|)!jiiaklj)l)ia anb its jllanufacturfs : A HAND-BOOK EXHIBITING THB DEVELOPMENT, VARIETY, AND STATISTICS OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF PHILADELPHIA IN 1857. TOGETHER WITH LIST OF ARTICLES NOW MADE IN PHILADELPHIA. BY EDWIN T. FKEEDLEY, AUTHOR op A "PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BUSINESS," "THE LEGAL ADVISER," Era PHILADELPHIA: EDWARD YOUNG, 333 WALNUT STREET. 1859. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by EDWIN T. FREEDLEY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. pnn.ADEi.pHi A: PED BT OEOROR CHART.Kfl. I'rtlNTKIi BY KI.XO & T1AIRD. THE MERCHANTS' EDITION. PUBLISHER'S CARD. THE PUBLISHER desires to take advantage of this opportunity, to acknowledge his obligations to the patrons of this volume, on the manufactures of Philadelphia. It has passed through two editions, and a third is called for. He would thank especially the Press, which, as stated by the author, is ever foremost in promoting whatever concerns the interests of this city. He would return thanks also, to the manufacturers generally, and especially to the following firms who were original subscribers and very liberal patrons of this volume, ALFBED JENKS & SON. MAGARGE, CHARLES & Co. ARCHER, WARNER, MISKEY & Co. MASSEY, COLLINS & Co. BAILEY & Co. MEAD, Jonx 0. & Soxs. BALDWIN, M. W. & Co. MERRICK & Sous. CORNELIUS & BAKER. MORRIS, I. P. & Co. DREER & SEARS, MORRIS, TASKER & Co. FELL, C. J. & BROTHER. POWERS & WEIGHTMAN. HORSTMANN, W. H. & SOXS. REANEY, NEAFIE & Co. JONES, WHITE & McCuRDY. ROGERS, WM. D. LAXDRETH, D. & SON. SELLERS, WILLIAM & Co. LEWIS, JOHN T. & BROTHERS. WILSON, GUILDS & Co. LOVERING, J. S. & Co. WRIGHT BROTHERS & Co. And others. The CORN EXCHANGE ASSOCIATION distributed a number of copies, and the BOARD OF TRADE a larger number, principally to editors. But, in order to secure a more extensive circulation of the work in the South and West, it was proposed to raise a fund by subscription, to be applied to this purpose, and the edition so subscribed for is the present, designated the " Merchants' Edition." Among the first to respond to this proposition, were two of the great manufacturing firms already mentioned MESSRS. MERRICK f Hosiery 8 North Third. MtMii'k >v .-..u- Maehiuii-U, K.ngine Builders, etc South'k Foundry. oth & Washiogn. PUBLISHER'S CARD. 25 Miles. J. & Son Manufacturers of Boots and Shoes- 49 ?outh Fourth. Morris & Jones & Co Irn and Steel Merchants 16th & Market Murphy & Allison Car Builders, etc 1908 Market. Myers, Claghorn & Co Auctioneers 232 Market St. Newhall, T. A. & Co Sugar Refiners 409 Rare St. Peabody, Geo. F. A Co Domestic Drygoods Coin. Merchants 24 South Front. Pearce, George & Co Manufacturers and Impellers of Embroideries and Laces 241 Chestnut St. Perot, T. Morris & Co Importers of and Dealers in Drills, Chemicals, Paints. Oils, Glass, Dye Stuffs, &c 621 Market St. Penna. Central R.R. Co....J. Ed^ar Thomson, President 240 S Third St. Phil., Wil & Bal. R. R.Co..S. M. Felton, President Broad & Prime St8. Phil. Fire A Life Ins. Co....U. P. King. President 433 Chestnut. Plate, J. T^& Schottler Importers of Cloth, Hosiery, etc 237 Chestnut Price, Ferris & Co Importers and Dealers in White Goods, Linens, and Embroideries, etc 525 Market St. Riegel. Baird & Co Importers and Jobbers of Drygoods 47 North Third. Rosenparten & Sons ...Manufacturing Chemists.- 17th & Fitzwater. Rosenheim, Brooks & Co. ..Importers and Jobbers of Ribbons, Millinery and Straw Goods 431 Market St. Ross, Schott * Co Wholesale Dealers in For. & Dom. Drygoods 251 Market. Saundcrs, J. & M Manufacturers andJJobbers of Boots, Shoes and Straw Goods 34 North Fourth. Scbaffcr & Roberts Importers and Jobbers of Hosiery and Fancy Goods. 429 Market St. Sellers. Win. & Co Founders and Machinists.^ 16th & Penna. BT. Selsor, Cook & Co Manufacturers of Cast Stee! Coffee Mills, Straw Cutters, Wrought Iron Shutter Bolts, and Cast Steel Shovels Gennantown. Senat Brothers &Co Importers of White Goods 238 Chestnut. Shapleigh, Rue & Co Importers of Linens, White Goods, Embroideries and Laces. 329 Market St. Sheble. Lawron & Fisher. ..Manufacturers of Forks 3 N. 5th. Shoemaker, Kobt. & Co ....Wholesale Druggist', Manufacturers of White Lead, Zinc Paints, Putties and Varnishes, Importers and Dealers in For. and Domestic Window Glass N. E. 4th & Race. Sibley, Molten & Woodrnff.Tmp's and Jobbers of Silk and Fancy Goods 326 Market St. Simons, Oeo. W. A Bro Manufacturers of Jewelry 610 Sansom. Sharpless, Brothers Importers, Jobbers and Retailers of Staple Dry- goods i N. W. 8th A Chest. Siter, Price*, Co Importers and Jobbers of Drygoods 315 Market St. Simons, Coleman & Co Wagon Makers, etc 1109 N. Front. Blade, Alfred 4 Co Domestic Drygoods Com. Merchants 40 South Front Sleeper A Fenner Manufacturers of Umbrellas and Parasols 330 Market Simpson, Hood Manufacturer of Cotton Goods etc Fairmount. Souder. K. A.&Co Shipping and Com. Merchants 3 Deck St. Steel, William Manufacturer of Leather Belting, Dealer in Cot- ton and Woolen Machinery, Dye Wares. Oils, and Manufrs Findings, of all descriptions. ..24 North Frunt. Stockton, J H. A Co Leather Belting, Card Clothing, Reeds, Ileddlos, Cotton and Woolen Machinery, Dye Stuffs, Oils, and Manufacturers Findings, of all descriptions 108. Front. 26 PUBLISHER'S CARD. Stoddart, J. A Depot of American Watch Co.'s Watches and Movements, also Manufacturer and Dealer in Jewelry, Ac 34 S. Third. Stuart A Brother Importers of Drygoods 13 Bank. Stuart A I'eterson Manufacturers of Stoves. Hollow Ware, Ac Willow :il> 13t'i. Struthers, William Marble Dealer 1022 Market St. Thomas, Joel Manufacturer of Kuches. Ac 26 S. Fifth. Thomas A Martin Domesti Uryg.iods Com. Merchants 217 Chestnut. Thompson, Lewis A Co Marble and Mahogany llth A Ridge Av. Tredick, Stokes A Co Domestic Drygoods Com. Merchants 18 S. Front St. Trremner, Henry Manufacturer of Scales, Ac 710 Market St. Thompson, J. H. & Co Manufacturers antl Jobbers of Boots and Shoes. .314 Market St. Truitt, Brother & Co Importers and Jobbers of Hardware 529 Market St. Vezin. Charles Co Importers of German and French Drygoods, Agents for Qeruiantown Hosiery 9 Bank St. Wain, Morris S. & Co Shipping an I Com. Merchants 130 S. Del. Aven. Way, J.T. & Co Importers and Jobbers of Drygoods 28 North Third. Weaver, Filler & Co Manufacturers of Cordage 23 North Water. Welling, Coffin & Co Domestic Drypoods Com. Merchants 116 Chestnut. Wetherill A Brother Chemicals. White Lead 47 N. 2d St. Whitakcr, Wm Manufacturer of Tickings an-1 Stripes Store 408 Merch't. Whitney, Asa & Song Manufacturers of Car Wheels 16th A Callowhill. Wiler A MOBS Manufacturers Stair Hods 225 S. Fifth. Wilcox, Brothers A Co Com. Merchants in Fancy Drygoods, Hosiery, Ac.ll Bank St. Wilson & Merritt Importers and Whole.-ale Druggists, Dealers in Drug*. Dyes, Chemicals, Ac , Manufacturers of White Lead, Zinc, Colors, Ac , Agents and Operators in For. & Dom. Patent Medicines, 208 Market St. Wilson, Childs A Co Wagon M .kers, etc St. John A Butt'd. WiUtacb, Win. P. A Co Importers, Manufacturers and Dealers in Sad- dlery Il.irdware. Carriage Trimmings and Harness Mountings, embracing the most extensive stock in the city 38 North Third. Wood & Krringer Domeslic Drygoods Coin. Merchants 117 Chestnut. Wood A Perot Manufacturers of Ornamental Iron Work 1136Bidge AT. Wray, Alex'rACo Importers of English and German Good* 239 Chestnut. Wright, Smith & Co Imp's A Job's of China, Glass and Queensware, &05 Market St. Wurt*, A us tie A M-Veigh... Importers and Wholesale Dealers in Foreign and Domestic Drygoods 311 Market St. Yale, Linus Jr. A Co Locks, fafes, &c 248 N. Front. YarJ, Gilmore A Co Silk and Fancy Drygoods 40 A 42 N. 3d. PREFACE. THE Title of this Volume defines its subject ; and the subject, it is presumed, explains its object. The Author, however, desires to advert briefly to the circumstances that impelled him to undergo the vast amount of hard, thankless, profitless labor which the preparation of a volume like this, however imperfectly executed, necessarily involves, and to assume the responsibility of an un- dertaking, which, as an individual enterprise, unaided by munici- pal or corporate favor, is, it is believed, wholly unprecedented. For many years it has been a source of mortification to the ac- tive friends of Philadelphia, that mainly through the misrepresen- tations of rivals, and the misapprehension of her resources, she has gradually receded from her former glorious position in the commercial firmament, until now she is regarded by many in Eu- rope, and in some portions of our own country, as a mere speck on the horizon. Her enemies have industriously circulated, far and wide, reports which, if unexplained, must prove detrimental to her interests ; and the declension of her foreign commerce has been to them a harp of a thousand strings. The friends of Philadelphia, on the other hand, either at home or abroad, have not been fur- nished with facts to counteract these prejudicial statements ; and are themselves scarcely aware what a beautiful fabric she has erected, more important in every truly national point of view than Foreign Trade, dedicated to Home Industry and American Manufactures. The leading organs of the enlightened sentiment (17) 18 PREFACE. of the city have earnestly and repeatedly called upon the corporate authorities to collect and publish statistics of its Productive In- dustry ; and various attempts have been made by individuals, and by Committees of Commercial Associations, to effect this object, but the difficulties in the way of its accomplishment seemed insur- mountable. More than a year ago, Mr. EDWARD YOUNG, the publisher of this volume, solicited the writer to undertake the preparation of a work on the Manufactures of Philadelphia, promising his assistance in the collection of materials. The Author will be pardoned a digression from the narrative to bear testimony how nobly his associate has redeemed his promise how faithfully he has persevered. Without his co-operation, it is probable this volume would be far less complete than it now is. Foreseeing, perhaps, only a portion of the difficulties to be en- countered and surmounted, and presuming that with certainty he could readily supply his own deficiencies by obtaining able as- sistance a hope in which he has been grievously disappointed the Author acceded to the request, and originated a plan of treat- ing the subject, an outline of which was submitted to the Board of Trade, who honored it with an approbatory resolution, and to the Press who generally commended it, and invited the co- operation of Manufacturers. Other encouraging inducements were offered. BARTON H. JENKS, Esq., one of the "alive" men oT this city, volunteered a liberal subscription ; JOHN GRIGO, Esq., tendered his name and assurances of future influence in behalf of the enterprise ; JOHN BIDDLE, of the firm of E. C. & J. Biddle, and WILLIAM L. REHN, of the firm of Brooke, Tyson & Rehn men of well-known public spirit contributed suggestions and valuable information from their stores of accumulated knowl- edge ; and under these circumstances, and with this encourage- ment, the labor was commenced. Here, however, the historical record mast close. Beyond this point there lies a dreary, panic PREFACE. 19 winter ; and a recital of facts attending the collection of ma terials and statistics would involve a revelation of too many dif ficulties, interposed in part by the widely extended field over which we were compelled to travel in search of desired informa- tion, and in part by the indifference manifested by many of the very persons whose interests would be promoted by the publica- tion, to be pleasant in retrospection, though perhaps profitable for instruction to other adventurous persons. Passing over the circumstances which rendered the task more arduous than it ought to have been, the Author desires to state, that in the prosecution of the undertaking he claims to have acted with strict impartiality, both as respects persons and facts. If injustice has been done in any instance to individuals a fact of which he is at present not conscious he would deeply regret it; but the omission to notice or mention a manufacturing es- tablishment he cannot consent to consider an act of injustice. It was not deemed essential to the completeness of the nar- rative to notice individual establishments at all ; and where such are introduced it has been done parenthetically, or for the purpose of illustration, or because they creditably represent the other establishments in the same branch. The insertion of names has been avoided as much as possible, for they are perpe- tually changing though the establishment or business which they represent survive unchanged. A Philadelphia Business Directory, for a full list of names, and Ure>8 Dictionary of Manufactures, for a description of processes, are a natural com- plement of this volume. In the selection of matter for inser- tion as facts, the Author has regarded first, accuracy ; sec- ondly, novelty or interest. It would have been easy by less exactness as to the accuracy of matters of fact to multiply de- tails, and to increase the interest or "spiciness" of the volume; but even in a dearth of real facts "doubtful facts" have not been 20 PREFACE. resorted to. But the circumstance which more than any other caused the rejection of much interesting matter was the want of space. It was the opinion of those who are conversant with the secret springs of publishing success, that a volume on this subject, to be useful, must not exceed in size or price certain prescribed limits. This principle which, like the laws of the Medes and Persians, was unalterable was ever present to the Author's eye, rendering him apprehensive lest by treating one subject at too much length, he would be prevented from giving due consider- ation to another equally important. The theme is so compre- hensive, that what may be deemed essential preoccupied the entire space to the exclusion of novelties, patented improvements, undeveloped manufactures, and thus matters of great interest have unavoidably and of necessity been omitted. The Author desires to render acknowledgments of indebtedness to all who in any way aided him, and special acknowledgments to WILLIAM C. KENT of James, Kent, Santee & Co., to Dr. J. L. BISHOP, O. W. KIBBIE, THOMAS SHRIVER, WM. Y. CARVER, JOHN D. STOCKTON, and Dr. JAMES MOORE. For the mechan- ical execution of the volume he is indebted to the follow- ing persons : GEORGE CHARLES, Stereotyper ; Jos. W. RAYNER, Proof Reader ; CHARLES MAGARGE & Co. , Paper-makers ; KING & BAIRD, Printers ; MILLER & BURLOCK, Binders. Philadelphia, July, 1858. E. T. F. PHILADELPHIA MD ITS MANUFACTURES. MANUFACTURES CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN. THE term Manufacture, in its derivative sense, signifiep making by hand. Its modern acceptation, however, ia directly the reverse of its original meaning; and it is now applied particularly to those products which are made extensively by machinery, without much aid from manual labor. The word therefore is an extremely flexible one ; and as Political Economists do not agree in opinion, whether millers and bakers are properly manufacturers or not, we shall, if need be, take advantage of the uncer- tainty, and consider as Manufactures what strictly may belong to other classifications of productive industry. The end of every Manufacture is to increase the utility of objects by modifying their external form or changing their internal constitution. In some instances, substances that would otherwise be utterly worthless, are converted into the most valuable products as the hoofs of certain animals into Prussiate of Potash ; the offal into Gold- beater's Skin ; and especially rags into Paper. Thus benef- icent in their general object, it is scarcely remarkable that modern Manufactures are principally distinguished for their ameliorating influence upon man's social condi- tion. Bv cheapening manufactured products they put 1 ' (21) 22 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. within the reach of the poorest classes what in forruer times was accessible only to the wealthy and noble. The servant, the artisan, and the husbandman of England, at the present time have more palatable food, better clothing and better furniture, than were possessed by " the gentilitie" in the " golden days" of Queen Bess. la no other equally extensive districts of the world are the people generally so well off as to physical comforts, or so intellectually progressive, as in England and Massachu- setts, and in none have Manufactures as yet attained equal prominence as branches of industry. In 1850 there were employed in Textile Manufactures alone, the following : MILLS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. Total. Mills 3,699 550 91 4,340 Spindles, 22,859,010 2,256,408 532,303 25,647,721 Pv,wer Looms, 272,586 28,811 2,517 303,914 Moving Power, Steam, (horses) 91,610 13,857 2,646 108,113 " " Water, " 18,214 6,004 1,886 26,104 The persons employed in these mills numbered 506,082, of whom 40,775 were children under thirteen years of age, and 329,577 were females above thirteen. In the United States, the most important of the Textile Manu- factures are those of Cotton and Wool. In 1850 there was employed in the Cotton Manufacture a capital of 374,500,931 ; consuming 641,240 bales of cotton annually, and producing about 763,000,000 yards of sheetings, shirtings, calicoes, &c., and 27,000,000 Ibs. of yarn, valued for the entire product at $61,869,184. The num- ber of persons employed was 92,286, of whom 33,150 were males, and 59,136 were females. Massachusetts contained about one-third of the whole number of spin- dles in the United States, and about one-hulf the capital invested in the Cotton Manufacture was owned in Massa- chusetts. The Woolen Manufacture of the United States ENGLAND AND MASSACHUSETTS. 23 employed a capital, of about 28,000,000; consuming 71,000,000 Ibs. of Wool, worth 25,000,000; and the pro- duct was valued at 43,207,545. It is more generally dis- tributed throughout the United States than the Cotton Manufacture, yet Massachusetts employs in it one third of the whole capital and consumes one third of the Wool. But the future of manufacturing enterprise in the United States, except in its effects upon society, must not be judged from its present development in Massachusetts. In 1810, according to the census, Virginia, the two Caro Hnas and Georgia manufactured greatly more in quantity and value of Cotton and Woolen fabrics than the whole of NQV? England ; and North Carolina produced double as many yards as Massachusetts. We doubt not the supe- rior intellectual energy of the people of Massachusetts has attracted much that, with equality in this particular, combined with superior physical advantages, will again be attracted elsewhere. Manufacturing enterprise in the United States is yet in its experimental stage. The peo- ple have but recently recovered from the delusion that Manufactures are injurious to national prosperity. They have not had time to study the conditions upon which success in Manufactures depends, or to comprehend the lines that naturally and properly separate human pursuits. In future times, a manufacturer will no more think of consulting merely his personal inclinations, or one favora- ble circumstance, in the location of his manufactory, than the agriculturist, for a similar reason, would choose for the field of his operations the Pilot Knob of Missouri, or the gold-seeker the sands of New Jersey. As yet manufac- turers are working independently not only of each other, but of the general laws that underlie economical produc- tion. Being in doubt as to the proper locality, they have not concentrated or combined their efforts : and the buyers of manufactured goods being in doubt as to the Home 24 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Market, give their confidence to European manufacturers. It is the object of the present volume to submit, with due deference, to the consideration of both these classes, some suggestions based on the experience of the past and of other countries ; and to endeavor to aid them First : by considering what are the requisites to prosperity or the causes of economical production in Manufactures ; Secondly : by in- dicating a locality possessing the advantages for manufactur- ing in the highest degree of perfection ; Thirdly : by showing the progress already made in Manufactures in that locality. I. Political Economists divide the essential requisites of production into two Labor, and appropriate natural objects. To these, in Manufactures, we must certainly add Capital. But the productive efficacy of all productive agents, as every one has observed, varies greatly at various times and places, and depends upon a variety and due com- bination of circumstances, partly moral and partly physical. Foremost among the moral circumstances conducive and essential to prosperity, especially in Manufactures, are freedom of industry and security of property. We need but glance at the history of any European nation, France in particular, to discover that governmental interference with industry is baneful in its effects, and that monopo- lies and corporation privileges retard progress. "I have frequently seen," says Roland de la Platiere, a minister of state during the French Revolution, "manufacturers visited by a band of satellites, who put all in confusion in their establishments, spread terror in their families, cut the stuff from the frames, tore off the warp from the looms, and carried them away as proofs of infringement ; the manufacturers were summoned, tried and condemned; their goods confiscated; copies of their, judgment of con- fiscation posted up in every public place ; future reputa- tion, credit, all was lost and destroyed. And for what MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES. 25 offense ? Because they had made of worsted a kind of cloth called shay, such as the English used to manufacture, and even sell in France, while the French regulations stated that that kind of cloth should be made with mohair. I have seen other manufacturers treated in the same way, because they had made camlets of a particular width, used in England and Germany, for which there was a great demand from Spain, Portugal, and other countries, and from several parts of France, while the French regulations prescribed other widths for camlets. There was no free town where mechanical invention could find a refuge from the tyranny of the monopolists no trade but what was clearly and explicitly described by the statutes could be exercised none but what was included in the privileges of some corporation." In England freedom of industry dates from the aboli- tion of monopolies in 1624 ; and there can be no question, as McCulloch observes, that " Freedom and security free- dom to engage in every employment, and to pursue our own interest in our own way, coupled with an intimate conviction that acquisitions, when made, might be securely enjoyed or disposed of have been the most copious sources of our wealth and power. There have been only two countries, Holland and the United States, which have, in these respects, been placed under nearly similar circumstances as England ; and notwithstanding the dis- advantages of their situation, the Dutch have long been, and still continue to be, the most industrious and opulent people of the Continent while the Americans, whose situation is more favorable, are rapidly advancing in the career of improvement with a rapidity hitherto un- known." In the United States, industry, it is true, is generally free, and property in most places adequately protected by public opinion against both legislative and mob violence ; 1* 26 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. but our advantages in these respects for the development of enterprise in Manufactures have been modified and limited by fluctuating legislation on the subject of foreign competition. Very early in our constitutional history the question was agitated Shall Government, in adjusting its taxes for revenue, so discriminate as to pro- tect and encourage Home Manufacturers, or in other words, to diminish, if not exclude, foreign competition in our markets? This question was submitted to the people, but proved too vast for popular solution. Their opinions changed with the current of argument, like the judgment of the Dutch Justice ; and the decision which they had made promptly in accordance with the wish of the attorneys on the one side, was as promptly reversed upon the suggestion of the attorneys on the other side. Finally, not knowing what to do, the majority seem to have concluded that, as posterity had done nothing for them they were under no obligations to do any thing for posterity. In the mean time legislation upon the ques- tion fluctuated with the vacillation in public sentiment ; and capitalists being unable to calculate with certainty the risks involved, were timid in embarking in manu- facturing enterprises. It would seem therefore that, in addition to security of property and freedom of industry, success in Manufactures implies a certain and stable, if not wise policy in governmental action upon questions affecting manufacturing interests. 2. Another moral cause contributing, and in fact essen- tial to eminence in manufacturing industry, is the general diffusion of intelligence among the people. By intelligence, in this connection, we do not mean merely the under- standing necessary to enable an individual to become the creator or the lord of a machine. The capacity to contrive and invent seems so much a part of the original MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IX MANUFACTURES. 27 constitution of man, that we believe there is in every civilized community sufficient ingenuity and mental power to have originated all in physical science that has yet been devised by any. The mind is God's machine, with powers seemingly unlimited, and capable of produc- ing any thing from a bad pun to the lever of Archimedes, the flying pigeon of Archytas or the calculating machine of Babbage. But the exercise of this faculty, the appli- cation of the best intellect in a community in the direc- tion of practical improvements, depends largely upon the approbation and rewards bestowed upon successful enter- prise in invention or mechanical labor. It is in vain to hope that ambition will spur intellect to achieve mechani- cal triumphs, where an inventor is respected less than a tinseled soldier or a ragged lawyer. It is in vain to ex- pect that mechanics will strive to acquire any extraordi- nary skill where mechanical labor is degraded to serfdom, or even is not appreciated. In the histories of nations, whose rise and fall are classical studies, we learn that the application of mind to invention as well as handicraft operations, was regarded as unworthy of freemen. "In my time," says Seneca, " there have been inventions of this sort transparent windows, tubes for diffusing warmth equally through all parts of a building ; short- hand, which has been carried to such perfection that a writer can keep pace with the most rapid speaker. But the inventing of such things is drudgery for the lowest slaves. Philosophy lies deeper. It is not her office to teach men how to use their hands." Another ancient and eminent teacher, who can boast of a disciple here and there in our country, considered the true object of all education and philosophy to be to fit men for war. Need we wonder there have been dark ages in the world's history. Need we say that in an atmosphere tainted with such a sterile philosophy, the aits which improve man's material 28 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. condition cannot flourish. The proud position of New England a position so enviable that her light reflects lustre on States with which she is allied is due rather to her sound, intelligent, practical philosophy, than to any physical advantages or original intellectual superiority. A Yankee lad inhales from the surrounding atmosphere, if he do not hear from his father's lips, that it is an important part of his duty to aid in extending man's em- pire over the material world, and every available addition to human force for accomplishing that end, that he may originate, will be a sure passport to the respect of his neighbors, if not to fortune. The women and children are educated to regard ignorance and idleness as vices ; and all, deeming it honorable to add something to the aggregate product of their country's wealth, co-operate and lighten the original curse, for " All are needed by each one, * Nothing is fair or good alone." 3. A third cause of eminence in Manufacturing, and es- sential to economical production, is an abundant supply of the most effective laborers, and of those qualified to direct labor. In view of the improvements already made, it would be rash to assert that a time will never come when automatic machines will dispense entirely with manual labor in manufacturing. So far, the introduction of machinery has stimulated the pressing demand for educated labor; and if we can at all judge of the future, success will depend more and more upon the quality of the labor employed. Labor is effective according as it is dexterous or as it is skillful. In purely routine processes, dexterity may be the quality of chief value, but laborers differ in dexterity almost as much as in mechanical skill. English- men say that a laborer in Essex is cheaper at 2. 6d. per MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IX MANUFACTURES. 29 day than a laborer in Tipperary at 5d. ; and as operatives in cotton factories, our manufacturers assert that one Ame- rican girl can accomplish as much in a given time as two English girls. " In England," said Mr. Kempton, before the Committee upon Manufactures of the House of Commors, " the girls tend two power-looms. In America our girls tend generally four power-looms ; some for years tended five power-looms, and some tended six for some time, and each of those power-looms turned off more cloth than I have found any power-looms turn off in this country." Mr. Cowell, in illustrating the comparative efficiency of operatives, remarks " At Mulhausen, which is styled the Manchester of France, one adult and two children are requisite for the management of 200 coarse threads, and they gain among them about 2s. (48 cents) at coarse work. At Manchester or Bolton one adult and two children can manage 758 threads, and gain among them 5*. Qd. per day. Thus, although wages are so much lower in France, the difference of product is so great that the cost, in money, of the commodity produced, is greater than in England. In the former, four men and two children are required to manage 800 threads, for which they receive 8., while in the latter one man and two children are capable, with the best machinery, of doing the same, and their wages are 5s. Qd." If then there be such difference in the productive effi- cacy of laborers, in operations calling for mere manual dexterity, it is obvious that the higher we ascend in those departments of mechanics and manufactures, in which the mind has a considerable part, the greater must be the advantage in favor of intelligence and skill. And such is the fact. The only standard by which to estimate the cost of labor, is the amount of work done for the money paid the per diem earnings of the workmen being in itself no criterion by which to judge of the cost of labor. 80 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. That workman is the cheapest who can produce the most of a given quality for a given sum of money; whether he earn one dollar or five dollars per day, and that manu- facturer can produce with the most efficiency, and the least expense, other things being equal, who can at all times command the requisite supply of such workmen. As ingenious mechanics and rapid workmen, the Anglo- Americans have no superiors. As skillful workmen in departments for which they have been specially educated, the English are celebrated. Regular and habitual energy in labor, however, is a characteristic of both. They have no life but in their work no enjoyment but in the shop. What other races consider amusement, is no amusement to them. But in England and America there is a marked difference between the quality of the labor that can be ob- tained in the country and in the towns. In fact, in or near large cities only can labor of the first quality be obtained. "As iron sharpeneth iron, so a man sharpeneth the coun- tenance of his friend ;" and away from the centres of popu- lation and competition, the face loseth its sharpness, and the hand its cunning. Cities are in nothing more remarkable than in their attractive, magnetic influence upon talent of every description. "The man who desires to employ his pen," observes Carey, " and who possesses only the ability to conduct a country newspaper, removes to the interior, while the man of talent leaves his country paper to take charge of one in the city. The dauber of portraits leaves the city to travel the country in search of employment, while the painter removes to Philadelphia, New York or London. The inferior lawyer, physician, surgeon, den- tist or merchant removes to the West, while the superior one leaves the West and settles in those places in which population is dense ; where the means of production are great; where talent is appreciated and best paid; and where reputation, when acquired, is worth possessing." .MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES. 31 Superior mechanics and dexterous workmen manifest a similar preference for cities and an abhorrence of isola- tion ; hence, if for no other reason, extensive mechanical or manufacturing operations must be conducted at a great disadvantage in isolated localities. In a limited ex- perience, I have known of several establishments that have failed apparently from no other cause than the impossi- bility of tilling orders promptly, in consequence of diffi- culty in procuring and retaining an adequate supply of good mechanics in an unattractive locality; and to the disposition to select such situations because of water power or some other circumstance, we ascribe much of the past embarrassments of our manufacturers. In some of thfe secluded manufacturing villages of New England, it is the custom of the proprietors to fasten such superior workmen as they may have seduced thither, by aiding them to invest their earnings in a house and lot, which they cannot afterward dispose of except at a great sacrifice ; but the practice, it would seem, is rather to be commended for its shrewdness than its wisdom. A dependent or dissatisfied workman can hardly be an efficient one. As respects those who are well qualified to direct labor, the supply is, in all places, especially in isolated localities, far short of the demand. Foremost in this class it can be no disparagement to place scientific men. As agents of eco- nomical production, none are more effective. The prog- ress of Manufactures, in many of its departments, is intimately connected with and dependent upon the progress made in the exact sciences ; and to the experi- ments and investigations of scientific men the men who peer into the secrets of Nature, whether concealed in plants, in animals or minerals, and who " Find tongues in trees, books in running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in every thing," 32 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. that onr Manufactures are largely indebted for their pres- ent development, and upon such men, we must rely prin- cipally, as we may do with confidence, for the discovery of new sources of wealth, that at a future day will give employment and wealth to millions of human beings. But scientific men are not abundant even in the centres where Libraries, Galleries and Academies are numerous; those best qualified to direct labor prefer the theatres offering the widest scope for the exhibition of their abili- ties ; and even inventors have discovered, that in isolated localities, they may exhaust their efforts in attempting what has been better executed before. II. Passing to the physical causes of eminence in manu- facturing industry, we remark they are more obvious than the moral causes, but not more important. To pro- duce manufactured goods of a given quality with the least expense being the great desideratum, it follows that what- ever contributes to economy in production, whatever saves labor, or transportation, or raw materials, cannot safely be overlooked or despised. But to investigate carefully all the circumstances that have an influence upon economical production, would require a considera- ble volume, and be foreign to our main inquiry. Do- wiring merely to discover a locality within our extended country, that, by the use of the proper means, will certainly become the centre and chief seat of American manufac- tures, it is necessary to know what circumstances have more influence than any others in facilitating manufacturing enterprise, and thus sooner or later lead to superiority; but it is not necessary to exhaust the subject. England, it is acknowledged, is pre-eminent in Manu- factures over all other countries but why ? Her colonial system, her shrewd legislation, the simplicity of other nations and other accidental circumstances, have no doubt PHYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES. 33 widened the market for her manufactured goods to an extraordinary extent, but her superiority nevertheless is the result of solid, substantial, not accidental circum- stances. The physical advantages which have contributed more than any others to her eminence, as we think all must agree, are epitomized by the Edinburgh Review, in the following summary : 1st. Possession of supplies of the raw materials used in Manufactures; 2d. The command of the natural means and agents best fitted to produce power ; 3d. The position of the country as respects others ; and 4th. The nature of the soil and climate. " 1. As respects the first of these circumstances," the writer says, " every one who reflects on the nature, value, and importance of our manufactures of Wool, of the useful Metals, such as Iron, Lead, Tin, Copper. and of Leather, Flax, and so forth, must at once admit, that our success in them has been materially promoted by our having abundant supplies of the raw material. It is of less consequence whence the material of a manufacture possessing great value in small bulk is de- rived, whether it be furnished from native sources, or imported from abroad, though even in that case the advantage of possessing an internal supply, of which it is impossible to be deprived by the jealousy or hos- tility of foreigners, must not be overlooked. But no nation can make any considerable progress in the manufacture of bulky and heavy articles, the conveyance of which to a distance unavoidably occasions a large expense, unless she have supplies of the raw material within herself. Our superiority in manufactures depends more at this moment on our superior machines than on any thing else ; and had we been obliged to import the iron, brass, and steel, of which they are principally made, it is exceedingly doubtful whether we should have succeeded iu bringing them to any thing like their present pitch of improvement. " 2. But of all the physical circumstances that have contributed to our wonderful progress in manufacturing industry, none has had nearly so much influence as our possession of the most valuable coal mines. These have conferred advantages on us not enjoyed in an equal degree by any other people. Even though we had possessed the most abundant supply of the ores of iron and other useful metals, they would have oeen of little or no use, but for our almost inexhaustible coal mines. Our country is of too limited extent to produce wood sufficient to smelt and prepare any considerable quantity of iron, or other metal ; and though 2 34 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. no duty were laid on timber when imported, its cost abroad, and the heavy expense attending the conveyance of so bulky an article, woula have been insuperable obstacles to our making any considerable progress in the working of metals, had we been forced to depend on home or foreign timber. We, therefore, are disposed to regard Lord Dudley's discovery of the mode of smelting and manufacturing iron by means of coal only, without the aid of wood, as one of the most important ever made in the arts. We do not know that it is surpassed even by the steam engine or spinning-frame. At all events, we are quite sure that we owe as much to it as to either of these great inventions. But for it, we should have always been importers of iron ; in other words, of the materials of machinery. The elements, if we may so speak, out of which steam-engines and spinning-mills are made, would have been dearer here than in most other other countries. The fair presumption consequently is, that the machines themselves would have been dearer ; and such a circumstance would have counteracted, to a certain ex- tent, even if it did not neutralize or overbalance, the other circum- stances favorable to our ascendancy. But now we have the ores and the means of working them in greater abundance than any other people ; so that our superiority in the most important of all departments that of machine-making seems to rest on a pretty sure foundation. " It is further clear, that without a cheap and abundant supply of fuel, the steam-engine, as now constructed, would be of comparatively little use. It is, as it were, the hands ; but coal is the muscles by which they are set in motion, and .without which their dexterity cannot be called into action, and they would be idle and powerless. Our coal mines may be regarded as vast magazines of hoarded or warehoused power; and unless some such radical change be made on the steam- engine as should very decidedly lessen the quantity of fuel required to keep it in motion, or some equally powerful machine, but moved by different means, be introduced, it is not at all likely that any nation should come into successful competition with us, in those departments in which steam-engines, or machinery moved by steam, may be most advantageously employed. "Since the introduction of steam-engines, Water-falls, unless under very peculiar circumstances, have lost almost all their value. Steam may be supplied with greater regularity, and being more under command than water, is therefore a more desirable agent. This, however, is but a small part of its superiority. Any number of steam-engines may be constructed in the immediate vicinity of each other, so that all the departments of manufacturing industry may be brought together and parried on in the same town, and almost in the same factory. A com. PHYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES. 35 bination and adaptation of employments to each other, and a con^e- quent saving of labor, is thus effected, that would have been quite im- practicable, had it been necessary to construct factories in different parts of the country, and often in inconvenient situations, merely for the sake of waterfalls. " It may be supposed, perhaps, that a difficulty of this sort might have been obviated by the employment of horse-power instead of steam ; but the following statement, which we extract from Dr. lire's work, shows conclusively that this would not have been the case : " ' The value of steam-impelled labor may be inferred from the follow- ing facts, communicated to me by an eminent engineer, educated in the school of Boulton and Watt : A manufacturer in Manchester works a sixty-horse Boulton and "Watt's steam-engine, at a power of one hun- dred and twenty horses during the day, and sixty horses during the night ; thus extorting from it an impelling force three times greater than he contracted or paid for. One steam horse-power is equivalent to 33,000 pounds avoirdupois, raised one foot high per minute ; but an animal horse-power is equivalent to only 22,000 pounds raised one foot high per minute, or, in other terms, to drag a canal boat two hundred and twenty feet per minute, with a force of one hundred pounds acting on a spring ; therefore, a steam-horse power is equiva- lent in working efficiency to one living horse, and one-half the labor of another. But a horse can work at its full efficiency only eight hours out of the twenty-four, whereas a steam-engine needs no period of repose ; and, therefore, to make the animal power equal to the physical power, a relay of one and a half fresh horses must be found three times in the twenty-four hours, which amounts to four and a half horses daily. Hence, a common sixty-horse steam-engine does the work of four and a half times sixty horses, or of two hundred and seventy horses. But the above sixty-horse steam-engine does one-half more work in twenty-four hours, or that of four hundred and five living horses I The keep of a horse cannot be estimated at less than 1.?. 2d. per day ; and, therefore, that of four hundred and five horses would be 24Z. daily, or 7,500Z. sterling, in a year of three hundred and thirteen days. As eighty pounds of coals, or one bushel, will produce steam equivalent to the power of one horse in a steam-engine during eight hours' work, sixty bushels, worth about 30s. at Manchester, will main- tain a sixty-horse engine in fuel during eight effective hours, and two hundred bushels, worth 100s., the above hard-worked engine during twenty-four hours. Hence, the expense per annum is 1,5651. sterling, being little more than one-fifth of that of living horses. As to prime cost and superintendence, the animal power would be greatly more ex- 36 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. pensive than the steam power. There are many engines made by Boulton and Watt, forty years ago, which have continued in constant work all that time with very slight repairs. What a multitude of valuable horses would have been worn out in doing the service of these machines ! and what a vast quantity of grain would they have con- sumed I Had British industry not been aided by Watt's invention, it must have gone on with a retarding pace, in consequence of the in- creasing cost of locomotive power, and would, long ere now, have ex- perienced, in the price of horses and scarcity of water-falls, an insur- mountable barrier to further advancement : could horses, even at the low prices to which their rival, steam, has kept them, be employed to drive a cotton-mill at the present day, they would devour all the profits of the manufacturer.' " "Water power has heretofore been considered cheaper, especially for small manufacturing establishments, than steam power ; but eminent engineers have carefully investigated the subject, and are of opinion that in any position where coal can be had "at ten cents per bushel," steam is as cheap as water power at its minimum cost. Even for cotton factories, the manufacturers of New England, according to Montgomery, consider the advantages of a good location as fully equal to the extra expense of steam power, even when coal must be transported from Pennsylvania to Massachusetts, and the largest mills now being erected are to have steam as a motive power^ Steam, therefore, until superceded by some more effective agent, will be the power principally relied upon to propel Machinery ; and as wood for the generation of steam upon an exten- sive scale is out of the question, we may safely conclude that at no very distant day, the centre of our Manufactures will certainly be in or near a district possessing inex- haustible supplies of cheap coal. The importance of coal as a useful agent in the Arts, is not, however, limited to its capacity to produce power. It lies at the base of all manufacturing and mining opera- tions, and surpasses all other natural products in the PHYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES. 37 power of attracting to the vicinity where it can be ob- tained abundantly and cheaply industry and population. In England, the Woolen Manufacturers were once scat- tered over Sussex, Kent, and other southern counties, but they have been attracted, principally by the wonderful magnetism of coal, to the North. In the coal districts of England we find all her great manufacturing cities and towns ; Birmingham, with its population of perhaps 300,000 ; Leeds, with a population of 200,000 ; Sheffield, whose hardware manufactures are known all over the world, are located in districts abounding with coal, and its usual accompaniment Iron. Manchester, the great seat of the Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain, whose population now exceeds 600,000, is situated on the edge of an immense and seemingly inexhaustible coal- bed. A like proximity may be noticed in the location of Bolton, Bradford, Carlisle, Huddersfield, Oldham and Wolverhamptou in England ; Merthyr Tydvil in "Wales ; Glasgow in Scotland ; and Charleroy in Belgium. The principal manufacturing cities of Europe, in this respect, present a striking contrast to those of the United States. In New England, the sites of the chief manufac- turing towns seem to have been chosen solely with refer- ence to abundant water power; and herein we have one reason for believing that their present pre-eminence is destined soon to be overshadowed, and finally obscured by that of other cities possessing all their other advantages, and having, in addition, a convenient proximity to our immense coal-beds. In spite of our warm regard for New England, and sincere wishes for her continued prosperity in Manufactures, we think the sceptre will eventually, and ere long, depart from Judah. But New England will be New England still. The virtues which make a great people are indigenous to her soil, and will continue to animate and ennoble the population when her capitalists 2* 38 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. and ingenious men have sought other localities, possess- ing greater physical advantages for the fulfillment of their " manifest destiny." 3. With regard to the third point, viz. favorable situa- tion as respects commerce with other countries, its importance is second only to that which we have just considered. It is in the nature of Manufactures to be regardful of distant and foreign markets. The accelerated production which results from the application of machinery, enables one manufacturer to supply the wants of many hundreds of consumers, and a county or part of a country possessing superior facilities for Manufactures, can supply other countries with manufactured goods cheaper than they can produce them. Great Britain, it is well known, exports the bulk of her manufactured commodities. The writer whom we previously quoted, remarks : " Owing to the facilities afforded by our insular situation for main- taining an intercourse with all parts of the world, our manufacturers have been able to obtain supplies of the raw materials on the easiest terms, and to forward their own products wherever there was a demand for them. Had we occupied a central situation, in any quarter of the world, our facilities for dealing with foreigners being so much the less, our progress, though our condition had been otherwise in all respects the same, would have been comparatively slow. But being surrounded on all sides by the sea, that is, by the great highway of nations, we have been able to deal with the most distant as well as with the nearest people, and to profit by all the peculiar capacities of production enjoyed by each." In the United States, the consumption of manufactured goods is so vast, that we are apt to regard any foreign demand as unimportant. But for the year ending June 30, 1855, we exported manufactured commodities to the amount of $30,609,518. The list of articles exported embraced nearly all our prominent Manufactures Cotton piece Goods being the most valuable item, amounting to PHYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES. 39 $5,857,181 ; Manufactures of Iron the next, $3,753,472 ; and Artificial Flowers and Billiard Tables the smallest, of which, however, the exports amounted to about $8000. The Canadas, the West Indies, the South American Republics, Spain and her dependencies, Russia, China, are all ready and willing to exchange their natural pro- ducts for our manufactured goods, if we can compete with other manufacturing countries in their markets. Even English consumers have no objection to take our Manu- factures, not excepting Cotton goods, if the price can be arranged satisfactorily. As early as 1826 we exported $664 cotton goods to England ; in 1837, $11,889 ; and ever since, we believe, there have been small shipments annually. Hence, though it be true that, in the United States, the Home market is the one at present of chief importance, and though the consumption of manufactured goods is so immense that there is undoubtedly room for the establishment of many important local manufactories, if such can exist, at a variety of points ; yet to supply a foreign demand, as well as to obtain the raw materials on the easiest terms, a situation on or near the sea-coast is desirable ; and as large establishments can produce more cheaply than small ones, as we shall subsequently show, it is highly important for such to choose a locality possessing, in addition to the other moral and physical advantages, a complete communication, by railroads and canals, with all parts of our own country, and an estab- lished commerce or facilities for commerce with foreign countries. 4. A suitable Climate is also a consideration of very great importance. The influence of climate upon the productiveness of industry, especially in Manufactures, is very marked. A warm climate not only enervates the body, but enfeebles the mind. It diminishes the utility of money; and by rendering houses and clothing less 40 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. necessary to existence, relieves the inhabitants of one great spur to industry and invention. In very cold cli- mates, on the other hand, the powers of Nature are be- numbed, and the difficulty of preserving life overrides all considerations for making existence comfortable. The climate which seems most favorable to the development of manufacturing industry, is that which is also most conducive to health and longevity, imparting vigor to the frame and force to the intellect, and if we may judge from the past, it is found especially, if not exclusively, in that part of the Eastern Hemisphere which lies between the parallels of 45 and 55, and in the Western between 39 and 45 North Latitude. Climate has also a direct influ- ence upon the durability of buildings, the working of machinery, and the dyeing of fabrics points that we may subsequently consider and thus becomes an element of important consideration in many kind of Manufactures. The Soil of a country or district well adapted for Manu- factures, need not be naturally very fertile. In fact a soil naturally so rich that Agriculture is an easy art, will not afford sustenance to many kinds of Manufactures. In Southern Europe, for instance, where, according to one authority, the only art which the farmers know is to leave their ground fallow for a year, so soon as it is exhausted, and the warmth of the sun alone and temperature of the climate enrich it and restore its fertility, we look in vain for those enterprises which are the product of qualities and virtues that are nourished by difficulties, not facilities. In England, the soil is naturally coarse and stubborn, but capable of being made highly productive by labor, ex- pense, and good husbandry ; and such a soil, with the habits of careful cultivation induced thereby, is the safest reliance for supplying the markets of a manufacturing district with the necessaries of life, at moderate prices. COMBINATION OF LABOR. 41 III. But the one thing essential for the cheap produc- tion of manufactured commodities, and without which all the other moral and physical advantages are ineffectual, remains to be noticed. It is ASSOCIATION or COMBINATION OF LABOR. It is unnecessary to show that man, unaided by his fellow men, is a helpless being. If it were, we might refer to the savages of ^N"ew Holland, who, they say, never help each other even in the most simple operations ; and their condition, as may be supposed, is hardly supe- rior, in some respects it is inferior, to that of the wild animals which they now and then catch. The first step in social improvement, is association for mutual security and mutual assistance ; and every advance in civilization is directly the result of some new combination of efforts. All the marvels of past times, produced by human agency the Temples, Pyramids and Catacombs and all the wonders of the present its Railroads, Telegraphs, Mines and Manufactures have a common origin in association of numbers for a common purpose. All industrial pur- suits depend more or less upon this principle for develop- ment, but in none are its advantages more strikingly manifest than in manufacturing operations. To combine Labor effectually, it is necessary first to separate employments into parts that is, to assign to each co- worker a special occupation. The Division of Labor, as "Wakefield, it is said, was the first to point out, is only a single department of a more comprehensive Law, which he denominated Co-operation, or combined action of num- bers. Its efficiency, however, as an aid to production, is none the less important, and has been abundantly illus- trated by all who have written on Political Economy. Adam Smith illustrated it from pin-making ; and men- tioned that ten men, in a small manufactory, but indiffer- ently accommodated with the necessary machinery, could make, by confining themselves as much as possible to 42 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. * distinct operations, upward of 48,000 pins in a day, or 4,800 for each individual, whereas if they all wrought separately and independently, they certainly could not, each of them, make twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day. M. Say illustrates the principle by reference to the man- ufacture of playing-cards, and says that each card, before being ready for sale, undergoes no fewer "Than seventy operations, and if there are not seventy clasess of work- people in each card manufactory, it is because the division of labor is not carried so far as it might be ; because the same workman is charged with two, three, or four distinct operations. The influence of this distribution is immense. I have seen a card manufactory where thirty workmen pro- duced daily 15,500 cards, being above 500 cards for each laborer ; and it may be presumed that if each of these workmen were obliged to per- form all the operations himself, even supposing him a practiced hand, Le would not perhaps complete two cards in a day, and the thirty work- men, instead of 15,500 cards, would make only sixty." Henry C. Carey refers to weaving in India, and says : * In India each weaver works by himself. He purchases at a high price, ou credit, the materials with which he is to work, and the pro- visions required for his support, and he sells the product at a price not exceeding one-third of its market value. Here is no combination of action no division of labor. The whole work is to be performed by the single individual ; and the time that might be employed in finishing the finest muslins, is wasted upon various processes requiring inferior ability, from the purchase of the cotton to its final sale." Further illustrations are therefore superfluous. The principle is settled: quantity and economy of production are immeasurably aided by the division of employments into parts for the sake of combination of Labor. Secondly, to combine Labor to the best advantage, it is essential to conduct operations on a sufficiently large scale to have a separate workman, or a separate machine, for each process into which it is convenient to subdivide the manufac- ture, and to afford each workman or machine full employ- COMBINATION OF LABOR. 43 ment in that special occupation. This we regard to be the natural limit of a manufacturing establishment. Any extension beyond this may be said to comprise two estab- lishments in one ; and any establishment of less size cannot realize the full benefits of a Division of Labor, and con- sequently cannot produce with the utmost efficiency and economy. The application of the principle, however, would, in most kinds of Manufactures, lead to moderately large establishments ; and that such establishments can produce more economically, or in other words aft'ord to work for a less percentage of profit, is simply a well- established fact. A Philadelphia miller is content with the bran alone as his toll for grinding his customer's corn ; but a country miller, in a sparsedly populated district, must take a considerable portion of the grain for converting the balance into flour. The expenses of a business do not by any means increase proportionally to the quantity of business. A merchant, for instance, who, by advertis- ing, has attracted trade to the amount of $1,000,000 per annum, is not required to pay ten times as much rent, nor does he need ten times more clerks, fuel, lights, &c., than the man who "never advertises," and perchance, does a business of $100,000 a year. In a large manufacturing establishment, the expenses of superintendence, repairs, etc., form but a trifling percentage on the aggregato product, while the time consumed in making a large pur- chase is very little more than in making a small one. Producers on a large scale can also aftbrd to procure the best and most expensive machinery ; and in some kinds of Manufactures, those who produce largely are content with " savings" as their profit, and are enabled to save what would be "waste" in a small establishment. Mr. Whitney, at his car-wheel establishment in Philadelphia, can save from the cinders, we are informed, enough iron to content a gentleman of his moderate views as to profit, 44 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. but a manufacturer of car-wheels on a small scale, would not find it profitable to provide the machinery requisite for that purpose. From these and other considerations, which want of space forbids us to allude to, we infer that in future the manufacture of leading articles of consump- tion will be more and more conducted by large establish- ments, in a locality possessing in the highest degree of perfection, the moral and physical advantages that are essential to manufacturing prosperity. But it does not follow that large establishments will swallow up all smaller ones, unless it be those of a precisely similar kind, situated outside of the centres of combination. The economy which results from producing on a large scale, induces an increased demand for the manufactured goods; and an increased demand leads to a more minute sub- division of a manufacture into parts. "When thousands of machines composed of Iron and Wood are required, we find establishments springing up, devoted exclusively to making parts one, the nuts and washers ; another the screws ; another the bolts ; another the nails ; and others tools and machines to facilitate making parts, and so on, each extensive in its way, and thus large establishments in the leading branches of Manufactures are the parents of other extensive concerns in minor branches. A man who has not the requisite capital to conduct a leading Manufac- ture where large establishments abound, permit us to suggest, will not benefit himself by moving away from them. His policy is, we submit to remain at all events, in their immediate vicinity, and then to accommodate his business to their operations and to his capital that is, he will find it more profitable to be an extensive manu- facturer of eyes for children's dolls in the centre of Manufactures, than a small manufacturer of machinery anywhere. Lastly, to produce with the utmost efficiency and eco- AGGREGATION OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 45 nomy, manufacturing establishments must be together. The area of England and Wales is only about one-fourth more than that of Pennsylvania. In England all the large manufacturing establishments are situated, as we have stated, in close proximity to the coal beds. Manufactur- ers one after another have abandoned their factories iu the Agricultural counties and moved their machinery to the district of which Manchester may be called the central point. Babbage has referred to one of the advantages resulting from this aggregation: " The accumulation of many large manufacturing establishments in one district," he says, " has a tendency to bring together purchasers or their agents from great distances, and thus to cause the institution of a public mart or exchange. This contributes to increase the information relative to the supply of raw material and the state of demand for their produce, with which it is necessary manufacturers should be well ac- quainted. The very circumstance of collecting periodically, at one place, as large a number as possible, both of those who supply the market and those who require its produce, tends strongly to check those accidental fluctuations to which a small market is ever subject, as well as to render the average of the prices paid much more uniform in its course." The accumulation of many large and excellent manu- facturing establishments in one district, also gives a character and stamp to the Manufactures, which others who centre there receive the benefit of. There is also a mutuality of interest between manufacturers of even essentially different products, that renders aggre- gation highly desirable. The finished products of one class of manufacturers are often the raw materials of another. The power-looms of Mr. Jenks are but the instruments of production for the Manufacturer of Cotton and "Woolen goods ; and the finished commodities of the latter, are the raw materials of those who manufacture ready-made Clothing. Pig iron the finished commodity 46 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. of the smelter, is the raw material of him who rolls the bar ; and the bar is again the raw material of sheet iron ; which, in its turn, is the raw material of the nail and the spike. A sugar-refiner consumes the hogsheads, boxes and barrels of the cooper, paper of the paper-maker, and the finished products of coppersmiths, nail-manufacturers, twine-spinners, printers and various others. In fact, the largest and in many instances the sole consumers of cer- tain manufactured articles, are the Manufacturers of other products; and finished commodities being, as a general rule, cheapest at the place of their production, without commissions or charges for transportation, it is certainly for the interest of those who buy to produce, and those who produce to sell, to be together. Aggregation, in fact, is the only effectual means of accumulating and com- bining all economies. In Combination there is mystery like that of the Oak in the Acorn. Like the philosopher's stone, it turns all to gold like the lever or the screw, in adds to man's power many hundred fold. Protective tariffs are useful as swaddling clothes to the infant ; banks facilitate exchanges ; but the perfection of combination cannot be attained except by aggregation in a suitable locality. If the Manufacturers of the United States ever hope to attain an independent position independent of Foreign compe- tition and of Home legislation, independent of commission merchants and of each other they must centralize, so far as centralization is at all practicable. They must come out from sylvan retreats, deny themselves the ad- vantages of mill-races and the harmonies of frog-ponds. They must tear down the miserable shingles " No admit- tance on any pretext whatever" abandon their petty jealousies, enlarge their views, and co-operate like men and brethren. Blacksmiths, Cobblers and Wheelwrights may eke out an existence " in the neighborhood of the MANUFACTURING CENTRES. 47 plow and the harrow," hut in a Democratic country, whose people believe in buying where they can buy the cheapest, whether wisely or not we do not say, Manu- facturers, in the true sense of the term, who attempt isolation, will inevitably find themselves, sooner or later, undersold, first, by those who operate in the centres of Combination, and finally, undersold by the Sheriff, From all these considerations, which in substance we believe to be thoroughly sound, and to which we invite the closest scrutiny, we are led irresistibly to the convic- tion that but few countries in the world, and but few places in any country, are well adapted for general Manu- factures. Secondly : That the best possible locality in the United States for general manufacturing is an attractive and suitable centre of Wealth, Population and Intelligence, situ* ated in a populous district, abounding in well developed mines of Coal and Iron, and possessing established and su- perior facilities of intercommunication with all parts of our own country, and for commerce with foreign countries. And Thirdly : If there be two or more such localities, the one pos- sessing desirable, in addition to the essential advantages in the highest degree of perfection, and the one already having the greatest number of large and well-managed manufacturing establishments, must be the best market in which to buy the commodities manufactured there, and eventually will be the chief seat of Manufactures in the United States. Now, have we such a locality ? The centres of "Wealth, Population and Intelligence in the United States are not numerous. Suitable centres for manufacturing, situated in close proximity to well-developed mines of Coal and Iron, and possessing established facilities for procuring raw materials on the easiest terms, and sending away manufactured produce, are very few ; and of centres of Wealth, Population and Intelligence, we know of but one that possesses all the essential and most of the desirable 48 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. advantages for manufacturing every variety of products, and which already contains many large and well-managed manufacturing establishments. To that one we invite the attention of all who produce, and deal in or consume manufactured commodities. The subject is one in which all these have a deep interest. If it be true that the highest degree of economy in production depends upon a combination of certain circumstances, rarely found, but which exist in the highest degree of perfection in a cer- tain place, all who desire to produce cheaply, and all who desire to buy cheaply, have a direct pecuniary interest in knowing the facts, and in aiding to develop its capabilities. The place to which we invite earnest and sagacious attention, as the best manufacturing centre at present in the United States, is PHILADELPHIA, in the State of Pennsylvania. Od PHILADELPHIA AS A MANUFACTURING CENTRK PHILADELPHIA is a scriptural name, composed of twc Greek words, which signify, as usually interpreted, brotherly love. St. John, as we are informed in the Reve- lations, was instructed to indite a consolatory epistle to "the church in Philadelphia," a city of Asia Minor, about seventy-two miles from Smyrna. The Philadelphia of which we write is a namesake of the biblical city ; and though not very ancient, is yet a cotemporary with most of the important events in American history. It was founded in 1682-3, by "William Penn, who with a colony of En- glish Friends or Quakers, had come to America to settle a province or tract of land granted to him by Charles II., in payment of a debt due by the government to his father. Before attempting any overt acts of sovereignty, however, Penn was wisely " moved" to acknowledge and purchase the rights of the aborigines, and thus, as Ray- nal has remarked, signalized his arrival by an act of equity, which made his person and his principles equally beloved. He also promulgated a series of laws, in which Liberty of Conscience was the first in order and importance. "A plantation reared on such a seed-plot," says Chalmers, "could not fail to grow with rapidity, to advance to maturity, to attract notice of the world." The site chosen for the proposed city was a nearly level 3* (49) 50 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. plain between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, about six miles above their junction, and sixty miles from the ocean, by a direct line, though nearly a hundred miles by the course of the river. The influences that determined Penn in his choice of the spot are said to have been "the approach of the two rivers; the short distance above the mouth of the Schuylkill ; the depth of the Delaware ; the land heavily timbered ; the existence of a stratum of brick clay on the spot, and immense quarries of building stone in the vicinity." In drafting the plan of his Ame- rican city, Penn is supposed to have had in view the celebrated city of Babylon, which he certainly imitated in the regularity of the streets, and which he seemed desirous to emulate in size, for he gave orders to his commissioners to lay out a town that would have covered an area of 8000 acres. It was found, however, that " hundred-acre lots," which some of the squatter-sover- eigns secured, would never answer the end of a city in a new country, and the plan was subsequently reduced. In 1701 it was again contracted, when the city was declared to be bounded by the " two rivers Delaware and Schuyl- kill, and Vine and Cedar streets as north and south boundaries." These continued to be the corporate limits of the city until 1854 the suburbs, as population extended, being divided into districts, as Spring Garden, Northern Liberties, Kensington, Southwark, Moyamensing and West Philadelphia, which in 1850 contained nearly twice as many inhabitants as the city proper. The events in the early history of the town, prior to the Revolution, are not very striking. We subjoin a summary of the most important, as far as possible, in their chronological order. In 1687 a printing-press, the second in America, was set up ; in 1689 Penn established a public High School with a charter. In 1742 Franklin projected an Academy and Free School, which became IMPORTANT EVENTS. 