death. She did not accompany him into exile, 
 though she wished to do so. But she stayed behind, 
 
INTRODUCTION, vii 
 
 he infers, for "his advantage, probably that she might 
 act as the most trustworthy steward of his property 
 and interests in his absence. Ovid also mentions a 
 daughter, who before his 51st year had been married 
 twice and made him a grandfather twice, having a 
 child by both husbands. Of this daughter we know 
 nothing. Her name has been supposed to be Perilla, 
 from one of Ovid's letters (Trist. 2, 7) addressed to a 
 lady of that name. This however has been with 
 some reason doubted, and it is possible that \>j filia 
 Ovid may mean his third wife's daughter, whom she 
 had by her former husband. 
 
 This is what we know of Ovid's life to his 51st 
 year, by which time his father and mother had both 
 died at a very advanced age. In this year in the 
 midst of his prosperity and literary success he was 
 suddenly ordered by a rescript of Augustus to retire 
 to Tomi, on the Black Sea, within a certain day 1 . 
 There was no possibility of refusing to obey such an 
 order ; though to a Roman of Ovid's time to quit 
 Rome and to live in such a remote province, was to 
 lose all that made life worth having : and you will 
 see in the extracts from his letters or 'Tristia/ in the 
 third part of this book, what were the particular 
 miseries he felt in this forcible change of residence, 
 and how violent his grief was at being compelled to 
 make it. He lived for nearly ten years from the time 
 he thus left Rome, dying in A.D. 18 at Tomi, from 
 which place he was never allowed to depart. In spite 
 of his lamentable account of himself he appears to 
 
 1 TOMI is the form which has generally been adopted of 
 this word, and it is that used by Suetonius. Ovid however in 
 the only two lines in which he uses it writes Tpmis (Tr. 3, 9, 
 33 ; Ep. e Pont. 4, 14, 59). Two forms also existed in Greek, 
 To/uets and To/us (Strabo). 
 
viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 have behaved with rather more manliness than \re 
 might expect. He to some extent at least carried on 
 his poetical pursuits; he set himself to learn the lan- 
 guage of the Tomitae, and even composed some poems 
 in it ; and he acquired considerable reputation and 
 esteem among the people, and himself came to feel af- 
 fection for it, as the retreat of his misfortunes. But 
 to Rome he was never allowed by Augustus, or his 
 successor Tiberius, to return. His punishment was of 
 the milder kind known as relegatio, which did not 
 include loss of property or citizenship; but merely 
 a residence in a stated district at a definite distance 
 from Rome. But this latter condition was main- 
 tained, in spite of his sometimes abject entreaties, to 
 the day of his death. The ostensible reason for this 
 banishment was the licentiousness of his poem called 
 the * Ars Amoris ;' and indeed if Augustus chose, as 
 he did at times, to exercise all the functions of a 
 censor, this would be quite reason enough. But Ovid, 
 though he is continually lamenting the harm which 
 this poem had done him, yet always declares that 
 there was another reason. Something he had unwit- 
 tingly seen or known ; something that was an error and 
 not a crime: something brought home to him by the 
 treason of friends and slaves ; something that he will 
 not speak of openly, and which he yet declares to be 
 widely known in Rome ; such is the substance of the 
 hints which he gives as to the secret causes of his 
 punishment. Nothing has been certainly discovered 
 on the subject, but the most probable conjecture is 
 that the offence to Augustus was connected in some 
 way with the misconduct of his grand-daughter Julia, 
 whom he banished in the same year. 
 
INTKODUCTIOK ix 
 
 2. Ovid's Writings. 
 
 Up to a few years before his banishment his poems 
 had been all on love subjects. 
 
 (1) The AMORES, a series of short elegies chiefly 
 addressed to an imaginary mistress Corinna, which he 
 himself tells us was a fictitious name. These elegies 
 have perhaps been too readily assumed to be founded 
 on personal experiences of the poet. 
 
 (2) The EPISTLES, or the HEROINES. Imaginary 
 letters from women, whose misfortunes or intrigues 
 had been famous in the heroic times ; and whose stories 
 Ovid found in the various Greek poets and other 
 writers familiar to him. 
 
 (3) The ART OP LOVE; the EEMEDY FOR LOVE; 
 COSMETICS. It was this group of poems, and especially 
 the first named, that were the ostensible cause of Ovid's 
 punishment. Of this poem it is only necessary to say 
 here that if any poem can deserve such consequences, 
 this one did. 
 
 (4) Just before his banishment he had completed 
 the METAMORPHOSES or TRANSFORMATIONS. This is 
 the most elaborate of his works, showing that he had 
 begun to realize that some worthier use might be made 
 of his genius than had yet been the case. It is written 
 in Hexameters, not in Elegiacs, as all his other poems 
 had been, a change which in itself shows that he 
 meant this work to be of a more serious and dignified 
 sort than he had heretofore attempted. At the time 
 of his banishment the METAMORPHOSES were written, 
 but had not received his final revision, and he tells us 
 that in his passionate disgust he burnt his copy, but 
 that friends had already had other copies, and thus 
 preserved the work. 
 
x INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (5) The FASTI, or ROMAN KALENDAR. The Ro- 
 mans kept a careful record, not only of astronomical 
 facts, but of the days marked by political and social 
 events, whether prosperous or disastrous. Augustus 
 was especially interested in this ; and it was probably 
 with a primary view of pleasing him that Ovid under- 
 took to make a poetical Kalendar. His plan is to put 
 into verse all the astronomical facts, in accordance 
 with which the almanack is arranged : and to embel- 
 lish it with an account of the historical transactions 
 commemorated on certain days, whether of a joyful or 
 disastrous character. An example of this is the ac- 
 count of the destruction of the Fabian gens, extract 8. 
 The Fasti were commenced before Ovid's exile, but 
 were not completed till afterwards, and only six 
 months of the twelve were ever accomplished. 
 
 (6) The last class of Ovid's writings are the 
 Poems of his exile. They consist of (a) five books 
 of TRISTIA ; short poems, chiefly personal, detailing 
 sometimes the horrors of his voyage, sometimes the 
 disagreeables of his place of exile, sometimes remi- 
 niscences of his past life, of the mysterious causes of 
 his ^punishment, of the friends who were faithful or 
 false to him. (5) The IBIS, an elaborate denunciation 
 of some one unnamed who had proved himself an 
 enemy to him in his trouble. In this poem all an- 
 tiquity is ransacked for instances of dreadful cata- 
 strophe to be imprecated on the head of the offender, 
 (c) Four books of LETTEES FROM PONTUS, addressed to 
 various friends at Rome, mostly beseeching their 
 friendly intervention with the Emperor to secure the 
 poet's recall. 
 
 A few other minor and fragmentary writings were 
 left by Ovid, or have been ascribed to him, of which 
 no particular mention is needed here. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 i. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 EAELT BOMAN LEGENDS 1 
 
 From the Fasti. 
 
 II. 
 THE HEBOINES ........ 17 
 
 From the Epistles. 
 
 III. 
 PERSONAL HISTORY ....... 26 
 
 From the Tristia. 
 
L I B E A II 
 
 NIVKKSITY O 
 
 OVID. 
 
 EAELY EOMAN LEGENDS. 
 
 [FAST. i. 539578.] 
 
 Evander was said to have migrated to Italy from Arcadia before 
 the Trojan war, and to Jiave built Pallantium on part of the 
 site of Rome. Hercules when driving the cattle of Geryon 
 through Latium is entertained by him. In the night Cacus 
 son of Vulcan, living on the Aventine, steals some of the cattle, 
 and in order to elude Hercules drags them backwards into his 
 cave. Hercules discovers them by the lowing of the stolen 
 oxen, forces his way into the cave and kills Cacus. 
 
 PUPPIBUS egressus, Latia stetit exul in herba 
 
 felix, exilium cui locus ille fuit ! 
 nee mora longa fuit, stabant nova tecta ; nee alter 
 
 montibus Ausoniis Arcade major erat. 
 ecce boves illuc Erytheidas applicat Heros, 5 
 
 emensus longi Claviger orbis iter. 
 
2 OVID. 
 
 dumque Imic hospitium domus est Tegeaea, vagantur 
 
 incustoditae laeta per arva boves. 
 mane erat ; excussus somno Tirynthius hospes 
 
 de numero tauros sentit abesse duos. J0 
 
 nulla videt taciti quaerens vestigia furti : 
 
 traxerat aversos Cacus in" ant ra f eros ; 
 Cacus Aventinae timor atque infamia silvae, 
 
 non leve finitimis hospitibusque malum. 
 dira viro facies; vires pro corpore ; corpus 15 
 
 grande : pater monstri Mulciber huius erat. 
 proque domo, longis spelunca recessibus ingens 
 
 abdita, vix ipsis invenienda feris. 
 ora super postes affixaque brachia pendent, 
 
 squalidaque humanis ossibus albet humus. 20 
 
 servata male parte bouni love natus abibat; 
 
 mugitum rauco furta dedere sono. 
 * accipio revocamen,' ait ; vocemque secutus, 
 
 impia per silvas ultor ad antra venit. 
 ille aditum fracti praestruxerat obice montis ; 25 
 
 vix iuga movissent quinque bis illud opus, 
 nititur hie humeris, (caelum quoque sederat illis) 
 
 et vastum motu collabefactat onus, 
 quod simul evulsum est, fragor aethera terruit 
 ipsum ; 
 
 ictaque subsedrt pondere molis humus. 30 
 
 prima movet Cacus collata praelia dextra, 
 
 remque ferox saxis stipitibusque gerit. 
 quis ubi nil agitur, patrias male fortis ad artes 
 
 confugit, et flammas ore sonante vomit. 
 
EAKLY LEGENDS. 3 
 
 quas quoties proflat, spirare Typhoea credas, 35 
 
 et rapidum Aetnaeo fulgur ab igne iaci. - 
 
 occupat Alcides j adductaque clava trinodis 
 ter quater adversi sedit in ore viri. 
 
 ille cadit, mixtosque vomit cum sanguine fumos; 
 et lato moriens pectore plangit humum. 4 o 
 
 . 7 ^ 
 
 11 7 < '/, 
 
 [FAST. ii. 383420.] 
 
 Nwnitor and Amulius had been joint kings of Alba Longa. 
 Amulius deprived the former of his share of the kingly power, 
 murdered his son, and made his daughter Ilia a Vestal. She 
 had however twin sons by Mars. The babes Romulus and 
 Remus are exposed in an ark on the Albula. The waters 
 subside, and the ark is left high and dry. The babes are 
 suckled by a wolf . 
 
 Ilia Vestalis, caelestia semina partu 
 
 ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo. 
 is iubet auferri parvos et in amne necari. 
 
 quid facis ? ex istis Romulus alter erit. 
 iussa recusantes peragunt lacrimosa ministri; 3 
 
 flent tarn en, et geminos in loca iussa ferunt. 
 Albula, quern Tiberim mersus Tiberinus in undis 
 
 reddidit, hibemis forte tumebat aquis. 
 hie, ubi nunc fora sunt, lintres errare videres ; 
 
 quaque iacent valles, Maxime Circe, tuae. - 10 
 
 hue ubi venerunt, neque enim procedere possunt 
 
 longius ; ex illis unus, an alter, ait : 
 
4 OVID. 
 
 ' at quam sunt similes ! at quam formosus uterque ! 
 
 plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris habet. 
 si genus arguitur vultu, nisi fallit imago, 15 
 
 nescio quern vobis suspicer esse Deuru. 
 at siquis vestrae Deus esset originis auctor, 
 
 in tarn praecipiti tempore ferret opem. 
 ferret opem certe, si non ope mater egeret; 
 
 quae facta est uno mater et orba die. 20 
 
 nata simul, peritura simul, simul ite sub undas 
 
 corpora.' desierat, deposuitque sinu. 
 vagierunt ambo pariter; sentire putares. 
 
 hi redeunt udis in sua tecta genis. 
 sustinet impositos summa cavus alveus unda : 25 
 
 Leu quantum fati parva tabella vehit ! 
 alveus in limo, silvis adpulsus opacis, 
 
 paulatim fluvio deficiente, sedet. 
 arbor erat, remanent vestigia; quaeque vocatur 
 
 rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat. 30 
 
 venit ad expositos mirum ! lupa foeta gemellos : 
 
 quis credat pueris non nocuisse feram] 
 non nocuisse parum est; prodest quoque. quos lupa 
 nutrit, 
 
 prodere cognatae sustinuere maims ! 
 constitit, et cauda teneris blanditur alumnis, 55 
 
 et fingit lingua corpora bina sua. 
 Marte satos scires ; timor abfuit : ubera ducunt, 
 
 et sibi permissi lactis alimttir ope. 
 
EAELY- LEGENDS. 5 
 
 III 
 
 [FAST. in. 45 70.] 
 
 The babes thus saved from drowning grow up as shepherd boys, 
 and obtain great influence with the. neighbouring shepherds. 
 Having learnt the secret of their birth, they slay their 
 usurping great-uncle Amulius and restore the kingdom of 
 Alba to their grandfather Numitor. 
 
 Sylvia fit mater : Yestae simulacra f enmtur 
 
 virgineas oculis opposuisse manus. 
 ara deae certe tremuit pariente ministra ; 
 
 et subiit cineres territa flamma suos. 
 haec ubi cognovit contemptor Amulius aequi, 5 
 
 (nam raptas fratri victor habebat opes) 
 amne iubet mergi geminos ; scelus unda refugit : 
 
 in. sicca pueri destituuntur humo. 
 lacte quis infantes nescit crevisse ferino, 
 
 et picum expositis saepe tulisse cibos ? 10 
 
 non ego te, tantae nutrix Larentia gentis, 
 
 nee taceam vestras, Eaustule pauper, opes, 
 vester honos veniet, cum Larentalia dicam : 
 
 acceptus Geniis ilia December habet. 
 Martia ter senos proles adoleverat aimos, 15 
 
 et suberat flavae iam nova barba comae : 
 omnibus agricolis armentorumque magistris 
 
 Iliadae fratres iura petita dabant. 
 saepe domum veniunt praedonum sanguine laeti; 
 
 et redigunt actos in sua rura boves. 20 
 
 s. o. 2 
 
6 OVID. 
 
 ut genus audierunt, animos pater editus auget ; 
 
 et pudet in paucis nomen habere casis : 
 Romuleoque cadit trajectus Amulius ense, 
 
 regnaque longaevo restituuntur avo. 
 moenia conduntur; quae, quamvis parva fuerunt, 25 
 
 non tamen expediit transiluisse E-emo. 
 
 IV 
 
 [FAST. iv. 809 852.] 
 
 The foundation of Rome. Romulus and Remus settle which of 
 the two is to be the founder of Rome and give it his name, by 
 an appeal to auspices. The ivalls are begun. Romulus directs 
 that anyone leaping over them shall be killed. Remus ignorant 
 of this leaps over them, and is killed by Celer. His brother 
 Romulus buries him and mourns for him. B.C. 753. xi. Kal. 
 Mai, i.e. 21 April. 
 
 lam luerat poenas f rater Numitoris, et omne 
 
 pastorum gemino sub duce vulgus erat. 
 contrahere agrestes, et moenia ponere utrique 
 
 convenit : ambigitur moenia ponat uter. 
 1 nil opus est,' dixit, * certamine/ Eomulus, ' ullo : 5 
 
 magna fides avium est; experiamur aves.' 
 res placet : alter init nemorosi saxa Palati ; 
 
 alter Aventinum mane cacumen adit, 
 sex Remus, hie volucres bis sex videt ordine : pacto 
 
 statur; et arbitrium Romulus Urbis habet. 10 
 apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro. 
 
 sacra Palis suberant : inde movetur opus. 
 
EARLY LEGENDS. 7 
 
 fossa fit ad solidum : fruges iaciuntur in ima, 
 
 et de vicino terra petita solo, 
 fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara ; 15 
 
 et novus accenso fungitur igne focus, 
 inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco; 
 
 alba iugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. 
 vox fuit haec regis : f condenti Jupiter Urbem, 
 
 et genitor Mavors, Yestaque mater ades ! 2 
 
 quosque pium est adliibere Deos, advertite cuncti ! 
 
 auspicibus vobis hoc milii surgat opus, 
 longa sit huic aetas, dominaeque potentia terrae : 
 
 sitque sub hac oriens occiduusque dies.' 
 ille precabatur : tonitru dedit omina laevo 25 
 
 Jupiter : et laevo fulmina missa polo.- 
 augurio laeti iaciunt fundamina cives; 
 
 et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. 
 hoc Celer urget opus; quern Romulus ipse vocarat, 
 
 'sintque, Celer, curae,' dixerat, 'ista tuae. 30 
 
 neve quis aut muros, aut versam vomere terram 
 
 transeat j audentem talia dede neci.' 
 quod Remus ignorans, humiles contemnere muros 
 
 coepit; et, 'His populus,' dicere, * tutus erit ?' 
 nee mora, transiluit. rutro Celer occupat ausuni : 35 
 
 ille premit duram saiiguinolentus humum. 
 haec ubi rex didicit, lacrirnas introrsus obortas 
 
 devorat, et clausum pectore vulnus habet. 
 Here palam lion vult, exemplaque fortia servat : 
 
 'sicque meos muros transeat hostis/ ait. 4 o 
 
 22 
 
8 OVID. 
 
 dat tainen exequias : nee iam suspendere fletum 
 sustinet ; et pietas dissimulata patet. 
 
 osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro; 
 atque ait : * invito frater ademte, vale.' 
 
 [FAST. ii. 721 760.] 
 
 Wliile engaged in the siege of Ardea, the 'Roman princes are 
 entertained by Sextus Tarquinius, who suggests the question 
 as to how their wives are behaving in their absence. Each 
 speaks in confident praise of his own wife. Collatinus sug- 
 gests that they shall ride at once to Rome and surprise 
 them. The wife of Sextus was feasting : Lucretia wife of 
 Collatinus was weaving among her maidens a cloak for her 
 husband. 
 
 Cingitur interea Eomanis Ardea signis, 
 
 et patitur lentas obsidione moras. 
 dum vacat, et metuunt hostes committere pugnam, 
 
 luditur in castris ; otia miles agit. 
 Tarquinius iuvenes socios dapibusque meroque 5 
 
 accipit : atque illis rege creatus ait : 
 ' dum nos difficilis pigro tenet Ardea bello, 
 
 nee sinit ad patrios arma referre Deos; 
 ecquid in officio torus est socialis? et ecquid 
 
 coniugibus nostris mutua cura sumus ? ' 10 
 
 quisque suani laudat ; studiis certamina crescunt ; 
 
 et fervent multo linguaque corque mero. 
 
