NEW MEASURES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE GREAT PYRAMID, 
 
 BY A NEW MEASURER.
 
 " And tkou. my son, know 
 
 thouthe Godof thy father, and serve Him 
 with a perfect heart, and with a willing 
 mind ; for the Lord searcheth all hearts, 
 and understandeth all the imaginations 
 of the thoughts : ifthou seek Him He will 
 be found of thee; but if thou forsake Him, 
 He mil cast thee of for ever"l Chron. 
 xxviii. 9.
 
 NEW MEASURES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE GREAT PYRAMID, 
 
 BY A NEW MEASURER, 
 
 gesmbcb mib ^Ecstcb bn 
 C. PIAZZl SMYTH, 
 
 ASTRONOMER-ROYAL FOR SCOTLAND, 
 F.R.S.E., F.R.A.S., A.M.L.A.S., F.R.S.S.A., &c., &c. 
 
 Extended and Corrected from the Review in the 'Banner of Israel" for 
 November and December, 1883. 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY 
 ROBERT BANKS, RACQUET COURT, FLEET ST. 
 
 March, 1884.
 
 " How say ye unto Pharaoh, I am 
 the son of tfte wise, the son of ancient 
 kings ? Where are they ? Where are thy 
 wise men ? and let them telltkee now, and 
 let them know, what the Lord of hosts hath 
 purposed upon Egypt" Isa.xix. 11, 12.
 
 TO 
 
 Clje International Institute, 
 
 CLEVELAND AND BOSTON, U.S.A., 
 
 FOR PRESERVING AND PERFECTING HEREDITARY WEIGHTS 
 AND MEASURES, 
 
 MORE ESPECIALLY THE ANGLO-SAXON, AND FOR 
 
 THE DISCUSSION AND DISSEMINATION OF THE WISDOM CONTAINED 
 
 IN THE GREAT PYRAMID OF JEEZEH IN, BUT NOT OF, EGYPT, 
 
 TO* fittle $0ok, 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE OF SOME NEW INFORMATION ON THE GRAND SUBJECT 
 WHICH THE MEMBERS HAVE SO MUCH AT HEART, 
 
 Is gcbkattb 
 
 BY ONE WHO HAS WORKED AT THIS PYRAMID QUESTION FOR CLOSE 
 UPON TWENTY YEARS (OR EVER SINCE THE DEATH OF 
 
 THE LATE JOHN TAYLOR, 
 WHO COMMENCED IT ON ITS PRESENT LINES), AND WITH 
 
 CONTINUALLY INCREASING BELIEF THAT THERE IS 
 
 MORE THAN ACCIDENT, MORE THAN MAN'S INTENT, IN BOTH ITS 
 
 PRIMEVAL ORIGINATION' AND NOW LATTER-DAY 
 
 INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT, 
 
 10 Driikateb mast fiespectfullg, 
 
 BY THEIR DEVOTED FELLOW-LABOURER, 
 
 0. PIAZZI SMYTH, 
 
 Astronomer-Royal for Scotland, 
 AND FOR THIS CAUSE, EX. F.R.S., LONDON. 
 
 Edinburgh, March 25, 18&4. 
 
 2091780
 
 " And besides this, giving all dili- 
 gence, add to your faith, virtue ; and to 
 virtue, knowledge ; 
 
 "And to knowledge, temperance; 
 and to temperance, patience ; and to 
 patience, godliness ; 
 
 "And to godliness, brotherly 
 kindness; and to brotherly kindness, 
 charity. 
 
 "For if these things be in you, and 
 abound, they malie you that ye shall 
 neither be barren nor unfruitful in the 
 knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ.'" 
 2 Peter i. 58.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 NEW AUTHORS ON THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 TAOK 
 
 CHAPTER 1. Mr. Proctor's Book 13 
 
 ,, 2. Mr. F. Petrie's Book and his Antecedents ... 15 
 
 PART II. 
 EXTERIOR OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. Shape of Great Pyramid 19 
 
 2. Base-size of Great Pyramid 22 
 
 ., 3. Relative Age of Great Pyramid, with respect to 
 
 other Egyptian remains in its neighbourhood 28 
 4. Change in the Position of the World's Axis of 
 
 Rotation since the Great Pyramid was founded 34 
 
 PART III. 
 INTERIOR OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 CHAPTER!. Bearings of the Base-size thereon 37 
 
 ,, 2. Unfinished Subterranean Chamber antagonises 
 
 Egyptological Theories of Modern times ... 39 
 
 3. The System of Passages equally antagonises them 41 
 4. Asserted Errors in C. P. S.'s Great Pyramid Passage 
 
 measures ... .. .. 44 
 
 5. The same touching the King's Chamber Measures 46 
 
 6. The Coffer Measures 48 
 
 7. Ante-chamber Measures 54 
 
 ,, 8. The Hebraically Sacred, Earth-commensurable, 
 
 Anti-Egyptian Cubit of 25 British inches, 
 
 nearly 56
 
 Till. CONTENTS. 
 
 PART IV. 
 HISTOEY, SACRED AND PROFANE. 
 
 PAGK 
 
 CHAPTER 1. Of the respect due to Ancient Classical Authors... 59 
 
 2. The Philition of Herodotus 63 
 
 3. Absolute date of the Great Pyramid 66 
 
 4. The Latter-end Indications of the Time-Passage 
 Theory; tested by passing, and surpassing, 
 
 present events ... 67 
 
 PA RT V. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. Action of the International Institute. Cleveland ... 77 
 2. Answer sent by C. Piazzi Smyth, Ex-F.R.S., 
 through Rev. H. G. Wood, to the International 
 Institute for Preserving and Perfecting Weights 
 and Measures, Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 81 
 3. The Present State of the Base-side Length Question 
 of the Great Pyramid. By the Rev. H. G. 
 Wood, Sharon, Pa., D.S. A 87 
 
 APPEN DICES. 
 APP. 1. Prospective American Expedition to Re-measure the 
 
 Great Pyramid 101 
 
 ., 2. Eev. Dr. Alex. Mackay on the Fulfilment of Prophecy 107 
 ,, 3. Editor of the Banner of Israel on "The Saviour and 
 
 the Great One " of Isaiah xix. 20 112 
 
 4. Notice of the New Metrological Institute in America 117 
 5. A Message from Khartoum (Banner of Israel). ... 125
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THAT which immediately follows is a reprint 
 of the first two pages of the first edition 
 of my book, " Our Inheritance in the Great 
 Pyramid," published in 1864 ; and is the best 
 explanation I can offer now for the formal issue 
 of the present dissertation, or review written 
 at particular request. 
 
 (PAGE 1 OP 1864.) 
 
 "To JOHN TAYLOR, ESQ., OF LONDON, 
 
 "In his Eighty-fourth year, 
 
 "Author of ' The Great Pyramid : Why was it Built and 
 Who Built It ? ' (in reference to which Lord Neaves, vice- 
 president, in the chair, at the Royal Society, Edinburgh, on 
 the evening of March 21, 1864, said: 'If these things are 
 only coincidences, they are most extraordinary coincidences; 
 but if they are facts that is, if the metrical proportions 
 indicated were designedly and purposely established, they 
 form the most remarkable discovery of the age '), this 
 attempt to follow out some of his (J. T.'s) arguments, and 
 to test the truth that is in them, is dedicated by the friend 
 of his latter years and admirer of his true and earnest life. 
 
 " C. PlAZZI SlIYTH. 
 " Edinburgh, June. 1864." 
 
 B
 
 X PREFACE. 
 
 (PAGE 2 OP 1864.) 
 
 " In the short interval between the printing and publica- 
 tion of this book, the estimable John Taylor is dead. 
 
 " During the late spring he had come to know, only too 
 surely, that his mortal career was drawing rapidly to a close, 
 while many years, he considered, might still elapse before 
 his Pyramid discoveries would be appreciated in the world. 
 But he had already calmly resigned himself to believe 
 that he must pass away before the popular prejudice with 
 which a new view is always received can be forgotten. 
 
 " ' The Cause,' he wrote recently in a private letter, ' is 
 the grand object; and if in any manner we are able, while 
 on earth, to vindicate the tvaijs of God to men, we have not 
 lived in vain.' 
 
 " But again, rather checking himself, he added: ' Many 
 must approve before the thought will enter into the popular 
 mind ; and if that result ever takes place, I am only one 
 among many who are entitled to any commendation; nay, 
 there is no room for commendation to anyone, for all do 
 but impart what has been given. " Paul plants, Apollos 
 waters, but it is God gives the increase." I suppose this is 
 the meaning of the elders casting their crowns before the 
 throne in Revelation iv.' 
 
 "(' Saying, Thou art worthy Lord to receive glory, and 
 honour, and power; for Thou hast created all things, and 
 for Thy pleasure they are and were created.') 
 
 " Such was the spirit which fell asleep in the Lord, on the 
 5th of the present month, July, 1864. 
 
 " C. P. S." 
 
 While, further and later, to quote from the 
 Preface to the Fourth Edition of the same 
 book:
 
 PREFACE. XI 
 
 " When the late worthy John Taylor (publisher to the 
 London University) produced in 1859, his larger work, 
 entitled, ' The Great Pyramid: Why Was it Built, and Who 
 Built It?' and afterwards, in January, 1864, his smaller 
 pamphlet, ' The Battle of the Standards ' (of Linear Measure) 
 the ancient of 4,000 years against the modern of the last 
 fifty years the less perfect of the two, he opened up for 
 archasology a freer, nobler, more intellectual pathway to light 
 than that study had ever enjoyed before. 
 
 " But academic archaeology would not accept it; indeed 
 the whole reading world stood askance; and I can hardly 
 now explain how it came about that something induced me 
 in February, 1864, to commence an independent examination 
 of Mr. Taylor's theory; and my first publication in Septem- 
 ber of that year (i.e., the first Edition of ' Our Inheritance 
 in the Great Pyramid ') contained the findings so arrived 
 at. Findings, in many points confirmatory of the principal 
 thread of Mr. Taylor's chief and most startling discovery, 
 but exhibiting in the general literature of the subject, and 
 on which, unfortunately, he had been obliged to depend too 
 much, a lamentable deficiency in the accurateness of nearly 
 all the numerical data required: and which necessary exact- 
 itude nothing but practical examination and instrumental 
 measure at the place could hope properly to supply. 
 
 " Meanwhile, John Taylor died, and with almost his last 
 breath emphatically confided this, the most important labour 
 of his long life-toil, to my most unworthy hands." And 
 then follows the account of how, accompanied by my Wife, 
 and with all the measuring apparatus I could muster, we 
 went out to Egypt in "November, 1864, and toiled at the 
 Great Pyramid until May, 1865. 
 
 With this introductory insight into the 
 manner in which I began with the Great
 
 Xll. PREFACE. 
 
 Pyramid subject full twenty years ago, the 
 reader may all the more readily enter into, and 
 understandingly appreciate, the question as 
 attacked and defended in 1883-1884. 
 
 C. PIAZZI SMYTH.
 
 NEW MEASURES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE GREAT PYRAMID, 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ^eto ^uthtrrs 011 the (iveat Jgvantib. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 MR. PROCTOR'S BOOK. 
 
 ON being recently informed by a friend that Mr. 
 Flinders Petrie's much expected book on the 
 Great, and other Pyramids in Egypt, was out at last, 
 I not only sent for a copy of it,* but ordered one at 
 the same time of Mr. R. A. Proctor's lately compiled 
 and very showy volume, entitled, a The Great Pyramid, 
 Observatory, Tomb, and Temple," London, 1883. 
 
 The latter work arrived first, and I opened it 
 immediately, specially to see what could possibly have 
 formed the ground of its author's serious accusation 
 which I had heard of already from several quarters te 
 the effect that I had discreditably brought out results 
 
 * " The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh," by W. M. Flinders Petrie. 
 Field & Tuer, London, 1883.
 
 14 NEW MEASURES OF [Parti. 
 
 for the Great Pyramid, "by what school-boys call the 
 method of fudge." The book, however, has no index; 
 its table of contents is comprised in twelve lines, and 
 though I read till I was wearied in the mass of got-up 
 printed pages which follow, it was not my fortune to 
 alight on the indictment alluded to, nor to learn any- 
 thing new and really true about the Great Pyramid. 
 But I did learn not a little about Mr. Proctor's 
 overweening notions of astrology, and the extra- 
 ordinary assurance with which he can charge upon 
 others the inventing of new religions, and the holding, 
 in reality, of most anti-religious opinions, such as they 
 have never given utterance to, and thoroughly eschew 
 on presentation as being positively anti-Christian. In 
 short, the book, and why did he ever write it, is mainly 
 Mr. Proctor publishing himself; and who can prevent 
 him doing that ?
 
 Chap, ii.j THE GREAT PYRAMID. 15 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 MR. F. PETRIE'S BOOK, AND HIS ANTECEDENTS. 
 
 MR. Flinders Petrie's work proved, however, on its 
 arrival, to be a very different "affair; far larger, 
 more closely printed, full of figure work, with most 
 original diagrams, and containing the quintessence of 
 many years of hard labour; first, in silent preparation 
 of instruments, literary knowledge, and mechanical 
 experience; then in two seasons' active work at the 
 Great Pyramid itself; and lastly, in as long a period 
 of arranging, theorising on, and printing the chief 
 results of his almost innumerable measures in line 
 and angle; interspersed with antiquarian disquisitions 
 and Egyptological interpretations of a very advanced 
 order indeed. 
 
 The battery of scientific measuring instruments 
 which he took out with him was more extensive than 
 anything before known in that region, and had been 
 in large part prepared most studiously for the occasion 
 by his own hands, with a mental acuteness and manual 
 dexterity which cannot be too highly commended; 
 while his subsequent use of the apparatus at the 
 Pyramid, and his intuitive quickness in detecting 
 minute errors in the work of the ancient Pyramid 
 masons is clever, clever, oh ! exceedingly clever. 
 
 Immense advantage therefore can hardly but accrue 
 to our knowledge touching details of the Great
 
 16 NEW MEASURES OF [Parti. 
 
 Pyramid from what he has been doing. It is indeed 
 in many respects the very outcome with time which I 
 have been longing for ever since my own work there 
 in 1865.* And if my measures then were more 
 numerous and detailed than those of most of my 
 predecessors, it is exactly as it should be now, after 
 sixteen years interval, when a smart young scientist, of 
 easy, independent means, and no professional occu- 
 pation, follows me in all my steps, even to living in a 
 tomb on the Eastern side of the Pyramid hill; exactly, 
 I say, as was to be both expected and desired, that his 
 measures again should be far more numerous, more 
 minute, and in some points more accurate than mine. 
 Many of his figures, therefore. I accept^ at_jQgce with 
 thanks^ whether they are in addition to, or to be 
 employed in place of, mine. And if there are others 
 of them where 1 still prefer my own observations, 
 discussions, or applications, or those of other explorers 
 between my time and his I shall not attempt to 
 defend them in particular in the present place; but 
 endeavour to set before my readers, without the 
 slightest personal prejudice, and for the cause's sake 
 alone, how the Great Pyramid's for so long called 
 "sacred and scientific theory " looks when examined 
 into and tested by the light of these latest mensu- 
 rations. Mensurations rather hastily assumed by some 
 persons to be both absolutely perfect and utterly irre- 
 futable, chiefly because they hope that their author has 
 succeeded by such means in accomplishing his and 
 their long cherished purpose, of both killing and bury- 
 
 * Published in 1867 in three volumes, entitled, " Life and Work at 
 the Great Pyramid." Douglas & Co., Edinburgh.
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 17 
 
 ing the said " sacred and scientific " theory for all 
 future time. 
 
 For the fuller discovery of the ancient and absolute 
 truth of this " Miracle in Stone " as the primeval 
 Great Pyramid has well been termed by the Rev. Dr. 
 Seiss, Phil., U.S. this latter feature and tendency of 
 the new measuring authority is of inestimable advantage 
 to others and the cause, whatever it may be ultimately 
 to himself; and should by no means be lost sight of. 
 Wherefore, although Mr. Flinders Petrie now bows to 
 the community, first, as bearing the surname of his 
 eminent father, Mr. William Petrie, the contributor in 
 1869 to the Rev. Dr. Mackay's "Facts and Dates" of 
 an admirable compendium of Great Pyramid, earth, 
 and sun commensurabilities, in close accordance with, 
 and in some cases admirable development of, the 
 "sacred and scientific" theory;* and second, as being 
 
 * " The above synopsis," wrote Dr. Mackay, in a note to his p. 135, 
 " is by "W. Petrie, who, in according to our request for it, desires us to 
 say that his investigations and results are the consequence of his 
 following the clue supplied by- Professor C. Piazzi Smyth, after the 
 latter had brought the light of modern science to bear more fully on 
 the ideas originated by John Taylor of London, recognising the Holy 
 Scriptures as being words from the Creator, irrespectively of human 
 intellect, and yet in perfect harmony with all that is true in modern 
 science." See " Life and Work at the Great Pyramid," three vols., 
 with plates; also "Antiquity of Intellectual Man," one vol., with a 
 diagram comparing the architectural remains, from the earliest 
 example, onward through each century, in various countries, both 
 by Prof. C. Piazzi Smyth. See also " Plates and Notes on Structures 
 called Pyramids," one vol. fol., a valuable illustrated work by St- 
 John Vincent Day, C.E., Glasgow. And " The Monumental History 
 of Egypt," by William Osburn, an eminently trustworthy work. The 
 germ of the three first being found in a work entitled, "The Great 
 Pyramid, Why Was it Built, and Who Built It?" 1860 (second 
 edition, 1864), by John Taylor, London.
 
 18 NEW MEASURES OF [Parti. 
 
 himself the author of two treatises, one on " Inductive 
 Metrology," and the other on " Stonehenge," it is to 
 be regretted that he, Mr. F. P., did not also ac- 
 knowledge himself to have been the author of a certain 
 " Diagram of the Great Pyramid," published and sold 
 in London in 1877. For thereby readers would have 
 been prepared for much of the method of his present 
 book; and would have appreciated how early Mr. F. P. 
 had taken to certain theoretical views, leading him to 
 assert in a most accentuated manner, that " The Great 
 Pyramid's passages are not chronological, or not as 
 taught in the so-called time-passage theory." 
 
 The spirit of that commencement on the Great 
 Pyramid subject seems to have gone on intensifying 
 in the young author's mind with the years that 
 followed, until in his present book one looks in vain 
 for any trace of respect for Scripture in sight into early 
 human history; though finding extraordinary venera- 
 tion for almost anything inscribed by idolatrous 
 Egyptians, and remarkable aptitude, too, for entering 
 into such matter and discussing it on apparently equal 
 terms with the highest of the modern Egyptologists 
 themselves. Let us hasten on, however, now to see, 
 in the first place, how the exterior of the Great Pyra- 
 mid looks when illuminated by the light of this new 
 authority, subjected only occasionally to a word of the 
 very mildest doubt, or simplest question.
 
 Chap. I.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 19 
 
 PART II. 
 