51 presently a College, and finally the "University of Penn- sylvania." In 1765, the merchants of Philadelphia, in consequence of various restrictive and ill-advised Acts, particularly the Stamp Act, passed by the Parlia- ment of Great Britain, pledged their word of honor not to order nor sell on commission any goods from Great Britain, except certain articles, more particularly those necessary for carrying on Manufactures, "unless the Stamp Act be repealed." In 1774 the first Congress in America assembled in Carpenters' Hall, (a building still standing in a court back of Chestnut street, between Third and Fourth streets,) to take into consideration the state of our relations with the mother country. In this city was adopted the Declaration of Independence, which was read from a stand in the State House yard, by Captain John Hopkins, July 4, 1776. From September, 1777 to June, 1778, in consequence of the disastrous battles of Brandy- wine and Germantown, the British army had possession of the city. The Convention that framed the present Constitution of the United States, met in Philadelphia, May, 1787. Here George Washington, when President of the United States, resided, in a building on the south side of Market street, between Fifth and Sixth, the lot being now occupied by a palatial business edifice, widely known as " Bennett's Tower Hall Clothing Store." The first bank established in the United States was the Bank of Pennsylvania, opened at Philadelphia on the 17th of July, 1780, with a capital of 300,000, its special object being to supply the American army with provi- sions. In 1782 the Bank of North America went into operation ; and in 1791 the United States Bank. In 1792 Congress passed an act establishing "a Mint for the pur- pose of a National coinage," to be situate and carried on at the Seat of Government of the United States for the time being, which was then at Philadelphia. In 1793, 52 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. coinage was commenced in a building on Seventh street, opposite Zane, still known as the " Old Mint," and con- tinued there until 1833, when the present noble edifice at the north-west corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets was completed.* In the autumn of 1793 the yellow fever visited Phila- delphia, and carried off more than 4000 persons, out of a population of a little over 40,000, of whom half, it was thought, had fled the city. The pestilence visited the city again in 1798, but was not so fatal as in 1793. The wars commenced by France in 1792 with other European powers, and which were continued until the abdication of Napoleon in 1814, had an immense influence in develop- ing American Commerce, and Pennsylvania shared largely in this prosperity. Large importations were made from China and India into Philadelphia, for re-exportation to European markets. Our ships then enjoyed the carrying trade of the world, and numbers of our citizens accumu- lated large fortunes. In January, 1801, Philadelphia was supplied for the first time with water from Water Works erected according to a plan proposed by Mr. Latrobe, viz. " to make a reservoir upon the banks of the Schuylkill, to throw up a sufficient quantity of water into a tunnel, and to carry it thence to a reservoir in Centre Square ; and after being raised there, to distribute it throughout the city by pipes." These works were superceded by the Since its establishment in 1793, to the close of the year 1856, the Mint at Philadelphia coined 525,636,141 pieces, of the value of $391,730,57186; the gold coinage being $306,445,97078, the silver coinage $83,685,297 99, and copper coinage $1,599,30309. The entire coinage of the United States to the same period was $563,433,70812. The present officers of the Mint at Philadelphia, are: Director, James Ross Snowden ; Treasurer, Daniel Sturgeon ; Chief Coiner, George K. Childs ; Melter and Refiner, James C. Booth : Engraver, James B. Long- acre; Atsnyer, Jacob R. Eckfeldt; Assistant Assayer, William E. DuBoia. MANUFACTURES IN 1811. 53 present works erected at Fairraount, which we will sub- sequently notice. In 1811, Dr. James Mease published a book which he entitled "A Picture of Philadelphia." At that time Philadelphia was the most populous city in the Union. From an enumeration made the previous year, it appears that the number of dwelling-houses in the city and dis- tricts, was 15,814, and the population of the city and county amounted to 111,210. The population of the whole of Manhattan Island, at the same period, embracing the city of New York, was 96,372. Philadelphia then, as now, was the most healthy city in the Union. The average of deaths per day, in Philadelphia, was 5, whereas in New York, with a smaller population, it was 6|. "We subjoin Dr. Mease's remarks on the Manufac- tures, from which it will be perceived that Philadelphia was already celebrated in various departments of Manu- facturing industry. "The various coarser metallic articles, which enter so largely into the wants and business of mankind, are manufactured to a great extent, in a variety of forms, and in a substantial manner. All the various edged tools for mechanics are extensively made : and it may be men- tioned as a fact calculated to excite surprise, that our common screw auger, an old and extensively used instrument, has been recently an- nounced in the British publications, as a capital improvement in mechanics, as it certainly is, and that all attempts by foreign artists to make this instrument durable, have failed. " The finer kinds of metals are wrought with neatness and taste. The numerous varieties of tin ware in particular, may be mentioned as wor- thy of attention. But above all, the working of the precious metals has reached a degree of perfection highly creditable to the artists. Silver plate fully equal to sterling, as to quality and execution, is now made, and the plated wares are superior to those commonly imported in the way of trade. Floor-cloths of great variety of patterns, without seams, and the colors bright, hard and durable ; various printed cotton stuffs, warranted fast colors ; earthenware, yellow and red, and stone ware are extensively made ; experiments show that ware equal to that 54 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. of Staffordshire might be manufactured, if workmen could be pro- cured. " The supply of excellent patent shot is greater than the demand. All the chemical drugs, and mineral acids of superior quality, are made by several persons : also cards, carding and spinning-machines for Cotton, Flax, and Wool. Woolen, worsted, and thread hosiery have long given employment to our German citizens : and recently, cotton stockings have been extensively made. " Paints of twenty-two different colors, brilliant and durable, are in common use, from native materials ; the supply of which is inexhausti- ble. The chromate of lead, that superb yellow color, is scarcely equaled by any foreign paint. There are fifteen rope-walks in our vicinity. We no longer depend upon Europe for excellent and handsome paper hangings, or pasteboard, or paper of any kind. The innumerable arti- cles into which leather enters are neatly and substantially made : the article saddlery forms an immense item in the list. The leather has greatly improved in quality; the exportation of boots and shoes to the Southern States is great ; and to the West Indies, before the interrup- tiou to trade, was immense. Morocco leather is extensively manufac- tured. The superiority of the carriages, either as respects excellence of workmanship, fashion, or finish, has long been acknowledged. The type-foundry of Binney & Ronaldson supplies nearly all the numerous printing-offices in the United States. There are one hundred and two hatters in the City and Liberties. Tobacco, in every form, gives employ to an immense capital. The refined sugar of Philadelphia has long been celebrated : ten refineries are constantly at work. Excellent japanned and pewter ware: muskets, rifles, fowling-pieces and pistols are made with great neatness. The cabinet-ware is elegant, and with the manufacture of wood generally, is very extensive. The houses are ornamented with marbles of various hues and qualities, from the quar- ries near Philadelphia. " Mars Works, at the corner of Ninth and Vine streets, and on the Ridge road, the property of Oliver Evans, consists of an iron foundry, mould-maker's shop, steam-engine manufactory, blacksmith's shop, and mill-stone manufactory, and a steam-engine used for grinding sun- dry materials for the use of the works, and for turning and boring heavy cast and wrought iron work. The buildings occupy one hundred and eighty-eight feet front, and about thirty-five workmen are daily em- ployed. They manufacture all cast or wrought-iron work for machinery for mills, for grinding grain or sawing timber ; for forges, rolling and slitting-mills, sugar-mills, apple-mills, bark-mills, &c. Pans of all dimensions used by sugar-boilers, soap-boilers, &c. Screws of all sizes FAIRMOUNT WATER WORKS. 55 or cotton-presses, tobacco-presses, paper-presses, cast iron gudgeons, and boxes for mills and wagons, carriage-boxes, &c., and all kinds of small wheels and machinery for Cotton and Wool spinning, &c. Mr. Evans also makes steam-engines on improved principles, IL rented and patented by the proprietor, which are more powerful and less compli- cated, and cheaper than others ; requiring less fuel, and not more than one-fiftieth part of the coals commonly used. The small one in use at the works is on this improved principle, and is of great use in facilitat- ing the manufacture of others. The proprietor has erected one of his improved steam-engines in the town of Pittsburg, and employed to drive three pair of large millstones with all the machinery for cleaning the grain, elevating, spreading, and stirring and cooling the meal, gathering and bolting, <: .*. - - 332,487 " " " (public,) 3,810 Gas made in 1857, ..... 409,067,000 cubic feet. Total, made in 21 years, .... 3,198,088,000 " " Present manufacturing capacity, 1857, 2J million feet per diem. CENSUS or 1850. 57 that burned the Pennsylvania Hall, fired the Shelter for Colored Orphans, and attacked the negro quarters. In 1844 the city was again disquieted by riots incited by the presumed interference of Catholics with the elective franchise, and several Catholic churches were burned. In 1847, the Pennsylvania Railroad, to connect Philadel- phia with the Ohio River, was commenced, and finally completed in 1854. In 1850 a census was taken, which showed that Philadelphia contained 23,601 more dwell- ings than the city of New York, and a population of 408,762, being an increase of 58J per cent, in the ten years preceding the census of 1850, and 953J per cent, in the sixty years since the first National census. Of the population of 1850, 17,500 were born in England; 72,312 in Ireland ; 22,750 in Germany ; 3,291 in Scot- land ; and 1,981 in France. Total foreign, 121,699. In 1854 the corporate limits of the city were made co- extensive with those of the county of Philadelphia, cover- ing an area of 120 square miles, and placing the villages and towns of Bridesburg, Frankford, Holmesburg, By- berry, Nicetown, Andalusia, Bustleton, Rising Sun, Milestown, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Falls, Mana- yunk, Roxborough, West Philadelphia, Mantua, Had- dington, and Hamilton, under the wise guardianship of a Metropolitan Mayor and City Councils, sans peur et sans reproche. These, we believe, may be called the most important events in the Annals of Philadelphia. In the history of a place whose "birth and spring-time" carry us back nearly a century anterior to the American Revolution, there are necessarily many events of greater or less importance that deserve to be commemorated. No city of equal age can present a fairer or more interesting record of the past than Philadelphia ; none has been more prolific in 4 58 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. men who have been eminent in their day and generation; and not one has been so fortunate in inspiring that speciea of affection which manifests itself in culling and preserv- ing, as a labor of love, the features and memorials of a time gone by. John F. Watson, in his " Annals," has done all that can be desired to preserve the lineaments and characteristics of what maybe called the "olden time" of Philadelphia ; and our Historical and Philosophical Societies have accumulated papers and disquisitions upon every conceivable subject pertaining thereto. Truly, if the prosperity of a city be promoted in proportion to the affectionate attachment of its inhabitants a feeling, as Everett has observed, entitled to respect, and productive of good, even if it may sometimes seem to strangers over-partial in its manifestations the citizens of Phila- delphia may repeat, with confidence, the poetical predic- tion of Taylor, the astrological Hague of the eighteenth century : " A city built 'neath such propitious rays Will stand to see old walls and happy days." The Past of this city, therefore, has been well cared for ; its historical incidents are preserved in its own and in the records of our country; the fame of its great men will survive "fresh in eternal youth"; and neophytes in Archaeology may well despair unless they devote atten- tion to its Present, which, with its material progress, its advance, especially in Manufactures, its Railroads and its Fire and Police Telegraphs, would at any time form a, theme sufficiently comprehensive in itself to exclude any minute reference to the events of the past. I. Philadelphia as it is. PHILADELPHIA is usually described as the second city in the United States ; and, if we except Paris, nearly equals the largest capitals on the continent of Europe PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 59 in population. No census has been taken since 1850 ; but assuming that the increase has been in the same ratio as that which distinguished the ten years preceding the last national census, its present population cannot be far short of 600,000. Its entire length, as per Ellet's Survey, is twenty -three miles, and average breadth five and a half miles ; area, one hundred and twenty-nine and one eighth square miles, or 82,700 acres. The densely in- habited portion of Philadelphia extends about four miles on the Delaware, from Southwark north to Bichmoml, formerly Port Richmond, and two and a half miles on the Schuylkill, having a breadth between the two rivers, assuming South street formerly the Southern boundary of the city to be the standard, of 12,098 feet 3 inches. The plan of regularity in the streets, originally adopted by Penn, and which, though condemned by some trav- elers accustomed to the crooked and narrow streets of European capitals, has been unqualifiedly approved by mathematical and scientific minds, is adhered to ; and in the northern as well as the central parts of the city, there are avenues and streets which, for spaciousness and ele- gance, are unsurpassed by any. The elegance of the public buildings has long been a subject of remark, even in primary geographies ; but, within the last few years, the architectural beauties of the city have been vastly en- hanced by the erection of numerous costly private build- ings: banks, stores, churches, dwellings of granite, iron, sandstone, and marble ; and its upward growth, by the addition of stories upon stories, is not lees remarkable. Beyond the compact or densely built-up portions, in the northerly direction, there is a wide expanding district between the two rivers, occupied in part by beautiful suburban residences, and by numerous Manufactories, surrounded by the habitations of industrious and con- tented artisans. The vicinity of Germantown is espe- 60 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. cially noted for the number of elegant cottages and villas, surrounded by handsomely laid out grounds, de- lightfully shaded ; while the beauties of the Wissahickon, have they not inspired poets? But the citizens of Philadel- phia, though appreciating her elegance in architecture, and scenes of natural beauty, cherish them less fondly, and point to them with less pride, than to the number and supe- riority of her charitable institutions, the excellence of her schools, the refinements of her society, her eminence in the Fine and the Mechanical Arts, the multiplied conve- niences of life, promoting domestic comfort, and the ce- lebrity of her Forum and Medical Schools, which, like the works of the Athenian orators, are regarded with veneration and respect by every polished nation. Upon the minds of strangers and tourists, however, the external aspect of a city seems to leave the most per- manent impressions ; and if we may judge from their written opinions, that of Philadelphia has charmed those who charm the world. The learned and philosophical au- thor of Mademoiselle Rachel's tour in America, was saga- cious enough to remark and in one so courteous, a trifling geographical inaccuracy can readily be pardoned that " the capital of Pennsylvania, the Quaker city as it is called, is one of the richest, handsomest, and most flourishing cities in the United States of America." This is much from a gentleman who thanked God that he had visited North America, " because it is a duty disposed of," and he would never have to return there ; but he proceeds to add : " Fortunately, it is superb weather here, and we can see this elegant capital at our ease. All the houses have a flaunting, coquettish air, which is pleasant to see. The streets are broad and clean. The shops are gene rally very large and very rich. There are superb goods in them. In fact, this city has a happy physiognomy, which is very agreeable." The ladies, especially the PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 61 Fannies, it is consoling to reflect, have also found much to delight them. Fanny Kemble was enraptured, we be- lieve enchanted by the appearance of Fairmount, by moonlight; and Fanny Fern went off like an alarum clock at the beauties, and particularly the butter of Phil- adelphia. None, however, have expressed their admira- tion more gravely, deliberately, and ornately, than the writer of the following: "Few great cities present such attractions for the stranger, as the city of ' Brotherly Love.' The American is proud that here the Declaration of Independence was signed ; and his patriotic heart swells with a nobler emotion, while he looks upon the bell that pealed forth the joy of a nation's deliverance ; and his heroic spirit will be stirred within him as he sits on the chair on which once sat the Father of his Country, yet, with many a relic of the past, preserved in Independence Hall. The philanthropist feels his heart throb with pleasure as he views the many noble institutions that a munificent charity has erected to ameliorate the condition of suffering humanity, supply the wants of the poor, minister to miuds diseased, and alleviate the sufferings of the sick and wounded. The lover of science rejoices to see the city of Franklin abounding in Institutes whose object is the cultivation of all the arts that adorn, and all the sciences that tend to the progress of mankind. The philosopher will find kindred spirits in the great centre from which the rays of intellect emanate, whose brightness appears as a star of glory to the nation and the world. Medical students resort to Philadelphia for their profes- sional training; the young aspirant to forensic honors seeks her classic shades ; and while the admirer of the beautiful in architecture, and the architect, may exult in the stately proportions of her solemn temples, her gorgeous palaces, and the genius that adorned her with edifices whose beauty might vie with the Grecian models, the true Christian will find that the piety that erected the ancient church of Gloria Dei in the city's infancy, has diffused itself, and kept pace with its rapid in- crease. The merchant from other cities may look with wonder upon the commercial facilities of Philadelphia, her double port, the rich mineral treasures poured into her lap from the exhaustless resources of the Commonwealth, and the resources that put the numerous wheels of manufacturing industry in motion, and send the products of her skill, the results of her commerce, ami the proceeds of her inland trade, to the furthest regions oi' the West, and almost all points of the 4* 62 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. compass. Her great Railway system, the most complete in the coun- try, makes her pre-eminent for all the facilities of business, giving her a great advantage over all other cities in the Union. The exceeding beauty of her location, and the lovely scenery of the surrounding country, make her the resort of many who delight in beholding the fair face of Nature, seldom so full of beauty as in some portions of her enchanting rural scenery." Such is Philadelphia as it appears to the optics of intelligent strangers. Such may it ever appear. If, how- ever, a statistical description were wanted to convey a clearer idea of the magnitude of the city, we might say that Philadelphia is a collection of nearly 100,000 dwellings, Shops, and Manufactories, 7,404 Stores, 299 Churches,* 304 School-houses, 18 Banks, 11 Market-houses, 8 Medical Schools, 1 High School, 1 Girard College, 1 The Directory assigns these churches to the different denominations, as follows: to Protestant Episcopal, 53; Methodist Episcopal, 42 ; Methodist Protestant, 4; Baptist, 30; Presbyterian, 44 ; Associate Presbyterian, f> ; As- sociate Reformed Presbyterian, 3 ; Reformed Presbyterian, 9 : Catholic, 28 ; Lutheran, 15; Friends, 13; Dutch Reformed, 4 ; German Reformed, 6 ; Jews' Synagogues, 6; Mariners', 2; Evangelical Association, 2; Universalist, 3; Independent, 2 ; New Jerusalem, 3 ; Unitnrian, Second Advent, Moravian, Dis- ciples of Christ, Christian, and Bible Christian, each 1. The colored churches are ns follows: Methodist, 11 ; Presbyterian, 3 ; Baptist, 4 ; and Protestant Episcopal, 1. Several of the church buildings are beautiful specimens of ar- chitecture. The ST. MARK'S, (Episcopal), on Locust, above Sixteenth, cost, we believe, $120,000. The CALVARY CHUKCH, (Presbyterian), Locust, above Fifteenth, and another at Seventeenth and Spruce streets, are also elegant structures. The Baptist Church, at Broad and Arch streets, has a steeple that cost about $16,000. The Catholics are now erecting, on I'.ighteenth street, opposite Logan Square, the CATHEDRAL of St. Peter and St. Paul, which, when completed, will cost more than half a million of dol- lars, and will be one of the most magnificent church-edifices in the coun- try. The St. John's Church, (Catholic), Thirteenth near Market, is a fine Gothic structure, with a square tower on each of its front corners. The interior has some handsome paintings, and the windows are ornamented. St. Stephen's Church, (Episcopal), Tenth, between Market and Chestnut sts., is a "fine Gothic edifice, 102 feet long, 50 wide, having two towers at the front corners, octagonal, and 86 feet in height." This church contains the celebrated Monument to theBusD family, an object of considerable interest. Christ Church, in Second street, below Arch, is one of the oldest in the city, having been built in 1691, and enlarged in 1710. The spire was begun in PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 63 Polytechnic College, 1 State House, 1 Custom House, 1 Exchange, 1 Mint, 1 Navy Yard, 1 Naval Asylum, 3 Arsenals, 1 Blockley Almshouse,* 2 Insane Asylums, 1 Pennsylvania Institute for Deaf and Dumb,f 1 Blind Asylum, 1 Pennsylvania Hospital, J 1 Academy of Music, 1 Academy of Fine Arts, 1 Academy of Natural Sciences, 1 Athenaeum, 1 Club House, numerous Libraries, 3 Theatres, 1 Masonic Hall, 15 Public Halls, 7 Gas Works, 5 "Water "Works, 1 County Prison, to which 15,809 per- sons were committed during 1857 ; 2 Houses of Refuge, containing 451 hopefuls ; 1 Penitentiary, where 376 per- sons now chew the cud of reflection in silence ; about 350 miles of cobble Pavements, 500 miles of Foot Pavements, 5631 Gas and Fluid Lamps, 9 Public Squares, 14 Cemete- ries, 9 Railroad Depots, 90 Fire Engine-houses, 17 Station- houses, 3 Race Courses, besides Hotels, Restaurants, Sav- ings Institutions, Insurance Companies, Charitable Institu- tions, Bridges, Vessels at wharves, Truck and other Farms, inclusive, " too numerous to mention." A statist, prosecu- 1753; its height is 196 feet. The money toward its completion was raised by lottery. This church has a chime of bells brought from England. The oldest church in the city, however, is the Gloria Dei, commonly called " Swedes Church," on Swanson street, near the Navy Yard. * The Altmhouse is an immense structure, situated on the west side of the Schuylkill, opposite South street. It consists of four main buildings, fronting on the Schuylkill, covering and enclosing ten acres of ground. The accommodations are excellent ; and besides an almshouse capable of con- taining 3,000 persons, there is an Insane Asylum, in which there are over 300 patients of both sexes. Visitors admitted. Well worth seeing. f The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb occupies a building having a front of 200 feet on Broad street, and running back on Pine street '235 feet. Number in the institution, of both sexes, about 100. The Blind Asylum, situated at Race and Twentieth streets, is also a very useful and in- teresting institution. J The Pennsylvania Hospital, in Pine street, from Eighth to Ninth streets, admits patients of all ages and sexes, who have received injury within twenty-four hours, provided they belong to the county. It possesses an Anatomical Museum, a valuable Medical Library of 10,000 volumes, and a Painting, by West, of Christ Healing the Sick, presented by the author. 64 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. ting his researches with due diligence, might ascertain that this wilderness of brick and mortar is inhabited by about 600,000 persons, white, black, mixed, and millionaires, including, as per the Directory for 1858, 1160 Smiths, 540 Browns, 480 Johnsons, 440 Joneses, 330 Thompsons, their heirs and assigns, and 1 George Munday. Further, if he be curious in such matters, he may probably discover that this people, collectively, " are well to do," owning real and personal property of a value of about $450,000,000, though assessed for much less ; that, in 1857, they paid into the City Treasury $4,072,267, besides supporting about 600 lawyers, 1,000 physicians, over 900 teachers, and half as many preachers : that their city officials com- prise, 1 Mayor, 1 City Solicitor, 1 City Controler, 1 Re- ceiver of Taxes, 3 City Commissioners, 1 City Treasurer, 1 Chief Engineer of Water Department, 1 Chief Engi- neer of Fire Department, 1 Chief Engineer of Gas Works, 1 Chief Commissioner of Highways, 1 Commissioner of City Property, 1 Commissioner of Market-houses, 1 Chief Surveyor, and 12 Regulators; 24 Select Couucilmen, with 3 Officers, and 89 Common Councilmen, with 5 Officers ; 24 Members of a Board of Health, with 7 Officers, and 10 Executive Officers ; 24 Guardians of the Poor, with 7 Officers, and 13 Out-door Visitors ; numerous Assist- ants and Clerks in each Department ; that their Police force, consists of 1 Mayor, whose salary is - $3,500 per annum. 1 Mayor's Clerk, - * . ' . . 1,000 " 1 Chief of Police, - -'* ' - . - --^ 1,500 " " 8 High Constables, each J ' f *' : ^ i M 700 " " 4 Special Officers, " 600 " " 1 Supt. of Fire and Police Alarm Telegraph, 1,200 " " 1 Assistant, " " " - 600 " " 16 Lieutenants, each .... 650 " " 32 Sergeants, " 600 " " 650 Policemen, " - . . . 500 " " Who made, in 1857, 21,537 arrests, and restored 3,430 lost children. PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 65 And notwithstanding the vast expenditure required for public purposes, the people had money enough left to contribute vast sums in charity, build 75 four-story dwell- ings, 991 three-story dwellings, 9 churches, 12 factories, and 4 school-houses ; support 493 omnibuses, pay $500 per day to one Passenger Railway, spend about $5,000 per night in public amusements, lager-beer concerts, &c. ; smoke about a million dollars worth of cigars, and purchase $2,000,000 worth of oysters ; and they consumed, among other things, 60,425 beeves, 11,930 cows, 100,479 swine, 303,900 sheep, exclusive of meat brought in market wagons; and drank and wasted 6,318,880,116 gallons of water. It is thus evident that Philadelphia, regarded from every point of view, is a centre of Wealth and Popula- tion ; and, if the social characteristics of its inhabitants correspond with its external allurements, it must be an attractive centre. What, then, are their characteristics, par- ticularly with reference to the social position of the Mechanic and the Artisan f What facilities are provided for their physical comfort and intellectual advancement ? In the first place, the citizens of Philadelphia, who now give tone and direction to its popular sentiment, it may be relied upon, are far too clear-headed and practical in their views to do any thing tending to degrade labor and check useful enterprise. Even among the numerous sets of exclusives into which the descendants of great people sometimes divide themselves, there are none that I have heard of in this city who make idleness the "open sesame" to the enjoyments of their society. Nearly every citi- zen has some regular occupation ; and prides himself upon diligence in the transaction of business and punc- tuality in fulfilling his engagements. The circle of those, at least among the male population, who aspire to dis- tinction because of their uselessuess, is like a wart on a 66 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. man's nose, more looked at than important. The mass of the inhabitants believe in the Baconian philosophy, and illustrate its wisdom and beneficence by multiplying human enjoyments and mitigating human sufferings. The Press is emphatically a People's Press. The Qua- kers, whose influence, though diluted of late, continues to be felt in modifying the characteristics of our society, are true Benthamites in their views on individual and general happiness. They hold that the greatest happi- ness of the individual is, in the long run, to be obtained by pursuing the greatest happiness of the aggregate. They excel especially in the substantiate of character, are fruitful in good works, zealous in education, and liberal in encouraging and rewarding decided mechanical and artistic triumphs. Constitutionally deliberate and prudent, the want of cordiality in their manners, which some strangers complain of, may be, and probably is, an un- fortunate manifestation of these excellent qualities : or, in other words, of thinking twice before speaking once. Their city has been so prolific in great men, that the ar- rival of another does not create a sensation ; and being quite inexperienced in the art of giving entertainments at the subsequent expense of their guests,\}iey prefer to con- ciliate mercantile visitors by giving them mercantile advan- tages. With respect to the want of enterprise a stand- ing accusation, which our fellow-citizens are accustomed to make against each other in tempestuous weather we acknowledge the charge is seemingly reasonable and well founded, especially if it mean a total inability to compre- hend the morality, or realize the pecuniary value of clap- trappery, slap-dashery, or eclat. Adverse to puffing, they even refrain from scattering broadcast, as they ought to do, information relative to the mercantile and manufactur- ing advantages of their city ; practical in their views, they sometimes forget that man does not live by bread PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 67 alune ; and straightforward in their own dealings, and governed exclusively in their own transactions by eco- nomical or commercial reasons, they do not suppose it possible that such trifles as " ancient and fish-like smells" in market-houses, can keep one customer away from where he ought to go ; or that such vanities as popular preachers, big hotels, capacious theatres, palaces of mirrors, can possibly attract one customer where it is not his interest to go. The late panic, however, has dis- pelled many illusions ; and if, moreover, disabusing every mind of the feeling of entire security, and of the convic- tion that perfection is already attained, it awaken a more active spirit, the anniversary of its advent may here- after be celebrated as a civic holiday; and this beautiful city, having taken a new lease of Prosperity, will perpetu- ate the glory, as well as the memory of its Founders. Secondly, the social and practical characteristics of the citizens of Philadelphia are in nothing more clearly and favorably manifested than in their zealous support of free education. According to the Controlers' Report of 1856, there were 304 Public Schools in the city, viz. : 1 High School, 1 Normal School, 55 Grammar Schools, 48 Sec- ondaries, 156 Primaries, and 43 unclassified schools. The whole number of teachers was 940, of whom 78 were males, and 862 females ; the expense $456,089 14, and the number of scholars who enjoyed the benefits of gratuitous tuition was 55,099. But Public Schools are only a moiety of the educational establishments of Phil- adelphia. The city abounds in private schools and in- stitutions of a semi-public character. Yet the quantity of the instruction given in the schools is perhaps less noteworthy than its quality. Public teachers must com- pete with private teachers ; while the latter are incited to emulation by the example of numerous eminent profes- sors. From a mechanical point of view, however, the 68 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. crowning distinction in this respect is the abundance of facilities provided for those who desire to increase their stock of practical and scientific knowledge. Books are at the command of such, rare in character and unlimited in quantity. The Philadelphia Library, one of the largest and best in the country, containing some seventy thou- sand volumes, is open to all, and access is thus given to works that probably are inaccessible to mechanics else- where. The work on British Patents, recently donated to the library, is valued at $3,000; the binding of the volumes alone having cost, we are informed, seven hun- dred dollars. For three dollars a year, any respectable person may enjoy the advantages of the Mercantile Li- brary, whose members now number, we believe, 1,500. In various parts of the city there are Institutes with Reading-rooms and Libraries attached, w 7 here gratuitous lectures are given, especially adapted to the wants of mechanics. At the Wagner Free Institute of Science, twelve lectures are delivered weekly, during the Winter season, on Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, Astronomy, Botany, Anatomy, Physiology, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Chemical Agriculture, Ethnology, Compara- tive Anatomy, Zoology, Meteorology, and Civil Engi- neering. The apparatus is superior, and the lectures are well attended. The Spring Garden Institute gives in- struction in the Mechanic Arts and Architecture, and has lectures on Literary and Scientific subjects. The Me- chanics' Institute of Southwark, the Moyamensing Lite- rary Institute, the Philadelphia City Institute, have reading-rooms and lectures, and the last has a School of Design. The Kensington Literary Institute, and the West Philadelphia Institute, are of the same character as the others ; the latter having a School of Design. The Board of Trustees, in their report to contributors for 1856, state that the results of these Institutes show "that PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 69 ihere is an aggregate of more than 11,000 volumes in the libraries ; that during the past year more than 32,000 rolumes have been loaned for home-reading ; that more than 48,000 visits were paid to the reading-rooms by par- ties who partook of the intellectual food there dispensed ; that one hundred pupils availed themselves of the valu- able privileges afforded, for the culture of the eye and the hand in designing and drawing, by the schools of the Institutes; that sixty-seven lectures on literary, scien- tific, and artistic subjects, many of them replete with useful information, were listened to by thousands ; and that, stimulated by your own generous contribution of more than $30,000, more than $50,000 additional have been contributed by our fellow-citizens to help onward the noble work commenced by you." The Franklin Institute provides lectures at cheap rates every Winter, on Mechanical, Literary, and Scientific sub- jects, publishes a Scientific Journal, the oldest of its kind in the country, possesses a valuable Cabinet of Mod- els and Minerals, and gives an Annual Exhibition that does much to promote progress in the Useful Arts. The Academy of Natural Sciences has a fine collection of objects in Natural History, embracing 25,000 specimens in Ornithology, and 30,000 in Botany ; a library of over 26,000 volumes ; and Mineralogical and Geological Cabi- nets, noted for their completeness. Professor Agassiz pronounced this institution the best out of Europe for its collections in the department of Natural History. At the Polytechnic College, opposite Penn Square, an engi- neer may obtain instruction in Physics that, before its establishment, he could not have obtained on this side of the Atlantic. In addition to the regular course, which embraces instruction in Civil Engineering, Me- chauical Drawing, Mining, &c., the Managers have re- cently established a department designed to give instruc- 70 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. tion in "certain branches of knowledge that are de- manded in common by every business pursuit, and are alike indispensable to the merchant, the farmer, the manu- facturer, mechanic, and the manager of mining and other property." At the Girard College, drawing is taught from models of geometrical solids, and also in the High School, by competent teachers. The science of Accounts Book-keeping, Penmanship, and Commercial Law, are taught at a Commercial College, recently incorporated by the Legislature, and presided over by competent pro- fessors ; and for the instruction of females in many de- partments of design, as applicable to manufactures, there is a school known as the " Philadelphia School of Design for "Women," established a few years ago, by Mrs. Peter, the lady of the late British Consul at Philadelphia. Among the educators of the people, too, the newspapers of this city are fairly entitled to rank. There are now twelve newspapers published daily eight in the morn- ing, and four in the afternoon ; forty weeklies, and more than fifty publications properly designated as pe- riodicals. The aggregate of those distinguished as news- papers, does not embrace any of a strictly scientific de- scription ; but the deficiency is in great part compensated for by many of the dailies, which never fail to advise their readers of whatever is important in the progress of the Mechanic Arts. The complement, also, lacks one or more of a metropolitan character, or those which can be said to possess universal interest ; but as a faithful local Press, the newspapers of this city are models for those of the Union. The working-man here, for one cent, may enjoy a better morning newspaper than he can, for the same trifling sum, in any other place on the globe ; while, for a larger expenditure, he may suit his taste from " grave to gay from lively to severe." The sources then, it will be perceived, for acquiring that sort of knowledge PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 71 which makes superior, efficient, intelligent mechanics, are very abundant in Philadelphia. It would be well, indeed, for affluent munificence to endow more com- pletely one or two colleges, and establish an institution resembling, for instance, the British Museum ; but in view of her present advantages, this city deserves now to be the resort of students in Art-education from all sec- tions of the Union, as she long has been of students in Medical science. Here, there is an amount of scientific intelligence and professional skill concentrated, in part by the demands of the various institutions, seemingly sufficient to solve any thing in Mechanics but impossibil- ities; and which, conjoined with favorable physical circumstances, must enable manufacturers located near this city, to triumph over difficulties under which, in less favored localities, they would be compelled to succumb. Here, an educated hand-craftsman, or an inventor, may be said to stand at one of the great centres of intellectual life, with the world of mechanism in its practical forms on exhibition and in operation before him ; Mentors on every side to enlighten him as to the recorded failures and triumphs of the ingenious men of all countries ; and with the resources of the most scientific men of the present age, possessing the most perfect apparatus, at his command, to aid him in his experiments, or sustain him in his discoveries. As a place of residence, Philadelphia enjoys the rare distinction of being desirable alike to the capitalist and to the artisan. In this respect, it is generally acknowl- edged, no other American city can compare with it. To the former, it offers all the attractions that can delight a cultivated mind, and all the luxuries that can please a fastidious palate ; while an artisan, if industrious and intelligent, may command probably every thing essential to his present comfort, prospective independence, with 72 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. constant participation in many of the chief pleasures of the capitalist. In the important particulars of general cleanliness, healthful ness, wholesomeness of water, and the excellence of its markets, Philadelphia is unapproached by any of the other great cities ; and, as respects domestic accommodations, its superiority, at least over New York, is strikingly revealed by the census of 1850, which showed that, with a smaller population, this city contained about 23,601 more dwelling-houses : there being an average of 13 persons to a house in the former city, and only 6 in Philadelphia. The custom, too, that prevails of sell- ing lots on ground-rent, gives to the man of small means facilities that he cannot ordinarily obtain in other cities. For instance, if he have but money enough to erect a house, he can procure a lot on an indefinite credit ; and so long as he pays the interest of the purchase-money, he will not be disturbed, nor can the principal be called for. By this means, it is quite common for mechanics, small tradesmen, and even laborers, to become owners of homesteads in the suburbs, which, by Passenger Railways that are being introduced, will be brought nearer to the centre than ever before. A city, then, so attractive as Philadelphia, and possess- ing such superior educational advantages, can hardly fail, it would seem probable, to command, at all times, one of the first and most important requisites for success in Manufactures, viz. : an abundant supply of skilled labor, and of those qualified to direct it. Experience demonstrates, that not only is the supply of labor generally abundant, but the surplus sometimes troublesome. Here is con- gregated, at all times, an army of artisans from every civilized nationality the majority employed, others seek- ing employment ; and should the supply at any time fall short, an advertisement would bring a regiment from every place where it had been seen. Men who would not go COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OP PHILADELPHIA. 73 to "Raw Cheney," in Georgia, for $1,000 a year, nor to Pittsburg for $900, nor to Lowell for $850, eagerly come to Philadelphia for $800. Philadelphia has thus the pick and choice, at less wages, of the mechanics of the Union. Hence, too, the name, PHILADELPHIA MECHANIC, has be- come synonymous with skill and superiority in work- manship. ~We simply state a well tested fact, when we assert that a mechanic, traveling with favorable creden- tials from reputable workshops in this city, will be pre- ferred to fill the first vacancy in any similar establish- ment, not merely in most places throughout the United States, but in portions of Europe. So much for Philadelphia as it is. Its status establishes the fact, that it possesses the moral circumstances that are essential to success in manufacturing operations, and we might proceed immediately to consider those that are properly denominated physical. Before doing so, how- ever, it may h proper to glance at the present, II. Commercial Relations of Philadelphia. i iu-ti'-iit"'] ifio'J 'Ji [ids i 44 24 63 111,444,885 5,612,000 1,994,819 3,250,000 5,048,340 Pennsylvania Coal Co.'s R. R Delaware and Hudson Canal and R. R., (estimated) Central Rail-road of New Jersey Total, 815 1,564 J i $127,350,044 The total Capital invested in Manufactories, at Lowell, was, in 1846 $10,650,000 On January 1st, 1855, the latest date at hand, Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, i October No., 1855,) states that the capital invested In all the Manufactories, at Lowell, wa $14,000,000 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 But the development of the mineral regions of Eastern Pennsylvania was not the only scheme that abstracted the attention and capital of the citizens of Philadelphia from the prosecution of Foreign Commerce. The West was becoming known as " The Great "West." Regiment after regiment of hardy pioneers, armed with axes and plowshares, had entered the wilderness to subdue it: each successive year the frontiers of civilization were carried further westward; production outran consump- tion ; and the people of Pennsylvania were called upon to furnish superior avenues and outlets for the prod- uce of the West to the best markets on the Atlantic coast. A grand system of internal improvements was therefore resolved upon, and undertaken, to connect the metropolis of Pennsylvania with the Ohio River and the Lakes. The Erie Canal in New York was then near its completion, and herculean and partially successful efforts were being made to divert the trade of the West away from its natural and geographical channels by a cir- cuitous route to New York. But the means adopted by Pennsylvania to establish superior connections with the West were less successful in execution than praise- worthy in conception. The Alleghanies defied the skill of the engineers, broke up the chain of communication into disjointed links ; and the attempts made to unite them constructing part rail-road, and part canal in- stead of affording to shippers and producers the promised benefits, only fully succeeded in arousing the fears of for- eign creditors, and provoking the sarcasm of the witty Dean of St. Paul's at the "the drab-coated gentry." No one acquainted with the physical characteristics of this State its magnificent scenery, its rugged acclivities and ira penetrable fastnesses need be told that to construct rail- roads and canals within its limits, is and must be a seri- ous and costly undertaking. The cost of the Commercial 86 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Marine of many recognized commercial nations is a mere bagatelle in comparison with the vast sums expended in Pennsylvania for internal improvements alone. On the first of January, 1858, Pennsylvania had 2773J miles of rail-road, costing $135,166,609 ; or, estimating the population of the State at three millions, the amount expended was at the rate of $45 for each man, woman, and child in the Commonwealth. The cost of construct- ing the canals within its borders, exceeding as they do 1200 miles in length, has been stated at thirty millions of dollars. To these immense sums, if we add the amounts expended in seeking for minerals, sinking shafts, opening mines, disinterring iron ore, and erect- ing works to manufacture it, the vastness of expenditure incurred for the development of internal wealth may well astonish and appal even those to whom the theme has become familiar by daily contemplation. In all these enterprises, the capital and credit of Philadelphia are conspicuous. Owning property equal to one third the assessed value of the property in the entire State, the city has contributed more than one half of the cost of public and private improvements. To aid these, her merchants sold their ships : to sustain them, her capital- ists declined the profits of Bottomry and Respondentia. But the prodigies achieved within the limits of Penn- sylvania, great as they are, did not exhaust the zeal of the citizens of Philadelphia in behalf of internal im- provements. Their brethren in neighboring States, in the South and the West, have drawn largely for contri- butions to such projects ; and, to the extent of our abil- ity, their drafts have not been dishonored. The port- folios of our merchants are now plethoric with such obligations and bonds; and when presently available, will build an Armada of merchant ships. If it were practicable to ascertain how many thousands of mer- COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA. 8T chants are now thriving, how many tens of thousands of farmers in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wis- consin, and the South, are now comparatively wealthy, because of their present facilities for reaching good markets facilities encouraged and perfected through aid from Philadelphia the revelation would so interweave the ties of friendship with those of mutual mercantile interests, as to form a bond indissoluble by any assaults. The citizens of Philadelphia, it is then safe to aver, are eminently patriotic, even in their business predilections. They have withdrawn their capital largely from pros- perous commerce, to invest it in Mines, Rail-roads, Iron- works, and Manufactories, preferring to aid the develop- ment of the resources of the interior even at the ex- pense of commercial importance and reputation abroad. Without giving assent to the doctrines of Chinese econo- mists, who hold that Foreign Commerce is generally pre- judicial to a State, because, by diminishing the quantity of desirable products, it must raise their price to the home consumer, they nevertheless believe that a pros- perous, active interchange of products between citizens of the respective States is more conducive to the perma- nence and well-being of the Republic than even a more profitable commerce with foreigners. Cherishing, then, as they have done, and as they do, what they presume to be the best interests of our whole country, and having proved, by -abandoning their share in the rich commerce of the Indies, the sincerity of their desire to accelerate its industrial development, the Merchants and Capitalists of Philadelphia would seem to be entitled to praises rather than taunts for the decline of their city in direct Foreign Commerce ; and certainly they have established a claim to the high place which they hold in the friendly regard of their intelligent fellow-merchants throughout the Union. But while acknowledging a decline in the Foreign 88 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Commerce of Philadelphia, it is but justice to state that the decline is more apparent than real. The number of foreign arrivals, and the amount of duties paid at the Custom House here, are no index to the imports of the merchants of this city. Many of the most extensive im- porting-houses and there are some, we were about to say, quite too extensive for the country's welfare import nearly all their goods via New York. The largesses given by Government to steamers connecting with that port, and the peculiar facilities and inducements said to be held out to shippers, not to mention the rumor recently current that duties are sometimes lower there than elsewhere, influence our merchants in directing their foreign cor- respondents to ship goods to Philadelphia via New York. The advantage that the New York importer has over his Philadelphia competitor is simply a saving in freight between the two cities an item perhaps not exceeding $2 per ton, or at least so unimportant on imported light and costly fabrics as to add no appreciable per-centage to the cost. That this advantage is overbalanced by other cir- cumstances lower rents, less extravagant expenditures for personal gratification, etc. is evidenced by the fact that scores of New York jobbers visit Philadelphia every season, to replenish their stocks from the shelves of the importers, knowing that they can do so, besides paying fare, freight both ways, and all other expenses, at a cheaper rate than they can purchase the same goods from any of their neighbors. One Fancy Goods import- ing-house in particular, whose operations came within the range of my personal observation, attracts New York and Boston jobbers as regularly and more extensively than Cincinnati and St. Louis buyers. This is explained in part by the fact that the house has more favorable con- nections in Europe than their competitors in other cities, and partly by their ability to sell at a lower per-centage of profit in consequence of diminished expenses. These COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 89 two circumstances, and especially favorable connections with the foreign manufacturers, would seem to be of more importance, in a regular importing business, than any other; and these, Philadelphia merchants, whose honor- able character and mercantile probity have ever been un derstood and appreciated in Europe, enjoy peculiar fa cilities for obtaining. But in all probability I would not misrepresent popular feeling if I were to say that Phila- delphia does not covet the distinction of being a great im- porting mart. She would be content if other cities mo- nopolized the doubtful honor of importing hither French gimcracks and German cloths in exchange for gold and silver our commercial life-blood provided her mer- chants were encouraged to devote their energies success- fully and uninterruptedly, to building up Home Industry and American Manufactures. III. Commercial Relations with the South and West. Pennsylvania, it has been frequently observed, is the only State in the Union that has a navigable outlet to the ocean, a footing upon the Lakes, and a command of the Ohio and the Mississippi. This position necessa- rily gives the metropolis of the Commonwealth points of superiority over all the other great cities on the At- lantic coast, for the purpose of receiving and distributing merchandise to and from a great portion of the South and West. "With the ocean, and the principal cities of the Southern seaboard, Philadelphia has regular and direct communication by way of the Delaware River ; and in consequence of improvements in locomotion, the distance is now less than at any previous time. "With the gate of the West, Philadelphia is connected by canal and a magnificent railway ; and at Pittsburg, with all the cities and towns on the navigable waters east of the Rocky Mountains, by thousands of miles of river navi- 90 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. gation, and also by rail-roads joining Cleveland and Chi- cago on the one side, Wheeling and Cincinnati on the other, continuing through Kentucky to Nashville, and prolonged with a continuous, unbroken gauge westward- ly, beyond St. Louis, on the Mississippi. Philadelphia has also an advantage over New York and Boston, in being considerably nearer to all the prominent foci of the products of the Great West. The principal rail-road lines from New York the Erie and Central it has been aptly remarked, lie on the circumference line to the West ; while the great rail-road of Pennsylvania the Pennsylvania Central is on a diameter line. Their direction is to the Lakes ours to the West. But to exhibit more clearly the relative position of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, with reference to proximity to the chief centres of trade in the West, we have prepared the following Table, from data furnished in "Dinsmore's Railway Guide," published in New York : Clerel'd, Ohio. Mile.. Cincinna- ti, Ohio. Mile.. Chicago, 111.. Mile.. Indlanap- olii, lod. Mile.. St. I. .nils, Mo. Mile.. From Philadelphia, via Pennsylvania Rail- road, to Pittsburg ; thence by shortest Ball-road route to 001 703 851 746 1000 New York, via Hudson River to Piermont, and the Erie Rail-road to Dunkirk, 468 miles ; thence by shortest Rail-road route 612 867 054 893 11*4 New York, via Hudson River Rail-road to Albany ; thence by Rail-road to Buffalo, 412 miles ; thence as above 623 880 967 906 1167 Boston, via Western Rail-road to Albany and Buffalo, 498 miles; thence as above 681 936 1023 962 1223 Hence, it is manifest that Philadelphia has consider- able advantage over New York and Boston, in nearness to the principal centres of trade in the West. The sav- ing in distance will be regarded as an important one by the weary traveler, while its effects in reducing the cost of transportation will be shown hereafter. It is true, New York has a shorter route to the places named than by the above-mentioned rail-roads ; but that is, via Philadelphia and Pittsburg. Pennsylvania is truly the Key-stone State ; and those who would pass and repass from the COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 91 West to the East, may congratulate themselves that their most direct route carries them over a rail-road so well managed as the Pennsylvania Central, and through a city so beautiful as Philadelphia. To understand, more especially, the relative cost of transportation ly railway, from Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, to the commercial centres of the West, we procured the published Tariffs of Freight for 1857, of the principal rail-road lines receipting through : and the fol- lowing Tables will exhibit the results. Any one choos- ing to do so, may verify the statements made by pro- curing the freight tariffs for 1857, of the Boston and Worcester, New York and Erie, and Pennsylvania Cen- tral Rail-roads. SUMMER RATES-1857. Philadelphia to Columbus, Ohio 1st Class. 2d Class. 3d Class. 4th Clasa, 1.05 1.38 1.43 1.10 1.43 1.48 1.10 1.43 1.48 1.20 1.48 1.63 1.45 1.63 1.68 1.45 1.73 1.78 1.30 1.48 1.48 1.46 1.62 1.67 1.70 1.80 1.98 1.88 1.90 2.08 1.00 1.08 1.13 1.50 1.58 1.58 90 1.05 1.08 95 1.05 1.08 95 1.05 1.08 1.00 1.10 1.13 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.20 1.30 1.33 1.10 1.13 1.11 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.40 1.35 1.48 1.56 1.45 1.58 80 80 83 1.10 1.18 1.18 80 88 91 85 93 96 85 93 96 85 93 96 1.02 1.08 1.11 1.00 1.08 1.11 90 96 96 1.00 1.08 1.07 1.20 1.20 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.42 68 68 71 1.00 1.06 1.06 60 71 84 60 73 86 60 73 86 65 75 88 80 88 1.01 80 90 1.03 75 77 67 80 86 95 98 1.20 1.10 1.08 1.32 65 53 66 80 87 07 New York, " " Philadelphia to Cincinnati New York, " " Philadelphia to Indianapolis New York, " " Boston, " " Philadelphia to Louisville (all Rail) New York, " " " Boston, " " ....(River from Cincinnati)... New York, " " Philadelphia to Forte Wayne New York, " " Boston, " " Philadelphia to Lafayette New York, " " Philadelphia to St. Louis New York, " " New York, " " Philadelphia to Cleveland New York, " " Philadelphia to Chicago New York, " " . , , Boston, " " 92 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. WINTER RATES-1857 and 1858. Philadelphia to Columbus, lit Claw. SdClau. 3d Class. 4th Clu*. 1.20 1.50 1.60 1.28 1.58 1.68 1.30 1.60 1.70 1.45 1.75 1.85 1.60 1.90 2.00 1.70 2.00 2.10 1.55 1.84 1.94 1.71 1.98 2.08 2.00 2.30 2.40 2.05 2.35 2.45 1.20 1.35 1.45 1.90 2.10 2.10 1.05 1.23 1.33 1.10 1.28 1.38 1.15 1.30 1.40 1.20 1.40 1.50 1.35 1.55 1.65 1.40 1.60 1.70 1.25 1.46 1.56 1.35 1.58 1.68 1.65 1.90 2.00 1.72 1.95 2.05 95 1.05 1.15 1.45 1.60 1.60 85 95 1.03 95 1.08 1.16 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.08 1.20 1.28 1.23 1.35 1.43 1.15 1.35 1.43 1.05 1.18 1.26 1.14 1.30 1.38 1.40 1.60 1.68 1.48 1.65 1.73 85 85 93 1.25 1.40 1.40 70 82 90 80 85 1.00 80 85 1.00 85 90 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.05 1.20 85 1.00 1.05 96 1.09 1.14 1.15 1.30 1.35 1.20 1.35 1.40 70 75 80 1.00 1.10 1.10 New York " " Philadelphia to Dayton, New York " " Philadelphia to Cincinnati. New York " " Philadelphia to Indianapolis New York, " " Boston " " Philadelphia to Louisville New York " " . New York " " Philadelphia to Lafayette New York " " Philadelphia to St Louis New York, " " Philadelphia to Cairo New York, " " Philadelphia to Cleveland Philadelphia to Chicago New York, " " Boston, " ' A Table showing the Saving on a Ton (2240 Ibs.) of First Class Freight by Shipping, from Philadelphia instead of New York or Boston. HEW Summer. TORK. Winter. CM Summer. row. Winter. $7.39 7.39 7.39 6.27 4.03 5.15 4.03 3.68 2.24 45 1.79 1.79 $6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.50 6.05 6.72 6.72 3.36 4.48 $8.61 8.51 8.51 7.39 5.15 7.39 4.03 4.70 6.27 4.48 2.91 1.79 $8.96 8.96 8.96 8.96 8.96 8.96 8.74 8.29 8.96 8.96 5.60 4.48 Dayton Ohio Cincinnati Ohio. . . Lafayette, " Cairo . Chicago, Illinois These Tables "speak for themselves" comment cannot add to their force. They demonstrate, conclusively, that every shipper who, during the past year, sent Western merchandise by rail-road from the points designated, to New York or Boston, that could have been sold as well in Philadelphia every "Western merchant who purchased COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 93 goods in those cities on no better terms than he could have purchased them in Philadelphia, and sent them home by rail-road, expended unnecessarily, or in other words, lost from one dollar and seventy-nine cents to eight dollars and ninety-six cents on every ton usually classified as first-class freight. These are the facts, and the deductions from facts, with respect to shipments "all the way by rail-road." Now, it may be said that New York and Boston have the advantage of Lake navigation to many prominent points in the "West. We assert and appeal to the mana- gers of the New York and Erie and Boston and Wor- cester rail-roads, who receipt through both " all the way by rail-road or by steamer on the Lakes," as shippers pre- fer that this is no advantage. The Lake freights are the regulators of the rail-road charges, which barely exceed them by the cost of insurance necessary to cover the great risks attending navigation on the Lakes. But Philadelphia, on the contrary, has a very important ad- vantage, in addition to that stated in the Tables, by com- municating at Pittsburg with thousands of miles of safe river navigation, extending southwardly to New Orleans and the ocean, and westwardly to St. Paul, on the Mis- sissippi ; and, in fact, to all the cities and towns on navi- gable waters east of the Rocky Mountains. The advantage in shipping from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and thence by the Ohio River to Cincinnati and Louisville, over ship- ping to those points by the Northern rail-road lines, amounts, in addition to the saving stated above, to about $5 per ton on first-class goods, $4 on second, $3 on third- class, and $2 on very heavy goods; while to Nashville, Memphis, Cairo, St. Louis, and all points south of New Albany, Ind., the additional saving is nearly double this amount that is, about $10 per ton on first-class goods, $8 on second, $6 on third, and about $3 per ton on fourth- class. It is thus evident, as experienced shippers know, 7 94 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. that freight from the West, bound for European mar- kets, can be brought to Philadelphia, and shipped hence, landing it at its destined port abroad, at cheaper paying rates than by way of New York. Indeed, the leading products of the West for instance, flour, the products oi the hog, whisky, etc. can be shipped to Philadelphia, and hence at least half the distance to Liverpool, for the cost of transporting them to New York. Further, in view of the facts stated, it is also obvious that a Western mer- chant, purchasing goods in Philadelphia, may have his preference rewarded by a saving in the cost of transport- ing them home. The only practical question, then, for him to consider is, whether it is probable he can make his pur- chases in the Philadelphia market as cheaply as in any other ; for, supposing the terms to be the same, he will never- theless, by doing so, obtain an advantage. We beg per- mission to offer a suggestion or two upon this probability, for the consideration of those who study and appreciate economy. We may remark, at the outset, that any one who has taken time to examine, compare, and reflect upon the characteristics of the respective markets, the develop- ment of Manufactures, and the comparative facilities for manufacturing, will not need any arguments to convince him that the probability of an advantage in price must be altogether in favor of the Philadelphia market. Let those, however, who have not already done so, examine the subject in its details, and they will be astonished to dis- cover how few classes of goods constituting a country trader's usual assortment are not, to greater or less extent, made in or near Philadelphia. For instance, with regard to Domestic Dry Croods: According to the census, Penn- sylvania, in 1850, contained within her borders a larger number of factories for the making of cotton and woolen goods than any State in the Union ; even more than the COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 95 great manufacturing State of Massachusetts, and consid- erably more than New York. The former had 213 cotton and 119 woolen factories, and the latter 86 cotton and 249 for wool ; while, in Pennsylvania, there were 588 of these establishments in all, of which 208 were employed in the cotton and 380 in the woolen manufacture. The extent to which Philadelphia is engaged in the production of these goods, will be illustrated in another place (see DRY GOODS MANUFACTURE) ; but we may state here, that one firm, Messrs. ALFRED JENKS & SON, manufacturers of cotton and woolen machinery, supplied the mills of this city alone, during the past year, with 800 looms for weaving checks, and on which could be woven twenty thousand yards per diem. The New York Tribune of May 1, 1857, in an editorial, urging greater attention to manufactures in that locality, remarked, we suppose with truth, " Phil- adelphia has at least twenty manufactories of textile fabrics where New York has one ; and her superiority in the fabri- cation of metals, though less decided, is still undeniable." Cottonades, checks, carpetings, Germantown hosiery and woolen goods, ribbons, sewing-silks, military goods, &c., are manufactured here to an immense extent ; and of these, New York and other jobbers are constant and ac- ceptable customers to the amount of millions annually. But, besides the vast quantities of dry goods manufac- tured in and near this city, all the principal mills of New England, and elsewhere, consign their fabrics to agencies established here, with authority to sell them, frequently at an abatement from invoice prices. The first agency for the sale of domestic fabrics in the United States, was that of ELIJAH WARING, established in this city about the year 1805 ; and from that day to this, the domestic Dry Goods Commission-houses of Philadelphia have maintained a position alike honorable to themselves; advantageous to American manufactures ; and with one 96 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. exception, viz., too great liberality in giving credit to strangers,* beneficial to the city. With respect to Foreign Dry Goods, the importing-housea of Philadelphia certainly possess the same facilities for pro- curing desirable selections on advantageous terms as any others do ; and in some instances enjoy unusually favorable connections in Europe, established long since, and by means of them secure perhaps more than their share of bargains. The stocks are generally selected by resident partners, who know the wants and consult the interests of purchasers ; and therefore they consist, less than some others, of the unsaleable refuse of London warehouses. Proposing, as we do, to make a minute and detailed examination of the manufacturing industry of Philadel- phia, it would not be proper here to anticipate its results; but, for the benefit of anxious mercantile inquirers, we may state further, that more than four millions of dol- lars worth of fine Soots and Shoes are annually made in this city ; while of the common, cheap, pegged-work of New England, Philadelphia is also a large purchaser, consumer, and distributer. The quality of our manufac- tures in this department is so generally and highly appre- ciated, that several of the manufacturers in Lynn, Mass., with a view of attracting additional custom, announce on their signs, " Philadelphia Shoes for sale." Of Edu- cational and Medical Books, the publishers of Philadelphia are generally recognized as leaders ; and for the distribu- tion of books of all kinds, Henry 0. Carey, the distin- guished political economist, has asserted that Philadel- phia has the largest book distributing house in the world. As respects Iron, the last census showed that nearly one- half of the pig, cast, and wrought iron, made in the The late panic disclosed the fact, that a prominent dry goods jobbing- house that failed, in New York city, was indebted to a commission-house in Philadelphia, in a sum but little short of $100,000 a line of credit entirely beyond the limits of prudence. COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 97 United States, was the product of the furnaces and forges of Pennsylvania; and the latest statistics show, that of the 782,958 tons of iron produced in the United States, in 1856, Pennsylvania produced 448,515 tons. Of the Manufactures of Iron, as stoves, hollow-ware, and those articles, usually denominated Hardware, nails, screws, saws, forks, shovels, enameled-ware, hinges, bolts, nuts and washers, Philadelphia is an immense producer ; and, for the sale of their products, the hardware manufactu- rers of Old and New England have agencies established in this city, authorized to sell at factory prices. In short, the market of Philadelphia differs in many important respects from most others, resembling from one point of view a Leipsic Fair, and from another the Eastern Ba- zaars. Manufacturers' depots are often situated between a commission-house and a house importing the same class of goods; fabrics, fresh from the loom, may be found close to the gold-tipped embroideries of France, or the crasse dresses of Turkey; factories adjoin stores, and stores are surrounded by manufactories ; while, di- verging from the city, are numerous roadways, constantly traversed by iron horses, bringing fuel from Nature's vast magazines not far distant ; and from the East, caravans of boats, propellers, cars, come laden with the products of dis- tant workshops, seeking here a central point for redistri- bution throughout the South and the West. Hence it is ob- vious, that a purchaser of a miscellaneous stock, adapted to the wants of a rural, town or city population, must be, when in Philadelphia, as near the fountain head, where goods are as yet in first hands, as it is possible for him to get ; while the merchant, who visits the city to replenish his mind as well as his stock, can hardly Ml, in a world of machinery, literature and art, as this is, to note much that is to him novel, and carry back suggestions that will be useful to himself and his neighbors. 