THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 T'V'^'V'^'ti.^ ■'-? 
 
 NEMPLOYED FUND, 
 
 1904-5. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 Central Executive 
 Committee. 
 
 LONDON : 
 P. S. KING & SON, 
 ORCHARD HOTiqK 
 WESTMIN
 
 
 LONDON UNEMPLOYED FUND, 
 
 1904-5. 
 
 X- 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF 
 
 CENTRAL EXECUTIVE 
 COMMITTEE 
 
 Pyesented to the Full Committee, November lo, 1905. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 P. S. KING & SON, 
 
 ORCHARD HOUSE, 
 
 WESTMINSTER. 
 
 1905.
 
 PENNY AND HULL 
 
 PRINTERS, 
 
 53-55 LEMAN STREET, E.
 
 /dp 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The following Report describes the constitution and 
 work of the organisation set up in London in the winter of 
 1904-5 for the purpose of dealing with the question of the 
 •Unemployed. This organisation consisted of representative 
 Local Committees for the selection and recommendation of 
 certain classes of applicants, and a Central Committee, formed 
 mainly by delegation from their members, for co-ordinating the 
 work of the Local Committees and for providing employment 
 as far as possible for the men recommended by them for the 
 purpose. It thus resembled in its main features the organisa- 
 tion about to be established under the Unemployed Workmen 
 Act, 1905. 
 
 In May last, a " Preliminary Statement " of the work of 
 the Fund to April 14, prepared at the request of the President 
 of the Local Government Board, was issued as a Parliamentary 
 Paper. The present Report incorporates most of this state- 
 ment, but the information is brought down to September 30 ; 
 and conclusions, which in the opinion of the Committee may 
 prove useful for the guidance of future Committees upon 
 questions of method and procedure, have been added. 
 
 4022S3
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A. INTRODUCTION— 
 
 The Scheme ... ... ... ... ■•• ••• 9 
 
 The Committee ii 
 
 The Work of the F mid 13 
 
 B. REPORTS OF SUB-COMMITTEES— 
 
 I. — Finance Committee : 
 
 The Lord Mayor's Appeal ... ... ... 17 
 
 Financial Machinery ... ... ... ... 19 
 
 Allocation of Funds ... ... ... ... 20 
 
 General Fund Accounts ... ... ... 20 
 
 Hollesley Bay 22 
 
 II. — Classification Committee : 
 
 Principles of Classification ... ... ... 25 
 
 Allotment of Places .. ... ... ... 27 
 
 The Central Employment Exchange ... ... 30 
 
 The Joint Committees ... ... ... ... 32 
 
 Suggested Outline for Procedure of Local 
 
 Committees .. ... ... ... 36 
 
 III. — Works Committee : 
 
 Long Grove ... ... ... ... ... 48 
 
 London County Council Parks, etc. ... ... 54 
 
 Green Park ... .. ... ... ... 58 
 
 City Markets ... ... ... ... ... 59 
 
 IV. — Working Colonies Committee : 
 
 Hadleigh ... ... ... ... ... 61 
 
 Garden City ... ... ... ... ... 64 
 
 The Hollesley Bay Colony ... ... ... 71
 
 I'AOt 
 
 V. — Grants Committek : 
 
 Scheme of Oraiils in Aiil (jI Lfxiil Work 85 
 
 Conditions of Grc.nt ... ... . .■ 86 
 
 AnK)unls Allo.-atf.fl ... ... . . ... 90 
 
 VI. — Emigration Committee : 
 
 Procedure ... ... . . 91 
 
 Results ... ... ... ... ... ... 94 
 
 Letters from Emigraiil.s ... ... ... 95 
 
 C. SL.MMARV A.\D COM I'ARISU.NS 101 
 
 L). Al'PEXDIX— 
 
 I. — Lists of Members : 
 
 (a) Members of Central Committee ... ... 109 
 
 (b) Members of Sub-Committees, with Terms of 
 
 Reference ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 
 
 IL — Official Documents, &c. : 
 
 {a) "Mr. Long's Scheme" ... ... ... 115 
 
 {f?) "The Central Committee" ... ... 117 
 
 (c) Resolutions of the Central Committee on the 
 
 foregoing ... ... ... ... 119 
 
 IIL — Statistical Tables: 
 
 (a) Number of Applications, etc. : Particulars 
 
 furnished by Joint Committees ... 122 
 
 (b) Assistance Provided by Central Committee : 
 
 Allotments in respect of Vacancies. 
 
 Grants and Emigration ... ... 124 
 
 (c) Periods of Employment of Individuals on 
 
 each Work ... ... ... ... 126 
 
 ((/) Reasons for Leaving ... ... ... 127 
 
 (f) Occupations of Men Employed ... ... 128 
 
 (/) Occupations of Men Emigrated ... ... 132
 
 PAGE 
 
 rv. — Selected Documents, issued by Central 
 Committee : 
 
 {a) Model Rules, Application Forms, &c., for 
 Employment Exchanges and the Central 
 Employment Exchange ... ... ... 133 
 
 {b) Specimen Conditions of Employment, &c. 
 
 (Long Grove, Green Park, Garden City). 137 
 
 V. — Statement of Accounts : 
 
 General Fund Accounts ... ... ... ... 142 
 
 Hollesley Bay 148 
 
 E. INDEX 155
 
 1904-5. 
 
 REPORT OF 
 
 CENTRAL EXECUTIVE 
 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The organisation known as the London Unemployed 
 The Fund had its origin in proposals laid before a Con- 
 
 Scheme, ference of Metropolitan Guardians by the Right 
 Hon. W. H. Long, M.P., then President of the Local 
 Government Board, on October 14. 1904. The main features of 
 Mr. Long's Scheme, as developed in official documents subsequently 
 issued.* were as follows : — 
 
 (i) Joint Committees were to be established in each Metropolitan 
 Borough, and in the Cities of London and Westminster, consisting of 
 representatives of the Borough Councils, of the Boards of Guardians, 
 and of charitable and parochial associations and others. 
 
 (2) A Central Committee was to be created, composed of dele- 
 gates from the Joint Committees, the City Corporation, and the London 
 County Council, together with certain members nominated by ^Ir. Long 
 for co-option by the Committee. 
 
 (3) The Joint Committees were to receive applications for work 
 or relief, to examine into the cases and to divide them into two classes : 
 
 (i.) Those who were respectable men temporarily distressed 
 
 owing to inabilitv to obtain emplovment ; 
 (ii.) Those who should be regarded as ordinary applicants for 
 
 poor-law relief. 
 
 * See Appendix, p. 115.
 
 ,r. hil)0(liiclinu. 
 
 The first class wen; to l)f; floall witli hy tlic Jnint Committees, thfc 
 serond rlass l)v ihr (Inardiaiis in (lie usual way. 
 
 (l) The Joint Committees should assist applicants of the first 
 class hy recommenfling them to the Borough Councils for employment, 
 by affording facilities for the interchange of information between 
 applicants for work and emjiloyers. and by recommending for employ- 
 ment upon special works undertaken by the Central Committee. 
 
 (5) The Central Committee was to act as the aflvi.ser anrl guide 
 of the Joint Committees anrl to .secure as far as possible a common 
 polic\ throughout the Mefro|)olis. to collect and distribute information 
 as to emi)lo\ment. to collect and administer funds, anrl to deal with 
 ca.ses referred to them bv the Joint Committees, by the provision of 
 special works bevond the limits of any particular borough, by the 
 establishment of labour colonies, or bv inaking grants towards special 
 works undertaken by local authorities- 
 
 (6) It was suggested that the funds to be administered by the 
 Central Committee should l)e obtained in the first instance by subscrip- 
 tions from private persons and others, but that later on the Borough 
 Councils should make contributions, based on the assessable value of 
 the Borough, towards that part of the funds used for the purpose of 
 making grants in aid of work undertaken bv Local Authorities, the 
 Local Government Board being prepared to sanction such contributions 
 to the Central Committee under the Local Authorities (Expenses) Act 
 1887. 
 
 (7) The Scheme also laid down certain principles to he uniformly 
 observed in the selection of the men for employment, viz.. the exclusion 
 of cases of chronic distress, and of persons of bad character, or of less 
 than six months' residence in London ; and preference to persons 
 possessing established homes, with wives and families, such possession 
 to be verified by a visit to the home. 
 
 In the actual pro\ ision of employment it was suggested that the 
 work should be continuous for some definite time, and that the previous 
 occupations of the men should be taken into account. Attention was 
 also called to the desirability of arranging that the wages paid should 
 be something less than the wages ordinarilv paid. 
 
 It was left, however, to the Central Committee to amplifv these 
 rules and to lay down principles io: the guidance of Joint Committees,
 
 The Committee. 1 1 
 
 The main principles by which the work of the Committee was to 
 be guided and defined were thus laid down at the outset, viz. : 
 
 1. A uniform system of administration throughout the Metro- 
 
 polis, and a common fund under centralised management. 
 
 2. The assistance by this particular agency of a special class 
 • of distress — that due to exceptional unemployment 
 
 through industrial causes only. 
 
 3. The limitation of the direct operations of the Committee to 
 
 one particular form of assistance — the provision of work. 
 
 Following upon the publication of these proposals. 
 
 The steps were taken bv the Local Government Board to 
 
 Central secure the formation of Joint Committees in the various 
 
 Boroughs, and as soon as a sufficient number had 
 
 signified their readiness to fall in with the Scheme. 
 
 the Central Committee was convened by the President. 
 
 The first meeting was held on Friday, November 25, at the 
 Guildhall, and was attended by Delegates from twenty-five of 
 the Metropolitan Boroughs, from the London County Council, the 
 Citv Corporation, and the City of London Guardians. The Lord 
 Mayor presided at the reception of the Delegates. A letter was read 
 from the President of the Local Government Board containing 
 general suggestions for the work of the Central Committee. Mr. 
 Alderman Alliston was elected Chairman of the Committee, and 
 the Rev. H. Russell Wakefield, Mayor of Marylebone, Vice- 
 Chairman, and it was resolved to ask the Lord Mayor to act as 
 Treasurer. An Executive Committee was elected, composed of one 
 Delegate from each of the Joint Committees and other public authori- 
 ties represented, and in view of the difference of opinion expressed in 
 the Committee as to the advisability of inviting contributions from 
 Borough Councils out of the rates, it was referred to the Executive to 
 consider as to the way in which the funds of the Committee should be 
 raised, and to report to the full Committee at its next meeting. 
 
 At the second meeting of the full Committee, on Friday, December 
 2. it was resolved, upon the report of the Executive Committee, to 
 postpone the question of contributions from the Borough Councils and 
 to ask the Lord Mayor, as Treasurer, at once to open a Fund at the 
 iMansion House for the purpo.se of making arrangements for the pro- 
 
 B 2
 
 I 2 httrnrhirfinti. 
 
 vision of work, on the lines f)f Mr. Long's Srhemc. for thf- unemployefl. 
 lliroii;;li the agency of the Central Coniniiltee. 
 
 The Kxerutive Committee was authoriserl to rarry out schemes for 
 tlie provision of work on these lines, anrl four Suh-Committees of the 
 F^xerutive were appointed, as follows : — 
 
 Finance Committee: to deal with the collection and appor- 
 tionment of funds. 
 Classification Committee : to deal with questions of selec- 
 tion and other matters involving the relation of the work 
 of the Committee to the conditions of ordinary life and 
 industry. 
 Works Committee : to carry out schemes of special work in 
 
 or near London. 
 Working Colonies Committee : to carry out schemes of work 
 in the countrv. involving the temporary housing of the men 
 employed. 
 
 The question of Grants in aid of work specially undertaken by 
 Horough Councils was referred to a Committee composerl of the C'hair- 
 man, the Vice-Chairman, and the Chairmen of these standing Com- 
 mittees, and at a later stage a fresh Sub-Committee was appointed to 
 deal with Emigration. Various matters arising from time to time 
 in connection with the work of the Fund were referred to the complete 
 Committee of Chairmen. 
 
 Several new members, nominated by Mr. Long, were co-opted on 
 to the Committee and the various minor Committees. 
 
 The Full Committee thus formed consisted of 71 
 
 members, viz.. 2 representatives from each of twentv- 
 Composition ^ 
 
 of six Metropolitan Boroughs, and 4 from the City of 
 
 ommi ee. Westminster;* 2 from the London County Council. 2 
 
 from the City Corporation, and i from the City of 
 
 London Guardians, together with 10 members nominated by Mr. Long. 
 
 The Executive Committee consisted of the Chairman and Vice- 
 Chairman, one Delegate from each of the Joint Committees and other 
 public authorities represented, and the members nominated bv Mr. 
 Long, making a total of 42. (For full list see Appendix.) Mr. H. R. 
 
 * Battersen established a Joint Committee and sent representatives, from 
 Dec. 14 to Tan 4.
 
 Work of tlie Fund. 13 
 
 Maynard, formerly Hon. Secretary to the Mansion House Unem- 
 ployed Committee of 1903-4, was appointed Secretary. At a 
 later date the services of Mr. Ernest Aves, who was associated 
 with Mr. Charles Booth in the preparation of " Life and Labour of 
 the People," and was also a member of the Mansion House Committee 
 of 1892, were secured, more particularly for the work of the three 
 Committees most concerned with the selection of men. and the opera- 
 tions of the Joint Committees in London — Classification. Emigration, 
 and Borough Grants. 
 
 It will be noticed that, by its composition, the operations of the 
 Committee were limited to the County of London. Representations 
 were made at an early date to the Committee by various local authori- 
 ties and other agencies in the districts outside the county area, drawing 
 attention to the amount of distress there existing, and asking for 
 affiliation to the Committee or for assistance in the form of grants. 
 These appeals received prolonged and sympathetic consideration from 
 the Committee, but it was felt that the limitation of the amount of the 
 Fund, and still more of the facilities for the provision of employment 
 in comparison with the demand, and the existing difficulties of a novel 
 form of centralised administration, rendered it inadvisable to attempt 
 an immediate extension of the area of operations. 
 
 The Executive Committee and the various Sub- 
 
 The Work Committees met weekly throughout the winter, and 
 
 of the Fund, at longer intervals during the summer, the City 
 
 Corporation kindly granting the use of Committee 
 
 rooms at the Guildhall for the purpose, and the services of a minuting 
 
 clerk for the meetings of the Executive and full Committee. Offices 
 
 were placed at the disposal of the Committee at a nominal rent by 
 
 Messrs. Bowater & Son, 159, Queen Victoria Street, and the necessary 
 
 furniture was lent by Messrs. Wallis & Co.. of Holborn Circus. 
 
 The Sub-Committees began their regular meetings in the week 
 beginning Monday, December 5. Steps were immediately taken 
 for the establishment of relations with the Joint Committees, (many of 
 which were already at work receiving and classifying the applications 
 for assistance), and for the discovery or creation of openings for em- 
 plo\ ment. As soon as any scheme of work was recommended by the 
 Works or Working Colonies Committee, reported upon favourably by the 
 Finance Committee and accepted by the Executive, the Classification
 
 14 /ii/roi/iiiltiiii. 
 
 ('oiniiiitlcc was chrirf^od with the (hit\ (A allotting the vacancies u[>on 
 the work to tlic \arioii.s Joint (.'ommittccs and of reconiriiending the 
 selection of an a|)|)ro|)rialc class of man. 
 
 Owing to the late ilalc at which the Committee came into heing. 
 and the necessity of deciding its own constitution and creating the 
 whole of its organisation, and owing also to the inherent difficulties 
 in the way of the immediate preparation of schemes of work, the season 
 was already somewhat advanced before the employment of men could 
 lifgin. lUif no time wa'< avoidably lost. ( )n December 12 the Lord 
 Mayor issued an api)eal for funds, which finally brought in the sum 
 of ^51.886 4s. lod. On December 16 the first i)arties began work at 
 Hadleigh ; on January 2 works were opened at Long Grove, on 
 January 10 at Garden City, and on January 11 in the London Count) 
 Council Parks; on January 16 operations were begun at the Cit\ 
 Markets, and on January 18 in the Green Park. 
 
 The more permanent activities began a little later. On Februarx 
 25 the Committee came into possession of the Estate at Hollesle> 
 Bay for the purpose of a labour and agricultural training Colony, and 
 on the 28th of the same month the first men began work there, in 
 preparation for a regular party of colonists on March 6. A Central 
 Employment Exchange, with the object of co-ordinating the work of 
 the various Municipal Employn.ent Exchanges established in London 
 under the Labour Bureaux (London) Act 1902. was opened on April 
 3. As the temporary work drew to a close, the selection of suitable 
 cases for Emigration was pushed forward, and on April 20 the first 
 families left for Canada. 
 
 The temporary works remained open for periods 
 
 Temporary varying from 12 to 16 weeks.* Continuous work was 
 
 Assistance, offered to each man from the date of his engagement. 
 
 and the period actually worked by each individual 
 
 varied from i to 16 weeks,* averaging 8 weeks. The dates on which 
 
 these works were closed, with the total number of men that had 
 
 been employed on each, were as follows : — Hadleigh (327 men) March 
 
 18; London County Council Parks (692 men) March 31; Long 
 
 Grove (1,208 men) April 14; Green Park (336 men) Mav 13; 
 
 Garden City (397 men) June i ; and City >[arkets (133 men) Julv 
 
 8. AlHDUt 250 men. moreover, received temporarv assistance, for 
 
 * Kxcluding City Murkets, wliere the work was comparatively skilled and the 
 numbers were limited by space ; and a few men at Garden Citv.
 
 Work of the Fund. 15 
 
 periods varying from i to 14 weeks, at the Hollesley Bay Colony 
 between February 25 and June 29. wliile a fresh party of 41 
 has been at work since the latter part of September. The provision 
 of temporary employment by the jNIetropolitan Borough Councils for 
 men selected and recommended by the Joint Committees, was also 
 assisted by Grants in aid of special local work to the extent of 
 £S-S9\ 17s. 6d. 
 
 Besides this provision of temporary work and the pay- 
 Permanent nient of grants, the Committee has endeavoured to 
 Assistance, provide permanent assistance in several ways to suit- 
 able cases. Bv September 7, 42 families had been 
 assisted to emigrate. The Central Employment Exchange, though 
 still hampered by the smallness of the present number of local ex- 
 changes, is in full working order, and is known to have been, so far, the 
 means of finding ordinary employment for 148 men. The necessary 
 steps for the development of Hollesley Bay have been pushed forward, 
 and about 45 men, selected out of the original parties, are at present 
 receiving agricultural training with a view to ultimate removal, with 
 their families, to the country. A small beginning has been made with 
 actual migration. Two families have been assisted to settle in the 
 neighbourhood of Hollesley Bay, and two at Garden City. 
 
 The total provision of assistance of various kinds made 
 Summary. by the Committee may be statistically summarised as 
 follows : — 
 
 Total number temporarily employed (exclusive of those em- 
 ployed through grants) ... ... ... ... ... 3498 
 
 Estimated total number of persons therebx temj}oraril\ assisted 17490 
 
 Average period of temporary assistance... ... ... 8 weeks 
 
 Total number of families emigrated ... ... ... ... 42 
 
 Total number of persons emigrated ... ... ... ... 215 
 
 Total number of families settled in country ... ... ... 4 
 
 Total number of persons settled in country ... ... ... 17 
 
 Total number of families directh assisted ... ... ... 3549 
 
 Total number of per.sons directh assisted ... ... ... 17705 
 
 (exclusive of those assisted through Grants in aid of local 
 work, and those helped to find employment by the 
 Central Employment Exchange). 
 The distribution of this assistance amongst the various Joint 
 Committees is set forth in the Appendix (Table B).
 
 I (i hUniduciuni. 
 
 riic work ol lliu I'liinl llius suiiiiiiari.sL-iI rii;i\ he coineniently 
 (lescrihed in its varic^iis aspud in the lollowing reports of tlie diflereiit 
 Sub-Coiiimittees. 
 
 The work of the Committee would have been very much more 
 difficult had they not had at their disposal not only the frefjuent use ot 
 the excellent rooms at the Guildhall, but also the willing assistance of 
 everyone connected with the City Cori)oration, and the Executive desires 
 to acknowledge with gratitude the help thus afforded. 
 
 The Committee has been specially fortunate in those who have 
 guided its operations. The Secretary, Mr. Mavnard. brought to the 
 work not only a keen intelligence and the experience gained in con- 
 nection with the Mansion House Committee of 1903, but also a real 
 enthusiasm for the cause in which he was engaged. Mr. Aves has 
 devoted himself with equal energy and ability to the departments of 
 which he has had special charge, and no happier combination of 
 personalities could have been desired. Xo trouble has been too great, 
 no problem too difficult, no labour too arduous, for either of these 
 devoted social workers.
 
 17 
 
 REPORTS OF SUB-COMMITTEES. 
 
 I.— FINANCE COMMITTEE. 
 
 The first meeting of the Finance Committee was held on Monday, 
 December 5. when Mr. Deputy Pannell was elected Chairman. 
 
 On Monday, December 12, The Lord Mayor, as 
 
 -iT!?® Treasurer of the Fund, issued an Appeal from the 
 
 Lord Mayors ^ ^ 
 
 Appeal. Mansion House in the following terms, which set forth 
 
 the constitution and programme of the Committee : — 
 
 gjjj To THE Editor of The Times. 
 
 It will be within the knowledge of your readers that through the 
 instrumentality of Mr. Walter Long, the President of the Local Government 
 Board, a scheme has this winter been set on foot for dealing with the unem- 
 ployed in London by means of : 
 
 1. Joint Committees in each Borough, in the City of London, and in the 
 
 City of Westminster, composed of Borough Councillors, Poor Law 
 Guardians, representatives of Charitable Associations, and others ; 
 
 2. A Central Committee, which, being composed of delegates from the 
 
 Joint Committees, the City Corporation, and the London County 
 Council, is therefore representative of the whole of London. 
 
 In this way, it is believed for the first time in the history of London, a 
 central representative body has been set up for the purpose of dealing 
 thoroughly, on uniform principles, with the problem of the London unemployed 
 as a whole. 
 
 The main object of the Central Committee will be to ensure that, as far as 
 possible, work shall be provided for those of the able-bodied unemployed of 
 London, who, though willing to work, are out of employment through no fault 
 of their own. 
 
 It is not intended to relieve the Guardians of the legal responsibility of 
 dealing with those who are proper subjects for the Poor Law. Nor is it in- 
 tended to relieve the Borough Councils of their share in the duty of meeting the 
 present difficulty by the provision of as much useful work as is reasonably 
 possible for the unemployed in each Borough. But at a time like the present, 
 the resources of the local authorities, especially in the poorer districts, are 
 insufficient to meet the need. A large number of genuine workmen usually in 
 regular work are in danger of having to resort to the Poor Law, with its atten- 
 dant results of disfranchisement and loss of status, or to endeavour to support 
 themselves by occasional work, which, while only partially maintaining their 
 families, tends to encourage in the men themselves a habit of dependence on 
 casual labour.
 
 l8 I' Diane c ( iiiiiiiiillcc. 
 
 In order to meet the dinitulties of the situation, the ( cntr.il l ommittce 
 desire to encourage the |)rovision of useful work which will, as far as possible, 
 adonl continuous employment during the distress. For this |)urj>ose, where 
 the circumstances justify such a course, they propose to contribute towards the 
 cost ol useful wirks carried out by local authorities, if satisfied that owing to 
 exce|)tional cost or otherwise the works would not have been executed under 
 ordinary circumstances, and provided that a certain nunjber of the unemj»loycd 
 of London are engaged on them; and, further, they hope to arrange for the 
 em|)loyment of persons on exj)erimental work, such as farm or labour colonies, 
 undertaken by the Central Committee themselves or by others. 
 
 The work will only be olTered to ])ersons, being residents of at least six 
 iiuinths' standing in London, who have been decided by the Joint Committees 
 after strict inquiry to come within the class whom the Central Committee desire 
 to assist. 
 
 Every possible elTort will be made to avoid either attracting workers from 
 ordinary employment or comj)eting with e.xisting industrial enterprise. 
 
 There can be no possible doubt as to the need for action. The high i>er- 
 centage of unemployed shown month by month by the official figures of the 
 Labour Gazette, even during the summer, and the steady increase in that per- 
 centage with the approach of winter, have alTorded grave reason for anticij)ating 
 exceptional distress. Estimates received by the Central Committee from the 
 Joint Committees show that these fears have been more than realised. Already 
 upwards of 10,000 applicants, giving -prima facie evidence of belonging to the 
 class whom it is desired to help, have registered their names for employment 
 under the scheme. 
 
 Nor is it certain that the limit of distress has yei been reached. Lack cf 
 employment is usually at its worst after Christmas, while the rigours of pro- 
 tracted frost would at once greatly increase the need. 
 
 It is obvious that to provide work for some thousands of men very consider- 
 able funds will be required. Through the kind agency of Mr. LoXG several 
 generous donations have already been made available for the purposes of the 
 scheme, but this is only a beginning. 
 
 May I, as treasurer of the Fund, appeal through your columns to the 
 benevolent generously to support us in rescuing these men from the privations 
 and demoralisation with which they and their homes are threatened? It is no 
 case of indiscriminate charity, but of well-considered and well-earned assistance 
 to the genuine workers who have undeservdly come upon misfortune. 
 
 Not only, however, will the support which is given to the Committee help 
 forward a scheme of temporary assistance. A question of social and national 
 importance is also at stake, for it is permissible to hope that the experience 
 gained by a combined effort on the part of the Committee this year may suggest 
 the lines of a permanent solution of the problem of the unemployed. 
 
 Donations may be sent to me at the Mansion House, or to the Bank of 
 I'.ngland, and will be acknowledged in the newspapers. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 
 JOHN POUND, LoRt) Mayor, 
 Treasurer cf the Central Committee. 
 The Mansion House, London, E.G., 
 December lo, 1904.
 
 Financial Machinery. \g 
 
 A further Appeal was issued on February 7, by the Chairman 
 and Vice-Chairman. and a Special Appeal on February 28 for funds 
 for the purpose of Emigration. Local appeals were also issued by 
 certain of the Joint Committees, the proceeds of which, in accordance 
 with a resolution of the Central Committee, were paid into the Lord 
 Mayor's Fund. 
 
 The total sum subscribed in response to the various 
 The Fund. appeals amounted, on Sept. 30, to ^51.886 4s. lod.. 
 
 of which ^830 was subscribed specially for Emigra- 
 tion. The subscriptions included sums amounting to ^19,700 con- 
 tributed through the agency of Mr. Long; ^370 6s. id. realised bv 
 a ALatinee given on March 23 at St. James's Theatre by Mr. George 
 Alexander; a donation of ^i.ooo from the City Corporation; 
 ^1,250 3s. 6d. and ;^466 17s. 4d. collected by the Joint Committees 
 of Westminster and Lewisham respectively; ^76 3s. iid. from the 
 Joint Committee for Paddington. being the balance of a fund raised 
 for local work; and the balance of the Mansion House Funci of 
 1903-4, amounting to ;^i88 is. gd. 
 
 Two banking accounts were opened at the Bank of 
 Machinery. England. No. i Account, into which donations 
 
 were paid as received, was operated upon by the Lord 
 Mayor only. Cheques drawn upon this account were paid into No. 2 
 Account, at the request of the Finance Committee, as required for the 
 expenses of the Fund. Cheques upon No. 2 Account were signed by 
 the Chairman of the Fund, the Lord Mayor as Treasurer, and either 
 the Chairman of the Finance Committee or Mr. J. H. Lile, one of its 
 members, with the Secretary. 
 
 On January 12 a sum of ^20.000 was advanced to the mone\ 
 market at the rate of 2% per annum, and remained on loan until 
 February 24. 
 
 Subsidiary banking accounts were opened at the London City and 
 Midland Bank, Fore Street, in the names of the " Hollesley Bay 
 Labour Colony " and the " Central Employment Exchange," and also 
 a local account for the Hollesley Bay Colony at the Capital and 
 Counties Bank at Woodbridge.
 
 .♦o I'inaucc Commiltce. 
 
 All schemes of employment or other operations involv- 
 
 The ing expenditure, proposed by any Suh-Committee. 
 
 Allocation , .. i . .1 !•• r^ •.. 1 
 
 of the were sul)mitterl to the r nianre Committee anfi con 
 
 Funds. sidercd in relation to the probable total funds at th' 
 
 disposal of the Committee. In the earlier stages of 
 the work, while the amount of the Fund was increasing more rapidh 
 than the openings for employment, the allocation of the funds to the 
 various works was determined by the probable maximum scale and 
 duration of each work as estimated at its inception, while every effort 
 was made by the Executive to discover or create (jpenings for employ- 
 ment to the full extent of the funds available. At a subsequent period 
 the demands of operations entered upon at a later date, and in some 
 cases necessarily of a more lasting character, caused the total commit- 
 ments of the Fund to exceed the estimated total contributions. Th' 
 earlier and more temporary works, which in some cases would have 
 proved capable of extension either in scale or in duration, had therefore 
 still to be limited to the amount of the original estimates, while an\ 
 sums which the Committee expected to receive, as recoupment for work 
 done, were devoted to meeting the deficit incurred by the later under 
 takings. The Committee have thus been able to continue the Central 
 Employment Exchange and the Hollesley Bay Labour Colony on their 
 present scale, and have now in hand (September 30) sufficient funds 
 to maintain them until the meeting of the new Central Body about to 
 be established under the Unemployed Workmen Act. 1905. 
 
 The Accounts to the 30th September. 1905. lor the 
 
 General General Fund and for the Holieslev Bav Colon\ are 
 
 Accounts. ^i^en, separately, in the Appendix pp. 148-53. From 
 
 the General Fund Accounts il will be seen that the 
 
 total receipts have been : — 
 
 ^ s. d. 
 
 Subscriptions at Mansion House ... ... 51,886 4 10 
 
 Recoupments ... ... ... ... 3,273 i i 
 
 (This item has been reduced from a larger figure 
 by reason of a claim in connection with Garden 
 City which has only just been put in). 
 
 Interest received from Bankers ... ... T^d 8 7 
 
 Amount received under Accident Policies ... 84 i o 
 
 (The payments being included in the Wages on the 
 other side of the Account). . 
 
 Making a Total Receipts of ... ... ... 55.279 15 6
 
 General Fund Accounts. 21 
 
 Against this the Expenditure (after deducting 
 the estimated present value of the Furniture. Tools 
 and Buildings) has been : — 
 
 Hadleigh Colony 
 
 Long Grove 
 
 London County Council Parks 
 
 Green Park 
 
 (The excess over ;^3ooo is owing to payments in 
 connection with accidents). 
 
 Garden City 
 
 City Markets 
 
 Hollesley Bay (see separate accounts)... 
 
 Borough Grants and Special Contribution 
 
 Emigration 
 
 Central Employment Exchange 
 
 Office Expenses 
 
 Advertising, etc., at Mansion House ... 
 
 Making a Total Expenditure of ... 
 
 and leaving an unexpended balance of ... 
 
 and from the accompanying Balance Sheet it will be 
 seen how this amount is represented in Assets. 
 
 Tlie Furniture, Bedding, Plant, Tools, Build- 
 ings, etc., used at Hadleigh and Garden 
 City are now estimated as being worth... 1,147 ^3 5 
 
 The Office Furniture, etc.. at the Central Office 
 and the Central Employment Exchange 
 cf^st 43 17 4 
 
 There are Bank Balances and Cash in the 
 
 Local Treasurers' hands... ... ... 3,223 11 c; 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 2,878 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 II. 173 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6,182 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 3-065 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Ami 
 
 18 
 
 I 
 
 236 
 
 ID 
 
 4 
 
 • 14,353 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 • 5-614 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 . 1. 012 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 205 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 • 1-555 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 465 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 51.522 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 £3,757 
 
 4 
 
 ' 
 
 Together ... 4,415 2 2 
 From which must be deducted the amount of 
 
 the unpaid Liabilities ... ... ... 6^718 i 
 
 Leaving the above-mentioned balance of ... £'3,757 4 i
 
 22 /■' inane t' (' ontmitlcc. 
 
 I' roiii llic I'.-irni AccdumI it will he .sc(;n that ihfM'.'Utle, 
 Hollcslcv •'^li*^'<-'l'. piti'> 'Tifl farm pn)(lure liave together shown a 
 Bay. .siir|)Uis for tlie eight months (after fle'Iucting wages) 
 
 of ^2,585 17s. 1(1. Included in the valuation on 
 30th Sei)teml)er liiere appear.s an item of ^747 17s. 6d. " For Cultiv- 
 ations," and as no amount was inrjuderl for this in the Valuation for 
 purchase \\\v ImukI litrit fits to the extent of this sum in the [)re.sent 
 accounts 
 
 from the Profit and Loss Account it will be seen 
 
 (hnl in addilion lo the Profit of ... ... 2.585 17 i 
 
 Sniiilr\ Rents have lie.'en received ... ... ... loi 10 4 
 
 Together... 2,687 7 5 
 
 Against this the Maintenance of the men and the 
 
 allowances to their families have cost ... 4.418 13 3 
 
 The charges for Superintendence, Repairs. Sur- 
 vey of Buildings and the Valuations at January 
 and September amount to ... ... ... i.i 55 18 o 
 
 The charge for Depreciation, at the rate of 10% 
 on the P'urniture, Trap, etc., and the decrease 
 in the Valuation of the Implements. Tools, etc.. 
 and the Horses, amount to ... ... ... 517 ? o 
 
 A Total of ... 6,091 '4 3 
 
 Showing the cost of working the Colonv for the 
 
 period, of ... ... ... ... £3,404 6 10 
 
 The Balance Sheet .shows that the Advances from 
 
 the Central Offices were ... ... ... 14.090 o 10 
 
 Plant and Tools transferred from I..C.C. Parks 263 17 10 
 
 and there are sundrv outstanding accounts ... 55Q 16 
 
 Together £14,913 15 5
 
 Holleslev Bav. 
 
 23 
 
 The Assets are represented by the following : — 
 Valuation of Implements, etc. ... 
 Valuation of Produce and Cultivations 
 Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs and Poultry as 
 
 valued 
 The Furniture, Trap, Cart and Harness at 
 
 cost, (less 10'^- depreciation) ... 
 
 Together ... 8,765 13 t 
 
 There are Raihvav Tickets in hand representing 37 17 o 
 
 Cash unexpended . . ... ... ... 1.205 ^^ ^ 
 
 Deposit as Security against the liahilitv for 
 
 the Covenants of the Lea.se ... ... 1.500 o o 
 
 i>305 9 2 
 
 3^465 14 5 
 
 2,962 9 o 
 
 1.032 o 6 
 
 Making a Total of Assets of 11,509 8 7 
 
 And leaving the balance as the Cost of Working 
 
 for the Period (subject as aforesaid) £3,404 6 10
 
 II. -CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE. 
 
 The first meeting of the Classification Committee, of which Mr. 
 T. Hancock Xunn was elected Chairman, was held on December 
 6. and its first step, actmg on the primary instruction of its 
 reference — "to consider principles of classification" — was to utilise 
 the experience of the Mansion House Committee of 1903-4. and to draw 
 the attention of the various Joint Committees, upon which the practical 
 tasks of classification and selection devolved, to the composite character 
 of those falling under "Class I." of Mr. Long's scheme — " the 
 respectable men temporarily distressed owing to inability to obtain 
 employment." 
 
 Classifi- The recognition of the three following sub-divisions 
 cation. ^y^s recommended : 
 
 {a) High class mechanics and other highly skilled 
 workmen ; 
 
 {b) Men usually in regular work, though of a less 
 
 skilled character ; 
 {c) Men accustomed to casual work. 
 
 Bv keeping these sub-divisions in mind, it was hoped that, as far as 
 possible, work, pav and conditions might stand in a suitable relation 
 to the ordinary indu-strial life of the individual wage-earner. 
 
 Work definitely organised for those needing employment tends, 
 however, to take few and simple forms, and any attempt to meet the 
 wonderful complexity of industrial London which, although possessing 
 no staple trade, nevertheless forms the greatest manufacturing and 
 trading centre of the world, woultl under any circumstances have 
 necessarily broken down. 
 
 By one method alone could it be hoped that such an attempt would 
 meet with any considerable measure of success, namely by the co-opera- 
 tion of large numbers of individual employers representing a demand 
 for a great diveisitv of industrial .skill and aptitude, and the Committee.
 
 26 ClassifiidfiiDi ('nitinii/fi'c. 
 
 at ail carK <latr. (lr(,'\v the special alt(,-ntif)n of llic Joint Committees 
 
 lo llif following sentences in Mr. Long's Scheme : — 
 
 "It is most imj)ortant that the Joint Committees use every 
 " effort to (leal with rases of applicants to them for work when 
 " thev are satisfied that the cases are jjrojier to he dealt with ; " 
 and only in rases " wliere they are unahle to find employment for 
 "them " should they " place themselves in rommuniration with 
 "the Central Committee." 
 
 Difficult though it might he to see that artion v. js 
 
 Qualifications l)<ised on an exact industrial classification, and to .ser; 
 
 for that " methods of employment and scales of remunera- 
 
 Employment tion should vary with the different standards of work 
 
 and living."' it was an easier task to follow certain 
 
 broad social characteristics, and apart from those of a purely personal 
 
 and moral description, such as the distinction between the known 
 
 drunkard anrl tlie man of known sobrietv. the most important of these 
 
 were indicated bv the two following instructions in selecting for work : 
 
 (i) That " preference was to be given to those having established 
 homes with \\ives and families or other persons dependent 
 upon them." and 
 (2) That a six montls' lesidential qualification should be insisted 
 
 upon. 
 In connection with the second point, the future was safe-guarded 
 by the recommendation that the term of six months should be understood 
 to ajiply "only for the present vear," and sonie protection was thus 
 afforded against an influx of men into the Metropolis with the more or 
 less deliberate idea of qualifving for assistance in anv future season. 
 It is noteworthy that in Poplar, where the practical difficulties arising 
 from unemployment have been perhaps more recurrent than in anv 
 other district, and in one or i wo other Boroughs, the minimum residential 
 (]ualification of twelve months was adopted. 
 
 The actual works under the rontrol of the Central 
 
 Work Committee are described in Sections III. and IV. of 
 
 OfTered. this Report, and they fall into two main divisions, (i) 
 
 those in which the men returned to their own homes at 
 
 night, and {2) those in which the men were separated, for the time, from 
 
 their wives and children, and slei)t at the temporarv or permanent
 
 Allotment of Places. 27 
 
 " Colony " where the special work was established. In character the 
 work provided had nowhere any important generic differences, save 
 perhaps in the case of the rough painting work, provided by the City 
 Corporation at the Citv Markets. All the rest — in the London County 
 Council Parks, at the Green Park, at Long Grove, at the Salvation 
 Armv Farm Colony at Hadleigh, at Garden City, and at first even for 
 the most part at Hollesley Bay — was " labouring work " of one descrip- 
 tion or another, differing rather in laboriousness and unpleasantness 
 than in kind. Everywhere it possessed the distinguishing character of 
 continuity, the plan of giving doles of intermittent work being as 
 rigorously eschewed as that of giving doles of money. 
 
 There would thus have been no great opportunity for making 
 differences in the scale of remuneration offered as between one task 
 and another. But had there been complete freedom to settle this 
 fundamental question of wages,* the justification for differential pay 
 would have depended upon the appropriate selections being made, and 
 made uniformly, bv the various Joint Committees. At the outset it 
 was hoped that such selection, in accordance with the three sub-divisions 
 of Class L already mentioned, would have been possible, but this end 
 was not realised in practice, and just as the first allocation of " places " 
 made by the Classification Committee was made on the basis of local 
 need, so also for the most part on the same simple basis was the selec- 
 tion of the men made by the Committees to fill these places. It has 
 thus followed that such differences in remuneration as have been made 
 have been followed to an inconsiderable extent by differences in the 
 industrial standard of the men employed : at almost every centre of 
 work they have been representative of many trades and occupa- 
 tions, and while "general labour " has been most largely represented, 
 the various callings of the men employed have been a conspicuous 
 feature, and have, it may be noted, afforded a proof of the widely 
 spread nature of the distress that the Fund was established to do some- 
 thintc to meet. 
 
 Centres of employment having been provided bv either 
 the Works or the Working Colonies Committees, it 
 was the business of the Classification Committee to 
 
 Basis of 
 Allotment 
 
 of 
 
 Places advise as regards scales of remuneration, and to appor- 
 
 tion the vacancies which the work might offer between 
 
 cf. pages 48 to 58. 
 
 C 2
 
 28 Classiftcafioti Cniintiiftcc. 
 
 (lie various Joint ( "oimnitlces, ailvising them at the same time, if 
 necessary, as to the class of men most suitahle for the work. 
 
