THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR: GIVING THE TIME WHEN THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA APPEAR IN THE EGG, LARVAL, PUPAL, AND IMAGO STATES; WITH THE FOOD-PLANT, AND HABITAT. BY JOSEPH MERRIN, (AUTHOR OF "BUTTERFLYING WITH THE POETS," ETC.) SECOND EDITION. ENLARGED AND CORRECTED TO THE PRESENT TIME. GLOUCESTER : HERBERT MARSDEN, REGENT STREET. I875- PRINTED BY JOHN BELLOWS, STEAM PRESS, GLOUCESTER. INTRODUCTION. (FROM THE FIRST EDITION.) To know how to do a thing is a great step towards its accomplishment ; but to know exactly when to do it, is often the one thing needful to insure success. The regularity with which, at certain definite dates, most species of Butterflies and Moths ordinarily appear, is something almost marvellous ; and many species are not obtained in fine condition through inatten- tion to the time of their advent, while some may be missed altogether. Although every care has been taken in giving the dates of appearance, it is evident that some allowance must be made for the difference of locality, for our variable climate, and for other causes, which militate against an unerring accuracy being always attainable. The time given for the Images includes the earliest at which they appear, in ordinary seasons, so that the Collector may be able to secure them in the best condition. It is hoped that the notes under most of the months will be found to contain some useful hints ; and that the CALENDAR, altogether, will prove a useful TIME-GUIDE to the Lepidopterist throughout the year. M368485 INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION. The study of Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera, or scale- winged insects), has been much more generally pursued in this country, than that of any other order of the class Insecta. Most of the large towns in England contain one or more students of this attractive order, who take a commendable pride in increasing and improving their collections of specimens ; while in many of our largest centres of population societies have been established to advance the science of Entomology, and increase the number of its students. Under the encouragement of Government the study of Science generally has, of late years, been immensely extended. The preference largely given to the Physical Sciences, over the Natural Sciences, is doubtless due to the practical mode in which physics have been taught ; while the devotees of Nature have been offered little else than theory, as derivable from books. Field Botany, Field Geology, or Field Entomology has, to a large degree, had to be pursued by individual students, at their own discretion, unaided by that light of experiment and demonstration, which, in the hands of good, practical teachers, has so effectively helped forward the student of Physical Science. This is an omission which ought to be supplied, as the pursuit of Field Studies would be an immense benefit to the sedentary populations of our large cities and towns. The favourable reception accorded to the First Edition of THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR proved that it supplied, how- ever imperfectly, a want that was really felt. The present Edition has been re-cast, re-written, and considerably extended. While largely adding details regarding various species, the Author believes he has carried out several improvements, which will make the Work both of wider scope, and of easier reference. The arrangement carried out (Doubleday's), is that which is now generally adopted in this country. The number of new species added to our Lists since the publication of the First Edition of the CALENDAR, in 1860, is considerable, and affords a striking proof of the intelligent energy which has been exercised in working out the Lepidoptera. This fact, coupled with the great increase which has taken- place in our knowledge regarding a large number of species, rendered a NEW EDITION of the CALENDAR desirable, independent of the fact of its having been for some time out of print, and still in considerable request. In a work of this kind, which is mainly made up of recorded observation, the great aim of the Author has been to indicate the leading points of what is known of the British Lepidoptera, in all their stages, and to record how they behave in a state of nature, rather than under the artificial treatment of the breeder, with a view to finding the species desired, with the smallest expenditure of time and trouble. While breeding insects from the egg is an admirable method of gaining insight into the habits of some species, which could not otherwise be obtained, and especially for the initial steps where the food-plant and habits are wholly unknown, it often has its drawbacks in hiding from view habits pursued in a state of nature, to obtain food, evade enemies, and other important points which pertain to the life-history of the species. Breeding has a legitimate function to perform, in helping to enlighten us as to the occult habits of many species ; but to continue the process year after year with the same species, simply for the sake of obtaining " fine specimens" for cabinet exhibition and exchange, is not true science. No one ever heard of a botanist gathering seeds of a rare plant, and imitating the natural conditions in his own garden, and then offering the products of his industry in exchange for other plants he has not been able to obtain. One of the evil results of this system has been that (many rare or local species having been thus secured) no effort is made to obtain a knowledge of their habits in a state of nature, simply because the " blank" their absence caused in the cabinet has been filled up, and we know what the species can be got to eat, and how it behaves in the captivity of the breeding-cage. In collecting the many details set forth in the CALENDAR, the Author has received important aid from several Entomologists, VI including Mr. Charles G. Barrett, Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson, Mr. J. Sang, M. Ragonot, Mr. H. Marsden, Mr. G. T. Porritt, Mr. R. Mitford, Rev. H. Harpur Crewe, Mr. Howard Vaughan, Rev. B. Smith, and others, to all of whom he desires to express his grateful acknowledgments. With respect to the plan of the CALENDAR, it may be explained that under each month of the year is given the species, as they appear, as OVA, or Eggs ; LARVJE/ or Caterpillars ; PUP.5j, or Chrysalides ; and as IMAGOS, or perfect Insects ; With the Plant, or Material upon which they may be found ; or the kind of Hiding-place, or Habitat, in which, they are most frequently met with. Where no peculiar habitat could be tabulated, in the case of the Tortrices and the Tinaea, some of the more noted localities are mentioned. The Lists of Ova, as well as of Pupae, might have been enlarged ; but only those species have been notified about which something definite can be stated. It is only chiefly those Larvae which hibernate that have had the earlier period of the larval condition noted, in order that the full term of its duration may be indicated. In most other cases the period of approaching maturity only has been given. After the work open to the Collector, each month, has been thus set forth, of WITH THE TIMES OF THEIR APPEARANCE, follows, the months being indicated by Roman numerals. The life of an Insect, in its various stages, can thus be seen at a glance ; while details pertaining to each species will be found specified under the month which is given in the body of the Book, thus rendering a paged Index unnecessary. So few of the smaller species being mentioned as OVA and PUP^E, they are omitted from the LIST, the Larvae and Imagos only being given. CONTENTS. Introduction. (From the First Edition) ... Introduction to the Second Edition ... Explanation of Abbre- viations ... Corrections and Additions Page. in. IV. VIII. VIII. JULY. Ova Larvae Pupae... Imagos AUGUST. Ova JANUARY. Ova I Larvae Pupae Larvae . -I Imagos Pupae ... Images ... 4 ... 7 SEPTEMBER. Ova ... FEBRUARY. Larvae Pupae Ova Larvae ... Pupae ... Images MARCH. 8 ... 9 ... 10 ... 13 Imagos OCTOBER. Ova Larvae Pupae... Ova it Larvae ... Pupae ... Images ... 16 ... 19 ... 22 Imagos NOVEMBER. Ova APRIL. Larvae Pupae Ova Larvae ... 2 4 2C Imagos Pupae ... Images MAY. Ova Larvae ... Pupae . . 33 ... 36 ... 40 ... 42 58 DECEMBER. Ova Larvae Pupae... Imagos Imagos JUNE. Ova ... 61 71 Appendix I. Specific and Common Names of Plants Mentioned in the Calendar Appendix II. A List of Larvae ... ... 74 British Lepidoptera, with Pupae 84 the Times of their Appear- Imagos ... 8 7 ance 106 no 117 119 138 140 148 150 162 163 173 176 181 182 1 86 190 192 193 198 199 199 202 203 2O5 2I 4 0f In order to save space, a few abbreviations have been used in the Monthly Lists. They are as follow : s .......... Sometimes ; that the species is not constant in appear- ing at the time indicated r ..... .. ... Root; that the species is found at the root of the plant mentioned sub ....... Subterranean ; that the species pupates in the earth fl .......... Flower, or flowers cJ ......... Male 9 ......... Female 1 .......... Light b ......... . Beginning of a month m .......... About the middle of a month e .......... Towards the end of a month var ....... Variety N. ......... North S .......... South E .......... East W ...... , ... West 2 ......... Second appearance, or second brood 3 ......... Third, ditto h .......... Hibernates, or hibernation (Hamttwrn aittr P. 35, for the title Larva; on the top of this p. read Pupa:. it 53> near the bottom of the second column dele B. uliginosana. 99, line 8, dele B. uliginosana. 115, line 21, for B. uliginosana, read D. Lorquiniana. Add to the hibernating larvae appearing in the spring months : N. genistella, from Sept. , in a web, among furze. Add to p. 93, after fraxinata : extensaria, a large and rare Eupethecia, reported by Mr. Prest, of York, to have been taken, by Mr Sawyer, on some waste ground near Hull, about the middle of the summer of 1873. %* A few typographical errors in the names will be found in the body of the Book, but they have been corrected in the LIST. fCqpib0}rtetist'0 JANUARY OVA] Beyond a continuation of the winter's work of searching ior pupae, &c., which will be found specified under the months best adapted for commencing it, the Lepidopterist will not find much to do in the way of out-door occupa- tion this month. Now is the time to ramble into fresh districts, with the view of discovering new localities, the character of which may often be judged of by the trees, herbage, and general appearance, although no insect- life be stirring. With a view to future reference, the result of such visits should not fail to be recorded in the Entomological Diary, which no one engaged in the study should omit to keep. While egg-searching may be carried on at those times when little or nothing is stirring in the insect- world, and "The banks that wore a smiling green, With rank defilement overspread, Bewail their flowery beauties, dead," the occupation will have its advantage in sometimes rewarding the searcher with a large batch of perhaps some "good" species, besides furnishing him with a knowledge of the habits of many previously unknown. A collection of eggs of Lepidoptera, preserved upon the objects on which they have been laid, would be very interesting. Insect eggs are, of course, generally laid upon, or near the food of the future larva ; and therefore the localities where known species occur should be more especially chosen for the work of searching. Although many eggs are laid late in the spring, or during the summer, soon after the imagos emerge, the eggs of several autumnal species, as well as of many which do not pair until the spring, may be found during the early months of the year, by careful searching. Unless the eyesight is very good, it is desirable for the searcher to call in optical aid in the shape of spectacles, by which he would be enabled to clearly see a minute object like the egg of a lepidopteron at a distance of one or two feet. His chances of success will be thus very much increased. Bright or sunny days should be chosen by preference for egg hunting. By exercise the eye will become rapidly accustomed to this kind of work, and proportionate success may be expected. Many species, particularly some of the bombyces, begin to lay almost immediately after they emerge. Other kinds, notably some of the butterflies, THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA] JANUARY postpone the season of pairing and laying until they have well-nigh worn themselves ragged and bare. A knowledge of these facts will, of course, aid the searcher in his discovery of eggs. Much time may be saved by hitting upon the right time when, and the right place where, to look for certain species, resulting from actual observation, or reasonable deduction. Many other species besides those named in the lists given in the Calendar, whose larvae arrive at maturity towards the end of May, may be found during this and the next two months, by searching the twigs, shoots, &c., of trees and bushes. T. quercus on oak H. w-album on wytch elm F. pruni on sloe H. L. ^Egon on Ornithopus per- pusillus ; white H. comma on trefoil, and other Leguminosse C. L. dispar on trunks of sloe, hawthorn, and fruit trees; in a conical heap, covered with O. down monacha on oak,beech, birch, ,, fir, apple, &c. E. T. cratsegi on hawthorn ; also s. sloe, sallow, birch, oak M. P. populi on oak, poplar, lime, S. ash, hawthorn C. B. neustria on hawthorn, sloe, orchard trees ; in batches spi- rally round twigs and branches M ,, castrensis on Artemesia mari- tima, Daucns maritimus, &c. E. vespertaria .. on nut apiciaria on poplar, willow, sallow C. elinguaria ...on oak, honeysuckle, hawthorn, sloe ; also heath, bil- berry, &c. ; brick-shaped, large, purplish slate colour E. alniaria on alder, birch, sal- low, beech, c. ; brick-shaped, like all the Ennomos tiliaria on oak, sallow, birch, alder, &c. ; purplish E. ,, fuscantaria ...on ash, privet; upon the twigs, in small batches C. ,, erosaria on oak, birch, &c. T. angularia on oak, birch, beech, &c. P. pennaria on oak pinetaria on bilberry aurantiaria ...on oak, birch, haw- thorn, &c. defoliaria on oak, nut, sloe, hawthorn, birch, elm, lime, &c. brumata on oak, and other trees boreata on birch dilutata .... on oak, and other trees filigrammaria on sallow subciliata ...on maple; at foot- stalk of leaf rubiginata ...on alder; large vetulata on buckthorn immanata ...probably on alder, and other trees, and strawberry, bilberry, &c. ; large prunata on currant, and gooseberry ; upon the bark ; large testa ta on heath, birch, sallow, poplar, &c. ; singly, large populata on bilberry, whortle- berry ; globular, large, yellow fulvata on dog rose; rose pink, large pyraliata on Galium, a.nd hawthorn ; large dotata black, and red cur- rant ; large cervinaria ...on mallow lineolata on Galium spartiata on broom chaerophyllata on Bunium flex- uosum Cassinea on oak THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA] JANUARY P. plumigera ...on maple, chiefly on P. chi on dock, hawthorn, sallow ; and probably lettuce, the twigs, in hedges not shaded by trees. Often singly, but s. in clusters of two, three, or many more. Circular, smooth, brown above, whitish beneath G. flavago on marsh thistles, burdock, &c. ; in heaps O. lota on willows, & sallow T. subtusa on poplar ; upon the twigs retusa sallow, willow, pop- lar ; upon the axils of the leaves sow thistle, "tea tree," &c. purplish brown ,, flavocincta . . .on dock, chickweed, groundsel, mint, &c. ; in gar- dens on everlasting pea, plum, &c. H. proboscidalis on nettle ; rather large, globular, (slightly oval) indented on upper side ; pale yellow LARVJE] The following are among the larvae which may be found this month : L. lithargyria ...chickweed, plantain, grasses, &c. A. saucia from Nov., plantain, dock, and other low plants P. meticulosa ...from Nov., ground- sel, and various low plants S. anomala grass, in open parts of woods P. farella Anthyllisvulneraria; may be found hibernating in balls of sand during the winter E. elutella nuts, cocoa nibs, figs, dog biscuit, &c. ficella figs ,, artemesiella . Artemesia vulgaris, and A. absynthium ; through the winter inside the r. stalks M. cephalonica...from Nov., dried currants, c. P. gentiana teazle heads O. antiquana ...Stachys arvensis, r. E. gallicolana ...oak apple galls C. cosmophorana bark of spruce and Scotch fir R. resinana in twigs of Scotch fir ; and it is said in the resinous exudation N. aurella... .bramble; may be found almost throughout the year, mining bramble leaves S. corollana shoots of aspen D. tanacetana (?) tansy A. Schreibersiana bark of elm seniana in r. of ragwort C. Dipoltana ...seeds of Achillea millefolium T. rusticella on cloth, &c. (E. pseudo-spretella in dried peas, &c. E. fenestrella ...all the year round ; on waste substances in houses B. grandipennella furze Besides the above there are a large number of other larvre which have hibernated. These, however, will be found specified under the next, and following months, by which time their food-plants are beginning to be obtainable. If the winter is a very mild one, some of the species set out under February and March may be found this month, and some portion of the work falling due in those months may now be performed. B 2 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] JANUARY Pupae hunting this month, with the thermometer down, and "the wind's low stave" exercising its depressing effect, is likely to be rather trying work. In the list which is appended the species which are to be found in the early part of the winter are repeated, in order that the full amount of work to be done in this department may be seen, and that that which has not been sufficiently attended to before the winter set in, may be looked after as opportunity offers. P. C. Machaon ...... on stems of Peuce- danum palustre ; in fens v aling5>walls ' nap ......... cardamines ...on stems of grass, &c. ocellatus ...... sub. at willows, pop- lars, &c. populi ......... sub. at poplars, wil- low, &c. tilise ............ sub. at elm, lime, beech ligniperda ...at various trees ; spun up, under bark, &c. ; but s. buries asellus ......... spun up, on a leaf mendica . ..... under moss, on trees bordering ditches lubricepeda ) spun up, on trees, menthrasti ) palings, &c. urticae ......... under moss, on trees pudibunda ...in dead leaves, under moss, &c. lanestris ...... cocoon on the ground, near hawthorn, sloe, &c. ; s. remains in pupa many years versicolora ...spun up, at birch carpini ......... cocoon amongst leaves, heath, &c. dolobraria .. .under moss, on oak, &c. illunaria ...... sub. , at willow, oak, &c. lunaria ......... at sloe, oak, nut, &c. bidentata ...... under moss, on various trees zonaria ...... sub., at 'sandhills, on the coast hispidaria ...at oak hirtaria ......... sub., at elm, linfe, ash, and fruit trees A. prodromaria sub. , at oak, elm, &c. betularia sub., at oak, elm, birch, and other trees H. abruptaria ...spun up, on twigs, &c., of lilac, rose, or privet T. consonaria ...under moss, at r. of beech, oak, birch T. crepuscularia under moss, on alder, birch, elm, poplar, willow ; or in bark crevices ,, biundularia ...spun up, on oak, and birch punctulata ...under moss, on birch and alder ; or in bark crevices I. lactearia spun up, among leaves of oak, and birch E. porata fastened to leaf of oak punctaria fastened to leaf of oak, or birch . trilineraria ...fastened to leaf of beech pendularia ...fastened to leaf of birch E. heparata among moss, &c., on alder C. exanthemaria spun up, under leaves of sallow, and alder M. liturata at larch, rarely with- in 2 ft. of the tree N. pulveraria ...in withered sallow leaves F. carbonaria ...among dead leaves of sallow, and birch tl piniaria at Scotch fir, and larch ; in open places in woods, rarely within 2 ft. of the tree, at 1/2 to 2 in. deep H. rupicapraria in a slight web, on the ground, among hawthorn, sloe, or oak THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR JANUARY H. leucophearia on the ground, near oaks progemmaria sub., at oak, birch, hombeam, &c. , , defoliaria ...... sub. , at oak, haw- thorn, sloe, hornbeam, nut, elm, &c. A . aescularia ...... sub. , at elm, oak, lime, sloe, hawthorn L. multistrigaria sub., about Galium E. albulata ...... within the spun-up sepals of yellow rattle decolorata ...about Lychnis dioica E. venosata ...... about Silene, and Lychnis consignata . . . probably under moss, & loose bark, in apple orchards ,, pulchellata ...among the seeds, and dead fl. of foxglove isogrammata about Clematis vitalba fraxinata ...... on ash, under moss, and loose bark vulgata ......... sub., about various plants, and trees minutata ...... about heath assimilata ...... in crevices about currant and hop exiguata ...... about oak, &c. M. ocellata ...... among Galium; spun up, near the ground A. C. E. D. sinuata ......... in earthen cocoon, on the ground among Galium badiata ........ in earthen cocoon, on the ground, beneath dog rose bushes derivata ...... sub. , at dog rose sagittata ..... spun up, among Thalictrum, or on the ground near ; in fens lineolata ..... cocoon attached to Galium verum, under the sur- face, on coast sandhills bicuspis ...... spun up, on birch trunks in the south ; alder in the north ; rarely above 2 ft. from the ground furcula ......... spun up, on trunk of willow, or sallow D. bifida spun up, on trunk of poplars vinula spun up, on trunk of willows, poplars, and sallow ; three or four feet from the ground S. fagi spun up, among leaves of beech, oak, birch, elm; s. at r. P. bucephala ...sub., at various trees C. curtula spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, & sallow reclusa spun up, among dead leaves of sallow, poplars, willow P. palpina at willows, and poplars, on edges of streams, or under sods near N. camelina sub. , at various trees cucullina sub., at maple, and sycamore carmelita sub., at birch dictsea at poplars, and wil- lows, or under sods near dictseoides ...sub., at birch dromedarius ' sub. , at birch, alder, nut ziczac sub. , at poplars, sal- low, willows trepffia sub., at oak Chaonia sub., at oak Dodonea sub., at oak, and birch T. batis near bramble, and wild raspberry C. duplaris between united birch leaves fluctuosa among birch leaves flavicornis ...between united birch leaves D. Orion at birch and oak, in a cocoon of gnawed bark, or rotten wood A. tridens spun up, in crevices of bark, at hawthorn, sloe, rose, willow, sallow, mountain ash psi in bark crevices of various trees leporina in excavations in the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR JANUARY A. aceris ...... spun up, among fallen T. leaves, and under loose bark of D. sycamore, horse chesnut, maple, birch, and s. oak [poplar megacephala under loose bark of strigosa ...... among dead leaves ,, of hawthorn, or rubbish, or decayed wood ; s. sub. H. |f alni ............ between leaves of various trees, or inside bramble ,, sticks ligustri ...... spun up, under moss, stones, &c., near ash, and privet; also sub. ; also found under the topstones of walls against the tree ,, A. rumicis ......... spun up, in crevices of trees, palings, walls, &c. X. A. putris ......... sub. at elm D. pinastri ...... in a cocoon, on the C. ground, among dock, sorrel, &c. X. conspicillaris sub., at elm, and other trees M. albicolon ...... sub., near Atriplex, Chenopodium, lettuce, &c. C. Morpheus .. spun up, in a leaf, or earthen cocoon attached to food- ,, plant [ferae, grass, &c. A. segetum, s. ...sub., among Cruci- T. piniperda ...... at Scotch, a"nd other firs, in open places in fir woods, and on the margin, in crevices H, of bark ; and under moss and fallen needles, rarely within 2 ft. of the tree, I l /z to 2 in. deep T. gothica ...... sub. , at various trees leucographa \ f j k A. rubncosa ... \ E. instabilis ... f varioustrees stabihs ...... \ B. opima ........ at r. of Rosa spino- sissima, and dwarf sallow ; on B. sandhills in the north, below the sand A. (l populeti ...... sub., at poplars, especially Populus nigra ; deep ,, gracilis ........ sub., at willows, sallows, and low plants [&c. P. |( miniosa ...... among fallen leaves, E. munda ......... under moss, at base of oaks G, cruda sub. , at oak carpophaga..sub., near Silene and Lychnis, on the coast ; found by raking sandhills oesia ... ) sub., about Silene capsophila \ maritima, on the coast capsincola ...sub., near Lychnis . serena sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce glauca sub., near sallow, and birch oleracea sub., near elm, nettle, clock, &c. ; also in kitchen gardens thallassina ...sub., near honey- suckle, sallow, broom, &c. lithoriza near honeysuckle, in a papery cocoon, on the ground verbasci ... \ sub., in earthen co- f coon, near mullein f and figwort scrophularise ) s. 2 years in pupa lychnitis in earthen cocoon, near white and black mullein ; s. 2 years in pupa asteris near golden rod, &c. ; s. 2 years in pupa gnapbalii near golden rod umbratica ...sub., near Sonchus, &c. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens dipsacea among melilot, and probably Silene otites, and Linaria myrtilli spun up, in heath venustula at r. of Tormentilla reptans, and grass argentula among grass, on the ground parthenias ...at birch, in crevices of bark, or on the ground urticre spun up, among nettle leaves triplasia spun up, among nettle leaves, hop, &c. [garis senea among Polygala vul- sambucalis . . . spun up, in crevices, in palings, walls, &c., near elder canella among Salsola kali THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] JANUARY The following species emerge this month : P. pilosaria <$ comes to 1. ; ? on tree trunks, &c. H. rupicapraria on hedges at dusk H. leucophearia . . . c? often flies by day; 9 hides on oak trunks [round E. fenestrella ...in houses all the year The following, with several other species, hibernate, and may be found in this and succeeding months, up to May or June : G. rhamni in and near woods A. on sunny days C. Edusa at rest in hollow trees, outhouses, &c. Hyale C. V. c-album ...^ polychloros | at rest in outhouses, \ i- I &c. , and s. rlying Antiopa ... y about on sunny carclui ) M. stellatarum...from Sept., s. flying in the sunshine E. fasciaria ... ) may be beaten from C. T. variata ) Scotch fir C. fluviata .... X. S. dubitata .. . ..comes to light n C. psitticata ... miata silaceata ... / in hollow trees, out- ( houses, &c. G. A. auricoma.... L. lithargyria? . .. H. A. puta ,, suffusa E. saucia this species hns been taken this month and also in Mar., April, July, Aug., Sept., and Oct. vaccinii spadicea erythrocephala satellitia rubiginea croceago templi under stone heaps in elevated districts ; one or two moths may s. be obtained by turning over a ton of stones ! vetusta exoleta conformis ... rhizolitha semibrurinea petrificata . libatrix low trees rostralis in gardens, and out- houses ocellea .... . . .comes to 1. .in cellars, and hoi- FEBRUARY OVA] Some of the bright days which sometimes occur during this'month, when apparently, "Winter storms have ceased to chide, " will be found particularly suitable for egg searching, as it will generally be yet too early to do much with larvae, or imagos. The eggs obtainable last month, and which still remain unhatched, are repeated under this, and succeeding months, until they hatch ; so that the work to be done in this department can be clearly seen. T. quercus on oak E. w-album on wytch elm , r pruni on sloe L. ^Egon on Ornithopus per- pusillsus; white H. comma on trefoil, and other H Leguminosse F. L. dispar on trunks of sloe, H hawthorn, and various fruit l( trees ; in a conical heap, covered with down monacha on oak, beech, birch, fir, apple, &c. C. T. cratsegi on hawthorn ; also s. sloe, sallow, birch, oak ,, P. populi on oak, poplar, lime, O. ash, hawthorn B. neustria on hawthorn, sloe, ,, orchard trees ; in batches spi- E. rally round twigs and branches . castrensis on Artemesia mari- M tima, Daucus maritimus, &c. S. E. vespertaria ...on nut C. apiciaria on poplar, willow, sallow C. elinguaria on oak, honeysuckle, ,, hawthorn, sloe ; also heath, bil- berry, &c. ; brick-shaped, large, purplish slate colour E. alniaria on alder, birch, sal- low, beech, &c. ; brick-shaped, like all the Ennomos tiliaria on oak, sallow, birch, alder, &c. ; purplish fuscantaria . . .on ash, privet ; upon the twigs, in small batches erosaria on oak, birch, &c. angularia on oak, birch, beech, &c. pennaria on oak pinetajria on bilberry [sloe . rupicapraria on oak, hawthorn, aurantiaria... on oak, birch, haw- thorn, &c. defoliaria on oak, nut, sloe, hawthorn, birch, elm, lime, &c. brumata on oak, and other trees boreata on birch dilutata on oak, and other trees filigrammaria, on sallow subciliata ...on maple; at foot- stalk of leaf rubiginata ...on alder; large vetulata on buckthorn immanata ...probably on alder, and other trees, and strawberry, bilberry, &c. ; large prunata on currant, and gooseberry; upon the bark; large testata on heath, birch, sal- low, poplar, &c. ; singly, large populata on poplar, bilberry, whortleberry ; globular, large, yellow fulvata on dog rose; rose- pink, large HE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA] FEBRUARY C. pyraliata on Galium, haw- thorn ; large dotata on black, and red currant ; large E. cervinaria on mallow C. spartiata on broom T. chaerophyllata...on Bunium flex- uosum P. Cassinea on oak P. plumigera ...on maple, chiefly on the twigs, in hedges not shaded by trees. Often singly, but s. in clusters of two, three, or many more. Circular, smooth, brown above, whitish beneath G. flavago on stems of marsh thistles, burdock, &c. ; in heaps O. lota on willows, & sallow T. subtusa on poplar ; upon the twigs retusa on sallow, willow, poplar, ; upon the axils of the leaves P. chi on dock, hawthorn, sallow ; and probably lettuce, sow thistle, "tea tree" &c. ; purplish brown ,, flavocincta ...ondock, chickweed, groundsel, mint,&c. ; in gardens, on everlasting pea, plum, &c. X. conformis ...on alder, birch H. proboscidalis..on nettle ; rather large, globular (slightly oval) indented on upper side ; pale yellow LARV.&] If the weather is mild, many hybernating larvae may be found in the evening, or in the day-time where the sun is shining. Those feeding on grasses, low plants, &c., are best found in the evening, with the aid of a lantern. The edges of wood-ridings, hedge banks, &c., should be examined on mild evenings, and a good supply of the herbage upon which the species is found be taken away for their sustenance. O. filigrammaria bilberry and sallows C. munitata ...from Sept. groundsel C. suffumata ...full fed in the au- tumn ; turns to a pupa this month or the next B. glandifera ...from Sept., lichens on walls , f perla from Sept., lichens on walls L. vitellina from Oct., grasses turca grasses lithargyria ...chickweed, plantain grasses &c. straminea ...common reed, and coarse grasses, in damp meadows and borders of streams M. anceps ? A. basilinea from Aug., various plants A. lucernea harebell, dandelion, &c. N. festiva from July, violet, sallows, foxglove, &c. umbrosa from Aug. , dock and various low plants E. lichenea from Nov. , ragwort, and various low plants on the coast P. empyrea from Nov. , pilewort, &c. S. anomala grass, in open parts of woods C. falsellus to May, the moss growing on walls and rocks, Grimmea pulvinata, &c. C. phragmitellus from Oct. , common reed E. elutella nuts, chocolate, figs, &c. P. gentianana ...teazle O. antiquana ..Stachys arvensis, r. E. scutulana ...in thistle stems 10 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LAEVJE] FEBRUARY E. gallicolana ...oak apple galls C. cosmophorana bark of spruce, and Scotch fir R. resinana in twigs of Scotch fir ; and it is said in the resinous exudation S. corollana shoots of aspen D. tanacetana?... tansy A. Schreibersiana bark of elm C. Dipoltana ...seeds of Achillea millefolmm P. Birdella in grass stems, and probably among hay grass T. rusticella on cloth, &c. I. Oehlmanniella from Oct., in a flat case under fallen leaves G. ericetella from Sept., Erica cinerea and on E. tetralix, and Calluna erica G. luculella in decayed wood P. Metzneriella...in heads of Cen- taurea nigra carlinella ...Centaurea nigra, and thistle heads H. bracteella ...in decayed wood CE. pseudo-spretella dried peas, &c. B. grandipennella furze A. Gcedaretella...in bark of alder, birch, &c. C. farinatella ...Scotch fir L. paludicolella...Epilobium atra (Hellerella) hirsutum, thorn berries, and shoots of apple N. aurella in bramble; maybe found all the year round PUPJE] "February fill-dyke" will oppose many obstacles to the pupa hunter. But it is hoped that the long list of species, many of them decidedly "good," which will be found set forth as possible to be obtained this month, will induce extra activity, and convert what might otherwise be only a simple ramble for health sake, into a profitable, as well as health-giving, excursion. P. Machaon on stems of Peuce- danum palustre, in fens P. brassicse ... ) ,, rapse > on palings, walls, &c. napi ) A. cardamines ...on stems of grass, &c. S. ocellatus sub., at willows, poplars, &c. populi sub., at poplars, wil- low, &c. tiliae sub., at elm, lime, beech C. ligniperda at various trees ; spun up, under bark, &c. ; but s. buries L. asellus spun up, on a leaf A. mendica under moss, on trees bordering ditches lubricepeda ) spun up, on trees, menthrasti ( palings, c. A. urticoe under moss, on trees O. pudibunda ...in dead leaves, under moss, &c. E. versicolora ...spun up, at birch S. carpini cocoon amongst leaves, heath, &c. E. dolobraria ...under moss on oak, &c. S. illunaria &c. O. bidentata .sub., at willow, oak, .under moss on various trees N. zonaria sub., at sandhills on the coast B. hirtaria sub., at elm, lime, ash, and fruit trees [&c. A. proclomaria ...sub., at oak, elm, betularia sub., at oak, elm, birch, and other trees H. abruptaria ...spun up, on twigs, &c., of lilac, rose, or privet THE LEPIDOPTERISTS CALENDAR IT PUP.E] FEBRUARY T. consonaria ...under moss at r. of E. beech, oak, birch biundularia . . .spun up, on oak and birch ,, punctulata ...under moss, on birch, M and alder ; or in bark crevices I. lactearia spun up, among M, leaves of oak, and birch E. porata fastened to leaf of A. oak punctaria fastened to leaf of ,, oak, or birch trilinearia ...fastened to leaf of beech pendularia ...fastened to leaf of C. birch E. heparata among moss, &c., on alder E. C. exanthemaria spun up, under leaves of sallow, and alder M. liturata at lai-ch, rarely with- D. in 2 feet of the tree N. pulveraria ...in withered sallow leaves F. carbonaria ...among dead leaves ,, of sallow, and birch ,, piniaria at Scotch fir and ,, larch ; in open places in woods, rarely within 2 feet of the tree, at 1)4 to 2 inches deep A. oescularia ...sub., at elm, oak, lime, sloe, hawthorn S. L. multistrigaria sub., about Galium E. albulata within the spun-up sepals of yellow rattle P. ,, decolorata ..about Lychnisdioica C. E. venosata about Silene, and Lychnis consignata ...probably under moss, ,, and loose bark, in apple or- chards pulchellata ...among the seeds P. and dead fl., of foxglove ,, isogrammata about Clematis vitalba N. fraxinata on ash, under moss, and loose bark - nanata about heath vulgata sub., about various plants, and trees minutata about heath assimilata ...in crevices, about currant and hop exiguata about oak, &c. , ocellata among Galium ; spun up, near the ground subtristata ) , .-, ,. galiata | sub., near Galmm sinuata in earthen cocoon; on the ground, among Galium badiata in earthen cocoon; on the ground, beneath dog rose bushes derivata sub., at dog rose sagittata spun up, among Thalictrum ; or on the ground near ; in fens lineolata cocoon attached to Galium verum, under the sur- face, on sandhills bicuspis spun up, on birch trunks in the S. ; alder in the N. ; rarely above 2 ft., from the ground furcula spun up, on trunk of willow, or sallow bifida spun up, on trunk of poplars vinula spun up, on trunk of willows, poplars, and sallows ; three, or four feet from the ground fagi spun up, among leaves of beech, oak, birch, elm; s. at r. bucephala . . . sub. , at various trees curtula spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, and sallow reclusa spun up, among dead leaves of sallows, poplars, willows palpina at willows, and pop- lars, on edges of streams, or under sods near camelina ...sub., at various trees cucullina sub., at maple, and sycamore carmelita sub., at birch dictasa at poplars, and wil- lows, or under sods near 12 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] N. dictaeoides ...sub., at birch , ( dromedarius ... sub. , at birch, alder, nut ziczac sub. , at poplars, sal- low, willows trepida sub., at oak Chaonia sub., at oak ,, Dodonea ......sub., at oak, and birch T. batis near bramble, and wild raspberry [leaves C. duplaris between united birch fluctuosa among birch leaves flavicornis ... between unitedbirch leaves D. Orion at birch, and oak, in a cocoon of gnawed bark, or rotten wood A. tridens spun up, in crevices of bark, at hawthorn, sloe, rose, willow, sallow, mountain ash psi in bark crevices of various trees leporina in excavations in the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow aceris spun up, among fallen leaves, and under loose bark of sycamore, horse chesnut, maple, birch, and s. oak megacephala... under loose bark of poplar strigosa among dead leaves of hawthorn, or rubbish or de- cayed wood ; s. sub. alni between leaves of various trees, or inside bramble sticks ligustri spun up, under moss, stones &c., near ash, and privet ; also sub. ; also found under the top stones of walls against the tree M rumicis spun up, in crevices of trees, palings, walls, &c. A. putris sub., at elm D. pinastri in a cocoon on the ground among dock, sorrel, &c. X. conspicillaris sub., at elm, and other trees FEBRUARY M. albicolon ...... sub., near Atriplex, Chenopodium, lettuce, &c. C. Morpheus ...spun up, in a leaf, or an earthen cocoon, attached to food plant A. segetum, s. . sub., among Cruci- ferae, grass, &c. T. piniperda ..... at Scotch and other firs, in open places in fir woods, and on the margin, in crevices of bark, and under moss and fallen needles T. gothica ...... sub. , at various trees leucographa rubricosa .. at r. of low plants opima ......... at r. of Rosaspino- sissima, and dwarf sallow ; on sandhills in the north, below the sand populeti ...... sub., at poplars, especially Populus nigra ; deep gracilis ........ sub., at willows, sallows, and low plants Ir miniosa ...... among fallen leaves &c. , r munda ......... under moss at base of oaks cruda ......... sub., at oak D. carpophaga sub., near Silene and Lychnis, on the coast ; found by raking sandhills capsophila ..) sub., about Silene ,, caesia ......... ) maritima capsincola ...sub., near Lychnis serena ......... sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce H. glauca ......... sub., near sallow, and birch oleracea ...... sub., near elm, nettle, dock, &c., also in kitchen gardens thallassina ...sub., near honey- suckle, sallow, broom, &c. X lithoriza , ..... near honeysuckle, in a papery cocoon, on the ground C. verbasci ... ) sub., in earthen co- ,, scrophularia; ] coon, near mullein and figwort, s. 2 years in pupa H THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUP-E] FEBRUARY C. lychnitis in earthen cocoon, near white and black mullein ; s. 2 years in pupa asteris near golden rod, c. ; s. 2 years in pupa gnaphalii near golden rod ,. umbratica sub., near Sonchus, &c. H. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens ,, dipsacea among melilot, and probably Silene otites and Linaria A. myrtilli spun up, in heath E. venustula at r. of Tormentilla rep tans, and grass B. argentula among grass, on the ground B. parthenias ...at birch, in crevices of bark, or on the ground A. urticse spun up, among nettle leaves triplasia spun up, among nettle leaves, hop, &c. [g ar is P. aenea among Polygalavul- E. sambucalis ...spun up, in crevices, in palings, walls, &c. , near elder G. canella among Salsola kali IMAGOS] The species ordinarily due this month will be round specified below ; but it does not follow that they will be obtainable, even in a favourable locality, unless the weather is tolerably mild. Some of the wingless 9 of the genus Hibernia, especially when they hide on tree trunks, are often a puzzle to see. In searching trunks, palings, and wooden fences for moths, an operation which may with advantage be pursued at almost all seasons of the year, not much success is likely to follow unless it be done systematically. As in pupa digging, the most protected side of the tree trunk is found to be the most productive, which is generally the northern and eastern face. It is seldom of much use examining the southern side at all ; it is probably too much exposed to sunshine and the prevailing winds to be agreeable as a place of concealment. Fences in protected situations are con- sequently found to be better for harbouring insects than where fully exposed. Some of the larger moths thus resting are conspicuous enough, even from a distance ; others from their resemblance in colour and marking to the tree trunk or fence, or the lichen upon them, are difficult to be discerned, especially if the wood under examination is a gloomy one, or their resting place is in a "bad light." The tree to be examined should be approached carefully, or some species which are easily alarmed will flit off before the net can be brought into use. A general examination of the north-eastern aspect should be first made, from the highest point at which a moth can be seen down to the ground; then, if small, or inconspicuous species are being sought for, the finger should be passed in lines down the trunk, the eye attentively following. To the surprise of the searcher he will sometimes thus come upon a specimen he would otherwise have missed. E. lanestris on tree trunks, near the ground P. pilosaria <$ comes to light ; 9 on tree trunks, &c. A. prodromaria, e. at rest on trees N. hispidaria ... at rest on oak trunks T. crepuscularia at rest on trees THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] FEBRUARY H. rupicapraria \ at rest on tree trunks leucophearia f or in hollow trees ; M progemmaria f at dusk they frequent A. sescularia, e. ) hedges, the ? sitting on the twigs, the fluttering around. Hedges favourably placed may be beaten into an umbrella for the ?, which may also be found on the top ledge of palings, &c. , running up to the highest point. H. leucophearia (5 often flies by day T. instabilis at the sallows in mild seasons stabilis ,, T. hyemana oak woods T. pellionella ...to November D. applanella ...flies over hedges, c. N. minusculella among pear trees The following are among the species which have hibernated, and which have been found this month : saucia this species has been taken this month, and also in March, April, July, August, Sept., and Oct. vacinii spadicea erythrocephela satellitia rubiginea croceago templi hides under stone heaps, in elevated districts vetusta exoleta conformis . . . rhizolitha semibrunnea petrificata ... chamomill9e...at rest on various materials libatrix in cellars and hollow trees rostralis in gardens and out- houses ocellea comes to 1. G. rhamni .in and near woods A. on sunny days C. Edusa at rest in hollow trees, outhouses, &c. Hyale C. V. c-album ..." M urticae it polychloros Antiopa ... at rest in outhouses, - &c. , and s. flying S. D. Io about on sunny days H. ,, Atalanta ... D. cardui , M. stellatarum, s. from Sept., flying C. in the sunshine E. fasciaria ... j may be beaten from X. T. variata \ Scotch fir ft C. fluviata .... .comes to 1. S. dubitata .... .comes to 1. C. psitticata ... in hollow trees, out- C. miata silaceata ... houses, &c. G. A. auricoma L. lithargyria ? H. A. puta suffusa E. MARCH OVA] During this boisterous month, "whose Spring is but the child Of churlish Winter in her froward moods, Discovering much the temper of her sire," many fine days are often available for entomologising. As many species set forth in the accompanying list will ere long cease to be found in the egg form, it is desirable the collector should clear off his arrears of work in this section as soon as possible. The remarks on egg-hunting under previous months should be re-perused. Wherever a species is known to have occurred, there is a possibility of finding the eggs in likely situations. T. quercus on oak C. ,, w-album on wytch elm ,, pruni on sloe L. ^Egon on Ornithopus per- pusillus ; white ; generally hatch this month E. H. comma on trefoil, and other Leguminosse L. dispar on the trunks of sloe, hawthorn, and various fruit trees ; in a conical heap, covered n with down ,, monacha on oak, beech, birch, fir, apple, &c. T. crataegi from Oct., on haw- thorn ; also s. sloe, sallow, H. birch, oak A. P. populi from Nov., on oak, poplar, lime, ash, hawthorn F. B. neustria from July, on sloe, H. hawthorn, and fruit trees ; in batches spirally round twigs and branches |( castrensis ...from July, on Arte- mesia maritima, Daucus mari- C. tamus, &c. E. vespertaria ...on nut [sallow ,, apiciaria on poplar, willow, O. N. zonaria on sea reed, or ma- rum (Ammophila arundinacea) E. and other sand-hill plants ; in clusters in the interstices ; long, M bright-green A. elinguaria ...on oak, honey- suckle, hawthorn, sloe ; also heath, bilberry, &c. ; brick- shaped, large, purplish slate colour alniaria on alder, birch, saHow, beech, &c. ; brick- shaped, like all the Ennomos tiliaria on oak, sallow, birch, alder, &c. ; purplish fuscantaria ... on ash, privet ; upon the twigs, in small batches erosaria on oak, birch, &c. angularia ...on oak, birch, beech, &c. pennaria on oak prodromaria...in bark crevices of oak, birch, elm, nut pinetaria on bilberry leucophearia .on oak aurantiaria ...on oak, birch, haw- thorn, &c. defoliaria . . . .on oak, nut, sloe, hawthorn, birch, elm, lime, &c. ..on oak, and other ,.on birch ,.on oak, and other brumata trees boreata..., dilutata trees subciliata ...on maple; at foot- stalk of leaf . rubiginata ...on alder; large badiata, e. ...on dog rose i6 THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR OVA] MARCH A. derivata, e. ...on dog rose S. vetulata on buckthorn C. immanata ...probably on alder, and other trees, and strawberry, bilberry, &c. ; large prunata on currant, and gooseberry ; upon the bark ; large testata on heath, birch, sal- low, poplar, &c. ; singly, large populata on poplar, bilberry, whortleberry ; globular, large, yellow fulvata on dog rose; rose pink, large [thorn ; large pyraliata on Galium, haw- dotata on black, and red currant ; large E. cervinaria ...on mallow C. spartiata on broom P. Cassinea on oak P. plumigera ...on maple, chiefly on the twigs, in hedges not shaded by trees. Best found this month when the sun is shining, which renders them clearly visible. Often singly, but s. in clusters of two, three, or many more. Circular, smooth, brown above, whitish beneath C. flavicornis, e. on birch ; red G. flavago on stems of marsh thistles, burdock, &c. ; in heaps S. satellitia on oak; upon the twigs D. rubiginea probably on apple, &c., and dandelion and other low plants P. chi on dock, hawthorn, sallow, and probably lettuce, sowthistle, tea tree, &c. ; purplish brown flavocincta ...on dock, chick- weed, groundsel, mint, &c. ; in gardens on everlasting pea, plum, &c. D. templi on Heracleum sphon- dylium ; upon the leaves T. subtusa on poplar; upon the twigs retusa on sallow, willow, poplar ; upon the axils of the leaves C. vetusta on various meadow and marsh plants, also poplar X. conformis, b. on alder, birch H. proboscidalis on nettle ; rather large, globular (slightly oval) indented on upper side ; pale yellow LARVJE] A good harvest is sure to reward the industrious worker this month, if he persistently prosecutes his larva-searching, on mild evenings, in good localities, there being so many species which have hibernated, and only now seem to require a ramble before making a selection of their hiding place for pupation. In the lists of larvae, the month of origin of hibernation has been specified as far as possible. When a larva ceases to be mentioned, it may be assumed that at the last period of its mention, it was nearly if not quite full fed. S. -^geria from Sept., grasses Megsera from Sept., grasses R. cratasgata ...from Sept., haw- thorn, sloe A. osseata... from Aug., dande- lion, &c. S. belgiaria from Aug., heath O. filigrammaria bilberry and sallows tuwuj oj.vy\, \^. ttiigia.tuujia.iis* uuuciry auu sane H. auroraria ...from Aug., plantain E. tenuiata in sallow catkins THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] MARCH T. variata Scotch fir, larch, &c. M. montanata, e. from Oct., prim- rose C. munitata ...from Sept. , groundsel C. bilineata grasses, chickweed, dock C. suffumata ...full fed in the au- tumn ; turns to a pupa about this time E. palumbaria ...broom, Genista, heath, clover, &c. B. glandifera ...from Sept., lichens on walls ,, perla from Sept., lichens on walls L. conigera couch, and other grasses. This, and other species of Leucania may be s. found by pulling up conspicuous tufts of grass, and gently beating them ,, turca grasses, in woods lithargyria ...chickweed, plan- tain, grasses, &c. pudorina . . grasses, common reed straminea ...reed, and coarse grasses, in damp meadows and borders of streams impura from Oct., Carex, and Dactylis glomerata pallens from Oct., Des- champsia cespitosa S. ulvse from Sept., common reed X. rurea generally on grasses hepatica from Aug., grasses, chickweed, &c. A. australis from Oct., Cicho- rium, Poa annua, and other plants L. testacea on the lower part of grass stems M. furva- Aira canescens A. basilinea from Aug., various plants ; before hibernation on immature grains of wheat ,, unanimis from Sept., grasses. Full fed in autumn ; hides under bark of willows or poplars, or among the soil at their roots ; C towards the end of this month wanders about for a few days, then changes to a pupa in a slight cocoon, at the foot of a tree, or under bark M, strigilis grasses, and other plants C. alsines from Sept., dock, chickweed, plantain cubicularis ...from Sept., in corn ricks, on grass, pulse, and grain R. tenebrosa from Sept., various plants A. corticea from Sept., Cheno- podium, &c. cinerea ."...from Sept., r. of low plants lucernea dandelion, harebell, &c. Ashworthii ...from Sept., fescue grass, hawkweed, sun cistus, thyme, heath, harebell T. ianthina from Aug., broom, chickweed, &c. fimbria from Oct., birch, sallow, oak, ash, broom, prim- rose, &c. [&c. interj ecta dock, mallow, grass, subsequa from Oct., low plants orbona from Aug., broom and low plants ; when young on sallow buds pronuba from Aug., dock, and various other plants N. festiva from Aug., violet, sallow, foxglove, &c. umbrosa from Sept., dock, and low plants xanthographa from Oct., grasses and low plants C. xerampelina, s. from Oct., ash ; hides in crevices of bark E. lutulenta from Oct., Lithos- permum arvense, and other low plants lichenea from No v ., ragwort, and various low plants P. empyrea from Nov., pile- wort, &c. i8 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] MARCH A. H. M ad vena from Aug., lettuce, knotgrass, and various plants adusta from Aug. , low plants rectilinea from Aug. , sallow, bramble, bilberry myrtilli, s ...from Aug., heath chrysitis from Sept., bur- dock, thistle, nettle, dead nettle, &c. typica from Sept., dock, low-plants, &c. maura from Sept., dock, chick-weed, ivy, &c. proboscidalis from July, nettle derivalis from Aug., among dead oak leaves barbalis from Sept., birch catkins pinguinalis ...in greasy horse cloths, rubbish in houses, &c. stratiotalis .. aquatic, on Calli- triche verna, Stratiotes aloides, &c. asinalis ...from Oct., madder, fl. , and young seeds muralis the mosses Grim- mea pulvinata, Dryum cappi- lare, &c. mercuralis ...the mosses Hypnus and Jungermannia elegans, dilatata cratsegalis elegans, dilatata tristellus .. culmellus ..the mosses Hypnus and Jungermannia ..in damp moss ..in damp moss phragmitellus from Oct., reed cribrella from Oct., in thistle stems abietella from Sept., Scotch fir-cones, decayed wood, and shoots adjunct ana... ivy, honeysuckle, &c. gentianana . . .from Nov. , in teazle heads [poplar nisana catkins of white Penkleriana... alder catkins cirsiana from Sept. , in thistle and knapweed stems, in woods E. Pfulgiana ,from Sept. , in thistle and knapweed stems, in open places Brunnichiana in stems of coltsfoot nigricostana...Stachys, r. grandaevana...in r. of coltsfoot and Petasites, on the ballast heaps at S. Shields, making long tubes in the sand S. Woeberana ...from Oct., bark of plum, &c. C. strobilana ...from Oct., cones of spruce Hercyniana ..from Oct., spruce R. turionana ...in shoots of Scotch fir S. coniferana ...from Oct., under bark of Scotch fir Leplastrierana from Oct., in stems of cabbage regiana from Oct., under sycamore bark D. politana from Oct., Achillea millefolium, r. E. nana birch catkins roseana from Oct., seeds of te'azle C. Francillonana from Oct. , in stems of wild carrot T. pesudo-bombycella from Oct., lichen, on oak trunks, &c. S. triquetrella ...on old palings on moors, marshes, &c. , in a trian- gular case inconspicuella in a case on trees and palings T. ganomella ...from Oct., in birds' nests biseliella from Oct., in bird skins, hair seating, &c. L. prselatella ...from Sept., in a flat case, under wild strawberry A. Degeereila ...from Oct., wood anemone, &c. D. assimilella ...broom G. ericetella from Sept., on Erica cinerea, E. tetralix, and Cal- luna erica arundinetella. . Carex riparia domesticella . . in moss, on old walls THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] MARCH G. luculella in decayed wood C. bifractella ...from Oct., Conyza squarrosa, Inula dysenterica ,, cerealella from Oct., in grains of wheat and barley P. Metzneriella from Oct. , Centaurea nigra, heads carlinella ...from Oct., Centaurea L. nigra, and thistle heads H. bracteella ...in decayed wood CE. minutella ...on seeds C. pseudo-spretella from Oct., dried fruit, peas, and other seeds, also A, hams, &c. A. glaucinella ...in bark of oak, E. horse chesnut, &c. u Goedartella ...in bark of alder, birch, &c. ,, Brochella birch shoots C. farinatella ...Scotch fir ,, ,, Gysselinella ..Scotch fir, in a web T. betw s en leaves O. pinariella Scotch fir G. tringipennella in plantain P. C. pyrrhulipennella from Oct., heath discordella from Oct., Lotus cor- ,, niculatus genistsecolella from Oct., Genista anglica lineolella Ballota nigra juncicolella ...from Oct., heath laricella from Sept., larch viminetella ...from Sept., sallow, and osier solitariella ...from Oct., Stelkria holostea palludicolella Epilobium hirsutum atra (hellerella) hawthorn berries, and shoots of apple flavicapitella from Sept., in twigs of hawthorn, in which it bores seratella ...from Oct., galls on knotgrass apicipunctella from Oct., in Aira cinereopunctella from Sept., in Carex glauca trapeziella . . .from Oct. , in Luzula pilosa subobscurella Holcus mollis marginea (emyella) from Oct., in bramble dodonseella ..from Oct., in oak trigonodactylus in coltsfoot, fl. stems tephradactylus from Sept., golden rod, in shady places osteodactylus from Sept., golden rod As other, and more attractive work will soon be crowding upon us, and many species are beginning to emerge, the final search for winter pupae should, if possible, be completed this month, if it has not been done long before. P. Machaon on stems of Peuce- danum palustre ; in fens P. brassicae ) rapoe > on palings, walls, &c. ,, napi ) A. cardamines on stems of grass, &c. L. Alsus among Anthyllis vulneraria S. ocellatus sub., at willows, poplars, &c. populi sub., at poplars, willow, &c. [beech tilise .sub., at elm, lime, C. ligniperda ...at various trees ; spun up, under bark, &c., but s. buries L. asellus spun up, on a leaf L. rubricollis ...under moss, on rotten trees, larch, &c. A. mendica under moss, on trees bordering ditches lubricepeda ) spun up, on trees, menthrasti ) palings, &c. urticae under moss, on trees O. pudibunda . . .in dead leaves, under moss, &c. C 2 20 THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR at birch amongst PUP^E] E. versicolora ...spun up, S. carpini cocoon leaves, heath, &c. E. dolobraria ...under moss, on oak, &c. S . illunaria sub. , at willow, oak, &c. 0. bidentata ...under moss, on various trees N. zonaria sub. , at sandhills on the coast B. hirtaria sub., at elm, lime, ash, and fruit trees A. betularia sub., at oak, elm, birch, and other trees H. abruptaria ...spun up, on twigs, &c., of lilac, rose, or privet T. consonaria ...under moss at r. of beech, oak, birch biundularia ..spun up, on oak, and birch punctulata ...under moss, on birch and alder, or in bark crevices 1. lactearia spun up, among leaves of oak, and birch E. porata fastened to leaf of oak punctaria fastened to leaf of oak, or birch l( trilinearia fastened to leaf of beech pendularia birch E. heparata .. on alder C. exanthemaria spun up, under leaves of sallow, and alder M. liturata at larch, rarely within 2 ft. of the tree N. pulveraria ...in withered sallow leaves F. carbonaria ...among dead leaves of sallow, and birch piniaria At Scotch fir, and larch ; in open places in woods, rarely within 2 ft. of the tree, at I y 2 to 2 in. deep L. multistrigaria, sub., about Galium E. albulata within the spun-up sepals of yellow rattle MARCH ...fastened to leaf of ....among moss, &c., E. decolorata E. venosata .. Lychnis ,, consignata . . .about Lychnis dioica ...about Silene, and ...probably under moss, and loose bark, in apple orchards pulchellata ...among the seeds, and dead fl. of foxglove isogrammata, about Clematis vitalba fraxinata ...... on ash, under moss, and loose bark nanata ......... about heath vulgata ......... sub., about various plants and trees minutata ...... about heath assimilata ...in crevices, about currant and hop exiguata ... ..about oak, &c. ocellata ...... among Galium ; spun up, near the ground M. A. sinuata ......... in earthen cocoon; on the ground, among Galium badiata ......... in earthen cocoon, on the ground, beneath dog rose bushes derivata ...... sub. , at dog rose C. sagittata ...... spun up, among Thalictrum ; or on the ground near ; in fens suffumata ...changes to a pupa this month among bedstraw or ragwort E. lineolata ...... cocoon attached to Galium verum under the surface on coast sandhills D. bicuspis ...... spun up, on birch trunks in the south ; alder in the north ; rarely above 2 ft. from the ground ,, furcula . . ....... spun up, on trunk of willow, or sallow bifida ......... spun up, on trunk of poplars ,, vinula ........ spun up, on trunk of willows, poplars, and sallow ; three or four feet from the ground THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 21 PUP^l] MARCH S. fagi spun up, among A, leaves of beech, oak, birch, elm ; s. at r. P. bucephala ...sub., at various trees ,, C. curtula spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, and sallow reclusa spun up, among dead leaves of sallows, poplars, willows P. palpina atwillows, and pop- lars, on edges of streams, or under sods near N. camelina sub. , at various trees A cucullina sub., at maple, and D sycamore ,, carmelita sub., at birch X, dictsea at poplars, and Avillows, or under sods near M dictaeoides ...sub., at birch dromedarius . . sub. , at birch, alder, C. nut ziczac sub., at poplars, sallow, willows A. trepida sub. , at oak Chaonia sub., at oak T. Dodonea sub., at oak, and birch T. batis near bramble, and wild raspberry C. duplaris bet ween united birch leaves D. fluctuosa among birch leaves D. Orion at birch, and oak, in a cocoon of gnawed bark, or rotten wood A. tridens spun up, in crevices ,, of bark, at hawthorn, sloe, rose, H. willow, sallow, mountain ash psi in bark crevices of H. various trees leporina in excavations in the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow aceris spun up, among fallen leaves, and under loose bark, of sycamore, horse ches- C. verbasci nut, maple, birch, and s. oak megacephala under loose bark of poplar ,, scrophulariae , strigosa among dead leaves of hawthorn, or rubbish, or decayed wood ; s. sub. alni between leaves of various trees, or inside bramble sticks ligustri spun up, under moss, stones, &c., near ash, and privet ; also sub. ; also found under the top stones of walls against the tree rumicis spun up, in crevices of trees, palings, walls, &c. . putris .sub., at elm . pinastri in a cocoon, on the ground, among dock, sorrel, &c. , conspicillaris, sub. at elm, and other trees . albicolon sub., near Atriplex, Chenopodium, lettuce, &c. Morpheus .. spun up, in a leaf, or an earthen cocoon attached to food-plant segetum, s. .. sub., among Cruci- ferce, grass, &c. piniperda at Scotch, and other firs, in open places in fir woods, and on the margin, in crevices of bark ; and under moss and fallen needles, rarely within 2ft. of the tree, 1% to 2 in. deep carpophaga . . . sub. , near Silene, and Lychnis, on the coast ; found by raking sandhills capsophila ) sub., about Silene cossia \ maritima capsincola ...sub., near Lychnis serena sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce glauca sub., near sallow, and birch oleracea sub., near elm, nettle, dock, &c., and in kitchen gardens thalassina sub., near honey- suckle, sallow, broom, &c. sub., in earthen co- coon, near mullein, and figwort s. 2 yrs. in pupa 22 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] MARCH C. lychnitis in earthen cocoon, near white and black mullein ; s. 2 yrs. in pupa asteris near golden rod, &c. ; s. 2 yrs. in pupa gnaphalii near golden rod umbratica ...sub., near Sonchus, &c. H. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens dipsacea among melilot, and probably Silene otites, and Linaria E. venustula at r. of Tormentilla rep tans, and grass B. argentula among grass, on the ground B. parthenias ...at birch, in crevices of bark, or on the ground A. urticce spun up, among nettle leaves , , triplasia spun up, among nettle leaves, hop, &c. P. oenea amongst Polygala vulgaris E. sambucalis ...spun up, in crevices in palings, walls, &c., near elder G. canella among Salsola kali H. prasinaiia .. under moss at base of oaks Lmasculella } mongdead leaves Zinckenella > n- i j i I,' Oehlmanniella } of birch and oak IMAGOS] If the season should be a forward one, the sallows will be in bloom this month. They are found to be a great attraction to most of the moths on the wing at this period, more especially the Teeniocampae, and the hiber- nating Noctuae. These, having "skimmed the dusk fields," we shall find feasting on the sparse blossoms, "In the retired quiet of the night." If the sallow bushes we are in the habit of visiting are awkwardly situated for the capture of moths, branches of them may be cut before dark, and stuck into the ground at convenient places. If they should afterwards take root in these places, they may save the trouble of the process being repeated next season. The following are the freshly-emerged species which ordinarily appear this month : P. rapse E. lanestris &c. E. versicolora .. S. illustraria P. pilosaria .... N. hispidaria .. B. hirtaria A. prodromaria T. crepuscularia H. leucophearia progemmaria A. sescularia ... month) .gardens, &c. .at rest on hawthorn, .in birch woods at 1. ; 9 on tree trunks .on oak trunks s. on oaks on tree trunks rest on tree trunks ; fly at dusk ; s. come to sallows (See last L. multistrigaria E. abbreviata ...among oak L. lobulata on Scotch fir trunks A. badiata at sallows, and fly- ing over hedges at dusk ,, derivata P. polygrammata damp meadows ; very local P. nubeculosa N. carmelita on birch trunks, and palings near. Flies in the sun- shine ; may be taken at sallows ; and is attracted by puddles C. flavicornis ...at rest on birch twigs THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] MARCH .at rest on oaks, to 4 ft. from the C. ridens at I ft. ground L. lithargyria, s. X. conspicillaris, e. at rest on tree trunks, especially where the bark has been stripped ; has also been beaten C. chamomillas...has been taken at rest on iron bars, and various materials, probably h. B. parthenias ...birch woods ; flies on sunny mornings over birch trees, and round sallows notha rests on aspens ; flies in the sunshine round sallows, &c. T. piniperda at sallows, and at A. prodromana, e., on moors rest on fir trees T. gothica gothacina... leucographa rubricosa . . , The whole of this genus visit the sal- low blossoms at dusk S. pauperana ...among wild rose P. crenana moors, &c. C. vernana, e. pygmoeana, e. among spruce and remain feasting H. fimbriana, e. oak woods in the upon the honey they contain for some hours ,, instabilis ...^ If the situation is ,, opima .. lr populeti stabilis .. gracilis.. , t miniosa ,, munda .. ,, cruda .. blooming sallow may be cut before dark, and fixed in the ground V. oleagina X. lithoriza at sallows, and on trees, walls, &c. S., at rest on the branches ; darts to the ground when dis- turbed favorable the great- T. hyemana" 1 oak woods, at rest est number may be on the branches ^captured by a sheet D. fagella, e. ...on tree trunks and ^ being spread under palings the bushes. Where E. avellanella, e. among birch they are difficult to T. biselliella ...to Oct. reach, branches of D. arenella ciniflonella .Rannoch ,, rhodochrella beaten from thatch B. incongruella on moors, &c. E. consortella N. aurella to August, on tree : trunks and palings The following hibernating species have been taken this month : C. Edusa, C. Hyale, at rest in hollow trees, outhouses, &c. ; V. c-album, V. urticae, V. polychloros, V. Antiopa, V. lo, V. Atalanla, V. cardui, at rest in outhouses, &c. and s. flying about on sunny days ; M. stellatarum, hovers over fl. in the sunshine, and also flies in the evening; E. fasciaria, and T. variata, among Scotch fir; C. fluviata, and S. dubitata, at 1. ; C. psitticata, C. miata, and C. silaceata, in hollow trees, outhouses, &c. ; A. auricoma, L. lithargyria? A. puta, A. suffusa, and A. saucia ; C. vaccinii, C. spadicea, C. erythroce- phala? S. satellitia, D. rubiginea, and H. croceago, at sallows ; D. templi, under stones ; C. vetusta, C. exoleta, X. furcifera, X. rhizolitha, X. semi- brunnea, X. petrificata ; C. chamomillse, at rest on iron and other fences ; G. libatrix, in cellars and hollow trees ; H. rostralis, in gardens and outhouses ; E. ocellea, conies to 1. ; P. mixtana, P. caudella, D. liturella, D. pallorella, D. umbellella, D. arenella, D. propinquella, D. subpropinquella, D. alstrae- meriella, D. ciniflonella, D. vaccinella, D. conterminella, D. ocellella, D. applanella (flying over hedges), I), ciliella, D. albipunctella, D. chgerophylli- vorella, D. heracliella, A. autumnitella, Z. hepariella, Z. insignipennella, G. stigmatella, G. stramineella, G. populetella, G. phasianipennella, C. cuculipen- nella, L. epilobiella, P. suffusella, P. pterodactylus. APRIL OVA] This is the month when many hibernating species deposit their ova, as well as several which are freshly emerged. Owing to the scarcity of leaves upon the trees and bushes, the egg in many cases may be more readily found than when, later in the season, the branches are more covered. Some day-flyer, " Drawn from his refuge in some lonely elm, That age or injury has hollowed deep," may sometimes be seen, when the sun shines, engaged in the interesting operation of oviposition. By carefully watching, a clue as to the plant upon which the egg is laid, as well as its situation, will be often afforded. G. rhamni on buckthorn ; placed singly upon terminal shoots, and on the midrib ; pointed V. urticse on nettle; in batches upon underside of the leaves; barrel-shaped, fluted, green lo on nettle T. quercus on oak w-album on wytch elm E. lanestris on hawthorn, sloe, &c. ; spirally round twigs, and branches E. versicolora ...on birch; upon the twigs, in small batches E. vespertaria ...on nut ,, apiciaria on poplar, willow, sallow R. crataegata ...to Sept., successive broods, on hawthorn and sloe ; oblong, covered Math hexamedal ridges ; yellow, with red spots, like the imago S . illunaria in the fissures of the bark of willow, ash, hawthorn, plum, &c. ; light pink- E. alniaria on alder, birch, sal- low, beech, &c; brick-shaped, like all the Ennomos , , tiliaria on oak , sallow, birch, alder, &c.; purplish fuscantaria ...on ash, privet; upon the twigs, in small batches erosaria on oak, birch, &c. E. angularia ...on oak, birch, beech, &c. H. pennaria from Oct., on oak B. hirtaria on lime, elm, ash, fruit trees ; small, green, im- bricated A. prodromaria in crevices of bark of oak, birch, elm, nut betularia on oak, elm, haw- thorn, birch, beech, alder, moun- tain ash; very small for the size of the moth A. sescularia on oak, elm, horse- chesnut, privet, &c. ; round the twigs, covered with down L. multistrigaria on Galium E. subciliata ...on maple; at foot- stalk of leaf L. lobulata on honeysuckle, sal- low, willow ,, polycommata on honeysuckle, ash M. rubiginata ...on alder; large A. badiata on dog rose derivata on dog rose S. dubitata on buckthorn C. prunata on currant, goose- berry, sloe; upon the bark; large ,, testata on heath, birch, sal- low, poplar, &c. ; singly, large , ( populata on bilberry, whortle- berry, poplar ; globular, large, yellow THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA] APRIL c. E. fulvata on dog rose; rose pink, large dotata on black and red currant ; large cervinaria ...on mallow lineolata ... on Galium; in clusters of eight or ten ; at first pale yellow, but soon change to bright ochreous-brown spartiata on broom Cassinea on oak nubeculosa ...on birch curtula on poplars & sallow ridens on oak; upon the twigs flavago on steins of marsh thistles, burdock, &c.; in heaps suffusa on grass, lettuce, radish, &c. gothica on sallow, oak, and other trees, also many low plants leucographa...on plantain; oval, bright yellow rubricosa on dock; pale yellow opima onRosaspinosissima; in large clusters, conspicuous at a distance ; at first pale yellow, but soon change to pinkish brown. The eggs of this species are, however, as often deposited upon the dead seed-heads of ragwort and houndstongue ; also upon marum grass (Ammophila arundinacea) and sallow, grow- ing on sandy sea- shores, as upon the food-plant T. populeti on twigs of aspen and poplar, especially Populus nigra ; in clusters below the axils gracilis on willow, sallow, and low plants ; often upon seed-heads of plantain ; also upon dead reed-heads , r miniosa on oak ; in clusters below the leaf-buds H. croceago on oak C . vetusta on poplar, & various meadow and marsh plants exoleta on scabious cam- pion, rest harrow X. petrificata ...on oak, lime, birch; oval, greyish, thickly dotted with purple LARVJE] The indications of past hibernation become numerous in the list this month. It might be supposed that moths and butterflies have a very brief life, as they are often only visible in the winged state for a short time ; but with many of the larger species the period of life extends over eleven or twelve months, of which nearly nine are passed in the larva state, though a portion of this time, during the severe cold of winter, they are in a torpid condition. In others, though the total length of life is about the same, the larval life is short, and the imago life is long, commencing at the latter part of the summer, and ex- tending through the winter, to the commencement of the succeeding sum- mer, interrupted, as in the larval life, by a period of torpidity during the winter. Of course with those insects of which two, or three broods appear in the year, the life is very much briefer. Some species hibernate nearly full-fed, or feeding occasionally during mild weather, are found during this and the next month as larvae, still unchanged. E. Lichenea will be found in its haunts on the coast full-fed, and about to change, from now to July. It is a species which is hard to breed away from its native habitat. The two chief modes of capturing larvae are by beating, and by searching with a lantern in the evening. It is yet too early in the season, now that we only see "the first Hedge-grown primrose that hath burst," 26 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] APRIL for much profit to result from beating, but night searching will well repay the labour. Examine the underwood of one or two years' growth, and the grass at the edges of ridings, with a lantern, immediately after dark, every mild evening. Large numbers of different larvae may be thus taken during this and the following month. Nearly all the genus Noctua can be thus easily found. The rolled-up leaves and shoots of sallow contain a large number of species, chiefly tortrices. They should be put into a flower pot in a cool place, and fresh leaves added when these are becoming dried up. The following are among the species which may be thus bred, and which will appear in June : E. viminalis, T. crataegana, P. Lecheana, P. capraeana, S. dealbana, H. angustana, G. populella, A. pygmaeella. By shaking or beating wild plants and flowers into a net or other receptacle many larvae may be ob- tained, particularly of the smaller species. Grasses, rushes, and carices are now productive of sundiy Elachistidae and Coleophorae, and several of the larger tribes. Sheltered spots in woods and lanes are the best places ; and for the larger species wet evenings the best time. The mealy guelder rose, is an early tree, and will repay a search. Hawthorn trees nourish hordes of common larvae. P. Verhuellella must be taken now, mining in the seed fronds of A. Ruta muraria, and other ferns. L. Rubiella is often too common in raspberry shoots. The pink larva be- trays its presence by the blighted aspect of the young shoots. A. Niobe from Aug., violet & heartsease ; should be looked for in localities where A. Aglaia, and A. adippe abounds Euphrosyne,e. from July, dog and sweet violet, feeds in the sun- shine ; hides beneath primrose and other leaves tr Selene, e from July, dog and sweet violet M. Artemis from Aug., in wet meadows, among scabious, plan- tain, honeysuckle, &c. ; rest ex- posed in the sunshine E. Medea- from Sept., moor- land poa, and other grasses S. Megaera from Sept., grasses hyperanthus from Aug. , grasses ; may be found at night among long grass near woods, &c. P. Phlaeas from Oct., sorrel, dock, ragwort L. agestis fromSept.,Erodium circutarium [&c. , f Alexis ., rest harrow, trefoil, Adonis from Oct., Hippo- crepis comosa, &c, L. Arion thyme in dry and elevated districts, and hilly, thyme-covered slopes and fields S. alveolus bramble, wild rasp- berry T. tages from Sept., Lotus corniculatus S. myopaeformis in stems of apple, pear, plum, hawthorn ; chiefly old or unhealthy trees ,, culiciformis ...in birch and alder ,, formicaeformis from Sept., in osier stumps ; the larva-hole, or the gn a wings therefrom are often visible; the larva is best sawn out chrysidiformis inside r. of sorrel and dock ; at Folkestone and Eastbourne, and probably other places on the S. & E. coasts ; supposed to be 2 yrs. feeding ,, cynipiformis in the bark of un- healthy-looking oaks and old stumps tipuliformis ...from Oct., in the stems of old currant bushes THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] APRIL S. scoliaeformis in birch ; seems to E. prefer the stem of a tree which has been felled A. ,, sphegifonnis in young suckers of alder, where the old tree has been cut down. The larva eats E. a gallery up the centre of the P. shoot nine or ten inches, then turns aside, and eats through the bark, where it assumes the pupa state C. ,, asiliformis ...in r. of poplar and ash. Wait till the pupae are B. bedded near the entrance of the burrow apiformis from Sept., in stems of poplar ; often 2 yrs. feeding. Wait till the pupse are bedded M near the entrance of the burrow M. arundinis in stem of common M reed ; often causes the plant to look unhealthy M H. hectus from Aug., in roots G. of brake fern ; two seasons feeding lupulinus from Aug., in roots of dead nettle, &c. velleda from Aug., in roots H. of brake fern, &c. A. humuli from Aug., in roots A. of burdock, nettle, dead nettles, &c. Z. nubigena from July, thyme L. pygmseola ...lichens, among moss ,, C. plantaginis ...fromSept, plantain, violet ; best found at night villica from Sept., chick- weed, furze, and other plants ,, A. fuliginosa .. from Sept., dock, nettle, plantain, borage, &c., often hides under the leaves L. chrysorrhaea...from Sept., sloe, hawthorn, &c. B. roboris from Sept., haw- thorn, dogwood, bramble, broom, heath, &c. ,, quercus from Sept., bilberry, &c. ; also eats dogwood O. potatoria from Sept., coarse grasses apiciaria nut, poplar, willow, alder prunaria from October, sloe, beech, broom, bramble, sallow, hawthorn, plum, &c. fasciaria ...from Sept., Scotch fir syringaria ...from Sept., lilac, privet, elder, honeysuckle ; may be found at night hanging from its food lichenaria from Sept., lichens, on oak repandata bramble, sloe, birch, plum, spindle, and upon almost all sorts of underwood rhomboidaria from Sept., ivy, birch, oak, plum, rose, lilac, elder, &c. perfumaria ...ivy, lilac, clematis, &c. abietaria from Sept., larch, spruce, and Scotch fir roboraria from Sept., oak obscurata from Sept., Poten- tilla reptans, Poteriam sangui- sorba, thyme, grass, sun cistus, &c. ; s. found concealed by day among stones auroraria from Aug. , plantain candidata . . . hornbeam rubricata from Aug., ? will eat knotgrass, dandelion, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina, Thalictrum minus scutulata from August, An- thriscus sylvestris, fl. and dande- lion, preferring the withered leaves bisetata from Aug., dande- lion ; will also eat knotgrass and withered bramble trigeminata ...from July, some low plant ? will eat knotgrass osseata from Aug. , dande- lion, &c. interjectaria ..from Aug., dande- lion, scarlet pimpernel, withered ornata, s from Sept., thyme remutata from August, low plants ? will eat knotgrass fumata from Aug., heath THE LEPIDOPTERIST*S CALENDAR LARVJE] APRIL A. strigilata from Aug., Stachys sylvatica, &c. aversata ...from Sept., primrose, nut, gooseberry, Geum urbanum, &c. degeneraria ...from Aug., ? will eat knotgrass, bramble, B. Cerastium, Veronica S. clathrata from Oct., saintfoin, L. lucerne, &c. S. belgiaria from Aug., heath; M may be found at night on heaths, &c. F. pinetaria bilberry, &c. A. ononaria rest harrow O. filigrammaria bilberry and sallow L. didymata Chaeropohyllum temulum, cowslip, &c. csesiata from Sept., bilberry (| and whortleberry olivata from Oct., Galium mollugo ; very sluggish E. tenuiata in sallow catkins ,, rectangulata apple and crab, buds and fl. debiliata whortleberry ; in curled-up leaves S. T. variata Scotch fir, larch, &c. ,, firmata larch and Scotch fir N. M. montanata ...from Oct., primrose C. quadrifasciaria hawthorn, white dead nettle, knapweed, &c. C. bilineata grasses, chickweed, dock; hides under stones, at r. of herbage, &c., by day X. P. lignata from Sept., Galium palustre, &c. C. russata from Oct., straw- berry, birch, hawthorn, sallow, A. &c. dotata currant H. E. palumbaria ...from Aug., broom, &c. P. ,, lineolata, s. ...Galium verum A. plagiata from Oct., Hyperi- C. cum perforatum B. glandifera ...from Sept., lichens, L. on walls ; local. Both glandi- fera and perla build a cocoon of A. silk and earth, mortar, or crum- bled stone, like a blister on paint, in which they live, except when they come out to feed, in the night, or early morning, especi- ally in wet weather, when the lichens are soft, perla from Sept., lichens on walls conigera couch grass, & other grasses lithargyria ...grasses, chickweed, - plantain, &c. littoralis from Aug., Ammo- phila arundinacea, on the coast ; burrow seven or eight inches in the sand. Will also eat Carex pudorina grasses, reed comma grass, &c. straminea coarse grasses and common reed, in damp meadows, and borders of streams impura from Oct., Carex, & Dactylis glomerata, inside the stem pallens from October, Des- champsia cespitosa ulvse from Sept. , common reed neurica in stems of common reed ; a small hole is visible in the stem of the plant, tenanted by a larva lutosa from Oct., in stems of common reed, near the r. rurea generally on grasses polyodon low plants hepatica, b. ...from Aug., grasses, chickweed, &c. australis ...from Oct., Cichorium, Poa annua, and other plants popularis grasses, amongst the roots, &c. leucophaea ...from Oct., tufts of grass on commons, and in woods Cytherea from Sept., grass, in dry and stony places cespitis grasses; hides at r. by day gemina from Aug. , grasses ; hides at r. by day THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 29 LARVJE] APRIL A. unanimis from Sept., grasses, T. at the base of willows, &c. ; hides at r. by day N. fibrosa in fl. stems of yellow ,, flag oculea grasses, principally ,, Dactylis glomerata, feeding on ,, the undeveloped fl. M. strigilis grasses, and other plants ,, furuncula in stems of Festuca G. trilinea greater plantain and other plants ; hides among the ,, r. by day C. alsines from Sept., dock, chick weed, greater plantain. In feeding be careful to give the same food as found on, as the ,, larva is easily injured by shifting its food ,, ,, blanda chickweed, &c. ,, cubicularis ...from Sept., in corn ricks, on grass, pulse, and grain O. A. valligera from Oct., grasses, r. ,, segetum from July, in r. of A. turnip, &c. ,, corticea from Sept., Cheno- podium, and other plants agathina heath X. porphyrea ...from Aug., heath fl ravida thistles, dandelion, ,, &c. .. lucernea harebell, dandelion, &c. C. Ashworthii ...from Sept., fescue grass, hawkweed, sun cistus, thyme, heath, harebell, &c. T. ianthina from Aug., broom, chickweed, and other low plants fimbria from Oct. , primrose and other low plants; also birch, oak, sallow, broom ; concealed by day ; found feeding at night T. interjecta dock, mallow, grass, C. &c. subsequa plants Orbona ..from October, low .from Aug., sallow buds, when young ; afterwards on broom and low plants pronuba from Aug., dock, & various other plants [plants depuncta sorrel, and other low augur from August, low plants, hawthorn, sallow, &c. plecta low plants c-nigrum from Sept., low plants triangulum . . . sallow, bramble, &c. rhomboidea...from Sept., chick- weed, sallow brunnea sallow festiva from Aug., violet, sallow, foxglove, &c. Dahlii from Sept., low plants ; in mild winters s. feeds up without hibernating umbrosa from Sept., dock, and other low plants baia . . .low plants xanthographa from October, plan- tain ; hides under stones, &c. lota willow, sallow macilenta beech, and s. birch pistacina buttercup, dock, &c. lunosa from Oct., grasses, more especially in elevated places ; concealed under stones cerago sallow catkins; later on low plants silago sallow catkins ferruginea ...sallow and aspen buds, wytch elm seeds xerampelina from Dec., on ash ; may be found, at dusk, crawling up ash trunks ; concealed in chinks of bark, and among grass at the base of the tree, during the day ; very retired and sluggish in its habits, and feeds sparingly on ash shoots and hawthorn [leaves subtusa poplar ; between the trapezina oak, birch, horn- beam, &c. ; also other caterpil- lars pyralina plum, pear, &c. chi hawthorn, sallow, tea tree, dock, lettuce, hawk- weed, Sonchus, &c. THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] APRIL D. templi Heracleum sphon- dylium, inside the stem and r. E. lutulenta from Oct., Lithos- permum arvense, and other low plants viminalis sallow lichenea from Nov., ragwort and other low plants, on the coast P. meticulosa ...from Nov., ground- sel, and various low plants empyrea from Nov. ,pilewort, &c. A. herbida from Aug., dock, and other low plants ,, occulta primrose, plantain, and other low plants ; can only be found in the evening nebulosa from Sept., sallow, hawthorn, birch, &c. tincta from Sept., grass, and low plants ; also birch, and other trees advena from Aug., various plants C. vetusta poplar, and various meadow and marsh plants ,, exoleta scabious, campion, rest harrow, dock, Eryngium maritimum, turnip, asparagus, &c. X. furcifera alder, birch A. myrtilli, s. ...from Aug., heath; gently clear away the bottom of the heath, and shake it into the net P. chrysitis from July, burdock, thistle, nettle, dead nettle, &c. ,, iota nettle, dead nettle, honeysuckle, groundsel, &c. gamma nettle, hop, and most low plants [plants M. typica from Sept., low ,, maura from Sept., ivy, dock, chickweed, &c. C. sponsa oak H. probscidalis from July, nettle H. derivalis from Aug., among dead oak leaves barbalis from Sept, birch catkins H. tarsipennalis from Aug., rasp- Will eat knotgrass and berry ? sallow cribralis Carex pilosa flexula lichen from Aug., sallow, sylvatica, and Luzula A P. farinalis A straw, com, &c. pinguinalis ...greasy horse cloths, rubbish in houses, &c. E. cingulalis from Sept., Salvia pratensis A. nemoralis . . . Chrysosplenium alter- nifolium C. lemnalis aquatic, in a case filled with air, feeding beneath the leaves (fronds) of duckweed P. stratiotalis ...aquatic, on Calli- triche verna, Stratiotes aloides, &c. H. nymphaealis aquatic, in a flat case, under the leaves of yellow water lily, and Potamogeton pectinatus stagnalis .... geton B. terrealis .... rod, fl. asinalis from Oct., madder E. crocealis Inula dysenterica, between the leaves S. olivalis ground ivy, other low plants, in ; under the leaves prunalis sloe, and low plants S. ambigualis ...moss ,, mercurella ...the mosses Hypnus elegans and Jungermannia dila- tata resinea the lichens on ash, Stigoneura mammillosa, and Oscillatora autumnalis C. hortuellus ...moss C. phragmitellus...from Oct., reed A. lotella in the stem and r. of Festuca ovina, and Aira canes- cens, in a silken tube P. abietella from Sept., young shoots of Scotch fir, and decayed wood and cones .aquatic, on Potamo- .from Aug., golden and web THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARV-E] APRIL P. palumbella ...from Sept., polygala T. Fosterana ...ivy, honeysuckle, &c. P. Lecheana ... sallow, willow,honey- suckle, oak, &c. P. caprDeana sallow ,, gentiana . heads S. roborana . S. conchana ? ....from Nov., in teazle ..in rose shoots ..Galium, alder, &c. E. mygindana ...in shoots of Myrica and Vaccinium, on northern moors rufana sun cistus arbutana Vaccinium, twisted shoots S. subjectana ...various plants ,, virgaureana ...various plants B. lanceolana ...in stems of rushes P. unguicana ...heath ,, uncana Myrica gale, heath lundana trefoils, and vetches G. ramana buds of birch P. immundana...in leaves of birch, and alder Demarniana catkins of birch H. cruciana in sallow shoots P. bilunana catkins of birch and alder E. cirsiana from Sept., in thistle and knapweed stems, in woods Pfulgiana from Sept., in thistle and knapweed stems, in open places ,, Brunnichiana in stems of coltsfoot turbidana r. of butter burr (?) fceniana from Oct., in r. of Artemesia grand sevana... in r. of Petasitesand Tussilago S. Wceberana ...from Oct., under bark of fruit trees C. strobilana ...in fir cones hercyniana ...spruce fir ,, ustomaculana Vaccinium R. turionana in shoots of Scotch fir pinivorana ...in shoots of Scotch fir S. coniferana ...under bark of Scotch fir ox eye ..shoots of chrysan- S. Leplastrierana in stems of cabbage D. Petiverana ...r. of Achillea mille- folium simpliciana ...in r. of Artemesia vulgaris ,, acuminatana consortana . themum C. nimbana under moss, and bark of beech X. Fabriciana ...nettle, pellitory, &c. E. udana in stems of Alisma plantago ,, rupicolana ...hemp agrimony (?) roseana from Oct., in seeds of teazle X. Zoegana in r. of Scabiosa calumbaria, Centaurea nigra, &c. C. tesserana from Sept., in r. of Picris hieracioides T. pseudo-bombycella from October, lichen on oak, beech, &c., in a long, slender case P. opacella in a case on fallen fir logs, probably feeds on lichen, grass, heath, furze, &c. S. triquetrella ...on old palings, on moors, marshes, &c., in a trian- gular case P. Verhuellella in the indusia of Asplenium ruta-mutaria and hartstongue D. marginepunctella in a case on trees, &c. X. melanella ...on lichens, in a case on trees, and palings S. carpinetella ...fungi on rotten wood cloacella rotten wood T. tapetzella woollen cloth, &c. albipunctella... rotten sticks pellionella ...in carpets, cloth, feathers, &c. ganomella ...from Oct., in birds' nests biselliella from Oct., in bird skins, hair seating, &c. perochraceella... ants' nests L. prselatella ...from Sept., in a flat case on underside of wild straw- berry THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVAE] APRIL L. rubiella in shoots of rasp- berry I. masculella ...from June, rose, &c. capitella in the shoots of cur- rant bushes M. Allionella ...honeysuckle fastuosella ...nut A. viridella (?)