98 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Is it not probable, then, that the merchants of Phila- delphia, in view of their advantages, with manufactories all around them, consignments from abroad seeking their markets and supplying their auction-houses, with abun- dance of capital and good credit, can buy and sell on terms as favorable as any of their competitors ? "We have no doubt they do this ; but we go further, and insist thai those now doing business have mistaken their vocation, unless, to responsible buyers, they actually do undersell all others. One reason that we have for entertaining this opinion is, that expenses for conducting business are less here than in most other large cities. In the city of New York, the leading Dry Goods jobbing-house pay, or did recently pay, as we are informed, an annual rent of $22,000 for their store ; and a prominent wholesale clothing-firm pay, or did pay, $28,000 ; while the greatest amount of rent paid by a leading firm, in a similar business in Philadelphia, that I have heard of, and for which equal, or at least all necessary accommodations are procured, is $8,000. It is true, the "Stewart" of Philadelphia deems $14,000 a moderate compensation for his magnificent store, but his customers are principally the wealthy of the city. A proportionate difference in favor of Phil- adelphia prevails in rents, generally, for dwelling-houses as well as stores. The room for expansion afforded by the plan and locality of the city multiplies the number of eligible sites, and consequently diminishes specu- lation and prevents monopoly. The demands of fash- ion and extravagance, also, though sufficiently exor- bitant, are less onerous in Philadelphia; and, from these and other circumstances, it would seem evident, without ocular demonstration, that a merchant in Phil- adelphia can afford to sell at a per-centage of profit, which, on the same amount of business, would not pay the expenses of his less favorably situated competitor. PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 99 These are the deductions of reason and common sense. Their importance entitles them at least to consideration, reflection, and experiment ; hence we beg those who are engaged in buying and selling, inasmuch as their mer- cantile success, and the prosperity of the mercantile class throughout the country, depend upon the wisdom of their action, to test the respective markets fairly, dis- regarding " baits," which are quite too common in all, and extending their view beyond exceptional circumstances, and if there be an atom of truth in that principle of political economy, which demonstrates that the nearer the place of production the cheaper the price, they will discover, as thousands of thriving merchants have already done, that Philadelphia is the CHEAPEST SELLER, and NAT- URAL DISTRIBUTER OF MERCHANDISE ADAPTED TO THE WANTS OF THE SOUTH AND THE WEST. Returning from this digression to subjects more imme- diately connected with our inquiries, and having already adverted to the moral circumstances that have an effect upon economy of production in Manufactures, we now proceed to consider the position of Philadelphia with respect to IV. Physical Advantages for Manufacturing. In considering Philadelphia as a Manufacturing centre, it must be obvious, from previous remarks, and still more obvious from minute information respecting the topo- graphical and geological features of Pennsylvania, and the intimacy of connection between the metropolis and the principal mineral sections of the State, that Philadelphia and its vicinity command, in the first place, the most im- portant raw materials used in Manufactures; and secondly, the agents best fitted to produce power. But the celebrity of Pennsylvania for its vast deposits of IRON and COAL those primary sources of England's manufacturing 100 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. greatness is so widely extended, that to dilate upon their abundance would hardly convey any additional informa- tion to any person of ordinary intelligence. The census of 1850, as we previously stated, showed that nearly one half of the pig, cast, and wrought Iron made in the United States was from her forges and furnaces ; while her mines of " black diamonds," it is a proverb, are only equalled in national importance by the gold mines of California. The district in Pennsylvania that produces the most Iron and the cheapest Coal, viz., the Valleys of the Lehigh, the Schuylkill, and a part of the Dela- ware is directly tributary to Philadelphia, procuring its supplies from this city, and selling its products here almost exclusively. We therefore record the latest statistics of these important products. 1. IRON. The statistics of the Iron production of Pennsylvania, for 1856, as furnished us by the Secretary of the American Iron Association in Philadelphia, areas follows : Anthracite Iron. Tons. Valley of the Delaware and Lehigh, , v - .-._ '- " "- 108,367 Valley of the Schuylkill, - - ' r i.' JU '. ^ ' ; . ! ' ". - 60,882 " " Susquehanua and Juniata, - 76,971 " " North Branch of Susquehanna, ... 56,411 " " West Branch of " : A if-v^fc .VI 4,340 Charcoal Iron, including Five Coke Furnaces. Eastern and Northern Pennsylvania, .... 53,160 Charcoal, Bi'umiitoiiy Codl and Cuke Iron. Western Pennsylvania, 88,384 Total, - - iai>W)fc.{ .... 448,515 The statistics of the Iron production, for 1857, are not as yet prepared, but will probably exhibit an increase over that of the previous year. A comparison of results shows, that the production of Anthracite Iron in Eastern Pennsylvania is an increasing one, that of 1854 having PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOB MANUFACTURING. 101 been 67.8 per cent., that of 1855 having been 74.4 per cent. ; while that of 1856, was 78.3 per cent of the total product of the entire United States. The value in dol- lars of the product for 1856, assuming the average price of Anthracite Iron to be $27 per ton, and Charcoal Iron to be $33 per ton, is as follows : it i \ b Anthracite Iron, made near Philadelphia, 169,249 tons at $27, iaeut;; - - $4,569,723 Charcoal Iron, made in Eastern Pennsylvania, 53,160 tons, at $33, 1,754,280 Product of Anthracite Iron, in Pennsylvania, 306,971 tons, at $27, &ft DC 'i- " -I ' *_3*<*. 7 .' >T i . . 8,288,217 Yalue of Anthracite Iron in United States, 393,509 tons, viz., at $27, *,Vfcj& ^s*\ te*i \A*> U*\s>4*\ 10,624,743 It is thus manifest, that Philadelphia is situated in the district that is entitled to be called the centre of the Iron production of the United States. It is further manifest, that the centre of the Iron interest is likely to remain in the district tributary to Philadelphia, inasmuch as the production has been an increasing one ; and, the estab- lishments situated within its limits have been able to survive disasters that have borne down those in other places, and consequently there must exist circumstances peculiarly favorable to economy of production. 2. COAL. The quantity of Coal sent to market from the district tributary to this city, was as follows : Product of the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania, for 1857. Area In Acres. Production in Ton*. 1. Southern Coal District, comprising the Schuylkill, Pine Grove, and Lyken Valley regions, - . -'f^i 1 ^? ! 75,950 3,256,891 2. Middle Coal District, comprising the Le- high, Mahanoy, and Shamokin regions, 85,525 1,582,786 3. Northern Coal District, comprising the Wyoming and Lackawanna regions, 76,805 1,958,362 Total of the three fields, - - - 238,280 6,798,039 The value of this product, at $2 per ton, the minimum 102 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. price at the mines, would be $13,596,078, while the market value certainly exceeds thirty millions of dollars. In addition to Anthracite, the mines of Eastern Pennsylva- nia produced, last year, 494,100 tons of semi- Anthracite and Bituminous coal, and those west of the Alleghanies, about thirty-four millions of bushels of Bituminous coal, of an estimated value exceeding three millions of dollars. The qualities of different coals have necessarily been made the subject of careful analysis ; and their relative value has been tested by frequent experiments. We be- lieve it is conceded by both scientific authority and prac- tical experience, that Pennsylvania Anthracite is practi- cally the cheapest and best fuel that the United States af- ford.* It contains about 90 per cent, of carbon, and, * For the purposes of steam navigation, an impression formerly prevailed that the Pennsylvania Anthracite was inferior to the Cumberland coal, which, it is acknowledged, surpasses in strength the foreign bituminous coals of Newcastle, Liverpool, Scotland, Pictou, and Sydney. In January, 1862, a series of experiments were undertaken at the New York Navy Yard with the boilers of the United States Steamer " Fulton," to settle the question of relative value and superiority for this purpose. The result is given in the following extract from the Report of the Engineer-in-Chief, CHARLES B. STUART, to Commodore JOSEPH SMITH, Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks. COMPARISON. The coals used in these experiments were the kinds furnished by the agents of the Government for the use of the United States Navy Yard and Steamers, and was taken indiscriminately from the piles in the yard, with- out assorting. The bituminous was from the " Cumberland" mines. The anthracite was the kind known as " White Ash Schuylkill." From the preceding data, it appears that, in regard to the rapidity of " getting-up" steam, the anthracite exceeds the bituminous thirty-six per cent. That, in economical evaporation per unit of fuel, the anthracite exceeds the bituminous in the proportion of 7.478 to 4.483, or 66.8 per cent. It will also be perceived, that the result of the third experiment on the boilers of the pumping-engine at the New York Dry Dock, which experi- ment was entirely differently made and calculated from the first and second PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 103 next to charcoal, gives out more heat than the same weight of any other fuel. So far as at present known, Pennsyl- vania is the only State where this valuable mineral can experiments, gave an economical superiority to the anthracite over the bitu- minous of 62.3 per cent. a remarkably close approximation to the result obtained by the experiments on the " Fulton's" boilers (66.8 per cent), particularly when it is stated that the boilers and grates of the pumping- engine were made with a view to burning bituminous coal, which has been used since their completion, while those of the " Fulton" were constructed for the use of anthracite. The general characters of the boilers were simi- lar, both having return drop-flues. Thus it will be seen, from the experiments, that, without allowing for the difference of weight of coal that can be stowed in the same bulk, the engine using anthracite could steam about two-thirds longer than with bituminous. These are important considerations in favor of anthracite coal for the uses of the Navy, without taking into account the additional amount of anthra- cite more than bituminous that can be placed on board a vessel in the same bunkers ; or the advantages of being free from smoke, which in a war- steamer may at times be of the utmost importance in concealing the movements of the vessel ; and also the almost, if not altogether, entire freedom from spon- taneous combustion. The results of the experiments made last spring on the United States steamer "Vixen" were so favorable, that I recommended to the Bureau of Construction, &c., the use of anthracite for all naval steamers at that time having, or to be thereafter fitted with, iron boilers ; particularly the steamers "Fulton," "Princeton," and "Alleghany," the boilers for all of which were designed with a special view to the use of anthracite, and with the approval of that Bureau. The " Fulton's" bunkers are now filled with anthracite; and the consump- tions referred to in the engineer's report on that steamer show, during the short time she has been at sea, that the anticipated economy has been fully realized. In view of the results contained in this report, I would respectfully re- commend to the Bureau of Yards and Docks, the use of anthracite in the several Navy Yards, and especially for the engine of the Dry Dock at the New York Navy Varii. In conclusion, I desire the approval of the Bureau to make such investi- gations as my duties will permit, with regard to the experience of the dura- bility of copper boilers, when used with bituminous or anthracite coal ; which can be done without any specific expenditure. The inquiry may prove highly important to the Navy Department, as the 104 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. be obtained cheaply and in unlimited quantities ; but within her borders the supply is seemingly sufficient to satisfy the probable wants of this country for centuries to come. The rapidity with which Anthracite coal has appreci- ated in popular estimation, is shown by the increase in the demand for it. In 1820, only 365 tons were sent to tide-water; in 1840, the product amounted to 867,000 tons; in 1852, it had reached five millions of tons : being an increase in 12 years, from 1840 to 1852, of 600 per cent. Supposing this rate of augmentation to continue up to 1870, Gov. Bigler once amused himself by calcu- lating that the production would be forty-five millions of tons, worth, at the present prices of the Philadelphia market, the sum of $180,000,000. No wonder the worthy Governor was moved to pronounce this a gratifying pic- ture, confirming his belief " that, before the close of the present century, Pennsylvania, in point of wealth and real greatness, would stand in advance of all her sister States." In the cost of fuel, Philadelphia has an admitted ad- vantage over New York of about twenty-five per cent. ; over Providence, R. L, from $1.75 to $2.25 per ton ; and over Boston, from $2 to $2.50 per ton. The advantage, moreover, which Philadelphia enjoys from controlling the production of the best fuel, in addition to proximity, is too evident to need illustration; and being also the central and chief market of the district producing the use of anthracite under copper boilers has been heretofore generally con- sidered as more injurious than bituminous coal, and is consequently not used by Government in vessels having copper boilers. Respectfully submitted, by your obedient servant, CHARLES B. STUART, JEnaineer-in- Chief, U. S. Navy. Commodore JOSEPH SMITH, Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docki. PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 105 best and cheapest iron, it would seem almost superfluous to inquire further as to her capabilities for Manufactures. But Iron and Coal, though the most important, are not the only useful mineral products that abound in Eastern Pennsylvania. Copper exists extensively in seve- ral counties ; Plumbago is obtained in Bucks County, and Zinc in the vicinity of Bethlehem. Marble, well adapted and extensively used for building purposes, has long been obtained from quarries in Montgomery County, a few miles above Philadelphia. Steatite, or Soapstone, is quar- ried extensively on the Schuylkill, above Manayunk. Roofing and Ciphering Slates of the best quality are found in the counties of Lehigh, Monroe, and Northampton ; there being in the county of Lehigh alone some thirty quarries open, with a capital of $60,000 invested, employ- ing about 300 men, and producing at least 25,000 squares of roofing-slates per annum, valued at $3 per square on the quarry bank, and at $5 and $6 in the Philadelphia market. Nearly all the best school-slates in this country are from the Pennsylvania quarries ; and many of them are manufactured at an establishment in this city. Of Salt, the census of 1850 states the produce of Pennsyl- vania at 184,370 barrels. Kaolin, or Porcelain earth, is abundant at several points within a radius of thirty miles from Philadelphia. About 2 miles north of Camden, N. J., there is an extensive bed of Fire Clay, of which specimens have been sent to England, and pronounced by competent judges superior to the German clay, which commands $25 per ton. Besides these, Barium, Chromi- um, Cobalt, Nickel, Magnesium, Titanium, Lead, Silver, Zirconium, and Fire and Potter's Clay, are scattered over the State, and in some instances of superior quality. With all the points in Pennsylvania producing mineral and mining products, Philadelphia is directly connected by rail-roads and canals, and thus may be said to be situ- 8 106 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. sited in close proximity to the original sources of many of the most important articles that can be enumerated in a list of raw materials of Manufactures. And if we were to pass from the products of the mine to those of the forest and of Agriculture, we would find them equally abundant, cheap, and accessible. Lumber, in immense quantities, is obtained on the Susquehanna and the Dela- ware, and floated down those rivers every Spring and Fall. In 1852, it was estimated that 250,000,000 feet were sent down the former river ; while the Lehigh region supplied the Philadelphia market, via canal, in the same year with 52,123,751 feet. At the present time, we are informed by persons intimately acquainted with the sub- ject, Philadelphia has a larger stock of seasoned lumber than any other mart in the Union.* Wool, of the very * Many of the forest trees most useful in the Arts, Manufactures, and Medicine, are natives of Pennsylvania. We condense from Trego's Geogra- phy of Pennsylvania the following list, which may be of value to some of our readers : OAKS. At least twelve varieties. The White Oak, the most esteemed of this noble family of trees, is found throughout the State ; and in the Southeastern districts the wood is exceedingly compact and tough. The Black Oak, which is very abundant, and one of our largest trees, furnishes Quercitron Bark, which is exported in large quantities, and used in dyeing wool, silk, &c., a yellow color. When used by tanners, it imparts a yellow tinge to the leather. The Spanish Oak, of which the bark commands a high price, is less common in Pennsylvania than further South. The other species, valuable for their bark, which is highly esteemed by tanners, is the Rock Chestnut Oak, the Scarlet Oak, and the Red Oak. In addition to these, there are the Iron Oak, confined to the Eastern part of the State, and re- sembling the White Oak ; the Swamp White Oak, the Swamp Chestnut Oak, Laurel or Shingle Oak, Scrub Oak, and Pin Oak. WALNUTS. Two principal kinds, the Black and White Walnut. The former is much used for cabinet-work, and for the stocks of military muskets ; also for the posts of fences, which, it is said, will last from twenty to twenty- five years. The bark of the White Walnut, or Butternut, yields an excellent cathartic medicine, said to be efficacious in cases of dysentery. It is also used in the country for giving a brown color to wool. PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 107 best American grades, is grown in the Western counties of the State ; and all, or nearly all, of which, as the woolen manufacturers of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, who HICKOBY. The most common species are the White Heart Hickory, Pig Nut, Sitter Nut, Shell Bark, and Thick Shell Bark highly valued for axle- trees, handles, flails, &c., and also as a fuel, affording in the same bulk more combustible matter than any other wood. MAPLE. The Red Maple is the most common, and probably the most valuable species. Its wood is much used by chairmakers, and for bedsteads, saddle-trees, &c. In many of the old trees, the fibres of the wood, instead of following a perpendicular direction, are undulated and waving. This is known as the Curled Maple, and when skillfully polished, produces the most beautiful effect of light and shade. The bark of the Red Maple yields a purplish color by boiling, which, by the addition of copperas, becomes dark-blue, approaching to black. It is used in the country for dyeing, and for making ink. The true Sugar Maple is abundant, particularly along the elevated range of the Alleghanies, and the Black Sugar tree along the West- ern rivers. Large quantities of maple sugar are made in the Northern and Western counties. The Striped Maple grows in the mountainous parts of the State, and the Ath-leaved Maple, or Box Elder, west jf the mountains. DOGWOOD. The most valuable species grows to the height of twenty or thirty feet. The wood is used for tool handles, and other purposes, and the inner bark has medicinal properties resembling those of the cinchona or Pe- ruvian bark, from which quinine is made, and has been successfully used in intermitting fevers. The POPLAR or TULIP tree is common in Pennsylvania, and surpasses most of our forest trees in height and the beauty of its flowers and foliage. Its wood is applied to many purposes where lightness and strength are desira- ble, as trunks, chairs, &c., and the bark is said to possess tonic and anti- septic qualities ; and a decoction of it, combined with a few drops of lauda- num, has been found efficacious in giving tone and vigor to the stomach after fevers and inflammatory diseases. It has been also used in dyspepsia and cholera infantum. WHITE and RED BIKCH grow abundantly along the Delaware above Phila- delphia, and Black, or Sweet Birch, in deep, loose, and cool soils. It is said that articles of furniture made from this acquire with time the appearance of mahogany. Of woods remarkable for their durability, we have the Locust, which is abundant in limestone valleys ; and the Red Mulberry, frequently met with in fertile soils, when seasoned, is nearly equal to the Locust; also, the Red Cedar, exceedingly durable, and highly esteemed for making fence posts, is common in most parts of Pennsylvania. 108 come liither to purchase it, can testify, is secured to tho Philadelphia market. About ten millions of pounds are sold annually. But a still wider range of raw materials is open to the manufacturers of Philadelphia. Those which are the product of other States or foreign coun- tries are, by means of direct commerce, brought to her wharves, and concentre in her warehouses. The hides of Buenos Ayres, the woods of Guiana, the marble of Italy, the dye-stuffs of Calcutta, and the cotton of our Southern States, are delivered to the doors of our facto- ries, in many instances as directly from the producers as the Minerals, Lumber, and Wool of Pennsylvania. The CHESTNUT may also be ranked among very durable woods. It grows most abundantly in the hilly regions, and frequently attains an extraor- dinary size; one on Mount Etna being 53 feet in diameter, or 160 feet in circumference, but hollow to the bark. The wood is much used for posts and rails ; and it is largely consumed in the manufacture of charcoal for the supply of the iron-works in the interior of the State. Its fruit is par- ticularly appreciated by the boys. Of PINKS, there is every variety, though the true Yellow Pine is not very common in the State. The Pitch Pine is abundant, and in some places tar is manufactured from the more resinous parts of it. White Pine, so useful, and applied to such a variety of objects, is becoming comparatively scarce, in consequence of the enormous consumption for shingles, lumber, &c. ; but nevertheless, it is still found in considerable quantities on the upper streams of the Lehigh, the head waters of the Susquehanna, and some of the tribu- taries of the Allegbany. The Hemlock Spruce, however, which is more common, growing on the steep banks of streams, and in dark and shaded situations, is being substi- tuted for White Pine, wherever it can well be done. The other forest trees which are natives of Pennsylvania are the White and Red Ash, highly esteemed for strength and elasticity, several species of the Aspen, White and Red Beech, Buttonwood or Sycamore, Catalpa or Bean tree, Crab-apple, Cucumber tree, so called because the cones or fruit somewhat resemble a small cucumber, Chincapin, White and Red or Slip- pery Elm, Sweet and Sour Gums, Hornbeam, June Berry or May Cherry, Linden, Lime tree or Basswood, Magnolia or Beaver tree, Papaw, Persim- mon. Sassafras, Black or Double Spruce, Tamarack or American Larch, Willow, and Wild Cherry, of which the wood is used as a substitute for mahogany, and the bark as a valuable tonic medicine. PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 109 But the term raw material, though ordinarily limited to natural or unmanufactured products, is more compre- hensive in its scope, embracing Chemicals, substances used as food, and such substances of vegetable and animal origin as are used in Manufactures. 3. CHEMICALS. We before remarked that the finished product of one class of manufacturers is often the raw material of another class. If the proposition needed fur- ther illustration, we might advert to Chemicals, which are such important reagents in manufacturing operations, that without them it would be difficult, (in fact, by any known processes,) impossible, to produce several articles of daily and essential utility. Without Sulphuric Acid or Oil of Vitriol, for instance, we could not probably produce Alum, Ammonia, Sal-ammoniac; Iodine and Bromine, upon the existence of which the daguerreotype art is dependent ; Bleaching powder or Chlorid of Lime ; Corrosive Sublimate and Calomel; Bichromate of Potash, and consequently the pigments of chrome-red, chrome- green, and chrome-yellow; Phosphorus, and consequently friction matches ; or lastly, Stearic acid candles. By means of this acid, more than 100,000 tons of Soda-ash are ex- tracted from common salt in Great Britain yearly. With- out Muriatic and Nitric acids, the art of refining gold and silver, the jeweler's art, the art of electrotyping, and numerous other branches of industry, could not flourish, and some of them could not exist. The useful Arts and Manufactures, it is thus evident, are largely dependent upon Chemicals ; and, consequently, a locality possessing those of the best quality in abundance, has necessarily se- cured an important and undoubted advantage. The chem- ical factories of Philadelphia, every one acknowledges, rank among the first in extent and celebrity through- out the Union. About seventeen millions of pounds of Sulphuric Acid, are made yearly, and other acids and 8* 110 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. alkaline salts in proportion. The products of the estab- lishments of POWERS & WEIGHTMAN, ROSENGARTEN & SONS, LENNIG & Co., HARRISON BROTHERS, BUCK, SIMONIN & Co., and others, are recognized as of standard excellence in the markets of the world ; and where such establishments exist, we can hardly err in presuming, that at least, those Manufactures which are dependent upon the Chemical Arts must certainly flourish. 4. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, PROVISIONS, &c. Again, no one need be told that with substances used as food, the markets of Philadelphia are always abundantly supplied, at moderate prices. As a wheat-growing State, the census of 1850 shows that Pennsylvania excels all her sister States; the product for that year having been 15,367,691 bushels, which exceeded that of Ohio, and was two millions of bushels more than that of New York. Of Rye, the product was 4,805,160 bushels ; of Indian com, 19,835,214 bushels ; of Oats, 21,538,156 bushels ; and hay, grass seeds, wool, butter, maple sugar, &c., in proportionate quantities. The counties immediately sur- rounding Philadelphia vie with each other, and rival the best counties in any other State, both in the quality and quantity of their productions. In 1850, Montgomery produced greater quantities of hay and butter than any other one county in the State ; Lancaster produced more oats than any other county in the United States, more wheat than any, excepting Monroe County, New York, and more corn than any other county in Pennsylvania. In Chester, the quantity of corn produced exceeded that of any other county of the State except Lancaster, and of hay, except Montgomery ; while Delaware excels in dairy products, supplying the markets of Philadelphia with butter, cheese, milk, and ice-cream, and the Union with whetstones. Fifty years ago it was remarked, and the remarks are as PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. Ill true now as then, " Much of the land within five or six rniles North and South of the city is devoted to the pur- pose of market-gardens, and is kept in the highest state of cultivation. Two crops are very commonly produced on the same ground in one season. The neighboring State of New Jersey contributes to the abundant supply of those species of fruit and vegetables to which its light soils are particularly adapted : such as the grateful musk-melon, the water-melon, sweet-potato, cucumbers, and peaches, immense quantities of which are brought in boats across the Delaware. The superiority of the butter of Philadelphia, and the great neatness with which it is prepared for market, are generally acknowledged. One fourth of a dollar may be said to be the average price of a pound of butter, throughout the year."* The abundance and superior quality of the Agricultural products, for which the markets of Philadelphia are distinguished, are probably the fruition, and certainly the just reward, of the interest that has always been manifested by her citizens in Agricultural improvement. As early as 1785, a number of gentlemen, among others Robert Morris, Dr. Rush, and Richard Peters, met together and established the first Agricultural Society on this continent, under the title of the " Philadelphia Society for Promot- ing Agriculture," which still survives, surrounded now, however, by almost innumerable sister associations, diffusing information on rural affairs throughout the entire Union. At a later period, in September, 182G, a company of Philadelphians, principally through the instrumentality of the late Dr. James Mease, founded the "Pennsylvania Horticultural Society," which, like its predecessor, has the proud distinction of having led the way iu its own particular sphere, and induced the creation of many kindred associations, promoting refinement and kindling a taste for Horticulture, even at the verge of Western settlements. One of the means early adopted by both associations to stimulate improvement was holding Annual Exhibi- tions, at which live stock, implements, fruits, vegetables, and flowers, were brought into competition. The exhibitions of the Agricultural Society attracted, years before they were held elsewhere, throngs of intelligent observers and practical cultivators from neighboring States, as well as from Pennsylvania, and diffused a most salutary and beneficial influence. The development which it is possible for such societies to attain, was witnessed in October, 1856, when the exhibition of the "United States 112 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Of Fish, the markets of Philadelphia are constantly supplied, from the river, the bay, and the sea, with almost every desirable variety. We can imagine the delight with which epicures, a half century ago, read, that " early in the spring large sun-fish are caught in the Bay, and are suc- ceeded by herrings, shad, roach, four kinds of cat-fish, four kinds of perch, rock, lamprey eel, common eel, pike, sucker, sturgeon, gar-fish. These are river fish, and appear in the order mentioned. From the sea, come Agricultural Society," held in Philadelphia, by invitation of the Philadel- phia Society and the officers of the City Government, attracted the most imposing display probably ever witnessed in the United States, on any similar occasion. Upward of forty thousand dollars were received, and the entire sum expended in premiums and for the necessary preparations. Competitors from distant States carried off many well-earned and important premiums; but it would be only justice rewarding merit, to record the fact, that to a Philadelphia firm, that of DAVID LANDRETH & SON, was awarded the first and most important premium, viz., that for the best display of Agricultural Implements manufactured by the exhibiler. In the importation of Live Stock, Philadelphians were among the first to embark, and they have had the satisfaction of introducing to agricultural- ists some of the most valuable foreign breeds that are known. The first "short-horned" cow that probably ever crossed the Atlantic, was landed at the wharf in Philadelphia, in 1807. This importation was in advance of the appreciation of such stock, and the cow was returned to England ; but a bull-calf, dropped by her whilst here, was fortunately retained, and impressed his stamp on the cattle of the country. About the year 1828, Mr. JOHN HARE POWELL, imported South Down Sheep ; and the sume enterprising gentleman, some years subsequently, commenced his importations of Short Horns, (Durhams). Not long after- ward, Mr. Whittnker, the noted English breeder, consigned similar animals to his care for sale. Other gentlemen in this vicinity followed the example of Mr. Powell ; and shortly afterward further importations were made for Kentucky, and other Western States. Mr. Sarchet, of Philadelphia, has the credit of the first importation of " Alderneys" ; afterward, in 1840, the Inte Mr. Nicholas Biddle, imported specimens of the " Jersey" or ' Alderney" cattle. Their descendants are now spread into the adjoining counties, and have produced a sensible improvement in the quality of the cream and butter wherever the strain has been infused. It seems to us proper, that early enterprise in this direction should be recorded. PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 113 cod, sea-bass, black-fish, sbeep's-head, Spanish mackerel, haddock, pollock, mullet, halibut, flounder, sole, plaice, skait, porgey, torn-cod, and others. Of Shell-fish, there are oysters, (several kinds,) clams, lobster, crab, snapping-tur- tle, and terrapin all excellent. Oysters abound through- out the year, and are sold at a low price. The shad caught in the vicinity of Philadelphia are generally es- teemed superior in flavor, and more delicate than those caught elsewhere. It is supposed that the situation of the fishing-places influences the size and the flavor of shad." But the abundance, cheapness, and excellence of pro- visions in Philadelphia are conceded. The New York Tribune of May 1, 1857, stated that " Philadelphia has about twenty-five per cent, the advantage of us in fuel, and perhaps ten per cent, in the average cost of provisions." HI. SITUATION, RAIL-ROAD CONNECTIONS, &c. The third point that we have considered essential to success in Manufactures, is a favorable situation. Viewing Phila- delphia with respect to situation, we remark, in the first place, that it is far enough from the ocean to be exempt from a salt atmosphere, which has been found decidedly injurious in several Manufacturing and Chemical proc- esses ;* yet it is near enough to the great highway of na- tions to partake of the advantages of a port on the sea- coast, in receiving raw materials and sending away man- ufactured products. Secondly, Philadelphia now pos- sesses unrivaled means of communication with the inte- rior of our country, and directly or indirectly with all foreign countries. Shippers of freight, destined for other seaports, have a choice of routes to the ocean, viz., the Delaware River the ordinary and natural channel and the Camden and Amboy Rail-road, the Philadelphia and Trenton Rail-road, and the Delaware and Raritan * In paints, a pare Carbonate of Lead cannot well be made near to the sea. 114 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Canal. By way of the river and the ocean, merchandise may be forwarded and received cheaply and expedi- tiously from all parts of the world, regular lines being established to all principal cities of the United States Boston, New York, Baltimore, Richmond, Savannah, New Orleans, California, and to Liverpool, &c. During the last year, (1857,) as we have stated elsewhere, there were 505 foreign, and 32,142 coastwise arrivals, princi- pally at the Delaware wharves. Since 1845, the vessels annually employed in the coal trade alone, from Port Richmond, largely exceed in number and capacity the whole foreign tonnage of the city of New York. But, though the Delaware River be the natural channel for freight destined to distant sections, it is by no means the only one. Immense quantities of goods are daily sent and received by the Propeller lines, via the Delaware and Raritan Canal ; and the Camden and Amboy, and Phil- adelphia and Trenton Rail-roads, which are far-famed thoroughfares. A shorter and more direct route to the ocean than any of these, may now be finished for a tri- fling expenditure, viz., by the extension of the Camden and Atlantic Railway ; and when the contemplated proj- ect of building a magnificent roadway from Florence to Union, N. J., is carried into execution, another ave- nue for the conveyance of light freight, cheaply and ex- peditiously, between Philadelphia and the ocean, will be opened. But the highways in which Philadelphia has invested the greatest amount of capital, and which probably will in future be of the most advantage to her industrial in- terests, are those which communicate with the interior. To the North, and connecting her with the coal regions, there are several canals and two principal rail-roads the Reading, and the North Pennsylvania. The latter is a new and promising road, communicating with the PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 115 populous towns of Lehigh and Northampton counties, and in connection with the Lehigh Valley Rail-road, affording another outlet for the Coal and Iron products of the Lehigh regions. The former was constructed primarily as an avenue for the transportation of coal from Schuylkill County ; but by means of connections established with other roads, it now forms part of a great through route to the Falls of Niagara, the Lakes, the Canadas, and the "West. The READING RAIL-ROAD, being unquestionably one of the most magnificent freight roads in the world, is en- titled to further notice. It was the first rail-road that revolutionized popular opinion with respect to the adap- tation of railways for carrying heavy burdens. Having a slightly descending grade in the direction of the loaded trains, the entire distance from Schuylkill Haven to the Falls of Schuylkill, 84 miles, it is able to transport heavy freight at a cost which is insignificant, even in comparison with the usual tolls on canals. The cost of transporting a ton of coal, per round trip of 190 miles that is, from the coal region to tide-water and back with empty cars, was, during the last year, only 36.3 cents ; whereas, the tolls on a ton of merchandise on the Erie Canal were nearly double that amount. The average load of an engine, during the busy season, is nearly 500 tons of coal ; and a single engine has conveyed a train of 166 cars, weighing 797 tons of 2240 Ibs. each. The original charter, passed in 1833, contemplated Reading as the northern terminus of the road hence its name ; but subsequently the charter was extended, and the road constructed to Pottsville. The first locomotive and train passed over the entire line on the first day of January, 1842. The event was celebrated with military display, and "an immense procession of seventy-five passenger cars, 2,225 feet in length, containing 2,150 116 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. persons, three bands of music, banners, &c., all drawn by a single engine. In the rear was a train of fifty-two bur- den cars, loaded with 180 tons of coal, part of which was mined the same morning, 412 feet below water level." The road now consists of a double track ; rail of the H pattern ; whole length 258 miles, of which 127f miles have been relaid during the last seven years, at a cost of $796,735 43. The rolling stock includes 142 locomo- tives, 58 passenger cars, 924 merchandise cars, and 4,831 iron and wooden coal cars, besides over 600 used by the company, but owned by other parties ; and the whole, if placed in a line, would extend for a distance of fifteen miles. The equipments are ample for the transportation of 2,500,000 tons per annum; the tonnage, in 1855, being 2,213,292. The road has nearly ninety stone and iron bridges, and over forty wooden bridges ; four tun- nels, the largest of which at Phoenixville is 1,934 feet cut through solid rock; numerous depots, wharves, and workshops, (those at Reading furnishing employment to about 400 hands, including boys,) and a vast deal of val- uable real estate.* The entire cost of the whole, on *"At Richmond, the lower terminus of the road, at tide-water on the river Delaware, are constructed the most extensive and commodious wharves, in all probability, in the world, for the reception and shipping, not only of the present, but of the future vast coal tonnage of the railway; forty- nine acres are occupied with the company's wharves and works, extending along twenty-two hundred and seventy-two feet of river front, and acces- sible to vessels of six or seven hundred tons. The shipping arrangements consist of some twenty wharves or piers, extending from three hundred and forty-two to eleven hundred and thirty-two feet into the river, all built in the most substantial manner, and furnished with chutes at convenient dis- tances, by which the coal flows into the vessel lying alongside, DIRECTLY FROM THE OPENED BOTTOM OF THE COAL CAR IN WHICH IT LEFT THK MINE. As some coal is piled or stacked in winter, or at times when its shipment is not required, the elevation of the tracks, by trestlings, above the solid surface or flooring of the piers, affords sufficient room for stowing upward of two hundred and fifty thousand tons of coal. Capacious docks extend in-shore, between each pair of wharves, thus PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 117 November 30, 1857, was $19,262,720 27. The officers are: President, R. D. CULLEN ; Treasurer, SAMUEL BRADFORD ; Sec'y, W. H. MC!LHENNEY, and Gen'l Supt., G. A. NICOLLS. With Pittsburg, and the "Gate of the West," Phila- delphia is connected by a magnificent Railway, to which we have more than once referred, and to which it seems proper to refer again, if for no other purpose than to aid in perpetuating the names of those who have been most active in contributing to the success of so great an undertaking. While the Reading cheapens fuel to the citizens of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Central cheap- ens food, and both are entitled to rank among the most important enterprises of modern times. The act incorporating the Pennsylvania Central Rail- road Company was passed April 13th, 1846. As soon as the news of its passage had reached Philadelphia, a large meeting was held, and a committee appointed to prepare an address inviting the co-operation of the citi- zens. This committee consisted of THOMAS P. COPE, (since dec'd,) Chairman ; DAVID S. BROWN, JOHN GRIGG, THOMAS SPARKS, GEORGE N". BAKER, RICHARD D. WOOD, JAMES MAGEE, and J. R. TYSON. The address issued by these gentlemen met with a warm response, and public and private subscriptions were freely tendered. The city, making the whole river front available for shipping purposes. Over one hundred vessels can be loading at the same moment; and few places pre- sent busier or more interesting scenes, than the wharves of the Reading Rail-road, at Richmond. A brig of one hundred and fifty-five tons has been loaded with that number of tons of coal in less than three hours time, at tliese wharves. The whole length of the lateral railways extending over the wharves at Richmond will probably exceed ten miles, affording a ship- ping capacity for upward of three millions of tons ! and it will probably not be many years before this amount, extraordinary as it may seem, (as, in- deed, it really is,) will be annually transported over this great thorough- fare. The company has laid the foundation for a trade as broad as the future destiny of the coal trade itself." 118 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. in its corporate capacity, subscribed two and a half mil- lions of dollars, and this gave an impulse to the enter- prise that left no longer any doubt of its success. The first Board of Directors consisted of the following gentle- men, most of whom had been active in promoting this great work, viz. : S. V.Merrick, Thomas P. Cope, Robert Toland, David S. Brown, James Magee, Richard D. Wood, Stephen Colwell, George W. Carpenter, Christian E. Spangler, Thomas T. Lea, William C. Patterson, John A. Wright, and Henry C. Corbit. First officers S. V. Merrick, President ; Oliver Fuller, Secretary ; George V. Bacon, Treasurer; J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer; William B. Foster, Jr., Associate Engineer, of the East- ern Division ; Edward Miller, of the Western. During the past year this Company made a most im- portant and extensive negotiation, being no less than the purchase from the Commonwealth of 285 miles of Canal, between Philadelphia and Pittsburg; and 37 miles of Railway, between Johnstown and Ilolli- daysburg ; and 80 miles of double track between Phil- adelphia and the Susquehanna River, with all the ap- purtenances, giving their bonds, bearing five per cent, interest, for the sum of $7,500,000, payable $100,000 on July 31st, 1858, and $100,000 annually thereafter, until July 31, 1890, when the payments will be at the rate of $1,000,000 per annum until the whole is paid. Present total cost of roads and canals belonging to Com- pany, $27,266,981 58. The rolling stock consists of 216 locomotives, 99 passenger cars, 27 baggage cars, and 1,945 freight cars. The aggregate tonnage of the road, for 1857, was 530,420. The surplus earnings were 31,854,926 86. The present officers of the road are- President, J. EDGAR THOMSON; Vice-President, W. B. FOSTER, JR. ; Treasurer, THOMAS T. FIRTH ; Secretary, EDMUND SMITH ; Gen'l Superintendent, THOS. A. SCOTT; Controler and Auditor, H. J. LOMBAERT ; Superintendent PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 119 Philadelphia Division, G. C. FRANCISCUS ; Superintendent Eastern Division, A. L. ROUMFORT ; Superintendent Mid- dle Division, THOMAS.?. SARGENT ; Superintendent Western Division, JOSEPH D. POTTS; General Freight Agent, H. H. HOUSTON. The last link in the chain is now perfected, connecting Philadelphia and Chicago, via Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Rail-road ; other connections are constantly being made ; and the Pennsylvania Central Railway, fortunate in its mode of construction, and fortunate in its officers, will hereafter still further reduce the cost of transporta- tion between Philadelphia and the West, and perpetually prove an increasing source of benefit to both. The other great trunk line diverging from Philadel- phia, and increasing its rail-road connections with the South, is the PHILADELPHIA, WILMINGTON, AND BALTIMORE RAIL-ROAD. This road forms part of the great Southern mail route and being one of the oldest, is consequently one of the best known rail-roads in the country. The low charges for water carriage between Philadelphia and the prominent points of the South, have heretofore de- prived this road of any considerable revenue from freight ; but, nevertheless, the Company is now free from floating debt, has paid all the demands that were made upon it, and its regular dividend, without borrowing a dollar. This Company is peculiarly fortunate in its Pres- ident, 8. M. FELTON, Esq., who is regarded as one of the ablest rail-road officers in the country. A new road to Baltimore, entitled the Baltimore Cen- tral, connecting with the Westchester Rail-road, at Grubb's Bridge, is in course of construction, and thirty miles will probably soon be finished. This road, it is said, can bridge the Susquehanna. The minor rail-roads di- verging from Philadelphia, are the Philadelphia, German- town, and Norristown, which, in 1857, carried 1,378,228 passengers ; and having as tributaries the Chester Valley 120 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. and Chestnut Hill Rail-roads ; and the Westchester Rail- road, of which seventeen miles are completed, and the balance (ten miles) graded and ballasted. The following Table exhibits the Names, Length, and Cost of the Bail-roads centering in Philadelphia with their Heceipts, Expenses, and Surplus Earnings, for 1857. Names. t a 3 Cast Gross Receipts. Expenses. Surplus Earnings. Pennsylvania * 393 9S 98 91 28 68 21 17 61 < 19,766,981.58 ) I 7,500,000.00 < 19,262,720.27 8,568.369.32 5,563,580.11 1,000,000.00 6,106,280.57 1.810,812.28 1,300,000.00 $4,855,669.76 3,065,521.56 1,143,852.69 1,598,124.91 operated in 248,783.80 312,958.63 50,986.00 $3,000,742.90 1,481,745.22 764,917.10 880,131.17 part by C. & 112,186.65 132,852.25 39,000.00 $1,854,926-86 1,583,776.34 378,935.59 717,993.74 A. Co. 136,597.15 170,268,75 unfinished. Reading PUilad, Wil'g'n and Bait.... Camden aud Amboy f Philadelphia and Trenton... North Pennsylvania Philad. Germt'n & Norris'n. Westchester and Philad Camden and Atlantic * This inclndes the Indiana Branch, 19 miles ; Hollidaysburg Branch, 9 miles ; and Johns- town Branch, 37 miles but excludes the Harrisburg, Lancaster and Mountjoy Bail-road, (35 miles) which is leased, not owned by the Pennsylvania Kail-road. t This includes Trenton and other Branches. The rail-road system of Philadelphia, we may remark, in conclusion, adopting the language of one who has made it the subject of careful consideration, extends to all points of the compass, pushes out toward the ocean, pierces the coal regions of the North, reaches Eastward to the great seaports of the nation, drains the rich and fertile agricultural counties of our own State, and ex- tends Westward toward the Rocky Mountains and the gold region beyond. It is a grand plan, and needs but one important line to make it perfect. The Sunbury and Erie road must be completed to Lake Erie, to develope the resources of that portion of the State through which it passes, while our legitimate portion of the trade of the Northwest runs along it into the lap of Phila- delphia, which will be nearer to the great inland seas than either of her rivals Baltimore or New York. IV. The fourth and last subdivision of essential phys- ical advantages is a suitable climate a climate favorable to vigor of mind and health of body, and chemically PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 121 adapted for manufacturing processes. The climate of Philadelphia, in common with other portions of the State, we may say the countrj 7 , has undergone important changes within a half century. The winters are less uniformly cold than formerly, and the summers less uni- formly warm. Except during the winters of 1855-6, and 1856-7, which were entirely exceptional, ice in the Delaware has not presented any formidable obstruction to navigation for many years, and sleighing has been a sport of short duration. In the present winter (1857-8), no snow, worth mentioning, has fallen up to the middle of February ; and the weather during January was as genial as spring. In the summer, the thermometer some- times rises for a few consecutive days above 93 ; but the temperature invariably diminishes sensibly after sunset, and the nights are generally comfortable and re- freshing. The most disagreeable feature of the climate in summer is liability to sudden variations, amounting in some rare instances to 30 in twenty-four hours. These variations, however, it would seem, are more unpleasant than permanently injurious in their effects. The air of Philadelphia, compared with that of New York, has less keenness ; and being free from saline im- pregnation, it is less irritating to weak lungs. It was ob- served long since, and remarked by physicians, that per- sons did spit blood in New York who were entirely free from any pulmonic affection in Philadelphia. Compared with New England, generally, the winters in Philadelphia are less severe, and consequently less fuel is consumed ; while the days are of greater average length, thereby dimin- ishing the consumption of gas. Both of these items have a bearing upon economy of production in Manufactures. But the climate of Philadelphia has further some pecu- liar and remarkable properties, as is evidenced by its effects upon certain chemical processes. It is conceded, 9* 122 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. even by Englishmen, that the woven fabrics of southern Europe are superior to those of England in the richness and clearness of their colors ; and this superiority is ac- counted for by ascribing it to atmospheric qualities and peculiarities, for which neither the science of chemists nor the skill of dyers in England, has been able to pro- vide a complete equivalent. So, experience demon- strates, that it is possible in Philadelphia to attain a degree of excellence in dyeing fabrics, unattainable by the same processes anywhere else except in Southern Europe. A celebrated French dyer, whose local partial- ities are distant from this city, experimented in various localities in France and the United States, and found the climate and water nowhere in either country so well adapted for his purposes as those of Philadelphia. Hence, every year the practice is becoming more common with the merchants of Philadelphia, New York, and else- where, to import silks, and woolen goods in an unfin- ished state, have them dyed in Philadelphia, and then they readily command prices equal to the best French or European finished fabrics. In addition to these circumstances, which are con- sidered essential to success in Manufactures, there are many others so desirable and important, that they can scarcely be ranked as secondary. Foremost in this class is 1. PUKITY OF WATER. Water, like climate, has a san- itary, and also a chemical bearing. The water princi- pally used in Philadelphia proper is from the Schuylkill ; while in Frankford, Bridesburg, and other important manufacturing adjuncts, there are springs possessing some remarkable properties. The Schuylkill water, as we learn from the report of Messrs. Booth and Garrett, who, in 1854, made it the subject of careful analysis, is WATER HEALTH. 123 distinguished above almost all other waters for its purity and freedom from organic matter. Their very able re- port concludes with the following opinion : " We may further observe, that a comparison of our waters, with waters used elsewhere in the United States and in Europe, highly esteemed for their excellency, may be characterized by its greater purity, its slightly alkaline impregnation, and by being nearly free from organic matter. In conclusion, we infer that the Schuylkill water has deteriorated, in no important respects, from its former excellent quality ; is superior to most waters for domestic and manufacturing purposes; and lastly, a comparison of the past and present, leads to the inference, that no plan of improving the water will be required for many years to come." By analysis, it has been ascertained that the water of the Cochituate, (used in Boston,) contains 1,16 grs. of solid organic substances in one gallon ; and the Croton, (used in New York,) contains 4.28 grs., and that, too, after it had passed through forty-one miles of aqueduct ; while the Schuylkill water, taken directly from the river, before it had entered into the reservoir, and had time to deposit its solid particles, contained but a trace of organic matter. The chairman of the Philadelphia County Medical Society concludes, that we possess the advantage of a purer quality of water for drinking purposes than any other city in the United States, or perhaps the world over, a prerequisite as essential to the enjoyment of health, as it is necessary for the preservation of life itself. The sanitary results of the climate and the water aro manifested in 2. THE STATISTICS OF HEALTH. The comparative healthfulness of various cities has been made a subject of careful observation by physicians and others, for more 124 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. than a half century, and the tables of mortality have uniformly shown that Philadelphia is the most healthy of the great cities of the United States. In 1806, when the city contained a larger population than JSTew York, the deaths per day in the former were 5f , and in the latter 6. In 1810, the proportion of deaths to population, in Philadelphia, was one to fifty. In 1855, WILSON JEWELL, M. D., as chairman of the Committee on Epidemics of the State Medical Society, presented a report full of val- uable suggestions, and containing the following Table and remarks relative to the sanitary condition of our principal cities : Per ct. of Deaths 1858 Popula- tion. Total mortality. Ratio of deaths to population. every 1000 inhabit- deaths un- der 5 years to total under 5 years to every Ratio of still-born to deaths. mortality. 1000. New York 650000 22,728 1 in 28.59 So. 53.40 18.67 1 in 13.70 Philadelphia 500,000 10,4o8 1 in 47.81 20.91 44.86 9.38 1 in 17. 85 Baltimore 215,000 5,465 1 in 39.52 25.41 44.88 11.40 1 in 14.01 Boston 162,748 4,308 1 in 39.36 26.59 46.63 12.40 1 in 19.33 " The averages, deductions, and comparisons drawn in this Table, prove conclusively that the mortality in our own city is much less, com- pared with the total of deaths, with the deaths to population, or with every thousand, than in the other Atlantic cities. " While in New York 1 in every 28 of the population dies annually, and in Baltimore and Boston 1 in every 39, in Philadelphia there is only 1 in every 47 ; more favorable by one half than the death rate of New York ; and, by nearly one fourth, more favorable than that of Bos- ton and Baltimore. " Again, the health of Philadelphia, contrasted with that of the other cities named in the Table, is shown by estimating the deaths to every thousand of the population. While New York contributes 35, Boston 26, and Baltimore 25, Philadelphia gives only 20. " Nor can it be overlooked, that the infantile population in New York suffers by death to a far greater extent than in either of the other cities. Those under five years of age (exclusive of still-born) make up 53 per cent, of the total mortality ; Boston 46 per cent. ; while Balti- more and Philadelphia are each 44 per cent. : less by 8 per cent, than the former, and 5 per cent, than those under five years in the latter city. " The deaths under five years in every thousand of the population HEALTH PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE. 125 presents an equally favorable contrast ; New York furnishing 18, Bos ton 12, Baltimore 11, and Philadelphia only 9 in every thousand. " It will be seen, too, while the population in New York was but 13 per cent, greater than that of Philadelphia, the deaths for the year 1855 were 35.90 per cent, more than in our own city. The ratio of still-born children to the mortality is Jess in Philadelphia than in either of the other places. " The preceding estimates are sufficiently clear to maintain the posi- tion, that we are the healthiest of the large Atlantic cities, and that for salubrity, we should have the preference before the others named in the Table. The aggregate mortality in the four cities, in 1856 and 1857, was as follows : 7 jijj . -*' ' ' ' "/ f ' ' , . I There are many other advantages that might be noted the law of limited liability in Partnership for instance tending to show that Philadelphia ought to attain eminence in Manufactures. We, however, pass them by, for they may all be included in one point, viz., Philadel- phia is already a great Manufacturing city. I hold it to be eminently safe to infer, that a locality in which manu- facturing industry has already taken a deep, permanent root, particularly if it manifest an indigenous growth, possesses a soil adapted therefor, whether by analysis we can perceive the ingredients or not. Moreover, it seems probable, almost certain, that the spot in this MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 country now exhibiting the most varied and extensive development of mechanical industry, in conjunction with enduriugly favorable circumstances, will remain for a century to come the central and chief seat of the higher and more artistic Manufactures in America, notwith- standing the growth and promise of other places pos- sessing theoretically marked advantages. To illustrate the present development of manufactur- ing industry in Philadelphia, I herewith submit the results, not generally of my own observation or knowl- edge, but that of others, and principally of reports made to me by gentlemen specially employed to report on certain branches men far more competent and more experienced in mechanical matters than myself and not one of whom is a native of this city. Months have been occupied in this investigation ; but as comparatively few facts, especially statistical facts, after due inquiry, could be precisely and accurately ascertained, and none others were desired, the reports give no indication of the labor involved.* ' ^.'', Numerous attempts have been made at different times to investigate the manufacturing industry of Philadelphia. Several years ago a Statis- tical Society was organized, we believe, for the express purpose of ascertain- ing the capital in trade and manufactures, the number of hands employed and wages paid, and the aggregate of production; but its officers, we un- derstand, have not as yet submitted their report. More recently, a com- mittee of highly respectable and trustworthy gentlemen, appointed by the Board of Trade, undertook the commission ; but the most important information that they ascertained and reported was, that "inquiries of this kind are exceedingly impertinent and offensive, and they will not be answered ; nor can any authority compel a response to them. They will be either treated with silence; or, if replied to, they will elicit no full and re- Liable intelligence. We do not make this assertion without ample reason." The Board of Trade consequently recommend, and their advice has been heeded by us, not to extend inquiries beyond what can be precisely and accurately ascertained. If, by this course, a less number of important facts are elicited, many rash or doubtful assertions are avoided. Our con- viction with respect to statistics is, that the mean of estimates of intelligent 140 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. They may also, to a certain extent, be considered the opinions of one or more of the leading men in each branch of industry; for large indebtedness is due to this source, both for original suggestions and confirmation of points otherwise doubtful. The reports submitted are not intended to exhibit the entire manufacturing indus- try of Philadelphia to ascertain that would require the purse of Fortunatus, and inquisitorial powers far greater than any possessed by the Pope of Rome, the King of Na- ples, or the Emperor of all the Russias, or all of them combined but simply to state the facts that have come within the range of our observation, and submit them in illustration of the position and assertion, that Phila- delphia is already a great Manufacturing city, most prob- ably the greatest in the Union. men, familiar with the branch with which they are connected, or with the business of their neighbors, is likely to lead to more reliable aggregate results than any direct personal inquiries of each individual. In the latter case, the small operators who reply at all, are habitually disposed to exag- gerate, and the larger ones, who have a mortal aversion to the tax-gatherer and competitors, frequently report a small product and a gloomy state of affairs. It is probable, however, that each succeeding attempt will be attended with more success than the previous ones ; and the time will come when it will be possible to exhibit statistically the particulars, as well as the aggregate of the mechanical and manufacturing industry of Philadel- phia. At present, the best than can be done is to make a readable exhibit. REPORTS UPON THE PROGRESS AND PRESENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEADING BRANCHES OF PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY IN PHILADELPHIA. ASSUMING that an Alphabetical arrangement of subjects would be most convenient for reference ; but, deeming it advisable to group together those which have practically some points of affin- ity, whether through identity of raw material or similarity in uses, we come to I. Agricultural Implements, Seeds, Fertilizers, &c. The manufacture of Agricultural Implements, we are somewhat astonished to learn, is comparatively a new branch of industry in Philadelphia. It seems almost incredible that her citizens, ever fore- most, as we have shown them to have been, in enterprises designed to promote Agricultural Improvement, were, until within a few years, content that the farmers of Pennsylvania and New Jersey should be dependent upon other States for the improved imple- ments with which to till the soil. The deficiency, however, is now supplied. Philadelphia now contains some very superior establishments in this branch of industry, as will be seen by the following report, which a gentleman, thoroughly familiar with the subject, has placed at our disposal. Pennsylvania, so widely celebrated for her Agriculture, did not make within her borders, until within a few years, many of the Implements used in tillage and harvesting. It is true, almost every cross-road had its blacksmith and wheelwright, whose united efforts produced a plow, or u harrow ; and many of the former stand, to the present day, unrivaled 11 (HI) 142 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. ill the immediate locality of their production ; but regular Agricultural Machine-shops are of quite recent establishment, the larger portion of the Implements, formerly sold at the city warehouses, having been imported from New England, whose sterile soil had compelled its ener- getic sons to seek more profitable occupation than its tillage, In 1854, we find, was founded the first establishment in Eastern Pennsylvania, for the manufacture of Agricultural Implements gene- rally ; prior to that, there were shops located for specific objects, as for instance Grain Drills, tff which those made by Steacy, and by Pennock, had acquired marked celebrity; but for the manufacture of Farm Im- plements generally, we believe none of any moment existed. In the year abovementioned, David Landreth & Son, who, with their prede- cessors in the house, had for many years kept large supplies in Phila- delphia, obtained from various sources, established their Steam-works at Bristol, not only for the supply of their principal warehouse in Phil- adelphia, and their branch-houses in Charleston, S. C., and St. Louis, but for the trade in general. Shortly subsequent thereto, was likewise established that of Bradfield, the ' Mount Joy Car Manufacturing Com- pany,' Savery's Eagle Plow Factory, that of C. B. Eogers, and Boas, Spangler & Co., of Reading, and more recently Boyer & Brother, each of whom turn out admirable machines, both as regards workmanship and materials ; and Philadelphia, once dependent upon other cities for tillage implements, is now not only independent, but capable of minis- tering to the wants of her sister States ; and we trust all from distant points, whom business or pleasure may bring among us, will examine the rural machinery manufactured in and near our city. GARDEN SEED TRADE. The Seed trade of Philadelphia, though, in comparison with many other branches, one of very limited extent, is nevertheless entitled to consideration, when discussing the industrial pursuits of our citizens. From its nature, it cannot be expected that we should count the amount of sales, in this department, by millions a few hundreds of thousands, at the most, complete the aggregate ; but the reputation which our city sustains in this especial branch, is more worthy of note than the amount of sales, however large they might be. In no city of the Union, is the sale of Garden Seeds conducted as at Philadelphia. In New York, Boston, and Baltimore, the only other points at which the wholesale trade in Seeds approaches a profession, the supplies are mainly obtained from Europe, where the effect of cheap labor upon prices, coupled with freedom from imposts at home, enables the 'mporter to purchase many varieties for sale here at a cost far below the actual expense of production in this country. It is true the humid climate of Great Britain, from which country the major portion are AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, SEEDS, ETC. 143 obtained, is not favorable to ripening Seeds, and that many kinds suffer by a sea voyage so greatly do they swell, that the twine on papered parcels is not nnfrequently imbedded, or burst, by the expansion; and in other cases, there is reason to believe Seeds already im- paired by age, are shipped to this ' western wilderness.' Still so low- priced are many, in comparison with the American, that the mere dealer, whose study is to buy cheap, imports his stock not reck- lessly we hope, but trusting for the best, and anxious to quote low prices to the country-merchant a fatal policy to none affording in the end pleasure or profit. The druggist, or merchant, who retails them, enticed by low quotations, is beset by indignant planters ; and the market-gardener, who has unfortunately staked his crop upon the issue, finds his land and labor for the season have been cast away far better for him had he paid the full price for American Seeds, of reliable character. We trust he may have learned a useful lesson, for that must be his compensation. In the ' Horticulturist,' a periodical of high repute, as associated with Downing, its founder and editor, we find, in the No. for August, 1854. an interesting article on ' The Seed Trade of Philadelphia,' attrib- uted to J. J. Smith, Esq., the present efficient editor of that maga- zine. 1 presume your limits will not admit of quoting much there said, but refer the reader to the article itself. The fact is there made known, that in the production of American Seeds, Philadelphia stands pre-emi nent if not alone, almost without a rival ; and the productions of one establishment, which dates its origin within a few years of the Revolu- tion, are sought for and exported to nearly every country to which American commerce reaches. Tons are annually shipped to the Brit- ish possessions, to India and South America, the West Indies, and the shores of the Pacific, each of which call for annual supplies. One firm, which is specially alluded to, by reason of its greater prominence, viz., that of David Landreth & Son, has Seed Grounds, (Bloomsdale, near Bristol), embracing nearly four hundred acres, cultivated in drill crops, requiring a large force of hands, twenty head of working stock, and a steam-engine for threshing and cleaning seeds. The estate, in its entirety, exceeds any similar establishment in the world. Robert Buist and H. A. Dreer are also extensive growers ; and we proudly claim for Philadelphia a class of seed merchants, worthy the confidence of all who may have occasion to purchase, whether for personal use or purposes of trade. FRUITS. The market of Philadelphia has long been famous for the quality and abundance of its Fruits the products of orchards in the vicinity of the city. There might be seen in high perfection the 144 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. choicest of each class, affording all interested the opportunity of useful comparison, and test of relative value; whilst annually a show of Fruits, held by the Horticultural Society, the accumulated contribu- tions of every quarter, facilitates practical comparison with similar ar- ticles, drawn from distant sources. Hence, it may readily be seen that Philadelphia nurserymen have ample and valuable opportunities to de- termine the kinds and varieties most worthy of propagation. For some years past the culture of the PEAR has attracted more than ordinary interest ; and it is a fact, which should not be passed unno- ticed, that Philadelphia and its neighborhood have spontaneously pro- duced some of the most valuable varieties of this fruit : seedling trees not surpassed by any, either of native or foreign origin. Here was the nativity of the Seckel, of world-wide notoriety of the Kingsessing, the Lodge, the Tyson, the Ott, the Philadelphia, the Moyamensing, the Petre, and some others of high value ; and here is the residence of Dr. W. D. Brinkl6, whose indefatigable labors in pomological research have gratified his fellow-citizens and benefited the world at large. We might extend this sketch of the Agricultural resources of Philadelphia, but perhaps enough has already been said to enable you to illustrate the idea which we desire to express, that the City of Broth- erly Love stands unrivaled in this department of industry." In addition to Garden Seeds, referred to above, Philadelphia is one of the principal distributing points for Clover and other field Seeds, not only supplying the Southern and Western States, but sending largely to New England, Great Britain, and the British Provinces. Within the last two months, 46,180 bushels of Clover- seed were purchased, and recleaned here for shipment, of which 35,000 bushels were shipped to Liverpool and to New York, 3,000 bushels to the South, and the balance to points in the interior, and to the West. A large proportion of the very best Seeds, and noted particularly for cleanness and quality, is grown in the counties adjacent to Philadelphia. The annual sales, we are assured, frequently amount to one million of dollars. One firm, Messrs. P. B. MINGLE & Co., through whose hands an immense quantity of Seeds pass annually, are known probably to all dealers. FERTILIZERS. The manufacture of Artificial Manures has become quite an extensive business within a few years. Those made in Phil- adelphia, are known as Super-phosphate of Lime, Bone-dust, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, SEEDS, ETC. 145 Plaster of Paris, Pondrette, Philadelphia TJrate, or the con- centrated and fixed nitrogen of urine, and Bone-black waste. In addition to these, there are agencies for the sale of the Peruvian Guano, for a fertilizer known as Blood Manure, and others. The popularity of Peruvian Guano was such, that in one year the sales of the agent in Philadelphia amounted to 22,000 tons, at $40 per ton, or $880,000 ; but the advance in price checked the demand, and led to the manufacture of a great variety of Artificial Manures. The substitute for Guano, that would seem to be in the greatest demand with the farmers of Pennsylvania, and adjacent States, judging from the extent of the manufacture, is the SUPER-PHOS- PHATE OP LIME. It is said to possess fertilizing properties more permanent than those of Guano. Though only introduced fully to public notice in 1851, its manufacture now forms an item of some importance in the general aggregate of industry. It is a somewhat singular fact, that when first introduced it commanded a higher price per ton than Peruvian Guano. There are seven manufacturers of Super-phospate of Lime in Philadelphia, who are well represented by the two most extensive POTTS & KLETT, and MITCHELL & CROASDALE. The manufactory of POTTS & KLETT is situated near Camden, but their product is sold exclusively by a house in this city. This firm are also well-known manufacturers of Chemicals. The works of Messrs. MITCHELL & CROASDALE are situated in the Nineteenth Ward, and cover nearly an acre of ground. They produce what they call " Highly Improved Super-phosphate of Lime," being a compound of ground bones, Peruvian guano, and other substances. The bones are first boiled the fat extracted, and pure bone, free from vegetable ivory, which is merely inert matter, is alone manufactured into .fertilizers. Additional works are now being erected for boiling bone. Their products are sold by CROASDALE, PIERCE & Co., Delaware Avenue, above Arch street. Another preparation of bones, known as Bone-dust, is made to a considerable extent by the manufacturers of Glue, &c., and by FRENCH, RICHARDS & Co. The latter firm, and the Phoenix Mill and others, make Plaster of Paris for fertilizing purposes. With regard to the relative merits of the respective fertilizers, 11* 146 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. we know nothing, and can only refer those interested to Agri- cultural Chemists, or to the pamphlet circulars of the manufac- turers, in which the properties of each are duly set forth. We can however assure purchasers, that they can probably procure, in Philadelphia, any fertilizer of value that they may desire, on advantageous terms. The Statistics of the Manufacture, for 1857, as nearly as can be ascertained, are as follows : Super-phosphate of Lime, 7,000 tons, or 55,000 bbls., at $45 per ton, $3)5,000 Bone-dust, 2,000 tons, at $35 per ton, 70,000 Plaster of Paris, 3,000 tons, at $6 per ton, ..... 