 (Bxtcrtor of the feat 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SHAPE OF GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 THE first point for practical knowledge touching 
 any regular four-sided Pyramid is its shape, 
 or its proportions in the only mode in which any such 
 Pyramid abstractly, may differ from another. That most 
 important quality is wrapped up in the expression for, 
 or amount of, the one entirely dominant angle of each 
 of its sides; and there John Taylor's deductions for the 
 Great Pyramid, from Howard Yyse's measures, remains 
 still 'untouched. For Mr. F. P. declares his own direct 
 measures of it to give, with remarkable certainty, for 
 the angle of rise of its sides 51 52' H^ 2'; and this 
 includes John Taylor's angle, while it excludes the 
 far different angles of all the other principal Pyramids 
 of Egypt, so far as Mr. F. P. or anyone else has 
 measured or re-measured them. There is not known, 
 therefore, a sinjrle other Pyramid throughout Eg 
 which has the same angle of shape as the one, and 
 only, Great Pyramid ; and that an angle profound in 
 
 its meaning, through pure mathematics and applied 
 physics as well. 
 
 Said angle was also constructed at the Great Pyra-
 
 20 NEW MEASUKES OF [Part II. 
 
 mid with a degree of perfection and solidity in its 
 11 casing-stones " (long lost to view under heaps of 
 rubbish, but recently in part uncovered again), which 
 cannot fail to draw the respect of all well-educated and 
 good scientific men ; for, says Mr. F. P., fully con- 
 firming thereby the praise of Colonel Howard Vyse, 
 nearly half-a-century ago, touching the very same 
 stones: 
 
 " Several measures were taken of the thickness of the 
 joints of the casing-stones. The Eastern joint of the 
 Northern casing-stones is on the top '020, '002, '045 (of an 
 inch only) wide; and on the face, '012, '022, -013, and '014 
 (of an inch) wide.* The next joint is, on the face, 'Oil 
 and '014 wide. Hence the mean thickness of the joints 
 there is *020; and therefore the mean variation of the cut- 
 ting of the stone from a straight line, and from a true 
 square, is but '01 in a length of 75 inches up the face, an 
 .amount of accuracy equal to most modern opticians' straight- 
 edges of such a length. These joints, with an area of some 
 35 square feet each, were not only worked as finely as this, 
 but cemented throughout. Though the stones were brought 
 as close as T ^ 7 inch, or, in fact, into contact, and the mean 
 opening of the joint was but T V inch, yet the builders 
 managed to fill the joint with cement, despite the great area 
 of it, and the weight of the stone to be moved some sixteen 
 tons. To merely place such stones in exact contact at the 
 sides, would be careful work; but to do so with cement in 
 the joints seems almost impossible." 
 
 * Whenever Mr. F. P. introduces any numerals of linear measure- 
 ment in his book, without stating the name of the unit or standard 
 employed, he explains that inches are to be understood. This was a 
 method introduced, I believe, by myself, in dealing with the Great 
 Pyramid in 1865, and has since then been followed by so many 
 writers, that I presume they must have found the inch a peculiarly 
 suitable unit of measure for that building, 
 
 ~- / 9 i. t/.-
 
 Chap. I.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 21 
 
 In fact, there never were such exemplary casing- 
 stones as these of the Great Pyramid, so superbly 
 large, and so marvellously accurate, erected anywhere 
 else, whether in Egypt or in any other land, either 
 before or since ; while for anyone to contrast them, 
 the earliest positively known examples, with the puny, 
 perishing casing-stones, or, in some instances, mere sun- 
 dried bricks, of any of the subsequent Egyptian Pyra- 
 mids, miserably executed at last, must cut most 
 poignantly into the pride of all the advocates of 
 progressive development by the forces of man alone, 
 among the rationalistic, and generally natural-history, 
 philosophers of our day.
 
 22 NEW MEASURES OF [Part II. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 BASE SIZE OF GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 HERE Mr. F. P. has something very new and 
 unexpected; for he brings out two widely 
 diverse base-side lengths, each of which requires to be 
 treated as a separate and distinct existency. 
 
 They are, in fact, so very different one from the 
 other, as to seem to establish that there were intended 
 to be two ways or modes of judging of the size and 
 perhaps the symbolism of the monument. The shorter 
 of these two lengths is far shorter than anything named 
 in modern times, being only 9,069 inches long (p. 39), 
 and has been obtained by measuring the Pyramid in 
 a different manner to anyone else viz., by referring 
 t to the surface of a certain hitherto rather problem- 
 
 \ * v atic bit of raised pavement, openly seen as yet only on 
 
 f-. a small portion of the North side. But similarly 
 * elevated portions, near the centres of the other sides, 
 - having been apparently sounded by sinking temporary 
 .^narrow and dangerous* holes down through the enor- 
 Srmous rubbish heaps lying now, and for a thousand 
 4 years past, upon these sides, their level has been 
 c* carried by calculation round the whole Pyramid, 
 
 y * On the rubbish heap of the South side the hole was so particu- 
 \ larly dangerous, from the looseness of the material it was carried 
 k through, and the frequent falling in of tons of it, that " no one but 
 negroes would work in it at last." 

 
 THE GREAT PYRAMID. 23 
 
 though manifestly high above the corners, or ends of 
 each actual base-side. And the inevitable consequence 
 of measuring a Pyramid with sloping flanks on a 
 newly-assumed higher level, is, of course, to cut further 
 into its figure, and bring out thereby a shorter so- 
 called base-side length than those who had always pre- 
 viously, and for very good reasons, measured it at a 
 lower level. 
 
 Now, such a lower level is most authoritatively 
 offered at the Great Pyramid by its four corner-sockets 
 sunk into the rock; and ever since John Taylor's 
 happy identification of the verse in Job xxxviii. 6 
 (aided by the marginal translation) with the building 
 of the Great Pyramid, and its sockets made to sink, 
 or the foundations fastened, in or upon rock the 
 majority of explorers have been firm in maintaining 
 that the actual, and still socket-defined, corners of the 
 base in the solid, living foundational rock bearing the 
 monument, are the ancient architect's intended fidu- 
 cial points for defining the true size, or full base-side 
 measure, of his grand work of all the ages. 
 
 Indeed, a friend who happily assisted at some of the 
 recent uncovering work at the middle of the North side 
 has voluntarily written to me: "The pavement is 
 there; but there seemed to me to be no obligation to 
 measure the base-side length, for the determination of 
 the whole measurement of the building, in the obtuse 
 and most untoward angles of its (the pavement's) 
 sides meeting those of the Pyramid. It appeared 
 to me that the real fiducial points were in the corner 
 casing-stones, once fitted into the socket-holes, but 
 now srone."
 
 24 NEW MEASURES OF [Part II. 
 
 Measuring, therefore, on the said empty socket-holes, 
 for they fortunately are not gone, and are not stamped 
 out of existence yet, though most lamentably left for 
 years uncovered and to be trodden under foot by visitors 
 of every nation measuring, I say, upon them, but 
 always under extreme and gratuitous practical diffi- 
 culties, different persons have obtained during the 
 present century varied, though yet converging, 
 quantities for the base-side length i.e., anywhere 
 between 9,110 and 9,168 inches; theorists generally 
 using 9,140 inches, the result of a weighted mean of 
 the individual measures. These, then, are the figures 
 to be compared with the larger of the two base-sides 
 arrived at by Mr. F. P.; and he confirms the honesty 
 of his predecessors, though claiming greater accuracy, 
 by arriving at a length, for the mean of the four sides 
 of the monument, numbering 9,126 British inches. 
 
 Now, as to his first, or very small, Base-side length, 
 which is equally for the mean of the four sides of the 
 Pyramid, but measuring them at a higher level; sup- 
 pose for the mere temporary and rather trifling purpose 
 of comparison in size with all other known Egyptian 
 Pyramids, we take that shortest possible length that 
 any one could attribute to the Great Pyramid viz., 
 9,069 British inches. Then, as the second Pyramid 
 only claims a base-side length of 8,475 inches, as 
 measured by Mr. F. P. himself (p. 201), and all other 
 known Pyramids, by all the measurers, fall rapidly 
 below that, and even down to a few hundred inches 
 only at last the Great Pyramid is left unquestionably 
 for size the facile princeps of all human architectural 
 creations of that kind. 
 
 Of fat.
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 25 
 
 But for grander comparisons of the Great Pyramid 
 with nature, and to arrive at the primeval architect's 
 highest ideal, or possibly inspired wisdom i.e., 
 thoughts above his thoughts implanted into his mind 
 for a purpose unknown to him we can take no other 
 than the Scripture-justified, socket-defined, base-side 
 length; and that, accordiug.to Mr. F. P., is 9,126, and 
 not 9,140, British inches long. How then does such 
 new length answer to the theory commenced by John 
 Taylor? 
 
 That theory for the last 15 years has claimed three 
 illustrative commensurabilities in nature viz., (1) the 
 number of days in a year, in terms of an evenly earth- 
 commensurable standard of length, the sacred cubit, 
 equal to one ten-millionth of the earth's semi-axis of 
 rotation; (2) the elder William Petrie's magnificent 
 theorem of the Pyramid-shewn mean distance of the 
 sun from the earth; and (3), the double-crossing 
 diagonal representation of that Grand Cycle, or clock 
 of ages for the history of man upon earth, the pre- 
 cession of the equinoxes, in terms of a Pyramid inch to 
 a year. 
 
 Not that any person held that one and the same 
 exact quantity, number, or length for the base-side 
 could express each and every one of these three most 
 different things in the cosmos of God perfectly; and 
 for all the ages of time past, present, and future. But 
 that, for representing the Earth, during the present 
 period of the existence of Adamic man upon its sur- 
 face, they converged so nearly, so near even to mixing 
 up with the unavoidable errors of modern measure- 
 ment, as in conjunction with other features of the 
 
 c
 
 26 NEW MEASURES OF [Part II. 
 
 building, to lead any properly-regulated and highly- 
 instructed mind to believe that the triple indication 
 was intended. And might also have been adapted to 
 each case, and to almost any exactitude, by certain 
 small additions to, or subtractions from, the one grand, 
 mean, and over-all base-side length of 9,12G, or 9,140 
 
 inrVipe; )n*-oAc.*+ " (**+-**""(* '+ CAtt+AiX&i <*"*+*** **nfi 
 mcueb. ^^ ^^J^m^iMwAfc, fC-Kf. ***~^ '& a: n*f*J*& 
 
 Now there are precisely sucn subsidiary differences, 
 and such indicated small quantities, or as it were private 
 markings, at the place, well attested by all recent 
 explorers; and which no Egyptologist has yet explained 
 otherwise, between one socket and another, in both 
 shape, size, level, and tool marks. Differences, too, 
 they are. quite large enough in themselves to cover all 
 the errors which modern science, with its own very 
 varying results, never absolutely agreeing together for 
 anything practical, might be inclined to suggest in the 
 Pyramid numbers for each of the three presentations. 
 
 Whether such a use of these supplementary little 
 features was really intended by the supposed divinely- 
 inspired architect, in a primeval age, it is out of our 
 power to ascertain very directly now. But the 
 following illustration may be picked up on p. 200 of 
 Mr. F. P.'s own book, showing admirably the very 
 striking practical power of these markings to effect 
 such adaptations. For there we read that, whereas 
 the Royal Engineers, in 1874, did measure the South 
 side of the socket-defined base-side length of the Great 
 Pyramid, and published it as 9,140 inches long, he, 
 venturing to consider that the socket-mark they 
 measured from was not the right socket-mark for that 
 purpose, and having chosen another for himself, sub-
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 / tracted 17'5 inches from their measure, and republishes 
 it as approximating to his own, or being 9122^5 inches 
 only; while, if they were to assume the power of 
 
 * applying the 17-5 to his 9,126, there would be a base- 
 side length of 9143'5 British-inches. 
 
 So that here, also, there is nothing that need be 
 at this time altered or erased from the older accounts, 
 giving mainly 9,140 British, or 9,131 Pyramid-inches, 
 together with the diverse socket corrections, for the 
 base-side length of the Great Pyramid. While ex- 
 planatory of those socket corrections, something further 
 will be found, from a most independent and unbiassed 
 source viz., the Rev. H. G. "Wood's (Sharon, Penn- 
 sylvania, U.S.) excellent paper on that subject, in our 
 Appendix, Part 3. 
 
 For the present, therefore, we may readily excuse, in 
 a young author, a little shortcoming in the correct 
 weighing, and full estimation of the effects, as well as 
 the intentions, of those minute and most recondite, 
 ancient, details, in reward for two, if not three, excel- 
 lent things which he, Mr. F. P., has performed, 
 touching a different class of questions at the Great 
 Pyramid questions too most violently disputed hith- 
 erto by both Egyptologists and rationalists, and 
 
 l') (2.) . 
 
 touching not only its age and topographical situation 
 with reference to other Egyptian monuments ; but 
 also its powers for chronicling the rate of change in 
 the position of the axis of the world, as well.
 
 28 NEW MEASURES OF [Part II. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 RELATIVE AGE OF GREAT PYRAMID, COMPARED WITH 
 ALL OTHER EGYPTIAN REMAINS IN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 
 
 TO all those who hold John Taylor's Great Pyra- 
 mid views, and have recognised in the " sudden, 
 as well as early, appearance " in history of the best- 
 built and mightiest building throughout Egypt and the 
 world, the phenomenon of a something quite different 
 from the ordinary unassisted course of mere human 
 progressive development, a severe blow and dire 
 discouragement was sought to be administered a few 
 years ago by M. Mariette Bey, the French Minister 
 of Antiquities in Cairo, and the Egyptologists. 
 For they announced triumphantly the discovery of a 
 most ancient hieroglyphic-inscribed stone-tablet on 
 the Pyramid-hill, setting forth in indubitable terms, 
 that that biggest of idols, the Sphinx, and some other 
 buildings near it, were all of them far older than the 
 Great Pyramid; and that the latter grand building, in 
 spite of its so long known blameless walls and pure 
 architecture, was yet devoted in its origin, by those 
 who were its seniors, masters, and originators, to the 
 idolatrous worship of Isis, Osiris, Khem, Bast, and all 
 the rankest profanity and oppositions to the God of 
 Israel, ever practised by the servants of Pharaoh, and
 
 Chap. Ill] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 29 
 
 hitherto supposed to have been invented only in the 
 latter days of ancient Egypt. 
 
 It was allowed by some that the story was rather too 
 bizarre to be entirely trusted; but the opportunity 
 could not be lost. So the disturbing tablet was set up 
 with honour in the Khedive's Museum at Boolak; and 
 influenced, doubtless, the minds of many European 
 visitors against both the antiquity of the Great 
 Pyramid and the chronology of the Bible. 
 
 But on his pp. 156-7, Mr. F. P. relates that, by aid 
 of further excavations on the Pyramid-hill, at the 
 same isolated, petty, ruined little building, where the 
 first inscription was found, as part of the lining of the 
 walls of an interior room, other stones of the same set 
 have since then been found, and prove, on rigid analysis, 
 that they were one and all the work of King Petuk- 
 hanu, of the very late, or Twenty-first Dynasty; and 
 that one only came into existence some 1,500 years, at 
 least, after the building, completion, and sealing up of 
 the Great Pyramid in the time of the Fourth Dynasty, 
 when Cheops was king. Mr. F. P. further declares 
 that these wretched stones are of no authority for any 
 earlier time than their own very late period; that no 
 trace of a Sphinx in statuary, tablets, or inscriptions, 
 is to be found in any of the genuine remains of the old 
 Empire of Egypt, or on anything Egyptian, until the 
 later Hyksos period, say of the Tenth or Eleventh 
 Dynasties ; and that these most mischievous Boolak 
 Museum inscriptions are comparatively very modern 
 concocted stories, inventions, novels, or romances; 
 wretchedly scratched into, or merely scribbled on 
 stone surfaces; "a degradation," he positively says,
 
 30 NEW MEASURES OF [Part II. 
 
 " of the decadence of the twentieth," for the mere 
 mural decoration, (something like wall-paper hangings) 
 of a small temple of the usurping Twenty-first 
 Dynasty. 
 
 I had myself arrived at, and published* a nearly 
 similar conclusion as to the worthlessness and posthu- 
 mous character of the first Boolak Museum inscribed 
 stone; but this more extensive and learned condemna- 
 tion of both it and its history by an Egyptologist, will 
 be far more convincing, it is to be hoped, to the world 
 at large. 
 
 Mr. F. P. does indeed also most frankly admit that 
 when Cheops (Khufu, or Shofo), of the Fourth 
 Dynasty, began his unequalled monument of " the 
 Great Pyramid," the hill of Grizeh was bare of, and 
 unoccupied by, any building. He was the first comer, 
 therefore, and in that capacity had free choice of that 
 hill's top ; and found it the most striking site for a 
 grand monument presented by all that line of country 
 for leagues and leagues along the Western side of 
 Egypt. This quality, too, must have been more 
 especially the case for the Northern precipitous brink 
 of the hill, so very (almost dangerously) close to which 
 Khufu chose to lay the foundations of his enormous 
 structure. ^ 
 
 All the other, and subsequent, Gizeh Pyramids? 
 temples, and tombs had, therefore, necessarily to be 
 built to the Southward of his Northernmost one; a 
 circumstance which has led many writers to expatiate 
 
 * " Oar Inheritance in the Great Pyramid." Fourth Edition, pp. 
 508-512.
 
 Chap. III.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 31 
 
 on Northerly position indicating superior age amongst 
 Egyptian Pyramids. 
 
 One notable exception, indeed, was occasionally 
 cited to this theory, in that the so-called Pyramid of 
 Abu Roash was N. N.-West of the Great Pyramid 
 by a good many miles. 
 
 That further Northing was a fact most patent to 
 everybody, for something like a commencement 
 of a Pyramid was certainly visible there. But 
 if only a commencement, only a mere flat area of 
 building-stones, how could such a surface be called, 
 either logically, mechanically, or mathematically, a 
 " Pyramid "? argued some stiff reason ers ; who, there- 
 fore, would not allow that it interfered in any way with 
 the long-finished Great Pyramid, being the Northern- 
 most and most ancient of all the real, architectural, 
 Pyramids of Egypt. 
 
 But Mr. F. P. ingeniously and creditably removes 
 the ground for that argument by further facts ; and 
 yet brings them all to bear finally, and still more 
 powerfully, towards the same end as before, in this 
 rather startling manner. 
 
 By personal visit to, and examination of, the ruins 
 (or remnants, rather), he deduces that the Abu Roash 
 Pyramid must have been in its own day completely 
 finished in full pyramidal figure; cased, too, with 
 granite in the most expensive manner, and furnished 
 inside with sarcophagus, mummy, and diorite statue 
 of its king. But he was one, who was not only later 
 than Cheops of the Great Pyramid, but subsequent 
 even to King Mencheres, of the third and {Southernmost 
 Pyramid of Gizeh. He was, in fact, King Men-ra
 
 32 NEW MEASUKES OF [Part II 
 
 and who, objecting to build for himself a fourth pyra- 
 mid at Gizeh because, if in the line continued of the 
 first, second, and third, his predecessors, it would 
 have been off the hill-top Southward struck out in 
 a totally different quarter, or on the high land in the 
 North-West, now called by the Arabs, Abu Koash. 
 
 But it proved somehow to be the Worst place that 
 ever man chose to build his would-be immortalising 
 monument upon ; as, from a very early period in 
 Egyptian history, that unhappy building became the 
 object of most inveterate attack and despoil to the 
 Egyptians themselves (see Mr. F. P.'s pp. 140-142, 
 151, 152). The granite casing, he says, was stripped 
 off, broken to pieces, and carried away ; the core 
 masonry pulled to bits and removed ; the carefully 
 lined chambers, the granite sarcophagus, and the 
 diorite statue, were all turned out into the open. 
 " Everything," Mr. F. P. more particularly adds, "has 
 been smashed with the greatest care. The wrought 
 granite has been mainly burnt and powdered, and the 
 surfaces of the statue were bruised to pieces before it 
 was broken up, with a vehemence of destruction, and 
 patient, hard-working vengeance " which it is difficult 
 to account for. 
 