 Reports had been obtained from the various Joint Committees 
 as to their methods of work, and an allotment of places "to 
 meet the immediate need," was made at the very first 
 incctinj; of the Committee, on December 6. wiien loo [)Iaces 
 at Hadleigh were allotted to some of the boroughs in which the prob- 
 lem of unemployment appeared to press most heavily, in which the 
 Jniiit Committees were in operation, anrl in which they had fallen into 
 line. On December 15, the second 100 places at the same Colony 
 were allotted on the same basis, but the necessity for some plan of allot- 
 ment uhi h would ensure fair dealing to all the constituent Boroughs 
 had already made itself felt. On December 22, a percentage basis 
 of allotment for the various districts " based upon the estimates of 
 poverty (excluding the pauper and criminal classes) in Mr. Charles 
 Booth's Life and Labour of the People, corrected for changes in 
 jinpulation since that flate, for intermixture of wealthy population, and 
 for special circumstances " was submittefl. Early in January 
 the withdrawal of Battersea from the Scheme necessitated a slight 
 revision of the scale, but on January 12. in the following form, it 
 became the basis ol allotment for the benefits of the Fund, and has 
 been followed with apjiroximate exactitude throughout the \ear: — 
 
 Joint Committee. 
 
 Percentajje 
 
 to be 
 
 allotted. 
 
 Percentage 
 Joint Committee. to be 
 
 allotted. 
 
 Bethnal Green 
 
 ■•• 5 
 
 Fulham 
 
 3 
 
 Camber well 
 
 ••• 5 
 
 Kensington 
 
 3 
 
 Islington 
 
 ••• 5 
 
 Marvlebone 
 
 3 
 
 Lambeth 
 
 ••• 5 
 
 Paddington 
 
 3 
 
 Poplar 
 
 ••• 5 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 3 
 
 St. Pancras 
 
 ■•• 5 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 1 
 
 South w ark 
 
 ••• 5 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 2 
 
 Stepney 
 
 ••• 5 
 
 Hammersmith 
 
 'i 
 
 Bermondsey 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Hampstead 
 
 2 
 
 Deptford 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Westminster 
 
 '> 
 
 Finsbury 
 
 ... 4 
 
 City 
 
 I 
 
 Hackney 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Holborn 
 
 I 
 
 Lewisham ... 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Stoke Xewington ... 
 
 I 
 
 Shoreditch ... 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Reserved for special 
 
 
 Woolwich 
 
 ... 4 
 
 adjustments 
 
 4
 
 AUoinioii of Places. n.) 
 
 In allocating London work, the convenience of geographical 
 j)osition was taken into account, the size of the Metropolis making this 
 necessary. The extent to which it is desirable to try and arrange work 
 in as close proximity as possible to the men's homes, is. it mav be noted, 
 intimately connected with the thoroughness with which selections are 
 themselves made, the automatic test of distance and inconvenience 
 being the more easily dispensed with, the more carefully the task of 
 recommending for work is performed. 
 
 In the Appendix,* the total allotments made to the various 
 Joint Committees of vacancies on the different works are given, 
 and until February the "allotment of places"* remained an impor- 
 tant item on the weekly Agenda of the Committee. By the end of 
 December, 400 places had been allotted (200 to Hadleigh and 200 to 
 Long Grove); by the end of January an additional 1.380, mainly to 
 Long Grove and to the London County Council Parks, but including 
 150 to Green Park, and the first small advance part) of 20 sent to 
 Garden City. It was on February 16 that the first allotments were 
 made to the Colony at HoUesley Bay. 
 
 The attempt to measure the legitimate demand for 
 
 The employment, arising from exceptional distress through 
 
 Resumption industrial ciei:)ression, did not fall within the province 
 of . . . 
 
 Employment, either of this Committee or e\en of the Central Bodv. 
 
 The existence of tiie need was assumed throughout the 
 whole organization, and in practice the extent of the Committee's opera- 
 tions was determined by the amount of funds placed at the Committee's 
 disposal. Partly owing to these limits, but partly influenced bv the con- 
 sideration that with the advance of the year certain London trades do 
 normally revive, and by the widespread belief that a more general 
 revival tends to be the normal accompaniment of the spring, and acting 
 moreover under the opinion that, with a revival of trade, men artificiallv 
 employed might lose their places in the labour market, the Classifica- 
 tion Committee, long before the final allotment of places had been 
 made, had begun to consider the steps that should be taken 
 to prepare for the " resumption of ordinary employment. ' ' 
 The point was first mentioned on February 2. On Februarv 
 9 it was decided to recommend that " in order to remind 
 
 * See pp. 124-5.
 
 30 CldsstficatiDH C Dintnillcc. 
 
 the men ol the tciiiporary iialure of their work, and at the 
 same time to give them opportunities of looking for work," Saturday 
 work and i)ay should be discontinued on all Central work from which 
 the men returned home daily. \\\ the end of the month tliis plan was 
 adopted. J'ormal notices of the approaching cessation of the work 
 were given out everywiiere, and arrangements were proposed for the 
 gradual withdrawal of the men, mainly according to the length of time 
 they had been employed, when the actual time of cessation should 
 arrive. The actual withdrawals began at Hadleigh — where the work 
 had begun in December — in the last week of February, and, with the 
 excei)tion of a few men then still employed at the City Markets and 
 those at Hollesley Bay, ended, with the last batch from Garden City, 
 at the beginning of June. 
 
 On February 9, the lists of unemployed including already a larger 
 number than could be dealt with, the question of closing the registers 
 was mooted, and on March 3. the Executive Committee decided to 
 recommend that, " in view of the congested state of the lists," the Joint 
 Committees should cease to receive applications after March 4, except 
 when it was considered desirable to continue to register special cases 
 for migration or emigration, it being made clear to any person thus 
 registered that "no guarantee whatever could be given that employ- 
 ment of any description could be provided." 
 
 To this resolution the Executive added the further recommendation 
 that " where permanent Employment Bureaux do not exist, such steps 
 as seem desirable should be taken by the Joint Committees to secure 
 their early establishment." 
 
 The possibility of co-operating with the Employment 
 Employment mireaux and increasing their })ermanent usefulness, 
 
 had been alreadv before the Committee, and the con- 
 and their . . ' . 
 
 Co ordination ^'^'^''^'^^'O^ o^ these points was the natural sequel to 
 the instruction of the original Scheme that the CentraJ 
 Committee should " gather and distribute information as to employ- 
 ment," The co-ordination of the existing Bureaux through the 
 medium of a Central Employment Exchange was felt to be the most 
 hopeful step for achieving this aim. Accordingly, as far back as 
 December 22, the formation of such an Exchange was recommended, 
 and the step having been approved by the Executive Committee, a
 
 Ccutral Employment Exchange. 31 
 
 Conference of those likely to be interested was held on January 26, 
 in order to bring the proposal to their notice, and to elicit 
 suggestions. To this Conference the Chairmen of the Committees 
 of Management of the existing Exchanges and their Superinten- 
 dents were invited, and, as the sequel to a well-attended meeting, 
 a Consultative Committee of those actually engaged in the working of 
 the Exchanges was appointed to meet and confer with the Classification 
 Committee — an experiment that has been entirely successful. On 
 June 30 a well attended Conference was held at the Guildhall, 
 when Mr. E. T. Scammell, of the Office of the Government of 
 Western Australia, read a paper on Municipal Employment Exchanges, 
 with s})ecial reference to experience in that Colony. Alderman 
 Alliston presided, and a well-sustained discussion followed Mr. 
 Scammell' s suggestive and interesting introduction. A leaflet on the 
 uses of Employment Exchanges and their co-ordination has been pre- 
 pared and circulated.* 
 
 In order to aid in the formation of local Exchanges in the future, 
 and with a view to providing a uniform standard of work among them, 
 a set of model rules and applicatioo forms has been adopted,! and many 
 other points of administration have been discussed and decided upon. 
 So far, however, the most important step taken has been to inaugurate 
 the working of the new Central Exchange, the offices for which were 
 taken in March, at 34, Victoria Street, Westminster. Mr. H. W. 
 EoRDHAM. lately in charge of the Fulham Employment Exchange, was 
 appointed Superintendent, and a systematic plan of co-operation is 
 being developed. It is too early to report as to results, but at the 
 present time the Central Exchange is being used by the following 
 Metropolitan Exchanges : — -Chelsea, Finsbury, Hampstead, Islington, 
 Kensington, St. Pancras. Lewisham and Poplar — the two last-men- 
 tioned having been established during the summer of 1905. Two 
 new Extra-Metropolitan Exchanges, those of Croydon and South West 
 Ham, are also in correspondence. In two or three of the other London 
 Boroughs proposals for the establishment of Exchanges are under con- 
 sideration, but in a still larger number action has been postponed. 
 
 During the six months. April to September, out of 373 vacancies 
 offered to the Central Exchange 148 are known to have been filled, 
 and it is certain that almost the whole could have been filled had more 
 
 * See Appendix, \^. 135. + See Appendix, pp. 133-4.
 
 ■^2 Classificaiioti Committee. 
 
 Exchanges been in operation, since somewhere in Lonflon it is obvious 
 that men were wanting tlie woik offered, but the machinery to enable 
 them to find it had not been created. For these and for all on whose 
 behalf it is used in the future, the Central Exchange will thus providi; 
 a readv means of intercommunication, and through it. whenever appli 
 cants cannot be provitied with employment, or places cannot be filled 
 local Iv. the attemjjt can be made, by working over a larger area, to 
 adjust the balance. 
 
 Tlie Central Exchange is the incept i(jn of what mav become not 
 only one of the more permanent outcomes of the work of the winter, 
 but one of the greatest utility. Its functions will be to inr-rease the 
 fluidity of labour ; to provide a new instrument by which wage-earners 
 may be enabled to find the billets that they need and emploxers the 
 men they want, while, incidentally, it will increase knowledge of the 
 prevailing conditions of employment. 
 
 The Exchange is intended, to quote from the moflel Application 
 Form, to " aid applicants in their search for work, and not to take the 
 place of their own efforts. ' It will thus, in everv respect, work 
 
 through ordinary channels, and its institution is another recognition 
 of the supreme importance of maintaining and strengthening the normal 
 courses of industry. 
 
 Centralised administration on behalf of certain classes 
 The Joint of the unepiploved drawn, with the exception 
 of Battersea, from the whole of London, necessarily 
 involved much devolution of responsibility, and it was 
 of the essence of the Scheme that, apart from its co-opted members, the 
 Central Committee was itself representative of resjxjnsible local bodies. 
 In this combination of Local and Central administration is found the 
 hopefulness of the Scheme, and also the source of some of its difficul- 
 ties. The extent to which the local responsibilities have been met 
 varies, and the method of working adopted by the Joint Committees, 
 as well as the actual composition of Committees, has been far from 
 uniform. In every case, representatives of Borough Councils 
 
 and Boards of Guardians have formed the chief element, but only in 
 the case of about half the Joint Committees have representatives of 
 local charitable, parochial and other associations been also elected. 
 In the methods by which the registers of applicants for emplovment
 
 Joint Committees. 33 
 
 have been formed, and in the thoroughness of the subsequent investiga- 
 tion and in the resulting classification, in the processes of selection, 
 as well as in the methods of payment of wages or allowances, practices 
 of varying degrees of suitability have been adopted. Occasionally 
 these duties seem to have been somewhat perfunctorily performed, and 
 detailed responsibility has been sometimes left unduly on the shoulders 
 of those already sufficiently taxed with their ordinary official duties. 
 Investigation has varied greatly in its completeness, as has also the 
 degree of co-ordination obtained between local agencies, official and 
 voluntary. 
 
 In these and in other ways strong and weak points in 
 
 »« 4.1- J f the organisation might be detected were the attemiJt 
 Methods of '^ *= / 
 
 Administration, made to describe local procedure district by district. 
 Little gain would, however, result from such an 
 attempt. Criticism, favourable or unfavourable, would almost neces- 
 sarily be involved, and from this no advantage would be likely to 
 accrue. It is felt, however, that it might be of some use in the future 
 if certain lessons drawn from the experience of the past winter could 
 be indicated. 
 
 The need for careful administration that has been demonstrated 
 throughout London and that has been recognised by an increasing 
 number of those upon whom the task of administration has fallen may 
 be traced, for the most part, to two fundamental causes : (i) that the 
 numbers of the unemployed are never a known quantitv ; and (2) that 
 they do not belong to a single class. 
 
 They are not a known quantity because, quite apart from the 
 fluctuations to which industry is subject, manv individuals are normally 
 but loosely attached to their employment, and since these are often 
 ready for change and are easily attracted by the superficial advantages 
 of anything that is open to them, lax administration and the offer 
 of too easy conditions tend even in "good times " to swell the num- 
 bers of the "unemployed." This elasticitv of numbers, which is 
 more marked in times of depression, is closely connected with the 
 second of the above points for, if the "unemployed " consisted only 
 of the genuine men who at exceptional times and to their own dismay 
 found themselves out of work, administration would be a comparatively 
 simple matter, even thoagh the numbers to be dealt with might be very 
 large. The unemployed are, however, of many grades, and the
 
 34 CUissificaliun Comwittcc. 
 
 obligation to exercise careful discrimination, to " investigate " ami to 
 "classify," becomes corres[)on(Jingly urgent. 
 
 The crux of the administrative problem has rested jjerhaps in the 
 fact that so many are on the border-line of the "genuine " cases and 
 the false. There is no clear line of demarcation between the two, and 
 administrative committees have had to deal with those who in the 
 aggregate have represented almost the whole range of the industrial 
 classes from, in rare instances, the careful and hard-working mechanic 
 still in his physical prime who has been confrontecJ with exceptional 
 and temporary misfortune, or, in some cases, with the permanent loss 
 of his proper occupation, down to the clever idler, at last made to 
 suffer for his irregularities, or even to the absolute wrecks of industry. 
 Bankruptcy, change of management, the death of an employer, as well 
 as the various causes that make for slackness in any trade, such as 
 change of fashion, movements of foreign competition, or the introduc- 
 tion of new mechanical processes, are, all of them, contributory causes, 
 as well as that personal incompetency or want of providence, to which 
 some are inclined to trace the whole genesis of distress from want of 
 employment. 
 
 Unfortunately, the .standard of care that has to be exercised in 
 administration is necessarily determined, not by the worthiest but by 
 the least or perhaps the most doubtfully worthy of those to be dealt 
 with. When, therefore, the imlividual presents himself and applies 
 for "work," his request, no matter how well founded it may be. has 
 to be examined. Further, in forming an opinion upon its validity it 
 is not the man himself w ho has alone to be considered ; if married he 
 is but the representative of a larger unit, for the position of the whole 
 family has to be taken into careful account. In dealing with the man. 
 the Committee is also dealing with posterity. 
 
 On every ground, therefore, the obligation is supreme to endeavour 
 to arrive at a judgment that shall be as sound as it is sympathetic ; 
 as far-seeing as it is kindly ; as just as it is generous. Hence. 
 " organisation " has resulted, with its machinery of Committees, inquiry 
 officers, selection sub-committees, and so forth, all struggling with more 
 or less success to arrive at the right answer to give to those who come 
 to them for " employment." 
 
 Table A. in the Ap{)endix.* throws some light on local procedure, 
 and columns 2 and 3 — the "recommended" and the "not recom- 
 
 * Vide pp. 1^2-3.
 
 Joint Committees. 35 
 
 mended " for work — are among the most significant features of the 
 return. The meaning of these columns is not, however, to be 
 exaggerated. It implies something doubtless that the percentage of 
 those " not recommended for work ' ' varies from zero to more than 80, 
 but the difference is to some extent due to a frank adoption of different 
 methods of administration,! and not simply to differences in the 
 thoroughness with which the local task has been performed. Differ- 
 ences in the percentages aie also, in some measure, explained by differ- 
 ences in the industrial character of the various districts, and still more 
 bv differences in the prevailing status of those who applied for work. 
 Effective classification almost presupposes well marked differences 
 among those whose cases have to be considered, and although there is 
 a frequent temptation to exaggerate the similarity of the circumstances 
 of the unemployed, and thus to minimise the importance of differential 
 treatment, in some districts there was undeniably more of a dead level 
 in the character of the applications than in others, and when batch 
 after batch of these proved to be, as sometimes happened, of the semi- 
 casual class, it would be unreasonable to expect the same degree of 
 classification to be attained as elsewhere. 
 
 Thus the danger frequently supervened of attempting to treat 
 evervone alike, and since it is impossible that very large numbers can 
 be dealt with in this uniform way either adequately or appropriately, 
 another risk was incurred : those to whom this wholesale treatment is 
 repugnant often held aloof. From more than one district the opinion 
 has reached us that the " best men " did not apply, and doubtless there 
 were many among these who had made organized provision either by 
 joining trade societies in which out-of-work benefit was paid or by 
 taking other measures of forethought. Uniform figures are not avail- 
 able, but it is a common experience that the proportion of members of 
 trade unions and of the great friendly societies applying for employment 
 was small — in many districts insignificant — and the lists of applicants 
 thus afford a great indirect testimony to the value of these various 
 societies and to their power of safeguarding the independence of 
 their members. In spite, however, of all that is accomplished by these 
 and other means, one of the practical problems of the future will often 
 be to prevent those whose inclination it is not to apply for anything — 
 even for work — whose need is real, and whose character is good, from 
 being squeezed out by the crowd of those who are always ready 10 
 snatch at anything that may seem to offer — at doles of work even, as 
 well as doles of money. 
 
 t cf. Note to Table A, p. 123.
 
 36 Classi/LCii/ion Ci>nuiii/Uc. 
 
 One great aid to ('Hiictive administralion lies in the 
 
 The Work of a adoption of uniform methods of registration and 
 
 Committee : selection, and altliough it is not easy to outline those 
 
 Suggested ili;U are e(]uallv applirahle to every district of 
 Outline of , , , ' I ,' ' • I 
 
 Procedure l-ondon, and at every season, the Lommittee hopes 
 
 that the following notes and recommendations may 
 
 be of service. The question of method in administration and of the 
 
 spirit in which it is undertaken, has exceptional importance at the 
 
 present time, since every Local Committee, in the exercise of its new 
 
 functions, must also he a training ground for those who are likely to 
 
 exercise those functions for the next three years. On all grounds, 
 
 therefore, it is desirable that the practices obtaining in these early 
 
 stages shall be well considered and educational in character. 
 
 It is essential that the following duties — apart from all questions 
 connected with the investigation as to the prevalence of an unusual 
 lack of employment, with the supply of funds, with the provision of 
 suitable work, w ith the rates of wages to be paid, and with the general 
 conditions under which men are employed. — shall be adequately pro- 
 vided foi : — 
 
 I. The preparation of " instructions '" for the guidance, when 
 necessary, of those appointed to act as the authorised 
 representatives of the Committee. 
 
 z. The receiving of applications. 
 
 3. The investigation of cases, including verification of certain 
 
 particulars and taking up references. 
 
 4. Classification. 
 
 5. Decisions, including — 
 
 (a) Recommendations for work. 
 
 (b) Reference to other agencies, in the case of those to 
 
 whom the employment available appears to afford 
 no proper remedy. 
 
 (c) Rejections. 
 
 6. The payment of wages or allowances on account of those 
 
 to whom employment is offered.* 
 
 7. The keeping of records. 
 
 * As far as possible the payment should be made at the home and, especially 
 in the case of those who are "mployed on "Colony work" and who are thus 
 not sleeping at home, it is desirable that those who undertake this dutv shoulil 
 be ladies, who know and are regarded as friends by the people to be paid. The 
 instruction to various Committees urged that home payment should be made, 
 but it was only carried out in exceptional cases.
 
 Outline of Procedure. 37 
 
 Nos. 2, 3, 6 and 7 will naturally fall to Individuals acting on 
 behalf of the Committee. Nos. 4 and 5 should be the duty either of 
 special Sub-Committees or the Committee as a whole. Under every 
 head reports should be presented to the whole Committee. The 
 following pages refer especially to Xos. 2. 3, 4 and 5. 
 
 The Register. The practice followed as regards the opening of the 
 
 register has been three-fold : — 
 
 (i) Inviting various classes of likelv people, such as the Clergy. 
 
 Trade Union officials and others, to furnish the names of 
 
 those known to them to be in distress through lack of 
 
 employment ; 
 
 (2) Posting bills in the district or making announcements 
 
 through the press ; 
 
 (3) Taking no definite steps, reliance being placed upon the 
 
 percolation of the news through the district. 
 
 Special announcements of any kind have often been found un- 
 necessary in the past, and will probably be rarely made in the future. 
 They tend to increase the elasticity already mentioned, and consequently 
 the difficulty of dealing with applicants. If. however, thev are cir- 
 culated or exhibited, it should be made perfectly clear to whom the 
 announcements are addressed, and the following would be a suitable 
 form : — 
 
 " Temporarily unemployed workmen who have been resident in 
 " the Borough for not less than twelve months, and have wives, families 
 " or parents dependent upon them, may register at {add flace and 
 "time):' 
 
 In one case the following formed part of the announcement : — 
 " Endeavours will be made to find sources of employment, but the 
 "Committee cannot guarantee employment." 
 
 It would be preferable, however, to state definitely, not only that 
 no employment can be guaranteed, but also that if it be offered, it will 
 not last long, and that its provision will not relieve men from the 
 obligation to trv and find ordinary employment. As one safeguard 
 against the great evil of giving rise to groundless hopes, it is desirable 
 that a statement to this effect should be printed, perhaps in red ink, 
 on all announcements, circulars, and notices, and especially on the 
 application forms. 
 
 402223
 
 38 Clasaifuafio)! Cnvivuflcc. 
 
 The use of the Employment Exchanges shouUl he urged, and later, 
 when these exchanges are more fully (levelo|)efl. api)lication to them 
 should, quite independently of registration as one of the unemployed. 
 
 he made a condition of acce[)tance. 
 
 In some cases the aj)pIication forms have heen given 
 Applications, ^"t from the office to be fdled in hy the applicant. 
 
 In others, particulars have heen taken down from the 
 applicant by a representative of the Committee. In .some cases the 
 particulars furnished have been signed by the applicant. 
 
 The best method is to fill in the application form at the time of 
 the application; to read over to the applicant the particulars that 
 have been furnished by him, and for him to sign these. The advan- 
 tages of this plan are four-fold : — 
 
 (i) The form will be filled in hv a ])rac(ised hand, 
 (j) The interview will give an intelligent and sympathetic 
 representative of the committee valuable opportunities, not 
 only for getting full information, hut for arriving at a pre- 
 liminarv judgment on the case, and sometimes for giving 
 afh'ice. This will he. perhaps, the occasion when the 
 most definite information will he ol)tained for subsequent 
 decision as to which, if any. of the three general sub- 
 divisions of Class I. (see page 2-^) the applicant will fall.* 
 
 (3) There will he no delay. 
 
 (4) The signature will help to impress upon the applicant a 
 
 sense of his responsibility for statements made. 
 
 * Especially important perhaps from this point of view will be the oppor- 
 tunity of obtaining the best kind of information that questions as to past 
 employment record are intended to elicit, so that it may be made as clear as 
 possible whether employment has been fairly regular or not. In very many 
 cases, especially in those of builders' ojieratives, this will be largely indejjen- 
 dent of the number of em])loyers for whom the man has worked. Thus, a 
 
 "bricklayer's labourer'' might replv : "' I had one job with that 
 
 " lasted nine months, and two others with and that lasted 
 
 '' about five months each. I can't say how many jobs I have had during 
 '• the last few years. Between them I generally lost a little time, 
 "but until thf list diu- ended nine weeks ago, I hadn't much to 
 '■grumble at." A man able to give an answer of that description is not "a 
 man accustomed to casual work." In this connection, ci. Booth's Life and 
 Labour of the Pec fie : Industry, Vcl I., pp. 88-9Q, and 112. An interesting 
 case is mentioned on page 112 of a carpenter, the private record of whose 
 earnings showed that in 32 years he had worked for no fewer than 70 employers, 
 the average duration of each engagement having been about 4^ months. This 
 man was thoroughly competent, anil very rarely out of work.
 
 Outline of Procedure. 39 
 
 A notice should be placed in the office, stating — 
 
 (i) That the applicants will be expected to furnish any par- 
 ticulars required. 
 
 (2) That he will be expected to sign the form when filled in. 
 
 (3) That verification as may be considered necessary of his 
 
 statements will be made ; and 
 
 (4) That employment cannot be guaranteed. 
 
 To this notice the attention of the applicants should be drawn before 
 the form is filled in. 
 
 If, because of want of room in the office, or the pressure of appli- 
 cants, or for any other reason, the necessity cannot be avoided of giving 
 out a form to be filled in bv the person applying, a second form should 
 be prepared. This should contain short and perfectly simple questions 
 taken from the full form, and should ask, perhaps, for name, address, 
 age, occupation, condition as regards marriage, number of dependents, 
 particulars as to last employment, and longest employment of 
 recent date. The form should state that further particulars may be 
 required, and should mention a time at which it must be brought 
 back, filled in and signed, to the office. The warning against 
 any guarantee of employment should be repeated. 
 
 The advantage of this plan is the avoidance of any congestion at 
 the office, and the power that it gives to fix the times for the return of 
 the form, so as then also to avoid congestion.* When the short form 
 
 * It is essential that the personal force at the disposal of the Committee 
 shall be able to cope with times of pressure. A list should be made out of 
 those who, either as volunteers or paid workers, will be qualified to assist, and 
 from this list extra help should be drawn as required. In the organisation 
 of a reserve of qualified workers, a possible advantage of centralised adminis- 
 tration may be found, and districts that could not furnish the requisite local 
 aid, might be strengthened as need arose. 
 
 An estimate of the number of workers that will be necessary may be 
 calculated, since for each case the issue of forms, taking down applications, 
 enquiry, verification and writing up reports of these, will take, on an average, 
 at least an hour. The different parts of the work will, naturally, be sub- 
 divided, but on a working day, of 9 or 10 hours, (and long hours will, in 
 emergency, have to be worked), it may be calculated that from eight to ten 
 cases can be properly dealt with on an average, by one person in the day, 
 or sav from fifty to sixty per week, without making any allowance for atten- 
 dance at Committees. For the sake of the future it would be better to post- 
 pone part of the enrolment and investigation than to slur over the work, for 
 a period of hasty and injudicious action, be it characterised by strictness or 
 laxity, is sure to leave its mark behind either of unjust and unequal treatment 
 or of one that is marked by a slip-shod uniformity.
 
 40 (la<isifical'i()ti Cowniiftcc. 
 
 is brought in, the omitted particnhirs of the full form will, unless there 
 is some evident jjroof f)f ineligibility in the short form, be obtained. 
 
 When cases rannot be enterlainefl at all, the decision should be 
 made known at once. The avoidance of delay has a two-fold advan- 
 tage : (i) it puts an end to any period of suspen.se and dispels any 
 groundless hopes that the applicant may have had, and (2) the decision 
 is verv likelv to become known to tho.se similarly circumstanced, and 
 thus to prevent others who are ineligil)le from applying. 
 
 The following card sent by one Committee to tho.se who.se names 
 were on the Relieving Officers' lists, or who were from .some other cause 
 considered to be suitable for Poor Law treatment, may be recommenfled 
 at the present stage of unemployed administration : — 
 
 " The Committee having considered your application regrets to find 
 " that vour case is not one with which it is authorised to deal." 
 
 Similarly the following card might be sent to single men without 
 dependents who have registered : — 
 
 " Inasmuch as the Committee can only deal with men who have 
 " wives and children or parents dependent upon them, it regrets that 
 " it is unable to assist you." 
 
 In the task of investigation and verification, the most 
 
 Investigation important parts will be : — 
 
 and 
 Verification. (a) The visit to and report upon the home ; 
 
 (b) The communication with the employer or foreman > 
 
 (c) The communication with .some responsible reference; 
 
 (d) The consultation of the Relieving Officer's and, when these 
 
 are available. Local Charities" Lists. (These would be 
 the first steps.) 
 
 (a) To the extent that one person is unable to cover the whole 
 field, the visit to the hom.e should be carried out on as uniform 
 a plan as possible, and tho.se who execute it should be in close touch 
 with each other and with the responsible Committee. Al)sence of 
 uniform standard in reporting upon the home would result in injustice. 
 The wife should be seen. an(b if possible, the children. The cleanli- 
 ness, tidiness and h\gienic standard of the home should be especially 
 noted, since it is upon these that its social value so largely depends. 
 
 (b) If possible, the employer or foreman should be seen per.son- 
 allv, since manv are unwilling to put unfavourable opinions upon old
 
 Outline of Procedure. 41 
 
 employees in writing. In one district it was the practice' to see 
 employers who lived within the Borough, and to write to others, and 
 this, unless Local Committees were willing to make personal inquiries 
 for each other, might afford a useful working rule. 
 
 When a form has to be posted the following is recommended : 
 
 All communications treated as strictly confidential. 
 
 190 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 re A.B., of 
 
 The above states that he was in your employ from 
 
 to (under Foreman *) at the wage 
 
 of 
 
 Will you kindly confirm this and inform the Committee — 
 
 1. In what capacity he worked ; 
 
 2. His weekly earnings (average). 
 
 3. Rea.sons for leaving ; 
 
 4. His chance of re-emplovment ; 
 
 5. Character and remarks. 
 
 We shall be much obliged if vou will send this information at 
 as earlv a date as possible. A stamped envelope is enclosed for 
 reply. ^Strike out if unnecessary. 
 
 The above particulars should also be obtained when the employer 
 or foreman is seen personally. 
 
 (c) Important though employers must necessarily be as references, 
 it is undesirable to relv upon them too systematically and too exclusively. 
 Alreadv one of the recognised dangers in so much of modern industry 
 is. that it weakens the sense of responsibility towards one another of 
 employers and employed. Should it become too prominent a part of 
 unemployed administration, to use the employer as a reference, he 
 may be led in some cases to rely upon the machinery that it provides, 
 and any shifting of his responsibilities in this matter, (illu.strated for 
 instance, in some trades, by the practice of making work for stock in 
 dull times, and in all trades by the duty of exercising as much care and 
 forethought in the giving out and execution of work as possible), would 
 be almost as disadvantageous as any weakening of the sense of respon- 
 sibility on the part of the wage-earners. It is desirable, therefore, 
 to have other names of as responsible people as possible, to whom 
 reference can, if necessary, be made.
 
 42 Classification Committee. 
 
 ((!)* " Overlajjping " is one of (lie rurses of disorganisefl adminis- 
 Iralion, providing as il floes the oj)j)ortunity for the unscrupulous and 
 penalizing the honest man. As one step towards its i)revenlion, th:; 
 lists of the Relieving Offirer should he ronsultefl, anfl if possible the 
 list of the organised charities of the district. In at least two Boroughs 
 last winter a general register was accessible at a single centre, and it 
 was an instruction that the " Relieving Officer's and Charities Register 
 (now kept at ) must be consulted."'* 
 
 ft would be desirable that in every district such a "clearing " list 
 should be formed and usefl. It is to be noted, however, that unity of 
 action has a far greater value than that of checking abu.ses such as 
 overlapping. Unity and co-ordination are also first steps towards 
 efficiency and the greatest outcome of efficiency is not the merely negative 
 advantage of detecting abuses, but the positive one of more assured 
 remedial and preventive action. To this point we return in the 
 
 section dealing with Decisions. 
 
 It should be the duty of the Committee to report to the Guardians, 
 as has already been done in at least two districts, the names of those 
 bv whom em])loyment has been refused, and where registration of 
 assistance is in operation, lists of all to whom assistance is offered 
 should be contributed. 
 
 The particulars furnished on application forms and the 
 
 Classification subsequent enquirv and verification, are but .steps 
 
 Decisions towards classification, and classification, in the case 
 
 of an administrative body, is itself a .step towards 
 
 deciding what can and ought to be done. Men are classified for 
 
 practical purposes. 
 
 Thus the two duties of classification anrl decision are very closelv 
 connected, and if those on whom the former ta.sk devolves form a 
 separate body, they should have as intimate and as extended a 
 knowledge as possible of the ameliorative steps that can sub.sequentlv 
 be taken. 
 
 It may be noted that in selecting for work from among those who. 
 as the result of classification, are recommended for that particular kind 
 of assistance, the numbers to whom a call should be given will varv. 
 (i) according to the completeness of the knowledge possessed concern- 
 ing the applicants, and (?) according to the work that is being offered. 
 
 * See General Order (Metropolis) of the Local Government Board : Print- 
 ing and circulating weekly lists (Feb. 14, 1878).
 
 Outline of Procedure. 43 
 
 The names of those who refuse work, or who fail to put in an 
 appearance on being summoned, should, unless a satisfactory reason 
 is forthcoming, be put on a special list among the rejected applications. 
 
 Whatever preliminary work of investigation and classification mav 
 have been done by individuals, it is desirable that the final selection 
 for work should be made by a Committee. In one district in which 
 the work of enquiry was carefully organised, the final step was always 
 an interview by the Committee, when the men were " closely ques- 
 tioned." Both as an aid in getting finally at the most suitable men, 
 and as a step that brings home to the Committee the sense of its cor- 
 porate responsibility for what is one of the decisive acts of its 
 administration, great importance attaches to this interview.! 
 
 The general lines of classification, indicating those who in various 
 degrees are to be considered as eligible for employment, may be laid 
 down, but it will often be found that the individual, though representing 
 a type concerning which the general principles may seem to be 
 perfectly clear, presents a much more complex, because a much more 
 personal, problem than the type can ever suggest. 
 
 Thus a man may seem to have one of the strongest claims to 
 selection for employment. In the past his work may have been regular, 
 even above the average ; he may be a skilled mechanic or artizan ; the 
 spell of unemployment may have been a long one, and brought about 
 by no ])ersonal failing ; he mav have a wife and family dependent on 
 him, and no supplementary earnings or other resources available, and 
 finallv, he may have a good home and children who are normally well 
 cared for. It would appear on the face of it that such a man should 
 be " recommended for emplovment " without hesitation. But his real 
 need mav l)e quite different. He may, for instance, want, in the first 
 place, a chance of regaining lost strength ; or employment may be open 
 to him if his tools could be got out of pawn ; or he may have friends 
 or old employers in other parts of the country ready to help him if they 
 could be communicated with ; or he may be a member of a decaying 
 trade, with little or no prospect of regaining ordinary employment 
 at his proper calling, for whom temporary work would have no appre- 
 
 t Cases should, it may be noted, be always considered apart from all 
 question of the date at which their application was made, since lateness in 
 :ip[)lving for relief work is very often to a man's credit. Experience shows 
 that in times of prolonged and exceptional distress, the man whose intrinsic 
 claim is greatest is often among the last to present himself. He holds aloof 
 as long as he can, and ought not to be penalized in anv wav for so doing.
 
 44 Classifiiatnni Cuvnttttlcc. 
 
 ciable value. To offer this alone wouhJ not only be treating him 
 wrongly, hut would he keeping out somecjne for whom tenipfjrars 
 employment was right. 
 
 The foregoii!),' is hut an inustiation of the cart:; that has to he 
 exercised if diagnosis is to he correct. The difficult problem presented 
 by the memlier of the well-i)aid .seasonal trade, necessitating, as its 
 solution does, knowledge as to whether the sea.sonal fluctuation has been 
 abnormall) excessive or not; or the case of the steady man who has 
 been emploved at a low wage and regular work, involving as the right 
 decision shouhl do. among otht-r things, as exact a knowledge as 
 possible of the local cost of living for unskillefl workers, are further 
 illustrations of the kind of questions with which the Classification and 
 Selection Committees will have to fleal. 
 
 A further group of cases that, to a great extent apart from the 
 industrial status of the man, presents special need for the exerci.se of 
 care, are those families in which marriage has been improvident and 
 
 in which children are still lieing born. 
 
 Although the most fundamental question that the Committees have 
 to answer is as to whether or not help of any kind shall be given, the 
 work of classification is a constant reminder that when the decision is 
 in the affirmative, this will often involve much more than the mere 
 offer of a spell of employment. Even if work of an appropriate kind 
 is available, simple employment, as has been seen, is often not what 
 is wanted. Moreover, if it be the appropriate form of assistance, 
 offering it is often performing only part of the task. Unemployment 
 Conmiittees will be constantly discovering needs which ought to be met, 
 but which would otherwise have been overlooked. Among these some 
 of the more obvious have been alreadv mentioned, such as assistance 
 to regain health, in redeeming tools, in migrating or emigrating. 
 
 Less generally recognised is the need of cultivating a certain 
 hygienic standard of person and belongings in the case of those helped. 
 Help given fo the unhealthy household with no attempt to see that 
 in such a case steps are taken to win back recoverable health. 
 would be an injury to the community ; and one of the great opportuni- 
 ties often furnished to the visitors of the Unemploved Committees 
 is to persuade those assisted to adopt a higher standard in their home 
 life. Greater care in the exercise of the domestic virtues of spending 
 W'isely, and of keeping things clean, must often be the bv -products of 
 unemployed administration, or this administration will fail, inasmuch
 
 Outline of Procedure. 45 
 
 as having discovered remediable evils it gave assistance without laying 
 down the reasonable condition that these evils should, as far as cir- 
 cumstances allowed, be remedied. 
 
 In some cases the relations thus established might provide 
 exceptional opportunities for safeguarding the industrial future of 
 the younger generation, and urging that the boys, at least, are taught 
 suitable trades, so that, at least for them, the risks of disorganised 
 casual employment may be diminished. 
 
 For these and analogous reasons it is necessary to obtain as com- 
 plete a co-ordination as possible of allied forms of social effort. The 
 weakness of so much well-meaning charitable effort at the present 
 time is that with excellent intentions the evils of poverty, of recklessness, 
 of acquiescence in a low physical and hygienic standard, are met 
 by measures that may indeed ease the situation for the moment, but 
 which do little or nothing to reach the personal root of the matter — 
 that are never preventive in their action and leave the real causes of 
 the evil unprobed, very often unknown. By whatever means that may 
 be possible and appropriate, by measures whether of sternness or of 
 kindness, it must be the ideal of unemployed administration to see that 
 the offer of employment or whatever step is recommended, is more 
 than the palliative of the moment ; that it leaves men more independent 
 than it found them, their industrial status unimpaired, if not improved, 
 and their homes, when these have been characterised by mismanagement, 
 by lack of parental foresight, or by the acceptance of a low hygienic 
 standard, raised. 
 
 Towards the right reading of the problem of unemployment a con- 
 siderable advance has been made during the past twelve months, and 
 it may with safety be asserted that never before has the expenditure 
 of thought and care and sympathy upon this great problem been 
 so widely spread in London, or the endeavour to bring the dictates of 
 an enlightened and sympathetic judgment to bear upon it been more 
 generally made. For the first time many responsible members of the 
 community in every part of London have realised how very human and 
 personal and essential have been the duties underlying the various 
 functions of the Local Committees. It has, moreover, been gradually 
 realised by larger numbers that the aim in making provision for certain 
 classes of the unemploved, is more than remedial in character, and as 
 has already been implied, that the ulterior purpose is to bring influences 
 to bear that shall, whenever possible, eliminate the causes of their 
 distress and the risk of their permanent degradation.
 
 Work of Committee. 47 
 
 III.— WORKS COMMITTEE. 
 
 The nrst meeting of the Works Committee was lield on Frida\, 
 December 9. when the Rev. J. H. Anderson, Mayor of Wandsworth, 
 was elected Chairman. 
 
 The Works Committee was entrusted with the carrving out of all 
 schemes of work in London or suflficientlv near to London for the men 
 employed upon them to sleep at their own homes every night. 
 
 As the conditions of this work approximated far more closely to 
 those of normal industry than did those of the working colonies, the 
 Committee had to consider at the outset the method to be adopted to 
 reduce the danger of attracting men from ordinarv employment. The 
 original scheme suggested that this should be done by a reduction of 
 possible earnings. The Committee, after careful consideration of the 
 available alternatives, decided that this end would best be attained by 
 a reduction of the number of hours per day. rather than of the rate per 
 hour or of the number of days per week. 
 
 As will be shown later, at most of the works opened bv the Works 
 Committee, the wages were fixed by the authorities controlling the 
 estates upon w'hich the work was carried out, according to the rates paid 
 to their ordinary employees. In the case of the London County Council 
 works the minimum rate per hour was fixed ; at the Green Park the 
 rate per w'eek. The Committee was therefore compelled to rely, for 
 the desired end, upon the comparison of the hours per week with those 
 of ordinary employment, upon the steps taken by the Classification 
 Committee to secure the selection of men to whom the rate of w-age 
 should not be unduly attractive, and upon the effect produced by 
 accidental conditions, of distance and inconvenience, attaching to certain 
 of the works. 
 