18,000 Other Fertilizers (see above) approximate, ..... 100,000 $503,000 The annual sales of Fertilizers in the city, including Guano, the refuse of tanneries, morocco manufactories, sugar refineries, &c., will probably amount to a million and a half of dollars. It is, however, much to be regretted, that the sweepings of the streets, and human ordure, are not more carefully economized to aid in res- toring to the earth the fertility of which it is robbed by the neces- sary consumption of a vast city. In Paris, a contractor pays a large sum into the City treasury, for the privilege of removing these fertilizers, and yet derives a handsome profit from the contract. II. Alcohol, Burning Fluid, and Camphene. There are in the city nine establishments engaged in distilling Alcohol and Camphene, or Pine Oil, several of whom make it an exclusive business. Alcohol, it is generally known, is distilled from Whisky nine gallons of the latter making about five of the former. Alcohol, for burning-fluid, is 95 per cent., while Drug- gists' Alcohol is but 84 per cent., being reduced to that standard after distillation. Pine Oil, or Camphene, is distilled from Spir- its of Turpentine, the well-known produce of the pine forests of North Carolina. This loses in distillation about one gallon in a barrel, or two and a half per cent. Burning Fluid is made by the admixture of one gallon of Pine Oil to four gallons of Alcohol. The Statistics of the business, for the year ending July 1, 1857, are as follows : ALCOHOL, BURNING FLUID, AND CAMPHENE. 147 Raw Material. Whisky, 2,077,000 gallons, average cost 31 c., - - - $643,870 Spirits of Turpentine, 380,000 gallons, average cost, 47 c., 178,600 $822,470 Product. Alcohol, gold by distillers, ..... 395,000 gallons. Pine Oil, "".----- 147,250 " Burning Fluid, ... .;,,,,.._ . 1,112,000 " 1,654,250 Of the value of $1,022,140, averaging nearly 62 cents per gallon. There are a number engaged in the sale of Burning Fluid, who purchase the Alcohol and Pine Oil from the distillers, and these are included in the above statement. The product may be stated, in another form, as follows : Alcohol, ^-^mtVsI 1,284,600 gallons. Pine Oil or Camphene, ..... 369,650 " Total, 1,654,250 " This does not embrace the Alcohol produced by Powers and Weightman, and other Manufacturing Chemists, the value of which is included in the Statistics of Chemicals ; nor that made by Rectifiers, which is known as " High Wines." Burning Fluid was first known as Spirit Gas, and the discov- ery patented by Isaiah Jennings, in 1830, who soon after com- menced its manufacture in Philadelphia, but subsequently aban- doned it. Mr. Locke made it under the Jennings patent, and was the only manufacturer in Philadelphia to any extent, previous to the expiration of the patent in 1844. The merits of Burning Fluid, as a material for light, consist in its brilliancy, cheapness, and far greater cleanliness than Oil ; its principal demerit is liability to explosion. Upon this important point, we have been favored by Messrs. Yarnall & Ogden, one of the principal firms engaged in the manufacture, with the following observations, which deserve attention, both from their intrinsic importance and the experience of those who make them. " It has been ascertained, that nearly all the accidents attending the nse of Burning Fluid originated, either by attempting to fire shavings, or other combustible materials, with a fluid lamp, mostly glass ; or, 148 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. by attempting to fill the lamp while burning. This is by far the most fruitful source of accidents but thanks to the inventive genius of the American people, several kinds of lamps have been patented, and are now in use, which entirely prevent the possibility of an accident occurring from this cause, for the act of unscrewing the top of the lamp, puts out the flame by the action of a spiral spring which forces up the slides on the tubes, and thereby extinguishes the flame, and entirely prevents the possibility of an accident ; and to make it still more complete, the fluid is confined in a gutta-percha sack, so that in case of a glass lamp falling and breaking, the flame cannot possibly ignite the fluid. There are still other improvements in these lamps one is, that the gas and not the fluid is consumed, thereby making a light equal to gas. Per- sons using the fluid would do well to introduce these lamps." The firms engaged extensively in this manufacture, are the fol- lowing : Z. LOCKE & Co., 1010 Market street. This firm are said to be the oldest and the largest distillers of Alcohol in the city. Mr. Locke, the senior partner, commenced the distillation in 1829 ; and, as we previously stated, was for many years the only one who made it an exclusive business. Besides druggists', and 95 per cent. Alcohol, they make Atwood's Patent Alcohol, which, on account of its purity and freedom from any disagreeable smell, is preferred and much used by perfumers. The manufac- factory of Messrs. Locke & Co. is an important one. P. BUSHONQ & SONS, Broad street, above Race. This firm are very extensively engaged in the production of Alcohol, and the manufacture of Burning Fluid. They combine therewith the distillation of Whisky from grain, having a large establishment therefor at Reading, consuming about 166,000 bushels of Corn annually, and 84,000 bushels of Rye ; and thus all the processes are economized, by conducting in one establishment the entire manufacture, from the original raw material to the finished pro- duct. The firm employ forty persons, ship goods eastward, and their fluid has attained a high reputation for quality. YARNALL & OGDEN, 472 North Third street. To this house we previously referred. They are the successors, at their present location, of those who were among the first to introduce Burning Fluid to public notice ; and their sales now extend to all parts of the South, as well as to Pennsylvania and States adjacent. BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS. 149 JOHN W. RYAN, Prime street, below Front, has been iden- tified with the business for many years, and enjoys an extensive city trade. Messrs. PORTETJS & PHILLIPS ; ROWLEY, ASHBTJRNER & Co. ; WETHERELL & BROTHER, manufacture these articles largely, in connection with other products ; and WM. KING, and J. MC!N- TOSH, also make to some extent. The quality of Burning Fluid made in Philadelphia is very su- perior, and in the South readily commands a higher price than that made elsewhere. It is shipped eastward to Providence, Newport, Hartford, New Haven, Boston, Bangor ; and southward to all the Southern States, to California and South America. III. Books, Magazines, and Newspapers. The honor of having established the first printing-press in America, must be awarded to Cambridge, Mass. Philadelphia, however, may claim, with laudable pride, that in less than six weeks after the city was founded, a printing press was established, being the second set up in the North American Colonies;* and, moreover, that many of the most important works in American literature bear the imprint of her publishing houses. We shall attempt to trace the progress of Book and Periodical Publishing, chronologically, though the records within our knowledge are so few, and the pressure of engagements so distracting, as to render the task a difficult one. Prior to the Revolution, and for some years afterward, the most notable issues of the Philadelphia press, in fact, the American press, came within Webster's definition of a pamphlet, that is, a small book, consisting of a sheet of paper. The first book published in this country, of which we have any knowledge, was " The Bay Psalm Book," issued from the Cambridge press, in 1640, and this was probably the most successful of any. Seventy editions were re- published in England and Scotland. The first publication in book or pamphlet form issued from the Philadelphia press was a sheet Almanac, for the year 1687, in twelve compartments : the year be- ginning with March, and ending with February, as was usual before Thomas's History of Printing. 150 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. the eighteenth century. A copy of this early specimen of Amer- ican typography, bearing the imprint of "Wm. Bradford, Printer," is preserved in the Philadelphia Library. His second work was a quarto pamphlet, on the subject of " The New England Churches, by G. Keith," dated in 1689. The name of Bradford continued to be identified with the history of printing in Philadelphia until a very recent period. In 1699, the press established by Bradford passed into the hands of Reynier Jansen, evidently a Dutchman by name, who managed it until the year 1712. There are now in the Philadel- phia Library two very curious pamphlets, bearing his imprint, and so rare that they are probably the only copies extant. The first was published in 1700, and is entitled, " Satan's Harbinger Encountered : his False News of a Trumpet Detected : his Crooked Ways in the Wilderness laid open to the view of the impartial and judicious. Being something by way of Answer to Daniel Leeds, his book, entitled, ' News of a Trumpet Sounding in the Wilderness,' &c., C. P., (Caleb Pusey). Printed at Philadelphia, by Keynier Jansen, 1100." The second bears date 1705, and is en- titled, " The Bomb Searched and Found Stuffed with False Ingre- dients. Being a just confutation of an abusive printed half sheet called ' BOMB,' originally published against the Quakers by Francis Bugg ; bat espoused and exposed, and offered to be proved by John Talbot. Printed at Philadelphia, by Keynier Jansen, 1705." The second printing-oflice in Philadelphia was established by S. Keimer, in 1723. The first publication, bearing his imprint, of which we have any knowledge, is a very curious and rare one, entitled " The Craftsman : a Sermon composed by the late Daniel Burgess, and intended to be preached by him in the High Times, (sic.,) but prevented by the burning of his Meeting-house. Phil- adelphia: Printed by S. Keimer, (Circa), 1725." The advertising columns of the journals, for the succeeding quarter of a century, from 1725 to 1750, contain announcements of a number of curious books and pamphlets, of which we append a list below.* * THOMPSON WESTCOTT, Esq., the author of the "Life of John Fitch," re- cently mde an examination of the Journals, from 1728 to 1750, and noted BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS. 151 In 1735, Christopher Sower published a Quarterly Journal, in German, which was the first work of the kind in a foreign lan- guage published in the Colony. The same year he published a Newspaper, the first German Almanac, " Extracts from the Laws of the Province, by William Penn," and several other works, the announcements, in the advertising columns, of the principal publications. The list was presented to the Philadelphia Library, and the courteous Li- brarian of that Institution placed the same at my disposal. The following are the most important. American Books and Pamphlets advertised in the Pennsylvania Gazette. 1728. Dec. 24. God's Mercy surmounting Man's Cruelty, exemplified in the Captivity and Redemption of Elizabeth Hanson, wife of John Hanson, of Knoxmarsh, at Keacheachy, in Dover Township, who was taken captive with her children and maid-servants by the Indians in New England, in 1725, etc. To be sold by Samuel Keimer, in Philadelphia, and by Heurtin, Goldsmith, in N. Y. 1729. Nov. 30. A Short Discourse, proving that the Jewish, or Seventh- day Sabbath, is abrogated or repealed. By John Meredith. Printed and sold by the printers hereof, B. Franklin and H. Meredith. Price sixpence. 1730. Feb. 19. The Spirit's Teaching Man's Sure Guide : Briefly asserted and recommended to the sober perusal of all Christian believers. By Charles Woolverton, Senr. The second edition. Franklin and Meredith, Printers. 1730. Feb. 3. An Elegy on the Death of that Ancient, Renowned and Useful Matron and Midwife, Mrs. Mary Broadwell, who rested from her la- bors, Jan. 2, 1730, aged a hundred years and one day. Sold by David Harry, printer, in Philadelphia. 1 730. Dec. 29. Ralph Sandiford, being bound for England, hath printed a second impression of his Negroe Treatise, to be distributed gratis; or sold to those who would rather pay, at \'2d. each. 1731. March 4. Some Considerations Relating to the Present State of the Christian Religion, etc. By Alex. Arscot. Franklin & Meredith, Print- ers. 1732. Oct. 5. The Minister of Christ and his Flock: a Sermon by David Evans, preached at Abingdon, Pa., Dec. 30, 1731. B. Franklin, Printer. 1734. May 23. The Constitution of the Free-Masons: containing the history, changes, etc. Reprinted by B. Franklin, in the year of Masonry, 5734. (Franklin Gazette.) 2*. Gd. stitched ; 4s. bound. 1737. Sept. 22. A Treaty of Friendship held with the Six Nations, Philadelphia, Sept. and Oct., 1736. Franklin, Printer. Price Sd. 1738. Aug. 17 Benjamin Lay's Book against Slave Keeping. Printed by himself. 2*. Qd. each. 1739. MaylQ. The Art of Preaching, an imitation of Horace's Art of Poetry. Franklin, Printer. 6d. 152 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. At that time all the type used in the Colonies was brought from Europe, and finding this very inconvenient, he commenced a Type Foundry and Manufactory of Printing Ink. This was the first Type Foundry in the country, and the celebrated house of L. Johnson & Co., Philadelphia, claim, through Binney & Ronaldson, to be July 26. The History of Joseph, a Poem by a female hand. Franklin, Printer. 1. 1740. May 22. Whitfield's Sermons, 2 vols. : one, Sermons ; one, Jour- nals. Franklin, Printer. A Letter from Rev. Mr. Whitfield to the Religious Societies lately formed in England aud Wales, etc. A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Whitfield to a Friend in London, showing the fundamental errors of the book entitled "The Whole Duty of Man." The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, considered by Gilbert Tennant, etc. Franklin, Printer. 6d. July 3. The Character, Preaching, etc., of the Rev. George Whitfield, impartially represented and supported in a Sermon preached at Charleston. S. C. By J. Smith, V. D. M. Franklin, Printer. 4d. A New and Complete Guide to the English Tongue, etc., collected by an ingenious hand, for the use of Schools. Franklin, Printer. 2*. 1741. Jan. 15. Free Grace, a Sermon by Rev. John Wesley. Franklin, Printer. 6d. 22. Free Grace Indeed ! a Letter to Rev. John Wesley. Franklin. 6rf. Feb. 19. Free Grace in Truth, by Rev. John Dylander, minister Swedish church, Wecaco. Franklin. ">J. 1742. Dec. 21. A Short Narrative of the Extraordinary Work of God at Camberslang, in Scotland. Wm. Bradford, Printer. 1743. March 3. The Interest of New Jersey with regard to Trade and Navigation, by laying duties. Bradford, Printer. 12. Every Man's Right to Live : a Sermon by Rev. Lewis of Thurenstein, Monravift. Franklin. 1744. Jan. Oglethorpe's Expedition. Report to Assembly of South Ca- rolina into the causes of its failure. 2s. Qd. April. A Journal of Proceedings in the Conspiracy to Burn New York, by white men and some negroes, etc., in 1742. By the Recorder of the City of New York. Sept. A Grand Treaty held at Lancaster, etc. Franklin. ISd. Oct. Remarks upon Mr. Geo. Whitfield, proving him a man under Delu- sion. By George Gillespie. Philad., Printed for the Author, and sold at the Harp & Crown, in 3d street, opposite the Workhouse. Nov. An Account of the newly invented Pennsylvania Fire-places, etc, with a copperplate, etc. Price la. BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS. 153 the legitimate successors of Christopher Sower, in the business. In 1743, he printed a quarto edition of the German Bible, Luther's translation, having 1272 pp. This was the largest work which had then been issued from any press in the Colony, and was not equaled for many years after. Copies of this Bible were sold, bound, at fourteen shillings, and are now highly prized by book collectors. About 1744 he resigned his press to his son, and died about 1760. He was a man of large influence among his countrymen, and frequently acted as their representative in their intercourse with Government. His son, also named Christopher Sower, continued the business of his father on an enlarged scale, printing many valuable Books, and a Weekly Newspaper. In 1762, he printed a second edition of the German quarto Bible of two thousand copies; and in 1776, completed a third edition of three thousand copies. He had by 1745. An Essay on the West Indian Dry Gripes. By Dr. Cadwalader. Franklin. The Art of Preserving Health. By Dr. Armstrong. Reprint. Frank- lin. 2. Sept. Mr. Prince's Sermon on the General Thanksgiving occasioned by the taking of Cape Breton ; with a Particular Account of the Expedition, etc. Price la. 1746. July. The New Manual Exercise, by Gen'l Blakenly, and the Evo- lutions of the Foot, by Gen'l Bland. Franklin, Printer. 6rf. Reflections on Courtship and Marriage. Franklin. 1*. 6 ^ i ; or - T ,> 400,000 Fancy Stationery and Envelopes, - - - - - > .^.. . ^ 150,000 Total, 1'y.r, ; .j r -; gjjjf^' $5,593,000 V. Boots and Shoes. The manufacture of Boots and Shoes would be treated by Play- fair as a subdivision of the general subject of Wearing Apparel. Those who have never heard of the machine, invented by a Penn- sylvanian, which will peg a Boot or Shoe, two rows on each side, in three minutes, and cut its own pegs, might be disposed to clas- sify the trade with Stationery. But within the last few years, so great an advance has been made in the science of pedology, and so many improvements have been made in the mechanism expediting the manufacture, that it is entitled to distinct and separate consider- ation ; and, as respects first-class Boot-makers, particularly those of Philadelphia, there is now neither wit nor justice in compar- ing them to their predecessors in the time of Simon of Joppa, nor in ranking them, as some one has done, among the great scourges of humanity. The chief seats, in the United States, of the Wholesale Manu- facture of Boots and Shoes, are Lynn, Mass., and Philadelphia. The former makes cheap, common work its specialty the latter, fine Boots and Shoes, particularly Ladies' Shoes. The former has had the advantage of Boston enterprise in scattering broad- cast the particulars of its industry ; the latter has produced annu- ally an equal product of really, though not nominally, cheaper work ; but has taken such precautions to guard the secret that but few persons have even accidentally heard of it. Mr. Edward Young has made the manufacture, in Philadelphia, one of the subjects of thorough investigation for this volume, and the fol- lowing extract from his report exhibits its present condition 186 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. With respect to the reputation of Philadelphia Shoes, I first heard of it while traveling in the South. I noticed that a Pe- tersburg retailer offered his customers ' Great inducements ! Miles' celebrated Boots only eight dollars a pair.' As I had heard of Boots in New England for something less than that per pair, I was led to inquire who Mr. Miles was, and received an ac- count, which was amply confirmed when I recently visited his es- tablishment on Fourth street. An inspection of his work profoundly impressed me with the sagacity of the Petersburg merchant. The results of an extended personal examination and inquiry into the manufacture of Boots and Shoes, in Philadelphia, are these. In the first place, the quality is most superior. This su- periority may be ascribed in part to the advantage which the manufacturers have in this market for purchasing leather and skins sole-leather, calf, goat, and sheep-skins and especially for obtaining morocco, of which they have the first choice from the large stock made in this city; and can also obtain them in such quantities as they desire. Secondly, to the skill of the workmen. A large number of the journeymen are foreigners, chiefly Germans, many of whom are first-class workmen. Some of the work in both branches excels any I have seen, of either European or American make. The character of the work may be judged by the following scale of prices, paid by the best houses for making Men's Dress Boots Fitting, ..... 75 cents. Crimping, - - - - 10 '* Bottoming, - - - - $2 25 " Heeling, .... 12 " Total, $3 22 " Ladies fine heel Gaiters Cutting, - - - 3 cents. Binding, Ac., - - 33 " Making, - - - $1 00 " Total, $1 36 " There are about 7,000 men employed, equal to the constant lahor of 5,000 average wages $6 per week for 50 weeks, or $300 each, $1,500,000 2,000 females, not fully employed, averaging $100 per annum, 200,000 Total Wages, $1,700,000 In addition, there are 165 Sewing Machines in constant use. BOOTS AND SHOES. 1ST Making Men's wear, and making Women's wear, are distinct branches ; although several are engaged in both, having, how- ever, separate establishments. The men's men, and women's men, as the workmen are distinguished, have separate organiza- tions, and neither know nor mingle with each other. Which is the higher caste we do not know gallantry would say the women's men. Besides, they are the most numerous, there being forty-two hundred of the latter to twenty-eight hundred of the former. The average wages is about the same in each branch some earn- ing but $5 per week, while superior and fast workmen obtain $8 to $10, and occasionally $12 per week. It is generally known that the work is cut in the establishment, and given out to the men who work at their homes. The Statistics of the Capital and Product are as follows : Capital invested by the regular manufacturers, - - $1,650,000 Product, viz. : 18 Manufacturers, being all tbose whose annual product exceeds $50,000 per annum, make - $1,689,000 make over 11 4 9 7 2 4 20 12 $40,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 per annum, 80 who produce annually from $3,000 to 7,000, average $5,000 each, ?b orf J* : T r 100 " " " " $2,500 180 who sell to dealers over and above customer work, on an average, 1,000 Made in Prison and other Public Institutions, about - " " Burlington, N. J., for Phil'a dealers, at least, $335,000 330,000 100,000 180,000 105,000 28,000 48,000 200,000 96,000 400,000 250,000 180,000 1,422,000 830,000 $3,941,000 100,000 100,000 Total, ,,.,4 $4,141,000 The amount then of Boots and Shoes, made in Philadelphia, exceeds, it will be seen, four millions of dollars annually, being 188 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. more in value, though not in number of pairs, than the whole production of Lynn, where shoes are supposed to grow sponta- neously. In addition to these, there are a large number whose operations, though in the aggregate important, cannot easily be ascertained. They are known by a term, more expressive than euphonious, "garret bosses," who employ from one to twelve men each ; and having but little capital, make Boots and Shoes in their own rooms, and sell them to jobbers and retailers in small quantities at low rates, for cash. One retailer, who sells $20,000 worth per annum, buys three fourths of his stock from these makers. The manufacture of this article, in Philadelphia, owing to supe- rior facilities, could be greatly extended if the jobbers had more of the amor patrice, and would purchase Philadelphia-made work instead of the Eastern made, the sales of which in this city annually amount to nearly ten millions of dollars ; but, unfortunately, the latter affords more profit. As consumers, too, we are not blame- less ; for were we willing to pay a remunerative price for Phila- delphia work, instead of a dollar or two for Yankee-made, which appear to be leather-soled, but which two weeks wear may dis- cover to be paper, this branch of industry would be doubled. Recently, some efforts have been made to compete with the East- ern in price, at the same time excelling them in quality. One maker in particular, with great tact has turned his atten- tion to this branch, and has been eminently successful in selling a better article at the same price as the best Eastern Boots and Shoes. As a specimen, his leather Boots for women, at $1, is superior to the Eastern made at the same price with the lower qualities, say at 90 cents, he does not compete. At another establishment, I noticed a very superior ar- ticle of grained hunting Boots, made of Pennsylvania leather, blacked on the grain side. Being tanned with oak-bark, the leather is more pliable, and the Boots are almost impervious to water. They are well suited to the West and South, where the hunter has to wade through water. Since the introduction of Sewing Machines, the manufacture of Gaiter uppers has become a distinct branch, and gives em- ployment to hundreds of females. The entire trade of Philadelphia in Boots and Shoes, including BRASS AND COPPER MANUFACTURES. 189 City manufacture and Eastern work, is stated approximately at -fifteen millions of dollars. VI. Brass and Copper Manufactures. Of Brass there are two principal varieties, distinguished as Yei- low and Red Brass. Yellow Brass is composed of seventy parts of copper, and thirty of zinc ; and Red Brass is produced by using not more than twenty per cent, of zinc. Though these are the pro- portions generally observed, manufacturers in many instances adopt special precautions to render the alloy homogeneous. In Philadel- phia, it is usual for the workers in brass to procure the materials and compound their own metal the manufacture of Pig Brass, as a general rule, being limited to inferior qualities, made from scraps and filings from the shops. There are at least four concerns in Philadelphia engaged in this branch of the business, and known as brass smelters and refiners. The uses and applications of Brass are so numerous, that while its manufactures are extremely important, it is very diffi- cult to trace them in their details. In the production of orna- mental brass-work, and especially in that department distinguished as Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas Fixtures, the manufacturers of Philadelphia are declared, by the best foreign judges, to have no superiors in the world. (See LAMPS, &c.) The same may be said of those who convert it into various Military, Odd-Fellows, Firemen's, and Theatrical Ornaments, and other light and artis- tic forms. At one establishment, that of Samuel Croft, Sheet Brass is made quite extensively, though less so than we should think the demand would justify. Bells of every description, from the smallest to a full chime, are made by one firm extensively, and by three others to some extent. Several foundries are chiefly devoted to making castings in brass, of every kind of article that may be ordered, from the largest to the smallest, either for brass- workers and finishers who finish up the foundry products, or for use in connection with other manufactures. Brass is used largely by the manufacturers of Marine Engines and Locomotives, and in Ship- work. Castings of this description are supplied by the founders to a large amount ; while many of the engine and propeller 15 190 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. builders have Brass foundries as a part of their works. An- other form in which Brass is largely used, in connection with steam apparatus, is the manufacture of Gauges, c. One brass-founder, Mr. M. A. Dodge, gives special attention to mould- ing Steam and Water Gauges for boilers, and oil-cups of peculiar construction, for Locomotive and Steam-Engines. Messrs. Hook & Pritchard are engaged extensively in the manufacture of Brass Boxes, or Composition Bearings, for cars, &c. One firm in Kensington make, yearly, many tons of Composition Nails and Spikes, for copper sheathing and other copper work ; besides Rudder Braces, Pintles, Dove Tails, Side Lights, Ventilators, Port Hinges, and other ship-joiners' castings, and Castings for machinery generally the two branches constituting their prin- cipal business. They make besides Bells of all sizes, and Carriage and Harness Mountings, &c. Brass Gun Mountings constitute a principal item in the business of one shop ; and another is occu- pied principally in producing Brass Tubing, or tubes for Philo- sophical, Optical, Mathematical, and other instruments, as Teles- copes, Spy-glasses, Cameras, Air-pumps, &c., &c., requiring the same nice polish interiorly as externally. Hose Screws and Branch Pipes, (for house and garden hose), employ, either wholly or in part, another manufacturer. Brass Book mountings and or- naments, as Locks, Clasps, Bands, &c., of superior quality, are made by several different persons, and form the exclusive busi- ness of at least one manufacturer. Castors, for furniture, are made to a limited amount by at least three persons, and of excel- lent quality ; but they complain that our dealers do not sustain our own manufacturers. Besides four Lamp and Chandelier establishments, there are several smaller ones, that make Lamps of every variety for do- mestic use, chiefly of brass ; and for the consumption of the various patent oils, and other illuminating substances, besides common oils, &c. Moulds of great variety, as for dentists, bottle-makers, and for pressing Sperm or Adamantine candles, for pattern-mak- ers, confectioners, &c., are made by several. Locks, Keys, Door Plates and Knobs, Hinges, Fenders, Andirons, Fire Irons, Candle- sticks ; and the nameless varieties of house-keeping articles in brass, as Pans, Kettles, Coal-hods, &c., are nearly or quite all BRASS AND COPPER MANUFACTURES. 191 made here to some extent at least. But the distinctive feature of this department of industry, as respects this city, is the manu- facture of Brass Cocks. This branch is said to have originated in Philadelphia ; and those who are now engaged in it and there are several quite extensively occupy a prominent and leading position. The " Philadelphia Brass Works," WILER & Moss, proprietors, are occupied largely in the manufacture of Stair Hods. This firm, it is believed, are more extensively engaged in this branch than any other in the "United States. In addition to Stair Rods, and their appendages, they manufacture Brass Mouldings, Brass Nails, Trunk Bands of all widths, Step Plates, Curtain Tubing, Curtain Wires, &c., of every description. They are also the patentees of a cheap and useful article for lighting gas, known as the " Patent Taper Holder," of which they have already sold to an amount exceeding $10,000. The Patent Holder is made of brass, rolled like a tube, with a turned handle ; and so constructed, that the wax-taper is slipped in, or thrown out, at pleasure. In these works 56,000 Ibs. of sheet brass, and fO,000 Ibs. of hoop iron, were consumed during last year. The miscellaneous articles in brass, made in Philadelphia, it will thus be perceived, are quite numerous; nevertheless, there cer- tainly is room for very considerable extension of the manufacture. Brass Wire is not made, to our knowledge ; besides many other articles that form prominent items in the industry of Waterbury, Conn. The locality we think especially worthy the attention of the enterprising. Intermingled as Brass work is with Iron Founding, Gas Fitting, Plumbing, &c., scarcely a satisfactory approxima- tion can be made to the annual product ; but the mean of esti- mates, by experienced men, gives a result of $830,000 per annum. COPPER, like Brass, is applied to a great variety of purposes its principal use being the manufacture of Brewing Coppers, Sugar Cans, Teaches, Clarifiers, Evaporators, and every article used for making or refining Sugar; Stills for turpentine, alcohol, &c. ; Pumps, Dye Kettles, Mineral Water Apparatus, Bath Heat- ers, Drying Machines for manufacturers. It is also used largely by Locomotive and Stationary Engine builders, and by Plumbers and Gas Fitters ; and for lining Bath Tubs, and as a base for 192 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Tinning, &c. The department of Coppersmithing, in which the manufacturers of Philadelphia excel, is the production of heavy Copper work for Sugar Refiners and Sugar Planters. It is be- lieved, that at least one of the establishments in this branch is unequaled in extent and quality of workmanship by any similar one in the Union. The annual product in Copper, in Philadel- phia, is about '$400,000 per annum. VII. Brewing Ale, Porter, and Lager Beer. ALE AND PORTER. "Beer," says the author of the " Picture of Philadelphia, in 1811," whom we have before quoted, "was brewed in Philadelphia for several years before the Revolutionary war ; and soon after peace, the more substantial Porter was made by the late Mr. Robert Hare. Until within three or four years the consumption of that article has greatly increased, and is now the table-drink of every family in easy circumstances. The quality of it is truly ex- cellent : to say that it is equal to any of London, the usual stand- ard of excellence, would undervalue it, because, as it regards wholesome qualities and palatableness, it is much superior ; no other ingredients entering into the composition than malt, hops, and pure water. A fair experiment has shown, that even so far back as 1790, Philadelphia Porter bore the warm climate of Cal- cutta, and came back uninjured. In 1801, orders were given by the merchants of Calcutta, after tasting some of it taken out as stores, for sixty hogsheads. Within a few years Pale Ale of the first quality was brewed, and justly esteemed being light, sprightly, and free from that bitterness which distinguishes Porter." The reputation of Philadelphia Ale has but strengthened with the lapse of years; and at the present time the Malt liquors made in Philadelphia take precedence in every market in the Union. The qualities for which they are distinguished are purity, bril- liancy of color, richness of flavor, and non-liability to deteriora- tion in warm countries qualities, the result in part of the pecu- liar characteristics of the Schuylkill water in part of the intelli- gence, care and experience of our brewers, conjoined to the use BREWING. 193 of apparatus possessing all the best modern improvements made in England and in this country. The following is an outline of the processes adopted in the man- ufacture : Preparatory to the process of Brewing, the barley is converted into malt. This method consists of four processes, viz. : steep- ing, couching, flooring, and kiln-drying. Great care is taken, and no expense is spared, to secure the best grain from this and the adjoining States. The grain is first steeped in water con- tained in wooden or stone cisterns ; the water being frequently drawn off and a fresh quantity supplied, to cleanse the grain. When sufficiently saturated to admit of its being crushed be- tween the thumb and finger, it is then drained of the water, and spread over a cement floor to the depth of six or eight inches, and left, with occasional turning, until it sprouts. In the process of germination, a peculiar azotized substance is evolved, called diastase, which acts as a powerful agent in con- verting starch into dextrine, and ultimately into saccharine. The maltster continues to turn the barley, at intervals, so as to pro- duce a uniform growth, upon the floors. When the barley has sufficiently sprouted, a stage determined by the sweet taste and the chalky appearance of the inside of the grain, it is dried rapidly, in order to retain the starchy matter, which, in a long growth of the sprouts and rootlets, would be wasted. This drying is done in kilns ; here the heat destroys the germ of the grain, expels the moisture, and converts it into a sweet and friable grain called malt. It is then passed through a cylindrical sieve, separating it from all stones, beans, straws, &c. ; and subsequently crushed by rollers. When the brewing is commenced, the ground malt is conducted into a large vat, infused in heated water, and thoroughly mixed by a machine adapted for the purpose : there it remains at rest until the starch is converted into sugar, and then drained into boiling coppers, additional water being sprinkled upon the grain until the saccharine is extracted, which is ascertained by an instru- ment called the Saccharoraeter. In these boiling coppers the clear extract, or wort, is boiled with hops, for the purpose of imparting to it an aromatic, bitter flavor, and the property of keeping with- out injury. This accomplished, it is drained into shallow vessels, 15* 194 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. and cooled (by an apparatus called a Refrigerator), to the tem- perature at which the brewer desires the fermentation to commence. Thence it is conducted into a vat, and mixed with yeast of a previous brewing, where the fermentation is carried on. This process continues from three to five days, during which the tem- perature of the fermenting body rises, and a rapid disengagement of carbonic acid takes place. To prevent the creation of too high a temperature, which would cause acidity of the worts, it is racked off from the fermenting vats into puncheons of one hun- dred and twenty to one hundred and fifty gallons capacity, where it purges itself of its yeast. The fefrnentation being now com- pleted, and the Ale or Porter perfectly clear, the sediment or yeast remaining settles at the bottom ; it is racked off from the puncheon into casks of convenient size for use, or stored in large cedar vats for future consumption. There are now nine extensive Brewers of Ale and Porter in Philadelphia, viz. : MASSEY, COLLINS & Co., FREDERICK G-AUL, ROBERT SMITH, W. C. RUDMAN, ROBERT NEWLIN, GRAY & STALEY, DITHMAR & BUTZ, W. B. TAYLOR, and JAMES MOORE. The oldest Brewery in this city is probably that upon the corner of Sixth and Carpenter streets, which was built about one hundred years ago, by William Gray, a native of Philadel- phia. The most noteworthy Brewery is probably that belonging to MASSEY, COLLINS & Co., situated at the northwest corner of Tenth and Filbert sts. ; it was originally erected by the farmers of Chester and Delaware counties, Pa., and purchased from them by the Brewers' Association of Philadelphia ; they subsequently sold the establishment to M. L. Dawson, a member of the Association, and whose ancestors had been prominent Brewers for a period of eighty years. Poultney & Massey, the predecessors of the pres- ent firm, in the year 1855, greatly enlarged the buildings, which have recently been increased by the present owners. The build- ings, as now erected, form a hollow square of one hundred and fifty feet each way, making an extent of buildings of six hundred feet, seven stories in height, with extensive cellars and vaults underneath the whole, eighteen feet in depth, which are furnished with large vats containing from two hundred to four hundred bar- rels each, and sufficient for the storage of ten thousand barrels of BREWING. 195 Ale and Porter. Their Brewing Apparatus has been put up within the past three years, of the latest and most approved description ; comprising large Mash Tubs, capable of brewing nine hundred bushels of malt daily ; boiling Coppers heated by means of steam- pipes; large Coolers, and Refrigerators, and Fermenting Tuns, the capacity of the latter being forty-five thousand gallons. At- tached to the Brewery are malt-houses, which are designed for the malting of one hundred thousand bushels of barley. From seventy-five to one hundred men are employed about the estab- lishment. The firm is extensively engaged in the manufacture of Pale and Amber Ales, and Porter, for draught and bottling; Brown Stout, and XX Ale, for all the markets upon the coast, from Maine to Louisiana, also for the numerous markets of the West Indies and South America. The greatest cleanliness is required in this establishment ; every cask returned to the Brewery being unheaded, scalded, and scrubbed with hickory brooms by hand ; and lime is used fre- quently to purify the utensils. The capital invested in the Brewing of Ale and Porter is $1,500,000, and the annual product exceeds one million of dollars. 2. LAGER BEER. The manufacture of Lager Beer was introduced into this country about eighteen years ago, from Bavaria, where the process of brewing it was kept secret for a long period. Its reception was not a very cordial or welcome one ; and about twelve years elapsed before its use became at all general. Within the last few- years, however, the consumption has increased so enormonsly > not merely among the German population, but among the natives f that its manufacture forms an important item of productive in- dustry. The superior quality of that made in Philadelphia has, no doubt, increased the demand, and by diminishing to some ex- tent the use of fiery liquor, has effected partial good.* Lager *The following report by "Our Reporter," contains some important facts. "Sia : You entrusted the investigation of the Lager Beer manufacture to one who wants every essential qualification for the task. I can neither speak German, eat Sauerkraut, nor drink Lager. Before undertaking the commission, T wished to ascertain for my own satisfaction, without practical 196 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. signifies "kept," or "on hand;" and Lager Beer is equivalent to " beer in store." It can be made from the same cereals from which other malt liquors are made ; but barley is the grain gen- erally used in this country. The processes resemble those of brewing Ale and Porter, with some points of difference, and the brewing generally forms a separate and distinct business. experiment, 'whether Lager Beer will intoxicate. I procured the evidence before the King's County Circuit Court (Brooklyn), and the following sy- nopsis of the testimony on the part of the defense satisfied me, at least, if not the Jury. One German testified, 'that he had on one occasion drank fifteen pint glasses before breakfast in order to give him an appetite.' An- other, Mr. Philip Kock, testified that ' once, upon a bet, he drank a keg of Lager Beer, containing seven and a half gallons, or thirty quarts, within two hours, and felt no intoxicating effects afterward. He frequently drank sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety pint glasses in a day did it as a usual thing when he was "flush." ' Others testified to drinking from twenty to fifty glasses in a day. One witness testified to seeing a man drink one hundred and sixty pint glasses in a sitting of three or four hours, and walked straight. Dr. James R. Chilton, chemist, testified to analyzing Lager Beer, and found it to contain three and three quarters to four per cent, of alcohol, and did not think it would intoxicate unless drank in extraordinary quantities. 'He had analyzed cider and found it to contain nine per cent, alcohol ; claret, thirteen per cent. ; brandy, fifty per cent. ; Madeira wine, twenty per cent. ; and Sherry wine, eighteen per cent.' " Lager Beer was first introduced into Philadelphia in 1840, by a Mr. Wagner, who afterward left the city. It was a lighter article than that now used. The first who made the real Lager was Geo. Manger, better known as ' Big George,' who, in October, 1844, had a small kettle in one corner of the premises still occupied by him in New street, above Second. The beer used in the winter is lighter, and may be drawn five or six weeks after brewing; but the real Lager is made in cold weather, has a greater body that is, more malt and hops are used and is first drawn about the first of May. It is much improved by age and by keeping in a cool place. When first drawn it is five months old ; and as it is usually made in December, it is ten months old when the last is drawn. The vaults are probably the most interesting ' sights' connected with the business. The firm that constructed the first vault is that of ENOEL & WOLF a firm that ranks among the most extensive, accommodating, and enterprising of our brewers. The vaults are built in the vicinity of Lemon Hill, near the Schuylkill, and consist of solid stone exterior walls. These are subdivided by brick partitions into cellars or vaults of about twenty by forty feet, and communicate with each other by a door large enough to admit a puncheon; in this BREWING. 197 There are now about thirty brewers of Lager Beer in Philadel- phia, having a capital employed of $1,200,000. The Statistics of the entire Brewing business in Philadelphia, for 1857, are as follows : Product. Ale, Porter, and Brown Stout, 170,000 barrels, averaging $6, - $1,020,000 Lager Beer, 180,000, " " $6, - 1,080,000 Other Beer, say .... 200,000 Total, -. ( ",K-,J!C^ >j3fohS-9*13[ .wiohfi - $2,300,000 Raw Material consumed, viz. : Barley or Malt, 750,000 bushels, at $1.40, - "*-; ... *'.'" ^ 1,050,000 Hops, 800,000 Ibs, at 15 cents, - - - - ; R? IT firv 120,000 Total, - ''-'"'- ' - "-.*?- { ~t -' $1>170,000 The capital invested in Ale, Porter, and Lager Beer brewing, including Malting, is $3,050,000; being, it will be perceived, a is a smaller door or aperture, about two feet square, barely sufficient to allow the passage of a keg. "After the brewing has commenced, say in' December, unless cold weather occur earlier, the most remote cellar or vault is filled the ground tier, consisting of large casks, usually three rows, is placed on skids or sleepers perhaps a foot from the ground, the rows far enough apart to permit a man to walk between. On these two rows of casks are placed ; and above these, if the vault is high enough, one row of smaller casks or kegs are stowed. The other vaults are filled in like manner. After each is filled, the door is closed, and straw, tan, and other non-conductors are placed to keep out the external heated air of summer. The vaults are ventilated, and the tempe- rature kept as low as possible. Should it exceed 8 Reamur, or 50 Fahren- heit, the beer spoils. One only is opened at a time. " Messrs. Engel & Wolf, before referred to, have seven vaults, in five of which 50,350 cubic feet were cut out of solid rock. The bottom of the vault ia about forty-five feet below ground. This firm have an agency in New Or- leans, and sell to nearly all the South, including Texas. " One of the peculiarities of Lager Beer is the flavor imparted to it by the casks. The casks, previous to use, have their interior completely coated with resin ; this is done by pouring a quantity of melted resin into the cask while the head is out, and igniting it. After it has been in a blaze for a few minutes, the head is put in again, which extinguishes the blaze, but the resin still remains hot and liquid ; the cask is then rolled about, so as to coat every part of the interior with it ; any resin remaining fluid is poured out through the bung-hole. This resin imparts some of its pitchy flavor to the beer." 198 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. larger amount in proportion to the product than probably in any other business. This arises from the necessity of occupying large plots of very valuable ground, from the extent of the buildings, and from the great number of vats and casks required. The casks alone, exclusive of vats, in use by Philadelphia brewers, cost $320,000. VIII. Bricks, Fire-Bricks, Pottery, &c. The objects of which Clay is the principal raw material are exceedingly varied in their uses, as well as in appearance ; and range from the least ornamental to nearly the highest in the department of Art from Bricks to Porcelain, from a Clay Fur- nace to a Terra-Cotta Vase. Commencing with the least artistic, though the most important, judging from the extent of the manu- facture, we are led first to the consideration of Bricks. 1. BRICKS. The manufacture of Bricks, in Philadelphia, is carried on, like many other important branches of industry, mainly by individual enterprise, the business expanding or contracting according to the current demand, without much concert of action between the producers, and without any very large establishments, at least compared with those in Vienna, or even in Massachu- setts.* The statistics of the trade are given, and its present * Vienna has the honor of containing, undoubtedly, the largest and most remarkable establishment for Brick-making in the world. The descrip- tion states that the main factory, occupying a space of ground of two hun- dred and sixty-four and three-fourths English acres, has twenty-four thou- sand nine hundred and thirty feet in length of drying sheds, for the manu- facture of ordinary Bricks, and eight thousand three hundred and four feet of moulding sheds, for the manufacture of Tiles and facing and ornamental Bricks ; besides forty-three kilns, calculated to burn forty-five thousand to one hundred and ten thousand Bricks per kiln, or to burn at one time three millions five hundred thousand. There are in connection with this estab- lishment, infant schools for one hundred and twenty children, a hospital with fifty-two beds, a tool workshop, a wheelwright and carpenter shop, and great watering and kneading pits for red and white ornamental Bricks. Besides this, the proprietor, Mr. MIKSBACK, has six other factories in the immediate vicinity, and provided in the same proportion. In 1851, he supplied twenty millions of Bricks for the great tunnel through the Soni' BRICKS, FIRE-BRICKS, POTTERY. 199 condition is sketched in the following report from a practical Brickmaker; and his conclusions, having been submitted to others familiar with the subject, are approved. " As aearly as I can ascertain, there are about fifty Brick Yards within the limits of the consolidated city say twenty-five in the south end, and the balance in the north end, including Germantown, and across the Schuylkill. Those in the southern part of the city will average two and a half millions of Bricks a year each ; but the fair average for the whole would be, I think, two millions per year. About thirty hands are employed in each yard the men's wages ranging from $26 to $60 per month ; and the boys' wages, of whom there are six to eight in each yard, are from $15 to $20 per month. The prices of common Bricks range from $6 to $10 per thousand, and pressed Brick from $13 to $18. It takes one third of a cord of wood to burn one thousand Bricks, and wood is worth from $5 to $6 per cord. The cap- ital invested in each yard is from $8,000 to $10,000. " There are few, if any, now made here by machinery. Our Clay ia not adapted for machinery. In Washington, where great quantities of Bricks are made by Brick machines, they do better ; but Bricks thus made are never equal in quality to hand-made Brick, which bring in the market $1 per thousand more, and this is about equal to the difference in cost. As to quality, Philadelphia Bricks rank as the best made in the country, and those of Baltimore next. Philadelphia has better Sand and Clay, which gives to the Bricks a better color than those produced elsewhere. Yet Baltimore Bricks bring in New York a little higher price than ours, because the Baltimore Clay being purer, and therefore stronger, stands more burning, which renders the Brick harder, and able to bear transportation with less breakage and damage. But they do not look near so well as those of Philadelphia." There are at least four yards in Philadelphia that produce five millions of Bricks per annum each, and I am therefore disposed to mering, on the Austrian railway; and filled another contract for forty nil- lions for public works in Viennn ; and these were merely additions to the or- dinary make. Number of persons employed in the establishment, two thott- ictnd eight hundred and ninety. The largest Brick-making establishment in the United States is supposed to be that located ia North Cambridge, Mass. When in full operation it produces, on an average, one hundred and eighty-seven thousand Bricks per day or about twenty-four millions during the season. The c\siy is taken from a pit which is about forty feet deep, and elevated in a car on an inclined plane by steam power. The shafting reaches a quarter of a mile- 200 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. regard the average stated above as a low one ; but assuming it to be correct, the result is that about one hundred millions of common Bricks, worth about $700,000, are produced annually. In addition, there are about eight millions of fine-pressed Bricks made, worth say $14 per thousand, or $112,000 ; and the total product is $812,000. ' The pressed Bricks of Philadelphia have a deservedly high and extended reputation. One firm, during the last year, ex- ported to Cuba 200,000, and has now 150,000 on hand ready for shipment; and another maker sent, in 1856, one million three hundred thousand to New York city. 2. FIRE-BRICKS, &c. The use of Fire-Clay is comparatively of recent date, but has greatly increased within the last few years. It is now employed, not merely for Fire-Brick, but for Chemical Ware, Drain Pipes, Gas-house Tiles, &c. Philadelphia has probably the first established Fire-Brick man- ufactory in the United States. The father of Mr. Abraham Mil- ler, whose establishment is on Callowhill street, commenced the business, we are informed, nearly one hundred years ago. The present Mr. Miller was the first manufacturer, we under- stand, of the Clay Furnace now so largely used in Summer. There are at least three establishments that use steam for grinding the Clay, viz., Messrs. GEORGE SWEENEY & Co., THE HAYWOOD FIRE BRICK and TILE COMPANY, and Messrs. NJSWKUMET & MELICK. Messrs. Sweenejr & Co., 1310 Ridge Avenue, are ex- tensively engaged in making Fire-Brick, Stove Linings, Cylin- ders, and Bakers' Tile. This is a reliable house, and well- known to the trade. The Hay wood Company have a very exten- sive establishment about two and a half miles north of Richmond, owning an extensive bed of superior Clay, and have machines that will produce five hundred pieces of drain pipe, two feet long and four inches in diameter, in an hour. The concern has produced some tubular or hollow Brick, which is now exten- sively manufactured, we are informed, in England, and by which it is said a saving in brick-work may be effected of twenty-five to thirty per cent, on the cost, with a reduction of twenty-five per cent, in the quantity of mortar, and a similar saving in labor; besides promoting ventilation and freedom from dampness. ' . .. lo :>;,,._ A t>ifoadt vn'iii fit - i P jv : '..,,'.-,! 30ft fu BRICKS, FIRE-BRICKS, POTTERY. 201 Messrs. NEWKUMET & MELICK, the other firm referred to, are extensive manufacturers of Fire-Brick, Gas-house Tiles, &c. This firm has peculiar advantages one of the partners, Mr. Mel- ick, being part owner of the celebrated Fire-Brick Clay deposit, at Woodbridge, New Jersey, whence the best material is obtained. They have two kilns, employ thirty men, and their works have a capacity for turning out a product of $50,000 per annum. Gas- house Tiles are made by them to suit all the different plans in use. and of a quality superior, as they claim, to any in the United States. Extra nine-inch Fire-Brick are also produced, equal to the best English Bricks. Though but recently established, they have supplied large orders from Cuba and different parts of the United States, and have every requisite facility for filling expedi- tionsly any special demand. The Pottery art is carried on by several in the city some- times in conjunction with the manufacture of Fire-Brick, and by others as a distinct business. Earthenware of all the ordi- nary description, including Chemical-ware, is made by Mono PHILLIPS, at his factory, in West Philadelphia ; and Stoneware Jars, Jugs, Beer Bottles, Ink Bottles, and Stone Pipe for heated air, &c., are made extensively by N. SPENCER THOMAS, at a fac- tory adjoining his Chemical works. The General Manufactures in Clay include, besides those above- mentioned, China-ware, Artificial Stone, Architectural Decora- tions, Cements, Plasters, Terra-Cotta, Scagliola, Mosaics, Paving Tiles, Roofing Tiles, Draining Tiles, and Drain Pipes, Smoking Pipes, Charles Lennig was the fir , M-.m who largely mann- ed oil of vitriol by putting iisive leaden chambers, the acid in platinum vessels so arranged as \to at work, while discharging a steady stream of '-..." : :ae Philadelphia contains the most extensive ries in the UY is A WJBKJBTWTAN'. for i; ;-iaveW. . ^lum, all on a large scviie. At iheii .rueut at ' of Ninth and Parrish streets, Philadelphia, they manufacture sulphate of quinine, which is their staple article ; mercurials, morphias, and Medicinal Chemicals generally, (See APPENDIX.) Their Chemicals have an enviable reputation for parity, exact- ?!***, and beauty ;, and the firm is well-known for its liberality, :.I about forty years Abraham Konzi and John . vKU'/y.; fti them has been maintained, fttd. if i ' proprietors. re believed to be the n manufacturers of oil of vitriol in Philaileiphia. T : are at Brides upy over twelre acre- Their list of manufactni-'. TUS, aqua- fortis, nitric and muriatic acids .. us preparations of tin for the use of dyers, such H -, oxymuriate of tin. pink salt, &c. CHEMICALS. 207 grains into bars and sheets ; and, in 1813, he had wrought it into masses, weighing upward of two pounds, and into sheets more than thirteen inches square. One of the first uses to which he applied these sheets was the making of a platinum still for John Harrison, for the concentration of his oil of vitriol. This still weighed seven hundred ounces, contained twenty-five gallons, and continued in use fifteen years. This early application of Platinum to the concentration of sulphuric acid is highly creditable to the American manufacturer, for its use for this purpose was then a novelty in Europe. Charles Lennig was the first Philadelphian who largely manu- factured oil of vitriol by putting up extensive leaden chambers, and concentrating the acid in platinum vessels so arranged as to be kept constantly at work, while discharging a steady stream of concentrated acid. At the present time Philadelphia contains the most extensive Chemical manufactories in the United States. Messrs. POWERS & WEIGHTMAN, for instance, are among the largest manufacturing Chemists in the world. They have two establishments one at the Palls of Schuylkill, where they make oil of vitriol, aquafortis, nitric and muriatic acids, Epsom salts, copperas, blue vitriol, and alum, all on a large scale. At their establishment at the corner of Ninth and Parrish streets, Philadelphia, they manufacture sulphate of quinine, which is their staple article ; mercurials, morphias, and Medicinal Chemicals generally. (See APPENDIX.) Their Chemicals have an enviable reputation for purity, exact- ness, and beaaty; and the firm is well-known for its liberality, fairness, and reliability. The house was founded about forty years ago by two intelligent foreigners, Abraham Kunzi and John Farr ; and the reputation acquired by them has been maintained, and, if possible, increased by the present proprietors. NICHOLAS LENNIG & Co. are believed to be the most extensive manufacturers of oil of vitriol in Philadelphia. Their works are at Bridesburg, and occupy over twelve acres of ground. Their list of manufactures includes soda-ash, alum, copperas, aqua- fortis, nitric and muriatic acids ; all the various preparations of tin for the use of dyers, such as tin crystals, oxymuriate of tin, pink salt, &c. 208 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. HARRISON BROTHERS & Co. make white and red lead, litharge, and orange mineral, oxide of zinc, white and brown sugar of lead, alum, copperas, oil of vitriol, aquafortis, muriatic acid, iron liquor, red liquor, &c., &c. To the founder of this house we have already referred, the works being commenced and erected in 1807. The productions of this house enjoy a high character for purity and genuineness. ROSENGARTEN & SONS, formerly Rosengarten & Denis, are largely engaged in the manufacture of sulphate of quinine, and other pharmaceutical preparations. This house was established in 1823 and was among the first to manufacture the valuable vegetable alkaloids in this country. Their laboratory is well-known, and is one of the most important in the United States. BUCK, SIMONIN & Co. are the successors of Wm. Coffin & Co., in the manufacture of copperas, metallic nickel, and the oxide of cobalt, so highly prized in painting porcelain and queensware. They are also extensive manufacturers of Bichromate of Potash, by a superior process, patented both in this country and in En- gland. WETHERILL & BROTHER make White Lead, Red Lead, Lith- arge, Orange Mineral, Nitric and Muriatic Acids ; Calomel and other Mercurials; Sulphuric and Nitric Ethers, Hoffman's Ano- dyne, Aqua Ammonia, and other Pharmaceutical preparations. SAMUEL GRANT, JR., & Co. have extensive Chemical works at Manayunk, where they make muriatic, nitric, and numerous other acids ; aquafortis, bleaching salts in large quantities, sugar of lead, soda-ash, and various articles used by dyers and printers, to which we will subsequently refer. POTTS & KLETT manufacture oil of vitriol, muriatic and nitric acid, Paris, Prussian and soluble bines, pulp lakes and sienna, paper-makers' and paper-stainers' colors generally. BURGIN & SONS are extensive manufacturers of bicarbonate of soda, sal soda, soda saleratus, Rochelle salts, and Seidlitz mix- ture, &c. MORO PHILLIPS, at the "Aramingo Chemical Works," makes oil of vitriol, aquafortis, nitric and muriatic acids, copperas, &c. Mr. Phillips has the contract for supplying the United States Mint, and its branches, excepting those at New York and San Francisco, CHEMICALS. 209 with nitric and sulphuric acids. His office in Philadelphia is at 27 North Front street. SAVAGE & MARTIN, at their "Frankford Chemical Works," manufacture oil of vitriol, aquafortis, nitric and muriatic acids, aqua ammonia, nitrate of iron, muriate of tin, tin crystals, blue vitriol, &c. Their office is at 18 North Front street. There are several establishments in the city, engaged princi- pally in making various preparations for coloring purposes, and have been successful in attaining excellence in a manufacture where excellence is rare. The oldest Color establishment is that of CHARLES J. CREASE, who makes Prussian blues, chrome greens, chrome yellows and reds ; and besides these, he makes nitric acid, aquafortis, muriatic acid, &c. JOHN LUCAS & Co. also make Prussian and ultramarine blues, chrome yellows and reds, zinc greens, &c., both dry and in oil. BREINIQ, GATTMAN & BREINIG, at their works at Fairmount, make several of the chromes. GEORGE W. OSBORNE & Co., 104 North Sixth street, manufac- ture Osborne's American Water Colors. Daguerreotype and Photographic Chemicals are made exten- sively, and of a very superior quality, by GARRIGTIES & MAGEE, 108 North Fifth street. This firm give especial attention to the manufacture of these Chemicals pure nitrate of silver, Becker's chloride of gold, collodion, gun cotton, also Becker's rotten- stone for polishing, &c., being leading productions. BENJAMIN J. CREW & Co., an enterprising and accommodating house, have recently very much enlarged their facilities for the manufacture of Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals. Their large and admirably-arranged establishment is located at the N. E. corner of Sixth and Oxford streets. They manufacture chloroform, acids, ethers, ammonia, cyanide of potassium, daguerreotype chemicals, Rochelle salts, Seidlitz mixture, and Medicinal and Artistic Chemicals generally. PASCOE & BRO., of, and successors to H. STEVENS & Co., give their attention particularly to the manufacture of fine and rare Chemicals, of undoubted purity. Their list comprises over two hundred different Chemicals ; many of them, they state, can be had of no other parties, and some of them they believe to be of 210 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. great prospective importance. "Within the last few years this firm has diligently experimented on crude Glycerin from soap- waste, with a view of rendering this available, as well as of bringing Glycerin, by lowering the price, into more general use in the arts ; making it, for instance, a substitute for mo- lasses in the formation of printing rollers, and facilitating its incorporation in printing paper, thereby rendering the latter always soft and pliable, and requiring no wetting before use. They have succeeded, as we learn from the Journal of Phar- macy, January, 1858, in producing from the concentrated fetid liquids of the soap-makers, by apparatus involving its dis- tillation, Glycerin, almost tasteless and odorless, and equal to that of " Price's Candle Company," which, it is well-known, is made from pure Palm oil. A young firm, aiming, as Messrs. PAS- COE & BRO. do, to check the importation of rare Chemical prod- ucts, by manufacturing them of superior quality, is deserving of every possible encouragement. Yellow Prussiate of Potash, so largely used for dyeing pur- poses and making Prussian blue, is made by CARTER & SCATTER- GOOD, who are now the sole manufacturers. The annual produc- tion in Philadelphia was 400,000 Ibs. per annum, worth, say 30 cents per pound. HENRY BOWER, on Gray's Ferry Road, makes sulphate of am- monia, and a variety of Chemical products. li '.'! ..o>', In these establishments, which represent a capital of two and half millions of dollars, much the larger proportion of the best Chemicals used in the United States are made. The factories, which are in many instances immense structures, are generally located out of the city proper at Tacony, Bridesburg, Frank- ford, the Falls of Schuylkill, and some in or near Camden ; but the capital belongs to the city, and their products centre here as a point for redistribution. Some idea of their extent and im- portance may be derived from the fact, that they consume 2,400 tons of sulphur, 800,000 Ibs. of saltpetre, 1,500 tons of salt; and produce daily of sulphuric acid 45,000 Ibs., or over 16,000,000 Ibs. yearly ; of alum, 20,000 Ibs. daily ; of muriatic acid, 15,000 Ibs. ; of nitric acid, 8,000 Ibs.; of copperas, 15,000 Ibs. daily; of ui- CHEMICALS. 211 trate of silver, 150,000 ounces annually ; besides the numerous preparations before enumerated, and used in the manufacturing arts and in medicine. The consumption of Quinine fluctuates of course with the state of health in the West ; but it is said, that in one year 250,000 ounces were made in Philadelphia. In addition to these, and probably other manufacturers of Chemicals, there are several manufacturing Chemists engaged in the preparation of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical preparations. N. SPENCER THOMAS, for instance, is extensively engaged in the manufacture of Medicinal extracts, conducting the evaporation in vacuo, by a very superior and perfect apparatus. His extracts, medical and fluid, are certainly remarkable for beauty, strength, and reliability ; and, as he claims, not equaled by any in this country or in Europe. His vacuum apparatus is capable of making 100,000 Ibs. of extracts per annum. In addition to these, he prepares also, in vacuo, the concentrated Eclectic medicines ; and manufactures blue mass, mercurial ointment, glycerin, &c. ; and prepares powdered drugs of very fine quality, by what is denominated the dusting process. His supply is always full and ample. E. H. HANCE is also engaged in the same business, and manufactures Extracts and Syrups to a considerable extent. Many of the Apothecaries carry on, in addition to their regu- lar business, the manufacture of a few select Chemicals. THOMAS J. HUSBAND has for some years prepared what is known as " Husband's Calcined Magnesia," which has obtained a very considerable reputation, and is extensively used. In the Twentieth Report of the Franklin Institute, the judges of Chemi- cals assert, that this magnesia " is believed to be the best in the United States ;" and some of the most distinguished professors and practitioners of medicine have pronounced it quite equal to the genuine Henry's magnesia. CHARLES ELLIS & Co., No. 124 Market street, and Sixth and Alorris streets, manufacture extensively blue pill, mercurial oint- ment, spread adhesive plasters, roll plasters, Ellis's Citrate of Magnesia ; the new remedies such as the Hypophosphites of Lime, Soda, Iron ; Chemical food, &c., together with a great variety of standard Chemical and Pharmaceutical products. Some of the Wholesale Druggists prepare, with or without the sanction of the Medical Faculty, one or more domestic remedies, 212 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. the popularity of which, in some instances, establishes a consid- erable manufacturing business. GEORGE W. CARPENTER & Co. compound a list of domestic remedies which are widely known, and have received the approval and recommendation of the most emi- nent of the Medical Faculty, throughout the United States. This firm, however, are particularly distinguished for having provided a great depot of supplies for druggists and physicians; probably the greatest and most wonderful, for variety and comprehensiveness of stock, that this country affords. Every article pertaining to the business of a druggist or a physician, from the rarest Surgical in- strument, or the most complete collection of Anatomical prepara- tions, Chemical and Philosophical Implements and Apparatus fo" colleges, through the entire range of simple or prepared Drugs, Medicines, and Chemicals, to the minutest article required by either at the outset of their profession, not excepting shop-fur- niture, medicine chests, saddle-bags, medical text books, &c., may be found in this Chemical warehouse, which is a Drug emporium in itself. t The "Essence of Jamaica Ginger," prepared by FREDERICK BROWN, has almost entirely superseded the use of ginger-tea, and powder, so long regarded as popular remedies in domestic practice for various complaints of the stomach and digestive organs. This preparation is recognized and prescribed by the Medical Faculty, and has become a standard family medicine of the United States. The Chemists of late years have, in a great measure, overcome their professional aversion to prepared remedies, adapted to the various ills that flesh is heir to ; and as those of this city have every advan- tage for procuring the recipes of the most celebrated physicians and medical professors, it is safe to infer that every preparation of the kind announced by a reputable established pharmaceutist of Phil- adelphia, possesses some considerable merit. About one third of the Apothecaries of the city of Philadelphia are members or graduates of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy ; and we do not fear to say that, as a body of men, intelligent and skillful in their profession, they are unsurpassed in any community ; while we could name individuals among them who have few if any supe- riors in their profession, as regards scientific knowledge and prac- tical skill, in any metropolis in Europe. PATENT MEDICINES. 