 Through the times of the Ptolemies the wrecking 
 went on, and is even being prosecuted still " at the 
 rate of 300 camel-loads a day during the season." 
 Until, ol an ancient though not the most ancient 
 Egyptian Pyramid, more than 300 feet broad at the 
 base, almost the entire substance has been removed. 
 And in a very few years more the Great Pyramid on 
 its own hill at Gizeh will look forth over the expanse
 
 Chap. III.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 33 
 
 of the Delta Northward, North-westward, and North- 
 eastward, without the shade of a rival, even of any 
 long subsequent age, to dispute its pre-eminence in 
 that world's surface central position it fills so well 
 and has filled so long.* 
 
 Some persons have indeed attempted from time to 
 time to undervalue the Great Pyramid as any object 
 of importance in itself alone, and have tried to connect 
 it Southward and backward from its own place, with 
 all the posse of Egyptian and certainly idolater-built 
 Pyramids behind it. But Mr. F. P. has been privi- 
 leged to show (p. 125) by his most careful measures 
 and grand triangulation that the position, angles and 
 distances of these other Pyramids have no regularity 
 or exact relations. And further, that "from the 
 nature and appearance of the ground, and the ir- 
 regularity of the peribolus walls, it would not seem 
 likely that any connection had been planned." 
 
 * " Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid," edition iv., pp. 72 84.
 
 34 
 
 NEW MEASURES OF [Part II. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CHANGE IN THE POSITION OF THE WORLD'S AXIS OF 
 ROTATION SINCE THE GREAT PYRAMID WAS FOUNDED. 
 
 BUT with respect to the astronomical emplacement 
 of the architecture of each principal Pyramid 
 in itself alone, a most remarkable result is brought out. 
 
 I had already set forth that there is a defalcation 
 in the latitude of the Great Pyramid, as required by 
 theory of old, and given by observations now.* Such, 
 too. that it would imply a change in the same 
 direction, and not greater in amount with the time 
 elapsed, than a certain minute alteration of a not very 
 clearly understood, or as yet generally acknowledged 
 kind, that must have been going on during the last 
 hundred years in all Europe; though certainly 
 observed and instrumentally recorded only at the 
 Royal Observatory, Greenwich. 
 
 Also that there is an error of something like 5 
 minutes of a degree in the orientation of both the 
 socket-lines, and the vertical passage-planes of the 
 Great Pyramid, which may have its explanation in the 
 same way, by a slow movement of the axis of rotation 
 of the earth within itself. 
 
 But the idea was condemned fifteen years ago by 
 the great mathematical physicists of the time, who 
 
 *"Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid," edition iv. pp. 72 84.
 
 Chap. IV.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 35 
 
 had proved, society said, the fixity of the earth's axis 
 of rotation within its own snbstance " to be equal to 
 the stiffness of a column of hammered steel." While 
 other rationalistic scientists pointed with delight to 
 the demonstration they said I had myself furnished 
 that the Great Pyramid hill not being in the required 
 latitude, divine inspiration could not have had any 
 hand in planning and procuring the erection of that 
 building. For God, added they very confidently, 
 would have taken care to provide a hill in exactly the 
 right place, and not have been content to use one 
 which was merely the nearest to it. 
 
 Yet now Mr. Flinders Petrie remarkably confirms 
 and extends my view, that though the hill is not in the 
 required latitude now, by 1' 9", nor the building cor- 
 rectly oriented by full 5 ' of angle, yet both features may 
 have been true and correct at the time of the Pyramid's 
 foundation, to at least 12" of space, or a smaller 
 quantity than is usually reckoned visible to the un- 
 assisted eye. And he further even ventures (p. 127) 
 to approximately compute the force and the work of 
 unbalanced ocean currents which are in action at this 
 very moment, and finds them sufficient to produce the 
 effects observed. 
 
 Wherefore here, through means of the Great 
 Pyramid and the modern scientific examinations of it 
 prompted by John Taylor's theory of its truly sacred 
 character in Hebrew and Christian light is brought 
 into view a slow movement of the earth's axis of 
 rotation, which modern knowledge ought to have 
 discovered of itself long ago, and will have very soon 
 to make some remarkable confessions about.
 
 36 NEW MEASUKES OF [Part II. 
 
 Enough, however, at present of the exterior of this 
 most unique Great Pyramid building; for its still 
 more important interior, under the same new and sup- 
 posed destructive illumination by a new measurer, 
 awaits us.
 
 Chap. I] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 37 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Interior of the dreat 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 BEARINGS OF THE BASE-SIDE THEREON. 
 
 ON changing from our late topic of the exterior, to 
 the new one of the interior, of the Great 
 Pyramid, much praise is due to Mr. Flinders Petrie 
 for his grand handling of the measures made by 
 himself, and his apparently accurate connections of 
 the ancient outside, restored, with the existing inside 
 of the building produced so as to meet it. Bearing in 
 mind, however, that he is tacitly assuming the upper 
 surface of the central bitjrf pavement on the North 
 side, and not the socket-corners of the base, as the 
 and only level to be always referred to. ^E^X 3 "^ 
 
 For when he does that, he of course brmglou^ 
 combination with the admitted angle of the exterior, a 
 different height and different weight for the Pyramid 
 from what his predecessors have done. Besides giving 
 rise to plenty of anomalies amongst details hitherto 
 described as coincidences, between measures of length 
 or breadth inside, against others outside the Pyramid 
 viewed in the light of certain important ratios. 
 
 Hence it is quite needless to follow him through the 
 numerous cases in the latter part of his book, where
 
 38 NEW MEASUKES OF [Part III. 
 
 the errors upon errors he charges on the theorists who 
 have preceded him, are largely explained by his using a 
 different base-side length to theirs, and one which does 
 not tell the whole facts of the Pyramid. It would, 
 therefore, have been far more satisfactory for his 
 character if he had given the results of each equation, 
 not only for his extra short 9,069, but also for his 9,126 
 inch base-side, as well as perhaps for the 9,140 inch, 
 both of the Royal Engineers which he erased, and of 
 previous writers whom he is trying to refute. 
 
 Something of this kind of more than single founda- 
 tion, too, is one of the first reactions which we may 
 learn, and he has learnt from his own measures, of the 
 interior on the exterior Of the Great Pyramid. For on 
 his p. 221 he allows, agreeably with Mr. James Simp- 
 son's and my own representations, that there are two 
 heights for the King's Chamber one, the wall height, 
 and the other the height between the ceiling and the 
 floor, different from the other by about five inches, on 
 account of the floor being raised up to that amount 
 inside the granite walls above their bases. For that 
 method of building Mr. F. P. admits " some reasons 
 must have existed;" and he very commendably en- 
 deavours to find, as Mr. James Simpson did before 
 him, a geometrical ideal and intellectual justification 
 for each of them. 
 
 The matters, however, more immediately to be 
 discussed by us will not be sensibly influenced from the 
 exclusive adoption, by anyone, of this or that particular 
 base-side lens-th.
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 39 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 UNFINISHED SUBTERRANEAN CHAMBER ANTAGONISES 
 EGYPTOLOGICAL THEORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 
 
 1/URST, for instance, in this department comes that 
 JD most strange fact, so subversive of Professor 
 Lepsius' and other Egyptologists' favourite " law of 
 Pyramid building " viz., that in place of the Sub- 
 terranean Chamber of the Great Pyramid being, as 
 invariably with the other subsequent and perfectly 
 Egyptian structures of that kind, the first thing 
 completed at the building of a Pyramid, and forming- 
 the very object for the honourable covering of which, 
 as a place of sepulture, the whole edifice was to be 
 afterwards erected by slow additions above ground, 
 year after year; said Subterranean Chamber at the 
 Great Pyramid was never even attempted to be 
 finished or brought into any condition for possible use, 
 or for lodging a sarcophagus in, even for a day or an 
 hour. 
 
 The vast size, moreover, of that unique monument, 
 the Great Pyramid, is shown by Mr. Flinders Petrie, 
 by aid of a new set of arguments, Egyptological 
 mainly and specially valuable to the Taylor anti- 
 theory on that account, to^have been planned and laid 
 out of that full size, or according to him 9,126 inches 
 from socket to socket, from the first: and by no means
 
 40 NEW MEASURES OF [Part III. 
 
 to have been a result of slow accretion upon a small 
 nucleus of a dozen or two of stones, and dependent for 
 its final agglomerated size on the accidental duration 
 of life of a single individual, according to the so-called 
 " law," imagined for the ancients by a few modern 
 doctrinarHsT"
 
 Chap. III.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 41 
 
 i o V? ^ 
 2 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE SYSTEM OF PASSAGES EQUALLY ANTAGONISES THEM. 
 
 BUT the Sloping Passage, some 4,000 and more 3 7 ^ 
 inches long, leading down to that only com- 3 ^5- - 
 menced, never finished, subterranean room, was beau- 
 tifully built at its upper, outer, end . Furnished, too, at* 1 
 the very top, and flush with the outside surface of the 
 Pyramid with a closely-fitting stone door hung on 
 horizontal stone pivots, or Strabo's movable stone; 
 and cut off from the rest of the interior, and its peculiar 
 ascending system of Passages, by solid-looking 
 masonry, which told no secrets to any man or nation 
 until three thousand years had passed away. 
 
 For then, in the hearing of Caliph Al Mamun's 
 workmen, who were rudely breaking a way for them- 
 selves through the limestone core-masonry of the 
 building, a prism-shaped stone fell out of the roof 
 of the descending Entrance Passage (which was much 
 closer to them at that moment than they had been 
 aware of) and disclosed, when they rushed in, that 
 another Passage ascended into the interior from that 
 point ; but had its lower end plugged with, to them, 
 and to all other men also since them, immovable blocks 
 of granite. 
 
 All this, however, is the old, old story of John 
 Taylor's Great Pyramid theory, except the neat sup-
 
 42 NEW MEASURES OF [Part III. 
 
 plying of the door in the casing by Mr. Flinders 
 Petrie; and which is not only likely enough, but is 
 probably from its having fitted close and got jammed 
 after the days of the Romans the very reason why 
 the Mohammedans, under the Eastern Caliph, did not 
 attempt to enter the Pyramid in the right way by the 
 " door," but broke in through the solid masonry below 
 and on one side, like the thieves and robbers they 
 were. Breaking their violent way also round the 
 granite blocks, still to this day plugging the lower 
 end of the Ascending Passage; and then, whether 
 there were many, or few, more plug-stones above those 
 we still see in place, these fanatics got rid of them 
 somehow or other, as by breaking and extraction, 
 until they found the way clear before them up through 
 the rest of that white-lined Passage. Thence, on the 
 level of its upper opening, they rushed forward to the 
 Queen's Chamber; next, by the still further Ascending 
 Grand Gallery, to the Ante-Chamber; and then to the 
 final King's Chamber of red granite, with the Coffer 
 of the same material as its only contents, notwith- 
 standing the noble size and finish of the apartment. 
 
 The general structure, closeness, and regularity of 
 the joints in both the King's and the white-stoned 
 Queen's Chambers, frequently comes in for Mr. Flinders 
 Petrie's high praise; though the building of the 
 passages between, (Mr. Waynman Dixon's girdle- 
 stones of the first Ascending Passage excepted) is 
 blamed for much rough and bad work. Some of it, 
 indeed, as at the North end of the Ante-Chamber, 
 being even declared so bad, as if it had been to show how 
 badly, instead of how well, as with the casing-stones, 
 

 
 Chap. III.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 43 
 
 (p. 20) Great Pyramid builders could build. While the 
 Well leading down from the North-west corner of the 
 Grand Gallery, through the Grotto, to the lower sub- 
 terranean part of the long sloping Entrance Passage. 
 is stigmatised as very poor performance indeed. 
 
 But the whole of these Ascending Passages and 
 Chambers are allowed by Mr. Flinders Petrie to form 
 a system, the like of which is known to exist nowhere 
 else. That is, nowhere else adopted into a Pyramid; 
 for the peculiar " trial passages " cut into the rock 
 North-east of the Great Pyramid, duly mentioned by 
 me and first pictured by Colonel Howard Vyse, are 
 recognised by him to be a reality; and an astonishingly 
 close record, too, of breadths and transverse heights 
 of both the Passages, the Grand Gallery, and its 
 ramps; in everything, in fact, except one namely, the 
 vertical shaft between the Ascending and Descending 
 systems of inclined ways; and why that vertical shaft 
 is there, no Egyptologist has yet been able to explain. 
 
 So giving up the more difficult task of interpreting 
 that primeval monumentalisation of so much that is 
 rich and rare in noble thought, on the John Taylor 
 hypothesis, our new author proceeds to the far easier 
 task of finding fault with some of my mensurations in 
 1865.
 
 44 NEW MEASURES OF [Part III. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ASSERTED ERRORS IN C. P. S.'s GREAT PYRAMID PASSAGE 
 MEASURES. 
 
 MY angular measures of these remarkable con- 
 structions, indeed, are usually left very nearly 
 intact; but the linear measures are declared to have a 
 small, slowly-increasing error, due to measuring with 
 loose rods on the sloping floor surface of dark passages; 
 while at one particular place in them it is asserted my 
 rods must have slipped, and a length really of 2, 
 inches been mistakenly reported as 2,170. 
 
 Though a most useful and in itself salutary correc 
 tion, that new figure is fortunately of no 
 influence to anything theoretically important; especially ;8e*- 
 as I had already set forth in print, that the 2,170 
 looked like an accidental coincidence with a certain 
 other 2,170 number, and was closer than warranted 
 by the circumstances under which the measuring was 
 performed; while the 2.173 may now be just as readily 
 adopted as the 2,170, for any purpose I have used the 
 latter for. 
 
 And if it is further asserted in the new book that 
 the Grand Gallery of the Pyramid is really 1883-6, 
 and not as I had made it, 1882-8, British inches 
 long, I am equally ready to accept that correction 
 also. For while whoever likes may look on 1882-8 as
 
 Chap. IV.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 45 
 
 enormously and even shamefully erroneous, he must at 
 least confess it far less discrepant from the new result, 
 than the three mensurations previous to mine ; as 
 they gave out 1,896, 1,872, and 1,824 of the same inch 
 units. Indeed the whole case may serve most usefully 
 to show, without any abstruse mathematics, that the 
 \S[orld is now getting very close to the true size of the 
 Great Pyramid, both in its whole and its parts. And 
 I find myself most happily relieved from too great a 
 weight of responsibility for any one person to bear ; 
 viz., to be the one and only measurer who has hitherto 
 published the numbers for certain parts of the Great 
 Pyramid; on which numbers so many ingenious 
 persons in every Anglo-Saxon, country, colony, or com- 
 munity throughout the world have been framing 
 theories during the last eighteen years, and relying too 
 implicitly, as I have so often had to tell them^ on my 
 figures being exact to a. degree far beyond anything 
 that I had ever claimed or believed. 
 
 d 3 3 A ~ 
 
 f '
 
 46 NEW MEASURES OF [Part III. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 THE SAME TOUCHING THE KING'S CHAMBER MEASURES. 
 
 L 
 
 ET us now proceed to the chief work of the whole 
 interior viz., the granite King's Chamber, 
 as a mensuration test. What is the length of that most 
 notable Chamber? 
 
 " Very various/' Mr. Flinders Petrie might probably 
 answer; and from a remarkable plate (xiii. and pages 
 79 and 80), wherein he shows the Chamber's errors 
 (though largely produced by mediaeval earth-quake 
 shocks, and a settling of the ground), concentrated on 
 a plan of his own, multiplied 50 times, and looking, 
 therefore, horrible, he would make its length at the 
 top, close under the ceiling = 412-01; and at the floor 
 412'66; I having made it in 1865, at a few inches 
 above the floor, = 412*54 British inches. 
 
 Wherefore, if the room was only intended for fune- 
 real or tombic purposes, that was coming closer than 
 there was any practical occasion for. 
 
 But if it was also intended by the architect thereby 
 to indicate the size of the exterior, socket-defined, 
 base-side of the whole building by the theorem based 
 on the John Taylor system of explanation (see pp. 
 198 200 and plate xxi. of " Our Inheritance in the 
 Great Pyramid," 4th edition), the measures are still 
 close enough. For the required quantities are within 
 the limits given by Mr. F. P. so nicely, that while we
 
 Chap.V.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 47 
 
 find the 9,140 socket-defined length usefully and prac- 
 tically symbolised near the floor, and shorter ones 
 higher up; his extra short 9,069 length at his level 
 of the central piece of pavement produced sideways 
 and above the actual corners, may be sought for up 
 towards the nearly impossible ceiling. But will only 
 be found by producing the converging lines of the 
 walls both above the ceiling, and into the dark lofts of 
 the so-called chambers of construction. In fact it is 
 not acknowledged by the open symbolisms of that most 
 authoritative "King's Chamber."
 
 48 NEW MEASURES OF 
 
 [Part III. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE COFFER MEASURES. 
 
 fTHHE grand attack, however, on behalf of Egypt- 
 JL. ology and its exclusively tombic associations of 
 idolatrous kings where a Pyramid is concerned, is 
 delivered by the new measurer on the " Coffer." 
 
 That mere sarcophagus in the eyes of Egyptologists 
 was, according to John Taylor,the type of a primitive 
 mensuration vessel, of whose cubic contents the old 
 Anglo-Saxon quarter was anciently the fourth part. 
 
 And though it has some slight, and easy to be 
 eliminated by calculation, cuttings into its original or 
 full geometrical shape, for apparently burial purposes; 
 andjnay_even have been used, whether directly or sym- 
 bolically, for and as such, in the mediaeval times of the 
 EgyptianTpeople,it is~yet a very remarkable mensura- 
 tion-looking vessel. This quality arising not only from 
 its figure and the proportions of its parts, but also 
 from the absence of all inscription, figuring, or orna- 
 ments. And now we further learn something of the 
 striking manner in which, at its most remote age, long 
 before written history, it was positively sawed out of 
 extra hard, dense, and syenitic granite, by huge bronze 
 saws more than eight feet long, armed along their 
 cutting edges with teeth of sapphires, according to the 
 exceedingly ingenious speculations of Mr. Flinders
 
 Chap. VI.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 49 
 
 Petrie; and the interior drilled out by similarly jewelled 
 tubular Drills, three feet long, and worked with 
 stupendous power. 
 
 He set to work, therefore, on a more particularly 
 mensuration critique with zeal extraordinary; making 
 off-set measures from no less than " 388 points on the 
 outside to 281 on the inside, or 669 in all, besides 
 taking 281 caliper measures " (p. 84). 
 
 Magnificently accurate results would this have given 
 had it been performed 4,000 years ago, on the then 
 whole and entire vessel. But it has not the power, 
 and Mr. Flinders Petrie's description does by no means 
 enable his readers, to realise the fearful amount of the 
 substance of the vessel which has been broken out 
 and carried away at some past time or times, long 
 before he came to measure it. 
 