 The reference to the Sub-Committee suggested the following 
 varieties of possible work : — ■ 
 
 id) Extension of Borough work (arising out of correspondence 
 with Borough Councils) ;
 
 48 Wor/is Committee. 
 
 {})) Mciropolitaii work (arising out of rorre.s[)on(lenre with Metro- 
 
 l)olitan authorities) ; 
 (() MxlraMftropolilan work (arising out (A lorrespondence with 
 
 local authorities outside the Metro|)(jlis) ; 
 (d) Dei)artniL^ntal work (arising out of correspontJence with 
 
 Government Departments). 
 In accordance with this instruction, enquiries were adflressed to 
 the \arious Joint Committees asking whether additional work could 
 be put in hand if the Central Committee were prepared to con- 
 tribute towards any extra cost incurred by utilising unemployed labour. 
 Letters were also sent to the various Metropolitan Authorities, including 
 the London County Council, the City Corporation, the Metropolitan 
 Asylums Board, the Metropolitan Water Board, and the Thames Con 
 servancv ; also to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and later, to H.M. 
 Office of Works, 3nd to the Office of Woods and Forests, asking whethei 
 these authorities could co-operate in the provision of employment. 
 
 The replies received from the Borough Councils raised so man) 
 questions of finance and of the principles to be laid down for the 
 selection of the men, thai the whole subject of grants in aid of Borough 
 work was referred to a Special Sub-Committee composed of the Chair 
 men of the Standing Sub-Committees. (See Section V., Grants Com- 
 mittee.) 
 
 As the result of correspondence with the various Metropolitan 
 Authorities and Government Departments, the following works were 
 put in hand : — ■ 
 
 (i) In connection w-ith the London County Council : 
 
 {a) At Long Grove, near Epsom ,.. ... 900 men. 
 
 {b) In various London Parks ... ... 600 men. 
 
 {c) On the Housing Committee's Estate 
 
 at Totterdown ... ... ... 20 men. 
 
 (2) In connection with the City Corporation : 
 
 Painting work on the Citv Markets ... 71 men. 
 
 (3) In connection with H.M. Office of Works : 
 
 In the Green Park ... ... ... 300 men. 
 
 T._LOXG GROVE. 
 
 The work at Long Grove consisted for the most part in treble 
 digging or trenching several large fields on the site of the new County
 
 Lo)ig Grove. 49 
 
 As\ lum. for the purpose of clearing the ground, which had become 
 thoroughly foul, for future cultivation by the patients. There was also 
 a large amount of work in levelling banks along the hedgerows, felling 
 trees and clearing away undergrowth, in order to enlarge the area of 
 cultivation. 
 
 The Committee provided the labour and supervision. The London 
 County Council Asylums Committee planned out the w^ork and provided 
 tools, and undertook to value the work when completed and to make a 
 recoupment thereon. The Council stipulated that the men should 
 be paid at not less than the normal rate paid by themselves and imposed 
 upon all their contractors for similar work within the 12 mile radius, 
 viz., yd. an hour; that the hours should not exceed their normal num- 
 ber, i.e., an average of 48 per week all the year round; and that the 
 men should not be paid on the works nor allowed to loiter in Epsom 
 after hours. 
 
 In accordance w'ith the principle of continuous employment, laid 
 down in Mr. Long's scheme, and adopted by the Central Committee 
 throughout, all men employed by the Fund had the opportunity of 
 remaining upon the works until the close, if their circumstances and 
 their conduct justified their doing so. 
 
 Work was provided in this way for 900 men ; 100 went down on 
 the 2nd January, 200 more on the 9th, 100 on the i6th. 200 on the 
 23rd, and 300 on the 30th. The numbers were kept up to 900 until 
 March 4. The refilling of vacancies then ceased, and the numbers 
 declined to less than 750 on March 17. The works were then gradu- 
 ally closed by the withdrawal of 129 men on March 24. 300 on March 
 31, 200 on April 7, and the last 100 on April 14. 
 
 The men travelled to and from Ewell Station daily, by special 
 train leaving Waterloo at 6.40, the fare per head for parties of not less 
 than 100 being 8d. return, one half of which was paid by the Com- 
 mittee. In view of the fact that for some weeks the number travelling 
 amounted to nearly 900, the amount of the fare was considered exces- 
 sive, and every effort was made to obtain a reduction, but without avail. 
 
 The number of hours was fixed, at the date of starting, in accor- 
 dance with the practice of the London County Council in January, at 
 44 per week. The deduction of the railway fare reduced the maximum 
 weekly earnings per head to 23/8, as compared with 25/8 paid to
 
 50 \\'(/r/is Coiiiniincc. 
 
 lliu (»i(liiKir\ iwLwics cniploNcd l)\ llic ('(Hiiicil.* 'I'lic men sent ilown 
 li\ llic C'uniiiiitlce were oljliged, moreover, to .s[)en(l two lioiirs a 
 (l;i\ in lr;i\elling. in addition lo an\ time spent in readiing Waterloo 
 Slation. 'I'lie hours als(j were not increased in the usual way as the 
 season advanced. 'I'he weekly earnings therefore remained constant, 
 instead of rising, as in the case of the ordinar\ London County Council 
 emi)loyees, gradual l\ to 29/2, and the relative unattractiveness of the 
 Committee's work increased as time went on. This tendency was 
 still further emphasised by the suspension, frcjm February 25, of 
 Saturday work and pay. This was done with the object of warning 
 the men of the exceptional and temporary nature of the work, and of 
 giving them additional opportunities of keeping in touch with their 
 former employers ur with jjossible new ones. It had al.so the effect 
 of reducing their maximum weekly earnings to 21/8, and thus 
 stimulating the desire to obtain other employment. 
 
 At I'lrst the men were paid by officers of the Central Committee 
 at the Victoria Hall, near Waterloo Station (kindly lent bv Miss CoN.s 
 for the purpose), immediately upon the arrival of the special train. 
 Hut as the numbers increased it was found advisable for the men 
 to be paid through the offices of the Joint Committees of the 
 Boroughs from which they came. 
 
 In order to maintain the desired relation between the conditions 
 of work and the ordinary earnings of the men employed, the Joint 
 Committees were asked to select men usually in regular work. As a 
 matter of fact, the character and ability of the men employed varied 
 not onl\ according to the trades they represented, but also according 
 to the period at which they were selected, the later gangs containing 
 a larger proportion of men less fitted either by their ordinary occupa- 
 tion, their physique, or their industrial character, for the hard work 
 demanded. 
 
 The occupations are given in the table on pages 128-132. 
 
 Reports received from the work from time to time seemed to show- 
 that about one-third were good workmen, fairly competent for the navvy 
 work required, one-third were fair workmen, though not used to the 
 
 * It may be interesting to note that the amount of the " average total 
 weekly earnings of the ordinary agricultural Labourers " in the County of 
 Surrey as a whole, " including the estimated value of allowances in kind," 
 according to the Board of Trade Kepoit upon the Earnings of Agricultural 
 Labourers [1905, Cd. 2376, p. 146], is 20/-. Such labourers would not, of 
 course, be maintaining homes in London at London rents and prices.
 
 Long Grove. 5 i 
 
 particular work, and about one-third appeared to be casual labourers 
 unused to laborious work. Even with the less efficient, however, the 
 standard of work improved considerably as time went on, and the great 
 majority kept to the work with remarkable perseverance. The total 
 number of discharges is shown in the Appendix. 
 
 A Sub-Committee, composed of Mr. James Brown and ^Jr. 
 Crooks, with the Chairman of the Committee, exercised over the 
 arrangements a general supervision, which contributed greatly to their 
 success. 
 
 Owang to the distance of the Estate from any town, it was found 
 necessary to make arrangements for a certain amount of catering. A 
 barn was fitted up for this purpose b\ the London Countv Council. 
 It w^as found that most of the men brought their own food daily, though 
 for a large part of the time a fair proportion bought their meals from 
 a professional caterer who attended, upon his own responsibility, for 
 the purpose. 
 
 The work was supervised by a Clerk of the Works appointed by 
 the Committee, assisted by a leading foreman and 9 ordinary gangers, 
 one to each 100 men. The gangers were skilled men, engaged by the 
 Committee from outside, not from amongst the registered " unem- 
 ployed." That this small staff proved sufficient was chiefly due to 
 the admirable manner in which Mr. Dobbs, the Clerk of the Works, 
 performed the duties of general superintendent. 
 
 The greater number of the men were employed in trenching the 
 larger fields, each gang working on one of several parallel trenches. 
 Later on some of the gangs were employed on miscellaneous work on 
 outlying parts of the Estate, while from the first a small amount of 
 lighter work, such as cutting underwood, was found for a few of the 
 men unused to heavy work. 
 
 The total number of individual men employed was 1.208 ; the 
 average period worked by each being 8| weeks. The total amount 
 expended on the work was ;^ii,i73 8s. 
 
 The returns of the work done show the following quantities : — 
 
 Treble digging in three large fields, and certain scattered 
 strips, 45 acres in all. Before digging i^ acres of this, a small 
 wood covering this area had to be cut down and the roots grubbed 
 up.
 
 52 Works Cummitlce. 
 
 l.cNilliii^ and [;riil»l)in^' ii|) roots, etc., along the edges of 
 licMs. lo.ooo tjLt in Ifiiglli, varviiig from 9 to i8 feet in width. 
 
 Ditching nearly 16,000 feet, from 1 ft. to i ft. 6 in. in depth. 
 
 Clearing water -courses 3,000 feet in length by 2 ft. in width 
 and I ft. 6 in. in depth. 
 
 Levelling 5,610 feet in length, from 9 ft. to 12 ft. in wifith 
 and 9 in. to 12 in. in depth. 
 
 Tracing about 710 feet of old field drains. 
 
 A report u[)on the subject of liie value of the work done and the 
 amount of recoupment to be paid to the Central Committee, was pre- 
 sented to the London County Council by the Asylums Committee on 
 May 30. After describing the work as that which "in the ordinary 
 course of events would not have been commenced until the asylum was 
 completed and patients' labour was available," and giving various 
 details, the report continues* : 
 
 " When we decided that this work should be carried out it was 
 " agreed that on completion we should consider the amount of the work 
 " done, and as to what pa\ ment should be made to the funds of the 
 " Unemploved Committee for the same. We have now to report that 
 " we have obtained a valuation of the work, which amounts approx- 
 " imately to ;^ 1,000. In arriving at this figure the fact that a portion 
 " of the work could have been done by horse and steam power, also that 
 " a small portion could have been left for patient labour, has been 
 " taken into consideration, and allowance has been made for the use 
 " of tools, etc. Owing to this work having been carried out there is 
 " alreadv a certain acreage of land ready for cultivation, garden and 
 " orchard use and the grazing of cattle, and notwithstanding certain 
 " circumstances, such as the poor physical condition of the men and 
 " their being unaccustomed to agricultural work, which tended to make 
 " progress slow, we are quite satisfied with the result. 
 
 "We propose that the sum of ^^i.ooo should be paid to the 
 " Unemploved Committee as representing a fair valuation of the work 
 "done." 
 
 Accordingly, upon July 14. the sum of ;^i.ooo was paid over by 
 the London County Council to the Central Committee. 
 
 Considerable disappointment was expressed by the Committee, 
 and especially by some of the members who had taken an active part 
 
 * London County Council Minutes of Proceedings, May 30, 1905, p. 2190.
 
 Long Grove. 53 
 
 in the administration of the work at Long Grove and who were best 
 acquainted with the great amount that had been done, at the smaUness 
 of the recoupment offered. The Committee did not of course expect 
 the value of the work to the County Council to amount to any very 
 large proportion of the total amount, about ;^ii,ooo, spent upon 
 it by the Committee. It was recognised that " unemployed " labour, 
 deliberately excluding horse power and machinery, and necessarily 
 comprising men of many trades, and therefore, even when carefully 
 selected, of varying degrees of skill and physical fitness for the partic- 
 ular work, would inevitably prove costly. It was recognised, further, 
 that much of the work was such as would not be undertaken at that 
 time, if at all, by the County Council, even if it could have been done 
 at the lowest contract rates. But, after allowing for both these sources 
 of depreciation, it was felt that the deductions made by the Council 
 were excessive. Upon the information supplied to them the Committee 
 had estimated that the cost of the work at the lowest contract rates, 
 the greatest possible proportion of it being carried out by machinery 
 and horse-power, and the most expert labour employed, would have 
 been about ;^5,ooo. The value to the London County Council — 
 taking into consideration on the one hand the fact that the work was 
 not immediately required ; that parts of it, though productive, would 
 never in themselves repay even the contract cost, and that therefore 
 the Council would not have been justified in paying ^^5,000 to have 
 it done ; and on the other hand the fact that it had caused an immediate 
 increase in the productiveness of the land, that it had greatly increased 
 its future value, and that much of it was of far too laborious a nature 
 ever to have been carried out bv the labour of the patients, — the 
 Committee estimated at certainly not less than ^2,000. It was there- 
 fore with surprise that they learned that the Asylums Committee had 
 estimated the amount to be paid at one-half that sum. They believe 
 that this is calculated to give a false impression as to the proportion 
 between the cost and the value of the w'ork. 
 
 The Committee desires to place on record their appreciation of the 
 assistance afforded bv the London County Council in the provision of 
 emplovment, not onlv at Long Grove, but also on the estates of the 
 Parks and Housing Committees ; and of the readiness with which 
 the members of the various Committees and their ofiirers placed their 
 experience and their time at the disposal of the Fund. 
 
 The Committee also welcomes the tribute of the Asylums 
 Committee to the quality of the work done by the unemployed.
 
 54 
 
 Wor/^s Cnmniittee. 
 
 TIk! expi.-inliliitc incurred over ;inil ahmc ilie commercial valiu- 
 of the product is jiistilied. and justified only, in so far as it results 
 in the luainlenance or the increase of the efficiencv of the genuine 
 iiiicrii|il()\ cd, ill ihc preservation of iiorncs, and in the avoidance of 
 the degradation and the cost of paufjerisation ; and in so far as it 
 achieves these results without sa{)ping the self-reliance of the men 
 helped or their initiative in the search for work. 
 
 2.— LONDON COUNTY COUNCFI, PARKS. &c. 
 
 In tlie I-ondon Count \ Council Parks, etc.. work was prf)virled as 
 follows : — 
 
 Waterlow I'ark 
 Fin.sburv Park 
 
 Hackney Marshes 
 Victoria Park 
 Kltham Park and 
 Averv Hill 
 
 Tooting Common ... 
 
 Totterdown (Housing 
 Committee) 
 
 Mudding out Lakes 
 Levelling and re-turfing open 
 
 space 
 Removing Top-soil ... 
 
 Mudding out I-ake ... 
 
 Levelling and re-turfing 
 Cricket Ground and Tennis 
 Courts 
 
 Levelling and re-turfing 
 Cricket Groimd ... 
 
 Removing Top-soil and 
 Making Road 
 
 40 men. 
 
 100 ,. 
 
 100 ,, 
 160 
 
 620 men. 
 
 In all the.se cases the Committee agreed to supply labour and 
 supervision, and plant except in so far as the Council were able to lend 
 from their surplus stock. The Committee understood when under- 
 taking this work, that the same conditions as to recoupment would be 
 observed as at Long Grove. Owing to the fact that the Council was 
 in recess at the time of the offer, and that it was necessary to start at 
 once, if at all. the Committee was unable to obtain confirmation of this 
 condition bv the Counci'. until after the work was carried out. 
 
 The wages and hours were determined, as at Long Grove, by the 
 ordinarv contract conditions laid down bv the London Countv Council, 
 viz.. 6d. per hour for levelling (at Finsbury Park. Hackney Marshes,
 
 London County Council Parks, dr'c. 55 
 
 Eltham Park and Tooting Common), and yd. per hour for navvy work 
 (at Waterlow Park, Victoria Park and Totterdown). The hours were 
 44 per week for the month of January, and were not increased as the 
 .season advanced. As at Long Grove, Saturday work and pay were 
 suspended after February 25. It was found, however, that the 
 choice of Saturday for this purpose did not produce good results. The 
 suspension of work on that particular day tended to the advantage of 
 men of the semi-coster tvpe who were enabled to profit by the Saturday 
 market, but it did not lead in practice to success in the search for 
 permanent employment. 
 
 The work began in the Parks on Januarv 11. and at Totterdown 
 on Januarv 30. The maximum number of men was reached on 
 Februarv 24. The refilling of vacancies ceased on March 4, and 
 with the exception of a small number of men at Waterlow Park, anrl 
 about 50 at Avery Hill, who remained till Easter, the works were 
 closed on March 31. 
 
 The total number of individuals employed was 692. Part of 
 the plant in each Park was loaned by the London County Council ; 50 
 barrows lent by Messrs. Aird & Son were used at Tooting Common, 
 and at Waterlow Park further plant was lent bv the Borough Councils 
 of Hampstead and St. Pancras. The plant purchased was transferred 
 at the conclusion of the work to the Committee's Colonv at Hollesley 
 Bav. The total amount spent on the various works was ^6.182 us. 5d. 
 
 In allotting vacancies upon the work, the Central Committee urged 
 the Joint Committees to select men accustomed to at least as high a 
 weeklv wage as that offered. The experience of the works showed, 
 as at Long Grove, that the earlier parties contained a larger proportion 
 of good workmen. The general standard, however, appeared to be 
 lower than that of the men at Long Grove. The men could be roughlv 
 divifled into three classes : the capable, who did good work throughout ; 
 the willing, who did their best and improved with practice; and the 
 indifferent. Apparently the nearness of the work to the men's homes 
 and to their ordinary surroundings, the presence of onlookers, and the 
 smaller effort required in most cases in travelling to and from the work, 
 led to the retention of the work by many men who would have failed 
 to persevere at Long Grove or at one of the Working Colonies. Tn 
 .some cases \vhere the work of selection had been carefullv performed.
 
 ^6 Wor/c.s Cottiviittce. 
 
 its effect was nullified hy llic transfer l)\ the applirant of the 
 card, bearing tlie signatures of tlie central and kx!al secretaries, 
 upon production of which a selected man was taken on, to some 
 different and unauthorised person. Where such impersonation was 
 detectefl the offender was exi)ellefi. It is desirable, however, that 
 some form of signed application should be combined with the card, 
 for presentation by the selected men to the foreman at the works ; this 
 would not onlv deter impersonation, but render the act liable to 
 severer penalties. 
 
 Each job was placed under the superintendence of a foreman 
 engaged by the Committee, assisted by as many gangers as the nature 
 of the work required. 
 
 A general supervision over the whole of the work was exercised 
 on behalf of the Committee by Mr. F. Butler, to whose energy and 
 ability the success of the arrangements, and the maintenance of the 
 standard of work at the various places at a uniform level, are largely 
 due. 
 
 With reference to the value of the work done, the following 
 resolution was passed by the London County Council upon a report 
 from the Parks Committee of the Council on April i8. 1905*: — 
 
 " In compliance with the request made in December, 1904, by the 
 " Central Committee of the London Unemployed Fund that the Council 
 " would assist in the provision of work for the unemployed, the General 
 " Purposes Committee, after conferring with us and upon the authority 
 "given by the Council on 20th December. 1904. informed the Central 
 " Committee that there were opi)ortunities at certain parks and operi 
 " spaces for employing a considerable number of men. In response 
 "to this communication the Central Committee have undertaken — (i) 
 " The removal of top soil at Hackney-marsh in connection with the 
 " work of raising the surface of a portion of the marsh ; (2) the levelling 
 "of the bovs' playground at Finsbury-park ; (3) the levelling of the 
 " practice cricket ground at Tooting-common ; (4) the levelling of 
 "ground at Eltham-park. with a view to making it more suitable for 
 "cricket; (5) the levelling of the grounds set apart at Avery-hill for 
 " cricket and lawn tennis, and preparing a nursery at that place ; and 
 " (6 & 7) the cleaning out of lakes at Victoria and Waterlow parks. 
 
 " The Central Committee have since asked that some recoupment 
 " may be made in respect of the expenditure which has been incurred 
 
 * Minutes of Proceedings, p. 1545.
 
 London County Council Parks, ^'c. 57 
 
 " upon the works in question, and we have arrived at the conclusion 
 " that a sum representing the measured \alue of the works we consider 
 " necessary should be paid to the Central Committee. We recom- 
 " mend — 
 
 " That the Central Committee of the London Unemployed 
 " Fund be re-imbursed in respect of works done at parks and open 
 " spaces by men employed by that Committee, to the extent of the 
 " measured value of the levelling and trenching done at Avery-hill 
 " and the cleaning out of the lakes at Victoria-park and Waterlovv- 
 " park ; and that expenditure not exceeding ;^i,375 be sanctioned 
 " in respect of the same. ' ' 
 
 On the same date a resolution upon a report from the Housing 
 Committee was passed as followsf : — 
 
 "On 20th December, 1904. the General Purposes Committee re- 
 " ported upon an application of the Central Committee of the London 
 " Unemployed Fund that the Council would assist in providing facilities 
 " for the creation of work of public utility for genuine unemployed 
 " workmen, and the several Committees concerned Avere empowered to 
 " provide opportunities of work to meet the exigencies of the unem- 
 " ployed in London. It was suggested that such work as the digging, 
 " levelling and making of roads would afford suitable means of employ - 
 " ment, and arrangements were accordingly made for a number of men 
 " to be employed on the Totterdown fields estate in stripping the turf 
 " and excavating and removing earth on the section which still remains 
 " to be developed. The General Purposes Committee have now for- 
 " warded to us a letter from the Central Committee asking that a 
 " contribution may be made towards the cost of the work executed, and 
 " while of opinion that the Council should not re-imburse the total 
 " outlay, we consider that a sum representing the present value to the 
 " Council of the work done should be paid to the Central Committee. 
 " About 20 men were emploved on the estate for nearlv eight weeks, 
 " and after having carefully considered the amount and value of the 
 " work which they did, we would advise the Council to make a contri- 
 " bution of ^30 in respect thereof. We are satisfied that the work has 
 " been done in a very satisfactory manner, and we recommend — - 
 
 " That the sum of ^30 be paid to the Central Committee of 
 " the London Unemployed Fund, in respect of work done by men 
 " in their employment on section C of the Totterdown-fields estate. 
 "Tooting." 
 
 t Minutes of Proceedings, p. 1523.
 
 58 ]\'i>r/cs Coinitii/lcc. 
 
 As the result of tliesf rt'rf)ninieii<l:itif)iis. the (.'entral Committee 
 /ereived, upon May 26. tlie sum of ^r.405 in respect of the work done 
 at Totterdown and upon three out of the six London Parks in whi'-h 
 improvements were carried out by the Committee. 
 
 3.— GREEN PARK. 
 
 On January 6. H.M. r)ffi(e of Works offered the Committee 
 work for 150 men in the making of an avenue from Buckingham 
 Palace to Piccadilly, in connection with the Queen Victoria Memorial. 
 The conditions of the offer were that the Committee should advance 
 the sum of ;£30oo as a contribution towards the cost of the labour 
 (including the wages of gangers and a .small sum for cartage), the Office 
 of Works undertaking to supply tools and materials, and to ex[)end 
 ;^i,ooo in skilled work in connection with the operations. 
 
 The Office of Works undertook also the whole management of the 
 work, the provision of a superintending foreman and the appointment 
 (though not the wages) of gangers, and the actual payment of the 
 wages to the men. 
 
 In view of the urgent necessity of fresh openings for the employ- 
 ment of the men selected by the Joint Committees, the Committee 
 decided to accept these conditions. 
 
 The wages offered were the same as those of the ordinary employees 
 in the Royal Parks, viz., 4/- a dav or 24/- a week, the hours being from 
 7 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. until February 15. 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. after that date. 
 The increase of hours did not affect the wages earned and the attrac- 
 tiveness of the work therefore diminished as the season advanced. 
 
 The work began on Januaiv t8. and 150 men were at work on 
 January 30. In order to complete the work at an earlier date, and 
 to comi)ensate for absences, (which \vere at one time so numerous that 
 the Joint Committees were asked to enquire into the alleged reasons, 
 with a view to discharge where the justification \vas insufficient), the 
 numbers were increased during the month of March to 300. and con- 
 tinued at this figure throughout April. One-third of the men were 
 discharged on April 29. one-third on May 6. and the remainder on Mav 
 13, the allotted sum of ;^3.ooo being then exhausted. 
 
 The scheme was useful to the Committee in the actual 
 administration of the Fund in two ways : it facilitated the provision
 
 Green Park &■' City Markets. 59 
 
 of work for the men residing in the Western boroughs, while the 
 London County Council Park work (which was situated entirely in the 
 North. East and South) was open, and it afforded a means of continuing 
 assistance on a small scale to the more necessitous boroughs of the whole 
 of London after the London Countv Council works had closed. 
 
 From detailed reports furni.shed bv the Office of Works, it appears 
 that the characters of the men for work, as judged by the foremen, were 
 as follows: Very good, 6; Good, 71; Fair, 186; Bad, 73; — - 
 Total, 2)^6. 
 
 4.— CITY MARKETS. 
 
 The work of ]iainting the substructure of the Citv ^Larkets was 
 offered to the Committee bv the City Corporation. The Corporation 
 undertook to pay the ordinary contract price of the work, the Central 
 Committee agreeing to pay any extra cost incurred bv the engagement 
 of unemployed workmen. 
 
 The Corporation undertook the organisation and supervision of 
 the work, including the payment of the wages, and determined the 
 conditions and hours. The Committee decided that the wages should 
 be 7d. per hour (of which the Corporation paid 6d.), at the same time 
 urging upon the Joint Committees the importance of selecting men 
 competent for the work, used to scaffolding, and accustomed to at least 
 as high a wage. 
 
 Twenty-three men began work on Januarv 16. The numbers 
 were limited by the necessity of providing scaffolding, but bv the 
 middle of March, 47 men were employed on the work bv dav, while 
 an additional 24 were engaged on Saturday and Sunday nights upon 
 a portion of the work that could only be done while the Metropolitan 
 trains were not running. 
 
 Owing to the small number that could be engaged at one time the 
 work was not completed till July 8. By that time 133 men had 
 been engaged upon the work, the average period of employment for 
 each man being 10 weeks. 
 
 The ^Larkets Committee subsequently resolved that no demand 
 should be made upon the Fund in respect of the extra cost of the work 
 beyond the payment of the additional id. per hour of wages. The 
 total cost to the Fund therefore remains at ^236 los. 4d. The letter 
 
 E 2
 
 6o Wor/cs Coitiniitlcc. 
 
 coinnninical iiig tliis derision continues: "It has Iteen gratifying 
 " to tlie Committee to have been enabled to assist the objects of 
 " tlie Fund by i)roviding this, employment, and they have learned 
 " with satisfaction that, upon the whole, the men engaged through the 
 " I'"uii(l have worked well." 
 
 The Committee take this opportunity of expressing their cordial 
 tlianks to the Citv Corporation for generously providing an opening 
 for emplovment at so small a cost, financial or administrative, to the 
 resources of the Fund.
 
 6l 
 
 IV.— WORKING COLONIES. 
 
 The Working Colonies Committee, which met for the first time on 
 Friday, December 2, and of which Mr. G. Lansbury was elected 
 Chairman on December 5, was created to carry out schemes of work 
 undertaken at a distance from London, and involving the temporary 
 housing of the men awav from their families.* 
 
 The management of the more permanent Labour Colony at Holies- 
 ley Bav. the site for which had been offered to the Central Committee 
 at its first meeting at a peppercorn rent for three years by Mr. Joseph 
 Fels, was therefore entrusted to this Sub-Committee. 
 
 The Hollesley Bay Estate, however, was not available until the 
 month of February and the Committee w-as at first chiefly engaged with 
 temporary schemes of work at Hadleigh and at Garden City. 
 
 I.— HADLEIGH. 
 
 The Salvation Army had. early in the autumn, expressed its 
 readiness to provide employment for a large number of men, upon the 
 same teims and conditions as those agreed to by the Mansion House 
 Committee the previous winter, viz., the Colony authorities to house and 
 board the men, provide all tools and materials, and supervise and 
 organise the work, receiving from the Committee the sum of 10/6 per 
 head per week for maintenance, t The work provided by the Colony, 
 though ultimately advantageous, was not immediately producti\e, and 
 the Salvation Armv was not in a position to expend capital in payment 
 for what was done. The various works, however, involved a capital 
 expenditure by the Colony of over ^500. 
 
 In view of the urgencv of beginning work without delay, the 
 absence of any immediately available alternative, and the proved 
 
 * A scheme of temporary Colony works on these lines was carried out in 
 the winter of 1903-4 by the Mansion House Committee, and is fully described 
 in their Report. 
 
 t Including '"' the cost of food and the preparation of the same ; the cost 01 
 washing, housing and dormitory supervision, and such personal laundry as the 
 men might require; medical attendance and nursing of sick men"; and a 
 coupon of the value of sixpence, exchangeable at the Colony stores.
 
 62 Wor/^ifi^ Colonics Committee. 
 
 advuiilagcs of the colony system of work [ox tlie unemployed, the 
 Committee decided to accept the offer of the Salvation Army to the 
 extent of 200 men, there being accommodation for that number 
 withoul expenditure f)n l.uildiiii^s. for the seroiifl 100. however, the 
 Committee was obliged to purchase bedding, which, after the comple- 
 tion of the work, became available for use elsewhere. 
 
 The first men employed at Hadleigh, who were also the first men 
 to be assisted bv the I'und, began work on December 16. The first 
 party consisted of 60, drawn in equal numbers from 3 of the most 
 necessitous boroughs. The numbers were increased as rapidly as 
 jjossible to 200. drawn in the same proportions from 10 boroughs. This 
 number was maintained at the colony for nearly three months, vacancies 
 being refilled as they occurred, by fresh men from the same Joint 
 Committees as the men who left. The total number of men thus 
 employed was 327, for periods var\ing from i week to 13 weeks, and 
 averaging 6^ wrecks. The works were closed gradually during the 
 first three weeks of March, the amount allocated to this scheme. 
 ^'3.000. being then exhausted. 
 
 While the men were at work, their families received allowances 
 at the rate of 10/- for the wife, 2/- for the first child. 16 for the 
 second, and i/- each for other children, onlv those under 14 being 
 reckoned. The scale was calculated to meet the requirements of house- 
 rent and maintenance in London, and the average pavment per familv 
 was 14/6.* The men were allowed to return to London for two davs at 
 the end of each month to visit their families and to look for work. 
 
 In view of the scale of allowance to the families, and the fact 
 that the Committee had selected the higher of the two standards of 
 diet at the Colony, the Joint Committees were asked to select men of 
 Class L (a) and (b), viz.. those accustomed to regular work. t In some 
 ways, however, and particularly in the character of the supervision, 
 the conditions at Hadleigh were better suited to the casual labourer 
 than those of the other works set on foot by the Committee, and it was 
 hoped that the better men first selected might possibly, after a period 
 of testing and of good feeding, be drafted to other works, and their 
 places filled by men of Class I. (c), but this proved impracticable. 
 
 * See footnote on page 75. + Sec Appendix, pp. 12.2-3.
 
 Hadlt'igli. 6^ 
 
 Upon the character and conduct of the men employed, the Super- 
 intendent of the Colony thus reports : 
 
 " The nature of the work to which the men were put was as 
 follows : — 
 
 1. The mending and enlargement of an existing sea-wall. The 
 
 majority of the men were employed upon this. 
 
 2. Digging on the market garden amongst the fruit trees, etc. 
 
 In all the men dug 14 acres. 
 
 3. Getting gravel for road-making, and putting it on. 
 
 4. Double digging, i.e., turning soil two spits deep and thus 
 
 converting grass land into arable land. About 3 acres 
 were thus treated. 
 
 5. Turning clay in one of the brickfields. Very little of this 
 
 work was done. 
 
 6. Painting and reno\ating farm implements and buildings. 
 
 " As regards the character of the men sent, looking at them from 
 one point of view, they were slightly superior to the men received from 
 the Mansion House Committee during the previous winter. As a whole 
 they were better workers, but in the opinion of the superintendents 
 here, there was, amongst the men, a large proportion who needed the 
 closest supervision in order to get from them anything like the standard 
 of an ordinary day's work. There was. however, amongst them a 
 better t\pe; and the men belonging to it worked steadily and well, 
 independent of oversight, and it was particularly noticeable that these 
 men exerted the best moral influence over their comrades and attempted 
 to lift the tone of those with whom they worked or messed " 
 
 " While some of the men availed themselves of every opportunity 
 of moral and temporal improvement, . . . there was yet a good 
 proportion of the men that showed no disposition to improve, but 
 regretted that any restrictions upon their behaviour existed on the 
 Colony " 
 
 " There was considerable difference in the character of the men 
 sent by the various Committees " 
 
 " There was considerable physical improvement with all the meii 
 that stayed here any time " 
 
 " In many wavs advance was shown towards the end of the season. 
 The men's personal laundry increased quite 50%, the bath-houses were 
 more frequently used, the dormitories and sleeping quarters were more
 
 64 \Vor/;inii^ Colonics Committee. 
 
 ti(Iil\ IvL-pt, and there; sceiiicd U) he a kind (A esprit dc corps amongst 
 (he residents in each dormitory tliat tended toward the comfort and 
 
 good of all "' 
 
 "Only a small percentage ol the men had any desire or taste for 
 an agricultural life. . . . The general lack of ambition in the 
 men was very noticeable." 
 
 An appendix, containing reports upon the work of the individual 
 men, based, in most cases, uiion com])arison " not with the ordinary 
 "agricultural or ground worker, but with the standard which has been 
 " set up on the Colony for the ordinary colonist to attain," gives the 
 following totals: — Very good, 38; good. 73; steady, 113; fair, 54; 
 bad, 46 ; not reported, 3 ; total, 327. 
 
 2.— GARDEN CITY. 
 
 The second scheme of work carried out by the Working 
 The Scheme 'f^olonies Committee was a temporary colony for 
 300 men on the Estate of the Garden City Company, 
 near Hitchin. 
 
 The Garden City Company offered the Committee a definite piece 
 of road-making connected with the future development of the Estate, 
 to be executed b) men employed by the Committee. The Company 
 undertook to pay the value of the work done (making allowance for 
 depreciation and deferred value), at the ordinary contract rates of the 
 district, out of capital suliscribed specially for this purpose in response 
 to an appeal issued by the Company. 
 
 As there was no available accommodation for the men in the 
 neighbourhood of the work, the Committee decided to create a tempo- 
 rary colony upon the lines of the Mansion House Scheme of 1903-4, 
 the men to receive board and lodging and 6d. a week pocket-money, 
 while an allowance was paid to their families at home. 
 
 For the necessary huts the Garden City Company 
 Erection made an offer, that if the buildings were made to con- 
 Buildings, form to a slightly higher standard of material and 
 design, they would either take them over at half cost 
 on the completion of the work, or rent them from the Committee during 
 the summer, as might be subsequently agreed. Plans were prepared 
 by the Company's Architect and accepted by the Committee, the date
 
 Garden City. 65 
 
 estimated for the completion of the buildings being the middle of 
 February. The buildings were of weather-boarding lined internally 
 with fire-proof asbestos slate, and consisted of five dormitories arranged 
 on three sides of a rectangle. The fourth side was occupied by a 
 dining hall, with kitchen, oflfice and bedrooms for the staff attached. 
 There were large lavatories attached to two of the dormitories, and also 
 a store-room, and an out-house for the cooking plant. Most of the men 
 slept in bunks arranged in two tiers along the walls, the rest on bedsteads 
 placed down the middle of the floor. While these buildings were 
 being erected, provision was made for the accommodation of a small 
 number of men at Letchworth Hall, and a party of 20 men, with a 
 superintendent appointed by the Committee, began work on Januarv 
 loth. 
 
 A second party of 20 went down on January 24. The new 
 huts, however, took much longer to erect than had been anticipated, and 
 by February 15 only these earlier parties could be transferred from 
 Letchworth Hall. On February 28 it was possible to house 100 
 men ; but the buildings were not really completed, and the full number 
 of men at work, until the middle of March. The loss of time thus 
 caused considerably affected the working of the Scheme. It reduced the 
 power of the Committee to oft'er assistance during the worst period of 
 distress, and it caused some amount of confusion, both at the Colony 
 and in the preparation and despatch of the parties of men. 
 
 The whole Colony was placed under the management 
 Administration of a Superintendent, assisted for the out-door work by 
 Management. ^ general foreman and gangers, and indoors by a store- 
 keeper, and a head cook with one skilled assistant. 
 Mr. Scotland, the Superintendent, proved not only thoroughly com- 
 petent in the ordinary duties of a clerk of the works, but also possessed 
 of the special qualities required for dealing with " unemployed ' ' work- 
 men in a resident colony. The Colony was visited week by week 
 bv a Sub-Committee consisting of Mr. Leonard Cohen and Mr. H. 
 LoCKWOOD, accompanied from time to time by other members. 
 
 The conditions as to period of continuous emplo\ment, monthly 
 intervals, and allowance to families, were the same as those at Hadleigh 
 (see p. 62 and footnote on p. 75).* The 6d. coupon svstem was. however, 
 found to be inconvenient, and a cash allowance was soon substituted. 
 The feeding of the men was at first carried out under contract by a local 
 
 * See also, for conditions, instructions and recommendations issued for 
 the use of the Joint Committees, Appendix, pp. 137-9.
 
 66 Working Co/o/ini Ci>nu)iillcc. 
 
 caterer. Ui)on removal to the new huiltlings, however, tlie Committee 
 abandoned this system and undertook the catering themselves. 
 Although this change involved the appointment of a cooking staff and 
 the purchase of a larger amount of plant, the expense and trouble was 
 more than compensated for by a gradual reduction of the cost. The 
 entire cost of maintenance, during the later period, including wages of 
 cook, assistant cook, and six kitchen helpers, all tradesmen's and 
 laundry accounts, and the 6d. allowances, finally averaged, per head 
 per week, 6/6 to 6/9. The diet was plain but ami)le, consisting of 
 a substantial breakfast, a dinner of meat, vegetables and pudding, 
 and a tea of bread and butter and jam. When the full number of 
 men was present, meals were served in two batches, at the following 
 hours: breakfast, 6.30 and 7; dinner, 12 and i ; tea. 5 and 5.30. 
 
 Supplies of under-clothing were kept at the colony and sold to 
 men, at cost price, as required, the cost being deducted in weekly 
 instalments from the family allowances. Boots were supplied on loan 
 to every man, his own pair being returned on his departure. The 
 boots could, however, be purchased on the same terms as the clothing. 
 
 The authorities of the Garden City Company and the residents of 
 the neighbourhood took considerable interest in the men from the first, 
 and in February a Committee was formed, upon which the Fund was 
 represented bv the superintendent, and the men by delegates from a 
 committee of their own, to arrange for entertainments and for meetings 
 on Sundays. A series of concerts, lectures, addresses and discussions 
 was maintained throughout the duration of the Colony. 
 
 Arrangements were made for medical attendance in case of illness. 
 
 The work was laid out by the Garden City Company's 
 Valuation Surveyor, Mr. Scotland being responsible for work- 
 Work Done ^"o ^'^ ^^^ specification and for keeping records of the 
 
 amount completed. Mr. Harley Heckford. Borough 
 Surveyor of Poplar, kindly undertook the valuation of the work on 
 behalf of the Committee. Mr. Paget Waddington. Borough Surveyor 
 of Marvlebone, who had offered his services, being prevented by illness 
 fiom doing so. The Committee are very greatly indebted to Mr. 
 Heckford for his services in this arduous task. His exhaustive 
 report submitted on July 6, showed that the valv.e of the work dor.c. 
 as agreed with the Company's Surveyor, was ^1,562 iis. jd. ; of this 
 ;£i'].\ 2S. 8d. was for work done in advance of the Company's needs
 
 Garden City. 67 
 
 and therefore subject to a deduction of 25%. The net value certified was 
 therefore ^1,469 os. 9d. The amount of work done, and the recoup- 
 ment to the Committee, would doubtless have been greater but for 
 unforeseen circumstances, such as the necessity for carting a consider- 
 able quantity of the material, and the failure of the Garden City 
 authorities to keep sufficiently in advance of the men in the planning 
 out of the work. 
 
 With regard to the quality of the work done, j\Ir. Scotland, the 
 Superintendent, reported that though it had taken longer to do, it had 
 proved, on completion, at least as good as that done on other parts of 
 the Estate under contract. This opinion is confirmed by Mr. 
 Heckford, whose supplementary report (October 17) concludes : 
 " Although the men employed on the works were of all trades and 
 " descriptions, the work was satisfactorily carried out, and at the date 
 " of this report appears in every way equal to that carried out by 
 "skilled workmen." 
 