... oak N. scabiosellus...from July, various low plants ,, cupriacella .. from July, Sedum reflexum, S. album, &c. E. Messingiella Cardamine amara P. porrectella ...Barbara vulgaris, Hesperis matronalis, in a web on the underside of the leaves H. harpella honeysuckle D. assimilella ...broom, between united twigs G. velocella Rumex acetosella, towards the r. diffinella Rumex acetosella, towards the r. , r arundinetella Carex riparia affinella under moss on old walls domesticella in moss on old walls vulgella hawthorn, between united leaves tricolorella ,..in seeds and shoots of Stellaria * instabilella ...Plantago maritima MoufTetella ...in shoots of honey- suckle tenebrella ...from Sept., in r. and^ lower stem of Rumex acetosella* anthyllidella shoots of Anthyllis P. neuropterella from Oct., in heads of Cirsium acaule M. ustulella .from August, nut, birch, lime, maple, hornbeam, &c. P. bicostella from Nov., Erica cinerea H. bracteella ...in decayed wood D. sulphurella ...in rotten wood CE. fusco-aurella in dead sticks pseudo-spretella from Oct. , various kinds of dried fruit, dried peas, and other seeds ; also hams CE. navifrontella...from Sept., in a case on beech B. grandipennella... furze ,, fusco-oeneella... among sun cistus ,, chenopodiella...Chenopodium and Atriplex R. Erxlebenella Tilia G. Haworthella Eriophorum, seeds ,, schsenicolella in seed-heads of Schaenus nigricans D. ocnerostomella in dried stems of Echium vulgare A. ephippella ...in shoots of wild cherry glaucinella ...in bark of oak, horse chesnut, &c. abdominella...in needles of juniper pygmaeella ...in sallow catkins Gaedartella ...in bark of alder, birch, &c. ,, Brochella birch shoots ,, arceuthinella in shoots of juniper ,, aurulentella . . .juniper, in the leaves C. farinatella ...in leaves of Scotch fir O. pinariella...... Scotch fir, in the leaves G. tringipennella in plantain , t auroguttella . . willow herb, and hypericum ononiella rest harrow, and clover C. lixella grasses ,, pyrrhulipennella from Oct., heath discord ella ...from Oct., Lotus corniculatus genistsecolella from Oct., Genista anglica lineolella Ballota nigra juncicolella ...from Oct., heath caespititiella...from Sept., rushes, seeds laricella from Sept., larch albitarsella ...from Nov., Origa- num and Glechoma ,, gryphipennella from Sept., rose vitisella from No v. , whortle- berry viminetella ...from Sept., sallow and osier THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 33 APRIL solitariella ...from Oct., Stellaria E. holostea (l paludicolella Epilobium hirsutum ,, miscella sun cistus Linneella from Nov., under bark of lime trees Schrankella... Epilobium alsinifo- lium seratella .... from Oct., in galls T. on knotgrass L. Briinnichella Melissa clinopodium Gleichenella in Luzula and Carex magnificeHa...Luzula pilosa apicipunctella from Oct., in Aira albifrontella...in many grasses luticomella ...in stems of Dactylis glomerata poella Poa aquatica C. kilmunella ..Carex B. cinereopunctella from Sept., in Carex glauca [pilosa ,, trapeziella ...from Oct., in Luzula Gregsonella...in a Poa nigrella Poa trivialis, &c. N. subnigrella ...Bromus erectus perplexella ...in Aira cespitosa T. Bedellella ...Avena pratensis zonariella in Aira cespitosa P. gangabella ...from Nov., Dactylis glomerata taeniatella from Sept, in Bra- chypodium sylvaticum Megerlella ...from Sept., in Bra- chypodium, Bromus, Aira, &c. cerussella in reed biatomella ...in Carex glauca rufocinerella in Holcus mollis cygnipennella Dactylis glomerata, and other grasses paludum, e Carex intermedia, C. paniculata, and C. paludosa serricornella . . . Carex dodonseella .. from Oct., in oak lantanella ...from Sept., Vibur- num lantana vacciniella ... in whortleberry Messaniella ...in oak, evergreen oak, chestnut, hornbeam trifasciella ...in honeysuckle scabiosaecolella in r. leaves of Scabiosa calumbaria Spartifoliella under bark of broom aurimaculella on Chrysanthemum and ox eye cristatella . . . from Sept. , on yarrow artemisiella ...Artemesia campes- tris, and yarrow Weaverella...from Oct., in whor- tleberry immundella... beneath bark of broom trigonodactylus in coltsfoot stems plagiodactylus . . . S cabiosa, and Ve - ronica chamsedrys osteodactylus from Sept., golden rod aridus on the Continent, on fl.-buds of Coris monspeliensis will be given to the operations of the pupae hunter, now to find species which have only just changed. A glance PUPJE] A new " spurt that he begins down the list will show that he may, by diligent searching, find the chrysalids of some of the early summer butterflies, enabling him to secure them in all their glory, ere they "hover on the flowers aerial things, With little rainbows flickering in their wings. " P. Machaon on stems of Peuce- danum palustre ; in fens L. sinapis from Oct., on stems of Vicia cracca, and Orobus tuberosus ; in woods P. brassicae nap on palings, walls, &c. A. cardamines ... on stems of grass, &c. 34 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] APRIL A. Euphrosyne... suspended by the tail E. among dog \ iolet, &c. M. Artemis suspended under a leaf, among scabious, plantain, &c. , in damp meadows Cinxia, e suspended among plantain, &c. E. S. ^.jeria, b. ...on grass stems, &c. L. Alsus among Anthyllis vul- C. neraria S. ocellatus sub., at willows, C. poplars, &c. populi sub., at poplars, willow, &c. [beech M tiliae sub., at elm, lime, C. ligniperda ...at various trees, spun up, under bark ; s. sub. L. asellus spun up, on a leaf N. A. mendica under moss on trees bordering ditches F. lubricepeda ) spun up, on trees, ,, menthrasti ) palings, &c. L. urticse under moss on trees O. pudibunda ...in dead leaves, un- der moss, &c. E. B. rubi a long cocoon, among coarse grass, &c. ; s. 2 years in pupa S. carpnu cocoon among leaves, heath, grass, &c. ; s. 2 years in E. pupa S. lunaria from Aug., at sloe, ,, oak, nut, &c. 0. bidentata from Sept., under moss, on various trees A. betularia from Oct., sub., at oak, elm, birch, &c. H. abruptaria .. from Sept., spun up, on twigs, or branches T. consonaria ...from Oct., under moss, at r. of beech, &c. punctulata ...from Oct., under M moss, on birch and alder, or in bark crevices 1. lacteai ia spun up, among leaves of oak, and birch M N. viridata between united crevices leaves of hawthorn and bramble hop E. porata fastened to leaf of exiguata ... oak oak, &c. punctaria fastened to leaf of oak, or birch trilinearia from Sept., fastened to leaf of beech pendularia ...from Aug., fastened to leaf of birch heparata from Oct., among mos-<, &c., on alder exanthemaria . spun up, under leaves of sallow and alder temerata from Sept., woods, c., near sloe, wild cherry, and probably buckthorn liturata from Oct., in open places, and on the margins of fir woods, at i in. to 2 in. deep, rarely within 2ft. of the tree pulveraria ...from September, in withered sallow leaves, &c. carbonaria ...from Aug., among dead leaves of sallow, and birch adustata from Sept., in a slight cocoon just beneath the surface, among spindle albulata from Oct., within the spun-up sepals cf yellow rattle decolorata ...from July, about Lychnis dioica venosata from July, about Silene, and Lychnis consignata ...from Sept., probably under moss, and loose bark, in apple orchards pulchel'ata ...from Sept, among the dead fl. of foxglove isogrammata about Clematis vi- talba fraxinata from end of Aug., on ash, under moss, and loose bark nanata abou t heath campanulata from Sept., sub., about Campanulese minutata about heath assimilata from September, in about cm rant, and . . . from Aug. , about THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 35 LARV.E] APRIL Y. ruberata under loose bark of sallow, alder, &c. M. ocellata among Galium; spun up, near the ground ,, subtristata ...from Sept., sub., near Galium galiata sub., near Galium A. sinuata in earthen cocoon; en the ground, among Galium C. munitata spun up, en moss, on tree trunks unidentaria ...among bedstraw, & sweet woodruff, in a slight web, on the surface of the ground sagittata spun up, about Tha- lictrum, or on the ground near; in fens suffumata among Galium and ragwort E. lineolata cocoon attached to Galium verum, on coast sand- hills, I.elow the surface C. obliquaria ...from Aug., among broom P. hamula oak, birch; between united leaves D. bicuspis spun up, on birch trunks in the S., alder in the N. furcula spun up, on trunk of willow or sallow bifida spun up, on trunk of poplars ,, vinula spun up, on trunk of willows, poplars, and sallow, three or four feet from the ground S. fagi spun up, amongleaves of beach, oak, elm, birch ; s. at r. P. bucephala ...sub. , at various trees C. reclusa spun up, among dead leaves of sallows, poplars, willows P. palpina at willows, and pop- lars, on edges of streams, or under sods near N. camelina ?ub. , at various trees cucullini sub., at maple and sycamore carmelita sub., at birch diet sea at poplars and wil- lows, or under sods near D 2 N. dictseoides ...sub., at birch dromedarius sub., at birch, alder, nut ,, ziczac sub., at poplars, sallow, willows ,, trepida sub., at oak, in a tough cocoon Chaonia sub., at oak Dodonea sub., at oak and birch T. batis near bramble and wild raspberry C. duplaris betweenunitedbirch leaves fluctuosa among birch leaves D. Orion at birch, and oak, in a cocoon of gnawed bark, or rotten wood A. tridens spun up, in crevices ofba'k, at hawthorn, sloe, rose, willow, sallow, mountain ash I( psi in bark crevices of various trees ,, leporina in excavat'ons in the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow acer's spun up, among fallen leaves, and under loose bark of sycamore, horse-chest- nut, maple, birch, and s. oak megacephala under loose bark of poplar strigosa among dead leaves of hawthorn, or rubbish, or de- cayed wood ; s. sub. alni between leaves of various trees, or inside bramble sticks ligustri spun up, under moss, stone", &c. , near ash and privet; also sub. ; also found under the top stones of walls against the tree rumic'S spun up, in crevices of trees, palings, walls, &c. menyanthid:s spun up, near bil- berry, heath, sweet gale, &c. A. putris sub., at elm D. pinastri in a cocoon on the ground, among dock, sorrel, c. THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] APRIL M. albicolon sub., near Atriplex, Chenopodium, lettuce, &c. A. segetum, s. ...sub., among Cru- ciferse, grass, &c. X. rurea under moss, on stumps A. unanimis under bark of wil- lows, in damp places, and among decayed willow wood C. Morpheus ...spun up, in a leaf, or an earthen cocoon, attached to food plant R. tenebrosa among violets, and other low plants; a little be- neath the surface A. Puta from Jan., near r. of dandelion, lettuce, carrots D. carpophaga...sub., near Silene, and Lychnis, on the coast ; found by raking sandhills ,, capsophila ...from June, a con- stant succession, sub., about Silene maritima, on the coast capsincola ...from August, sub., near Lychnis It csesia from August, about Silene maritima, on the coast H. serena sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce adusta sub., near sallow glauca sub., near sallow, and birch oleracea sub., near elm, net- tle, dock, &c., also in kitchen gardens H. thalassina ...sub., near honey- suckle, sallow, broom, &c. C. verbasci sub., in earthen cocoon, near mullein and figwort scrophulariae s. 2 yrs. in pupa lychnitis in earthen cocoon, near white and black mullein ; s. 2 yrs. in pupa asteris near golden rod, &c. ; s. 2 yrs. in pupa n gnaphalii .....near golden rod absynthii near wormwood umbratica ...sub., near Sonchus, &c. H. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens ,, dipsacea among melilot, and probably Silene otites, and Lin aria A. myrtilli spun up, in heath E. venustula at r. of Tormentilla reptans, and grass [ground B. argentula among grass, on the A. urticse spun up, among nettle leaves triplasia spun up, among nettle leaves, hop, &c. P. senea among Polygala vulgaris H. barbalis, e. ...in a loose cocoon, among oak, and birch E. sambucalis . . . spun up, in crevices, in palings, walls, &c. , near elder G. canella among S alsola kali IMAGOS] With the lengthening days, and warmer sunshine, the number of insects on the wing continues to increase ; and amongst those which are due this month are several somewhat rare species. The sallows constitute an irre- sistible attraction on mild evenings, when we are sure to find that many moths have " from far and nigh Sped to the lure." The hibernating butterflies, as well as some which have freshly emerged, are also occasionally attracted to these blossoms in the daytime, when we are cheered by " amber sunbeams slanting down the vale." THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR 37 IMAGOS] APRIL But the only rare species is V. Antiopa, which, however, is but seldom seen in the spring. Eggs may sometimes be obtained from the captured ? at this and other periods of the year. The freshly emerged ? of many species, particularly the Bombyces, can be used to attract the S, and large numbers are sometimes thereby taken. Beating thatch is a mode of capture often resorted to, and at this season many moths may be beaten out, particularly hibernating Geometras. As the season advances, " and vernal airs breathe mild," large numbers of Tineoe may be thus captured. Depressarise, and some other species, seem much commoner now than before hibernation. In the following list is given the species ordinarily to be found this month, including those which have hibernated, but which have not generally before put in an earlier appearance in the new year. L. sinapis, e. ...woods ; does not travel quietly if boxed P. brassicse, e. ...gardens, &c. rapae gardens, &c. napi gardens, &c. A. cardamines ...fields, &c. S. JEgeria, e. ...woods and shady lanes T. rubi, m woods, &c. P. Phlseas fields and lanes, coast sandhills, &c. L. argiolus, m amongst holly, and at fl. A. mendica, e D. coryli beech woods; may be beaten E. lanestris, b. ...at rest on hawthorn, &c. L. ilicifolia at rest on moors ? E. versicolora .... & hoyer a2nea ' e (overn. augustea from Aug. Revayana ...from Sept., woods literana on oak trunks niveana at sallows mixtana from July, moors pauperana ...among wild rose musculana ...hedges rusticana moors, fens, mosses comptana chalk downs, &c. tetraquetrana, among birch immundana ...among birch and alder crenana from Sept. ; most heaths in the N. splendidulana, on oak trunks pygmseana, b. among spruce vaccinina fimbriana ...oak woods, in the S. hyemana oak woods salicella among dog rose ? fagella on trees avellanella ... Steinkellneriella triquetrella ...moors in the N. inconspicuella, b. at rest on pa- lings, &c. Zinckenella, e. among birch. purpurella ...among birch and Scotch fir ; may be obtained by sweeping the twigs ; most of the genus fly on sunny afternoons, and at other times may be shaken from trees salopiella ...among birch semipurpurella, among birch THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 39 IMAGOS] APRIL M. unimaculella among birch, and G. Scotch fir Sparmannella, among birch subpurpurella, among oak D. fastuosella ...among nut B. A. cuprella, e. ...at sallows, flying in the sunshine S. comptella, e. on hedges A. (I pyrella among hawthorn G. hedges T. Y. vigintipunctella, e. among Sedum O. telephium Z. P. xylostella among Cruciferae G. ,, Dalella on moors ,, H. radiatella from Aug. ,, P. caudella from Sept., on pa- lings, &c., flies over spindle C. bushes after dark D. arenella from Aug. O. Alstnemeriella, from Aug. ciniflonella ...Rannoch capreolella ...from Aug. conterminella, from Aug. applanella ...from July, flying over hedges chserophyllivorella, from Aug. velocella, e ericetella, e. ...moors and heaths junctella sulphurella ... incongruella . . on heathsand moors, hides among withered sprigs of heath when disturbed autumnitella, from Aug. fuscoviridella sericiella pinarielia, h. ? among Scotch fir hepariella ...from Aug. stigmatella ...from Aug. stramineella...from Aug. populetella ...from Sept. phasianipennella, from Sept. cuculipennella, from Sept. citrinella from Oct. anglicella, e. among hawthorn and sloe chaerophyllella, from Oct. decorella from Oct. flavicapitella.. among hawthorn rufocinerella.. among grass Bremiella alnifoliella ... The following hibernated species may also be met with this month, but their condition is often so " seedy " that they are of little value as specimens, unless eggs are desired : C. Edusa, C. Hyale, V. c-album, V. urticae, V. polychloros, V. Antiopa, V. lo, V. Atalanta, V. cardui, M. stellatarum, E. fasciaria, T. variata, C. fluviata, S. dubitata, C. psitticata, C. miata, C. silaceata, A. auricoma, L. lithargyria? A. puta, A. suffusa, A. saucia, C. vaccinii, C. spadicea, C. erythrocephala ? S. satellitia, D. rubiginea, H. croceago, D. templi, C. vetusta, C. exoleta, X. conformis, X. rhizolitha, X. semibrunnea, X. petrificata, G. libatrix, H. rostralis, E. coarctalis (angustea) E. ocellea, P. crenana, P. caudella, D. pallorella, D. propinquella, D. subpropinquella, D. alstrsemeriella, D. vaccinella, L. epilobiella, L. clerckella,' P. suffusella, P. salignella, P. pterodactylus, A. polydactyla. MAY OVA] As the geologist, to be successful at his favourite pursuit, " Must dig out buried monsters, and explore The green earth's fruitful crust," so the entomologist ought to be willing to devote himself, it may be, to the somewhat "dry " work of studying the earlier stages of the insects he collects, and not allow the more engrossing attractions of merely catching the imagos to solely occupy his attention. This is the more necessary to bear in mind now that the work of the season is beginning to crowd upon the collector. He should not "shut his apprehension up," and drop, it may be, into his old habit of merely amassing numbers of species, without making a corre- sponding addition to his knowledge regarding them. As he pursues his way "through matted fern, and hazels thick," the eggs of many species may be found by critically examining the food-plant at the time they are due ; but a more certain method of obtaining eggs is to induce the female imago to deposit on a sprig of the food-plant. With this view, all female specimens from which eggs are desired should be isolated, and placed under the most favourable conditions for ovi position. Many species readily deposit theii eggs in a chip, or other box ; others prefer the gauze, or cheese-cloth cover of a breeding-cage, or a spray of the larval food-plant ; some can be induced to lay when placed in a glass tube or a glass shade, with a sprig of the food-plant, or of blooming heather, or a small piece of jam ; and others, especially the butterflies, love the stimulus of air and sunshine. One of the difficulties the breeder from the egg encounters is a prompt supply of the proper food-plant. Valuable species are often lost from neglect or mistake on this point. The most successful mode of meeting this difficulty is doubtless by having a growing plant ready, with the eggs placed upon, or near it ; and this must be supplemented by other growing plants as the first- one becomes demolished. Sometimes, however, the greater diffi- culty meets us of not knowing what is the food-plant in a state of nature. Every effort should be made to discover this, as we cannot be said to have worked out the life-history of an insect, though we may succeed in feeding it up from the egg, unless we have ascertained the natural food-plant, and thus accomplished it. Watching the female imago deposit her eggs is one of the surest and most satisfactory methods of solving this problem, and should always be carefully looked for, whenever opportunity offers, in all cases of imperfectly known species. Pieces of the various kinds of herbage among which the species is most frequently found should be in readiness to be first offered to the newly emerged larvae ; and if these are refused, we must then resort to substitute-food-plants. Happily we have many available. For the Geometrina the common knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) occupies THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA] MAY the first place, and it is often eaten by species in confinement in preference to the natural food-plant. Hawthorn, Lotus (trefoil), and Glechoma (ground ivy), sallow, and sloe are also useful. For the Noctuse the following plants have been found acceptable sallow, birch, plum, hawthorn, plantain, dock, dandelion, lettuce, clover, borage, goosefoot. When the food-plant is known, but cannot be procured, plants of the same natural order may be pretty safely substituted, and many will eat hawthorn or knotgrass when their natural food is not within reach. It is here, as in working out other branches of entomology, that a knowledge of botany is desirable ; and the collector should not fail to make it his business to learn "all about " plants, as well -as his favourite insects. If he does not, he will constantly find his progress impeded, and his ignorance upbraiding him. He should do this not by merely going through a cramming course at a Science School, how- ever useful that may be as a groundwork for technical knowledge, but by super-adding to it the work of field botany, and mastering the mysteries of classification, and the best systems of natural arrangement. L. sinapis on Vicia cracca, and S. Orobustuberosus; long, standing on one end, yellow-white C. P. brassicse on cabbage, &c. ; in groups ; conical, ridged, yellow T. rapse on Cruciferse, migno- nette, and other garden plants ; L. singly on the underside of a leaf napi on Cruciferse Daplidice on wild mignonette, and weld A. cardamines, e. on Cardamine, Ery- simum, &c., upon the fl. -stalks, and base of the fl. ; bright orange S. C. Edusa on white clover, lucerne, &c. This species also T. oviposits in June, and s. in M. July and August, and even in September Hyale on clover, melilot S. V. c-album on nettle, hop, elm, sloe, currant n urticoe on nettle; in batches A. upon underside of leaf; barrel- shaped, fluted, green polychloros ...on elm, s. willow and poplar; in regular batches; ,, globular, glassy, brownish ,, Antiopa on willow, birch, poplar, nettle M lo on nettle ; green Atalanta on nettle, singly; O. green Nigeria on grasses ; singly Megsera, e. ...on grasses Pamphilus ...on Nardus stricta, and probably other grasses rubi on bramble, broom, Genista Alexis, e on rest-harrow, tre- foil, &c. Argiolus, b on holly, and prob- ably buckthorn, upon the fl. - stalks, rather close to the fl. ; at first green, changing to white alveolus on bramble and wild raspberry ; singly, pale green Tages on Lotus corniculatus stellatarum...on Galium mollugo ; upon underside of leaf of plants growing on old walls populi on poplar, sallow, willow ; laid singly upon the leaves ; oval, green fuliginosa ...on dock, nettle, plan- tain, &c. ; in regular batches upon the leaves, as do the three following species mendica .on sloe, plantain, &c. lubricipeda ...on various low plants ; s. elder and other trees men thrasti ... on various low plants pudibunda ...on hop, oak, &c. ; in regular batches THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA] MAY carpini, b. ..on heath, bramble, sloe, sallow, &c., spirally round the twigs ; round, pale green advenaria on dogwood, and probably wild rose, and bilberry bidentata on oak, sallow, nut, sloe, &c. ; in regular batches, upon the leaves ; dark green alniaria on alder, birch, sal- low, beech &c. ; brick-shaped, like all the Ennomos tiliaria on oak, sallow, birch, alder, &c. ; purplish fuscantaria ... on ash, privet ; upon the twigs, in small batches erosaria on oak, birch, &c. angularia on oak, birch, beech, &c. prodromaria in bark crevices of oak, birch, elm, nut consonaria ...on beech, oak, birch; oval, dull reddish purple biundularia ...on oak, birch, &c. ; slightly oval, bright green petraria ' on biake fern carbonaria ...on sallow, birch piniaria on needles of Scotch fir and larch; in a row on the higher branches citraria on wild carrot, tre- foil, &c. ; on the coast polycommata on honeysuckle, ash albicillata ...on bramble, rasp- berry ; large ferrugata on ground ivy, Ga- lium, chickweed C. russata, e. ...on strawberry, birch, hawthorn, sallow, &c. ; singly, large, flattish; dingy yellow E. lineolata, e. ...on Galium verum, on the coast ; in clusters ; oval, standing on the smaller end ; yellow, changing to pale brown N. trepida on oak ; white, with faint blue tinge; large T. gracilis on willow, &c., and low plants ; often upon seed- heads of plantain, also dead reed-heads M. brassicse on cabbage, dock, Chenopodium, &c. ; in regular batches, upon the underside of the leaves A. saucia on plantain, grass, clover, and other low plants ; hatch in about a fortnight after being laid. The eggs are, how- ever, s. laid in Oct., hatch early in November, turn to pupae about Christmas, and the images emerge in April D. capsophila ...onfl.-headsof Silene maritima capsincola, e. onfl.-headsof Lych- nis and Silene X. petrificata ...on oak, lime, birch; oval, greyish, thickly dotted with purple A. urticae on nettle triplasia on hop, and nettle ; globular, singly LAEV^Ij The " merry month of May " is the great month for larva beating. Now is the time when most of the species which have hibernated are nearly, if not quite, full-fed. These, therefore, are gladly seized upon, as they require but little attention to bring them into healthy pupae. Of course in all these cases it is desirable, if possible, to identify the species, and give it its proper pabulum, and as nearly natural conditions as possible, to enable it to easily pass into the next stage. Quiet and cleanliness are essential conditions of healthy larval and pupal life, Breeding cages should, therefore, never be crowded either with species or with the food-plant ; and should, if possible, have some quiet crannies, with the requisite material, and space for each particular species to effect its last and most important transformations. In THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 43 LARV.E] MAY carrying out these arrangements, not only should every means be afforded the larva to make its cocoon, or to otherwise pass into the pupal state, but it should be remembered thnt in a few weeks the perfect insect will emerge, and provision must be made for its successful advent in the winged state. Besides the hibernated larvae, many will be found in various stages of growth which have only emerged from the egg state in the earlier spring months. Some of these may be rather small, especially if the season has been backward ; but their careful feeding up will have its reward in their being found to be seldom infected with parasites, to which older larvae are more liable. In carrying out these breeding arrangements our object should not only be to carry the operation successfully through, but to learn the habits of the various species as they would behave in a state of nature. Many larvee vary in appearance according to their age. In some species, when one of the regular changes of skin takes place, the appearance of the insect is completely altered. Many young larvae are thus unknown, which, when mature, are recognised as old friends. Many noctuse are more gaily dressed in youth than in maturity. Among the other kinds which are sober in colour in the earlier stage, but array themselves gorgeously in their last moult, are L. -#gon, C. flavicornis, A. australis, T. rubricosa, E. nigra, C. exoleta. The cannibal larvae should be carefully looked for when beating, and be "left out in the cold" if not wanted, or boxed separately if they are, or they will make short work of any larva that happens to come in their way. A useful article to the larva collector is a bag, made of canvas or linen, about two feet deep by one foot wide. This would hold a large number of larvae, with sprays of their food-plants, and when the mouth is tied the whole may ensily be carried. If time presses on reaching home, the larvae may be left hung up in their bag for a day or two, in a cool place, without injury. If the whole of the larvae are turned out into a pan on reaching home, and covered with muslin, the case bearers will crawl up and attach themselves thereto. The reader may again be reminded that night searching for larvae, especially on low plants, often yields many species. They are sometimes found crawling up or down trees. Just before sunset is the best time for beating, or sweeping, especially on warm evenings in the early summer. On favourable evenings towards the end of May upon a heath, or moor, many species may be some- times met with in abundance. Lettuce leaves have been recommended as a bait to catch larvae, scattering the leaves over the ground some time before searching. The long list of larvae which comes under this month will furnish the collector with ample choice of material upon which to work. P. crataegi from August, haw- A. Aglaia from August, dog, thorn, sloe, and orchard trees and sweet violet, and wild A. Paphia from August, dog, heartsease; on hill-sides, and and sweet violet, in woods, &c. sea-side sandhills 44 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] MAY og, ild A. Niobe ......... from August, dog, H and sweet violet ,, Adippe ......... from August, dog, and sweet violet ; in woods, &c. Latona ......... from August, do and sweet violet, and wil heartsease , r Euphrosyne, b. from July, dog, and sweet violet; feeds in the sun- T. shine; hides on the underside of primrose, and other leaves Selene, b. ...from July, dog, and sweet violet ,, M. Cinxia ......... from July, Plantago ,, lanceolata Athalia ...... from August, Plan- P. tago lanceolata, foxglove, wild germander L. V. c-album, e. ...nettle, hop, elm, sloe, currant polycWoros ...elm, Salix vitelina, S. viminalis, S. caprea, Populus tremula, Pyrus aria, and fruit trees L. sibylla ......... from August, honey- , r suckle ; prefers the plants which climb over bushes, and up the P. trunks of oaks A. Iris ............ from August, sal- S. low, and poplar. Grips too tight- ly to shake off. Often hides in crevices of bark of trees, or under loose pieces A. Galatea, b. ...from August, timo- thy, and other grasses ; may be obtained by sweeping. Some of the larvae are green, and some are pale drab E. Epiphron ...... from August, grasses in mountain bogs (( Medea ......... from Sept., moor- land poa, and other grasses H. Semele ......... from Aug. , quaking grass, couch grass, &c. , on dry hill-sides, and sea-side sand- hills lanira, e ....... from Aug., meadow grasses , hyperanthus . . . from Aug. , annual meadow, millet, and other grass- es ; in and near woods ; may be found at dusk, or at night, feeding on the blades of grass, in wood ridings Davus from Aug., Rhyn- chospora alba ; lives exposed Pamphilus ...grasses quercus oak; most abun- dant in the upper branches. In confinement s. eats the changing pupa w-album wytch elm pruni sloe betulae sloe, birch Phlaeas from Oct., sorrel, dock, ragwort ^Egon Ornithopus perpu- sillus Artaxerxes (var.) b., sun cistus; hides on the underside of the leaves Adonis, b. ...from Oct., Hippo- crepis comosa, &c. Corydon from Oct., Hippo- crepis comosa, &c. sylvanus, b. ...grasses, inrolled-up blades myopseformis in stems of apple, pear, plum, hawthorn; in old gardens formicseformis from Sept., in withy stems; may be found in the old stumps chrysidiformis inside r. of sorrel and dock ; at Folkestone and Eastbourne, and probably other places on the S. and E. coasts; supposed to be 2 years feeding cynipiformis...in the bark of un- healthy-looking oaks, and in old stumps ichneumoniformis in the stems of stinking hellebore, growing on cliffs, under-cliffs, and land- slips, on the coast bembeciformis from Sept., in the stems of poplar, and sallow, and s. in the stumps of osiers THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 45 LARVJE] MAY M. arundinis, b. in stems of com- mon reed Z. gesculi from Aug., in the wood of ash, elm, or pear trees; s. in hawthorn, lime, or box. The larvae feed in the interior of the smaller branches, and are generally found in the upper branches of the highest trees. Their presence is indicated by the pellets of pink frass lying about, under the infected trees. They may be reared if the in- fected branch is sawn off, and kept damp. If the infected tree is marked, or known, it may be visited when the imago is due, and large numbers be s. taken at rest upon it H. hectus from Aug., in r. of brake fern; two seasons feeding lupulinus from Aug., in r. of dead nettle, &c. velleda from Aug., in r. of brake fern P. statices sorrel, Cardamine impatiens, &c.; mine in the leaves while young geryon sun cistus ; mine in the leaves while young globularioe ... ? Z. minos trefoil, vetch ,, trifolii from July, trefoil, vetch lonicera ......from July, clover, grasses filipendulae ...from July, crowfoot, trefoil, &c. S. phegea from Sept., dande- lion, scabious, plantain, &c. N. cucullatella ...sloe, apple, haw- thorn, &c. confusalis oak strigula oak albulalis ? bramble ? ash ? N. senex lichens, in fens and bogs mundana lichens, on or under the top stones of old loose stone walls S. irrorella ground lichens on the coast, just above the tide. The larvae will feed equally well on tree lichens if sprinkled with salt water every morning, and the pan in which they may be kept is placed in the sun C. miniata from Aug., lichen on oaks (Lichen caninus) ; also withered sallow, oak, alder L. mesomella ...from Aug., lichens ; will also eat sallow and heath ; has been taken among r. of heath muscerda lichens, on sallow, in fens aureola, e. ...from Sept., lichens, on larch, oak, &c. it pygmseola ...lichens, amongmoss lurideola from Aug., lichens; will also eat crab molybdeola ...from July, lichens complana from Aug., lichens, on sloe and fir ,, griseola from Aug., lichens, on poplar ; Lichen caninus the supposed proper food, will also eat withered sallow, &c. quadra lichens, on oak, beech, apple &c., mostly old trees [mugwort E. grammica fescue grass, heath, cribrum from Aug., heath, bilberry D. pulchella Myosotis arvensis E. jacobese .. ragwort, and groundsel C. hera from Sept., bugloss, and low plants dominula from Aug., Cyno- glossum officirrale, &c., on hilly places, gravel pits, &c. E, russula from Sept., plantain, Erica cinerea, Hieracium, dan- delion &c. Feeds well on lettuce in confinement C. plantaginis ...from Sept., violets, plantain, &c. caia from Sept., nettle, and various other plants. Dark varieties may be s. got by feed- ing on coltsfoot or lettuce THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARV^I] C. villica l.from Sept., chick- weed, furze, and other plants. The hairy bombyces prefer feed- ing in the morning sunshine A. fuliginosa, b. from Sept., plantain, dock, grasses, &c. L. chrysorrhsea ...from Sept., sloe, hawthorn, &c. "Painfully un- desirable to handle" auriflua from Sept., sloe, hawthorn, oak, sallow, &c. salicis from Aug., poplar, willow, oak, &c. Often sun themselves on tree trunks when not feeding dispar Myrica gale, willow, sloe, hawthorn, and various fruit trees. Formerly found at large; now bred artificially monacha oak, beech, birch, fir, apple, c. ; hides in the crevices of the bark O. fascelina from September, on hedges, dwarf sallows, furze fl., broom, heath, and various trees and plants fr gonostigma ...from Sept., oak, nut, willow, sallow, bramble, sloe, hawthorn, beech, &c. If fed on willow there is a tendency to become double-brooded. Hiber- nate in a loose web T. cratsegi hawthorn, sloe, sal- low, birch, oak. May be found on dense and closely-cropped hawthorn hedgesborderingroads P. populi oak, poplar, lime, ash, hawthorn. In repose it lies closely pressed on a branch or twig E. lanestris hawthorn, sloe, c., in hedges ; generally a large number in a web ; s. remains in pupa several years B. neustria sloe, hawthorn, and fruit trees ; generally in a batch in a web rubi from Sept., bramble, heath, &c. ; often found wander- ing about in the sunshine MAY B. roboris from Sept., haw- thorn, dogwood, bramble, sal- low, broom, heath, &c. quercus(callunce) from Sept., bil- berry, &c. ; dogwood preferred trifolii from Sept., trefoil, clover, broom, grass, furze, rasp- berry, &c. ; attached to the coast O. potatoria from Sept., coarse grasses L. quercifolia ...from Sept., bramble, sloe, sallow, willow, plum, &c. Rests along a twig or branch, which it greatly resembles O. sambucata ...from Sept., ivy, elder, holly, bramble, and other trees and plants E. vespertaria ...nut ,, apiciaria nut, poplar, willow, sallow, alder A. prunaria, b from Oct., broom, sloe, beech, bramble, sallow, hawthorn, plum, &c. M. margaritata ...from Sept., oak, beech, birch, hornbeam, &c. P. syringaiia from Sept., lilac, privet, elder, honeysuckle. May be found at night, hanging from its food C. elinguaria hawthorn, sloe, oak, honeysuckle, &c. , also, heath, bilberry, &c. H. pennaria oak, hawthorn P. pilosaria oak, elm N. zonaria Ammophila arundi- nacea, and other sand-hill plants hispidaria oak C. glabrana lichens, on fir ,, lichenaria from Sept., lichens, on oak, park palings, &c. ; rests among the lichens, which it greatly resembles B. repandata bramble, sloe, birch, plum, spindle perfumaria ..ivy, lilac, clematis, &c. abietaria from Sept., larch, spruce, and Scotch fir ; has been found on whortleberry; will also eat birch, and oak THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 47 LARVJE] MAY B. roboraria from Sept., oak G. obscurata from Sept., thyme, sun cistus, Potentilla reptans, Poteriam sanguisorba. &c. ; hides under r. &c., by day D. obfuscata from Sept., heath, vetch, &c. M. cineraria lichens, on walls P. cytisaria broom, and Genista anglica, on heaths, forests, and waste plact-s on the coast ; may be found at rest, stuck up like twigs on broom plants G. papilionaria ..from Oct., nut, birch, beech, &c. ,, smaragdaria.. ? on the S. E. coast ; covers itself with frag- ments of leaves, &c. I. vernaria from Sept., Clematis vitalba P. baiularia, b. from Aug., oak ; covers itself with fragments of leaves, &c., after every moult, until nearly full-fed H. thymiaria hawthorn, oak H. auroraria from Aug., plantain A. rubricata from Aug., ? will eat knotgrass, Lotus cor- niculatus, Medicago lupulina, Thalictrum minus, and the smaller trifoliums scutulata from Aug., fl. of Anthriscus sylve^tris, and dande- lion, preferring the withered leaves contiguaria ...from Aug., Empe- trum nigrum; will also eat haw- thorn buds, and knotgrass herbariata from Oct., dried plants in herbaria, & herbalist-,' shops, &c. Tansy found to be eaten where it occurred rusticata from Aug., haw- thorn ; will also eat ivy, lilac, and withered bramble. Very local interjectaria...from Aug., dande- lion, scarlet pimpernel, withered holosericata ...from Aug., sun cis- tus, withered A. promutata ...from Aug., Achillea millefolium, Artemesia vulgaris, 1'otentilla reptans straminata ..from July, ? will eat knotgrass ,, immutata from Aug., some ma-sh plant; common in fens; will also eat knotgrass furrata from Aug., heath strigilata from Aug., clematis, Stachys, &c. ; on the coast ,, emutaria from Aug., Triticum repens; in salt marshes on the coast; will also eat Medicago Lupulina, mint, Chenopodium, Lotus corniculatus, knotgrass, &c. aversata from Sept., prim- rose, gooseberry, nut, Geum urbanum, &c. inornata various plants T. amataria from Oct., dock, knotgrass, and other plants H. vauaria gooseberry, &c. , in gardens S. belgiaria from Aug., heath S. plumaria heath F. atomaria ...from July, Centaurea, trefoils, &c. pinetaria bilberry S. dealbata from Sept., grasses A. strigillaria ...from Aug., heath, broom ; found at night on heaths, &c. gilvaria from Sept., Achillea millefolium, &c. A. grossulariata... gooseberry, currant, sloe, &c. P. hippocastanaria from Sept., heath H. rupicapraria...oak, hawthorn, sloe leucophearia...oak, maple. Vary very much progemmaria oak, birch, horn- beam, nut ,, defoliaria oak, nut, sloe, haw- thorn, birch, elm, lime, &c. A. asscularia oak, elm, lime, sloe, hawthorn, horse chestnut, apple, privet, &c. C. brumata oak, and other trees THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR MAY O. dilutata oak, and other trees E. L. didymata Chgerophyllum tern- C. ulum, cowslip, &c. csesiata, b. ...from Sept., bilberry, whortleberry, heath; prefers the fi. T. ruficinctata ...Saxifragagranulata, and S. hypnoides ; has been D, also found on fruit trees, pepper- C. mint, and sage E. nanata from Aug. , heath, fl. P. minutata from Aug., heath, fl., scabious ; s. a cannibal ,, subciliata, b. maple sobrinata juniper rectangulata... apple, and crab, buds, and fl. C. debiliata whortleberry, in curled-up leaves P. T. variata Scotch fir, larch, &c. ,, firmata larch, and Scotch fir D. Y. elutata, e from Oct., nut, sal- C. low, bilberry, alder ; hides among the seed-down of sallow B. M. rubiginata ...alder C. quadrifasciaria hawthorn, white dead nettle, knapweed, and low plants P. lapidata ? will eat cle- matis S. vetulata buckthorn; between the leaves L. rhamnata buckthorn, birch; between united leaves |t C. immanata ...strawberry, bilberry, alder, birch, &c. prunata currant, gooseberry, sloe, &c. testata birch, sallow, poplar ,i populata bilberry, whortle- berry, poplar, sallow fulvata dog rose pyraliata Galium, and haw- thorn dotata .. black, & red currant E. mseniaria broom ft palumbaria ...Genista, broom, heath, clover T. bipunctaria ...from Oct., trefoil, clover, &c. lineolata, s. ...Galium verum spartiata, e. ...broom; feeds soli- tarily under the leaves, in which it makes holes. Is a cannibal in confinement chserophyllata Anthriscus sylves- tris, and Bunium flexuosum fl. sicula oak, birch, lime spinula hawthorn, sloe, mountain ash Cassinea oak ; s. sallow, lime, elm ; grips its food-plant tightly nubeculosa ...birch; is difficult to rearin-confinement; stale, dryish food is stated to afford the best chance of success curtula poplars, sallow ; webbed in the leaves plumigera, e. maple ; will also eat sycamore [apple caeruleocephala hawthorn, sloe, diluta oak, birch ; between leaves glandifera ...from Sept., lichens, on walls. (See last month.) Towards the end of this month glandifera and perla are full- fed, and spin up in a crevice, or in the larva cocoon perla from Sept. , lichens, on walls ...couch, and other conigera . . grasses lithargyria plantain, ..grasses, chick weed, &c. ; may be found feeding at night littoralis, b. ...from Aug., Ammo- phila arundinacea, on the coast. Barrows 6in. or yin. in the sand. Will also eat Carex impura from Oct., Dactylis glomerata ; may be found at night, feeding on the grass- blades phragmitidis from Aug., in the young stems of common reed ; in marshes and fens elymi, m Elymus arenarius, on the coast ; may be shaken out of the plant THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 49 LARVJE] N. fulva Poa aquatica, and Carex, in the stems ; in damp woods and fens ,, neurica common reed, in the stems; a small hole is visible in the stem of the plant tenanted by a larva geminipuncta common reed, in the stems. Holes covered with silk from within are visible on stems containing larvse cannoe on Typha latifolia lutosa from (Jet , in steins of common reed, below the ground G. flavago marsh, and other thistles, burdock, alder, fox- glove, &c. H. nictitans at r. of Tussilago, Cyperacese, &c. micacea at base of leaves of Carex, and inside stems and r. of Equisetum, dock, &c. X. lithoxylea at r. of grass, and other plants polyodon low plants scolopacina ..wood rushes, and grasses H. popalaris at r. of grasses L. cespitis grasses. Hides among the r. by day M. abjecta at r. of couch grass; the species generally occurs on the coast, and in confine- ment the food -plant should be sprinkled with salt water brassicse cabbage, clock, Che- nopodium, and chrysanthemum; eats into the heart of cabbages A. gemina from Aug., grasses ; hides at r. by day fibrosa in fl.