213 The business that, in connection with prepared prescriptions, approaches more closely to a manufacturing pursuit, and there- fore, though denounced by the schools as irregular, is for our purposes the most regular is the manufacture of what has been denominated PATENT MEDICINES. The individuals and firms en- gaged in this business are both enterprising themselves, and the promoters of enterprise in others. How many paper-mills, glass factories, printing and engraving offices, lithographic establish- ments, paper-box manufactories, &c., would be tenantless how many journals that are now brilliant lights in the firmament of journalistic literature would have gone out, leaving the world in partial darkness, except for the material aid afforded through the popularity of Patent Medicines ! When to these benefits we add another, viz., that the preparations in many instances are bene- ficial, and as respects almost all, entirely harmless, the manufac- ture would seem to be entitled to a larger share of respectful con- sideration than it has hitherto received. Philadelphia, though it has not entirely escaped, has been pre- served in a great measure from the visitation of those whose sole aim is to speculate on human distress. The remedies of the established firms have much weighty testimony in favor of their excellence ; and the popularity, and consequent saleability of a few, are truly remarkable. The enterprise of at least one Philadel- phia firm has made their preparations known, not only throughout this country, but in the islands of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ; in Burmah, Siam, India ; and almost every nationality in Europe. They expend annually over one hundred thousand dollars in ad- vertising alone. They keep eight double-medium, and two single- medium, and eight steel-plate presses in operation throughout the year. Their consumption of printing paper, during the last year, was 14,000 reams, costing $39,782 96 ; and during the present year, they will print 2,600,000 Almanacs for gratuitous distribution. The rooms in the upper stories of an immense structure are occu- pied one as a laboratory, another as a printing-office, a third as a binding and packing-room, and a fourth as a pill manufactory.* * In the last-mentioned room we saw pills arranged in pyramidical form, to dry, sufficient, one would think, to physic "all creation," with some to 17 214 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. About eighty persons are furnished constant employment iu that establishment. For eight months of the year the expenditure of the firm referred to, for postage, is $25 per day. Wherever a few backwoodsmen have reared their lonely cabins, an agency for these preparations is established ; and so remote and isolated are some of the frontier posts, that a box shipped hence cannot reach its destination in a year. The total annual sales of all the Patent Medicines bitters, syrups, cattle powders, &c., made in Philadelphia, cannot be as- certained ; but it is the opinion of half a dozen of the principal manufacturers, that they might safely be stated at one million of dollars, net prices. At " long prices," the basis on which statis- tical statements are made in neighboring cities the sum would be doubled. The preparation of Dye Stuffs is made a specialty, or at least a prominent branch of their general business, by several manufac- turers, viz. : BROWNING & BROTHERS, SAMUEL GRANT, JR. & Co., and J. M. SHARPLESS. BROWNING & BROTHERS are the proprietors of the well-known "Aroma Mills" a stamp which, on Extracts of Dye-Woods, is everywhere recognized as an assurance of excellence. This firm are also manufacturers of Paints, in the preparation of which they state they use only the pure linseed oil, and are careful to have them faithfully and finely ground. SAMUEL GRANT, JR., & Co. have very extensive Chemical Works at Manayunk, occupying seven acres, where they manufac- ture the Chemicals beforementioned ; and in addition, prepare Dye-Woods largely, ground, chipped, and extracts, and every ar- ticle used by dyers. They manufacture several products that are not made elsewhere, it is believed, in the country, and are con- spare, for the inhabitants of the planetary systems. Pill Machines, we are told, have not as yet been found to perform satisfactorily; and Pills aro made by passing the prepared material, which is in long strips, through grooved rollers, with much the same hand-motion as women roll dough into cakes. The motion, we presume, is precisely the same when Bread Pills are made. DYE-STUFFS WHITE LEAD PAINTS. 215 tinually adding new ones to their list; as for instance, Gelp salts made from Indigo. They recently engaged iu the manufacture of liqnid chloride of lime, used by paper-makers and bleachers ; surrogate of al- kali, used in the place of soda-ash for cleansing wool ; silicate of soda, used by calico-printers; and muriate of manganese, a mor- dant, which is used in dyeing cotton and wool together, instead of separately, as previously done. For these preparations, as well as for the machinery for making them, a patent is applied for by Mr. Prentiss, one of the firm, who is known already as the pa- tentee of a lubricating oil. The store of Messrs. Grant & Co. is at 139 South Water street. J. M. SHARPLESS makes the usual Extracts of logwood, fustic, and quercitron ; and also grinds and chips the same, and other Dye- Woods. J. ANDREYKOVICZ, a Polish Chemist, located at 108 Arch street, makes Extracts of Indigo, distinguished as Indigo Paste and Carmine ; and is prepared to make a new dye-stuff known as Archill. There are other mills that, in addition to grinding Dye-Woods, or disconnected therefrom, are engaged in grinding, powdering, and refining Drugs. The oldest is that of Charles V. Hagner. The mills of CHARLES VANHORN& Co., one of the principal firms in this branch, were twice destroyed by fire in 1852, and again in 1856 ; but since their last destruction they have been greatly ex- tended and improved. They have now a capacity for producing, and frequently do produce weekly, 6,000 Ibs. of Drugs, 36,000 Ibs. of Spices, 14,000 Ibs. of Founder's Facings, and 35 tons of Dye- Woods. WHITE -LEAD PAINTS. The production of Paints, particularly of the Salts of Lead, which enter so largely into their manufacture, has added greatly to the Chemical and Manufacturing reputation of Philadelphia. Of White Lead there are four manufactories, viz., those of WETH- ERILL & BROTHER, JOHN T. LEWIS & BROTHERS, HARRISON BRO- THERS & Co., and E. DAVIS & RIGGS. The works of Messrs. Weth- erill & Brother were established during or before the Revolution, by the grand-father of the present proprietors, who, it is said, intro- 216 PHILADELPHIA AXD ITS MANUFACTURES. duced the manufacture into the United States. They are situated on the west side of the Schuylkill, employ a steam-engine of eighty- horse power, and consume daily 18,000 lb. of Pig Lead. The article manufactured by this firm has always maintained a high reputation ; and is sent to every part of the United States, and exported to the West Indies. JOHN T. LEWIS & BROTHERS are the successors of Mordecai Lewis & Co., who founded the works in 1819. At the period of their establishment Pig Lead cost 7^ cents per pound, and White Lead sold for 15 cents. During the last year the raw material cost within one cent of the price above- named, and the manufactured article sold for 8^ cents. The present firm have nearly a half million of dollars invested in the manu- facture, and produce annually about 4,500,000 Ibs. of White Lead, besides Oils, &c. Messrs. HARRISON, BROTHERS & Co.'s establishment dates from 1812 ; to them we previously referred. Messrs. E. DAVIS & RIGCJS are also a well-known firm. The capital invested in this business is nearly $1,000,000, and the annual product $960,000. It is to be regretted, that nearly all the raw material used is imported English and Spanish Lead being principally employed but it is gratifying to know that the American manufacturers, particularly those of Philadelphia, have effectually succeeded in stopping the importation of the finished product. No painter will use the foreign if he can obtain the Philadelphia White Lead.* (See APPENDIX.) *The process of manufacturing White Lead is described as follows: "The Pig Lead is melted and converted into sheets by a very simple proc- ess. Each workman is supplied with a flat piece of board, of about three feet in length and five inches in width, which has raised edges, to prevent the metal, in a melted state, from passing off at the sides. Standing by the side of the furnace with this board, held by the handle in one hand, and with a ladle in the other, the metal is poured over it. Being held at a consider- able inclination it passes rapidly off into the kettle, except what adheres to the bottom, which forms the sheet. This is not thicker than the fiftieth part of an inch. Being instantly cooled, it is turned over the edge of n board raised to a level with the hand, when the mould is returned at once to the edge of the kettle ; and the ladle, which the workman still holds, is again filled. Thus the operation goes on from morning till night. This is the first process in the manufacture of White Lead. The sheets are next rolled loosely together, in a sufficient number to fill a pot six inches in dinm WHITE LEAD. 217 Another branch of the Paint manufacture consists in grinding White Lead and Colored Paints, and the Chromes and other col- ors in oil, in connection with the manufacture of Putty. The principal firms engaged in this business are, GEORGE D. WETHER- ILL & Co., JOHN LUCAS & Co., ROBERT SHOEMAKER & Co., BROWNING & BROTHERS, FRENCH, RICHARDS HOSIERY. 243 almost impossible to ascertain with accuracy ; but they exceed seven hundred, of which about five hundred are employed on Woolen Hosiery. The average product for each frame exceeds $1,650 annually ; and the whole Hosiery and fancy Woolen goods production in Philadelphia, in 1857, was about as follows : 500 Knitting Frames, averaging $1,657.50 each, - - $828,750 7 Factories in Germantown and Kensington, - - 800,000 Total value of Woolen Hosiery, ... $1,628,750 200 Knitting Frames on Cotton Hosiery, $897 each, - 179,400 Total, $1,808,150 The foundations of the American Woolen Hosiery and Fancy ous kinds and calibre. All the new machinery used in the establishment is made on the premises, upon such a principle that it is impossible for out- siders to copy the construction or mode of operation. Every new style de- mands some action upon the machinery, which calls out some new demon- stration of inventive genius on the part of the proprietor. Here are man- ufactured hoods, talmas, opera-cloaks, neck-comforts, scarfs, and hosiery of every conceivable description and variety. Every room is set apart for some particular branch in the process of manufacture, and the regulations prevent any laxity of morals on the part of the employees; the males and females are not brought in contact with each other at all. Gladness and health seemed to beam from every countenance upon the occasion of our visit. The stairs and floors are kept thoroughly clean. In the winter sea- son the entire factory is heated by steam to a comfortable degree. This tends to promote the comfort of the workers, whilst it serves a good mission to the machinery. " Fifteen years ago Mr. Landenberger commenced operations with about twelve hands, and had then to compete with the foreign manufacturers, so that he had to work to get along ; but being determined to overcome the importation of woolen hosiery, he laid himself out for the task, and has succeeded admirably." He gives employment to nearly five hundred hands, and manufactures every year upward of 2f>0,000 Ibs. of American wool which, through his agent, Mr. L. purchases from the grower. He consumes about 2,500 gallons of lard oil, being one gallon to every hundred pounds of wool. He manufactures eight hundred different styles of goods, of all sizes, every season. The value of the business done is about $800.000 annually. "The majority of the men employed in the establishment are from Leices- ter, the principal seat of the hosiery manufacture in England. A consider- able number of Germans are also employed. For cleanliness and good ar- rangement, Mr. Landenberger's Kensington Woolen Hosiery manufactory cannot be exceeded, and a visit to it is a bona fide entertainment." 244 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Goods manufacture, it is quite evident, are laid in Philadelphia Within ten years, by persevering and well-directed industry, Philadelphia manufacturers have succeeded in almost excluding the foreign articles from the American market; and they certainly have succeeded in enabling merchants, from all parts of the country, to obtain in Philadelphia superior goods at less than Nottingham or Leicester prices. 5. NARROW TEXTILE FAB RI C S S I L K S, ETC. In England, the various manufactures included in the term Narrow Textile Fabrics, are known by the name of Small Wares ; and on the continent of Europe the manufacturers of them are designated Passamenteurs. In this country the term usually employed is Trimmings, which represents ladies' dress trimmings, carriage laces, curtain trimmings, cords, tassels, braids, fringes, ribbons, military trimmings, and numerous other manufactures assimilating in character. In England, France, Germany, Switz- erland, the chief seats of these manufactures, the establishments confine themselves each to a single class of goods one making fringes, another ribbons, and so on ; but here, two or more branches are often carried on by the same parties ; and in the case of one firm in this city, all the above branches are united in one estab- ment the largest of its kind, beyond all doubt, in the world. Philadelphia has long been known as the principal seat of the manufacture of Military Goods and Carriage Laces ; and now, probably, one half of the whole production of the United States originates here. The branch known as " Ladies Dress Trim- mings," is comparatively of modern date in this country. Up to 1838, very little was made, being principally plain fringes, a few bindings, buttons, cords and tassels. The business, however, has become a very important item of our domestic manufactures ; and since the reduction of duties on raw silk, is rapidly expanding. Patterns the most complicated are executed with facility, from de- signs that are original with the manufacturers. The fabrics pro- duced here are acknowledged to be generally of better quality than the English and German ; and for several years have com- peted successfully with nearly all articles of French manufacture. f=i OJ TRIMMINGS. 245 Philadelphia is now the chief seat of the general manufacture of Trimmings in the United States. There are now about thirty establishments in this city engaged in the various branches, in- cluding Carriage Laces, Regalia, and Upholstery. We shall here only allude to the most complete concern of the kind in the Union, and to one other house as a representative of the general trade. The establishment of WILLIAM H. HORSTMANN & SONS is the one alluded to, as undoubtedly the most extensive of its class iu the world. The business was established by Win. H. Horstmann, the father of the present proprietors, in 1815, and is consequently the oldest established of the kind in the city, if not in this country. In the infancy of its career, the manufacture was limited to a few patterns of coach laces and fringes ; at the present time, it embraces a wide circle of fabrics of silk, silk and worsted, mohair, cotton, gold and silver thread, and includes some not made else- where in this country, besides every variety of Military Trim- mings, including swords, drums, and metal ornaments. In 1 852, this firm exhibited a case of Silk Ribbons at the Ex- hibition of the Franklin Institute. We make the following ex- tract from the report of the Judges on Silk Goods. " By unanimous consent, the highest praise of the Committee is awarded to Wm. H. Horstmann & Sons, of this city, for their manufac- ture of Fancy Taffeta Bonnet Ribbons, case 1556. Indeed, your Com- mittee must confess to having been entirely taken by surprise, on wit- nessing these productions of American looms, and it required convinc- ing proof to satisfy the Committee that they were not examining the fabrics of Lyons or St. Etienne. Not only in brilliancy of coloring and weight of material, but in evenness of manufacture, they in all respects are equal to those which we have been so long accustomed to receive from France and Switzerland." * * * * " The merit of in- troducing and carrying forward to such a degree of perfection this new branch of manufacture, is due to the Messrs. Horstmann. The Com- mittee may be deemed partial in their feelings from the fact that all its members have for a long time been engaged in the importation and sale of Silk Goods ; but this very fact gives them additional oppor- tunity of forming a correct judgment. They are unanimous in con- sidering the production of the Messrs. Horstmann as one of the great- est novelty, as well as importance, in American manufacture, and are pleased to add, iu corroboration of their views, that these goods have 246 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. been sold iu a neighboring city, through an importing house, indis- criminately with their foreign importations. Your Committee, under- standing that you have a reward still higher than the usual premiums, to be bestowed in cases of extraordinary merit, are unanimous iu the recommendation of its bestowal upon the Messrs. Horstmann. "The Committee on Exhibition, in accordance with the above re- port, unanimously resolved to recommend to the Institute to award Wm. H. Horstmann & Sons a gold medal." The manufactory of the Messrs. Horstraann is situated at the northeast corner of Fifth and Cherry streets, formerly the burying ground of the German Lutherans, and bought of the congrega- tion owning the old church, (built 1743), on the opposite side of Cherry street. The building forms an [_ having a front of 140 feet on Fifth street, 100 feet on Cherry street, and 50 feet wide, containing six floors. The engine-house and machine-shops are in a detached building in the yard. The machinery in operation in the factory is new, much of it original, and includes 130 Coach Lace Power Looms, 60 Power Looms, making 650 stripes, or rows of goods, 336 Silk Spindles and other complete silk machinery, 100 Plaiting or Braiding machines, 50 Hand Looms, using over 150 Jacquard machines, ranging from 40 to 800 needles ; besides all the auxiliary machinery necessary in the business. Adjoining the manufactory on Cherry street, the firm own an additional lot, bought of the Friends, containing 75 feet on the street. The engraving on the opposite page exhibits the Fac- tory, the Old Meeting House, and the German Lutheran Church. The meeting-house has been converted into a spacious sales-room. Many of the most important machines, and applications of ma- chinery that are now in use in the manufacture, are indebted to the enterprise of this firm for introduction into this country, or to their genius for their invention. The Plaiting or Braiding ma- chines were first introduced into the United States from Germany, by Mr. W. H. Horstmann, in 1824. In the year 1825, the same gentleman introduced the Jacquard machines. Gold Laces were made by power in this city several years before attempting it in TRIMMINGS SEWING SILKS. 247 the old world ; and the use of power for making Fringes may be said to have been first generally adopted here. In fact, it may be said that this firm was the first in any country to apply power to the general manufacture. From the report of the English Commissioners upon the industry of the United States we extract the following paragraph, in which, after stating that Messrs. Horst- mann have recently erected a very large and well-arranged fac- tory within the city of Philadelphia, it is remarked : " The whole establishment presents an example of system and neat- ness rarely to be found in manufactories in which handicrafts so varied are carried on. Female labor is, of course, largely employed in the weaving and making-up departments, and formerly in the cutting of fringes. This, however, is now performed by a machine with a circular knife, so arranged as to cut the thread on the diagonal. The double fringe, as it leaves the loom, being either run off the beam or placed upon a roller for that purpose, is divided much more exactly than it could be by hand, and at so rapid a speed as scarcely to admit of a com- parison with hand labor. Any width of fringe can be thus cut, the ma- chine being so constructed as to be easily adapted thereto." In another part of their report these Commissioners allude to the Clinton Company, located at Clinton, Massachusetts, long known as the largest manufacturers of Coach Lace in America. The looms are of the same construction as the Brussels Carpet Power Looms. During the last year (1857) the entire stock of goods, materials, looms, and patent rights of this Company were purchased by the Messrs. Horstmann, and thus another important link was added to the chain, securing pre-eminence to Philadel- phia as the greatest manufacturing city in the Union. The Messrs. Horstmann employ 400 hands, who receive $100,000 annually in wages ; have a capital of $400,000 invested in the busi- ness ; and produce an average annual product of $600,000. The establishment that we would select as a fair and excellent representative of numerous other manufactories of Ladies Dress Trimmings in Philadelphia, is that of HENRY W. HENSEL. It employs about one hundred persons say thirty men and boys, whose average wages is $7 per week ; and seventy females, re- ceiving $2.75 per week; or in other words, $20,000 are paid an- 248 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. nually in wages. The looms in operation comprise twenty Jac- quard looms, and twelve other looms, being thirty-two in all, and eousuming annually 5,000 Ibs. of silk ; worsted yarn, 500 Ibs, ; linen do., 200 Ibs. ; cotton do., 3,000 Ibs. ; fine wire, 200 Ibs. ; and the total amount of sales, of goods manufactured, is about $100,000. The proprietor has been very diligent and successful n originating saleable patterns, and has thus contributed mate- rially to elevate this class of American Textile Fabrics in the scale of popularity. It is his purpose shortly to visit Lyons, and other manufacturing districts of Europe, to examine and intro- duce such improved machinery as may be adapted to facilitate his general manufactures, which embrace all the usual varieties of Ladies' and Gentlemen's Silk Fringes, Bindings, Braids, Galloons, Cords, Tassels, &c. His general sales are limited, as we are informed, exclusively to jobbers. Fly Nets are extensively made in Philadelphia; and Regalias, &c., form nearly the exclusive business of one or two manufac- turers. The manufacture of Sewing Silks is carried on by five estab- lishments in Philadelphia, butnot as an exclusive business. It is usually conjoined with the production of what is known in commerce by the terms Singles, Tram, and Organzine.* A large proportion of the raw silk imported into the United States comes from China the Chinese silk being preferred for the pure white- ness of its color, and the strength and glossiness of its fibre. Its successful conversion into the various articles named depends largely upon the excellence of the machinery employed. In the production of Sewing Silks, our home manufacturers have been so successful, that it is supposed that the quantity now imported does not amount to five per cent, of the home production. Singles is formed of one of the reeled threads slightly twisted in order to give it strength and firmness. Tram consists of two or more threads thrown just sufficiently together to hold, by a twist of from one to one and a half turns to the inch. Orffanzine, or thrown silk, is formed of two or more singles, according to the thickness required, twisted together in a contrary direction to that of the Singles of which it is composed. PRINTING, DYEING, ETC. 249 All varieties of Sewing Silk are made, spool silk, embroidery silk, saddlers' or three-corded silks ; and pat up in quarter and half pound packages, or in hundred skeins, of different colors. Hundred-skein silk is so termed, because it is made up of from one to one and a half ounces of silk to the hundred, measuring about ten yards in length to the skein. This article is generally sold to peddlers and jobbers. There is another description of skein made up for re- tailers, which measures from twelve to twenty yards in length. ft is principally used by clothing houses, who find it economical to employ the larger skeins. The capital employed in the pro- duction of Sewing and other Silks, in Philadelphia, is stated at $300,000, and the annual production at $312,000. The machi- nery employed for Spinning and Twisting Silk is equal to any in the world. The oldest established and leading concern in this business, in Philadelphia, is that of B. HOOLEY & SON. The house was estab- lished nearly 20 years ago by Messrs. B. & A. Hooley of Maccles- field. The present perfection attained in the manufacture of Sew- ing and Fringe Silks, in this city, is largely due to the enterprise of this firm. They are now making extensive improvements in, and enlarging their mills, with the view of improving the quality of their Silk and increasing their business ; and as their standing stock of goods of every color is always large, they are enabled by their facilities, the result of experience and a large cash capital, to furnish a superior article at the lowest market rates. 6. PRINTING, DYEING, EMBOSSING, FINISHING, Ac. In the operation of Printing and Dyeing Textile Fabrics, the ma- nufacturers of the United States have, without doubt, been greatly aided by the emigration of artisans from Europe. The attractions of Philadelphia, as a place of residence, have drawn hither the most skillful of these artisans many of whom bring with them experience gained by almost unremitting attention to these de- partments of industry during the past half century, in England, France, and Germany. Moreover, the water and climate of Phil- adelphia are peculiarly favorable for success in dyeing. The influence of these natural agents has already been remarked upon ; but we may refer to the fact mentioned by the English Comtnis- 20 250 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. sioners, that in Lowell it is well-known the water of the Merrimack River, though reasonably well adapted for dyeing cottons, is not at all suited for woolens. They state, "this question of the selec- tion of a water site for Dyeing and Printing, is a most important one in the United States, since it is quite certain that in no coun- try is there so great a variation in this respect." The principal Dye Works for Cotton and Woolen goods, in Philadelphia, are located at Frankford. The water in that lo- cality is excellent for the purpose, and equally as well adapted for woolens as for cottons. The Messrs. Horrocks have the most extensive Dyeing Works, it is supposed, south of Providence, R. I. In the city proper there are many Silk Dyers and Refinishers, who have been very successful, and are deservedly celebrated. In the introductory we alluded to one of these a celebrated French dyer, who had experimented in various places, and found none so well adapted for producing desirable and brilliant results in dyeing as Philadelphia. De Laines, Merinos, and other French goods, are consequently now largely imported in an unfinished state, and we believe at a less rate of duty, and dyed in this city in fast and exquisite colors. The refinishing of Silks is made an almost exclusive business by a few, and so successfully performed, that old goods are made to wear the appearance of new. FACTORIES AND HAND-LOOMS. The factory system of Philadelphia, as will probably be in- ferred from what has been already stated, is the result and off- spring mainly of individual, unaided efforts. It owes but little, if any thing, to the advantages 'of associated capital ; and has grown to a vigorous maturity in spite of foreign competition and unfriendly home legislation. The manufacturers having, from the beginning, directed their energies mainly to the production of useful fabrics, necessary to the comfort of the masses, have steadily worked on, aiming at substantial excellence in an unpretending sphere without attempting, until recently, to compete with others -in the finer or more ornamental fabrics, or invoking the attention of the world by the erection of mammoth establishments. In the location of their factories, they have not generally been gov- FACTORIES. 251 erned by any other than reasons of convenience and economy, peculiar to each proprietor ; hence the factories are scattered throughout the city and its vicinity, the operatives forming no distinct class, the buildings attracting but little notice. In Frank- ford, and particularly in Manayunk, some show of aggregation is manifest ; but in the latter place the exhibition is so unfavorable for a correct observation of the beauties of the system, that dis- persion would be preferable. The mills, though generally small, compare very favorably in machinery and amount of product with the medium establish- ments in New England. In Philadelphia, as in Lowell, several mills are often the property of one proprietor ; and if we were permitted to publish statistics of individual establishments, we could enumerate one having 900 looms, 27,000 spindles, 850 op- eratives, and producing an annual product of 3,500,000 yards, worth $600,000 ; another having 432 looms, 9,774 spindles, 38 cards, 513 operatives, and producing annually $430,000 ; another, having 216 looms, 8,000 spindles, 50 cards, 320 operatives, produc- ing last year 3,27 2,510 yards duck, Osnaburgs, &c., worth $362,162 : another, having 240 looms, 300 operatives, producing yearly 2,100,000 yards ginghams, pantaloonery, &c., worth $250,000; another, having 10,716 spindles, employing 200 operatives, and producing 750,000 Ibs. cotton yarn. The Washington Manufac- turing Company's Mills, at Gloucester, N. J., nearly opposite our city, and of which our esteemed townsman, DAVID S. BROWN, is President, contain 36,000 spindles and 800 looms, employ 209 males and 445 females ; consume 130,000 Ibs. cotton per month, 225 tons of coal, 280 gallons sperm oil, &c., and produce about 6,220,000 yards per year, mostly fine printing cloths. The value, when printed, of the product of these mills, is over six hundred thousand dollars per annum. The goods are priuted by the Gloucester Manuufacturing Company, another corporation, whose works are situated near the above. This corporation employs about 100 hands, mostly males. It will thus be seeu, there are some factories in and near Philadelphia that will compare favorably with those of any other place ; but it would be highly desirable and good policy, to erect one or more calculated, from bize and arrangement, to give eclat to the manufacture. 252 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. The majority of the operatives in the factories are English or Anglo-Americans. The hours for working are usually 10^ per day; but as operations cease early on the afternoon of Sat- urday, the average for the week is ten hours. In New England, and many other places, labor is extended to eleven hours or more, daily. The female operatives, though perhaps less literary than their Lowell sisters, are seemingly as attractive in appearance, skillful in manipulation, and correct in deportment. Their earn- ings, as weavers, are from $4 to $5 ; and as spinners and spool- ers, who are mostly young girls, from $2 to $3 per week. The identity of interests which exists between the employer and the employed is seemingly comprehended more clearly by both, and the relations between them exhibit, on the part of the former, more paternal characteristics than is evidenced where the employers are large corporations. Some of the manufacturers are men who are distinguished for benevolent effort ; and in some instances, where the factories are remote, schools and churches have been specially established by factory proprietors. The distinctive fea- ture, however, of the Dry Goods Manufacture in Philadelphia is HAND-LOOM WEAVING. It is a remarkable fact, that notwithstanding the rapid substi- tution of power for the production of textile fabrics, and the growth of large establishments from the results of accumulated capital, there is no actual decline in the number of hand-looms in operation. There are fewer looms devoted to certain classes of goods, and in certain localities, than formerly ; but the aggre- gate of such looms now in operation is probably fully equal to that in any former period. Philadelphia is truly the great seat of Hand-loom Manufacturing and Weaving in America. There are now, within our knowledge, 4,760 hand-looms in operation in the production of Checks and other Cotton goods; Carpetings, Hosiery, &c. ; and it is probable that the true number approxi- mates six thousand. The material is furnished by manufacturers, and the weavers are paid by the yard. The weaving is done in the houses of operatives ; or in some cases a manufacturer, as he may be termed, has ten or twelve looms in a wooden building attached to his dwelling, and employs journeymen weavers the em- .^ HAND-LOOM WEAVING. 253 ployed in some instances boarding and lodging in the same house as their employer. Throughout parts of the city, especially that formerly known as Kensington, the sound of these looms may be heard at all hours in garrets, cellars, and out-houses, as well as in the weavers' apartments. Among the weavers there arc many very intelligent men, and some that have been employed in weaving those magnificent damasks, and other cloths, that Eu- rope occasionally produces to gratify the pride of her rulers. But the subject and statistics of Hand-loom Weaving are fully and well-considered by Mr. Edward Young, in the subjoined report, to which we invite the reader's attention. REPORT. " SIR : In my previous report on Hand-loom Weaving, I stated that in the city there are at least 2,000 hand-looms engaged on Checks, Ginghams, Linseys, and to a small extent on Diapers. As this esti- mate was larger than any previously stated, you desired such evidence as should prove conclusively the correctness of my assertion, if disputed. I have therefore given much attention to the subject, but regret that longer time could not be allowed in order to investigate the subject thoroughly. As I previously stated, the manufacturers do not own the looms. Each has in operation from 20 to 100, and one has 300 looms. The greater part are situated in the Seventeenth and Nine- teenth Wards, (Kensington). The following twenty-five manufacturers altogether employ 1250 looms. Four of the largest employ, on an average, 100 each. William Beattie, Edw. Murray, James Beattie, James Nolan, John Dallas, John Quin, Robert Dallas, Patrick Quin, E. Devlin, Arthur Rodgers, John Elliott, W. Rowbotham, J. Dickey, E. Ryan, J. Donohoe, D. Murphy, James Irwin, William Steele, Alexander Jackson, W. Stevenson, James Long, Thomas Stiuson, A. There are some twelve or fifteen Vinegar manufacturers some of whom, as well as these referred to, make large quantities ; the whole business amounting to at least $300,000. The process of manufacture, as at present conducted in these establishments, is much more expeditious than that still in use in the country for making vinegar on a small scale. The latter method consists in placing the cider or other vinous liquid in casks, with open bung-holes, in the sun, and the slow action of the atmosphere upon their contents requires nearly two years to perfect the acidifying process. By the improved mode, the liquor employed, is, by the addition of saccharine or other matter, and a suitable temperature, so managed as to induce its fermentation ; after which, it is slowly filtered by a kind of per- colation, through tall cisterns or tubs packed with shavings, &c., which minutely divide the liquor, and thus expose nearly every drop separately to be acted upon by the air, which has free access from beneath. The liquor thus absorbs oxygen from the atmo- sphere, and being drawn off by a pipe near the bottom of the butt, and the same process repeated as often as may be necessary, the acetification is complete in a very short time. The Vinegar in this state is set away to clarify, a process which may also be arti- ficially hastened, and in one or two months is ready for use. This is a brief outline of the process, though other minor pre- cautions are taken to regulate it; and we believe that proper manipulation and care may even still more abridge the time, as well as modify the color and strength of the product. Cider, whisky, wme, infusions of malt and ale, liquids capable of the acetous fermentation, will make vinegar : but the first three are chiefly used here. XVI. Furniture, Chairs, and Upholstery. SIR : In compliance with your request, I furnish, as far as I am able, a brief abstract of the Furniture business in this city. 272 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. In reply to your first question I can answer, that the Cabinet- making business has very much progressed, both in point of taste and extent of production, the last few years. In 1840 there were but few Furniture stores in Philadelphia, arid they mostly small ones ; keeping samples of the styles of goods, bat relying mainly on orders from their customers to supply work for their employees. A Spring-seat Sofa was then a luxury almost a novelty. The art of Yeneering was just beginning to be under- stood. Previous to this period a crotch of Mahogany wood, (which was then mostly used for furniture,) was cut into Yeneers by a narrow blade saw, drawn laterally by two men. They could not get more than four Yeneers out of an inch thickness. This was a great waste of the finest class of material, and the Yeneers conld only be applied to flat work or very slight curves. About this time Circular Saws, some of which were seven to eight feet diameter, were introduced, and gradually improvements were made, so that at the present time it is not uncommon to produce sixteen Ye- neers to the inch. Mahogany, Rosewood, Walnut, and all the finer woods, are now used in Veneering with such skill, that elliptic ogees, or oval surfaces of common wood, are covered with a thin coating of fine wood, thus reducing the consumption, comparatively, of the finer woods. In the course of time, Mahogany became scarce ; and growing in mountain fastnesses, it was procured only at a great expense. Rosewood has always been equally difficult to obtain. To supply the deficiency, the merits of American Walnut were examined, and on trial it was found equally suitable for fine Furniture. The grain of the wood, and the feathery character of the curl, (where two main branches separate from the trunk,) are similar to Mahogany, except in color ; the Walnut being of dark purple shade, though varying in color according to the latitude and nature of the soil. Walnut is now used more than all other woods combined. The supply on the rich bottom lands of Indiana, and the Western States generally, is enormous, and the quality so superior that some is shipped to Europe. All varieties of these woods Mahogany, Rosewood, Walnut, and others, are used by the Cabinet-makers of Philadelphia. There are nearly one hundred employers in the business, and at least ten large warehouses, where the most fastidious tastes mav FURNITURE UPHOLSTERY. 273 be satisfied from goods already made. Philadelphia has a well- merited reputation for the production of fine Furniture ; the carved work is really superb; and the less elaborate, known as Cottage Furniture, is distinguished for excellent workmanship, high polish, tasteful painting, and moderate price. An oak Sideboard, carved by a Philadelphia sculptor, I notice, was re- cently regarded by the visitors to the American Institute, in the Xew York Crystal Palace, as one of the most remarkable speci- mens of skill in the exhibition. The Southern demand, which is proverbially fastidious and luxurious in the choice of Furniture, is almost entirely supplied from this city. With the increasing demand for fine Furniture, there has been a corresponding im- provement of taste in design ; and it may be well doubted whether France can, at this time, exhibit more magnificent displays than can be seen in the Cabinet Warehouses of Philadelphia. In respect to novelties, about which yon inquire, I had not the good fortune to discover any very remarkable. The trade are generally satisfied with substantial excellence, without aspir- ing to any very striking effects. In Mr. I. LUTZ'S establishment, on Eleventh street, my attention was attracted to an ingenious method adopted by him, to prevent the liability of carved Mahogany to break. In carved Chair work, for instance, he divides the Ma- hogany into several lateral parts, and joins them by glue in such a manner that the grain of the wood runs in different directions. The strength of the wood is, by this method, increased in pro- portion to the number of times it is divided ; and in the manu- facture of Sofas, large Arm-chairs, &c., its advantages are espe- cially apparent. Mr. Lutz employs fifty hands, and has supplied Furniture for some of the finest mansions in this city. Two Sofas, furnished to order, at a cost of $175 each, then on exhi- bition at his warerooms, were remarkable specimens of elegant workmanship. In GEORGE J. HENKEL'S establishment, I was particularly struck with the immense quantity of finished Furniture on hand as well as the richness and fine effect produced by its arrange- ment. The rooms then occupied by him were 175 feet long by 27 feet wide, four floors in number. The leading purpose of this estab- lishment is to supply a complete assortment of first-class Furni- 22 274 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. ture for an entire house ; by which all the articles from the attic to the kitchen correspond in style, modified, of course, by their situation. In the construction of Extension Tables, Mr. Henkels is deservedly pre-eminent the extension being formed by cross- arras working at right angles on metal hinges, which preserve i* from swelling or shrinking in a variable climate. In MOORE & CAMPION'S, WHITE'S, KLAUDER, DEGINTHER & Co.'s, W. & J. ALLEN'S, and other warerooms, the display of elegant carved Furniture is truly magnificent. Church and Library Furniture constitute a special depart ment of both the carving and furniture business. In Philadelphia there is at least one perhaps many others who has attained de served distinction in this branch. For nearly a quarter of a cen- tury, Mr. JOHN HARE OTTON has devoted a large share of his atten tion to Carving and making Pulpits, Lecturns, Book Cases, &c., and his collection of designs now embraces the best examples in every known style. In so long an experience, he has executed a large number of the most elaborate carvings ; and in all his recent work, especially, has manifested excellent taste, and an apprecia- tion of appropriateness in ornament that is rarely seen in Amer- ican decorative art. Mr. Otton has also executed some masterly patterns in Iron and in Stucco, which constitute a branch of his business. Besides those who are engaged in the wholesale manufacture of Furniture, there is a large number occupied in making special articles. At least twenty-five establishments in the city some of them of considerable extent make Cane-seat and Windsor Chairs. One manufacturer has substituted Whalebone for Cane, which is an evident improvement. Chair findings are largely supplied by Mr. McCullough, and a new establishment is about being opened solely for the supply of chair bottoms. There are several manufactories and warerooms of Office and Counting-house Furniture exclusively. Articles of this descrip- tion are both supplied to order, and kept on hand in large quan- tities. Several articles belonging to this category were remark- able as novelties ; but among those which seemed to me to com- bine novelty and usefulness in an eminent degree, I was particu- larly attracted by the Patent Elevating and Graduating Top ~ FURNITURE UPHOLSTERY. 275 Tables, which are truly a business luxury. The top can easily be raised or lowered to suit any attitude ; placed upon a horizontal plane or inclined as the lid of a desk. The construction is firm and all the appendages of drawers and boxes are complete. The Office Furniture manufacturers are entitled to very great credit for the specimens of workmanship that they exhibit. Billiard Tables have been made in Philadelphia since 1809 the date when Mr. THOMAS DAVIS, still a leading manufacturer commenced business. These tables are now made at four or five establishments ; but the business in this line has been a good deal crippled by the preference given to the Patented Tables and Cush- ions, made in other cities. The deficiency in this respect, how- ever, is compensated for by superiority in another and more im- portant branch, viz. , the manufacture of VENITIAN BLINDS. It is believed, by persons professing knowledge on the subject, that this business is larger in this city than in all the rest of the United States. They are sent to almost every part of the Union, and to the British Provinces. The lightness and beauty of the work could not be too highly praised, and the cornices and trim- mings are adapted to the furniture of the room in which they are hung, with remarkable taste. Upholstering is carried on in connection with the manufacture of Furniture, and also as a separate business. It embraces the manufacture of Curtains, Pew and other Cushions, and the mak- ing up of Carpets, Hair Mattresses, Buff Window Shades, &c. There are about twenty principal concerns engaged exclusively in this business, besides a vast number of small ones. The fitting up of churches furnishes considerable employment for the Uphol- sterers ; an average bill for a modern fashionable church of medium size being $1,500, the pews alone costing $10 each. The West Arch Presbyterian Church paid $3,000 for Upholstery ; and the Academy of Music a much larger sum. The entire business of the city, in this branch, is about a half million of dollars annually. It is extremely difficult to arrive at the statistics of the Furni- ture manufactured in Philadelphia ; but my opinion, after labor- ious investigation is, that including all the above-named branches, the annual business will reach two and a half million of dollars. Some manufacturers state it at three and a half millions. S. 276 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. XVII. Glass Manufactures. Intelligent foreigners have repeatedly complimented the manu- facturers of Glass in the United States not only for excellence in the production of useful articles, to which they have hitherto given their attention principally, but also for various successful attempts that have been made in producing those rich and deco- rative works which belong to luxury rather than to utility. The imitations of Bohemian Glass and Opal Glass, made in sev- eral establishments throughout the Union, are considered better than a great portion of those produced in Europe. In Philadel- phia, the Glass manufacture, though surpassed by many others in amount of production, is nevertheless sufficiently extensive to be called a leading pursuit. The locality, by reason of the facilities for procuring the raw materials, is one of the best in the Union. The finest qualities of sand are obtained from the adjacent State of New Jersey, and the alkali are supplied by the Chemical fac- tories in the city. There are at least thirteen manufacturers of Glass, whose head- quarters are in this city, though the factories of some are located in New Jersey, and outside of the city limits, viz. : WHITALL, TATEM & Co., WHITNEY & BROTHERS, BODINE & BROTHERS, BURGIN & SONS, PHILADELPHIA GLASS COMPANY, JOHN H. MOORE, BENNERS & BROTHERS, SHEETS & DUFFY, JOSEPH POR- TER & SONS, HAY & Co., RICHARDS & BROTHERS, JOHN CAPE- WELL, President of the United States Glass Company, and THOMAS MILLS. The leading business is the manufacture of Green and Crown Glass Bottles, including all kinds of Druggists' Vials, Jars, Demi- johns, Carboys, &c. This kind of Glass is made of ordinary materials generally sand with lime, and sometimes clay, and alkaline ashes of any kind ; but great care and considerable experience are required, particularly in making bottles that are to contain effervescing fluids. The materials must be carefully and thoroughly fused, and the thickness uniform throughout, to resist the pressure of the contained carbonic acid. The loss of bottles by bursting, in the Champagne trade, is GLASS MANUFACTURES. 277 from twenty to thirty per cent. A machine has been contrived to test their strength, which should bear the pressure of from twenty-five to thirty-five "atmospheres." In bottles which are to contain acids, the alkali and the lime must be chemically united to prevent action of the acid. The green color is said to be owing to impurities in the ashes, generally to oxide of iron. Window Glass is made in several establishments ; and in addi- tion to the various sizes and qualities, most, if not all in this bu- siness, make double-thick and cylinder Plate Glass, suitable for coaches, pictures, and extra-large windows; some of which is quite equal in quality to the English and French Cylinder Plate Glass, At some establishments, white and colored, plain and figured Enameled Glass is made. One firm, Messrs. BURGIN & SONS, have, in addition to their furnaces for the manufacture of Black and Green Glassware, one devoted exclusively to the manufacture of a kind of Glass, new in this country, which they designate " German Flint Glass ;" and although not as beautiful in appearance as Flint Glass containing lead, it is preferable to it for many purposes, particularly for hold- ing acids and alkalies, as they have no effect upon it. It is a very strong variety of Glass-, and is much used by Chemists, Apothecaries, and Perfumers ; it can be colored, moulded, and pressed into all the various patterns and forms of Flint Glass, and is sold at intermediate prices between Green and Flint Glass. The Philadelphia Glass Company was established for the man- ufacture of Rough Plate Glass, particularly rolled or hammered Glass for green-houses, &c., and flooring Glass articles which previously had not been made in this country. The excellence of their product so effectually alarmed foreign manufacturers, that they reduced the price at once, from $2.25 per square foot to 75 cents, and are now actually losing money on their sales, in order to crush an American competitor. The advantages of this locality for this manufacture, however, are so great, that with proper encouragement, this Company believe they can continue business even at the reduced price. They are now manufacturing a Glass Furnace, which they consider equal to any in the world. Besides the manufacturers of Glass above enumerated, there are leveral whose attention is devoted to supplying orders for special 22* 278 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. kinds of Glass, particularly Tubes for Philosophical Apparatus, Syringes, &c., for druggists. Of Glass-cutters there are several in the city ; while the Glass mould and press makers are entitled to a compliment for their success in originating novel designs and skill in their profession, particularly for being able to make a glass bottle precisely similar to another in size and appearance, but which will contain considerably less in quantity 1 STAINED GLASS. The origin of this beautiful art is lost in the dimness of an- tiquity. The process employed in modern times is described as follows. After the figure to be put upon the plate is drawn upon paper, and painted as desired, it is transferred to the glass, which has been prepared to receive it. This has to be done with artistic skill, equal to that employed upon an oil painting, and requires much more care in its execution. In transferring fruits and flower pieces, all the delicate tints of the objects must be copied with the greatest nicety. The glass is then put into a kiln, and sub- mitted to a heat almost sufficient to fuse it, which not only has the effect to add greatly to the beauty of the painting, but makes it a part of the glass itself, no power being able to remove it. There are two principal manufacturers of Stained Glass in Philadelphia, Messrs. J. & G. H. GIBSON, and FRANKLIN SMITH. The former firm has just completed the magnificent glass ceilings for the House of Representatives at Washington, composed of plates having the appearance of enameled work ; the Coats of Arms of the United States are done in rich colors, giving the effect of Mosaics set in silver. They have also been engaged to furnish the Senate ceiling in a similar manner. The Stained Glass made in this city is considered quite equal to that of European manufacture. XVIII. Hats, Caps, and Furs. The Hat, which is regarded by some as more indicative of the social position of its wearer than any other garment, affords a vride field for research, a theme for many speculations, and could be aptly used in illustrating the mutability and instability of HATS FURS. 279 earthly things. We, however, have no leisure for any farther reflections than to express gratification that the heavy Fur and Wool Hats, whose heat and weight muddled the brains of our ancestors, are superseded by light and more handsome styles. Much of the progress that has been made, particularly in dimin- ishing the weight, it is proper to state, is due to American enter- prise, the most important improvement being that of " water- proofing" the bodies previous to their being napped. The elastic properties of the gums used in this process, when dissolved in pure alcohol or naphtha, impart a body to the materials which enables the maker to reduce a considerable proportion of their weight. As an illustration of the value of this improve- ment, we may mention that, about twenty years since, ninety-six ounces of stuff were worked up into one dozen ordinary-sized hats for gentlemen, while at present from thirty-three to thirty- four ounces only are required to complete the same quantity. It is therefore scarcely surprising, as we learn from a late trav- eler, that American Hats are superseding the use of the Turban in Turkey! In Philadelphia there are extensive concerns engaged in the Hat manufacture, though the number of those that make an entire Hat is quite limited. The furs and other materials used are for the most part prepared abroad, on the continent of Europe, where children are largely employed in the various operations ; but three fourths of the Hatters' materials used are imported direct by houses in this city. The mode of manufacturing is partly a domestic one, the materials being given out to workmen who shape them in their own houses, though the principal portion of the work is done in large manufactories, where several hundred hands are employed. In one establishment, which commenced operations within the last two years, machines are largely employed in all the various processes of making soft Fur Hats, and Hat bodies. By means of a machine, known as Wells' Patent, the shell or skel- eton body is made so expeditiously, that two men and a boy, with its aid, can form three hundred Hats in less time than ten Hats could be produced by the old method. In this manufactory there are seven machines in constant operation, capable of producing over two thousand Hat bodies per day. There are nine other 280 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. machines for the separation of the hair from the fur. Pickers, propelled by steam, are employed for mixing the Furs ; and even the Hats are washed by machinery all these operations being per- formed better, and more cheaply, than they can be done by hand. The proprietor, Mr. WM. 0. BEARD, has an engine of sixty-horse power, and employs one hundred and eighty hands. The branch of the general business, in which Philadelphia Hat- ters claim to excel all others, is in the production of Silk and White Fur Hats. For producing the Pearl White and Light Colored Hats, it is claimed that, in the water of this city, the makers have peculiar advantages ; while for the manufacture of Silk Hats, they have an advantage in being able to command at all times the most skilled workmen.* The importance of this will be understood when we state, that the Silk Hat passes through six distinct departments before its completion ; each de- partment requiring hands who generally serve an apprenticeship but to one branch of the business. The fashions, as a general rule, are not imported, but originate with the leading houses, with only a slight reference to those prevailing in Paris. Journeymen Hat-makers may be said generally to command good wages ; though their earnings, inasmuch as they work by * The senior partner of one of the most extensive of the Hat manufactur- ing concerns of Philadelphia that of P. HERST & Co. was one of the pio- neers in the manufacture of Silk Hats. He commenced business here some fourteen years ago in a very small way, but has gone on increasing and ex- tending his operations, until now the firm employ one hundred and fifty per- sons in making Silk Hats, and supply to some extent nearly all the markets of the United States. Mr. Herst also claims to have been the in- ventor and introducer of*tbe Satin Under Brim, now so much admired for its beauty and durability. It was first presented to the public about five years ago, and 1ms superseded nearly every other material previously in use. The firm of P. HEBST & Co. are probably more extensively engaged in the manufacture of Silk Hats than any others, and are now annually producing many thousands, mostly of the first qualities, and specially adapted to the fine retail trade. They also make Beaver and Cassimere Hats, of all shades, for summer and winter wear. For softening the brim previous to shaping, this firm use Billing's Brim Heater, said to be an admirable in- vention. By taste in the modeling of styles, and fidelity in workmanship, they have secured a pre-eminence among the fashionable trade, creditable alike to themselves and to Philadelphia workmen. CAPS. 281 the piece, depend very much upon the state and prosperity of the country. Body-makers often earn only six dollars a week ; but at other times they make thirty. Finishers make from ten to twenty ; and shapers and curlers, from fifteen to thirty dollars per week. It is a peculiarity of this trade, that a workman wishing employment in an establishment never applies to its proprietor, but to the foreman, who possesses the chief power to employ or to discharge men. STRAW HATS are made to a large extent to supply the South- ern demand, which continues throughout the year; and the North- ern market daring the spring and summer seasons. The work is done in work-rooms provided by the employers, or at the houses of the operatives; whose average weekly wages are, for men, $7.50 ; for women, $4.50. The Straw Braid is chiefly imported from England, Switzerland, and Tuscany. Panama Hats are ob- tained from Panama, Maracaibo, and other parts of South Amer- ica, while coarse Straw Hats are brought in large quantities from Canada. As these goods are generally imported ready-shaped, the principal preparation for the market is trimming, and adapt- ing the Hats to the prevailing fashion. The value of the labor per- formed on those imported, and the production of Straw Hats, will amount to $350,000. 2. CAPS. The manufacture of Caps is a business distinct from that of Hats. There are a large number of concerns occupied exclusively in making Caps ; those of Cloth constituting the chief part of the business, though Plush, Silk, Glazed, and other Caps, are also made. The Caps made in Philadelphia are distinguished for du- rability and excellence of quality, rather than for fanciful decora- tion, and command the market wherever these qualities are ap- preciated. Some have been exported to Russia; and exports are made regularly to the West Indies, South America, and to California. The Cap manufacture furnishes employment to a large number of females, whose wages in the business will average abont $4 per week. Sewing-machines are largely employed ; being, in fact, indispensable in consequence of the expansion of the trade. The annual production is about $400,000. 282 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. 3. FURS. FURS are prepared by at least twenty establishments, either as a distinct business, or in connection with Hats. It is the object of the Furrier, by dyeing the inferior skins, to imitate the more perfect kinds ; and so successful are many, that the permanence of the color of the dyed Sable, for instance, is equally durable with the natural color. Philadelphia Furs are more tastefully made than those of New York ; and are considered equal to the Boston Furs, which have a very high reputation. A difference of opinion, wide as the Atlantic, exists as to the comparative value of Furs the Amer- icans preferring those of Europe, while Europe seems to prefer the American Furs. The following List will exhibit the demand for American Furs in Europe, and the kinds which this country principally contri- butes. Import into London of Furs and Skins from tho United States, and Hudson's Bay Company in British America, for one year, from Sept. 1856, to Sept. 1857. Totals. Names of Skins. Hudson's Bay Company. United States. 1,164,461 99,193 15,941 9,586 1,543 4,751 65,086 6,697 11,142 186,355 123,601 *55 24,165 10,796 1,053 769 477,916 9,872 941 7,949 7,157 62,672 Musk rat 302,131 90,604 11,573 6,561 7,071 8,143 10,493 4,940 6,776 170,956 45,091 18S 23,341 7,483 942 769 1,894 9,831 916 7,740 184 862,aso 8,594 4,363 4,025 477 1,608 44,588 1,657 6,366 15,399 78,510 167 824 3,313 116 Otter ; . Fisher Silver Fox Cross Fox Red Fox White Fox Kltt Fox Marten Mink Sea Otter Lynx : Black Bear Brown Bear Raccoon 476,022 41 25 209 6,973 62,672 Wolf Wolverine Skunk Wild Cat 2,271,916 Besides these Furs of American origin, the principal ones are the Russian Sable, everywhere esteemed as the most beautiful, costly, and useful Fur the Arctic zone produces ; the Baum or Pine Marten ; the Stone Marten, more valuable for the excellent qualities of its skin than the beauty of its fur ; Ermine, a Sibe- rian and Norwegian Fur, the whitest known, though in summer IRON MANUFACTURES. 283 the animal is a dingy brown ; the European Fitch, or Polecat, a Fur remarkable for durability, and smell, which it is difficult to counteract ; the Tartar Sable, of which the tail is used exclusively for artists' best pencils ; Nutria, a Fur used extensively in making hats, and having considerable resemblance to Beaver ; Hamster, a German Fur ; European Gray Hare, and the Chinchilla, a South American Rabbit. The Skin that is probably the most extensively used is that of the Siberian Squirrel. Of these little animals, not much larger than our common red squirrel, 15,000,000 are every year captured in Russia ; the color varies from a pearl gray to a dark blue gray. The business done in the preparation of Furs, in this city, is estimated by a principal manufacturer at $350,000 ; and when we remember that Capes alone are sometimes sold at $800 to $1,000, the amount is not probably overstated. Recapitulation : Silk and Soft Hats, $800,000 Straw Hats, 350,000 Caps, 400,000 Furs, 350,000 Total, $1,900,000 An increased amount of capital could be profitably invested ir Philadelphia, in all branches of the Hat and Cap manufacture. XIX. Iron and its Manufactures. It is probable that in no branch of the general manufactures of Philadelphia, is her superiority so widely known and generally conceded as in the fabrication of Metals. The abundance of Iron produced in the vicinity of the city, and its consequent cheapness, have naturally concentrated attention upon its manu- factures, as well as extended its uses ; while the fame of our Engineers and Machinists attracts from abroad a large and con- stantly increasing patronage. It is not necessary, therefore, for us to prove what is already admitted, nor to exhibit in much detail and minuteness what is neither doubtful nor disputed, but the sub- ject is too important to be very summarily dismissed. In our intro- ductory remarks we gave some statistics of the Iron production of Pennsylvania, and stated, that of 782,958 tons of Iron produced 284 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. in the United States in 1856, Pennsylvania furnished 448,515 tons. We also showed that Philadelphia is situated in the dis- trict which is entitled to be called the centre of the Iron produc- tion in the United States. We shall therefore limit our present remarks to a brief outline of the processes employed in the man- ufacture of Iron, for the benefit of the general reader, besides exhib- iting, so far as we can in a limited space, the present develop- ment of its manufactures in Philadelphia, particularly with refer- ence to the manufacture of Hardware and Tools, and the con- struction of Machinery. Iron, we may remark, exists naturally as an ore in the form of a rusty, metallic stone. The ores are found both on the sur- face of the earth and in deep underground veins. Within the limits of Philadelphia we believe there are neither ore beds nor opened mines ; though just beyond the city limits, in Montgomery County, ore is dug in considerable quantities ; and near Phoenixville, Ches- ter County, there is an extensive Iron mine, which is supposed to be the oldest in the United States. It was opened a few years before the Revolution, and is yet worked with much success. It is 150 feet deep, and has been mined over sixteen acres of surface. The great Rail Mills of the Phoenix Iron Company, successors to Reeves, Buck & Co., obtain a considerable portion of the ore used by them from this mine, known as the Warick Mine. The ore, after being dug from or raised to the surface, is gene- rally broken and washed in water. It is then most commonly roasted, to drive out the sulphur which exists in many ores. The roasting is done in large kilns or stacks, heated with coal. Many Iron-works, however, do not practice roasting their ores. The great primary process the first step in the long course of the Iron manufacture is "smelting." This is the expulsion of the water and oxygen of the ore, the driving off, by heat, of the natural impurities which enclose and are mixed with the pure iron. Tins is effected by means of a "Blast Furnace," using as fuel tither Anthracite coal, coke or charcoal. The furnace is kept " in blast" night and day, until some vital part is destroyed by ,he heat. The hearth is tapped at regular intervals, and the iron drawn off and run into " pigs," moulded in the sand-floor in front Df the furnace. Fresh materials are as regularly added at tho 9 IRON MANUFACTURES. 285 top. The largest class of furnaces produce from 120 to 160 tons weekly, and even as ranch as 200 tons have been produced, in a few cases, in a single week. The product of the Blast Furnace, or rather the Iron, after being drawn from the furnace and moulded, is called by the familiar term Pig Iron. Having passed the first stage of its manufacture or in other words, been separated from the clay, sand, and other impurities with which it was mixed in the ore, it is now fusible and ready for conversion into Wrought or into Cast Iron. The conversion into Wrought Iron is effected simply by an additional heating, which heat is prolonged for some time at just above the melting point, and during which the iron is stirred up until every particle has been brought under the cementing action of the heat. There are two kinds of furnaces in use, either of which pro- duce Wrought Iron from Pig. In either case the iron is only melted, and stirred stoutly for a considerable time in that condition. The forge fire is employed for converting pig into the better kinds of Wrought Iron. A large open forge fire, with the tweer in one corner, is used ; a trough or pit is hollowed out beneath the tweer, and the broken pig or coal brought together to a melt- ing heat. The action of the blast from the tweer drives the coarse and lighter impurities to the opposite side of the trough, leaving the melted metal to settle in the trough, to be stirred and turned until it becomes Wrought Iron. When the metal acquires a sufficient consistency to admit of being removed, it is taken out, and the impure end cut off. In this state it is called a " Bloom" or " Loop," and it is ready to be reheated in the heat- iug furnace, and to be brought under the hammer. The forge fire is used only for the best and choicest kinds of iron, as it is too expensive in coal and labor for making the cheaper kinds. The Puddling Furnace is the most common of all means of re- ducing Pig Iron to Wrought Iron. This is a covered furnace like an oven, a grate being placed at one end, and a pit or trough being made in the centre. The chimney or stack is at the oppo site side from the grate. The puddling furnace may be worked either with or without blast. Coal and wood are used alike for fuel. Mills in which rail-road iron is manufactured generally work 23 286 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. either Anthracite or raw Bituminous coal, with blast, for puddling furnaces. The pig iron is placed in the puddling furnace, and melted in about three quarters of an hour. It is then stirred with a suitable hook or poker, worked by a " puddler," having charge of the furnace. The stirring goes on until every particle of the puddle has been thoroughly exposed to the fire, and until the iron adheres in a spongy mass. It is then divided, while in the furnace, into four or five balls or lumps. These are taken successively to a stout hammer, called a shingling hammer, or else to a machine called a squeezer, either of which acts by compres- sion, to get rid of the coarse cinder contained in the iron. This runs off in a melted condition, leaving the bulk malleable, and possessing the distinctive qualities of Wrought Iron. It is then, while still retaining a great portion of its original heat, shaped, by rolling or hammering, into such forms as are found to be most saleable in the market. In the vicinity of Philadelphia, Forges and Rolling Mills are generally separate establishments the former considerably out- numbering the latter. In 1856 there were 116 Forges in Eastern Pennsylvania, and 63 Rolling Mills, including those in the city ; working about 1T5 hammers, and having about 500 forge fires, with the heating and puddling furnaces, and turning out an ag- gregate product, for the district tributary to the city, of about five millions of dollars annually. In Philadelphia, Forges are usually combined with Rolling Mills, there being but one exception, viz., the Fairhill Forge, of which Patterson, Morgan, and Caskey, are proprietors. The Rolling Mills are as follows : Kensington Iron Works and Rolling Mill, James Rowland & Co., proprietors. Penn Rolling Mill, Kensington, Yerree & Mitchell, proprietors. Treaty Rolling Mill, Kensington, Marshall, Griffin & Co. Robins' Rolling Mill, Kensington, Stevens Robins, proprietor. Oxford Rolling Mill, Twenty-third Ward, W. & H. Rowland. Fairmount Rolling Mill, Fairmount, Charles E. Smith & Co. Fountain Green Rolling Mill, two miles above Fairmount, Strick- land Kneass, proprietor. ROLLING MILLS FOUNDRIES. 287 Pencoyd Rolling Mill, below Manayunk, west side of Schuyl kill, A. & P. Roberts, proprietor. Flatrock Rolling Mill, Manayunk, A. P. Buckley & Son, pro- prietors. Cheltenham Rolling Mill, one mile below Shoemakertown, Rowland & Hunt, proprietors. In these establishments, over 700 men are employed, and re- ceive annually in wages about $250,000. The aggregates of production were recently made up and published in the United Stales Gazette* as follows : Tons. Value. Spring and Cast Steel, ...... 2,100 $283,500 Bar, Rod, and Band Iron, - - , - - , - - 13,310 880,500 Boiler and other Plate, - ~i. n ; U^ ' - ' . -' - ; ' ; ; - " 1,660 1 50,000 Aggregate, inclusive of other items, for the nine Rolling Mills of the city, ..... 4j tt^tri.'. 'lr.-: i^iti 1,455,000 Distinctive production of Rolling Mills, simply, - ... 1,206,500 Total for Forges and Rolling Mills within the city, ... 