EARLY LEGENDS. 9 
 
 Burgit, cui clarum dederat Collatia nomen; 
 
 ' non opus est verbis ; credite rebus ! ' ait. 
 'nox superest; tollamur equis, Urbemque petamus.' 15 
 
 dicta placent, frenis impediuntur equi. 
 pertulerant dominos : regalia protinus illi 
 
 tecta petunt : custos in fore nullus erat. 
 ecce nurum regis fusis per colla coronia 
 
 inveniunt posito pervigilare mero. 20 
 
 inde cito passu petitur Lucretia : nebat ; 
 
 ante torum calathi lanaque mollis erant. 
 lumen ad exiguum famulae data pensa trahebant; 
 
 inter quas tenui sic ait ipsa sono : 
 'mittenda est domino, mine, nunc properate, pu- 
 ellae ! 25 
 
 quamprimum nostra facta lacerna maim, 
 quid tamen auditis 1 nam plura audire potestis : 
 
 quantum de bello dicitur esse super 1 
 postmodo victa cades : melioribus, Ardea, restas : 
 
 improba, quae nostros cogis abesse yiros. 30 
 
 sint tantum reduces ! sed enim temerarius ille 
 
 est meus, et stricto quolibet ense ruit. 
 mens abit, et morior, quoties pugnantis imago 
 
 me subit; et gelidum pectora frigus habet.' 
 desinit in lacrimas, intentaque fila remittit; 35 
 
 in gremio vultum deposuitque suum. 
 hoc ipsum decuit : lacrimae cecidere pudicae ; 
 
 et facies ammo dignaque parque fuit. 
 4 pone nietum, venio !' coniux ait. ilia revixit; 
 
 deque viri collo dulce perpendit onus. 40 
 
10 OVID. 
 
 YI 
 
 [FAST. n. 813852.] 
 
 Lucretia slays herself in consequence of the outrage done her 
 
 by Sextus. The Tarquins are driven from Rome : kingly 
 power abolished : and yearly magistrates substituted. B. c. 
 
 59- 
 lamque erat orta dies : passis sedet ilia capillis, 
 
 ut solet ad nati mater itura rogum. 
 grandaevumque patrem fido cum coniuge castris 
 
 evocat; et posita venit uterque mora. 
 utque vident habitum, quae luctus causa requirunt : 5 
 
 cui paret exequias, quove sit icta malo] 
 ilia diu reticet, pudibundaque celat amictu 
 
 ora ; fluunt lacrimae more perennis aquae, 
 hinc pater, hinc coniux lacrimas solantur, et orant, 
 
 indicet : et caeco flentque paventque metu. 10 
 
 ter conata loqui, ter destitit ; ausaque quarto, 
 
 non oculos ideo sustulit ilia suos. 
 ' hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus ] eloquar,' inquit, 
 
 1 eloquar infelix dedecus ipsa rueum : ' 
 quaeque potest, narrat. restabant ultima : flevit, 15 
 
 et matronales erubuere genae. 
 dant veniam facto genitor coniuxque coactae. 
 
 ( quam,' dixit, l veniam vos datis, ipsa nego.' 
 nee mora, celato figit sua pectora ferro ; 
 
 et cadit in patrios sanguinolenta pedes. 20 
 
 tune quoque, iam moriens, ne non procumbat honeste, 
 
 respicit; haec etiam cura cadentis erat. 
 
EARLY LEGENDS. 11 
 
 ecce super corpus, communia danina gementes, 
 
 obliti decoris virque paterque iacent. 
 Brutus adest ; tandemque animo sua nomina fallit ; 25 
 
 fixaque semianimi corpore tela rapit. 
 stillantemque tenens generoso sanguine cultrum, 
 
 edidit impavidos ore minante sonos : 
 'per tibi ego hunc iuro fortem castumque cruorem, 
 
 perque tuos Manes, qui mihi nurnen erunt; 30 
 Tarquinium poenas profuga cum stirpe daturum : 
 
 iam satis est virtus dissimulata dm.' 
 ilia iacens ad verba oculos sine lumine movit ; 
 
 visaque concussa dicta probare corna. 
 fertur in exequias animi matrona virilis : 35 
 
 et secum lacrimas, invidiamque trahit. 
 vulnus inane patet. Brutus clamore Quirites 
 
 concitat, et regis facta nefanda refert. 
 Tarquinius cum prole fugit. capit annua Consul 
 
 iura : dies regnis ilia suprema fuit. 40 
 
 VII 
 
 [FAST. in. 66 1 674.] 
 
 The plebs to avoid the oppression of the Patricians secede to the 
 Mons Sacer for the first time (B.C. 494). Anna supplies them 
 with bread. 
 
 Haec quoque, quam referam, nostras pervenit ad 
 aures 
 
 fama; nee a vera dissidet ilia fide, 
 plebs vetus, et nullis etiam tune tuta Tribunis, 
 
 fugit; et in Sacri vertice mentis abit. 
 
12 OYID. 
 
 lain quoque, quem secum tulerant, defecerat illos 5 
 
 victus, et humanis usibus apta ceres, 
 orta suburbanis quaedam fuit Anna Bovillis 
 
 pauper, sed mundae sedulitatis, anus, 
 ilia, levi mitra caiios redimita capillos, 
 
 fmgebat tremula rustica liba manu. 10 
 
 atque ita per populum fumaniia mane solebat 
 
 dividere : haec populo copia grata fuit. 
 pace domi facta signum posuere Perennae, 
 
 quod sibi defectis ilia tulisset opem. 
 
 VIII 
 
 [FAST. ii. 195 242.] 
 
 Kaeso Falius led the Fabii from Rome and established them on 
 the Cremera. After a year's time they went to Home on the 
 Ides of February, and on their way the whole gens, except 
 one boy, to the number of 306, were slaughtered by an am- 
 buscade of the Veientines near the River Cremera. B.C. 477. 
 
 Haec fuit ilia dies, in qua Veientibus arvis 
 
 ter centum Fabii, ter cecidere duo. 
 una domus vires et onus susceperat Urbis ; 
 
 sumunt gentiles arma professa manus. 
 egreditur castris miles generosus ab isdem, 5 
 
 e queis dux fieri quilibet aptus erat. 
 Carmentis portae dextro via proxima Jano est : 
 
 ire per hanc noli, quisquis es ; omen habet. 
 ut celeri passu Cremeram tetigere rapacem, 
 
 (turbidus liibernis ille fluebat aquis) J0 
 
EARLY LEGENDS. 13 
 
 castra loco ponunt : destrictis en sib us ipsi 
 
 Tyrrhenum valido marte per agmen eunt. 
 non aliter, quam cum Libyca de rupe leones 
 
 invadunt sparsos lata per arva greges. 
 diffugiunt hostes, inlionestaque vuliiera tergo 15 
 
 accipiunt ; Tusco sanguine terra rubet. 
 sic iterum, sic saepe cadunt. ubi vincere aperte 
 
 non datur, insidias armaque caeca parant. 
 campus erat; campi claudebant ultima colles, 
 
 silvaque montanas occulere apta feras. 20 
 
 in medio paucos, armentaque rara relinquunt; 
 
 caetera virgultis abdita turba latet. 
 ecce, velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus, 
 
 aut nive, quae zephyro victa repente fluit, 
 per sata, perque vias fertur ; nee, ut ante solebat, 25 
 
 riparum clausas margine finit aquas : 
 sic Fabii latis vallem discursibus implent : 
 
 quosque vident, spemunt ; nee metus alter inest. 
 quo ruitis, generosa domus ? male creditur hosti ; 
 
 simplex nobilitas, perfida tela cave. 30 
 
 fraude perit virtus; in apertos undique carnpos 
 
 prosiliunt hostes, eb latus omne tenent. 
 quid faciant pauci contra tot inillia fortes ] 
 
 quidve, quod in misero tempore restet, habent? 
 sicut aper silvis longe Laurentibus actus 35 
 
 fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes; 
 DIOX tamen ipse perit: sic non moriuntur inulti; 
 
 vulneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu. 
 
14 OVID. 
 
 una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes ; 
 
 ad bellum missos perdidit una dies, 
 ut tamen Herculeae superessent semina gentis, 
 
 credibile est ipsos consuluisse Deos. 
 nam puer impubes, et adhuc non utilis armis, 
 
 unus de Fabia gente relictus erat. 
 scilicet ut posses olim tu, Maxim e, nasci ; 
 
 cui res cuncfcando restituenda foret. 
 
 IX 
 
 [FAST. vi. 395416.] 
 
 An altar in the middle of the forum marked the place where the 
 swamp, called the Lacus Curtius, had once been. 
 
 Forte reverfcebar festis Vestalibus iliac, 
 
 qua Nova Romano nunc via iuncta foro est. 
 hue pede matronam vidi descendere nudo ; 
 
 obstupui tacitus, sustinuique gradum. 
 sensit anus vicina loci; iussumque sedere 5 
 
 alloquitur, quatiens voce tremente caput : 
 * hoc, ubi nunc fora sunt, udae tenuere paludes ; 
 
 amne redundant! fossa madebat aqua. 
 Curtius ille lacus, siccas qui sustinet aras, 
 
 nunc solida est tellus, sed lacus ante fuit. ro 
 
 qua Velabra solent in Circum ducere pompas, 
 
 nil praeter salices cassaque canna fuit. 
 saepe suburbanas rediens conviva per undas 
 
 cantat, et ad nautas ebria verba iacit. 
 
EARLY LEGENDS. 15 
 
 nondum conveniens diversis iste figuris 15 
 
 nomen ab averse ceperat amne Deus. 
 hie quoque lucus erat iuricis et arundine densus, 
 
 et pede velato noil adeunda palus. 
 stagna recesserunt, et aquas sua ripa coercet, 
 
 siccaque mine tellus : mos tamen inde manefc.' 20 
 reddiderat causam. c valeas, anus optima/ dixi : 
 
 'quod superest aevi molle sit omne tui. J 
 
 [FAST. vi. 437454.] 
 
 The burning of the Temple of Vesta. The Palladium rescued 
 from the flames by L. Caecilius Metellus t the Pontifex Maxi- 
 mus. B.C. 241. 
 
 Heu quantum timuere Patres, quo tempore Yesta 
 
 arsit, et est adytis obruta paene suis ! 
 flagrabant sancti sceleratis ignibus ignes, 
 
 mistaque erat flammae flamma profana piae. 
 attonitae flebant, demisso crine, ministrae; 5 
 
 abstulerat vires corporis ipse timor. 
 provolat in medium, et magna, ' succurrite,' voce, 
 
 'non est aiixilium nere/ Metellus ait. 
 ' pignora virgiiieis fatalia tollite palmis : 
 
 non ea sunt voto, sed rapienda manu ! 10 
 
 me miserum ! dubitatis 1 ' ait. dubitare videbat ; 
 
 et pavidas posito procubuisse genu. 
 
16 OVID. 
 
 liaurit aquas ; tollensque manus, 4 ignoscite/ dixit, 
 * sacra ; vir intrabo non adeunda viro. 
 
 si scelus est, in me commissi poena redundet; 15 
 sit capitis dam no Roma soluta mei.' 
 
 dixit, et irrupit : factum Dea rapta probavit ; 
 pontificisque sui munere tuta fuit. 
 
THE HEROINES. 
 XI 
 
 [EP. i. 2562.] 
 
 Penelope complains that though the Trojan war has been long 
 over and all the surviving Greek leaders have returned to their 
 cities, her husband Ulysses cannot be heard of. She describes 
 the joyful scenes in the several cities when the warriors come 
 home, and her own terror at hearing of the bold deeds of 
 Ulysses. But what use, she asks, to her is all this success and 
 the utter destruction of Troy ? She is still a lonely widow, 
 still searching in vain for Ulysses. 
 
 A rgolici rediere duces : altaria fumant : 
 
 ponitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos. 
 grata ferunt nymphae pro salvis dona maritis : 
 
 illi victa s\iis Troica fata canunt. 
 mirantur iustique senes trepidaeque puellae : 5 
 
 narrantis coniunx pendet ab ore viri. 
 atque aliquis posita monstrat fera praelia mensa, 
 
 pingit et exiguo Pergama tota mero : 
 
18 OVID. 
 
 ' hac ibat Simois, hac est Sigei'a tell us, 
 
 hie steterat Priami regia celsa senis : to 
 
 illic Aeacides, illic tendebat Ulixes : 
 
 hie lacer admissos terruit Hector equos.' 
 omnia namque tuo senior te quaerere misso 
 
 retulerat gnato Nestor, at ille mihi. 
 retulit et ferro Rhesumque Dolonaque caesos, 15 
 
 utque sit hie somno proditus, ille dolo. 
 ausus es, o nimium nimiumque oblite tuorum, 
 
 Thracia nocturno tangere castra dolo, 
 totque simul niactare viros, adiutus ab uno ! 
 
 at bene cautus eras et memor ante mei 1 20 
 
 usque metu micuere sinus, dum victor amicum 
 
 dictus es Ismariis isse per agmen equis. 
 sed mihi quid prodest vestris disiecta lacertis 
 
 Ilios, et murus quod fuit esse solum, 
 si maneo qualis Troia durante manebam, 25 
 
 virqus mihi dempto fine carendus abest ? 
 diruta sunt aliis, uni mihi Pergama restant, 
 
 incola captivo quae bove victor arat. 
 iam seges est, ubi Troia fuit, resecandaque falce 
 
 luxuriat Phrygio sanguine pinguis humus : 30 
 
 semisepulta virum curvis feriuntur aratris 
 
 ossa : ruiiiosas occulit herba domos. 
 victor abes; nee scire mihi, quae causa morandi, 
 
 aut in quo lateas ferreus orbe, licet, 
 quisquis ad haec vertit peregrinam littora puppim, 35 
 
 ille mihi de te multa rogatus abit : 
 quamque tibi reddat, si te modo viderit usquam, 
 
 traditur huic digitis charta notata meis. 
 
THE HEROINES. 19 
 
 < . 
 
 [Er. in. 67 98j,yK 
 
 Briseis has been taken away from Achilles by Agamemnon. 
 Achilles in anger refrains from fighting, and threatens to leave 
 the camp round Troy and go home. Briseis is eager to be,re- 
 claimed by him ; and says that she is willing to go home with 
 him even as a slave. But what she would best like is that he 
 should accept her restoration which Agamemnon offers and 
 once more fight against the Trojans. She hopes that he will 
 be swayed by her prayers though he has rejected all others, 
 just as Meleager was by those of his wife. 
 
 Si tibi iam reditusque placent patriique penates, 
 
 non ego sum class! sarcina magna tuae. 
 victorem captiva sequar, non nupta maritum : 
 
 est mihi, quae lanas molliat, apta manus. 
 inter Achaei'adas longe pulcherrima matres 5 
 
 in thalamos coniunx ibit eatque tuos, 
 digna nurus socero, lovis Aeginaeque nepote, 
 
 cuique senex Kerens prosocer esse velit. 
 nos bundles famulaeque tuae data pensa trahemus, 
 
 et minuent plenas stamina nostra colos. 10 
 
 exagitet ne me tantum tua, deprecor, uxor, 
 
 quae mihi nescio quo non erit aequa modo; 
 neve meos coram sciiidi patiare capillos, 
 
 et leviter dicas ' baec quoque nostra fuit.' 
 vel patiare licet, dum ne contempta relinquar : 15 
 
 hie mihi vae miserae concutit ossa metus. 
 
20 OVID. 
 
 quid tarn en expectas ? Agamemnona paenitet irae, 
 
 efc iacet ante tuos Graecia maesta pecles. 
 vince animos iramque tuam, qui cetera vincis. 
 
 quid lacerat Danaas impiger Hector opes? 20 
 
 arma cape, Aeacide, sed me tamen ante recepta, 
 
 et preme turbatos Marte favente viros. 
 propter me mota est, propter me desinat ira: 
 
 simque ego tristitiae causa modusqne tuae. 
 nee tibi turpe puta precibus succumbere nostris. 25 
 
 coniugis Oenides versus in arma prece est. 
 res audita niihi, nota est tibi : fratribus orba 
 
 devovit nati spemque caputque parens. 
 bellum erat. ille ferox positis secessit ab arm is, 
 
 et patriae rigid a me rite negavit opem. 3 o 
 
 sola virum coniunx flexit : felicior ilia ! 
 
 at mea pro nullo pondere verba cadunt. 
 
 XIII 
 [Ep. v. 936.] 
 
 Oenone, once loved but now deserted by Paris, reminds him of 
 their former happy companionship, when he was a shepherd on 
 mount Ida and she though a nymph did not disdain his love. 
 Then it was she who helped him in the hunt ; then he swore to 
 her eternal fidelity and cut the words of his vow on a poplar 
 tree. 
 
 Kondum tan t us eras, cum te contenta man to 
 
 edita de magno flumine nympha fui. 
 qui mine Priamides,... absit reverentia vero... 
 
 servus eras, servo nubere nympha tuli. 
 
THE HEROINES. 21 
 
 quis tibi monstrabat saltus venatibus aptos, 5 
 
 et tegeret cafculos qua fera rupe sues? 
 retia saepe comes maculis distincta tetendi: 
 
 saepe citos egi per iuga longa canes, 
 incisae servant a te mea nomina fagi, 
 
 et legor Oenone falce iiotata tua : TO 
 
 et quantum trunci, tantum mea nomina crescimfc : 
 
 crescite, et in titulos surgite recta meos. 
 popule, vive, precor, quae consita margine ripae 
 
 hoc in rugoso cortice carmen habes 
 'cum Paris Oenone poterit spirare relicta, 15 
 
 ad fontem Xanthi versa recurret aqua. 7 
 Xanthe, retro propera, versaeque recurrite lymphae ! 
 
 sustinet Oenonen deseruisse Paris, 
 ilia dies fatum miserae mini dixit, ab ilia 
 
 pessima mutati coepit amoris hiemps, 20 
 
 qua Yenus et luno, sumptisque decentior armis 
 
 venit in arbitrium nuda Minerva tuum. 
 
 XIV 
 [Ep. vi. 8198.] 
 
 Hypsipyle, of Lemnos, once beloved by Jason, has heard that he 
 has deserted her and married Medea, the enchantress. Site 
 was always afraid, she says, of being supplanted by some 
 Greek woman, but did not expect to be ousted by a foreigner 
 and a witch. She describes Medea's enchantments. 
 
 Argolidas timui : nocuit mihi barbara pelex. 
 non expectata vulnus ab hoste tuli. 
 s. o. 3 
 
22 OVID. 
 
 nee facie meritisque placet, sed carmina novit : 
 
 diraque cantata pabula falce metit. 
 ilia reluctantem cursu deducere Lunam 5 
 
 nititur, et tenebris abdere Soils equos. 
 ilia refrenat aquas, obliquaque flumina sistit : 
 
 ilia loco silvas vivaque saxa movet. 
 per tumulos errat passis discincta capillis, 
 
 certaque de tepidis colligit ossa rogis. 10 
 
 devovet absentis, simulacraque cerea fingit, 
 
 et miserum tenuis in iecur urget acus, 
 et quae nescierim melius. male quaeritur herbis 
 
 moribus et forma conciliandus amor, 
 hanc potes amplecti, thalamoque relictus in 11110 15 
 
 impavidus somno nocte silente frui ? 
 scilicet ut tauros, ita te iuga ferre coegit : 
 
 quaque feros anguis, te quoque niulcet ope. 
 