 He may be the best measurer that has ever appeared 
 at the Great Pyramid, and his measures may, or as he 
 not obscurely informs the world, must be, the only 
 ones to be employed in future Pyramid investigations, 
 not only of a single isolated block such as the Coffer, 
 but of congeries of blocks, most of which are now 
 cracked, broken, or separated by excessive pressure, or 
 failing foundation, or seismic violence, or earth changes 
 out of the precise relations in which they once stood 
 to each other. And yet some persons on the other 
 side, with these facts before them, will go on 
 maintaining that where much material of an ancient 
 and otherwise unknown form has been long since 
 removed, lost is lost, and gone is gone so completely 
 that no modern and merely mechanical measuring 
 process, applied with ever so much microscopic minutiae
 
 50 NEW MEASURES OF [Part III, 
 
 of care, to what remains, can pretend to be perfectly 
 capable of exactly restoring it all. 
 
 Such, however, as Mr. Flinders Petrie found and 
 measured and then added to by calculation, or assump- 
 tion for the lost parts, he gives thus for the " Coffer " 
 tested as a mensuration vessel (p. 90) : 
 " By employing mean planes, contents =72,030; solid 
 bulk of the containing sides and bottom =70,500; 
 volume over all, 142,530, or 
 
 " By caliper results, the bulk is 5 8 more and the contents 
 probably 1( J) less ; hence the quantities would be: 
 " Contents 71,960; solid bulk 70,630; volume over all, 
 142,590 British cubic inches." 
 
 Now as the half-volume of the whole block, or outside 
 of the Coffer, is from the last of the above statements 
 = 71,295 British cubic inches, there evidently might 
 be theoretically a hollow space cut out of said block 
 equal to that number of inches, while it should leave 
 exactly the same number of them in the substance of 
 the vessel's sides and bottom. But if any modern 
 gentleman even of university education or of secret 
 Free Masonry craft, will try really to cut out such a 
 hollow, from just such a sized block of hardest granite 
 as the 142,590 Coffer block once was, the probabilities 
 are that he will not succeed in accomplishing his task 
 with perfect exactitude; while, if he thus makes the 
 hollow too large, the certainty is, that the remaining 
 substance of the vessel will be too small. 
 
 Something, too, of that very kind appears to have 
 actually occurred in this case, not only from the inside 
 hollow being declared by Mr. Flinders Petrie to be 
 71,960, against the remaining substance only 70,630;
 
 Chap. VI.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 51 
 
 but from his having discovered traces of the vertical 
 drills employed having gone awry, and cut out more of 
 the interior substance than they ought to have done. 
 His two diverse numeral quantities being thus rather 
 curiously like the two values of the chaldron, or four 
 quarters of corn, old Anglo-Saxon and British, as they 
 are given by John Taylor in his Pyramid book for, first 
 the earliest, and then the latest, certifiable Royal 
 authority in this land viz., Henry III. and George 
 IV., seeing that in the former's reign four quarters 
 measured legally 71,680, and in the latter's 70,982 
 cubic British inches. 
 
 That double and diverging result, however, is not 
 enough for the present enquiry, seeing that neither one 
 nor other of those kings, nor the mean between them 
 is early enough in the absolute history of the human race 
 to represent the Anglo-Saxon primitive institutions on 
 their first, and by some supposed Divinely assisted, 
 immigration into England from their remote places of 
 Eastern origin and travel. While on the John Taylor 
 theory, duly developed by reference both to our Planet 
 Earth's now known size and density, combined with 
 what has already been ascertained of Great Pyramid 
 methods and numeration, the proper cubic contents 
 for_the_ Coffer have been for several years past taken 
 to be * = 71,250 Pyramid, = 71,464 British, cubic inches^ 
 
 How then is this larger quantity than Mr. Flinders 
 Petrie's mean = 71,295 of the latter units to be 
 obtained from the Coffer, as he measured it; and for 
 bulk of material, as well as contents ? 
 
 The answer is, by duly attending to the different 
 
 * " Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid." Fourth Edition, p. 180.
 
 52 NEW MEASURES OF [Part III. 
 
 lengths and jjreadths, Jbpth_,msMe and outside, at 
 different levels. Or simply by dealing with the Coffer 
 as we have already done with the King's Chamber con- 
 taining it ; and as I have also already had to do in the 
 far easier matter of linear measure, with the grand 
 example of an almost perfect specimen of a casing- 
 stone of the Great Pyramid, generously presented to 
 me by Mr. Waynman Dixon several years ago.* 
 
 That method may be described as the principle of 
 limits ; or by not adopting exclusively either the mean 
 measures or the one or other extreme measures at the 
 
 top or at the bottom of the Coffer; the upper one being_ 
 certainly greater, and the lower one certainly less, than 
 theTheoretical quantity indicated ; butjby measuring^ 
 at a ce^aindisjaj.c^jDL^r_j.pjwn_tbe^ nearly straight 
 sidelT between thosejimits^pf^ excess, and defect. For 
 there, the absolutely true quantity does, and must, exist; 
 and no errors of a faithful, or treacheries of an un- 
 believing and traitorous, workman can possibly prevent 
 it. 
 
 Hence by measuring the interior of the Coffer, as it 
 stands on the floor of the King's Chamber, at a rather 
 lower level than the mean, we should find it represent 
 a cubical content reduced from 71,960 to 71,464; and 
 by measuring the exterior rather higher than its mean 
 horizontal plane, we should find it represent a larger 
 block, or one whose half size would be increased from 
 71,295 up to the same 71,464. 
 
 While, if it be objected by anyone that such an 
 arrangement or principle, though effected by such 
 
 * " Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid." Fourth Edition, p. 29.
 
 Chap. VI.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 53 
 
 small amounts of displacement of surface for the large 
 sides of the Coffer as would be quite unnoticed by 
 ordinary visitors, may prevent the Coffer being actu- 
 ally used as a perfect vessel for measuring corn or any 
 other commodity in a practical manner, and will leave 
 it only as a type or symbol of the right size of measure 
 to those duly instructed how to view it ; it may be 
 answered, that such a principle is entirely agreeable 
 to what has long since been established for the 
 astronomy of the Entrance Passage of the whole 
 Great Pyramid. Viz., that it was by no means intended 
 by its architect to be a working observatory, but a 
 silent and secure monumentalization of certain impor- 
 tant astronomical facts of an early period, for the 
 prophetic instruction, and a people's encouraging 
 references after subversion of kingdoms, and death of 
 languages, of another age and another concatenation 
 of human affairs, destined to come long after it.
 
 54 NEW MEASURES OF [Part XII. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ANTE-CHAMBER MEASURES. 
 
 WITH similar approximating results we might go 
 over all these new measures of the Ante- 
 Chamber also; for there, the theoretical quantities, as 
 hitherto stated for the John Taylor theory, seem 
 always to be found among the lesser and greater 
 measures which Mr. F. Petrie gets off the ruined, and 
 dislocated, forms. Though instead of accepting them 
 as in any way confirmatory thereof or, as I have so 
 particularly set forth in "Our Inheritance," fourth 
 edition, as a rude index to more exact things in the 
 King's Chamber he prefers to inveigh against both 
 the errors of the ancient work and the gullibility of 
 modern theorists. 
 
 This degrading insinuation is especially the case 
 with the " boss " on the Granite Leaf. He allows there 
 (p. 78) that the measures of its thickness are, some 
 under, some over, the typical one inch; and of its 
 breadth some under, some over, the five inches claimed 
 for it ; says nothing about its characteristic eccentricity 
 adjustment of one inch,* but considers he has smashed 
 the whole theory by simply declaring that such a 
 projection was a common feature left on granite blocks 
 to assist in moving them; and he has found, by look- 
 
 * " Our Inheritance," edit. 4. p. 208.
 
 Chap. VII] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 55 
 
 ing narrowly with a side light, traces of there having 
 been once some much larger bosses on the granite 
 stones in the King's Chamber. 
 
 To all which we can calmly reply, that those bosses 
 were, by Mr. F. P.'s own measures, neither of the right 
 size, nor in the right places, to serve the intended 
 metrological purpose of the one boss on the Granite 
 Leaf. 
 
 While as to a boss having been a common feature 
 for the lifting of blocks in old Egyptian buildings ; 
 that is exactly what has saved this one particular boss 
 of the Ante-Chamber from peculiar and virulently 
 directed Egyptologic destruction during the ages that 
 are passed. Just as the numerous Egyptian burial 
 Pyramids, round about, or near to, the one purer Great 
 Pyramid with a subterranean chamber never soiled by 
 a corpse, have saved it from Pharaonic devastation in 
 past history; and enabled it faithfully to carry on to 
 these last days a prophecy breathed into it of old for 
 far other than Egyptian purposes, by inspiration from 
 the God of Israel.
 
 56 NEW MEASURES OF [Part III. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE HEBRAICALLY SACRED, EARTH-COMMENSURABLE, ANTI- 
 EGYPTIAN CUBIT, OF 25 BRITISH INCHES NEARLY. 
 
 IN the Queen's Chamber examinations of the new 
 book, something rather morally instructive than 
 anything else, exhibits itself. 
 
 v O / 
 
 For there, Mr. F. P. describes the grand " Niche," 
 so-called, therein, as being, in its several parts, 3, or 2, 
 or 1, or \ cubits broad; such cubit being always with 
 him the cubit of idolatrous, Cainite, animal-worship- 
 ping, ancient Egypt, 2O6 inches long, though with 
 errors "of O66 to +O36 inches; while he intensifies 
 that Egyptological finding of his, by adding thereto 
 (p. 70), "and there is no evidence of a cubit of 25 inches 
 here." 
 
 This is doubtless in allusion to my having explained 
 the remarkable eccentricity displacement of the whole 
 Niche out of the middle of the Eastern wall of its 
 Chamber (a displacement amounting by the measures 
 of several critical explorers after me to 25-025 British 
 inches)* as the most admirable and scientific method 
 that could well be imagined, for representing one 
 single, concrete example of a short standard of linear 
 measure, in a perfectly inexpungible manner in a vast 
 building erected in the midst of its enemies. 
 
 * See p. 425 of " Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid," edit. 4.
 
 Chap. VIII.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 57 
 
 It was also a splendid illustration of the general 
 metaphysical ruling of the John Taylor, Biblically 
 sacred, theory of the Great Pyramid in its entirety 
 viz., that though it was erected by Egyptian labourers, 
 and even built to Egyptian measuring rods in each 
 small step by step, it was yet caused in its whole result 
 to bring out a purpose of an over-ruling Divine influ- 
 ence, which, as I have dilated on years ago in " Our 
 Inheritance," the Egyptians did not understand at the 
 time, never came to understand through all their 
 subsequent history, and would not have liked if they 
 had understood it. 
 
 So here, before our eyes, is an enthusiastic young 
 modern Egyptologist, delighted to bring out the 
 Cainite cubit of Old Egypt into honourable notice for 
 small things; and after doing so, actually declaring in 
 the midst of that white-stoned, seven-sided chamber 
 (p. 70), " there is no evidence of a 25 inch cubit here." 
 Although too he had himself just measured the eccen- 
 tricity of the noble Niche, and found it, at its lower, 
 larger, and most important section, 25'1 British inches; 
 or, with a workman's error upon the sacred theory, 
 seven times less than what he was agreeable to overlook 
 when the identification of a profane cubit was con- 
 cerned. 
 
 What is not this, therefore, but the modern European 
 Egyptologist falling into exactly the same pit of 
 blindness and unbelief that was prepared for the 
 native idolater of that country of old. He, that pure 
 and perfect one in his own eyes, used the profane cubit 
 in his own forced work at the Great Pyramid, and 
 never saw that it was being over-ruled then and there- 
 
 E
 
 58 NEW MEASUKES OF [Part III. 
 
 alone throughout Egypt, to bring out, in terms of the 
 sacred cubit of Israel, the Bible, and the earth as 
 formed by God for the residence of Adamic man, higher 
 things than he and his co-false religionists had ever 
 dreamt of. 
 
 Hence I have nothing to alter with regard to what 
 I have written through several years past, either on 
 the Queen's Chamber Niche and its eccentricity Sacred 
 Cubit by measure, or of the ancient Egyptians from 
 the Biblical point of view, or yet of the tendency of 
 modern Egyptological studies. 
 
 In fact, this very clever book of Mr. Flinders Petrie 
 supplies so many further examples of the same dan- 
 gerous kind, that I should be hardly excusable before 
 the public were I not to endeavour to point out the 
 misleadings of two or three more of them, which may 
 be, perhaps, of a still more fatal influence to those 
 who incautiously embrace them.
 
 Chap. I.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 59 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 Distort), axb anb profane. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 OF THE RESPECT DUE TO ANCIENT CLASSIC AUTHORS. 
 
 IN the index of the new book, " Accuracy of Greek 
 Travellers," figures for page 159, while both there 
 and on page 161 we are told: 
 
 " The accuracy of the descriptions of the Greek travellers 
 deserves notice, as they are often much more accurate in 
 their facts than modern writers." 
 
 And then, having given examples, the following is 
 appended: 
 
 " Thus we see that there is in these historians an honesty 
 and correctness in their descriptions, and a fulfilment of 
 the amount of accuracy which they profess, which it would 
 have been well for many, perhaps for most modern writers 
 to have imitated." 
 
 But what are the examples on which these conclu- 
 sions are based? The following chiefly: 
 
 1. Herodotus is quoted for a base-side length of the 
 Great Pyramid, which Mr. F. P. himself declares to 
 be 53 feet in error.
 
 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV. 
 
 2. Diodorus Siculus similarly for a length 47 feet 
 in error. 
 
 3. Strabo, for a length which may be twice as much 
 in error, and, 
 
 4. Pliny, for a base-side length said to be only 
 \~x40 inches in error ; but as that is produced by gratui- 
 
 I tously assuming a suitable length thereto for Pliny's 
 nnknown foot standard, and as he was a Roman, his 
 W\;ase may be paired off with that of Strabo, leaving 
 | only Herodotus and Diodorus as the representatives of 
 ^ those Greek travellers whose remarkable accuracy, it 
 Z is said, most modern writers might have imitated with 
 advantage. 
 
 * Now, in their (the Greek travellers') day, the out- 
 : side circuit of the Great Pyramid was clear of rubbish, 
 
 * and plain and open to any measurement upon it; and 
 
 * vet they erred by something amounting to 600 inches 
 on one base-side length. The moderns, on the con- 
 trary, ever since the discovery of the sockets, have 
 
 3 ^notwithstanding, too, the immense_rubbish-heaps, 
 [ both now and ever since Mohammedan rule in Egypt 
 began, fearfully encumbering the ground they have, 
 I say, varied only between 9,110 and 9,168, or no 
 more than 58 inches, for the same feature at their 
 extremes; and for their averages, between 9,120 and 
 9,144, or by 24 inches only, and perhaps by less. 
 
 What, therefore, can Mr. F. P., himself a man 
 understanding and dealing in the accuracy of decimal 
 fractions of an inch to many places of figures deep, 
 what can he possibly be driving at by praising up the 
 former men and their clumsy measures, as examples 
 to the latter, who did their work by comparison most
 
 Chap. I.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 61 
 
 respectably! Can he, by giving so mnch exaggerated 
 praise to the former's shockingly rough measures, be 
 seeking to lead off attention from the gross neglect or 
 contumely he treats the very same classic authors with 
 in other matters; of a kind, too, where they were far 
 better qualified to be authorities 1 
 
 That would seem impossible, when he thus still 
 further speaks of the earlier of those two Greek 
 writers, and in connection precisely with such verbal, 
 personal, historical matters as he may, with propriety, 
 be referred to as the best, as well as oldest, authority 
 next to the Bible itself : 
 
 " The accuracy with which Herodotus states what he saw, 
 and relates what he heard; the criticism he often applies to 
 his materials, and the care with which he distinguishes how 
 much belief he gives to each report; all this should prevent 
 our ever discrediting his words unless compelled to do so." 
 
 Exactly; and how does Mr. F. P. act, after having 
 laid down the above principle so indubitably ? He 
 totally disbelieves Herodotus' account that the builder 
 of the Great Pyramid was not buried in that monu- 
 ment, and was buried a long way outside it, in a 
 peculiar insulated position, deep in the rock, and 
 surrounded by the waters of the Nile. 
 
 That most peculiar tomb has actually been dis- 
 covered.* Mr. F. P. has visited it; allows that it 
 must have been a work of Cheops' reign, or of the 
 Pyramid-building Fourth Dynasty; but argues that, 
 instead of being Cheops' tomb, it was only the origin 
 
 * " Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid." Fourth Edition, 
 page 130, and plate xix.
 
 62 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV. 
 
 of the story of Cheops' tomb given by Herodotus (p. 
 139), who was, therefore, romancing, or worse. 
 
 But why is Mr. F. P. " compelled " thus speedily to 
 smash the doll, or idol, he has just set up ? For no 
 other reason that we can find in his book beyond this : 
 that as he has taken up, body and soul, with the modern 
 Egyptologists in their wholly tombic ideas about the 
 Great Pyramid, he cannot afford to allow that Cheops 
 was buried anywhere else than in that monument; 
 though, too, both of those accurate Greek historians 
 and travellers, so highly approved by himself, have 
 stated, at a historical stand-point, more than 2,000 
 years nearer the event, that Cheops was by no means 
 buried in the Great Pyramid, and that his tomb was 
 at a distance therefrom. 
 
 Unfortunate Mr. F. P. !
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 63 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE PHILITION OF HERODOTUS. 
 
 STILL worse, however, than the above case, is Mr. F. 
 P.'s total omission, so far as I can find, of that 
 most telling account in Herodotus, touching the 
 powerful Shepherd, or Shepherd Prince, Philition, 
 having been, in the eyes of the Egyptian people, the 
 effective ruler, controller, or possessor of the two 
 greatest Gizeh Pyramids. 
 
 Now, from the first publication of John Taylor's, 
 " Why was the Great Pyramid Built, and Who Built 
 It?" down to the fifth edition of Charles Casey's 
 " Philitis ; or, The Mystery of the Great Pyramid 
 Solved," that involuntary Greek admission of an 
 extra-Egyptian, and certainly Eastern influence, 
 prevailing peaceably, but sternly, over the King of 
 Egypt, and all his workmen at that time, has been 
 acknowledged to be the most precious key to the mode 
 of introduction of Hebraic Divine inspiration into the 
 plans, proportions, design, and ultimate objects for 
 donating the world with a Great Pyramid at all ; as 
 well as for building it in Egypt, among Egyptians, 
 and by forced and hateful Egyptian toil. Philitis, or 
 Philition, having been certainly a Shepherd Prince of 
 Palestine, and probably either Shem or Melchizedek. <?; 
 Nor did the Divine inspiration at the Great Pyramid, '
 
 64 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV. 
 
 so far as all history and antiquity may prevail to indi- 
 cate, extend to a single other individual beyond 
 Philitis. 
 
 At the construction of the Tabernacle in the wilder- 
 ness, many hundred years afterwards, it was far 
 otherwise; for then the Scriptures declare that not 
 only did Moses receive instructions from God, but 
 that the workmen under him, as Bezaleel, the son of 
 Uri, were filled (by God) with the Spirit of God in 
 wisdom and understanding and in knowledge, and in 
 all manner of workmanship (Exod. xxxv.); and still 
 more widely in Exod. xxxvi.: "Bezaleel and Aholiab, 
 and every wise-hearted man in whose heart the Lord 
 had put wisdom, even everyone whose heart stirred 
 him up to come unto the work to do it." 
 