 The aggregate number passed through the Colony 
 Progress was 497, and the largest number of men present at 
 Work the Colony on any one day was 308. The trades 
 
 and occupations represented, and the respective num- 
 bers, are given in the general table.* 
 
 The work having been begun rather late, was continued till well 
 into May. About the middle of the month the numbers were reduced 
 bv one-half. The remainder were gradually discharged until on 
 June I the specified work was completed, and only a small party 
 remained to clear up and to remove the plant. Arrangements had 
 been made to have the bedding, utensils, etc., stored in the neighbour- 
 hood, for use in the event of the Colony being re-opened next winter. 
 With regard to the buildings, an agreement was made with the 
 Garden Citv .Company by which the Company rented them from the 
 Committee during the summer. At the end of six months the Com- 
 mittee has the power either to resume occupation or to hand over 
 the buildings permanently to the Company at one-half their original 
 cost. 
 
 From the first it had been hoped that some of the 
 Permanent colonists might find permanent work in the neighbour- 
 Settlement, hood in connection with the development of the Garden 
 City. Towards the end of the period enquiries were 
 made bv a local committee as to the demand for labour, as to the 
 
 Appendix, Table C.
 
 68 \\'<>r/<iiig Colonics Contiiiil/cc. 
 
 willingness to undertake work tliat might be offered, and as to the 
 suitability of the men at the Colony. The London Committee under- 
 took to assist in the removal of suitable families, if the prospect of 
 permanent work seemed sufliciently certain. In the end it proved 
 that the provision of housing accommodation on the Estate was not 
 sufficiently advanced for the settlement of many families, while the 
 rate of wages current locally was not high enough to allow of the 
 separate maintenance of homes in London. Up to the present time 
 two men have actually obtained work on the Estate, and have removed, 
 with their families, to Garden City. They are housed in two of the 
 cottages erected by Mr. Christie Miller, at the close of a similar 
 temj)orary colony of unemployed from West Ham. The Committee 
 were glad to have been able to assist this colony, at its start, by the 
 loan of part of the huts for two nights. 
 
 The following extracts are from a report ui)on certain 
 
 Superinten- features of the work made bv Mr. Scotland, the Clerk 
 dents Report. 
 
 of the Works, at the request of the Committee : — 
 
 " I found the general conduct and character of the men employed 
 on the Colony to be. on the whole. \tx\ good. . . ." 
 
 " The efficiency of the men at their work was only fair compared 
 with men on ordinary contracts. I put this down to men from the 
 different trades who were not used to i)ick and shovel work, the men 
 who came down as general labourers being best suited for the work. 
 Several of these did not do very well, idling as soon as an opportunity 
 occurred. The others worked verv well, and I found amongst them 
 a lot of very good workmen." 
 
 " The phvsical condition of the men improved very much as time 
 went on. the first week or two making a big difference to them, especially 
 to those who were run down through want of food. Their conduct 
 and appearance (cleanliness and dress) improved very much also, as 
 time went on. owing, in mv opinion, to their general surroundings and 
 the fact that they were under discipline and had to be in by a certain 
 time every night." 
 
 "Their skill and ability on the works improved as time went on. 
 and several men who were really willing, picked it up very soon, 
 although thev had never done any work of the kind before. Others 
 took quite a long time, and never seemed to take an interest in their 
 work, and had constantly to be shown how to do it."
 
 Garden City. 69 
 
 ". . . As a rule, men who were really no good were found out 
 and discharged the first week ; some of the men kept doing fairly well 
 for a week or two, and then got tired and left of their own accord. 
 . This generally happened the second or third week." 
 
 " The majority of the men, I think, preferred their ordinary 
 employment, as they would then be at home and have home comforts. 
 There were a few of the men who preferred the Colony, giving as their 
 reasons the general surroundings, the cleanliness and the health of the 
 place, compared with their homes in London, and were anxious to 
 stav on, expecting to get permanent work on the Garden City." 
 
 " The men spent their 6d. a week, mostly, ' along with remittances 
 from their wives.' in tobacco, matches and stamps. Several of the 
 men mav have had a glass of beer during their walks round the Estate, 
 hut onlv six cases of drunkenness came to my notice. Men going on 
 furlough, in mv opinion, did not use their time in looking for work. 
 There mav have been a few who did. but the majority seemed to look 
 upon it as a holiday. . . ." 
 
 " The reasons given bv the men leaving the Colony were not, in 
 my opinion, always genuine , several of them reported that they had 
 found work and wished to go home, but I think a few of them were 
 reallv tired of the constant work, and gave this as their reason, to get 
 a holidav, — as a lot of them came back to the Colony again after about 
 a week's absence, stating that the work was not to begin for another 
 two or three weeks." 
 
 " Men reporting themselves sick were always given a note and sent 
 to the Doctor, and a note was always sent back stating the complaint 
 the man was suffering from. If serious, and the man wished to go 
 home, he was always sent, as there was no accommodation for sick men 
 at the huts. In my opinion, all these cases were genuine." 
 
 "... The men were divided into seven gangs, each ganger 
 havingunder him 35 to4omen. . . . A walking ganger was placed 
 in charge of all gangers and men and outside work, to see that work 
 was carried out as ordered. One ganger was in charge of the huts, 
 wash-houses, etc., one man being allowed him for each hut, their duties 
 being to make up beds, sweep, and wash out, and keep everything in 
 good order." 
 
 "... Boots I found some difficulty with. I would suggest 
 that men arriving on a Colony and wanting boots, should have them at 
 cost price, in the same way as the clothing. Also that outside gangers
 
 70 Worki>/i^ Co/ri/tics Commif/ec. 
 
 should l)c ciiiploN cd, ;m(l lli.il tlu'\ .sl)f)iilfl he \h:\<] responsible for all 
 tools under th(;ir cliarge, proper lists iieing made out and given to each 
 ganger." 
 
 "I noliced lliat the men who rame down later were murh 
 better hkii than tliose who rame down at the beginning, being better 
 behaved and better workmen. We had. at the latter end of the 
 contract, to do several hundrerl vards of sewer work. Each man wa''^ 
 measured out a day s work and told he would be finished for the day 
 as .soon as he got it done. The measurement of the work was 9 ft. x 
 2 ft. 6 in. wide x 8 ft. deep. Fiftv men were startecl. and as manv 
 as 20 got their length out i)v 2 o'clock in the afternoon, another 20 
 getting out before 4 o'clock, and 10 or .so men were left to finish at 
 about 5.30. In my opinion this is verv good, and proves that if 
 arrangements could be made so that a day's work could be given to each 
 man. his average earnings per day would be good, and would clear all 
 expenses. Of course there would be a certain number of wasters, but 
 these would very soon be found and discharged. . . ." 
 
 Mr. Scotland's rey)orts upon individual men give the following 
 totals: — Very good. 29; good, 237 ; f3.1T. 139; bad. 75: no report. 
 17 ; total, 497. 
 
 The Committee is also indebted to !Mr. Cohen and Mr. 
 
 Report of LocKwooD for regular reports submitted by them as 
 
 Committee. ^'""^ result of their weekly visits to the Colony. These 
 
 reports, recording personal observations of an experi- 
 ment carried out under conditions of considerable difficulty, contain a 
 variety of useful suggestions for the conduct of such work in the 
 future. A large number of these suggestions apply only to the manage- 
 ment of this particular Colony, but some of the conclusions, as regards 
 both the design of buildings and the arrangement of the work, apply 
 equallv to any similar scheme of temporary colonv emplovment. where 
 plans mav have to be made at short notice. 
 
 It is. for instance, recommended that special care should be taken 
 that the kitchen accommodation is really adequate; that there is 
 sufficient dav room for the full number of men during meal times 
 and in wet weather ; that the superintendent should have an office 
 remote from the noise of the day rooms and kitchen ; and that the 
 dietarv should contain less meat and more farinaceous food than has 
 hitherto been the case.
 
 HolUslcy Bay C olony. 7 1 
 
 In the matter of management and discipline, it is held that at 
 meals the men should be arranged in ' messes ' of (say) twelve, of whom 
 one should be held responsible for the articles used by the mess ; that 
 there should be a weekly count over of all articles used ; that there 
 should be a nightly roll call, absence from which, for insufficient cause, 
 should be a reason for dismissal. 
 
 It is advised that Local Committees should endeavour to ensure 
 the personal cleanliness of every man sent to the Colony, and that 
 special enquiries should be made before a re-admission order is granted 
 to any man who has left the Colony on the ground of prospect of work, 
 or for anv other reason. 
 
 In the proper supervision of the work it is recommended that the 
 men should be emploved in gangs not too large and not too close 
 together, the work being planned out well in advance so as to admit 
 of this ; and that, for a Colony of 300 men, a staff of four gangers, 
 appointed from outside the Colony, in addition to an out-door foreman 
 responsible for all the gangs, and the superintendent who has charge 
 of the whole Colonv, should be considered the absolute minimum. 
 
 The receipt of money by the men in the Colony from their wives 
 should be discouraged, the allowance paid to the latter being presum- 
 ablv onlv sufficient for the support of the home and family. 
 
 3.— HOLLESLEY BAY. 
 
 The Working Colonies Committee also had charge of the more 
 important scheme for a permanent Colony at Hollesley Bay, near 
 Woodbridge, in Suffolk. 
 
 At the first meeting of the Central Committee a letter was read 
 from Mr. Joseph Fels, offering to the Committee the loan, for three 
 years, at a peppercorn rent, with option of purchase at any time within 
 that period at the original cost price, of an estate of 1,300 acres, for the 
 purpose of establishing a Labour Colony. This public-spirited offer 
 was cordiallv accepted bv the Executive on December 2. and the 
 decision confirmed bv the full Conference on the same date. 
 
 The legal processes connected with the purchase delayed the 
 transfer of the Estate, and it was not till February 25 that it came 
 into the possession of the Committee. Mr. G. Lansbury. Mr. J. R. 
 Neal, and the Rev. H. Russell Wakefield, were appointed trustees 
 on behalf of the Committee under the agreement with Mr. Fels, and
 
 "] 2 W or kill f!^ Colonics Coniniittce. 
 
 h;i\L- (oriiicd, with one olhir meinher of the Committee, appointefl hv 
 rota, a Siih ( "omiuiltec for periodic visits to the Colony. 
 
 A ronij)Iete survey of the j)ro|)erty was made by Messrs. I'owki.l, 
 of Lewes, at a reduced fee, and the following Preliminary Memoran- 
 diiiii, describing the Estate and the plans for its development for the 
 use of tlie unemployed, was drawn up by the Committee : — 
 
 "The Estate is one of 1,300 acres, of which about 
 
 Scheme of 5°° af^res are arable and the rest pasture, with some 
 
 Development, woodland and an extensive heath, part of which has 
 
 been alreadv l)rought under cultivation bv former 
 owners. The Estate is thus exceptionally well suited for very varied 
 agricultural and labouring operation.s. It is well stocked, and in 
 good general order. The extensive buildings of the late Colonial 
 College and the 23 cottages on the Estate ])rovide accomm.oflation 
 for at least 300 men. There are, in addition, a number of farm 
 buildings and w-ell-fitted workshops (carpenter's shop, shoeing forge. 
 blacksmith's and wheelwright's shops, etc.). 
 
 " Tn the use of the Estate three ends will be kept in view : 
 " I. — The provision of special tvork for periods of exceptional 
 distress. 
 
 " Tn order to meet the exigencies of periods of exceptional depres- 
 sion, certain works connected with the improvement of the Estate 
 will be reserved, as far as possible, for this purpose, e.f;. : 
 
 (a) Road-making. 
 
 (b) Reclaiming the heath land. 
 
 (c) Strengthening the sea-wall. 
 
 (d) Brickmaking. 
 
 (e) Making tables and chairs required on the Colony, repairs 
 
 to furniture, etc. 
 
 (/) Painting. 
 
 " Holleslev Bav will have the following amongst other advantages 
 in making the above provision : — 
 
 (a) Accommodation for a considerable number. 
 
 (b) A permanent and qualified staff. 
 
 (c) Adequate arrangements for catering and supervision. 
 
 (d) Interference with ordinary industry reduced to a 
 
 minimum.
 
 Hnlleslcy Bav Colony. y^ 
 
 {e) The advantages of the work will accrue to the Colonv 
 itself. 
 
 " 2. — The provision of more continuous work for men who are 
 not only in exceptional need of ivork, hut who have either already 
 lived upon the land, or sJiow a marked aptitude for country life. 
 
 " {d) First Stage. Probationary period of (say) three months, 
 during which the men would live in the College buildings, 
 their wives and children being supported in London. 
 
 " (b) Second Stage. .Should the probationary period prove 
 that the men have strength and ability for agricultural 
 work, it is proposed that in suitable cases wives and children 
 shall be brought down from London, and that cottages be 
 allotted to these families for a further period of (say) from 
 6 to 9 months. 
 
 " Training to be especially adapted to preparing the men for per- 
 manent work in the country as gardeners or farm labourers. Every 
 effort will be made to interest the wives in country ways and in 
 methods of living, and when the London home is broken up, agricul- 
 tural rates of pav will be adopted, all customary perquisites, allow- 
 ances, etc., being taken into careful consideration. 
 
 " 3. — The establishment of suitable men and families in agricul- 
 tural or other rural industry — in various forms, e.g.. 
 
 " (a) Ordinarv farm situations — preferably in districts where 
 wages and conditions are good and where a movement 
 towards small holdings, allotments, market-gardening, co- 
 operative farming, etc., is developing. 
 " (b) Market-gardening or ordinary gardeners' situations. 
 "(c) The establishment of small holdings, in the neighbour- 
 hood of the Colony or elsewhere (either with or without 
 some intervening period of service elsewhere under " a " 
 or "b "). This will be the hope held out to the picked 
 men on the Colony. 
 " (d) Emigration. 
 " At everv stage, and from every class, it is probable that men 
 especially suitable for Emigration will be found, and. where neces- 
 sary, special training for Emigration will be given."
 
 74 Working Cnlnnics C nmmittee. 
 
 Ill .sj)i((j of tho issue of an aflv(;rtisom(,-nt to which 
 Opening of "^f""'' hundreds of re[)lies had been rereivefl. the Com- 
 Lhe Colony, mittee had been unal)le, Ity the encl of February, to 
 discover a suitable Superintendent for tlie new Colony. 
 In order to avoid delay it was therefore deridefl to ai)])oint Mr. W. H. 
 Dean, of the Forest Gate I'c/or Law Schools, as temporary Superinten- 
 dent for the first month or six weeks, the Poj)Iar Guardians kindly 
 granting him leave of absence for the purjjose. Mr. Dean .stayed 
 till April 8, and during that period earned the appreciation of the 
 Committee for the manner in which he carried out the duties entrusted 
 to him, and laid the foundations for the organisation of the work. 
 He went down on l-'ebruarv 28, with 10 m.en, to prepare for the first 
 parties, and between March 6 and March 15 another 90 men had 
 travelled down, in parties of 20, to begin regular work on the Colony. 
 A second 100 men went down, in parties of 20. V)etween March 31 and 
 April 10. The 200 men thus selected were drawn from all the Boroughs 
 in the proportion of the scale of allotment given on page 28. 
 
 On March 31 Mr. Bolton Smart was appointed Superintendent 
 of the Colony, and on April 6 he took up his duties. Mr. Smart 
 spent some years in the East End of London, and was one of the Hon. 
 Secretaries to the Mansion House Unemployed Committee which con- 
 ducted the experiment at Al)bey Mills in 1892. Latterly he has been 
 in charge of a Settlement in Ipswich, where he has become familiar 
 with local conditions and taken part in local administration. He 
 has thus had a long experience of social work in general, and unem- 
 ploved administration in particular. 
 
 On May 26 Mr. Gerald Balfour. President of the Local 
 Government Board, visited the Colony, and inspected the men at work 
 and the premises and gardens. 
 
 The men are maintained on the Colony for continuous 
 
 Conditions : periods of one month, receiving board and lodging and 
 Payments to ^ , , , „ , , 
 
 Families °''- ^ week pocket-money. Boots are lent to them on 
 
 arrival and underclothing is supplied where required. 
 the cost being deducted in weekly instalments from the family allow- 
 ances or the men's pocket-money. For the families the Hadleigh and 
 Garden City scale of allowance to the families has been provisionallv 
 adopted (see Hadleigh, p. 62). This scale, which averages 14 6 a 
 family, was based upon the estimated expenses of London life ; and 
 it will certainlv be modified in cases of removal to the countrv. even
 
 Hollesley Bay Colony. 75 
 
 where the system of money allowances is maintained as an intermediate 
 step towards the payment of ordinary comitry wages and allowances 
 in kind.* 
 
 As in all the schemes of Colony work,t the Joint Committees were 
 urged to arrange for the families to be paid week by week by visitors 
 in the homes. By this means the families would have access to 
 advice or assistance, in case of need, during the temporary absence 
 of the breadwinner ;J and the Committee would be able gradually to 
 collect material for a judgment as to the suitability of the family for 
 removal to the Colony for training with a view to migration. Un- 
 fortunately this valuable part of the scheme was not in very many 
 cases carried out this year. Such evidence as has come to hand 
 indicates that, with extremely rare exceptions, the families fared well 
 under the arrangements made by the Central Committee. It is in 
 every way desirable, however, that the period during which a double 
 home is maintained should be as short as is consistent with the proper 
 testing of the men, and that it should be utilised for the formation of 
 a preliminary opinion upon the suitability of the family. 
 
 The two-fold function of the Colony, as a place of 
 The Colonists temporary employment and as a school of agricultural 
 
 training, was kept in view when the first allotment of 
 vacancies was made. Special care was taken with the selection. The 
 Joint Committees were urged to choose men who, as regarded both 
 themselves and their families, seemed likely to show an aptitude and 
 a desire for migration or emigration, while copies of the original case- 
 papers, showdng the men's London records, were obtained from the 
 
 * It is worthy of note that in the recent Board of Trade Returns (Cd. 2337, 
 f. 21), the average weekly cost of food consumed by families living in London 
 and the suburbs, with a family income of less than the 25/- a week, is given at 
 14/ if. The average number of children living at home in these families was 
 2.4, and the scale allowance made under the recommendation of the Committee 
 would thus have been about 14/3. Against the saving that would be effected 
 through the man's absence must be set other necessary items of expense, besides 
 food, — notably rent, averaging for similar families, according to the Board of 
 Trade estimate, 4/1 per week {id. -p. 32, " Weighted scale ") ; fuel and lighting 
 averaging, according to the same authority, 2/1 per week [id.]; and clothing. 
 On the whole, the reasonableacss of the scale recommended by the Committee 
 for adoption during the maintenance of the London home is strikingly confirmed 
 by the official returns. 
 
 t cf. Appendix, p. 138. 
 
 X Some less satisfactory ways of attaining this end are described in the 
 Report of the Mansion House Committee of 1003-4, pp. 11-12. 
 
 F 2
 
 ^6 IVorZ-'if/n^ Colonics (' niinniltec. 
 
 J(;iiit (lominiltccs and toiwardorl Id tht; Suix-rinlcndi-nl for his guidarif'e 
 in dealing with the men. Out of so large a nuniher as 200, a con- 
 siderable proportion were, however, naturally chosen on the ordinary 
 grounds of industrial suitability accompanied by exceptional distress, 
 and were men who could therefore be expected to regain work in 
 London when trade should revive. 
 
 The period of employment for those not ultimately selected for 
 further training was limited to three months. Occasional vacancies 
 occurring within this period, to the number of about 70, were re-fdled 
 by the Joint Committees. As the expiration of the three months 
 approached, the Superintendent sultmitted a li.st of men. amounting to 
 nearly 100, whom he was keeping under special observation. Arrange- 
 ments were made by the Committee to have the homes of these men 
 visited by a representative of the Central Office, in order that reports 
 might be received upon uniform lines, as to their apparent suitability 
 for permanent migration. The lack of cottage accommodation for 
 the immediate transfer to the Colony of families favourably rejjorted 
 upon, rendered it advisable to limit the numl)er visited at the moment. 
 Hut as the result of this double ol)servation. of the men at the Colonv 
 and, so far as it went, of their families in London, about 75 men were 
 retained after the allotted period for further training with a view to 
 settlement. The rest of the men, having received temporary assistance 
 during a period of exceptional distress, returned to London between 
 the latter part of May and the end of June to seek ordinary employ- 
 ment. The number of selected men was further reduced bv with- 
 flrawals or discharges during the next three months to about 45. The 
 selected men receive an additional " clothing " allowance of i '- a week. 
 This sum is placed to their credit in a special fund, from which they 
 can draw as required for the purpose of renewing their clothing. 
 Should one of them leave the Colonv, any balance there mav be is 
 handed to him. lUit it may be forfeited, at the discretion of the 
 Superintendent, in cases of discharge for misconduct. 
 
 In the middle of September, in view of the need for more labour 
 on the Colony, and of the existence of distress in London, a fresh 
 allotment of 50 vacancies was made, the men once more being selected 
 on the ground not only of character and distress, but also of prospect 
 of ultimate suitability for selection. The total number of men on the 
 Colony has thus been 305. The period of stay of the selected men 
 to date (September 30) has averaged 17^ weeks. The periods of 
 employment of non-selected men (exclusive of the latest parties) varied
 
 HollesLcy Bay CoLo)iy. 77 
 
 from I to 12 weeks, averaging ^\ weeks. The occupations of all 
 tlie men are given in Table E of the Appendix. 
 
 The Superintendent has entire control, subject to the 
 
 Administra- instructions of the Committee, of the whole of the 
 
 '•'°"- administration of the Estate. This includes the farm 
 
 department, which is under the management of Mr. 
 Johnson, formerly Farm Bailiff to the Colonial College, and which 
 employs, besides the colonists themselves, about 30 agricultural labour- 
 ers and boys ; the market garden and fruit department, which is in the 
 care of Mr. John Wolton. the head gardener, under the direct super- 
 vision of the Superintendent ; the workshops in which the repairs, etc.. 
 needed on the Estate are carried out ; an out-door department for the 
 painting and repairing of the premises; and the in-door department, 
 emploving a clerk and store-keeper, and a professional cook, assisted by 
 some of the colonists themselves. 
 
 The Colonial College, in which the men are housed. 
 
 Indoor consists of a single building more than 120 yards in 
 
 Department. length, comprising Superintendent's quarters situated 
 
 at one end, a series of rooms, including offices, day- 
 rooms, dining-hall, kitchens and lavatories opening out of a long 
 corridor upon the ground floor, and dormitories affording accom- 
 modation for 300 men upon the ground and upper floors. 
 
 The hours are as follows : — Get-up bell 5.45 a.m. (fold blankets, 
 turn mattress, wash, etc.) ; work bell 6.15 (get tools ready) ; 6.30 every 
 man at work wherever he may be required on the Estate; breakfast 
 8.0 a.m.; work 8.30; dinner 12.0; work i.o ; finish work 5.0; tea 
 5.15 ; supper 9.0 ; bed 9.45 ; lights out 10. o. A simple diet is pro- 
 vided, designed to meet the requirements of men working in country 
 air. The cost for food only per head per week has varied according 
 to season, local conditions, and the number of men in residence. From 
 April to June, when the numbers were between 138 and 180, the cost 
 averaged 6/3I ; while from July to September, with between 45 and 
 80 men, it averaged 7 /if- There is ample accommodation for the 
 men during the evenings. Through the kind efforts of the Rev. 
 H. Russell Wakefield, billiard and bagatelle tables have been 
 provided, and also a piano, while the Poplar and Stepney Public 
 Libraries supply back copies of newspapers. On three days in 
 the week the men entertain themselves ; on two others there are lectures
 
 78 Workiny^ Coloitics Cuninii/lcc. 
 
 or (Ichates; and on Saturdaxs, concerts, inaiiily conducted h\ the men 
 themselves. On Suiida\s a service is held, and an aflult scliool is 
 Ijeing organised. 'I'iiis .school, with the week-day activities, will he 
 managed by a committee mainly compo.sed of the .selected men, the 
 Superintendent liaving been cho.sen President. It is hoped that 
 arrangements can be made for speakers and concert parties from outside 
 to visit the Colony from time to time. There will be lectures not only 
 upon subjects of general interest, but also upon various departments 
 of agriculture and country life. The pamphlets issued by the Board 
 of Agriculture, for instance, will be explained in non-technical lan- 
 guage, and as far as possible with the aid of illustrations. 
 
 For outdoor recreation, cricket and football have been organised. 
 Sports and matches have been held on Bank Holidays, and the usual 
 agricultural festivities at harvest time have been observed. On these 
 occasions the farm labourers and their families have joined with the 
 Londoners on cordial tcims. 
 
 Several of the men sent to the Colony have been from time to time 
 engaged in carrying out repairs, and in painting and decorating work 
 upon the buildings themselves. Others have been employed in the 
 workshops — which include blacksmith's, carpenter's, harness-maker's, 
 and boot repairer's shops — in the kitchen, and in the laundry. By 
 this means occupation has been found for skilled men. or for men 
 physically unfitted for work on the land, but yet qualified for temporary 
 assistance. But in all cases where there has been any desire for agri- 
 cultural training or any prospect of suitability, the men have been 
 emplo\ed as far as possible in one or other of the agricultural depart- 
 ments. 
 
 The greater number of the men have been employed 
 
 The Market in laying out a portion of the Estate for the purpose 
 
 Fruit Farm, o^ market gardening, both vegetable and fruit. For 
 
 several reasons special attention is being paid by the 
 
 Committee to this branch of agriculture. It employs more labour in 
 
 proportion to acreage. It gives greater scope for individual energy 
 
 and interest, even while the men are working together in large numbers. 
 
 It lends itself readily to small area cultivation, and thus facilitates 
 
 individual training in initiative, resource and responsibility. It offers 
 
 greater prospects of profitable occupation for the men after the training 
 
 is completed, whether it be as ordinary wage-earners, or under a system 
 
 of small holdings or ag'icultural co-operation. Finally, it is par-
 
 Hollesley Bay Colony. •jg 
 
 ticularl}- well adapted to the soil and situation of the Colony. The 
 greater part of the Estate consists of a light sandy loam with extensive 
 deposits of the formation known as red crag, which is rich in lime; 
 and there is also a small area of extremely good alluvial soil along the 
 line of an old river bed. Much of the site is well sheltered by hollows 
 and by trees, and by the. long wall of the old College gardens, and 
 is particularly suitable for fruit and vegetable growing. There is 
 abundance of water everywhere, beneath the sand, and when a new 
 water tower now in course of erection is completed, the whole Estate 
 can be readily supplied.* On the other hand, in wet weather, the 
 drainage of so light a soil presents no difficulties. There is thus 
 every hope that the labours of the colonists will be repaid not only bv 
 the effects on the men, but by a reasonable sum from the sale of the 
 produce.! 
 
 The results of the experimental work of the first summer have been 
 encouraging. In addition to the existing gardens, which were about 13 
 acres in extent, some 18 acres were prepared in the spring by single 
 or double digging, and planted with vegetables, while 50 acres were 
 planted with potatoes, following the plough, and in spite of a late begin- 
 ning and 13 weeks of drought, a fair crop has been produced. Several 
 pieces of waste ground have also been brought into cultivation. One 
 piece, for instance, consisting of about one-seventh of an acre, formerly 
 waste land, was placed mainly under the charge of a single colonist 
 (previously a tailor), who, with occasional direction from the head 
 gardener, has dug, manured and fenced it, and produced a crop of some 
 5 cwt. of tomatoes. In one place, a hollow of waste ground, formerly 
 a depository of rubbish, has been shaped into a circular pit. 180 feet 
 in diameter, the sloping sides of which, nearly one acre in area, have 
 been planted with vegetables this year, and will be suited for dwarf 
 apples next season, while a spring pool sunk in the centre affords an 
 immediate and adequate water supply. 
 
 The object lessons thus afforded of the visible effects of the labour 
 of London unemployed upon the soil form one of the most potent 
 influences for the encouragement of the men, and arouse the interest 
 equally of London visitors and of neighbouring agriculturalists. 
 
 * In the event of the Committee relinquishing the Colony Mr. Fels will 
 take over this improvement at 50 per cent, of the cost. 
 
 t This statement is supported by the fact that on November 3rd, 1905, the 
 Colony won 9 prizes for apples and pears at the Colchester Show, viz. : 3 first, 
 4 second, and i third, and the champion prize for the best dish of dessert apples 
 in the show.
 
 8o \\'i>rk/>/ii L'liloiiics Conimiltcc. 
 
 With a view to the (Icvelopineiil ol this side of tlie Colons next 
 season, fruil trees and plants are being purchased, and glass-houses 
 and frames erected for the preparati(jn of >oung sto<:k. ^200 has 
 i)een given 1)\ a friend, and a further JQ200 lent l)\ Mr. !• els, for 
 
 this pur[)ose. 
 
 Small areas have also been utilisecJ for experiments in the growing 
 of unusual crops, such as sugar beet. Finally, small patches of the 
 heath land have been ex{)erimentall\ treated in various ways with a 
 view to the discovery of the most profitable method of reclamation. 
 The soil consists of six inches of good peat, with a sandy loam subsoil. 
 while the crag on the other part of the Estate can supply the necessary 
 lime. The result has been so encouraging that it is evident that there 
 is in the outlving parts of the Colony an area of .some 250 acres. onl\ 
 needing the application of hand labour to make it thoroughl) pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 The existence of this area makes it possible to create a small 
 settlement of cottages for the families of colonists in the midst of 
 potentially fertile land, which they will be encouraged to reclaim by 
 their own efforts under the direction of the Colony. 
 
 Besides the actual work provided for the unemployed. 
 The Farm. the operations of the farm itself, which was in a high 
 
 state of development, both agricultural and pastoral, 
 when taken over bv the Committee, are being carried on. Although 
 part of the area of the farm has already been brought under market 
 garden cultivation, the ordinary farming operations are being 
 continued in so far as they are found to be profitable methods of 
 utilising the existing natural resources of the Colonv, and to produce 
 a sufficient return for the capital and labour expended upon them. 
 The farm labourers previouslv employed have therefore been retained, 
 and the colonists ha\e opportunities of observing the ordinary opera- 
 tions connected with farming, of gaining experience in certain branches, 
 and of mixing with men accustomed to coantrv work and life. 
 
 Practical instruction has been given to intending emigrants and 
 settlers in sheep-shearing, in reaping and stacking, in milking, in bee- 
 keeping, and in other kinds of w'ork. 
 
 The valuation of the whole estate for the Michaelmas stock-taking 
 was carried out by Messrs. Powell & Co.. of Lewes. The results 
 are given in the statement of accounts in the Appendix.
 
 HolLesley Bay Colony. 8i 
 
 For the sale of produce and stock, the farm, under 
 Situation, the management of Mr. Johnson, retains its old con- 
 Markets, etc. nection with the existing local markets, and more than 
 holds its own in the distinctive products of the district. 
 For the market garden and fruit crops good markets are found in 
 Ipswich, and in Felixstowe and other growing East Coast watering 
 places, while fresh plans of distribution both in local and distant 
 markets are being developed. The Estate is situated at some distance 
 from London, and is about seven miles from the railway. Goods and 
 materials can, however, be easily and cheaply conveyed to and from 
 the Colony bv water, a landing-place in the river Aide, entirely 
 protected from the open sea. being situated upon the Estate itself. 
 Modern methods of locomotion, moreover, will, it is hoped, before long 
 render the Colony more rapidly accessible from the railway. 
 
 It is impossible at present to estimate how many of 
 
 Prospects of the 50 men who are at present " selected " for further 
 
 agricultural training will ultimatelv prove suitable for 
 Erection of , ^, . , ^ , ' . ^ , 
 
 Cottages settlement. The period of observation of the men 
 
 themselves has been too short. It can only be said 
 
 that in man) cases the " London men '" show a smartness and capacity 
 
 for new ideas which, it is hoped, will go far to compensate for the 
 
 absence of country experience, while the transformation that has taken 
 
 place in certain parts of the Estate is proof of their industry and 
 
 adaptability. It is also impossible to form an opinion as to the 
 
 prospects of their families until sufficient cottage accommodation has 
 
 been provided for the transference of a considerable number of homes 
 
 for a period of residence upon the Colony. 
 
 Happily, some small preparations for supplying this need are now 
 being actively pushed forward. In July, Mr. Joseph Fels once more 
 offered timely assistance to the Committee by undertaking the cost of the 
 erection of cottages to the extent of ^2,000 (exclusive of the cost of any 
 labour performed on the work by the colonists), on condition that, if the 
 Committee took over the Estate permanently, they should purchase the 
 cottages for the amount of his outlay, while, should they relinquish 
 the Colonv, the cottages should become the property of Mr. Fels, upon 
 his paying the value of the "unemployed " labour expended in their 
 erection. 
 
 In accordance with this generous offer, four cottages are at present 
 being erected near the heath. Each will have a garden, and they will
 
 82 \Vur/;i//}i CuLoiiiCi L uiniiiiltcc. 
 
 be close to tlie land uliidi is Ijeing reclaimed for small holdings. 
 Should these [)ro\e suitable, eight moie will be proceeded with at once. 
 A small beginning can then be made with the next and most important 
 stage in the training of intending settlers and their families. It is 
 extremely desirable that as soon as possible after a man is definitely 
 placed on the selected list his family should be brought down into the 
 country and established with him in a cottage for the period of further 
 training. The expense of a double home and the interruption of 
 family life would thus be curtailed ; the genuineness of the desire for 
 removal from London would be [jut to a speedy and effective test ; 
 where the family proved suitable, the training in country life under 
 country home conditions would begin at once ; w here they proved 
 unsuitable, the man would be returned to his natural labour market 
 without useless delay, and his place at the Colony would be free for 
 a more hopeful applicant. But at present the lack of funds renders 
 the provision of the necessary accommodation impossible. 
 
 Already, however, the Colony has proved the means of permanent 
 settlement iii more than one case. One family is established in a 
 cottage in the village, the man having set up for himself as a small 
 holder, carrier and dealer. Another is engaged in skilled work at 
 ordinary wages, and has obtained a cottage for his family. In 
 nine cases residence at the Colony has been an intermediate stage 
 towards emigration, and from most of these men encouraging letters 
 have already been received. 
 
 In \ie\v of the probable demands of the coming winter. 
 The Coming ^'^^ Committee has under consideration plans for the 
 Winter. utilisation, in case of need, of the full resources of the 
 Colony for the temporary accommodation and employ- 
 ment of large numbers of men. As has already been stated, the 
 buildings will hold about three hundred. Certain improvements 
 in the dining halls, lavatories, and water supply, and in provision 
 for wet weather, have been designed and, as far as funds permitted, 
 carried out. to meet the anticipated pressure. Various schemes of 
 useful work have also been scheduled, such as the reclamation of 
 portions of the heath and the preparation for market gardening of 
 further areas of waste land and of land at present used for ordinary 
 farming, the renewal and repair of gates and fences on the farm, the 
 cleaning out of dykes on the marsh land, and the making up of a road 
 to the quay upon the river estuaiy.
 
 Hollesley Bay Colony. 83 
 
 Should sufficient funds be placed at the disposal of the Committee, 
 employment could thus be provided during the winter months for at 
 least 250 additional men at a time, without interfering with the training 
 of the men and families selected out of this year's parties. To the 
 newcomers would be offered the same chance, as far as accommodation 
 permitted, of selection with a view to further training for those who 
 showed special desire and aptitude for country life. The others would 
 receive temporary assistance during a period of exceptional distress, 
 under conditions of distance from London, residence and discipline, 
 which, while in no way degrading, would reduce to a minimum the 
 danger of attracting applicants awav from ordinary employment, or 
 of encouraging the desire to continue upon the works after the cessation 
 of the need for assistance. 
 
 The period of stay at the Colony, whether for a shorter or longer 
 time, affords an opportunity of giving each man practical experience 
 of the value of simple and healthy living. Intoxicants are not 
 provided, and their use is in every way discouraged ; oatmeal 
 porridge is a staple breakfast dish, and is soon appreciated by 
 the men. At tea there are simple "relishes," the produce of 
 the farm ; and fresh vegetables are provided in abundance. The 
 whole question of the dietary is being most carefully considered, and 
 it is hoped that the education in healthful and economical methods of 
 living, which the Colony wall afford, may be extended to the families 
 of those ultimately selected for migration. 
 
 The work at Hollesley Bay. therefore, while it includes the tem- 
 porary relief of exceptional distress, goes far beyond the mere provision 
 of employment, in the hygienic and moral influences with which all 
 the men are brought into contact, and the industrial and social training 
 afforded to those of them who seem suitable for permanent settlement 
 in the country. 
 
 The future of the Colony depends upon the policy ol 
 The Future, the Committee about to be established under the 
 
 Unemployed Workmen Act, and upon the public 
 support accorded to their efforts. Under the terms of the agreement 
 with ^Ir. Fels, the present Committee are bound to transfer to any 
 Central Metropolitan Authority established for dealing with this 
 question, their rights and obligations connected with the Colony. 
 including the right to purchase the estate at cost price within three 
 years, and the obligation to use it solely for the benefit of the unem-
 
 84 Wcrkiiii:^ Culuiiiis L'diinuillii . 
 
 [ilovud. 'I'lii; lieu Ar| iias t:.sl;il)lisli(jil sucli an autlioritv, aixl lias 
 gi\tii it I he power to purcliase, out of the rates, laiul for farin coKjnies. 
 Hut ioi ihc luiuls lor the inainlenance of sucli colonies the new 
 Coiniiiittee will be dependent upon voluntary contributions. However 
 well managed such a colony may ije, it cannot ho]je, even after a long 
 period, to become wholly self-supporting. Its primary object is to 
 train men and their families for country life, and to establish them in 
 independence. It is therefore continually receiving unskilled labour, 
 and, in so far as it succeeds, continually jjarting with its mo.st capaljle 
 colonists. While productive, therefore, in the lanrl which is reclaimed, 
 and the crops which are grown, and still more productive in the men 
 whom it sends out to produce on their own account for the benefit of 
 society and themselves, it must depend for its own maintenance to :i 
 large extent upon outside support.
 
 85 
 
 v.— GRANTS COMMITTEE. 
 
 Committee for considering Grants in aid of Special Work put 
 IN hand by Metropolitan Borough Councils. 
 
 Mr. Long's Srheme contemplated the finding of em- 
 Introductory, ployment through the medium of the Central Com- 
 mittee only when local resources of every kind, private 
 and public, for the provision of work for the unemployed were 
 exhausted. One of the methods, however, bv which it was suggested 
 that the Central Committee should assist was by making grants in aid 
 of local work specificallv put in hand by the Borough Councils which 
 would not otherwise have been executed at the time, and on which a 
 certain number of the unemploved were engaged. 
 
 A very large amount of such special work was, as a matter of fact, 
 put in hand by the Borough Councils both before and after the meeting 
 of the Central Committee, and one of the first acts of the Executive 
 was to address to each Joint Committee an inquiry into the 
 nature and amount of special work thus undertaken by the Borough 
 Councils, including the conditions as to hours, wages and continuity 
 of the work, and the method of selection of the men employed. The 
 Joint Committees were also asked whether there was any further work 
 which could be put in hand if the Central Committee were in a position 
 to contribute towards any extra cost incurred by the engagement of a 
 stipulated percentage of unemployed. In the e\ent of an affirmative 
 replv full particulars were asked for as to the cost and conditions of the 
 proposed new work. 
 
 The replies from the Borough Councils consisted partly of reports 
 upon work already put in hand, and partly of fresh schemes which 
 could be undertaken if a grant were made from the Central Committee. 
 In almost every case, however, the schemes submitted were on too large 
 a scale for the Central Committee to contribute any considerable pro- 
 portion of the cost without expending an undue share of its funds 
 upon the particular Borough concerned. After much correspondence 
 and discussion the Executive decided to draw up a scheme for offering
 
 86 Granfs Cnrnviiltcc. 
 
 grants, on uniform principles, of such a proportion of the cost of 
 approved works as the funds of the Central Committee shouhl permit. 
 The matter was referred to a special Sub-Committee, composed of the 
 Chairmen of the Standing Sul)-Committees— the Rev. J. H. Anderson, 
 Mr. G. Lansburv, Mr. T. Hancock NuNNand .Mr. Dej^uty 1'annell — 
 together with the Chairman of the Fund, Mr. Alderman Alli.ston, and 
 the Vice-(.'hairman, tiie Rev. H. Ru.ssell Wakefield. 
 