 XY 
 
 [Ep. x. 744-] 
 
 Ariadne saved Theseus in his contest with the Minotaur, by 
 giving him a clue to guide him through the labyrinth. He 
 took her with him from Crete, but deserted her on Naxos, 
 sailing away while she was asleep. She describes her waking 
 and finding him gone, her terror, and her despair. 
 
 Tempus erat, vitrea quo primum terra pruina 
 spargitur et tectae fronde queruntur aves : 
 
 incertum vigilans, a somno languida, rnovi 
 Thesea prensuras semisnpina manus : 
 
THE HEROINES. 23 
 
 nullus erat : referoque manus, iterumque retempto, 5 
 
 perque toruin moveo bracchia, nullus erat. 
 excussere metus somnum : conterrita surgo, 
 
 membraque Bunt viduo praecipitata toro. 
 protinus adductis sonuerunt pectora palmis, 
 
 utque erat e sonmo turbida, rapt a coma est. 10 
 luna fuit. specto, siquid nisi litora cernam. 
 
 quod videant oculi, nil nisi litus habent. 
 nunc hue, nunc illuc, et utroque sine ordine 
 curro. 
 
 alta puellares tardat arena pedes. 
 interea toto clamanti litore * Theseu ! ' 15 
 
 reddebant nomen concava saxa tuum, 
 et quotiens ego te, totiens locus ipse vocabat. 
 
 ipse locus miserae ferre volebat opem. 
 mons fuit : apparent frutices in vertice rari : 
 
 Line scopulus raucis pendet adesus aquis : 20 
 
 ascendo : vires animus dabafc : atque ita late 
 
 aequora prospectu metior alta meo. 
 hide ego... nam ventis quoque sum crudelibus usa... 
 
 vidi praecipiti carbasa tenta noto. 
 aut vidi, aut certe cum me vidisse putarem, 25 
 
 frigidior glacie semianimisque fui. 
 nee languere diu patitur dolor : excitor illo, 
 
 excitor et summa Thesea voce voco. 
 6 quo f ugis 1 ' exclamo ' scelerate revertere Theseu, 
 
 flecte ratem ! numerum non habet ilia suum.' 3 o 
 naec ego. quod voci deerat, plangore replebam : 
 
 verbera cum verbis mixta fuere meis. 
 
 32 
 
24 OVID. 
 
 si non audires, ut saltern cernere posses, 
 
 iactatae late signa dedere manus. 
 candidaque inposui longae velamina virgae, 35 
 
 scilicet oblitos admonitura mei. 
 iamque oculis ereptus eras : turn denique flevi. 
 
 torpuerant molles ante dolore genae. 
 
 XVI 
 
 [EP. XIIL 93134-] 
 
 There was an oracle that the man of the Greek host who first 
 touched the soil of Troy should be slain. Laodamia has 
 heard of this and writes to her husband Protesilaus warning 
 him of it and begging him to beware of landing first. She 
 tells him that she thinks of him day and night : but that her 
 dreams of him are terrifying, and she cannot help being 
 alarmed. Her foreboding was justified, for Protesilaus was tJie 
 first to land and was slain. 
 
 Sors quoque nescio quern fato designat iniquo, 
 
 qui primus Danaum Troada tangat humum. 
 infelix, quae prim a virum lugebit ademptum ! 
 
 di faciant, ne tu strenuus esse velis ! 
 inter mille rates tua sit millensima puppis, 5 
 
 iamque fatigatas ultima verset aquas, 
 hoc quoque praemoneo : de nave novissimus exi : 
 
 non est, quo properas, terra paterna tibi. 
 cum venies, remoque move veloque carinam, 
 
 inque tuo celerem litore siste gradum ! 10 
 
THE HEROINES. 25 
 
 sive latet Phoebus, sen terris altior exstat, 
 
 tu mihi luce dolor, tu mihi nocte venis. 
 excutior sorano, simulacraque noctis adoro : 
 
 nulla caret fumo Thessalis ara meo : 
 tura damns, lacrimamque super, qua sparsa relucet, 15 
 
 lit solet adfuso surgere flamma mero. 
 sed cum Troia subit, subeunt ventique fretumque, 
 
 spes bona sollicito victa timore cadit. 
 hoc quoque, quod venti prohibent exire carinas, 
 
 me movet : invitis ire paratis aquis. 20 
 
 quis velit in patriam vento prohibente reverti ? 
 
 a patria pelago vela vetante datis ! 
 ipse suam non praebet iter Neptunus ad urbem. 
 
 quo ruitis ? vestras quisque redite domos ! 
 quo ruitis, Danai 1 ventos audite vetantis ! 25 
 
 non subiti casus, numinis ista mora est. 
 quid petitur tanto nisi turpis adultera bello ? 
 
 dum licet, Inachiae vertite vela rates ! 
 
OVID'S PERSONAL HISTORY. 
 
 XYII 
 
 [TR. iv. 10. 198.] 
 
 Scarcely any ancient poet lias taken so much trouble to make 
 himself known to postenty as Ovid has done. In this piece he 
 tells all the facts of his life, and many of his views and feel- 
 ings. How his father meant him to be a lawyer and politi- 
 cian, but how he was irresistibly drawn to poetry. His 
 literary enthusiasms and associations; his three marriages; 
 the birth of his daughter; the early death of his brother; and 
 finally the blow which fell upon himself Augustus suddenly 
 and without warning ordering him to go into banishment at 
 Tomi, on the Black Sea, two hundred miles north of Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 Ille ego, qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum, 
 quern legis, ut noris, accipe, Posteritas. 
 
 Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis, 
 millia qui novies distat ab Urbe decem. 
 
PERSONAL HISTORY. 27 
 
 edifcus hie ego sum : necnon, ut tempora noris ; 5 
 
 cum cecidit fato Consul uterque pari. 
 si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres ; 
 
 non modo Fortunae munere factus eques. 
 nee stirps prima fui; (genito iam fratre creatus^) 
 
 qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. J0 
 lucifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem : 
 
 una celebrata est per duo liba dies, 
 haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae, 
 
 quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet. 
 protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis 15 
 
 imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros. 
 frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo, 
 
 fortia verbosi natus ad arma Fori. 
 at mihi iam puero coelestia sacra placebant; 
 
 inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 20 
 
 saepe pater dixit, ' studium quid inutile tentas 1 
 
 Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.' 
 motus eram dictis : totoque Helicone relicto, 
 
 scribere conabar verba soluta modis. 
 sponte sua numeros carmen veniebat ad aptos : 25 
 
 et, quod tentAh^m dicere, versus erat. 
 interea, tacito passu labentibus annis, 
 
 liberior fratri sumta, mihique, toga est : 
 induiturque humeros cum lato purpura clavo : 
 
 et studium nobis, quod fuit ante, manet. 30 
 
 iamque decem vitae frater geminaverat annos, 
 
 cum perit; et coepi parte carere mei. 
 
28 OVID. 
 
 cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores ; 
 
 eque viris quondam pars tribus una fuL 
 curia restabat : clavi mensura coacta est : 35 
 
 maius erat nostris viribus illud onus, 
 nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori, 
 
 sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram: 
 et peter e Aoniae suadebant tuta Sorores 
 
 otia, iudicio semper amata meo. 40 
 
 temporis illius colui fovique poetas; 
 
 quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse Deos. 
 saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo, 
 
 quaeque necet serpens, quae iuvet herba, Macer. 
 saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes; 45 
 
 iure sodalitio qui mihi iunctus erat. 
 Ponticus Heroo, Bassus quoque clarus lambo, 
 
 dulcia convictus membra fuere mei. 
 et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures; 
 
 dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 50 
 
 Vergilium vidi tantum : nee amara Tibullo 
 
 tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae. 
 successor fuit hie tibi, Galle; Propertius illi. 
 
 quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui. 
 utque ego maiores, sic me coluere minores : 55 
 
 notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est. \, 
 carmina cum primum populo invenilia legi; 
 
 barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit. 
 moverat ingenium, totam cantata per Urbem, 
 
 nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi 60 
 
PERSONAL HISTOEY. 29 
 
 multa quidem scrips! : sed quae vitiosa putavi, 
 
 emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi. 
 turn quoque, cum fugerem, quaedain placitura cremavi, 
 
 iratus studio carminibusque meis. 
 molle, Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65 
 
 cor mihi, quodque levis caussa moveret, erat. 
 cum tamen hoc essein, minimoque accenderer igni; 
 
 nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit. 
 pene mihi puero nee digna, nee utiHs, uxor 
 
 est data : quae tempus perbreve nupta fuit. 70 
 illi successit, quamvis sine crimine, coniux; 
 
 non tamen in nostro firma futura toro. 
 ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos, 
 
 sustinuit coniux exsulis esse viri. 
 filia me mea bis prima fecimda iuventa, 7S 
 
 sed non ex uno coniuge, fecit avum. 
 et iam complerat genitor sua fata ; novemque 
 
 addiderat lustris altera lustra novern. 
 non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademtum 
 
 ille fuit. matri proxima iusta tuli. 80 
 
 felices ambo, tempestiveque sepuiti, 
 
 ante diem poenae quod periere meae ! 
 me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis 
 
 sum miser ; et de me quod doluere nihil ! 
 si tamen exstinctis aliquid, nisi iiomina, restat, 85 
 
 et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos; 
 fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae; 
 
 et sunt in Stygio crimina nosfcra foro ; 
 
30 OVID. 
 
 scite, precor, caussam (nee vos mihi fallere fas est) 
 
 errorem iussae, non scelus, esse fugae. 90 
 
 manibus id satis est. ad vos studiosa revertor 
 
 pectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae. 
 iam mihi canities, pulsis melioribus annis, 
 
 venerat ; antiquas miscueratque comas : 
 postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 9 s 
 
 abstulerat decies praemia victor equus; 
 cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas 
 
 quaerere me laesi Principis ira iubet. 
 
 XYIII 
 
 [TR. i. 3.] 
 
 Ovid's last night in Home. He had been ordered to leave Rome 
 within a certain day, and the last night has come. He must 
 go before daybreak. He tears himself away with sorroiv and 
 tears from his wife and friends. His wife ivished to go with 
 him, but this he would not allow. 
 
 Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago, 
 
 quae mihi supremum tempus in Urbe fuit ; 
 cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui; 
 
 labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis. 
 iara prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5 
 
 finibus extremae iusserat Ausoniae. 
 nee mens, nee spatium fuerant satis apta paranti : 
 
 torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora. 
 
PERSONAL HISTORY. 31 
 
 non milii servorum, cornitis non cura legendi, 
 
 non aptae profugo vestis opisve fuit. 10 
 
 non aliter stupui, quam qui lovis ignibus ictus 
 
 vivit, et est vitae nescius ipse suae. 
 ut tamen hanc animo nubem dolor ipse removit, 
 
 et tandem sensus coiivaluere mei; 
 adloquor extremnm moestos abiturus amicos, 15 
 
 qui modo de multis unus et alter erant. 
 uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat; 
 
 imbre per indignas usque cadente genas. 
 nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris : 
 
 nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 20 
 
 quocumque adspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant : 
 
 formaque non taciti funeris intus erat. 
 femina, virque, meo pueri quoque funere moerent : 
 
 inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet. 
 si licet exemplis in parvo grandibus uti ; 25 
 
 haec facies Troiae, cum caperetur, erat. 
 turn vero coniux, humeris abeuntis iuhaerens, 
 
 miscuit haec lacrimis tristia dicta suis : 
 'non potes avelli : simul ah, simul ibimus/ inquit : 
 
 ' te sequar : et coniux exsulis exsul ero. 30 
 
 et mihi facta via est : et me capit ultima tellus. 
 
 accedam profugae sarcina parva rati. 
 te iubet e patria discedere Caesaris ira ; 
 
 me pietas. pietas haec mihi Caesar erit.' 
 talia tentabat : sic et tentaverat ante : 35 
 
 vixque dedit victas utilitate manus. 
 
32 OVID. 
 
 egredior (sive illud erat sine funere ferri) 
 
 squalidus immissis hirta per ora coniis. 
 ilia dolore gravis, tenebris narratur obortis 
 
 semianimis media procubuisse do mo. 40 
 
 utque resurrexit, foedatis pulvere turpi 
 
 crinibus, et gelida membra levavit liumo; 
 se modo, desertos modo complorasse Penates ; 
 
 nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri : 
 nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeve meumve 45 
 
 vidisset structos corpus habere rogos : 
 et voluisse mori, et moriendo ponere sensus : 
 
 respectuque tamen non posuisse mei. 
 vivat : et absentem, quoniam sic fata tulerunt, 
 
 vivat, et auxilio sublevet usque suo. 50 
 
 XIX 
 
 [TR. i. 2. 1956.] 
 
 A storm at sea which Ovid met with on his voyage towards his 
 place of exile. 
 
 Me miserum, quanti montes volvuntur aquarum ! 
 
 iam iam tacturos sidera summa putes. 
 quantae diducto subsidunt aequore valles ! 
 
 iam iam tacturas Tartara nigra putes. 
 quocumque adspicias, nihil est nisi pontus et aer, 5 
 
 fluctibus Me tumidus, nubibus ille minax. 
 
PERSONAL HISTORY. 33 
 
 inter utr unique fremunt immani turbine venti. 
 
 nescit, cui domino pareat, unda maris. 
 nam modo purpureo vires capit Eurus ab ortu : 
 
 nunc Zephyrus sero vespere missus adest : 10 
 
 nunc gelidus sicca Boreas bacchatur ab Arcto : 
 
 nunc Notus ad versa proelia fronte gerit. 
 rector in incerto est : nee, quid f ugiatve petatve, 
 
 invenit. ambiguis ars stupe fc ipsa malis. 
 scilicet occidimus, nee spes, nisi vana, salutis : 15 
 
 dumque loquor vultus obruit unda meos. 
 opprimet hanc animam fluctus : frustraque precanti 
 
 ore necaturas accipiemus aquas, 
 at pia nil aliud quam me dolet exsule coniux : 
 
 hoc unum nostri scitque gemitque mali. 2C 
 
 nescit in immenso iactari corpora ponto : 
 
 nescit agi ventis : nescit adesse necem. 
 o bene, quod non sum mecum conscendere passus : 
 
 ne mihi mors misero bis patienda foret ! 
 at nunc, ut per earn, quoniam caret ilia periclo, 25 
 
 dimidia certe parte superstes ero. 
 hei mihi, quam celeri micuerunt nubila flamma ! 
 
 quantus ab aetherio personat axe fragor ! 
 nee levius laterum tabulae feriuntur ab undis, 
 
 quam grave balistae moenia pulsat onus. 30 
 
 qui venit hie fluctus, fluctus supereminet omnes : 
 
 posterior nono est, undecimoque prior, 
 nee letuni timeo : genus est miserabile leti : 
 
 demite naufragium ; mors mihi munus erit. 
 
34 OYID. 
 
 est aliquid, fatove suo ferrove cadentem 35 
 
 in solida moriens ponere corpus humo : 
 et mandare suis, aliqua aut sperare sepulcra, 
 
 et noii aequoreis piscibus esse cibum. 
 
 XX 
 
 [TR. in. 3. 124.] 
 
 At Tomi Ovid falls ill. The climate does not suit him. There 
 'is no doctor, no proper house nor food, and he is alone and 
 miserable. 
 
 Haec mea, si casu miraris, epistola quare 
 
 alterius digitis scripta sit : aeger eram. 
 aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis ; 
 
 incertusque meae pene salutis eram. 
 quid mihi nunc animi dira regione iacenti 5 
 
 inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes? 
 nee coelum patimur, nee aquis adsuevimus istis ; 
 
 terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo. 
 con domus apta satis : non hie cibus utilis aegro : 
 
 nullus, Apollinea qui levet arte malum. 10 
 
 non qui soletur, non qui labentia tarde 
 
 tempora narrando fallat, amicus adest. 
 lassus in extremis iaceo populisque locisque : 
 
 et subit adfecto nunc milii, quidquid abest. 
 omnia cum subeaiit ; yincis tamen omnia, coniux : 15 
 
 et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes. 
 
PEESONAL HISTORY. ; 
 
 te loquor absentem : vox te mea nominat unam : 
 
 nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies, 
 quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum, 
 
 ut fore,t amenti nomen in ore tuum. 
 si iam deficiat suppresso lingua palato, 
 
 vix instillato restituenda mero ; 
 nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse ; resurgam : 
 
 spesque tui nobis caussa vigoris erit. 
 
 XXI 
 
 m. 10. 1366.] 
 
 Further miseries of Tomi. The winter is most severe, and no 
 sooner is the Ister frozen over than the barbarians who live on 
 the other side of it pour over and harry the country, carry off 
 all the miserable belongings of the country people, kill the 
 inhabitants, and burn their cottages. 
 
 MX iacet : et iactam nee Sol pluviaeve resolvunt : 
 
 indurat Boreas, perpetuamque facit. 
 ergo, ubi delicuit nondum prior, altera venit : 
 
 et solet in multis bima manere locis. 
 tantaque commoti vis est Aquilonis, ut altas 5 
 
 aequet humo turres, tectaque rapta ferat. 
 pellibus et sutis arcent male frigora braccis ; 
 
 oraque de toto corpore sola patent, 
 saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli, 
 
 et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu : i0 
 
36 OVID. 
 
 nudaque consistunt, formam servantia testae, 
 
 vina : nee hausta meri, sed data frusta bibunt. 
 quid loquar, ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, 
 
 deque lacu fragiles effodiantur aquae? 
 ipse, papyrifero qui non angustior amne, 15 
 
 miscetur vasto multa per ora freto, 
 caeruleos ventis latices durantibus, Hister 
 
 congelat, et tectis in mare serpit aquis. 
 quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc itur : et undas 
 
 frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi. . 20 
 
 perque novos pontes subter labentibus undis 
 
 ducunt Sarinatici barbara plaustra boyes. 
 vix equideni credar : sed cum sint praemia falsi 
 
 nulla, ratam testis debet habere fidem. 
 vidimus ingentem glacie consistere pontum, 25 
 
 lubricaque immotas testa premebat aquas, 
 nee vidisse sat est. durum calcavimus aequor : 
 
 undaque non udo sub pede sumrna fuit. 
 si tibi tale fretum quondam, Leandre, fuisset ; 
 
 non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae. 30 
 
 turn neque se pandi possunt delphines in auras 
 
 tollere : conantes dura coercet hiemps. 
 et quamquam Boreas iactatis insonet alis, 
 
 fluctus in obsesso gurgite nullus erit. 
 inclusaeque gelu stabunt, ut marmore, puppes : 35 
 
 nee poterit rigidas findere remus aquas, 
 vidimus in glacie pisces haerere ligatos : 
 
 et-pars ex illis turn quoque viva fuit. 
 