 But there were no such workmen known at the 
 Great Pyramid. They were born Egyptian idolaters 
 all, and remained so throughout, in accordance with, 
 or, perhaps more correctly notwithstanding, that other 
 sentence in those accurate Greek historians of old, but 
 which Mr. Flinders Petrie nevertheless declines to 
 give any place to viz., that the idolatrous temples of 
 Egypt were forcibly closed during the whole time of 
 the building of the Great Pyramid at Gizeh, and only 
 re-opened when the Shepherd Prince, Philition, had 
 left ; but then to worse idolatry and more pronounced 
 animal worship than ever, in the times of King 
 Mencheres of the Third Pyramid.* 
 
 Unwilling then, and idolatrous still in their hearts, 
 as the Egyptian workmen at the Great Pyramid were, 
 
 * See William Osburn's " Monumental History of Egypt."
 
 Chap. II.] THE GKEAT PYRAMID. 65 
 
 how can we expect otherwise than that they scamped 
 their task work on every possible occasion; or just as 
 the sharp-eyed, keen-witted Mr. Flinders Petrie finds 
 so many examples of ! We must, therefore, really and 
 heartily thank him for dragging those peccadilloes to 
 light, and for reminding all Christian Pyramid stu- 
 dents thereby, that the workmen's handicraft at the 
 Great Pyramid, having nothing of divine inspiration 
 directly about it, was not and could not have been 
 perfect. The cutting and placing, therefore, of stones, 
 and the stones themselves of the Great Pyramid, are 
 not to be regarded with worship by anyone; and are 
 only to be held of any account at all by every believer 
 in the Bible, in so far as they may enable us to 
 approximate to wEere the divinely inspired ideas were 
 centred viz., in the spirit of the superintending 
 Melcliizedek, or Philitis. 
 
 We may truly rejoice, therefore, that Mr. Flinders 
 Petrie has so many cases of error to charge against the 
 idolatrous Egyptian workmen; as when he finds that 
 in sawing the end of the Coffer, they twice over got 
 their saw too far within the appointed line, and had to 
 u back it out " and try again. Said saw too of brass 
 and iron, set with jewelled teeth, being, further, so 
 amazingly like what we might expect to find among 
 the Cainite Egyptians, after the hints the Bible has 
 given of the inventions and constructions of Jubal 
 and Tubal Cain.
 
 66 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ABSOLUTE DATE OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 UT when we arrive at last in our perusal of the 
 ,1 ) new book, at its discussion of the all-important 
 chronological date at which these most memorable 
 Great Pyramid events took place, alas! how Egyp- 
 tianised has not Mr. Flinders Petrie himself become in 
 six short years. For in 1877, in his then carefully- 
 prepared Pyramid diagram, he attacked the John 
 Taylor time-passage theory, because it did not give 
 the dates of either the Septuagint on one side, or the 
 Hebrew version of the Bible on the other. While he 
 likewise condemned my 2170 B.C. date of the Great 
 Pyramid as being too early, because there were not 
 (in accordance with those Biblical chronologies) enough 
 men, he said, on earth so soon after the Deluge and 
 Babel to erect such a building. 
 
 But now he scouts the 2,170 B.C. date (pp. 188 and 
 191) because forsooth it is not early enough to be 
 agreeable to both modern Egyptology and the merely 
 &^vt* L*^tt,Ptolemeian-old Egyptian idolatrous priest Manetho. 
 while he suggests 3400 B.C. as being more agree- 
 thereto, says not a word about its flat contradiction 
 
 '^f~by such a huge amount as 1200 years to one, if not both, 
 G * f his formerly quoted sufficient and absolute authorities 
 
 , -_ ^-j the two chief versions of the Scripture history of 
 the world and man.
 
 Chap. IV.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 67 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE LATTER END INDICATIONS OF THE TIME PASSAGE 
 THEORY. 
 
 8th of Angnst, 1882, which was to have been 
 JL some great day on this theory, has passed 
 quietly away, and we may expect the theory to follow 
 it in like manner," says Mr. F. P. at his p. 188. 
 
 I do not know, however, that I, who may be assumed 
 to be the party most particularly aimed at here, have 
 on any occasion limited that theoretical indication to a 
 single day. But, on the contrary, I confessed and 
 voluntarily exhibited the uncertainties of my measures 
 for the chronological length of the Grand Gallery of 
 the Great Pyramid, by printing my two divergent 
 measures of the two sides of that Gallery; having also 
 admitted the pertinence of the many discussions in 
 Europe, as to whether all Christendom is in lamentable 
 and contradictory error as to its supposed Christian 
 chronology, to the amount of several years, or not at 
 all, or perhaps about three months; and I have further 
 in this paper freely allowed the possibility of Mr. F. 
 P.'s length for the Grand Gallery, a length some 0'8 
 of an inch (meaning there of a year) longer than mine, 
 being the more correct of the two. 
 
 Hence my own ideas for reading off and interpreting 
 this one of the Great Pyramid's prophetic dates, have
 
 68 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV. 
 
 never presumed to be closer than somewhere abont a 
 year; and that only for the first of the two lengths 
 which the Grand Gallery has by measure ; viz., 
 " through the Step " as above ; but over the Step, 29 
 inch-years longer. After, or during, which slowly 
 being worked-out Grand Gallery consummation, 
 religious history enters a low Pyramid Passage of 
 trouble, doubt, and difficulty, lasting many years. 
 
 Let us then, while the memory of recent events is 
 still tingling in the ears of all the world, minus Mr. F. 
 P. let us, I say, examine and see whether the year 
 1882 A.D., though only the beginning of the interval 
 appointed for the Grand Gallery's Southern termina- 
 tion to symbolise, viz., A.D. 1882 to 1911 A.D. did pass 
 away so very quietly, with reference to Egypt, Turkey, 
 Mohammedanism and Christianity as he would have 
 his readers accept from himself. And then all those 
 who enquire and search for themselves, will find, 
 
 (1) In the early part of that year the Egyptian 
 people, under the lead of a native, Arabi by name, 
 threw off the rule of their Mohammedan King or 
 Khedive, and the Turkish Sultan too, in a manner 
 never before known in the history of that land. 
 
 (2) Almost simultaneously with which came, first, 
 the massacre of Europeans in Alexandria ; second, the 
 flight of the Khedive to a trembling, fearful hiding on 
 the brink of the Northern coast of Egypt; and, third, 
 the most unexpected, but happy, breaking of the Dual 
 Control, which had otherwise bound England hand and 
 foot to France in all the affairs of Egypt. 
 
 (3) Then followed the bombardment of Alexandria 
 with larger cannon than ever employed in warfare
 
 Chap.rv.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 69 
 
 before. When Alexandria, of all the five notable cities 
 of Egypt (Isa. xix. 18) became both thereby, and by 
 its immediately subsequent burning at the hands of 
 the Egyptians themselves, " The City of Destruction." 
 
 (4) Soon after that, by immense national effort, an 
 army of 25,000 men from Christian Great Britain was 
 hastily poured into Egypt to fight the Egyptians. 
 
 (5) The battle of Tel El Kebir followed, when more 
 men of that land were sent out of this world by the 
 British bayonet than had ever occurred before. After 
 which terrific chastisement the whole country, despite 
 the Sultan, fell into the hands of England ; and 15,000 
 English soldiers were presently sent, at public expense, 
 to look at, and wonder over, the Great Pyramid. 
 
 Now what year previous to 1882 saw anything 
 approaching to that terrible succession of horrors, 
 destructions, and triumphs connected so peculiarly with 
 Egypt, Turkey, and Christian Great Britain, ^r_British- 
 Israel rather, that anyone is entitled to say and teach, 
 with opprobrious reference to the Pyramid time- 
 passage theory, that the year 1882 passed quietly away! 
 
 Something, on the contrary, began to work then so 
 patently in the histories of both Egypt and Great 
 Britain, and in a manner so unexpected by politicians, 
 that I, for one, hungering and thirsting to know where 
 we are and what next, have been driven from news- 
 papers to studying reverentially and prayerfully, again 
 and again, that wonderful xix. chapter of Isaiah, from 
 the first verse to the last. For therein are to be found 
 inspired sketches of the last days and their particular 
 bearing on Egypt and British-Israel, in most compre- 
 hensive picture upon picture; not separated yet stereo-
 
 70 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV. 
 
 scopically into easily recognisable chronological series, 
 but divinely originated, absolutely true; and if not 
 enacted already, still to come to pass. 
 
 That the Great Pyramid, when understood on the 
 John Taylor sacred and scientific theory, is the " pillar " 
 as well as the "altar" described in that chapter by the 
 inspired Hebrew, and most Messianic of all the pro- 
 phets, and is also " the sign and the witness to the Lord 
 of hosts " in the latter day mentioned there, has long 
 since been set forth in successive editions of " Our 
 Inheritance," and is an invaluable truth, most easy for 
 a thorough and faithful Christian to comprehend and 
 profit by. But others of the allusions are more difficult. 
 As how, for instance, could it equally be said of a 
 Mohammedan people by the Lord of hosts, with 
 blessings, too, upon them, "Blessed be Egypt, My 
 people ? " and how in the Hebrew Bible could such 
 Mohammedan nation be placed first, and Israel, or 
 Christianised British-Israel, third only, on the list of 
 God's favoured and approved nations? 
 
 A vast change evidently, at least to every believer in 
 the Bible, has still to be brought about upon both the 
 land and people of Egypt, before the latter days shall 
 be finally accomplished, however effectually they were 
 begun in the memorable year of 1882. And perhaps a 
 great deal of change has to be wrought in our own country 
 as well ; and in none more than in the direction of 
 freeing its Government from the earthly, semi-atheistic 
 bonds of "Caesarism"; or that combination of civil 
 government with military power which claims to itself a 
 greater than Papal, than all religious, infallibility. In 
 fact, our country must be taught to confess before the
 
 Chap. iv.l THE GREAT PYRAMID. 71 
 
 world, far more frequently and fully than it has been 
 doing of late, that "the Most High ruleth in the 
 kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever He 
 will." Or to bring it more savingly home to where it 
 is needed, more of direct praise and thanks and honour 
 must be offered by our rulers and governors " to the 
 King of heaven, all whose works are truth and His 
 ways judgment; and those that walk in pride He is 
 able to abase" (Dan. iv. 37). 
 
 Very much, therefore, as we might have been led to 
 expect, the time even now already elapsed since the 
 British conquest of Egypt in 1882, and the ceasing of 
 the Sultan of Turkey's power over it, has not passed 
 without events abundantly indicative of the low, and 
 threatening Pyramid passage of history, at the 
 Southern end of the Grand Gallery, having been entered 
 by ourselves as well as by Egypt ; or of the period 
 between the two lengths of the Grand Gallery, deep- 
 ening over us. For what has not occurred since then ? 
 
 Christian England has allowed the Great Pyramid, 
 the one and only known remaining monument of the 
 earth, built according to Divine inspiration, and even 
 appointed, on the testimony of the Holy Bible, to be 
 a sign and a witness in the latter day to the God of 
 Israel, to fall back into the possession and torment of 
 Mohammedan, riotous, ignorant Arabs. It has also 
 set up the Mohammedan King of Egypt again ; sup- 
 ported him in his own capital by British Christian 
 soldiers ; and they have been placed in public so as to 
 do honour, in the eyes of Mohammedans, to the Moham- 
 medan festival of sending a so-called sacred carpet to 
 the tomb of the false Prophet at Mecca.
 
 72 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV 
 
 Can that have been pleasing to God and His Christ ? 
 Would Daniel, or would Shadrach, Meshech, and 
 Abednego have been willing to assist at such a cere- 
 monial? And does our Bible permit it, and hold those 
 who ordered, and those who performed, it guiltless ? 
 But as the Hebrew prophet declared of old for these 
 identical times, "The Lord shall smite Egypt; He 
 shall smite and heal it." And accordingly both Egypt 
 and the triumphant English in that country were very 
 soon smitten by cholera, to the loss of a vastly greater 
 number of lives than all the destruction of the war. 
 
 But the Egyptian people did not therefore return to 
 the Lord; nor did the English Government make public 
 demonstration of their fealty to Christ their King. 
 They apparently, too, by no means understood that 
 they were being employed by God, according to His 
 sacred Word, to be the saviour and the great one to 
 practically deliver Egypt, when the children should at 
 last and at their very bitterest, cry to the Lord on 
 account of the oppressors. In fact, the English 
 Government were in 1883 trying rather how they could 
 most quickly get out of that country, and leave it, as 
 was scandalously said, " to stew in its own juice." 
 
 But that was not to be. 
 
 Therefore, no sooner had the intention been authori- 
 tatively declared at a grand banquet in London, than 
 tidings out of the East and the South began to 
 trouble ; and very quickly caused those who had spoken 
 the words so confidently of withdrawing the British 
 troops, not only to cease that operation, but to begin 
 rather to increase their numbers. Nor could they do 
 otherwise, when every post brought news of the posi-
 
 Chap. IV.] THE GKEAT PYRAMID. 73 
 
 tive annihilation of army after army of English-led 
 Egyptian troops, of massacres of women and children, 
 and the selling of the remainder into slavery in the 
 distant Soudan region. 
 
 But by whom, and how? 
 
 By a Mohammedan, undoubtedly; a reviler, too, and 
 necessarily so, of Christians; but one who lost no 
 opportunity of proclaiming his sincere and perfect 
 belief not in political economy, or diplomatic state- 
 craft but in the grander truth that " the Most High 
 doth rule in the kingdom of men," and ''giveth it to 
 whomsover He will." Reminding us only too clearly 
 of its parallel character with the first appearance of 
 Mohammedanism in the world, to smite the Christians 
 of that time who had fallen into the idolatry of images 
 and fragments of dead, human-made saints. 
 
 And how did this still false prophet, or so-called 
 Mahdi in the Soudan, gain his victories over Anglo- 
 Egyptian armies ? 
 
 Precisely as Isaiah says, "by the heart of Egypt 
 melting, its spirit failing, in the midst of it, and Egypt 
 becoming like women;" or, as the morning papers have 
 been so recently chronicling, by their military hosts 
 being stricken by abject fear, by their men standing 
 stupidly and torpidly with their backs to the foe, 
 waiting in paralytic abjectness to be speared to 
 inevitable death; or throwing themselves on the ground 
 and screaming until the Mahdi's swordsmen termin- 
 ated their ignoble existences. 
 
 When were such scenes ever witnessed in Egypt 
 before? Certainly not when I was there in 1865; nor 
 were they then even remotely expected ; for Egypt was
 
 74 NEW MEASURES OF [Part IV. 
 
 at that time an orderly, well-ruled country at home, 
 and abroad was pursuing a conquering career, daily 
 extending its possessions along or up the course of its 
 wondrous river to the still more marvellous lakes of 
 Africa's equatorial regions. 
 
 But such a frightful series of the Mahdi's easily- 
 won victories was beginning to have the dismal effect 
 of reviving the faith of the surrounding Mohammedan 
 populations of all other countries in their notions of 
 the destiny of Islam being to conquer everywhere ; and 
 that is not the conclusion indicated for these times in 
 Daniel* six. So then the Lord arose. The English 
 Ministry which had fought against being in Egypt at 
 all, was made to bring infantry, cavalry, artillery, 
 marines, sailors from all sides to the Southern land. 
 They even sent there in one short week no less -than 
 four millions of death-dealing cartridges for one kind 
 of arm alone; and a battle was presently fought near 
 the shores of the Red Sea with the Mahdi's warriors, 
 which in three short hours not only broke their power 
 and turned the survivors of them into fugitives, but 
 so shook the faith of all those countries in the claims 
 of their leader's religion, that, stricken by God, the 
 vastly-dreaded Mahdi's power began instantly to fall 
 to pieces like a rope of sand. 
 
 Whether this is to be the beginning of the once 
 Christian land of Egypt returning to the Lord, time 
 only can show to limited human intellect ; but the 
 final result is assured both by the Bible and the John 
 Taylor time-passage theory of the Great Pyramid. 
 
 In short, though Mr. Flinders Petrie refuses to 
 acknowledge it, and would have us believe that 1882
 
 Chap. IV.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 75 
 
 passed quietly away, the world at large knows that the 
 Egyptian Question became in that year suddenly por- 
 tentous, and has continued to grow more and more 
 threatening and difficult ever since. 
 
 But enough now, from merely my point of view, 
 touching the real character of this most intensely 
 Egyptological book, " The Pyramids and Temples of 
 Gizeh," by W. M. Flinders Petrie ; for there are others 
 who have their own equally mature opinions to give ; 
 and with, if possible, still more national, historic, and 
 many-sided provable right than Great Britain to claim 
 a share of " Inheritance in the Great Pyramid.''
 
 Chap. I.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 77 
 
 PART V. 
 
 JUnerkau (Episobc. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ACTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE, CLEVELAND, 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 THE earlier of the preceding chapters had hardly 
 been written here, when there came a most 
 remarkable, unexpected, but eminently encouraging 
 communication from America. 
 
 Mr. Flinders Petrie's book had been by his own 
 arrangement published simultaneously in New York 
 and London ; and had probably as many readers in 
 the one city as the other. But in the former city and 
 its country a spirit of inquiry was immediately mani- 
 fested, the work was submitted to close examination, 
 and discussions began to be held about it, first in pri- 
 vate, and then at the public meetings of 
 
 The International Institute for Preserving and Per- 
 fecting the Anglo-Saxon Weights and Measures, and 
 for Opposing the Introduction of the French Metrical 
 System amongst English-speaking peoples; Branch 
 at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., America. 
 
 For the right spirit in which these examinations 
 and discussions were carried on, we cannot do better 
 than refer to the concluding sentence of a review since
 
 78 NEW MEASURES OF [PartV. 
 
 then published by the Institute, in its bi-monthly 
 journal, " The International Standard" p. 528, No. 6, 
 vol. i. After very mildly pointing out that Mr. F. P. 
 was rather too hasty in assuming that his measures 
 were so very superlative as instantly to utterly over- 
 throw those of his predecessors and constitute " the 
 funeral " of all their theories of the Great Pyramid, 
 the reviewer proceeds, "We are all seeking for the 
 truth. We want the truth in soberness and in kind- 
 ness to each other, and we want a fair, earnest, liberal 
 discussion, not acrimonious, but always looking to the 
 fact that we are studying a great Monument of Inspi- 
 ration given by God for our instruction; and every 
 seeker of the truth should act, and speak, and write as 
 unto God." 
 
 And now for the communication which reached me 
 in the latter end of November, 1883. 
 
 It was a large postal packet containing 
 
 First, a letter from the Rev. H. G. Wood, Sharon, 
 Pennsylvania (date Nov. 10), in which,, after setting 
 forth that he had been examining Mr. F. P.'s book 
 carefully, after having long since read and re-read my 
 " Life and Work at the Great Pyramid," the reverend 
 writer stated that Mr. F. P. seemed to him really " in 
 the most marvellous manner " to confirm my conclu- 
 sions as to the Great Pyramid's socket-defined base- 
 side length. For while his measures, which were 
 allowed to be apparently very exact, were superficially 
 different, yet when considered with due reference to 
 the levels of the sockets, they bring out my numbers. 
 
 A paper explanatory of these things (and which will 
 be found a little further on) had been read by Mr.
 