1,801,150 The products, besides those above enumerated, include for the Pencoyd Rolling Mill, Rolled and Hammered Car and Locomotive Axles, and for the Fainnount Iron Works, Charles E. Smith & Co., proprietors, Rail-road Chair Iron, Marble and Stone Saws, and Bands and Bars of extra sizes. Passing from the manufacture of Wrought Iron and Steel to that of CASTINGS, we are led to the consideration of Foundries and Cupola Furnaces, in which the smelting is usually accom- plished by a process somewhat similar to that employed in the reduction of the ore in the blast furnace. The metal is mingled with coal in a capacious receptacle lined with fire-brick, and sub- jected to a furious blast of air from tweers beneath. The height * A very careful statistical investigation of the Manufactures of Iron was recently made by the present indefatigable Secretary of the Board of Trade, and published in the United States Gazette a leading commercial journal of this city. At the request of several Iron workers, who decline to furnish additional individual particulars, we shall, in many instances, adopt the re- sults as published in that journal. It will also be observed by those who are familiar with the volume edited by myself, and published two years ago, that several paragraphs in this article, descriptive of processes, are extracts from that work. 288 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. of the cupola furnace, however, rarely exceeds ten or twelve feet, while that of the blast furnace approaches forty or even fifty, and the pressure required to force the air upward through the sinking mass of materials is of course proportionally less. No lime or other flux is employed in the cupola furnace ; and the tempera- ture required is presumed to be considerably less than in the blast furnace, the heat necessary to melt iron being generally as- sumed at 2300 to 2800 degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, or some fifteen times hotter than boiling water ; while the temperature, in the hottest portion of the blast furnace, is supposed to reach 5000 degrees. When drawn from the cupola furnace, the iron is poured into moulds of tightly compacted earth, the varieties employed being clay or loam and fine sand carefully mixed ; the " moulding sand," as it is termed, being in most cases enclosed in boxes called flasks If the desired casting is a column, an exact model or pattern is embedded, one half in each of two flasks of sand. The sand having sufficient cohesion to retain any impression given it, the pattern is then withdrawn, and the flasks fitted accurately together, as before, leaving a cavity to give just the required shape to the metal, which is afterward poured in. If the casting is to be made hollow in any part, a "core," or solid mass of sand, is previously baked in a suitable box, of the shape of the desired cavity. This core of sand, being placed in the flask, and ad- justed suitably to the mould, leaves a cavity of its own shape in the casting. For, while the core assists in confining the melted iron to the desired limits of size and form, it can be punctured and removed, after the casting has cooled, with the same ease tha* the mould itself may be broken up, and the sand be again used for another mould. The interior surface of the moulds is generally dusted or rubbed with finely-powdered coal or other material, technically termed "blackening," the object of which is to induce a smooth, perfec* surface on the casting. The astonishing smoothness and delicacy of the small statuettes, known as "Berlin Castings," it is be lieved, are the result of some secret with regard to blackening the moulds. The exterior of a large casting is invariably harder than the CASTINGS. 289 interior. This effect is probably due to the rapid cooling of the parts in contact with the sand, as the hardness is found to depend very much upon the rapidity of cooling. This fact has induced many experiments, and the quite general adoptiou of several dif- ferent processes, according to the quality of the work required. Iron required to withstand wear, as hammer faces, car-wheels, gudgeons, &c., is cast in close contact with a large mass of cold iron ; and iron in which a great uniformity of strength and a general softness is required, as small portions of machinery which are to be drilled, planed, &c., is cast in moulds previously heated to a tolerably high temperature. The former are called " chilled," and the second " dry-sand castings," as distinguished from the first described, or "green-sand castings." Very large moulds are built up with brickwork and lined with clay ; and the products are termed " loam castings." There are other processes for rapid cool- ing besides that above mentioned, one of which consists in a rapid circulation of water through pipes in the vicinity of the part to be chilled, but all act in a substantially similar manner, and with the same result. There is a process of " annealing" metals, by heating, and then gradually cooling under favorable circumstances, which we will refer to when we come to speak of Car wheels. A species of cast iron, produced by a modification of this process, is called " Malleable Iron," and combines in a high degree the tenacity of wrought with the cheapness of cast-iron shapes. An immense number of Locks, and other articles in the Hardware trade, is produced by this process, which may again be alluded to in a separate division of our subject. During the last few years the demand for Castings of great size has severely tested the skill of founders, but they have invariably responded to the calls by producing specimens more remarkable than any heretofore attempted. Cylinders, in which the tallest man could stand upright, have repeatedly been cast at Foundries in Philadelphia ; and those of the "Erricson," cast at I. P. Morris & Co.'s Foundry, were eleven feet five inches in diameter. The boring was executed by their great Yertical Boring Mill, which was in use in this city before introduced into New York. The cylinders for the blowing machinery of the Lackawanna Iron 23* 290 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Works, at Scranton, Penna., cast at the same establishment, are one hundred and ten inches in diameter, and ten feet stroke. But the heaviest casting ever made in this country, and probably in the world, was the bed-plate for the Baltic, which weighed 130,148 pounds. The bed-plate for the Arctic weighed forty-five tons, and that for the Atlantic thirty-seven tons. The products of Foundries, disconnected from Machine-shops, consist principally of Stoves, Hollow-ware, Iron Building work, and Railings, Safes, &c., to each of which we shall briefly refer. 1. STOVES AND HOLLOW-WARE. Five large Foundries in this city are devoted exclusively to the manufacture of Stoves ; while two others make Stoves, together with miscellaneous castings. The capital invested in the manu- facture is about $600,000, and the annual product about 12,500 tons, worth $1,250,000. The designs, in many instances, are re- markable for their elegance, and the establishments are not sur- passed in facilities or in extent by any others. The moulding- room of one firm is three hundred and sixty feet long and sixty feet wide, being the largest moulding-room, with the exception of one also in Philadelphia, in the United States. The Foundry of another firm has facilities and capacity for turning out 30,000 Stoves per annum. The cheapness of the raw material, and mild- ness of the winters, enabling the manufacturers to continue oper- ations without cessation throughout the year, are marked advan- tages, and the fineness of the castings induces professed manufac- turers in other places to obtain their supplies from this city. The varieties made here embrace almost every description, from the old Franklin Stove, and the Ten-plate Wood Stove, down to the most modern styles and patterns, including Gas Cooking Stoves. In originating patterns and beautiful styles, the Philadelphia man- ufacturers and Stove pattern-makers have been remarkably suc- cessful ; and Stoves from this city have been shipped to Oregon^ California, Australia, and Europe ; while in our own markets no others can compete with them. In addition to the establishments devoted, either entirely or in part, to the production of Stoves, there are about fifty Stove- STOVES AND HOLLOW-WARE. 291 makers who get their castings from founders, and finish them in their own shops. As some Cooking Stoves have sheet-iron ovens, and many Parlor and Office Stoves are chiefly composed of Russia Sheet Iron, the value of the castings, in some instances, is in- creased from two to three times. About nineteen establishments, besides the above, are engaged in the manufacture of Hot-air Furnaces, (or Heaters,) and Cooking Ranges. They usually orig- inate or purchase the patterns, and get the castings executed at the regular foundries. The varieties made, embrace the most complete, convenient, and economical, as well as a fac-simile of the article so long used in New York ; and the Summer Range or Gas Oven, which originated here, and is said to be unknown elsewhere. The above establishments furnish employment to at least six hundred metal workers, and consume a large amount of Russia, English, and American Sheet Iron, besides Tin-plate, Fire-brick, &c., &c. Ornamental Iron Parlor Grates, for which we have long been dependent upon New York, are now made here of great elegance, and in various styles, by at least one firm, who has recently erected ovens for baking on the enamel. Three of the Foundries in Philadelphia are occupied almost exclusively in casting Hollow-ware and Hardware Goods, which are subsequently enameled or tinned. The establishment of one of these, that of Messrs. STUART & PETERSON, is probably more extensive than any other of the kind in the Union. In this manu- facture great care is necessary in the selection and commixing of the different brands of Iron, in order to obtain castings of proper tenacity ; and after such are obtained, the inside surface of the ware must be made smooth and bright to protect the enamel. In England this is effected by turning the article in an ordinary foot-lathe, the tool being guided by hand ; but the inhalation of particles of Iron proved most destructive to the lives of the opera- tives. The firm above alluded to, employ for this purpose self- acting tools or lathes, the invention of their master-machinist ; and so admirably do they conform to the irregularities of the sur- face to be turned, that they seem to be endowed with almost human intelligence. The products of this establishment embrace a great variety of 292 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Culinary and Household articles Pots, Kettles, Stew-Pans, and other articles, from the smallest to the largest, as Caldrons, &c.* The other Hollow-ware Foundries in the branch, are those of Messrs. SAVERY & Co., and LEIBRANDT, MCDOWELL & Co., late Finley & Co. The former has been established about twenty years, and has produced an immense number of Pots, Pans, Kettles, &c., besides Plows, and other agricultural implements of great va- riety and acknowledged excellence. This firm employ about one hundred hands, and have been very successful in producing cast- ings remarkable for their size, as Caldrons, Sugar Boilers, &c. , capable of holding hundreds of gallons. The establishment of FINLEY & Co. is new, and has recently changed owners. In its present hands it will no doubt soon take rank with the others. 2. BUILDING AND ORNAMENTAL IRON-WORK. The use of Iron, as a material for building purposes, must be ranked among the modern applications of this wonderful metal. The gentleman who erected the first Iron Building in the United States is, we believe, still prepared to receive orders. The oldest Foundry in Philadelphia, devoted to the production of Building castings, was erected in 1804 ; and its proprietor, Mr. * We extract the following remarks from a circular of Messrs. STUART & PETERSON, who are certainly entitled to very great credit for their success- ful efforts in competing with foreign manufacturers. " We now anneal and turn out bright the inside surface of all the ware we enamel or tin, the annealing making it less liable to break by sudden exposure to heat, and turning off the casting surface makes it retain the enamel more perfectly ; and even after long use, if the enamel should come off, the sur- face left will be smooth and easily kept clean, altogether making it more serviceable than the ware of those manufacturers who do not prepare their ware thus. We wish it to be known particularly that we do not put into the mixture, or use in any way in the preparation of our enamel, any lead or other metallic oxides. " We desire to call particular attention to our Tinned (usually called PATENT METAL) Ware. We prepare it for tinning in the same way, use the same quality and quantity of tin on each piece, use the same quality of iron, and finish it in the same way, making it in all respects the same qual- ity as English Patent Metal Ware. It will stand ns much heat and use, and many of our customers have been pleased to say, is more bright and perfect than nny they have ever seen imported." BUILDING AND ORNAMENTAL IRON-WORK. 293 James Yocoin, was one of the first in this country to make Iron fronts for buildings. The business now employs six Foundries, almost exclusively ; and as the advantages of Iron for this pur- pose, combining as it does strength and durability, with cheapness and facility of elaborate ornamentation, become more manifest, the architectural popularity of the metal will extend. At the present time, the firms engaged in producing Building Castings, may be said to execute work for the whole country. During the last year, Messrs. H. C. ORAM & Co., made and put up a five-story Iron front in New Orleans ; an Iron front in Sa- vannah ; another in Nashville; supplied Ornamental Castings for the Town Hall in Wilmington, N. C. ; a Cast Iron frame for the New Orleans Gas Company ; besides putting up a large number of fronts in Philadelphia and its vicinity ; casting thirty-six bow- string girders from sixteen to forty-three feet long, six hundred and fourteen columns from eight to twenty-two feet, and the mag- nificent Cast Iron dome and ceiling of the Bank of Pennsylvania. Another firm, Messrs. HAQAR, SANSON & FARRAND, has executed extensive orders for Galveston, Texas; and supplied numerous places in the South and West. This firm make a Revolving Iron Shutter, which is extensively used and highly appreciated. Its ability alike to resist the assaults of fire and of burglars, as well as its durability and convenience, has increased its popularity and induced an extensive demand. These Shutters are known as Mettam's Patent, and are corrugated, which gives the slats increased strength. Mr. Sanson has invented a machine which cuts and corrugates the slats at the same time. This cheapens the production, and enables this firm to supply Shutters at a reduced price. It may be safely said that the firms now engaged in producing Building work have a most complete and extensive stock of pat- terns, and every facility for the execution of orders, however dif- ficult may be the design or configuration desired. The manufacture of Hoofing is made a distinct branch of the Iron Building work, in this city. One firm, Messrs. R. S. HAR- RIS & Co., is very extensively engaged in the manufacture of Corrugated Iron Roofing, an article introduced here some years ago by Asa Whitney, and found peculiarly well adapted for cov 294 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. ering buildings of great size or span, as Rail-road Depots, Foun- dries, Banks, &c., while also well adapted for smaller buildings It is well-known that a wooden roof, if the span be great, say sixty or eighty feet, requires a very heavy frame ; but by the pro cess adopted by this firm, a roof superior in durability is obtained with less weight. The material used is generally American Gal- vanized Iron, (unless common iron painted, of which the first cost is less, be preferred ;) and is supported on a peculiar Patent Independent Truss, supplied by this firm. The corrugating so strengthens the material, that Iron No. 22, possesses all requisite strength for the largest building. The works of this firm, situ- ated at Prime and Eleventh streets, are well provided with ma- chinery for making every part of a roof on their premises ; but probably the most remarkable of their machines is one for punch- ing, by which the sheets of a roof are so accurately and uni- formly punched, that the proper place of each can be known, and the entire roof put up by others than the manufacturers.* Messrs. Harris & Co. also make Patent Galvanized Cornices, which are cheaper and lighter, and more ornamental than stone, and more durable than wood. Specimens can be seen at the Academy of Music, in Philadelphia, and at Nassau Hall, Prince- ton, N. J. It is hoped that Hoofing and Cornices, of the descrip- tion which this firm manufacture, will come into more extensive use than heretofore ; for, being entirely fire-proof, they are a pro- tection to a city. Ornamental Iron Work, and especially the manufacture of Iron Sailings, constitute to some extent a distinct business, though generally associated with Architectural Iron-work in some of its forms. The Iron Railings made in this city are of a very superior character, both as regards the construction and decora- tive arrangement of the parts ; no expense being spared by the Among the numerous buildings covered with Corrugated Iron Roofing, we might mention the United States Mint, the Masonic Hall, John Grigg's Fire- proof building, the Depot of the West Philadelphia Passenger Railway, the Phoenixville Iron Works, the Gas Works in Cincinnati, the Custom House in Mobile, the Charlotte Branch Mint, the very extensive buildings of the Geor- gia Central Rail-road Company at Savannah, the Gas Works at Richmond, and at Winchester, Va., and many others in the chief cities of the South and West ; besides several in Havana, Cuba. RAILINGS AND ORNAMENTAL IRON-WORK. 295 leading manufacturers to obtain beautiful and tasteful designs. Most of the Cemeteries and Public Squares throughout the whole country are adorned by work executed iu Philadelphia ; and every city, probably every town in the Union, contains some specimen of our manufacturers' skill and taste. The English Commission- ers, in their report on the Industry of the United States, refer, in terms of high commendation, to the Ornamental Cast Iron-work of Philadelphia, as will be perceived from the following extract : " Ornamental Castings for architectural purposes, such as balus- trades, railings, etc., are produced in large quantities in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and other large cities, and these are usually copies or adaptations of similar work made in this country. " At Philadelphia, the garden decorations, ornamental cast iron-work for cemeteries, monuments, etc., manufactured at the foundry of Mr. ROBERT WOOD, are good examples of their class. One or two verandahs and garden fountains were superior in design, being well adapted both to the material and the purpose for which they were intended. Mr. Wood is engaged in the production of a cast-iron statue of Henry Clay, fifteen feet high, to be placed upon a Doric column of the same material, about to be erected by the citizens of Pottsville, Schuylkill County, Penn- sylvania."* In the manufacture of Railings, though Cast Iron is princi- pally employed, Wrought Iron is used in considerable quantities. The latter is considered superior to Cast Iron in the power of resisting strains or concussions ; and since the discovery of the process of weaving bars of any size, recently introduced into Philadelphia, it is possible to attain equal strength in the con- struction of Window Guards, Gratings, Railings, &c., with much less weight of material than formerly. Within the last few years the applications of Cast Iron-work have been greatly extended. Iron Bedsteads, of all sizes, are made largely by at least two firms, Messrs. WALKER & SONS, and MACFERRAN & YOUNG. The Ornamental Iron Bedstead of Mr. * For a full description of this interesting establishment, (now WOOD & PEROT'S,) see APPENDIX. 296 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Macferran is highly recommended by the Franklin Institute, as an article combining neatness, and light weight, with sufficient strengh. His manufactures include a great variety of Ornamental Iron Castings, Hat Racks, Umbrella Stands, Water Coolers, Washstands, Sinks, Fountains, Settees, Dogs, Lions, Tables, Chairs, Towel Racks, with a great variety of Brackets, Hitching Posts, Spout Castings, &c., &c. This gentleman is noted for his taste in designs, and ingenuity in originating desirable patterns. He also manufactures the cele- brated Champion Hot-air Furnace, and Ranges, Gas Ovens, &c. 3. SAFES. The manufacturers of these articles, almost indispensable among a mercantile people, have so effectually "cried aloud and spared not," that the public are probably more familiar with their rela- tive merits than we are. The metal portion of the Safes consists of stout and tough Wrought Bar and Plate Iron ; and the space between the outer and inner surfaces is filled with a chemical preparation, which is a good non-conductor of heat. The inte- rior is rendered wholly impervious to damp ; and books, papers, and jewelry, may be preserved in them any length of time with- out blemish from mould or mildew. Rival makers have mani- fested a very determined disposition to burn up each other's Safes ; and if none have succeeded in doing this, we must infer that all are equally proof against fire. The annual production in this city is about $180,000. (See APPENDIX.) The principal restriction hitherto to the more extended use of Iron has been its tendency to oxdyation or rust, but happily me- chanical ingenuity has overcome this difficulty. Iron is now coated with another metal, forming a combination impervious to atmospherical influences, and known as GALVANIZED IRON. The process of effecting this great change in this useful material, and forming Galvanized Sheet Iron, is described to us by a leading firm in the business, as follows : The Iron is first rolled into sheets as ordinary Sheet Iron ; but for the purpose of galvanizing, a selec- tion is necessary, for experience has proved that Iron, though of good quality, will not in all cases combine with the zinc which is used in coating. The sheets selected are rolled very smooth and well trimmed to the size required, and cleansed from all irapuri- GALVANIZED IRON. 297 ties by a weak acid. The effects of the acid are in turn removed by immersion in a tank of clear water, and then the sheets are dried in an oven. The iron thus prepared is placed in contact with the zinc, and the two metals being brought to the same temperature combine and fuse, and form a material impervious to rust, and requiring neither paint nor any preservative agent. The proper regulation of the temperature of the zinc and the iron is a point of great nicety, requiring in the manufacturer much previous experience. The firm to whom this material is indebted for much of its present popularity and even intrinsic value, and who, we understand, were the first to introduce the manufacture of Galvanized Sheet Iron into the United States, are Messrs. McCuLLOUGH & Co., of Phila- delphia. Their works, it is believed, are the most extensive of the kind in the Union. Their mills for rolling Sheet Iron, of which they own three, are located in Cecil County, Maryland two at North East, and one at Rowlandsville. They are driven by water- power the former by the feeders of the North East Creek, and the latter by the waters of the Octorara ; and are capable of pro- ducing from 1,500 to 2,000 tons of Sheet and Flue Iron annually. The firm employ at their various works from 200 to 250 men use 2,000 to 2,500 tons of Pig Iron and Blooms, and consume about 1,500 tons of Anthracite, and some 2,000 tons Bituminous coals. The works for Galvanizing are located in the city, at the corner of Eleventh and Prime streets, and all the Iron made is brought from the mills, by way of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail-road and the River, and delivered at the warehouse in connection with these works. The Galvanized Iron of this firm has been tested by the emi- nent chemist of the Mint, Professor Booth, who pronounced it equal to that of English manufacture ; and in certain tests by sulphuric and other acids, it proved superior. Its applications are necessarily almost as numerous as Iron itself, being available wherever exposed to corrosive influences, and specially adapted for Roofing, Iron-work for ships, Water and Gas Tubing, Win dow Shutters, Telegraph Wire, &c. In the northern part of the city there is another establishment for Galvanizing Sheet Iron, Wire, &c., MARSHALL, GRIFFIN & Co 24 298 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. proprietors. At these works sixty men are employed, and twelve miles of Telegraphic Wire are galvanized in a day, at a cost of about $10 per mile. We have thus briefly traced and narrated the processes em- ployed in the production of the various kinds of Iron Pig, Wrought, and Cast, from the period of its extraction from the earth in the form of Ore, down to its introduction to the market. A more comprehensive and connected view of the whole, however, may be obtained from an examination of the subjoined table, Or ANALYTICAL VIEW OF THE MANUFACTURE AND USE OF IRON bd feja|f Natural Iron Minet and Iron Beds contain I! 53 -P- 3 pa Sfc o ^ e s "> o M - **/ S3 S-S 5 's? <3 P* &: o 2, ,_, 3' 3 o !f- B -" M -H a Q ~ srl These undergo in the Blast Furnace Digging or Mining, Roasting,* SMELTING. White Iron, Mottled Iron, Bright Iron, Gray Iron. and assume the form of Pig Iron, rated They next in Iron Work* and Foundriet undergo And are put in use b^ ^ h^ *: 1 *4 *4 V ta Bto *0 )-> <*a ff 3 < <3 2 w 2 " ** SS" ^ ^03 > o 5 ^ ^^ il^*' (j ^ "* M <5 P- >< .S-O Pc0 PS-O " x CPjj B"_a P"^p ** ^ 1- ** ^ M CO g S? 1 ? 1 P 5 ' S-l P S 3 5? <" 1 >. il Refining* Melting, PUDDLING, Squeezing or Hammering, MOULDING, Rolling. Cleaning. And when torn out become Wrought Scrap Iron. Cast Scrap Iron. * Those processes marked by a Star are sometimes omitted. COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY. 299 XX. Iron and its Manufactures Continued. Machinery. The manufacturers of Machinery, considered with reference to the nature of their occupation, are divided into two classes, who may be styled special and general Machinists the former being u hose who confine their operations to a special and particular class of Machines and Tools, and the latter being those who have the disposition and facilities to execute orders for almost all kinds of Machinery, heavy and light. The Machine-makers of Phila- delphia are, in this view, principally general Machinists ; but each of the following classes Cotton and Woolen Machinery; Railway Machinery; Machinists' Tools; Paper-makers 1 , Printers', and Bookbinders' Machines; Fire Engines; Gas and Water Apparatus, and probably some others, has extensive establishments devoted expressly to its production. We shall briefly advert to the most important of these special classes, commencing with 1. COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY. It is stated, in apparently authentic records, that the manufac- ture of some parts of the machinery necessary in the production of Textile fabrics, was carried on in Philadelphia in the time of the Revolution. As early as 1778, we learn from Scott's Gazet- teer of the United States, published in 1805, that the eminent Philadelphia machinist, OLIVER EVANS, manufactured "Wire from American Bar-iron, which he made of excellent quality, on the most improved plan carried on iu this country ; also wrought it into wire for cards, in the way described by those who had seen them made in Europe. But thinking the process too tedious, he invented a machine by which he could work the wire into card teeth, at the rate of nearly three thousand per minute, by the simple motion of turning a winch, or wrench, by hand ; also, a machine for punching the holes in the leather for the teeth, by which he could prick by the motion of his hand one hundred and fifty pair of cards per day. He also planned a wire mill, with machinery to make the wire into card teeth as fast as drawn. This he has often declared was one of the greatest produc- tions of his mind. He applied to the Legislature of Pennsylvania for aid to carry it into effect ; but this was not granted, and this was lost. When peace was established he declined this business, and in the year 300 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. 1783 commenced the building of a merchant flour mill, which led him to the study of the improvement of the art of manufacturing flonr ; and invented the machines which he has denominated the Elevator, the Hopper-boy, the Conveyor, and Drill, by means of which, when properly applied, the greatest part of the manufacture and labor which were oefore necessary is now saved." But the first regular manufactory of Cotton Machinery was established at Holmesburg, in 1810, by ALFKED JENKS, who had oeen a pupil and colaborer with the celebrated Samuel Slater, and who brought with him from New England drawings of every variety of Cotton Machinery, as far as it had then advanced in the line of improvement. He supplied the first mill started in this portion of the State of Pennsylvania, with the requisite ma- chinery ; and subsequently the Keating Mill, at Manayunk, now owned by J. G-. Kempton. In 1816 he built for Joseph Ripka, a number of Looms for weaving Cottonades. A record now before us states : " Under the universal impetus given to home manufactures during the last war, Mr. Jenks greatly extended his business operations, and in 1819 or 1820 removed to his present desirable location in Bridesburg, the increased growth of which is owing in no small degree to the personal efforts and enterprise of himself and the importance of his establishment. Here, where he possessed the necessary facilities for shipping to his more distant patrons, he conveyed his old frame building from Holmesburg on rollers, which yet stands amid the more substantial and excellent struc- tures beside it. This, however, was found too small for his in- creased business, and was extended by the erection of a stone building thirty feet long, now forming the north end of the pres- ent main building, which is four hundred feet in length. When the demand first arose for Woolen Machinery in Pennsylvania, Mr. Jenks answered it, and at once commenced its manufacture, and furnished the first Woolen Mill erected in the State, by Bethel Moore, at Conshohocken, with all the machinery necessary for this manufacture. "In 1830, Mr. Jenks, impressed with the idea that the labor of manipulation was insufficient to supply the wants of the popula- tion, or to meet the commercial demands, invented a Power-loom COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY. 301 for Weaving Checks, and introduced it into the Kempton Mill at Manayunk, where its success produced such excitement among hand-weavers, and others opposed to labor-saving machinery, as to cause a large number of them to go to the mill, with the avowed purpose of destroying it, from doing which they were only prevented by the presence of an armed force. This, and other improved machinery made by Mr. Jenks, soon acquired an extended reputation, and induced the erection of larger buildings and the introduction of increased facilities. The numerous valu- able improvements made by Mr. Jenks, from 1819, when he ob- tained his first patent, to the present time, and those of his equally ingenious and skillful son, are embraced in such a vast number of patents, and are so various in their nature and construction, as to prevent us from even enumerating their titles and objects in this limited notice. They are, however, well-known to manufac- turers." The present works of Messrs. ALFRED JENKS & SON are un- questionably among the most extensive and important for the manufacture of Cotton and Woolen Machinery in the Union. The present sole manager, BARTON H. JENKS, Esq., has been untiring in his efforts to improve and perfect the general system of manufacturing; and so successful in this, and in originating improvements with reference to special articles, that, at the pres- ent time, we do not believe there are any other works in the entire Union that can be compared with these for the purposes for which they are designed. The development which we have shown has been attained in the manufacture of Textile fabrics in Phila- delphia, and its vicinity, is no doubt in part due to the excellence of the machinery supplied from this establishment; but its ben- efits are by no means local, for its products are as regularly shipped to New England as to Manayunk, and to the South as to Gloucester. We, however, shall reserve a description of these Works for the APPENDIX. Cotton and Woolen Machinery is made at several other establishments in Philadelphia; but in these the scope of opera- tions is either restricted to certain particular Machines, or is so extended as to embrace general Machinery. J. & T. WOOD, proprietors of the Ftxirmount Machine Works, for instance, do 24* 302 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. an extensive business in the construction of LOOMS, for which they are provided with all the requisite facilities ; and in 1856> they turned out four hundred and eighty Power Looms, or forty per month. Their Looms, we believe, are so constructed as to be adapted for use either in Cotton or Woolen Factories. But the business of this firm takes a much more comprehensive range, embracing the construction of Embossed Calenders, Lard Oil Presses, of which they can make twenty per month, and all kinds of Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers, Couplings, &c., and machine work in general. They employ regularly about seventy hands. The Messrs. Wood have an excellent reputation for doing thor- oughly and well whatever they undertake. Messrs. HINDLE & SONS, in West Philadelphia, employ about fifty hands, principally in the manufacture of Woolen Machinery ; and Messrs. ECCLES & SON make Looms, and a variety of Machi- nery for Cotton Factories. Hepworth's picking stop-motion for Drop-box Power Looms is made by J. J. Hepworth ; and Lead Wire for Looms is made at the Lead Pipe Works of Tathem & Brothers, which are be- lieved to be the most extensive of the kind in the world. Card Clothing is made very extensively at one establishment, where fifty-three of those wonderful and ingenious machines, which Webster is reported to have said seemed to be endowed with human intelligence, are in constant operation. The original Machine was patented in 1810, by Thomas Whittemore, though the real in- ventor was Elizur Smith, of Walpole, Mass. Various improve- menta have been made from time to time ; and now so perfect and automatic are its operations, that only three men are re- quired to tend fifty-three machines. It seizes the wire in its iron fingers, bends it, punches holes for it in the leather, then inserts it ; and if the slightest derangement take place, or the least im- perfection is manifested in the manufactured product, it stops and waits until the difficulty is remedied. The proprietors of this establishment, Messrs. JAMES SMITH & Co., are experimenting with reference to the substitution of Cloth for Leather in their manufacture. The average price of the Card Clothing made in Philadelphia, is $1 per square foot, and the quality superior to that made elsewhere in the country. COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY. 303 One firm, Messrs. W. P. UHLINGER & Co., are extensively en- gaged in the manufacture of Ribbon Looms, Jacquard Machines, and Rotary Knitting Machines. This excellent establishment employs from forty to seventy mechanics, and does an annual business of over $50,000. The most ingenious and compli- cated Machinery is made here Ribbon Looms, for instance, being self-acting, and combined with the Jacquard Machine, to be propelled by power or hand. These are supplied largely to New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts the extensive Man- ufactory of Ribbons and Trimmings, at West Newton, in the last-named State, being wholly supplied with Machines by this firm. Hotary Knitting Machines for Stockings, Jackets, Shirts, &c., are made at this establishment. For this Machine, Mr. Uh- linger received a first-class premium from the Franklin Insti- tute ; and its practical value is shown in the patronage bestowed upon it, both by power and by hand-loom weavers. Mr. Uhlinger's establishment was founded in 1850; and though its transition from insignificance to importance has been rapid, its present equipments, perfection in machinery,' and quality of its manufactures, entitle it to rank among the important ones of Phil- adelphia. The demand for Sewing Machines has induced the pro- prietor to provide himself with superior facilities for their manu- facture ; and hereafter these important Machines, so largely sold in this market, will also be extensively made here. The common Knitting Frames are made by two persons in Germantown ; and Looms, &c., by several manufacturers in a small way throughout the city. Shuttles are an exclusive article of manufacture in at least two concerns those of Mr. H. SERGESON, and E. JACKSON, each of whom make annually 20,000 Shuttles of all sizes, from the small ones for Silk or Lace, and Hand-looms, to the largest sized ones, with wheels, used in weaving Broad-cloth. The prices range from $4.50 to $22 per dozen. Philadelphia has peculiar advan- tages for the production of an excellent Shuttle, at a moderate cost, from the fact that a better quality of wood, used for this purpose, is here attainable than elsewhere. This is a fine quality of Dog-wood, which grows upon the Isthmus, between 304 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, and for this manufacture it is nearly equal to the best Turkey Box-wood. The varieties grown further South, or more inland, are softer, and of inferior quality, the sea air apparently conducing to the perfection of the wood. Small Bone and Ivory Shuttles, for ladies' use, are also made ; and both common and fancy Shuttles are sent from Philadelphia to all parts of the Union. Seeds and Neddies constitute a distinct business for several parties. One firm has employed as many as sixty hands ; and the annual product has attained a value of $150,000. 2. RAILWAY MACHINERY. The activity of the American people in constructing Railways, already extending, as they do, to more than 24,000 miles, or a dis- tance as great as the circumference of the globe, has necessarily called into existence immense establishments, exclusively devoted to supplying a demand for Railway equipments. Four years ago, it was estimated that the capital then invested in Locomotive building was $3,000,000, employing over 6,000 hands, who re- ceived $2,700,000 yearly for labor, and turned out $8,000,000 in value of manufactured products. Twenty years ago, it is believed, there were not six Locomotive establishments in the Union. A story is told of a gentleman who, about that time, received an offer from a capitalist of New York to furnish him the necessary capital to engage in the manu- facture of Locomotives, if he thought it would pay, and, as such offers were rare, was quite desirous to accept of it ; but, after visiting the principal shops, reported to the capitalist that the business would not pay, "for with three hundred men and Bald- win's shop, in Philadelphia, he could build all the Locomotives the country would need for twenty years." This gentleman is probably now a wiser, as well as an older man ; for, by examining the late report of the Pennsylvania Central Hail-road, he could learn that this Company alone has in use 2,16 Locomotives. The concentration of Rail-roads, and the advantages for eco- nomical construction, and especially the experience and eminence of her Engineers, have made Philadelphia a great centre for the construction of Railway Machinery. The establishments which LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. 305 are principally occupied in this pursuit, are among the most ex- tensive, important, and interesting in the city ; and this remark applies not merely to those which are employed in producing complete Machinery, but also those occupied in making parts, as Wheels, Axles, Tubes, Turn-Tables, &c. We shall advert to the more prominent of these, commencing with LOCOMOTIVES. It is a somewhat singular fact, that the same eminent Philadel- phia Engineer, to whom we referred as a pioneer in the construc- tion of Cotton Machinery, is also credited with having built the first Locomotive Steam Engine, taking the word locomotive in its derivative signification as "self-acting."* It may also be claimed, that the first entirely successful Amer- ican Locomotive was built by a Philadelphia mechanic ; while it is conceded that here many of the most important improvements in its construction and capabilities had their origin. The work- shops of this city have sent forth nearly 1,800 Locomotives to perform their part in extending civilization, some of which are now thundering up mountain grades, on the long lines of the Pennsylvania Central and Baltimore and Ohio roads, while others are extending the fame of American genius in Continental Europe. The establishments, of which there are two in this city, date from the organization of the manufacture into a distinct business, and a brief outline of their history will not be deemed inappropriate. * Scott's Gazetteer, published in 1805, speaking of Oliver Evans, says : " He is now just finishing a machine called the Orukter Amphibolis, or Am- phibious Digger, for the purpose of digging either by land or water, and deepening the docks of the city of Philadelphia. It consists of a steam- engine on board of a flat-bottomed boat, to work a chain of hooks to break up the ground, with buckets to raise it above water, and deposit it in an- other boat to be carried off. This principle he can no doubt apply to dig canals to make great dispatch. Orukter Amphibolis is built a mile from the water; and although very heavy, he means to move it to the water by the power of the engine. Its first state will then be, a Land Carriage moved by steam." 306 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. M. W. BALDWIN & CO.'S LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. The founder of these works, Mr. M. W. Baldwin, is a native of New Jersey, but has been a resident of Philadelphia for over forty years. He commenced his mechanical career as an appren- tice to the Jewelry manufacture ; but, on attaining his majority, saw proper to apply the knowledge so obtained to the production and improvement of Bookbinders' Tools, which at that time thirty or thirty-five years ago were generally imported. In part- nership with David H. Mason, he prosecuted this manufacture with success ; and, by the introduction of new designs, largely extended and improved Ornamental Bookbinding. To this busi- ness was added in 1822, that of engraving rolls for printing cotton goods, which became the source of large profits. They were the originators of this business in this country, and pursued it without competition until they had brought it to a degree of perfection that defied foreign competition. Subsequently, Bank- note engraving was attempted with fair success. These pur- suits required the invention and manufacture of a variety of tools and machinery adapted to particular uses, the getting up of which gradually introduced the Machine business, and the manufacture of Hydraulic Presses, Rolls for Calendering Paper, Stationary En- gines, and finally the Locomotive. In 1830, at the request of Mr. Peale, the proprietor of the Philadelphia Museum, Mr. Baldwin constructed a model Locomotive Engine for exhibition, which was put in use in 1831, hauling five or six passengers in a train of cars, and attracting crowds to the then novel sight. This led to an order for an engine from the Philadelphia and Germantown Rail- road Company ; it was completed in 1832, and placed on the road in January, 1833. This was, undoubtedly, the first successful American Locomotive Engine ; and, from the records in the newspapers of that day, its performance was not exceeded for years after, having made a mile in less than a minute. The busi- ness was now commenced, and extended as rapidly as. the neces- sary tools, patterns, and fixtures, could be obtained. During the years 1833-34, five engines were built, and the large shops on Broad, above Callowhill street, now occupied as their works, were commenced and completed. In 1835, fourteen Locomotives were LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. 307 manufactured; in 1836, forty; and in 1837, between forty-five and fifty. The financial revulsions of the period reduced the number, in 1838, to twenty-four. The leading features of the engines built by Mr. Baldwin, and which established his reputa- tion upon a permanent basis, were their simplicity, strength, and durability. The greater portion are yet in use ; and, within the limit of their power, are still doing duty profitably to their owners, and creditably to the skill of the builder. The plan of attaching the cylinders to the outside of the smoke-box, now almost uni- versally adopted, originated with Mr. Baldwin ; and also the me- tallic ground joints, and various minor improvements, upon which the present perfection of the Locomotive Engine depends. In 1842, Mr. Baldwin introduced the six and eight-wheel con- nected engine, with an arrangement of truck for adaptation to the curves and undulations of the road. The superintendent of the largest coal freighting road in the United States says of these : " They are saving us thirty per cent, in every trip on the former cost of Motive or Engine Power." In 1854, Mr. MATTHEW BATRD became associated with Mr. Baldwin, under the present firm style of M. W. Baldwin & Co. Mr. Baird is a practical mechanic, who is familiar both with the details of the Locomotive business since its commencement, and with other mechanical pursuits, and is a gentleman of much and deserved popularity. Contributing to the concern capital, en- ergy, and practical knowledge, it has, with his accession, taken a new lease of prosperous activity. The proprietors of these works have for years been engaged in perfecting a system of engines, by means of which they could be adapted to economical working on almost any grade or curve. Several distinct kinds, and numerous sizes of each kind, from three to thirty-five tons weight, are manufactured with from two to eight driving-wheels. The system of adaptation, and its ad- vantages, are seen in its results. On the Pennsylvania Rail-road, Eastern Division, where the grades are moderate, a passenger engine, has been running over eighteen months 133 miles per day without the loss of a trip for repairs. The success with which difficulties are overcome by engines of this firm's construction, is specially illustrated in a pamphlet pub- 308 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. lished by Charles Ellet, Civil Engineer, describing their working on a mountain top, over the Blue Ridge. He says : " We should not regard mountainous regions as necessarily excluded from participation in all the comforts and conveniences due to the rail- road, because they can only be reached by lines of very steep grade or very abrupt curvature. The American Locomotive can penetrate into the most retired valleys of Switzerland, and bring forth the products of their industry. Wherever men can go to cultivate the earth with profit, there the locomotive can follow to take away the produce of their soil. In fact, the engines daily running on this road, and draw- ing after them regular trains of forty or fifty tons of freight and pas- sengers up grades rising at the rate of 296 feet per mile, and swinging their trains of eight- wheel cars around curves of less than 300 feet radii, are capable of carrying the artillery and supplies of an army up the steepest slopes of the present road over the Simplon, and offering facilities to an invader that would have been deemed impossible a very short time ago. "This road was opened to the public in the spring of 1854, and it has now, in the autumn of 1857, been in constant use for a period of more than three and a half years. In all that time the admirable en- gines relied on to perform the extraordinary duties imposed upon them in the passage of this summit, have failed but once to make their regu- lar passage. " The locomotives for this severe duty were designed and constructed by the firm of M. W. Baldwin and Company, of Philadelphia. The slight modifications introduced at the instance of the writer, to adapt < hem better to the particular service to be performed in crossing the Blue Ridge, did not touch the working proportions or principles of the engines, the merits of which are due to the patentee, M. W. Baldwin, Esq. During the severe winter of 1855-56, when the travel upon all the Railways of Virginia, and the Northern and Western States, was interrupted, and on many lines for days in succession, the engines upon this mountain track, with the exception of the single day already spe- cified, moved regularly forward and did their appointed work. In fact, during the space of three and a half years that the road has been in use, they have only failed to take the mail through in a single instance, when the train was caught in a snow-drift near the summit of the moun- tain. " These results are due, in a great degree, certainly, to the admir- able adaptation of the engines employed to the service to be per- 'orrned ; * * * the difficulties overcome in the location and work- LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. 309 ing of the line, very much exceed those which have made the Austrian road over the Soemmering famous throughout Europe, while they have confirmed the claim of the American Locomotive, in climbing steep grades, to unrivaled pre-eminence." The present extent of the works of M. W. Baldwin & Co., will be best illustrated by the following items of materials con- sumed during the year 1857, viz. : r Iron 1,294,237 pounds. Sheet Copper 103,692 pounds. Boiler and Flue Iron $46,177 Sheet Iron 35,831 Tire Iron. 292,235 Pig Iron 1,901,536 Axles and Forginga 315,981 Ingot Copper 55,492 Banca Tin 14,536 Springs and Steel 114,868 " Anthracite Coal 2,000 tons. Bituminous Coal 25,300 bushels. Value $223,766 69. Iron Flues value $17,027 Lumber value $9,017 Files and Hardware " 11,745 Oil, Paints, Glass, &c " 7,322 In addition to the above, Sheet Brass, Spelter, Charcoal, Belts, Hose, Locomotive Lamps, Steam Gauges, Moulding Sand, Fire- Brick, Clay, Boiler Rivets, &c., &c., were purchased to the amount of $30,000. Over 600 hands were employed, producing machinery equal to seventy-two Locomotive Engines, during the year. THE NORRIS LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. The Norris Locomotive Works originated in 1834, in a small shop, employing but six men, whose united wages was but thirty- six dollars per week. The power was furnished from an adjoining wheelwright shop, by a connecting shaft through a hole in the wall. Previous to this, in 1831, Mr. "Wm. Norris, in connection with Colonel Stephen H. Long, General Parker, George D. Weth- erell, and Dr. Richard Harlan, had formed a company for build- ing " Locomotors," (as they were then called.) intended for the use of Anthracite coal as fuel. The first Engine was built under the immediate supervision of Colonel Long, at the Phoenix Foun- dry, Kensington. On the 4th of July, 1832, steam was raised, ind it was tested on the New Castle and Frenchtown Rail-road. The trial proved their first attempt a failure, in consequence of the limited grate and fire surface. The Locomotive would run a mile at fair speed ; but would then stop short, until a fresh supply of steam was generated. At these works it is said an Engine was first constructed, ca- pable of ascending heavy grades with loaded cars. This feat was 25 810 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. performed by the "George Washington," in 1836. This success excited attention everywhere to the superiority of Philadel- phia Locomotives, and orders from Europe were received. In 183*7, the Gloucester and Birmingham Railway, England, was supplied with seventeen Locomotives from these works, some of which are still in use. The present works are very extensive, embracing numerous buildings situated on Hamilton, Fairview, Morris, and Seven- teenth streets, on the locality formerly known as Bush Hill. In the year 1853 over one thousand hands were employed in them ; and with the improvements in buildings, tools, &c., made since 1853, they can now accommodate over fifteen hundred hands. There are several leading principles observed in the adminis- tration of these works, which appear calculated to insure their highest efficiency, and the best quality in their productions. One is the manufacture, upon the spot, not only of the Engines, but as far as possible, of the materials also of which they are composed. All the forged work Tires, Tubes, Springs, Brass and Iron Cast- ings, Chilled Wheels, and other parts, are here made in the best manner, and with the aid of every fixture to be found in es- tablishments supplying separately each of these items. Another is the greatest possible substitution of machinery for manual labor. The tools are adapted, in a special manner, to the execution of each portion of the work ; and each class of tools is specially ap- propriated to distinct portions of the work. Another is the en- tire independence of the different departments of the works from each other. Hardly any two distinct branches of labor are car- ried on together in the same apartment ; but, at the same time, there is the utmost facility for all necessary communication be- tween the separate departments. In the materials used for the Engines, wrought iron is used wherever practicable, and to the exclusion of cast iron. Hammered charcoal iron is used for the boilers ; thick brazier's copper is used exclusively for the tubes ; and tough scrap is used for all important forgings. Up to the present period nine hundred and thirty-seven Loco- motives have been constructed at the Norris Works ; the average for the last ten years being about forty Locomotives per year. Of this number, one hundred and fifty-six were on foreign ac- CARS AND CAR WHEELS. 311 count, having been shipped to England, France, Austria, Prussia, Italy, South America, Cuba, &c. The cost of a Locomotive, complete, varies between $6,000 and $12,000, although the price is somewhat confused, from the prac- tice of taking stock or bonds of a road in total or part payment, and often at some nominal price, without reference to their real value. The weight of a large first-class Locomotive, whether for freight or passengers, reaches as high as from twenty to thirty tons, exclusive of the tender. It is expedient in practice to use large Locomotives and haul heavy trains, in preference to the reverse, as the expense of attendance, and, to a certain extent, of repairs, is no greater for a large than for a small engine. The workmen employed in the Locomotive establishments of Philadelphia are a very superior order of mechanics, of whom the citizens of Philadelphia may justly be proud. The greatness of their mechanical creation is, in some respects, a prototype of their physical and mental characteristics. CARS are made in Philadelphia at two establishments, which in excellence of production, if not in extent, rank among the first in the country. The Philadelphia builders have constructed Cars for more than fifty of the Rail-roads in the United States ; and for beauty of finish, thorough workmanship, strength, and dura- bility, their Cars have no superiors. Nearly all the Passenger and Freight Cars of the Pennsylvania Central, and all for the North Pennsylvania Rail-road were built by them, as well as large numbers for Rail-roads in the Southern and Western States, and in Cuba and the British Provinces. (See APPENDIX.) The locality is one of the best for this manufacture in the country ; for, connected as Philadelphia is by Rail-roads with every part of the United States, and being on tide-water, build- ers have every facility for convenient and cheap transportation to any part of the world ; and, with iron and coal the two heavi- est items in their business cheaper here than in any other ship- ping port in the Union, they necessarily possess unrivaled advan- tages for manufacturing Cars with the greatest economy. For the manufacture of CAR WHEELS, A. WHITNEY & SONS have an immense establishment, the buildings of which cover 8,000 312 PHILADELPHIA AXD ITS MANUFACTURES. square feet of ground. The moulding room is four hundred feet by sixty feet probably the largest in this country ; having two Railways extending its entire length, on which carriage Cranes are propelled, and used for removing the molten iron from the furnaces to the moulds, and the wheels from the moulds to the cooling pits. There are five large furnaces in all three of which communicate by tubes with an immense caldron for containing melted iron. There are thirty-six cooling pits, having a capacity for holding at a time two hundred and fifty wheels. The wheels are taken from the moulds as soon after they are cast as they have become cool enough to bear moving without changing their form. In this state they are put into a circular furnace or chamber, whicli has been previously heated to a dark red heat. As soon as they are deposited in this furnace or chamber, the opening through which they have been passed is closed, and the temperature of the furnace and its contents is gradually raised about as high as that of the hottest part of the wheel when taken from the mould. All the avenues to and from the interior of the furnace are then closed, and the whole mass is left to cool as slowly as the heat will pass off by permeating through the exterior wall of the furnace, composed of brick four and a half inches thick, enclosed in a sheet-iron case one-eighth of an inch thick. By this process every part of each wheel is raised to the same temperature before cooling iu the furnace commences, and as the heat can only pass off through the medium of the wall and case enclosing it, all parts of the wheel cool and contract simulta- neously. The time required to cool wheels in this way is three days. In this manner wheels of any form can be made with a solid hub, free from all inherent strain, and without the hardness of the chill being in the least impaired. The furnaces used in performing this process of prolonged cool- ing are so constructed that the combustion of fuel used in heating them may be rendered more or less active at pleasure. The proprietors commenced making wheels in this way in 1847. Their works are now capable of turning out 75,000 wheels per annum. The process of prolonged cooling employed by them was invented by the senior partner of the firm, and secured by Patent, April 25th, 1848. AXLES, SPRINGS, AND TURN-TABLES. 313 The manufacture of the minor parts of Railway Machinery constitutes in the aggregate an important business, but it is car- ried on usually in combination with other machinery. CAR AXLES are made at several establishments, but principally at the Pencoyd Rolling Mill, of which A. & P. ROBERTS are pro- prietors. These works are almost exclusively engaged in the manufacture of both Rolled and Hammered Car aud Locomotive Axles. Their products are in use on most of the leading Rail- roads of the United States, Canada, Cuba, and South America, and deservedly enjoy a high reputation for quality and finish. Since they have been in operation, until January 1, 1858, they produced 12,982 Hammered Car and Locomotive Axles, and 16,410 Rolled Car Axles, of various diameters and lengths. Their Axles are all stamped in the " centre 1 ' with the name of the works, year and day of mouth on which made, aud are all centered ready for the lathe before leaving the works. They have three Heating Furnaces, and one Trip and one Steam Hammer, and one train of Rollers ; and employ, when in full operation, about seventy-five hands. CAR SPRINGS, of every description, are made in the city ; and large quantities, of sizes and patterns most in demand, are usually stored in anticipation of orders. The best of material and work are availed of, and much pains are taken to secure the best form and construction of every detail appertaining to the business. About four hundred tons of Springs are manufactured annually in a single establishment. Railway Turning and Sliding Tables and Pivot Bridges are made upon a new and economical plan, and of any required length. Messrs. WILLIAM SELLERS & Co., who, by the engineer- ing ability they have displayed, are entitled to a rank among the most eminent of European and American Engineers, make a Turn-Table of peculiar construction the largest size being fifty- four feet in diameter. It consists of a quadrangular centre-piece or box, upon which the arms for carrying the rails are keyed in a very substantial manner. At the outer end of the arms are placed two cross-girths, carrying four truck wheels, which are intended to take the weight when the load is going on or off. The centre rests upon Parry's Patent Anti-Friction Box; and the power of 25* 314 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. one man is sufficient to turn the table and its load, easily, without the intervention of any gearing. They are so constructed, that water in the pit, within eighteen inches of the top of the rail on the road, will not impair their efficiency or durability. Lap-welded Boiler Flues, for Locomotives and other Engines, are made by Messrs. MORRIS, TASKER & Co., and of various sizes, from one and a quarter to eight inches, outside diameter, cut to a specific length. The reputation of this firm will be esteemed, by those who know them, as a guarantee for the excellence of every article they produce. Car and Locomotive Lamps are made in several establish- ments ; and Mr. H. W. HOOK, to whom we referred in connection with type-metal, makes a very superior Anti-Friction Metal for bearings, which is apparently indestructible. 3. MACHINE TOOLS. The excellence of the Machine Tools, made in Philadelphia, was referred to at some length in our Introductory, as contribut- ing to the manufacturing advantages of this city. Since those remarks were written, a gentleman, who has a practical and tech- nical acquaintance with the subject, has testified that Philadelphia Tools unquestionably surpass those made elsewhere in this coun- try, in strength, proportion, and workmanship, and assigns prac- tical, satisfactory, and technical reasons for this superiority. Their strength, he says, is insured both by the amount and quality of their material. Machine Tools require great solidity of parts much inertia, to prevent injurious vibration under work any jar being incompatible with accurate work, besides injuring the tool itself. The Beds and other important parts of the Tools, made by Bement & Dougherty, and by Wm. Sellers & Co., average nearly or quite double the weight allowed by other American builders. The distribution of cast iron is extremely stiff. The iron itself is selected from the best qualities known in the manu- facture ; very little used in Philadelphia Tools having a tensile strength of less than 22,000 pounds, while much of it stands 28,000 pounds per square inch. The Castings, especially, are of a quality peculiar to this city, being of singular perfection. The lathe-spindles are made of cast steel, hammered to shape in Shef- MACHINE TOOLS. 315 field, and costing no less than sixteen cents per pound. The Boxes are of gun-brass, nine parts copper to one of tin, a most expensive combination, worth forty-four cents a pound. The Wrooght-iron work is made from best Pennsylvania Charcoal Iron, or other equally good bar ; and all parts which can be pro- perly so treated are carefully case-hardened. The strength and quality of material are applied to the best advantage through good proportion. In this point, the Tools under notice have everywhere met the highest approval. The excellent distribution of metal relieves the castings from any ap- pearance of clumsiness. The bearings are of ample sizes, the cone-pulleys of such width as will bear a belt equal in power to the strength of the machine ; and the gearing, screws, and all other parts, are in corresponding proportion. While the finish of Philadelphia Tools, though chaste, is se- verely plain, the entire workmanship is of the best character. All parts are made to standard gauges, whereby each will fit its corresponding parts in a hundred tools. The wearing surfaces are scraped together, a slow and patient process, which insures the highest accuracy of fit, absolute contact at every point. The bolt-holes are all reamed and the bolts turned and driven home. The gearing is cut to a perfect form of tooth in each case. The screw-cutting cannot be surpassed. A Lathe or Planing Machine, made with such care and accu- racy, will accomplish double the work of a tool of ordinary con- struction, of the same nominal capacity. This has been fully proved in the various manufactories and rail-rood shops where both have been tested in comparison with each other. The Phil- adelphia Car Wheel Works has lathes which can turn regularly ten ordinary axles in a day of ten hours. The same Works has Boring Mills, in which seventy car wheels can be bored and squared up in the same time. The Pencoyd Works has Lathes which, by doing double the work of ordinary Lathes formerly used, have saved in attendance, in one year, the extra amount of their first cost. The Camden and Amboy Company has a Lathe at Bordentown, which has turned off four flanged locomotive-tires in six and a half hours ! Commercially, a tool that will "stand up to the work," in this manner, is worth more than double the 316 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. pnce of an ordinary machine of the same nominal capacity, for it does double the work with the same attendance, saving hands and shop room, while the work is also much better done. This saving and advantage are so great that the leading rail-roads, when securing new equipments, cannot hesitate in their selection of Tools. The Pennsylvania, the Camden and Amboy, Virginia Central, North Carolina, Georgia Central, Memphis and Charles- ton, and many others, have stocked their shops chiefly with Phil- adelphia Tools. The United States Government has purchased, and is still purchasing them for the Navy Yards ; and large quan- tities have been furnished the Russian government. The two principal Machine Tool-making firms in Philadelphia are WILLIAM SELLERS & Co., and BEMENT & DOUGHERTY. They employ about three hundred hands, and turn out an average an- nual product of $350,000. Both of these firms have produced machines that may fairly be regarded as mechanical triumphs ; and have given a permanent reputation to the manufacture which will make Philadelphia, if not already fairly entitled to be so called, the great seat of this business in the United States. 4. STEAM AND FIRE ENGINES. Steam Engines are a leading article of manufacture in nearly all the machine shops of Philadelphia. There are more than a dozen establishments in the city, provided with facilities for con- structing any size or description of Stationary and Portable Engines ; but there are none in which the Steam Engine is an exclusive article of manufacture, or none which keep a large stock of finished Engines constantly on hand. The necessity for antic- ipating orders has not hitherto been felt by the makers, their facilities being such as enable them to meet the demand, as it arises, with sufficient expedition. Within the last few years the attention of ingenious men in this, as well as in other places, has been directed largely to sim- plifying the Steam Engine, removing all essentially unneces- sary parts, cheapening its price, and diminishing its size. At least one firm in Philadelphia has been remarkably successful in all these points, and now construct a Portable Engine, with a vertical cylinder, peculiarly adapted for confined situations STEAM AND FIRE ENGINES. 317 Messrs. LIST & DAVIS, of West Philadelphia, the firm referred to, are now constructing a Ten-horse power Engine for a Pill Manufacturer, that will not occupy more space than six feet square. The water, before entering the boiler, passes through heated tubes, and consequently no cold water is at any time admitted into the boiler. The cost of an Engine and boiler of this description, of ten-horse power, will not exceed $1,050. One Engine builder and machinist, Mr. A. L. ARCHAMBAULT, devotes a large part of his attention to the manufacture of a pe- culiar Portable Steam Hoisting and Pumping Engine. This Machine requires, but one man to keep up steam and attend to the brakes ; and by its aid pig iron can be discharged from a vessel at the rate of twenty-five tons per hour, and still more expeditiously if it can be got ready. This Engine is also arranged for driving Portable Saw Mills ; and wherever it has been tested, it has ex- cited attention, given entire satisfaction, and elicited much com- mendation. First premiums have been awarded the manufacturer, on several occasions, by the Franklin Institute, and by Agricul- tural Societies in various States ; and there is no doubt whatever that both labor and time can be greatly economized in Hoisting, Pumping, &c., by the use of Archarabault's Portable Engine. Mr. JOHN L. KITE also makes Portable Engines for Planta- tions, Hoisting, Pile-driving, &c. Propeller Engines are a leading article of manufacture in the great establishment of REANEY, NEAFIE & Co., who have built and put in successful operation a greater number than any other firm in the United States. For the last fourteen years they have made this subject almost their entire study ; and, with an experi- ence derived from having built over two hundred Engines of this class, may be not inaptly called "the Propeller builders." It would be tedious to name a fractional part of the vessels con- structed by them; but the "Pampero," whose stanchness de- served a better service than her Cuban expedition, the " Granite State," "Martin White," "Mount Yernon," the "Baltimore," " J. K Hammitt," " Lancaster," and others, are worthy and lasting monuments to the fame of their eminent builders.* The firm of Reaney, Neafie & Co., is composed of Thomas Reaney, Jacob G. Neafie, and John P. Levy. Both Mr. Reaney and Mr. Neafie have 318 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Messrs. Reaney, Neafie & Co. are also proprietors of the patent right for the " Curved Propeller," which has attained deserved popularity ; and the demand for their peculiar wheel has been so great from the Canadas and on the Lakes, that they have found it necessary to connect themselves with several extensive establishments on the Lakes. They are now building the engines for the Government sloop "Lancaster." Quite recently, as we have elsewhere stated, this firm con- structed several Steam Fire Engines, which have operated so successfully as to revolutionize popular opinion with respect to the availibility of steam for extinguishing fires. The building of Hand Fire Engines is inseparably associated with the name of one Philadelphia maker JOHN AGNEW. He has been engaged in the business for thirty-five years, and has constructed, up to the present time, 606 Fire Engines. Several of his Engines are in service in New York, three in California, a half dozen in Cuba and the other West India Islands. He em- ploys generally about thirty-four hands. The average cost of a Fire Engine, finished in ordinary style, is $1500. 5. MILL GEARING AND SHAFTING. The manufacture of Gearing, Shafting, Couplings, &c., ordi- narily constitutes a branch of the general Machine Business, but about eleven years ago it was taken up as a specialty by Messrs. Bancroft & Sellers, then located in the District of Kensington, and has been continued by them and their successors, Messrs. had a long and practical experience in mnchine shops the former hav- ing served his apprenticeship with Mr. Holloway, the first Marine En- gine builder in Philadelphia; while Captain Levy, the financial partner, is a practical seaman and shipwright, possessing a familiar knowledge of the hulls, rigging, and engines of steamers. The result of this union is, that the firm are prepared to build any description of steam vessel outright, and owners have but one contract to make, and that with very responsible parties. In the construction of iron boats of all classes, both side-wheels and propel- lers, this firm do a large business, having at least two on their stocks at all times. The also make all kinds of engines and boilers, high and low-pres- sure, heavy and light forgings, and iron and brass castings of all sizes and patterns. Having made it a rule to preserve all patterns, their stock at present is very large. PAPERMAKERS* MACHINERY, ETC. 319 WM. SELLERS & Co., to whom we have already referred more than once, and who have now probably a larger assortment of modern patterns than any other house in the country. The jour- nals or bearings on which the shafting runs, was one of the first points to which they directed their attention ; and the article manufactured by them, and known as the Ball-and- Socket Hanger, has attained an enviable reputation. Since the introduction of the Hanger, and their method of connecting gear-wheels, the at- tention of this firm has been chiefly directed to improving the method of Coupling the Shafts together, so as to render them per- fectly firm and rigid whilst at work, and at the same time to allow of detaching, at any particular point, without driving out keys or using sledges or screw-presses, as heretofore necessary. This object they have at last accomplished by means of their Double- cone Adjustable Couplings, which can be released from the shaft by slackening two small nuts ; the whole coupling being smaller and less expensive than any other in common use. The thorough system introduced into this branch of business, enables these manufacturers to employ the same patterns in a great variety of ways, and to provide special tools particularly adapted to the work, thereby decreasing the cost to consumers, who, to a great extent, are the machinists themselves in various parts of the country. 