PERSONAL HISTORY. 37 
 
 sive igitur nimii Boreae vis saeva marinas, 
 
 sive redundatas fhimine cogit aquas ; 4 o 
 
 protinus, aequato siccis Aquilonibus Histro, 
 
 invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo : 
 hostis equo pollens, longeque volante sagitta, 
 
 vicinam late depopulatur humum. 
 diffugiunt alii ; imllisque tuentibus agros, 4 s 
 
 incustoditae diripiuntur opes, 
 ruris opes parvae, pecus, et stridentia plaustra ; 
 
 et quas divitias incola pauper habet. 
 pars agitur vinctis post tergum capta lacertis, 
 
 respiciens frustra rura Laremque suum. 50 
 
 pars cadit hamatis misere confixa sagittis : 
 
 nam volucri ferro tinctile virus inest. 
 quae nequeunt secum ferre aut abducere, perdunt : 
 
 et cremat insontes hostica flamma casas. 
 
 XXII 
 
 [TR. iv. 10. in 132.] 
 
 In this place, however, he found employment and consolation in 
 his old pursuit of Poetry. ' Over this,' he says elsewhere, 
 1 Caesar has no jurisdiction. 1 
 
 PTic ego, finitimia quamvis circumsoner armis, 
 tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo. 
 
 quod, quamvis nemo est, cuius referatnr ad aures ; 
 sic tamen absumo decipioque diem. 
 s. o. 4 
 
33 OVID. 
 
 ergo, quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 5 
 
 nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent, 
 gratia, Musa, tibi. nam tu solatia praebes ; 
 
 tu curae requies, tu mediciiia mali : 
 tu dux, tu comes es : tu nos abducis ab Histro ; 
 
 in medioque mihi das Helicone locum. TO 
 
 tu mihi (quod rarum) vivo sublime dedisti 
 
 nomen ; ab exsequiis quod dare Fama solet. 
 nee, qui detrectat praesentia, Livor iniquo 
 
 ullum de nostris dente momordit opus, 
 nani, tulerint magnos cum secula nostra poetas, 15 
 
 non fuit ingenio Fama nialigna meo. 
 cumque ego praeponam multos mihi ; non minor illis 
 
 dicor : et in toto plurimus orbe legor. 
 si quid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri ; 
 
 protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 20 
 
 sive favore tuli, sive hanc ego carmine famam, 
 
 iure tibi grates, candide lector, ago. 
 
EARLY ROMAN LEGENDS. 
 
 1. exul] Evander, of Arcadia, who some years before the 
 Trojan war was said to have come from Pallantium in Arcadia 
 to Latium, and there to have founded a city Pallantium, which 
 afterwards became part of Rome and gave its name to the 
 Palatine. 
 
 2. * How happy was he to have that country (Latium) for 
 his place of exile. ' Ovid is thinking of his own exile at Tomi, 
 and declares any one lucky who should be sent to Latium on 
 any terms. 
 
 4. Ausoniis] ' Latin.' The Ausdnes or Aurunci were the 
 inhabitants of the south-western corner of Latium. Hence, in 
 poetry, the name Ausonia is given to all Latium and sometimes 
 to all Italy. 
 
 Arcade] * than the Arcadian Evander.' 
 
 5. "boves Erytheidas] 'the cows of Erytheia,' i.e. the cows 
 belonging to Geryones, king of Erytheia, a monster with three 
 bodies. Erytheia itself is the name given by the ancients to P, 
 fabulous island somewhere in the far west. First it was sup- 
 posed to be on the coast of Epirus, and then in the fretum 
 Gaditanum, i.e. the Straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 applicat] 'lands.' 
 
 Heros Claviger] ' the club-bearing hero Hercules.' 
 
 6. emensus longi orbis iter] 'having accomplished a journey 
 of long circuit' (gen. of measure with epithet). Hercules had 
 now travelled through Europe to Africa as far as Mount Atlas, 
 had then crossed to Erytheia, thence to Gibraltar and over the 
 Pyrenees and Alps into Italy. 
 
 42 
 
40 OVID. [i 
 
 7. domus Tegeaea] i.e. 'the Arcadian house of Evander.' 
 Tegea was anciently one of the most important towns of 
 Arcadia. 
 
 9. Tirynthius hospes] i.e. Hercules, who was said to have 
 been brought up at Tiryns near Argos. 
 
 12. aversos] i.e. 'backwards,' lit. turned away from him. 
 Propertius (5, 9, 12) fills up the picture, aversos cauda traxit in 
 antra loves, feros] feri is used in poetry as a substantive in- 
 stead of ferae, 'wild beasts.' 
 
 13. Cacus] a mythical shepherd robber, whose cave is still 
 shown near the Porta Trigemina at Home, which was near the 
 north-west corner of the Aventine. 
 
 Aventinae silvae] 'of the forest on Mount Aventine.' He 
 refers to the state of things before Borne was built. The reference 
 would be as interesting to a Boman as it is to us to hear of the 
 meadows in the ' little village of Charing, ' or of a snipe shot in 
 Piccadilly. 
 
 15. pro] ' in proportion to.' 
 
 16. Mulciber] Vulcan. The word is said to be connected 
 with mulceo : and is an instance of euphemism, i. e. giving a good 
 name to something or some god who is really a cause of fear. 
 So the Furies are called Eumenides * friendly ; ' the TTOVTOS ft^etvos 
 'inhospitable sea' is called the etigeivos 'hospitable.' Vulcan, or 
 fire, is called Mule Her that he may cherish, not consume, us. 
 
 17. pro] 'in place of.' 
 
 . 20. Hercules was worshipped in Italy in connection with 
 the abolition of human sacrifices, which perhaps is here 
 typified. 
 
 21. servata male] 'ill kept,' i.e. lost. 
 
 22. furta] 'the stolen oxen, 1 lit. ' the thefts.' 
 
 24. impia antra] * the cave of the impious Cacus :' impid 
 because of the murders and cannibalism that took place there. 
 
 25. praestruxerat] ' he had blocked up the entrance :' prae, 
 *in front.' 
 
 oToice\Jol>ex, oljicio] ' with a barrier of a huge broken rock,' 
 i.e.^Wima huge fragment of rocFWa barrier.' Montis (gen. 
 of material) is used instead of saxi to indicate the great size 
 of the stone. 
 
nj NOTES. 41 
 
 26. iuga] 'pairs.' 
 
 27. oaelum quoque sederat illis] 'the heaven too had 
 rested on them,' i. e. when he held up the heavens for Atlas, 
 while the latter was fetching the golden apples of the Hes- 
 perides. 
 
 30. subsedit] 'caved in.' 
 
 31. collata dextra] 'at close quarters,' commits. 
 
 32. rem gerit] sc. ' fights.' 
 
 33. qyiB = quibus. patrias ad artes] 'to the arts of his 
 father Vulcan,' i. e. to the use of fire. 
 
 35. Typhoea] the Greek ace. of Typhoeus. Typhoeus, a 
 fearful monster with a hundred heads, terrible eyes and voice, 
 father of the Harpies, and the whirlwinds ; whom Jupiter slew 
 with a thunderbolt, and buried under Mount Etna, where he 
 vomits out flames. 
 
 37. occupat] * springs upon him :' occupat conveys the 
 idea of anticipation, i.e. Hercules springs on Cacus before he 
 can ward off the blow. 
 
 adducta] ' raised and drawn back so as to bring it down 
 with the more force.' Milton means the same thing when he 
 says: 
 
 * Where the rude axe with heaved stroke 
 Was never heard the nymphs to daunt.' 
 
 38. sedit] 'came firmly down upon:' adversi, 'opposite/ 
 i. e. the blow was full on his face. 
 
 40. plangit] 'beats,' as he writhes in the agony of the 
 death-struggle. 
 
 II 
 
 1. Vestalis] The Vestal virgins attended on the temple of 
 Vesta and were bound to virginity for their thirty years' service. 
 
 2. patruo] i.e. Amulius. Ilia was the daughter of Numitor, 
 who had been deprived of his royal power in Alba Longa by 
 his brother Amulius. 
 
 3. is] Amulius. 
 
 4. ex istis alter] 'one of. these two.' 
 
 5. recusantes] 'though revolting at.' 
 
 7, 8. 'The Albula, which Tiberinus by being drowned in 
 its waters changed to the Tiber.' That is, the earlier name of 
 
42 OVID. [n 
 
 the Tiber was Albula, which was changed to Tiber because 
 some Tuscan prince named Tibris or Tiberinus was drowned in 
 it. Ovid calls him Tiberinus; Virgil (Aen. 8, 330) calls him 
 Tibris. 
 
 8. hibernis tumebat] i. e. there was a flood. 
 
 9. fora] By the fora Ovid means the forum Romanwn, the 
 forum Julium, and ihefoimm Augustum, which were all between 
 the Palatine and Quirinal hills. They were open spaces in 
 which business was transacted. The Greeks called such a 
 place an ayopa. The forum Romanum was the oldest of the 
 three, and had at one end the Comitium and Curia. The forum 
 Julium was so called because it was made by Julius Caesar 
 B.C. 46, the forum Augustum, because made by Augustus B.C. 2. 
 
 10. Maxime Circe] The Circus Maximus was in the valley 
 (the vallis Mutia) between the Palatine and Aventine hills. It 
 was a race-course, said to have been originally formed by 
 Tarquinius Priscus and surrounded by scaffolding for the 
 spectators. Julius Caesar had converted this scaffolding into a 
 splendid building. 
 
 11. 12. neque enim procedere possunt longius] ' for they 
 couldn't go very far,' i. e. because of the flood. 
 
 13. at at] 'Well!' 
 
 14. iste] 'that one,' pointing to Romulus. 
 
 15. nisi fallit imago] 'unless appearances are deceitful.' 
 
 16. nescio quern Deum] ' some god or other. ' 
 
 18. 'He would have brought you aid in an hour of so 
 much danger.' praecipiti] praeceps, from prae-caput, means 
 properly 'head foremost,' 'headlong;' here it is applied to 
 danger which is imminent or swift. 
 
 19. 'If their mother (Ilia) had not been in need of his aid.' 
 si non introduces a negative supposition, nisi introduces an 
 
 exception. 
 
 20. orba] 'childless.' 
 
 22. desierat] desino. deposuitque sinu] ' and he put the 
 babies down from the folds of his dress. ' 
 
 23. sentire] 'that they had reason and knew what was 
 going to happen to them.' 
 
 24. hi] the two men. 
 
 26. quantum fati] ' what a mighty destiny !' 
 
in] NOTES. 43 
 
 28. sedet] 'settles on the ground.' 
 
 29. vestigia] 'some traces of it.' quaeque vocatur] 'and 
 what is now called the ficus Euminalis was then called the 
 ficus Eomula.' This fig tree was said to have been originally on 
 the Palatine, but to have been transplanted to the Comitium 
 miraculously. The Komans were very superstitious about it, 
 and in A.D. 59 great alarm was felt, Tacitus says, because it 
 seemed dead, though it afterwards shot out again. Euminalis 
 is really derived from rumis, an old word for an ' udder,' not from 
 Eomula. 
 
 31. lupa foeta] 'a she-wolf who had just had cubs.' It 
 has been said that there are authentic instances of something 
 like this having happened, in cases where she-wolves have lost 
 their cubs and seek to ease their udders. 
 
 33. parum est] 'is not enough.' 
 
 34. sustinuere] ' had they the heart to ?' 
 
 35. blanditur] 'coaxes' (blandus) takes the dative, alumnis] 
 'nurselings' from alo. 
 
 36. 'And forms their two bodies with her tongue.' This 
 arose from the false idea that an animal licks her young to form 
 their shape, whereas she only does so to clean them. Hence 
 our proverbial expression 'to lick into shape.' bina = ^MO. It 
 properly is a distributive meaning 'two apiece.' 
 
 37. satos] 'born of with abl. Satus is a participle from 
 sero t sevi ' to plant. ' 
 
 III 
 
 1. simulacra] 'image;' the singular for the plural, si- 
 mulacrum (oiyaX/ma) is the proper word for the figure of a god, 
 statua (avdpids) for that of a man. 
 
 3. pariente ministra] ' when her priestess brought forth a 
 child.' The priestesses of Vesta, like nuns, were under ail 
 obligation not to marry. 
 
 4. 'And the frightened flame shrank beneath its embers.' 
 A fire was always kept alight in the temple of Vesta f E<m'cc, 
 the goddess of the hearth), which fire Aeneas was supposed to 
 have brought with the Penates from Troy. 
 
 5. Amulius] brother of Numitor, who had driven Numitor 
 from the kiogdom of Alba Longa. 
 
44 OVID. [iv 
 
 6. opes] 'government.' 
 
 9. lacte ferino] 'milk of a wild beast,' i.e. the wolf. 
 
 10. picum] ' a woodpecker, ' which was called Martius, or the 
 bird of Mars ; and may therefore be supposed to have helped 
 the sons of Mars. 
 
 11. 12. Larentia Faustule] Faustulus, the king's shep- 
 herd, picked up the children and took them home to his wife 
 Larentia to rear ; in honour of whom the festival of the Laren- 
 talia was held at Borne, mentioned in line 13. 
 
 vestras opes] 'the help which you both gave.' 
 
 14. acceptus Geniis] December is called 'the favourite 
 month of the Genii,' because in it were celebrated the Satur- 
 nalia, in which festival each person was supposed to indulge 
 his Genius^ i.e. the god who from his birth made him his 
 especial care, and who was supposed to be gratified when the 
 man gratified himself. The Saturnalia (the feast of Saturn) 
 were fixed by Augustus for the 17th, 18th, and 19th of De- 
 cember, and in it were kept up many of the customs afterwards 
 adopted when the season became holy for another reason. 
 
 15. senos]=sex. annos] accusative of the duration of 
 time. 
 
 16. flavae barba comae] ' a new beard of yellow down.' 
 flavae comae, the genitive of the material. 
 
 18. niadae] 'the sons of Ilia,' i.e. Romulus and Remus. 
 Ilia was another name of Sylvia, as being a descendant of 
 Aeneas. 
 
 iura petita dabant] ' acted as arbitrators at their request, ' 
 lit. ' gave legal decisions when asked for. ' jura dare is said of 
 a judge. 
 
 20. in sua rura] 'into their proper farmsteads.' 
 
 21. pater editus] * the disclosure of their father.' 
 24. avo] Numitor. 
 
 26. See the next piece, verse 35. 
 
 IV 
 
 1. frater Numitoris] Amulius. 
 
 2. gemino sub duce] under the leadership of the twins,' 
 Romulus and Remus. 
 
iv] NOTES. 45 
 
 4. anibigitur] ' there is a dispute which of the two is to be 
 the founder.' 
 
 6. magna fides aviuni] ' great confidence is felt in augury.' 
 See on 7, 2. 
 
 7. nemorosi Palati] The Palatium, or Mons Palatinus, is 
 called woody to remind us of its state before the city was built ; 
 as in the first piece, verse 13, Ovid speaks of the 'Aventine 
 .wood.' 
 
 9. ordine] ' in his turn.' 
 
 pacto statur] 'they abide by the agreement.' statur is im- 
 personal ; for pacto look out pango. 
 
 11. The first step in founding a town was to mark out its 
 limits by cutting a furrow with the plough. 
 
 12. The festival of Pales was near at hand, the work (of 
 building the city) is started on that day.' The Palilia were 
 held on the 21st of April (xi Kal. Mai). Pales was a pastoral 
 deity. Part of the ceremony at the festival was running 
 through heaps of lighted hay, hence it is called sometimes 
 fumosa Palilia. 
 
 13 24. fossa fit ad solidumj 'a trench is dug down to 
 firm soil.' It is necessary in laying a foundation to rest it upon 
 soil that has not been moved, to prevent ' settling.' In Ovid's 
 time, when sites in the city had probably been mostly built on 
 before, this would need to be especially attended to. 
 
 The ceremonies observed are these : the trench is first dug 
 to the needful depth ; then some corn is thrown in and some 
 earth from a neighbouring plot as an assertion of the right of 
 the city over the surrounding district and its crops ; the founda- 
 tion being laid the trench is filled up, and an altar erected upon 
 it and inaugurated with a burnt sacrifice ; from this spot the 
 furrow is cut with a plough drawn by a white cow and a white 
 bull in the line the wall is to take ; then the founder offers a 
 prayer to Jupiter, Mars and Vesta. 
 
 16. ' And the new altar is inaugurated by lighting a fire on 
 it.', fungitur is active; lit. 'performs a lighted fire.' Cp. 
 fungi dapibus; fungi lacrimis. 
 
 17. stivam] The stiva is the handle of the plough which 
 the ploughman holds. 
 
 20. Mavors] an old form (probably Sabine) of Mars. 
 Vesta is called mater, though unmarried, as the goddess wor- 
 shipped at Lavinium the mother city of the Latins. 
 
48 OVID. [v 
 
 21. quosque plum, etc.] This is added lest any god should 
 be omitted who ought to have been named, on the same prin- 
 ciple as that on which the Athenians built an altar to ' the un- 
 known god.' 
 
 22. auspicibus vobis] ' with your favour.' Abl. absol. 
 
 23. 'Long be the life, long be the sway of this imperial 
 land.' Longa and dominae terrae belong to both clauses. 
 
 26, 27. Thunder on the left, birds on the right, were good 
 omens. 
 
 28. exiguo tempore] 'within a short space of time.' 
 
 29. Celer] In the earliest times of Eome all knights were 
 called Celer es, and perhaps this word only meant a knight at 
 first, but has become a proper name in the legend in course of 
 time. 
 
 34. his] 'such paltry walls as these.' 
 
 35. rutro (ruitrum, a ruendo) ' a spade.' occupat] see 1, 37. 
 
 38. devorat] 'swallows his tears,' i.e. will not let them 
 appear. 
 
 39. servat] 'maintains.' 
 
 40. sic] 'with a similar result.' 
 
 1. Ardea] the capital of the Kutuli, twenty-four miles 
 south of Eome. 
 
 2. lentas obsidione moras] 'a lingering siege;' lit. 'slow 
 delays in, or, by a siege.' obsidione is abl. of instrument. 
 
 3. dum vacat] 'while there is a lull in the operations:' 
 used here as an impersonal verb. 
 
 6. accipit] 'entertains.' 
 
 rege creatus] 'the king's son,' i.e. Sextus. Rcge the abla- 
 tive of origin. 
 