-stemsof yellow flag ,, oculea in stems of Dactylis glomerata, and other grass M. literosa slender foxtail grass furuncula in stems of Festuca, and slender foxtail gra palings, &c. ; Cinxia on the coast tilioe ) come to 1. S. -^Egeria woods, and lanes D. lineata at fl. Megaera lanes, banks, walls C. porcellus, e. may be found on C. Pamphilus ...fields, &c. patches of Galium verum, or on T. rubi . . near woods the ground near ; hovers over fl. P. Phlaeas fields, and lanes, at early dusk, and comes to coast sand-hills, &c. sugar L. agestis hilly fields M. stellatarum ...flies by day, and in Alexis, e. ...fields, and hills; rests the evening; hovers over fl. ; on grass, &c., at night often found flying over old walls ,, Adonis chalk downs, and where Galium grows, and on limestone hills coast sand-hills THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] MAY M. fuciformis ...flies in the sunshine, R. and hovers over fl., generally V. from 9 till II a.m., and 3 to 4 E. p. m. bombyliformis flies in the sunshine S. and hovers over fl. , seldom after I or 2 p.m. ; may be found at O. rest on the ground in dull weather B. S. myopDeformis on apple, and pear trees, particularly if old, and A. unhealthy, and bushes, &c. , near H. ,, culicifcrmis, e. on birch cynipiformis, e. on oaks ; s. in B. coppices T. sphegiformis on low plants near alder, and hovers over fl. ; also flies in the evening apiformis, e. on poplars ; s. mis- taken for a hornet N. H. lupulinus, e. flies just before dusk P. geryon on grassy hill-sides ; I. flies in the sunshine N. confusalis, e. at rest, on trees, &c. E. L. aureola rests on larch trunks, high up, and may be beaten from trees rubricollis ...flies in the sunshine, ,, over the tops of larch, &c. D. pulchella has been taken in fields, flying by day ,, C. plantaginis, e. hills, and the ridings H of hilly woods ; flies by day A. A. fuliginosa ,, ,, mendica ,, lubricepeda ...gardens, &c. ,, menthrasti ...gardens, &c. O. pudibunda ...gardens, &c. ; s. A found hanging to the undersides of bramble and hop leaves ; C. flies about II p.m. D. coryli beech woods, &c. B. rubi heaths, &c., in bright C. weather often flies about 3 p.m. ; also in the evening L. ilicifolia on moors S. carpini heaths, and open M places ; flies in the sunshine E. advenaria, e. hides in grassy rid- ings of woods, among bilberry ; S. easily disturbed crataegata ...beaten from hedges maculata woods ; flies by day dolobraria ...woods; beaten from oak lunaria woods ; comes to 1. illustraria woods .rests on tree trunks .in the squares of ..on trees ..on trees, palings, bidentata .. hirtaria, b. London betularia ... abruptaria &c. , and in gardens ; comes to 1. cinctaria consonaria . . at rest, on trees ; in beech woods crepuscularia, b. on trees biundularia ...on trees, and palings punctulata ... viridata mosses and fens; fades soon after appearing lactearia, e. ...woods; flies by day; soon fades porata woods punctaria woods trilinearia beech woods, flies in the sunshine omicronaria... woods; beaten from maple orbicularia ...may be beaten from pendularia ...woods, &c. [birch . auroi*aria in fens, &c. luteata woods canclidata woods Blomeraria ...on wooded hillsides, near wytch elms, at rest on larch, and other trees . ornata on grassy hills, &c. remutata, e. ...woods pusaria woods rotundaria ... exanthemaria woods temerata woods, &c., in the neighbourhood of wild cherry, and buckthorn taminata woods notata woods; on birch trunks liturata in larch woods clathrata in, and near saint- foin fields 6 4 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] MAY P. petraria E. N. pulveraria ... ,, S. belgiaria, e. ...heaths F. carbon aria ... atomaria .fields, woods, fens, heaths ,, piniaria flies in the sunshine, round fir trees; flies high after the first week M. euphorbiata woods ,, S. sacraria flies by day; has been taken at fl., at sugar, and L. at 1. L. purpuraria ...in the north; flies by day, on dry hills A. ononaria, e. among, or near rest T. harrow Y. A. citraria. m. ...among wild carrot, chiefly on the coast M. L. adustata among spindle L. marginata ...woods M, P. hippocastanaria flies after dusk, among heather L. pectinitaria ...in hedges ; comes to sugar E. albulata among yellow rattle ,, ,, blandiata E. venosata among Silene, and Lychnis, and on palings near ,, consignata ...in apple orchards, A. rests on the trunks, just below the first branches C. linariata among toadflax pulchellata ...among foxglove ,, ,, centaureata ...on palings, &c., and C. among ragwort, &c. P. ,, plumbeolata, e. M ,, pygmseata ...flies in the sunshine, S. among long grass, and settles on low fl. C. helveticata ... ,, satyrata ,, castigata on palings, c. lariciata .... among larch virgaureata ...among golden rod JL. albipunctata has occurred as early as Jan. and Feb. A. pusillata among spruce C. irriguata rests on birch, oak, &c. ; may also be beaten pimpinellata fraxmata, e....s. as early as Jan. indigata on fir trunks nanata on heaths vulgati assimilata dodoneata ..flies in the early morning sunshine exiguata pumilata coronata on trees, and palings sexalata on tree trunks, in hedges, and by beating hexapterata . . . woods viretata on birch, and fir trunks simulata ruberata impluviata ... ocellata albicillata ... , hastata, e. ...woods ; flies in the sunshine, generally after 2 p. m. ; may be beaten from birch, and other trees procellata ...beaten from clematis sociata (subtristata) montanata ...woods fluctuata ......on walls, and palings galiata derivata berberata propugnata ...woods ferrugata woods uniclentaria ... fluviata at light lignala, e. ... vitalbata beaten from clematis certata at rest on palings, &c. ; also at light corylata woods russata woods suffumata flies at dusk silaceata among willow herb prunata lineolata grasses, plagiata . obliquaria not fly II p.m. rests on on the coast coarse ... among broom ; does till between 10 and THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] MAY %;*' at rest, on willows, A. e. ... poplars, &c. ,, G. ala . .at rest ; comes to 1. H. C. R. T. .at 1. N. P. lacertula the hook-tips may be beaten from their hiding- places, in trees, by a long pole; females may be thus obtained, which are rarely seen sicula, e ,, falcula hamula flies in the day time, generally in the morning; may be beaten from oak ; comes to 1. unguicula a day-flyer; maybe beaten from beech C. spinula at rest, on palings, &c. D. bicuspis ,, furcula, ,, bifida, e. vinula ... bucephala curtula . reclusa . crenata. palpina camelina hides on fronds of fern, and in, and on trees ; comes to 1. dictsea at rest, at base of willows, and large poplars dictseoides ... ,, dromedarius at 1. tritophus ,, ziczac hides in bark crevices of poplar trepida at 1., and on oak trunks Chaonia ,, Dodonea T. batis at dusk C. duplaris fluctuosa ... ) do not always travel ocularis ... ) quietly when boxed A. psi at rest, on tree trunks (l leporina on tree trunks, s. high up ,, aceris on trunks of syca- mores, and palings megacephala on tree trunks, and palings ,, alni this rare species has been taken at sugar .flies over bramble, A. ligustri at rest, on ash trees rumicis auricoma ,, myricee in the North M. flammea X. rurea, e X. conspicillaris, b. rests on trees, especially where the bark has been stripped N. saponaria, e. P. leucophaea, e. M. albicolon, e. on the coast brassicae on walls, palings, &c. basilinea unanimis, e. marshes, and fens trilinea in grassy places palustris, e. has been taken at 1. cubicularis ...beaten from thatch tenebrosa, m. pronuba c.-nigrum ... rubi T. gothica at fl. , ( rubricosa at fl. opima at fl. populeti at fl. D. carpophaga ... at 1. capsophila ... capsincola ... cucubali may be taken at rest, and hovers over fl. E. lucipara H. adusta, e. ... dentina ,, chenopodii ...at 1. suasa at sugared fl., on commons, &c. ii P isi e -. thalassina, e. genistse, e. ... rectilinea at rest, on stones, &c. , on dull days C. perspicillaris C. verbasci scrophulariae asteris chamomill3e...s. hides under the top ledge of a paling H. marginata, e. 66 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] MAY A. It H. A. p. H cordigera at Rannoch myrtilli flies in the sunshine, on heaths arbuti fields, &c. ; flies in the sunshine luctuosa flies in the sunshine, in clover fields, &c., and hovers over fl. venustula, e. alchymista . . . lunaris . . . mi glyphica senea... fly in the sunshine, and hover over fl. salicalis among long grass , &c. barbalis beaten from under- growth tarsipennalis, e. woods punicealis ...flies in the sunshine purpuralis ...flies by day ostrinalis, e. flies in the sunshine cespitalis cingulalis on grassy hill- sides, &c. anguinalis ...on grassy hill-sides, &c. octomaculalis, e. woods, &c. nemoralis stratiotalis ...flies at dusk, over stagnant pools ; comes to light lupulinalis ...among hop ..successive broods lancealis, e. unionalis . . . . decrepitalis ... dubitalis pratellus s. at sugar chrysonuchellus among dry grass, &c., local rorellus nimbella among Jasione mon- tana, and thistles, and ragwort, on the coast senecioms ... E. ficella, e P. interpunctella, e. N. angustella ... O. ahenella M. cephalonica, e. H. prasinana ...woods clorana osier beds S. ..woods northern moors .from July, moors ministrana . prodromana mixtana .... Con way ana.. Lecheana woods prselongana ... marginana .. damp woods, heaths, and fens lariciana among larch suffusana hedges simplana among poplar tripunctana, e. gardens, and hedges euphorbiana S. coast palustrana ...Perthshire, &c. arcuana among young oaks arbutana on heaths, in the N. fraetifasciana on downs quadrana Kent, Surrey, &c. rugosana, e. in hedges, among briony politana on heaths musculana ...hedges favillaceana...in woods, among juniper rusticana moors, fens, mosses lanceolana ...among rushes siculana Witherslack unguicana ...heaths uncana heaths, and woods ...chalk downs, &c. . . . fens ...moors, among Vac- corn p tana., subarcuana myrtillana cinium Lundana diminutana, e. among sallows Mitterpacheriana among oak upupana Southernwoods campoliliana among sallow obtusana Lancashire tetraquetrana woods immundana ...woods Pfulgiana gallicolana ...Darenth strobilana ...woods, among spruce splendidulana on oak trunks argyrana on oak trunks nemorivagana moors, and Scotch mountains Hercyniana ...among spruce distinctana... Westmoreland, Cum- berland, Norfolk THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 6 7 IMAGOS] C. vacciniana ...among bilberry R. turionana among Scotch fir S. perlepidana... among grass, and low bushes ,, internana among furze composana ...in clover fields germarana ...woods in the S. D. sequana dry fields and rail- way banks plumbana P. Rheediana ...in hawthorn hedges C. albersana woods ulicetana among furze ,, aspidiscana ...knocks about if kept long in a box X. Fabriciana ... L. reliquana woods servillana woods in the S. E. maculosana . . . woods ,, Degreyana ...Norfolk curvistrigana woods in the S., among ragwort vectisana udana marshes, &c. notulana fens, and marshes i, rupicolana ...marshes ciliana pallidana cliffs anthemidana chalk districts X. Zoegana ,, hamana A. Beaumanniana among rushes, in damp places zephyrana ...South coast maritimana, e. on the coast C. Francillonana on the coast ,, stramineana... chalky places T. hyemana oak woods D. fagella on trees P. villosella (nigricans) e. New Forest opacella, e. . . . New Forest, Wither- slack, Rannoch calvella (fusca) e. , t pullella, e. ...heaths, the larva feeding on grass S. inconspicuella S. emortuella ...Cheshire cloacella Witherslack T. imella Lytham rusticella among cloth, &c. F 2 MAY T. monachella , ir ganomella and bistrigella . ruricolella . L. luzella ... I. masculella capitella, e. . rail- M. calthella .... ..Cambs ...hedges ..on birch twigs .'.'.Yorks ..among hawthorn ..in fl., of Call palustris, and buttercup mansuetella, e. Windermere allionella, e. among vaccinium Thunbergella purpurella ...among birch, and Scotch fir salopiella among birch tr Spannannella among birch subpurpurella, e. among oak fastuosella ..among nut N. Swammerdammella, e. on trees, among heath Schwarziella in hedges, &c. pilella Yorks, Scotland, Lake District metaxella Yorks, Scotland A. fibulella in veronica fl. These ' ' long horns" fly in the sunshine rufimitrella ...in wet meadows, and bogs viridella, e .in hedges, and among oak S. comptella among sloe griseocapitella among birch pyrella in hawthorn hedges Y. viginipunctella Guildford, Becken- ham A. decemguttella Darenth C. pyraustella ...has occurred in Sutherlandshire P. xylostella among Cruciferae porrectella, e. in gardens G. velocella among sheep's sorrel ericetella moors, &c. longicornis ...in bare, burnt places u diffinella among sheep's sorrel desertella on coast sand-hills acuminatella among thistles mundella sands, on the coast proximella ...among birch, and alder, on moors notatella among sallow 68 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] MAY G. luculella among oak A. scriptella among maple sethiopella ...on moss solutella Rannoch, Lizard littorella Birkenhead, Isle of O. Wight G. aleela West Wickham triparella among oak cerealella among grain anthyllidella among Anthyllis, and clover Hermannella in fens, and on the coast nseviferella ... pictella coast sand-hills brizella about thrift ,, intaminatella railway banks ,, gracilella, e. ... umbrosella .. coast sands M. fasciella Cambs, Lewes O. ustulella near Worcester H. Geoffroyella, e. D. sulphurella ... OE. minutella ...in hay lofts trisignella ,, stipella among dead far trees grandella, e. ...Llangollen,Bewdley Forest [N. subaquilella ...Lancashire and the C. tinctella Gravesend, Dareuth, W. Wickham flavifrontella Cambs, Wither- slack, &c. B. grandipennella among furze P. Lewenhoekella R. Erxlebenella among lime under- C. wood L. pronubella ...has occurred in Sutherlandshire G. fuscoviridella Haworthella in the N. C. Schcenicolella, e. in the Norfolk A. fens, and at the Lizard Fischeriella . . . ,, J. dentella Cambs, Sanderstead, C. &c. A. P. obscurepunctella T. sericiella S. , , stanneella among oak A. conjugella ...among mountain ash E. mendicella ... on sloe arceuthinella among fir, and juniper . . . Sanderstead ..among Scotch fir .among alder, and Plantago praecolella pinariella... alchimiella elongella .. yew tringipennella . . . among lanceolata syringella in gardens, among lilac omissella among Artemesia vulgaris auroguttella . . . among Hypericum quadrangulum imperialella ...Cambs, Dorset Hoffmanniella Kollariella ... avellanella . . . among nut Devoniella ...has occurred near Dawlish anglicella among hawthorn betulsevorella among birch torquilella ...among sloe Scoticella in mountain ash Loganella ...in the N. guttella among apple albicostella,e. among furze murinipennella... among Luzula sylvatica virgaureella . . . viminetella ... graminceolella among ragged robin limosipennella among elm orichalcella, e. miscella among sun cistus epilobiella ...from Aug., among willow herb subbistrigella from Aug. flavicapitella among hawthorn modestella ...among Stellaria holostea fuscociliella ...among nut festaliella among blackberry Pfeifferella ...among Cornus san- guinea Brunnichella in chalk pits, among Clinopodium vulgare poella among Poa aquatica THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 6 9 IMAGOS] MAY E. Kilmunella ...moors, marshes, and bogs, among coarse grass cinereopunctella many of the genus are found among carices, coarse grass, &c. trapeziella ... Gregsonella... nigrella subnigrella, e. ?f humiliella, e. Bedellella perplexella ... subobscurella ,, zonariella gangabella, e. taeniatella I( obliquella Grange tr Megerella ,, cerassella among reeds, in marshes, &c. biatomella ...in wet places ruficinerella ...among grass subochreella... moors cygnipennella, e. T. marginea (emyella) among black- berry angusticolella... among rose L. roborella many of the genus are found flying in the early morning hortella ,, amyotella among oak lantanella trigutella )f quinqueguttella... among dwarf sallows nigrescentella irradiella among oak Bremiella insignitella ...Castle Eden, &c. , , lautella among oak vacciniella ... cavella W. Wickham pomifoliella ...among hawthorn, and apple corylella among nut spinicolella ...among sloe ,, faginella among beech torminella ... salicicolella ...among sallow L. viminetella ... carpinicolella among hornbeam ulmifoliella ...among birch, &c. spinolella ...... quercifoliella among oak , r Messaniella ...among evergreen oak corylifoliella among hawthorn Caledoniella in the N. viminiella among sallow ,, alnifoliella ...among alder ,, Heegeriella ...among oak Cramerella ...among oak tenella sylvella (acerifoliella) among maple emberizaepennella Frolichiella ...among alder Dunningiella Yorks, &c. Nicelliella ...among nut Stettinella ...among alder Klemannella Preston, &c. Schreberella among elm tristrigella ...among elm trifasciella ...among honeysuckle scabiossecolella Surrey comparella ... C. spartifoliella among broom laburnella among laburnum Wailesella ...among Genista lotella among Lotus major lathyrifoliella among vetches orobiella Scarborough O. reliquella near Thetford B. aurimaculella among Chrysanthe- mum leucanthemum cidariella among alder ulmella among oak, &c. crataegifoliella... about hawthorn hedges tl Demaryella ... Boyerella among elm hippocastanella ,, cristatella among yarrow N. atricapitella... among oak perpygmaeella pomella oxyacanthaecolella viscerella catharticella... Septembrella among hypericum intimella Witherslack, Bristol THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] MAY N. argyropezella trimaculella . . . floslactella ...among nut salicivorella... among sallow myrtillella ... microtheriella betulicolella... , , ignobilella . . . among hawth orn argentipedella acetosella Witherslack, Isle of Wight plagicolella ... prunetella ...Scarboro' tityrella , , malella among wild apple atricolella arcuosella gratiosella marginecolella alnetella among alder glutinosella ... N. splendidissimella apicella amongst aspen ruficapitella ...among oaks castanella luteella asneofasciella Darlington, Wither- slack sorbiella aucupariella ...among mountain ash ,, ulmivorella ...among elm tilseella centifoliella ...among roses T. pulverosella... among wild apple P. microdactylus among Eupatorium cannabinum ,, tetradactylus Hodgkinsoni ,, pentadactylus among Convolvulus arvensis, and Calystegia sepium A. polydactyla ...from Aug. JUNE OVA] "The leafy month of June" is one of the most prolific in insect life, and consequently the number of species obtainable is now reaching its maximum. Many eggs laid this month soon hatch, so that vigilance and activity will have to*be exercised to secure the kinds which may be desired. THE WEATHER. As it is sometimes important, in fixing the time for an entomological excursion, to know the weather we are likely to have, the chief signs upon which it may be fore-casted are subjoined: A dark blue sky indicates fine weather. A rosy sky at sunset, whether clear or cloudy, presages fine weather ; a bright yellow, wind ; a pale yellow, wet ; a sickly-looking greenish hue, wind and rain ; a dark or Indian red, rain. A grey sky in the morning, fine weather ; red, bad weather, or much wind, perhaps rain ; a high dawn, wind ; a low dawn, fine. Soft-looking, or delicate clouds foretell fine weather, with moderate or light breezes ; hard-edged, oily-looking clouds, wind. Generally, the softer the clouds, the less wind (but perhaps more rain) may be expected ; and the harder, more greasy, rolled, tufted, or ragged, the stronger the coming wind will prove. Small inky-looking clouds foretell rain ; light-scud clouds driving across heavy masses show wind and rain ; but if alone, they indicate wind only. High upper clouds crossing the sun, moon, or stars in a direction different from the lower clouds, or the wind felt below, foretell a change of wind in their direction. After fine clear weather, the first signs in the sky of a coming change are usually light streaks, curls, whisps, or mottled patches of white distant cloud. Dew is an indication of fine weather ; so is fog. Remarkable clearness of atmosphere near the horizon, distant objects being rendered unusually visible, is a sign of wet, if not wind. P. Machaon on underside of leaf- A. Euphrosyne on clog, and sweet lets of Peucedanum palustre, violet ; bluntly conical ; dull in fens greenish at first, afterwards L. sinapis, b. ... on Vicia cracca, brownish and Orobus tuberosus ; long, Selene on dog, and sweet standing on end, curved, yellow violet white M. Artemis on scabious, plan- P. crategi on hawthorn, sloe, tain; upon the underside of and orchard trees leaves nearest the ground j A. cardamines ...on fl. -stalks of Car- yellow damine, Erysimum, &c. ; bright ,, Cinxia on Plantago lanceo- orange lata ; in batches C. Edusa white clover (Trifo- V. cardui, e. ...on thistles ; by pre- lium repens), lucerne, &c. The ferenceCirsiumlanceolatumand egg laid up to this time produces carduus arvensis ; low down on the imago in August the plant ; s. nettle THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA] JUNE S. Semele on Triticum repens C. Davus, e on Rhynchospora alba Pamphilus ...on small mat grass (Nardus stricta) L. agestis on Erodium circu- tarium ?t Alsus, e on Anthyllis vulner- aria ; upon the calyx, low down Anon, e. ......on thyme; at the base of the florets ; round, flat- tened, and depressed in the centre, greenish white ; hatch within two or three weeks after being laid N. Lucina on primrose, and cowslip ; pale glaucus H. Paniscus on plantain M. stellatarum ...on Galium Mollugo. The egg is deposited while the moth is on the wing, curling its abdomen so as to place the egg upon the under surface of the leaf fuciformis ...on honeysuckle, up- on the underside of the leaf H. hectus on Pteris aquilina. The eggs of the Hepialus are laid loosely over the plant, while the moth is on the wing ; at first white, but soon turn black; globular lupulinus on dead nettle, &c. velleda on Pteris aquilina humuli on various plants Z. trifolii on trefoil, and vetches. The eggs of the Zeuzera are laid in heaps ; yellow lonicerge on clover, & grasses filipendulse, e. on crowfoot, trefoil, &c. C. dominula ... among houndstongue, scattered loosely ; rather small E. russula on plantain, heath, &c. C. plantaginis ...on violets, plantain, &c. The eggs of the Chelonia are deposited in regular batches upon the leaves; globular, straw colour C. caia on nettle, & various plants villica on chick weed, furze, &c. ; pearly O. pudibunda ...on hop, oak, &c. ; in regular batches gonostigma ...on oak, nut, sallow, bramble B. quercus (callunse) scattered over heath, bilberry, &c. , as the moth flies ; globular, large E. advenaria ...on dogwood, and probably wild rose, and bil- berry B. rhomboidaria in crevices of bark of various trees ; long, dark green P. baiularia on oak; large, oval, brownish E. omicronaria...on maple; oblong, red A. remutata on ? has been laid in confinement upon Poly- gonum aviculare, which plant the larva will eat ; red C. temerata on sloe, wild cherry; upon the shoots, and in crevices of the bark S. belgiaria on heath, upon the shoots ; rather large, brick- shaped, lead coloured F. piniaria on Scotch fir, and larch ; on the higher branches, upon the needles, in a row S. dealbata, e. ...on grasses ; bright orange S. sacraria on dock, charnomile, and other Composite ; long, narrow, oval, and flattened L. adustata on spindle ; oblong, oval, pinkish brown E. albulata on yellow rattle ; upon the bracts decolorata ...on fl. of Lychnis dioica; two or three eggs upon a fl.-head ; yellow M. ocellata on Galium; large M. sociata on Galium Mollugo. Deposited singly on the food- plant THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 73 OVA] JUNE D. montanata ...on primrose L. galiata on Galium sexatile rubidata, e. ...on Galium munitata on groundsel corylata, e. ...on sloe, lime; large, M. oval, pearly griseata on Sisymbrium A. Sophia lacertula on birch ; upon the A. twigs unguicula, b. on beech ; upon the leaf, generally on stunted and ,, pollard trees N. furcula on sallow, willow, poplar ; upon upper surface of D. leaves, in groups of two or three ; black, small bifida on poplars, willows, sallows ; upon upper surface of leaves, in groups of two or three ; black, small ,, vinula on willows, poplars, sallow ; upon upper surface of leaves, in groups of two or three ; chocolate brown palpina on poplars, and E. sallows camelina ... dictseoides dromedarius dictsea ziczac . birch ; on underside of leaves : white S. on poplars, and H. sallows trepida on oak ; laid sparsely upon the leaves ; pale C. leporina, b. ...on the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow ; light A. purple strigosa on hawthorn ; upon the twigs H. rumicis on plantain, and other low plants ; upon the leaves C. myricse on sallow ; rather large, quite flat on the base, round and globular above, pink, speckled with purple, and a distinct spot of this colour in the centre venosa on reed grass ; upon the leaves, and stems comma on Dactylis glo- merata, and other grass, and sorrel ; in clusters upon the stems albicolon ,on Atriplex, and Chenopodium basilinea on immature wheat; in the ears segetum on Cruciferae, &c . exclamationis on grass, cabbage, &c. corticea on Chenopodium ^ plecta on Galium verum, and Asperula odorata carpophaga, e. on fl. -heads of Si- lene inflata, and Lychnis capsophila ...onfl.-headsof Silene maritima capsincola . . on fl .-heads of Lych- nis, and Silene cucubali on fl. - heads of Silene inflata, Lychnis, and Cucubalus caesia on fl. -heads of Silene maritima lucipara on brake fern, male fern, nettle, plantain, primrose, sallow, dandelion, &c. ; in a row, upon the back of the leaf chenopodii ...on Chenopodium ^ rectilinea on sallow, bilberry, bramble ; upon the leaves umbratica ...on sowthistle, let- tuce ; upon the leaves luctuosa on small convol- vulus ; upon stems, and fl.- buds barbalis on oak, and birch catkins ; globular, pale greenish yellow pratellus probably in moss, growing amongst grass; "oval, more pointed at one end, pale yellow, and ornamented with slight longitudinal ridges, con- nected by slight cross-bars ; " probably laid loosely, as it is supposed most of the genus 74 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR L AEVJE] JUNE Strange and new will be the larval forms of many species which will be met with in this and the last month, if the collector works as the tempting time, which will soon pass away, should prompt him ; and the regular post- ing up of the entomological diary, with the due labelling of unknown or local species, for future identification, will be highly desirable. From the end of this month to August, the delicate green larva of P. Machaon may be found in fens and marshes, feeding on umbelliferous plants. This, the largest of our Butterflies, never thrives when removed from its marshy habitat ; all attempts to naturalize it in other localities having failed. Towards the end of the month, G. rhamni may be found of all sizes on the two buckthorns, R. catharticus and R. frangula. Sloe bushes in the neigh- bourhood of woods should be beaten this month for T. betulse. C. ligniperda may be taken at night by visiting the trees which can be seen to have been bored by this strong-smelling three-year wood-feeder. If roughly handled, it feigns death for some time. T. cratsegi are extremely various in their appearance. Though hawthorn is their food-plant, they will eat many other plants. They often die whilst changing their fourth skin. L. trifolii is seldom found far from the coast ; and when a number are removed from their habitat, there is generally a large per-centage of deaths. L. griseola, L. quadra, L. lurideola, and M. miniata, should not be sought for later than the beginning of this month, or perhaps better at the end of May, as all these species are often full-fed at that period, and if left too late, may be found to be ichneumoned. E. fuscantaria may be beaten from its food-tree, small, at the end of the month. Ash is its favourite food, but it will also eat privet. Old junipers in gardens, shrubberies, and on hills, should be searched to the middle of this month for E. sobrinata. P. palpina has a knack of wriggling off the branch it is on, as soon as the branch is touched. P. Cassinea lies close along the petiole of a leaf, and is not easily seen. Though elm and nut are its favourite food, it will eat of almost any tree ; as also will P. populi. P. Cassinea, although not generally full-fed until this month, is sometimes more forward ; it should, therefore, also be looked for in May. X. lithoxylea, M. strigilis, M. literosa, G. trilinea, C. Morpheus, and many others, may be found on elder, red currant, beans, &c., by visiting them with a lantern at night. M. oxyacanthse is easily found at night. It falls to the ground the moment it is touched. B. notha is more frequently found on aspen than sallow. When full-fed it eats some depth into rotten wood, and then assumes the pupa state. P. Machaon, e... Peucedanum pa- P. rapse turnip, and other lustre, and other Umbelliferae ; Cruciferae, tropseolum, &c. in fens napi rapeseed, and other L. sinapis Vicia cracca, and Cruciferoe Orobus tuberosus M Daplidice Reseda lutea, and P. brassicse cabbage, and other R. luteola Cruciferae, tropaeolum, &c. G. rhamni buckthorn THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 75 LARVJE] JUNE C. Edusa Dutch clover, lu- cerne, &c. A. Paphia, b. ...from Aug., dog, and sweet violet Aglaia, b. ...from Aug., dog, and sweet violet, and wild hearts- ease, on hill-sides, and sea-side sand-hills ,, Adippe, b. ...from Aug., dog, and sweet violet ,, Latona from Aug., violet, and wild heartsease V. c-album nettle, elm, hop, sloe, currant l( urticae, b nettle; in batches, on the underside of the leaves ; green ,, polychloros .. elm, osiers, sallow, aspen, Pyrus aria, and fruit trees ; s. the eggs are laid in the autumn, and the young larvce hibernate Antiopa willow, birch, pop- lar, nettle lo nettle Atalanta nettle, generally in sheltered places cardui Cirsium arvense, and other thistles; will also eat nettle, mallow, scarlet bean, &c. A. Iris from Aug., sallow, poplar E. Medea from Oct. , moorland grasses S. TEgeria, 2 grasses Megsera, 2 ...grasses Semele from Aug., quaking grass, couch grass, &c. ; on dry hill-sides, and sea-shore sand- hills Tithonus from Aug., annual meadow grass, &c. Hyperanthus from Aug., Aira caespitosa, annual meadow, mil- let, and other grasses, in and near woods C. pamphilus ...grasses T. quercus, b. ...oak. See last month w-album, b. ...wytch elm ,. pruni sloe T. betulse sloe, birch; generally on stunted bushes P. hippothoe ...great water dock; formerly in the Cambridge fens Phlseas dock, ragwort, sorrel L. JEgon Ornithopus perpu- sillus Corydon ...*;. .from Oct., Hippo- crepis comosa, &c. Argiolus holly, and probably also on buckthorn. The eggs have been laid on the fl. -stalks, rather close to the fl. ; the larva feeds first on the fl., then on the green berries. Some have been found on the underside of the leaves, in which they had eaten shot-holes. It spins up closely adhering to the underside of a holly leaf; the butterfly appear- ing in Aug. , as the second, or autumnal brood H. comma Ornithopus perpu- sillus, Lotus corniculatus, and other Leguminosas, in rolled-up leaves linea from Aug., grasses. Conceals itself by drawing the edges of a blade of grass together Actseon in Calamagrotis epi- gejos D. lineata Galium, vine, &c. S. chrysidiformis r. of dock, and sorrel. Supposed to be 2 years feeding up Z. meliloti, b. ...from July, Lotus corniculatus, vetches, &c. ; par- tial to chalky soils N . senex lichens ; in fens, and bogs ,, mundana lichens; on top stones of walls C. miniata from Aug., lichen, on oaks (Lichen caninus) ; also withered sallow, and oak L. muscerda lichens, on sallow, in fens pygmseola lichens, among moss 7 6 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] JUNE L. caniola Lotus corniculatus, and other Leguminosse ; prefers the fl. On the Continent on lichens upon roofs. Spins up on underside of pieces of bark deplana lichens, on yew, oak, beech, spruce ; may be beaten from the trees lurideola from Aug., lichens, on ash and elm ,, complana from Aug., lichens, on sloe, and fir ,, griseola, b. ...from Aug., lichens on poplar ; will also eat with- ered sallow, &c. stramineola (var. ) from August, lichens, on sloe, oak, sallow, &c. quadra lichens, on oak, beech D. pulchella Myosotis arvensis C. caia from Sept., various plants L. dispar sloe, hawthorn, and various fruit trees ,, monacha oak, beech, birch, fir, apple, &c. ; hides in the crevices of the bark D. coryli beech, and several other trees ; generally beaten from beech T. cratsegi hawthorn, sloe, sal- low, birch, oak, plum P. populi oak, poplar, lime, ash, hawthorn E. lanestris hawthorn, sloe, &c. ; in large nests of silk on hedges, &c. B. neustria sloe, hawthorn, fruit trees, &c. j in large nests of silk castrensis, e. on Artemisia mari- tima, and Daucus maritimus ; will also eat knotgrass, chrysan- themum, wild cherry, and various trees, if sprinkled with salt water. Feeds in the sun- shine roboris from Sept. , hawthorn, dogwood, bramble, broom, heath, &c. B. trifolii from Sept., trefoil, clover, broom, furze, grass, raspberry, &c. ; attached to the coast E. versicolora ...birch E. vespertaria ...nut ,, apiciaria nut, poplar, willow, sallow, alder R. crataegata from Sept., haw- thorn, sloe P. syringaria from Sept., lilac, privet, elder, honeysuckle S. illunaria willow, ash, haw- thorn, oak, plum, &c. illustraria oak, birch, ash, beech, maple E. tiliaria oak, sallow, birch, alder, &c. fuscantaria, e. ash, privet ; eats round holes in the leaves erosaria oak, birch, &c. , , angul aria oak, birch, ash, beech P. pilosaria oak, elm N. zonaria on Ammophila arundinacea, and other sand- hill plants hispidaria oak B. hirtaria lime, elm, ash, and fruit trees A. prodomaria...oak, birch, elm, nut H. abruptaria ...lilac, rose, privet C. glabraria lichens, on fir B. perfumaria ...ivy, lilac, clematis, &c. abietaria, b. ...from Sept., larch, and spruce ; has been found on whortleberry ; will also eat birch, and oak T. biundularia oak, birch, &c. Vary very much D. obfuscata from Sept., heath, vetch, &c. M. cineraria lichens, on walls P. cytisaria, b. ...broom and Genista anglica, on heaths, forests, and waste places on the coast I. vernaria, b. ...from Sept., Clematis vitalba H. thymiaria, b. hawthorn, oak THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 77 dotata cervinaria mensuraria lineolata .. LARVAE] JUNE H. auroraria, b. from Aug., plantain A. badiata A. strigaria, b. (?) ? Will eat derivata knotgrass suckle strigilata from Aug., Clematis, ,, berberata Stachys, &c. P lapidata imitaria Galium; will also ,, eat sorrel S. P. petraria brake fern S. sacraria dock, chamomile A. gilvaria from Sept., Achillea ,, millefolium, &c. L. marginata ... sallow, willow, aspen H. leucophearia oak, maple aurantiaria ...oak, birch, haw- C. thorn progemmaria oak, birch, hornbeam A. sescularia oak, elm, lime, sloe, hawthorn, horse chesnut, apple, privet, &c. E. C. boreata birch, in a curled-up leaf O. dilutata oak, and other trees L. multistrigaria Galium ruficinctata ...Saxifragagranulata, C. and S. hypnoides ; has also been found on fruit trees, pep- C. permint, and sage E. consignata ...fruit trees, oak, nut, &c. ii pygmseata ... Stellaria holostea, P. fl. ; will also eat Cerastium tomentosum, fl. ,, pusillata spruce ,, irriguata oak, sloe pimpinellata seeds of Pimpinella magna, and P. saxifraga, also C. Angelica dodoneata ...oak P. abbreviata ...oak sobrinata juniper ,, pumilata fl. of Anthriscus syl- vestris, gorse, marjoram, asters, clematis, &c. L. polycommata honeysuckle, ash T. simulata juniper P. M. rubiginata ...alder M. rivata Galium Mollugo P. M sociata Galium Mollugo ,, fluctuata cabbage, horse- N radish, nasturtium, &c. ...dog rose ,..dog rose, honey- .. bar berry .. ? will eat clematis vitalbata, e. ..Clematis vitalba dubitata buckthorn vetulata, b. ...buckthorn; between united leaves rhamnata, b. buckthorn, birch ; between united leaves certata barberry ; between united leaves immanata . . . bilberry, alder, birch, strawberry, &c. prunata currant, gooseberry, sloe, &c. . .black and red currant ..mallow, hollyhock ..grasses ..Galium verum, on the coast ; will also eat G. sexatile and G. Mollugo imbutata cranberry ; also eats whortleberry spartiata broom ; feeds under the leaves, in which it makes holes. Is a cannibal in con- finement lacertula birch; between united leaves sicula oak, birch, lime hamula, e. ...oak, birch unguicula, e. beech ; generally on pollard and stunted trees spinula, b hawthorn, sloe, mountain ash Cassinea, b. ...oak ; s. elm, lime, sallow ; grips its food-plant tightly nubeculosa ...birch; stale, dryish food is stated to suit the larva best, in confinement ; two years in pupa plumigera ...maple ; will also eat sycamore palpina, e willows, sallows, poplars carmelita birch dictsea, e. . . . poplars, sallow, willow 7 8 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] sloe, N. ziczac ......... poplars, willow, alder Chaonia, m. oak D. cseruleocephala hawthorn, apple C. diluta ......... oak, birch; between united leaves or ............... poplars ; between the leaves ,, flavicornis ...birch, in rolled up leaves ; cannot be beaten out ,, ridens ......... oak; bet ween united leaves A. leporina ...... birch, poplar, alder, sallow megacephala poplar rumicis ......... bramble, plantain, and other low plants ; will eat knotgrass Ir auricoma ...... bramble, bilberry, birch, oak menyanthidis Menyanthes trifb- liata, Myrica gale, heath, bram- ble, sallow N. fulva ......... in stems of Carex, and Poa aquatica Hellmanni, b. in r. of common reed ,, neurica ......... in stems of common reed ,, geminipuncta in stems of common reed. Holes covered with silk from within are visible on stems containing larvae lutosa ......... from Oct., in stems of common reed, near the r. H. nictitans ...... at r. of Tussilago, Cyperacse, &c. ,, petasitis ...... in stems, and r. of butter burr, and burdock ,, micacea ...... at the base of leaves of Carex, and inside stems, and r. of Equisetum arvense, and E. fluviatile, and dock X. lithoxylea ...grass, and other plants X. conspicillaris Lotus corniculatus, and other low plants C. graminis ...... r. of grass; hides under stones JUNE sallows, L. cespitis grasses ; hides among the r. by day C. exulis, b various species of Poa M. furva grasses, especially Aira canescens brassicas cabbage, dock, Chenopodium, chrysanthemum, &c. M. strigilis grasses, and other plants literosa slender foxtail grass, and other plants furuncula Festuca, slender fox- tail grass, and other plants arcuosa, b. ...Aira csespitosa C. Haworthii ... Eriphorum vagi- natum A. suffusa r. of spinach, lettuce, radish, &c. cursoria Euphorbia esula, sandwort, sea violet, &c. ,, nigricans plantain, clover, &c. tritici roots of sandwort, sea violet, and other low plants ,, prascox sandwort, sea violet, chickweed, and other low plants, on the coast ; also dwarf willows. May be traced, and dug up in the sand, in which it burrows T. pronuba from Aug., dock, and other plants N. glareosa dock, sorrel, broom ,, subrosea Myrica gale, sallow ,, rubi low plants T. piniperda Scotch, and other firs T. gothica sallow, hawthorn, oak, &c. ; also dock, nettle, laurel, broom, lilac, &c. ,, leucographa plantain rubricosa dock, elm instabilis sloe, sallow, willow, oak, dock, and other low plants opima willow, sallow, rose ,, populeti poplars, especially Populus nigra ; between united leaves stabilis oak, elm, hawthorn, THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 79 LA.KVJE] JUNE T. gracilis willow, sallow, low plants miniosa oak, and birch, when young ; then hawthorn, and low plants munda oak, elm, poplar ,, cruda oak, nut, sallow ; also other caterpillars O. upsilon, b. ...willow, poplar lota, b '... willow, sallow, poplar A. pistacina buttercup, dock, &c. Spins a tight, neat earthen cocoon, in which it remains some weeks before pu- pation ,, litura meadow sweet, and other low plants ; also oak, willow, alder C. vaccinii elm, oak, sallow, willow, and low plants spadicea sloe, hawthorn, and honeysuckle when young ; later on various low plants S. satellitia oak, &c. ; between the leaves ; also other cater- pillars D. rubiginea apple, dandelion, and other low plants H. croceago oak X. citrago lime, between united leaves silago sallow lt aura go beech; hides in the chinks of the bark ii gil va S wytch elm (seeds) ferruginea ...sallow, aspen (buds), wytch elm (seeds) C. xerampelina ash T. retusa, b sallow, poplar, willow ; between the leaves E. fulvago oak, birch D. oo oak, between united leaves C. trapezina oak, birch, horn- beam, &c. ; also other cater- pillars difnnis elm; between united leaves E. ochroleuca ...Dactylis glomerata D. capsophila ... Silene maritima (seeds) ; will also eat S. inflata ; may be found this month in all stages of growth P. xanthomista Plantago maritima, campion, violet, harebell, &c. ; found amongst the r. by day ; feeds on the fl., &c., at night flavocincta ...chickweed, ground- sel, mint, everlasting pea, &c., plum, &c. D. templi Heracleum sphondy- lium ; inside the stem, and r. E. nigra Galium Mollugo, plantain, dock, chickweed, grass ,, viminalis sallow lichenea from Nov. , ragwort, and various low plants, on the coast V. oleagina sloe ; in shady places, and skirts of woods M. oxyacanthas hawthorn, sloe A. Aprilina oak ; hides in bark crevices during the day H. satura honeysuckle protea, b. ...oak dentina roots of dandelion ,, peregrina Chenopodium, and Salsola kali X. lithoriza honeysuckle C. solidaginis ...bilberry; will also eat hawthorn C. vetusta poplar, and various meadow, and marsh plants n exoleta scabious, campion, rest harrow, dock, Eryngium maritimum, turnip, asparagus, &c. X . lambda Myrica gale ; on moors furcifera,m. ...alder, birch rhizolitha oak petrificata ...oak, lime, birch C. verbasci Verbascum, and Scrophularia aquatica. Most of. the Cucullia feed in the sunshine scrophularias ...Scrophularia no- dosa 8o THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR . . . . Eupatorium canna- and LAEVJE] C. chamomillse chamomile, fl., Pyrethrum inodorum, and P. maritinum. Basks in the sun- shine. Has been found in waste places, shipwright's yards, &c. H. armigera wild mignonette H. arbuti Cerastium arvense, fl. and seeds, forget-me-not, &c. A. sulphuralis. ...small convolvulus A. luctuosa small convolvulus ; feeds by night, principally on the unexpanded fl.