 CLap.L] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 79 
 
 Wood before the International Institute, was discussed 
 there by the members, resolutions were arrived at, and 
 he, Rev. Mr. Wood, had been requested to transmit 
 them to me, he signing himself, 
 
 " Faithfully your co-worker in Pyramid study, 
 
 "H. G. WOOD." 
 
 The " action " of the International Institute thus 
 transmitted was couched in the following words: 
 
 A WORK RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY MR. W. M. 
 FLINDERS PETRIE, UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE ROYAL 
 SOCIETY, LONDON, ATTEMPTS TO THROW DISCREDIT UPON 
 THE PYRAMID INVESTIGATIONS OF PROF. 0. PIAZZI SMYTH, 
 ASTRONOMER- ROYAL OF SCOTLAND ; AND, WHEREAS, THIS 
 ATTEMPT OF MR. PETRIE, BACKED BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY, 
 IS SO SKILFULLY PERFORMED, AND HAS SUCH A WEIGHT OF 
 PRESTIGE, AS ALREADY TO HAVE SHAKEN THE CONFIDENCE 
 OF MANY BELIEVERS IN PfiOF. SMYTH'S THEORIES, THERE- 
 
 FORE, 
 
 , THAT " THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE 
 FOR PRESERVING AND PERFECTING WEIGHTS AND MEA- 
 
 SURES, AT THIS THEIR ANNUAL MEETING, AFTER LISTENING 
 TO A CAREFUL AND ELABORATE EXAMINATION AND CRITICISM 
 
 BY REVEREND H. G. WOOD, OF MR. PETRIK'S WORK, ARE 
 
 NOT ONLY STRENGTHENED IN THEIR CONFIDENCE IN THE 
 ACCURACY OF PROF. SMYTH'S WORK, BUT DISCOVER IN MR. 
 
 PETRIE'S MEASUREMENTS THE MATERIAL FOR SUBSTANTIA- 
 
 TING THE CONFIDENCE REPOSED IN PROF. SMYTH. 
 
 , THAT WE APPOINT REV. H. G. WOOD A 
 COMMITTEE TO FORWARD A COPY OF THESE RESOLUTIONS TO
 
 80 NEW MEASURES OF [Party. 
 
 PBOF. SMYTH ; AND WE REQUEST MR. WOOD TO COMMUNI- 
 CATE TO PROF. SMYTH THIS DISCOVERY OF THE UNWITTING 
 CONFIRMATION WHICH MR. PETRIE HAS GIVEN OF PROF. 
 SMYTH'S THEORETICAL MEASURES OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE 
 GREAT PYRAMID."
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 81 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ANSWER SENT BY C. PIAZZI SMYTH, EX F.R.S., THROUGH 
 REV. H. G. WOOD, TO THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE 
 FOR PRESERVING AND PERFECTING WEIGHTS AND 
 MEASURES, EUCLID AVENUE, CLEVELAND, OHIO, U.S. 
 
 ENTLEMEN, I have the honour to acknow- 
 ledge receipt, per Committee represented by 
 Rev. H. G. Wood, Sharon, Pa., of a copy of the resolu- 
 tion you came to, at your annual meeting on Nov. 8, 
 after hearing that gentleman's careful and high scien- 
 tific criticism of just the most crucial portion of Mr. 
 Flinders Petrie's recent book on " The Pyramids and 
 Temples of Gizeh." 
 
 While I was quite aware that there was much in that 
 book intended for my own particular confusion, but 
 which I trusted the Pyramid facts would render me 
 quite capable of withstanding, I could not but regret 
 that it seemed to have been arranged also to confound 
 many other persons who, in various countries, have 
 listened favourably for several years past to what I 
 have had to say of the Great Pyramid in Egypt. 
 Saying it, however, not of my own inventions or dis- 
 covery, but on the lines of both religious origination 
 and scientific respect to its unknown architect, com- 
 menced by the late John Taylor, Gower-street, London. 
 Now these other persons, for whom I was grieved, were
 
 82 NEW MEASURES OF [PartV. 
 
 always, so far as I knew them, most excellent, worthy 
 individuals, exemplary for carrying the mens sana in 
 corpore sano, as Christians as well as scientists, but 
 who, not having been favoured with such large oppor- 
 tunities as had been granted to me, for ascertaining 
 'on securest and absolute grounds at the place how very 
 much more testimony there is for us than against us, 
 were not equally well armed for their defence. 
 
 In this particular emergency how relieved I have 
 been to find that the men of the United States, among 
 whom the book was thrown, at its simultaneous publi- 
 cation in London and New York, like a bomb-shell to 
 disturb them, have instantly helped themselves by 
 first reading it carefully through from the first page to 
 the last, and then initiating a discussion at a public 
 meeting commenced with prayer, in the hall of their 
 most earnestly-striving International Institute for 
 Preserving and Perfecting Saxon-land's Historic 
 Weights and Measures. 
 
 That institute, though but four years old, having 
 had more papers already before it on the Great 
 Pyramid than any other scientific society existing, was 
 efficiently qualified to discuss the new work at once, 
 as well as to compare the mentally elevating theories 
 of the Rev. H. G. Wood, with the depreciating ones of 
 Mr. F. Petrie; and it did so. 
 
 With this remarkable result too, or of finding 
 
 (1) That Mr. F. Petrie's book is an attempt to 
 throw discredit on those Pyramid investigations, which 
 I have been carrying on for the last eighteen years, in 
 continuation of the grand ideas received from and 
 particularly confided to my care in 1864 by that
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 83 
 
 admirable man, John Taylor, when he was called away 
 from his usefulness and further work in this world at 
 the noble old age of above 83. 
 
 (2) That the result of the Rev. H. G. Wood's able 
 analysis of both sides of the case has not only strength- 
 ened the Institute's confidence in the accuracy of my 
 work, but discovers " in Mr. F. Petrie's measurements 
 the material for substantiating the confidence reposed 
 in me." Wherefore the members of the Institute, as 
 well as I too, may deservedly thank the Rev. H. G. 
 Wood for his so very speedily bringing out, as they 
 are pleased with happy point to phrase it, " the 
 unwitting confirmation which Mr. F. P. has given to 
 
 Prof. Smyth's theoretical measures of the exterior of 
 
 * 
 
 the Great Pyramid." 
 
 But there is another point on which I am yet more 
 particularly and personally bound to thank the Inter- 
 national Institute for what it has found it in its heart to 
 do on the present occasion. For this mischief-inten- 
 ding work of Mr. F. P. was published in London, not 
 on its author's responsibility alone, but under the 
 direct sanction of the one Central Society there which 
 engrosses now so much wealth, Government subsidy, 
 executive patronage, and high social influence, as to 
 have become in a manner dangerous to the liberty of 
 soul and freedom of conscience of the scientific and 
 literary men of the age, without their apparently 
 knowing it. 
 
 Now this society, which is none other than " the 
 Royal Society," and which is working a silent revolu- 
 tion against the weights and measures of its own 
 country, by the encouragement it gives its members to
 
 . 
 
 use the French Metrical system, has still further 
 characterised itself for many years past by a sort of 
 undying, unforgiving opposition to every appearance 
 of the sacred and scientific theory of the Great 
 Pyramid. As thus: 
 
 (a) In 1859 it rejected John Taylor's first Great 
 Pyramid paper, which he therefore printed in his 
 " Battle of the Standards." 
 
 () In 1864, when I went out to Egypt to measure 
 the Great Pyramid in situ, and was in the utmost 
 straits for funds, the Royal Society, which is in receipt 
 of a large annual grant from Government, for the 
 assistance of precisely such special efforts in science, 
 not only gave nothing to my semi-pauperised work 
 beyond the seas, but actually sent back part of that 
 year's grant to Government, on the plea that there 
 was nothing then going on that needed it. 
 
 (c) In the autumn of 1871, when I made a direct 
 request for assistance towards a second expedition to 
 the Great Pyramid then contemplated, the Council, I 
 have reason to believe, for its proceedings are secret, 
 extinguished the application at once, without waiting 
 for the usual formality of the February meeting, when 
 all the claims that have come in during the year 
 elapsed are supposed to be discussed and adjudicated 
 upon. 
 
 (d) Lastly, in 1874, the Royal Society printed, in 
 a paper on the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, 
 some unnecessary, quite erroneous, and exceedingly 
 derogatory views of the Great Pyramid, by a General 
 officer who had never seen it; and when I pointed out 
 the several gross errors, and also sent direct observa-
 
 Chap. II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 85 
 
 tions and measures of the parts of the Pyramid con- 
 cerned, the Council refused to let them appear iu 
 either of the two serial publications of the Society, in 
 both of which the improper documents had figured 
 with practical approval. 
 
 Wherefore, then, I recognised that there was nothing 
 left for me (at that time a Fellow of the Royal Society) 
 but to come out of it, and bear my testimony else- 
 where in the free and open world. 
 
 So when I heard, a few months ago, of that Royal 
 Society having just then voted money assistance to 
 bring out a new author's Pyramid book, I was at no 
 loss to ^iioss what side that book would be on; and 
 was certainly much troubled to think how many inno- 
 cent, confiding persons would be misled by it, and for 
 no other reason, perhaps, than it had been brought 
 out under the patronage of the overpowering " Royal 
 Society." 
 
 Shame, however, to me, that my faith wavered even 
 for a moment, in the necessary progress of a cause 
 originated by Divine inspiration in the beginning of 
 the world, and intended prophetically to come out in 
 these times wherein we live and the coming times. 
 And if some individuals on this side of the Atlantic 
 have been too ready to quail before, and yield to, the 
 mighty Royal Society in London; and now, being con- 
 verted thereto, join in reviling the Great Pyramid 
 theory and its applications, see how the International 
 Institute for Preserving and Perfecting Weights and 
 Measures has been raised up in America; so appropri- 
 ately, too, amongst the sons of the Pilgrim Fathers ; 
 amidst surroundings of the fullest liberty and history ;
 
 86 NEW MEASURES OF [Part V. 
 
 and in a nation, a highly organised nation, the maxi- 
 mum Republic of the world, the reverse side of whose 
 Government seal contains a figure of the Great 
 Pyramid, and whose coinage, by some special coin- 
 cidence which no one can either explain or refute, 
 shows a close numerical agreement in grains, whether 
 of gold or silver, with the inch measures of the prin- 
 cipal chamber in the most ancient monument of 
 the earth. 
 
 Very best thanks, therefore, once again, dear gentle- 
 men of the International Institute, for the generous and 
 true resolution you came to at your Annual Meeting of 
 November 8, 1883; and long may you continue to lead 
 and instruct in the origin and destiny of Anglo-Saxon 
 national and hereditary measures, not only the people 
 of the United States, but " all the Israel of God." 
 
 I am, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 Yours most respectfully, 
 
 C. PIAZZI SMYTH. 
 
 15, Royal-terrace, Edinburgh. 
 November 24, 1883.
 
 Chap. III.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 87 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE PRESENT STATE OF THE BASE-SIDE LENGTH QUESTION 
 OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. BY THE REV. H. G. WOOD, 
 SHARON, PA. 
 
 [Reprinted from pp. 493 502 of the International Standard, pub- 
 lished at 30, Euclid-avenue, Cleveland, Ohio; and at 345, Tremont- 
 street, Boston, U.S.A.] 
 
 IN the September number of this magazine we 
 demonstrated that the semi-polar axis of the earth 
 equals the height of a curtate cycloid, whose gene- 
 rating circle has a radius of 63,360 feet (5,280 x 12), s 
 and whose base is the equatorial diameter of the earth. 
 The semi-polar axis thus obtained is 20,854,101 feet. 
 One ten millionth of this is 25-0249212 inches, 
 which multiplied by 365'24224, the number of mean 
 solar days in the tropical year, gives 9140'! 58 inches. 
 This is within '02 of an inch of the theoretical base 
 side of the Great Pyramid, according to Professor 
 Smyth's computation. 
 
 It is important to any theory founded upon a geo- 
 metrical construction of the Pyramid to determine 
 accurately its base lines. Hitherto, so far as I know, 
 a base plane has been assumed, either at the level of 
 the pavement surrounding the structure, or at some 
 inches, more or less, below. The point we have now 
 reached in this discussion is that the true base lines
 
 S . ^ irtfcjA- ffi^n.1 ,,< - 
 
 'should be^ery cToslTTxTlJl^O'-iS. Let us see what 
 facts are found in the building itself to sustain this 
 view. 
 
 Within a few years four corner sockets have been 
 uncovered, situated in two vertical planes intersecting 
 each other, apparently at right angles, in the plane 
 of the base. They are cut in the natural rock from 
 four to twelve inches deep. The floor of every socket 
 is well levelled. In area they range from thirty to 
 one hundred and fifty square feet, designed evidently 
 to mark the four corners of the building. So nearly 
 do the lines of the socket-sides conform to a square- 
 
 Fic,l 
 
 9141.16 
 
 Fio.2 
 
 N.W 
 
 M.E 
 
 g ^* In fig. 2 the decimal in each case after the plus or minus sign 
 should be '65.
 
 Chap. Iir.J THE GREAT PYRAMID. 89 
 
 base that ii would be difficult, without instrumental 
 measurements, to detect the discrepancy. But if a 
 line be carried around the base, connecting the outer- 
 most corners of the sockets (figs. 1 and 2), it will not 
 form a true square. The diagonal, reaching from the 
 South-east to the North-west corner, will exceed the 
 other diagonal by more than twenty inches.* The 
 distances between the corners, computed by Mr. Petrie, 
 in inches (fig. 2), are as follows: The East socket-line, 
 9130-8; the North socket-line, 9129-8; the West 
 socket-line, 9119-2; the South socket-line, 9123-9. 
 To a casual observer, there is apparent an intention to 
 set the structure true to the meridian of the locality. 
 
 As we examine the sockets more carefully in relation 
 to one another, we find that the South-east socket is 
 the lowest. The floors of the others in relation to it 
 are higher, as follows: The North-east, 11*4 inches; 
 the North-west, 7-1 inches; the South-west, 16-9 
 inches. These also are Mr. Petrie's measures. Some 
 changes appear to have taken place in their levels 
 during the past four thousand years. The opening of 
 masonry joints in the interior of the building seem to 
 bear witness of a settling towards the South and 
 South-west. But taking the four socket-levels as 
 they now stand, we may ask, Why did the architect 
 lay out his edifice in this strange, unsqnare manner ? 
 The superior skill and workmanship elsewhere ex- 
 hibited forbid us to suppose that the irregularity, 
 both in foundation and corner levels, is the result of 
 
 * The skew shown by the socket-line in figs. 1, 2, and 3 is greatly 
 exiggerated in the diagram to illustrate what could not be seen in 
 
 SCale -
 
 90 NEW MEASURES OF [Part V. 
 
 accident or carelessness; neither could it have been a 
 freak of economy. We find it difficult to escape the 
 conclusion that the diverse levels of the sockets, and 
 the varying distances between them, express the 
 architect's intention. What was it"? What could he 
 mean by setting his corners and stretching his 
 foundation lines out of level and askew ? 
 
 It is possible that, in the following argument, 
 conviction may not result from the evidence; but the 
 close and manifold coincidences make it exceedingly 
 difficult to disprove design. We may safely leave it 
 to the common judgment of men to say whether the 
 coincidences are accidental or even the result of 
 carelessness. 
 
 While Mr. Petrie gives some admirable measures, 
 he does not seem to have allowed due importance to 
 the accuracy of the socket cuttings. It is not a little 
 remarkable that the sockets themselves were_covered 
 with a pavement from twenty to thirtv_inchesj:bick. 
 Whether the covering was designed for their pro- 
 tection, we cannot say, although it has served this 
 purpose wonderfully well. 
 
 The East socket-line given by Mr. Petrie is the 
 longest, measuring 9130-8 jH *65 inches. We have 
 already shown that the true base line should be very 
 close to 9140 % 15 inches. Mr. Petrie's measure is more 
 than nine inches too short. What does this mean ? 
 Is theory at fault? Does Mr. Petrie's fact prove 
 that the Pyramid architect saw no connection between 
 his work and the form and size of the earth ? Let us 
 see. 
 
 The geometrical base of a pyramid is a plane, per-
 
 THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 pendicular to its axis, and passing through the point 
 farthest from the axis. The South-east socket is this 
 point. All other sockets are nearer the axis, according 
 to their elevation above the South-east corner. Mr. 
 Petrie found the North-east socket 11'4 inches higher 
 than the South-east socket. He gives the angle of 
 altitude of the casing-stones as 51 52'+ 2'. Now if 
 the North face be carried down, at this angle, to the f' f 
 level of the South-east socket (fig. 3), it will strike 
 the level base line 9139*75 inches from the extreme 
 corner of the outJi-east socket. Add to this about 
 one-third ^of the + -65, which Mr. Petrie allows for 
 errors in triangulation and socket boundary, and we f/3?- 
 have a base line 9139*871 inches on the East side, at f ' 3 tl 
 the level of the lowest socket. To take this as the 
 length of the East base line is perfectly in accord 
 with Mr. Petrie's measures and the principles of 
 geometry. 
 
 What is the Ifcrth base line ? Mr. Petrie gives us 
 the fallowing estimate of the original finished sides, 
 at the level of the platform or pavement surrounding 
 the Pyramid: North side, 9069-4, South side, 9069-5, 
 the mean is 9069-45 ; East side, 9067-7, West side, 
 9068-6; the mean is 9068*15. The ratio of the means 
 is thus expressed, 9068-15-r-9069-45=*99985 + . The 
 ratio is the same at any other_level. It thus appears 
 that the base plane is lengo*. East and West than 
 North and South, and that the ratio of its length to 
 its breadth is the same as the ratio of the major to the 
 minor axis of the earth's orbit. Taking for the East 
 base line 9139-871 inches, we have for the North base 
 line 9141-16 inches. While this difference may
 
 92 NEW MEASURES OF [Part V. 
 
 explain the fact that the diagonals of the base are not 
 perpendicular to each other, it cannot affect any theory 
 grounded upon a vertical section running North and 
 South through the apex of the Pyramid, and having 
 a base line of 9139-871 inches. However, it is quite 
 within the limits of error allowed by Mr. Petrie to 
 assume a square base of 9139-871, or a rectangular 
 base (a conjecture that may need verifying) 9139-871 
 by 9141-16 inches. 
 
 Let us return to the socket-lines (fig. 1). What do 
 they express 1 First the East socket line. . The 
 tropical year in mean solar days is 365*24224. One 
 fourth of one hundred years is 9131-056. Mr. Petrie's 
 measure of the East socket-line differs from this by 
 only one fourth of an inch -65. May we say that 
 this East socket-line records (in inches) the exact num- 
 ber of days in a quarter of a century? 
 
 Take the South socket-line. In the common 
 reckoning of time the calendar year is 365 days, with 
 one day added every four years, to make up the loss 
 of the omitted fraction '24224. In one hundred years 
 we have twenty-five, more nearly 24-25 leap years. 
 Deduct 25 from 36524-224. The remainder is 
 36499-224. One fourth of this is 9124-806 Mr. 
 Petrie's measure of the South socket-line is 91Sp^^ 
 65. May we say that this line marks the number of 
 non-intercalary days in a quarter century? 
 