 8. ad patrios Decs] i.e. 'home.' 
 
 9. torus socialis] 'our wives.' ecquid] merely asks the 
 question. 
 
 10. nmtua cura] i.e. are they thinking of us as we of 
 them? 
 
v] NOTES. 47 
 
 13. ' Up gets he to whom Collatia had given a name,' i. e. 
 L. Tarquinius Collatinus, a great-nephew of Tarquinius Priscus, 
 and named from Collatia, a town inLatium, of which his father 
 Egerius was governor. 
 
 14, 15. The story is told also in the first book of Livy, 
 where this speech stands thus: quin conscendimusequos,invisi- 
 musque praesentes nostrarum ingenia ? id cuique spectatissimum 
 sit, quod nee opinato viri adventu occurrerit oculis. 
 
 18. in fore] 'at the wicket.' Foris is generally used only 
 in the plural fores, the swinging doors in a gateway. 
 
 19. fusis per colla coronis] * with garlands hanging from 
 her hair down upon her shoulders.' Both men and women 
 wore flowers in their hair at banquets. But in earlier times it 
 was thought wrong for a matron to be present where wine was 
 drunk : as also among the Greeks. So Pentheus in the Bac- 
 chae of Euripides says : 
 
 For I hold 
 
 That where the wine- cup stands upon the board 
 No woman may be present and be pure.' 
 
 20. posito pervigilare mero] * spending the whole long 
 night with wine upon the board.' As the Eomans dined be- 
 tween two and three in the afternoon, drinking late at night 
 would be a very conspicuous act of excess even in men. 
 
 pervigilare] The per has an intensive force. 
 
 23 26. Lucretia is discovered preparing wool with which 
 afterwards to weave a wrapper for her husband. 
 
 23. 'By a small lamp her handmaidens were spinning 
 their tasks of yarn.' 
 
 The ' small lamp' is to contrast with the brilliant banquet 
 of the wife of Sextus. trahefoant] i. e. were drawing the yarn 
 from the distaff (coins) and twisting it into wool by means of 
 the spindle (fusus). pensa are the amounts of yarn weighed 
 out to each woman to work (pendere). 
 
 26. lacerna] Ovid uses this word, common in his day, as a 
 general term for any 'overcoat' or 'wrapper,' although it was 
 really a dress not known until towards the end of the Piepub- 
 lic. It was a fashion borrowed from Gaul. 
 
 28. esse super] =superesse, 'to be left.' 
 
 29. melioribus] 'men better than yourself.' restas = 
 resistif. 
 
48 OVID. [vi 
 
 32. stricto ense] 'when he has once drawn his sword.' 
 
 34. me subit] 'occurs to rne.' 
 
 35. desinit in lacrinias] * she finished by bursting into 
 tears.' in takes the accus. because dcsinere implies motion, 
 though motion arrested at a point : so, desinit in piscem mulier 
 formosa superne. It is an elegant construction to be observed 
 and imitated. 
 
 intent i fila] the threads which she was holding tight as 
 she drew them off the coins. 
 
 VI 
 
 3. patrem] Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, who with Brutus 
 was elected first to the consulship on the expulsion of the Tar- 
 quins B.C. 509. 
 
 5. .habitum] 'the disorder of her dress and general ap- 
 pearance.' 
 
 6. exequias] ' funeral rites ' (e- sequor), icta frcm ico. 
 It is rare that any part of the verb is used except ictus. 
 
 7. pudibunda] (pudere) 'bashful,' like moribiindus, furi- 
 bundus, trejnebundus , is an adjective denoting an habitual state 
 and was 'originally a gerundive. 
 
 8. perennis aquae] 'a spring.' perennis = ' lasting the 
 whole year' (annus) and then 'perpetual.' 
 
 9. nine nine] 'on one side,' 'on the other.' 
 orant, indicet] ut omitted. 
 
 10. caeco metu] 'with fear of they knew not what.' 
 
 12. ideo] 'any the more for that,' i. e. though she was at 
 last able to speak she could not even then raise her eyes. 
 
 13. hoc quoque...debebirnus?] lit. ' Shall we owe this too 
 to the Tarquins?' i.e. that I am obliged to tell my own dis- 
 honour. In addition to all my other wrongs am I to owe them 
 the shame of this story ? 
 
 15, restabant ultima] 'the worst remained untold.' 
 17. facto coactae] ' the deed of one who had been forced.' 
 21. honeste] 'decently,' 
 
 23. communia damna] ' a loss that affected them both,' 
 one as father, the other as husband. 
 
vii] NOTES. 49 
 
 24. decoris] 'rank.' 
 
 25. fallit] 'falsifies.' sua nomina] plur. for sing., as also 
 tela in next line. Ovid has before called Brutus stulti sapiens 
 imitator. He is said to have feigned madness to escape the 
 jealousy of the Tarquins. 
 
 29. per tibi ego hunc] Obs. the order of the words. In 
 solemn oaths the emphatic pronoun is generally put between 
 the per and that which it governs. No doubt the old formulas 
 began in that way. 
 
 31. poenas daturum] ' shall be punished.' 
 profuga] * exiled,' cf. 18, 32. 
 
 32. virtus] * my valour. ' 
 
 35. animi virilis] genitive of quality. 
 
 36. 'And is followed to the tomb by the tears and indigna- 
 tion of the people. 7 
 
 37. vulmis inane patet] 'the gaping wound is before their 
 eyes.' inane seems to refer to the appearance of a wound when 
 blood has ceased to flow. Cp. Shakespeare : 
 
 1 Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb mouths, 
 And bid them speak for me; but were I Brutus 
 And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony 
 Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue 
 In every wound of Caesar that should move 
 The stones of Borne to rise and mutiny.' 
 
 38. regis facta nefanda] Not only the crime of Sextus, 
 but the cruelties of Superbus. Livy says addita superbia ipsius 
 regis, miseriaeque labores plebis in fossas cloacasque ex- 
 hauriendas demersae. 
 
 39. fugit] 'is driven into exile.' The 23rd of February 
 (vii Kal. Mart.) was kept by the Bomans in memory of this 
 expulsion of the Tarquins, and the festival was called the 
 regifugium. 
 
 40. regnis] * to kingly power.' 
 
 VII 
 
 The quarrel at this time was not so exclusively between 
 Plebeian and Patrician, as between rich and poor, on the sub- 
 ject of the cruel laws of debt, which surrendered the person of 
 
50 OVID. [vn 
 
 a debtoi who could not pay entirely into the hands of his 
 creditor. 
 
 2. vera fide] ' truth.' Fides may be (1) the honour which 
 makes one tell truth, (2) faith, the feeling of belief in the truth 
 of another, (3) credit, i. e. the belief others have in our truth, 
 (4) the trustworthiness or truth of a statement, as here, 
 dissidet * is far from.' 
 
 3. Tribunis] The Tribuni pleMs, whose chief duty it was 
 to watch the interests of the plebs, were first appointed in the 
 next year, 493 B.C. 
 
 4. in vertice abit] (alit=aMit) means 'departed from 
 Rome and was on the top of the Mons Sacer.' 
 
 The Mons Sacer was on the right bank of the river Anio, 
 about three miles from Rome. 
 
 6. ceres] * corn.' 
 
 7. Bovillis] * at Bovillae :' locative case. Bovillae was ten 
 miles from Eome on the Via Appia. 
 
 8. mundae sedulitatis] (gen. of quality, cf. 6, 35) * a neat 
 and industrious old woman.' sedulus (whence sedulitas) is 
 probably from the root sed- seen in sed-eo, sed-es, and means 
 * industrious, ' from the notion of sitting persistently at work. 
 
 9. mitra] ' snood,' a scarf wound round the head and then 
 tied under the chin. It was a Greek fashion, and in Italy 
 chiefly used by old women. 
 
 redimita capillos] ' bound as to her hair/ the accusative 
 of respect, or Greek accusative as it is sometimes called. 
 
 10. fingebat] ' used to shape,' cf. 2, 36. 
 
 11. ita] * just as they were,' i.e. without taking anything 
 to eat with them. 
 
 13. pace facta] i. e. a reconciliation between the plebeians 
 and patricians having been made. 
 
 signum] * statue.' 
 
 Perennae] i.e. to Anna Perenna. The whole story is a later 
 legend to account for the worship of Anna Perenna, which 
 really means the full moon, Anna being a feminine of annus, 
 and perenna an archaism for perennis. Annus properly means 
 a circle, and perennis is from per-annus. The title, thus 
 referring to the Moon's revolutions, in this legend is applied 
 to the perpetual (perennis) supply of food given by Anna. 
 
vni] NOTES. 51 
 
 14. defectis] In ver. 5 deftcio was constructed as a transi- 
 tive verb governing the accusative, it is therefore ahle to admit 
 a past participle passive defectus, 'failed by,' i.e. 'in want 
 of something.' So we use ' fail ' as an intransitive and transi 
 tive verb. We say ' he failed in his effort,' where it is intran- 
 sitive ; and ' you failed me,' where it is transitive. 
 
 VIII 
 
 1. haec fu.it ilia dies] i.e. the Ides or 13th of February. 
 "Livy says that the Fabii were destroyed on the 18th of July. 
 But Ovid reckons the black day to be that on which they left 
 Borne. 
 
 Veientibus arvis] Vei, the modern Isola Farnese, was an 
 Etruscan city on the river Cremera, about 12 miles from 
 Rome. Its territory at this time extended probably up, or 
 nearly so, to the right bank of the Tiber. 
 
 3. domus] 'family.' By 'one family undertaking the 
 burden and forces of the city,' Ovid means that the Fabii had 
 determined to bear alone the brunt of the war with the 
 Veientines. They were led out by Kaeso Fabius in his third 
 Consulship, B.C. 479. A main reason for their thus leaving 
 the city seems to have been the dangerous position of Kaeso, 
 who though a patrician had taken part with the plebs. 
 
 4. gentiles] ' all of one gens.' professa] ' volunteered,' be- 
 cause the offer to carry on the Veientine war was freely made 
 to the Senate : professus, participle passive of deponent verb 
 profiteer. 
 
 7. 'There is a passage through the Porta Carmentalis 
 nearest to the temple of Janus on the right.' The gate was 
 called the ' Gate of Carmentis' from an altar to Carmentis sup- 
 posed to be the mother of Evander. It had two archways ; Ovid 
 says that the road leading through the right-hand one nearest 
 to the temple of Janus is to be avoided as unlucky. The gate 
 was somewhere between the Mons Capitolinus and the river. 
 
 9. rapacem] 'rapid,' because of the season, as he ex- 
 plains next line. For ordinarily the Cremera is a small insig- 
 nificant stream. 
 
 12. Tyrrheimm] ' Tuscan.' 
 
 13. Libyca] 'African.' 
 
52 OVID. [ix 
 
 18. anna caeca] ' an ambuscade.' 
 
 19. ultima] 4 the extremities.' 
 
 21. rara] ' scattered at wide intervals.* 
 
 22. vir^ultis] ' by brushwood.' The object of leaving a 
 few cattle and men in the plain was first to make the Fabii 
 believe that no one else was near, secondly, to make them 
 scatter in pursuit of the booty. 
 
 24. repente] 'in a sudden thaw.' 
 
 27. discursifous] 'raids,' discurrere means 'to separate 
 and run in different directions,' as soldiers would when scat- 
 tering for plunder. 
 
 29. male creditur] ' ill is it to trust your foe.' 
 
 35. 'Like a boar that has been run down far from his 
 covert in the Laurentine forest.' Laurentum, on the coast 
 south of the mouth of the Tiber. The laurus, 'bay,' grows 
 there in abundance still, and wild-boars are also still plentiful. 
 
 39, 40. This merely means that the Fabii were all killed 
 in one day. They had been carrying on the war from their 
 camp on the Cremera for more than a year. Ovid, not caring 
 about historical fact so much as a picturesque story, leaves one 
 in doubt whether he means to imply or not that the Fabii were 
 killed on the same day as that on which they left Eome. 
 
 41. Herculeae] The Fabii claimed to have descended from 
 Hercules by a daughter of Evander. 
 
 45. olim] ' hereafter.' Maxime] i. e. Quintus Fabius 
 Maximus, called Cunctator from his policy of delaying by which 
 he wore out Hannibal. He was appointed Dictator after the 
 battle of Trasimene, B.C. 217. Ovid is referring to a famous 
 line of Ennius, 
 
 unu-B homo noils cunctando restituit rein. 
 
 IX 
 
 1 4. The Vestalia or feast of Yesta was on the 9th of 
 June. Part of the ceremony was a procession of matrons with 
 bare feet. This custom Ovid says he had had accounted for 
 by a tradition of a marsh once existing in the Velabrum and 
 spreading into the Forum. 
 
 2. Nova via] A street branching off from the via sacra and 
 running behind the Temple of Yesta into the Yelabrum, i.e. 
 
x] NOTES. 53 
 
 the low ground between 'the north point of the Aventine, the 
 south point of the Capitoline, and the west point of Palatine 
 and the river.' It was on the hill, but had apparently been 
 connected with the forum, either by steps or an inclined path- 
 way. 
 
 4. sustirmi] 'stopped,' 
 
 5. sensit] 'perceived my surprise.' 
 vlcina loci] 'who lived near the spot.' 
 
 7. fora] i. e. theForum Eomanum and the ForurnBoarium. 
 
 8. 'And a ditch was brimming full with the flood- water of 
 the river;' or, 'Like a ditch (the ground) was wet with the 
 flood- water of the river.' 
 
 11. Velabra] plur. for sing. The road from the Forum to 
 the Circus Maximus passed through the Velabrum, which is 
 therefore said ' to usher on the processions.' 
 
 12. cassa] (connected with cared) 'empty/ 'barren.' 
 
 13. 14. 'Some diner-out being ferried over the suburban 
 pool,' i.e. the pools formed by the flooding of the Tiber. 
 
 14. cantat. . .iacit] historic presents. ' Used to sing,'. . . ' used 
 to ejaculate.' 
 
 15. 16. Sc. Vertumnus. A statue of this god stood between 
 the Forum Bomanum and Forum Boarium. Ovid supposes the 
 name to be derived from vertere and amnis. Its true deriva- 
 tion is from the participle form in -umnus, representing the 
 Greek -6/j.evos. Cf. Auctumnus (auyeo), alumnus (alo). He is 
 the god of change, and therefore is said 'to suit himself to 
 various shapes.' 
 
 17. hie quoque] i. e. where the Nova Via enters the Forum 
 Romanum. 
 
 18. pede velato] i.e. with shoes on. 
 
 19. stagna] 'floods.' 
 
 X 
 
 1. Vesta] i.e. the temple of Yesta. 
 3. sancti ignes] See on 3, 4. 
 5. ministrae] i.e. the Yestal virgins. 
 S. o. 
 
54 OVID. [xi 
 
 8. Metellus] Lucius Caecilius Metellus, who was Pontifex 
 Maximus. It was said that he lost his eyesight in the per- 
 formance of this feat, for which he was ever afterwards allowed 
 the privilege of riding to the Senate-house in a carriage. 
 Plutarch says that he recovered his sight after duly propitiating 
 the goddess. 
 
 9. pignora fatalia] i.e. the Palladium, on the keeping of 
 which the safety of Rome was supposed to depend. 
 
 10. voto] 'by prayer.' 
 
 13. haurit aquas] i.e. he takes some water to purify him- 
 self before entering the shrine. 
 
 tollens manus] The attitude of prayer among the Eomans 
 was to stand with the hands raised, the palms being turned to 
 the front and bent backwards ; hence supinae manus. 
 
 14. sacra] ' oh, ye holy mysteries !' 
 No. man might enter the temple of Vesta. 
 
 16. 'Let Rome be free from evil consequences by my 
 punishment,' i. e. be satisfied with my punishment ; let not 
 Eome suffer. 
 
 caput = < person.' flamnum capitis might 'mean (1) loss of 
 citizenship, (2) less of life. 
 
 18. pontincis sui] 'her own Pontiff.' The Pontifex Maxi- 
 mus had a special connection with the worship of Vesta, one of 
 his principal duties being to appoint the Vestal virgins. 
 
 munere] 'by the good offices.' 
 
 XI 
 
 [You must understand that this is part of a letter which 
 Penelope is supposed "to write to her husband Ulysses.] 
 
 2. barbara] i.e. Trojan. The Greeks called all who did 
 not speak Greek (3dpj3apoi (barbari). 
 
 3. nymphae] 'brides,' which is- an unusual meaning. It 
 nearly always means ' nymphs,' i. e. semi-divine persons. 
 
 grata dona] ' thank-offerings.' 
 
 4. illi] i. e. the returned warriors, 
 canunt] ' repeat exultingly.' 
 
 5. iusti senes] The old men are called jmti because they 
 had the care of legislation and administering justice. 
 
xi] NOTES. 55 
 
 7, 8. They spill a little wine on the table and draw a 
 ground plan of Troy, and the sites of the battles. 
 
 7. posita mensa] when the second course is put on. The 
 Romans had the courses of their meals brought in ready set 
 out on trays (mensae). 
 
 8. Pergama] properly the citadel of Troy, is here used for 
 Troy itself. 
 
 9. hac] c in this direction.' Simois is one of the rivers of 
 Troy. 
 
 Sigeia tellus] The town and promontory of Sigeum, near 
 which in the Trojan war a great part of the fighting took place. 
 
 11. Aeacides] Achilles, grandson of Aeacus. 
 
 tendebat] ' used to pitch his tent.' Tender e in this sense 
 Is a military term, as you will find in Virgil (Aen. 2, 29), hie 
 saevus tendebat Achilles. 
 
 12. 'Here mangled Hector frightened the horses into 
 galloping at full speed.' 
 
 admissos] lit. ' let go,' as applied to horses, means that they 
 have their head given them, and are at full gallop. This 
 refers to the story of Achilles dragging the body of Hector 
 round the walls of Troy fastened to his chariot. 
 
 13. 14. Nestor] king of Pylos, whom the son of Ulysses 
 (Telemachus) visited when he went in search of his father. 
 
 15. Rhesum Dolonaque] Rhesus and Dolon, two heroes 
 killed by Ulysses and Diomede in a night expedition. Rhesus, 
 who was king of Thrace, was killed in his sleep. Dolon met 
 Ulysses and Diomede on his way to reconnoitre the Greek 
 camp, and the two lay in wait for him and killed him. 
 
 18. Thracia castra] i.e. the camp of Rhesus, king of the 
 Thracians. tangere] ' to enter.' 
 
 19. tot] * such a number:' they killed thirteen, uno] i.e. 
 Diomede. 
 
 21. micuere] * palpitated :' micare means ' to move quick- 
 ly,' thence in the sense in which you know it best, ' to glitter ' 
 or 'shine.' 
 