-buds B. parthenias ...birch; s. beech, and oak notha aspen, sallow ; be- tween united leaves P. orichalcea ...Eupatorium canna- binum bractea... binum festucse Carex, reeds, grasses ; near the sea iota nettle, dead nettle, honeysuckle, groundsel, &c. interrogation's nettle G. libatrix willow, sallow, poplar A. pyramidea ... oak, elm, birch, willow , r tragopogonis hawthorn, larkspur, columbine (seed pods), and low plants T. craccse Vicia sylvatica C. nupta willow, poplar promissa oak sponsa oak M. salicalis (?) ...sallow, willow rostralis hop H. derivalis from Aug., among dead oak leaves cribralis, b. ...from Aug., Carex sylvatica, and Luzula pilosa P. glaucinalis ...in nest-like forma- tions on the end of birch twigs. Larvae, pupae, and imagos are all found during this month C. angustalis ...moss, on sea shores P. punicealis ...Nepeta cataria, fl. heads JUNE P. purpuralis Mentha arvensis, between the leaves ostrinalis var. of P. purpu- ralis ? H. cespitalis, e. under leaves of Sal via pratensis, and Plantago A. niveus in a case, under the leaves of Potamogeton P. forficalis cabbage, horserad- ish, &c. .Artemisia, near the . broom, clover ? , .Senecio ,.the lichens on sloe, parietana, and P. S. sticticalis ... coast ,, cinctalis ... S. alpinalis .... S. lineola Parmelia olivacea C. fascelinellus...at Yarmouth, in the r. and stems of Triticum jun- ceum, spinning silken galleries about the r. paludellus ...Typha latifolia C. cicatricellus...bullrush ,, phragmitellus from Oct., common reed S. forficellus Poa aquatica mucronellus... common reed ii gigantellus ...common reed I . carnella Lotus corniculatus, fl. H. binsevella, b. in heads of thistles H. senecionis ...mines in stems of ragwort E. pinguis under the bark of ash N. genistella ...from Sept., furze ; also Genista Corsica P. dilutella thyme ,, subornatella..thyme (Zeller) Glo- bularia vulgaris (Herr Mann), between the leaves obductella ...in spun-up leaves of Origanum vulgare, Mentha arvensis, Melissa acinos R. consociella ...oak advenella ...hawthorn suavella sloe O. ahenella under the radical leaves of Helianthemum vulgare tumidella oak THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR 81 LARVJE] O. rubrotibiella, b. oak G. cerella wax, in beehives S. Revayana ...sallow (?) T. podana rose, fruit trees, &c. ,, rosana almost any plant heparana hawthorn, &c. ribeana hawthorn, and al- most any tree corylana plane trees, &c. costana figwort, and other marsh plants viburnana ...Myrica gale, and Vaccinium ,, icterana knapweed, plantain, and almost any low plant viridana oak, birch, &c. adjunctana ...ivy, &c. CE. pilleriana ...vine, and almost any plant L. literana oak niveana birch ,, Boscana elm P. autumnana ...Myrica, sallow, &c. comariana ...Comarum,Fragaria, &c. , in boggy heaths, and fens Schalleriana hawthorn camparana ... Caledoniana Myrica gale variegana bramble, hawthorn, &c. cristana dwarf sallows, and hawthorn, between united leaves ,, Hastiana, e. dwarf sallows maccana Myrica gale ferrugana birch, oak , , tristana guelder rose aspersana Potentilla, meadow- sweet Shepherdana hemp agrimony, meadow sweet, in the tops lipsiana (?) ... Myrica gale T. caudana willow, sallow, poplars D. Bergmanniana, b. rose ; folded leaves Foskaleana ...maple, lime P. Lecheana sallow, willow, oak, honeysuckle, &c. P. sellana heads of Centaurea ? Cirsium ? G JUNE P. marginana ...teazle heads, and probably in seed-heads of various Composite in heaths, and fens S. roborana rose P. tripunctana...sloe, &c. A. Udmanniana bramble S. euphorbiana... Euphorbia paralias, heads littorana sea pink lacunana various low plants , , urticana various low plants M. Ratzeburgiana spruce fir, ter- minal shoots and needles P. rugosana Bryonia dioica S. subjectana ...various plants virgaureana... various plants chrysantheana various plants penziana the r. of grass, on rocks S. ictericana almost any low plant G. nsevana holly geminana in shoots of Vacci- nium H. angustana shoots P. corticana ... ,, profundana ., occultana... ..sallow, and willow .hawthorn .oak larch, and Scotch fir jj Solandriana... birch, alder, nut, poplar semifuscana... meadow sweet, and dwarf sallow shoots E. foenana from Oct., in r. of Artemisia P. mercuriana ...Dryas octopetala .in shoots of Scotch fir .r. of Achillea mille- .. tansy, r. ? ..shoots of chrysan- P. pinicolana D. politana .. folium .alpinana ? consortana themum C. maritimana...in stems, or r. of Artemisia maritima pupillana? ...in r. of Artemisia maritima S. vibrana Carduusacanthoides, and C. crispus C. scintillulana...Scutellaria galericu- lata X. Fabriciana ...nettle 82 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] JUNE in seeds of Linaria E. Degreyana ? vulgaris X. hamana has been bred from Ononis repens C. rutilana in a web, among juniper L. phryganella...oak, hawthorn, bil- berry, &c. T. pseudo-bombycella from Oct., lichen, on oak, beech, &c.; in a long, slender case between united leaves P. calvella (fusca) from Aug., on bramble ; 2 years feeding up S. inconspicuella on tree trunks, and palings P. Verhuellella in the indusia of Asplenium ruta-muraria, and Scolopendrum vulgare X. argentimaculella powdery lichens, on walls T. tapetzella ...woollen cloth, &c. pellionella ...in carpets, cloth, feathers, &c. pallescentella in rabbit, hare, and cat skins I. muscalella oak ; mines the leaves about this time, then cuts out its case, and feeds on the ground, on all kinds of plants I. Zinckenella ...in birch leaves S. comptella .sloe, and plum S. cratsegella ...hawthorn, sloe Y. viginipunctella, e. Sedum tele- phium lr plumbella ...spindle irrorella spindle padella hawthorn, apple, &c. P. xylostella turnip, &c. ,, porrectella ... Barbara vulgaris, Hesperis matronalis (l annulatella ...Cochlearia Dalella Arabis H. vittella elm Y. sylvella oak alpella oak lucella oak M horridella apple, sloe H. scabrella apple, hawthorn H. nemorella ...honeysuckle P. caudella spindle O. sparganiella... stems of Spargan- ium P. quercella oak, and between leaves of sallow E. Allisella Artimisia vulgaris D. costosella furze, broom, and Genista fl. liturella . . . pallorella ., * scabiosa umbellella assimilella arenella . ..knapweed ,in leaves of Centaurea ...furze ...broom ...Anthriscus, thistles, and knapweed subpropinquella thistle Alstraemeriella hemlock vaccinella wild carrot capreolella ...wild carrot hypericella ...Hypericum conterminella shoots of sallow angelicella ...Angelica Yeatesiella ...wild carrot applanella ... wild carrot, and most Umbelliferse granulosella. . . Anthriscus vulgaris, Chserophyllum, and other Umbelliferae depressella ...seed-heads of wild carrot pimpinella ...Anthriscus ,, albipunctella Chserophyllum cnicella in Eryngium mariti- mum, and E. campestris, on the Continent pulcherimellaBuniumflexuosumfl. Weirella Anthriscus chasrophyllivorella Chaerophyllum ,, ultimella wild parsnip nervosella ...parsnip, and CEnan- the crocata heracliella ...thistle, Heracleum, and parsnip olerella on Achillea mille- folium P. gibbosella ...sallows G. rufescentella in grasses nigra on Populus nigra, and P. tremula THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR LARVAE] JUNE G. temerella sallow shoots lf lentiginosella Genista alacella lichens, on fruit trees artemisiella thyme, between terminal leaves albipalpella... Genista anglica, be- tween united leaves ,, affinella under moss, on old walls rhombella ...in wild apple leaves maculella in seeds, and shoots of Stellaria Hubnerella (?) in oak tumps ,, ocellatella ...Beta maritima, fl. atriplicella ...Atriplex, and Che- ** nopodium leucatella hawthorn, apple, mountain ash albicapitella Genista anglica vorticella Lotus corniculatus tseniolella ...Lotus corniculatus, and other Leguminosae, between united leaves sircomella ? . . .Cerastium vulgatum ,, atrella in Hypericum stems naaviferella ...in leaves of Atriplex, and Chenopodium ._ Hermannella in leaves of Atriplex, and Chenopodium subdecurtella Ly thrum salicaria ericinella heath Knaggsiella, b. in seed capsules of Stellaria holostea P. neuropterella from Oct., in heads of Cirsium acaule C. striatella tansy, in the stem C. conscriptella ? birch A. spartiella furze N. Durdhamella Origanum, in rolled- up leaves A. granitella ...Inula dysenterica, in the leaves G. Haworthella Eriphorum, seeds equitella ...inshootsofSedumacre A. spinella in mountain ash sorbiella mountain ash, shoots .Scotch fir, in the C. farinatella leaves O. pinariella leaves G2 .Scotch fir, in the Z. saxifragae, b. onSaxifragaazoides, &c. G. stigmatella ...in sallow, willow, poplar tringipennella in plantain syringella ash, privet, and lilac auroguttella... willow herb, and Hypericum Kollariella, e. mining leaves of broom C. Brogniartella oak C. alcyonipennella Centaurea, bur- dock, and thistles vibicella Genista tinctoria conspicuella. . . Centaurea nigra, &c. pyrrhulipennella heath anatipennella sloe , , niveicostella . . . thyme genistaecolella Genista anglica saturatella ...from Sept., broom onosmella, b. Echium vulgare troglodytella Inula dysenterica, Eupatorium cannabinum murinipennella rushes albitarsella ...Origanum nigricella hawthorn, sloe, apple n gryphipennella rose viminetella ...sallow, and osier lutipennella...oak, birch ardesepennella, e. oak artemisiella . . Artemisia B. praeangustella sallow, willow, pop- lar ; between united leaves O. v-flavella in fungi, and wine corks C. Illigerella, b. ^Egopodium poda- graria, in crumpled leaves chaerophyllella, e. most Umbelli- ferae L. miscella sun cistus conturbatella Epilobium angusti- folium, among terminal leaves epilobiella ...Epilobiumhirsutum, tops decorella in stems of Epilo- bium montanum, E.parviflorum, E. palustre, E. hirsutum, &c. t producing gall-like swellings H. Rosella Atriplex and Cheno- -* podium THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] A. modestella holostea A. Pfeifferella E. atricomella JUNE ,.in seeds of Stellaria dogwood .in stems of Dactylis glomerata Megerlella ... in Brachypodium, Bromus, Aira, &c. adscitella in Sesleria cserulea, and Aira csespitosa rhyncosporella Eriphorum, andCarex triatomella ...in a fine grass pollinariella... Brachypodium syl- vaticum ti cygnipennella Dactylis glomerata, and other grasses T. marginea in bramble L. quinqueguttella in dwarf sallows P. sufifusella in poplars salignella in willows C. Wailesella ...in Genista tinctoria B. maritimella ...Tripolium vulgare artemisiella . . . Artemisia campes- tris, and yarrow N. sericopeza ...sycamore N. centifoliella...Rosa centifolia, and R. canina ulmivorella ...elm T. pulverosella in wild apple P. rhododactylus in fl. of rose Bertrami, b. Achilleamillefolium, and A. ptarmica ,, acanthodactylus Bartsia, and rest harrow hieracii Hieracium umbella- tum, and Teucrium scorodouia, first biting through the stems, . and causing the leaves to wither laetus Audryala sinuata, on the Continent tf pilosellse Hieracium pilosella phaeodactylus rest harrow Lienigianus... Artemisia vulgaris spilodactylus Marrubiam vulgare brachydactylus Lactuca muralis, &c. baliodactylus Origanum vulgare tetradactylus . . . thyme dichrodactylus tansy poteriella Poteriam sanguisorba A. polydactyla... honeysuckle, buds The various modes in which the metamorphosis of pupation is carried out in the Lepidoptera constitute a most interesting subject of study ; and in the months succeeding those most prolific in insect life that variety is seen to perfection. The forms, indeed, seem "Numerous as shadows haunting fairily The brain, new stuff'd, in youth, with triumphs gay Of old romance. " The peculiar mode of concealment known as "the cocoon," variously worked out, is more especially seen in the summer months, at least in the species we have been able to tabulate ; while in those changing towards the autumn the subterranean form becomes more common. While some species are remark- able for the little trouble they take in effecting this change simply spinning a few threads, or even dispensing with these others are conspicuous for the care and labour they put into the work. Although some of the changes are peculiar to some families, it is found to be impossible to make simple form of pupation a basis for classification. While some cocoons are as flimsy as a cobweb, others are as tough as horn, with intermediary forms of texture both numerous and remarkable ; yet all are the result of fluid exudations woven into form and substance by the caterpillar. While the pupae of some, even THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR PTTPJE] JUNE of the commonest species, are conspicuously exposed without covering, and therefore fully open to injury or destruction, those of others are carefully swathed in silk, and surrounded by almost indestructible coverings, and in- geniously concealed, or buried in the earth, "Far from the sun and summer gale." It is the business of the collector, by acquiring a knowledge of the habits of as many species as possible, to learn their secrets, and ' ' by his so potent art, " to bring them to the light of day, for his own and others' advantage. A. Paphia on a stem of bramble, L. or some low shrub, in woods ,, Aglaia, e. ...among violet, and wild heartsease, on hillsides, &c. ; suspended by the tail within an enclosure of spun Z. leaves, on the top of the plant, or attached to stalks of bent L. grass, &c. P. Adippe among, or near Z. violets ,, Latona among dog violet, or sweet violet M. Athalia, b suspended, among plantain, &c. V. c-album, b. ... suspended, among nettle, and on walls, &c. urticae suspended, among nettle L. sibylla, e. ...suspended, on stems of fern, underside of leaf of N. honeysuckle, &c. A. Iris has been found sus- S. pencled from underside of oak, and sallow leaf, and neighbour- ing objects A. Galatea attached to timothy, and other grass C. E. Medea, e. ...among moorland grass, near the ground L. S. Semele under r. of Aira,and Triticum, and clods, on dry banks lanira ) attached to a Hyperanthus,e. ) blade of grass, &c. C. Davus among, or near Rhyncospora alba ; freely sus- pended T. w-album, b. at wytch elm ; fas- tened on a leaf, or twig ^Egon, e among Ornithopus perpusillus, at the base of the plant-stems Artaxerxes, b. slightly attached to stems of sun cistus, neartheground sesculi in r., branch, or twig of elm, pear, &c. asellus spun up, on a leaf statices spun up, on sorrel minos oval cocoon, attached to stones trifolii cocoon on stem of grass, &c. ; yellow meliloti cocoon on grass stems, &c: ; pale yellow lonicera cocoon on stem of grass, &c. ; some yellow, some white filipendulse ...cocoon on stem of grass, &c. ; white albulalis probably in the leaves of bramble, or ash irrorella, b. . . .in a slight web, under stones, oyster, cockle, mussel shells, &c. , covered with ground lichen; on the coast, just above the tide mark miniata spun up, under moss, on lichen-covered trees deplana spun up, on lichen- covered trees lurideola spun up, on lichen- covered trees, and old walls molybdeola...spun up, under stones, or moss complana under moss, on lichen- covered sloe, and fir, and on rocks, on the sea shore griseola under moss, on lichen- covered poplars, c, 86 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR JUNE L. quadra, e ...... on palings, near lichen-covered trees, in crevices of bark, or between leaves E. grammica ...cocoon between leaves of food-plant C. dominula ...... spun up, near its food-plant C. caia ............ in a slight cocoon, amongst leaves, &c. ; on palings, &c. L. chrysorrhaea in a slight cocoon, amongst leaves, &c. auriflua ...... in a slight cocoon, on palings, &c. O. fascelina ...... spun up, among dwarf sallow E. lanestris, e. ...to Jan.; hard, oval cocoon on the ground, near haw- thorn, sloe, &c. ; s. remains in pupa many years B. neustria ...... in cocoon among, or near sloe, hawthorn, and fruit trees L. quercifolia ...in a dark, papery cocoon, amongst leaves, &c. O. potatoria ...... papery cocoon, on, or near coarse grass O. sambucata ...cocoon, hung among ivy, &c. E. vespertaria under moss, on nut, &c. apiciaria ...... under moss, on pop- lar, willow, sallow M. margaritata at various trees ; on the ground P. syringaria ...fastened to a twig, or under a leaf, or blade of grass; the caterpillar skin is often found hanging from the long- tailed pupa C. elinguaria ...between leaves of honeysuckle, hawthorn, sloe, &c. ; on the ground, or under moss E. angularia ...... under moss, on oak, birch, beech, &c. N. zonaria ...... sub. , on sand-hills hispidaria ...to Jan., at oak C. glabraria ..... at fir B. abietaria ...... sub., at larch, and spruce G. papilionaria, b. in a transparent cocoon, among leaves, and moss, on various trees I. vernaria in loose cocoon, amongst leaves, in, or near Clematis vitalba A. rusticata sub., at ? , r incanaria sub., at ? ornata sub., near thyme straminata ...on heaths, in a loose cocoon, near, or on the ground emutaria in marshy places inornata spun up, among leaves of poplar, willow, and heath H. vauaria spun up, among leaves of gooseberry, currant, &c. S. dealbata in shuttle - shaped cocoon, on grass stems A. grossulariata, b. between united leaves of gooseberry, currant, sloe, nut, &c. E. subciliata about maple , r rectangulata on apple, and crab ; under moss, and loose bark T. firmata in a cocoon, among fir Y. elutata, b. ...amongst seed-down of sallow, and moss, &c., on nearly every kind of tree C. sagittata spun up, about Thalictrum, or on the ground, near ; in fens prunata on currant, and gooseberry ; between leaves testata spun up, among leaves of birch, sallow, poplar ; generally on heaths, in the North C. spinula spun up, among hawthorn, and sloe C. curtula spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, and sal- low P. palpina at willows, and pop- lars ; on edges of streams ; or under sods L. impura among Dactylis glomerata ; on the ground THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR JUNE X. polyodon, b. under clods, and stones P. M. abjecta under clods, and stones, in an earthen cocoon A. A. unanimis under bark of wil- lows ; in damp places, and among decayed willow wood M. arcuosa, b. ...at the crown of r. M. of Aira caespitosa , ( ripae, b sub., near Cyno- C. glossum officinale ; on the coast ; found by raking sand-hills H. cursoria by raking sand-hills, on the coast P. T. Orbona among broom, and C. low plants ; on the surface O. upsilon, b. ...under bark, or spun up, at r. of willow, and poplar A. C. xerampelina sub. , at ash ; cocoon very tender, and brittle ; s. the G. larva remains unchanged in the cocoon for several weeks H. T. subtusa sub., at poplar E. fulvago spun up, in dead leaves, &c. ; and probably s. A. sub., at oak, and birch P. D. oo at oak, on the ground j in an oval cocoon C. trapezina, e. at oak, birch, horn- beam, &c. ; among leaves, on, or near the surface D. capsophila ...to April, sub., about Silene maritima ; on the coast capsincola ...to April, about Silene maritima ; on the coast fr E. viminalis sub. , near sallow lichenea sub., by Sedumacre, , t &c. ; near the coast P. bractea near the r. of Eupa- torium cannabinum festucae amongst grasses, ,, reeds, &c. ; near the coast iota amongst the leaves of nettle, dead nettle, &c. pyramidea, b. at oak, elm, birch, willow ; cocoon on the ground, in spun up, withered leaves, &c. maura spun up, under loose bark, &c. sponsa, e. ...at oak; among the leaves on the tree cribralis among sallow, Lu- zula pilosa, and Carex sylvatica glaucinalis ...among birch twigs fascelinellus...in cocoons, just un- der the sand, among Triticum junceum lotella among Festucaovina, and Aira canescens canella from Oct., among Salsola kali quercana in a boat-shaped, light green cocoon, amongst oak leaves Bennetii on Statice limonium ochrodactylus on tansy parvidactylus on thyme, and hawkweed plagiodactylus on scabious, and speedwell fuscodactylus on speedwell lithodactylus on fleabane tephradactylus on golden rod, in shady places osteodactylus on golden rod galeodactylus on burdock pentadactylus on convolvulus spilodactylus, e. on Marrubium vulgare tetradactylus on thyme pentadactylus on convolvulus dichrodactylus on tansy IMAGOS] Every available place where the Lepidoptera "most do congregate" will now, during this, the most prolific month in the year for the perfect insect, be eagerly scanned by the collector desirous of making the best use of his time. The sun is near his meridian, and long and brilliant days promise excellent sport, if we are only properly endued with that "fiery quality," 88 IMAGOS] JUNE energy. As some species can be more readily taken early on sunny summer mornings, the hours of sleep should not be unduly prolonged. Some stern poet cynically says : " Nature requires five ; Custom gives seven ; Laziness takes nine ; And wickedness eleven !" And though we shall, of course, meet with many species "of no mark or likelihood," we can scarcely fail in a fair locality to be rewarded with some good prizes. Many butterflies commence flying at seven o'clock in the morn- ing on hot days. In day searching, the beating-stick will be a sine quA non; but low bushes and herbage should not be beaten from the top, but rather from beneath, otherwise many species which are concealed therein are only driven lower down. Not much good will attend the beating of thatch this month. The food of the larvae of the species required, especially where it occurs in some plenty, should have special attention paid to it. Flowers, especially Silene, Lychnis, honeysuckle, and ragwort, are often a great attraction. . The lime, and other trees which blossom this month, should be sought for and examined. Cossus infected trees, and gummy exudations from fruit trees are alike a fascination, both for butterflies and moths. Day sugar- ing, as well as by night, has been recommended, and where flowers are scarce is generally successful. Many species may be smoked out of grass, bushes, and banks by ignited touch-paper. Among those species which do not travel quietly when boxed are T. rubi, H. hectus, A. velleda, C. plantaginis, T. derasa, and T. batis. At that charming time, when " the twilight shadows grow, And steal the rose-bloom genial summer sheds," many species start out from their hiding places, and remain on the wing for a short time only. Then is the "witching time" to catch them; and in some favoured places local species appear in swarms at such times. At night, when " The dark, delightsome woods lie veiled and still," many fragrant flowers become extra fragrant, and additionally attractive to moths. The following are more especially of this character : Wallflowers, lime blossoms, the butterfly orchis, the fragrant orchis (occurring on chalky heaths) the musk mallow, and the yellow bedstraw. The lure of "sugar," too, at this time may be used with advantage, especially where there are few flowers ; or the flowers themselves may be sugared, more particularly in places where there are no trees. Large bare tracks may be thus made to yield a good harvest. If pieces of white paper are placed near the trees, &c., when they are sugared, they may be readily seen and identified in the dark in the successive visits which are paid to them in the course of the night. The French are said to use putrid soapsuds as a bait, as the sugar in France, which is made from beet, is not attractive, from having no smell. Artificial light is also a great means of capture. A bright light placed near a partially- open window is recommended. THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 8 9 IMAGOS] JUNE Many species may be found at rest on tree trunks, and palings and fences near. S. fagi is a prize well worth the search. It rests almost as if set out on the tree, and from the light brown of its ample, serrated wings forming a con- trast to the dark trunk on which it rests, it can sometimes be discovered a good distance off. It is useless looking for it (or indeed for any other species which rest on trunks) among very young trees. The difficulty generally is in first finding a species, as the eye does not exactly know what it is looking for, and mistakes many of the stains and marks on trees and palings for insects ; but having once seen the desiderated species, the eye, thus educated, will ever afterwards quickly detect it. The number of markings on trees and wooden fences which resemble moths is surprising ; but when we know the species we are looking for, and the exact appearance they present when spread out flat, as they generally are, little difficulty is felt in rapidly making a thorough examination of a large number of trees. After having looked at a tree or fence, and found nothing, it is desirable to give it a parting tap with a stick ; like the magic wand of a harlequin it will sometimes bring forth something we little expected. P. Machaon ...fens, and marshes P. cratcegi, e. ...near woods, &c. brassicse gardens, &c. rapse gardens, &c. napi gardens, &c. A. cardamines... fields, &c. C. Edusa lucerne, and clover fields, and railway banks ; fond of fl. A. Paphia, e. ...woods Aglaia, e. ...hillsides, coast sand- hills, &c. Niobe, se V to A P n1 ' on P alm g s > ;; Tpf ::::::::: \ *". * V. c-album, b.... among nettle, and on walls, &c. cardui on, or near thistles N. Lucina attached to leaf- stalk of Primula S. populi to April, sub., at r. of poplar, willow, &c. M. fuciformus ...to April, in a loose web, among Lychnis, Scabiosa, &c., on the surface A. mendica to May, under moss, on trees, and on the ground lubricepeda...to May, spun up, on trees, palings, &c. menthrasti ...to May, spun up, on trees, palings, &c. O. pudibunda ...to April, in dead leaves, under moss, &c. ,, antiqua from July, in a web, on palings, &c. P. populi ... spun up, against oak, poplar, &c. ; near, or just beneath, the ground E. lanestris cocoon on the ground, near hawthorn, &c. ; s. more than one year in pupa E. versicolora spun up, among fallen leaves, at birch ; s. more than one year in pupa S. illunaria to March, sub., at willow, oak, &c. lunaria .at sloe, oak, nut, &c. O. bidentata . . .to April, under moss, on various trees H. pennaria sub., at oak P. pilosaria to Dec., sub., at oak, and elm N. zonaria sub., on sand-hills hispidaria ...at oak B. hirtaria to Mar., sub., at elm, lime, ash, and fruit trees A. prodromaria sub., at oak, elm, &c. ; just beneath the surface H. abruptaria ...to April, spun up, on twigs, or between the forks, or beneath the branches, of lilac, rose, or privet N. viridata to April, between united leaves of hawthorn, or bramble E. porata to May ; fastened to leaf of oak punctaria fastened to leaf of oak, or birch ,, trilinearia ...to April; fastened to leaf of beech, the margin of the leaf often curling over, and concealing the pupa pendularia .. fastened to leaf of birch C. temerata to April, in slight cocoon among sloe, and wild cherry, and probably buck- thorn N. pulveraria ... to April, in withered sallow leaves, &c. F. carbonaria ... to April, among dead leaves of sallow and birch, on the ground THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] SEPTEMBER L. adustata to April, in a slight A. cocoon, just beneath the surface ; among spindle H. rupicapraria in a web, on the ground ; among oak, sloe, &c. C. leucophearia on the ground; near C. oak ,, aurantiaria ...sub., at hawthorn, birch, oak, &c. it progemmaria sub., at oak, birch, hornbeam, &c. defoliaria sub., at oak, haw- thorn, sloe, hornbeam, nut, elm, &c. C. brumata sub., at oak, &c. L. multistrigaria sub., about Galium E. decolorata ... about Lychnis dioica E. venosata about Silene, and C. Lychnis D. Ir consignata ...to April, probably under moss, and loose bark, in apple orchards , f linariata to April, among yel- low toadflax pulchellata ...to April, among the seeds, and dead fl. of foxglove P. isogrammata to May, about Cle- C. matis vitalba fraxinata to April, on ash; under moss, and loose bark N. nanata to May, about heath vulgata sub., about various plants, and trees expallidata ...to June, about golden rod ; s. more than one year in pupa minutata to May, about heath C. assimilata ...to April, in crevices; about currant, and hop exiguata about oak, &c. dodoneata ...about oak ; s. more than one year in pupa L. viretata to April, in spun- up leaves of privet A. M. ocellata among Galium ; spun up, near the ground M. subtristata ...to April, sub., near Galium galiata to May, sub., near N. Galium badiata in earthen cocoon, on the ground, beneath dog rose bushes derivata sub., at dog rose fluviata spun up, in moss, &c. psittacata spun up, among rubbish at r. of oak, lime, apple, rose miata at r. of oak, alder, birch, poplar, willow ; on the surface, among grass, &c. picata to May, in a slight cocoon, on the surface, among, or near chickweed sagittata to June, spun up, about Thalictrum, or on the ground, near ; in fens obliquaria ...among broom furcula to May, spun up, on trunk of willow, or sallow bifida to April, spun up, on trunk of poplars vinula spun up, on trunk of willows, poplars, and sallow ; 3 ft. or 4 ft. from the ground Cassinea sub., at oak, deep curtula to Mar. , spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, and sallow carmelita sub. , at birch trepida to April, sub., at oak ; cocoon tough, but not always coated with earth ; s. more than one year in pupa Chaonia to April, sub., at oak or at birch, among dead, or united leaves ocularis at poplars ; near the surface of the ground, or spun against the tree flavicornis ...to Feb., between united birch leaves megacephala to April, under loose bark of poplar alni between leaves of various trees ; or inside bramble sticks typhse, b. ...in stems of Typha latifolia i 7 6 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUP^E] SEPTEMBER instabilis stabilis flavago inside thistle, and A. burdock stems, about 3 in. from H. the ground piniperda at Scotch, and other ,, firs ; in open places in fir woods, and on the margin ; in crevices of bark, or under moss, and fallen needles ; rarely within 2 ft. of the tree ; Ij^ in. to 2 in. C. deep gothica at various trees ; just beneath the surface leucographa ) at r. of low plants ; rubricosa . . . ) below the surface at r. of various trees; just below the surface opima at r. of Rosa spino- sissima, and dwarf sallow ; below the sand, on sand-hills, in the N. populeti sub., at poplars, especially Populus nigra ; deep gracilis sub., at willows, sallows, and low plants miniosa among fallen leaves, H. &c. munda under moss, at base A. of oaks B. cruda sub. , at oak macilenta ...sub., in an oval B. cocoon, at beech, and birch serena to May, sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce P. Aprilina, b. ...sub., at oak glauca to May, sub., near sallow, and birch oleracea to April, sub., near elm, nettle, dock, &c. ; also in kitchen gardens thalassina to May, sub., near honeysuckle, sallow, broom, &c. verbasci to April, in a large tough, earthen cocoon, below the surface ; near mullein, and figwort lychnitis to April, in an earthen cocoon, near white, and black mullein ; s. 2 yrs. in pupa asteris to April, near golden rod, &c. ; s. 2 yrs. in pupa gnaphalii to April, near golden rod absynthii to April, near worm- wood chamomillse near chamomile, &c. umbratica ...to May, sub., near Sonchus, &c. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens myrtilli spun up, in heath argentula to May, among grass, on the ground parthenias ...to Mar., at birch, in crevices of bark, or on the ground pterodactylus on Convolvulus IMAGOS] Although the freshly-emerged species this month, are not numerous, many of them are very local, or rare. L. Bcetica, which has occasionally been taken recently, may possibly be found more frequently if diligently sought for, as it may have been overlooked among the common L. Alexis. S. con- volvuli, D. lineata, and C. celerio occasionally come to flowers, and have been taken at rest in strange places, and on strange substances. The beauti- ful D. pulchella should be sought for in the day time in stubble-fields. S. sacraria is also a day-flyer, but frequents no special locality. The grand blue underwing, C. fraxini, has been found at rest. Some of the hiber- nating species, which may be found this month, are also rare. The bait of sugar should be continued to be employed this month, until the ivy blossoms come out. On hills,, and in sunny spots, these blossoms expand much earlier than in colder, and damper situations. THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR 177 IMAGOS] SEPTEMBER The Collector may be reminded that the character of the locality he is working, and the nature of the species he is seeking, must largely determine his method of search and capture, not forgetting the fact that however far Moths may fly, they generally return, for rest, to, or near, what were their food-plants when larvae. All kinds of places form a harbour for insects. The beating-stick should be energetically applied to heaps of dry rubbish, masses of grass, reeds, weeds, &c., tangled under-growth, haystacks, and thatch (the latter harbours many Depressariae, &c. ); while "scarecrows," tree-trunks (especially those exuding sap), leaves, flowers, blackberries, fallen fruit, palings, posts, fences, walls, heaps of stone or sticks, logs of wood, outhouses, eaves, &c., all furnish lodgment-space, and a means of conceal- ment, to various species, and should be vigilently scanned. Indeed, vigilence is especially required, for many species closely resemble the substances on which they are in the habit of resting. " Second appearances " are this month becoming more common than before. Among the Sphinges and Bombyces, especially, it is not unusual to find two series of transformations in the twelve-months ; but by a wise provision of nature, the development of a portion of the brood is sometimes retarded. With some of the Geometrinae three broods are regularly obtained in con- finement ; while some of the Bombyces, Psychidae, and Coleophorse, require twenty-four months, and even more, to enable them to complete their round of metamorphoses. And sometimes even the date of their advent in the winged state is further delayed by their remaining in the chrysalis state for two, or three, and sometimes as many as four, or five seasons. G. rhamni, h. ...woods, &c. A. Atropos at rest, on palings, C . Edusa, h clover fields, railway &c. banks, &c. S. convolvuli ...at fl., at dusk Hyale, h in clover fields, &c. D. euphorbias, m. on the coast A. Latona fields, woods, &c. lineata at fl., at dusk V. c-album, 2., h. at blackberries, C. celerio at fl., at dusk and fl. ; may be found hanging M. stellatarum, 2. , h. at fl. ; flies by to underside of leaves, in dull day, and in the evening, and s. weather at moonlight urticae, h D. pulchella in stubble fields ; a polychloros, h. about elms day flyer ,, Antiopa, h. ...attracted by ivy fl., C. plantaginis, s., 2 and cossus-infected trees O. antiqua lo, h at fl. D. coryli, s Atalanta, h.... at fl., and fallen fruit, T. crataegi comes to 1. in orchards R. crataegata, 2. hedges, &c. ,, cardui, h at fl. E. alniaria C. Pamphilus ... tiliaria comes to 1. P. Phlceas at fl. ; at rest, on fuscantaria ...comes to 1. sorrel, &c., at night erosaria L. Bcetica angularia on trees; comes to 1. Alexis at fl. ; maybefound H. pennaria on cold, windy days, and at N. zonaria night, at rest, on grass stems, P. baiularia, s....a second brood s. &c., in hollows, on hills appears in confinement N i 7 8 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] SEPTEMBER A. promutata, 2. immutata, s., 2. S. Sacraria flies by day; has been taken at fl., at sugar, and 1. O. dilutata filigrammaria T. variata, h. ... firmata.., M. galiata, 2. ... C. fluviata, h. ...comes to 1. P. polygrammata damp meadows ; very local C. psittacata, h. comes to 1. miata, h picata, 2 s. in confinement immanata ... E. cervinaria ... A. plagiata, 2 C. spartiata P. lacertula, s., 2. beaten, from birch P. bucephala ...at rest D. cseruleocephala at light T. batis, 2 C. diluta B. algae A. psi., s alni L. vitellina albipuncta ...at fl. extranea on scabious fl. ,, 1-album N. fulva s. abundant in one corner of a meadow , , typhse in marshes lutosa in marshes G. flavago, s. ... H. nictitans at ragwort, and thistle fl. petasitis among butter burr micacea comes to 1. A. Australis among grass; comes to 1. H. popularis, b. comes to 1. hispida C. graminis, b. on commons ; s. at ragwort, and thistle, fl. L. testacea conies to 1. lr cespitis hides in grass, by day ; comes to 1. M. literosa , C. Haworthii cubicularis Puta, h. .. suffusa, h. saucia, h. agathina . .hides in thatch .at ivy ; comes to 1. .beaten, from heath, in the day time ; flies over the fl., and rests on them, at night prsecox on sand-hills, by the coast ..on heaths ..comes to 1. ..on heaths ..at fl., at night ..at ivy, and yew and yew D. glareosa . c-nigrum . Dahlii .... neglecta . lota macilenta. berries rufina at ivy pistacina at ivy lunosa comes to 1., and ivy litura at ivy vaccinii, h. ...at ivy spadicea, h. at ivy erythrocephala, h. satellitia, h. ...at ivy rubiginea, h. at ivy, berries croceago, h. at fl. citrago at 1. , and ivy ; this, and the two following, may be found on the leaves, and twigs of lime trees, at night cerago silago aurago at ivy gilvago at fl. ferruginea at fl . xerampelina...at 1., and at rest, on ash trunks retusa comes to 1. fulvago, b. ...at heath fl. ochroleuca, b. at fl. ; rests on knap- weed, and thistles, &c. chi on tree trunks xanthomista... flavocincta ...at ivy ; rests on walls, &c. templi, e., h. usually found by turning over stone-heaps, in elevated districts ; comes to 1. THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 179 IMAGOS] SEP ^EMBER E. lutulenta, b. ...at heath fl. nigra at iv ivy the lichenea on the coast M. oxyacanthge...at fl. A. Aprilina P. meticulosa, 2. at ivy ,, empyrea at ivy A. occulta at rest, early in the morning ; unquiet when boxed H. protea on tree trunks ,, peregrina C. solidaginis ...at rest C. vetusta, h. ...at ivy exoleta, h. ...at ivy X. lambda, e. ... [trunks furcifera, h. ...at ivy, and on tree rhizolitha, h. at ivy, and on tree trunks semibrunnea, h. at ivy petrificata, h. at ivy H. marginata ... [herbage peltigera may be started from armigera at ivy A. luctuosa flies in the sunshine, over fl., in clover fields, &c. P. gamma G. libatrix, h. ...in cellars, and on palings, trees, &c. A. pyramidea ... tragopogonis hides in windows S. anomala at heath fl., and flying alonghedgerows, at night; remains fine but a very few days after emergence C. fraxini at rest on walls, &c. nupta at rest, on walls, tree-trunks, &c. ; soon alarmed when approached ; comes to 1. H. rostralis, h. ...in gardens, &c. H. tarsipennalis, 2. woods P. fimbrialis comes to 1. farinalis 2? ...at rest in, and near stables, corn stores, &c. glaucinalis ... beat en from thatch ; also at 1. B. asinalis, 2. ...comes to 1. E. catalaunalis...at fl. S. ferrugalis at fl., and sugar ; flies ^at dusk, and can be beaten from hedges N 2 S. decrepitalis, 2? S. hybridalis, 2. among grass, and clover S. murana . among heath coarctalis, h. on mossy walls E. ocellea, b., h. comes to 1. C. tristellus T. Pryorella E. ficella in corn, and seed warehouses, among oilcake, c. N. angustella, 2 M. cephalonica N. genistella, h. Ulex europceus G. cerella S. Revayana, h. woods L. literana on oak trunks scabrana among elm P. sponsana woods variegana ...hedges cristana among sallows, and hawthorn Hastiana .... maccana .... ,, umbrana ferrugana . . . . tristana .... ,, lipsiana .... comariana ., G. ncevana .. P. crenana, h. heaths P. ophthalmicana among aspens occultana among young firs ,, Solandriana... sordidana among alder, in fens, and marshes E. bimaculana ...woods R. pinicolana ...among Scotch fir D. acuminatana C. ulicetana among furze X. Fabriciana ... pariana E. anthemidana, 3. chalk districts L. phryganella . . . T. pellionella ...common, in houses fuscipunctella pallescentella in warehouses, and poulterer's shops Y. evonymella ... among Prunuspadus H. radiatella, h. ..among sallows ..woods ..boggy heaths, & fens , . . among holly ...on most Northern i8o THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR IMAGOS] SEPTEMBER G. sylvella C. asperella among apple B. scabrella among crab apple; A. rests on tansy fl. , at dusk caudella, h among Eunonymus R. europoeus pallorella, h. among brushwood A. umbellella ...among furze arenella, h. ... propinquella, h. Z. subpropinquella, h. G. alstnemeriella, h. among Conium ,, ciniflonella, h. Rannoch vaccinella, h. Lytham capreolella, h. hypericella ...among Hypericum conterminella, h. among sallows (l angelicella among Angelica sylvestris ocellella among sallow Yeatesiella ...in fens, &c. applanella, h. C. ciliella, h. ... [vulgaris granulosella... among Anthriscus (l rotundella ... Howth, Lancashire, Folkestone, &c. B. albipunctella, h. L. chserophyllivorella, h. nervosella ... badiella discipunctella heracliella, h. L. olerella. near Hazlemere, L. beaten from thatch hippophaella cuneatella ... [slack P. Lyellella Castle Eden, Wither- celerella on coast sand-hills costella among Solanum B. dulcamara P. vicinella Belfast, Brighton ,, junctella Witherslack, Lake District, &c. , r Hubnerella ...Carlisle, nr. Wake- field, Manchester, &c. ,, paupella near Lewisham, A. Folkestone, Lewes conscriptella ..Witherslack chenopodiella betulella Castle Eden, and High Force ; beaten out Erxlebenella, b among lime underwood semitestacella, b. among beech spiniella, b among mountain ash, on moors fasciapennella the Pentlands stigmatella ...among willow, &c. stramineella... Castle Eden, Lake District, and Stirlingshire hemidactylella falconipennella near London semifasciella populetella, h. elongella among alder, and yew phasianipennella, h. ononiella Cambs, Mickleham Brogniartella Yorks, Lake District, Cambs cuculipennella, h. among privet citrinella, b. somnulentella epilobiella, h. among Epilobium hirsutum decorella, h. among Epilobium subbistrigella, h. ... Witherslack, Worthing, Devon trifasciella . . .among honeysuckle Clerckella, h. among sloe, and fruit trees padifoliella ... suffusella, h. among sallow salignella, h. among willows, near London ulmella among oak acanthodactylus on heaths punctidactylus Lake District, Birkenhead, Bristol, Farnham pterodactylus, h. ...among Convol- vulus monodactylus among Convolvulus polydactyla, h. ...among honey- suckle, and in windows OCTOBER OVA] V. polychloros, s. on elm ; s. sallow, and poplar ; in regular batches, globular, glassy, brownish T. quercus on oak twigs ,, w-album on wytch elm, also elm ; on the twigs pruni on sloe twigs betulse on sloe [sorrel P. phloeas on dock, ragwort, L. ^Egon on Ornithopus per- pusillus ; white L. Argiolus on ivy, fl. ; white H. comma on trefoil, and other Leguminosse L. dispar on sloe, hawthorn, fruit trees ; on the trunks, in a heap, covered with down monacha on oak, beech, fir, birch, apple, &c. T. cratsegi to March, on haw- thorn ; also s. sloe, sallow, birch, oak B. neustria on hawthorn, sloe, fruit trees ; in batches, round twigs, and branches ,, castrensis ...on Artemisia mari- tima, Daucus maritimus, &c. E. vespertaria ...on nut [sallow ,, apiciaria on poplar, willow, C. elinguaria ...on oak, honeysuckle, hawthorn, sloe ; also heath, bilberry, &c. H. pennaria to April, on oak F. pinetaria on bilberry E. subciliata on maple; at foot- stalk of leaf M. rubiginata ...on alder; large S. vetulata on buckthorn C. immanata probably on alder, and other trees, and strawberry, bilberry, &c. ; large prunata on currant, goose- berry, sloe ; on the bark, large testata on heath, birch, sal- low, poplar, &c. ; singly, large C. populata on bilberry, whortle- berry, poplar ; globular, large, yellow fulvata on dog rose ; rose- pink, large pyraliata on Galium, and haw- thorn ; large dotata on black, and red currant ; large C. spartiata to April, on broom T. chaerophyllata on Anthriscus syl- vestris, and Bunium flexuosum D. cseruleocephala on hawthorn, sloe; E. Australis on succory, Poa annua, &c. xerampelina...on ash, probably in the chinks of the twigs, and the buds subtusa upon twigs of poplar retusa on sallow, willow, poplar ; upon the axils of the leaves lota on willow, and sallow; upon the axils of the leaves ; hatch in the spring pistacina on buttercup, &c. lunosa on grasses chi on dock, hawthorn, sallow, and probably lettuce, sowthistle, tea tree, &c. flavocincta to Mar., on dock, chickweed, groundsel, mint,&c. ; in gardens, on everlasting pea, plum, &c. lutulenta on Lithospermum arvense, and probably other low plants lichenea on ragwort, and probably other plants ; on the coast empyrea on pilewort ; on the leaf-stalks . proboscidalis on nettle ; rather large, pale yellow 182 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] OCTOBER Many of the larvae met with this month hibernate. The others will be found nearly full-fed, and may be expected to change this month, or the next. The eggs of C. xerampelina often hatch this month. The young larvae feed only by night, on ash, though they will eat hawthorn, and guelder rose. Sometimes they attain a fair size before they hibernate ; but at others they remain quite small ; and occasionally even the larvae do not hatch until November or December. Then it is, when the buds of the ash being small, and hard, the hawthorn, or guelder rose may be found useful as a substitute. L. sinapis Vicia cracca, and S. Orobus tuberosus P. crataegi, h. ...hawthorn, sloe, and C. orchard trees A. Paphia, h. ...dog violet, and sweet C. violet Aglaia, h. ...dog violet, and sweet violet, and wild heartsease L. Niobe, h. ...dog violet, and sweet violet adippe, h. ...dog violet, and sweet violet Latona, h. ...dog violet, and sweet D. violet, and wild heartsease fl Euphrosyne, h. ) in a web at r. of Selene, h \ violets, &c. R. M. Artemis, h Scabious, plantain ; A. in batches, under a web under leaves ; also eats woodbine, &c. S. Cinxia, h. ...Plantago lanceolata Athalia, h. ...narrow-leaved plan- A. tain, foxglove, wild germander L. sibylla, h. ...honeysuckle; under a leaf, suspended by silk, from E. a twig A. Iris, h sallow, poplar A. A. Galatea, h. ...timothy grass, &c. A. E. Epiphron, h. probably on Nardus stricta, and small rushes ; in mountain bogs T. rubi bramble, buds, and fl. ; also probably broom, and C. Genista S. P. Phlceas, h. ...dock, ragwort, sorrel A. L. Adonis, h. ...Hippocrepiscomosa, A. &c. [&c. Corydon, h.... Hippocrepiscomosa, L. A. Atropos potato leaves, &c. E. (See last month) D. galii .Galium, fuschia, &c. E. (See last month) tipuliformis, h. in the wood of currant bushes ligniperda ... in the wood of various trees. (See last month) miniata, h lichen, on oak (Lichen caninus) ; also withered sallow, oak, alder mesomella, h. lichens ; will also eat sallow, and heath molybdeola, h. lichens griseola, h. ...lichens, on poplar; also withered sallow, &c. coryli, s beech, nut, birch, alder, oak, willow ; generally beaten from beech cratasgata, h. hawthorn, sloe prunaria, h. sloe, beech, broom, sallow, hawthorn, plum, &c. illustraria oak, birch, ash, beech, maple betularia oak, birch, elm, hawthorn, elder, beech, moun- tain ash, &c. trilinearia ... beech omicronaria maple ; s. beech luteata maple herbariata, h. dried plants, in her- baria, and in herbalists' shops, &c. Tansy has been found to be eaten, where the species has occurred exanthemaria sallow, alder clathrata, h. saintfoin, lucerne, &c. strigillaria, h. heath, broom citraria, 2. ...wild carrot, trefoil, &c. ; generally on the coast olivata, h. ...Galium Mollugo unifasciata ...Odontites rubra, on the capsules, and seeds subfulvata ... Achillea millefo- Hum, and chrysanthemum THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVJE] OCTOBER E. arceuthata juniper, and savine castigata golden rod, heath, nettle, Angelica, &c. expallidata ...golden rod, fl. ; will also eat Michaelmas daisy, &c. absynthiata ...fl., and seeds of rag- wort, Eupatorium cannabinum, Artemisia vulgaris, Achillea millefolium, golden rod, c. knautiata Knautia arvensis, fl. and seeds assimilata black currant, hop barberry, hawthorn, currant, ash, alder, ...jumper . . .nut, sallow, bilberry, exiguata black sallow T. simulata .. Y. elutata, h. alder M. montanata, h. primrose C. munitata, h. groundsel P. vitalbata, 2. Clematis vitalba S. undulata sallow, poplars; between leaves C. russata, h. ... strawberry, birch, hawthorn, sallow, &c. suffumata, h. Galium Mollugo, and ragwort ; hibernates full- fed to March E. bipunctaria, h. Lotus corniculatus, clover, &c. A. plagiata, h. . . . Hypericum perfo- ratum, fl. D. falcula birch; also oak, alder, willow, poplar unguicula beech D. bicuspis alder, beech, birch C. fluctuosa birch ; between leaves B. glandifera, h. lichens, on walls perla, h lichens, on walls A. tridens hawthorn, sloe, rose, willow, sallow, mountain ash L. vitellina, h. .. grasses putrescens ...grass littoralis, h on Ammophila arundinacea ; on the coast ; burrows 7 or 8 inches in the sand. Will also eat Carex L. impura, h. ... Carex, and Dactylis glomerata. Before h. the larva rolls the grass up, to form "a house," by day ; afterwards, lives inside the stem, and feeds at nigKt only [pitosa pall ens h. ... Deschampsia cses- phragmitidis, h. common reed, in the young stems ; in marshes, and fens N. lutosa, h in stems of common reed, near the r. ; feeds during winter, in mild weather A. Australis, h. Cichorium intybus, Poa annua, and other plants P. leucophsea, h. tufts of grass ; on commons, and in woods A. basilinea, h. on the immature grains of growing wheat ; after h., in spring, on various plants C. Morpheus ...Sedum telephium, sallow, bramble, docks, teazle, and other low plants A. valligera, h. .roots of grasses; chiefly on the coast , , Puta dandelion, lettuce, carrot, r., knotgrass, &c. saucia, h plantain, dock, and other low plants , r lunigera ? will eat knot- grass, &c. , , ripse Cynoglossum offici- nale ; on the coast ; burrows 7, or 8 in. in the sand porphyrea, h. heath T. ianthina, h. Primula, and other low plants ; also broom, &c. fimbria, h. ...birch, sallow, oak, ash, broom, primrose, &c. subsequa, h. low plants Orbona, h low plants, and broom ; when young, on sallow buds pronuba, h. ...dock, &c. N. c-nigrum, h. pea stems, and low plants conflua, h. ...various low plants, including Silene acaulis Dahlii, h. ...low plants ; s. feeds up without h. in mild winters. 