 As the result of the report of this Sub-Committee. 
 Conditions, grants were offered to the Joint Committees which 
 forwarded the applications by a certain date, in the 
 proportion of the assessment scale adopted for the allotment of vacan- 
 cies, viz., to the Boroughs assessed at 5% ^500. 4% ^^400. and so on ; 
 and upon the following conditions designed to secure the introduction 
 into Borough Council work of the uniform principles adopted by the 
 Central Committee : — 
 
 T. Applications shall be considered onlv in respect to special 
 work decided upon since November 25. 1904. the date of the first 
 meeting of the Central Conference. 
 
 2. The Central Committee shall onlv consider contributions to- 
 wards the cost of labour, and not towards the cost of materials. 
 
 3. The contribution offered shall be only the difference between 
 the cost of ordinary contract labour and the sum actually paid to the 
 unemployed, and such contribution shall be held to be 25% of the 
 total" cost of the labour. 
 
 4. Continuous dailv work* shall be provided for each man 
 emploved upon the work in respect of which a grant is made. 
 
 5. The men shall be selected from lists supplied by Joint Com- 
 mittees. 
 
 6. The men shall be selected by the Joint Committees on the lines 
 laid down in Mr. Long's Scheme, and in the subsequent resolutions 
 of the Executive thereon. 
 
 7. If grants are made to the Borough Councils towards the cost 
 of labour controlled by them, regard shall be had to the amount of 
 such grants in the allotment to the particular Borough concerned of 
 vacancies for labour controlled bv the Central Committee. 
 
 * That is, " Until the completion of the job, and for not less than four 
 weeks' work." This definition to be applicable to the present winter.
 
 Conditions of Grant. 87 
 
 In all, 17 Joint Committees applied for grants in aid ; 
 Applications, and in 13 cases, the conditions being complied with by 
 the Borough Councils, the grants, as allotted, were 
 paid over to the various Committees. 
 
 The particulars sent in were for the most part for different kinds of 
 road and sewer work, together with a certain amount of painting and 
 a little constructional work ; while in three cases parts of the work 
 took the form of extra road sweeping, and in one case of excavating 
 and digging. 
 
 The particulars asked for from the Joint Committees fell into 
 three main divisions : — 
 
 (i) Particulars as to the number of men. cost of materials, 
 wages, etc., "under ordmary conditions " ; 
 
 (2) The same particulars with " unemployed " labour ; and 
 
 (3) The conditions proposed, for this "unemployed " labour, 
 
 as regards hours, rate of wages and continuity of em- 
 ployment. 
 
 The figures given were necessarily in all cases estimates ; and the 
 conditions under which it was proposed to carrv out the work differing 
 so much, chiefly on the question of continuity of employment, no 
 general comparative figures, as between ordinary and " unemployed 
 labour, can be usefully given. 
 
 Comparisons. 
 
 Only in a very few cases could work be so planned 
 that the whole cost took the form of wages, but 
 although the share of the total cost put down as 
 materials was often very large, and necessarily so 
 in view of the nature of the work, differences in cost of materials :'S 
 between ordinarv and " unemploved " work were shown in only one 
 or two instances. It was thus clearly not expected that, although 
 there might be some degree of extra inefficiency on the part of the 
 "unemployed," there would be destructive or wa.steful use. 
 
 The following examples of the particulars furnished will illus- 
 trate these points.
 
 88 
 
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 Comparisons. 89 
 
 As is shown by the illustrations, and as would be expected, the 
 main differences in the estimates of cost are shown in the two wages 
 columns. 
 
 The following total3 relating to comparative cost of wages refer 
 to different Boroughs and have been made up from various items of 
 the returns selected as those which in the aggregate afford a fair basis 
 of comparison : ^20.206 los. for wages estimated to be paid under 
 ordinary conditions, and ^26.6^,-] to be paid for the same work with 
 " unemployed " labour. With the latter is included, in so far as the 
 nature of the work made it necessarv, a certain amount of ordinarv 
 skilled labour ; and allowance is also made, where provided, for the 
 cost of extra supervision. The difference of the two totals thus shows 
 an extra estimated cost, with "unemployed " labour of ;^6,43i los., 
 equivalent to nearly 32 per cent. The minimum percentage difference 
 shown in any single return was 18. i, and the maximum 57.6. 
 
 The significance of these figures is limited, however, partlv because 
 thev refer to estimates, partly because of the differences in the nature 
 of the work, and partly, as alreadv indicated, because of the different 
 conditions under which it was proposed to engage the unemployed men. 
 When, for instance, it is proposed to employ in the aggregate large 
 bodies of these men, each gang for very short and intermittent peroids, 
 or to take them on deliberatelv according to need rather than efficiency, 
 the proportion of estimated extra cost is apt to be greater than when 
 it is proposed to take men on permanently while the special work 
 lasts, and when it is understood that the men employed must be 
 fairlv competent for the work. 
 
 A comparison of results as between the efficiencv of 
 Continuous unemploved labour continuously or intermittently em- 
 Employment, pioved, would be of great interest and value, but would 
 be verv difficult to secure, since while in some cases 
 continuity would not necessarilv implv strict supervision, in others, 
 when men were taken on continuously, it might well happen that the 
 basis of selection would change and a higher standard of man be chosen. 
 In practice this is what has tended to happen, and thus in those districts 
 in which, on the representation of the Central Committee, the men, or 
 a section of the men, have been continuously employed, the conditions
 
 9© Craiifs Commiltcc. 
 
 applxinj^ to tlial pari (jl the Council wrjrk on ubirli the men had been 
 thus engaged have altered : supervision has become stricter, selection 
 more seanhiiig ; dismissals for incompetence more frequent. 
 
 The following is a list of the Grants marie from the Funrl. and 
 paid over to the respective Joint Committees : — 
 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 Bermondsey 
 
 l\00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lewisham 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 Camberwell 
 
 ... 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 Poplar 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deptford 
 
 ••• 373 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 St. Pancras 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 Finsbury 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 Southwark 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fulham 
 
 ... 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 ... 171 
 
 T5 
 
 
 
 Woolwich 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 Islington 
 
 ... 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lambeth 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £1 
 
 •594 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 In Fulham the conditions under which the grant was made were 
 not complied with, but as this was partlv due to a misunder.standing. a 
 portion of the grant was i)aid over. In seven Boroughs a re-adju.st- 
 ment of the whole or part of the work put in hand was made, so that. 
 as had been done at the outset bv the six remaining districts, the con- 
 ditions as regards continuit\ of work might be complied with. 
 
 In Bethnal Green and Hackney, from whose Joint Committees 
 applications had been also received, the Borough Councils did not see 
 their way to comply with this particular condition, and extra places in 
 lieu of money grants were accordingly found at Long Grove and else- 
 where for men selected from these districts. In Stepney, where the 
 circumstances were somewhat different, the same plan of alternative 
 allotment w-as adopted.
 
 91 
 
 VI.- EMIGRATION COMMITTEE. 
 
 For a certain number of those seeking employment 
 Introduction, who are in danger of being stranded by the stress 
 of urban life, the most permanent form of assistance 
 that can be offered them is that either of migration to the country, or 
 of emigration to the Colonies. Migration will, it is hoped, be effected 
 to some extent through the medium of the Working Colonies Committee, 
 and also by means of the Central Employment Exchange, through the 
 information that will be at its disposal as to the provincial demand 
 for labour. 
 
 To a not inconsiderable extent emigration itself will be effected 
 in conjunction with the other administrative Committees of the Fund, 
 and especially in the case of men who have proved, by the work they 
 have done, and the character they have borne at Hollesley Bay, that 
 they have the making of suitable Colonists. But, since the right men 
 for emigration might be discovered, quite apart from the exaction of 
 anv such preliminarv test or the offer of preliminary training, and 
 since the work of emigration needs special administrative care, a Com- 
 mittee charged with the task of selecting suitable cases from the names 
 submitted to it for the purpose was constituted. Representatives 
 were appointed from the various standing Committees of the Fund, 
 and Mr. Walter Hazel was elected Chairman at the first meeting, 
 held on Januarv 28. Subsequently the Hon. Maud Pauncefote 
 and Mr. E. A. H. Jay were elected as Consultative Members, the 
 latter being, however, unable to serve owing to his acceptance of other 
 duties which made attendance impossible. Seventeen meetings of 
 the Committee have been held. 
 
 The following plan was adopted. The Joint Com- 
 Procedure. mittees were a.sked to send up the names and par- 
 ticulars of men on their lists who wished to emigrate, 
 and who were considered suitable cases. The Committees were asked 
 to take into special account the claims and suitability of those working 
 on the land under the Scheme, but the recommendations for emigration 
 were not limited to these. In consequence of the smallness of the 
 
 G 2
 
 92 l\i>ii\:^ratioii Coinniitlcc. 
 
 tuiuls avaihihlc lor emigration, llic particulars relating to only five 
 families were asked for from each Joint Committee. Out of this 
 number, as a first step, two were selected, but as some Committees did 
 not submit names, this number was afterwards increased in the case 
 of the districts coming under the five per cent, scale to four families, 
 and of four per cent, districts to three families. 
 
 Only names on the Joint Committees' lists were considered, and 
 the same qualifications as applied to the Fund generally as regards 
 term of residence, etc., were ado{)ted. Preference was again given 
 to married men, and in the ca.ses finally selected it was made a con- 
 dition that the whole family should go, it being considered that this 
 was the surest way to secure a firm anchorage on the other side. 
 Canada was the Colony selected, alike as being the most accessib'e 
 and as offering the best openings. 
 
 It was decided to work in conjunction with the East End and the 
 Self-Help Emigration Societies, and thus to secure the advantages 
 of their experience and machinery, both at home and in Canada. Both 
 Societies not only co-operated in this wav. but offered solid financial 
 assistance — the definite offer of the Self-Help Society being to take 
 all adults at a uniform cost to the Fund of jQ^ los., and children 
 under 12 (except infants*) at half-price. In addition, the Fund was 
 expected to provide something for clothing outfit, if necessary. This 
 offer was equivalent to paying something less than half the total cost 
 — the share that the East End Emigration Society undertook in con- 
 nection with the cases dealt with. Neither Society committed itself 
 to any definite number of families on these terms, the offer being 
 conditioned, like the administration of the Fund itself, by the resources 
 available. 
 
 After the East End Emigration Society had co-operated in the 
 case of 17 families on the above-mentioned terms, at a cost to the Fund, 
 apart from outfit, of ^£2^2 15s., the Society was obliged to ask that a 
 larger proportion of the expenses might be borne by the Fund ; and it 
 was agreed, on May 2t,. to offer at the rate of j£6 15s. per adult. 
 This rate has been paid on 20 out of the 37 families emigrated in 
 conjunction with the Society, at a total cost, apart from outfit, of 
 £'/90 6s. gd. As regards outfit, ;^5o has been contributed by the 
 Fund towards the total of ^90 i6s. paid by the East End Emigration 
 Society on this account. This sum. averaging as it does onlv about 
 j£2 IDS. per family, was, it may be noted, onlv made possible through 
 
 t For these a nominal charge was made.
 
 Procedure. 93 
 
 the articles actually bought or taken out ot pawn ha\ing been supple- 
 mented by others that were given to the East End Emigration Society 
 for use in this way. 
 
 The actual cost of these families, apart from outfit, was ^1.250. 
 
 Two families were dealt with through the Self-Help Society, at 
 a cost to the Fund of ;^5i 2s. yd. The actual cost of dealing with 
 these families was about ;^8i. 
 
 In August four men were recommended from HoUesley Bay, but 
 the East End Emigration Society — partly because some of the names 
 already on its lists had not been dealt with, and partly because of the 
 lateness of the season — could not undertake to co-operate in the case 
 of these families. They were therefore referred to the Salvation 
 Army, and on special terms — the Fund meeting in these cases all 
 expenses, and, in view of the lateness of the season, paying also for two 
 of the families a special sum of ^10 each for landing expenses and 
 furnishing on the other side — arrangements were made with the Army 
 for the emigration of three out of the four cases, at a cost to the Fund 
 of ^106 5s. The last two families sailed on September 6. 
 
 In all, 42 families, representing 215 souls, have been emigrated 
 at a total cost to the Fund of ^997 14s. 4d.* 
 
 Apart from two of the Hollesley Bay cases, concerning whom 
 much special information, both as regards the man and his family, was 
 available, all papers and particulars in the possession of the Joint 
 Committees concerning cases recommended for emigration were asked 
 for, and thus the responsibility for selection was shared in a way that 
 so far had not been adopted by any other of the standing Committees 
 of the Fund. The first selection of cases was made, as stated, 
 by the Joint Committees. Out of these, with the particulars before 
 it, the Emigration Committee selected, unless they seemed unsuitable, 
 the proportionate shares, and the two or three or four cases thus 
 selected were sent on, with the papers, to one or other of the two co- 
 operating Emigration Societies for the final steps to be taken, first 
 those of any special investigation for emigration purposes that might 
 be necessarv, and secondly, if finally recommended, those connected 
 with the preparation for the voyage, with the journey itself, and with 
 reception and establishment on the other side. 
 
 * The difference of £\^ between this total and that given in the account 
 on page 145 is explained by the omission of this sum, drawn on account o( u 
 family on whom it has not yet been possible to spend it.
 
 94 l-.migralioii ( 'oiiinnllcc. 
 
 A corisi(leral)Ie number of unsuitable or uncertain cases were 
 submitted by the Joint Conmiittees, and tlie selection of many of these 
 is doulitless exjjlained Ijy tlie difficuUy of jufjging as to what are the 
 special requirements for emigration, alike as regards character, physique 
 and composition of the family, and also by the difficulty that many 
 people have in making ui) their minds on such a momentous question 
 as that of leaving the home count r\ . When, however, every allowance 
 has been made on these grounds the fact remains that there was a 
 noticeable variation in the degree of care exercised Ijy different com- 
 niittees. and the necessity for subsequent sifting and investigation was 
 great. There is, perhaps, need for the exercise of even exceptional 
 care in selecting for emigration, not only for the sake of the family 
 chosen, and for that of those for whom and among whom its members 
 will work or live in the Colony, but also for the sake of others, whose 
 reception and [jrospects, and even whose chances of going at all, are 
 apt to be prejudiced, favourably or unfavourably, by the reputation 
 won 1)\ those who have gone before. It is, perhaps, permissible to 
 urge this point at the present time when many circumstances are 
 directing fresh attention to proposals for assisted emigration. 
 
 From most of the cases that have gone out, communi- 
 Results. cations have been received. In only one case has the 
 wish been expressed to return. In a few instances 
 letters to friends have been seen, and in two or three other cases the 
 news has come that those who have already gone are hoping that some 
 relative w-ill soon be able to follow, thus at^ording sufficiently conclusive 
 evidence that the outlook is being regarded as satisfactory. 
 
 The letters have drawn attention not only to the chances that the 
 countrv offers but also to the responsibility that rests upon the individual 
 for grasping these: "As to mv opinion of this country," writes one 
 man, " it is that if a man is willing he can get on. but they don't want 
 wastrels or laz\ men here." The benefit to the family health is 
 frequentlv mentioned, and pleasant pictures are often drawn of the 
 special happiness and well-being of the children. On the whole, 
 the communications received afford convincing proofs in the great 
 majoritv of cases of that renewal of hope which is the greatest safe- 
 guard as to the future, not merelv of success but also of assured 
 content, that a man can possess. 
 
 The following illustrative extracts are given from the various 
 letters that, through the courtesy of the East End Emigration Society, 
 have been seen : —
 
 Letters from Emigrants. 95 
 
 (i) The writer of the followhig had been out of regular work 
 for nine months. He had a brother-in-law in Ontario whom he was 
 to join, but on arrival at his destination found that a letter had not 
 been delivered, and that therefore no one was expecting him. He 
 thus describes his experiences : 
 
 [%th June, 1905.) 
 
 " I was directed to a farm kept by Mr. G., three miles out. I found it, 
 and we were made very welcome and comfortable, supper being provided — 
 ham and eggs, home-made bread, plenty of milk and butter, and stewed fruit, 
 the latter being served with each meal. We were told to make ourselves as 
 one of the family, and to stay as long as we liked. He told me my brother-in- 
 law was working in , so on Thursday, Mr. G. kindly drove me into 
 
 , and we telephoned to , and by the afternoon my brother-in-law 
 
 and my wife (his sister) had met the first time for 14 years. The meeting was 
 very cordial. We stayed with Mr. G. till the end of the week, I in the mean- 
 time being learnt farming. I received a dollar a day for each day's work 
 I done., and board and lodging. Mr. G. told me he would employ me and 
 wife only he had not sleeping accommodation at present. In the meantime 
 I am working in the Michigan Central Railway Works in this town at i dollar 
 45 cents a day, and am lodging at the above address. My wife is staying at 
 Mr. G.'s to learn farming, and is going on well. A letter I have received 
 saying she can already milk cows and make bread, and as I have an inclination 
 for farming, the learning will come in very acceptable. Mr. G. told me that 
 if I did not like the work in the railway shops, to go back to him at once. . . 
 In another fortnight work will be in full swing on the farms. Hands being 
 scarce, there will be plenty of work. No man and woman need starve here 
 who are willing to work, and no one is turned away from the door." 
 
 (2) The following had been out of work for a month. Pre- 
 viously he had been earning 25/- a week, occupying, with his wife and 
 two children, two rooms at a weekly rent of 5/6. He thus writes : 
 
 [August, 1905.) 
 
 "Just a few lines to state that I am settled on a farm here and that I am 
 very comfortable and happy. I must thank the E.E.E.F. for their kindness 
 in assisting me over to this land of promise. I like the country very much, 
 and consider it an ideal place for any person not afraid of a little work. . . 
 The farmer I am with is a very kind and considerate master. I consider 
 myself very lucky that I have so far succeeded in obtaining good employment. 
 My wages are 20 dollars a month and board, with cottage on farm, and I hope 
 with care to be able to start for myself in a year or two." 
 
 (3) The following had been out of work for six weeks. He 
 was a deal porter, but slackness of work had compelled him to take 
 other employment at which he had been earning 6id. an hour. With 
 his wife and one child, he had occupied a single room at 4/- a week, 
 and was four weeks in arrears with his rent. He thus writes :
 
 96 limigralwn Commitlee. 
 
 (iitli May, Kjoj.) 
 
 " I am workiny on llic roads — sliovcl and |>ick. ... I tliink I will gel 
 on all ri^jlil here. The outside work ends up here about Christmas, and then 
 there is work lumbering in the backwoods for the winter. I thought that I 
 should be sent on a farm, but I am glad now that I am not, on account of Mrs. 
 — , but I will go farming next spring and will try to get to Manitoba — that is the 
 best farming province. There is j)lenty of work here for a man that will work. 
 In this town a man need not be out of work; here they stop men in the street. 
 As soon as I got here I had plenty of olfers of work." 
 
 (4) In the following case the man had been out of regular work 
 for about four months. By "any odd jobs " he could get, and by 
 l)ledging things to the value of about j£^, he had kept things going, 
 and his rent of 6/6 a week paid. He had a wife and five young 
 children, the eldest nine, dependent upon him. On arrival things 
 did not go very smoothly at first, and he was ill-suited in the house 
 in which he had at first lodged. Nevertheless he writes as follows : 
 
 (August, 1905.) 
 
 " I have just succeeded in getting some rooms over a store, and have bought 
 a stove and bedding, and now I think I am on the fair way to success. I am 
 playing the factories up every day for work, and I think I am all right for 
 a job. I hope when I write again it will be more cheerful to read. I have 
 only taken these rooms till I can see a house, when I hope to return a little 
 kindness by receiving a family from the old country." 
 
 (5) The following, after fourteen years" employment in a leather 
 factor\-, had been, through slackness, out of regular work for ten 
 months. With his wife and four young children, the eldest six, he 
 occupied two rooms at a weekly rent of 6/-. He was four weeks in 
 arrears. 
 
 [August I.) 
 
 " I started work (in a factory) a week after I arrived, and have been there 
 ever since. They are greatly pleased with me and are doing all they can for 
 me. I start living in one of their houses this week, and they also rise my 
 wages. This is a splendia country, with much more chance for a man to get 
 on. A man's labour is valued more, and the masters give the men more 
 encouragement. I have been gradually getting a home together, buying a 
 little each week, and will soon be settled down and comfortable for our severe 
 winter. , . The four children ramble the fields all day with a fine colour 
 
 on tlieir faces, and George has passed his examination at school." 
 
 The three following are extracts from letters written home to 
 friends : — 
 
 (6) From a letter addressed to both parents : 
 
 " Dear mother, you asked us whether we had a bed to sleep on. Yes, 
 we have a nice bed to lay down on, and a table and a half-dozen chairs and an
 
 Letters from Emigrants. 97 
 
 old clock, and we can indeed thank our Heavenly Master for opening up the 
 door for us. He knew all about our struggles, and if we had gone elsewhere 
 we might not have had a bed to lay on. Blessed be His Holy Name for His 
 goodness to us in bringing us out here in safety. We have a lot to thank Him 
 for, although the work is very hard to me. We have been cutting wheat and 
 shaking it up this week and [I am] getting a bit more used to it now, and when 
 
 the harvesting is all over I will make a move into , where I shall get a job 
 
 at my own trade, as plumbers are not so plentiful here." 
 
 (7) 
 
 " Dear Brother and Sister, — Just a line to let you know that we have 
 arrived here quite safe and like the place very much, and I would rather be 
 here than in London. It is a lovely place . . . our garden at the back 
 of the house is beautiful. We have got all our own vegetables even to tomatoes 
 and cucumber, we have got a quarter of an acre. . . . Tom has had good 
 work ever since he has been here, and they all speak well of him and say he is 
 the best fellow they have seen come out here yet. You know he was never 
 afraid of work. I would not come back to England again if I had the chance, 
 only for a holiday. Tom starts in the rubber factory next week." 
 
 (8) The following is from a wife : 
 
 [August 13, 1905.) 
 
 " Harry got work in the mill as soon as we got there, at his own trade as 
 a sawyer, and he gets two dollars a day, which is 8/4 in English money, and we 
 have four rooms furnished, at 3 dollars a month, and that is at the rate of 
 3/15 a week." 
 
 In a letter, dated September 11, the same writer, after com- 
 plaining of local prices and saying "bread is 12 cents a loaf, so 
 I make my own bread, I wish you could only taste a small piece of it 
 — it is better than all the bakers' in London," — continues : 
 
 " There is plenty of work here, and we are going further up the town in 
 a house of our own for 6 dollars a month It is belonging to the mill where 
 Harry works — it has got si.x rooms in it, and we have bought a stove, two bed- 
 steads, three chairs and a few more little things. What we do want and we 
 do miss is our Sunday paper." 
 
 (9) The following is also from a wife, in which, after saving that 
 her husband had started work at once and was getting good w'ages, and 
 that she had got "a fine house," continues: 
 
 " We get splendid milk straight from the cow for a^d. a quart, and butter 
 fresh from the farms i/- a pound. Eggs new laid are 8d. and gd. a dozen, 
 and tea, the best, i/- a pound. Meat is very cheap, steaks and joints of 
 splendid beef at G^d. a pound. Pork is the same price, and mutton is much 
 cheaper." 
 
 The following extract is from a letter dated June 5, received from 
 the husband of the previous writer :
 
 9^ /•'.iiiiy^rii/iiin ( 'i'>i//i////cc. 
 
 " I slailcd work tlic first week wc arrivcfl at llur nickel mint-s, :in<l I am 
 jiirfi(lly salisliiil with tlie work out licrc. I'lu; hours are ;i little longer an»J 
 the work is not harder here than at home. The wife and children are in very 
 },'ood health (in fai t tlicy never looked better). I have ^^ot a nice house, 5^ 
 dollars per moiilli. A h'm clifT stands in my j^arden, and we are perfectly 
 happy and contcntcrl. We had best part of our luygafje smashed up 
 
 on board the C"anada, so I have f^ot to buy everythinj^ new. It will take me 
 a little while to fjet strai<,dit, but after, I think it will be |)lain sailin({. I am 
 not one little bit discouraged over it." 
 
 (10) A .sentence or luo I mm iinollier wife's letter ma\ Ite qtioted 
 in conclu.siun : 
 
 {Augusi, ifp5.) 
 
 " Tlicy are very bus\ jusi now liarveslin<^. My husband likes the work. 
 . . . Dear Sir, it is a beautiful country, but very hot at present. VVe are 
 ten or twelve miles from the town. We earnestly hope things are better in 
 
 Loudon." 
 
 These extracts liave been given not to convey the im[)ression that 
 emigration is always a success, or that it in any sense affords a general 
 solution of the difficulties arising from unemployment, but to show that 
 for a certain number of families carefully selected on this side, and 
 carefully guided at the outset after their arrival in Canada, it is not 
 only the right but the best step they could be helped to take. This 
 is especially the case if the men are suited for working on the land, 
 and if they have had any experience of this at home it is of advantage. 
 Neither special training nor the possession of any "trade " are. how- 
 ever, essential, and the majority of those emigrated this year have 
 ranked as "labourers " of one description or another.* Even those 
 who returned themselves as members of some particular trade were not 
 in all cases competent members of it. Good will and good health 
 may. indeed, perhaps be described as the two prime requisites, and 
 average men thus endowed form in fact the great majority of those 
 selected. 
 
 Just as the thorough I v incompetent and unsatisfactory character 
 is ruled out bv his shortcomings, so is the man who is thoroughly com- 
 l)etent and satisfactorv apt to rule himself out because of the opportu- 
 nities at home that his qualities open up for him. For him. unless he 
 has met with some exceptional run of misfortune or disappointment. 
 the chances that. offer suffice ; the home country which needs him also 
 retains him. 
 
 Thus, (he men who go — even if unskilled and possessed of no 
 exceptional qualifications — are marked out as suitable if they are steady 
 
 * See Appendix, p. 132.
 
 Siiiiiiiiary of Cases. 99 
 
 and anxious to make their way, diligent and courageous, able to adapt 
 themselves to fresh conditions, and in good health. Such men would, 
 however, be likely to rank amongst the successful in England, were it 
 not for the further negative qualification for emigrants who are suitable 
 for assistance by an Unemployed Committee ; namely, that through 
 the circumstances of their occupation or environment, they are at the 
 time without prospect of satisfactory employment in this country. 
 
 The following table gives general particulars of the work of the 
 Committee* : — 
 
 Families submitted bv Joint Committees ... 177 
 
 Withdrawn ... ... ... ... ... 43 
 
 Considered unsuitable ... ... ... ... 65 
 
 Sentt : Of those referred to the — 
 
 East End Emigration Society ... ... 37 
 
 Self -Help Society ... ... ... 2 
 
 Salvation Army .. ... ... 3 
 
 Not dealt with by the Committee ... ... 27 1 
 
 177 
 
 Referred : To the — 
 
 East End Emigration vSociety 
 
 Self -Help Society 
 
 Salvation Armv 
 Number of persons Emigrated ... 
 Total cost to the Fund 
 Total cost of Emigration ... 
 Cost per head 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 .5 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 215 
 
 ^997 14s- 
 
 4<1- 
 
 ^1.528 IS. 
 
 od. 
 
 £l IS. 
 
 id. 
 
 * See also Appendix, p. 125. 
 
 t The follov/mg are the particulars as to (i) the number of persons per 
 faniilv sent, and (2) the ages of the men : 
 
 (i) Number of persons per family (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) 
 Number of families ... ...2 315 8 4 6 2 — 2 
 
 (2) Ages : — Above 20 and under 25 ... 2 
 
 12 
 ... 15 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 t Of these, 8 have been emigrated inde])endently b}- the East End Emigra- 
 tion Society; 2 are still under consideration by that bodv ; i is at Ho]lesle\- 
 Bay ; a few have been advised to lenew their applications in January.
 
 Snmniary and Comparisons. 
 
 SUMMARY AND COMPARISONS. 
 
 The foregoing reports of Sub-Committees describe tlie 
 
 Various Forms different methods adopted last winter to meet the 
 of Assistance r,, ,• . r^^ r , ^ r^ 
 
 Provided. pressure of the distress. Three of these — the Central 
 
 Employment Exchange, Emigration, and the agricul- 
 tural colony at Hollesley Bay — aim directly at re-establishing men 
 in industrial life by introduction to employers, by removal to places 
 where employment is plentiful, or by training for a new occupation. 
 The other operations of the Committee provided temporary assistance, 
 and, for the purpose of permanent benefit, relied upon the opportunities 
 afforded by that assistance for personal or other remedial influence, 
 upon the effect of continuous employment in maintaining or improving 
 efficiency, and upon the anticipation of a revival of trade which would 
 absorb the men thus helped during a period of depression. These 
 temporary works took different forms. There were varieties of labour 
 colonies under the Working Colonies Committee, and varieties of 
 London work under the Works Committee. There were also varieties 
 of municipal work which the Fund aided by grants. At the same time 
 the Classification Committee had constantly under consideration the 
 relation of these works to the various classes of unemploved. 
 
 The Report of the Full Committee would not be complete without 
 some attempt to compare these different methods of providing help, 
 and their suitability for the assistance of different classes of applicants, 
 when the provision of some such assistance is deemed desirable. 
 
 The results of local investigation, combined with the 
 Temporary experience of the works opened by the Central Corn- 
 Works in mittee, show that large numbers of men accustomed 
 Various Classes '^^ regular work were unemployed during the period 
 of tlie of operations of the Committee,* and also that a large 
 
 number, though accustomed to more or less casual 
 
 * This conclusion was foreshadowed by the figures of unemployment in the 
 organised trades published month by month in the Board of Trade Labour 
 Gazette, and the continued depression, especially in the building trades, indi- 
 cated bv these returns.
 
 lo:; Sumniarv aud CnrnpnTi^nua. 
 
 work, were in cxif-ijiiDiKil distress, and f^lad to affc|)i tin- Dflf^r of r-on- 
 liniious employminl. In eafh riass (he hcl|) offered l)\ the Committee 
 produced, in a short time, very marked [)hv.siral benefits. The result- 
 ing economic gain is less certain, less unifonn anrl more difficult to 
 measure. To help men of the former class to tide over a period of 
 exceptional depression saves them from the demoralisation of prolonged 
 dependence upon occasional and insulTicient work and the formation of 
 casual habits, and thus tends directly to the preservation of an efficiencv. 
 which in itself will be of immediate use to the communits when industrv 
 revives. The offer of continuous emplovment to the latter saves them 
 and their families from the farther and often final rlegradation of the 
 Toor Law, and affords an experience of regular work, which, if accom- 
 panied by per.sonal influences in the same direction, may provide the 
 means of an improvement in industrial character. In both clas.ses. 
 however, alike in the original announcements of the offer of assistance 
 and in the conditions of the special work provided, the greatest caution 
 has been needed to save the men from the opposite but no less real form 
 of demoralisation: the loss of self-reliance, and the expectation and 
 desire that similar special work mav continue to be found for them. 
 
 In order, therefore, that the offer of work might be a sufficient 
 help, and at the same time a real test of willingness and of necessity, 
 the attempt has been made to see that the remuneration of the work 
 offered should bear a suitable relation to the sacrifice demanded from 
 the men. The amount of this sacrifice depends upon the effort 
 required from them upon the work or in reaching it. and the relation 
 of its conditions to their ordinary standard of life and work. If the 
 advantages offered are relatively excessive, the special works will 
 attract men who might get work elsewhere, even in bad times, or men 
 who would find it difficult to keep work elsewhere even in good times. 
 If the advantages are relativelv deficient, either the men will 
 suffer from a sense of degradation, or their ph\sique and 
 that of their families will not be adequately maintained till a revival 
 of trade. But if more than one industrial class of man is dealt with, 
 the conditions which are suitable to the higher grade will be unduly 
 attractive to the lower, and conditions suited to the lower will be undulv 
 deterrent to the higher. The usual industrial safeguards — payment 
 bv results, or dismissal if results are inadequate — are rendered impos- 
 sible bv the necessity of employing men of various trades upon work 
 to which some are less accustomed than others, and of which some are
 
 Siimmarx Mid Coii]pariso>is. 103 
 
 entirely ignorant.* Exceptionally careful organisation, especially in 
 planning the conditions of the work and in grouping the men, on a social 
 as well as an industrial basis, is thus necessary. Differential treatment 
 cannot be secured to any great extent by variations in the amount of 
 wages. The earnings in money or in kind cannot be reduced below 
 a certain level, however low the ordinary earnings of the men may be, 
 if physical vigour is to be maintauied and industrial character improved. 
 An upward limit above which it would be unsafe to fix wages upon 
 special work for the unemployed is soon reached. However rigidly 
 the better-paid work were confined to men usuallv earning at least as 
 high a wage, the publication of the figures would attract applicants of 
 all grades. The chief differences between one form of work and 
 another had therefore to be made in the conditions. The most obvious 
 difference is that between London work and Colony work. Minor 
 differences arise from the conditions of the work, or even (where classi- 
 fication is carried out) from the class of man whom new comers find 
 employed there. 
 
 In order to make this adjustment of classification and conditions, 
 the Committee has felt the need of two instruments : — (i) Investigation, 
 as a means of ascertaining not onlv moral character but also industrial 
 status and standard of living, with a view to classification on these 
 lines; (2) A gradation in the conditions of the works, so that employ- 
 ment giving an appropriate balance of sacrifice and advantage mav be 
 offered to each applicant of prima facie suitability for assistance. 
 
 The varieties in the conditions of the different works provided by 
 the Central Committee, though largely accidental in origin, afforded 
 certain limited opportunities for this kind of differentiation. The 
 conditions included the provision of work in the Parks at yd. per hour, 
 in many cases near men's homes ; work at Long Grove, at the same 
 rates, but at a distance involving early hours and deductions for railway 
 fares ; work in the Parks at 6d. per hour, — all these being without 
 increase of hours or of pay as the season advanced ; work at Green 
 Park, at 24/- per week, with increasing hours unaccompanied by any 
 increase of pay ; work at the City Markets, at yd. per hour, with 
 overtime, but largely confined to skilled men subject to the ordinary 
 
 * Not to do this would be practically to offer a preference to unskilled 
 labour. Such a policy, though less costly at the time, would tend to increase 
 the attractions of that form of occupation, as compared with skilled trades.
 
 io| Siniiiiiary ctiid (DinparisoHs. 
 
 emplover's dcinand for r(m\\nt\_tx\r& ; anrl " Ojlony " work, pair! for 
 on carefiillv adjusted scales of maintenance anrl allowance to families, 
 accompanied by the condition of temf)orary aftsence from London for 
 continuous periods of a month. In this department there were also 
 numerous incidental flifferences between the Colonies at Hadleigh. 
 Garden Citv, and ffollesley Ray. There were also in operation al 
 the same time, and often at the disposal of the classifying Committees, 
 various grades of municipal work, some of which the Fund a.ssi.sted 
 with grants.* 
 
 As a matter of fact the necessity for prompt action, both in the 
 provision of work bv the Central Committee and in the selection of 
 applicants bv the Joint Committees, left no opportunity. excef)l 
 in the case of Hollesley Bay. of arranging for the definite 
 appropriation of each class of w'ork to a different class of 
 ap])Iicaiit. Such a|)propriati()n was contemi)lated at the outset,! but 
 unfortunatelv it so happened that the work with the least attractive 
 conditions became available first, and it w^as obviously impossible to give 
 prioritv to an inferior class of applicant. The result was that the 
 effect of the accidental differentiation was. if anything, the opposite 
 of the effect desirable. A certain tendency was traceable for the less 
 attractive work to fall to the better class of man. owing to his greater 
 readiness to make and to continue the requisite sacrifices ; the easiest 
 or best paid work being accepted and retained by a certain number of 
 men who would probably have refused or given up under the more 
 arduous conditions. J 
 
 With more time for preliminarv preparation, both of the machinery 
 of classification and of the corresponding variation in the conditions 
 of work, much of the danger of offering work on too attractive terms, 
 w^hich has undoubtedly been illustrated in some cases, might be avoided 
 in future. To do this effectively would, however, require more decided 
 differences in the conditions of the works, and a closer relation between 
 the central task of providing various grades of emplovment and the 
 local task of classification, than was possible last winter. 
 
 * There were also in some cases, outside the scope of the scheme, though 
 in personal touch with individual members of Joint Committees, various forms 
 of charitable effort. 
 
 t cf. Working Colonies Committee, Hadleigh, (p. 62). 
 
 \ cf. Works Committee, L.C.C. Parks, (p. 54-7).
 
 Summary and Comparisons. 105 
 
 In London the large number of applicants belonging 
 
 Possibilities ^^ casual or semi-casual unskilled occupations form 
 
 of Temporary a problem of special difficulty. In the first place 
 
 it is difficult to ascertain their records sufficiently to 
 distinguish between them and the class below, — " those who should be 
 regarded as ordinary applicants for poor law relief." In the second 
 place the ordinary earnings, even of those of them who are normally 
 meaibers of the industrial army, are often so low or so irregular that it is 
 difficult to devise reasonable general conditions of employment which 
 shall not pro.e unduly attractive to this class, and thus tend to encourage 
 dependence upon relief works. 
 
 The fir.st difficulty affects the prospect of successful classification 
 into two classes on the lines laid down in the scheme. The second 
 difficulty suggested the necessity for the subdivision of Class I. adopted 
 by the Committee.* 
 
 The first difficulty is lessened where the Colony system of relief 
 works is adopted. The absence from London can be made to balance 
 to the necessary degree the attractions of good food, the regular family 
 allowance, the public employer, and the relief from immediate personal 
 responsibility for finding employment, and thus leave the natural test of 
 regular work free to act. The payment of the greater part of the 
 money direct to the wdves, while it does much to ensure that it reaches 
 the family, at the same time renders the men anxious to get 
 back to ordinary work at which they can themselves handle what- 
 ever they may earn. Residence on the Colony and the di.scipline it 
 facilitates enable the superintendent to enforce a higher standard of 
 work, to bring personal influences to bear upon the men, and to detect 
 the impostor and the idler. f The saving of money otherwise spent on 
 undesirables and " unhelpables," or wasted before it reaches the 
 families, and the better work that is done, justify the additional 
 expense of administration. 
 
 The second difficulty might be lessened by the establishment of at 
 least two different grades of works, with a corresponding classification 
 of applicants, in the manner already described. Those accustomed 
 
 * cf. Classification Committee, p. 25 : — " I (a) High class mechanics and other 
 highly skilled workmen ; I (6) Men usually in regular work, though of a less 
 skilled character ; 1(f) Men accustomed to casual work." Class I (a) rarely 
 apply, {cf. p. 35). 
 
 t Compare, for instance, the pictures suggested by the accounts of the works at 
 the L.C.C. Parks and at Garden City respectively. Long Grove, where the 
 men came and went all together, at fixed times, and by special train, seems 
 to have had some of the advantages here claimed for the colonies.
 
 io6 Si(i)iniar\ and ('onipari<;o)is. 
 
 to regular \vf)rk and j^oful wages, Init out of work long enough to be in 
 real distress, rould then be offered conditions rather below their normal 
 stanflard, though (for the reasons given above) the actual remuneration 
 need not be so low upon colony works as upon others. Those accus- 
 tomed to casual work could be offered conditions proportionately less 
 attractive, but, in so far as is possible, more deliberately remedial. 
 Should the openings for Colony work be limited, or should specially 
 suitable London work be offered, the men of the higher industrial class 
 might be employed u])on the London work or upon the higher grades of 
 municipal work,* or (where there is any prospect of their proving 
 suitable for migration) at Hollesley Bay, and the men of the lower 
 be employed upon the temporary colonies. 
 
 It may be noted that the Colony system, while pos.sessing tliese 
 ndiainistrative features, is also the only way in which an Unemployed 
 Committee can carry out such schemes of work, should they be con- 
 sidered desirable, as land reclamation, sea-walling, afforestation, or 
 road improvement in country districts ; and indeed, a great deal of the 
 possible work (not always easy to discover or create) which is u.seful in 
 the sense of preparing for or facilitating future production, but which 
 can vet be undertaken without causing a proportionate reduction in 
 the amount of ordinary employment immediately or subsequently avail- 
 able. 
 
 If. hov.ever, the j)ro\ision of temporary employment 
 Possibilities ^^ ^o produce lasting benetit, a revival of trade must 
 
 of Permanent re-absorb those who are helped, before thev have 
 Assist3.nc6 
 
 fallen back into a condition of physical deterioration. 
 
 But even if such a revival be speedy and general, there will inevitably 
 be many cases of unemployment unable to profit by it. In some cases 
 the former trade of the worker may have migrated or decayed or 
 changed its methods, and he may often need information, advice, and 
 sometimes even material assistance, in order to adapt himself to the 
 new conditions. In others there may be some personal or family 
 disability — perhaps the cause of the original loss of occupation, or 
 perhaps the result of the ensuing privations — which, while not per- 
 manently fatal to character or jihysique. may yet render the return to 
 normal industrial life hardly possible, except through the help of some 
 strengthening influence. 
 