 22. Ismariis equis] i.e. 'the Thracian horses' which 
 Ulysses took from Rhesus. Ismarus is a mountain and town 
 in Thrace, amicum agmen] i. e. the Greeks. 
 
 52 
 
56 OVID. [xn 
 
 23. vestris] * of you Greeks.' 
 
 24. solum] * level ground. ' 
 
 26. dempto fine] ' for ever,' lit. ' a limit being taken 
 away.' 
 
 carendus abest] ' my husband is absent, and I have to sub- 
 mit to his loss.' carendus] a passive gerund of careo, a 
 verb which governs the ablative, like utendus and fruendus. 
 The more common construction is the impersonal, carendum 
 est milii aliquo. 
 
 27. aliis mini] * for others,' for me.' 
 
 28. incola victor] ' the conqueror turned settler.' 
 
 29. seges] ' cornfield;' sometimes it means the crop itself. 
 resecandaque falce] * needing to be cut with the sickle.' 
 
 30. ' The soil fattened with Trojan blood overflows with 
 its harvest.' As Byron said of the field of Waterloo, ' How 
 that red rain has made the harvest grow ! ' 
 
 31. 'The ploughshare often strikes against the bones of 
 men who fell in the siege.' So in Southey's ballad of Blenheim 
 Kaspar says of the skulls, ' And often when I go to plough, 
 the ploughshare turns them out.' 
 
 34. in quo orbe] ' in what part of the world. ' 
 ferreus] * hard-hearted. ' 
 
 37. quam tibi reddat] 'for him to give you.' The pur- 
 pose expressed by relative with subjunctive. 
 
 XII 
 
 [You must remember that this is an extract from a letter 
 which Briseis is supposed to be writing to Achilles.] 
 
 1. reditus] i.e. a return home to Greece. Achilles had 
 threatened to go home and not fight any more. 
 
 2. sarcina] ' burden.' It properly means anything c sewn 
 together' (sarcio); then * a bundle,' * a load.' 
 
 4. molliat] ' I have a hand well suited to soften wools,' 
 i.e. to draw them off the distaff (coins) skilfully, so that they 
 should be like wool, not thread. This was done by neat ma- 
 nipulation with finger and thumb. 
 
xn] NOTES. 57 
 
 7, 8. Some wife worthy of a father-in-law who is a grand- 
 son of Jove and Aegina, and whom Nereus would not disdain 
 as the wife of his grandson. 
 
 The father-in-law is Peleus, son of Jove and Aegina. 
 
 The prosocer is Nereus, father of Thetis, the mother of 
 Achilles. 
 
 9. data pensa] See on 5, 23. 
 
 10. minuent colos] 'shall make the distaffs thinner as 
 I draw them off.' 
 
 11. exagitet] ' persecute me. ' It is a word used in hunt- 
 ing to mean ' drive out of covert. ' 
 
 12. aequa] 'kindly disposed.' 
 
 13. scindi] ' torn.' coram] ' in your presence.' 
 
 15. ' Or if it must be so, allow it so long as I arn not left 
 behind by you in contempt. ' 
 
 dum ne] is used in a negative sentence of this sort, not 
 dum non : or sometimes dummodo ne. 
 
 16. concutit ossa] ' makes me tremble to my very bones.' 
 
 17. Agamemnona paenitet] Agamemnon offered Achilles 
 full reparation, and to give back Briseis if he would come back 
 to the fighting ; but Achilles refused. 
 
 20. Hector] While Achilles sulked in his tent, the Tro- 
 jans continually beat the Greeks, and Hector once nearly suc- 
 ceeded in taking and burning the ships, opes] ' forces.' 
 
 21. sed me tamen] * but take me back first,' lit. ' me first, 
 however, having been received again.' 
 
 22. preme] 'chase.' 
 
 23. propter me] because Agamemnon took me from you. 
 
 24. tristitiae] 'gloomy temper.' 
 
 26 30. Oenides] is Meleager, son of Oeneus. There was 
 a war between the Aetolians of Calydon and the Curetes for the 
 skin of the boar killed by Meleager. In this war Meleager 
 killed his mother's brothers. His mother, Althaea, being 
 angry, prayed the gods to slay her son. Then Meleager in his 
 anger at this would not fight any longer for the Aetolians, who 
 were then always beaten by the Curetes. His father, mother 
 and sisters all vainly begged him to go to the fight ; but at last 
 he gave way to the prayers of his wife Cleopatra. 
 
58 OVID. [xin 
 
 28. devovit] ' devoted to the infernal gods,' ' cursed.' 
 31. felicior ilia] * she was more fortunate than I am ! * 
 Because she could persuade her husband, I cannot. 
 
 pro nullo pondere cadunt] 'fall idly, and are of no ac- 
 count.' 
 
 XIII 
 [Oenone is supposed to be writing to Paris.] 
 
 1. tantus] ' so great a man.' 
 
 2. Oenone was said to be the daughter of the river Kebren. 
 
 3. afosit reverentia vefo] lit. 'let personal respect be 
 absent from truth,' i. e, * let no feeling of respect for } r our rank 
 prevent my speaking the plain truth to you.' 
 
 4. servns] Paris had been exposed as an infant on Mt Ida, 
 and brought up as a shepherd lad. tuli] * I deigned. ' 
 
 5. quis] ' who but I used to show you ? ' saltus] ' coverts.' 
 7. retia] hunting nets. They used stake nets to sur- 
 round the covert which they were beating, and into which they 
 drove the animals. 
 
 maculis distincta] ' with its wide meshes.' 
 
 9, 10. 'You often cut my name on the beeches.' Like 
 the lover in Shakespeare's As You Like It, Act iii. 2, * There 
 is a man haunts the forest that abuses our young plants with 
 carving Rosalind on their barks.' 
 
 12. crescite] * grow on, ye letters, and rise to duly form an 
 inscription that shall tell my tale.' Oenone seems to be 
 thinking of an inscription on a tomb. 
 
 titulos] titulus is properly the inscription on a statue or the 
 like, in indicates the end or object of the action. 
 
 14. lioc carmen] ' this couplet.' 
 
 16. i. e. The whole laws of nature shall be changed. 
 
 19. fatum mini dixit] 'told me my fate,' i.e. settled 
 what it was to be. 
 
 20. mutati] ' changed,' like fine weather to stormy. 
 
 22. venit in arbitrium tuum] ' came to submit to your 
 decision.' Paris was chosen judge to decide to which of the 
 three goddesses the apple, inscribed 'to the most fair,' should 
 be given. 
 
xiv] NOTES. 59 
 
 XIV 
 
 [Hypsipyle was queen of Lemnos. Jason visited her there 
 when on the voyage in the Argo. He promised to return to 
 her, hut in the interval married Medea. Hypsipyle is here 
 supposed to be writing to him.] 
 
 I. barbara pelex] ' a foreign mistress.' For barbara see 
 on 11, 2. 
 
 Argolis, -idos, ( a Greek woman.' 
 
 3. carmina] 'incantations.' 
 
 4. diraque cantata] ' and with a sickle over which en- 
 chantments have heeii repeated she cuts magic herbs.' 
 
 5. 6. When the Moon or Sun was eclipsed it was imagined 
 that they had been affected by witches. 
 
 8. viva saxa] ' natural rocks.' 
 
 9. discincta] * with her dress ungirded.' 
 
 10. tepidis rogis] 'funeral pyres still warm,' i.e. when 
 the body had but just been burnt. 
 
 II. devovet] She devotes to destruction by incantation. 
 Another way was to make a wax figure representing the person 
 whom it was wished to injure, and either to melt it at the fire, 
 or pierce it, as here. 
 
 13. et quae nescierim melius] ' and things which I am 
 all the better for not knowing.' male quaeritur] ' love is ill 
 obtained by magic drugs.' 
 
 14. moribus] ' character.' 
 
 15. in imo] i. e. * in the same.' 
 
 17. scilicet] 'doubtless.' 
 
 tauros] This refers to Medea having helped Jason by 
 her charms to yoke the fire-breathing bulls, when he went for 
 the golden fleece. 
 
 te iuga ferre coegit] i.e. the yoke of love. 
 
 18. anguis] referring to the dragon that guarded the 
 golden fleece. 
 
 qua ope] ' the same means by which.' 
 mulcet] < bewitches.' 6e\yi. 
 
60 . OVID. [xv 
 
 XV 
 
 [Ariadne is supposed to "be writing to Theseus.] 
 
 1, 2. It was early morning, when the hoar frost is on the 
 ground, and birds begin to pipe while still on the boughs. So 
 Tennyson talks of ' the earliest pipe of half-awakened birds.' 
 
 3. a somno langnida] ' languid from sleep.' a somno has 
 a sense from the combined notions of ' by sleep ' as an instru- 
 mentj and ' after sleep.' 
 
 5. nullus erat] * there was no Theseus.' 
 
 The simplicity of these pretty lines is full of pathos^ They 
 may again remind us of Tennyson : 
 
 * Tears of the widower, when he sees 
 A late-lost form that sleep reveals, 
 And moves his doubtful arms, and feels 
 Her place is empty, fall like these.' 
 
 9. adductis] ' brought violently against it.' 
 
 10. e somno] ' after sleep.' ut erat] 'just as it was.' 
 
 21. animus] * excitement.' 
 
 22. ' I take in the deep ocean in my survey.' 
 
 metior] ' I measure ' is used metaphorically much as our 
 word measure is, meaning * I go over.' 
 
 23. usa sum] ' I have experienced.' 
 
 24. praecipiti] ' swift.' See on 2, 18. 
 
 carbasa] neut. pi. from carbasus, fem. Carbasus appears 
 to be a Sanskrit word for ' cotton.' 
 
 25. 'I saw or at least when I thought I saw.* 
 27. illo] sc. dolor e. 
 
 30. numemm suum] 'its full freight,' 'the full number of 
 its passengers.' 
 
 31. plangore] ' by beating my breast' (plangere). 
 
 32. verbera cum verbis] The words are suggested by the 
 similarity of sound, but it can scarcely be called a pun. 
 
 34. iactatae...manus] 'my hands tossed wildly made 
 signals.' 
 
xvi] NOTES. 61 
 
 35. velainina] ' a veil.' 
 
 36. scilicet] belongs to ollitos. * To remind those who as 
 I fondly tried to think had only forgotten me.' Scilicet shows 
 that she knows that they had not really forgotten her, but 
 purposely left her. 
 
 37. turn denique] ' not till then.' 
 
 38. genae] : eye-balls.' 
 
 XVI 
 
 [Laodamia is writing to her husband, Protesilaus.] 
 
 1. sors] ' an oracle.' The answers of oracles were given 
 in different ways, among others by drawing lots, sortes. Hence 
 in poetry sors may stand for an oracle generally. 
 
 2. Danaum] gen. plur. 
 
 Troada] Troas, fern, adject., formed like Areas, Arcados. 
 In these Greek words the termination -a in the accusative is 
 preserved, as also that of -as in the plural, see 14, 1 Argolidas, 
 and Thesea from Theseus, 15, 28. 
 
 4. stremms] * over active ' or 'bold.' This word is connected 
 with Gr. G-Tpyvos, 'excess of strength,' and our strong. 
 
 7. novlssimus] 'last.' 
 
 9. remoque veloque] to use oar and sail at the same time 
 would be to make all the haste possible. 
 
 13. simulacra noctis adoro] 'I pray to ghosts of the night,' 
 i.e. the ghosts that appear in the night. The Greeks and 
 Komans looked upon the Manes or Spirits of the departed as 
 divine and needing to be propitiated, cf. 6, 29. 
 
 14. fumo meo] i. e. a sacrifice from me. 
 
 Thessalis] a fern. adj. from Thessalus, like Argolis in 14, 1. 
 
 15. 16. qua...mero] 'with which tear the flame spirts out 
 again as it is wont to do when wine is poured in it.' 
 
 This would be a good omen ; and she takes pleasure in it 
 until she recalls again the idea of Troy and all the dangers of 
 the expedition. 
 
 mero] It was customary to extinguish the dying embers of 
 funeral piles and altars with wine, which would generally make 
 the fire just. blaze up and then go out. 
 
G2 OVID. [xvii 
 
 19, 20. The Greek ships were long detained at Aulis by 
 contrary winds. 
 
 invitis aquis] 'in spite of the unfavourable state of the 
 sea.' 
 
 21, 22. 'Not one of you would even come home in the teeth 
 of the wind, fancy going away from it in a storm ! ' 
 
 The emphatic words are in patriam and a patria. 
 
 26. non subiti casus] genit. mora belongs both to casus 
 B,nd.numinis. 'That delay is not come from mere chance, it 
 comes from God.' Mora casus.... numinis, 'delay caused by 
 chance... by God,' a subjective genitive. Subitus is here not 
 exactly ' sudden,' but more what we mean by 'random. 5 
 
 28. Inachiae] ' Argive,' from Inachus, a primitive king of 
 Argos. 
 
 XVII 
 
 1,2. ' That you may know what sort of person I, the 
 well-known sportive poet of soft love, was take these lines, 
 Posterity.' 
 
 [Before his exile Ovid was chiefly known by love poetry. 
 Though his greatest work the Metamorphoses was written and his 
 Fasti partly so, they had not been published.] 
 
 3. Sulmo] a town of the Peligni, seven miles south of Cor- 
 finium and about ninety from Rome. Ovid often speaks of 
 its healthiness and of its well-watered district. It stood in the 
 valley of the Gizio, a tributary of the Aternus. 
 
 6. cum...parl] i.e. B.C. 43, when the two consuls Hirtius 
 and Pansa fell in the battle against Antony at Mutina (Modena). 
 
 7. si quid id est] ' if it is anything.' Ovid evidently thinks 
 it a considerable thing. ordinis] sc. equestris. What he 
 means by being ' an heir from many generations of the eques- 
 trian order ' is that his ancestors had belonged to it for many 
 generations. But in truth all members of the ordo equester 
 may be said in a sense to be so munere fortuna-e t because since 
 the Lex Sempronia, B.C. 122, everybody possessed of propert}' 
 of the value of 400,000 sesterces was ipso facto an eques. Ovid 
 however makes the very common boast that his family had 
 enjoyed the requisite fortune for many generations. 
 
xvii] NOTES. G3 
 
 9. stirps] scion.' 
 
 11. natalibus] 'birthdays.' 
 
 12. liba] 'sacrificial cakes. 7 On a birthday sacrifice was 
 made to a man's protecting genius, and friends made visits and 
 presents. 
 
 13. 14. ' This is, of the five days sacred to armed Minerva, 
 that one which is wont to be first made bloody by fighting,' 
 i. e. the first one on which gladiatorial combats were held. 
 
 The quinquatria of Minerva began on the 19th of March and 
 lasted five days. The shows of gladiators did not commence 
 till the second day (sanguine prima vacat, F. 3, 811) ; con- 
 sequently Ovid means that he was born on the 20th of March. 
 
 15. protinus] 'from the first.' 
 
 16. insignes ab arte] illustrious for their skill, i. e. in 
 rhetoric. For the ab, cf. 15, 3. 
 
 UrMs] i. e. Borne. 
 
 19. coelestia sacra] 'heavenly mysteries,' i. e. of the Muses. 
 
 22. Maeonides] i. e. -Homer, who is often so called, from 
 Maeonia or Lydia being assigned as his native place by some 
 traditions. Professor Eamsay says ' Of the seven cities which 
 claimed this honour Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, 
 Khodos, Argos, Athenae two were in Maeonia and one ari 
 island on its coast.' 
 
 24. motiis] 'the trammels of metre.' 
 
 20. Comp. Pope, *I lisped in numbers for the numbers 
 came.' 
 
 numeros ad aptos] ' to the proper metre.' 
 
 28. lifoerior toga] i. e. the toga virilis, which boys as- 
 sumed at ages varying from 15 to 17. Before that they wore 
 the toga praetexta. Ovid calls it liberior, because after this 
 ceremony a youth was supposed to be at liberty to enter into 
 the active life of the Forum, although he probably did not 
 actually do so until later. He was liable for military service 
 after 17. 
 
 29. The purple with a broad stripe is put on our shoulders, 
 i. e. we wore the laticlavia. In the time of the republic equites 
 wore the angustlclavia, or toga with narrow stripe, and a gold 
 ring, and only Senators wore the laticlavia, or toga with broad 
 purple stripe. In Ovid's time, however there were two classes 
 
64 OVID. [xvn 
 
 of equites ; the first of which, equites illnstres or splendidi, 
 men possessed of a senatorial fortune, and descended from 
 ancestors who had held senatorial rank, wore the laticlavia. 
 
 33, 34. 'I obtained the first office possible for one of my 
 tender years.' A man could not hold a Curule office, which 
 gave an entree to the Senate, until he was 36 ; but there were 
 several minor offices which he might hold, and which were 
 looked upon as steps to the higher offices. Of these Ovid here 
 says that he held that of triumvir, one of a commission of 
 three, several of which, for various purposes, e.g. triumviri 
 monetales, capitales, etc., existed. 
 
 35. curia resta'oat] i.e. 'the next step was to obtain a 
 Curule office, and so enter the Senate.' The first Curule office 
 to obtain was that of Curule Aedile, which a man might be 
 elected to at 36, according to the lex annalis or law to regu- 
 late ages. 
 
 clavi mensura coacta est] ' (but instead of my doing so) 
 my laticlavia was changed to the angusticlavia^ i.e. I left the 
 ranks of the illustres equites, the candidates for higher offices, 
 and retired into the private life of an ordinary eques. 
 
 36. illud onus] 'that burden,' i.e. of public life and sena- 
 torial rank. 
 
 39. Aoniae Sorores] The Muses are called Aonian from 
 Mount Helicon in Boeotia, a country anciently called Aonia. 
 
 40. iudicio meo] ' in my real unbiassed judgment.' 
 
 41. 42. * I reverenced every poet as almost divine.' 
 
 43 54. The names of the poets, whom Ovid knew or saw 
 in his youth. Of these Propertius (d. B.C. 16), Horatius (d. B.C. 
 8), Yergilius (d. B.C. 19), Tibullus (d. B.C. 18), are too well known 
 to require any notice. The works of the others, Macer, Pon- 
 ticus, Bassus, Gallus, are lost, and not very much is known 
 about the men. 
 
 (1) Aemilius Macer died in B.C. 16, the author as here 
 mentioned of a poem on birds, reptiles, and simples. 
 
 (2) Ponticus, only known as the author of an heroic poem 
 on the Theban war. 
 
 (3) Bassus, unknown. 
 
 (4) Gallus. Caius Cornelius Gallus is the most con- 
 siderable personage of these four. He was born about 66 B. c. 
 at Forum Julii (Fre"jus) in Gaul, and died B.C. 26. He was 
 
xvii] NOTES. 65 
 
 a contemporary and a school-fellow of Virgil, and his great 
 friend. He was with Octavian at Actium, by whom he was 
 afterwards made Prefect of Egypt. His principal known work 
 was a collection of Elegies in four books. He killed himself 
 because he fell into disgrace and was deprived of his offices and 
 property. 
 