184 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVAE] OCTOBER N. umbrosa, h. dock, &c. ; feeds in A. mild winters neglecta, h. ...heath, birch, sallow, C. and low plants P. xanthographa, h. plantain, &c. ; hides under stones- A. lunosa, e., h. grasses; moreespe- G. cially in elevated places ; may be found concealed under stones E. C. xerampelina, h. ash ; will also eat S. hawthorn, and guelder rose D. carpophaga, s. Lychnis, and Si- C. lene inflata, young seeds E. lutulenta, h. ...Lithospermum ar- vense, and other low plants A. herbida, h. ...dock, and other low plants H. suasa, s plantain, lettuce, H. knotgrass, &c. E. fr pisi brake fern, broom, Scabious, grass, Carex, sallow, S. birch, mountain ash, &c. H. proboscidalis, h. nettle S. emortualis ...oak grisealis Sisymbrium Sophia, oak, &c. ; the larva does not ,, change until the spring B. lupulinalis ...in stems of hop asinalis, h. ...madder, fl., and D. young seeds E. sambucalis ...elder, convolvulus P. forficalis cabbage, horse- radish, &c. M. polygonalis . . . Ulex nanus, fl. ; on heaths, &c. ; Genista ? C. C. phragmitellus, h. common reed ,, M. cribrella,h in thistle stems H . nimbella chamomile, and other composite fl. ,, nebulella, b. ...heads of thistles ; L. also China aster C. bistrigella ...alder, between the E. leaves ,, P. interpunctella ... in seed stores, grocer's warehouses, &c., on grain, figs, dried insects, &c. P. palumbella, h. Polygala A. M. alveariella, h. wax, in beehives T. ministrana ...willow, nut, birch, C. buckthorn pisana in pea vetches Conwayana... fruit of privet, nut, (?) ash (?) musculana ...hawthorn, &c. siculana Myrica gale comptana . . . Potentilla Mitterpacheriana elm, oak campoliliana in sallow leaves geminana ...Vaccinium, apple, s. fcenana, h. ...in r. of Artemisia Wceberana, h. under bark of plum, and other fruit trees strobilana, h. cones of spruce argyrana moss, and bark of oak, &c. hyrciniana, h. spruce fir vacciniana . . . Vaccinium, and Ber- beris fimbriana ...rotten oak wood pods, and [fir coniferana, h. under bark of Scotch Leplastrierana, h. ...in stems of cabbage redimitana ...oak regiana, h. ...under sycamore bark orobana in pods of Vicia cracca, V. sylvatica, Orobus tuberosus, and Genista tinctoria politana, h Achillea mille- folium, r. plumbana pods of vetches (?) &c. plumbagana Achillea mille- folium Albersana . . . honeysuckle fulvana heads of Centaurea scabiosa Scopoliana ... Centaurea heads semulana in fl. of golden rod Servillana ... shoots of woolly- leaved sallows roseana, h. ...seeds of teazle subroseana?...Solidago, fl. implicitana ...Solidago, fl. Pyre- thrum, Gnaphalium, &c. anthemidana Erigeron acre, fl. maritimana in stems, and r. of Eryngium maritimum Francillonana, h., in stems of wild carrot THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARV^J] OCTOBER C. dilucidana ...in stems of parsnip P. Smeathmanniana Anthemiscotula stramineana Centaurea heads CE alternana Centaurea scabiosa, heads L. salicella sallow, alder, maple, A. rose, Cornus sanguinea, Poten- G. tilla anserina, &c. T. pseudo-bombycella, h. lichen, on O. oak trunks ,, S. inconspicuella, h. on tree trunks, C. and palings T. misella in dried stems of beans, and unthrashed wheat ganomella, h. in birds' nests merdella in furs ,, ,, biseliella, h. in birds' skins, hair seating, &c. I. Zinckenella ...birch Oehlmanniella, h., in a flat case, under fallen leaves A. fibulella in a flat case, on leaves of Veronica chamsedrys Degeerella, h., wood anemone S . pyrella hawthorn, apple, pear, &c. Y. viginipunctella Sedum telephium A. decemguttella Lithospermum G. malvella hollyhock, seeds notatella sallow A. obsoletella ...in stems of Cheno- E. podium bifractella, h. Inula dysenterica, T. and I. conyza, seeds cerealella, h. in grains of wheat, and barley L. nseviferella ...Atriplex, and Che- nopodium , r Hermannella, Atriplex, and Che- , ( nopodium brizella Statice armeria, in ,, fl. -stems subocellella . . . Origanum vulgare, seeds P. lappella knapweed, and L. burdock, seeds Metzneriella, h. Centaurea nigra, C. heads ,, carlinella, h. Centaurea nigra, N. and thistle heads neuropterella, h. in heads of Cir- sium acaule . pseudo-spretella, h. dried fruit, peas, and other seeds ; also hams, &c. autumnitella Solanum dulcamara Kollariella, b. mining leaves of broom avellanella ...nut betulaevorella birch paripennella...in a case, flat on leaf of birch, rose, sloe salicornella, h Salicornia herbacea pyrrhulipennella, h. heath discordella, h. Lotus corniculatus genistsecolella, h. Genista anglica annulatella ...seeds of Atriplex, and Chenopodium salinella ...... Atriplex portula- coides cacuminetella seeds of Stellaria graminea argentulella . . . seeds of Achillea millefolium virgaureella ...seeds of golden rod juncicolella, h. heath solitariella, h. Stellaria holostea melilolella . . .seeds of melilot aeratella, h in galls, on knotgrass apicipunctella, h. in Aira trapeziella, h. in Luzula pilosa complanella . . . oak angusticolella rose dodonseella, h. in oak roborella oak quinqueguttella dwarf sallows Bremiella vetches insignitella ...in a clover lautella....,....oak vacciniella . . . whortleberry Messaniella ...oak, evergreen oak, chesnut, hornbeam, beech Dunningiella nut Clerckella ...sloe, apple, cherry, hawthorn, &c. sparti foliella . . . under bark of broom laburnella ... atricapitella...oak anomalella ...rose i88 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUP^E] OCTOBER C. sagittata spun up, among Thalictrum ; or on the ground, near ; in fens E. lineolata to April, cocoon, attached to Galium verum, on coast sand-hills; below the surface C. obliquaria ...among broom D. bicuspis to April, spun up, on birch trunks, in the S. ; alder in the N.; rarely above 2 feet from the ground. Resembles a Brazil nut ,, furcula spun up, on trunk of willow, or sallow ,, bifida spun up, on trunk of poplars ,, vinula spun up, on trunk of willows, poplars, and sallow; three or four ft. from the ground S. fagi to May, spun up, among leaves of beech, oak, birch, elm ; s. at r. P. Cassinea sub., at oak ; deep P. bucephala ...to May, sub., at various trees C. curtula to Mar. , spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, and sallow reclusa to May, spun up, among dead leaves of sallows, poplars, willows P. palpina to June, in cocoon, at willows, and poplars ; on edges of streams, on the ground, or under sods N. camelina to May, at various trees, in a slight cocoon cucullina to May, at maple, and sycamore ; under moss, &c. carmelita sub., at birch dictsea to May, in large co- coon, at poplars, and willows ; under a leaf, or sod dictseoides ...to May, at birch ; in a slight cocoon, under a leaf, &c. dromedarius...to May, at birch, alder, nut ; in a slight cocoon, under a leaf, &c. N. ziczac to May, sub., at poplars, sallow, willows trepida sub., at oak; cocoon tough, but not always coated with earth [oak Chaonia to April, sub., at ,, Dodonea to May, sub. , at oak, and birch T. batis to May, near bram- ble, and wild raspberry C. duplaris to May, between united birch leaves ,, fluctuosa to May, among birch leaves or, b at birch, among dead, or united leaves ocularis, b. ...at poplars, near the surface of the ground, or spun against the tree flavicornis ...betweenunited birch leaves D. Orion to May, at birch, and oak ; in a cocoon of gnawed bark, or rotten wood A. tridens to May, spun up, in crevices of bark, at hawthorn, sloe, rose, willow, mountain ash, sallow psi to May, in bark crevices, of various trees ,, leporina .to May, in excava- tions, in the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow aceris to May, spun up, among fallen leaves, and under loose bark of sycamore, horse chesnut, maple, birch, and s. oak [bark megacephala at poplar, under the strigosa to May among, dead leaves, of hawthorn; or rubbish, or decayed wood ; s. sub. ,, alni between leaves of various trees ; or inside bramble sticks , , ligustri to May, spun up, under moss, stones, &c., near ash, and privet ; also sub. ; also found under the top-stones of walls, against the tree PUPJE] THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OCTOBER A. rumicis ...... to May, spun up, in crevices of trees, palings, walls, &c. A. putris ......... to May, sub. , at elm D . pinastri ...... to May, in a cocoon, on the ground, among dock, sorrel, &c. X. conspicillaris to Mar., sub., at elm, and other trees M. albicolon ...... to April, sub., near Atriplex, Chenopodium, lettuce, ~ &c. C. Morpheus ...... to May, spun up, in a leaf, or an earthen cocoon, attached to food-plant A. segetum, s. ...to May, sub., among Cruciferse, grass, &c. T. piniperda ...... at Scotch, and other firs ; in open places in fir woods, and on the margin ; in crevices of bark, or under moss, and fallen needles, about i^in. or 2 in. deep, rarely within 2 ft. of the tree T. gothica ........ .at various trees, j ust beneath the surface 189 elm, D. Sf H f various trees opima at r. of Rosa spino- sissima, and dwarf sallows ; below the sand, on sand-hills, in the N. populeti sub., at poplars, especially Populus nigra ; deep gracilis sub., at willows, sallows, and low plants miniosa among fallen leaves, &c. munda under moss, at base of oak cruda sub., at oak carpophaga...to April, sub., near Silene, and Lychnis ; on the coast ; found by raking sand- hills . serena sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce [and birch . glauca sub., near sallow, H. oleracea sub., near nettle dock, &c. ; also in kitchen gardens thalassina ... sub., near honey- suckle, sallow, broom, &c. X. lithoriza to Feb. , near honey- suckle ; in a papery cocoon, on the ground C. verbasci in a large, tough, earthen cocoon, near mullein, or figwort * scrophularise in a cocoon, near figwort, or mullein ; s. two years in pupa ,, lychnitis sub. , near white, or black mulleii^; s. two years in pupa asteris sub., near golden rod, &c. ; s. two years in pupa , r gnaphalii sub., near golden rod absynthii sub., near worm- wood ,, chamomillse...sub., near chamo- mile, &c. umbratica sub., near Sonchus, &c. H. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens H. dipsacea to May, among melilot, and probably Silene otites, and Linaria A. myrtilli spun up, in heath E. venustula to May, at r. of Tormentilla reptans, and grass B. argentula among grass, on the ground B. parthenias ...at birch ; in crevices of bark, or on the ground A. urticse to, May, spun up, among nettle leaves ,, triplasia to May, spun up, among nettle leaves, hop, &c. P. aenea to May, amongst Polygala vulgaris E. sambucalis ...to May, spun up, in crevices, in palings, walls, &c.; near elder G. canella to June, among *^ Salsola kali i88 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS CALENDAR PUP.E] OCTOBER C. sagittata spun up, among Thalictrum ; or on the ground, near ; in fens E. lineolata to April, cocoon, attached to Galium verum, on coast sand - hills ; below the surface C. obliquaria ...among broom D. bicuspis to April, spun up, on birch trunks, in the S. ; alder in the N.; rarely above 2 feet from the ground. Resembles a Brazil nut furcula spun up, on trunk of willow, or sallow bifida spun up, on trunk of poplars vinula spun up, on trunk of willows, poplars, and sallow; three or four ft. from the ground S. fagi to May, spun up, among leaves of beech, oak, birch, elm ; s. at r. P. Cassinea sub., at oak ; deep P. bucephala ..,to May, sub., at various trees C. curtula to Mar., spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, and sallow reclusa to May, spun up, among dead leaves of sallows, poplars, willows P. palpina to June, in cocoon, at willows, and poplars ; on edges of streams, on the ground, or under sods N. camelina to May, at various trees, in a slight cocoon cucullina to May, at maple, and sycamore ; under moss, &c. carmelita sub., at birch dictsea to May, in large co- coon, at poplars, and willows ; under a leaf, or sod dictaeoides ...to May, at birch ; in a slight cocoon, under a leaf, &c. , r dromedarius...to May, at birch, alder, nut ; in a slight cocoon, under a leaf, &c. N. ziczac to May, sub., at poplars, sallow, willows ,, trepida sub., at oak ; cocoon tough, but not always coated with earth [oak ,, Chaonia to April, sub., at ,, Dodonea to May, sub. , at oak, and birch T. batis to May, near bram- ble, and wild raspberry C. duplaris to May, between united birch leaves ,, fluctuosa to May, among birch leaves or, b at birch, among dead, or united leaves ocularis, b. ...at poplars, near the surface of the ground, or spun against the tree flavicornis ...betweenunited birch leaves D. Orion to May, at birch, and oak ; in a cocoon of gnawed bark, or rotten wood A. tridens to May, spun up, in crevices of bark, at hawthorn, sloe, rose, willow, mountain ash, sallow psi to May, in bark crevices, of various trees leporina to May, in excava- tions, in the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow lf aceris to May, spun up, among fallen leaves, and under loose bark of sycamore, horse chesnut, maple, birch, and s. oak [bark megacephala at poplar, under the ,, strigosa to May among, dead leaves, of hawthorn; or rubbish, or decayed wood ; s. sub. alni between leaves of various trees ; or inside bramble sticks , , ligustri to May, spun up, under moss, stones, &c., near ash, and privet ; also sub. ; also found under the top-stones of walls, against the tree THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 189 PUP^G] OCTOBER A. rumicis ...... to May, spun up, in crevices of trees, palings, walls, &c. A. putris ......... to May, sub. , at elm D. pinastri ...... to May, in a cocoon, on the ground, among dock, sorrel, &c. X. conspicillaris to Mar., sub., at elm, and other trees M. albicolon ...... to April, sub., near Atriplex, Chenopodium, lettuce, &c. C. Morpheus ...... to May, spun up, in a leaf, or an earthen cocoon, attached to food-plant A. segetum, s. ...to May, sub., among Cruciferse, grass, &c. T. piniperda ...... at Scotch, and other firs ; in open places in fir woods, and on the margin ; in crevices of bark, or under moss, and fallen needles, about i^in. or 2 in. deep, rarely within 2ft. of the tree T. gothica ......... at various trees, j ust beneath the surface '- f -nous trees opima ......... at r. of Rosa spino- sissima, and dwarf sallows ; below the sand, on sand-hills, in the N. populeti ...... sub., at poplars, especially Populus nigra ; deep gracilis ......... sub., at willows, sallows, and low plants miniosa ...... among fallen leaves, &c. munda ......... under moss, at base of oak cruda ......... sub. , at oak carpophaga...to April, sub., near Silene, and Lychnis ; on the coast ; found by raking sand- hills serena ......... sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce [and birch glauca ......... sub., near sallow, . sub., near worm- .sub., near chamo- H. oleracea sub., near elm, nettle dock, &c. ; also in kitchen gardens thalassina ... sub., near honey- suckle, sallow, broom, &c. X. lithoriza to Feb. , near honey- suckle ; in a papery cocoon, on the ground C. verbasci in a large, tough, earthen cocoon, near mullein, or figwort * scrophulariae in a cocoon, near figwort, or mullein ; s. two years in pupa lychnitis sub. , near white, or black mulleii^; s. two years in pupa ,, asteris sub., near golden rod, &c. ; s. two years in pupa gnaphalii sub., near golden rod ,, absynthii .... wood chamomillse. mile, &c. ,, umbratica sub., near Sonchus, &c. H. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens H. dipsacea to May, among melilot, and probably Silene otites, and Linaria A. myrtilli spun up, in heath E. venustula to May, at r. of Tormentilla reptans, and grass B. argentula among grass, on the ground B. parthenias ...at birch ; in crevices of bark, or on the ground A. urticse to. May, spun up, among nettle leaves triplasia to May, spun up, among nettle leaves, hop, &c. P. aenea to May, amongst Polygala vulgaris E. sambucalis ...to May, spun up, in crevices, in palings, walls, &c.; near elder G. canella to June, among ^ Salsola kali 190 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] L. roborella hortella amyotella lautella quercifoliella Heegeriella . . . Cramerella .. OCTOBER among fallen oak leaves L. faginella among fallen beech. leaves ,, carpinicolella ) among fallen leaves tenella ...... I of hornbeam IMAGOS] Although the cold, winds, and occasional frosts, which now begin to visit us, tell of the approach of winter, we have not yet reached the time, " When the Night doth meet the Noon In a dark conspiracy To banish Even from her sky ;" and the Collector*nust not yet suppose his "season" is closed. This is the great month for captures at ivy, which is now in bloom ; and a large number of the autumnal species are attracted to the stupifying blossoms. In the day- time bees, and butterflies hold high festival over the mantling ivy sprays ; and at night, soon after dusk, many Moths, especially Noctuse, flock as to a banquet, where "Unbought dainties crown the feast." The short period required for the intoxication, or stupefaction, of the Moths is remarkable. The blossoms should be lightly beaten, or shaken, into an umbrella, or clap-net, or sheet, or other contrivance, held or spread beneath, when the Moths required are easily boxed. Sometimes the labours of the Collector are rewarded by the capture of the rare D. rubiginea. Other flowers, besides the ivy, are also very attractive to Moths, especially arbutus, and stinging nettle ; as are also blackberries, and other fruit. V. c. -album, h. at blackberries, &c. ; H. pennaria woods ; ; it rest. , on may be found hanging to under- trees side of leaves of trees, in wet S. sacraria, 2. .. .flies by day ; has weather been taken at fl. ; at sugar ; and tl polychloros, h. hangs up, in out- atl. [t :rees houses, hollow trees, &c., for H. aurantiaria . . . woods ; at rest , on the winter tl defoliaria .woods ; at rest , on 4 Antiopa, h. ...at ivy, fl.,and cossus- trees infected trees C. brumata comes to 1. II Atalanta, h. at ivy, fl., and fruit f> boreata cardui, h. ...at fl. 6. dilutata c. Pamphilus . . . T. juniperata .. .comes to 1. p. Phlceas at fl. c. psittacata, h. comes to 1. A. Atropos at rest, on palings, I( miata, h &c. E. cervinata C. celerio at fl., at dusk C. spartiata nerii p. Cassinea, e. . . .comes to 1. E. alniaria P. bucephala .. .at rest THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 191 IMAGOS] P. plumigera .. shady hedges ; local D. caeruleocephala comes to 1. T. batis, 2 L. vitellina albipuncta ...at fl. comma, s., 2. 1-album N. lutosa, b. H. micacea .. A. Australis.. L. exigua C. cubicularis A. suffusa, h. saucia, h at ivy segetum at ivy O. lota at ivy macilenta at ivy, A. rufina at ivy pistacina at ivy lunosa C. vaccinii, h. OCTOBER woods, and ...comes to 1. ...comes to 1. [to 1. . . .among grass ; comes ...beaten, from thatch ...at ivy comes to 1. [berries and yew .comes to L, and ivy at ivy spadicea, h.... at ivy erythrocephala, h. at ivy S. satellitia, h. ...at ivy [berries D. rubiginea, h. ...at ivy, and yew H. croceago, h. at ivy X. silago ,, aurago, b at ivy ,, ferruginea ...at ivy T). templi, h. ...usually found by turning over stone-heaps, in elevated districts ; comes to 1. E. nigra at ivy M. oxyacanthce at ivy A. Aprilina . at ivy ..at ivy ..at ivy ..at ivy [tree trunks ..at ivy, and rests on , at ivy, and rests on P. meticulosa , empyrea ... C. vetusta, h. exoleta, h. , X. lambda .... furcifera, h. . rhizolitha, h tree trunks semibrunnea, h. at ivy petrificata, h. at ivy H. armigera at ivy C. fraxini at rest, on walls, and nupta at rest, on walls, tree trunks, &c. H. proboscidalis [houses ,, rostralis, h. ..in gardens, and out- Pi fimbrialis comes to 1. D. ramburialis ... M. unionalis successive broods, during the year S. coarctalis, h. on mossy walls E. ficella in corn, and seed warehouses, among oilcake, &c. N. angustella, 2. M. alveariella, s. about beehives L. scabrana among elm [thorn P. cristana ... among sallows, &haw- P. sordidana among alder; in marshes, and fens L. phryganella . . . E. gelatella T. imella * pellionella ... common, in houses pallescentella in warehouses, and poulterer's shops H. radiatella, h. Y. asperella among apple P. caudella, h. ... D. hypericella ...among Hypericum IF ocellella among sallow depressella, s. olerella beaten, from thatch; near Hazlemere [slack G. Lyellella Castle Eden, Wither- atriplicella, 3. among Atriplex, and Chenopodium A. betulella beaten; CastleEden, High Force Z. fasciapennella the Pentlands G. semifasciella C. citrinella, h B. somnulentella C. chaerophyllella, h. ,, daucella L. decorella, h. among Epilobium L. trifasciella ...among honeysuckle L. padifoliella ... P. salignella, h. among willows, near London [vulus P. pterodactylus, h. among Convol- serotinus among Galium Mollugo A. polydactyla, h. ... among honey- suckle, and in windows NOVEMBER OVA] T. quercus on oak twigs C. w-album on wytch elm ; also elm ; on the twigs ,, pruni on sloe twigs L. ^Egon on Ornithopus per- pusillus ; white H. comma on trefoil, and other Leguminosse L. monacha on oak, beech, fir, birch, apple, &c. ,, T. cratsegi ^n hawthorn ; also s. sloe, sallow, birch, oak P. populi ..to Mar., on oak, poplar, lime, ash, hawthorn E. B. neustria on hawthorn, sloe, C. fruit trees ; in batches round T. twigs, and branches castrensis on Artemisia mari- tima, Daucus maritimus, &c. P. E. vespertaria ...on nut P. apiciaria poplar, willow, sallow C. elinguaria ...on oak, honeysuckle, hawthorn, sloe ; also heath, bilberry, &c. H. pennaria on oak F. pinetaria on bilberry H. aurantiaria ...to March, on oak, C. birch, hawthorn, &c. defoliaria to March, on oak, nut, sloe, hawthorn, birch, elm, T. lime, &c. C. brumata to March, on oak, and other trees boreata to March, on birch O. dilutata to March, on oak, P. and other trees E. subciliata on maple; at foot- stalk of leaf M. rubiginata ... on alder ; large S. vetulata on buckthorn C. immanata ...probably on alder, and other trees, and strawberry, H. bilberry, &c.; large prunata on currant, goose- berry, sloe ; on the bark, large testata on heath, birch, sallow, poplar, &c. ; singly, large populata on bilberry, whortle- berry, poplar ; globular, large, yellow fulvata on dog rose; rose- pink, large pyraliata on Galium, and hawthorn ; large dotata on black, and red currant ; large cervinaria ...to April, on mallow spartiata on broom choerophyllata... on Anthriscus sylvestris, and Bunium flexu- osum Cassinia to April, on oak plumigera ...on maple ; chiefly on the twigs, in hedges, not shaded by trees ; after the 7th of the month, until March. Often singly ; but also in twos, threes, and s. much larger clusters. Circular, smooth ; brown above, whitish beneath xerampelina...on ash; probably in the chinks of the twigs, and the buds subtusa upon the twigs of poplar retusa on sallow, willow, poplar ; upon the axils of the leaves chi on dock, hawthorn, sallow ; and probably lettuce, sowthistle, " tea tree," &c. flavocincta ...on dock, chick weed, groundsel, mint, &c. ; in gar- dens, on everlasting pea, plum, &c. proboscidalis on nettle ; rather large, pale yellow THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 193 LARV-E] NOVEMBER A large number of hibernating larvae hide away early, and are seldom seen again until the spring. Thus several specified under this month may not have been seen since July, August, or September. Several others come out to feed occasionally, when the weather is mild. A. Iris, h stretched out, on a sallow twig A. Australis, h. Cichorium intybus, Poa annua, and other plants H. hispida, h? .. grasses, lettuce, plantain, &c. A. Puta dandelion, lettuce, carrot r., knotgrass, &c. saucia, h plantain, dock, and other low plants N. Dahlii, h. ...low plants ; s. feeds up without h., in mild winters ,, umbrosa, h. ...dock, and various low plants ; feeds in mild wea- ther, through the winter C. xerampelina, h. ash E. lichenea, h. ...ragwort, and other low plants ; on the coast P. meticulosa, h. groundsel, and various low plants empyrea, h. ...pilewort, &c. M. cephalonica, h. ...dried currants, &c. P. gentiana, h. ...teazle, heads marginana, h. teazle, heads C. fulvana? heads of Centaurea scabiosa S. ferrugalis has been fed on Aster amellus, on the Continent M. polygonalis...Ulex nanus, fl., on heaths ; Genista ? T. imella among furrier's refuse, and has been found in a felt shoe ! merd ella in furs semifulvella, h. in birds' nests, feeding on wool P. bicostella, h. Erica cinerea A. fibulella in a flat case, on leaves of Veronica chamaedrys C. albitarsella, h. ...Origanum, and Glechoma vitisella, h. ...whortleberry [trees C. Linneella, h. under bark of lime E. gangabella, h. Dactylisglomerata L. lantanella, h. Viburnum lantana ; best collected this month T. marginea, h. bramble N. ruficapitella... in common oak, and evergreen oak PUP^E] P. Machaon ...... on stems of Peu- cedanum palustre ; in fens P. brassicae ... ) H n P napi ......... ) S. ocellatus ------ sub., at willows, poplars, &c. populi ......... sub. , at poplar, wil- low, &c. tiliae ............ sub., at elm, lime, beech C. ligniperda ...to May, at various trees ; spun up, under bark, &c. ; but s. buries L. asellus ......... spun up, on a leaf A. mendica ...... under moss, on trees bordering ditches O A. lubricepeda ) spun up, on palings, menthrasti ) trees, &c. ,, urticae under moss, on trees O. pudibunda in dead leaves, under moss, &c. E. lanestris cocoon, on the ground, near hawthorn, &c. E. versicolora ...spun up, at birch S. carpini cocoon, amongst leaves, heath, &c. E. dolobraria ...under moss, on oak S. illunaria sub. , at willow, oak, &c. lunaria at sloe, oak, nut, &c. illustraria cocoon, among leaves, on, or near, the ground 194 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PUPJE] 0. bidentata under moss, on various trees P. pilosaria sub. , at oak, and elm N. zonaria sub., on sand -hills hispidaria at oak B. hirtaria sub., at elm, lime, ash, and fruit trees A. prodromaria sub,, at oak, elm, &c. ; just beneath the surface betularia sub., at oak, elm, birch, and other trees H. abruptaria ...spun up, on twigs, &c. ; of lilac, rose, or privet T. consonaria ...under moss, at r. of beech, oak, birch crepuscularia under moss, on alder, birch, elm, poplar, willow ; or in bark crevices biundularia ...spun up, on oak, and birch punctulata ...under moss, on birch, and alder ; or in bark crevices 1. lactearia spun up, among leaves of oak, and birch E. porata fastened to leaf of oak punctaria fastened to leaf of oak, or birch trilinearia fastened to leaf of beech ,, pendularia birch E. heparata .. on alder C. pusaria spun ground exanthemaria spun up, under leaves of sallow, and alder M. liturata in open places, and on the margins of fir woods, at I inch to 2 inches deep, rarely within 2 feet of the tree N. pulveraria ...in withered sallow leaves, &c. F. carbonaria ...among dead leaves of sallow, and birch tl piniaria at Scotch fir, and larch ; in open places, in woods, rarely within 2 feet of the tree, at i^ in. to 2 in. deep NOVEMBER .fastened to leaf of .among moss, &c., up, on the H. rupicapraria in a web, on the ground, among oak, sloe, &c. leucophearia on the ground, near oak ii progemmaria sub , at oak, birch, hornbeam, &c. defoliaria sub., at oak, haw- thorn, sloe, hornbeam, nut, elm, &c. A. sescularia sub., at elm, oak, lime, sloe, hawthorn L. multistrigaria sub., about Galium E. albulata within the spun-up sepals of yellow rattle n decolorata ...about Lychnis dioica E. venosata about Silene, and Lychnis ,, consignata probably under moss, and loose bark, in apple orchards pulchellata ... among the seeds, and dead fl. of foxglove isogrammata about Clematis vital ba fraxinata on ash; under moss, and loose bark nanata about heath vulgata sub., at various plants, and trees , , minutata about heath assimilata in crevices, about currant, and hop exiguata about oak, &c. M . ocellata among Galium ; spun up, near the ground. The larva s. remains during winter M. subtristata ...sub., near Galium galiata sub., near Galium A. sinuata in earthen cocoon, on the ground, among Galium badiata in earthen cocoon, on the ground, beneath dog rose bushes derivata sub. , at dog rose C. sagittata spun up, about Tha- lictrum, or on the ground, near ; in fens E. lineolata cocoon attached to Galium verum, below the sur- face, on coast sand-hills THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR NOVEMBER P. falcula bet ween united birch C. leaves D. bicuspis spun up, on birch ,, trunks, in the S. ; alder in the N. ; rarely above 2 ft. from the ground furcula spun up, on trunk of willow, or sallow bifida spun up, on trunk of poplars vinula spun up, on trunk D. of willows, poplars, and sallow ; three, or four feet from the ground A. S. fagi spun up, among leaves of beech, oak, birch, elm ; s. at r. |( P. bucephala . . . sub. , at various trees C. curtula spun up, between dead leaves of poplars, and sallow reclusa to May, spun up, among dead leaves of poplars, willows, sallows P. palpina at willows, and pop- lars, on edges of streams, in cocoon, on the ground, or under sods N. camelina in a slight cocoon, at various trees cucullina at maple, and syca- more, under moss, &c. carmelita sub., at birch dictaea at poplars, and wil- lows ; in large cocoon, under a leaf, or sod dictseoides ...at birch; in a slight cocoon, under a leaf, &c. dromedarius at birch, alder, nut ; in a slight cocoon, under a leaf, &c. A. ziczac at poplars, sallow, D. willows ; in a slight cocoon trepida sub. , at oak ; cocoon tough, but not always coated X. with earth Chaonia sub., at oak M. ,, Dodonea sub., at oak, & birch -. T. batis near bramble, and A. wild raspberry 03 duplaris between united birch leaves fluctuosa among birch leaves or, b at birch, among dead, or united leaves ocularis, b. ..at poplars; near the surface of the ground, or spun against the tree flavicornis . . . between united birch leaves Orion at birch, and oak; in a cocoon of gnawed bark, or rotten wood tridens spun up, in crevices of bark, at hawthorn, sloe, rose, willow, sallow, mountain ash psi in bark crevices, of various trees leporina in excavations in the bark of birch, poplar, alder, sallow aceris spun up, among fallen leaves, and under loose bark of sycamore, horse chesnut, maple, birch, and s. oak megacephala at poplar, under the bark strigosa among dead leaves of hawthorn, or rubbish, or de- cayed wood ; s. sub. alni between leaves of various trees ; or inside bramble sticks ligustri spun up, under moss, stones, &c., near ash, and privet; also sub. ; also found under the top stones of walls, against the tree rumicis spun up, in crevices of trees, palings, walls, &c. putris sub. , at elm pinastri in a cocoon, on the ground, among dock, sorrel, &c. conspicillaris sub., at elm, and other trees albi colon sub. , near Atriplex, v Chenopodium, lettuce, &c. segetum, s. ...sub., among Cru- ciferse, grass, &c f 196 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR NOVEMBER T. T. at r. of low plants D. H. H. piniperda at Scotch, and other firs ; in open places in fir woods, and on the margin ; in crevices of bark, and under moss, and fallen needles ; rarely within 2ft. of the tree, i^ to 2 in. deep gothica at various trees leucographa % rubricosa ... instabilis ... , atr . ofvarioustrees stabihs ) opima at r. of Rosa spino- sissima, and dwarf sallow ; be- low the sand, on sand-hills in theN. populeti sub., at poplars, es- pecially Populus nigra ; deep gracilis sub. , at willows, sallows, and low plants miniosa among fallen leaves, &c. munda under moss, at base of oaks cruda sub., at oak carpophaga ...sub., near Silene, and Lychnis ; on the coast ; found by raking sand-hills serena sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce glauca sub., near sallow, and birch oleracea sub. , near elm, net- tle, dock, &c. ; also in kitchen gardens thalassina ...sub., near honey- suckle, sallow, broom, &c. X. lithoriza near honeysuckle, in a papery cocoon, on the ground C. verbasci ... ) sub " * cocoon, ..scrophulan*} "^ lychnitis sub. , near white, and black mullein asteris ) sub., near golden gnaphalii... \ rod, &c. absynthii sub., near worm- wood chamomillse...sub., near chamo- mile, &c. umbratica ...sub., near Sonchus, &c. H. marginata ...sub., near Ononis procurrens H. dipsacea among melilot, and probably Silene otites, and Linaria A. myrtilli spun up, on heath E. venustula at r. of Tormentilla reptans, and grass B. argentula among grass, on the ground B. parthenias ...at birch; in crevices of bark, or on the ground A. urticse spun up, among nettle leaves triplasia spun up, among nettle leaves, hop, &c. P. senea among Polygala vulgaris E. sambucalis ...spun up, in crevices in palings, walls, &c. , near elder G. canella......... among Salsola kali IMAGOS] P. populi at rest, at the base of oak, &c. H. pennaria woods; attest, on trees H. aurantiaria ...woods; at rest, on trees defoliaria woods; at rest, on trees C. brumata conies to 1. boreata O, dilutata C. psittacata, h. comes to 1. P. Cassinea comes to 1. P. plumigera ...shady woods, and hedges L. vitellina A. segetum C. vaccinii, h. ... ,, spadicea, h erythrocephala, h. S. satellitia, h.... D. rubiginea, h. THE LEPIDOPTERISTS CALENDAR '97 IMAGOS] NOVEMBER H. croceago, h. D. templi, h. ... M. oxyacanthse * C. exoleta, h. ... C. chamomillge, h. S. coarctalis, h. on mossy walls L. scabrana among elm L. phryganella ...flies in woods, in calm weather E. gelatella among sallow T. imella H. radiatella, h. P. caudella, h. ... C. daucella . P. cristana among sallows, and L. Messaniella ...among evergreen oak hawthorn trifasciella ...among honeysuckle L. Clerckella, h. DECEMBER As there is now but little work to be done, out-of-doors, and as that may be impeded by frost, or snow, the reader may be reminded that this is a con- venient period for over-hauling his collection ; carrying out any re-arrange- ment that, in these days of name-changing, may be deemed desirable ; or clearing out duplicate boxes, and otherwise preparing for the campaign next season. Mitey specimens, if worth preserving, may be "doctored" with a diluted solution of corrosive sublimate, dissolved in alcohol, or vinegar ; or with a weak solution of phenic acid in alcohol, or naphtha. As papered drawers and boxes are often objectionable, from the trouble they involve, and the obstacle presented to the entrance of fine pins into the cork, by the coat of paper and paste, it may be desirable to whiten the cork instead. To carry this out properly the paper shoud be entirely removed from the cork, and the drawer cleaned. Then take as much laevigated oxide of zinc as may be deemed necessary, with a minute portion of indigo or ultramarine, to give greater whiteness, and gently add, mixing with a spatula, as much skimmed milk as will form with it a mixture of the consistence ot cream ; then with a soft, flat camel's hair brush apply the mixture evenly over the surface ; by means of a dabber of muslin or cambric eliminate the lines formed by the brush, and dry slowly at some distance from the fire. The following are stated to be preferable modes of keeping insects in cabinets or boxes to the ordinary camphor method : Treat each drawer, or box, to a fumigation, for a day or two, of Bisulphate of Carbon, by placing a small piece of sponge partially soaked with the fluid in the corner. If this is done once a-year or so, it is said to be perfectly effective in preventing the appearance of mites, beetles, or other enemies. This is the material employed by many dealers for preserving their large stocks of insects. The reader, however, ought to be warned that so offensive is the smell of this enemy of animal life, that it can only be applied in cases where a spare room is available for the purpose. Dr. Laboulbene gives the preference over every other insect preservative to a solution of equal parts of phenic acid and pure benzine, dropped on a small piece of sponge, and placed in the corner of the box, or drawer. This is stated to have the advantage of arresting fungoid growths. OVA! T. quercus on oak twigs T. cratsegi on hawthorn ; also w- album on wytch elm, also s. sloe, sallow, birch, oak elm; on the twigs P. populi on oak, poplar, lime, pruni on sloe twigs ash, hawthorn L. JEgon on Ornithopus per- B. neustria on sloe, hawthorn, pusillus ; white fruit trees ; in batches, round H. comma on trefoil, and other twigs, and branches Leguminosse (l castrensis on Artemisia man- L. monacha on oak, beech, fir, tima, Daucus maritimus, c. birch, apple, &c. E. vespertaria ...on nut THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 199 OVA] DECEMBER apiciaria on poplar, willow, sallow elinguaria ... on oak, honeysuckle, hawthorn, sloe ; also heath, bilberry, &c. pennaria on oak pinetaria on bilberry aurantiaria ...on oak, birch, haw- thorn, &c. [trees brumata on oak, and other boreata on birch [trees dilutata on oak, and other subciliata on maple ; on foot- stalk of leaf rubiginata ...on alder; large vetulata on buckthorn immanata ...probably on alder, and other trees ; and strawberry, bilberry, &c. ; large prunata on currant, goose- berry, sloe ; on the bark ; large testata on heath, birch, sal- low, poplar, &c. ; singly, large populata on bilberry, whortle- berry, poplar ; globular, large, yellow C. fulvata on dog rose; rose-- pink, large pyraliata on Galium, and haw- thorn ; large ,, dotata on black, and red currant ; large E. cervinaria on mallow C. spartiata on broom T. chserophyllata on Bunium flexuo- sum P. Cassinea on oak P. plumigera ...on maple ; chiefly on the twigs, in hedges, where not shaded by trees. Often singly, but s. in clusters of two, three, or many more. Circular, smooth, brown above, whitish underneath T. subtusa upon twigs of poplar retusa on sallow, willow, poplar ; upon the axils of the leaves P. flavicincta ...on dock, chickweed, groundsel, mint, &c. H. proboscidalis on nettle ; rather large, pale yellow LARVJE] M. anceps Pindampplaces A. Puta dandelion, lettuce, carrot roots, knotgrass, &c. saucia, h plantain, dock, and other low plants M. cephalonica, h. ...dried currants, &c. P. gentianana, h. teazle heads N. aurella from Jan. , bramble PUP-E] P. Machaon on stems of Peu- cedanum palustre ; in fens P. brassicse ... ) rapse > on palings, walls, &c. ii napi ) S. ocellatus sub., at willows, poplars, &c. , , populi sub. , at poplar, wil- low, &c. tilise sub., at elm, lime, beech C. ligniperda ...at various trees; spun up, under bark, &c. ; but s. buries L. asellus spun up, on a leaf A. mendica under moss, on trees bordering ditches lubricepeda ) spun up, on palings, menthrasti ) trees, &c. , , urticse under moss, on trees O. pudibunda ...in dead leaves, under moss, &c. E. lanestris cocoon, on the ground, near hawthorn, &c. E. versicolora ...spun up, at birch S . carpini cocoon, amongst leaves, heath, &c. E. dolobraria . . .under moss, on oak 202 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR PCJP-ffi] DECEMBER T. populeti sub., at poplars, especially Populus nigra gracilis sub. , at willows, sallows, and low plants miniosa among fallen leaves, &c. munda under moss, at base of oak cruda sub., at oak carpophaga . . . sub. , near Silene, and Lychnis ; on the coast ; found by raking sand-hill serena sub., near Sonchus, and lettuce glauca ... sub. , near sallow, and birch oleracea sub., near elm, nettle, dock, &c. ; also in kitchen gar- dens thalassina sub. , near honey- suckle lithoriza near honeysuckle, in a papery cocoon ; on the ground verbasci ) sub. , in a cocoon, scrophularise *^ .sub., near Sonchus, near Ononis lychnitis sub. , near white, and black mullein C. asteris ) sub. , near golden gnaphalii \ rod, &c. absynthii sub., near worm- wood chamomill8e...sub., near chamo- mile, &c. umbratica &c. H. marginata ...sub., procurrens ,, dipsacea among melilot, and probably Silene otites, and Linaria A. myrtilli spun up, on heath E. venustula at r. of Tormentilla reptans, and grass B. argentula among grass B. parthenias ...at birch, in crevices of bark ; or on the ground A. urticas spun up, among nettle leaves triplasia spun up, among nettle, hop, &c. P. senea among Polygala vulgaris E. sambucalis ...spun up, in crevices in palings, walls, &c. , near elder G. canella among Salsola kali IMAGOS H. pennaria P. pilosaria H. rupicapraria, e. on hawthorn twigs defoliaria C. brumata conies to 1. boreata O. dilutata P. populi P. Cassinea, b P. plumigera ... X. rhizolitha, h. E. gelatella among sallow H. radiatella, h. P. caudella, h. ... L. trifasciella ...among honeysuckle NOTES ON LOCALITIES. In spite of the encroachments constantly being made by advancing "civilization," and the agricultural, and other improvements being carried out, in large tracts of country, fortunately, for the sake of Entomological and Botanical Science, we have still many localities left to us in a compara- tive state of nature. The geological and physical features of a country are well known to be the chief regulating agencies in the production of its Flora and its Fauna. We are chiefly interested in the Insect Fauna only, and the Flora upon which that mainly depends. If the observer is assured of the pro- ductiveness of any particular locality in a special plant, or family of plants, he may fairly conclude that there are corresponding Insects also to be found. Hills, as a rule, (when moderately covered with a good variety of not-too- closely planted wood) seem more productive than purely agricultural districts in the vale, besides producing special Insects which are not to be found elsewhere. Wet places, provided they are not too much exposed, produce more insect-life than colder and dryer places. Thus forests, woods, heaths, bogs, and especially fens, and sandy districts bordering the sea, are favourite resorts of the Entomologist. In these latter places especially do we find rare and interesting insects. Some of them are remarkably local, being apparently confined to a very small space, not always precisely defined by the range of the food-plant. In some of these districts, notably the " Breck" districts of Norfolk and Suffolk, the ancient coast-line, inside the existing line, is unmistakeably indicated, and produces its special plants and insects, not to be found elsewhere in the kingdom. These are spots which are most interesting from a scientific point of view, and ought never to be " hunted to death," for the sake of the rare specimens they produce, or we may see " the goose killed for the sake of the golden eggs," to our cost, a process, indeed, we are threatened with, in regard to some of our local insects, by needy dealers, and greedy Collectors. Mr. Charles G. Barrett has done much to make us acquainted with the riches of this " Breck" district, and the neighbouring fens, and by his energy and intelligence has greatly enlarged our scientific knowledge of many species. Probably one of the best districts in this country for Insects is Rannoch, which is doubtless largely due to the abundant vegetation of the heaths, woods, and hills having from time immemorial remained wild and unshorn. This it is, too, which makes our old forests such excellent hunting grounds for local insects, particularly Sherwood Forest, and the New Forest. Epping Forest, too, (now happily preserved against further encroachments from lucre- loving lords-of-the-manor), was once a famous locality, and doubtless many good species still linger there. The Forest of Dean has^ been somewhat disappointing, probably because of the poorness of a good deal of the soil, and the number of young plantations, interspersed with coal-pits and iron- works ; while it is a difficult country to work, on account of its hilly character. Bewdley Forest, Worcestershire, has yielded larvae of E. versicolora, and Other good things. 