 • cf. Grants Committee, p. 89. "Continuous Employment."
 
 Summary and Comparisons. 107 
 
 For all these forms of permanent assistance, the Central Com- 
 mittee has attempted to make some provision. The Central Employ- 
 ment Exchange, in so far as its use becomes general, will enable qualified 
 workmen, by means of the federation of local exchanges, to take 
 immediate advantage of a revival of trade either in their own district 
 or elsewhere. If their trade has migrated thev can then learn where 
 a new demand is springing up, and their names and records of good 
 service can be brought to the notice of new employers. If their trade 
 has decayed, they can learn in what trades labour is wanted. Thus 
 the fluidity of labour will be increased ; situations will no longer 
 remain unfilled while suitable men are unemploved* ; one process of 
 industrial life — the search for work and the engagement of employees 
 — will be to a further extent organised, and much loss of time and 
 waste of energy be avoided. 
 
 Even in cases of personal weakness or failure the efforts of the 
 unemployed organisation mav not be whollv useless. In many cases 
 such weakness is mainly the product of environment. A change to 
 countrv life, the influence of new surroundings, friendly assistance 
 and advice, or the inspiration of a new hope, may be the means of an 
 effectual remedv. Such men. after a period of testing and training, 
 mav even prove capable of the efforts, and worthv of the independence, 
 of a new life in a new countrv. In those cases where the weakness 
 does not produce, except in bad times, actual unemployment, but only 
 prevents, at all times, a life of health, steadiness and independence, 
 the opportunities for personal influence or disciplinary pressure, 
 afforded bv the period of continuous assistance — the employment of 
 a man on a resident colonv. and the regular weekly payment of an 
 allowance to a wife in her home — -mav provide the necessary m.eans 
 of effecting a permanent improvement. If there is some exceptional 
 disabilitv, the presence on the local committee of the representatives 
 of charitable effort mav furnish an opportunity of bringing some 
 appropriate remedy to bear. 
 
 For those who are stranded bv industrial changes or crushed by 
 some pressure of misfortune, the work of the Emigration Committee 
 or the training colonv at Hollesley Bay mav provide the means of a 
 fresh start. In manv respects the class of man who is suitable for 
 one step or the other is the same, and there are few desirable emigrants 
 who would not be also desirable workers at home. As to whether men 
 ought to go or to stay, and as to whether they want to go or to stay, 
 *cf. Classification Ccmmittee, p. 25. 
 
 H 2
 
 io8 SiiniDKUv ntid (' nmparhoui. 
 
 (lupends f)M tlic comparisf)!! of flu: chances that offer; aivl at the 
 present moment, especial 1\ as regards work on the land, these chances 
 arc on the side of Canada and perhaps other Colonies. liut taking 
 into account the needs of agriculture at home, the vast unmet internal 
 demand for agricultural produce of every kind, the possibilities of a 
 more intensive and more co-operative basis of agricultural practice, 
 and the unlearnt lessons suggested by the experience of Denmark and 
 other countries, it is imjiossibJe to forecast the openings that this 
 countrv may offer — perhaps in the immediate future — even for the 
 jnirelv agricultural worker. Emigration and migration — movement 
 to Canada, or some other part of the Empire, and movement to the 
 countrv — are. therefore, best regarded as sister aids in the solution 
 of the difficulties arising from url)an lack of emplovment. 
 
 In all these way.s, the unemployed organisation is enaf)led to put 
 into force the principle that should always animate its policv — the 
 effort not only to alleviate the symptoms of distress, but at the same 
 time to do all in its power to remove the causes, as in the course of 
 the administration thev are from time to time revealed. 
 
 FREDK. P. AI.T.TSTOX. Chainnau. 
 
 H. RUSSELL WAKEFIELD. \icc-Chairmau. 
 
 N ovcvihcr 3, 1905.
 
 Central Committee. loy 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 I.— LISTS OF MEMBERS. 
 
 {a) CENTRAL COMMITTEE. 
 
 Chairman : Alderman F. P. Alliston. 
 
 Vke-C/iairman : The Rev. H. Russell Wakefield. 
 
 Treasurer : The Right Hon. The Lord Mayor. 
 
 List of Representatives from Joint Committees. 
 * Members of the Executive Committee. 
 
 Bermondsey — A. Shand, Esq., *W. Shearring, Esq. 
 
 Bethnal Green — The Rev. Watts Ditchfield, *Wm. J. Lewis, Esq. 
 
 Camberwell — ^J. E. Dobson, Esq., *A. Foster, Esq. 
 
 Chelsea — *H. E. Egerton, Esq., The Rev. W. E. Tapp. 
 
 Deptford — *J. Arthur Pyne, Esq. 
 
 I'insbitry. — *Middleton Chapman, Esq., H. Wolff Killingback. Esq. 
 
 Fulham—K. M. Prescott, Esq., *The Rev. P. S. G. Propert. 
 
 Greenwich.— *Tht Rev. H. G. Hills, W. K. Soames. Estj. 
 
 Hackney.— Tht Rev. C. Dunn. *E. C. Fairchild, Esq. 
 
 Hammersmith — J. M. Levy, Esq., *Chas. Pascall, Esq. 
 
 Hamf stead — J. W. Boden, Esq., *T. Hancock Xunn, Esq. 
 
 Holborn—C. Fitzroy Doll, Esq., *Walter Hazell. Esq. 
 
 Islington— *G. S. Elliott, Esq., E. Tomkins, Esq. 
 
 Kensington — Sir Francis Fleming. K.C.M.G., *Percy Gates, Esq. 
 
 Lambeth. — *G. Hewlett, Esq., Sydney C. Hunt. Est}. 
 
 Lewisham — Wm. Brown, Esq., *Thos. White, Esq. 
 
 Paddington — *C. W. Empson, Esq., J. Williams, Esq.
 
 no Cciilral Coinmillcc. 
 
 Poplar — *(j. l.an.sl)ur\ , Ksr]., A. W. Veo, Esfj. 
 
 St. Maryicbonc — *l<'rancis Morris, Esq., *The Rev. H. Russell 
 Wakefield {V ice-Chairman). 
 
 St. Pancras — Dr. R. M. Beaton, *W. J. Wetenhall, Esq. 
 
 Shoreditch — J. T. liibhy, Esq., *J. R. Ne.al, Esq. 
 
 Southwark — *Thomas Haynes, Esq., The Rev. A. W. Jephson. 
 
 Stepney — A. G. Crowder, Esq., *J. E. Freeman, Esq, 
 
 Stoke N ewington — H. L-. Allardyce, Esq., *W. Hart Savery, Esq. 
 
 Wandsworth — *The Rev. J. H. Anderson, The Rev. Canon Curtis. 
 
 Westminster — *Walter t^mden, Esq., Mrs. Evans, W. Everitt, Esq., 
 The Hon. G. Wallop. 
 
 Woolwich — *C. H. Grinling, Esq., E. A. H. Jay, Esq. 
 
 City Corporation — R. Davies, Esq., *W. H. Pannell, Esq., Deputy. 
 
 City of London Guardians — *John H. Lile, Esq. 
 
 London County Council — *Alderman F. P. Alliston {Chairman of 
 Central Committee), *]. Williams Benn. Esq.. M.T. 
 
 Additional Members Nominated by Mr. Long. 
 
 *The Right Rev. The Bishop of *H. Lockwood, Esq. 
 
 Stepney. *Xhe Rev. T. J. Ring. 
 
 *The Right Hon. Charles Booth. *^y q Steadman, Esq., L.C.C. 
 
 *James Brown, Esq. ^x^e r^,. p^^er Thompson. 
 
 *Leonard L. Cohen, Esq. *^y Vaiiance, Esq. 
 *W. Crooks, Esq.. M.P.
 
 Sub- Coinniiitt 
 
 (b) SUB-COiMMlTTEES. 
 
 I. — Finance. 
 
 Mr. Deputy Pannell {CJiairman) 
 
 Leonard L. Cohen, Esq. 
 
 Walter Emden, Esq. 
 
 Thos. Haynes, Esq. 
 
 John H. Lile, Esq. 
 
 The Rev. P. S. G. Propert. 
 
 J. Arthur Pyne, Esq. 
 
 W. Hart Savery, Esq. 
 
 The Rev. Peter Thompson. 
 
 Alderman E. P. Alliston. 
 
 The Rev. H. Russell Wakefield. 
 
 II. — Classification. 
 
 T. Hancock Nunn, Esq. {Chair- 
 man). 
 C. W. Empson, Esq. 
 H. Lockwood, Esq. 
 Francis Morris, Esq. 
 
 Chas. Pascall, Esq. 
 
 W. Vallance, Esq. 
 
 Thos. White, Esq. 
 
 Alderman F. P. Alliston. 
 
 The Rev. H. Russell Wakefield. 
 
 IIL- 
 The Rev. J. H. Anderson {Chair- 
 man). 
 James Brown, Esq. 
 W. Crooks, Esq., M.P. 
 H. E. Egerton, Esq. 
 G. S. Elliott, Esq. 
 Percy Gates, Esq. 
 
 -Works. 
 Walter Hazell, Esq. 
 The Rev. H. G. Hills. 
 G. Howlett, Esq. 
 W. J. Wetenhall, Esq. 
 Alderman F. P. Alliston. 
 The Rev. H. Russell Wakefield. 
 
 IV. — Working Colonies. 
 
 G. Lansbury, Esq. {Chairman). H. Lockwood, Esc] 
 
 Middleton Chapman, Esq 
 
 Leonard L. Cohen, Esq. 
 E. C. Fairchild, Esq. 
 A. Foster, Esq. 
 J. E. Freeman, Esj. 
 C. H. Grinling, Esq. 
 W. J. Lewis, Esq. 
 
 J. R. Neal, Esq. 
 
 W. Shearring, Esq. 
 
 W. C. Steadman, Esq., L.C.C. 
 
 The Rev. Peter Thompson. 
 
 Alderman F. P. Alliston. 
 
 The Rev. H. Russell Wakefield.
 
 il2 Stih-C ommilico,. 
 
 v.— Grants. 
 
 Aldtriiiaii !•'. 1'. Alliston {CJiair- G. LansUur), Esq. 
 
 w««)- T. Hancock Nunn, K.s<|. 
 
 The Rev. J. H. Anderson. The Rev. H. Russell Wakefield. 
 Mr. Deputy Pannell. 
 
 VI. — Emigration. 
 
 Walter Hazell, Esq. {Cha/rmcDi). The Rev. P. S. G. Propert. 
 
 Francis >rorris, Esq. Alderman F. P. Alliston. 
 
 J. R. \eal, Esq. The Rev. H. Russell Wakefield. 
 
 {c) TERMS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 The terms of Reference from the full Conference to the Executive 
 Committee were as follows : — 
 
 " To carr) out schemes for the provision of work for the Unem- 
 ployed, on the lines laid down in Mr. Long's proposals." 
 
 The Chairman and Vice-Chairnian were ex oificio members of all 
 Sub-Committees. 
 
 Each Sub-Committee elected its own Chairman. 
 
 Members of the Executive not being members of a particular Sub- 
 Committee had power to attend the meetings of that Sub-Committee, 
 but not to speak without leave of the Chairman, and not to vote. 
 
 The terms of Reference to the various Sub-Committees were as 
 follows : — 
 
 I. — Finance. 
 
 {a) To take the necessary steps for the issue of appeals. 
 ih) To consider estimates of expenditure. 
 
 (f) To consider the method to be adopted in the allotment of the 
 
 benefits of the Fund to the various Joint Committees. 
 And to report. 
 
 i
 
 Terms of Reference. 113 
 
 II. — Classification. 
 
 {a) To consider principles of classification. 
 
 {b) To consider scales of remuneration. 
 
 (<:) To obtain reports from Joint Committees as to their methods 
 
 of investigation and classification. 
 {d) To obtain reports as to the nature and conditions of special 
 
 local work in each Borough. 
 {e) To obtain reports of methods of dealing with Class II. in 
 
 each district. 
 (/) I. To collect and distribute information as to ordinary 
 employment. 
 
 II. To co-operate with Labour Bureaux. 
 
 III. To consider questions of emigration and migration. 
 (^) To consider the method to be adopted in the allotment of the 
 
 benefits of the Fund to the various Joint Committees. 
 And to report. 
 
 III. — Works. 
 
 To recommend as to schemes of 
 
 {a) Extension of Borough work (arising out of correspondence 
 with Borough Councils). 
 
 (h) Metropolitan work (arising out of correspondence with Metro- 
 politan authorities). 
 
 (yc) Extra-Metropolitan work (arising out of correspondence with 
 local authorities outside the Metropolis). 
 
 (</) Departmental work (arising out of correspondence with 
 Government Departments). 
 
 And if such schemes are adopted, to carrv them out. 
 
 IV. — Working Colonies. 
 
 To recommend as to — 
 
 (a) Contracts with existing Colonies. 
 
 iV) Schemes for the creation and management of fresh Colonies. 
 
 And, if such contracts or schemes are adopted, to carr\ them out.
 
 '^ Mr. Lojtg' s ScJieme." 115 
 
 II.— OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, &c. 
 {a) "Mr. Long's Scheme."* 
 
 The following statement contains an outline of the Scheme for dealing 
 with the Unemployed proposed by the Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.l'., 
 President ot the Local (government iJoard, at the Conference of Metropolitan 
 Guardians held at the Local Government Board on 14th October, 1904. Some 
 suggestions are added which he desires to make for the purpose of giving 
 etfect to the Scheme. 
 
 1. It is proposed that a Joint Committee should be established in each 
 Metropolitan Borough consisting of representatives of the Borough Council, of 
 the Board of Guardians, and of charitable and parochial associations in it. 
 
 Throughout the statement the expressions "Metropolitan Borough" and 
 " Borough Coimcil " are intended to include the City of London and the 
 Common Council of the City. 
 
 2. '1 he Joint Committee would receive applications for work or relief, 
 examine into the cases, and divide them into two classes : (i) those who are 
 respectable men temporarily distressed ovifing to inability to obtain employ- 
 ment; (2) those who shoula be regarded as ordinary applicants for poor law 
 relief. The first class would be dealt with by the Joint Committee, the 
 second class would be dealt with by the Guardians in the usual way. 
 
 3. The Boards of Ciuardians should render assistance in making inquiries 
 as to applicants. If they need additional officers to enable this to be done, the 
 Local Government Board would be prepared to assent to temporary appoint- 
 ments of such officers, and to issue any Order that might be necessary for this 
 purpose. The salaries of the officers would be repaid to the Guardians from 
 the Metropolitan Common Poor Fund. 
 
 4. The Joint Committee would ascertain from the Borough Council and 
 others in the Borough how far they could give employment to persons of the 
 first class. It is suggested that men might be employed by the Borough 
 Councils in work which is not of a skilled character, such as the repair and 
 extra cleansing of streets, painting and whitewashing the interior of town 
 halls, &c., and that men recommended by the Joint Committee might be 
 employed on works of this kind and any others of a suitable character which 
 the Borough Council are in a position to undertake. 
 
 The Joint Committee would make a register of applicants for work 
 belonging to the Borough and would, in concert with the officers of any labour 
 bureau in the Borough, ascertain what work could be obtained in it and would 
 afford facilities for the interchange of information between the applicants for 
 work and employers. 
 
 5. It is most important that the Joint Committee should use every effort 
 themselves to deal with cases of applicants to them for work, when they are 
 satisfied that the cases are proper to be dealt with. Where, however, they are 
 unable to find work for them, they should place themselves in communication 
 with the Central Committee mentioned below who would endeavour to find 
 them work elsewhere. 
 
 * Issued by the Local Government Board, October, 1904.
 
 n6 Official I )tniiiiiitils, ^'c. 
 
 6. A ('tn(rul ( OinniilUc slioiiM hi- fornii'fl on wliiili caili of llic Joint 
 CoinmiUees should be rcprcscnlfd. It woiiUI seem (lesir;ible ih.it the London 
 County Council should also be represented on the (Central Committee, and if 
 tiierc was a j,'eneral wish that the President of the Local (iovernmenl Hoard 
 should nominate a few additional members, so that some i)ersons of experience 
 not connected with a ])articular Horou{^h or Union might be added to the 
 Committee, he woidd be willinf.; to nominate a few members accordinjjiy. 
 
 It is ini])<)rl.Liil, huwevi-r, tiial the numbers of the Central T'ommittee should 
 be ke])t within reasonable limits, and it is considered that whilst the number of 
 the representatives of each Joint Committee should not exceed two, there would 
 be advantage in the number being limited to one. 
 
 The President is prepared to arrange tor the convening of the first meeting 
 of the Central Committee when constituted. He should be furnished in the 
 case of each Joint Committee with the names and addresses of their representa- 
 tives on the Central Committee. 
 
 7. It would be the function of the Central Committee to act as the 
 advisers and guides of the Joint Committees, and as controllers for the whole 
 of London, so as to secure as far as possible a common policy throughout the 
 whole Metropolis. The Central Committee would be in constant communi- 
 cation with the Joint Committees, would gathe* and distribute infcrmation as 
 to employment and would administer the funds entrusted to them. They 
 would deal as far as possible with cases of the unemployed in any Borough 
 for whom employment could not be found by the Joint Committee of that 
 Borough, and who were referred to them by that Committee. 
 
 They would endeavour to arrange for the execution of larger works 
 extending beyond the limits of any particular Borough, would send men to 
 labour colonies where practicable, etc. 
 
 8. It is hoped that the funds of the Central Committee would be largely 
 furnished by means of subscriptions from private persons and others, but they 
 would in all probability in the course of the winter require contributions in 
 addition from the Borough Councils. It is suggested that these should be 
 based on the assessable value of the Borough, and in this wav the cost would 
 be spread uniformly over the Metropolis. 
 
 The Local Government Board would be prepared, where necessary, to 
 sanction such contributions to the Central Committee by the Borough Councils 
 under the Local Authorities (Expenses) Act, 1887. 
 
 9. In the selection of men to whom employment should be given, it would 
 be important that the Joint Committees should act on uniform principles. The 
 Central Committee would, no doubt, frame rules for the guidance of the Joint 
 Committees, but one or two points may be mentioned here. 
 
 (<7) A Joint Committee should only deal with cases in which distress 
 is due to lack of employment. All other cases (including those 
 of a chronic nature, whether due to lack of employment or not) 
 should be left to the Cniardians and the ordinary charitable 
 agencies. 
 
 (b) Persons of bad characttr (drunkards, etc.) should not be dealt 
 with.
 
 " Tlie Central Committee^ 117 
 
 (c) Preference should be given to persons who have established 
 homes with wives and families. 
 
 {d) The work provided should as far as possible be continuous for 
 some definite time. 
 
 {e) Unless the circumstances are very exceptional, employment 
 should only be found by the Joint Committee if the applicant 
 has resided six months in the Borough. If he has resided for 
 six months in London, but not in the Borough, his case, if other- 
 wise suitable, might be referred to the Central Committee. 
 
 (/) No employment should be given until the home has been visited 
 on behalf of the Joint Committee. 
 
 {g) In distributing work amongst the applicants, regard should be 
 had as far as possible to their previous occupations. 
 
 10. It is earnestly desired that every care should be exercised to sift the 
 applications made, and that all possible precautions should be taken to limit 
 the cases dealt with to those of actual necessity in which the circumstances are 
 such that they can properly be dealt with on the lines above indicated. 
 
 Local Government Board, 
 2()th October, 1904. 
 
 ib) "The Central Committee."* 
 
 1. The Central Committee primarily consists of representatives of Joint 
 Committees established in London under Mr. Long's Scheme. Representatives 
 of the London County Council have, at his suggestion, also been appointed 
 on it. In accordance with an intimation which he has already given, Mr. 
 Long would be willing to nominate a few additional members if this was the 
 general wish, so that some persons of experience, not connected with a par- 
 ticular Metropolitan Borough or Union, might be added to the Committee, 
 He should be informed of the views of the Committee on this point as earlv 
 as practicable. 
 
 Throughout this statement the expressions '" Metropolitan Borough " and 
 " Borough Council '' are intended to include the City of London and the 
 Common Council of the City. 
 
 2. It will be necessary that the Central Committee should appoint a 
 Chairman and Officers. At their first meeting they will, no doubt, elect a 
 Chairman of the meeting, and if they do not feel themselves in a position to 
 elect a permanent Chairman at (hat meeting, the same course can be adopted 
 at each meeting, until a permanent Chairman is elected. The appointment of 
 a permanent Vice-Chairman may also be desirable. 
 
 As regards Officers, a Clerk will no doubt be necessary ; but some tem- 
 porary arrangement will probably be desirable until the appointment of a 
 regular Officer can be made. 
 
 As regards a Treasurer, it will probably be sufficient to enter into arrange- 
 ments with some large bank to act in this capacity. It would not seem 
 desirable to appoint any other Officers until experience has shown what mav 
 be needed in this respect. 
 
 * Issued bv the Local Government Board, November, 1904.
 
 Ii8 Oificial Dociivieuts, d^r. 
 
 3. Tlic <,'rn(r.il scojx- of Mr. T.f)nf('.s Sclicme is sot out in a Statement 
 which has already bi-tn circulated, and copies of wliicli will be available for 
 the Committee. 
 
 The functions of tlie Joint Committees and of the Central Committee 
 
 respectively will be foimd in paragraphs 2, 4, 1;, 7 iS- q of that Si;iiPm'-nt \S/''> 
 above. Section (a) Mr. Long's Scheme.^ 
 
 Tt will be seen that it is intended that the Joint Committees should in the 
 first instance deal with applicants for employment, and should only refer to 
 the Central Committee persons for whom they are unable to find work, or who 
 have not resided si.\ months in the Borough. It will probably be deeme<l 
 expedient that the Central Committee should only deal with cases which have 
 been referred to them by a Joint Committee, and that if in any particular 
 instance further investigation is made this should be made through the Joint 
 Committee. 
 
 It is earnestly desired that every care should be exercised to sift the 
 applications made, and that all possible precautions should be taken to limit 
 the cases dealt with to those of actual necessity in which the circumstances are 
 such that they can properly be dealt with on the lines above indicated. 
 
 4. The Central Committee would of course exercise their discretion as to 
 dealing with cases referred to them. It is of great importance that as many 
 cases as jiossible should be dealt with bv tlie Locil Authorities of the place 
 in which they reside. 
 
 5. The Central Committee would, speaking generally, render assistance 
 in one of two ways : 
 
 (i) Where the Central Committee are satisfied that useful work.-; 
 might be carried out by Local Authorities which would provide 
 employment, but which by reason of exceptional cost or other- 
 wise would not have been undertaken under ordinary circum- 
 stances, they might make a grant towards the cost, and stipulate 
 that a certain number of the unemployed should be engaged 
 upon them. 
 
 (2) The)' might arrange for the emf)lovment of persons on experi- 
 mental work such as labour colonies, undertaken by the Central 
 Committee themselves or by others. 
 
 A point to be borne in mind is as to the desirability, where special works 
 are undertaken to meet exceptional distress, of arranging that the wages paid 
 should be something less than the wages ordinarily paid. 
 
 6. It is hoped that the funds of the Central Committee will be largely 
 furnished bv means of subscriptions by private persons and others, and Mr. 
 Long has reason to believe that some money will be forthcoming from this 
 source. The Committee will no doubt, as soon as thev can, form an estimate 
 of what sum will be immeiliately required. 
 
 It is also hoped that the Borough Councils will contribute, and anv 
 contributions of this kind should, it is suggested, be used for purposes coming 
 imder sub-division (i), of paragraph 5, and should not be used for purposes 
 coming under sub-division (2) of that paragraph. 
 
 i
 
 Resolutions of Central Committee. 119 
 
 7. Mr. Long has made enquiry as to how far there is employment in 
 rural districts for which extra labour is required. In some few instances such 
 labour seems needed, and particulars of these will be laid before the Central 
 Committee. 
 
 Some suggestions have been made to him with respect to the question of 
 the Unemployed, particulars of which will also be forwarded to the Committee 
 for their consideration. 
 
 8. Before adjourning at their first meeting the Central Committee will, 
 of course, fix the time and place of their next meeting. 
 
 Local Government Board, 
 24//? November, 1904. 
 
 {c) Extracts from a Circular addressed by the Central Com- 
 mittee TO THE Joint Committees on December 14. 1904. with 
 Resolutions of the Central Committee on the foregoing. 
 
 1. With reference to the raising of funds : 
 
 That it is undesirable that local appeals should be issued bv Joint 
 Committees or local authorities on behalf of the unemployed, 
 except with a view to supplementing the appeal of the Central 
 Committee, and with the approval of the Central Committee, 
 such appeals being calculated to militate against the success of 
 the Central appeal. 
 
 2. With reference to the principles of selection laid down in Mr. Long's 
 Scheme, Clauses 2 and 9 : — 
 
 (i) That the division of the applicants into two classes, as recom- 
 mended in Clause 2 of Mr. Long's Scheme, be adopted by all 
 Joint Committees. 
 
 (2) But that since it is desirable that the methods of employment 
 
 and scales of remuneration should varv with the different 
 standards of ordinary work and living of different classes of 
 workmen, it would be advisable for the purposes of treatment 
 to sub-divide Class I. as follows : 
 
 (a) High class mechanics and other highlv skilled workmen, 
 
 {b) Men usually in regular work, though of a less skilled 
 
 character, 
 (c) Men accustomed to casual work. 
 
 (3) That the principles laid down in Clause 9 of Mr. Long's Scheme 
 
 be adopted with certain amendments, viz. : 
 
 That section (c) should read : Preference should be given to persons 
 who have established homes with wives and families, or other 
 persons dependent upon them. 
 
 That the words "as far as regards the present vear " be added to 
 section {e).
 
 120 Official nocunicuts, dr'c. 
 
 That section (/) slu-iild road : No employment should be jjiven until 
 the home has been visited on behalf of the Joint <ommiltce, 
 and at least one emjjloyer communicated with. 
 
 3 
 
 That the special attention of .ill Joint Committees to be called to tlic 
 
 words of Clause 5 of Mr. Lonf^'s Scheme. 
 
 4 
 
 That the special attention of all Joint Committees be callcfl to the 
 recommendation in Clause 9, sub-section {d) : — That work pro- 
 vided through local authorities or otherwise " shoulrl as far as 
 possible be continuous for some definite time." 
 
 And further that as far as possible such work should be offered to 
 men competent at the particular work, and therefore subject to 
 dismissal for incompetence as well as for misconduct. 
 
 The adoption of these principles would avoid on the one hand the 
 formation on the part of the men of a habit of def)endence upon 
 casual work, and on the other hand would [)revent any tendency 
 on the part of the special employment offered to lower the 
 ordinary standard cA municipal work.
 
 III. 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES, &c.
 
 123 
 
 S/(i/is/it(iI Tdhic V. 
 
 NUMBER OF 
 
 TABLE 
 APPLICATIONS, ETC. : — Particulars 
 
 Note, — It has been pointed out in the body of the Report, especially on page 27, 
 Certain consequences of this are concealed in some of the columns of the 
 (for instance, as regards single men, who were sometimes not regis- 
 praclices were adopted. Those " not recommended " are thus often 
 by not having dependents; by physical unsuitability, such as age or 
 as well as those who were disqualified on grounds of personal or industrial 
 
 
 u u . 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^1>. s 
 
 Numbt-Ts obtaining 
 
 
 Name 
 
 
 •a 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 ecom- 
 ed for 
 
 •I'M- 
 
 — C * V 
 
 work from Borough 
 Councils. 
 
 Work for .., 
 
 ^ , Non-con- 
 
 3 c . 
 f -J it 
 — '■J a 
 
 C 5t E 
 
 OF Borough. 
 
 — .--:: 
 
 ? 
 
 
 -5=1 
 
 not less 
 th:in 4 
 
 tinuous 
 
 SH 
 
 
 m 
 
 kI 
 
 le§ 
 
 C J) -J 
 
 Z.^ E 
 
 weeks. 
 
 work. 
 
 O-'J 
 
 
 (') 
 
 (2) 
 
 (3) 
 
 (4) 
 
 (5) 
 
 (6) 
 
 (7) 
 
 Bermondsey 
 
 4092 
 
 3205 
 
 827 
 
 60 
 
 119 
 
 2985 
 
 117 
 
 Bethnal Green ... 
 
 -.^882 
 
 1926 
 
 
 956 
 
 4 
 
 1744 
 
 201 
 
 Caniberwell 
 
 301 1 
 
 2099 
 
 822 
 
 90 
 
 a 674 
 
 a 674 
 
 168 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 786 
 
 <> 374 
 
 280 
 
 132 
 
 186 
 
 10 
 
 70 
 
 City of London... 
 
 88 
 
 77 
 
 II 
 
 
 30 
 
 d 30 
 
 17 
 
 Deptford 
 
 1726 
 
 749 
 
 562 
 
 415 
 
 58 
 
 534 
 
 108 
 
 Finsbury 
 
 1069 
 
 286 
 
 724 
 
 g 59 
 
 69 
 
 82 
 
 135 
 
 Fulham .. 
 
 667 
 
 86 
 
 103 
 
 478 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 85 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 806 
 
 738 
 
 68 
 
 
 45 
 
 291 
 
 — 
 
 Hackney 
 
 3592 
 
 '1 3592 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 i 1 147 
 
 k 159 
 
 Hammersmith ... 
 
 m 1392 
 
 1050 
 
 141 
 
 201 
 
 10 
 
 912 
 
 58 
 
 Hampstead 
 
 326 
 
 119 
 
 207 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 82 
 
 Holborn... 
 
 302 
 
 193 
 
 — 
 
 109 
 
 — 
 
 1S9 
 
 15 
 
 Islington 
 
 523'3 
 
 mo 
 
 897 
 
 3223 
 
 278 
 
 2S53 
 
 ^57 
 
 Kensington 
 
 r.99 
 
 296 
 
 392 
 
 II 
 
 / 13 
 
 17 
 
 90 
 
 Lambeth 
 
 2152 
 
 837 
 
 715 
 
 600 
 
 389 
 
 — 
 
 134 
 
 Lewisham 
 
 932 
 
 404 
 
 528 
 
 — 
 
 259 
 
 r — 
 
 145 
 
 Paddington 
 
 II02 
 
 7S7 
 
 
 315 
 
 — 
 
 722 
 
 65 
 
 Poplar 
 
 3460 
 
 1813 
 
 1567 
 
 80 
 
 1371 
 
 — 
 
 133 
 
 St. Marylebone 
 
 617 
 
 338 
 
 5 279 
 
 — 
 
 So 
 
 — 
 
 68 
 
 St. Pancras 
 
 1267 
 
 1161 
 
 106 
 
 — 
 
 71 
 
 351 
 
 165 
 
 Shoreditch 
 
 iSSi 
 
 600 
 
 598 
 
 683 
 
 48 
 
 389 
 
 146 
 
 Southwark 
 
 26<So 
 
 1228 
 
 367 
 
 1085 
 
 200 
 
 517 
 
 114 
 
 Stepney 
 
 1386 
 
 242 
 
 1042 
 
 102 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 164 
 
 Stoke Newington 
 
 394 
 
 329 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 162 
 
 29 
 
 Wandsworth ... 
 
 910 
 
 698 
 
 212 
 
 — 
 
 170 
 
 — 
 
 94 
 
 Westminster ... 
 
 134^^ 
 
 1229 
 
 no 
 
 7 
 
 49 
 
 393 
 
 K 64 
 
 Woolwich 
 
 IOC I 
 
 536 
 
 45.5 
 
 10 
 
 V 3.SS 
 
 — 
 
 1 09 
 
 (ii .Approximate fimires. 
 
 (6) 4.S Hadleijjh, ti Garden City. 
 
 (c) 59 were obtained work in various ways, not connected with Borouijh Councils or 
 Central Committee. 
 
 ((f) Some of these were transferred to continuous work as opportunity offered. 
 
 (f) Garden City. 
 
 (/) All at Hadieij-h 
 
 (t;) Obtained employment after applyini" for work. 
 
 (/i) That is, everyone who registered was }<iven a chance of work, according to a 
 resolution passed by the Borough Council before the formation of the Local 
 •loint Committee. The total unemployed, according to the Census carried 
 out between December I'Jth. 1904. and January 31st." 190,i. was 4.518. 
 j ) .\\ eraging in the course of the winter about 20 days work for each man. Of the 
 1.147 given work, 158 were single men. 
 
 (ft) 459 men out of the total of 3.592 applied for Central Work. 362 out of the 459 
 were investigated. 
 
 'iMirther particulars can in many instances be obtained from Special
 
 Number of A.-pfltcations. 
 
 123 
 
 A. 
 
 furnished by Joint Committees to March 31st, 1905.''' 
 
 that the methods adopted by the various Joint Committees were not uniform, 
 following table. It is especially important to remember that in registration 
 tered at all), and in classifying as " not recommended for work," different 
 representative of many classes, and may include, for instance, those disqualified 
 illnees ; or by having obtained work on their own account after applying 
 character.* 
 
 Borough Council 
 
 
 Centra 
 
 Works. 
 
 
 7^1l 
 
 
 Work. 
 
 Dis- 
 
 w Refused. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Name 
 
 P'«- fused 
 missed ^ 
 
 missed. 
 w 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 Long 
 Grove. 
 
 Parks or 
 Markets. 
 
 lfi|i^^ 
 
 OF Borough. 
 
 (8) (9) 
 
 (10) 
 
 ('■) 
 
 (12) 
 
 (13) 
 
 (mF 
 
 
 0. 100 a 30 
 
 S 
 
 h 31 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 20.4 
 
 Berrnondsey 
 
 3 7 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Bethnal Green 
 
 43 
 
 13 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 28. 1 
 
 Camberwell 
 
 II 
 
 
 — . 
 
 e 6 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 42.8 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 14.2 
 
 City of London 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 / 26 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 42.8 
 
 Deptford 
 
 21 ' 49 
 
 3 
 
 
 129 
 
 X 
 
 71.6 
 
 Finsbury 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 55-4 
 
 Fulham 
 
 2 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 8.4 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 — " /2286 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 0.0 
 
 Hackney 
 
 ' — 
 
 M 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 II. S 
 
 Hammersmith 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 " 31 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 63-4 
 
 Hampstead 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Holborn 
 
 60 
 
 132 
 
 — 
 
 24 
 
 X 
 
 44 
 
 44.6 
 
 Islington 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 36.9 
 
 Kensington 
 
 
 
 
 
 <1 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 46.0 
 
 Lambeth 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 55-5 
 
 Lewisham 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 Paddington 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 46.3 
 
 Poplar 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 t 52 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 45.2 
 
 St. Marylebone 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 8.3 
 
 St. Pancras 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 a 20 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 49.9 
 
 Shoreditch 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 23.0 
 
 South wark 
 
 — 
 
 
 II 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 81. 1 
 
 Stepney 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 X 
 
 II 
 
 9.1 
 
 ■^toke Newington 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 — 
 
 23.2 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 2 
 
 101 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 . — 
 
 8.2 
 
 Westminster 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 45-9 
 
 Woolwich 
 
 (/) Of these 476 did not respond to the first circular sent them ; 310 obtained work 
 elsewhere; and 1,500 did not renew their application when work was 
 offered and had also, it was assumed, obtained work. 
 
 (m) Including renewals. 
 
 («) Garden (City, 27 ; Hollesley Bay, 4. 
 
 (0) ', Average of two days a week. 
 
 (/))" In addition, about 100 casual men, taken on before the Register was opened, 
 were kept in "practically continuous employment " for about 3 months. 
 
 (<;) "Several." 
 
 (r) Borough Council stone yard giving 12.526 days work. 
 
 (s) Of these 79 were single men, and 24 physically unfit. 
 
 (0 All Garden City or Hollesey Bay. Xo offers of Hadleigh. 
 
 (i() Selected from the umemployed taken on by the Borough Council. 
 
 (M') In several cases records of refusals of work and of dismissals were not kept. 
 
 (a) No places offered. 
 
 Reports issued independently by the various Joint Committess.
 
 124 
 
 Stnlnlica} I nhles. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 ASSISTANCE PROVIDED PA' 
 
 Allotments to the various Joint Committees in 
 
 Note: The total number of placn (including places In lieu of those grants made and 
 
 by refills due to ordinary employment being found, 
 
 The pcrioJ of cmpio> 
 
 mcnt offered 
 
 •;iried fr 
 
 tm A uecUs to 
 
 it; weeks, lor 
 
 in the ease 
 
 s of City 
 
 
 
 
 
 actually worked by e 
 
 leh man 
 
 Name of Borough 
 
 
 
 
 City Markets. 
 
 "zi. 
 
 (with percentage scale 
 
 1) 
 
 tuO > 
 c 
 
 u 
 JO 
 
 
 Green 
 Park 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 of allotment). 
 
 Day. 
 
 Night 
 
 Had 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 
 
 Bermondsey (4) 
 
 60 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — — 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 Bethnal Green (5) 
 
 20 (25*) 
 
 55 
 
 10 (25») 
 
 10 — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Camberwell (5) 
 
 70 — 
 
 10 
 
 10 — 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Chelsea (2) 
 
 30 — 
 
 
 
 5 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 City of London (i) 
 
 10 — 
 
 -, - 
 
 5 — 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Deptford (4) 
 
 35 — 
 
 -5 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 Finsbury (4) 
 
 70 — 
 
 
 
 
 — — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 Fulham (3) 
 
 50 - 
 
 10 
 
 — (lO*) 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Greenwich (2) 
 
 30 — 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Hackney (4) 
 
 - (20*) 
 
 70 
 
 - (20*y 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Hammersmith (2) 
 
 35 — 
 
 
 5 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hampstead (2) 
 
 
 35 
 
 5 — 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Holborn (i) 
 
 10 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Islington (5) 
 
 — 
 
 85 
 
 lO — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Kensington (3) 
 
 35 — 
 
 
 30 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 Lambeth (5) 
 
 50 — 
 
 50 
 
 10 — 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Lewisham (4) 
 
 45 — 
 
 10 
 
 4 — 
 
 12 — 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 Paddington (3) 
 
 5 — 
 
 — 
 
 45 — 
 
 5 -~ 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 Poplar (5) 
 
 50 — 
 
 40 
 
 10 — 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 St. Marylebone (3) 
 
 5 — 
 
 
 35 — 
 
 10 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 St. Pancras (5) 
 
 10 — 
 
 50 
 
 20 — 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Shoreditch (4) 
 
 40 — 
 
 40 
 
 4 — 
 
 5 — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Southwark (5) 
 
 85 - 
 
 20 
 
 5 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Stepney (5) 
 
 80 — 
 
 10 
 
 25 (20*) 
 
 - (5*) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Stoke Newington (1) 
 
 — — 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wandsworth 13) 
 
 35 — 
 
 30 
 
 4 — 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Westminster (2) 
 
 40 — 
 
 
 10 — 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Woolwich (4) 
 
 
 65 
 
 — — 
 
 — — 
 
 24 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 900 (45») 
 
 620 
 
 252 (75») 
 
 47 (5'^ 
 
 200 
 
 * Places allotted in lieu of i<rant. 
 
 (a) In lieu of money .tjrant. 25 places at Lons; Grove for 5 weeks, and 'J.S at Green 
 
 Park for 7 weeks, have been allotted to Bethnal Green. 
 (/') In lieu of money grant. 20 places at Long Grove for 4 weeks, and 20 at Grten 
 
 Park, have been allotted to Hackney.
 
 Assis/a/we Provided. 
 
 125 
 
 B. 
 
 CENTRAL COMMITTEE : 
 
 respect of Vacancies, Grants and Emigration. 
 
 not taken) is 2610. The total number of men is 3498, the difference being explained 
 illness, discharges and other causes. 
 
 .Markets 25 weeks, and the selected men at Hollesley Bay 30 weeks), the average period 
 beins< about 8 weeks. 
 
 c 
 
 >, 
 
 _« 
 
 7". 
 
 ■2 J2 _ 
 
 
 Emigration. 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 < 
 
 C 'o - 
 
 ^ _ <U ^ 3 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 Name of Borough 
 
 00 
 
 No. of 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 
 Scnrau 
 
 
 > 
 
 Families. 
 
 Persons. 
 