 45. ignes] 'love poems ;' ignis is a common word for 'love ' 
 in poetry, and here it stands for the description of love. 
 
 46. iure sodalitio] 'but the ties of fellowship,' i.e. by be- 
 longing to the same sodalitas or club. We cannot tell whether 
 this sodalitas was political or merely social. Probably the 
 latter. 
 
 t 48. convictus mei] 'of rny set' (cum...vivere). 
 
 49. numerosus] * skilled in many metres,' referring to the 
 various lyric metres employed by Horace. 
 
 50. 'Whilst on his Italian lyre he strikes his notes of 
 cultured song.' 
 
 ferit] because the lyre is played by striking the strings with 
 a quill or plectrum (TrX^crcrw). 
 
 For Ausonia see on 1, 4. 
 
 culta] Horace's songs are called culta, because written in 
 metres many of them new to Latin poets, and learnt and intro- 
 duced from Greek poetry. 
 
 51. Vergilium] Virgil died B.C. 19. 
 
 Tibullo] Tibullus probably died in B. c. 18, when Ovid was 
 25 years old. 
 
 53. successor] That is, Ovid regards the leading Elegiac 
 poets to have been successively Gallus, Tibullus, Propertius, 
 himself. 
 
 56. Thalia] was the muse of Comedy. But Ovid uses her 
 name as a general one for the muse of Poetry. 
 
 57. legi] i.e. 'I recited.' A poet at Rome not being able 
 to have his poems printed and so circulated, began by reading 
 them either publicly or to invited audiences. The references to 
 this custom are very frequent. 
 
 62. emendaturis] 'sure to correct all faults' (mendae). 
 
 63. cum fugerem] ' when I was going into exile.' Ovid 
 eays elsewhere that when he was exiled he had written the 
 Metamorphoses, and that he burnt the book ; but that others 
 
66 OVID. [xvn 
 
 had copies (which he probably knew quite well), and so they 
 survived. 
 
 64. iratus studio] Ovid is ' angry with his calling and his 
 poems,' because one of them, the ' Art of Love,' was the osten- 
 sible cause of his banishment. 
 
 67. hoc] 'this sort of person,' i.e. prone to fall in love, 
 igni] is the ablative. The older form of the ablative of -i 
 
 stems was in i, e. g. turri. But ignis may have both igne and 
 igni in the ablative. 
 
 68. fabula] 'scandal.' 
 
 74. sustinuit] * had the courage to be.' 
 
 77, 78. -That is, Ovid's father died at the age of 90. The 
 lustrum properly meant the sacrifice of purification at the end 
 of every five years offered for the whole people at the time of 
 the taking of the census. Then it was used to express a space 
 of five years. Ovid says his father had added nine lustpa to 
 nine lustra, i. e. 45 + 45. 
 
 80. iusta] ' funeral rites.' 
 
 81. tempestive] * in good time.' 
 
 82. poenae] i. e. my exile. 
 
 83. me felicem] like me miserum, the accusative in excla- 
 mations. 
 
 88. 'And if the charges against me are discussed in the 
 forum of Hades.' 
 
 Stygio] Styx, 'the river of loathing' (ffrvytw), one of the 
 rivers of the infernal regions. 
 
 90. errorem] The ostensible cause of Ovid's banishment 
 was the immorality of his Ars Amoris. He always asserts, 
 however, that there was another cause, which was a mistake of 
 his, not a fault. Something had happened which he unfor- 
 tunately knew and saw. What this was has never been clearly 
 ascertained. But it has been gathered, from his various notices 
 of it, that it was something connected with Julia, the grand- 
 daughter of Augustus, who was a woman of abandoned character, 
 and was banished about the same time as Ovid, and some of 
 whose debaucheries Ovid may have connived at or assisted. 
 
 91. manibus] ' for the spirits of the departed.' 
 
 95, 6. ' And since my birth the winning horse garlanded 
 with Pisaean olive had ten times borne off the prize,' i.e. there 
 
xvm] NOTES. 67 
 
 had been ten Olympic games, which were held at Olympia in 
 Elis, not far from Pisa. 
 
 As Ovid was 51 years old at the time of his banishment 
 there had really been twelve Olympic contests in his life. But 
 he confuses a Greek Olympiad (4 years) with a Latin Lustrum 
 (5 years). 
 
 According to the Greek reckoning Ovid was born in the 2nd 
 year of the 184th Olympiad, and was banished in the third 
 year of the 196th. 
 
 vinctus oliva...eq.uus] A garland of wild olive was the 
 prize at the Olympic games. The horse is here said to be 
 crowned with it instead of the man. 
 
 97. Tomltas] the Tomitae, the people of Tomi. The modern 
 name is Tomisvar, or perhaps Kustenji in Bulgaria, about 200 
 miles north of Constantinople, on the shores of the Black Sea. 
 Tomi was a colony of Miletus. 
 
 98. Principis] of the Emperor. Princeps, which meant 
 originally Princeps Senatus, was the title most affected by the 
 Emperors, who in every way tried to keep up the fiction of being 
 the chiefs of a free state, in which the institutions of the Be- 
 public were in force. 
 
 XVIII 
 
 I. subit] * occurs to my mind,' cf. 16, 17 ; 5, 34. 
 imago] <idea,'cf. 5, 33. 
 
 4. nunc quoctue] * even at this distance of time.' Ovid 
 was a year on his journey to Tomi from Borne. 
 
 6. Ausoniae] sc. Italy. See on 1, 4. 
 
 7. 'I had neither had inclination nor sufficient time to 
 make preparations : ' lit. ' fitted to one preparing.' 
 
 8. tprpuerant] 'had grown callous,' and therefore had 
 taken no trouble. 
 
 10. vestis opisve] cura is understood from previous line : 
 1 clothes or money. ' opis is not often found in singular except 
 in accusative opem ' help,' and ablative ope. 
 
 II, 12. non aliter...] * I was just as one who is struck by 
 lightning, and though alive unconscious.' 
 
68 OVID. [xviii 
 
 13. dolor ipse] ' the pang of grief itself.' 
 
 15. extremum] ' for the last time.' 
 
 16. unus et alter] * one or two.' 
 
 18. imbre] ' a shower of tears.' 
 indignas] * that did not deserve such sorrow.' 
 
 19. ' My daughter was away from Eome in the opposite 
 direction (i. e. to that in which I was going), on the coast of 
 Libya.' We do not know who the husband of Ovid's daughter 
 was, but he probably had some provincial office in Africa. 
 
 20. certior esse] ' to be informed.' 
 
 22. intus] 'indoors.' funeris] 'funeral.' 
 
 23. femina, virque] sing, for plur., * women and men 
 alike.' 
 
 25. in parvo] ' in a matter on a small scale.' 
 
 26. Troy naturally suggests itself to Ovid as a model of 
 disaster and dismay as it did to Shakespeare : 
 
 'Even such a man, so faint, so spiritless, 
 So dull, so dead in look, so woebegone, 
 Drew 1 Priam's curtains in the dead of night, 
 And would have told him half his Troy was burnt.' 
 cum caperetur] ' when it was being taken.' 
 32. accedam] 'I shall be added.' Translate: ' I shall be but 
 a small additional weight to the vessel of your exile.' The vessel 
 is called profuga because carrying a banished man. Cf. 6. 31. 
 sarcina] Cf. 12. 2. 
 
 34. pietas] * dutiful affection.' 
 
 35. sic] ' to the same effect.' 
 
 36. dedit manus] 'gave in.' dare manus came to mean 
 * to be conquered,' from the habit of holding up the hands as a 
 sign of giving up in a fight. 
 
 utilitate] The 'expediency' Ovid refers to was probably con- 
 nected with the safe keeping of his property, which as his 
 punishment was not exilium but relegatio still remained his 
 own, but would doubtless suffer if there was no one in Eome 
 lie could trust to look to his interests. 
 
 37. illud] i. e. egredi, ' if going it can be called and not 
 rather a being borne out in funeral procession.' 
 
 38. squalidus] ' clad in mourning.' 
 
xix] NOTES. 69 
 
 immissis] 'with hair falling over unshorn cheeks/ The 
 Romans of Ovid's time either wore no hair on their faces or 
 exceedingly neatly trimmed beards; so one rule for a dandy 
 Ovid gives is sit coma sit doctd barba resecta manu. A neglect 
 of this was a sign of mourning. 
 
 39. ilia] my wife, tenebris obortis] * with a sudden dark- 
 ness upon her eyes,' i.e. fainting. For obortis cf. lacrymas 
 obortas, 4, 137. 
 
 41. ut] * when.' resurrefcit and membra levavit are not 
 merely repetitions: membra levare implies difficulty and 
 previous faintness. 
 
 43. se modo] sc. desertam^ 
 
 45. nataeve meumve corpus] 'the body of her daughter 
 or of me.' 
 
 47. ponere sensus] ' to get rid of sensation;' 
 
 49. quoniam sic fata tulerunt] 'since the fates have so 
 ordered it,' i. e. that I should be absent from her. tulerunt is 
 used as though an intransitive in these phrases. Cf. ita fert 
 voluntas, 'that is my desire.' 
 
 XIX 
 
 1 4. Cp. Ps. 107, 26, ' They are carried up to the heaven, 
 and down again to the deep ; their soul melteth away because 
 of their trouble.' 
 
 3. diducto aequore] ' as the sea yawns.' 
 
 6. hie. ..ille] ' the former,'...' the latter. 7 
 
 7. ' The wave of the sea knows not which master to obey,' 
 i. e. which of the four winds. 
 
 9. purpureo ab ortu] ' from the purple east.' 
 
 10. sero vespere missus] ' starting from the west,' lit. 
 from the late evening. That is, where the sun is in the late 
 evening. 
 
 11. bacehatur] lit. ' plays the Bacchant.' The Baccha- 
 nalian women were inspired with madness by Bacchus. J5ac- 
 chari therefore means to * revel madly.' 
 
 Arcto] the North Pole. Properly, the Bear, or Constella- 
 tion of the Great Bear, 
 
 s. o. 6 
 
70 OVID. [xx 
 
 12. adversa fronte] * front to front/ i.e. in opposite 
 directions, and so meeting each other. 
 14. ars] i. e. the art of navigation. 
 
 19. at...] * however it is some consolation that my wife 
 knows nothing of all this, my exile is all that grieves her.' 
 
 20. hoc nostri mail] ' thus much of my misfortune and no 
 more.' Cf. 20. 5. A partitive gen. 
 
 23. o bene] understand factum est, ' ah how lucky it was 
 that, &c.' conscendere] sc. navem, ' embark.' passus for passus 
 sum. 
 
 25. ut peream] * even though I perish.' Cp. 22, 20. 
 
 26. * I shall survive at least in half of myself.' dimidia 
 parte, abl. of part affected. 
 
 28. aetherio axe] ' the welkin.' Axis, the axle, on which 
 the sky was supposed to revolve, came to he used for the 
 sky itself, fragor] 'crash,' from root offrango. 
 
 29. laterum tabulae] * the timbers of the ship's sides.' 
 
 30. balistae] (pd\\civ) * stone-throwing machines.' These 
 machines were used to throw huge stones against walls ; and a 
 smaller sort were used like field-cannon, being transported from 
 place to place on carts. . 
 
 31. 32. * Every tenth wave is the biggest.' 
 33. genus letl] 'the sort of death.' 
 
 35, 36. est aliquid...] ' 'tis something to be buried on dry 
 land, if one must die. ' 
 
 fato suo] ' at one's appointed time.' 
 
 38. aliqua sepulcra] 'some burial.' The plural sepul- 
 cra seems here to be used for funeral ceremony. 
 
 XX 
 
 [Ovid is writing to his wife from Tomi.] 
 
 2. aeger eram] ' I was sick,' i.e. when I was writing this. 
 The imperfect is the usual tense employed in letters ; the 
 writer puts himself in the place of the receiver of the letter. 
 
 5. quid animi...putes] what would you think my feelings 
 were ? quid animi, what of mind ? ' Cf. 19, 20. 
 
xxi] NOTES. 71 
 
 6. Sauromatas Getasque] * between the Sauromatae and 
 Getae.' The Getae were the inhabitants of Dacia, which was 
 not subdued by the Romans until A. D. 101. The Sauromatae 
 were a tribe near the southern shores of the Maeotis Palus (Sea 
 of Azof). 
 
 10. ApoUinea arte] i.e. the art of medicine. Apollo was 
 the god of medicine as well as song, and was father of Aescu- 
 lapius. 
 
 12. narrando] ' by telling stories. 1 
 
 14. subit] 'occurs to my mind,' see 5, 34 and index. 
 
 15. vincis] ' you are of more importance.' 
 
 16. plus parte] ' more than half/ 
 
 19, 20. ciuin etiam sic...ut...] 'Nay more, they say that 
 I never wandered in my speech without your name being on 
 my lips in my delirium. ' 
 
 loqui aliena, ' to speak beside the purpose,' i.e. deliriously. 
 
 sic...ut] Lit. ' only in such way that your name was, etc.* 
 They may be translated by though ' and ' yet.' Cf . Cic. ita 
 eras lupercus ut consul esse meminisse deberes, * though you 
 were a lupercus yet you should have remembered that you 
 were a consul.' 
 
 21. ' Even if I were dying, and my tongue were cleaving to 
 the roof of my mouth.' 
 
 23. ' Suppose some servant were to announce that his 
 mistress had come.' 
 
 dominam] 'my wife.' 
 
 24. vigcris] ' of recovered strength.' 
 
 XXI 
 
 [The excessive hardness of the winter at Tomi here de- 
 scribed by Ovid is unlike what we know of its climate. However, 
 it is said that the cold in Bulgaria is at times much greater 
 than would be expected from its latitude ; and Ovid may have 
 experienced an unusually hard winter, and at the same time 
 be willing to paint everything in the worst possible colours. 
 He gives precise details which certainly have the appearance 
 of personal experience : especially he notices the fact mentioned 
 
 6-2 
 
72 ^ OVID. [xxi 
 
 in 49, 50, of fishes retaining their vitality when embedded in 
 ice, which Mr Church points out Ovid was not likely to know 
 except from personal observation. It is somewhat remarkable 
 that Virgil, who could only know by report, describes this 
 neighbourhood in much the same language. Georg. 3, 349 383. 
 
 3. prior, altera] 'the snow of the previous year,' <a 
 second fall.' 
 
 4. toima] ' two years' old.' 
 
 5. commoti] ' when it has begun to blow a storm,' lit. ' has 
 been set in motion.' 
 
 7. pellibus et sutis braccis] l with skins and feewn trowsers, ' 
 means ' with trousers of sewn skins : ' like maculis distinctus et 
 auro, which is the same as maculis aureis distinctus. The 
 trowsers here meant are what are called braccae laxae (#v\a/cot) 
 * loose trowsers,' not breeches fitting close. Elsewhere Ovid 
 Bays Pellibus et laxis arcent mala frigvra braccis. Look out 
 braccae in Diet, of Antiquities. 
 
 11. mida...vina] By the * wine standing naked ' Ovid means 
 that it will stand without the covering of the jar, from which it 
 can be taken out in a frozen mass and set up on end. 
 
 12. nee hausta meri sed data frusta] 'and they swallow 
 hot portions of wine drawn out, but bits handed to them.' 
 Grammatically frusta belongs both to hausta and data, but 
 for the sense some such word as pocula must be understood 
 with hausta. Of. Virgil, G. 3, 
 
 caeduntque secufibus Tiumida vina. 
 
 13. cencrescant] * are frozen over.' 
 
 14. fragiles aquae] ' water that can be broken ' (instead of 
 poured), i.e. ice. 
 
 15. papyrifero amne] i.e. the Nile. The papyrus no 
 longer exists in the Nile. 
 
 17, 18. Hister] The Danube is never now frozen over at its 
 mouth, though higher up stream it is. tectis aquis] * with its 
 waters covered in by ice.' caeruleos latices] 'its blue waters.' 
 The colour of the Danube is well known . 
 
 21. perque novos pontes] 'and over novel bridges,' i. e. 
 of ice. 
 
 22. Sannatici] Sarmatia and Sarmaticus are used in a 
 general sense to include all the tribes on the north shore of the 
 Black Sea. 
 
xxi] NOTES. 73 
 
 24. ratam defect] * a witness ought to have firm credit : ' 
 for fides see on 7, 2. The only 'interest' Ovid can have had 
 in exaggerating these details is to move compassion for himself 
 in Augustus, and secure his recall or at least a change in his 
 place of exile. 
 
 25. pontum] i. e. the Black Sea. The harbour of Odessa 
 and others in the Black Sea are blocked in winter now, but not 
 those in the neighbourhood of Tomi. 
 
 26. luforica testa] ' a slippery shell,' a coating of ice. 
 
 27. durum calcavlmus aequor] ' I have trodden on the sea 
 which was all hard beneath my feet.' 
 
 29. 30. Leandre] Leander was drowned while swimming 
 across the Hellespont to Abydos to visit Hero. Mr Church 
 gives the following version of this couplet : 
 
 'Had such, Leander, been the sea 
 That flowed betwixt thy love and thee, 
 Never on Helles' narrow strait 
 Had come the scandal of thy fate.' 
 
 30. angustae crimen aquae] ' a charge against the narrow 
 strait,' i.e. of having drowned Leander. So in 1, 13 Cacus is 
 called Aventinae infamia sylvae. 
 
 31. pandi delpnines] ' curly dolphins.' For pandi, cL 
 pandus asellus. 
 
 34. obsesso gurgite] ' on the flood hemmed in with ice.' 
 37, 8. pisces haerere ligatos] ' fish imprisoned in ice.' It 
 is true that fish thus embedded will long retain life. 
 
 40. redundatas flumine aquas] 'the waters which over- 
 flowed from the river,' see 9, 8. 
 
 cogit] ' freezes.' 
 
 41. aequato] ' made a level surface of ice.' 
 
 42. invehitur] 'rides down upon us.' invehi is middle, 
 and has a participle invehens. 
 
 47. stridentia] ' creaking.' 
 
 51. hamatis] 'barbed.' Ovid elsewhere has arundo ha- 
 mata. Anything crooked may be called a liamus, among other 
 things the barbs of an arrowhead. 
 
 52. tinctile] ' smeared on them,' or 'in which they are 
 dipped ' (ting ere). 
 
 54. hostica] lit. 'by the invader.' 
 
OVID. [xxn 
 
 XXII 
 
 I. finitimis armis] ' the wars of tlie neighbouring tribes/ 
 Cf. 20, 6. 
 
 3. quod] sc. carmen. 
 
 5. obsto] stand up against. 
 
 6. taedia] * disgust,' i.e. that I do not commit suicide. 
 