 Take the North socket-line. The minor axis of the 
 earth's orbit equals the major axis multiplied by 
 9998591. Multiply the East socket-line 9131-056 by 
 9998591, the product is 9129-769. Mr. Petrie's 
 measure of the North socket-line is 9129-8+-48. May
 
 Chap. III.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 93 
 
 we say that the North socket-line was taken from the 
 known eccentricity of the earth's orbit? 
 
 Take the West socket-line. The minor axis of the 
 moon's orbit in relation to the centre of the earth equals 
 its major axis multiplied by -998495. /Multiply this 
 by the number of inches in the Bs4 socket-line, the 
 product is 9117-313. Mr. Petrie gives the length of 
 the West socket-line 9119-2 inches + -7 for possible 
 error in triangulation, and the additional error of 
 +'45, resulting from the uncertainty of the socket 
 boundaries, a total possible error on the West side 
 of +1-15. But from his azimuths, and the North- 
 west to South-east diagonal, obtained from his North 
 and East socket-lines, the West socket-line would be 
 9117-6. May we say that the West socket-line was 
 taken from the known eccentricity of the moon's 
 orbit ? 
 
 Let us now take these theoretical lines and lay them 
 upon the sloping faces of the Pyramid, beginning at 
 the South-east corner (fig. 3), and taking this corner 
 as the base of levels. The East socket-line, 9,131-056, 
 would strike the sloping North-East corner of the 
 Pyramid at the level of 11-22 inches above the South- 
 east socket-floor. Mr. Petrie places the level of the 
 North-east socket at 11 '4 inches. The South socket- 
 line, 9,124-806, would strike the South-west sloping 
 corner at the level of 20-82 inches above the South- 
 east socket-floor and the North and West socket-lines, 
 9129-769 and 9117-313, would meet in the North-west 
 sloping corner within one inch of each other. Mr. 
 Petrie gives 16-9 for the difference of level between 
 the South-east and South-west sockets. Here is a
 
 94 NEW MEASURES OF [Part V. 
 
 discrepancy of four inches^ between fact and theory. 
 Our theory would imply a settling of the South-west 
 corner to the amount of this discrepancy. Two 
 evidences of settling are found. First in the pave- 
 ment. Mr. Petrie found the pavement-line on 
 the North side by the casing-stones nearly level 
 from end to end. But midway on the South 
 side it is 5'6 lower than on the North side. 
 And on the West side, midway between the corners, 
 it is 1/7 inches lower than the East side. This is a 
 strong evidence of a settling on the South side towards 
 the West end. Second, in the King's Chamber 
 Professor Smyth found the East and West walls 
 tilted towards the West, and the North and South 
 walls tilted towards the South. The mean tilt is 
 6' 6". The walls show a fissure near the South-east 
 corner. Every one of the huge stone beams that 
 form the roof of the Chamber is broken and the floor 
 twisted. Considering that the levels of the North and 
 East pavement are but slightly untrue, we may infer 
 that the settling began somewhat South and West of 
 the axis and extended in the direction of the North- 
 east and South-west corners. This would allow for a 
 radial line of settling somewhat more than one-fourth 
 of the diameter of the base. A change of 6' in the 
 level of a base-line 2,500 inches long makes a difference 
 of 4-37 inches. While this view of settling appears to 
 account for the difference in the levels of the pave- 
 ment, it also gives reason to believe that the South- 
 west corner socket was originally not 16'9 inches, but 
 very near 21 inches, above the level of the South-east 
 
 G\LA\ -> g^y 
 
 socket/ Theoretically it should be 20'8 inches higher 
 -'-"
 
 Chap. III.] 
 
 than the South-east, and the South-east should be 
 about half-au-inch above its present level. 
 
 While we suggest the foregoing interpretation of 
 the socket-lines and levels, we do not forget the 
 bearing that angular measurements have upon the 
 truth of theories. With the exception of the angle 
 subtended by the West-side, the differences barely 
 exceed the limit of error allowed in Mr. Petrie's com- 
 putation. The sum of the four theoretical socket- 
 lines we have presented is 36502'944 inches. The 
 sum of Mr. Petrie's measures, allowing 1*6 inch for 
 error in computing the West-side, is 36502-1 + an 
 average error of more than half-an-inch on a side. 
 The theoretical diagonal from North-west to South- 
 east socket corner is 12916-21 inches. Mr. Petrie's 
 measure differs from this by '59+'9 of an inch. 
 
 These coincidences are at the least remarkable. 
 That they are related to the design of the architect, we 
 perhaps cannot farther demonstrate. The probability 
 that they are accidental diminishes in a geometrical 
 ratio as the number of them increases. 
 
 We proceed now to apply the properties of the cycloid 
 to some other measurements of the Pyramid. The 
 diameter of the generating circle of the cycloid, whose 
 base is 9140-15 inches, is 9140-15-=-* = 2909-4 inches. 
 Twice this diameter is 5818*8 inches. In a Pyramid 
 whose base is 9140-15 inches square, and altitude 
 5818-8 -inches, the vertical angle of base and sides is 
 5151' 14-3". Wherefore, by the cycloidal theory of 
 the construction of the Pyramid, as here developed, we
 
 96 NEW MEASURES OF [Part V. 
 
 have, 9140*15 inches for the extreme base-side, and 
 5818-8 inches for the extreme height. A vertical 
 section of a pyramid, through its vertex and at right 
 angles to one of its sides, is a triangle. Let the base 
 of this triangle be 9140*15 inches, and the altitude 
 5818*8 inches. Let a circle whose circumference is 
 9140*15 inches be set on the end of the base and rolled 
 along till the line that connects the point L (fig. 4), 
 describing the cycloid, and the point of contact between 
 the circle and the base-line, makes, with the base-line, 
 the angle BDL 29 58' 42". The latitnde of flic, 
 Pyramid is 29 58' 51" with a possible change of 56" 
 in 4000 years. In this circle draw an inscribed square 
 having one side parallel to the base of the triangle. 
 One side of this square intersects the hypothenuse 
 of the triangle at 0. Produce the line DL till 
 it meets the side of the circumscribed square at 
 S, and draw SO. This determines the altitude of 
 the passages of the Great Pyramid, 26 19' 34" nearly. 
 Mr. Petrie gives the altitude of the axis of the Entrance 
 Passage, 26 26' 42"+20, and that of the Ascending 
 Passage and Gallery together, 26 12' 50"; the mean 
 of these is 26 19' 46"+20". Supposing the latitude 
 of the Pyramid to have been 29 58' 46"+5", the 
 difference 3 38' 56"+20" between the latitude and 
 mean passage was the apparent polar distance of 
 Alpha Draconis, as seen through the telescopic 
 ? passages of the Pyramid 2140 B.C. If it was the 
 ^ intention of the architect to produce a reflecting teles- 
 <* cope he would naturally have made the altitude of the 
 Entrance and Ascending Passages the same. Here, 
 again, is found reason to believe that settling South-
 
 Chap. III.] 
 
 THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 ward to the extent of about 6' has taken place. The 
 effect of such a settling would be to change the alti- 
 tude of the passages, increasing that of the Entrance ^ 
 Passage by about 6 ', and lessening that of the As- 
 cending Passage and Gallery by the same amount. 
 
 L 
 
 3 
 
 It would also increase the horizontal distance between 
 the beginning of the basement sheet and the South 
 wall of the Gallery by about 3 inches. It would also 
 lower the level of points along the passage floors; and 
 the more as the distance from the entrance increases. 
 And this is just what the modern measures show in 
 relation to the level of the South-east socket floor. 
 The altitude of I, the beginning of the basement sheet 
 of the Entrance Passage, is equal to the line MB 
 drawn from the foot of the triangle to the nearest
 
 98 NEW MEASUKES OF [Part V- 
 
 corner of the inscribed square. It is 652-91 inches. 
 This agrees with Mr. Petrie's altitude of the beginning 
 of the basement sheet above the level of the South- 
 east corner socket within half an inch. The horizontal 
 distance of this same point from the North base-line 
 (at the level of the South-east corner socket) is 652-91 
 inches. The length of the basement sheet from this 
 accurately fixed beginning I to the line of the floor of 
 the Ascending Passage E is (10f) 2 =986-96 inches. 
 Mr. Petrie and Prof. Smyth give it as~"986 or 987 
 inches. It will be observed that in our scale of measures 
 we have used the British inch and British feet inter- 
 changeably, and the British mile of 5,280 feet. From 
 the relation of the inch to the foot and mile thus 
 exhibited in Pyramid lines we conclude that the 
 architect used these measures in laying out his work. 
 
 The following theoretical lines in fig. 4 may be of 
 interest: 2 AB = 9140-15 or 9139-871; either measure, 
 as well as those given below, will come within the 
 limits of error allowed by Mr. Petrie. AX = one-half 
 the height of the Pyramid; WB = 50^=493-48 ; IB = 
 (10n-) 2 =986-96; EG = (100;r) 2 -:-8 2 =1542, the floor-line 
 distance from the floor of the Entrance Passage to the 
 intersection of the overhanging plane of the North 
 wall of the Gallery with the floor of the Ascending 
 Passage; GK = 6007r = 1884-95. The meeting of the 
 Generating Circle, the Gallery, roof, and wall, in the 
 angle of the inscribed pentagon at the point N may 
 suggest some connection between geometry and the 
 law of Pyramidal construction. 
 
 We have not yet discovered the whole truth of this 
 marvellous edifice. Although it has been terribly
 
 Chap. III.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 99 
 
 shaken and wrenched, and men may criticise some of 
 its distorted lines, it cannot reasonably be denied that 
 the architect had a wonderful knowledge of astronomy, 
 geology, and pure mathematics. 
 
 H. G. WOOD.
 
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 App. No. 1.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 101 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 No. I. PROSPECTIVE AMERICAN EXPEDITION TO RE- 
 MEASURE THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
 
 (From The New Yvrk Times, Monday, January 28, 1884.) 
 
 WHAT IS TO BE ACCOMPLISHED BY MEASURING THE 
 PYRAMIDS. INACCURACY OF OLD MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 CLEVELAND, January 26. The project so long held in 
 mind by the President and some of the leading members of 
 the International Institute for Preserving and Perfecting 
 Weights and Measures of sending a well-equipped body of 
 scientists to Egypt for the purpose of making such an 
 examination and measurements of the Great Pyramid of 
 Ghizeh as has never been given it, and for uncovering the 
 Pyramid and the Sphinx to their foundation, is now in 
 such shape that ifa_ a^tnal accomplish merit rfiay hft InnTcpd 
 _fpr_jn_tha^ near ^future. As the purpose of the proposed 
 expedition is little understood, and as no authoritative state- 
 ment has been made covering that point, The Times' cor- 
 respondent called on Mr. C. E. Latimer, President of the 
 Institute and one of the leading engineers of the country, 
 who kindly explained the purpose in full. 
 
 "There have been," said Mr. Latimer, " various pro- 
 positions from the members of the society looking to such 
 an expedition and urging the great importance of it in view
 
 102 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No. I. 
 
 of the diversity of measures made by previous explorers and 
 the great diversity of theories in relation to the symbolism, 
 especially of the Great Pyramid and the Sphinx. There have 
 been a number of measurers in Egypt, the most important one 
 of whom was John Graves, an astronomer at Oxford, who, 250 
 years ago, took a 10-foot rod, graduated to a thousandth of a 
 foot, and went to the Great Pyramid and measured most 
 particularly the granite Coffer in the King's Chamber. He 
 seemed to give the most particular attention to this re- 
 markable box, which some, without proper knowledge, 
 called a sarcophagus. 
 
 "' Other measurers followed, notably the French savants in 
 the time of Napoleon's war in Egypt in 1799. They 
 measured the base and the interior of the Great Pyramid 
 most particularly. Then followed Colonel Howard Vyse in 
 1837, who made his researches at his own expense. Sub- 
 sequently the most notable and accurate measures were made 
 by Prof. C. Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer-Royal for Scotland, 
 who went there at his own expense and remeasured the 
 interior, and also much of the exterior the most remarkable 
 of all the measurers that have ever been to the Pyramid, and 
 the most accurate, having taken with him the finest 
 instruments of precision known, particularly in astronomy. 
 In all these measures the lengths of the baseline have varied 
 by different measurers from 9,110 inches to 9,168 inches, 
 Piazzi Smyth having settled upon 9,140 inches, as being 
 the true theoretical base, which gave, by multiplying by 4, 
 one hundred times the number of days and fractions of a day 
 in the year, nearly. Howard Vyse and the French savants 
 agreed in 9,168 inches as the right base at the lowest socket, 
 but now comes William Flinders Petrie, a young engineer, 
 who also went to the Pyramid of his own accord, and took 
 new measures, and declares that the base sides are not either 
 as found by the French, or by Howard Vyse, or by Piazzi
 
 App.No.I.] THE GKEAT PYRAMID. 103 
 
 Smyth, or by any one else that preceded him ; but one thing 
 he does prove, that the level of the South-east socket gives 
 y,139'871 inches^ which, is precisely what the mathema- 
 ticians of the Society for Preserving and Perfecting "Weights 
 and Measures, have declared it ought to be at one particular 
 marked depth^ 
 
 "All these measures and measurements, with the ex- 
 ception of the French, have been made by private enterprise. 
 To overthrow the base line is to overthrow all the theories 
 built upon the Pyramid's size and proportions. Mr. Petrie 
 has been sustained by the Koyal Society of London, which 
 society is inimical to Piazzi Smyth, and it has helped Mr. 
 Petrie to publish his book, having given him 500 dollars for 
 that purpose. Mr. Petrie has likewise attempted to over- 
 throw many of the theories of Piazzi Smyth, and set up 
 therefor new ones of his own. In the midst of all these 
 conflicting questions of length and breadth, and height and 
 depth, there arises in the minds of the members of the 
 International Institute for Preserving and Perfecting 
 Weights and Measures, the importance of having a 
 commission go to the Pyramid with abundant means, not 
 only to settle all these vexed questions of measures once for 
 all, but to excavate and lay bare the foundations all about 
 the Pyramids and the Sphinx, and probably to disclose 
 for the first time for 3,000 years, the appearance of the 
 ground thereabout possibly to unearth many objects of 
 archaeological value, which will enable the students of this 
 stupendous monument to arrive at the truth, and making 
 it disclose the truths which it has for so many thousand 
 years held concealed in its prophetic slopes. The members 
 of the Institute generally do not believe in the tomb theory. 
 They are too well aware of the mathematical, astronomical, 
 chronological, and cosmical knowledge that it contains. 
 The French have measured it, the Italians have had a
 
 *~~S ~ . 
 
 measure there/' the English, more particularly, have 
 
 measured it, but no American^ expedition has ever yet been 
 sent out, and we believe that a monument, which is the 
 symbol of the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States, 
 should also have the attention of the citizens of the United 
 States, and therefore believe that it is important that a com- 
 mission should be sent out from here, taking also one man 
 from England, and one from France, wherein the Society has 
 members, comprising not less than five scientific men equipped 
 with the necessary instruments and tools, both for boring and 
 for lighting, and once for all determine in a proper and 
 thorough way, all questions upon which there is now any 
 difference of opinion. The object is worthy, not only of the 
 philanthropy of our citizens, but is worthy of the attention of 
 our Government, because we feel that this monument is the 
 work of our forefathers, and that we are the undoubted 
 descendants of those who built that Pyramid, and that it is 
 our duty to investigate and understand the wisdom contained 
 therein. 
 
 " One of the most earnest men on this subject in our 
 country, the former Governor and Chief Justice of Iowa, 
 ex-Governor Lowe, a member of our society, at one time 
 asked me, as President of the Society, if I would make all 
 my preparations to go to Egypt, taking such persons with 
 me as I might, feel disposed to take, provided the means 
 were obtained. I assented, with the understanding that a 
 leave of absence could be granted me. He shortly after- 
 ward wrote me, previous to the breaking out of the war in 
 Egypt, that he thought that the means could certainly be 
 secured, and asked me to make my preparations to start, 
 but the war came on and the opportunity did not present 
 itself at that time, but the mind of this gentleman had 
 always been fixed upon the importance of carrying oat this 
 idea, and almost his dying words were that we should jot
 
 App.No. I.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 105 
 
 fail under any circumstances to accomplish it. He hoped 
 that the Government of the United States would also feel 
 it of sufficient importance to make an appropriation for the 
 purpose as a scientific object. Other members of the society 
 have urged it, and now comes an astronomer in England 
 who offers one of the best telescopes in the world and his 
 own services (and he is vouched for by the Astronomer-Royal 
 as being a most competent person), free of expense, only 
 requiring us to transport it and himself from England to 
 Egypt and back, thus insuring us one member of the expe- 
 dition from England, without other cost than transportation. 
 Mr. Chauncey Andrews, one of our members, a very wealthy 
 Youngstown gentleman, sent me word that he would be glad 
 to aid in raising the money for this purpose, upon which I 
 wrote him a letter which was published in the newspapers 
 at the time. It was subsequent to the publication of this, 
 that a gentleman of Cleveland offered to be one of ten 
 raise 100,000 dollars for this purpose.-*W ?* -*&~f a 
 
 To many persons it will be an enigma why we should go 
 and measure an Egyptian monument why we should be so 
 anxious to raise funds to go to that far-off country to measure 
 a Pyramid built certainly not less than 4,000 years ago. But 
 let them note for a moment that the weights and measures 
 which have been handed down to us from thousands of years 
 ago by our forefathers, and which are not, as Professor Bar- 
 nard, of Columbia College, says of them, the result of ' accident 
 or caprice,' but are the true cosmical relations in their original 
 units, which we possess, and which are interwoven into 
 every relation of our lives and work, are now proposed to be 
 utterly subverted and a system not yet 100 years old intro- 
 duced in their stead, which is not truly cosmical, as admitted 
 by themselves, although at first supposed to have been so. 
 
 Let them note that France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, 
 Egypt, Turkey, and now Mexico every country overcome 
 
 H

 
 <TT 
 
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 "->) ' -^ S?J.* *^^*,^ : ^,' 4L&*'*~'{ ~*-^^-^ 
 
 No. II. REV. DR. ALEX. ^TACKA? ON'THE**^ ^-^=2, 
 
 1 or PROPHECY IN THE YEAR 1882, IN A 
 LETTER TO C. PIAZZI SMYTH. 
 
 ('Reprinted from the Banner o/ Israel cf August 8th._1883.) 
 
 ^ 
 
 I CONTINUE to feel a very deep interest ineverything 
 relating to the Great Pyramid, and read all I can lay my 
 hands on that has any bearing on the subject. There is a 
 
 Major here, who is also an enthusiast in all things 
 
 belonging to the Pyramid. He has lately lent me a couple 
 of little volumes, which I have just finished reading viz., 
 (1) "The Tower of Egypt; or, The Types and Chronology 
 of the Great Pyramid." By A. R. G. London: Partridge 
 & Co.; (2) "The Origin and Significance of the Great 
 Pyramid." By C. Staniland Wake. London: Reeves & 
 Turner. They are able, and eloquently written; this they 
 have in common, but they wholly differ in everything else. 
 
 The former work is by a devout believer in Scripture, and 
 also in the divine origin of the Pyramid. He professes to 
 have made very important discoveries, especially in the 
 Grand Gallery, and to have found a most important new 
 "key," which he believes will lead to many more. It is 
 not for me to hazard an opinion on the merits of these quasi 
 discoveries; but I do consider that his book will require 
 a full notice in the forthcoming new edition of " Our 
 Inheritance." 
 