204 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR Many of our moors, mosses, and heaths yield a fair number of good species, or did do so some years ago ; and the undrained fens of Cambridge and Norfolk have long been held in esteem for the richness of their Insect Fauna. Many of the bare, wild districts in the North, "far removed from the haunts of men," have, by sturdy and persistent hunting, been made to yield abun- dantly. The Isle of Man, and the Hill of Howth, near Dublin, have attracted some of our best Entomologists, and have been the means of adding several new species to our Lists. The Isle of Portland is almost the only place where some species of Acidalia are to be found, though success is not always vouchsafed the wayfarer, owing to the villanously wet and windy weather which largely prevails in that district. The coast of Dorset in two places, the Burning Cliff, and Lulworth Cove, yields the very local skipper P. Actjeon. The London District includes many good localities which can easily be reached by railway. West Wickham wood, near Croydon, has yielded several good species. The Collector is recommended to proceed from Croydon towards the village of Addington, examining as he goes along the " Bishop's fence" for N. carmelita, should he be there when it is due, and also the birch, fir, and other tree trunks. The wood is near the inn. Coombe wood has been worked by the older Entomologists with great success. It is pre- served for shooting purposes by the Duke of Cambridge, from whose agent Mr. Glutton, Whitehall-place, it is said to be possible to get an order for admission in pursuit of insects. Kent, besides being "the garden of England," is probably one of our finest entomological counties. It is so largely blown upon from the sea ; it has such a variety of soil and physical feature ; and it is so liberally inter- spersed with well-wooded hills, that this is not to be wondered at. Fortunate is the Entomologist sojourning or resident in London, with time and means to hunt the coasts, and hills, and glades of sunny Kent. It is on our coasts, marshes, and mountains that we are most likely to find species hitherto unrecorded as British, if not absolutely new to Science. Unfortunately working in these places involves a large expenditure of time, while the labour is so severe that only the strongest can follow it up. If some of our Societies could be induced to take this work up, by employing trustworthy Collectors, they would, while adding materially to the richness of their own collections, fulfil a legitimate function of their existence, and give additional lustre to the reputation gained by England of late years in the path of Entomological Discovery. APPENDIX I. SPECIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THE CALENDAR. Abies excelsa spruce fir picea silver fir Acer pseudo-platanus sycamore campestre maple Achillea millefolium yarrow ptarmica sneezewort Actaea spicata herb Christopher ./Egopodium podagraria gout weed Aira canescens grey hair grass ,, csespitosa turfy hair grass Agrimonia eupatoria agrimony Alisma plantago greater water plantain Alnus glutinosa alder A lopecurus agrestis slender foxtail grass Althea officinalis marsh mallow rosea hollyhock Ammophilia arundinacea v ... sea reed, or marum Anagalis arvensis .".... scarlet pimpernel, or poor man's weather glass Arenaria media sea-side sandwort Angelica sylvestris wild angelica Anthemis nobilis common chamomile cotula stinking chamomile Anthriscus sylvestris wild chervil vulgaris common beaked parsley Anthyllis vulneraria woundwort, or kidney vetch Aquilegia vulgaris columbine Arabis rock cress, white arabis, &c. Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi red bearberry Artemisia campestris field southernwood vulgaris mugwort maritima sea wormwood absynthium wormwood vEsculus hippocastanum horse chesnut Asparagus officinalis common asparagus Asperula odorata sweet woodruff Asphodelus luteus yellow asphodel Asplenium Ruta muriaria wall-rue spleenwort Aster novi belgii Michaelmas daisy 206 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR Atriplex orache portulacoides .'.shrubby orache, or sea purslane A vena pratensis narrow-leaved oatgrass Ballota nigra black horeround Balsamia hortensis balsam Barbarea vulgaris yellow rocket, or bitter winter cress Bartsia viscosa yellow viscid bartsia Berberis vulgaris barberry Beta maritima sea beet Betula alba birch Brachy podium sylvaticum slender false brome grass Brassica oleracea cabbage ,, rapa turnip napus ..rape Bryonia dioica red-berried bryony Briza media quaking grass Bunium flexuosum earth nut Calamagrotis epigejos wood reed Callistephus chinensis China aster Callitriche verna water star wort Calluna erica heath, or ling Caltha palustris marsh marigold Calystegia sepium large convolvulus, or great bindweed Campanula trachelium nettle-leaved campanula rotundifolia harebell Cardamine amara bitter lady's smock pratensis common lady's smock , ( hirsuta : hairy bitter cress Carduus nutans musk thistle , , acanthoides welted thistle lanceolatus spear plume thistle crispus jagged thistle Carex paniculata great panicled sedge sylvatica pendulous wood sedge paludosa lesser common sedge riparia great common sedge glauca glaucous heath sedge intermedia soft brown marsh sedge Carpinus betulus hornbeam Castanea vulgaris Spanish chesnut Centaurea nigra black knapweed scabiosa great knapweed Cerastium vulgatum broad-leaved mouse-ear chick weed tomentosum woolley mouse-ear chickweed , , arvense field chickweed, or mouse-ear Cerasus avium wild cherry ,, padus bird cherry , r laurocerasus laurel Chenopodium album goosefoot Chaerophyllum temulum rough chervil Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ...ox eye sineuse , . , chrysanthemum THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 207 Chrysosplenium alternifolium alternate -leaved golden saxifrage Cichorium intybus wild stfccory Circaea lutetiana enchanter's nightshade Cirsium lanceolatum spear plume thistle arvense (Carduus arvensis) creeping plume thistle acaule ....dwarf plume thistle Clematis vitalba clematis, or travellers' joy Cochlearia armoracia horse radish anglica English scurvy grass ,, officinalis common scurvy grass danica Danish scurvy grass Colutea arborescens bladder senna Conium maculatum common hemlock Convolvulus arvensis small convolvulus, or small bindweed Cornus sanguinea dogwood, or wild cornel Corylus avellana nut, or hazel Cratsegus oxyacantha hawthorn, or whitethorn Cucubalus bacciferus berry-bearing campion Cupressus fastigata cypress Cynoglossum officinale houndstongue Cyperacse rush Cytisus scoparius broom Dactylis glomerata rough cocksfoot grass Datura stramonium thorn-apple Daucus carota common carrot maritimus sea-side carrot Delphinium .larkspur Digitalis purpurea foxglove Dipsacus sylvestris wild teazle Fullonum fuller's teazle Dryas ocopetala dryas, or mountain avens Dryum capilare a common moss Echium vulgare viper's bugloss Elymus arenarius upright sea lyme grass Empetrium nigrum crakeberry, or cro wberry Epilobium montanum broad smooth-leaved willow herb parviflorum small-flowered hairy willow herb palustre narrow-leaved marsh willow herb angustifolium rose bay willow herb hirsutum great hairy willow herb , , alsinifolium chick weed-leaved willow herb Equisetum horsetail Erica cinerea fine-leaved heath tetralix cross-leaved heath Erigeron acre blue fleabane Eriophorum vaginatum cotton grass Erithrsea centaurium common centaury Erodium circutarium hemlock storksbill Eryngium maritimum sea eryngo, or sea holly Erysimum cheiranthoides treacle mustard Eunonymus europoeus spindle Eupatorium cannabinum hemp agrimony 208 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR Euphorbia esula leafy branched spurge cyparissias cypress spurge paralias sea spurge Euphrasia officinalis eyebright Fagus sylvalica beech Festuca ovina . . sheep's fescue grass duriuscula hard fescue grass Ficaria ranunculoides pile wort Fragaria vesca strawberry Fraxinus excelsior ash Fuschia coccinea scarlet fuschia Galeopsis hemp nettle Galium Mollugo hedge bedstraw uliginosum '. rough marsh bedstraw palustre white water bedstraw sexatile smooth heath bedstraw verum yellow bedstraw Genista anglica needle greenwood tinctoria dyer's greenwood Gentiana campestris gentian Geum urbanum herb Bennet, or wood avens Glechoma hederacea ground ivy Glyceria aquatica reed grass Gnaphalium cudweed Gymnadenia conopsea fragrant orchis Habenaria bifolia butterfly orchis Hedera helix ivy Helianthemum vulgare sun cistus, or rock rose Heracleum sphondylium cow parsley Hesperis matronalis dame's violet Hieracium pilosella mouse-ear hawk weed umbellatum narrow-leaved hawkweed Hippocrepis comosa tufted horse-shoe vetch Hippophae rhamnoides sea buckthorn, or sallow thorn Holcus mollis creeping soft grass Humulus lupulus hop Hyoscamus niger henbane Hypericum perforatum perforated St. John's wort Ilex aquifolium holly Inula dysenterica fleabane conyza ploughman's spikenard Iris pseud-acorus yellow water iris, or flag fcetidissima stinking iris ,, germanica fleur de luce, or purple flag Jasione montana annual sheep's scabious Jasminum officinale white jasmine Juniperus sabina savine communis juniper Lactuca virosa strong scented wild lettuce ,, sativa garden lettuce muralis ivy-leaved wall lettuce Lamium purpureum red dead nettle THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 209 Lamium vulgatum common dead nettle album white dead nettle Lappa tomentosa downy-headed burdock glabra ....smooth-headed burdock Larix europoea larch Lathy rus latifolius everlasting pea ,, sylvestris narrow-leaved everlasting pea pratensis meadow vetchling palustris blue marsh vetchling Lemna minor duckweed Ligustrum vulgare privet Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax spuria round-leaved toadflax, or fluellen . Linum catharticum purging flax Lithospermum arvense corn gromwell Lonicera periclymenum honeysuckle, or woodbine Lotus corniculatus common birdsfoot trefoil major greater birdsfoot trefoil Luzula pilosa broad-leaved wood rush Lychnis sylvestris red campion dioica white campion flos-cuculi ragged robin Lycium barbarum box thorn Lycopsis arvensis bugloss Lysimachia vulgaris great loosestrife Lythrum salicaria spiked purple loosestrife ,, hyssopifolium hyssop-leaved purple loosestrife Malva moschata musk mallow sylvestris common mallow Marubium vulgare white horeround Matricaria chamomila wild chamomile Medicago lupulina black mendick, or nonsuch sativa lucerne Melampyrum pratense yellow cow wheat Melilotus officinalis yellow melilot Melissa clinopodium wild basil acinos basil thyme Mentha arvensis corn mint aquatica hairy mint M enyanthes trifoliata buckbean Milium effusam millet grass Molinia coerulea lavender grass Myosotis arvensis field forget-me-not, or scorpion grass Myrica gale sweet gale Nardus stricta small mat grass Nepeta cataria cat mint Nerum oleander oleander Nuppar lutea yellow water lily Odontites rubra wood chickweed CEnanthe crocata hemlock waterdrop Onobrychis sativa saintfoin Ononis procurrens trailing rest harrow p 210 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR Ononis spinosa spinous rest harrow ,, repens sea-side rest harrow Origanum vulgare wild marjorum Ornithopus perpusillus birdsfoot Orobus sy 1 vaticus wood bitter vetch tuberosus tuberous orobus M niger black bitter vetch Oxycoccus palustris cranberry Papaver rhseas common red poppy orientale ...large garden poppy Pastinaca sativa parsnip sylvestris wild parsnip edulis garden parsnip Petasites vulgaris butter bur Peucedanum palustre milk parsley, or hog's fennel, or marsh fennel Phleum pratense cat's-tail, or timothy grass Phragmites communis common reed Picris hieracioides hawkweed picris Pimpinella magna great burnet saxifrage (I saxifraga common burnet saxifrage Pinus sylvestris Scotch fir strobus Weymouth fir balsamea Canadian balsam fir , r alba white fir Plantago major greater plantain , , lanceolata ribwort, or narrow-leaved plantain maritima sea plantain Platanus orientalis oriental plane tree , , occidentalis American plane tree Poa annua annual meadow grass aquatica reed meadow grass Polygala vulgaris milkwort Polygonum aviculare knotgrass , , hydropiper water pepper, or biting persicaria . persicaria spotted persicaria Polypodium filix-mas male fern Populus alba white poplar , , tremula aspen nigra black poplar fastigata Lombardy poplar Potamogeton pectinatus fennel-leaved pondweed Potentilla tormentilla ... tormentil reptans creeping cinquefoil anserina silver weed Poteriam sanguisorba salad burnet Primula vulgaris primrose veris cowslip Prunus spinosa .., sloe, or blackthorn domestica plum Pteris aquilina brake fern Py rethrum inodorum corn feverfew THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 211 Pyrethram maritimum seaside feverfew Pyrus communis pear malus apple aucuparia mountain ash Quercus robur oak ,, . ilex evergreen oak Ranunculus acris upright crowfoot bulbosus bulbous crowfoot, or buttercup Raphanus sativus radish Reseda luteola weld u lutea wild mignonette odorata garden mignonette Rhamnus catharticus common buckthorn , , frangula berry-bearing alder Rhinanthus crista galli yellow rattle Rhynchospora alba white beak rush Ribes uva-crispa gooseberry rubrum red currant ,, nigrum black currant Rosa spinosissima burnet-leaved rose canina wild rose, or dog rose centifolia cabbage rose Rubia peregrina wild madder Rubus idseus wild raspberry fruticosus bramble, or blackberry csesius dewberry Rumex obtusifolius broad-leaved dock acutus sharp dock crispus curled dock hydrolapathum great water dock acetosa ..common sorrel acetosella sheep's sorrel Salicornia herbacea jointed glasswort radicans creeping glasswort Salix fragilis crack willow vitellina yellow willow, or golden osier triandra long-leaved triandrous willow viminalis common osier, or withy cinerea grey sallow aquatica water sallow caprea great round-leaved sallow repens creeping willow Salsola kali prickly saltwort Salvia pratensis sage, or meadow clary Sambucus nigra elder Saxifraga granulata white meadow saxifrage Scabiosa arvensis field scabious succisa devil's bit scabious columbaria small scabious Schoenus nigricans black bog rush Scirpus lacustris .'.bullrush, or clubrush Scleranthus perennis perennial knawel 212 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR S cleranthus animus annual knawel Scolopendrium vulgare common hartstongue Scrophularia aquatica water figwort nodosa knotted figwort Scutellaria galericulata common skullcap Sedum telephium orpine, or live-long acre biting stonecrop, or wall pepper reflexum crooked yellow stonecrop ,, album -white stonecrop Senecio Jacobsea common ragwort aquaticus marsh ragwort vulgaris common groundsel sylvaticus mountain groundsel Sesleria cserulea blue moor grass Silene acaulis moss campion inflata bladder campion maritima sea campion otites Spanish catchfly nutans Nottingham catchfly Siiapis nigra black mustard arvensis charlock alba white mustard Sisymbrium Sophia flixweed Sium latifolium broad-leaved water parsnip Solanum dulcamara woody nightshade nigrum black nightshade tuberosum potato Solidago virgaurea golden rod Sonchus arvensis corn sow thistle ,, oleraceus common sow thistle Sparganium bur reed Spinacia spinach Spiraea ulmaria meadow sweet Stachys betonica betony sylvatica hedge woundwort arvensis corn woundwort Statice armeria sea pink, or thrift , , limon ium spreading spiked sea thrift, or sea lavender Stellaria uliginosa bog stitch wort graminea lesser stitchwort media common chickweed holostea greater stitchwort Stratiotes alo'ides water aloe, or water soldier Symphoricarpos racemosus snowberry Symphy turn offi cinale common comfrey Syringa vulgaris lilac Tamus communis black bryony Tanaceum vulgare tansy Taraxacum dens leonis..... dandelion Teucrium scorodonia wild germander, or wood sage Thalictrum minus lesser meadow rue flavum common meadow rue THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 213 Thymus serpyllum wild thyme Tilia intermedia lime tree Trifolium repens . . Dutch clover, white clover, or shamrock procumbens hop trefoil Tripolium vulgare sea starwort Triticum repens couch grass ,, junceum rushy sea wheat grass Tropseolum garden nasturtium Tussilago farfara coltsfoot Typha latifolia , reed mace Ulex europoeus common furze nanus dwarf furze Ulmus campestris elm montana wytch elm Urtica dioica nettle, or stinging nettle Vaccinium myrtillus bilberry (l vitis idaea whortleberry Valerian offi cinalis officinal valerian Verbascum lychnitis white mullein pulverulentum yellow hoary mullein nigrum dark mullein blattaria moth mullein Veronica chamsedrys germander speedwell Viburnum tinus laurestinus lantana mealy guelder rose, or wayfaring tree opulus guelder rose Vicia cracca tufted vetch sylvatica : wood vetch Ir lutea yellow vetch sativa common vetch sepium bush vetch Viola odorata sweet violet canina dog violet tricolor wild heartsease Vitis vinifera .. vine APPENDIX II. of British WITH THE TIMES OF THEIR APPEARANCE. ABBREVIATIONS. The Roman numerals are used to indicate the Months, thus : I January ; n February ; in March ; iv April ; v May ; vi June ; vn July ; vm August ; ix September ; x October ; xi November ; xn December. The abbreviations used for the Nomenclators' names are as follow : B. Boisduval, Ba. Barrett. Be. Bedell, Ben. Bentley, Bjer. Bjerkander, Bk. Borkhausen, Bou. Bouche, Br. Bruand, C. Curtis, Clk. Clerck, Crw. Crewe, D. Duponchel, Db. Doubleday, Desv. Desvignes, Dg. Douglas, Don. Donovan, E. Esper, Ed. Edleston, Evers. Eversmann, F. Fabricius, Fisch. Dr. F. Fischer, Fors. Forster, F.R. Fischer E. von Rolerstamm, Frr. Freyer, Fro. Frolich, Fu. Fuessly, G. Guenee, Gm. Germar, Go. Goetze, Gregs. Gregson, H. Hubner, Hckw. Hochenwarth, Hey. Heyden, Hf. Hufnagel, Hml. Hummel, H.S. Herrich Schaffer, Htch, Hatchet, Hw. Hawarth, ///. Illiger, K. Kirby, Kn. Knoch, Kol. Kollar, Kngs. Knaggs, L. Linne, Lch. Leach, Ld. Lederer, Lef. Lefebvre, Lnig. Lienig, Lo. Logan, Ls. Laspeyres, Lt. Latreille, M. Mann, Me. McLachlin, N. Newman, Ni. Nicelli, O. Ochsenheimer, Ol. Olivier, P. Panzer, Pal. Palmer, Pey. Peyerimhoff, Rbr. Rambur, Rt. Rottemburg, Rtz. Ratzburg, S. Scopoli, S. V. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Weiner Gegend, Sax, Saxesen, Sc. Scott, Schlg. Schlager, Si. Sircom, S&. Schrank, So. Sodoffsky, i$j. Stephens, Stn. Stainton, Tan. Tauscher, Tengs, Tengstrom, Thnb. Thunberg, Ti. Tischer, Tr. Treitsche, V. Vieweg, Va. Vaughan, Vill. de Villers, Wd. Wood, Wk. Wocke, Wlk. Wilkinson, Wsd. Westwood, Z. Zeller, Zk. Zincken, Ztt. Zetterstedt. DIURNI. PAPJUON1DM PAPILIO, L. I OVA \ LARV>E 1 PUP/E I IMAGOS ^f ACHAON L vi VI tO VIII VIII V to VII PIERID& LEUCOPHASIA, Ss. SINAPIS, L v vi and vm vi and ix x PIERIS, Sk. CRATVEGI, L vi vm to v BRASSICJE, L v and vm vi and ix RAP;E, L v and vm vi and ix NAPI, L v and vm vi and IX DAPLIDICE, L v and vm vi and ix ANTHOCHARIS, B. CARDAMINES, L v vn RHODOCERIDM GONOPTERYX, L. RHAMNI, L iv vi vn COLIAS, F. EDUSA, F. v to ix vi vn HYALE, L v vn vn & ix to iv iv v and via VI VII & IX to IV VII & IX to IV VII & IX tO IV VII & IX to IV VII tO V VIII VIII V VI VII IV tO VIII IV tO VIII IV tO VIII v and vm vi to vm to iv VII VIII tO IV THE LEPIDC )PTERIST 7 S CALENDAR 215 VANESSID& ARGYNNIS, F. | OVA LARV> PUP/E I IMAGOS PAPHIA, L VII VIII tO VI VI VI VII AGLAIA, L VIII VIII tO VI VI vi vn NIOBE, L . , .VIII VIII tO V VI VI VII ADIPPE, S.V. . . .VIII VIII tO VI VI VI VII LATONA, L . ..VIII IX VIII tO V VI VIII IX VII tO V IV v vi and s. vm SELENE, S.V. . ..VI VII to V V v vi and s. vm MELI1VEA, F. ARTEMIS, S.V. ..VI VIII to IV IV V VI CINXIA, L , .VI VII tO V V V VI ATHALIA, E . .VII VIII tO V VI VI VII VANESSA, F. C-ALBUM, L . . .v and vn V and viu vi and ix VI VII & IX tO IV URTIOE, L iv v and vn v vi and vm vi and vm VI VII & IX tO IV POLYCHLOROS, L. ... . . . v s. x s. x to v vi VII VII tO V ANTIOPA, L V VI VII VII VII tO V Io,L IV V VI VII VII VII VIII tO V ATALANTA, L V VI VII VII VII VIII tO VI CARDUI, L , VI VI VII to IX VII to IX VII tO V NYMPHALIDJE LIMENITIS, F. SIBYLLA, L . .VII vm to v VI VI VII APATURA, F. IRIS, L VII VIII tO V VI VII SATYR ID& ARGE, B. GALATEA, L , .VII ' VIII tO V VI VII EREBIA, B. EPIPHRON, Kn VIII tO V VI VII MEDEA, S.V. ..VIII IX tO V VI VII VIII SATYRUS, F. ^EGERIA, L v and vin VI VII & IX tO III iv and vn iv and vn vm MEG^ERA, L v and vm VI VII & IX tO IV iv and vn v and vm SEMELE, L VII VIII tO VI VI VII IANIRA, L . .VII VIII tO V VI VI VII TlTHONUS, O ..VII VIII tO VI VI VII HYPERANTHUS, L... . . .VII VIII tO VI VI VI VII CCENONYMPHA, H.S. DAVUS, L . .VI VIII tO V VI VI VII PAMPHILUS, L . .V v vi and vm iv and vii v tox LYCMNID& THECLA, F. RUBI, L .V vn and x VIII tO IV v vi and s. vm QUERCUS, L VII tO IV V VI VI VII W-ALBUM, Kn ...VII to IV V VI VI VI VII PRUNI, L . ..VII tO III V VI VI VI VII BETULi, L . . .X V VI VII VII VIII POLYOMMATUS, Lt. HlPPOTHOE, L , ..VIII VIII tO VI [tO IV VII VII VIII PHLCEAS, L . ..vi and x V VI & VIII & X iv and x IV & VI VIII & X LYCjENA, F. BCETICA, L VII tO IX VIII IX ^EGON, S.V. VII tO II V VI VI VII VIII I OVA *XES, F V VI VI S.V..... VIII vii and ix to iv iv and vii v vi and vin s.v. .... ... .v and ix iv and vin v and vin v vi and vin ix S.V. .... X v and vn vin v and vin v vi and vin i,S IX x to vi VII VII VIII /; VI VII . V. VI VII IV V VI s,L vi and ix iv v and vin ...VI VII tO IV? VI 2l6 CORYDON, 6". Acis, S. ALSUS, ARGIOL ARION, ERYCINID& NEMEOBIUS, Ss. LUCINA, L vi HESPERIDsE SYRICHTHUS, B. ALVEOLUS, H. v THANAOS, B. TAGES, L v HESPERIA, B. PANISCUS, E vi SYLVANUS, E vii COMMA, L vin to in LINEA, S.V. vii ACTION, E SPHINGID& SMERINTHUS, O. OCELLATUS, L POPULI, L v TlLI/E, L ACHERONTIA, O. ATROPOS, L SPHINX, O. CONVOLVULI, L LIGUSTRI, L DEILEPHILA, O. EUPHORBIA, L GALII, S.V. LlNEATA, F. CH/EROCAMPA, D. CELERIO, L PORCELLUS, L ELPENOR, L NERII, L MACROGLOSSA, O. STELLATARUM, L v FUCIFORMIS, L vi BOMBYLIFORMIS, O SESIDM SESIA, F. MYOP/EFORMIS, Bk CULICIFORMIS, L FORMIC/EFORMIS, E CHRYSIDIFORMIS, E THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARWE PUP/E IV vn and ix to iv IX v and vii vin to vi VI NOCTURNI VIII VIII IX VIII IX VII IX VIII IX VIII IX X VI VII VIII IX VIII VIII IX x to v x to v x to v IV V IV IV V VI IMAGOS v and s. vin v and vin VI v vi and vin VII VIII VII VII VIII vn and s. x vi to ix vi to vin VIII IX v and ix to n v vi v vi THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 217 OVA | LARVXE PUPXE | IMAGOS ONIFORMIS, F. VII RMIS, O IV V 3RMIS, V. VII tO IX RMIS, L X tO IV FORM IS, Ls. . . DRMIS, Bk IV )RMIS, F. IV VI VII V V VI -, V VI VII V VI VI VI VII V V VI MIS, R t IV V VI FORMIS, H. . . . . IX tO V s, L. . . ix to iv V VII V V VI ZENZERIDM MACROGASTER, D. ARUNDINIS, //. ZENZERA, Lt. ./ESCULI, L i COSSUS, F. LlGNIPERDA, F. A HEPIALID& HEPIALUS, F. HECTUS, L i LUPULINUS, L SYLVINUS, L VELLEDA, H. HUMULI, L COCLIOPIDsE LIMACODES, Lt. ASELLUS, S.V. TESTUDO, S.V. PROCRIDsE PROCRIS, F. STATICES, L GERYON, H. GLOBULARI^E, //. ZYG.ENA, F. MINOS, 6". V. NUBIGENA, Ld. EXULANS, Hcfaw TRIFOLII, E MELILOTI, E LONICER^E, E FlLIPENDUL^S, L SYNTOMIDsE SYNTOMIS, ///. PHEGEA, L NACLIA, B. AXCILLA, L NOLID& NOLA, Lch. CUCULLATELLA, L CONFUSALIS, H.S STRIGULA, S.V. CENTONALIS, //. ALBULALIS, H. Q VIII tO V VIII tO V VII VIII tO V VIII tO IV VIII IX IX VI VII VI VI V VI VI V VII VII tO IV VI VII VII tO V VI VI VI VI VII VII tO V VI VI VII tO V VI VI IX tO V VI VII VIII VI 2l8 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LITHOSIDM NUDARIA, S*. | OVA | LARWE | PUP^E | IMAGOS SENEX, H. V VI VII VIII MUNDANA, L V VI VII SETINA, Sk. IRRORELLA, L. v VI tO VIII CALLIGENIA, D. MINI AT A, Forst. vn VIII tO V VI VI VII LITHOSIA, F. MESOMELLA, L VIII tO V VI VII MUSCERDA, Hf. V VI VII VIII AUREOLA, H IX tO V V VI VII PYGMAOLA, Db , IV tO VI VIII CANIOLA, H. VI VIII DEPLANA, E VI V VI VI VII LURIDEOLA, Tr. VIII tO V VI V VI VI VII MOLYBDEOLA, G VII tO V VI VII COMPLANA, L VIII tO V VI VI VII GRISEOLA, H. VIII tO VI VI VI VII STRAMINEOLA, Db VIII tO VI VI tO VIII QUADRA, L V VI VI VII VIII RUBRICOLLIS, L VIII IX X III v to vii EULEPIA, C. GRAMMICA, L V VI VII CRIBRUM, L VIII tO V VII EUCHELIDJE DEIOPEIA, 6-5. PULCHELLA, L VII v to ix EUCHELIA, B. JACOBE^E, L V VI VII CALLIMORPHA, Lt. HERA, L IX tO V VIII DOMINULA, L VIII tO V VI CHELONID& EUTHEMONIA, S. RUSSULA, L vi IX tO V vi and s. vin CHELONIA, Lt. PLANTAGINIS, L VIII tO IV V V VI CAIA, L . VIII tO VI VII VlLLICA, L VII VIII tO V VI ARCTIA, B. FULIGINOSA, L iv and vin v vi and vm MENDICA, L VIII IX tO IV IV tO VI LUBRICIPEDA, L VIII IX tO V V VI MENTHRASTI, S.V, VIII IX tO V V VI URTIC.E, E VIII X tO V VI LIPARID^ LIPARIS, 0. CHRYSORRH^EA, L IX tO V VII VIII AURIFLUA, F. IX tO V VII SALICIS, L vin VIII tO V VI VII VIII DISPAR, L vm to in V VI VII MONACHA, L VIII tO III v to vii vii VII VIII ORGYIA, 0. PUDIBUNDA, L V VI VIII IX IX tO IV V VI THE LEPIDOPTERISTS CALENDAR 219 | OVA | LARV/E | PUPXE | IMAGO3 FASCEI.TXA, L IX tO V VI CCENOSA, H. VIII VI tO VIII GONOSTIGMA, L VI VII IX to V VI VII S. VIII ANTIQUA, L vii vn to ix VII VIII X DEMAS, Ss. CORYLI, L VI VII & S. X X IV VI S. IX BOMBYCID/E TRICHIURA, 5*. CRATVEGI, L ix to in V VI VII VIII IX PCECILOCAMPA, Ss. POPULI, L xi to in V VI VIII tO X XI XII ERIOGASTER, G. LANESTRIS, L iv v to vii vii to i II III IV BOMBYX, L. NEUSTRIA, L. . . . vn to in v to vii vii VII VIII CASTRENSIS, L vn to in VI VII VII VIII RUBI, L IX tO V V VI ROBORIS, Sk IX tO VI VI VII VIII QUERCUS, L IX to V VII VIII TRIFOLII, S. V. IX tO VI VIII ODONESTIS, Gm. POTATORIA, L IX to V VI VII LASIOCAMPA, Lt. QUERCIFOLIA, L IX to V VI VI ILICIFOLIA, L VIII IV V ENDROMIS, 0. VERSICOLORA, L iv VI VII VIII to III III IV SATURNTA, Sk. CARPINI, S.V. v VIII X to IV IV V GEOMETRY URAPTERIDsE OURAPTERYX, Lch. SA.MBUCATA, L IX tO V VI VII ENNOMIDM EPIONE, D. VESPERTARIA, L vn to iv V VI VI VI VII APICIARIA, S.V. vni to iv V VI VI VII VIII ADVENARIA, H. v vi VIII V VI VII RUM I A, D. CRAT^EGATA, L iv and ix VI & IX tO III iv to ix VENILIA, D. , MACULATA, L IX V VI ANGERONA, D. PRUNARIA, L x to iv v VI VII METROCAMPA, Lt. MARGARITATA, L IX tO V VI VI VII ELLOPIA, Ss. FASCIARIA, L IX to IV V VI VI VII VIII EURYMENE, D. DOLOBRARIA, L VIII IX X tO V V VI PERICALLIA, 6>. SVRINGARIA, L IX tO VI VI vi vii and s. vni 22O THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR SELENIA, H. | OVA | LARV> | PUP>E | IMAGQS ILLUNARIA, H. , . .iv and vn VI and ix in iv and vn LUNARIA, S.V. VIII VIII to IV IV V VI ILLUSTRARIA, H. ... vi and ix x iv v and vn vni ODONTOPERA, 6 1 s. BlDENTATA L VIII IX IX tO IV IV V CROCALLIS, T. ELINGUARIA, L ...VIII tO II v VI VII VIII ENNOMOS, T. ALNIARIA, L . . .ix to v VII VIII VIII IX X TlLIARIA, Bk , . .IX tO V VI VII VIII VIII IX FUSCANTARIA, Hw. . . . .IX tO V vi vn VIII VIII IX EROSARIA 6" V IX tO V VI VII VII tO IX ANGULARIA, 6". V. IX tO IV VI tO VIII VI VII vn to ix HIMERA, D. PENNARIA, L x to iv V VIII IX X XI A MPHIDA S YDM PHIGALIA, D. PlLOSARIA 6* V V VI IX tO XI XII to III NYSSIA, D. ZONARIA, S.V. V VI IX tO IV ? HlSPIDARIA, S.V. ... . . .IV V VI VI tO I II III LAPPONARIA, B. BISTON, Lch. HlRTARIA, L , . .IV VI VII IX III IV V AMPHIDASIS, T. PRODROMARIA, ^S 1 . V. . VI VII VIII tO II II III IV BETULARIA L VIII tO X x to iv V VI BO ARM I D^ HEMEROPHILA, St. ABRUPTARIA, Thnb. . VI IX tO IV IV V VI VIII CLEORA, C. VlDUARIA, S.V. VI GLABRARIA, H. V VI VI VII LlCHENARIA, Hf. . . . IX tO V VI VII BOARMIA, Tr. REPANDATA, L . ..VII IX tO IV V VI VII RHOMBOIDARIA, 6\ V. . .VII IX tO IV v VI VII PERFUMARIA, N. . . .VII IV tO VI VI VII ABIETARIA, S.V. ... ...VII IX tO VI VI VII CINCTARIA, S.V. VI IX V VI ROBORARIA, S. V. VII IX tO V v VI VII CONSORTARIA, F. ... . . .VII VIII VI VII TEPHROSIA, B. CONSON \RIA, H. VII VIII x to iv v CREPUSCULARIA, S. V. VIII IX x to i II III IV BlUNDULARIA, E. . . . VI x to in IV V EXTERSARIA, H. VIII IX x to v VI PtfNCTULATA, 6". V. . VIII x to iv V VI GNOPHOS, T. OBSCURATA, S.V. . . .VII VIII IX tO V VII DAS YD I A, G. OBFUSCATA, S.V. ... . . .VII ix to vi vn vni PSODOS, T. TREPIDARIA, H. . . VII THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR MNIOPHILA, B. \ OVA | LARVXE CINERARIA, S.V. v vi BOLETOBIDJE BOLETOBIA, B. FULIGINARIA, L VII GEOMETRIDM PSEUDOPTERPNA, H.S. CVTISARIA, S.V. V VI GEOMETRA, B. PAPILIONARIA, L x to v S.MARAGDAKIA, F. V NEMORIA, H. VlRIDATA, L VI VIII IODIS, H. VERNARIA, L LACTEARIA, L PHORODESMA, B. BAIULARIA, 6". V. vi vn HEMITHEA, D. THYMIARIA, L EPHIRIDM EPHYRA, D. PORATA, F. PUNCTARIA, L TRILINEARIA, Bk OMICRONARIA, 6". V. ORBICULARIA, H. PENDULARIA, L ACIDALID& HYRIA, 6\r. AURORARIA, H. VIII tO V ASTHENA, H. LUTEATA, S. V. VIII tO X CANDIDATA, S.V. iv SYLVATA, S. V vni BLOMERARIA, Db vni ix EUPISTERIA, B. HEPARATA, S.V. vni ix VENUSIA, C. CAMBRICARIA, G vni ix ACIDALIA, T. OCHRATA, S YEROCHRARIA, Fisch. .. RUBRICATA, vS". V. VII VIII tO V SCUTULATA, 6". V. VII VIII to V BlSETATA, Hf. VII VIII tO V TRIGEMINATA, Hw vi vn CONTIGUARIA, H. VIII to V HERBARIATA, F. x to v RUSTICATA, 6". V. VII VIII tO V OSSEATA, S.V. VIII to IV DlLUTARIA, H. INTERJECTARIA, B vni to v HOLOSERICATA, D VII VII to V INCANARIA, H. vu ix PUPXE 221 | IMAGOS VII VI VII VII IX tO VJ VII IX x to v v vi VII tO V VI VII S. IX V VI VII IX IX to IV V VI VII tO IX viii to iv v vi and s. vn VIII tO X IX tO IV V VI VIII tO X V VI VIII V VI VII viii to iv iv v vi and s. vn V VI V VI VI VII V VI VII VI VI VI VII VI VII VI VII vi and via VI VII VI VII VII VI VI VII VI VII VI VII VI VII VIII 222 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR I OVA I LARV> PUP>E IMAGOS ClRCELLATA, G VII VIII VI ORNATA, 6" vn VII S. tO IV v to viii PROMUTATA, G S. VII VIII tO V VI VIII IX STRAMINATA, T. vn VII to V VI VII MANCUNIATA, Kngs VII VII VIII SUBSERICEATA, Hw VII VII VI VII VIII STRIGARIA, H. VI VI IMMUTATA, L VIII tO V vi vii and s. ix REMUTATA, H. VIII tO IV V VI FUMATA, Ss VII VIII tO V VI STRIGILATA, S.V. vn VIII tO VI VII IMITARIA, H. V VI VIII EMUTARIA, H. vn VII tO V VI VIII AVERSATA, L vn IX tO V VI VII INORNATA, Hw VIII VI VII DEGENERARIA, H. VIII tO IV VI VII EMARGINATA, L vn VII VI VII TIMANDRA, B. AMATARIA, L vn IX tO V VI VII CABERID& CABERA, TV. PUSARIA, L VII to IX V VI ROTUNDARIA, Hw IX V EXANTHEMARIA, 6" X X tO V V VI CORYCIA, D. TEMERATA, S.V. vi VII V VI TAMINATA, 6". V. VII V VI ALEUCIS, G. PlCTARIA, C VII? IV MACARIDM MACARIA, C. ALTERNATA, ^S". V. IX VI VII NOT AT A, L IX V VI LlTURATA, L IX X tO IV V VI VII HALIA, D. VAUARIA, L V VII FJDQmDM STRENIA, D. CLATHRATA, L XtOIV V VI PANAGRA, G. PETRARIA, H. v VI V VI NUMERIA, D. PULVERARIA, L VII VIII IV V VI SCODIONA, B. BELGIARIA, H. vi VIII tO IV V VI SELIDOSEMA, H. PLUMARIA, S.V. V VII VIII FIDONIA, Tr. CARBONARIA, L VII IV V ATOMARIA, L VII tO V V VI PINIARIA, L vi VIII IX IV V VI PlNETARIA, H. VII tO III IV V VI VII CONSPICUATA, S.V. ... .VII VIII IX IX to V VI VII THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR 223 MI NO A, Tr. OVA 1 LARWE PUPXE | IMAGOS El'PHORBIATA, 5. V. VII VIII IX X tO V V VII VIII SCORIA, Ss. DEALBATA, L vi IX tO V V VI VI STERRA, H. SACRARIA, L vin vi and ix V VII VIII IX X LYTHRIA, H. PURPURARIA, L VIII? V VI VII APLASTA, H. ONONARIA, Fu iv and ix V VII VIII ASPILATES, Tr. STRIGILLARIA, H. vi VIII tO V V VI VII CITRARIA, H. v and vin vn and x vin v and vin GlLVARIA, S.V. IX tO VI VIII ZERENIDM ABRAXAS, Lch. GROSSULARIATA, L V VI VI VII VIII ULMATA, F. IX VI VII LIGDIA, G. ADUSTATA, S.V. vii V VI IX tO IV V VI VII LOMASPILIS, H. MARGINATA, L vi and ix v and vin LIGID^ PACHYCNEMIA, Ss. HlPPOCASTANARIA, H. .. ix to v v HYBERNID^ HYBERNIA, Lt. RUPICAPRARIA, 6". V. .... II V VII tO I XII I II LEUCOPHEARIA, S.V. . . in V VI VII tO I I II in AURANTIARIA, H. XI tO III VI VII VII tO IX X XI PROGEMMARIA, H. V VI VII tO I II III DEFOLIARIA, L xi to in V VII tO I X XI XII ANISOPTERYX, S*. .(ESCULARIA, S. V. V VI X tO I II III IV LARENTIDM CHEIMATOBIA, .S*. BRUMATA, L xi to in V XI XII BOREATA, H xi to in VI X XI XII OPORABIA, Ss. DlLUTATA, S.V. XI tO III V VI IX tO XII FlLIGRAMMARIA, H.S. ..IX tO II II tO IV VIII IX LARENTIA, Tr. DlDYMATA, L IV V VI MULTISTRIGARIA, Hw. . . IV VI IV OESIATA, S.V. VII IX tO V VI RUFICINCTATA, G v VII SALICATA, H. VI VII OLIVATA, S.V. vni x to iv vi vn vin PECTINITARIA, Fu VIII IX V VI EMMELESIA, Sj. AFFINITATA, Ss VIII VI ALCHEMILLATA, L VIII IX VI ALBULATA, S. V. vi VIII X tO IV V. VI DECOLORATA, H. VII VI 224 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR I OVA LARVXE PUPXE TJEXIATA, Ss vin? UNIFASCIATA, H. vin ix x BIFASCIATA ? ERICETATA, C BLANDIATA, 6". V. ix EUPITHECIA, C. VENOSATA, F. vn CONSIGNATA, Bk VI LlNARIATA, S. V. '. . VIII . PULCHELLATA, *$ VII CENTAUREATA, S.V. .. vin ix SUCCENTURIATA, L VIII IX VALERIANATA, H. vn SUBFULVATA, Hw IX X SUBUMBRATA, S.V. VIII IX PERNOTATA, G PLUMBEOLATA, Hw vn vin ISOGRAMMATA, Tr. VII VIII PYGM^ATA, H. vi vn HELVETICATA, B ix ARCEUTHATA, Frr. x SATYRATA, H. ix EGENARIA, H.S CASTIGATA, H. vin to x TRISIGNATA, H. S ix LARICIATA, Frr. va VlRGAUREATA, Db VIII IX ALBIPUNCTATA, Hw. . . ix PUSILLATA, S.V. VI VII IRRIGUATA, H. vi PIMPINELLATA, H. vi and ix FRAXINATA, Crw vin ix EXTENSARIA, Frr INNOTATA, H. vin ix INDIGATA, H. vn CONSTRICTATA, G IX NANATA, H. vin ix to v SUBNOTATA, H. VIII IX CAMPANULATA, H.S. . . vin ix VULGATA, Hw vii and ix EXPALLIDATA, -G IX ABSYNTHIATA, L ix x MlNUTATA, G VIII IX tO V ASSIMILATA, Db and ix X TENUIATA, H. in iv SUBCILIATA, G VIII tO IV V DODONEATA, G VI VII ABBREVIATA, ,S.r vi vn EXIGUATA, H. IX X SOBRINATA, H. VII V VI TOGATA, H. VIII PUMILATA, H. vi and CORONATA, H. VII VIII IX tO IV IX tO IV IX tO IV I IMAGOS VI VII VI VII VII VIII VI VII V VI VII VIII iv v and vn vin iv v THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR | OVA | LARWE | PUP/E 225 I IMAGOS RECTANGULATA, L DEBILIATA, H COLLIX, G. SPARSATA, H. LOBOPHORA, C. SEXALATA, //. HEXAPTERATA, S. V. VIRETATA, H. LOBULATA, H. IV POLYCOMMATA, S.V. . . IV V THERA, 6s. JUNIPERATA L IV V V VI IV V VIII IX IX VIII VII VIII VIII VI VIII IX vi and x vn and in to v IV V IX IV VIII IX III IV x to v vi V VI VII VIII VIII tO V VIII IX VIII tO V VIII IX tO V junipers, in Scotland. VIII IX XI tO V :onfounded with Tristata. VIII IX X tO V VII VIII vi and ix vi and ix x to in iv vn and ix vi and ix VIII VIII X to V VI VII tO III VI VII tO III vi and ix x to in iv IX vn and ix VIII iv v and via IV VIII IX IX V VI VIII & IX tO IV VI VI VI V VI IV V V VI III IV IV X iv v and vni vi and vni vn and ix V VI v VI VII VII V VI V VI VII VI VII VI VI VII V VI VII VI VII VII VIII v and vu V VII VIII v vi and ix iv v and via VI VI III IV III IV V v and vni VI VII V VI v vi and vin v vi and vni VI VII VI VII vn and ix to v VI VII ? and vin V VI VII VIII SlMULATA H VARIATA 5" V FlRMATA, H. YPSIPETES, S*. RUBERATA, Frr. IMPLUVIATA, S.V. ELUTATA, H. vn MELANTHIA, D. RUBIGINATA, S.V. VII tO IV OCELLATA, L VI ALBICILLATA, L v MELANIPPE, D. HASTATA, L TRISTATA, L Taken among LUCTUATA, H. Probably c PROCELLATA, S.V. vn UNANGULATA, Hw RIVATA, H. SOCIATA, Bk MONTANATA, S.V. VI VII VIII GALIATA 6" V FLUCTUATA, L ANTICLEA, Ss. SlNUATA, S.V RUBIDATA, 6\ V. VI VII BADIATA, S. V. in DERIVATA, S.V. in iv BERBERATA, S.V. COREMIA, G. M UN IT AT A, H. VI PROPUGNATA, S.V. FERRUGATA, L v UNIDENTARIA, ffw QUADRIFASCIARIA, G. . . CAMPTOGRAMMA, Ss. BlLINEATA, L FLUVIATA H vn PHIBALAPTERYX, Ss. TERSATA, S.V. . . . . LAPIDATA, H. LIGNATA, H. vn and ix R 226 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR OVA LARV/E | PUP>E IMAGOS POLYGRAMMATA, Bk. . . Ill and VIII IX VITALBATA, S. V. vii vni vi and x v vi and vin SCOTOSIA, 6V. DUBITATA, L IV VI VII VIII to III VKTULATA, S.V. vii to in? vi vi vii RHAMNATA, -S". V, v vi vi vi vn CERT AT A, H. vi vn v vi UNDULATA, L ix x vi vn CIDARIA, Tr. PSITTACATA, S. V. vii vni ix ix x xi to in MlATA, L VIII IX IX X tO V PlCATA, H. VII VIII IX tO V VI VII CORYLATA, Thnb vi vin ix v vi SAGITTATA, F. ...vn vin x to v vn RUSSATA, ,5". V. v and vin vii and x to iv vn and v v vi and vin IMMANATA, Hw vin to in v to vii vn vni ix SUFFUMATA, S. V. IX X III IV V SILACEATA, S. V. vii and ix vn and x to iv v vi and vin RETICULATA, S. V. vii PRUNATA, L vii to iv v vi vi v vi vii TEST AT A, L ..vni to iv v vi vn and ix POPULATA, S.V. VIII tO IV V VII FULVATA, Fors vii v vi vii PYRALIATA, S.V vm to in v vn DOTATA, L VIII tO IV VI VII PELURGA, H. COMITATA, L VIII IX X to VI VII EU BO LI DM EUBOLIA, D. CERVINARIA, 6 1 . V. xi to iv vi vii vin ix x MENSURARIA, S.V. .... vi vi vn vin M^ENIATA, 6" V VIII PALUMBARIA, S.V. v vi BlPUNCTARIA, S.V. X tO V VII LINEOLATA, S. V. v and vin s. TVVVI&IX x to iv v vi vn vin CARSIA, H. IMBUTATA, H. vi vn ANAITIS, B. PLAGIATA, L vn and x to iv v vi and vin ix LITHOSTEGE, H. GRISEATA, S.V. vi vn vi vii CHESIAS, Tr. SPARTIATA, F. x to iv v vi ix x OBLIQUARIA, S.V. vn vin ix 1 vin to iv v vi vn SIONID& TANAGRA, D. CH^EROPHYLLATA, L. ..vntoii v vi vn DREPA NL ULIDJE PLATYPTERYX, Ls. LACERTULA, H. vi SICULA, S.V. FALCULA, S.V. DREPANUL^I vi and vin ix v vi vn and x iv v vn ands. v vi v and vin THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR 227 | OVA | LARWE 1 PUP/E | IMAGOS H AMU LA, S. V. UNGUICULA H vi vi and ix vn and ix x v vi and vn vi and vn JDO-BOMBYCES VIII IX X X tO IV VI VIII IX IX tO V VII VIII IX IX tO IV VII VIII VIII tO V VIII IX X tO V V VI VII tO X V VI VII VIII IX X tO V v and vin ix vi & ix to in VII vii and ix VIII V VI vn and ix vn and ix VIII IX X tO V VI VII vi and ix vn and ix VII & VIII IX X to V VII VIII IX vi and ix VIII IX tO IV VI VII VIII VII VIII IX X tO V V VI VII VIII NOCTUJE VIII IX VIII IX X tO V VIII IX X tO V v vi and s. vin v vi and s. vm v vi and vin IV V V VI VII V VI VII V VI VI VII X XI XII III IV V VI VII iv v and vn VIII v and vin V VI X XI v vi and vn v and vin v and s. vm III IV v vn and vm V VI VII v vi and s. vin v to vin v and vin IV V VI IV V V VI IX VI VII V VI VII & IX X V VI VII CILIX, Lch. SPINULA, S.V. PSET DICRANURID& DICRANURA, Lt. BICUSPIS, Bk FlIRCULA L VI BlFIDA H VI VlNULA L VI STAUROPUS, Gm. FAGI, L PETASIA, Ss. CASSINEA, F. xi to iv NUBECULOSA, E IV PYGJERIDM PYG^RA, O. BUCEPHALA, L CLOSTERA, Ss. CUKTULA, L iv and vn ANACHOREATA, S. V. .... RECLUSA, S.V. NOTODONTIDM GLUPHISIA, B. CRENATA E PTILOPHORA, 6*. PLUMIGERA S V xi to iv PTILODONTIS, Ss. NOTODONTA, O. CAMELINA, L vi CUCULLINA, S.V. CARMELITA, E DICT^EA, L DlCT^EOIDES E . ...VI DROMEDARIUS L vi TREPIDA, E CHAONIA, S.,V. DODONEA, S.V. DILOBA, Ss. CfcRULEOCEPHALA, L. ..IX TRIFID^E BOMB YCIFORMES NOC TUO-BOMB YCID& THYATIRA, O. DERASA, L BATIS L CYMATOPHORA, 2V. DUPLARIS, L. . 228 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR | OVA | LARVXE | PUP/E IMAGOS FLUCTUOSA, H. ix x x to v VI VII DILUTA, S. V. V VI VII VIII IX OR, S. V. VI VII VIII IX X VI VII OCULARIS, L VII VIII IX IX X V VI FLAVICORNIS, L VI VII IX III RlDENS, F. IV VI VII VIII III IV BRYOPHILIDJE BRYOPHILA, Tr. GLANDIFERA, S.V. ix x to iv v vi VII VIII PERLA, S.V. x to iv v vi v vi VII VIII IX ALG.E, F. VII VIII BOMBYCOIDM DIPHTHERA, O. ORION, E VII VIII IX X tO V VI VII ACRONYCTA, Tr. TRIDENS, S.V. VIII IX X X to V VI VII Psi, L VIII IX X tO V V VI VII LEPORINA, L v vi VI VIII IX X tO V V VI VII ACERIS, L vn VIII IX X V VI VII MEGACEPHALA, 6". V. .. VI VII VIII IX tO IV V VI STRIGOSA, S. V. vi VII VIII IX X tO V VI VII AI.NI, L VII VIII IX VIII tO IV V VI VIII IX LlGUSTRI, S.V. VIII IX X tO V V VI VII RUMICIS, L vi VI VII VIII IX tO IV V VI VII AURICOMA, S.V. VI VII VII VII VIII tO V MENYANTHIDIS, E VI VII VIII VI MYRIC^E, G VIII IX V VI S. VII SIMYRA, O. VENOSA, Bk vi VIII IX VI GENUINE LEUCANID& SYNIA, D. MUSCULOSA, H. VIII LEUCANIA, Tr. CONIGERA, 6". V. in to v VI VII VlTELLINA, H. x to ii IX X XI TURCA, L II III VI VII LlTHARGYRIA, E I III IV V VI VII tO III? ALBIPUNCTA, 6". V. VIII IX X S. EXTRANEA, G. IX OBSOLETA, H. VIII IX VI VII LOREYI, D VII PUTRESCENS, H. X VII VIII LlTTORALIS, C VII VIII tO IV V VI VII PUDORINA, S. V. III IV VI VII COMMA, L vi VIII tO IV vi vn and s. x L-ALBUM, L VI IX X STRAMINEA, Tr. II III IV VI VII VIII IMPURA, H. vn x to in iv v VI VII PALLENS L ix x to in iv VI VII VIII PHRAGMITIDIS, H. vn VIII tO V VI VII TAPINOSTOLA, Ld. BONDII, Kngs VI VII ELYMI, Tr. V VI VII THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR MELIANA, C. I OVA | LARVXE FLAMMEA, C SENTA, Ss. ULV^E, H. ix to in iv NONAGRIA, O. DESPECTA, Tr. FULVA, H. v vi .CONCOLOR, G HELLMANNI, Evers .... vi NEURICA, H. iv v vi BREVILINEA, Kngs GEMINIPUNCTA, Htch. .. v vi CANNJE, O v TYPH^E, E vn vm LUTOSA, //. ix x to vi APAMID& GORTYNA, O. FLAVAGO, S.V. ix HYDR^ECIA, G. NlCTITAXS, L PETASITIS, Db MICACEA, E AXYLIA, H. PUTRIS, L VIII XYLOPHASIA, Ss. RUREA, F. iv LlTHOXYLEA, S.V. V VI SUBLUSTRIS, E POLYODON, L HEPATICA, Clk SCOLOPACINA, E DIPTERYGIA, Ss. PlNASTRI, L VIII IX XYLOMIGES, G. CONSPICILLARIS, L VI VII VIII APOROPHYLA, G. AUSTRALIS, B X X XI tO III IV LAPHYGMA, G. EXIGUA, H vii vni ix NEURIA, G. SAPONARI^E, Bk vn vni HELIOPHOBUS, B. POPULARIS, F. IV V HlSPIDA, H. XI CHAR^AS, Ss. GRAMINIS, L vi PACHETRA, G. LEUCOPH/KA, .S". V. x to iv CERIGO, Ss. CYTHEREA, F. ix to iv LUPERINA, B. TESTACEA, S.V. in GUENEEI, Db DUMERILI, D CESPITIS, .S 1 . V. iv v vi PUP> 229 IMAGOS x to v IV V VI VII VIII VIII IX VI VI VII VIII VIII VII VIII VIII IX VIII IX X VII VIII IX VIII IX VIII IX X V VI VII VI VII VI VII VI VII VIII VI VII VII VIII VI VII III IV V VII VIII IX X VIII tO X V VI VII VIII VII VIII IX IX VII VIII IX V VI VII VII VIII VIII IX vm VIII IX 2 3 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR CRYMODES, G. \ OVA EXULIS, Lef. MAMESTRA, O. ABJECTA, H. ANCEPS, H. ALBICOLON, H. FURVA, S.V. BRASSIC^E, L PERSICARI^E, L vn APAMEA, O. BASILINEA, S.V. CONNEXA, Bk GEMINA, H. vn UNANIMIS, Tr. OPHIOGRAMMA, E FlBROSA, H. OCULEA, F. MI AN A, 6Y STRIGILIS, L FASCIUNCULA, Hw LlTEROSA, Hw FURUNCULA, S.V. ARCUOSA, Hw PHOTEDES, Ld. CAPTIUNCULA, Tr. CEL^NA, Ss. HAWORTHII, C CARADRINID& GRAMMESIA, Ss. TRILINEA, S.V. HYDRILLA, B. PALUSTRIS, H. ACOSMETIA, Ss. CALIGINOSA, H. CARADRINA, Tr. MORPHEUS, Hf. vn vin ALSINES, Bk vin BLANDA, S.V CUBICULARIS, S.V. VIII NOCTUID& RUSINA, Ss. TENEBROSA, H. AGROTIS, O. VALLIGERA, S. V. PUTA, H. vin SUFFUSA, S.V. IV FENNICA, Tan SAUCIA, H. SEGETUM, S.V. vi LUN1GERA, vSV EXCLAMATIONIS, L VI SPINIFERA (?).//. CORTICEA, S.V. vi ClNEREA, S.V. LARV> PUPXE IMAGOS VI VI V VI XII to II VII VIII IX tO IV VI V VI & VIII IX IX tO IV VIII IX VIII IX tO IV V IX X tO III IV IV V VI IV V VII VI IX X IX X tO III IV IV IX X tO IV x to v IX X XI XII V VI VII XI XII I& VII VIII VII VIII IX tO IV VIII IX X IX X tO V VIII IX tO III IV IX tO III V VIII IX X VI VII VIII IX VI VII VII VI VII V VI VII VIII IX X VI VII VIII V VI VIII IX VII tOX tO III VVI VII VIII III IV VII tO X X XI VI VII VIII VII VIII VI VII VIII VIII VI VII VI VII VI VII THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 231 | OVA | LARVXE | PUPXE | IMAG08 NlGRICANS, L VII V VI VII VIII TRITICI, L VI VII VII VIII AOUII.INA, S. V. V VII VIII OBELISCA, S.V. AGATHINA, D PORPHYREA, S.V. VII PRMCOX, L RAVIDA, S.V. HELVETINA, B PYROPHILA, S V V IV V VI VII VIII tO IV V V VI VII VII IV V VIII VIII VIII IX VI VII VIII VII VIII X VI VII VIII VII LUCERNEA, L II III IV VI VII ASHWORTHII, Db TRIPHJENA, 0. IANTHINA, S.V. Fl.MBRIA, L IX INTERJECTA H IX X tO III IV V VIII tO IV V X tO III IV V III IV VII VIII VII VIII VI VII VIII VII VIII SUBSEQUA, 6". V. ORBONA Hf vn X tO III IV VII VIII PRONUBA, L vn NOCTUA, L. GLAREOSA, E DEPUNCTA, L AUGUR F. vn VIII tO III IV V VI VI IV V V VI VII VIII VIII IX VII VIII PLECTA, L vi FLAMMATRA, S.V. .... VII tO IV VI VII VIII VII C.