 7. 8. gratia] * Thanks to you, my Muse ! ' Ovid means 
 that the writing of poetry has been his one consolation and 
 employment ; it has kept him from suicide, made him forget 
 Tomi, and given In'm the enjoyment of fame in his lifetime. 
 So Coleridge says, ' Poetry has been to me its own exceeding 
 great reward : it has soothed my afflictions ; it has multiplied 
 and refined my enjoyments, it has endeared solitude.' 
 
 10. in medio Helicone] 'on m;d Helicon,' i.e. on the 
 Mount of the Muses. See on 17, 39. 
 
 By the Muses taking him from the Danube and placing 
 him on mid Helicon, Ovid means that in his poetical pursuits 
 he forgets the dreary neighbourhood of the Danube. 
 
 II. vivo] ' while still alive/ 
 
 13. detrectat] 'detracts from.' iniquo] 'hostile.' 
 
 14. de nostris] sc. operibus. 
 
 18. plurimus legor] 4 1 am read by a very great number 
 of people,' or perhaps 'the greatest number of any poet.' As 
 a man might boast now-a-days of having the largest circulation. 
 
 20. Tit] 'though.' 
 
 21, 22. favore...iure] 'by partiality, '...'deservedly,' abla- 
 tives of manner. 
 
 carmine] ' by means of my poetry,' the ablative of the 
 effective cause. 
 
 grates ago] 'I thank.' Grates is only plural and is seldom 
 found except in nom. and accus. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Ab with abl. of instrument 
 
 15, 3. 17, 16 
 ablative of time within which 
 
 4, 28 
 
 adductus 1, 37. 15, 9 
 admissus, 11, 12 
 adversus 19, 12 
 Aeacides 11, 11. 12, 21 
 Aegina, the nymph, 12, 7 
 Albula 2, 7 
 aliena loqui 20, 19 
 alumnus 2, 35 
 Amulius 3, 5 
 animus 15, 21 
 Aoniae sorores 17, 39 
 Apollinea ars 20, 10 
 arbitrium 13, 22 
 Areas 1, 4 
 Ardea 5, 1 
 ars, 19, 13 
 
 Ausonia 17, 50. 18, 6 
 Ausonius 1, 4 
 Aventina sylva 1, 13 
 a versos boves 1, 12 
 
 Bacchari 19, 11 
 balista 19, 30 
 barbara 11, 2. 14, 1 
 
 Bassus, 17, 47 
 bimus 21, 4 
 bini 2, 36 
 blandior 1, 35 
 Bovillae 7, 7 
 braccae 21, 7 
 Brutus 6, 37 
 
 Cacus 1, 13 
 
 capitis damno 10, 16 
 
 cantare ' to charm' 14, 4 
 
 carbasus 15, 24 
 
 carmen 13, 14 
 
 carmina ' incantations ' 14, 3 
 
 cassus 9, 12 
 
 Celer 4, 29 
 
 ceres 7, 6 
 
 Circus Maximus 2, 10. 9, 11 
 
 claviger 1, 6 
 
 collata dextra 1, 31 
 
 Collatia 5, 13 
 
 communis 6, 23 
 
 concrescere (to freeze over) 21, 
 
 13 
 
 concutere 12, 16 
 Corinna 17, 60 
 coronae 5, 19 
 creatus 5, 6 
 
76 OVID. 
 
 Cupidinea tela 17, 65 
 curia 17, 35 
 Curtius lacus 9, 9 
 
 Debeo 6, 13 
 demere finem 11, 26 
 desinere in with ace. 5, 35 
 devoveo 14, 11 
 discingo 14, 9 
 discursus 8, 27 
 Dolon 11, 15 
 dum ne 12, 15 
 
 Ecquid 5, 9 
 emendare 17, 62 
 epistolary tense 20, 2 
 Erytheia 1, 5 (note) 
 Euxinus 17, 97 
 
 Fabula 17, 68 
 
 fallere 6, 25 
 
 fatigare 16, 6 
 
 Faustulus 3, 12 
 
 ficus Buminalis 2, 30 
 
 fides 4, 6. 7, 2. 21, 24 
 
 fingere 2, 36. 7, 10 
 
 fora 2, 9. 9, 7 
 
 fossa 4, 13. 9, 8 
 
 fragilis 21, 14 
 
 frusta 21, 12 
 
 fugere 'to be exiled' 6, 39. 17, 
 
 63 
 furta 1, 22 
 
 Gallus 17, 53 
 genae 'eyeballs' 15, 38 
 genitive of quality 6, 35. 7, 8 
 ,, of the subject 16, 26 
 gentiles 8, 4 
 Getae 20, 6 
 grates agere, 22, 22 
 Greek accusative 7, 9 
 ,, terminations, 16, 2 (note) 
 
 Hamatae sagittae 21, 51 
 
 haurio, 21, 12 
 
 Hector 12, 20 
 
 Helicon 17, 23. 22, 10 
 
 hic...ille 19, 6 
 
 Hirtius and Pansa 17, 6 (note) 
 
 Hister 21, 17 
 
 Horatius 17, 49 
 
 Ideo 6, 12 
 
 igni (abl.) 17, 67 
 
 Iliadae 3, 18 
 
 imago 'idea' 5, 33. 18, 1 
 
 immissis comis 18, 38 
 
 Inachiae rates 16, 28 
 
 inanis 6, 37 
 
 inoola 11, 28. 21, 48 
 
 invehi 21, 42 
 
 invitis aquis 16, 20 
 
 Ismarius 11, 22 
 
 Juga 1, 26. 14, 17 
 justa 17, 80 
 
 Kebren 13, 2 (note) 
 
 Lacerna 5, 26 
 Larentia 3, 11 
 Laurentes sylvae 8, 35 
 Leander 21, 29 
 lentus 5, 2 
 liba 17, 12 
 Libycus 8, 13 
 ligari 21, 37 
 locative case 7, 7 
 lusor, 17, 1 
 lustrum, 17, 78 
 
 Macer 17, 44 
 maculae 13, 7 
 Maeonides 17, 22 
 male 1, 21. 8, 29 
 manus dare 18, 36 ; tollere in 
 prayer 10, 13 
 
INDEX. 
 
 77 
 
 Mavors 4, 21 
 
 mensa 11, 7 
 
 Metellus 10, 8 
 
 metior 15, 22 
 
 mico 11, 21 
 
 Minervae festa 17, 13 
 
 mitra 7, 9 
 
 mollire lanas 12, 4 
 
 mores 14, 14 
 
 Mulciber 1, 16 
 
 mulcere 14, 18 
 
 mutari (of weather) 13, 2Q 
 
 Narrando 20, 12 
 natalia 17, 11 
 nescio qnis 2, 16 
 Nestor 11, 14 
 noris 17, 2, 5 
 novissimus 16, 7 
 nuda vina 21, 11 
 numerus 15. 30 
 Numitor 4, 1 
 nymphae (brides) 11, 3 
 
 Obex 1, 25 
 
 obortis tenebris 18, 39 ; rtas 
 
 lacrimas 4, 37 
 obsessus 21, 34 
 occupare 1, 37. 4, 35 
 Oenides (Meleager) 12, 26 
 olympiad, an, 17, 95 note 
 opes 3, 6. 12, 20; ope 14, 18; 
 
 opis 18, 10 
 ora 1, 19 
 orbis 11, 34 
 ordo equestris 17, 7 
 ortus 19, 9 
 
 Pergama 11, 8 
 Palilia 4, 12 (note) 
 Palladium 10, 9 
 pandus 21, 31 
 papyrifer 21, 15 
 
 pereiinis 6, 8 
 pervigilare 5, 20 
 picus 3, 10 
 pietas 18, 34 
 Pisaea oliva 17, 95 
 plangere 1, 40. 15, 31 
 plurimus legor 22, 18 
 plus parte 20, 16 
 pondere pro nullo 12, 32 
 pons (of ice) 21, 21 
 pontifex 10, 18 
 pontus 21, 25 
 praeceps 2, 18. 15, 24 
 praestruere 1, 25 
 premere 12, 22 
 princeps 17, 98 
 pro 1, 15, 17 
 professus 8, 4 
 profugus 6, 31. 18, 32 
 Propertius, 17, 45 
 prosocer 12, 8 
 pudibundus, 6, 7 
 
 Quid animi 20, 5 
 
 EarusS, 21 
 
 regifugium 6, 38 (note) 
 regna 6, 40 
 relucere 16, 15 
 reluctari 14, 5 
 remoque veloque 16, 9 
 repente 8, 24 
 resecare 11, 29 
 restare 5, 29 
 retia 13, 7 
 reverentia 13, 3 
 Khesus 11, 15 
 rogus 14, 10 
 Romulus 2, 4 
 rutrum 4, 35 
 
 Sacra 10, 14. 17, 19 
 sarcina 12, 2. 18, 32 
 
78 
 
 OVID. 
 
 Sarmatici 21, 22 
 
 satus 2, 37 
 
 Sauromatae 20, 6 
 
 scindere capillos 12, 13 
 
 sedere 1, 38 
 
 sedulitas 7, 8 
 
 seges 11, 29 
 
 semianimis 18, 40 
 
 sepulchra 19, 37 
 
 si non 2, 19 
 
 sic...ut 20, 19 
 
 Sigeia tellus 11, 9 
 
 simulacra 16, 13 
 
 socialis torus 5, 9 
 
 solidum 4, 13 
 
 sors (oracle) 16, 1 
 
 squalidus 18, 38 
 
 stagna 9, 19 
 
 stamina 12, 10 
 
 stirps 17, 9 
 
 strenuus 16, 4 
 
 Stygium forum 17, 88 
 
 subire 5, 34. 16, 17. 18, 1. 
 
 20, 14 
 
 suburbanus 7, 7. 9, 13 
 Sulmo 17, 3 
 Bustineo 17, 74 
 
 Tegeaeus 1, 7 
 
 tendere 'pitch a tent ' 11, 11 
 
 testa lubrica 21, 26 
 
 Thalia 17, 56 
 
 Thessalis 16, 14 
 
 Tiberinus 2, 7 
 
 Tiberis z&. 
 
 taedia 22, 6 
 tinctilis21, 52 
 Tiryns 1, 9 (note) 
 titulus 13, 12 
 togaliberior 17, 28 
 Tomitae 17, 97 
 torpere 18, 8 
 tres viri 17, 34 
 tribuni 7, 3 
 tristitia 12, 24 
 Troas 16, 2 
 turn denique 15, 37 
 Tyrrhenum 8, 12 
 
 Unus et alter, 18, 16 
 
 ut omitted 6, 9 ; ' though,' 19, 
 
 25. 22, 20 
 Utor 15, 23 
 
 Vacat impers. 5, 3 
 Veientibus arvis 8, 1 
 Velabrum 9, 11 
 velamen 15, 35 
 velato pede 9, 18 
 verbosus 17, 18 
 Vergilius 17, 51 
 Vertunmus 9, 15 (note) 
 Vestal Virgins 2, 1. 10, 5 
 
 (note) 
 
 Vestalia 9, 1 
 Via Nova 9, 2 
 vigoris 20, 24 
 vincere 20, 15 
 vivus, 14, 8 
 votum 10, 10 
 
 CAMBBIDGK : PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PKESS. 
 
Macmillan's Elementary Classics. 
 
 UNDER the above title is now being published a Series of 
 CLASSICAL BEADING BOOKS, selected from the best Greek 
 and Latin authors, with short introductions, and full 
 elementary Notes at the end, designed for the use of the 
 Lower Forms of Public Schools, of Private Preparatory 
 Schools, of Candidates for Junior Local Examinations, and 
 of beginners generally. 
 
 The endeavour of the Publishers will be to enlist in 
 the undertaking none but Scholars of recognised eminence, 
 whose names will in themselves be a guarantee that the 
 different books will be thoroughly well done. 
 
 A primary object of the Series will be to impart know- 
 ledge in a way both interesting and sound, that the stu- 
 dents who use the books may really be attracted by the 
 information given in the Notes, and may therefore go on 
 into higher walks of learning with genuine zeal, feeling 
 confident that they have a solid basis in the knowledge 
 already acquired. With this object an endeavour will be 
 made to illustrate each author from all the various points 
 of view that have been brought out by modern learning. 
 The attention of students will not be confined to mere 
 questions of grammar, but, where feasible, the results of 
 philological and archaeological research will be insinuated, 
 and points of historical and literary interest brought out. 
 
 Cheapness, so far as is consistent with real excellence, 
 being an essential feature, each volume, containing about 
 120 pages, 18mo. will be issued at Eighteenpence. 
 
The following are already in a more or less advanced 
 state of preparation : 
 
 Virgil. The Fifth -ffineid. The Funeral Games. Edited by 
 Rev. A. CALVERT, M.A., late Fellow of St John's College, Cam- 
 bridge. [Ready. 
 
 Horace. The First Book of the Odes. Edited by T. E. PAGE, 
 M.A., late Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, and Assistant 
 Master at the Charterhouse. [Ready. 
 
 Ovid. Selections from the Fasti and Epistles. Edited by 
 E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A., late Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cam- 
 bridge, and Assistant Master at Eton. [Ready. 
 
 Csesar. The Second and Third Campaigns of the Gallic War. 
 Edited by W. G. RUTHERFORD, B.A., Balliol College, Oxford, and 
 Assistant Master at St Paul's School. [Ready. 
 
 Thucydides Book IV. Ch. 141. The Capture of Sphacteria. 
 Edited by C. E. GRAVES, M.A., Classical Lecturer and late Fellow of 
 St John's College, Cambridge. [Ready in August. 
 
 Herodotus. Selections from Books VII. and VIII. The Expe- 
 DITION OF XERXES. Edited by A. H. COOKE, B.A., Fellow of 
 King's College, Cambridge. [Ready in August. 
 
 The Greek Elegiac Poets. Selected and Edited by Rev. HER- 
 BERT KYXASTOX, M.A., Principal of Cheltenham College, and for- 
 merly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. [In Preparation. 
 
 Homers Iliad. Book XVIII. The Arms of Achilles. Edited 
 by S. R. JAMES, B.A., Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, and 
 Assistant Master at Eton. [In Preparation. 
 
 Livy. Scenes from the Hannifcalian War. Selected and 
 Edited by G. C. MACAULAT, B.A., Assistant Master at Rugby, for- 
 merly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. [In Preparation. 
 
 Virgil. The Second Georgic. Edited by J. H. SKRINE, M.A., 
 Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and Assistant Master at Upping- 
 ham. [In Preparation. 
 
 Livy. The Last Two Kings of Macedon. Scenes from the 
 
 LAST DECADE OF LIVY. Selected and Edited by F. H. RAW- 
 
 ., LINS, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and Assistant 
 
 Master at Eton. [In Preparation. 
 
 Horace. Selections from the Epistles and Satires. Edited 
 by Rev. W. J. V. BAKER, B.A., Fellow of St John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, and Assistant Master at Marlborough. [In Preparation. 
 
 Caesar. Scenes from the Fifth and Sixth Books of the Gallic 
 ^YAR. Selected and Edited by C. CQLBECK, M.A. , Fellow of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and Assistant Master at Harrow. 
 
 \In Preparation. 
 MA.CMILLAN AND CO. LONDON. 
 
MACMILLAN'S CLASSICAL SERIES, for COLLEGES and 
 SCHOOLS, being select portions of Greek and Latin authors, 
 edited, with Introductions and Notes at the end, by emi- 
 nent scholars. The series is designed to supply first rate 
 text-books for the higher forms of Schools, having in view 
 also the needs of Candidates for public examinations at 
 the Universities and elsewhere. 
 
 The books are clearly printed in fcap. 8vo., and uni- 
 formly bound in neat red cloth. 
 
 The following volumes are ready : 
 
 -ffischylus Persse. Edited by A. 0. PRICKARD, M.A., Fellow 
 and Tutor of New College, Oxford. With Map. 3s. Qd. 
 
 Catullus Select Poems. Edited by F. P. SIMPSON, B.A., late 
 Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. 4s. Gd. 
 
 Cicero The Second Philippic Oration. From the German of 
 Karl Halm. Edited, with Corrections and Additions, by JOHN E. 
 B. MAYOE, Professor of Latin in the University of Cambridge, and 
 Fellow and Classical Lecturer at St John's College. New edition, 
 revised. 5s. 
 
 The Catiline Orations. From the German of Karl Halm. 
 Edited, with Additions, by A. S. WILKINS, M.A., Professor of Latin 
 at the Owens College, Manchester. New edition. 3s. 6d. 
 
 The Academica. Edited by JAMES REID, M.L., Fellow of 
 Caius College, Cambridge. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Pro Lege Manilla,. Edited, after Halm, by Prof. A. S. 
 3s. Qd. 
 
Demosthenes The Oration on the Crown, to which is pre- 
 fixed ^BSCHINES AGAINST CTESIPHON. Edited by B. DRAKE, 
 M. A., late. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. 55. 
 
 {Sixth and thoroughly revised edition in the Press. 
 
 Homer's Odyssey The Narrative of Odysseus, Books IX. XII. 
 Edited by JOHN E. B. MAYOR, M.A. Part I. 35. 
 
 [To be completed shortly. 
 
 Juvenal Select Satires. Edited by JOHN E. B. MAYOR, Fel- 
 low of St John's College, Cambridge, and Professor of Latin. Satires 
 X. and XI. 85. Satires XII. XVI. 35. 6d. 
 
 Livy Hannibal's First Campaign In Italy, Books XXI. and 
 XXII. Edited by the Rev. W. W. CAPES, Reader in Ancient His- 
 tory at Oxford. With 3 Maps. 55. 
 
 Ovid Select Epistles. Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. 
 
 [In the Press. 
 
 Sallust Catiline and Jugurtha. Edited by C. MERIT ALE, D.D. 
 New edition, carefully revised and enlarged. 45. 6d. Or separately 
 25. Qd. each. 
 
 Tacitus Agricola and Germania. Edited by A. J. CHURCH, 
 M.A. and W. J. BRODRIBB, M.A. Translators of Tacitus. New 
 edition. 35. d. Or separately 25. each. 
 
 The Annals, Book VI. By the same Editors. 2s. M. 
 
 Terence Hauton Timorumenos. Edited by E. S. SHUCK- 
 BURGH, M.A., Assistant Master at Eton College. 85. With Trans- 
 lation, 45. Qd. 
 
 Thucydides The Sicilian Expedition, Books VI. and VII. 
 Edited by the Rev. PERCIVAL FROST, M.A., late Fellow of St John's 
 College, Cambridge. New edition, revised and enlarged, with Map. 
 
 55. 
 
 Xenophon Hellenica, Books I. and II. Edited by H. HAIL- 
 E, B.A., late Scholar of Peterhouse, Cambridge. With Map. 
 
 Other volumes will follow. 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON. 
 
YA 0009 
 
 U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 COM511325T 
 
 I/ I 
 
 TV