6. PAPER-MAKERS', PRINTERS', AND BOOKBINDERS* MACHINERY. Philadelphia now contains one of the most complete establish- ments in the Union for making Paper Machinery, being provided with facilities for equipping at least twenty-five Paper Mills annu- ally. The proprietor, Mr. NELSON GAVIT, is well known as an ingenious mechanic, and has been very successful in turning out good machines, both of the ordinary cylinder and the celebrated Fourdrinier machine, which cost the Messrs. Fourdrinier $300,000 to invent, and caused their bankruptcy. The cost of one of these machines is now from $3,400 to $6,000, and of a cylinder machine from $1,800 to $3,400. One peculiarity noticeable in the "ma- chinery of this establishment is, that the shafting, of which there is 500 feet, turns upon glass journals inserted in the ordinary 820 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. cast iron box, thereby avoiding a great deal of friction, and runs with much less noise, and requires oil only once, say, in two months. About sixty-five hands are constantly employed. Bookbinders' Machines are made in part at a number of estab- lishments, but particularly and largely at the shop of Mr. H. How- ard, and Mr M. Riehl, who have been in operation about four years and have turned out a large quantity of very superior Machines, which have been shipped to all parts of this country and to Cuba. While making all kinds of Machines desired and ordered by Bookbinders, this firm is exceptional, inasmuch as they control and are sole manufacturers of a great number of superior patented machines. Mr. MICHAEL RIEHL is well known to the trade as an inventor, extremely successful in originating practical and valuable improvements. His patented Book-cutting Machine is in use in the principal binderies in Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and in the Government Book Binderies in Washington. The motion of the knife is a diagonal forward one, which "draws" less and does more execution with less power, than any other similar machine, while the knife will preserve its temper and edge for a longer time. Riehl's Patent Cutter is adapted for either hand or steam power, and the price ranges from $150 to $600, according to size. Mr. Howard also makes Riehl's improved Embossing and Mashing Machines, weight 3,800 Ibs., price $600, his Improved Stamping Press, $150, a Paper-cutting Machine for Printers, price $150, and a variety of other similar machinery. Bookbinders and Printers throughout the country, we think, would consult their interests by communicating with an estab- lishment that is fully equipped and prepared to supply them with improved machinery on the most favorable terms. The manufacture of Printing Presses is limited, we believe, to the well-known Ramage Press, made by Mr. Bronstrup, and to Dow & Co.'s Card and Job Press, which is said to possess great merit. The large Power Presses, most popular, are generally patented, and made in other cities. But minor articles for Printers' use are made here largely ; as Printers' Furniture, Chases, Rollers, made by Mr. Cosfeldt and others, and Brass Galleys, Rules, Stereotype Blocks, and Rules cut to Pica eras, GAS AND WATER APPARATUS. 321 various faces, made by L. JOHNSON & Co., who furnish Printers' supplies generally. Lithographic Ruling Machines, equal to the imported, are manufactured by Mr. Saxe ; and Lithographic and Copper Plate Presses, Geometric Lathes, Hydraulic and Transfer Presses, and Engravers' Machines and Tools generally,by GEORGE C.HOWARD,* and several others. 7. GAS AXD WATER APPARATUS. Philadelphia, it is generally known, is the chief seat of Gas- making Machinery in the "United States. Nearly all the prin- cipal Gas Works, particularly in the South and West, besides Brooklyn, Bnifalo, Newport, and New Bedford, were constructed or enlarged by Philadelphia machinists ; and larger Gas Castings have been executed in foundries in this city than in any other place the Gasholder frame of the Philadelphia Works, made by Merrick & Sons, being, it is said, the largest in the world. The eminence that has been attained in this branch is, no doubt, due largely to two circumstances : first, the advantages of Phila- delphia for executing heavy castings economically, because of the abundance and cheapness of Coal and Iron ; and secondly, be- cause there are establishments in this city better provided with patterns, tools, and facilities specially adapted for the manufac- ture of Gas Apparatus than any others in the United States. Some branches of the manufacture, which are now of great im- portance, had their origin here ; as, for instance, the manufacture of Wrought Iron Tubes and Fittings, first undertaken in 1836 by Morris, Tasker & Morris, the predecessors of the present firm of MORRIS, TASKER & Co., who are undoubtedly the leading * Mr. GEORGE C. HOWAKD ranks among the most ingenious, reliable, and honorable of Philadelphia machinists. For some years he has made all the Bonnet and Hat Pressing Machines used in Philadelphia. His establishment is well -provided with tools and facilities for constructing any machinery of moderate size, including Machinists' Tools, Stationary Engines, Millwright Work, &c. ; and his reputation is a guarantee that whatever he undertakes to do will be well done. Mr. Howard is known as the inventor's friend ; he having been of peculiar and essential service to inventors in making their drawings, patterns, &c., und adapting their ideas to practical results. 26 322 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. manufacturers in this country of these articles and Gas Fitters' Tools, while they make also Cast-iron Gas Pipes, Gas-works Castings, Retorts, etc. Since this house commenced the manufac- ture of Tubes, to the expiration of the first quarter of the present year, they made 30,788,000 feet of Tubes the smallest amount made in any one year being 60,000 feet, in 1836 ; and the largest, 3,647,273 feet, in 1855.* Gas Pipes are also made at another establishment in Philadel- * The house of MORRIS, TASKER & Co. was founded in 1821, by Stephen P. Morris, who commenced the manufacture of Coal Grates, Stoves, and Smith-work in general, at the corner of Market and Schuylkill Seventh sts., Philadelphia. In 1828 he removed to the corner of Walnut and Third sts., where a foundry was put in operation, and the business greatly extended. Not long afterward he was joined by Henry Morris and Thomas T. Tasker, under the firm style of Morris, Tasker & Morris. In 1836 they commenced the erection of their present works, known as the "Pascal Iron Works," on South Fifth and Franklin sts., and also commenced the manufacture of Wrought-iron Tubes and Fittings for gas, steam, and water, being, as we stated above, the first of the kind in this country. Subsequently, they added to these the manufacture of Cast-iron Gas and Water Mains, Lap- welded Flues for Boilers, Gas and Steam-fitters' Tools, &c. On the 1st of January, 1856, the firm style of Morris, Tasker & Morris, was changed to Morris, Tasker & Co., and is now composed of Stephen Morris, Thomas T. Tasker, Jr., Charles Wheeler, Jr., and Stephen P. M. Tasker. In their works, which have been extended by additions until they cover an area of nearly four acres, about 400 men are usually employed, and over 6,000 tons of Anthracite coal alone annually consumed. The tools used, as well as thoso made, are subjects of wonder and admiration ; and the machinery, as may be supposed, is of the most perfect description. Water is furnished for the boilers of the five steam engines from two Artesian wells ; and by means of hose and pipes, communicating with tanks, it is conveyed to every room for immediate use in case of fire. A portion of the iron for the tubes and flues made by this firm is prepared in a mill of their own near Fairmount, and all the pipes are tested by an hydraulic pressure of at least 300 Ibs. to the square inch. Messrs. Morris, Tasker & Co. are also extensively engaged in the manu- facture of Apparatus for warming public and private buildings, both by hot water and by steam. One of the partners, Mr. Tasker, is the inventor of a Self-regulating Hot-water Furnace, by which the temperature in a house can be maintained at any required point for an indefinite period of time, without further attention than an occasional supply of coal. The Commit- tee on Science and the Arts, constituted by the Franklin Institute, have GAS AND WATER APPARATUS. 323 phia, viz. : at the Girard Tube Works, of which MURPHY & ALLI- SON are the proprietors. Gas Meters are made by five firms or persons in Philadelphia ; the principal manufacturers, however, being CODE, HOPPER & Co., who claim the credit of having been the first to introduce into this country the manufacture of this very ingenious instrument. This house is the oldest and most extensive in the United States, having made, up to the present time, over one hundred thousand Gas Meters, wet and dry. They employ constantly more than one hundred persons directly in their manufactory, besides a large number indirectly outside their walls. In addition to every variety of Gas Meters, they make all kinds of Gas Apparatus, such as Photometers, Minute Clocks, Pressure Registers, Indicators and Gauges, Exhausters, Governors, Meter Provers, Centre Seals, &c., &c. Every part of the meter is made on the premises ; to which is attached a foundry, with steam power and the most ap- proved and perfect machinery, Portable Gas Works for generating Gas from resin or oil are a comparatively recent invention ; but the manufacture is increasing in importance. The apparatus of Messrs. Stratton & Brother is said to be capable of making 100 cubic feet of Gas per hour from resin : one pound of resin making nine cubic feet of Gas, and one burner consuming two cubic feet per hour. One and a half bushels of Anthracite coal will supply the requisite heat, it i said, to make 500 cubic feet of Gas. In the manufacture of Water Works Apparatus, Philadelphia firms have been as successful as in Gas-making Machinery. A number of Cornish Pumping Engines, of the largest size, have been constructed by I. P. Morris & Co., but we shall defer a mention of these until we speak of Heavy Machinery. reported at length upon its peculiarities, and state that it is free from any of the disadvantages to which Hot-air Furnaces ordinarily are subject. Within the last few years they have also introduced Galvanized Iron Pipe for water, as a substitute for Lead Pipe, over which it possesses many ad- vantages such as strength, durability, and economy, and is rapidly coming into use. This firm has contributed materially to advancing the good name as welJ as fame of Philadelphia Iron Workers throughout the Union. 324 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. The minor articles for Gas Works, as Stop-cocks, Yalves, Drip Pumps, &c., are made at several establishments ; and also Cocks, Fire Plugs, &c., for Water Works, Yalves and Pipes for Tanks at Rail-road Stations, and a great variety of articles included in the term Water Apparatus. So much for Special Machinery. If we were to elaborate the subject, and, besides referring to the special classes of machinery which are represented by special establishments, we were to enu- merate also the articles which are made prominent and leading by certain general machinists, our task would be far from com- plete. Fan Blowers are a leading article of manufacture in two establishments, that of KISTEKBOCK & SON, who announce Demp- fel's Fan, and of MANOAH ALDEN, who, for more than thirty years, has been engaged in business as general Machinist. The Blower of which Mr. Alden is inventor (it has been established by repeated tests, as we are informed) will produce a stronger blast, with less power, and less noise, and less liability to derange- ment than those of any other construction. His Blowers are now in use in nearly all the large foundries, machine shops, and iron-working establishments in Philadelphia. Mr. Alden, during the last year, has also made for the inventor, Mr. Ager, several Rice-cleaning Machines, which, it is supposed, are superior to any others ever constructed for the purposes of cleaning rice per- fectly without damage to the kernel. Mint Machinery is a lead- ing article of manufacture with the firm of MORGAN, ORR & Co. , who supplied with machinery the Branch Mint in California, and also a Mint for the Peruvian Government. They have all the requisite patterns, tools, etc., for doing this kind of work success- fully, and are noted for their fidelity in executing orders. They employ on an average seventy- five hands. Mining Machinery is made at several establishments, but at one, of which THOMAS J. CHUBB is'proprietor, it is a leading article. Chubb's Patent Pneumatic Ore Separators, Crushers, Drying Cylinders, Sifting Machines, Elevators, etc., it is expected, will supersede all ma- chinery now in use for the same purposes ; and, if so, its manufac- ture would engross the capacity of all the machine-shops at pres- ent in Philadelphia. Bakehouse Machinery is made principally CUEIOUS MACHINES. 325 by R. J. HOLLINGSWORTH, who has patterns for cracker-making by hand, which, it is supposed, are not possessed by any one else in the United States. Brick Machines constitute the exclusive business of two shops ; and Braid, Cord, and Whip-plaiting Ma- chines are made at the establishments of P. GOSPELDT and CHARLES DIEDRICHS. The first-named has had thirty-three years' experience in the manufacture of these curious machines. JAMES FLINN & Co., in connection with Agricultural Implements, make Wood-boring, Chamfering, and Wooden Pin Machines, of which they are said to be sole manufacturers. At the present time, Messrs. HUNSWORTH, EAKINS & Co. are making what it is be- lieved will prove to be a very successful machine for driving Steam Plows. But these establishments, and the others that we have noticed, with but few exceptions, are provided with facilities for constructing a great variety of machinery other than that we have designated ; and therefore they are properly classified among the shops for the manufacture of General Machinery. We had hoped to conclude this chapter with a list of all the Machines which have been constructed in Philadelphia since 1850, and had expended considerable time and money in prepar- ing it, with the quantities of each, when we discovered that circum- stances which we could not control principally apathy on the part of the manufacturers would inevitably defeat its complete- ness. Enough, however, was done to inform us that such a list would prove incontestibly that the machine-shops of Philadelphia can construct almost any machine which the genius of man has invented or can invent. It would contain a number of machines, mysterious and almost awe-inspiring in the seeming intelligence, concealed in arms of wood and fingers of steel, which directs their automatic movements.* It would demonstrate, moreover, A chnpter, describing the curious machines that are in operation in the various manufacturing establishments of Philadelphia, would be one of the most interesting we could insert, if our space were not preoccupied. We can only say, see the Card Clothing Machines of James Smith & Co. : the Paper Bag Machines of the North American Paper Bag and Envelope Man- ufacturing Company; the Independent Straight Line, made by P. R. Rece- veur, and in operation in the Watch Case ^establishment of T. Esmonde Harper; the Planing and Moulding Machines in the Wood-working estab- 26* 326 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. that there have been constructed in Philadelphia some of the largest Engines and Machines, as well as largest Castings, ever made in this country. But this point the capability of Phila- delphia to construct Machine-work of extraordinary dimensions can be successfully established without any very extended enu- meration of particulars, and by referring to a few of the products of only two establishments those of I. P. MORRIS & Co. and MERRICK & SONS. At the " Port Richmond Iron-Works," of which the former firm are proprietors, were constructed the large engines of the U. S. Mint ; the large Steam Engine of the Lake Erie Steamer Mis- sissippi, being a beam-engine, with a cylinder 81 inches diameter by 12 feet stroke of piston; two Cornish Bull Pumping Engines for Buffalo Water-Works, each having steam cylinders 50 inches diameter by 10 feet stroke ; the lever-beam Cornish Pumping En- gine, steam cylinder 60 inches diameter, 10 feet stroke, at the Schuylkill Water-Works ; the Bull Cornish Pumping Engine, cylinder 40 inches diameter, 8 feet stroke, at Camden, N. J., AVater-Works ; and the Iron Light-House for Ship Shoal in the Gulf of Mexico, to be put up on screw piles in water 15 feet deep, and at a distance of 12 miles from land. The whole height of this structure, from the water to the top of the spire, was 122 feet, and from water to focal plain, 107 $ feet. The structure above the foundation to the deck, a height of 93 feet, was erected in their yard, complete in all its parts, before shipping. The Blowing Machinery for the Lackawanna Coal Co. at Scranton, probably the largest ever constructed, the dimensions of wkich were given on a previous page, was built at these Works. This firm also constructed the large Blowing Machine for the Lehigh Crane Iron Co., a lever-beam condensing engine, having a steam cylinder 58 inches diameter, 10 feet stroke of piston, and a blowing cylinder 93 inches diameter, 10 feet stroke. The beam of this engine works on a column of cast iron 30 feet high, and the whole is set upon a heavy cast iron bed-plate. They also lishments; the machines of Alfred Jenks & Son; the Uhlinger Machines; the Lathes, Planers, and Borers in the establishment of I. P. Morris & Co., Merrick & Sons, J. T. Sutton & Co., William Sellers & Co., and Bernent and Dougherty. EXTRAORDINARY MACHINES. 327 made the Direct-acting High-pressure Blowing Machine for Sey fert, McManus & Co.'s furnace at Reading, steam cylinder 40 inches diameter, blowing cylinder 102 inches diameter, both 7 feet stroke of piston. This firm, it will be seen, have built the largest Engines ever constructed for making Iron with Anthracite coal ; besides a large quantity of less capacity, but which rate among first-class machines. At the " Southwark Foundry," of which MERRICK & SONS are proprietors, were constructed the great Iron Pile Light-Houses illuminating the Florida coast, stationed at Sand Key, Gary's Fort Reef, Coffin's Patches, Rebecca Shoal, N. W. Channel, Dry Tortugas, as also those on Brandywine Shoal (Delaware Bay) and the harbor of Chicago, besides iron lanterns for Cape Hat- teras, Cape Florida, &c., and beacons for other points. The first three are among the largest in the world, being respect- ively 120 feet, 112 feet, and 137 feet high (water to focal plane), and 50 feet square, 50 feet diameter, 56 feet diameter at the base respectively, and weighing from 250 to 300 tons each. This firm made the great Gasholder frame for the Philadelphia Works (the largest in the world), being used for a gasometer 160 feet in diameter ; it weighs about one thousand tons, consisting of twelve Gothic pentagonal iron towers, 90 feet high, braced apart by girders 36 feet long and 8 feet deep, ornamented Gothic, and weighing eighteen tons each in one piece. At this shop were made the 140 feet Gasometer and framing for the same Works This firm constructed almost all the machinery for the steamers of the U. S. Navy ; among which may be specified the Mississippi, paddle, two side-lever engines of 500 horse power ; Princeton, screw, two oscillating-piston engines of 300 horse power ; San Jacinto, screw, two geared-engines of 450 horse power ; Wabash, screw, two direct-acting engines of 800 horse power. Of these, the former is too generally known to need any comment, and the latter is confessedly the finest of her class in the world. Here also were made the boilers of the TJ. S. Steamers Susquehanna and Saranac, 800 horse power each ; the machinery for the sur- veying steamer Corwin ; machinery and hull (iron) for the survey- ing steamer Search; and, for private parties, the machinery of the Keystone State, paddle, 400 horse power, State of Georgia, 328 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. paddle, 350 horse power, Quaker City, paddle, 450 horse power, Phineas Sprague, screw, 250 horse power, Alfonso and Cardenas, screws, 215 horse power each, and others. For pumping purposes, the same firm constructed the great iron Elevating Wheel at Chesapeake City, Md., for feeding the canal. This wheel is 38 feet diameter, 12 feet wide, driven by two condens- ing engines of great power, and elevates two millions of gallons sixteen feet high each hour. More recently, for the Midlothian Coal Mining Company in Virginia, they made a sixty-inch beam Cornish Engine, with one "draw" and three "forcing" lifts, each fourteen inches diameter, ten feet stroke, which pumps one million gallons per day from a coal pit 710 feet deep. They are exten- sive manufacturers of Engines and Sugar Mills for Louisiana and Cuba, and are exclusive makers of the N. Rillieux Patent Sugar- Boiling Apparatus, by which white sugar is made directly from the cane juice ; in Cuba by the bagasse alone, and in Louisiana by one-half the fuel ordinarily required. They are also sole manufacturers of Nasmyth's Steam Hammers in this country, and have built all sizes, from five hundred pounds to six tons weight of ram, and up to seven feet drop or fall. In conclusion it may be said of both these establishments, that excellence of material, solidity, and admirable fitting of the joints, a just proportion and arrangement of the parts, and a certain ap- pearance of thoroughness and genuineness, are qualities that per- vade the machine work executed by them. We pass to the third and last division of the Manufactures of Iron, viz. : Hardware and Tools. XXI Iron Manufactures Concluded Hardware and Tools. The term Hardware is one of those indefinite, comprehensive nouns of multitude, of which it may be said that it almost includes, as its name imports, every ware that is hard. Popularly, it is understood to embrace all the unclassified manufactures of Iron and Steel, including all the appendages of the mechanic arts, from a file to a mill-saw ; many of the details of common life, from a rat-trap to a coach-spring, articles as various in appearance, HARDWARE AND TOOLS SAWS. 329 size, and uses as can well be conceived in fact, whatever is sold by a Hardware dealer. In view of the almost infinite variety of articles included in the term, almost all of which are made in Philadelphia, the utmost that we can hope to accomplish is to exhibit the state of the business in its leading branches, as in the manufacture of Saws, Forks, Shovels, Files, Locks, Soils, Eivets, Scales and Balances, Edge Tools and Cutlery. If we were to consider the classes of articles designated as Hardware, in the order of their relative reputation abroad, we would come first to SAWS. Every country merchant, as well as every wood-worker, is familiar with the excellence of Rowland's Saws, Cresson's Saws, Disston's Saws, and Conaway's Saws all Philadelphia makers. The works now known as Rowland's Saw Works were founded by William Rowland in 1802, and are be- lieved to be the oldest established of the kind in this country. They have supplied, and continue to supply, a large proportion of the large-sized Saws in use, Mill and Cross-cut, varying in length from six to eighteen feet. About fifty hands are engaged in this establishment, and two hundred Saws are produced daily. The works of WALTER CRESSOX are located beyond the city limits, at Conshohoeken, in Montgomery County, but the business is transacted exclusively at the warehouse on Commerce street.* The material employed is mostly cast-steel, manufactured in En- gland expressly for Mr. Cresson, and rolled under his orders to proper thickness, and cut into sheets of convenient size. For making Circular Saws, Mill Saws, and Cross-cut Saws, it is im- ported trimmed to the size and shape required. Among the pro- ductions of this establishment are a great variety of Hand Saws, Circular Saws, Back Saws, Wood Saws, Mill and Cross-cut Saws, Hay Knives, Loom Springs, and other Tools. His Saws have The factory of Mr. Cresson was destroyed by fire on August 17th, 1854, but was immediately rebuilt on an enlarged scale. The energy of the proprie- tor was peculiarly illustrated on that occasion, for even while the fire was stall burning, he rented an old foundry, fitted it up, and on the next day set his men to work in it. In three months the new factory was completed, and in full operation. The whole of the machinery of this establishment is driven by water obtained from the Schuylkill Canal, and applied by one of Journal's Turbine Wheels. 330 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. repeatedly received the highest commendation from competent judges for their finish and make. The "Keystone Works," of which Mr. HENRY DISSTON is pro- prietor, are probably the largest of the kind in the country. They consist of four buildings three of them three stories high, and cover an area of over 20,000 square feet. The Machinery is of the most complete description, and driven by an engine of seventy-horse power. The Saws made at this establishment com- prise nearly every variety, though principally Cast-steel Circular, Hand, and Panel Saws, all of which are tempered by Sylvester's Patent Tempering Machine, and the Circular Saws are ground by Southwell's Patent Grinding Machine. Among the novelties produced in this establishment might be mentioned, the Patent Combination Saw, comprising a perfect twenty-four inch square, straight edge, twenty-four inch rule and scratch-awl, and a hand- saw, with a patent attachment for gauging any required depth. Mr. Disston employs one hundred and fifty hands. The " Union Saw and Tool Manufactory," 402 Cherry street, of which Mr. WM. CONAWAY is proprietor, is also a well-known establishment, and produces, besides, all kinds of Saws, Trowels, Curriers' Knives, Carpenters' Gauges, etc. BRINGHURST & VER- REE also manufacture Saws extensively. Besides these celebrated makers, there are five others who make Saws to some extent, viz. : THOMAS GAMBLE, J. HUGEL, CHARLES LAME, JOSEPH NICHOLLS, and JAMES TURNER. 2. FORKS. There are four principal establishments in Phila- delphia for the manufacture of Forks, viz. : SHEBLE, LAWSON & FISHER, MYERS & ERVEIN, RIDGWAY & RUFE, and HARPER & HOLT. The oldest of these establishments is the one represented by the last-named firm. Messrs. RIDGWAY & RUFE have a fac- tory at Germantown, where they also make Coffee-mills, Shutter Bolts, &c. Messrs. MYERS & ERVEIN commenced the manufac- ture of Forks in 184T. Their establishment is well equipped with machinery, and their manufactures, which comprise all the usual varieties of Hay and Manure Forks, including Sluice Forks, a peculiar article for miners' use, have a good reputation. The youngest of these establishments is that of SHEBLE, LAWSON ry size and variety, has been in operation here for several years. Piano Forte Hardware, including gimlet- pointed screws, is made very extensively by one firm, established in 1822, and said to be the oldest in the business in the United States. They have ten machines in operation, and make eighty gross of Screws per day. Shoemakers' Tools are made by five or more establishments, who make their tools of steel, thus securing a large sale in the Eastern markets, where cast iron is prin- cipally employed. Awl Blades are made in every variety by Mr. Music being a sample of this production. Their list of manufactures in- cludes Wire Railing for Cemetery lots, Piazzas, Trellis-work for vines, of beautiful patterns ; also, Wire Furniture ana Iron Bedsteads. 340 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Partridge, who is the son of the largest manufacturer of these articles in England. He was himself formerly a manufacturer in Birmingham, and has recently sent to England for workmen. To this branch belongs a great variety of similar articles, besides binders', saddlers', printers' and shoemakers' sewing and trenching awls, mattress, sail and collar needles, lasting and other tacks, &c., which are made by him. Coffee Mills of high reputation are made by Selsor, Cook & Co., and Ridgway & Rufe, in Ger- mantown ; and also Shutter Bolts, &c. A Rotary Knife Gleaner or Polisher is made at one establishment, and by means of it, the labor that formerly required hours may be performed in a few minutes. Of small tools the variety is infinite. Jewellers 1 Tools, Rollers, &c., of the most delicate description ; Oyster and Butch- ers' Knives, and Garden Tools in great variety, are made by seve- ral persons ; and Patent Curry-Combs, of iron and brass, open back and covered ; Patent Bake Pans and Meat Mauls, all of im- proved styles, are largely made by one manufacturer. Of Beach's Curry-Combs it is worthy of remark that, while they are greatly superior in durability and neatness of finish to most of the im- ported, they can be furnished at considerably less cost. Steel Stamps, Brands, and Punches, Stone-cutters' Tools and Mill Picks, Curriers' and Tanners' Knives and Tools of all kinds, Sad- dlers' Tools, Binders' Tools, Coopers' Tools of excellent quality, Ice Tools, and Umbrella-makers' Tools and Furniture, each em- ploy one or more, and some of them several establishments. Skates are made of improved construction, being fastened to the foot by springs, without straps ; and it is said a Company has been or- ganized for their more extended manufacture. Sad Irons are a leading article at a factory in West Philadelphia ; and Hoes are made at several establishments, and particularly at Prince's ex- tensive Hoe factory, on the Pennepack. In the manufacture of the miscellaneous articles which are in- cluded in the term Hardware, it will be perceived, from what we have stated, that there are numerous establishments, and the aggre- gate production is very considerable ; but, at the same time, there are no very large factories. The most extensive manufactory of General Hardware is that of E. HALL OGDEN, on Ninth and Jeffer- son streets. He employs about seventy-five hands ; manufactures, as OGDEN'S MANUFACTORY LIGHTNING RODS. 341 per catalogue, nearly one hundred and fifty distinct articles, in- cluding Malleable and fine Gray Iron Castings. His works consist of a main building, fifty by one hundred feet, with two wings, one forty by one hundred, and the other fifty-six by one hundred, filled with all requisite machinery, driven by an engine of twenty-horse power. His manufactures are carefully made, and his Saddlery Hardware, in particular, is noted for its excellence. The manufacture of Hardware is a branch deserving the attention of capitalists ; for, with an abundance of skilled workmen, cheap raw materials, and a good market, a few large establishments could hardly fail to prove remunerative. Iron is converted in Philadelphia into a variety of forms be- sides those enumerated ; and if we were to venture into the de- partments of the Miscellaneous Manufactures of Iron and Steel, our article would be indefinitely extended. In the city of Frank- lin, Lightning Rods are, of course, a prominent article of manu- facture ; and one maker, Mr. THOMAS AKMITAGE, states, with a laudable pride, " I have put up sixty thousand Rods, and have shipped a great number to various parts of the world, especially to the Southern States, and have never heard of the loss of a single life, or the destruction of a dollar's worth of property, by lightning, in any building to which one of my Rods has been attached. I have received information of three to five thousand instances in which Rods that I have put up have been struck by lightning, in all of which it has been carried safely to the earth, without the slightest injury to person or property." With such a record of facts in their favor, he may well have confidence iu the superiority of his Rods. But we must take leave of the subject of " Iron and its Man- ufactures ;" and do so by giving the following statistical aggre- gates, as recently compiled by the present Secretary of the Board of Trade, as aforestated. Our own investigation, as far as it extended, gives a greater product for certain items, particu- larly Saws, Shovels, Guns, &c. ; but the general aggregate, we believe, is approximately accurate. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Men Total employed. production. 7 10 $1,801,150 2,440 2,500,000 3,008 3,428,000 1,417 1,912,0110 I, 98 95,000 421 411,000 356 330,000 90 120,000 220 300,000 310 345,000 170 238,000 80 78,000 195 397,000 125 127,000 150 150,000 120 120,000 500 600,000 Forges and Rolling Mills, - ' - ' - "'- J . '- Foundries of Stoves, Hollow Ware, Ac. - Locomotives and Steam Engines, with Foundries, - Machinist and Foundry establishments, Platform Scales and Foundry work not before included, Wrought Iron Bolts and Nuts, - ' '-" Malleable Iron, Ac., - Safes, Ac., - ^-j t ... ^ <.; f.,i 276,730 Lard and Tallow, 8 200,000 60 600,000 Kosin Oil, 5 150,000 15 187,000 Sperm and Whale, J bleaching and re- > 4 200,000 30 300,000 fining, ) K. K. & Cart Greases, 2 40,000 15 80,000 Total, 24 $1,040,000 245 $2,131,230 XXVII. Paper Hangings. Decorative Paper-Hangings came into use about 200 years ago, and are said to have been copied from the Chinese. The man- ufacture of them iu this country, however, only dates about thirty years ago ; and Philadelphia claims the credit of having first estab- lished it. The progress made, however, in design and elaboration of workmanship, has been so rapid, that now the importation of foreign Papers is an unimportant item said to be not more than five per cent, of the whole amount consumed, and confined to French goods of the first quality. For more than twenty years, Philadelphia has supplied all the principal American markets, including New York and Boston, with the best American made Papers ; and though since the establishment of the business in this city, a large number of factories have been started at various points in New England and in New York, she continues to produce a large share of the supe- rior qualities generally quite equal to the best French manufacture. The cheap and low grades, which constitute the bulk of the produc- tion in other places, our manufacturers do not make to any extent. The medium qualities and the finest Velvet, Velvet and Gold, and Satin-surfaced Papers are made, but none of the "one cent per square yard " goods. The printing usually is what is termed Block Printing, though some first-class machines are in use in the principal establishments. The processes of manufacturing Paper Hangings are briefly as follows : The paper comes from the mill in rolls about 1,200 yards long, and from twenty to thirty-five inches wide ; costing from 372 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. nine to fourteen cents per pound, the average price being about eleven cents. The stock generally used here is said to be heavier, though costing less than that employed in the best French papers, and therefore free from the absorption of moisture, which almost invariably disfigures the surface of those made in New York and Boston. The pattern having been first carefully drawn, is then pricked, and the outlines of the various tints are pounced each on a separate wood block made of pear-tree, mounted in pine. These blocks are pressed on the sieves of color and then applied to the paper, each block following the other on the guide-marks left by the previous impression. An idea may be formed of the enterprise and labor required to produce some decorative Paper Hangings, when we state that on a single one of them, represent- ing a chase in a forest, including the animals, birds, and attributes of the chase, exhibited at the^World's Fair, 12,000 blocks were employed. In making Flock Paper, the pattern is first printed in size, and then with a preparation of varnish or Japan gold size. When this is partly dry, colored flock, prepared from wools, is sifted on the varnish pattern, to which it adheres. When gilding is in- troduced, the leaf-metal is laid on the varnish pattern ; or, if worked in bronze-powder, it is brushed over with a hare's foot. The designs are principally original, and are largely supplied by the Female School of Design established in this city, and which has already made important contributions toward elevating the standard of correct taste. During the last year there were six Paper Hanging factories in Philadelphia, besides various small establishments where a few hands are employed. The proprietors of the principal factories were HOWELL & BROTHERS, BLANCHARD & ROCK, Louis BELROSE, BURTON & LANING, HART, MONTGOMERY & Co., and J. E. VAN METER. Misfortune has sorely visited one or two of the establish- ments, but it is probable that no important changes will be made. The factory of Howell & Brothers, situated at Nineteenth and Spruce streets, is a four-story brick structure, three hundred and ninety-six feet by eighty undoubtedly the largest in the United States, and probably larger than any similar European manufactory, uloaiava-vniui, ROPE, CORDAGE, TWINES. 373 The following are the statistics of the business, as made tip for us by a leading manufacturer : Blank Paper consumed, 1,250 tons at 11 cents per lb., _ - $275,000 French and American White Clay and Whiting, average 364 toni, at$10perton, -_...._. -' r . '' 3,640 Colors, - V.-4 *'/! -O ;Jj!,/L ? _ - - - - 44,040 Flocks, (Shearings of Broad Cloth,) - - - ... 1,860 Oil, ., ~- .,.,.- -, 4,600 Gold Size, 3,150 GoldLeaf, 9l*n~itil lij'^J-i, ... 'J !,; . . 20,100 Glue and Sizing, ......... 31,500 Coal, 1,875 tons, at $4, - - mf/OTftfj - $262,500 1,250 " Western Hemp, at $150, - - ; <- v -_ , -, 187,500 450,000 300 hands employed, averaging $300 a year each, - _ ^ 90,000 $540,000 Product. 1,500 tons of Manilla Cordage, 1,000 " of Hemp, 2,500 " average price 10 cents per lb., ... $560,000 Besides the above, Twines and Cords of various kinds were made, amounting to at least ..--- 250,000 Total, - . . "- -," - -, - - % -_ $810,000 The prices of Cordage, the present year, are much less than those during last year. XXIX. Saddles, Harness, Whips, Trunks, &c. The manufacture of Saddlery in this country is distinguished from that in any other part of the world by the immense variety of styles and qualities which are produced. We are informed by a leading manufacturer, that of Saddles there are probably not 376 PHILADELPHIA AXD ITS MANUFACTURES. less than five hundred various styles and qualities, with a proportion- ate quantity of Bridles, Bridle Mountings, Martingales, Girths, Circingles, Stirrup Leathers, Saddle Bags, Medical Bags, * f 'i>Ji ;i''v>rti;u.i WKUO 4J*aurr .!*{. $91,750 400 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. III. Baskets and Willow Ware. This is a branch of business which may be regarded as yet only in its infancy in this country, but destined to become one of considerable magnitude at no distant day. Considering the numerous uses of the Willow, it is gratifying to know Philadelphia is actively leading in an enterprise which must aid in eventually rendering us independent of Europe, both for the raw material and the manufactured product. Enormous quantities of Willow are annually imported, chiefly from Havre, and then manufactured into Baskets by our German population and others ; while of the finer and fancy Willow Ware, nearly the whole has hitherto been imported. For some years past, however, increased attention has been given to the cultivation of the Willow by our Basket-makers in this city, on account of the superior quality of the native growth ; the foreign article being always culled of the better portions previous to shipment. Our soil and climate are found to suit the plant admirably ; and there are now within the city limits not less than eighty-five acres of swamp or meadow lands under cultivation. The number of persons engaged in growing Willow, exclusively for their own use, with one or two exceptions, is about ten, whose gardens embrace from two to twenty acres each ; and others are engaging in it every year. Mr. John Stinger, the largest Willow-grower and Basket-maker at pres- ent, has twenty acres, or nearly ; and if persons of capital, which our pio- neers have not been, were to embark in this branch of husbandry, a ready sale could be had for all that can be raised for years to come, at a remunerative price. The Willow is planted in rows four feet apart each way, or four feet by two, according to the kind. During the first year the young plants require care similar to that bestowed upon corn ; but in subsequent years little attention beyond keeping rank grass from the roots. In two years it reaches a size sufficient for use ; and may be cut the first year, but with diminished profit subsequently. It continues to yield for fifteen years, at an average value of $30 per acre, when it must be grubbed up and replanted. Messrs. ROBERT & CHARLES DUNK, who are among the largest of the Willow-growers and Basket-makers, and whose family have been thirty years in the business, have experimented upon some sixty varieties of the Willow, to ascertain which are best adapted to our climate, soil, and manufacture. Few or none of those most cultivated in Europe succeed here. Those best suited to our wants, we are informed, are the Salix Lambertiana, S. Cordata, (native), S'. Pentangea, and S. Rns.sef- liana. The last named is most cultivated ; and as it produces all the BROOMS, BLACKING, INK, AND LAMPBLACK. 401 sizes required for different kinds of work, it would supersede all others were it not liable to grow twiggy. The S. Cordata is best for larger and coarser Basket-work ; and other varieties are respectively used for spe- cial purposes. Of Basket-makers, there are about twelve principal ones, besides a very large number of manufacturers on a small scale. In quantity, the product in this city is supposed to exceed that of any place in this country, and the quality of the work is undoubtedly supe- rior, arising chiefly from the greater whiteness, strength, and beauty of the native Willow. Mr. Dunk, and some others, we believe, export nearly all they make. Much of the imported Willow is used in the covering of Carboys and other Glassware, by some of our large Glass factories. Chairs, Settees, Cradles, Coaches, Work-Tables, Baskets, &c., are also made of Bamboo and Cane, by several persons. IV. Brooms. Of Corn Brooms the product in Philadelphia is large, and the qual- ity generally superior to the average. The Wire-fastened Broom made here, in particular, is nowhere equaled by any article of the same price. The principal supply of Broom Corn used here conies from Ohio and Indiana, and it is manufactured by between one and two hundred persons, each of whom will make from twenty-five to fifty Brooms daily. Some of our larger manufacturers employ quite a number of hands ; and we believe few, if any, establishments in this country turn out more Brooms and Whisk Brushes than Messrs. BERGEK & Buxz, of this city. Ten or twelve thousand Brooms, probably, find their way into the market weekly from the hands of Philadelphia Broom-makers, the wholesale prices of which range from 01 to $3 per dozen. To this, as to most similar branches, belongs an assortment of tools appro- priate to the business, for the supply of which we are as yet dependent upon New England. Our ingenious mechanics ought to supply not only the home, but the distant demand for these articles. The same may be remarked of Broom Handles, which come from other quarters in very large quantities. V. Blacking, Ink, and Lampblack. Blacking, it has been remarked, consists essentially of two principal constituents, viz., a black coloring matter, and certain substances which will acquire a gloss by friction. Each maker has of course pro 402 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. portions and methods of mixing peculiar to himself, but the chief ma- terials used are the same in most cases. The extent to which the manu- facture is carried on by some firms, is illustrated by the business of the celebrated Day & Martin, who send away on an average 150 casks, containing a quantity equal to 900 dozen pint bottles, per day. The con- stituents of Day & Martin's Blacking are said to be Bone-black, Sugar, Molasses, Sperm Oil, Sulphuric acid, and strong Vinegar. In Phil- adelphia there are five principal establishments engaged in the manu- facture of Blacking JAMES L. MASON & Co., JOHN ANNEAR, J. & E. NEWBERT, and CHARLES 0. WILSON, and many others who make to a limited extent. The first-named employs seventy-five persons, and turns out three and a half millions of boxes of Blacking per year. Writing Ink is made by Messrs. MASON & Co., and by five others, viz., BARTHOLOMEW BUSSIER, GREEN & Co., JOSEPH E. HOOVER, APOL- LOS W. HARRISON, and SAMUEL SCHURCH. The excellence of the " Co- lumbian Writing Fluid," made by Harrison, every penman is familiar with. Lampblack, as we previously stated, is made in connection with Printing Inks, and also at separate establishments. Matlack's Lamp- black, and Martin's, are well-known, both in this country and in Europe. The value of the Blacking, Inks, and Lampblack, made annually in Philadelphia, may safely be stated at a half million of dollars. VI. Boxes, Paper. Paper Boxes are probably made more extensively in Philadelphia than in any other American city. The demand for Boxes, for all pur- poses, renders the variety seemingly unlimited Boxes for Fancy Ho- siery, Shoes, and Parasols ; Boxes for Shirts, Bosoms, and Collars ; Boxes for Artificial Flowers, Ruches, and other Millinery goods ; Boxes for Brushes and Combs ; for Perfumery and Fancy Soaps ; for Envelopes, Pencils and other Stationery ; Confectionery Boxes, Jew- elry Boxes, Pill Boxes ; and Match Boxes, though these are generally made by the Match-makers. All these different descriptions and va- rieties, from the commonest and cheapest, up to the most elabor- ately ornamented, at $2 each, are made in the Philadelphia manufac- tories. A description of the largest establishment, that of GFORGE W. PLUMLY, must suffice for all. It consists of six floors in all, in- cluding a basement, and each room is appropriated to its own peculiar separate and distinct operations. In the basement, and under the sidewalk, there is a boiler supplying steam for heating the building, and BOXES, PAPER. 403 not water for making paste, Gasom'r " 50 " 64 " J 12,800 Erecting " 90 25 " 1 60 " 55 " J 5,550 Carpen'r " 45 " 35 " 1 " " 40 " 32 " ) 2,855 Sheds, for Storage, &c., Ac., 10,700 Total area occupied by buildings, - 63,650 " " of yard room, 80,550 Entire space occupied by the establishment, - 144,200 " In addition, it has a tract of land on the Delaware River, about 400 feet front and 1,100 feet deep, affording ample space for extensive iron boat yards ; and on this tract there is a fine pier, 60 feet wide and 250 feet long, with a very powerful shears at the end, capable of lifting fifty tons. A brief description of some of the objects of interest in this estab- lishment will show that the arrangements, tools, and appliances in use, are on a scale proportionate to the capaciousness of the buildings. The foundry has two Cranes, capable of lifting fifty tons each, and three others of thirty tons lifting power, by which any object may be transferred from one extremity to the other, or to any point on the floor. Two 50-inch Cupolas are used for melting the Iron, and are supplied by a pair of Blast Cylinders, 40 inches in diameter, and 3-feet stroke. Twenty-five tons of metal can be melted in three hours. The Ovens for drying the Cores are of immense size and capacity. In the Smith Shop the blast is obtained by an Alden Fan. There are two Nasmyth Steam Hammers, one of 10 cwt., and one of 5 cwt. weight of ram. There are also in this shop, Bolt and Rivet Machines, for the manufacture of these articles, large numbers of which are annually used. The Brass Foundry has a Cupola and four Crucible Furnaces. The lower Machine Shop has a Boring Mill which will bore a cylinder 11 feet in diameter, and 14 feet high ; a Planing Machine, believed to be the largest in the world, capable of planing 8 feet wide, 15 feet deep, and 30 feet long besides other Lathes and Planers, of various 486 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. dimensions and power ; two Blotters, Drill Presses, &c., &c. The upper Machine Shop is well stocked with smaller Lathes, Planers, Shaping and Drilling Machines, Vices, &c. The Boiler Shop is provided with a Riveting Machine capable of riveting a boiler 40 feet long, and of any diameter ; with a Treble Punching Machine of immense strength ; with heavy and light Shears and Punches ; an Air Furnace, for heating large plates; Rolls, for bending; Cranes, &c. The largest Erecting Shed, used for putting up sugar apparatus, has a traveling crane extending its whole length. The business of making Sugar Apparatus forms a large item in the productions of this establishment ; and for a list of some of the extraordinary machines that have been constructed here, see page 327. Ordinarily, from 350 to 500 hands receive constant em- ployment at these works. IV. Sharps' Rifle Factory. About six years ago, the attention of sporting and military men was invited to a new Breech-loading and Self-priming Rifle, which had been patented by a Mr. C. SHARPS ; and, after the most careful examination of its construction, in comparison with others, it was found to stand the tests of a first-class weapon ; being safe and certain in firing, easily and rapidly loaded, simple in its construction, and constantly kept clean by its own operation. For sporting purposes, this Rifle soon became a favorite weapon ; in Kansas its report was heard ; the Ordnance Depart- ment at Washington expressed their admiration of the improvement ; and subsequently the British Government ordered six thousand of these Rifles, for the use of their army in India. More recently, Mr. Sharps applied the principle which distinguishes his Rifles to the construction of a new Pistol or Carbine, especially designed for the use of Mounted Dragoons. The advantages claimed by the patentee for the new Pistol are numerous ; among others, that it is more compact, lighter, has a more extensive range, and fires with greater accuracy than any Pistol now in use. It is single-barreled, but owing to the ease with which it can be loaded, it is capable of being fired twice as often as any revolver in a given period of time. The Pistol weighs about two and a half pounds; the barrels are six and eight inches long, and throw a half ounce ball effectively one-fourth of a mile. It primes itself for twenty rounds. There are about 1,500 Pistols now being constructed in the factory. It was recently tested, in competition with various other fire-arms, at West Point, by a board of officers appointed by the United States Ordnance Bureau, and struck a target six feet square, at a dis- tance of six hundred yards, twenty out of thirty shots. The same Pis- ARCHER, WARNER, MISKEY A CO. 487 tol was fired seventy times in seven minutes, priming it three times, every ball striking a target three feet square, at a distance of forty-five feet, with a force sufficient to penetrate eight inches of pine board. Certificates from officers in the army testify to the high estimation in which it is held by the troops that have tried it. During the last year, Mr. Sharps, in association with Nathan H. Bolles and Ira B. Eddy, under the firm-style of C. SHARPS & Co., erected (for the manufacture of his tire-arms) a very extensive establishment at the West end of the Wire Bridge, near Fairmount. The building is of brick, 140 feet long by 40 feet broad, and is surmounted by a cu- pola, from which an admirable view of the city and surrounding coun- try can be obtained. The machinery is of the most beautiful and accu- rate description ; the entire cost for the buildings and machinery being about $130,000. The basement is used for the forging of the iron ma- terial of the Rifles. In the rear of the first story is placed a high-pres- sure stationary engine of seventy-five horse power, which forms the motive power of the establishment. The second story is used for the boring of rifle barrels, which are drilled from solid cylinders of cast-steel. The third story is the tool manufactory, where the cutting, milling, and finishing apparatus is constructed. The fourth story is the finishing shop, where the rude materials are adjusted, and from which the article issues complete. The firm are engaged at present principally in the construction of Breech-loading and Self-priming Pistols, though a large number of Rifles are rapidly approaching completion. All the materials used in the manufacture of these arms are made in the building ; even down to the screws which fasten the completed ar- ticle together. The firm possess the facilities for turning out 1,000 Rifles per month. This is a most interesting and valuable addition to the manufacturing establishments of Philadelphia. V. Archer, Warner, Miskey & Co.'s Manufactory of Gas Fixtures. It will be remembered by the attentive reader that the author of the Report on the Industry of the United States, whose remarks respecting the manufacture of Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas Fixtures in Philadel- phia we quoted at length, stated that the establishment mentioned in the caption of this article, was in all respects, except in extent, similar to that of Cornelius & Baker, which has been described. It is not necessary, therefore, to repeat the illustrations given in that quotation tending to show the superiority of Philadelphia manufactures in thii 438 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. branch. Our remarks shall be limited to a brief notice of the founding of the establishment, and of the mode of manufacturing Gas Fixtures, as conducted in it. In 1842, Mr. Ellis S. Archer, the present senior partner in the firm of Archer, Warner, Miskey & Co., invented and patented a Lard Lamp ; but could not induce any one to manufacture and introduce to the public an article, for which it was supposed there would be no demand. Undaunted by these repulses, he obtained a cellar, in one corner of which be employed a few men in making his Lamp. The value of the new invention was recognized, and the public adopted it, and those manufacturers who could see no merit in the adaptation of Lard as an illuminating material, turned their attention to it. The estab- lishment was speedily enlarged : other branches of the business were added, and in 1848 Mr. Archer became associated in partnership with Mr. Redwood F. Warner. Determining to place their house on a level at least with the best in the United States, they saw that this could be effected by merit alone ; hence, their first effort was to present in their department of Art, novelty of design combined with superiority of finish and excellence of materials. Sensibly foreseeing that tho growing taste in this country required to be fed, they obtained designers and modelers of the highest talents, to whom they paid liberal salaries, and encouraged them in every way to produce graceful and effective designs, for Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas-fittings. No amount of money was considered by them extravagant, if it secured a valuable result. The consequence of this judiciously liberal expenditure soon became manifest. From an ordinary firm, with a limited capital, doing a moderate business, they sprang to a strong position among the first houses, in their trade, in the United States. Their work is admitted by all to be equal to that of any competitor, and their manufactory, situated in Race above Fourth street, takes rank among the important ones of this city. A systematic description, if we were to attempt one, of the mode of producing those various artistic articles for which this house is cele- brated, would lead us first to the Modeling Department. In this room every idea of form and construction originates. Artists of approved merit are employed in modeling designs in wax. The form is at first rudely shaped by the hands, and then elaborated by instru- ments of hard wood. In the modeling room, perfect accuracy is re- quired in the imitation of all natural forms ; and for this purpose an animal menagerie is frequently assembled. A live deer, from Logan Square ; an eagle, several pigeons, snakes, children, ft /ft (bt///fc/w. 'rA'rf*', Sfat ROT. NBERGE Irl 9P ^. ^ ^ ^ *5 5 8 lt-1 ^ > M S> M ? :@ \ "*L ** > V iN 3 ^ l^> ^ ' ^ | I *jt 1 'ill V ^ P- ^1^ 1 $ ^ 5? i i^ y li" * ^S i! WOOD & PEROT'S ORNAMENTAL IRON WORKS. 451 familiar in both, alike educating the taste of the people, and promoting public spirit and private content. But our readers are no doubt aware of the important part which this firm has performed in the adornment of the dwelling-places, breathing- places, and last resting-places of the intra-mural portion of the Ame/i- can people, and desire us to hasten and furnish them with some description of the Works of which they have heard something, and of the facilities which this firm have accumulated in a quarter of a cen- tury's experience. We do not know how to do this in any more satis- factory manner than by extracting largely from the report of a visit, made recently to these Works, by the accomplished Reporter of the Evening Bulletin, of this city. It perhaps does not remark with sufficient emphasis, the vast expense which this firm incur annually in getting up new patterns ; the high character of the artists which they employ, and their success in the application of the ornamental to the useful ; but it is, nevertheless, a very comprehensive, and an entirely reliable description. " The visitor is first ushered into the show rooms on the second floor, on Ridge Avenue, and he finds himself among the Iron counterfeit presentments of a vast variety of natural objects, as well as an assortment of elegant articles for uses almost as various as the patterns of the work before him. Men, women, stags, lions, dogs, lambs, eagles, etc., etc., are faithfully reproduced in Iron, and some of the objects are modelled so truthfully and so naturally, that they have not unfrequently been taken for the living animals they represent. In this apart- ment a graceful Iron fountain throws refreshing jets into the air, while in the basin at its foot gold fish swim among cast iron bull-frogs, and it requires a keen sight to detect that the latter are not the living animals they seem. In the show room there are Verandahs of many patterns, Railing in almost endless variety, Gar- den Chairs and Settees, Hat-racks, huge Candelabra, Centre Tables, Ornamental hitehing-posts, improved school-desks, stairways, balconies, tree-boxes, brackets, umbrella-stands, and in fact, almost every article of a decorative character which the great Pennsylvania staple is capable of being made into. Not only is there an immense variety in the objects displayed, but the visitor becomes bewildered among the almost infinite variety of patterns the different articles are made to assume. It is no wonder that the lithographed book of designs of this firm form a large and expensive volume, and that new editions are constantly required to keep pace with the fresh inventions of their draughtsmen. " In one branch of the establishment we found a large force of workmen engaged in finishing numerous articles that were to be sent abroad. Conspicuous among these was an elegant family Vault, for a gentleman at New Orleans. This hand- some Mausoleum was composed entirely of Iron. It will be placed on the surface of the ground, as all tombs are built at New Orleans : and when lined with brick, and painted, it will be quite as handsome as stone, much less liable to fracture, and much less expensive. This is a new application of Iron. Here were some 152 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. sections of massive railing intended for the Patent Office at Washington ; there were the heavy iron railing, columns and stairs, for the Post Office at Petersburg, Va. ; there again were the heavy railing for a public square at Mobile, and the railing for the Custom House at Georgetown, D. C. The proprietors informed us that the railing for the Custom House at Oswego, N. T., had just been shipped. In this same immense room, we saw the massive iron desks and counters of the Corn Exchange Bank, waiting to be put up as soon as their new building at Sec- ond and Chestnut streets is in readiness for their reception. These desks and counters are constructed in the same style as those placed in the Farmers' and Me- chanics' Bank, by this firm, with such improvements as experience has suggested. When they are in their places, and bronzed, they will challenge admiration as one of the most beautiful pieces of Iron-work ever executed. "The operations of Messrs. WOOD & PEROT require the aid of artists as well as of skillful mechanics. We have already said that they have draughtsmen con- stantly employed in getting up new designs ; but the pattern-maker must needs be an artist also. We paid a visit to this portion of the establishment, and found ourselves in the midst of incipient busts of Washington and Shakspeare, half- developed greyhounds, life-size deer, and roughly blocked-out eagles. On a table was stretched a headless and armless Mercury. The limbs and caput were detached, and we were made to understand how, in casting figures, the 'pattern' must be in such a number of parts that it can be taken from the mould, piece- meal, without damaging the impression left in the sand by the figure. Speaking of patterns reminds us that WOOD & PEROT have a large building upon their premises for the exclusive storing of patterns. The latter are the accumulation of years, and they are of great value to their owners. As their loss would be irreparable, the building provided for their safe keeping is perfectly fire-proof. "Messrs. WOOD & PEROT have one hundred and twenty hands employed directly in their establishment, and they are aided in their operations by a steam engine of twenty-five horse power. During the late panic every man was kept employed full time, at full wages, and there was no cessation in the operations of the firm. They are constantly receiving and filling orders for ornamental iron work for all parts of the United States, and for Matanzns, Cuba, and Canada. Before Messrs. WOOD & PEROT introduced their work into Canada, that portion of the British possessions was supplied from England; but the superior elegance of Philadelphia-made Iron-work has driven the English manufacturers out of the market, and Messrs. WOOD & PEROT enjoy a virtual monopoly of the trade. A tolerable idea of the heavy shipments made by the firm may be inferred from the fact that two men, aided by steatn sawing and slitting machines, are kept con- stantly employed making the packing boxes in which the Iron-work is sent abroad." A branch of this establishment has been opened at New Orleans, under the firm of WOOD, MILTK.VBKRGER & Co. An extensive ware- house, and large shops for finishing Iron-work, have been provided in that city the cheapness of coal giving the firm in Philadelphia a great advantage in converting the crude metal into railings, etc. Phila- delphia may well be proud of an establishment that so worthily up- EVANS A WATSON'S SAFE MANUFACTORY. 453 holds her reputation in one of the most difficult departments of the Manufactures of Iron. X. Evans & Watson's Safe Manufactory. It has been suggested by a friend that, in our previous remarks on Safes, page 296, we did not do full justice to the manufactories in this branch ; first, by estimating the quantity made in Philadelphia at $150,000, which, it is said, is too low ; and secondly, in omitting all reference to the oldest and most extensive establishment of the kind in the State. We then remarked that the manufacturers of these articles so well understood the art of apprising the public of their respective merits, that our services were hardly called for ; but we are conscious that a Treatise like this would be very incomplete without some refer- ence, at least, to a manufactory so important as that of EVANS & WAJ- SON, of which merchants generally throughout the whole country have, no doubt, heard more than once. The firm of EVANS & WATSON commenced the sale of Salaman- der Fire and Thief Proof Safes in 1843, and in the store which they now occupy, 26 South Fourth street. Both the members of this firm, which consists of DAVID EVANS and J. WATSON, are prac- tical mechanics, and have achieved laurels of which a mechanic may always justly be proud. Since the date we have mentioned as the period at which they commenced business, they have manufac- tured and sold over 3,000 Safes certainly a much larger number than any other Safe makers in the State of Pennsylvania, if not in the United States. Since that period, too, their Safes have passed through numerous fiery ordeals, designed as tests, and have been repeat- edly dug out of the ruins occasioned by severe fires, with which this and other cities have been visited ; and it is a very satisfactory, in fact an incontrovertible evidence of their merit, that they they now occupy a higher position in the confidence of the Philadelphia public than at any previous period. But the manufacture of Safes is only a department a leading and important one, but nevertheless only an item in the business of this firm. They manufacture yearly vast quantities of Iron Shutters and Doors for stores, dwellings and public buildings. They recently sup- plied work of this description, for the new Assay Office in California, that weighed over 178,000 pounds ; and we notice that a Silver Medal was awarded for the part on inspection at the late Exhibition of the Franklin Institute. When the last alteration was made in the Phila- delphia Mint, of which we have elsewhere spoken, this firm furnished the Iron Shutters, Doors and Sash, which weighed, we are informed, 37 454 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. 188,000 pounds, and contributed to render that noble and valuable building entirely fire proof. Among the new things to which this firm have given a prominent share of their attention, is what they term Fire and Burglar Proof Rank Vaults and Safes, secured by a Patent Alphabetical Changeable Bank Lock. This lock is susceptible of a half million of changes, defying not only the burglar's instruments, but also defying powder. One peculiarity of this lock is, that it obviates the necessity of carry- ing a key, and thus removes a very great inconvenience. We are in- formed that the new Banks which have recently gone into operation in Philadelphia have selected these locks as their safeguard ; and that, as the value of them becomes known, the demand largely increases. The manufactory of Messrs. EVANS & WATSON, situated at Eighth and Vine streets, is a new one, and provided with all requisite and desirable faeilities. From fifty to ninety men are constantly employed in it, and a large steam-engine propels the machinery. At the factory, and at their store and agencies, nearly two hundred tons, or about 400,000 pounds, of Safes are kept as a standing stock, from which purchasers can select such sizes and styles as are adapted to their wants. As an additional evidence of the enterprise of this firm, we must instance the fact, that they have established agencies, not only in the chief towns in Pennsylvania, but also in many prominent points in the South and West, where their Safes are for sale on the same terms as in this city. For instance : in New Orleans, HEATON & OLIVIER, Agents ; in Columbia, S. C., L. T. LEVIN, Agent ; in Athens, Tenn., GEORGE W. Ross, Agent ; Salisbury, N. C., JOHN McRoRiE, Agent ; Selma, Ala., J. K. GOODWIN, Agent ; Baltimore, Md., JAMES 0. SPEAR & Co., Agents ; Mankato, Minnesota, PARRY & BROTHER, Agents. XI. Murphy & Allison's Car Works, 1908 Market Street. We have already alluded to the advantages which Philadelphia has for the manufacture of Cars, and have mentioned especially the cheap- ness of iron and coal, which are among the heaviest items in their con- struction, and the facilities for transporting cheaply the finished goods, not only to all parts of the United States, but to any part of the world. We remarked that the Philadelphia shops supplied, not only the Passenger and Freight Cars for the Pennsylvania Central and North Pennsylvania Railroads, which diverge from this city, but have furnished Cars to more than fifty of the railroads in the United States, in the South and West, and also to Cuba and the British Pro- vinces. The demand from the roads in Pennsylvania alone, which is MURPHY & ALLISON'S CAR WORKS. 455 second only to one other State in the number of miles of railroad with- in her limits, must, in itself, constitute an important business. The firm that has made the most important contributions to the present eminence of Philadelphia in this department of Mechanics, is that of MURPHY Moulds. Desks, Portable, &c. Diamonds, Cutting. Die Sinking. Distilling. Grain. Dolls and Toys. Drawing Instrum'ts. Dressing Cases. Drug & Spice Mills. Drums, Military. Drum Heads. Dry Goods. Dumb Bells. Dyeing. Dye "Woods. Earthenware. (Also, see page 201.) Easels, Artists'. Edge Gilding. MANUFACTURERS. CLARENBACH & HERDER, (Shears, &c.) 634 Arch street. WM. GILCURIST, (Razors,) No. 445 North Broad street. B. RICHARDSON, (Table,} 117 South Second street. GERMON, BROADBENT, and many others. DABBS & BIRMINGHAM, (and Spectacle Cases,) 1 Ranstead Place, Fourth, above Chestnut. C. C. SCHLEUNES, Harmony Court, corner Fourth. (See page 209.) DABBS & BIRMINGHAM, 1 Ranstead Place, 4th, ab. Chestnut ADOLPH WIRTH, (also Ambrotype,) 704 Arch street. (See Surgical Instruments. J. M. EARNEST, No. 858 North Fourth, below Poplar. ROBERT MURPHT, 226 North Fourth, opposite Branch street, CHARLES ABBEY & SONS, 228 Pear street, below Third. SAMUEL FISHER, 1509 Linden st., bet. Market and Chestnut. EDWARD J. JENKINS, 15 North Ninth street. CORTELL & ROBSON, (and Dental Perfumery,) southeast cor- ner Seventh and Sansom. B. P. HOLLINGSWORTH, 123 Coates Alley. W. T. FRY & CO., 15 North Sixth, above Market. NATHAN STARKEY, 116 South Eighth, above Sansom. F. BOHRER, (Ruling, &c.) 20 Franklin Place. A. & G. McCLEMENT, 321 Chestnut street. (See " Distilling and Rectifying," page 231.) LUDWIG GREINER, (Patent Doll Heads,) 414 North Fourth. THEODORE ALTENEDER, (Patent Joint,) also Importer of Op- tical Instruments, 229 New street. W. T. FRY & CO., (Wood and Leather,) 15 North Sixth. C. VANHORN & CO., Fifteenth and Hamilton. CHARLES M. ZIMMERMAN, (Patented,) 248 North Second ft W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, Fifth and Cherry streets. MORGAN & WELBANK, No. 402 North 9th, above Callowhill. (See page 232.) STUART & PETERSON, Willow, above Thirteenth. (See Dry Goods, page 232.) (See page 214.) HYZER & LEWELLEN, No. 952 North Ninth, above Poplar ISAAC SPIEGEL, Jr., Brown, bet. Cherry & Vienna, Kensing'o. THEODORE KELLEY, No. 22 South Eighth street. G. ECKENDORFF, 203 South Fifth. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 481 Edge Tools and Cut- lery. (See page 338.) BOOTH & MILLS, Little Washington, below Ninth WILLIAM CONAWAT, 402 Cherry street. C. HAMMOND, 503 Commerce street. JACOB ZEBLEY, 402 Cherry street above Fourth. Electro-Plating and WM. BARBER, No. 110 South Eighth street. Gilding. Electrotypingr. Embroideries. Emery Paper. Enameled Cloths. Engines. Engine Turning. Engraving. See page 180.) Engraving, Bk. Note. Calico. Jewelry. Seal. Engravers' Tools. Envelopes. Extracts & Essences. Eyelet Machines. Fans. Fan Blowers. JE. & G. EAKINS, (Howell's Building,) southwest corner Sixfb and Chestnut. FEANCIS JAHN, No. 435 Race st., below Fifth street. T. T. KINSEY, No. 207 Race street, above Second. E. L. MINTZER, No. 23 North Sixth street. JOHN O. MEAD & SONS, Ninth and Chestnut. E. & G. EAKINS, Howell's Building, Sixth and Chestnut. (Also, see Stereotyping.) E. GROSJEAN, Tenth, below Chestnut. And many others. BAEDER, DELANEY & ADAMSON, No. 14 South Fourth. THOMAS POTTER, 229 Arch, and 18th and Spring Garden. (See "Steam and Fire Engines," page316.) C. G. CROWELL, Dock, corner of Walnut. BAXTER & HARLEY, (see page ISO,) 35 South Sixth. BOERUM *r NOBLE, (Wood,) 127 South Third. E. H. COGGINS, .'also Printing^ 36 North Eighth. MARTIN LEANS, 402>i Chestnut street. SAMUEL MAROT, 434 Chestnut and Fifth. A. & G. McCLEMENT, (also Embossing,) 321 Chestnut street. E. ROGERS, (see page ISO,) 132 South Third street. A. C. SUPLEE, 326 Chestnut street. And many others. AMERICAN BANK NOTE COMPANY, Philadelphia. MILLER, READER & CO., 6 Lagrange Place. E. F. BATON, 722 Chestnut street. WM. F. CAVENAUGH, 223 Dock street, (room No. 7, 3d story.) ROBERT LOVETT, 200 South Fifth. GEORGE C. HOWARD, Eighteenth, below Market. SAMUEL H. BERRY, 33 South Sixth street. N. AMERICAN PAPER BAG AND ENVELOPE CO., northwest corner Ninth and Wallace. A. & G. McCLEMENT, 321 Chestnut street. C. D. KNIGHT, 7 South Sixth street. HYMEN L. LIPMAN, (Patent Improved Punch and Fastenei combined,) 32 South Fourth street. Farina, Corn. M. ALDEN, North Fifteenth and Willow. Fashions, Publishers A. F. WARD, (Tailors',) 333 and 335 Chestnut street, of. WEST PHILAD'A STARCH CO.. W. D. Parrish, Pres't. Felting, St'm Boiler. H. W. MILLER, Sr., 1801 N. Sixth, and 5th & Germantown K. Fertilizers. (See page 145.) 