-NlGRUM, L DlTRAPEZIUM, Bk iv and x v V VI VII VIII IX TRIANGULUM, Hf. RHOMBOIDEA, E BRUNNEA, 5. V. F ESTIVA, S. V. . . . VII IV V IX tO IV V IV V VI VII VII VIII VI VII VIII CONFLUA, Tr. vn DAHLII, H. VIII tO V IX X XI tO IV V VI VII VIII VI VII VIII IX SUBROSEA, >S\y RUBI, V. UMBROSA, H. BAIA, S.V. SOBRINA, G NEGLECTA, H. XANTHOGRAPHA, S. V. . .vin ix OR THOSIDM TRACHEA, H. PlNIPERDA, P PACHNOBIA, G. ALPINA, IVsd. TJENIOCAMPA, G. GOTHICA, L. IV V VI VI VII VIII tO IV V IV V x to v x to iv v vi vn vni to ii VII V VI VII VIII VII VIII VI VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII IX VII VIII III IV VII VIII GOTHICINA (?)#. 6" LEUCOGRAPHA, S. V. *v RUBRICOSA, S. V. iv INSTABILIS, S. V. .... . OPIMA, //. . . TV VI VII V VI VII VIII tO III V VI VII VIII tO III III IV III IV III IV V III IV POPULETI, F. IV VI VII VII tO III III IV V THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR | OVA | LARVXE | PUPXE | IMAGOS s.v. V VI VII VIII tO III III IV S V v V VI VII VIII tO III III IV S V iv V VI VII tO II III IV r v V VI VII to III III IV v V VI VII VIII tO III III IV DSIA, Tr. ,H... v VII VIII S V V VI x IV tO VI IX X PA, H. IV V IX X DCELIS, G. ^ V VIII IX X \, S. V. Hw. x IV V VI x to iv VIII IX X IX X V VI VII VIII IX iTIS, 0. L VI VII IX XXI tO III IV , G V VI IX XXI tO III IV :EPHALA, 5". V. v IX X XI tO III GRACILIS, vS". MlNIOSA MUNDA, CRUDA, S. V. ORTHC SUSPECT A, UPSILON, J LOTA, L. MACILENT ANCHC RUFINA, Z PlSTACINA LUNOSA, / LlTURA, L. CERAST VACCINII, L. SPADICEA, G. ERYTHROCEP SCOPELOSOMA, C. SATELLITIA, L in DASYCAMPA, G. RUBIGINEA, 6". V. Ill HOPORINA, B. CROCEAGO, S.V. iv XANTHIA, O. ClTRAGO, L CERAGO, S.V. SILAGO, H. AURAGO, S.V. GlLVAGO, E FERRUGINEA, S. V CIRRHOEDIA, G. XERAMPELINA, H. vin ix COSMIDJE TETHEA, O. SUBTUSA, 6". V. VII VIII RETUSA, L ix EUPERIA, G. FULVAGO, S.V. DICYCLA, G. Oo,L COSMIA, O. TRAPEZINA, L vin PYRALINA, S.V. DIFFINIS, L AFFINIS, L HADENIDSE EREMOBIA, 5*. OCHBOLEUCA, S.V. .... DIANTH^CIA, B. IRREGULARIS, Hf. CARPOPHAGA, Bk vi CAPSOPHILA, D vi x to v vi vn iv v v vi iv v vi iv v v vi v VIII VII VIII S. IX X V VI tO IX IX X XI tO II III IV IX X XI tO III IX X tO III IV V VI VIII VIII IX IV V VIII VI VII VIII IX IV tO VI VIII IX X V VI VIII IX X V VI VIII VIII IX IV V VI VII VIII VIII IX X VII VIII VII VIII IX VII VIII IX VI VII VIII VII VIII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII IX VI VII V VI VII vi vn vni s. ix THE LEPIE OPTERISTS CALENDAR 233 j OVA | LARVXE | PUP/E | IMAGO3 CAPSINCOLA, S. V. vi VII VIII IX v vi and vin CUCUBALI, S.V. vi VII VIII v vi and vm ALBIMACULA, Bk VII VI CONSPERSA, S.V. VII VIII IX VI VII COMPTA (?) S. V. VII V VI CESIA, S. V. vi VII VIII VI VII BARRETTII, Db VI HE GATE RA, G. DYSODEA, S.V. VII VIII VI VII SERENA, S.V. VII VIII IX tO V VI VII POLIA, O. CHI, L IV V VI VII VIII IX XANTHOMISTA, H. VI VII VII VIII IX FLAVICINCTA, S.V. x VI VII VIII IX DASYPOLIA, G. TEMPLI, Thnb in IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI II III IV EPUNDA, D. LUTULENTA, 6". V. X x to in iv , VIII IX NlGRA, H-W V VI VIII IX X VlMINALIS, F. VIII IV V VI VII VIII LlCHENEA, H. X XI tO VI VII VI VII VIII IX VALERIA, Gm. OLEAGINA, S.V V VI III IV MISELIA, Ss. BlMACULOSA, L V VIII OXYACANTH^E, L V VI VII VIII IX X AGRIOPIS, B. t APRILINA, L VI VII VII VIII IX. . IX X PHLOGOPHORA, O. METICULOSA, L XI to IV IV tO X EMPYREA, H. ix x XI tO IV V IX X EUPLEXIA, Ss. LUCIPARA, L VI VIII IX V VI VII APLECTA, G. HERBIDA, . V. VIII tO IV . VI VII OCCULTA, L IV V VI VII VIII IX NEBULOSA, Hf. x to iv v VI VII VIII TINCTA, Brahm IX X tO IV V VI VII VIII ADVENA, S.V. VIII IX tO III IV VI VII X HADENA, 0. SATURA, S.V. VI .yiii ADUST A, E vn VII VIII IX IV V VI VII PROTEA, S.V. V VI VII VIII IX GLAUCA, H. VII VIII IX tO V VI VII DENTINA, S.V. V VI V VI VII PEREGRINA, Tr. V VI VII VII VIII IX CHENOPODII, S.V. vi VII VIII IX V VI VII VIII ATRIPLICIS, L VIII IX VI SUASA, 6". V. VII VIII X? V VI S. VIII OLERACEA, L VIII IX X tO IV VI VII PISI, L VIII IX X V VI VII THALASSINA, Bk VII VIII VIII tO V V VI VII CONTIGUA, S.V. VIII IX V VI VII GENISTA, Bk VII VIII IX V^VI RECTILINEA, E vi VIII IX tO III V VI VII S 234 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR XYLINIDM \ OVA | LARV> | PUPXE t IMAGOS XYLOCAMPA, G. LlTHORIZA, Bk. VI VII VIII X tO II III IV CLOANTHA, B. PERSPICILLARIS, L VII VIII V SOLIDAGINIS, H. V VI VIII IX CALOCAMPA, Ss. VETUSTA, H. in iv IV V VI VIII VIII IX X tO III EXOLETA, L iv IV V VI VII VIII VIII IX X tO III IV XYLINA, Tr. LAMBDA, F. V VI IX X FURCIFERA, Hf. in V VI VII VIII IX X tO IV RHIZOLITHA, S. V. V VI VII IX X XII tO III IV SEMIBRUNNEA, Hiv. VII IX X tO III IV PETRIFICATA, S.V. v V VI VII IX X tO III IV CUCULLIA, Sk VERBASCI, L VI VII IX IV V ScROPHULARi^E, S.V. .. VI VII V LYCHNITIS, Rbr. VII VIII IX VI VII ASTERIS, S.V. VIII IX V VI VII GNAPHALII, H. VII VIII VI ABSYNTHII, L VIII IX vi vii and ix CHAMOMILLJE, S.V. .... V VI S. VIII VII & IX tO XII iv v vii and xi UMBRATICA, L vi vn VII VIII IX IX VI VII HELIOTHIDJE HELIOTHIS, O. MARGINATA, F. VII VIII v vi vii and ix PELTIGERA, S.V. VII VIII vi to ix to iv VI VII VIII IX X DIPSACEA, L VIII IX X tO V VI VII SCUTOSA, S.V. VII VIII ANARTA, Tr. MELANOPA, Thnb VI CORDIGERA, Thnb VIII V VI MYRTILLI, L S. VII tO X & S. Ill IV V VI VII HELIODES, G. ARBUTI, F. VI VII V VI AGROPHILA, B. SULPHURALIS, L VI VII VIII VI VII VIII MINORES ACONTIIDM ACONTIA, Tr. v to vn V VI VII VIII IX SOLARIS, S.V. VII ERASTRIID^E ERASTRIA, Tr. VIII V VI VII FUSCULA, S.V. VIII IX VI VII BANKS IA, G. B ARGENTULA, H. VIII IX VI ANTHOPHILID& HYDRELIA, G. UNCA,S.K VII VIII VI VII MICRA, G. OSTRINA, H. VI VII PARVA, H. VI THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR I OVA I LARVXE PUPXE 235 | IMAGOS PAULA, H. vi? PHAL&NOID& BREPHOS, O. PARTHENIAS, L vi vn vm ix in iv NOTHA, H. vi in iv QUADRIFID^ VARIEGATE, G. PLUSIIDJZ ABROSTOLA, O. URTIOE, H. vm ix x to v vi vn vm TKIPLASIA, L vm ix x to v vi vn via PLUSIA, Tr. ORICHALCEA, F. vi vn vn vm CHRYSITIS, L vi vn ix to iv v vi vn vm BRACTEA, S.V. v vi vi vu vm FESTUC^;, L v vi vn vin vi vm IOTA, L iv to vi vi vi vn vm V-AUREUM, G V VI VII GAMMA, L iv vn vm ix iv to x Ni, H. v vi and vm VERTICIU.ATA, G INTERROGATIONS, L. .. v vi vi vn vm GONOPTERID& GONOPTERA, Lt. LlBATRIX, L VI VII VII VIII IX tO II tO V INTRUST AMPHIPYRA, Tr. PYRAMIDEA, L v vi vn vm ix TRAGOPOGONIS, L v vi vn vm ix MANIA, Tr. TYPICA, L vn vm ix x to iv v vi vn MAURA, L ix x to iv v vi vn via TOXOCA MPIDM TOXOCAMPA, G. PASTINUM, Tr. v vi vn CRAGGY, S.V: vi vn STILBIIDM STILBIA, Ss. ANOMALA, Hw in vn vm ix LIMBA T& CATEPHIA, O. ALCHYMISTA, 5". V. vm v CATOCALA, O. FRAXINI, L vn vm vm ix x NUPTA, L. v vi vn vii vm vn vm ix x PROMISSA, S.V. v vi vn vm SPONSA, L vm iv v vi vi vii vn vm SERPENTINE OPHIODES, G. LUNARIS, S.V. VII V VI EUCLIDIA, Tr. Mi, L v v vi GLYPHICA, L v v vi PHYTOMETRA, Hw. , S.V. vm ix v vi V( 236 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR DELTOIDES HYPENID& MADOPA, Ss. SALICALIS, S. V. vi? HYPENA, Tr. PROBOSCIDALIS, L. ROSTRALIS, L, .. CRASSALIS, F. LARV> | IMAGOS | LARV>E | IMAGOS VI VII .VII to IV VI VII tO X ..VI VII to IX tO II . .VII VIII IX VI VII [IV HYPENODES, G. ALBISTRIGALIS, Hw. vi vn vin COSTJESTRIGALIS, Ss. VII VIII VII VIII SCHRANKIA, H.S. TURFOSALIS, Wk. .. VII HERMINIIDM RIVULA, G. SERICEALIS, 6" v vi vn SOPHRONIA, G. EMORTUALIS, S. V. ix x vi vn HERMINIA, Tr. [iv v vi DERIVALIS, H. vin ix x to vi vn vin BARBALIS, L. : ix in iv v vi vn TARSI PEN NALIS, Tr. vm x to iv vi vn & ix GRISEAI.IS, S. V. vm ix x vi vn CRIBRALIS, H. vintoivvi vn A VENTID& AVENTIA, D. FLEXULA, F. iv v ODONTIIDM ODONTIA, D. DENTALIS, 5". V. . PYRALIS, L. FlMBRIALIS, S.V. FARINALIS, L. . GLAUCINALIS, L. AGLOSSA, Li. PlNGUINALIS, L. CUPREALIS, H. . , CLEDEOBIA, Ss. ANGUSTALIS, 5". V. . . v vi ENNYCHIID& PYRAUSTA, Sk. PUNICEALIS, S.V. ..VI VII PURPURALIS, L VI VII OSTRI NALIS, H. ... .VI VII RHODARIA, G. SANGUINALIS, L. . .vn and ix HERBULA, G. CESPITALIS, S.V. ..vi ENNYCHIA, Tr. [to iv ClNGULALIS, L. . .VII VIII & IX ANGUINALIS, H. . . . . OCTOMACULALIS, L. ASOPIIDM AGROTERA, Sk. NEMORALIS, 6 1 iv ENDOTRICHA, Z. FLAMMEALIS, S. V. v STENIIDM DIASEMIA, Ss. LlTERALIS, S RAMBURIALIS, D. . . AVENTIJE VI VII VIII PYRALIDES NASCIA, C. ClLIALIS, H. VI VII vn vm STENIA, G. PUNCTALIS, S.V. .. VI VII vi to x HYDROCAMPIDM vi to ix CATACLYSTA, H. vi to ix LEMNALIS, L iv v PARAPONYX, Ss. vi vii STRATIOTALIS, L. . .in iv vi vn HYDROCAMPA, Li. NYMPH^ALIS, L. ..iv vi vn vi vn STAGNALIS, Don. ..iv vi vii ACENTROPUS, C. NlVEUS, Ol. VI VII VI VII VIII v vn & vin BOTYDsE v vi vn BOTYS, Lt. V VI & VIII LUPULINALIS, Clk. . .VII & X V & X PANDALIS, H. vi vi & vin FLAVALIS, S.V. v ? vn vm HYALINALIS, H. vn v vn & vin VERTICALIS, S.V. . .v vi vn LANCEALIS, S.V. . .vin ix v vi vn v vn & vin FUSCALIS, S.V. ... .vin vi v & vm TERREALIS, Tr. vntoixtov vi vn v vi vn ASINALIS, H. vn vm & x iv vii & ix URTICALIS, L ix vi vn EBULEA, G. v vi vn CROCEALIS, H. iv v vi vii CATALAUNALIS, D. vm ix vi vii VERBASCALIS, S. V. vi vn SAMBUCALIS, 6". V. . . ix x vi vn PIONEA, G. VII FORFICALIS, L VI VII IX X VI VII VIII x MARGARITALIS,^. V. vin vi vn STRAMENTALIS,/r. . . VII VIII THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 237 SPILODES, G. | LARVXE | IMAGOS SCOPARIA, Hw. \ LARVXE | IMAGOS STICTICALIS, L vivn&ix? PALEALIS, 6". V. vm ix CINCTALIS, Tr. vi MARGARODES, G. UNIONALIS, H. v? &c. SCOPULA, Sk. ALPINALIS, S.V. vi LUTEALIS, H. V OLIVALIS, S.V. iv v PRUNALIS, S.V. . . . .iv v FERRUGALIS, H. xi DECREPITAI.IS, H.S. LEMIODES, G. PULVERALIS, H. VIII MECYNA, G. POLYGONALIS, H. ..XXI PLICATE SCOPARIID& STENOPTERYX, G. HYBRIDALIS, H. CRAMBID& PLATYTES, G. CERUSSELLUS, 6". V. CRAM BUS, F. ALPINELLUS, H. VERELLUS, Zk v ? FALSELLUS, S.V. .. 11 v PRATELLUS, Clk. . . DUMETELLUS, If. . . ERICELLUS, H. ADIPELLUS, Zk HAMELLUS, Thnb. .. PASCUELLUS L VI VII VIII VI VII VIII VI VII VIII v to x VI VII VIII VII VIII VI VII VI VII VIII IX ? V VIII IX VI VII VI VI & IX CRAB VI VII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII V VI & VIII VI VIII VII VIII VI VIII VII VIII VI VII VIII VI VII VI VII VIII VI VII VIII VII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII IX VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VI VII V VI V VI VI VI VI VII AMBIGUALIS, Tr. ..ivv BASISTRIGALIS, Kngs. ZELLERI Wk VI VII VII VI VII VIII VII VII VIII V VI VI to IX VI VIII VI VII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VIII IX X IV VI VII VII VII VIII VII VIII IX to II VII VI VII VI VII VI VII VII VI VII VII VII VII VIII VI IX VIII IX VII v to vm VI VII VIII VII VIII VI? v and vn VII ULMELLA, Dale .... CE.MBKM, H-w v SCOTICA, White DUBITALIS, H. MURANA, C Ill V INGRATELLA, Z. LlNEOLA, C. VI VII MERCURELLA, L. ..in iv CRAT^GELLA, H. ..in RESINEA, Hw iv PHJEOLEUCA, Z. TRUNCICOLELLA, Stn. COARCTALIS, Z. VII VIII ATOMALIS, Db GRACILALIS, Db. . . PALLIDA, Ss 1BITES EROMENE, H. OCELLEA, Hw CHILIDM CHILO, Zk. ClCATRICELLUS, H. V VI PHRAGMITELLUS, H. x to vi SCHCENOBIUS, D. FORFICELLUS, Thnb. v vi MUCRONELLUS, vS". ..VI GlGANTELLUS, 6". V. V VI PHYCIDM ANERASTIA, H. LOTELLA, Zk IV V ULIGINOSELLUS, Z. . . FURCATELLUS, Ztt. MARGARITELLUS, F. MYELLUS, H. v ? FARRELLA, C. ix ILITHYA, Lt. CARNEI LA, L v vi MYELOPHILA, Tr. CRIBRELLA, H. x to in ClRRIGERELLA, Zk. MELISSOBLAPTES, Z. CEPHALONICA, Stn. TRACHONITIS, Z. PRYERELLA, Va. .. HOMGEOSOMA, G. PlNETELLUS, L LATISTRIELLUS, Hw. PERLELLUS, S WARRINGTONELLUS, Z. var? SELASELLUS, H. . . . . TRISTELLUS, S.V. .. in FASCELINELLUS, H. vi vn INQUINATELLUS, S.V. v? CONTAMINELLUS, H. GENICULELLUS, Hw. CULMELLUS, L Ill CHRYSONYCHELLUS, S. RORELLUS L NlMBELLA, Z. IX X NEBULELLA, .5". V. . .ix x BlN-iEVELLA H. . ...VVI SAXICOLA, Va ix SENECIONIS, Va. ..vi NYCTEGRETES, Z. ACHATINELLA, H. . . CASSENTINIELLUS, Z. HORTUELLUS, H. ..IV V PALUDELLUS, H. . . v vi 238 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR EPHESTIA, G. \ LARV/E | IMAGOS ELUTELLA, H. 1 n VI VII FICELLA, Dgl. i IX X SEMIRUFA, Hw VI VII PINGUIS, H-w v vi VII VIII ClNEROSELLA, Z. . .V? VI VII CRYPTOBLABES, Z. BlSTRIGELLA, Hw. . . IX X VI VII PLODIA, G. INTERPUNCTELLA, H. ix x VI VII ROXBURGHII, Greg.. NEPHOPTERYX, Z. ANGUSTELLA, H. . .vni ix V VI & IX X GENISTELLA, D ix to vn VII GYMNANCYCLA, Z. CANELLA, S. V. ... .vni ix VI VII PHYCIS, F. BETULELLA, Go v VI VII CARBONARIELLA, F.R. VI VII ADELPHELLA, F.R. vii to ix VI ADORNATELLA, D. . . v vi VI VII SUBORNATELLA, Z. V VI VI VII OBDUCTELLA, F.R. v vi VII VIII CYMBID& TORT: HALIAS, Tr. PRASINANA, L vn vni V VI VII QUERCANA, S. V. ..V VII CLORANA L vm v TORTRICIDJE SAROTHRIPA, C. REVAYANA, S.V. . . v vi VII IX IV TORTRIX, L. POD AN A S V VI VI VII PlCEANA L V VII CRAT^GANA, H. . .v VII XYLOSTEANA, H. . .v VI SORBIANA H . . . .V VI VII ROSANA, L V VI VI tO VIII DUMETANA, Tr. V VII DlVERSANA, H. V VII ClNNAMOMEANA, Tr. V VI VII HEPARANA, S.V. . .v vi VI VII RlBEANA H V VI VI VII CORYLANA, H. V VI VII VIII UNIFASCIANA, D. ..v VI VII SEMIALBANA, G v VI VII COSTANA, S.V. v vi VI tO VIII VlBURNANA, S.V. . . V VI IX VI tO VIII ICTERANA, FrO V VI VII VIII VlRIDANA, L V VI VI VII MlNISTRANA, L. . . IX X V VI FOSTERANA, F. IV VI VII VIII BRANDERIANA, L. . .v VI VII LARWE | IMAGOS ORNATELLA, S.V. .. ABIETELLA, S. V. . . ix x to iv ROBORELLA, S.V. . .V PEMPELIA, Z. PALUMBELLA, S. V. ix x to iv RHODOPHvEA, G. FORMOSELLA, Hw. . .VII tO IX CONSOCIELLA, H. ..VVI ADVENELLA, Zk. MARMOREA, Hw. SUAVELLA, Zk TUMIDELLA, Zk RUBROTIBIELLA, F.R. VI ONCOCERA, Sj. AHENELLA, . V. . .v vi MELIA, Ss. SOCIELLA, L ....... VIII ANELLA, Zk ....... GALLERIA, Lt. CERELLA, G ....... v vi . MELIPHORA, G. ALVEARIELLA, G. . . ix & x to v GNOMANA, L ....... v DICHELIA, G. GROTIANA, F. ...... v? AMPHISA, C. GERNINGANA, 6". V. PRODROMANA, H. CENECTRA, G. PlLLERIANA, S.V. ..VI LEPTOGRAMMA, C. LlTERANA, L ....... VI NlVEANA, F. ...... VI SCABRANA, F. ...... VIII IX BOSCANA, F. ...... VVI PERONEA, C. SPONSANA, F. ...... vn AUTUMNANA, H. ..VI LlPSIANA, S. V. ____ VI MlXTANA, H. ...... VII COMARIANA, Z. ---- V tO VII SCHALLERIANA, L, ..VI COMPARANA, H. ____ VI CALEDONIANA, Ben. vi PERMUTANA, D ..... v? VARIEGANA, S. V. ..vi CRISTANA, S.V. ---- vi to ix HASTIANA, L ....... vi vn MACCANA, Tr. ---- v vi UMBRANA, H. ...... ix FERRUGANA, S. V. . .v vi TRISTANA, H. ...... vitovnnx v vn vni VI VII VII VIII vn vm vi vn VII VI tO VIII VII vm ix vn and s. x v vn vni in to v IV VIII IX IV IX XI VII vni ix VII tO XI VII & IX IV V VII VII VIII VIII vii vni vi vni ix vni ix to xi vni vni ix vm ix vni ix ix THE L] | LARV/E EPIDOPTE | IMAQOS RIST S CALENDAR SIBERIA, G. \ LARV/E 239 | IMAGOS ASPERSANA, H. V VI VII SHEPHERDANA, 6"^. v vi TERAS, Tr. CAUDANA, F. v vi CONTAMINA.NA, H. ..v DICTYOPTERYX, Ss. LORQUINIANA, D. . .V & VII LCEFLINGIANA, L. ..V HOLMIANA, L V BERGMANNIANA, L. v vi FORSKALEANA, L. . .V VI VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VII VIII VI & VIII VI VII VI VII VI VI VII ACHATANA, 5". V. ..V SERICORIS, Tr. LATIFASCIANA, Hw. v EUPHORBIANA, Z. . .VI VII VIII BlKASCIANA, Hw. . . LlTTORANA, C. V VI ABSCISANA, G CESPITANA, H. .... CONCHANA, H. iv ? LACUNANA, S. V. . . v vi URTICANA, H. v vi VII VI V VIII VII VIII VI VII VI VIII VI VII VI VII VII VIII VII VIII ARGYROTOXA 6\r. DALEANA Db VI CONWAYANA F VIII X V VII MICANA H VI VII PTYCHOLOMA, Ss. LECHEANA, L iv v vi vm PENTHINIDSE DITULA, S.r. HARTMANNIANA, L. v SEMIFASCIANA, Hw. v PENTHINA, Tr. PICANA Fro v V VI VII VII VI VII VI VII IRRIGUANA, H. DOUBLEDAVANA, Ba. MIXODIA, G. SCHULZIANA, F. V? PALUSTRANA, Lnig. RATZEBURGIANA, Sax. v vi RUBIGINOSANA, H.S. CONSEQUANA H S VII IX VII VII VI tO Vltl VI VI tO VIII VI VI SORORCULANA. Ztt. V CAPR^EANA, H. iv v PR^LONGANA, G. ..vinix PRUNIANA, H v OCHROLEUCANA, H. V VII VI VI VII VI VI VII ROXANA, 6*. ARCUANA, L EUCHROMIA, 6V. MYGINDANA, S.V... iv RuFANA, vS" IV V VI VII VI VII CYNOSBANA, L v DlMIDIANA, So IX VI VI PURPURANA, Hw. . . ARBUTANA, L iv VI SAUCIANA, H. vm ? VI ORTHOTVENIA, Ss. GREVILLANA, C STAINTONIANA, Ba. GENTIANANA, H. . .xi to v SELLANA H vi VI VI VI VII ANTIQUANA, H. i n STRIANA, S.V. ERICETANA, Ben. . . SCI A PHIL IDsE VI VII VI VII VI MARGINANA, Hw. . .vi vn ix x FULIGANA, H. V v to vm VI VII ERIOPSELA, G. FRACTIFASCIANA, Hw. vm V VII ANTITHESIA, G. SALICANA, G v SPILONO TIDM SPILONOTA, C. LARICIANA, Z. ....v OCELLANA, 5". V. ..V PAUPERANA, Frr . . ACERIANA, Mann ..V DEALBANA, Frol. ..v NEGLECTANA, D. . . SlMPLANA, F.R INCARNATANA, H. . . SUFFUSANA, Kol. . . ROSJECOLANA, Db. . . VI VII VI VII VI VII III IV VIII VIII VI VII V VI VI VII VI VII VI VII VIII QUADRANA, H. V ? PHTHEOCHROA, Ss. RUGOSANA, H. VI VII CNEPHASIA, C. ClNCTANA, S.V. V? POLITANA, Hw V MUSCULANA, H. IX X SCIAPHILA, Tr. NUBILANA, H. PERTERANA, G SUBJECTANA, G. .... IV V VI VlRGAUREANA, Tr. IV V VI CHRYSANTHEANA, D. vi WAHLBOMIANA, L. v? V VII VI VII v to vii IV V VI VI VII VI VII VI VII VI VII VII VII PARDIA, G. ABRASANA, D HYBRIDANA H ... VI VII VI VII SERICORID& ASPIS, Tr. UDMANNIANA, L. ..v vi VI VII OCTOMACULANA, Hw. PENZIANA, Thnb. ..vi COLQUHOUNANA, Sttt. VI VII VI VII 240 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR I LARVXE SPHALEROPTERA, G. ICTERICANA, Hiv. ..v vi CAPUA, Ss. FAVILLACEANA, H. CLEPSIS, G. RUSTICANA, Tr. GRA PHOLITHID& BACTRA, Ss. LANCEOLANA, H. . .iv FURFURANA, Hw. ..I PHOXOPTERYX, G. SlCULANA, H. X UNGUICANA, L iv UNCANA, H iv BIARCUANA, Ss vin INORJSATANA, ff.S.v PALUDANA, Ba. COMPTANA, Fro. . .x MYRTILLANA, Tr. ..vn ix LUNDANA, F. VIII tO IV DERASANA, H. vin ix DlMINUTANA, Hw. VIII MlTTERPACHERIANA, S. V.Vlll X UPUPANA, Tr. ix (?) L^TANA, F. V GRAPHOLITHA, Tr. RAM ANA, L iv NlSANA, L Ill NlGROMACULANA, Hw. VIII IX CAMPOLILIANA, S. V. vin ix x MINUTANA, H. vvi TRIMACULANA, Don. v PENKLERIANA, 6". F.nr OBTUSANA, Hw vin N.EVANA, H. VI VII GEMINANA, $ v vi ix x PHLCEODES, G. TETRAQUETRANA, Hw. ix IMMUNDANA, F.R...IV & vn DEMARNIANA, F.R. iv CRENANA, H. vm ix HYPERMECIA, G. CRUCIANA, L iv v AUGUSTANA, H. VI BATODES, G. ANGUSTIORANA, Hw. v P^EDISCA, Tr. BlLUNANA, Hw IV OPPRESSANA, Tr. . . ix CORTICANA, S. V. . .V VI PROFUNDANA, S.V. v vi OPTHALMICANA, H. v OCCULTANA, Dg. ..VI VII SOLANDRIANA, L. ..VI | IMAGOS | LARV>C | IMAGOS SEMIFUSCANA, Hw. vi VII VIII VI VII SORDIDANA, H. V IX X EPHIPPIPHORA, G. V VI BlMACULANA, Don. V VII tO IX ClRSIANA, Z. X IV V VII IV V VI PFLUGIANA, Hw. . . ix in iv v V VI BRUNNICHIANA,^. V. in iv VI tO VIII TURBIDANA, Tr. IV V VII V VI VII FcENEANA L X VI VII VI VII NlGRICOSTANA, Hw. IX X III VI VII SlGNATANA, Dg. ..V VI VII V VI GRAND^EVANA, Z. (?) in iv v VI VII V VI TRIGEMINANA, Ss. . .vin ix VI VII VI TETRAGON AN A, Ss. . . VII VIII VI VII COSTIPUNCTANA, Hw. VI & VIII POPULANA, F. V VII VI & VIII OBSCURANA, Ss.1 .. VI VII IV V VIII GALLICOLANA, Z. . .1 11 V VI V VI OLINDIA, G. V & VIII ULMANA, H. v? VII VIII VI VII SEMASIA, G. V SPINIANA, F.R v? VI VII VI VII IANTHINANA, D. ..ix VII VVI RUFILLANA, Z. VIII IX VI to VIII VI WCEBERANA, S. V. . . X tO IV VI COCCYX, Tr. VII COSMOPHORANA, Tr. I II VI VII VIII STROBILANA, L x to iv IV V VI VII SPLENDIDULANA, G. IV V VI V VI VII VERNANA, Kngs. . . III VI VII RAVULANA, ff.S. . . VII VII VIII ARGYRANA, H. x V VI VI VII NEMORIVAGANA, Tengs. vin? VVI V VI PYGMAEAN A, H ? vii III IV VIII IX HERCYNIANA, Uslar x iv v V VI VIII VI VII DISTINCTANA, Ben. V VI USTOMACULANA, C. IV V VI VII IV V VI NANANA, Tr. VII IV V & VIII VACCINIANA, F.R. . .vin x V VI VI VII HEUSIMENE, Ss. IX IV FlMBRIANA, vSf X III IV PAMPLUSIA, G. VI VII MERCURIANA, H. . .v vi & ix VII VIII RETINIA, G. BUOLIANA, 6". V. V VI VII vn viii PlNICOLANA, Db. . .V VI VII tO IX TURIONANA, L Ill IV V VI VII PlNIVORANA, Z. IV VII VIII VI RESINANA, L i 11 VI VII VIII DUPLANA, H. vin? VI VIII SYLVESTRANA, C. ..v VI VII VIII IX CARPOCAPSA, Tr. VII IX SPLENDANA, H. ix VIII VIII IX GROSSANA, Hw ix VI VII THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 241 LARVXE I IMAGOS LARV/E | IMAGOS POMONANA, L VIII VI EXPALLIDANA, Hw. VI VII O PAD I A, G. CITRANA H ix VII FUNEBRANA, Tr. ..VIII IX VI PUPILLANA, L VI VIII ENDOPISA, G. CONTERMINANA, H. S. VII VI NlGRICANA, F. ... .VII VI VII TRYCHERIS, G. PlSANA, G VII VIII tO X VI MEDIANA, ^9. V. vn VI VII STIGMONOTA, G. PYRALOID& DORSANA, F. VII VI VII SIM^ETHIS, Lch. LEGUMINANA, Z. ..vin? VI VIBRANA H v and vi vi and vn CONIFERANA, Rtz. . .X IV VI VII CHOREUTES, Tr. LEPLASTRIANA, C. . .x iv VII SCINTILULANA, H. . .VI VII VIII COROLLANA, H. .... I II VII XYLOPODA, Lt. PERLEPIDANA, Hw. vn V VI FABRICIANA, L iv vi vin V IX INTERNANA, G VII PARIANA, L vin IX COMPOSANA, F. VI VIII CONCHYLIDM WEIRANA, Dg. vin ix VI LOBESIA, G. REDIMITANA, G. ..ixv VII RELIQUANA, H. V TRAUNIANA, S. V. . . VI SERVILLANA, D x V VI REGIANA, Z x to v VII EUPCECILIA, Ss. GERMARANA, H. ..ix V VI NANA, Hiu in VI ROSETICOLANA, Z. ix VII DUBITANA, H. v & ix VII VIII OROBANA, Tr. vin x VII VIII ATRICAPITANA, *5\r. ix VII DICRORAMPHA, G. MACULOSANA, Hw. ix V VI POLITANA, 6". V. .... X V VI VII SODALIANA, Hw. . . VI VII ALPINANA, Tr v vi VII VIII HYBRIDELLANA, H. vin VI SEQUANA, H. V AMBIGUANA, H. v VII PETIVERANA, L. ..ivv VI tO VIII GEYERIANA, H.S... PLUMBANA, S ix x V VI MANNIANA, F.R. .. VI SATURNANA G VII VIII DEGREYANA, Me. . .vi ? v and vii PLUMBAGANA, Tr. ..ix x VI ANGUSTANA, H. v VII VIII ACUMINATANA, Z. . . IV V VI VIII IX CURVISTRIGANA, Wlk. VII V VI HERBOSANA, Ba. . . VI VII VECTISANA, Wsd. ..v&vni V & VII SEXECTANA G UDANA G iv V VI SlMPLICIANA, Hw. . .IV V VI tO VIII NOTULANA, Z. ix V VI TANACETANA, Sin. i n VII RUPICOLANA, C IV V VI VII CONSORTANA, .Ss. . . iv v vi VII FLAVICILIANA, Db. VII PYRODES, G. ROSEANA, Hw x iv VIII RHEDIANA, L ix V VI SUBROSEANA, Hw. . .X VI VII CATOPTRIA, G. IMPLICITANA, H.s. . .x VI tO VIII ALBERSANA, H. x V VI ClLIANA, H. VII VIII V VI ULICETANA, Hw. ..vin V VII tO IX ANTHEMIDANA, C. . .vii x VII VIII NIMBANA, Fisch. ..iv VI PALLIDANA, Z V VI VII JULIANA, C ix VI VII XANTHOSETIA, Ss. MlCROGRAMMANA, G. IX VI VII ZOEGANA, L IV V VII VIII HYPERICANA, H. ..v VI VII HAMANA, L v vi VI VII PARVULANA, Wlk. . . VII CHROSIS, G. MARITIMANA, Dale v vi VII TESSERANA, S.V. .. ix to iv VII CANA, Hit) vn vin VI VII VIII RUTILANA, H. ....VI VII VIII FULVANA, Ss., Wlk. ix xi VI VII BlFASCIAXA, H. .... VI HOHENWARTHIANA, S. F.VIII IX VI tO VIII ARGYROLEPIA, ,5*. SCOPOLIANA, Hw. ..IX X VI VII VIII BAUMANNIANA, 6". V. VI CCECIMACULANA, //. VII SUB-BAUMANNIANA, Wlk. VII .^EMULANA, Schlg. ..x ' VII VIII ZEPHYRANA, Tr. ..v VI VII ASPIDISCANA, H. ..VIII V SCHREIBERSIANA, Fro. \ 11 VI 242 THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR | LARV> | IMAGOS LARV>C | IMAGOS BADIANA, H. ix vi vn CNICANA, Db. ..... .vu vm vi vn /ENEANA, H. i vi MUSSEHLIANA, Tr. VIII VI MARITIMANA, G. ..vmx v vi CONCHYLIS, Tr. DlPOLTANA, H. 1 II VII VIII FRANCILLONANA, F. x to v v vi DlLUCIDANA, s. ..IXX VI EPIGAPHIID& LEMNATOPHILA, Tr. PHRYGANELLA, H.. .vi ix xi SALICELLA, H. x iv EXAPATE. Z. GELATELLA, L vn x xi DIURNEA, Hw. FAGELI.A, S.V. ix in iv EPIGRAPHIA, C. AVELLANELLA, H. . . IV STEINKELLNERIELLA, S.V. vm iv PSYCH I DM [ix TAIJEPORIA, Z. PUBICORNELLA, Hw. V VI PSEUDO-BOMBYCELLA, O. X IV VI PSYCHE, Br. VlLLOSELLA, O V V VI OPACELLA, H. S. . . iv v vi CALVELLA, O v vi SALICOLELLA, Br. . . vi BETULINELLA, Z. . . vi vn PULLELLA, Br, V VI INTERMEDIELLA, Br. vi ROBORICOLELLA, Br. V VI CRASSIORELLA, Br. vi RETICELLA, N. v RADIELLA, C vn SOLENOBIA, Z. TRIQUETRELLA, H. in iv iv DOUGLASII, Stn INCONSPICUELLA, Stn. in vi x iv v CONSPURCATELLA, Z. PSYCHOIDES, Br. VERHUELLELLA, Hey. iv v vi vi vn TINEIDM DIPLODOMA, Z. MARGINEPUNCTELLA, Ss. iv v vi XYSMATODOMA, Z. MELANELLA, Hw. . .iv v vi ARGENTIMACULELLA, Stn. vi vn PHYGAS, Tr. BlRDELLA, C. II V VII VIII BISONTELLA, Lnig. vii SMEATHMANINANA, F. x vi vu STRAMINEANA, Hw. ix x vi vn ALTERNANA, Ss. . .ix x vi vii INOPIANA, Hw ix vu APHELIDM APHELIA, C. OSSEANA, 5" VII VIII TORTRICODES, G. HYEMAHA, H. vn? 11 in v TINEJE VACULELLA, Fisch. vn SCARDIA, Tr. CHORARGELLA, .S 1 . V. v vu via EMORTUELLA, Z. ..v v vm CARPINETELLA, G. . .iv vi PlCARELLA, L VU ARCUATELLA, Stn. . .v vi GRANELLA, L v vi vii CLOACELLA, Hw. . .iv v vi to vui COCHYLIDELLA, Stn. VI ARCELLA, F. v vn vui TINEA, Stn. IMELLA, H. xi v vu x FERRUGINELLA, H. vu & x RUSTICELLA, H. III VII VIII MONACHELLA, //. . . V VUI FULVIMITRELLA, So. V VI TAPETZELLA, L iv vi vi vii RURICOLELLA, Stn. V & VIII ALBIPUNCTELLA, Hw. iv v vi vn CONFUSELLA, H.S. VII VUI CAPRIMULGELLA, H.S. v vu MlSELLA, Z IXX VI VIII PELLIONELLA, L. . .iv v vi vi vii x DUBIELLA, Gregs. . .a form of Pellionella? FUSCIPUNCTELLA, Hw. VII VIII VI VII IX FLAVESCENTELLA, Hw. formerly taken near London PALLESCENTELLA, Stn. v vi vu x GANOMELLA, Tr. ..xv vi vii MERDELLA, Z x xi vi vii BlSELIELLA, Hml. . .X VI VI VII SlMPLICIELLA, H.S. VII NlGRIPUNCTELLA, Hw. V VIII SEMIFULVELLA, Hw. x v v vi vn BlSTRIGELLA, Hw. IX V SUBAMMANELLA, Stn. VII PEROCHRACEBLLA, Dbl. iv v vi vu LAM PRO N I A, Z. QUADRIPUNCTELLA, F. V VI LUZELLA, H. V V VI VII PR/ELATELLA, . V. ix v vi RUBIELLA, Bjer. ..ivv vi THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 243 LARVXE I IMAGOS j LARWE | IMAGOS INCURVARIA, Hw. MASCULELLA, S.V. ZlNCKENELLA, Z. . .VI X TENUICORNELLA, Stn. CANARIELLA, Stn. . .v OEHLMANNIELLA, H. x n CAPITELLA, L iv MICROPTERYX, Z. CALTHELLA, L ARUNCELLA, S SEPPELLA, F. MANSUETELLA, Z. . . ' ALLIONELLA, F. . . . . iv THUNBERGELLA, F. PURPURELI.A, Ss. ..VIII? SALOPIELLA, Stn. . .vin ? SEMIPURPURELLA, i$j. vin? UNIMACULELLA, Ztt. vin ? SPARMANELLA, Base vm? SUBPURPURELLA, Hw. VIII? FASTUOSELLA, Z. . . iv v NEMOPHORA, H. SwAMMERDAMELLA, L. VIII? SCHWARZIELLA, Z. . . PlLELLA, S.V. METAXELLA, H. . . AD EL A, Lt. FlBULELLA, S. V. ..VIII XI RUFIMITRELLA, S...1X SULZELLA, S.V. DEGEERELLA, L. ..xin VIRIDELLA, L iv? CUPRELLA, F. NEMATOIS, Z. SCABIOSELLUS, 5". . .VII tO IV CUPRIACELLA, H. . .VII to IV SCHIFFERMILLERELLA, S. V. V? MlNIMELLA, Z V? YPONOME U TID& SWAMMERDAMIA, Stn. COMPTELLA, H. VI IX CfcSIELLA, H. IX GRISEOCAPITELLA, Stn. ix LUTARELLA, Hw. ..IX PYRELLA, Vill. vn ix x NANIVORA, Stn. SCYTHROPIA, Stn. CRAT^EGELLA, L. ..vi YPONOMEUTA, Li. [x VlGINIPUNCTELLA, Rtz. VI VII IX PLUMBELLA, S.V. ..vvi IRRORELLA, H. ....vi PADELLA, L v vi COGNATELLA, H. ..V EVONYMELLA, L. ..V VII IX v ANESYCHIA, Ss. IV FUNERELLA, F. ....VIII VI vi DECEMGUTTELLA, H. ix x v vi vi CHALYBE, D. vi PYRAUSTELLA, Pallas vn v v PEPILLA, G. CURTISELLA, Don. ..V VI VII vvi PLUTELLIDM vi . EIDOPHASIA, Ss. vi MESSINGIELLA, F.R. iv v vi v vi PLUTELLA, Sk. vvi XYLOSTKLLA, L. ..vviix iv v vn VVI PORRECTELLA, L. . . IV V VI V VI VIII iv v ANNULATELLA, C. . .vi vi to vm iv v DALELLA, Stn vi iv vn vm iv HYPOLEPIA, G. iv SEQUELLA, L v vn vm IV V VlTTELLA, L VI VII VIII iv v vi RADIATELLA, Don. v vm iv IV V COSTELLA, F. V VIII YPSOLOPHA, F. vvi SYLVELLA, L vi vm ix v vi ALPELLA, S.V. ... .vi vm vvi LUCELLA, F. vi vn vm VI VII HORRIDELLA, Tr. VI VII ASPERELLA, L V VII v vi HARPIPTERYX, Tr. VVI SCABRELLA, L V VIII IX vi NEMORELLA, L vi vn vm vi HARPELLA, S. V. iv v vi vn vi PTEROXIA, G. iv CAUDELLA, L vi vm ix iv GELECHIDM vi ORTHO1VELIA, 6\r. vi SPARGANIELLA, Thnb. vi vn vi vii ENICOSTOMA, Ss. VI VII LOBELLA, S.V. ....VIII IX VI PHIBALOCERA, Ss. QUERCELLA, F. ....VVI VII VIII v to vm EX^RETIA, Stn. v vn ALLISELLA, Stn v vn v vi DEPRESSARIA, Hw. VI VII COSTOSELLA, Hw. . .V VI VII VII VIII IV V VIII LlTURELLA, vS\ V. ..VI VII VIII PALLORELLA, Z. v to vm viii m UMBELLELLA, Ss. '. .vi vii vm ix vn ASSIMILELLA, Tr. ..intovi vi to vm NANATELLA, Stn. . .v vn iv v vm ATOMELLA, 6". V. ..v vn vii vm ARENELLA, 6". V. vvi vn vm iv vn PROPINQUELLA, Tr. v vii m VII VIII SlTBPROPINQUELLA, Stn. VI VII VIII III vii ALSTRCEMERIELLA, L. v vi vn vnj iv 244 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVXE I IMAGOS ! LARVXE | IMAGOS ClNIFLONELLA, L. . . Ill VIII ALACELLA, D vi VII VACCINELLA, H. ..vi vn vin in LONGICORNIS, C VII ? V VI CAPREOLELLA, Z. ..vi iv vin DlFFINELLA, Hw. . . IV VI HYPERICELLA, H. . .v vi vn x. TERRELL A, S.V. VI VII CONTERMINELLA, Z. VI VII VII VIII IV DESERTELLA, Ed. .. V VII VIII ANGELICELLA, H. ..vi vn ix EXPOLITELLA, Dg. VI VII CARDUELLA, H. v vn ACUMINATELLA, Si. VII IX VI tO VIII OCELLELLA, F. V VII VII VIII X ARTEMISIELLA, Tr. vi VI tO VIII YEATESIELLA, F. ..vi vin ix VISCARIELLA, Lo. ..v VI RHODOCHRELI.A, H.S. ALBIPALPELLA, H.S. vi VII (var. of Subpropinquella) in ARUNDINETELLA, Z. in iv VI VII APPLANELLA, F. vi vn iv SENECTELLA, Z. VII VIII CILIELLA, Sin vn vin in MUNDELLA, Dg. V VIII GRANULOSELLA, Stn. vi ix SlMILIS, Dg VII VIII ROTUNDELLA, Dg. . . V VIII IX AFFINELLA, Hw. . . iv v vi VI VII DEPRESSELLA, H. ..vi vin BOREELLA, Dg. VI VII PlMPINELLA, Z. VI VII VIII GALBANELLA, Fisch. VII BIPUNCTOSA, C. probably a var. of Liturella vn BASALTINELLA, Z. . . v ? VI VII ALBIPUNCTELLA, H. vi vin in DOMESTICELLA, Hit). Ill IV VI VII CNICELLA, Tr. v vi vi vn RHOMBELLA, H. vi VII VIII EMERITELLA, Hey. vn vin PROXIMELLA, H. ..vin V VI PULCHERRIMELLA, Stn. VI VII VII VIII NOTATELLA. H. IX X V VI DOUGLASELLA, Stn. V VII VIII LYELLELLA, C VIII IX X WEIRELLA, Stn v vi vn vin VULGELLA, H. IV V VI VII CH^EROPHYLLIVORELLA, Db. v vii vin iv LUCULELLA, H. II III V VI ULTIMELLA, Stn. ..vi vii vin SCRIPTELLA, H. VIII V VI NERVOSELLA, Hiu. vi vn vin ix FUGITIVELLA, Z. . .V VI VII BADIELLA H vin ^ETHIOPELLA, Wsd. vin? V VI DlSCIPUNCTELLA, H.S. VIII IX SOLUTELLA, Fisch.. v HERACLEELLA, De Geer vi vin in DlSTINCTELLA, Z. . . VI VII OLERELLA, Z vi vn vin ix x CELERELLA, Dg. . . IX PSORICOPTERA, Stn. COSTELLA, v5\r vii vin VIII IX GlBBOSELLA, Z. ... .VI VII MACULELLA, Hw. . . vi VII GELECHIA, Stn. TRICOLORELLA., Hw. iv VI ClNERELLA, L VI VII FRATERNELLA, Dg. v VI VII RUFESCENTELLA, Hw. V VI VII VIII MUSCOSELLA, Z V VI VII INORNATELLA, Dg. vi MACULIFERELLA, Mann v VII GERRONELLA, Z. . . vii VlCINELLA, Dg. V VIII IX VlLELLA, Z. VII VIII LEUCOMELANELLA, Z. v VII HlPPOFHAELLA, Sk. VII VIII IX JUNCTELLA, Dg. . . IV VIII IX MALVELLA, H. ix x vi vii HUBNERELLA, Hw. VI? VIII IX POPULELLA, L V VI VII MARMORELLA, Hw. v VI VIII NIGRA Hw v vi vi vii OBSOLETELLA Fisch. vii x VI TEMERELLA, L vi vii INSTABILELLA, Dg. iv v VII VIII LENTIGINOSELLA, Z. v vi vi vii OCELLATELLA, Stn. VI VI VII VIII VELOCELLA, Fisch. iv iv v vin LlTTORELLA, Dg. . . V FUMATELLA, Dg. . . VI VIII ATRIPLICELLA, Fisch. v vn vn vin ERICETELLA, H. . . ix to in iv vin SEQUACELLA, Hw. . . v VI VII MULINELLA, Ti. ..V VI VII ALEELLA, F. ix V VI DlVISELLA, Dg. VI LEUCATELLA, L. . . v vi VI VII PALUSTRELLA, Dg. vii ALBICAPITELLA, Z. vi VII SORORCULELLA, H. V VI VII NANELLA, H. v VII CUNBATELLA, Z. ..VII IX MOUFFETELLA, vS". V. IV V VI PELIELIA, Z. vi vn DODECELLA, L V VII THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 245 | LARVXE | IMAGOS TRIPARELLA, Z. . . . .vn ix V VI TENEBRELLA, ff. ..ix iv VI VII LlGULELLA, Z V VI VII VORTICELLA, Z VI VI VII TTF.NIOLELLA, Tr. ..vvi VII SlRCOMELLA, Stn. . .VI ? VI VII IMMACULATELLA, Dg. VIII NlGRITELLA, Z. VI CORONILLELLA, Ti. V VI VII ANTHYLLIDELLA, H. iv VI VIII ATRELLA, Hw v vi VII BIFRACTELLA, Mann x in VI VII OBLITELLA, Db VI LUCIDELLA, -S-T VII LUTULENTELLA, Z. VII GRACILELLA, Stn. . . V CONFINIS, Stn v VI STRELITZIELLA, H.S. VI CEREALELLA, Ol. ..xin V VI GEMMELLA, L v ? VII VIII N^VIFERELLA, Z. . .VI X VI VIII HERMANNELLA, F. vi x V VIII PICTELLA, Z. v V VIII BRIZELLA, Ti x V VIII SUBDECURTELLA, Stn. VI VI ERICINELLA, Z vi VII VIII PAUPELLA, Z vn vm VIII IX INOPELLA, Z. vn VIII SUBOCELLELLA, Ss. X VI VII INTAMINATELLA, Stn. vm ix V VI OSSEELLA, Stn VII TARQUIKTIELLA, Stn. VI KNAGGSIELLA, Stn. vi VII VIII UMBROSELLA, Z. . . V VI VII SANGIELLA, Stn. . . v VI VII PlNGUINELLA, Tr. . . V VII LATHYRELLA, Stn. ix VI PARASIA, D. LAPPELLA, L ix x VI VII METZNERIELLA, Dg. x n VI VIII CARLINELLA, Dg. ..xu VI VII NEUROPTERELLA, Fisch. x to vi VII VIII CLEODORA. Sin. CYTISELLA, C VII STRIATELLA, 6". V. . . vi VIII CHELARIA, Hiv. CONSCRIPTELLA, H. VI? VIII IX ANARSIA, Z. SPARTIELLA, Schlg. v vi VII VIII GENISTELLA, Stn. . .v VII MAC ROC HI LA, Ss. FASCIELLA, ff. ix V MARGINELLA, F. ..v VII JUNIPERELLA, L, . .V VII I LARWE | IMAGOS USTULELLA, F. VIII IX to IV V APLOTA, Ss. PALPELLA, Hiv v vm NOTHRIS, Stn. VERBASCELLA, S. V. v vu DURDHAMELLA, Stn. VI VII SOPHRONIA, Stu. PARENTHESELLA, L. vi vn HUMERELLA, H. ..V VI P LEU ROTA, Stn. BlCOSTELLA, L X tO V VI VII HARPELLA, Schlg. GEOFFROYELLA, L... v vi BRACTEELLA, L. ..IIIY vi HYPERCALLIA, Ss. CHRISTIERNINELLA, L. v vi vn DASYCERA, Stn. SULPHURELLA, F. ..V1V OLIVIERELLA, F. ..v? (ECOPHORA, Stn. MlNUTELLA, L Ill VI FLAVIMACULELLA, Stn. ix vi to via TRISIGNELLA, Z. . . v vi vn STIPELLA, Clk ix vi vn AUGUSTELLA, H. ..V? VI ALBIMACULELLA, Hw. (var. of Augustella) WOODIELLA, C VI GRANDELLA, Desv. v vi FORMOSELLA, SV. . . VII LUNARELLA, Hw. . . VII VIII LAMBDELLA, Don. . . vi vn SUBAQUILELI.A, Ed. VI VIII TlNCTELLA, Tr. . . . . V ? V VI SUBOCHREELLA, Dbl. VI VII FUSCO-AURELLA, Hit). IV VIII FLAVIFBONTELLA, H. ix to iv v vi FUSCESCENTELLA, H-W. VII VIII PSEUDOSPRETELLA, Stn. X IV VII VIII CECOGENIA, G. KlNDERMANNIELLA, Z. VII VIII ENDROSIS, Stn. FENESTRELLA, 6". . .1 to xu i to xu BUTALIS, Tr. GRANDIPENNELLA, Hiv. iv vi vn FUSCO^NEELLA, Hw. IV VI VII SENESCENTELLA, Stn. v vn FUSCOCUPRELLA, HlV. VII ClCADELLA, Z V VII VARIELLA, 6> vi CHENOPODIELLA, H. iv vm vi ix TORQUATELLA, Lnig. VIII IX VI VII INCONGRUELLA, Stn. \x in iv PANCALIA, Stn. LEWENHOEKELLA, L. THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR I LARVXE | IMAGOS LATREILLELLA, C. . . GL YPHIP TER YGIDM ACROLEPIA, C. PERLEPIDELLA, Stn. vi GRANITELLA, TV. ..vi vii vm AUTUMNITELJLA, C. VII X VIII IV BETULELLA, C vni x MARCIDEI/LA, C. . . ROSLERSTAMMIA, Stn. ERXLEBENELLA, F. iv & vn v vi & vm ix PRONUBELLA, S. V. v GLYPHIPTERYX, .Sj. FUSCOVIRIDELLA, Hit). IV V VI THRASONELLA, .9. . .v ? vi vn CLADIELLA, Stn vi vii HAWORTHELLA, 6s. iv vi v vn EQUITELI.A, v vi vi to viti SCHCENICOLELLA, Stn. IV V V OCULATELLA, Z VI FlSCHERIELLA, Z. . .VII V VIII ^CHMIA, Stn. DENTELLA, Stn vii v vi PERITTIA, Stn. OBSCUREPUNCTELLA, Stn. vn v TINAGMA, D. SERICIELLA, Hw. ..vm iv v STANNEELLA, Fisch. ix vi RESPLENDELLA, Dg. vn ix vi DOUGLASIA, Stn. OCNEROSTOMELLA, Stn. IV VII AR GYRES THIID& ARGYRESTHIA, Stn. EPHIPPELLA, F. v vi vn NITIDELIA, F. v v vm PURPURASCENTELLA ? Stn. SEMITESTACELIA, C. vm SPINIELLA, Z v vi vm ALBISTRIELLA, Hw. v vn CONJUGELI.A, Z vm vi vn SEMIFUSCELLA, Hw. v vii vm ^ERARIELLA, Stn. . . vi (possibly a var. of Conjugella) MENDICELLA, Hw. v vi vn GLAUCINELLA, Z. . .tn iv vi vn RETINELLA, Z. v vi vn ABDOMINELLA, Z. ..iv vn DlLECTELLA, Z V VI ANDEREGGIELLA, Fisch. v vii vr.i CURVELLA, L V VI VII SORBIELLA, Tr. VI VII PYGM^ELLA, H. . .iv v vi vn GCEUARTELLA, L. ..II IV VI VII BROCHELLA, H. m iv vi vn ARCEUTHINELLA, Z. iv v v vi | LARWE | IMAGOS PR^ECOCELLA, Z. . . v AURULENTELLA, Z. IV VIII VII VIII CEDESTIS, Stn. FARINATELLA, Z>. . .m iv& vi vi vn GYSSELINELLA, D. . . m vi vn OCNEROSTOMA, Z. PlNARIELLA, Z. IV & VI IV VI & VIII ZELLERIA, Stn. HEPARIELLA, M. . . vm iv INSIGNIPENNELLA, Stn. vm iv FASCIAPENNELLA, Lo. ix x SAXIFRAGE, G v vi vn GRA CILLARIID^ GRACILLARIA, Z. ALCHIMIELLA, S. . .vn ix v vi vm STIGMATELLA, F. ..vivmix vn&vmiv STRAMINEELLA, Stn. vm iv HEMIDACTYLELLA, H. vii vm ix FALCONIPENNELLA, H. vm ix SEMIFASCIELLA, Hw. vii ix PoPULETELtA, Z. ..VII IX IV ELONGELIA, L v vii v vi ix TRINGIPENNELLA, Z. m iv& vi vii v vm SYRINGELLA, F. vi ix v vm OMISSELLA, Dg. vn v vm PHASIANIPENNEI/LA, H. vm ix ix iv AUROGUTTELLA, Ss. IV VI IX V VIII ONONIELLA, D iv v vi vm ix IMPERIALELLA, M. vm ix v HOFFMANNIELLA, Schleich KOLLARIELLA, Z. . .VI & IX X V & VII CORISCIUM, Z. BROGNIARTELLA, F. vi to vm vn ix CUCULIPENNELLA, H. VIII VIII IX IV ClTRINELLA, Fisch. IX X IV ORNIX, Z. AVELLANELLA, Stn. VII IX X V VI VIII DEVONIELLA, Stn. . . v ANGLICELLA, Stn. . .vii ix iv v vm BETUL^EVORELLA, Dbl. vn ix x v vi vm SCUTULATELLA, Stn. IX ? VI TORQUILELLA, Stn. VII IX V to VIII SCOTICELLA, Stn. . . ix v vi LOGANELLA, Stn. . . IX V VI GUTTELLA, Hw VIII IX V VI COLEOPHORIDM GONIODOMA, Z. ATRIPLICIVORELLA, Dbl. ix to v vm COLEOPHORA, Z. FABRICIELLA, Vill. vi vn DEAURATELLA, Lnig. vn ALCYONIPENNELLA, Kol. v vi vii vm FRISCHELLA, L vii PABIPENNELLA, Fisch. ix x v i THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR LARVXE ! IMAGOS 247 LARVXE | IMAGOS WoCKEELLA, Z V VI VII OCHREELLA, Hw. ..V VII VIII SALICORNELLA, (N.S.} x to v vn vin BlNOTAPENNELLA, Fisch. V VIII LlXELLA, Z IV VII VlBICELLA, H. VVI VII CONSPICUELLA, M. . .V VI VI VII PYRRHULIPENIvELLA, Ti. X IV V VI VI VII ALBICOSTELLA, Hw. vin vi vn VULNERARIELLA, Z. VI VII ANATIPENNELLA, H. v vi vi to vin PALLIATELLA, Z. ..v vi vn IBIPENNELI.A, Hey. v vi vn CURRUCIPENNELLA, FtSch. V VI VII NlVEICOSTELLA, Fisch. VI VI VII DlSCORDELLA, Z. . . X tO V VI to VIII GENIST^ECOLELIA, Dbl. x vi vi vn SATURATELLA, Stn. ix vi vn ONOSMELLA, Z v vi vn INFLATELLA, Stn. ..vinix vn THERINELLA, Stn. . . ix vi vn TROGLODYTELI/A, Stn. v vi vn vn vin LlNEOLELLA, Hw. . .Ill V VI VII MURINIPENNELLA, FlScJl. V VI V VII SQUAMOSELLA, Stn. vin CESPITITIELLA, Z. IX V VI VII ANNULATELLA, Tengs. ix x vn vin SALINELLA, Stn. ..xv vi vm CACUMINATELLA, Dbl. x vn vm ARGENTULELLA, Z. ix x vn VlRGAUREELLA, Stn. IX X V VII VIII HEMEROBIELLA, Z. v vn JUNCICOLELLA, Stn. X V VII LARICELLA, H. . . . .ix v vi vn ALBITARSELLA, Z. . .xi v vi vi vn NlGRICELLA, 6"^ VVI VI VII FUSCOCUPRELLA, Z. IX to V VI ORBITELLA, Z. vi va GRYPHIPENNELLA, Bou. ix v vi vi viu SlCCIFOLIELLA, Stn. VII VIII VI VITISELLA, Gregs. ..xiiv vi vn VlMINETELIjA, Z. . .IX V VI V VII OLIVACEELLA, Stn. v vi SOLITARIELUA, Z. ..X V VI VII LUTIPENELLA, Z. ..VVI VI VII BADIIPENNELLA, Fisch. v vi vn ARTEMISICOLELLA, Br. vinto v vn GRAMINICOLELLA, Stn. v? v LIMOSIPENNELLA, Fisch. v vn v vi va CHALCOGRAMMELLA, Z. v vi vn MELILOTELLA, Sc. . .vm to x vn ARDEJEPENNELLA, Sc. vi vn vn ARTEMisiEdiiA, Sc. vi vn BICOLORELLA, Sc. . . v ? WlLKINSONELLA, Sc. VIII IX VI ELACHISTIDM BEDELLIA, Stn. SOMNULENTELLA, Z. VIII IX VIII X STRATHMOPODA, Z. PEDELLA, L ix vu COSMOPTERYX, Stn. DRURIELLA, Z vm ix vn ORICHALCELLA, Stn. vm ix v & vn LlENIGIEfcLA, Z. ... IX VI VII BATRACHEDRA, Stn. PR^ANGUSTELLA, Hw. vi vn vm PlNICOLELLA, Z VI VII OINOPHILA, St. V-FLAVELLA, Hw. ..V VI VII VU I CHAULIODUS, Tr. INSECURELLA, Stn. vn vin ILLIGERELLA, H. . . . . v vi vn CH^EROPHYLLELLA, Go. vi ix vn vin DAUCELLA, Pey ix ? x xi LAVERNA, C. PALUDICOLELLA, Dbl. n to v vi to vm LACTEELLA, 6"j v vi to vm MlSCELLA, S.y. IV tO VI V to VIII CONTURBATELLA, H. V VI VI VII RASCHKIELLA, Fisch. v vn vi vm STEPHENSIELLA, Stn. vn vm EPILOBIELLA, Schlg. vi vu vm to v OCHRACEELLA, C. ..V VII VIII PHRAGMITELLA, Ben. v vn DECORELLA, ^ vi vn vm ix x to iv SUBBISTRIGELLA, Hw. VII VIII VIII IX tO V ATRA, Hw ix to n in vi vn RHAMNIELLA, Z. v vn VlNOLENTEL&A, H. S. CHRYSOCLISTA, Stn. LlNNEELLA, Stn. . .XI tO IV VII VIII BlMACULELLA, Hw. VI VII SCHRANKELLA, H. . . IV VII VI VIII FLAVICAPITELLA, Hw. ix to in iv v vi HELIODINES, Stn. RcESELLA, L VI VII VIII ANYBIA, Stn. LANGIELLA, H. vii vm ASYCHNA, Stn. PROFUGELLA, Z ix vn MODESTELLA, D. ..VI V ^ERATELLA, Z x iv vi vn TERMINELLA, Dale vm ix vi CHRYSOCORYS, C. FESTALIELLA, H. . .vn v vi vm ANTISPILA, H.S. PFEIFFERELLA, F. ..vivn v TREITSCHKIELLA, Fisch. vm ix vi 248 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR | LARVXE | IMAGOS | LARVXE | IMAGOS STEPHENSIA, Stn. AMYOTELLA, D vn x v vi vm BRUNNICHELLA, L. iv vn V VI VIII LANTANELLA, Schlg. vn ix v vm ELACHISTA, Stn. TRIGUTTELLA, Stn. v vi ix x v vm GLEICHENELLA, F. . .iv v VI VII QUINQUEGUTTELLA, Stn. V VI IX X V VI VIII MAGNIFICELLA, Tengs. iv v VII NlGRESCENTELLA, Lo. V APICIPUNCTELLA, Stn. x to iv VI VII (considered a form of Bremiella) ALBIFRONTELLA, H. iv v VI IRRADIELLA, Sc vn ix v vi vm HOLDENELLA, Ed. . . VI BREMIELLA, . vn ix x iv v vm ATRICOMELLA, Stn. v vi VI INSIGNITELLA, Z. ..x v vi LUTICOMELLA, Z. . .IV V VI tO VIII LAUTELLA, Z vii ix x v vi vm FLAVICOMELLA, Stn. VII VACCINIELLA, Sc. . .vn ix x v vi vm POELLA, Dg. IV VII V VIII CAVELLA, Z vn ix v vi vm KlLMUNELLA, Stn. . . IV VII V VII VIII POMIFOLIELLA, Z. . .VII IX V VI VIII ALPINELLA? Ed. CORYLELLA, Ni. ... .VII IX V VI VIII ClNEREOPUNCTELLA, Hw. IX V V VI SPINICOLELLA, Z. . .vn ix v vi vm TRAPEZIELLA, Stn. . .x to v V VI FAGINELLA, M. . . . .vn ix v vi vm STABILELLA, Stn. . . VI VII TORMINELLA, Frr. . .vn ix v vm GREGSONELLA, Stn. iv V VI VII SALICICOLELLA, Si. . .vn ix v vin NlGRELLA, H. IV VII V VII VIII VlMINETELLA, Stn. VII IX V VIII SUBNIGRELLA, Dg. . .IV VII V VI VIII CARPINICOLELLA, Stn. vn ix v vi vm PERPLEXELLA, Stn. . . iv v VI VII ULMIFOLIELLA, H. . .vn ix v vi vm HUMILIELLA, Z VI VII SPINOLEF.LA, D vn ix v to vm CONSORTELLA, Stn. III QUERCIKOLIELLA, Fisch. VII IX V to VIII BEDELLELLA, Si. iv vn V VIII MESSANIELLA, Z. . iv vn x v vm xi SUBOBSCURELLA, Db. Ill VII V VI VII CORYLIFOLIELLA, HlV. VII IX V VIII PALUDUM, Frr. iv VII CALEDONIELLA, Stn. vn ix v vm ZONARIELLA, Tengs. iv vii V VI VIII VlMINIELLA, Si. ... .VII IX V VI VIII GANGABELLA, Fisch. xi to iv V VI SCOPARIELLA, TL . . VI VII T.-ENIATELLA, Stn. . .IX V v vi ULICOLELLA, Va. ..ix vi vn ClNGILELLA, Fisch. VI VII ALNIFOLIELLA, H. ..viiix* ivvviivin OBLIQUELLA, Ed. . . V VI HEEGERIELLA, Z. . .vn ix v vi vin MEGERLELLA, Z ix vi V VI VIII CRAMERELLA, F. vn ix v vm ADSCITELLA, Stn. . .v vi VI VII TENELLA, Z. vn ix v vi vm CERUSSELLA, H. iv vn v to vm ACERIFOLIELLA, Z. . .VII IX V VI VIII RHYNCOSPORELLA, Stn. vi VI VII EMBERIZ/EPENNELLA, Bou. vn ix v vi vin ELEOCHARIELLA, Stn. v VI VII FROLICHIELLA, Z. . .vn ix v vi YIII BlATOMELLA, Stn. . . IV V VII v to vm DUNNINGIELLA, Stn. X V VI VIII SERRICORNELLA, Lo. iv & vm VI VII NlCELLIELLA, Z VIIIX V VI VIII TRI ATOM ELLA, Hw. V VI VI VII STETTINELLA, Ni. . .vn ix v vi vm DlSPUNCTELLA, D. . . VI VII KLEMANNELLA, F. .vii ix v vi vm COLLITELLA, Fisch. VI VII SCHREBERELLA, F. ..VII IX V VIII POLLINARIELLA, Z. . .v vi VI VII TRISTRIGELLA, Hw. vn ix v vi vin RUFOCINERELLA, HlV. IV IV V TRIFASCIELLA, Hw. iv vii ix v vtn xi SUBOCHREELLA, Db. V VI SCABIOS/ECOLELLA, Db. IV VII V VIII CYGNIPENNELLA, H. iv v vi V VI VIII COMPARELLA, Fisch. vii ix v vin TISCHERIA, Z. LYONETIID& COMPLANELLA, H. . . IX X VI LYONETIA, H. EMYELLA, D xi in vi vii V VI VIII CLERCKELLA, L v vii ixx vi vmxi to iv ANGUSTICOLELLA, Hey. ix x V VI PADIFOLIELLA, Stn. vii vm ix x DODONJEELLA, Stn. . . X to V VI PHYLLOCNISTIS, Z. LI THOCOLLE TIDJE SUFFUSELLA, Z VI VIII VII IX to IV LITHOCOLLETIS, Z. SALIGNELLA, Z vi vm ix vii vm to iv ROBORELLA, Z VII X V VI VIII CEMIOSTOMA, Z. HORTELLA. F. ..... .VII IX V VIII SPARTIFOLIELLA. H. iv v vii x v to vm THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR I LARVXE I IMAGOS LABURNELLA, Hty. vn ixx v vi vm SCITELLA, Z VIII IX VI VII WAILESELLA, Stn, . .v vi vm ix v vi vn LOTELLA, Stn vn vm v vi LATHYRIFOLIELLA, Stn. vm v OROBIELLA, Stn vm v OPOSTEGA, Z. SALACIELLA, Tr. .... vi vn AURITELLA, H. V VI CREPUSCULELLA, Fisch. vi vn SPATUTELLA, G vn RELIQUELLA, Z v vi & via BUCCULATRIX, Z. AURIMACULELLA, Stn. IV V VII V VI & VIII ClDARELLA, Ti. VIII IX V VI ULMELLA, M. vn ix x v vi vm ix VETUSTELLA, M. . . vi ? CRAT^EGIFOLIELLA, D. vm v vi DEMARYELLA, D. . .vm ix v vi MARITIMELLA, Stn. v vi vn BOYERELLA, D VIII V VI FRANGULELLA, Go. . .vm ix vi vn HlPPOCASTANELLA, D. VIII V VI CRISTATELLA, Fisch. vn ix v v vi vm ARTEMISIELLA, Wk. iv v vi vi NEPTICULID& NEPTICULA, Z. ATRICAPITELLA, Hw. vn x v vi vm ANOMALELLA, Go. ..vnx vi vm PERPYGM^EELLA, Db. vn x v vi vm POMELLA, Va vn x v vi vm OXYACANTH^ECOLELLA, Db. VII X V VI VIII VlSCERELLA, Dg VII X V VI VIII CATHARTICELLA, Stn. vn x v vi vm SEPTEMBRELLA, Stn. vn x v vi vm CRYPTELLA, Frr, . .vn x vi vm WEAVERELLA, Dg. . . x iv vi INTIMELLA, Z. ....ix v vi HEADLEYELLA, Stn. vi vm SUBBIMACULELLA, H Fisch. iv v vi vn ZOPHODACTYLUS, D. IX X VII VIII V V V VIII V VI VI VIII vm VII VIII V VI 250 THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR j LARWE I IMAGOS | LARVXE | IMAGOS LlTHODACTYLUS, Tr. V VII VIII PTERODACTYLUS, L. vm ix vm ix x HODGKINSONI, Gregs. vi LlENIGIANUS, Z. V VI VII TEPHRADACTYLUS, H. ix to v vm OSTEODACTYLUS, Z. IX IV VII MlCRODACTYLUS, H. IX X V VI VII PALUDUM, Z. ...... vi BRACHYDACTYLUS, Tr. vi vn GALACTODACTYLUS, H. v vn SPILODACTYLUS, C. v vi vn BALIODACTYLUS, Z. v vi vi to vm TETRADACTYLUS, L. v vi v & vn vm PENTADACTYLUS, L. v v & vn via DlCHRODACTYLUS, Muhlig V VII ARIDUS, Z iv v v MONODACTYLUS, L. VIII IX ALUCITID^E ALUCITA, L. POLYDACTYLA, H. . .VI VII VIII tO IV ERRATUM. V At page 221, third line from the bottom, strike out INTERJECTARIA, as synonymous with DILUTARIA. JOHN BELLOWS, PRINTER, GLOUCESTER 1 . '