 
 ,_ ' , 
 
 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 10 — 
 
 8 
 
 98 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3" 
 
 JJermondsey 
 
 5 — 
 
 15 
 
 125 
 
 a 500 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 Bethnal Green 
 
 10 — 
 
 15 
 
 125 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 Camberwell 
 
 20 — 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 — — 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 City of London 
 
 10 — 
 
 12 
 
 102 
 
 373 2 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Deptford 
 
 20 — 
 
 12 
 
 106 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 Finsbury 
 
 5 — 
 
 6 
 
 71 
 
 d 300 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 Fulham 
 
 10 — 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 
 171 15 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 — — 
 
 II 
 
 lOI 
 
 b 400 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 Hackney 
 
 15 — 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Hammersmith 
 
 10 — 
 
 7 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Hampstead 
 
 — — 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 Holborn 
 
 5 — 
 
 13 
 
 123 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 Islington 
 
 15 — 
 
 6 
 
 86 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Kensington 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 123 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 Lambeth 
 
 10 — 
 
 12 
 
 III 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 Lewisham 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 59 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Paddington 
 
 — — 
 
 15 
 
 T25 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 Poplar 
 
 25 — 
 
 6 
 
 87 
 
 — 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 St. Marylebone 
 
 20 — 
 
 ID 
 
 125 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 St. Pancras 
 
 10 — 
 
 12 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 Shoreditch 
 
 5 — 
 
 10 
 
 120 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 Southwark 
 
 20 (20*) 
 
 15 
 
 c 125 
 
 — 
 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 Step?iey 
 
 10 — 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Stoke Newington 
 
 5 — 
 
 6 
 
 76 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 5 — 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 Westminster 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 102 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 Woolwich 
 
 280 (20*) 
 
 254 
 
 « 2475 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 215 
 
 
 In lieu of money grant of .£500, allowed for in estimates, 5 day places at City 
 .Markets, 20 places at Garden City for 8 weeks, and 20 at Green Park for 
 4 weeks, have been allotted to Stepney. 
 
 In part lieu of grant 10 places at Green Park allotted. See also page 90. 
 
 See note at head of table.
 
 126 
 
 /'eriods of l\mploymcfit. 
 
 'J'ABLK C. 
 
 PERIODS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIVIDUALS ON 
 THE VARIOUS WORKS. 
 
 (Fractions of a week being counted as full week.) 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■<5 
 
 
 lA 
 
 
 j 
 
 Hollesley 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 -a: 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 0) 
 
 Bay 
 
 
 
 Name of Work 
 
 l-i 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 Ph 
 
 C 
 
 1) 
 lU 
 
 u 
 
 
 2f 
 
 -o e 
 1 <u 
 
 "3e 
 
 
 < 
 b 
 
 
 
 h-1 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 'J) 
 
 C/) 
 
 H 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 {") 
 
 
 
 
 
 I week 
 
 22 1 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 61 
 
 51 
 
 I 
 
 210 
 
 I week 
 
 
 2 weeks 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 57 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 188 
 
 2 weeks 
 
 
 3 .. 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 II 
 
 2G 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 200 
 
 3 . 
 
 
 c 
 
 4 .. 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 20 4 
 
 246 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 M 
 
 85 
 
 49 
 
 24 
 
 II 
 
 45 
 
 62 
 
 13 — 
 
 289 
 
 5 . 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 ,. 
 
 81 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 12 ' 4 
 
 189 
 
 6 . 
 
 
 7 .. 
 
 67 
 
 85 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 7 3 
 
 237 
 
 7 . 
 
 
 C! 
 
 8 ,, 
 
 "3 
 
 116 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 20 2 
 
 334 
 
 8 
 
 
 O \ 
 
 9 .. 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 73 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 295 
 
 9 . 
 
 
 10 
 
 322 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 548 
 
 10 
 
 
 II -. 
 
 154 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 213 
 
 II 
 
 
 u 
 
 12 
 
 99 
 
 42 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 194 
 
 12 
 
 
 J3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 13 M 
 
 65 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 3b 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 129 
 
 13 ■ 
 
 
 14 .. 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 
 Z 
 
 15 .. 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 15 . 
 
 
 
 16 „ 
 
 — 
 
 . — 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 16 , 
 
 
 
 17 .. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — ! 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 . 
 
 
 
 18-21 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 19 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 18-2: ,. 
 
 
 22-25 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 28 
 
 46 
 
 22-25 „ 
 
 
 \^26-30 „ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 336 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 26-30 
 
 
 
 Total men . . 
 
 120S 
 
 692 
 
 133 
 
 327 
 
 497 
 
 187(a) 
 
 116(c) 
 
 3496 
 
 
 Total 
 men-weeks 
 
 10487 
 
 5252 
 
 2404 
 
 2096 
 
 3053 
 
 IOT2a 
 
 2071 
 
 27646^ 
 
 
 Average stay 
 
 8J wks 
 
 7i wk.s 
 
 7 wks 
 
 10 wks 
 
 6 J wks 
 1 (6 
 
 6,1 wks 
 
 5 J wks 17I wk 
 1 {»>) 
 
 8 wks 
 
 
 {a) Including 41 who began work in the last week of September, and are still at the 
 
 Colony, 
 (fc) Excluding these 41. 
 \c) Including 45 still on the Colony. 
 
 (</) Total reduced by the fact that some only worked two nights instead of full weeks. 
 \e) i.e. with a view to further training for settlement in country. 
 
 Note. — Tne period offered to each man was usually not less than four weeks.
 
 Reasons for Leaving. 
 
 TABLE D. 
 REASONS FOR LEAVING, (a) 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 u, 
 
 
 
 &c 
 
 a 
 
 
 3ioZ> 
 30 
 
 50 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 479 
 729 
 
 1208 
 
 •X 
 u 
 rt 
 
 P-i 
 
 CJ 
 
 6 
 64 
 
 10 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 107 
 
 585 
 602 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 <U 
 <u 
 >-< 
 
 
 
 43 
 3 
 
 I 
 16 
 
 14 
 2 
 
 T 
 
 40 
 
 120 
 216 
 
 336 
 
 a; 
 
 )-• 1 
 « 1 
 
 >> 
 U 
 
 21 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 80 
 53 
 
 133 
 
 4= 
 
 IS 
 
 ^ 
 
 43 
 16 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 155 
 172 
 
 327 
 
 ij 
 
 c 
 <u 
 
 
 
 103c 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 44 
 224 
 273 
 
 497 
 
 Hollesley 
 Bay 
 
 
 1 (U 
 
 II 
 
 en 
 
 26 
 8 
 3 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 3 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 108 
 38a 
 
 146^ 
 
 1 :; t 
 
 <U 1 
 C/2 H 
 
 1 Prospect of Work (a) 
 
 2 Accident or Sickness 
 
 3 Trouble at Home 
 
 4 Died 
 
 5 Lazy 
 
 6 Useless. . 
 
 7 Unsatisfactory 
 
 8 Insubordinate.. 
 
 9 Dissatisfied . . 
 ID Drinking 
 
 11 Dirty . . 
 
 12 Fighting 
 
 13 Impersonating 
 
 14 Poaching or Trespas 
 
 15 Out at night . . 
 
 16 Complained of stea 
 
 Locomotives 
 
 17 Transferred to Long 
 
 18 Emigrated 
 
 19 Settled in country 
 
 20 No reason given (g) 
 
 siug .. 
 m from 
 Grove. , 
 
 14 624 
 
 1 71 
 
 2 18 
 
 — 2 
 
 — 115 
 
 22 
 
 3 125 
 
 — 28 
 
 "^ 53 
 
 — 7 
 
 — 1| » 
 2 ' 10 
 
 — 3 
 
 — 2 
 
 9 9 
 
 2 2 
 17 220 
 
 Totals 
 21 Close of Work 
 
 Total Employed 
 
 
 56 1329 
 
 lyd 2083 
 73/ 3412 f/ 
 
 (a) The above table gives the reasons as reported by the Superintendents. The 
 reason " Prospect of Work " is, however, usually based on the statements 
 of the men, and is unverified. In some cases [cf. below, note d) this 
 reason was given during the first week of a man's stay, and was 
 obviously often an excuse. In other cases (cf. below, note c) an 
 increase in the numbers leaving for work in March seems to indicate 
 a real, though slight, improvement in trade (see also note ^ below). 
 
 (6) Sub-divided as follows according to date: Weeks ending Jan. 28th, 12; 
 Feb. 4th, 17; Feb. nth, 19; Feb. i8th, 26, Feb. 25th, 18; 
 Mar. 4th, 42; Mar. nth, 48; Mar. i8th,45; Mar. 25th, 56; Apl. ist 
 (out of smaller number of men) 27 : — Total 310. 
 
 (c) Sub-divided as follows according to period of stay of individual : ist week, 
 
 32 ; 2nd, 28 ; 3rd, 5 ; 4th, 8 ; 5th, 10 ; 6th, 5 ; 7th, g ; Sth, i ; loth, i ; 
 nth, 2 ; i2th, i ; 14th, i ; — Total 103. 
 
 (d) i.e. Found to be unsuitable for either personal or family reasons for settlement 
 
 in the country, and therefore returned to London after the expiration of 
 the allotted period of temporary work. 
 
 (e) Exclusive of 41 men still on Colony. 
 (/) Exclusive of 45 men still on Co'ony. 
 
 (e) This may include cases of return to ordinary employment. On the Colonies, 
 
 for instance, it frequently means " did not return after furlough." 
 (/j) i.e., with a view to further training for settlement in country,
 
 128 
 
 ()cciipali<nis of Men /.in ployed. 
 
 TABLE E. 
 OCCUPATIONS OF MEN EMPLOYED. 
 
 NoTK.— In tlic priiiaration of lliis lublc, the cl.issificilion udopli-'l in Mr. 
 C'liarles Booth's Life and Labour oj the I'eofle has been adopted as far as 
 possible. 'I'he table is necessarily drawn up for the most [lari in atxorrlance 
 with the particulars furnished by the applicants. In certain cases, if not 
 checked, these may be misleadinj^ from two causes, which, however, to some 
 extent counteract each other as sources of error : (i) Men, knowing that 
 unskilled labouring work made up the greater part of that which was offered, 
 may have described themselves as " labourers," thinking that their chances of 
 securing employment would be thereby increased ; and (2) Men describing 
 themselves as following skilled trades may not have been competent members 
 thereof. 
 
 Building Trades (637) : 
 Bricklayers 
 Masons 
 Marble Masons & Polishers. 
 
 Slaters & Tilers 
 
 Plasterers 
 Lath-renders 
 Carpenters 
 Painters 
 Paperhangers 
 Plumbers 
 Handymen 
 ScafTolders ... 
 I-Iousebreakers 
 Excavators & Navvies 
 Yardmen, etc. 
 Labourers : 
 
 Bricklayers' & Builders'.. 
 
 Masons' 
 
 Carpenters' 
 
 Painters' ... 
 
 Plumbers' Mates 
 
 Wood-workers (150) : 
 Cabinet-makers 
 Chair-makers 
 Chair carver 
 Deal table maker 
 Bamboo furniture maker .. 
 French polishers 
 Upholsterers 
 Wood-turners 
 Wood -machinists 
 Marqueterie-cutter ... 
 Saw vers 
 
 Hadleigh. 
 
 Garden 
 City. 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 I 
 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 JO 
 
 d JO 
 
 JlX 
 
 J}' 
 en 
 *> 
 
 2. «« 
 
 Xta 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 z 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 b3 
 
 52 
 
 70 
 
 2 
 
 230 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 52 
 
 8 
 
 [2 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 114 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 60 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 33 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 10 
 
 II 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 J 
 
 _ . 
 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 —
 
 Occupations of Men Em-ploycd. 
 TABLE "E—coniimied. 
 
 1J9 
 
 
 43 
 
 C 
 
 OU 
 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 ifl 
 
 Long 
 Grove 
 
 ■ oj 
 
 JOh 
 
 Hollesley 
 Bay. 
 
 O 
 H 
 
 Wood-workers — contd. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cornice-pole makers 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — ' 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Picture-frame makers 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Packing-case makers 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 i8 
 
 Box makers ... 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 I ■ 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 Sieve maker 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 I ' 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Cooper 
 
 Umbrella & walking stick 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 makers 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Stick dressers 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Ladder & barrow maker ... 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Wheelwright 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Carriage painters ... 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 ... 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 Shipwright 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Rigger 
 
 Sail maker ... 
 
 Z 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 Labourers (various) 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 Metal-workers (164) : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Engineers 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 Hammermen 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 Fitters (various) 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 Driller 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Tank makers 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Gas-meter maker 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 -- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Wheelwright's smith 
 
 — 
 
 ] 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Boiler makers 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Blacksmiths ... 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 Tinsmiths and Tinplate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 workers 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Pewterer 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Zinc worker 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Coppersmith 
 Silversmiths 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 z 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Brass finishers 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 Aluminium fitters ... 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Electrical wiremen 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 ■ — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Telephone wireman 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Cable workers 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Various 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 37 
 
 Labourers (various) 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5° 
 
 Sundry Manufactures (70) : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leather dressers 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 21 
 
 Leather cutters 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 Trunk and bag makers 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Harness makers 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 Saddlers 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Whipthong maker 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 i — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 Glass bevellers 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 Glass cutters 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 ; I 
 
 — 
 
 — ■ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Glass blowers 
 
 I 
 
 ~ 
 
 " 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 1
 
 Uo 
 
 Occiipalioiis of Mill l-.iiiplt<\cil. 
 TAI-JIJ-: E- contmned. 
 
 
 Sundry Manufactures— c(iw<(/. 
 Glass fitters 
 
 Potters 
 
 Bottle wirer 
 
 Brush makers (various) 
 
 Bass dresser 
 
 Piano makers 
 
 Cocoanut fibre workers 
 
 Tarpaulin dresser 
 
 Printing and Paper Trades 
 
 (31) : . 
 Compositors 
 Cropper hand 
 Machine minder 
 Machine ruler 
 Pressman 
 l.itho printers 
 Printers' cutters 
 Relief stamper 
 Bookbinders 
 Book and card gilder 
 Paper pressers 
 Parchment maker ... 
 Cardboard box cutter 
 Printers' Labourers 
 
 Dress (59) : 
 
 BoDt and shoe makers, 
 (Clickers, Finishers, 
 Lasters, etc.) 
 
 Slipper maker 
 
 Tailors 
 
 Tailors' cutters 
 
 Hatters 
 
 Various 
 
 Food and Drink (48) : 
 
 Flour packers 
 
 Bakers and Confectioners... 
 
 Milk carriers 
 
 Fishmongers' assistants 
 
 Fish curer 
 
 Fisherman 
 
 Butchers 
 
 Butchers' labourer ... 
 
 Grocers 
 
 Potmen, Cellarmen, etc. ... 
 
 Bottle washers 
 
 Labourers (various) 
 
 — I 
 
 Citv 
 Mar 
 
 o o 
 
 j(2 
 
 MM 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 2. «■ 
 
 — 2 
 
 
 12 
 I 
 
 I — — 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — I 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 14 
 
 I — 
 — I 
 
 2 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 — 3 
 
 — 3 
 
 44 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 5
 
 Occupations of Men Employed. 
 TABLE E — continued. 
 
 Dealers and Clerks (27j 
 
 Draper 
 
 Grocer 
 
 Leather seller 
 
 General shop-keeper 
 
 Oilman 
 
 Shop assistants 
 
 General dealer 
 
 Coke hawker 
 
 Costermongers 
 
 Clerks 
 
 Locomotion, Transport and 
 Other Labour (2263) : 
 
 Engine drivers 
 
 Engine cleaner 
 
 Crane driver 
 
 Stokers 
 
 Omnibus conductors 
 
 Carmen 
 
 Horsekeepers & Stablemen 
 
 Seamen 
 
 Stevedores 
 
 Preference dock labourer 
 
 Grain trimmer 
 
 Grain porter 
 
 Deal porters 
 
 Porters (various) 
 
 Packers & Warehousemen 
 
 Brick makers 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 Farm labourers 
 
 Chemical labourer ... 
 
 Labourers (General) 
 
 Civil & Municipal Services (7) 
 
 Postmen 
 
 Paviors 
 
 Tramway pointsman 
 
 Dustman 
 
 Service (various) (22) 
 Coachmen 
 Groom 
 Steward 
 Cooks 
 Carver 
 Waiters 
 Liftmen 
 
 Night Watchmen 
 Storekeeper ... 
 Window cleaners 
 
 ^ 'O 
 
 
 i6 
 
 24 
 6 
 
 — 2 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 34 
 
 292 
 
 215 
 
 16 
 
 '6% 
 
 JO 
 
 33 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 732 
 
 — I 
 
 JCL, 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 334 
 
 Km 
 
 16 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 126 
 
 25 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 7 
 
 77 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 iSo 1908 
 
 — I — 3 
 
 — — I 
 
 — I — I
 
 '32 
 
 (hcupalidiis of Mill /■ iiiiii^ratcJ. 
 VW'AAi \i- continued. 
 
 
 Of 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 a. 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 
 11 
 >. I- 
 
 — n 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unclassified (23j : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'hotogniphers 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 J 
 
 Phrenologist 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Agents & Collectors 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 Carpet planner 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Tent maker 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 Various 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 Totals 
 
 327 
 
 497 
 
 336 
 
 133 
 
 1208 
 
 692 
 
 305 
 
 3498 
 
 TABLE F. 
 OCCUPATIONS OF MEN EMIGRATED.- 
 
 Bricklayer 
 
 I 
 
 
 Brought over 
 
 
 Cabinet-makers 
 
 2 
 
 Sil 
 
 ver worker 
 
 
 Carmen 
 
 2 
 
 Labourers : — 
 
 
 Carpenter 
 
 
 
 Builders' 
 
 4 
 
 Driller 
 
 
 
 Fitters' and Engineers' 
 
 2 
 
 Farrier 
 
 
 
 Navvies 
 
 2 
 
 Leather worker 
 
 
 
 Waterside 
 
 ^ 
 
 Oil and Colourman 
 
 
 
 Other specialized ... 
 
 2 
 
 Plasterer 
 
 
 
 General 
 
 IS 
 
 Plumber and Gasfitter 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sawyer 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Forward 
 
 13 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF "SELECTED" MEN AT 
 
 (Still 
 
 Box-cutter 
 
 Boot -salesman 
 
 Carmen ... 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Coachman 
 
 Harness-maker 
 
 Hatter 
 
 Leather- warehouseman 
 
 Metal-polisher 
 
 Navvy 
 
 Painter 
 
 HOLLESLEY BAY. 
 
 on the Colony on September 30.) 
 
 Brought over 
 Skindresser 
 Tailor 
 
 Tramwasher 
 Labourers: — 
 
 Masons' 
 
 Painters' 
 
 General 
 
 Forward 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 *c). Note to Table of Occupations on page 1 2S The second source cf discrepancy 
 in the returns is of especial importance in connection with emigration 
 cases.
 
 Selected Documents. 133 
 
 IV.—SELECTED DOCUMENTS ISSUED BY CENTRAL 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 (rt) Documents Relating to Employment Exchanges. 
 
 (i) Model Rules suggested by the Central Committee. 
 
 [Cofy.] 
 
 EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE. 
 
 (AfBliated to the Central Employment Exchange.) 
 
 1. The Exchange will be open for men daily from and 
 
 for women daily from except Saturdays. The Exchange will 
 
 be closed on Good Friday, Christmas Day, Bank Holidays, and on any occasion 
 the may see fit to notify. 
 
 2. Only persons resident in the Borough of 
 
 at the time of the application can be registered for employment; but this 
 restriction as to residence does not apply to employers of labour. 
 
 3. Every applicant for registration shall either fill up correctly a printed 
 form, obtainable on personal application to the Superintendent, or answer such 
 questions as shall be put by the Superintendent, for the purpose of enabling 
 him to enter the necessary particulars in the Register. 
 
 4. The Superintendent will recommend applicants for employment accord- 
 ing to suitability, but employers may select from the registered applicants anv 
 one whom they consider suitable. 
 
 5. Onlv those out of emplovment, or under notice of discharge, will be 
 registered. 
 
 l^Note. — In Hampstead the experiment is being tried of registering 
 men who, though in work, desire to use the Exchange. In this 
 Borough a minimum registration fee of one penny, covering a period 
 of six months, is charged to every one. For those who, though in 
 work, register, a differential fee of sixpence is charged.] 
 
 6. The name of every applicant will be removed from the Register after 
 one month, exclusive of Sundays and public holidays, unless the applicant, 
 on or before the end of the month, gives notice that he or she is still out of 
 employment, such notice to be repeated not less often than on every succeeding 
 month that the applicant remains out of employment. 
 
 [^Note. — The minimum period of notice adopted for those still out of 
 employment varies greatly. In Westminster applicants must call 
 at the Exchange and enter their names on slips provided for the 
 purpose at least twice a week.] 
 
 7. Applicants must notify the Superintendent when they obtain emplov- 
 ment througli the Exchange. 
 
 8. Any Employers' Association may affiliate to the Exchange. Secretaries 
 of affiliated Associations shall be invited to specify the kinds of emplovee
 
 134 SclccicJ Ponimcnls. 
 
 required by tlieir members, and to encourage individual members to give notice 
 to the Mxcliange of vacancies, so tliat they may be informed when suitable 
 apjjlicants offer. 
 
 9. Any registered Club, Union, Hranch of a Union, or other organisation 
 of working men, may alBliate to tiie l*2xchange. Secretaries of affiliated 
 organisations shall be invited to specify the emjdoyment suitable to their mem- 
 bers; and s'nall be notified when such em|)loyment offers. 
 
 ]'"orms of application for registration, anrl all other information, may be 
 obtained at the Exchange. 
 
 (2) Rules suggested for exhibition in the Exchange. 
 
 1. The name of any i>er.son knowingly making a false statement on the 
 forms, or knowingly giving any false information to the Superintendent, will 
 be struck off the Register, and such person will be debarred from being again 
 registered. 
 
 2. No person of known bad character will be registered. 
 
 3. Applicants are not permitted to wait about the premises after their 
 application has been dealt with. 
 
 4. Smoking and Spitting in the Offices of the Kxchange are strictlv 
 
 prohibited. 
 
 (3) -\pplicatio)i l-'onn suggested for i/se by the Local I'.xchange* 
 
 [Copy.] 
 
 I^OROUC.H COUNCIL. 
 
 EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE. 
 
 (In association with the Central Employment Exchange.) 
 
 [Address of Office, with Office Hours.} 
 
 Application for Employment. 
 
 No Date ifhJ 
 
 Surname, Christian names, and age. 
 Married or Single. 
 Full address. 
 
 How long resident in the Borough of ? 
 
 How long unemployed? 
 
 Exact description of employment re<piire<l. 
 
 Other work for which qualified. 
 
 Name and address of last employer, and description of work. 
 
 Name and address of longest employer, and description of work. 
 
 Particulars as to Sick Heiiefit, Trade, or other Provident Society. 
 
 (i\<nfiriues on next fagt\. 
 
 * Note. — This form i, not adequate for the purposes of classification for special 
 
 assistance, but onlv for the norn al work of an Em])loyment Exchange.
 
 Eiuploymcui Exchanges. 135 
 
 II. Any remarks the candidate may desire to make, e.g., as to number of 
 children, references, wages, causes of present unemployment, etc.) 
 
 For the sake of other candidates, please inform the Superintendent directly 
 you obtain work. 
 
 N.B. — Employment cannot be guaranteed. The Exchange is intended to 
 aid candidates in their search for work, and not to take the place of their 
 own efforts. 
 
 Various other documents have also been recommended, including 
 cards for use in introducing men to employers, cards inviting co- 
 operation of employers, forms for the general register of applications, 
 forms of dailv report to the Central Employment Exchange, forms, 
 reporting the filling of vacancies, etc., etc. Complete sets of the.se 
 would be furnished on written application to the Superintendent of 
 the Central Emplovment Exchange. 34. Victoria Street. S.W. 
 
 (4) A Leaflet issued by the Central Committee. 
 [Copy.] 
 
 A Note on Employment Exchanges : What They Can Do. 
 
 The object of a Labour Exchange is to act as a medium of introduction 
 between employers and employed. It is a centre through which on the one 
 hand work, and on the other workers, may be found. 
 
 The Exchange can, however, serve no purpose if it is not used — by em- 
 ployers no less than by employed. 
 
 If thus used, it centralises information as to what class of men or women 
 employers are seeking ; and as to what class of men and women are seeking 
 employment. By the simple machinery it provides, those who stand in indus- 
 trial need of each other can find each other. 
 
 The Local Exchange can only do this for its own locality. But it may 
 often happen that employers cannot find the men, or men the employers, thev 
 want in their own Borough. Men out of work, or places unfilled, there may 
 be — just in the next street, if this be in another Borough — or on the other side 
 of London ; and the Superintendent of the I^ocal Exchange, if acting in 
 isolation, may know nothing about them. 
 
 In order to avoid this, and to increase the usefulness of every Local 
 P^xchange, the Centr-AL Employment Exchange has been established by a Metro- 
 politan Committee, representative of the London Borough Councils and Boards 
 of Guardians. Ever}' man who wants work, and every employer who wants 
 men, is now enabled to draw upon the Registers of all the Exchanges of 
 London. 
 
 An industrial " Clearing House " for the Metropolis is thus provided ; and 
 men in Hammersmith, for instance, can now hear of unfilled places in, say, 
 Hampstead ; or employers in Finsbury, who fail to find the men thev want 
 there, may get them, say, from Kensington or Westminster.
 
 136 Selected Documents. 
 
 Al present* nine Kxchangcs are thus working logellier. In a year it is 
 li(i])e(l lliat an affiliated Exchange will be found in every London Borough. 
 
 Exchanges only aid men who are willing to take some trouble themselves, — 
 including that of going to their own Exchange and of giving the necessary 
 information to the Superintendent there. 
 
 If well used, Exchanges will help to avoid industrial congestion; to avoid 
 unemployment ; to make the wheels of industry run a little more easily. They 
 cannot guarantee men work, or employers men ; hut thev cm helfi to fill 
 the gaps. 
 
 List of Employment Exchanges 
 Already established by Metro folitan Borough Councils. 
 
 Baltcrsea. — The Municipal Huildings, Lavender Ilill, S.W. 
 
 Chelsea. — 169, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. Open from 9 a.m. till 12 noon 
 daily. 
 
 [Croyd'^n. — Katharine Street. Open from 9 a.m. till i p.m.] 
 
 Finsbury. — Town Hall, Rosebery Avenue, E.G. (entrance Gamult Place). 
 Open 8 a.m. till 12 noon daily ; 2 p.m. till 4 p.m. on Tuesdays 
 and Thursdays. 
 
 Hammersmith. — Albany Lodge, Great Church Lane, Fulham Palace Road. 
 Open (except on Saturdays) from 9 a.m. till 12 noon, and from 
 
 2 p.m. till 4 p.m. 
 
 TIamf stead.- — Railway Passage (Finchley Road to West End Lane). Open : 
 Winter, from 6.30 a.m. till 5 p.m. ; on Saturdays, from 6.30 
 a.m. till I p.m. ; Summer, from 6 a.m. till 5.30 p.m. ; on 
 Saturdays, from 6 a.m. till i p.m. 
 
 Islington. — 93, St. Paul's Road, Highbury, N. Open from 7 a.m. till ; p.m. : 
 Saturdays, i p.m. 
 
 Kensington. — The Baths, Lancaster Road, Notting Hill, W. Open from 
 9 a.m. till II a.m., and 12 till i p.m. 
 
 Lewisham. — Molesworth Street Depot. Open from 9 a.m. till 12 noon. 
 
 Po-plar. — Glaiicus Street Depot. Open from 2 p.m. till 4 ]i.ni.. e\<eyit .'^,1t^lr- 
 days. 
 
 St. Pancras. — n), Crowndale Road, N.W. Open for men, from 7 a.m. till 
 I p.m. daily ; for women, Mondays, Wednesdays \- Fridays, 
 from 2 p.m. till 4 p.m. 
 
 South'd'orh. — Public I^ibrnry, Borough Road. S.E. Open from q a.m. till 12 
 noon. 
 
 Westminster. — Palmer Street, Victoria Street. Open from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. : 
 Saturdays, 12 noon. 
 
 * June, 1905.
 
 \_Cofy:\ 
 
 Conditions of Emplo \mcnt. 
 
 {b) Specimen Conditions of Employment, &c. 
 
 (Long Grove, Green Park, and Garden City). 
 
 CoxDiTioxs OF Employment at Loxg Grove, near Ewell. 
 
 137 
 
 I. The men will go down to Ewell and return daily. A special train will 
 be run on the L. & S.W.R. as follows : 
 
 Waterloo (South side) 
 
 Vauxhall 
 
 Clapham Junction 
 
 Earlsfield 
 
 Ewell 
 
 The men must be at the station 5 minutes earlier. 
 
 A special train will return as follows : 
 
 Ordinary day. 
 Ewell ... ... def. 5.15 p.m. 
 
 Earlsfield ... ... arr. v34 )) 
 
 Clapham Junction 
 
 Vauxhall 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 5-39 
 5-47 
 5-54 
 
 def. 6.40 a.m. 
 
 „ 6.47 ,, 
 
 ,> 6.53 „ 
 
 „ 6.58 „ 
 
 arr. 7.13 ,, 
 
 Saturday. 
 12.35 P-m. 
 
 12.50 „ 
 
 12-55 .> 
 I.I ,, 
 1.8 „ 
 
 The work is 2^ minutes' walk from Ewell Station. 
 
 2. Return fare : 4d. per day, to be paid bv the men. Cards, signed bv 
 the Secretary, will be issued to each man, to be exchanged at the Booking Office 
 at Waterloo for a Special Return Ticket. The price of the tickets will be 
 deducted from the wages at the weekly payment. 
 
 3. Hours : 7.45 a.m. to 4.45 p.m. (less one hour for dinner). .'>aturdays, 
 8 a.m. to 12.0 noon. 
 
 4. Wages : yd. per hour, = 4/8 per day, or 25/8 per week (out of which 
 2/- per week is to be paid for railway fare). 
 
 5. Each man will receive from the Joint Committee a card, containing 
 name, address, occupation, and instructionj, and signed by the local secretary. 
 This card must be taken to Ewell and given up to the Clerk of the Works. At 
 the end of the day each man will receive a zinc disc bearing a number. The 
 zinc disc is to be given up each day on entering the works. It will be returned 
 each (lav before the man leaves work. 
 
 6. A pay-ticket will be given to each man on Saturday morning, which 
 must be produced and given up at the place appointed for the payment of wages. 
 Wages will be paid in London on Saturday afternoon. 
 
 7. A sub of 2,'- on account will be paid to the men where necessary after 
 work on the ist and 3rd days of the first two weeks. 
 
 8. It would be advisable for the men to take food for the day with them, 
 though food can be obtained near the work. The work will be digging, trench- 
 ing, levelling, and grubbing up small underwood, in preparation for market- 
 gardening by the patients at the Asylum.
 
 I 38 Sell f /id Pociiniints. 
 
 [Copy.] 
 
 ToNDITIONS OF KmPI-OYMKNT AT GkEKN PaRK. 
 
 1. Tlic II. in will l>i' cmplovivl conlimi.'nisly from week (o w<-<-k, subject to 
 llic (lisirction of the ('cnlr;!! ( 'omiiiittee. 
 
 2. The men will conform to tlic regulations governin{^ llie j)crm;incnt 
 luboiircrs in tlie I'iirks, and be subject to dismissal in case of wilful failure to 
 work, or disobedience to orders. 
 
 3. The rates of pay and hours of labour will be the same as those of 
 tlu' men at present employed, viz. : — 
 
 Hours : (till Feb. 15), 7 to 8.30; 9 to i ; 2 to 4.30; Saturdays, 7 to 
 8.30; 9 to 1.30. (After I'eb. 15), 6 to 8.30; 9 to i ; 2 to 5 ; 
 Saturdays, 6 to 8.30 ; 9 to 1.30. 
 
 Wages : 4s. a day = 24s. per week. 
 
 4. Kach man will receive from the Joint Committee a card, containing 
 name, address, occupation, and date of beginning work, signed by the Local 
 Secretary and by the C'entral Secretary. This card must be given uj) to the 
 Clerk of the Works at the Memorial Works in front of Buckingham Palace. 
 
 5. The wages will be jiaid on the works by the officers of the Parks. 
 
 6. The work will be ground work, digging, road-making, etc. 
 
 [Copy.] 
 
 Scheme of Employment at Garden City. 
 
 {For (he use of Joint Committees.) 
 
 1. The men are to be employed at Garden City, near Hitchin, Herts, for 
 continuous j^eriods of one month. The offer will be repeated for successive 
 months at the discretion of the Committee.* 
 
 2. The men will receive board and lodging at the Colony and, in addition, 
 the sum of bd. per week for incidental expenses.* 
 
 3. The families of the men will be paid weekly at the following rates : — 
 10/- for the wife; 2/- for the first child imder 14; 1/6 for the second child 
 under 14; i/- each for other children (only children under school age being 
 reckoned).* 
 
 Deduction will be made for other earnings at the following rate : — Earn- 
 ings of wife, one-third such earnings; of other children, one-fourth such 
 earnings.* 
 
 The money shouKl be paid to the families week bv week bv visitors to the 
 homes. By this means the Fund will be guarded against abuse, and the 
 families will have access to advice or assistance, in case of need, during the 
 tem])orary absence of their breadwinner. 
 
 Pay Sheets will be made up and sent out from this Office weekly, and the 
 amount will be included in the weeklv cheque. 
 
 Advances to the families on account of the first week's payment may be 
 made, where considered necessary, solely on the responsibility of the Joint 
 Committee. 
 
 [* These clauses were also printed on a separate fnmr if or distribution 
 to selected men.]
 
 Conditions of Employment. 139 
 
 4. The men will be free to return at the end of the month for two days to 
 visit their homes and to look for work, during which time the payment to the 
 families will continue. They will also be free to leave the Colony at any other 
 time, but unless they show good reason for so leaving, their places will not be 
 reserved foi them.* 
 
 The Joint Committee will be notified by the Superintendent of the return 
 of the men to London, and fresh Cards of Identification will be forwarded 
 from the oflfice, which are to be given up at King's Cross. 
 
 Special railway tickets are provided by the Central Committee, and supplied 
 to the men at the Railway Station by a representative of the Central Committee. 
 
 In the case of irregular visits home, the Joint Committee should receive 
 reports upon the apparent validity of the reason given, both from the Superin- 
 tendent at the Colony, and from the visitor to the home. Want of uniformity 
 in decisions on such points would tend to destroy the continuity of the work 
 throughout the Colony. 
 
 Many grades of penalty are possible for varying insufficiency of excuse, e.g., 
 
 (a) The interval thus irregularly taken can be compulsorily extended. 
 
 (b) The pay to the family can be stopped for the interval. 
 
 (c) The fare can be deducted from the next payment. 
 
 (d) Re-admission to the Colony can be refused altogether. 
 
 5. The men will be required to observe certain rules which have been 
 decided on in the interests of its general discipline. These include — - 
 
 (a) Prompt obedience to orders. 
 
 (b) Sobriety. 
 
 (c) Attendance at " Muster " on Saturday evenings. 
 
 Breach of rules will render the offender liable to dismissal.* 
 
 Arrangements are being made for entertainments on Saturday evenings, 
 and for meetings on Sundays, a committee of residents in the neighbourhood 
 having been formed for the purpose, containing representatives of a committee 
 of the men. 
 
 6. The men must be free from infection and must go down clean.* 
 
 The Infection Lists at the Public Health Offices of the Boroughs must be 
 inspected, and no applicant be sent from an infected house. The men will 
 be medically inspected on arrival. 
 
 7. It has been decided by the Central Committee to recommend that for 
 the purposes of the provision of work it is advisable to sub-divide Class T. 
 (under Mr. Long's Scheme) thus : — 
 
 I. (a) High class mechanics or other highly skilled workmen ; 
 
 I. (b) Men usually in regular work, though of a less skilled character ; 
 
 I. (c) Men accustomed to casual work. 
 
 The parties to Garden City are to be made up of men of Class I. (b), or 
 of such of Class I. (a) as will accept the terms. There is some prospect of 
 permanent employment for competent workmen in connection with the develop- 
 ment of the Garden City. 
 
 [ * Thrse clauses were also -printed on a separate form for distribution 
 to selected men.'\
 
 I jo S(/i(/(f/ l)i>niniiiil\. 
 
 riic (IK loscd ,iji]ilir;ili()ii ffirm will serve ;is a miide t.) the minimum of 
 investifjation necessary for tlie disrovery of the ref|iiirefl class of man. 
 
 [See below.'\ 
 
 8. Hoots will be su|)|)lie(l on loan to the men on arrival at the Colony. 
 Their own boots will be returned to them when they leave. 
 
 Underclothin;^ can be obtained at the Colony where rerpiired, the cost 
 luin;^ dcdiK led h\ inslalmcuts from the weekh' jjavments to the families. 
 
 LdNDIlN UNKNtpi.oVKI) Kl'ND. — Al'FI.ICATIO.V IDK WoRK. 
 
 [To be filled in by /inquirer.) 
 \Cofy.\ 
 
 This information will be 
 
 treated as C onfidential . Joint Committee. 
 
 Name 
 
 Ad<]rcss [in full) 
 
 [Obtain frcvious address if le^s than six months.) 
 
 How long living there 
 
 Age and Occupation 
 
 Where last employed, and how long 
 
 Where longest employed, and how long 
 
 {Obtain name of foreman in each case and give date of leaving.) 
 
 Reasons for leaving 
 
 How long out of work : — Regular Irregular 
 
 learnings when in work Present earnings 
 
 Prospect of regaining work 
 
 Particulars of Family : — Wife living 
 (// none, strike out lines.) 
 
 Children (names and ages) 
 
 School 
 
 Oilier dejtendenti 
 
 Earnings of family 
 
 Other income 
 
 Wiiether in receipt of Poor Relief 
 
 Rent and numher of rooms Arrears 
 
 References 
 
 (Responsible persons to whom verifier can apply.) 
 Member of Trade or other Provident Society 
 Any experience of Country Work 
 Remarks 
 
 Apjilication Received by Date 
 
 Verified by Dale 
 
 Local Secretary 
 
 \
 
 V. 
 
 STATEiMENT OF ACCOUNTS.
 
 14^ Gciurat i und Accouuh. 
 
 LONDON UNEM- 
 
 INCOME and EXPENDITURE from 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 ^ s. d. i s. d. 
 
 To Subscriptions received at Mansion House ... ... ... ... 5188C 4 10 
 
 ,, Recoupment Account — 
 
 L.C.C. Parks .. ... ... ... ... 1405 o o 
 
 Long Grove .. ... ... ... ... 1000 o o 
 
 Garden City .. ... ... 14C9 o 9 
 
 Less Sundry charges by Garden 
 City for cartage, labour, etc., 
 
 not yet agreed 600 19 8 868 i i 3273 i i 
 
 ,, Interest received from Bankers ... ... ... 36 8 7 
 
 ,, Amount recovered from Underwriters under Em- 
 ployers' Liability Accident Policies ... ... 84 i c^ 
 
 Carried forward ... ... ... 55279 15 6
 
 General Fund Aecoioits. 143 
 
 PLOYED FUND 
 
 November 26, 1904 to Septemhev 30, 1905. 
 
 Amount _ 
 
 allocated Amount EXPENDITURE. 
 
 by unex- ^ j . , 
 
 Executive pended. / S. u. / S. Q- 
 
 Committee. ^ ^ 
 
 3000 122 By HADLEIGH COLONY: — 
 
 Allowances to Families ... ... 1540 15 8 
 
 Travelling, Bcots, and Clothing 187 6 o 
 
 Maintenance ... ... ... 1050 o o 
 
 Furniture ... .. 200 11 10 
 
 Less Estimated pre- 
 sent value ... 100 5 It 100 5 II 2S78 7 7 
 
 11250 77 ,. LONG GROVE: — 
 
 Wages (including moiety of rail- 
 way fares) ... ... ... 10116 11 
 
 Railway Fares (amount contri- 
 buted by Committee, being one 
 half fares charged by Railway 
 Company) ... ... ... 772 18 9 
 
 Supervision of Labour, Station- 
 ery, etc. ... ... ... ... 283 18 3 11173 8 o 
 
 6406 223 ,, L.C.C. PARKS:— 
 
 Wages 5426 15 6 
 
 Supervision of Labour ... ... 642 14 o 
 
 Plant, Tools & Timber 376 19 9 
 
 Less Estimated pres- 
 ent value of Tools 
 now transferred to 
 Hollesley Bay ... 263 17 10 113 i 11 61S2 11 5 
 
 3000 65 ovey ,, GREEN PARK:— 
 
 Wages ... ... ... ... 2524 3 o 
 
 Supervision of Labour ... ... 122 3 o 
 
 Cart Hire ... 419 3 o 3065 9 o 
 
 6725 1947 „ GARDEN CITY :— 
 
 Allowances to Families ... ... 2244 14 o 
 
 Furniture ... ... 720 14 3 
 
 Less estimated pre- 
 sent value ... 360 7 2 360 7 I 
 
 Railway Fares ... ... ... 150 16 9 
 
 Maintenance of Men ... ... 1097 17 o 
 
 Supervision of Labour ... ... 153 17 8 
 
 Repairs to Buildings .. ... 836 
 
 Buildings ... ... 1325 o 7 
 
 Less Estimated pre- 
 sent value ... 600 o o 725 o 7 
 
 Tools ... ... 124 1 10 
 
 Less Estimated pre- 
 sent value ... 87 o 4 37 I 6 4777 18 I 
 
 30381 2369 Carried forward 28077 14 
 
 65 over
 
 144 
 
 Gciicrdl !• imd ;\i(<>/tn/s. 
 Brought forward 
 
 ... 55279 15 6 
 
 Oct. 23, 1905. 
 