39* 482 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. MANUFACTURERS. Files and Hasps. (See page 331.) Fire Bricks, Tiles, & Clay Furnaces, &c. Fire Engines. Fire- Works. Fish Hooks. Fishing & Sporting Tackle. Flags, Banners, &c. Flasks, Pocket, Flour. Flutes, &c. Fly Nets. Force Pumps. Forks, Steel. Founding, Iron and Brass. Foundry Facings. Frames, Picture, &c. Fringes, Cord, Tas- sels, Gimp, &c. Fruits, Preserved. Furnaces & Ranges. Furnishing Goods, (Gentlemen^).) (See page 224.) Furniture, School & Counting House. Furniture, Church. Furniture, Iron. Furniture Polish. JAMES GILFEATHER, 1311 Germantown Koad. J. M. EARNEST, (Dentists,)858 North Fourth street. R. MURPHY, (Jewelers and Watchmakers,) 226 North Sixth JOHN B. SMITH, (See page 332,) 211 New st., ab. Second. NEWKUMET & MELICK, Vine, near Twenty-third street ISAAC SPIEGEL, Jr., Brown, bet. Cherry & Vienna, Kensing'a GEO. SWEENEY & CO., 1330 Eidge Avenue. (Also, see page 200.) JOHN AGNEW, 922 Vine street. SAMUEL JACKSON, Federal street, below 7th. SHADEACH HILL, 25 Bank street. CHAELES GODFREY, 104 North Second street. JOHN KEIDEE & CO., northeast corner Second and Walnut. W. H. HOESTMANN & SONS, Fifth and Cherry streets. W. T. FEY 4 CO., 15 North Sixth, above Market. [See page 264.) KLEMM i BROTHER, 705 Market. MRS. R. MEYERS, 1534 North Fourth, above Jefferson. GEO. TEILL, 38 North Third st., below Arch. ARTHUE, BUENHAM & GILEOY, (Burnham's Patent Double Acting,) 117 and 119 South Tenth street, corner George. A. C. BROWN, northeast corner Eighth and Bnttonwood. (See page 330.) (See pages ,887 & 189.) COOKE & EMERICK, 410 Queen street, Kensington. C. VANHORN & CO., 39 North Front, and 15th, cor. Hamilton. (See Picture and Looklng-Glass Frames.) J. B. CHAMPROMY, 133 South Third. JOHN C. GRAHAM, 607 Cherry street. H. W. HENSEL, 20 North Fourth. CHARLES MEVES, 9 NorthEighth street. VV. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, Fifth and Cherry streets. MILLS B. ESPY, 255 South Third. (See page 291.) C. A. BUTTS, No. 27 North Eighth street. OLDENBERGH & TAGGART, 146 North Fourth st. JOHN C. REMINGTON, 217 North Fourth st., corner of Branch. WINCHESTER & CO., 706 Chestnut. J. W. SCOTT, date of the firm of Winchester & Scott,) 814 Chestnut Street, nearly opposite the Girard House. HOGUET & HUTTON, (successors to J. T. Hammitt,) 259 South Third street. (See pages 271 and 274.) (See page 274.) SAMUEL MACFERRAN, Arch, below Sixth. SAMUEL RUE, 137 North Tenth. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 483 Furs, Plain & Fancy. (See page 282.) Gaiters, Over. Galvanized Iron. Gas Apparatus. Gas Burners. Gas Fitters Tools,&c. Gas Fixtures. Gas Flexible Tubing. Gas Meters. Gas Proving Appa- ratus. Gas Stoves. Gas "Works, Portable Gauges, Steam, Va- cuum and "Water. German Silver. Silver Castings. Gilt Mouldings. Ginger, Essence of. Glass. Glass Cutting. Glass, Engraving on. Glass Preserv'g Jars. Glass, Stained. Glass Syringes/Vials, and Tubing. Gloves, Mittens, &c. Buckskin. Gloves, Kid. Glue & Curled Hair. Glycerine. Gold Chains. Gold Foil. Gold Pens. P. GRAFF, No. 224 Arch street. EMANUEL C. PAGE, No. 325 Green st., near Fourth. J. H. KICHELDERFEB, Chestnut, above Ninth. (See page 297.) (See page 321.) C. GEFRORER, 111 South Eighth street. EDWARD BORMAN, 523 Cherry street. MORRIS, TASKER & CO., Third, below Walnut. (See page 352.) AMASA STONE, 207 Quarry street, above Second. CODE, HOPPER & CO., (see page 323,) 1505 Jones st. I. GEFRORER, (for Gas-Fitters,) 111 South Eighth street. MANUFACTURERS. (See page 290.) STRATTON & BROTHER, 719 Walnut. DAVID LITHGOW, (Grimes' Patent,) 305 Walnut st. SAMUEL CROFT, 22 Decatur street. THOMAS HARRINGTON, rear 15 N. Ninth st., above Market. EVERS & VOTTELER, 13 North Eighth st. FISHER & CO., 141 South Second st. F. GABRYLEWITZ, (Premium awarded by Franklin Institute,) No. 47 North Ninth st., below Arch. THIERRY & KRUSE, North Fourth, corner Branch. F. BROWN, Fifth and Chestnut. (See page 276.) WILLIAM BALL, 205 Quarry street. E. W. USSHER, Eighth, below Chestnut. A. STONE & CO., 412 Race st., and 207 Quarry st. (See Stained Glass, page 278.) THOMAS BURNS, (Homoeopathic Vials and Chemical & Phil, osophical Tube Ware,) 35 Walnut st. P. HEALY & CO., 204 Walnut st. MORGAN & WELBANK, 402 North 9th st., above Callownill. J. R. ASHFORD, 607 Callowhill st. (See Glue, &c., page 218.) PASCOE & BROTHER, (page 209,) Cadwallader and Oxford. DREER & SEARS, (see page 344,) Goldsmiths' Hall. .STACY B. OPDYKE, 610 Sansom st CHARLES ABBEY & SONS, (see page 347,) 228 Pear st. PETER WALKER & BROTHER, 13 South Sixth. 484 ALPHABETICAL LIST OP ARTICLES. Gold 28 Chestnut street. HENRY BEAGLE, (Dray, Cart, Wagon, and Plow,) cor. Mag- nolia and Willow street, above Fifth. JOHN KLUFKEE, 1351 Marlboro', near West st., Kensington. PAUL SCHWARZKOPF, 519 Emlen st., ab. Front, bel. Noble. C. HAMMOND, 501 Commerce street. (See Tool Handles.) (See Hardware and Tools, page 328.) (See Saddles, Harness, &c., page 375.) GELBACH & METZGER, (Brass,) 1241 Howard st., Kensington. WM. LITTLE & SONS, (Ornaments,) 452 Sausom's Alley, Bhst of Third, between Noble and Willow. (See page 278.) JOHN AIRMAN, No. 141 Dock street, below Second. CHRISTIAN NONNENBERGER, 323 Race st., bel. Fourth. EDWARD DUFRENE, (Plaster,) South Seventh, bel. Chestnut. BENJ. ANDREWS, (Leather,) 116 North Fourth. (Also, see Paper Boxes.) ADOLPH DESSART, (Washing, Dyeing, Pressing & Trimming of Felt, Panama, and Leghorn Hat,)541 North TUiird KLEINZ & FIELD, 36 North Second street. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 485 Hatters' Trimmings, MAXn-ACTUKERS. Hat Tip Printing. Hinges, Brass Ship. Hinges, Brass Butt. Hinges, Iron. Hoes. Hoisting Machines. Hoops, Ladies. Horse Collars. Horse Nails. Horticultural Imple- ments. Hose Couplings, &c. Hose, Fire & Garden. Hose, Hempen. Hosiery. House Furnishing & Housekeeping Goods. Hubs. Husks, (for Upholsterers.) Hydrant Cases. Hydrants. Hydraulic Presses. Hydraulic Bams. Ice-Cream Freezers. Ice Picks. Ice Tools. Indigo Blue. Indigo Paste. DANIEL DORET, 320 Chestnut, and -t Hudson's Alley. J. C. KELCH, 506 Market ISRAEL AMIES, (and Embossing,; 25 and 27 old, Miuor. F. W. & G. A. KOHLER, 523 N. Second, above Buttonwood. G. W. BRADFIELD, (and Silver Plated,) 525 Jf . 12th, near Ridga Avenue. W. H. McCALLA & CO., Montgomery, above Front. GEO. GRIFFITHS, 1 Fetter Laue, ab. Arch, bet. 3d and Bread. PRINCE'S HOE FACTORY, Pennepack CreeK. ROBERT McCALVEY & CO., No. 602 Cherry street. SHARON SLEEPER, (for Skirts,) 1002 Market street. M. & J. McCOLGAN, South Thirteenth, near Market. WM. R. SCOTT, (Patent Leather Irish, Scotch, Draft, and all other,) 119 North Front. FRANK DARDAS, Mechanic and Fourth street, Southwark. GEORGE JACKSON, Lilley Alley, above Green. HENRY A. DREER, 327 Chestnut street. THOMAS S. SMITH, (Branch Pipes,) Girard Av., W. of 12th. BARNETT & JENKINS, 112 North Sixth street. WM. ECKFELDT, 212 N. Thirteenth, and 418 N. Third st. A. STONE, 207 Quarry street, above Second. (See pages 240-244.) JOHN AMBLER, Jr., 711 Spring Garden street. ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, ("What Cheer" Yeast Cakes,) 117 and 119 South Touch street. ISAAC S. WILLIAMS, 726 Market street. WM. J. WALKER, (Wooden Ware,) 819 Spruce street. J. LOUIS & SON, (Wooden Ware,) 504 Vine street. (See Spokes and Hubs.) JONATHAN COLLINS, rear of 220 North Second. BENJAMIN ESLER, 26 South Fifteenth. ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, (Cochrane's Patent Non- Freezing Non-Wasting,) 117 and 119 South Tenth, corner George. (See Presses.) A. C. BROWN, (Agent for Holliday's Windmill for Pumping Water,) northeast corner Eighth and Buttonwood. ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, (Masser's Patent Five-Min- ute Freezer,) 117 and 119 S. Tenth, corner George. JAMES PATCHELL, 812 Race street. LOWER & CO., 712 and 714 Washington Avenue. M. GUGGENHEIM & CO., 1040 North Third, corner Georga J. ANDREYKOVICZ, (also Archil,) 108 Arch street. 486 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. MANUFACTURERS. Inks. (See page 402.) Ink, Indelible. Inks, Printing. (See page 175.) Ink-Stands. Instruments, Draw'g Engineers & Sur- veyors. Mathematical & Optical. Musical. Philosophical. Telegraphic. Iron. Irridium. Isinglass. Ivory or Bone Black. Ivory Turning. Jack Screws. Jacquarcl Machines. Japanning Japan "Ware. Jet Ornaments. Jewelers' Tools. Jewelry. (See page 342); also, see Hair Jewelry, Ma- sonic Marks, Silver Ware, &c.) Jewelry, Hair. APOLLOS W. HARRISON, 26 South Seventh street. JOSEPH E. HOOVER, 416 Race street. J. S. MASON & CO., 138 North Front. SAMUEL SCHURCH. (Stationer,) 240 Race street. JOHN ANNEAR, 127 North Front street. W. C. BAKES, southwest corner Seventh and Bnttonwood. LAY & BROTHER, (Black and Colored,) 241 Dock street. L. MARTIN & CO., 215 Lodge street, above Second. ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, (Arthur's Patent Air-tight also Paste Jars,) 117 and 119 South Tenth, corner George JACOB KIRCHEM, (Nock's Patent,) 8 South Seventh. HYMEN L. LIPMAN, (Nock's Patent Round Hinge,) 32 S. 4th. THEODORE ATTENEDER, (Patent Joint,) 229 New street. EDMUND DRAPER, 226 Pear street, near the Post-office. SAMUEL L. FOX, (also Surveyors,) 537 North Second. MCALLISTER & BROTHER, 728 chestnut street. THEODORE MUELLER, 132 Noble st., corner New Market. ISAAC SCHNAITMAN, 225 North Fourth. ADOLPH WIRTH, 704 Arch, above Seventh. WILLIAM J. YOUNG SON, 43 North Seventh street. (See page 408 ; also Pianos, Organs, &c.) L. C. FRANCIS, (and Chemical,) 100 S. Eighth, cor. Chestnut. THEODORE MUELLER, 132 Noble, corner New Market. JAMES J. CLARK, 160 Dock street, corner South Second. And its MANUFACTURES, page 283. J. BISHOP, 207 Pear street. BAEDER, DELANY & ADAMSON, 14 South Fourth. E. M. SEELEY & SON, North Second, above Columbia street. HARVEY & FORD, (also Carving,) 422 Library street. M. W. BALDWIN & CO., Broad and Hamilton. CHAMBERS & RIEHL, 1033 N. Fourth, bet. Poplar & George. W. P. UHLINGER & CO., 919 and 921 North Second. D. D. DICK, 625 St. James street. DAVID JONES, 413 Vine street, above Fourth. ISAAC S. WILLIAMS, 726 Market st. And many others H. OLIVER, southwest corner Eighth and Arch. H. H. SMITH, 201 Carter's Alley, corner Second street. BAILEY & CO., 819 Chestnut. JACOB BENNET, (also, Diamond Setting,) 326 Chestnut, below Fourth. CARROW, THIBAULT & CO., (successors to Dubosq, Carrow & Co.,) 308 Chestnut street. DREER & SEARS, Goldsmiths' Hall, 418 Library street. S. B. OPDYKE, Sansom steet Hall, rear Jones Hotel. PAYTON, HAWKINS & CO., 326 Chestnut street. GEO. W. SIMONS & BROTHER, 610 Sansom street. SCHMITT & STUBENRAUCH, (also, Hair Plaiting & Devices I 928 Chestnut street. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 487 Jewelry and Silver C. J. SMITH, 1719 Lombard street. Chasing. Kindling "Wood. Knit Goods. Knitting Machines. (See page 303.) Knives and Forks. Knives, Mowing. Lace, Coach. Laces, Embroideries, &c. Ladders. Ladies Dress Trim- mings. Lager Beer. Lamp Black. Lamps, Chandeliers. Lamps, Coach, &c. Lamp Shades. Lamp "Wick. Lanterns. Laps, Cotton. Lapidary's 'Work. Lasts. Lathes. Laundry "Work. Law Blanks. Leads for Pencils. Lead Pipe, &c. Leads, Sounding Lead, Sugar of. Lead, Paints. Leather. English Kid. MANUFACTURERS. CHARLES RUMP, 37 Haydock street, below Front. JOHN GADSBY & SONS, (Knit Jackets, Shirts, Drawers, Scarfs, Cravats, Mittens, and Guernsey Shirts,) 10 Fetter Lane. JOHN LARARD, (every description of Needles for Knitting Ma- chines,) 978 Marshall street, below Franklin. C. SHIRTCLIFF, 1226 Germantown Road. W. P. DHLINGER & CO., 919 and 921 North Second street. B. RICHARDSON, 117 South Second. C. H. LAME, (and Reaping,) 407 Cherry street. (See Dry Goods, page 245.) JOSEPH RUE, 845 Parrish, below Ninth. (See Trimmings.) (See page 195.) L. MARTIN & CO., 215 Lodge street, above Second. (See page 352.) E. W. USSHER, 109 South Eighth. V. QUARRE, 805 Race street, above Eighth. A. STONE, (for Solar, Fluid, and Astral, etc.,) 207 Quarry at J. H. ROHRMAN, 606 Cherry street. CHARLES WILHELM, (and Lamps,) 919 Race street. (See Dry Goods, page 260.) F. BOHRER, (Glass and Stone Cutting,) 20 Franklin Place. PETER DEWEES, 113, (old, 31,) Callow hill street. JACOB FOSTER, 305 (old, 3,) Cherry street, above Third. J. HOWARD & CO., (Steam,) 112 Bread street. GEORGE MUNRO, (Anatomical,) 127 Callowhill, below Second. (See Machinery, page 315.) KOCHERSPERGER & CO., (Steam,) 645 North Broad. JNO. B. SPRINGER, (and Parchment,) S. E. cor. Fifth & Walnut HYMEN L. LIPMAN, (see Pencils,) 4 Ranstead Place. TATHAM & BROTHERS, Delaware Avenue, below South. JOSEPH BAKER & SON, 820 Rachel, and 821 North Second. SAMUEL GRANT, Jr., & CO., (see page 208,) 139 S. Water st. (See pages 208 and 215.) (Bookbinders', Glove, Morocco, &c., see page 357.) O. R. CORRY, (Glove and Gaiter,) 455 N Third, ab. Willow 488 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. Tieather Belting and Hose. lienses and Prisms. Life Preservers. Lightning Bods. Points. Lime. Lithography. Lithographic chines. Ma- Locks. (See page 332.) Bank. Locomotives. Looking-Crlass Frames. Looms. Swivel & Hand. Lozenges. Macaroni, &c. Machine Cards. MANUFACTURERS. BARNET & JENKINS, 112 North Sixth street. WM. ECKFELDT, 212 N. 13th, and 433 N. Third street, ADOLPH WIETH, (Simple and Achromatic,) 704 Arch st. JOHN THOBNLEY, 311 Chestnut street THOMAS ARMITAGE, 1206 Vine street. (See page 341.) A. C. BROWN, (Copper and Iron,) N. E. cor. 8th & Buttouwood. F. JAHN, (Plated and Solid Pointed Platina,) 435 Race street T. T. KINSEY, 207 Race street, above Second. F. W. & G. A. KOHLER, 528 North Second, ab. Buttonwood. EDWARD L. MINTZER, 23 North Sixth street. (Super-Phosphate of, see page 145.) (See page 182.) (See Machinery, page 321.) THOS. H. AUROCKER, 134 North Thirteenth. JULIUS BILLERBECK, 902 Ridge Avenue, above Vine st. G. W. BRADFIELD, (Brass,) 5fi.> North Twelfth street. JACOB KIRCHEM, (Nock's Patent,) 8 South Seventh. C. LIEBRICH, (see page 333,) 110 South Eighth. J. B. SHANNON, (.see page 333,) 58 North Sixth street LINUS YALE, Jr., & CO., (see page 333,) Front & New sts. (See page 305.) (See Picture and Looking-Glass Frames.) J-..-J Act (See Cotton and Woolen Machinery, page 299.) CHAMBERS & RIEHL, 1033 N. Fourth, bet. Poplar & George. W. P. UHLINGER & CO., (page 303,) 919 & 921 N. Second st. GEORGE BATES, 1248 Hanover st., Kensington. BOHLER, TOMSON & WEIKEL, 248 N. Third, below Vine. JAMES SMITH & CO., Marshall st., cor. Willow, (see p. 302). Machines and Ma- A. L. ARCHAMBAULT, (see p. 317,) Fifteenth and Hamilton. chine Work. |M. ALDEN, (see p. 324,) Fifteenth and Willow street. (See pp. 299 to 329.) BEMENT & DOUGHERTY, (see p. 316,) 2029 Callowhill. F. CLAVELOUX, 109 South Second street. JAMES FLINN & CO., (see p. 325,) Sixth and Gerinantown K. J J. HEPWORTH, (see p. 302,) cor. Edward and School streets. WM. H. HARRISON, 705 Lodge Alley. R. J. HOLLINGSWORTH, 23 Coates Alley. (See pa North Third street. STANHOPE & SUPLEE, Frankford. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 489 Machine and Ma- chine "Work. Machine Tools. Magnesia. Magnetic Instru'mts. Mahogany. Malt. Mangles, Patent. Mantels, Marble. Enameled. Maps and Charts. (See page 183.) Marble. Marbled Paper. Masts and Spars. Masonic & Odd Fel- lows Marks, Jew- els, &e. Matches. Match - Stands and Safes. Mathematical I'mts. Mattresses. Mats, Door, &c. Meat Mauls. Meat Safes. Medicines. Medicinal Extracts. MANUFACTURERS. J. T. SUTTON & CO., 131 Franklin Avenue. J. & T. WOOD, (see page 301,) Wood street, near 21st And many others. (See page 314.) (See Chemicals, page 211.) WM. C. & J. NEFF, 5 South Seventh street. ALEX. BECRAFT, rear 426 Walnut street. JOHN EISENBREY & SON, Dock, corner Pear street. LEWIS THOMPSON & CO., Eleventh and Ridge Avenue. FREDERICK GAUL, New Market, corner Callowhill. R. A. STRATTON, 1339 Cherry st., near Broad (See Marble, page 363.) ARNOLD & WILSON, 1010 Chestnut street. RUFtTS L. BARNES, 27 Sonth Sixth. S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, 31 South Sixth. ROBERT P. SMITH, 517 Minor. CHARLES WILLIAMS, (see page 178,) 605 Arch street. D. R. HUMPHRIES & SON, Vienna st. Wharf, Kensington. JACOB BENNET, 326 Chestnut street, below Fourth. MARTIN LEANS, 402> Chestnut street. SAMUEL MAROT, 434 Chestnut street, corner Fifth. GEO. P. PILLING, 214 Gold st., corner Dock. A. C. SUPLEE, 326 Chestnut street. JOHN S. HODGKINSON, (Friction and German Congreve,) 2 Fetter Lane, 3d street, between Arch and Race. JOHN SCHICK & CO., 919 St. John, above Poplar. C. O. WILSON, (also Wax Matches and Cigar Lights,) 727 Race street. (See Instruments.) (See Beds and Mattresses.) JAMES CRAWSHAW, 1516 North Second street. WILLIAM BEACH, (Patent,) Willow st., bet. 12th and 13th. W. J. WALKER, 819 Spruce st., above Eighth. J. LOUIS & SON, Vine street, above Fifth. (See page 212.) EDWARD H. HANCE, (see page 211,) 627 Arch st. N. SPEXCER THOMAS, (see page 211,) New Market, near Oer mantown Road. Medicine Chests and Medical Saddle- Bags. Melodeons Metallic Letters. 40 J. M. MIGEOD, (Medical Bags,) 27 South Eighth street. PEACOCK & FICKERT, northeast corner Fifth and Chestnut. NATHAN STARKEY, (also Pocket Cases,) 116 South Eighth, between Chestnut and Walnut. MACNUTT & PRIOR, 108 North Sixth. IHENRY SINKLER, (Raised Brass, &c. : also. Card Plates and ; Engraved Names, for Engines and Cemeteries,) 1'eniberton 1 street, South of Wallace. 490 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Military Feathers. Military Qoods. Military Ornaments and Fancy Metal "Work. Milk Cans. Mill G-earing and Shafting. Millinery Goods. Mineral "Water. Mittens and Gloves. Models, (for Patent Of- fice.) Morocco. Mouldings, Wood. Moulds. Mowing Machines. Mowing Knives. Musical Instruments Mustard. Nails, Cut. Nails and Spikes. Collar. Nickel and Cobalt. Nickel Silver "Ware. Nitrate of Silver. Nuts, Bolts, &c. Oars and Sculls. Oils. Oil & Floor Cloths. Oil Presses. Omnibuses. MANUFACTURERS. Mrs. MENCH, (Ladies Feathers' Dressed, Dyed, and Altered,) 510 North Second street, above Noble. HORSTMANN BRO'S & CO., 723 Chestnut. J. H. LAMBERT, 532 Callowhill. W. G. MINTZER, 215 North Third street. WM. H. GRAY, 4 Crockett's Court, Fifth, above Chestnut. WM. PINCHIN, 120 Jacoby street, between 12th and 13th. HENRY SINKLER, Pemberton st., S. of Wallace, bel. Ridge Av. JOHN AMBLER, Jr., 711 Spring Garden street. WM. SELLERS & CO., (see page 818,) 16th and Hamilton. (See page 413.) J. & 8. S. LIPPINCOTT, (in Fountains,) 916 Filbert street. And many others. (See Knit Goods and Buckskin Gloves.) WM. B. AITKEN,(in Wood and Metal,) 203 Dock, corner 2d. EDWARD BORMAN (and Small Machines,^ 523 Cherry street. THOMAS W. MAaON, 233 south Fifth street. (See Leather, &c., page 359.) BENJAMIN ESLER, 26 South Fifteenth. MATTHEW GRIER, (best quality always on hand or made to order,) Coates, West of Broad, south side. (See Bottle Moulds, Candle do., Confectioners' do., Dentists' do.) SPANGLER & GRAHAM, 627 Market. C. H. LAME, (also Reaping,) 407 Cherry street. (See page 408.) (See page 269.) (See page 339.) GELBACH k METZGER, (Composition,) 1211 Howard st., above Franklin Avenue. M. McFADDEN, Penn street, above Maiden, Kensington. Needles, Mattress & MICHAEL P. PARTRIDGE, (late from England,) Blair street, bet. Norris and Wood street, Kensington. BUCK, SIMONIN & CO., (See page 208,) 121 Walnut street. HARVEY FILLEY, (see page 361,) 1222 Market street. GARRIGUES & MAGEE, 108 North Fifth. (See page 209.) HOOPES & TOWNSEND,(p. 334,) Buttonwood, bel. Broad. ALBERTSON BROTHERS, Beach st., ab. Marlboro', Kensiug'n, WOOD & BROTHERS, Penu street, above Poplar. (Linseed, Lard, Resin, Sperm, &c. see page 369.) JAMES CARMICHAEL, 162 North Third street. THOMAS POTTER, (,666 p. 409,) 229 Arch street. J. & T. WOOD, Wood st., near N. Twenty-first. JOHNSOX & ADARE, 329 Broad street. Ofc ' ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 491 MASCFACTCKERS. Optical Instruments. (See Instruments.) Ordnance. Organ Pipes, Metal. Organs. Oyster Knives. Packing Boxes. Paging, Blank Book. Pails. Paints & Paint Mills. Pans, Patent Bake. Paper & Paper Mills. Paper Bags, (Machine Made.) Paper Boxes. (See p*ge 402.) Paper Folding Ma- chines. Paper Hangings. Paper Machinery. Paper, Metallic. Paper Kuling. Paper Staining. Papier Mache Goods, Parasols, Parchment, (and Vel- lom.) Patent Leather. Pattern Makers. Pearl Studs & Or- naments. Pearl & Shell "Work. SAVERT & CO., South Front and Reed. P. SCHENKEL, 922 Market street. J. C. B. STANDBRIDGE, 2107 Chestnut. (See Mu. Inst., p. 108.) S. P. MILLER, 309 South Fifth. JACOB SOUDER, 406 Noble. M. FIFE, 3 Elbow Lane, between Bank and South Third. SUPLEE & MYERS, 514 East North street, above Market. W. WILLARD, 439 Chestnut street. (See Cedar and Wooden Ware.) (See page 217.) WILLIAM BEACH, Willow street, between 12th and 13th. (See page 176.) N. AMERICAN PAPER BAG AND ENVELOPE MANUFAC- TURING CO., northwest corner Ninth and Wallace street. JESSE BAKER, 21 Bank St., ab. Chestnut, between 2d and 3d. MERRICK BARNES, 102 Bread St., ab. Arch, bet. 2d and 3d. JOHN CROMPTON, 118 North Third street. EYRE & HARVEY, 631 East North street. RUDOLPH K. KNAPP, 230 North Third. GEO. W. PLDMLY, (See page 402.) 213 North Fourth. HENRY J. SEIBEL, 525 Commerce street. (See page 161.) (See page 871.) NELSON GAVIT, (see page 319,) 222 and 224 Broad street. ROBINSON RITSON, corner Twenty-fourth and Green street. THOMAS W. PRICE, 22 South Fifth and Library. (See notice of Machine on page 179.) W. H. PATTEN, 205 Arch. D. D. DICK, 625 St. James street. (See Umbrellas, and page 391.) McNEELY & CO., 64 North Sixth street. GEORGE S. ADLER, 131 Margaretta street. W. B. AITKEN, 203 Dock street. J. BEESLEY & CO., (also Patterns for Needle-work,) 424 Dill- wyn, above Callowhill. THOMAS G. BERING, northwest corner 10th and Ridge Av. THOMAS W. MASON, 233 South Fifth street. C. R. MELLOR, (and Models,; northwest cor. 12th & Pleasant. SMITH & BROWN, 215 North Second. EDWARD MARKLEW, (also Buttons,) 15th street, bet. Hamil- ton and Willow, and 1904 Hamilton. SAMUEL FISHER, 1509 Linden St., W. of 15th. ab. Chestnut. 492 ALPHABETICAL LIST OP ARTICLES. AKT1CLE8. MANUFACTURERS. A. GBEENHALGH, Manayunk. SAMUEL FISHEE, 1509 Linden st., W. of 16th, ab. Chestnut. GEO. W. SIMONS & BROTHER, (see p. 345,) 610 Sansom tt. HTMEN L. LIPMAN, (Mears 1 Propelling Pencil, Erasing Pea- cils; also, Lead and Erasing Pencil combined,) 32 S. 4th .st. (See Gold Pens ; also page 348.) Pearl Card Cases. Pearl Mountings. Pencil & Pen Cases. Pencils. Pens, Gold. Penholders. Percussion Caps. Perfumery. XAVIER BAZIN, 917 Cherry. (.See page 410.) GLENN & CO., 720 Chestnut street. APOLLOS W. HARRISON, 26 South Seventh. A. HAWLEY & CO., 117 North Fourth. H. P. & W. C. TAYLOR, 641 and 643 N. Ninth, below Coates. R. & G: A. WRIGHT & CO., 35 South Fourth. W. C. McREA, (Patent Adjustable,) 907 Chestnut. J. WURFFLEIN, 210 South Tenth. Philosophical I'nsts. Photographs. (See Instruments.) (See Daguerreotypes.) Physicians' Pocket JOSEPH ELLIS, (Allopathic & Homoeopathic Bottle,)101 8. 8th. Cases. W. T. FRY & CO., 15 North Sixth st., above Market. H. A. HEUSSLER, 341 Harmony Court, corner S. Fourth. JACOB LUTZ, (Allopathic and Homoeopathic Bottle,) 109 S. 8th NATHAN STARKEY, 116 South Eighth st., above Sansom. Piano Fortes. (See page 409.) Piano Hardware. Pickles. Picture & Looking- Olass Frames. Pile-Drivers. Pill Boxes Pills. Pins. Pipes. Smoking. Pistols. H. GOLDSMITH, 33 and 35 South Tenth street. HUNT & CO., 345 North Third street. CONRAD MEYER, 722 Arch street. AUGUST V. REICHENBACH, 1230 Chestnut. GEORGE VOGT, 628 Arch street. And many others. H. & E. GOUJON, 913 Marshall st., above Poplar. (See Preserved Food.) EVERS & VOTTELER, 13 North Eighth street. JAMES S. EARLE, 816 Chestnut street. FISHER & CO., 141 South Second street. F. GABRYLEWITZ, 47 North Niuth street, JACOB GRAEFF, Master st,, above Fifth GUNNING, ROGERS & MYERS, 814 Filbert. JOSEPH HILLIER, 65 North Second street. E. NEWLAND & CO., (Medal Awarded by N. Y. Exhib.,} 601 Arch street. PRICE & SANSOM, 227 Crown st., between Race aud Vine. A. S. ROBINSON, 910 Chestnut street. DAVID WILLIAMS, (Packed and Insured from breakage free of charge,) 144 North Third, below Race. E. MASSE, (Black Oval and Passe Partout,) 201 N. Eighth. A. L. ARCHAMBAULT, 15th, below Hamilton. GEORGE W. PLUMLY, 213 North Fourth. (See page 213.) HENRY MEHL, (Parisian Roundhead,) 353 N. Fourth st. (See Gas Pipes, p. 322; Drain Pipes, p. 200.) J. RICHARDS, Oxford st., ab. Frankford Road, Kensington. (See Guns.) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 493 Planes. Planing Mills. (See page 395.) Plaster of Paris. Plaster Ornaments. Plated "Ware. Platina "Work. Plows. Plumes. Pocket-Books. Porcelain "Ware. Port Monaies, Ca- bas, &c. Porter. Portfolios. Potassium, Cyan. of. Pottery. Poudrette. Preserved Food. Presses. Presses, Copying and Seal. Presses, Printing. Presses, Screw. Printing, Book and Fancy. Printing for Blind. Printing, Plate. (See p. 180,) Printers' Furniture. Print "Works. Prussiate of Potash. Publishing, Book. Newspaper and Magazine. 40* MXNCPACTL-BER8. S. H. BIBIGHAUS, 258 North Third street. B. 8HENEMAN & BROTHER, 733 Market NAYLOR & CO., 639 North Broad. GEO. B. SLOAT & CO., 1129 Beach street. And many others. (See page 145.) E. DUFRENE, (also Figures,) Seventh, below Chestnut. THOMAS HEATH, (also Figures,) 8. W. corner llth and Arch. WM. H. FRENCH, (Architectural,) 18th and Chestnut. (See Silver Plated Ware.) J. BISHOP, (Chemical Apparatus,) 207 (old No., 6,) Pear street. SAVERY & CO., South Front, below Reed. Mrs. MENCH, 510 N. Second, bet. Noble and Buttonwood. PEACOCK & FICKERT, Fifth and Chestnut. JOSEPH LAUGHLIN, 300 Walnut street. PORCELAIN FACTORY, Germantown Road. H. A. HEUSSLER, (and Fancy Leather articles,) 341 Harm an- street, corner Fourth. GEORGE FISCHER, Agent, 7 South Eighth. CHARLES RUMPP & CO., 118 North Fourth. And many others. (See page 192.) ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, (Arthur's Patent Elastic ) 117 and 119 South Tenth, corner George. BENJ. J. CREW & CO., (see p. 209,) (See page 201.) (See page 145.) MILLS B. ESPY, (see page 269.) 255 South Third J. L. WENDELL, 310 South Front. (Brick, Hydraulic, Oil : see Machinery, p. 302.) E. KALLENBERG, rear 220 N. Second, and 441 N. Ninth. (See page 320.) CHARLES DIEDRICHS, (and all other kinds,) 31 Vine street. (See page 173.) (See page 174.) HENRY QUIG; 115 South Seventh. (See page 321.) (See Dry Goods.) CARTER A SCATTERGOOD, (seep. 210,) 304 Arch street (See page 149.) 494 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Pumps. Putty. Quills. Quinine. Bailing, Iron. (See page 295.) Railway Machinery. Bakes, Hand, &c. Banges, Cooking. Battan and. "Whale- bone. Bat & Mouse Traps. Bazors. Bazor Strops. Bectifying "Whisky. Beeds and Hcddles. MANUFACTURERS. (See Machinery, Machine Work, Air Pumps, Force Pumps, &c.) (See Chemicals, page 217.) SAMPEL SCHDECH, (Stationer,) 240 Hace street. (See pages 207-208.) WOOD & PEROT, (see pages 295 and 450,) Eidge Avenue, be- low Spring Garden street. J. LANE, 224 Callowhill, below Third. JOSEPH E. SASS, (Plain and Fancy, Wrought and Cast Iron,) 133 Elfreth's Alley, below Second, first street above Arch. E. W. SHIPPEN & CO., Market street, West Philadelphia. And many others. (See page 304 : ajso, Cars, Axles, Wheels, &c.) (See Agricultural Implements.) JOHN ESTLIN, 231 North Fifth street. (See page 291.) EAND & AYEES, 124 North Sixth street. And many others. GEOEGE W. CAEE & CO., 126 Willow st., above Front. C. 0. WILSON, 727 Eace st,, bel. Eighth. WILLIAM GILCHKIST, 445 North Broad. C. T. HAYNES, (Diamond Strop and Powder for Razors and Surgical Instruments,) No. 6 Lagrange Place. (See page 231.) M. MONGAN & SON, 114 8. Second, entrance 201 Carter street. JACOB SENNEFF, 230 Quarry, Office 28 North Front. Refining, Gold and DEEEB & SEAES, (see page 345,) Library street. Silver. Beflectors, Daylight. Befrigerators, "Water Coolers & Filters. Begalia. Revolvers. Bibbons. Bines. Bigging. Bivets. Boach & Fly Traps. Boiling Mills. RooflngComposition. Roofing, Metallic. Rope, Twines, &c. WILLIAM F. PULLINGEE, 1 Carter's Alley GEOEGE W. NICKELS, 606 Cherry street. JONES YEEKES, 105 South Second street. HORSTMANN BEO'S & CO., 723 Chestnut street. JAMES KELLY, 146 North Sixth. (See Guns and Pistols.) W. H. HOESTMANN & SONS, Fifth and Cherry streets. (See Guns, &c.) WILLIAM HUGG & SONS, 1053 Penn street. PHILLIPS & ALLEN, (See page 334,) Penn'a Av., near 23d. C. O. WILSON, 727 Eace street, below Eighth. (See page 286.) H. M. WAEEEN&CO.,Farquhar Buildings, Walnut st., bel. 3d. Karqi )., H. THOMAS, ALLEN & CO., N. Ninth and Girard Avenue E. S. HAEEIS & CO., (Corrugated Iron,) S. E. cor. llth & Prjae, And many others. '(See page 873.) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 495 Rosin OIL Rotten Stone, Prep'd GAKRIGUE3 & MAGEE, 108 North Fifth street. Rouge, Polishing, (for Jewelers.) Rubber, India. Ruches. Rules, Gauging In- struments, &c. Saddle-Bags. Saddlery & Harness. (See page 375.) Saddlers' Tools. Saddle-Trees. Saddlery Hardware. Safes and Fire Proof MANUFACTURERS. (See page 370.) Mrs. M. 8. WEST, Spruce street, above Third. JOHN THORNLET, 311 Chestnut street. JOEL THOMAS, 26 S. Fifth street. J. E. CARPENTER, 862 North Fourth, below Poplar. (See Medical Saddle-Bags.) WM. 8. HANSELL S SONS, 114 Market street. M. MAGEE & CO., 18 Decatnr. LACEY & PHILLIPS, 30 and 32 Sonfli Seventh. W. R. SCOTT, (Collars,) 119 North Front street. And many others. HENRY HUBER, Jr., 4 North Fifth street. C. PRUDDEN, Willow street, bet. Twelfth and Thirteenth. E. HALL OGDEN, (see page 340,) Ninth and Jefferson KIRCHNER & STICKEL, (Steel Bitts, Hames, Rings, Eyes, Pad Plates, Hooks, Sterrets, &c.) rear of 309 Race. PAUL SCHWAHTZKOPF, (Iron and Steel Chains, Buckle*, &c.) 519 Emlen St., ab. Front, between Noble and Peg. EVANS 4 WATSON, 26 South Fourth. (See page 453.) Chests. FARREL, HERRING ft CO., 130 Walnut (See page 296.) LINUS YALE, Jr. & CO., (.Chilled Iron Burglar Proof,) Front & Newsta. JONES YERKES, (Salamander,) 105 South Second street. Sails. Saleratus & Sal. Soda Salt, Dairy. Salts, Bleaching, &c. Sand, "Writing. Sashes, Doors, Blinds &c. Satchels, Fancy Leather. Sausage Staffers. Sawing, Scroll and Pattern. Saw Mills. Saws. Scaffolds, Portable. Scales and Balances. McDONALD & LAUGHUN, 16 N. Delaware Av. and 3 Dock. RICHARD F. SHANNON, 248 North Delaware Avenue. BURGIN & SONS, 133 Arch street. CONRAD KNIPE, 328 and 330 Noble street, below Fourth. (See page 208.) JOHN W. CLOTHIER, 72 North Fourth street. COGILL & WILT, 423 North Front, above Callowhill. MATTHEW GR1ER, Coates St., W. of Broad, south side. ABEL REED, Marshall and Girard Av., and 215 North Second. And many others. J. T. MIDNIGHT, (also Leather Baskets, Bags, ic.) 145 North Fourth street. MICHAEL HEY, 637 North Third street. MATTHEW GRIER, Coates st., W. of Broad, south side. JOSEPH RUE, 845 Parrish street. And many others. GILLINGHAM & GARRISON (420, old No.), Queen street. (See page 330.) A. C. FUNSTON, (Self-supporting-,) Frankford Ed., opp. Master. (See page 335.) 496 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. Scales, Platform. Scagliola. Scariflcators and Spring Lancets. Screws, Coffln. Screwdrivers, &c. Screws, "Wood. Screws, Wooden. Screw Propellers. Scuttles, Coal. Seeds, Garden, &c. (See page 142.) Seines and Nets. Settees. Sewing Machines. Sewing Machine. Sewing Silks. Shawls. Shears & Scissors. Sheetings and Shirt- ings. Sheet Iron. Sheet Iron "Ware. Ship Bread. Ship Building. Ship Lanterns. H. & E. GOUJON, 913 Marshall st., above Poplar. HARMAN BAUGH, (Bench, Hand, &c.) 125 Blfreth's Alley. REANEY, NEAFIE & CO., (See page 317,) 135 Beach. GEORGE GRIFFITHS, 1 Fetter Laue, Third, above Arch. HENRY A. DREER, 327 Chestnut. B. P. MINGLE & CO., 103 Market, and 4 North Front. C. B. ROGERS, 111 Market street. MANUFACTURERS. (See page 336.) E. DUFRENE, Seventh, below Chestnut. THOMAS HEATH, southwest corner Eleventh and Arch. F. LEYPOLDT, 508 E. North St., bet. 5th & 6th, ab. Arch. HENRY CALVERLY, (also Studs, Plates, &c.) 207 Quarry st. HORN & ELLIS, 307 Race street. HENRY BEIDEMAN, Market St., bel. 2d, S. side, (basement.) BENJ. H. BRAYMAN, 57 North Front. PARHAM'S MANUFACTORY, George, below Tenth. GEORGE B. SLOAT & CO., 1229 Beach street. W. P. UHLINGER & CO., North Second, above Oxford. W. H. TAYLOR, (also, Stitching and Quilting,) Chestnut stre, above Fourth. B. HOOLEY & SON, (seepage 249,) 16 Hudson's Alley, below Chestnut, between Third and Fourth. (See page 238.) CLARENBACH & HERDER, (Patent Cast Steel,) 634 Arch, and 235 Race. (See page 236.) ALLAN WOOD & CO., (Imitation Russia, &c.) 39 N. Front st. GEORGE GRIFFITHS, 1 Fetter Lane. Third, above Aroh. (See Crackers, &c.) (See page 379.) GEO. L. FLICK, (Bow, Signal, Binnacle and Fresno!,) 141 N Front. Ship Locks, Bolts, &c. F. W. & G. A. KOHLER, (Brass,) 628 N. 2d, ab. Buttonwood. Shirts, Collars, Bo- soms, &c. (See p. 224.) Shoes, Gaiters, &c. C. A. BUTTS, 27 North Eighth street. DAVIS & HOFF, 223 Church Alley. EDWIN A. KELLEY, (see page 224,) 16 Bank st. OLDENBERGH & TAGGART, 146 North Fourth. JOHN C. REMINGTON 217 N. Fourth, corner Branch. J. W. SCOTT, (late of Winchester & Scott,) 814 Chestnut, nearly opposite the Girard House. WINCHESTER & CO., 706 Chestnut street. (See page 185.) pers. Shoe and Gaiter Up- JACOB 0. PATTEN, 62 N. Third St., below Arch. JACOB GILLER, northwest corner Eighth and Market. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES 497 Shoemakers' Tools. Shot. Shovels, Spades, &c. (See page 331.) Show Cards, Prem'm Show and Counter Cases. Shuttles. (See page 303.) Shutter Bolts. Sieves and Screens. Signs, Letters, &c. Silk Bonnets and Bonnet Frames. Silk Dyeing. Silk Moulds. Silver, Nitrate of. Silver Ware. (See page 342.) Silver-plated "Ware. (See page 348.) Silver Plating. MANUFACTURERS. C. H. BLITTERSDORF, N. Fourth, above Callowhill. HORN & ELLIS, 307 Race street. THOMAS SPARKS, 121 Walnut street. T. & B. ROWLAND & CO., Office, 601 Commerce. GEO. GRIFFITHS, 1 Fetter Lane, Third, above Area. And many others. STEELE & GLEASON, (Premium awarded by Penn'a Institute,) 109 North Seventh street. BEAL & FORM AN, (also Aquariums,) 153 North Fourth. FRED'K HAFNER, Vine, below Second. JACOB LUTZ, 109 South Eighth. E. JACKSON, 933 Charlotte st., above Poplar. HENRY SERGESON, 931 Charlotte st., above Poplar. SELSOR, COOK & CO., Germantown. RIDGEWAY & RUFE, Germantown. C. 0. WILSON, (Coal Ash,) 727 Race street. (Also, see WIRE WORK, page 338.) WM. C. MURPHY, 47 South Third street. AARON E. CARPENTER, (Sign of the Ostrich,) 54 N. Sth st. LINCOLN, WOOD & NICHOLS, (see page 414,) 725 Che.stuut. JAMES TELFORD, 903 North Second, above Poplar. (See Dry Goods, page 249.) OLLIS & BROTHER, Beach and Shackamaxon. (See page 209.) BAILEY & CO., (see page 348,) 819 Chestnut. W. FABER, (Forks and Spoons,) 214 North Fifth TAYLOR & LAURIE, 520 Arch street. W. WILSON & SON, corner Fifth and Cherry. HARVEY FILLEY, (and Nickel Silver,) 1222 Market. EDWIN GUEST, 110 South Eighth street, G. ENGEL, 308 Chestnut st. J. S. JARDEN & BRO., 304 Chestnut street. ERNEST KAUFFMAN, 328 Noble street. JOHN 0. MEAD & SONS, (see page 349,) 843 Chestnut, corner Ninth. Skirts, Clastic. Slates, Pat'nt School. Slaw Cutters. Sleighrunners. THOS. H. AUROCKER, northwest cor. Thirteenth and Cherry.; G. W. BRADFIELD, 526 N. 12th st., corner Ridge Avenue. J. BILLERBECK, 902 Ridge Avenue. PHILIP CLINE, Fifth and Buttonwood. FRANCIS JAHN, 435 Race St., near Fifth. W. PAINE, Willow st., below Sixth. SCHEERER & DIEHR, 237 North Fourth street. SEDDINGER & BURWELL, 216 Arch st., above Second. J. B. SHANNON, 58 North Sixth street. M. BIRD, (also Spring Skirt Cord,) 227. Franklin Avenue. ZEBULON LOCKE, (see page 368,) 637 North Broad. JOSEPH LEWIS, Germantown Road, below Diamond. ALFRED RUHL, (also Poles & Shafts,) N. W. corner Eighth and Wood. 498 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Smelting of Metals. Snuff. (See p. 388.) Soap and Candles. (See page 383.) MANUFACTURERS. Soaps.Fancy&Toilet. (See page 410.) Soapstone. (See p. 367.) Soda- Ash. Soda "Water Syrups. Apparatus. Sofa Springs. Solder. Sour-Grout Cutters. Spectacles. (See page 348.) Spectacle Cases. Spices, &c. Spice Mills. Spirit & Plumb Lev- els. Spokes, Felloes and Hubs. Spooling and Bobbin Machines. Spoons & Porks, Silv. (See also Silver Ware.) Springs. Stained Glass. Btair Bods. RICHARD WEST, 1247 Shackamaxon st., Kensington. (Always on hand and for sale the best quality of INGOT BRASS. Cash paid for Brass Turnings and Filings, Lead & Type Dross, &c.) COOPER & WALTER, northwest corner llth and Melon. FRANCIS CONWAY, 114 and 118 Relief street. WILLIAM CONWAY, (see page 384,) 316 S. 2d, below Spruce. JOHN COOK, 1625 Market street. G. DALLETT & CO., 122 and 1319 Market, and northeast corner Tenth and Callowhill. E. DUFFY & SON, 912 and 914 Filbert street. G. M. ELKINTON & SON, (also Chemical Olive,) 116 Marga- retta st., bet. Front and Second, above Callowhill. EPHRAIM WILSON, 1095 Germantown Rd,, opp. Second st. A. VAN HAAGEN & CO., (Magic Detersive,) Cadwalader st., above Columbia. And many others. GLENN & CO., 726 Chestnut. APOLLOS W. HARRISON, (see page 411,) 26 South Seventh. A. HAWLEY & CO., 117 North Fourth street. H. P. & W. C. TAYLOR, 641 and 643 N. 9th, below Coates. THOMAS WORSLEY, 518 Prune street, between 5th and 6th. R. & G. A. WRIGHT, (see page 411,) 35 South Fourth. EZRA PRATT, 127 North Sixth street. (See Chemicals, pp. 207-208.) EDWARD H. HANCE, 627 Arch street. THOMAS THOMPSON, SON & CO., 238 South Second. JOSEPH BAKER & SON, (Spelter and Tinmen's,) 820 Rachel, or 821 North Second. JOHN LOUIS & SON, 504 Vine St., above Fifth. WM. BARBER, 110 South Eighth street, below Chestnut. MCALLISTER & BROTHER, 728 Chestnut street. NATHAN E. MORGAN, 610 Sansom. SAMUEL FOX, 537 North Second, above Noble. ISAAC SCHNAITMANN, 225 North Fourth. H. A. HEUSSLER, northeast cor. Fourth and Harmony Court. BOHLER, TOMSON & WEIKEL, 248 N. Third, below Vine. C. J. FELL & BROTHER, (see page 269,) 120 South Front. J. E. CARPENTER, 862 North Fourth, below Poplar. WM. GOLDSMITH, northwest corner Green and New Market. ELDRIDGE & FITLER, 1028 North Front. GEO. J. HENKELS, (Hubs,) North Sixth, above Thompson. JOHN JACKSON & CO., (also Warp Mills, Reels, and Temples,) 1089 and 1091 Germantown Road, opp. Second stree WILLIAM FABER, 214 North Fifth st., above Race. JABEZ E. WOOD, North Fifteenth, corner Hamilton. (See Car Springs and Carriage do., Sofa do.) (See Glass, page 278.) WILER & MOSS, (see page 191,) 225 South Fifth street. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 499 Starch. Stationery. (Also see Blank Books, page 178.) Statues. Steam Engines. Steam Keating Ap- paratus. Steamers. Stearin Candles. SteeL Steel Engraving. Steelyards. Stencil Cutting. Stereotyping & Elec- trotyping. (See page 172.) Stocks, Hair. Stocks, Ties, &c. Stockings. Stockings, Elastic. Stone-Cutters' Tools. Stoneware. Stoves. (See page 290.) Straw Goods Street Lamps, Street-Sweeping Ma- chines. Sugar, Refined. Sugar Apparatus. Sulphuric Acid, Surgical Instrum'ts. Surveyors' Inst'mts. Suspenders. MANUFACTURERS. WEST PHILADELPHIA STAKCH CO., Chestnut and Bridge- water street. JOHN GLADDING, 117 and 529 South Second. DAVID M. HOGAN, 418 Walnut. HYMEN L. LIPMAN, 26 South Fourth street, (second story). PIERSON & DIAMENT, 136 and 138 N. Fourth, cor. Cherry SAMUEL SCHURCH, 240 Race street JOHN B. SPRINGER, Fifth and Walnut C. P. PEERY, (Bookbinder & Publisher,) 8. W. cor. 4th & Race (Iron, see page 295 ; Marble, see page 365.) (See Machinery, c. ; also page 316.) JOHN L. KITE, (Kite's Patent Ventilating,) 13 Drinker's Alley, 147 North Second. (See Ship Building ; also, see pp. 318-327.) (See Candles, page 384.) (See page 287.) (See page 181.) JOHN STEEL & CO., (Patent Balances,) Farmer, near 7th C. E. FISK & SON, 13 South Sixth st., (basement.) B. SACHS, 306 Market st., above Third. GEORGE CHARLES, 609 Sansom street. JOHN FAGAN, 623 St. James street. L. JOHNSON & CO., 606 Sansom street. MEARS & DUSENBERY, 322 Harmony street. S. P. SMITH, (also Frames, Springs, Fasteners,) 1026 Chestnut. C. A. BUTTS, (also Cravats, Scarfs,) 27 North Eighth street. (See Hosiery.) (See page417. ) MILTON FORMAN, (also Awning Frames,) 668 Broad street, below Ridge Avenue, West side. (See page 201.) ABBOTT & LAWRENCE, 410 Brown street. NORTH, CHASE & NORTH, 209 North Second. (See also Iron Founding, Ranges, &c.) (See page 413.) CHAS. WILHELM, (also, Hall, Hotel, &c.) 919 Race street. KING A HYNEMAN, 233 South Fifth, and Prime, below Fifth, (See page 386.) (See pages 192-328.) (See Chemicals, pp, 207-210.) (See page 415.) (See Instruments.) J. J. HEBERSTECK, 1109 North Third street. 500 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. Syringes, Glass. Metallic. Swords & Side Arms Tables, Extension. Tags, Tickets, &o. Tailors' Implements, Tailors' & Sad Irons. Tanning it Currying. Tape. Taxidermy. Tea Boxes and Canis- ters. Tea Services. Teeth, Porcelain. Telegraph Inst'mts. Telescopes. Terra Gotta. Thermometers and Barometers. Thimbles, Gold and Silver. Threshing Machines. Tickings. Tiles. Tin Boxes, Canis- ters, &c. Tin, Crystals & Salts of. Tin Lamp Shades. Tin and Metallic Booting Tinware. (See page 417.) MANUFACTURERS. THOMAS BURNS, 119 Walnut (See Britannia Ware.) WM. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, Fifth and Cherry streets. HOGTTET & BUTTON, (Book-cases, Wardrobes, &c.,) 259 S. 3d. WM. E. LOCKWOOD, (Sharp's Patent,) 236 Chestnut. A. F. WARD, (Inch Measures, Crayons, Scales, Protractors, Squares, &c.) 333 and 335 Chestnut street J. E. CARPENTER, (Squares, &c.) 862 N. 4th, below Poplar. MORRIS L. KEEN, West Philadelphia. (See Leather, page 337.) (See Bindings and Webbing ; also page 236.) JAMES TAYLOR, 1916 Callowhill. J. HALL ROHRMAN, (Japanned,) 606 Cherry street. JOHN 0. MEAD & SONS, (Plated,) Ninth and Chestnut. (See Artificial Teeth, and page 398.) JAMES J. CLARK, S. E. corner Second and Dock streets. ADOLPH WIRTH, 704 Arch, above Seventh. LORENZE STAUDACHER, (see page 201,) 1742 North Eleventh, above Columbia. (See Philosophical Instruments.) GEORGE P. PILLING, 214 Gold street. GEO. W. SIMONS & BROTHER, (see p. 345,) Sansom st. HalL DAVID LANDRETH & SON, 21 and 23 South Sixth. (See Dry Goods, page 235.) (See pages 200-365.) JOHN AMBLER, Jr., (Preserving Cans,) 711 Spring Garden st. JOHN S. HODGKINSON, (also Druggists' Tinware,) 2 Fetter Lane, Third, above Arch. (See Chemicals, pages 207-209.) CHARLES WILHELM, (Patent Transparent Fancy Countiug- House and Nursery Shades, and Patent Mica Shade Protect- ors,) 919 Race street. JOHN AMBLER, Jr., 711 Spring Garden street. GUMMING & BRODIE, (and Composition,) 29 North Seventh. W. GILBERT, 7 South Seventh street. SAMUEL POWELL, 412 South Second, below Pine. CHARLES WILHELM, 919 Race street, above Ninth. JOHN AMBLER, Jr., (Improved Milk-Cans and Buckets, Ice- cream Freezers, &c. ; also, Gas-Consuming Sheet-Iron Stoves,) 711 Spring Garden street. W. GILBERT, (Plain and Planished ; also, Milk-Cans, Fancy Gas Lamps, &c.,) 7 South Seventh street. SAMUEL POWELL, (Milk, Cream, & Oil Cans, &c.,) 412 S 2d- ALPHABETICAL LIST OP ARTICLES. 501 MANUFACTURERS. Tinware. Continued. CHARLES WILHELM, (Models executed after designs,) 919 (See page 417.) I Kace street. ISAAC S. WILLIAMS, (seepage 417,) 726 Market Tobacco Manufact'rs Tool Handles. Toys. Tops and Tubes, for Lamps. Transparencies. Traps. Trimmings, Carriage , Ladies Dress. (See Dry Goods, page 244.) -, Upholstery. Trowels. Trucks, Store. Trunks, Valises, &c. (See page 378.) Trunk and Valise Frames. Trusses & Bandages. (See page 417.) Tubs. Tubes. Turning, Bone, Ivo- ry & Fancy Wood. Turning, "Wood. 41 (See page 388.) H. B. ANTRIM, 713 North Broad, corner Wallace. WM. G. BAMBREY, (Shoemakers' and Machinists',) 223 Crown street, above Race. JOSEPH RUE, (Hammer, Plane, Hand Saw, Axe, Pick, and Auger, &.c.) 845 Parrish street JOHN DOLL, (Checkers. Paper Babies, Snake Games, &c.) 144 North Second, above Arch. LUDWIG GREINER, 414 North Fonrth, above Callowhill. HADDEN, CARLL & PORTER, (Tin,) 130 North Second. J. B. SHAW, (Drums, Boats, Ac.) 1023 Chestnut J. T. VANKIRK, Agent, Frankford, (for Kerosene & Brecken- ridge Oils ; also, Brass Fluid Tubes and Extinguishers.) M. ROBINSON & CO., (for Exhibitions ; also, Sign Writing,) 19 North Second. (See Rat and Roach Traps.) (See Dry Goods, page 245.) J. B. CHAMPROMT, 133 North Third street. JOHN C. GRAHAM, 607 Cherry street. H. W. HENSEL, (see page 247,) 20 North Fourth. W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, (see page 246,) Fifth and Cherry. CHARLES MEVES, 9 South Eighth street. J. G. MAXWELL & SON, Eleventh and Chestnut. And many others. G. T. BECHMAN, (Blind, Shade, &c.,) 3d and Callowhill. W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, Fifth and Cherry sts. CHARLES MEVES, 9 North Eighth street. WM. ROSE & BROS., Market st., ab. Bridge water, W. Phila. JONES YERKES, (and Packing Levers,) 105 South Second. GEO. B. BAINS, 302 Market st, and 6 N. Fourth, ab. Market DUNN & CO., Masonic Temple, 721 Chestnut street. THOMAS W. MATTSON, 402 Market street, above Fonrth. J. M. MIGEOD, 27 8. 8th St., (2d story,) entrance on Lodge Al. WM. R. SCOTT, 119 North Front street And many others. LAWRENCE M. POTTS, (Iron,) 9 St. James street HORN & ELLIS, 307 Race street. B. C. EVERETT, (Everett's Premium Patent Graduating Pres- sure Truss, &c., see page 417,) 14 North Ninth street. Dr. M. McCLENACHAN, (also Spinal Apparatus, Supporters, &c., by Mrs. McClenachan,) 50 North Seventh street. (See Cedarware and Tinware.) EDW'D BORMAN, (Drawn Metallic, for Philosophical Instru- ments, &c.,) 523 Cherry. MORRIS, TASKER & CO., (Wrought Iron,) 3d, below Walnut. HARVEY & FORD, (see p. 393,) Goldsmiths' Hall, 422 Library THEODORE KAKXEGIESER (also Metal,) 111 South Eighth THOMAS SHAW, New st, cor. Front WM. G. BAMBREY, 223 Crown st., above Race. BARMAN BAUGH, 125 Elfreth's Alley, bet. Arch and Race. 502 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. MANUFACTURERS. Turning, Wood.-Con- tinued. Turn-Tables. Twines and Lines. Type Founding. Type for Blind. Type Metal. Ultramarine. Umbrellas&Parasols. (See page 389) Umbrella & Parasol Furniture. Umbrella-makers' Tools. Umbrella & Parasol Sticks. Upholstery. (See page 275.) Varnishes. Vats. Tanks. Ac- Velocipedes, Peram- bulators, &c. Veneers and Fancy Woods. Veneers, Embossed. Venetian Blinds. (See p. 275.) JOHN CUNDEY, 732 North Fourth at., and 411 Brown. JOHN JACKSON & CO., 1089 and 1091 Germantowu Road. GEO. H. KOECHLEIN, 526 North Front at., above Noble. JOSEPH RUE, 815 Parriah street below Ninth. JOHN LOUIS & SON, 504 Vine street. WM. SELLERS & CO., (see page 313,) 16th and Hamilton. See Rope, page 373.) [See page 172.) J. E. CARPENTER, (Pin Type,) 862 North Fourth. H. W. HOOK, (see page 171,) Broad and Pleasant street. [See Chemicals, page 209.) WM. A. DROWN & CO., (see page 391,) 246 Market street. JOSEPH FUSSELL, 2 N. Fourth, northwest corner Market. SIMON HEITER, (see page 392,) S. W. corner 3d and Market. M. HINCKLEY, 905 Vine st., above Ninth. JOSEPH I. MATTHIAS, 555 North Second, above Noble. BENEDICT MILLER, 158 North Sixth st., near Race. W. H. RICHARDSON, (seepage 392,) 418 Market street. SLEEPER & FENNER, (see page 391,) 336 Market street. SHARON SLEEPER, 1002 Market st., above Tenth. WM. S. TOLAND, 413 Coates, below Fifth. WRIGHT, BROTHERS & CO., (see page 391,) 324 Market. And many others. SAMUEL FISHER, (Pearl,) 1509 Linden st., above Chestnut. HARVEY & FORD, Goldsmiths' Hall, Library st., (see p. 393.) THEODORE KANNEGIESER, 111 South Eighth. THOMAS SHAW, New st., cor. Front. J. T. VANKIRK, Agent, Frankford, (Metallic Mountings ; also, Buggy Umbrella Handles and Mountings complete.) WM. WEHRFRITZ, 242 North Fourth street. BORIE & MACKIE, Frankford, (Carved in Imitation of French, Laurel, Hickory, &c.) H. B. BLANCHARD i CO., 727 Chestnut street. FISHER & BROTHER, Vine, corner Fourth. ALFRED SMITH, 408 Spruce street. J. W. WINTER, 28 South Fifth street. And many others. (See page 219.) GEO. J. BURKHARDT & CO., (see p. 419") Broad & Buttonwood. ASKAM & SON, 131 Dock st., below Second. WM. QUINN, 416 Library street, (Spring and Lever Operating Four-wheel, for ladies, gentlemen, invalids, and juveniles.) CHARLES S. SWQPE, 753 South Third street. T. W. & J. A. YOST, 214 Dock st. and Franklin Av., cor. 3d. ALEX'R BECRAFT, rear of 426 Walnut st. (See MAHOGANY.) ISRAEL AMIES, (Patentee,) 25 and 27 Minor, corner Sixth. A. BRITTON & CO., 44 North Second street. C. W. CLARK, 139 South Second st., above Walnut street I R. W. KENSIL, 939 Race street. |B. J. WILLIAMS, 16 North Sixth street. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES. 503 MANUFACTURERS. Venetian Blind Pul- leys. Verandahs Tents, &c. Ventilators. Ventilating Chairs. Vices. Vinegar and Cider. (See p. 270.) Violins & Violon- cellos. (See Musical In- struments, page 408.) Wagons, &c. "Wagon Boxes. Washing Machines. Watches. Watch Cases. Watch Case Springs. Waters, Saratoga. Watch Clocks, &c. Watch Springs. Guards. Watchmakers' Tools. Water Colors. Coolers. Wax, Shoemakers'. Wax Candles. Flowers. Wax Taper Holders. Weather Vanes. Weaving. Webbing, (See Dry Goods, p. 256.) Whalebone & Rattan JOHN CUNDEY, 732 N. Fourth, and 411 Brown. JOSEPH H. FOSTER, 443 North Third, above Willow. GEORGE W. FOX, 6 Hart's Building, 6th, above Chestnut. ARNOLD & WILSON, 1010 Chestnut street. J. KAHNWEILER & BRO., (Patent,) Third, above Arch. M. MANSURE, Willing, near Arch, between 22d and 23d. EMIL MATTHIEU, 120 and 124 Lombard, below Second. JAS. G. PEALE, (Cider & White Wine,) N. E. cor. 3d & Noble. JOHN ALBERT, 303 Green street. JOSEPH NEFF, (Premium American,) 110 North Fourth street. JOSEPH WINNER, 148 North Eighth street. (See page 394.) SAVERY & CO., Front street, below Reed. DAVID LANDRETH & SON, 21 and 23 South Sixth street. (See Chronometers.) (See page 345.) CHARLES FARCIOT, (also Medallions,) 404 Library. J. & S. S. LIPPINCOTT, (in Bottles,) 916 Filbert street. H. HOCHSTRASSER, 118 South Tenth, corner George. CHARLES PRENOT, (also Clock,) 411 Merchant street. JOSEPH FRITZ, (French Leather, Fob Chains,) 1313 N. 4th. CHARLES FARCIOT, Evans' Building, 404 Library street. G. W. OSBORNE & CO., (see page 209,) 104 North Sixth st. JOHN AMBLER, Jr., (Improved Stone Jars,) 17 Spring Garden. W. GILBERT, No. 7 South Seventh street. GEO. W. NICKELS, (and XL-all Refrigerators,) 606 Cherry st. C. MOUSLEY, (also Channel Wax and Heel Balls, and Colors,) 1551 Germantown Road, below Oxford. F. SNYDER, 435 Franklin Avenue, below Fifth. Mrs. A. M. HOLLINGSWORTH, (also Fruit, and Material for Flowers, see page 414,) 48 North Ninth street. WILER & MOSS, (see page 191,) Fifth, below Walnut. A. C. BROWN, (Gilt,) northeast corner Eighth and Buttonwood. (See Dry Goods, page 232.) JOHN DUDLEY, (Girth, Roller, Boot, Shoe, Trunk and Corded Rein, &c.,) 207 Quarry, above Arch, between 2d and 3d. JOS. SPITZ, (Rein, Girth, Boot and Trunk, &c.) 928 N. 3d st., W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS. Fifth and Cherry. AMASA STONE, (Chair and Sofa,) 207 Quarry, above Arch, bet. Second and Third. PHILADELPHIA WEBBING COMPANY, 9 Bank street. GEORGE W. CARR & CO., 124 and 126 Willow street. (See page 393.) 504 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES. MANUFACTURERS. "Wheels, Ox & Tim- ber. "Wheelbarrows. "Whips and Canes. "Whip and Cane Mountings. "Whiting and Chalk. White Lead. Wigs, Toupees, &c. Willow-ware, Bas- kets, &c. (See page 400.) "Windlasses. Window Shades, Wire-work. (See page 338.) Wire, Galvanized. Philosophical. Wood Manufactures. Wooden-ware. (See p. 406.) Woolen Goods. 1 Woolen Machinery. Work Boxes. Yardsticks. Yarns. Yeast Powders. Yellow Metal. Zinc Manufactures. Zinc Paints. SIMONS, COLEMAN & CO., 1109 North Front street. D. G. WILSON, J. CHILDS & CO., St. John and Buttonwood. (See Wagons, &c., page 394.) CHARLES P. CALDWELL, (see page 378,) 4 North Fourth. PEAESON & SALLADA, 20 North Sixth. (See Umbrella Furniture.) CHARLES HASSE, Cadwalader, above Columbia street. (See Paints, page 215.) RICHARD DOLLARD, 513 Chestnut, opposite State House. GEORGE THURGALAND, 29 South Sixth, above Chestnut. And many others, II. COULTER, (also Importer of Fancy Baskets,; 17 N. Third, corner Church Alley. JOHN STINGER, (see page 400,) 511 Dickerson st., below Reed, Southwark. CHIPMAN & WHITE, 11 South Front street. ROWE & EUSTON, (and Cedar-ware,) 157 and 159 N. Third st. (See Capstans, &c.) M. ROBINSON & CO., (Buff Transparent, &c.,) 19 N. Second st. W. EARLE SMITH, 25 North Sixth street. BAYLISS & DARBY, (see page 338,) 226 Arch street. JAMES P. FENNELL, 36 North Sixth st., corner Farmer. SELLERS BROTHERS, (see page 338,) 18 North Sixth street. WATSON, COX & CO., (see page 338,) 46 North Front. And many others. MARSHALL, GRIFFIN & CO., (see page 298,) 1142 N. Front. M. BIRD, (also Bonnet,) 227 Franklin Avenue. (See page 395.) C. DREBY, 414 North Second, above Callowhill J. LOUIS & SON, 604 Vine street, above Fifth. W. J. WALKER, 819 Spruce st., above Eighth, (See Dry Goods, page 237.) ALFRED JENKS & SON, Bridesburg, (see p. 299 & Appendix.) (See Dressing Cases and Mahogany Cases.) (See Wooden-ware.) (See Dry Goods, page 232.) E. W. P. TAUNTON, (Azumea, the Premium Baking Powder, 14 Decatnr street. RICHARD WEST, 1247 Shackamaxon street. (See TIN, ZINC, and SHEET-IRON WARE, page 417 (See PAINTS, page 217 ; also page 458.) THE END. RELIABLE INSURANCE COMPANIES OF PHILADELPHIA. For remarks, with regard to the benefits conferred upon the industrial in- terests of the city by the Insurance Companies, seepage 127. The oldest Insurance Company in the city is the PHILADELPHIA C ON- TRiBUTioxsHipybr the Insurance of Houses from the loss of Fire. It was established April, 1752, and at the head of the list of its first Directors is the name of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. The device of the seal, as or- dered at the first meeting of the Board of Directors, was the familiar one of four hands united : hence the Company is sometimes known as the Hand-in-Hand. The principles of this Company are peculiar. It has no Capital Stock, and pays no dividends. The premium is neither a rate, payable annually, nor a gross amount, but the deposit of a sum, the use or interest of which during the policy belongs to the Company. The risks are limited to Brick or Stone Buildings in the city, or its neigh- borhood. The deposit usually required on substantial Dwelling Houses is 2 or 2 per cent. ; and on Warehouses or Stores 3 to 3 per cent. The insured are required to sign the Deed of Settlement, and thus become members of the Company. The aggregate Insurances of this Company exceed $8,000,000 ; and the funds to indemnify any loss, amount to more than $700,000. Average losses for twenty years $10,000 per annum ranging from $1,569, in one year, to $86,153, in another. Present officers : TREASURER AND SECRETARY: JAMES S. SMITH. DIRECTORS: Joshua Longstreth, I. Pemberton Hutchinson, Horace Binney, Joseph Swift, William H. Hart, J. Williams, William Smith, Richard P. Lardner, Lewis Wain, J. Rodman Paul, Charles Willing, William Harman. THE FRANKLIN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA, JSTos. 435 & 437 CHESTNUT STBEET, NEAR FIFTH. This Company was established in 1829. Since its incorporation it has paid over FOUR MILLIONS OF DOLLARS LOSSES BY FIRE a fact which affords evidence of the advantages of Insurance as well as the ability and the disposition of the Company to meet with promptness all its liabilities. The losses paid during the year 1858, amounted to over $106,000. The aggregate business of this Company is very large, and it is enabled to pay enormous losses out of its annual receipts from pre- miums alone. The assets on January 1st, 1859, as published agreeably to an Act of Assembly, were as follows : First Mortgages, amply secured, - ... $1,731.669 89 Eeal Estate, (present value $103,313 61) cost- - 77,764 71 Temporary Loans, on ample collateral security, ^n i 88,530 29 Stocks (present value $86,667 72) cost - - . nj , 71,547 97 Notes and Bills receivable, j v.Hor ... 4,408 40 Cash, -,,,>>,- - -,,H -n. i*v. ,mi-jil J I 42,00736 $2,015,928 62 THIS COMPANY MAKES PERPETUAL OR LIMITED INSURANCES ON EVERY DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY, IN TOWN AND COUNTRY, AT RATES AS LOW AS ARE CONSISTENT WITH SECURITY. PRESIDENT : CHARLES N. BANCKER. VICE-PRESIDENT : EDWARD C. DALE. DIRECTORS : Charles N. Bancker, Mordecai D. Lewis, Tobias Wagner, David S. Brown, Samuel Grant, Isaac Lea, Jacob R. Smith, Edward C. Dale, George W. Richards, George Fales. WILLIAM A. STEEL, Secretary pro tern. pelamare jUntual Safety Insurance COMPANY, OF I TJ .A. 3D E I .A. , WAS INCOBPOKATED BY THE LEGISLATTTBE OF PENNSYLVANIA IN 1835. ITS CHARTER IS PERPETUAL. Makes Insurance against Loss by the Perils of the Seas and by River and Inland Navigation. Also, against Loss by Fire on Buildings and their Contents. $103,090 89,000 21,000 30,000 50,000 20,000 15,000 6,000 5.000 1,200 1,000 250 200 ASSETS OF THE COMPANY, November 1, 1858. Philadelphia City Six per cent. Loan, - - - - - Pennsylvania State Five per cent. Loan, - Do. do. Six do. do. - - - - - United States Treasury 4} per cent. Notes, - ... Pennsylvania Rail Ro'ad 2d Mortgage 6 per cent. Bonds, - North Pennsylvania Rail Road Mortgage Six per cent. Bonds - 300 Shares Stock Germantown Gas Company, Interest and Prin- cipal guaranteed by the City of Philadelphia, 100 ,, Pennsylvania Rail Road Company, - 100 North Pennsylvania ,, . - - 80 ,, Philadelphia Ice Boat and Steam Tug Company, 2 Philadelphia and Savannah Steam Navigation Company, ........ 5 Philadelphia and Havre de Grace Steam Tow-boat Company. -------- 2 ,, Philadelphia Exchange Company, - ."".>. Cost, $318,297. Market Value, PAR $340,700 Bonds and Mortgages, .......... Real Estate, Office Building, --------- Bills Receivable, for Insurances made, ------- Balances due at Agencies Premiums on Marine Policies recently issued and other debts due the Company, - - - "" '- - - - Scrip and Stock of sundry Insurance Companies, Cash on deposit in Banks, - ... $105,144 00 83,215 00 21,210 00 30,112 50 45,375 00 12,000 00 14,925 00 4,337 50 850 00 1,200 00 200 00 500 00 130 00 $319,199 00 10,000 00 61,363 35 201,666 36 61,288 14 3,220 00 42,067 85 $698,804 70 WILLIAM MABTTK, EDMUITD A. SOUDBR, THEOPHILOT PAULDUCO, JOHS R. PESROSK, JOHX C. DAVIS, JAMES TRAQUAIR, WILLIAM EYRE, JR. JAMES C. HAND, WILLIAM C. LUDWIO, JOSEPH H. SEAL, DIHECTOE DR. R. M. HUSTON, GEORGE G. LEIPER, HurtH CRAIG, CHARLES KELLY, SAMUEL E. STOKES, J. F. PEJOSTOjr, HJBKRT SLOAIT, EDWARD DARLTSGTO*. H. JONES BROOKE, S. SPBUCER M'lLVAnrB, THOMAS C. HAXD, ROBERT BURTON, JACOB P. JOSES, JAMES B. M'FARLAXD, JOSHUA P. EYRE, JOHK B. SEMPLE, Pittsburff, D. T. MORI; AX, J. T. LOOA.V, "WILLIAM MABTIN, President. THOMAS C. HAND, Vice-President. HENRY LYLBURN, Secretary. No. 433 CHESTNUT STREET, WAS CHARTERED IN 1848. /iKAirj'wrwai "?o 5< . UT Its Capital Stock is, $210,000 And its Surplus, - - . l - * -; 77,000 PRESIDENT. SECRETARY. ROBERT P. KING. F. BLACKBURNE. THIS COMPANY MAKES INSURANCE FROM LOSS BY FIRE, ON PROPERTY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, IN TOWN OR COUNTRY, INCLUDING Public Buildings, Dwellings, Stores, Warehouses, Factories and Manufac- tories, Workshops, Vessels, &c. Also, Merchandise of all kinds, Stocks of Goods, Stocks of Country Stores, Goods on Storage or in Bond, Stocks and Tools of Artificers and Mechanics, Furniture, Jewelry, Fixtures, &c., &c. At moderate rates of Premium, and for any period of time. It also Insures Which will protect the interest of the Mortgagee in all cases, no matter what changes may take place either in ownership or occupation. All that is required by the Company is a truthful statement and description at the time of the Insurance ; and any change that may afterward take place, does not affect the validity of a Policy to a Mortgagee. This Company offers in its past career an ample guarantee for the prompt settle- ment of all its losses. It has established the following Agencies : PITTSBURGH J. Q. COFFIN. LOUISVILLE, Ky., BULLOCK & PEARCE. CHICAGO, 111., HALL & ROUNDS. (Bqmtabk n$urmtu Cmnganj, Office, No. 329 Walnut St., Philadelphia, WAS CHARTERED BY THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, MARCH, 28-ra, 1848. ITS CHARTER IS PERPETUAL. This Company insures against loss or damage by Fire on Buildings, Furniture, and Merchandise generally, on favorable terms, and con- fines its business to Fire Insurance exclusively. STATEMENT OF ASSETS, JANUARY 1, 1859. PAR VALUE. First Bonds and Mortgages of Improved City Property, worth double the amount, - - - Improved Ground Rents, Loans of City of Philadelphia, " " Pittsburg, Municipal, - - Bonds of City of Allegheny, " " of Allegheny County, " of Camden and Amboy R. R. Company, " of North Pennsylvania R. R. Company, 30 Shares Union Bank of Tennessee, - - - Insurance Stock, Bills Receivable, first-class paper, - - - - Interest due, and other items, Loans on Collaterals - - Cash in Bank and on hand, ------ $21,000 00 13,000 00 7,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 3,000 00 3,000 00 Henry L. Elder, William M. Baird, Peter Cullen, William G. Alexander, William Craig, William H. Stewart. TRUSTEES. Stillwell S. Bishop, William P. Cresson, Thomas E. Potter, Francis West, M.D. Abraham Si. Wolf, 0. Conrad, MARKET VALUE. $19,462 50 4,112 32 21,840 00 12,480 00 6,650 00 600 00 840 00 2..100 00 3,100 00 837 50 51,816 81 1,819 46 37,947 50 6,506 26 $170,112 35 Henry M. Phillips, Lyon J. Levy, James M. Smith, Benjamin W. Richards, Henry Serrill. F. W. RAWLE, Secretary. G. W. WHARTOV, Surveyor. HENRY L. ELDER, President. WM. M. BAIRD, Vice-President. THE COMMONWEALTH INSURANCE 'COMPANY OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. This Company organized and commenced business in the early part of the year 1854, and since that time has enjoyed the confidence and the patronage of the business community. The Capital of the Com- pany is $350,000, Of which sum Two Hundred Thousand Dollars has been paid in, and invested in the most undoubted securities. This sum is not represented to the amount of a single dollar by the note of any Stockholder; but has been paid in CASH. The Board of Directors have resolved to call in the remaining $50,000 of the Capital Stock at an early day. The Assets of this Company, on the 1st February, 1859, were as follows : MARKET VALUE. PAR VALUE. Bonds and Mortgages, .... $119,300 00 $119,300 00 Stock of all kinds owned by the Company, - 12,375 00- 20,000 00 State and City Loans, 30,060 00 33,350 00 Temporary Loans amply secured by Col- laterals, - . , n ,. ; -. -' - - - 29,64424 29,64423 Cash in Tradesman's Bank, - ... 25,320 00 25,320 00 " hands of Agents, .... 1,784 83 1,784 83 Instalments on Stock not yet due, - - 50,000 00 50,000 00 $268,484 06 $279,399 OG OFFICERS: DAVID JAYNE, M.D., President. JOHN M. WHITALL, Vice-President. SAMUEL S. MOON, Secretary. DIRECTORS: David Jayne, M.D. Thos. S. Stewart, John M. Whitall, John M. Butler, Edw'd C. Knight, Thos. W. Evans, John K. Walker, Henry Lewis, Jr. Isaac Jeanes, John Allen. FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, OFFICE :*415 WALNUT STREET. HOK. JOEL-JONES, PRES'T. ALFRED S. GILLETT, VICE-PRES'T. J. B. ALVORD, SEC'V. EXTRACT FROM STATEMENT OF THE CONDITION fin anb Slarine $rae FOR THE YEAR ENDING December 31st, 1858. ,, $300,000. CAPITAL STOCK & INVESTMENTS, $284,789.73. Ij I .A. B 1 3L. I X I E S . LOSSES ALL PAID. NO LOSSES UNADJUSTED. NO LOSSES REPOKTED. HAVE BORROWED NO MONEY. OWE NO BANK OR OTHER PARTY. REFERENCES. Hon. GEO. W. WOODWARD, and Hon. W. H. LOWRIE, of the Supreme Court of Penn'a. Hon. JOEL JOSES. WM. M. SWAIN, Esq., of the "Public Ledger," Philadelphia. A. S. ABELL, Esq., of the "Baltimore Sun." CHARLES I. DUPONT, Esq., of Delaware. ZENAS BAESCM, Esq., of Baltimore. PETER S. HOE, Esq., New York. THOMAS CRAVEN, Esq., Agent Ridgway Estate, Philadelphia. B. B. COMEOTS, Esq., Cashier Philad'a Bank. JOH.V ASSPACH, Jr., JOHN W. CLAGHORN, FRANCIS PETERS, JERRY WALKER, and H. X. BCR- ROPOHS, Esqs., of Philadelphia. <$nterjrist OF PHILADELPHIA. This Company commenced business on the First of January, 1859, with a Cash Capital of ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS, which has since been increased, by a Resolution of the Stockholders, to Two HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS, and the Subscription Book is now open for the increased amount. The business of the Company is confined to Insurance against Loss or Damage by Fire on Buildings, Furniture, and Merchandise generally. The Policies of this Company expressly provide, that when assigned as collateral security, they shall not be AFFECTED BY ANY ACT of the owner of the property insured. Entire security is thus extended to the holders of GROUND RENTS and MORTGAGES, notwithstanding recent decisions of the Courts of Law. Ground Rents, Mortgages, Mechanics' Liens, and other Securities on Real Estate, Will also be specially insured if desired. All Investments are made by the Directors ; and the By-laws pro- vide, that " none of the moneys of the Company shall, under any cir- cumstances, be invested or employed in the purchase or discount of, or advance upon, promissory notes or other commercial paper, except the Treasury Notes of the United States." F. Ratchford Starr, Mordecai L. Dawson, William M'Kee, George H. Stuart, Nalbro Frazier, John H. Brown, John M. Atwood, B. A. Fahnestock, Benj. T. Tredick, Andrew D. Cash, Henry Wharton, J. Livingston Erringer. F. RATCHFORD STARR, President. CHARGES W. COXE, Secretary. Temporary Office. 152 South Fourth Street, Until the erection of the Company's Building at the South- West corner of Walnut and Fourth Streets. In addition to the foregoing, the Insurance interest of Philadelphia is well and substantially represented by the following Companies : Mutual Assurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1784. Insurance Company of North America (Fire, Marine and Inland;, Or- ganized 1794. Insurance Company of State of Pennsylvania (Fire, Marine and Inland), Organized 1794. Union Mutual Insurance Company (Marine & Inland;, Organized 1804. Phoenix Mutual Insurance Company (Marine & Inland), Organized 1804. American Fire Insurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1810. Pennsylvania Life Insurance and Trust Company (Life Ann. & Trust Co.;, Organized 1812. Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1825. American Mutual Insurance Company (Marine and Inland), 1825. County Fire Insurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1833. Spring Garden Insurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1835. Girard Life Insurance and Trust Company (Life Ann. and Trust Co.), Organized 1836. Columbia Mutual Insurance Company (Fire, Marine and Inland), Organized 1839. Reliance Mutual Insurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1844. Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company (Life and Trust Co.), 1847. Globe Life and Trust Company (Life and Trust), Organized 1848. American Life Insurance and Trust Company (Life and Trust), 1850. National Safety Insurance and Trust Company (Life and Trust), 1850. United States Life Insurance and Trust Company (Life and Trust), Or- ganized 1850. Fire Association (Fire only), Organized 1851. Exchange Mutual Insurance Company (Fire, Marine and Inland;, Or- ganized, 1855. Consolidated Insurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1856. Fame Mutual Insurance Company (Fire only), Organized 1856. We are indebted for much of this information with regard to the Insurance Companies, to Mr. A. F. SABINB, whose business is that of effecting Insurances on all kinds of property, for Merchants and Ma- nufacturers, without expense to them, thus relieving parties from much care and trouble in the selection of reliable offices, he being perfectly conversant with the character and standing of the various Companies. Mr. SABINE has the care of the Insurance accounts of many of the principal Mercantile and Manufacturing firms in Philadelphia, and in the Southern and Western cities, and has so conducted business as to be entitled to the confidence of all such as may require his services. His address is as follows : A. F. SABINE, Insurance Broker, 317 Walnut Street. ADDENDA. THE PENNSYLVANIA CENTRAL RAILROAD CO. We have already noticed this Company at considerable length. On page 75 we gave a Table of the Tonnage for 1857. On page 90, we showed the saving in distance for Traveling, from the West to the East, by the Pennsylvania Railroad, compared with the New York Railroads, and demonstrated that the shortest route from New York to the West is via Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. On pages 91 and 92, we gave Tables showing the saving in Freight by shipping via the Pennsyl- vania Railroad to Philadelphia, compared with the New York and Erie, and Boston and Worcester Railroads. On pages 117 and 118, we noticed the forma- tion of the Company; and on page 119, mentioned the present Executive Officers, to which it may be proper to add the names of the present Directors, viz. : By the Stockholders. J. EDGAR THOMSON, WM. K. THOMPSON, THOMAS MELLON, G. D. ROSENGARTBK. WASHINGTON BUTCHER, JOSJAH BACON, JOHN HULME, WISTAR MORBIS. G. W. CASS. SAMDEL MEGAROEE. By the City of Philadelphia. JOSEPH M. THOMAS, B. T. CURTIS, H. C. WOOD. By the Board. WILLIAM B. FOSTER, JR. The following additional particulars, which we condense from the Circular of the Company, are of interest to Merchants. The Capacity of this Road is now equal to any in the Country. THREE THROUGH PASSENGER TRAINS BETWEEN PITTSBURGH AND PHILADELPHIA, Connect direct in the Union Depot, at Pittsburgh, with Through Trains from all Western Cities for Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Baltimore and Washington City; thus furnish- ing facilities for the transportation of Passengers unsurpassed, for speed and comfort, hy any other route. Express and Fast Lines run through to Philadelphia without change of Cars or Con- ductors. Smoking Cars are attached to each train: Woodruffs Sleeping Cars to Express and Fast Trains. The Express runs Daily. Mail and Fast Line Sundays excepted. Three Daily Trains connect direct for New York. Express and Fast Line connect for Baltimore and Washington. Six Daily Trains between Philadelphia and New York : Two Daily Trains between New York and Boston. Through Tickets (all Rail) are good on either of the above Trains. PENNSYLVANIA CENTRAL RAILROAD. BOAT TICKETS to Boston are good via Norwich, Fall River or Stonington Lines. TICKETS EASTWARD may be obtained at any of the important Railroad Offices in the West; also, on board of any of the regular Line of Steamers on the Mississippi or Ohio Rivers ; and TICKETS WESTWARD at the Offices of the Company in Boston, New York, Baltimore, or Philadelphia.. This Company also maintains an Emigrant accommodation line by which parties emi- grating westward enjoy a cheap and comfortable mode of conveyance. i~FARE always as LOW as by ANY OTHER ROUTE. -= Ask for Tickets by Pittsburgh. The completion of the Western connections of the Pennsylvania Rail Road to Chicago makes this the DIRECT LINE BETWEEN THE EAST & THE GREAT NORTH-WEST, The connecting of tracks by the Rail Road Bridge at Pittsburgh, avoiding all drayage or ferriage of Freight, together with the saving of time, are advantages readily appreciated by Shippers of Freight, and the Traveling Public. PARTIES SHIPPING EASTWARD vrill find it to their advantage to Ship by this Route. For Freight Contracts or Shipping Directions, apply to or address either of the following Agents of the Company : D. A. STEWABT, Pittsburgh: DOYLE & Co. Steubenyille, O. ; H. S. PIERCE 4 Co. Zauesville, 0. ; J. J. JOHNSTON, Ripley, O. ; R. McNBELY, Maysville, Ky. ; ORMSBY 4 CROPPER, Portsmouth, O. ; PADDOCK & Co., Jef- fersonville, Ind. ; H. W. BROWN 4 Co., Cincinnati, 0. ; ATHEKN 4 HIBBERT, Cincinnati, O. ; R. C. MELDRUM, Madison, Ind. ; WILLIAM BINGHAM, Louisville, Ky. ; P. G. O'RILEY 4 Co., Evansville, Ind. ; N. W. GRAHAM k Co. Cairo, 111. ; R. F. SAWS, St. Lonis, Mo. ; JOHN H. HARRIS, Nashville, Tenn. ; HARRIS 4 HUNT, Memphis, Tenn. ; CLARKE 4 Co., Chicago, ILL ; W. H. H. KOONTZ, Alton, 111. ; MURPHY 4 WALLE, Dubaque, Iowa ; or to Freight Agents of Rail Roads at different points in the West. The Greatest Facilities offered for the Protection and Speedy TRANSPORTATION of LIVE STOCK, And GOOD ACCOMMODATIONS with usual privileges for persons traveling in charge thereof. FREIGHTS WESTWARD. By this Route Freights of all descriptions can be forwarded from Philadelphia, New York, Boston, or Baltimore, to any point on the Rail Roads of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, or Missouri, by Sail Road direct. The Pennsylvania Rail Road also connects at Pittsburgh with Steamers, by which Goods can be forwarded to any port on the Ohio, Mnskingum, Kentucky, Tennessee, Cumberland, Illinois, Mississippi, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Red Rivers ; and at Cleve- land, Sandusky and Chicago with Steamers to all Ports on the North- Western Lakes. Merchant* and Shippers entrusting the transportation of their Freight to this Company, can rely with confidence on its speedy transit. THE RATES OF FREIGHT to any point in the West by the Pennsylvania Rail Bead are at all times as favorable as are charged by other R. R. Companies. 93~ Be particular to mark packages " VIA PENNA. R. R.." Merchants in the West ordering goods from the East, will do well to direct them to be shipped by this Route. Parties attending to their own Shipments from the East, will find it to their interest to call an the Agents of this Company at the following places before shipping ; or letters addressed to either of them on the subject of freights, will meet with prompt attention. E. J. SNEEDER, Philadelphia. MAGRAW 4 KOONS, 80 North Street, Baltimore. LEECH 4 CO., No. 2 Astor House, or No. 11 Wm. St., N. Y. LEECH 4 CO., No. 54 Kilby Street, Boston. H. H. HOUSTON, Gen'l. Freight Aff't., Philadelphia. L. L. HOUPT, Gen'l. Ticket Ag't., Philadelphia. THOS. A. SCOTT, Gen'l. Sup't., Altoona, Pa. THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000703209 7