 / 55279 15 6
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 45 
 
 I 
 
 S. 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 2S077 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 I 
 
 223 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 236 
 
 10 
 
 •1 
 
 General Futid Accounts. 
 
 30381 2369 
 
 65 over Brought forward 
 
 500 263 By CITY MARKETS:— 
 
 Contribution towards Wages ... 
 Insurance against accidents 
 
 16208 1S54 „ HOLLESLEY BAY :— 
 
 Advances to Colony (for details 
 see special account) ... ... 14090 o 10 
 
 Plant and Tools transferred from 
 
 L.C.C. Parks 263 17 10 14353 iS 8 
 
 5764 149 „ BOROUGH GRANTS : — 
 
 Amount paid over ... ... 5594 17 6 
 
 Poplar ;— Amount of Special 
 
 Donation ... ... ... 20 o o 5611 17 6 
 
 1230 217 ,. EMIGRATION, Amount paid to Societies, 
 &c., as under : — 
 
 Self Help ... ... ... ... 31 2 7 
 
 Brisbane ... .. ... ... 15 o o 
 
 East End Emigration Fund ... 806 i o 
 
 Salvation Army ... ... ... 106 5 o 
 
 Fulham, Special Grant ... ... 34 5 9 1012 14 4 
 
 650 444 ., CENTRAL EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE :- 
 
 Office Kent, Telephone, Light- 
 ing, etc. ... 
 Salaries and Wages 
 Stamps, Stationery and Sundries 
 
 1481 74 over ,, OFFICE EXPENSES :- 
 
 Printing and Stationery... ... 234 
 
 Salaries . 888 
 
 Rent of Oftice, Telephone, and 
 
 Lighting 72 
 
 Postages, Telegrams, Bank 
 
 Charges and Travelling 
 Typewriting 
 
 Insurance against Accidents 
 Press Cuttings 
 
 Auditing & Accountants' charges 
 Committee's Railway Fares 
 Joint Committees' Expenses ... 
 450 13 over ,, Advertising, etc., Mansion House 
 
 05 
 
 So 
 19 
 
 7 7 
 18 9 
 6 II 205 13 
 
 .S 
 
 
 49501 8 
 
 2 
 
 91 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 S 
 
 II 
 
 1555 
 465 
 
 15 
 8 
 
 56664 5296 under 51522 11 
 
 754 over 
 
 ,, Balance une.xpended ... ... ... ... 3757 4 
 
 £55279 15 6 
 
 .1 have audited these accounts and find them correct. 
 
 W. HARDY KING, 
 
 Chartered Accoiiittant.
 
 146 
 
 (j'ciirrd/ //iiif/ Atrti/ii/fs. 
 
 LONDON UNh:M- 
 BALANCE SHEET, 
 
 INABILITIES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 3. 
 
 d. 
 
 / 
 
 s d. 
 
 To Creditors- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 London Office 
 
 223 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Garden City 
 
 235 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Central Employment Exchange .. 
 
 42 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 Emigration 
 
 15G 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 O57 
 
 18 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,. Income and Expenditure Account for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 balance unexpended 
 
 
 
 
 3757 
 / 
 
 4 I 
 
 /44I5 2 2 
 
 Oct. 25, 1905
 
 General Fund Accounts. 147 
 
 PLOYED FUND. 
 
 yith September., 'QOS- 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 ;^ S. d. I S. d. i S. d. 
 
 By Furniture and Bedding — 
 
 Hadleigh, cost ... 200 11 10 
 
 Lrss 50% Depreciation 100 5 11 
 
 Garden City, cost ... 720 14 3 
 Less 50 % Depreciation 360 7 i 
 
 ,, Plant and Tools — 
 
 Garden City, cost ... 124 i 10 
 Less 30 % Depreciation 3716 
 
 ,, Buildings — 
 
 Garden City ... ... 1325 o 7 
 
 Less Depreciation ... 725 o 7 
 
 100 5 II 
 
 360 7 2 
 
 o 4 
 
 600 o o 
 
 ,, Ofl&ce Furniture and 
 
 Fittings, at cost — 
 Central Office ... 19 8 10 
 
 Central Employment 
 
 Exchange ... ... 24 8 6 
 
 43 17 4 
 
 ,, Cash at Bank ... ... ... ... 2838 5 2 
 
 ,, Cash in hands of Treasurers of Joint 
 
 Committees on Account of Wages 75 12 10 
 
 ,, do. Central Employment Exchange 312 10 2 
 
 1191 10 9 
 
 3226 8 2 
 Less Petty Cash overpaid 2169 
 
 3223 II 5 
 
 /4415 2 2 
 
 I have audited these accounts and find them correct. 
 
 W. HARDY KING, 
 
 Charley ed Accountant
 
 ,,8 
 
 / / nllcsli' y 11(1 V Alt' emits. 
 
 noLf j-.^li-:y 
 
 FARMING ACCOUNT, 20th 
 
 i ^. d. c s. d. 
 
 l"o Wages-- 
 
 iMen on farm (ordinary labour) 
 ,, on {garden do. 
 
 Balance, being Gross I'rofit 
 
 1015 o o 
 158 9 o 
 
 — 1173 9 o 
 ... 2585 17 I 
 
 £i759 6 I 
 
 It is doubtful whether the whole of the surplus on the farm 
 io respect of Cultivations was included in the valuation at the
 
 HoUcshy Bay Accoioits. 149 
 
 BAY COLONY. 
 
 Jannavy to ^oth September, 1905. 
 
 / s. d. i s. d. £ s. d. 
 By Cattle- 
 Sales .. ... ... ... ... 419 13 3 
 
 Valuation at September ... ... 688 2 o 
 
 1107 17 3 
 Purchased as valuation 479 2 6 
 Subsequent purchases 464 10 o 
 
 943 12 6 
 
 Surplus ... ... ... ... 164 4 9 
 
 ,, Sheep — 
 
 Sales ... ... ... ... ... 1144 o II 
 
 Valuation at September ... ... 1439 9 o 
 
 2583 9 II 
 
 Purchased as valuation 1652 12 6 
 
 Subsequent purchases 381 10 o 
 
 2034 2 6 
 
 Surplus 549 7 5 
 
 ,, Pigs and Poultry — 
 
 Sales ... ... .. 302 17 3 
 
 Valuation at September ... . . 367 18 o 
 
 670 15 3 
 Purchased as valuation 259 17 6 
 Subsequent purchases 4 10 10 
 
 264 8 4 
 
 Surplus 406 6 II 
 
 ,, Farm Produce — 
 
 Sales ... ... ... ... ... 248 7 TO 
 
 Valuation at September ... ... 3488 6 11 
 
 3736 14 9 
 Purchased as valuation 207 2 4 
 Subsequent purchases 890 5 5 
 
 1097 7 9 
 
 Surplus ... ... ... ... 2639 7 o 
 
 /3759 6 I 
 
 produce account can be taken credit for in this account, as nothing 
 taking over by the Colony.
 
 150 
 
 flolleslcy Bay Ace minis. 
 
 hollesli:y 
 
 PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT, 
 
 To House Account : — 
 
 Provisions 
 
 Payments to Colonists 
 
 Clothing and Boots... 
 
 Railway P'ares 
 
 House Wages 
 
 Coals and Household Sundries 
 
 Allowances to P'amilies 
 
 Rent,* Rates, Taxes, Tithes and 
 
 Insurance 
 Repairs to Farm Utensils 
 Postages, Telegrams, Stationery 
 Horse Hire and Horse Keep ... 
 Carriage and Cartage ... 
 Repairs to Buildings ... 
 Salaries ... 
 
 Subscriptions and Donations... 
 Survey of Buildings 
 Valuers' Fees (twice) estimated at 
 
 Depreciation : — 
 
 Implements, Tools and Shops 
 Furniture, Trap, Cart & Harness 
 Horses 
 
 I I20 8 
 
 86 7 
 209 15 
 368 6 
 109 6 
 180 II 
 2343 17 
 
 112 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 79 
 
 '4 
 
 4 
 
 82 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 215 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 78 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 339 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 114 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 63 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 £ 
 
 4418 13 3 
 
 "55 I' 
 
 517 3 
 
 (*No rent has been charged by, or is payable to, 
 Mr. Fels). 
 
 /6091 14 3
 
 HoUesley Bay Accounts. 151 
 
 BAY COLONY. 
 
 20th January to ^oth September, 1905. 
 
 / s. d. £ s. d. 
 By Gross Profit from Trading Account... 2585 17 i 
 
 Rents received : — 
 
 Shooting ... ... 90 o o 
 
 Sundries ... ... 11 10 4 
 
 101 10 4 
 
 Balance — being Cost of Working ... 3404 6 10 
 
 £6091 14 3
 
 lloUcslcx Bay Atcoiiuls. 
 
 HOLLESLKY 
 
 HALANCE SllEh/I, 
 
 IJAHII.rilES. 
 
 £ s. d. >C s d. 
 To London Unemployed Tund, Central 
 
 Office- 
 Advances ... ... ... ... 14090 o 10 
 
 Plant and Tools transferred from 
 
 L.C.C. Parks 263 17 10 
 
 14353 18 8 
 
 ,, Sundry Creditors ... ... ... 559 16 9 
 
 £H9^Z 15 5 
 
 Oct. 25. 1905.
 
 Holleslev Bay Accounts. 
 
 BAY COLONY. 
 
 })Oth September^ IQOS* 
 
 153 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 975 12 10 
 171 18 5 
 135 5 5 
 
 22 12 6 
 
 By Valuation at Farm- 
 Implements ... 
 Garden Tools 
 Contents of Shops ... 
 
 Laundry and Brick- 
 yard 
 
 Cultivations 
 Young Seeds. 
 Hay ... 
 Straw ... 
 Potatoes 
 Corn ... 
 Food Stuffs 
 Nursery Garden 
 
 Horses 
 Cattle... 
 Sheep ... 
 Swine ... 
 Poultry 
 
 ,. Furniture, Trap, Cart and Harness 
 
 (less 10 % depreciation) 
 ,, Railway Tickets in hand 
 ,, Cash at Bankers — 
 
 London City and Midland Bank... 
 Capital and Counties Bank 
 
 (Woodbridge) 
 
 In hands of Superintendent 
 
 ,, Amount deposited as security agavnst 
 
 liability of Lessees' Covenants 
 ,, Profit and Loss .\ccount — ■ 
 
 Cost of Working to date ... 
 
 747 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 208 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 154 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 394 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 M74 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 430 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 467 
 
 
 
 
 
 688 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1439 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 367 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 1305 9 2 
 
 3465 14 5 
 
 2962 9 o 
 
 1105 18 6 
 
 87 10 
 12 911 
 
 7733 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 1032 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 X7 
 
 
 
 — 1205 18 6 
 1500 o o 
 
 3404 6 10 
 
 ;^i49i3 15 5 
 
 I have audited these accounts and find them correct. 
 W HARDY KING, 
 
 Chartered Accountant.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Absences from work . . . . 58 
 
 (see also Furloughs, irregular) 
 Accounts, general statement of 20, 142 
 Administration : standard, of, de- 
 termined by border-line cases 34 
 Importance of at present time . 36 
 Agriculture : Co-operative 73, 78, 108 
 Training in .. ..14,78,80,81 
 
 For Emigration . . 80, 91, 98 
 
 As new occupation . . 73, 108 
 
 (see Emigration, Hollesley Bay). 
 Allocation of funds . . . . 20 
 
 Allotment of grants .. 86,124 
 
 Allotment of vacancies ; Summary 
 
 14, 29, 124-5 
 In relation to needs of districts 
 
 28, 112, 113 
 
 Percentage scale adopted 28, 86, 92 
 
 Allowances to families 62, 65, 74-5, 138 
 
 Method of payment 33, 36, 64, 105, 
 
 107, 138 
 Part remitted to men . . . . 69, 71 
 
 Deductions from, for earnings 138 
 For clothing . . . . 66, 69, 74, 76 
 
 Scale compared with Board of 
 
 Trade figures . . . . • • 75 (") 
 
 Appeals: By Lord Mayor 14, 17-8 
 
 By Chairman and Vice-chair- 
 man . . . . . . . . 19 
 
 For Emigration . . . . . 19 
 
 By Joint Committees . . . . 19 
 
 .\pplication forms : For assistance 38, 140 
 
 For Employment Exchanges .. 134 
 
 Applications : Classification . . q.v. 
 
 Receipt of, begins . . . . 13 
 
 Ends 30 
 
 Method suggested 36, 38-40, 43 («) 
 Number of .. 18, 29, 33, 122-3 
 
 Registers congested . . . . 30 
 
 Area of Administration . . . . 13 
 
 Assistance provided, summary of 15, 124 
 Attractiveness of special works: 
 
 Danger of .. 18, 33. 83, 102, 104 
 Elements of .. .. .. 105 
 
 {cf. Competence: Conditions). 
 Authorities asked to co-operate . . 48 
 
 Board of Trade, publications 
 
 quoted : Labour Gazette 18, loi («) 
 Return as to cost of living . . 75 (n) 
 
 P.AGE 
 
 Board of Trade : continued — 
 Report upon earnings of agri- 
 cultural labourers . . . . 50 (« 
 
 Borough Councils : Represented 
 
 on Joint Committees , . . . 9, 32 
 
 Contributions to funds sug- 
 gested . . . . . . . . IC, II 
 
 Special Works opened by . . 10, 15 
 17, 47, 48, S3, loi, 104, 106, 122-3 
 Conditions, particulars of . .87, &c 
 (see also Grants). 
 Labour Bureaux (see Employ- 
 ment Exchanges) 
 
 Casual Labourers : Distinguished 
 
 from regular . . . . 25, 38 (;i) 
 
 55, 62, loi, 105 
 A special difficulty . . . . 105 
 
 Increase of, to be discouraged 
 
 45. 103 («) 
 Casual work : As resource of un- 
 employed .. ..17, 102, 120 
 
 As ordinary occupation (see 
 Casual Labourers). 
 Causes of Unemployment : Differ 34 
 Importance of remedying 45, &c., 108 
 Central Body (see Central Com- 
 mittee). 
 Central Committee : Composition 9 
 
 Co-ordinates work of Local 
 
 Committees .. Preface, 10, 25, 32 
 Provides assistance . . . . 10, 15, 
 
 loi, 107, 124-5 
 Meetings of . . . . . . 1 1 
 
 Members of . . . . 9, 10, 109-10 
 
 Central Employment Exchange : 
 
 Established .. .. ..14,30 
 
 Objects . . . . 30, 38, 107. 135 
 
 Model Rules .. 31, 133 
 
 Summary of results .. .,15,31 
 
 In relation to migration 91, 107 
 
 (see also Employ ment Exchanges) . 
 Chairmen, Committee of .. 12 
 
 Character : As basis of Classi- 
 fication .. 10, 26, 103, 105, 122-3 
 Of men on Works .. ..50,51, 
 
 55, 59, 63, 64, 70, 81 
 Charitable Agencies; Represented 
 
 on Committee g, 17, 32, 104 («), 107 
 Consultation of charities' list . . 40, 42
 
 156 
 
 l'A(,K 1 
 
 45, 104 ("). 107 
 to be left to 
 
 Represented 
 
 9 
 13, 16 
 
 Charitable A^^'encies : coiiliniied- 
 Advantages of co-operation 
 with 
 Chronic Distress : 
 
 Guardians 
 City Corporation 
 on Committee. . 
 Lends rooms, etc. 
 
 Donation to funds . .. 19 
 
 Provides facilities for worU . . 48, 59 
 City Markets .. 14, 48, 59-60, 103 
 
 Classes of Unemployed 9, 25, 103, 105 
 (See Classification.) 
 Class I. a (see Skilled Men. 
 Kejjular Workers, Trade 
 Unions, Friendly Societies). 
 Class I. b (see Kegular Workers, 
 
 Unskilled Men). 
 Class I. c (see Casual Labourers, 
 
 Unskilled Men). 
 Class II (see Casual Labourers, 
 
 Guardians). 
 Other Classes 34, 43, 107, 122-3 (") 
 Classification: Scheme of two 
 
 classes . . . . . . • • 9. 105 
 
 Principles of . . 9, 25, 35, 43, 105 
 Subdivision of class L 25, 105, 119. 139 
 In relation to different treat- 
 ment .. .. 27, 35, 103, 105 
 
 Need for . . 
 
 Method suggested 
 Classification Committee 
 pointed . . 
 
 Functions of 
 
 Members of 
 
 Reference to 
 
 Report of . . 
 Close of \vork : Warning 
 proach . . 
 
 Dates of . . 
 
 Gradual 
 Closing of Lists 
 
 Ap- 
 
 13. 27 
 
 33. 103 
 36.43 
 
 12 
 
 lOI 
 
 III 
 113 
 •• 25-45 
 of ap- 
 
 30 
 
 14. 30 
 
 14. 30. 49. 55. 59. 62, 67 
 30 
 
 Clothing, provision of: at Garden 
 
 City 66 
 
 At Hollesley Bay . . . . 74, 76 
 
 For Emigration . . . . . . 92 
 
 Colonial Employment Exchanges 31 
 Colonial openings for work 92, etc., loS 
 
 (See also Emigration ) 
 Colonies, Labour : Suggested in 
 
 scheme . . . . . . 10, 18, 61 
 
 Contrast with London work 
 
 26. 47. 55. 61, 103. 104, 105 
 Advantages of .. .. 61,83.105 
 
 At Hadleigh 61-64 
 
 At Garden City . . . . . . 64-71 
 
 At Hollesley Bay .. .. 71-84 
 
 Suggestions as to management 70, 138-9 
 (See also Working Colonies.) 
 Competence, Employers' demands 
 for, on special works : gener- 
 ally impossible .. .. 102 
 
 Competence: conlinued 
 
 On Municipal Works .. 89, 120 
 
 At City .Markets 103 
 
 Conditions of work : Specimens 137-40 
 Relation to ordinary conditions 25, 26, 
 29, 69, 83, 102, 103, 105 
 (See also individual works.) 
 Importance of . . 18, 25, 103, 104, 105 
 (See also Distance ) 
 Differentiation of, in relation to 
 classes of applicants 27, 55, 62, 103, 
 
 9 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 91 
 
 Conference : Of Guardians, at 
 Local Government Board .. 
 On Employment Exchanges . . 30, 
 Consultative Committee on Em- 
 ployment Exchanges.. 
 Consultative Members of Emi- 
 gration Committee 
 Continuity of Employment : Re- 
 commended in scheme . . 10 
 Adopted . . . . . . . . 18, 27, 
 
 Summary .. 14,124-5,126 
 
 As a test . . . . 6g, 105, 120, 122 
 
 Upon Borough Council Works 
 
 86, 87. 88, 90 
 A condition of grants .. ..86,90 
 
 Improves efficiency . . 90, loi 
 
 Co-operative agriculture . 73, 78, 108 
 Co-optation : On Central Com- 
 
 Committee .. .. 9, 12, no 
 
 On Local Committees 
 Co-ordination of social efifort 
 
 (See Charitable Agencies.) 
 Cost of living, Board of Trade 
 
 figures as to 
 Cost per head : At Hadleigh 
 
 At Garden City . . 
 
 At Hollesley Bay 
 Cottages : .\t Garden City 
 
 At Hollesley Bay ••73. 76, 
 
 9. 32 
 45 
 
 75 ('«) 
 6i 
 
 So, 
 
 66 
 
 77 
 68 
 
 81 
 
 Decaying trades, case of . . 43, 106, 107 
 Decisions on cases . . . . 36, 42 
 
 Should be announced speedily 40 
 
 Diet at Colonies . . . . 66, 71, 77, 83 
 
 Discharge : Reasons for . . 
 
 Statistics of .. .. 122-3,127 
 
 For incompetence . . 90, 103, 120 
 
 Disfranchisement, avoidance of . . 17 
 
 Distance of work, as affecting 
 
 attractiveness 29. 47, 50, ^•f, S3, 102, 
 
 103 
 Distress Committees (see Joint 
 Committees ; also Procedure). 
 Doles : Of money . . . . . . 27, 35 
 
 Of Work 27, 35 
 
 East End Emigration Society 
 
 co-operation with . . 92, etc 
 
 Emigrants, letters from . . 82, 95-g
 
 Indt 
 
 ^57 
 
 PAGE 
 
 108 
 
 94 
 93 
 
 108 
 
 Emigration: Committee appointed 
 Summary ••14, 99, loi, 125 
 
 Appeal for 
 
 Special applications for 
 Qualifications for 44, 94, 107 
 
 For Hollesley Bay colonists 73, 75, So, 
 82, 99 (w) 
 Special care required .. ..91 
 
 Method of selection of . . 
 Compared with migration 
 
 Emigration Committee: 
 
 Appointed .. ., .. 12 
 
 Constitution .. .. .. gi 
 
 Members of .. .. .. 112 
 
 Functions of .. .. 91, loi, 107 
 
 Report of . . . . . . . . 91-99 
 
 Employers : Reference to 40, 41, 120 
 Co-operation of, desirable 25, 31-2, 41, 
 
 43, 85, 107, 122 (c), 135 
 
 Employment Exchanges : 
 
 Establishment recommended . . 30 
 Number established .. 13, 31, 136 
 Labour Bureaux (London) Act, 
 
 1902 .. .. .. .. 14 
 
 Co-ordination by Central Em- 
 ployment Exchange (fl-v) . . 14, 30 
 Model rules suggested .. 31.133 
 
 In relation to Unemployed 
 
 registers . . . . . . 38 
 
 Employment offered : 
 
 Continuity of .. (See Continuity) 
 Character of . . . . . 26 
 
 (See also individual works.) 
 Conditions of (see Wages : Con- 
 ditions.) 
 Summary of . .. 14,124-5 
 
 Duration of . . 14, 126 
 
 No guarantee of , .. 37. 39, 135 
 
 Employment, ordinary : Collec- 
 tion of information as to .. 10, 30 
 Employment Exchanges and 31. 38, 107 
 Relation of special works to (see 
 
 Wages- Conditions). 
 Resumption of .. .. .. 20 
 
 Past, of applicants 38("), 40, 140 
 
 (see Occupations). 
 Return to, encouraged . . 30, 37, 50, 
 54. 55i ^3> 102, 105, 106, 107 
 (see also Furloughs). 
 Decayed trades . . . . 43, 106, 107, 
 
 (see also Casual ; Regular). 
 Executive Committee : Appointed 11 
 Composition .. .. .. 12 
 
 Meetings .. ,. .. .. 13 
 
 Members of .. .. 12, rog-io 
 
 Reference to .. .. .. 112 
 
 Expenditure, general particulars of 20, 21 
 Extra-Metropolitan Areas : Apply 
 
 for assistance .. .. .. 13 
 
 Employment Exchanges co- 
 operate . . . . . . . . 31 
 
 Families : Possession of, as quali- 
 
 fication 
 The real units 
 Removal to country 
 
 10, 26, 40 
 
 34 
 15, 68, 73, 
 74. 75. 82 
 .. 76,82 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 12 
 
 13, 20 
 
 III 
 
 112 
 
 17-23 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 Selection for . . 
 Training for . . 
 
 Emigration and . . 
 
 Total number assisted 
 
 Improvident marriages 
 
 Training of boys 
 
 (See also Homes ■ Allowances). 
 Farm Colonies (see Colonies : Hol- 
 lesley Bay). 
 Farming, at Hollesley Bay 
 Finance Committee: Appointed 
 
 Functions of 
 
 Members of 
 
 Reference to 
 
 Report of. . 
 Foremen, reference to 
 Friendly Societies : Importance of 
 
 Small number of members ap- 
 plying [cf. Skilled Men) . . 35 
 Fruit culture, at Hollesley Bay .. 77, 78, 
 
 79- 79 («) 
 Fund, a common .. .. 11,19,119 
 
 Funds: Collection of .. .10,14, 
 
 17, 19, 112, 119 
 Centralised Administration of . . 10, 11 
 Voluntary funds. . 10, 11, 17, 82, 83-4 
 Contributions from Rates sug- 
 gested . . 
 Postponed 
 Lord Mayor opens fund 
 Amount received 
 Allocation of 
 Accounts . . 
 For Emigration . . 
 For Hollesley Bay 
 Furloughs : Monthly, at Colonies 
 
 
 Use made of 
 Irregular . . 
 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 
 141-53 
 19 
 
 S2 
 62, 
 
 65.74 
 69 
 69, 71, 139 
 
 Garden City : Colony at, 14, 64-71, 
 
 104, 105 («), 138 
 
 Migration to .. .. 15,67,139 
 
 Gradation of Works a desirable 
 
 correlative to classification . . 25, 
 
 103, 105 
 
 Difficulty of . . 25 27, 104, 106 
 
 Grants Committee : Appointed.. 12 
 
 Constitution . . . . . . 12 
 
 Members of .. .. .. 112 
 
 Report of . . . . . . . . S5-90 
 
 Grants in aid of Local Work : 
 
 Scheme of . . . . . . 10, 18 
 
 Referred to Special Committee 12,48 
 Conditions of .. .. ..18,86 
 
 Summary of 15, 21, 90, 124-5, 145 
 
 Greater London, claims of .. 13
 
 158 huh 
 
 I'AIJE 
 
 Green I'iirk .. 14,48, 58-59, 103, 138 
 
 Ciuardians: Keptesented on Con'- 
 
 inittees . . . . . 'J' '7' 3- 
 
 Deal with Class II. . . 10 
 
 Notification of cases of refusal 
 
 of work.. .. .. .. 42 
 
 Lists consulted . . . . . . 40, 42 
 
 Guildhall, use of rooms at . . 13, 16 
 
 Hadleigh, temporary Colony at, 
 
 61-64, 
 Health : Often involved in unem- 
 ployment .. 43, 107, 122-3 
 Hygienic standard of home, 40,44, 
 Improved on Colonies, 63, 83, 
 
 by Emigration 
 Necessary for Kmigration 
 Hollesley Bay: Labour Colony at 14, 
 61, 71-S4, loi, 104, 106, 
 Agricultural training at 
 
 71, &c., 91, 99 («)> 
 Occupations of selected men . . 
 Migration to village .. •• 15 
 
 Statement of accounts 22,125,148 
 Allotment of vacancies at 29 
 
 Future maintenance of . . 
 Homes : Settled home as qualifi- 
 cation . . . . . . . . 10 
 
 Visit to and report on . . 10 
 Payment at 
 
 Advantages of . . 
 Preservation of .. 18,34 
 
 Hygienic standard of . . 
 Maintenance of in London and 
 in country .. 5o(«),68,75 
 (See also Families) 
 Hopes : False, importance of not 
 
 raising 37 
 
 New, inspiration of 73, 79, 94, 
 
 Hygiene, personal and domestic 
 (see Health) 
 
 Impersonation, safeguard against, 
 
 suggested 
 Improvement : 
 
 In work . . 
 
 In health . . 
 
 In character 
 
 40, 
 .36 
 
 75. 
 
 54. 
 
 40 
 
 14. 
 104 
 
 («) 
 ,83 
 107 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 15. 
 
 107 
 
 107 
 132 
 , 82 
 -53 
 . 74 
 83 
 
 , 26 
 120 
 
 .75- 
 107 
 102 
 
 . 44 
 
 («).S2 
 
 . 40 
 107 
 
 56 
 
 •• 51. 54i 55. 68 
 54, 63, 68, 83. 94. 107 
 63, 68, 102, 107 
 Incompetence, Discharge for: 
 
 Impossible on special works . . 102 
 Desirable in Municipal work ..89, 120 
 Instructions, Issue of: by Joint 
 
 Committees, to Investigators 36 
 
 By Central Committee 137-40 
 
 Investigation : Promised in scheme 9 
 
 In appeal . . . . . . iS 
 
 Need for .. .. .. 33.94,103 
 
 Method suggested . . 36, 40, &c. 
 
 Joint Committees: Composition.. 9, 
 Functions.. .. .. ..9, 
 
 Represented on Central 
 
 32 
 
 Joint Committees : continued — 
 
 Kelations to Central Preface, 10, 32 
 liegin operations .. .. 13 
 
 Allotments amongst .. 14,124-5 
 Percentage basis of .. 28,124 
 
 Appeals issued by, for fund . . 19, 1 19 
 Differences in methods of 
 
 33,63.94, 12 2-3 (") 
 Reports on applications .. 122-3 
 
 Suggested outline for procedure 
 
 of 36. &c. 
 
 Relation to Borough Council 
 
 \Yorks 10,85.87 
 
 Grants to, in aid of local work 90, 125 
 I^ay wages . . . . . . 50 
 
 (See also .Allowances) 
 Enquire into absences .. 5S, 139 
 
 Assist applicants locally 10, 26, 85 
 
 Task of, in connection with emi- 
 gration . . . . . . . . 91, 94 
 
 Reports issued by . . 122-3 (") 
 
 Labour Bureaux 
 
 (see Employment Exchanges) 
 Labour Colonies (see Colonies : 
 
 Hollesley Bay) 
 Labour Exchanges (see Employ- 
 ment Exchanges) 
 Labour, fluidity of, aided by Em- 
 ployment Exchanges. . ..32.107 
 
 " Labour Gazette" quoted 18, loi («) 
 Labourers, general (see also Casual 
 labourers : Unskilled labour- 
 ers) 
 Preponderance of, amongst ap- 
 plicants. . . . . . 27, 131 
 
 Leaving the works. Reasons for . . 127 
 " Life and Labour of People," 
 
 utilised.. .. 13, 28, 38 (h), 12S 
 
 Local Government Board : Presi- 
 dent (Mr. Long) issues scheme 
 
 9. 115. 117 
 Nominations on Committee 12, no 
 Summons Committee .. 11 
 
 Sends suggestions . . . . 11 
 
 Obtains donations .. .. iS. 19 
 
 President (Mr. G. Balfour) visits 
 
 Hollesley Bay.. .. .. 74 
 
 London County Council : Repre- 
 sented on Committee. . .. 9,12 
 
 Provides facilities for work 48, 53, 54 
 Parks, work at .. .. ..14,48, 
 
 54-58. 103, 104 (h) 
 London Work : as compared with 
 
 Colonies .. 26, 47. 55. 104. 106 
 
 (see Works Committee) 
 
 Long. Mr.. Scheme of .. 9. 115, 117 
 
 Long Grove. Work at . . 14. 48-54 
 
 103. 105 (») 137
 
 I? 
 
 13. 74 
 
 19 
 
 Mansion House Appeal . . 
 Mansion House Committee, 1S92 
 
 Experience utilised 
 Mansion House Committee, 
 1903-4 : Experience utilised 
 
 13, 25, 61 (n), 64, 75 
 Balance of fund paid over 
 Market Gardening : 
 
 As new occupation . . 73, 108 
 
 At Hollesley Bay . . . . 77, 78 
 
 Mechanics (see Skilled men) 
 Metropolis, uniform administra- 
 tion in . . . . . . . . 10, II 
 
 Metropolitan authorities asked to 
 
 co-operate . . . . . . 48 
 
 Migration: Special applications for 30 
 Qualification for 44, 73, 106, 107, 108 
 Desire of unemployed for 64, 67, 76 
 Housing difficulty . . 67, 73, 81 
 
 Selection of suitable men at 
 
 Hollesley . . . . . . 76, 81 
 
 Selection of suitable families . . 76, 81 
 Training for .. 15, 74, &c., 107 
 
 Families migrated .. 15,67-8 
 
 Through Employment 
 
 Exchange .. .. gi, 107 
 
 (See also Hollesley Bay.) 
 Municipal Work (see Borough 
 Councils) 
 
 Number employed, summary of. . 15 
 
 Occupations, previous : 
 
 Varieties of ,. .. 27,128-132 
 
 Necessity of employing men of 
 
 various trades.. 26, 53, 102, 103 (») 
 Effect of, on value of work . . 53. 63 
 (See also Casual and Regular). 
 Office (H.ISI.) of Works provides 
 
 facilities for work . . . . 48, 58 
 
 Opportunities afforded by unem- 
 ployed administration 38, 44, 105, 107 
 Overlapping: how to avoid .. 41-2 
 
 Index. 159 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Qualifications for assistance : 
 
 General .. ..g, 10, 25, &-c. 
 
 For Emigration or Migration 81, g8-g, 
 
 107 
 
 Rates, contributions from (see 
 
 Funds). 
 Receipts, general particulars as to 20 
 Reclamation : Of heath at Hol- 
 lesley . . . . . . 72, 80, 82 
 
 Of land .. .. ,. .. 106 
 
 Records, Keeping of . . . . 36 
 
 Recoupments : 
 
 Arrangements for, . . 4g, 54 
 
 Receipt of . . 20, 52, 58 
 
 Use made of 
 Recreation of men at colonies 
 
 44-5, lOI 
 106-108 
 
 Permanent Assistance Summary 15, 106 
 Indirect . . 
 Possibilities of . . 
 Personal element m problem . . 43 
 Piecework : Experiment in, at 
 
 Garden City . . . . . . jo 
 
 General difficulty of, with men 
 
 of mixed trades . . 102, 103 
 
 Poor Law : Cases suitable for g, 17, 40 
 
 Men preserved from . . 17, 54, 102 
 
 Consultation of R.O.'s lists .. 40 
 
 (See also Guardians.) 
 
 Preventive influence : Obligation 
 
 to exercise .. ., ..45,108 
 
 Procedure: Of LocalCommittees : 
 
 Suggested outline . . 36, &c. 
 
 Of Central Committee.. 13, 20, 27 
 
 References: To employers 
 
 64 
 67 
 20 
 77 
 139 
 41, 120 
 
 66, 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 123 
 
 42 
 
 To other responsible persons . . 
 Refusals to work : Notified to 
 Guardians 
 Classed with rejected applica- 
 tions 
 Statistics of 
 Registers (see Applications). 
 Registers, general, of assistance 
 
 given in a locality 
 Regular workers : Distinguished 
 
 from casual . . . . . . 17, 25 
 
 38 («), 62, loi, 106 
 Relieving officers' lists, consulta- 
 tion of . . . . . . . . 40, 42 
 
 Residence qualification : 
 
 6 months . . . . . . . . 10, 26 
 
 12 months . . . . . . 26, 37 
 
 Revival of trade : Seasonal revival 
 
 anticipated . . . . 29, 127 («) 
 
 Necessary for permanent effect 
 
 of temporary work loi, 106 
 
 Preservation of efficiency for . . 54, loi 
 
 Road-making 
 
 63, 64, 72, 82, 
 
 102 
 57.58 
 58. 106 
 
 Salvation Army : Work in connec- 
 tion with : Hadleigh . . . . 61 
 Emigration . . . . . . g3 
 
 Saturday work and pay : Dis- 
 continuance of. . . . 2g, 50, 55 
 
 Seasonal trades : Anticipated re- 
 vival . . . . . . . . 2g 
 
 A special difficulty . . . . 44 
 
 Seasons, in relation to distress : 
 
 Summer . . . . . . 18 
 
 Winter 18 
 
 Spring 29 
 
 Sea-walling . . . . . . 63, 106 
 
 Self Help Emigration Society, 
 
 CO- operation with . . 92, 93, 99 
 
 Services : Religious, at Colonies 66, 78 
 
 Single men .. .. 10. 40, 122-3 («) 
 
 (see also Families.)
 
 i6o 
 
 Index. 
 
 Skilled men : A class ol unem- 
 ployed 25, 105 (>i) 
 
 Best rarely apply . . 35, 105 (n) 
 
 Sometimes apply .. ••34.43 
 
 Applications postponed . . 43 (n) 
 
 Sometimes register as labourers 12S 
 
 Unskilled sometimes register as 128 
 
 Work provided for . . . . 27, 51 
 
 59. 78. 103, 103 (h), 128-32 
 
 Training of boys .. .. 45 
 
 Small holdings . . . . 73, 78, 108 
 
 Social and commercial value of 
 
 work, compared .. . . 53, 84 
 
 Staff, importance of adequate 33, 39('i), 
 
 Supervision : 
 
 (Jutside gangers advisable 51, 69, 71 
 On Municipal Works .. .. 90 
 
 (See individual works.) 
 
 Tables : 
 
 Assistance provided .. 15,124-5 
 
 Percentage Allotments . . 28 
 
 Specimen Municipal Works . . 88 
 
 Grants allotted . . . . . . 90 
 
 Emigration Results . . . . 99 
 
 Applications, (S;c. .. .. 123 
 
 Periods of Employment .. 126 
 
 Reasons for leaving . . . . 127 
 
 Occupations .. .. .. 128 
 
 do. of Emigrants .. .. 132 
 
 do. at Hollesley Bay .. 132 
 
 Temporary assistance : Summary 14 
 
 Value of loi, 106 
 
 At Hollesley Bay 72, 75, 82, S3 
 
 Thrift, organised .. .. .. 35 
 
 Time-table at Hollesley Bay . . 77 
 Tools, redemption of, as mode of 
 
 assistance . . . . . . 44 
 
 Trade Union out-of-work benefit 35 
 Small number of members 
 
 applying {cf. Skilled men) . . 35 
 Training for migration and emi- 
 gration (see Hollesley Bay, 
 71, Ike.) 
 
 Training of boys to trades . . 45 
 
 Unemployed Workmen Act, 
 
 Preface, 20, 83 
 Unemployed, the: Subdivisions 
 
 to be recognised . . 9, 25, 102 
 General causes of difficulty in 
 
 dealing with . . . . . . 33 
 
 An elastic quantity 33, 37, 103, 105 
 The necessitv of classification 34, 103 
 
 Unemployed, the: continued — 
 Comparisons between labour 
 
 of, and ordinary labour 53, 67, 88 
 (See also Work Done). 
 Unemployment : Economic causes 
 
 of 34, 106 
 
 Personal causes of .. 34,106,107 
 Uniformity: Of methods an 
 
 object of the scheme . .. 10, 11 
 
 Value of 36, 42 
 
 Of treatment, danger of 35, 39 («) 
 
 In Municipal Works .. .. 86 
 
 Unskilled labour: A special dif- 
 ficulty .. .. .. 44 
 
 Sometimes register as skilled . . 
 Skilled sometimes register as . . 
 Training cf boys 
 
 Danger of encouraging 
 
 105 
 
 128 
 128 
 
 45 
 .103 («) 
 
 Verification of applicants' state- 
 ments 40, 115. 118, 120, 127 (n), 
 128 (n) 
 Voluntary Funds (see Funds). 
 Agencies (see Charitable). 
 Workers . . . . . . . . 39 
 
 (See also Staff). 
 
 Wages : 
 
 Relation to ordinary wages 
 
 10, 25, 26. 47, 54, 55. 58. 59. 103 
 Actual rates of, at works 27, 50, 54, 58, 
 
 59 
 Sometimes fixed by authorities 
 
 offering work . . . . 27, 47, &c. 
 
 Payment of . . . . 36, 49, 50, 58 
 
 (See also Allowances: Conditions.) 
 Wives: (see Families: Homes), 
 Work done : Value of (see Recoup- 
 ments). 
 Quantity of .. 51,63,70,84.87 
 
 Quality of 52, 53, 57, 60, 67, 79. 87, 89 
 Work offered— (see Employment 
 offered : London work : Col- 
 onies.) 
 Working Colonies Committee; 
 
 Appointed .. .. .. 12 
 
 Functions of . . . . . . 13 
 
 Members of . . . . m 
 
 Reference to .. .. .. 113 
 
 Report of .. .. .. 61-84 
 
 Works Committee : Appointed.. 12 
 
 Functions of . . . . . . 13 
 
 Members of . . . . . . m 
 
 Reference to .. .. .. 113 
 
 Report of 47-<>o
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALii?UtiNlA 
 
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