 The other book, though displaying extensive learning, is by 
 a man who readily believes anything and everything that
 
 . 
 anyone has said against the supernatural m the Great 
 
 * ^ 
 
 Pyramid, but who is deaf as an adder to all that has been 
 proved in support of its high origin. Its astronomical, or, 
 rather, its astrological character, is graciously allowed. But, 
 much blinder than Pharaoh's magicians, he cannot see in 
 this marvellous monument " any trace of the finger of God." 
 His final result is, that it is an ancient astrological temple, 
 " erected in honour of the god Seth, the Agathodsemon of 
 the ancient world." The plain English of this is, that 
 instead of being "an altar to the Lord in the land of 
 Egypt," as so many devout and learned investigators take it 
 to be, it is, in fact, a grand temple erected to the devil! "-- > S- 
 
 To me it has always been a cause of rejoicing that those 
 who believe in the sacred and scientific nature of the Great 
 Pyramid believe also in the Bible; while very many of those 
 who hold it up to modern ridicule, do at the same time doubt 
 the Scriptures, which, according to our divine Master, 
 " cannot be broken." But as the end of the age is drawing 
 near, the world is fast preparing for the advent of the Man of 
 Sin, "whose coming is after the working of Satan; . . . 
 and for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that 
 they should believe a lie" (2 Thess. ii. 11). The whole of 
 this wonderful chapter was in my mind while perusing this 
 very wicked little book. He who really sowed these tares in 
 the field is not Mr. Staniland Wake, but an older adversary, ' ' 
 who, in spite of your exposure of him in the BANNER and 
 elsewhere, still considers himself, to this day, unanswered. 
 
 The year 1882 has now come and gone, and yet nothing- 
 so very great has happened as to mark the end of the 
 Christian Age. This, however, though it affords merriment 
 to our opponents, has not in the least shaken my faith in the 
 Pyramid. The absence of such an event rather confirms my 
 faith in it; for I find that, in the sacred history, no single 
 event marked the end of one age and the commencement of
 
 App.No.U.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 109 
 
 another. In every case, 1 find a sort of neutral period 
 separating each^ new jispensation froaLtbat whichj)recedes_ 
 \i^ This, in plain fact, accords with what we observe daily 
 in Nature. The ligkL of day does not, instantaneonsly 
 8ucgefid_the darkness of night; for between night and day 
 the all-wise Creator has interposed the morning dawn, 
 beginning with the faintest glimmer of light, then gradually 
 and slowly increasing it till the glorious sun exhibits its 
 full-orbed splendour. 
 
 Again, when contemplating the rainbow, one can easily 
 count seven distinct_colours; but however narrowly such a 
 one looks, he will not succeed in discerning any actual line 
 separating one colour from that nearest to it on either side. 
 There is, indeed, no such line, for the different colours 
 graduajly^nd^ gracefully merge intojeach_oth_er. It is pre- 
 cisely similar in regard to the seven dispensations the 
 Edenic, the Antediluvian, the Noachian, the Patriarchal, 
 the Levitical, the Christian, and the Millennial. In every 
 case, they silently and imperceptibly glide into one another. 
 For example, if I were asked in what year, or on what day, 
 the Christian dispensation began, I could not tell. It might 
 be supposed to commence with the incarnation of our Lord, 
 or with His birth His baptism His death His resurrec- 
 tion His ascension or the outpouring of the Spirit on the 
 day of Pentecost. The thirty-three years during which all 
 these events transpired cannot be said, with any truth, to 
 belong properly and only to the Christian dispensation, for 
 they are all, except the first and the last, events in our Lord's 
 earthly life, and we know that our Lord was " a Minister of 
 the circumcision " i.e., of the legal economy, and not of the 
 dispensation of the Spirit. Yet they all have a direct 
 bearing on the present age, and, in fact, prepared for it. So 
 much so, indeed, that if any one of the events referred to 
 were absent, the dispensation of the Spirit could not possibly
 
 110 NEW MEASUKES OF [App. No. II. 
 
 have been ushered in. These thirty-three ,/vears formed, 
 therefore, the twilight, or early dawn, separating the long 
 night of the legal economy from the glorious Gospel day, and 
 cannot be reckoned as an essential part of either, by and in 
 itself alone. They all occur in the neutral zone formerly 
 mentioned; the incarnation forming the earliest and all but 
 invisible streak of the dawn, and the day of Pentecost the 
 auspicious moment when the sun of the Gospel day began to 
 emerge from beneath the horizon. 
 
 Now, to come to the Great Pyramid, and keeping our 
 illustration in mind, my notion is that the year 1882 marks 
 the commencement of the neutral zone. It was a year big 
 with events in the world's history. The real magnitude, 
 however, of those events cannot as yet be determined. I 
 refer to the Phcenix-park murders, the Irish Coercion Act, 
 the massacre of Christians in Alexandria, the subsequent 
 bombarding of that city, the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, issuing 
 in the virtual Protectorate of England, with a governing 
 and resident army, over the land of the Pyramids, the end of 
 the Sultan's control there, and the final extinction, by the 
 Italian civil power, of the very last scrap of the once 
 p. universal temporal dominion of the Popes of E,ojn, 
 
 le next event may be the arrival of the day when the 
 fbspel of the Kingdom shall have been preached in all 
 nations, as a testimony on God's part, and a protest against 
 the enmity of the world, but not issuing in the conversion 
 of the nations. lie alone knows the future; but it seems 
 /3~f **''/' clear fromHScnpture that the next event after that will be 
 ^^^ the coming of the Lord for His own, in order to rescue them 
 (Sxr vt~'7'~- from the " great tribulation " that will then immediately set 
 /></, ~ in, a tribulation the many stages of which are graphically 
 T&ffaJrT delineated in Revelation iv. to xx.; lastly, or after that, the 
 ^r/2 lJ? e k urn f ^ ne L r( i fr m heaven with all His saints, when 
 Antichrist shall be caught and hurled alive " into his own
 
 App.No.II.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. Ill 
 
 place," and the Lord shall inaugurate His glorious millennial 
 reign over the entire earth. 
 
 I hope you will pardon the fulness with which I have 
 entered into these things. My object is to vindicate those 
 noble men who, in their painstaking investigations into the 
 Great Pyramid, have perhaps over-much emphasised the 
 year 1882, and thereby incurred much senseless ridicule from 
 certain short-sighted, ungodly scientists of these latter days. 
 
 NOTE BY THE EDITOR OP B. I. 
 
 The above contribution refers alike to the sacred theory 
 of the Great Pyramid and to the chronology of these our 
 times, both having their reference to Biblical prophecy. It 
 may be considered all the more valuable as a most independent 
 confirmation of our own general Identity views, so far, 
 because we find that the eloquent and devputauthor isj&ilL 
 ojitsidejhe pale ofjdentity belief. " Tis true, 'tis pity, and 
 pity 'tis 'tis true; " for he would therewith have arrived at 
 his best, greatest results more quickly and more easily. For 
 instance, who that has been reading the BANNER does not 
 remember various papers in numbers now long past, em- 
 phasising the two lengths of the Grand Gallery? the first, 
 1882, through the Great Step, and the second, 1910, over the 
 Step; the former number being considered the beginning, 
 and the latter to be the completion of the transition period 
 from the present Gospel dispensation to the next that is to 
 be. So that the question is by no means, Has the Christian 
 dispensation come to an end in the year 1882? but, Have 
 there occurred in that year events which may be taken as 
 marking " the beginning of the end"? And in that case, 
 believers in the Identity, as well as other parts of the Bible, 
 will be enabled thereby to see the force of what has 
 occurred more clearly than others, and to answer most 
 decidedly, " They have." See what Dr. Mackay himself has 
 catalogued for it.
 
 112 NEW MEASURES OF [App. No. III. 
 
 APPENDIX No. III. EDITOR OF "BANNER OF ISRAEL" ON 
 "THE SAVIOUR AND A GREAT ONE" OF ISAIAHXIX. 20. 
 
 (Wednesday, August 8, 1883.) 
 
 WE know who spoke the words which stand at the head of 
 this paper. We know also the country regarding which the 
 prophecy was uttered. The only puzzle is, who " the 
 saviour and the great one " is whom God declares He will 
 send to deliver the Egyptians; and when the deliverance 
 they are to work out for the Egyptians is to take place. 
 That epoch in the history of Egypt is clearly connected 
 with the time when the Egyptians " shall cry unto Jehovah 
 because of the oppressors, " and before the time when the 
 Gospel message shall have been proclaimed to, and accepted 
 by the land of Egypt (ver. 21). We think the events of the 
 past two years clearly indicate that this prophecy is under 
 fulfilment at this very hour! The Egyptians have been 
 ground down under the most grievous iron oppression and 
 despotism. The Fellaheen of the land of the Pharaohs have 
 cried in their deep misery in such wise that the God of Israel, 
 the Lord Jehovah, has heard their cries, and sent them " a 
 saviour and a great one " " to deliver " them. That " saviour 
 and great one " is British-Israel, " the great and mighty 
 nation " of God's promises to Abraham (Gen. xii. 2, xviii. 
 18). Facts tell us that we are correct in this surmise, and 
 the prophecy links the time of Egypt's dire distress and her 
 deliverance with the uprising of the strong interest in " God's 
 altar, sign and witness " in " the midst of the land of Egypt, 
 and at the borders thereof;" an interest felt only in the heart
 
 App.No.IIL] THE GREAT PYRAMID, 113 
 
 of that great and mighty nation which is the destined saviour 
 and great one appointed to bring Egypt spiritually to Christ 
 for healing (ver. 21). 
 
 But how are we to prove this? Let the Times newspaper 
 testify to the truth of the fulfilment. "We want no better 
 commentary on the prophetic word than the Times. The 
 historian G-ibbon is the best teacher regarding the fulfilment 
 of the Apocalypse; and the Times is our best guide regarding 
 the prophecies which deal with these the last days of the 
 Christian Dispensation. Let us hear what the Times said 
 was the state of Egypt before we lately interfered, and what 
 it is to-day now that we have become its suzerain, protector, 
 "saviour," or "deliverer." Writing on June 11, 1883, the 
 anniversary of the massacre of Alexandria the year before, 
 the leading journal said: 
 
 "... Arabi continued to act as though he had 
 nothing to fear, either from the censure of the Sultan or 
 the interference of any European Power. The riot at 
 Alexandria had emptied the city of Europeans, had paralysed 
 commerce and industry, and, combined with the terrorism 
 established by Arabi, had practically obliterated all the 
 progress which Egypt had made in half a century. The 
 so-called national movement had done nothing but strangle 
 the industrial life of the nation, and hand the country over 
 to a military adventurer, who might at any moment deliver 
 it back to the Sultan, to be dealt with as only Turks can 
 deal with wealthy and fertile provinces. 
 
 "Such was the condition into which Egypt was fast 
 drifting when the riot at Alexandria brought matters to a 
 crisis. England, it is true, had long realised what was 
 necessary, but was hampered in the endeavour to give effect 
 to her views by the hesitation of France, and the suscepti- 
 bilities of the Porte. At last, however, the time came when 
 hesitation was no longer possible, unless Egypt was to be
 
 114 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No.III. 
 
 irretrievably ruined, and the vital interests of England 
 sacrificed. The bombardment of the forts at Alexandria 
 drove Arabi into open rebellion, and as the Khedive could 
 not subdue him and the Sultan would not, it became 
 necessary for England to do so. Then, indeed, as soon as 
 the nettle was firmly grasped, it was seen how little for- 
 midable it was. France acquiesced with fairly good grace 
 in a course of action which practically secured her sub- 
 stantial interests, though in a manner which, by her own 
 default, was necessarily somewhat painful to her amour 
 propre. The Sultan, like a good Mussulman, acquiesced in 
 the inevitable, all the more readily, perhaps, because the 
 documentary evidence of his secret revelations with Arabi 
 had fallen into the hands of the English Government, and 
 enlightened it as to its real purposes. The rapid collapse 
 of Arabi showed how weak was his hold on the people of 
 Egypt, and how idle his pretension to pose as a national 
 leader. In its material condition Egypt is now almost what 
 it was before ever Arabi first defied the authority of the 
 Khedive in the Autumn of 1881 ; while its political and 
 moral condition is almost infinitely better. Order is secured 
 by the presence of the British troops, and progress is guaran- 
 teed by the authoritative supervision of competent English- 
 men in every department of the administration. The judicial 
 institutions of the country long its scandal and its bane 
 are undergoing re-organisation at the hands of Sir Benson 
 Maxwell, and before long Egypt will enjoy what she has 
 probably never enjoyed before in modern times, a prompt, 
 cheap, and impartial administration of justice. In fact, if 
 we compare the condition of Egypt now with what it was a 
 year ago, it is hardly possible to realise that it is the same 
 country. Anarchy and violence have been replaced by 
 tranquillity and reviving content, confusion by order, tur- 
 bulence and oppression by discipline and justice, despair by
 
 App.Ko.Ul.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 115 
 
 hope, desolation and destruction by restored industry and 
 the assurance of steady progress. We may congratulate 
 ourselves, at any rate, that all this has been the result of 
 English intervention, even if the retrospect compels us to 
 admit that it might have been secured at less cost to 
 ourselves, and with far less suffering to Egypt if we had 
 resolved to do at the outset that which we found ourselves 
 compelled to do in the end." 
 
 The reader may see how wretched was the condition of 
 Egypt a year ago; for the rebellion of Arabi was but the 
 outcome of years of previous tyranny and misery suffered 
 by the Fellaheen, or peasantry of Egypt. But to-day we see 
 " the saviour and deliverer " at work, striving alone, but 
 with God's blessing, to restore order, good government, 
 justice, sound fiscal laws, contentment among the people; 
 and doing it alone, unaided, unthwarted too, by Europe, 
 Turkey, and the Egyptians themselves. It is a wonderful 
 sight, and an exact accomplishment of the prophetic message 
 to these times in Isa. xix. 19 25 
 
 The present being thus clear and satisfactory as an 
 indication that this people of ours is God's " great and mighty 
 nation " Israel, we see how hopeful is the future condition 
 of Egypt and the Egyptians. " Jehovah shall be known to 
 Egypt, and the Egyptians shall know the Lord in that day, 
 and shall do sacrifice and oblations. Yea, they shall vow a 
 vow unto the Lord; and shall perform it. And the Lord 
 shall smite Egypt; He shall smite and heal it. And they 
 shall return (even) to the Lord, and He shall be intreated of 
 them, and shall heal them." These are words of comfort for 
 Egypt, and of great encouragement to the missionary 
 societies which shall now undertake the evangelisation of 
 that dark and miserable land. The Egyptians are to become 
 " God's people," on a par, in fact, with His people Israel, an 
 honoured, righteous, saved, and blessed nation. " Blessed
 
 116 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No.III. 
 
 be Egypt, My people," is the promise in ver. 25, and as God 
 promised, so we feel sure will be the event. Undoubtedly 
 the consideration of this subject by those who have cared 
 nothing yet about prophecy must be blessed to such. For 
 hereby it is known that God exists, that His people Israel 
 are extant in the world, and that all His promises to Egypt 
 must be fulfilled, and are being carried into effect one by 
 one, to the great blessing of that favoured people, and to 
 God's glory. 
 
 Behold then another proof of the truth of God's Word, and 
 of the literal fulfilment of His promises and curses. Hence 
 the infidel may learn that there is a God above who rules on 
 earth, a hell, a heaven, and in himself a soul to save or lose; 
 and hence the Christian may rejoice to see another proof of 
 the love and faithfulness of God to His people, Ten-Tribed 
 Israel, from the beginning even unto now.
 
 App.No. IV.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 117 
 
 APPENDIX No. IV. NOTICE OF THE NEW METROLOGICAL 
 INSTITUTE IN AMERICA. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE 
 
 FOR PRESERVING AND PERFECTING WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 Was organised at the Old South Church, in Boston, Nov, 8, 1879.* 
 
 Charles Latimer, President, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 J. S. F. Huddleston, Vice- President, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Lucian I. Bisbee, Secretary, Boston, Mass. 
 
 G. R. Hardy, Treasurer, Springfield, Mass. 
 
 OHIO ATJXILIAEY SOCIETY. 
 
 Charles Latimer, President. "Wm. H. McCurdy, Treasurer. 
 
 A. M. Searles, Vice-President. G. W. Crossette, Cor. Secretary. 
 
 Mary B. Sanford, Recording Secretary. 
 
 PUBLISHING COMMITTEE. 
 
 Editors: Charles Latimer, C.E.; H. C. Thompson. 
 J. H. Dow, J. W. Eedfield, M.D.. Mrs. A. M. Searles, 
 
 W. W. Williams, J. A. Bidwell, Mary B. Sanford. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 S. F. Gates, Mechanical Engineer, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Charles Latimer, Chief Engineer N. Y. P. and 0. R., Cleveland, Ohio^ 
 
 J. E. Hilgard, Supt. U.S. Coast Survey, Washington, D.C. 
 J. Ralston Skinner. Author of " Source of Measures," Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 J. F. Holloway, M.E., Prest. Cuyshoga Stm. Fer. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 W. A. Havenj Civil Engineer, Buffalo, New York. 
 
 Joseph Churchyard, Constructor, Buffalo, New York. 
 
 Professor Samuel Bates, Educator and Author, Meadville, Pa. 
 
 As characteristic of the work and principles of this Association It may be 
 mentioned that, after a public discussion the principle was authorised that its
 
 118 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No.IV. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AXD MEASURES. Continued. 
 
 Dr. J. Edward Smith, Physician and Microscopist, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 N. B. Wood. Assayer and Analytical Chemist, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Herbert Wallis, Mechan. Supt. Grand Trunk B.R., Montreal, Canada. 
 
 Professor Alfred B. Taylor, Chemist, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 SOCIETY'S HALL AND OFFICE. 
 Y. M. C. A. Building, Euclid Avenue, Cleveland. Ohio. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON STANDARD TIME. 
 
 Eev. H. G. Wood, Chairman of Committee, Sharon, Pennsylvania. 
 M. L'Abbe F. Moigno, Canon of St. Denis, Editor of Cosmos Les 
 
 ftfondes, and Author of "Splendours of the Faith," Paris, France. 
 
 Professor C. Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer-Royal for Scotland, Edinburgh, 
 
 Sanford Fleming, C.M.G., M. Inst. C.E., Ottawa. Canada. 
 
 William H. Senrles. C. E., Elyria, Ohio. 
 
 Jacob M. Clark. M. Am. Soc. C.E., New York. 
 
 Professor Stockwell, Astronomer, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Charles Latimer, C.E., Cleveland, Ohio. 
 Commodore W. B. Whiting, U.S.N., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 
 
 N.B. The opinions of the members of the Institute upon the 
 Inspirational theory of the Great Pyramid are varied. 
 
 No person on the list of members exclusively stands committed to 
 any one opinion advanced by any member, or any officer of the 
 Institute, or any Auxiliary Society. We work for a common end 
 the preservation of our hereditary unit of weights and measures. We 
 seek, with all our soul, one thing THE TRUTH. 
 
 A bi-monthly journal is also published, whose title-page, and the 
 contents of each number that has appeared thus far. are as follows: 
 
 meetings be " opened with prayer, invoking the blessing of God upon the work of 
 the Society." C. P. S.
 
 App.Xo.IV] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 119 
 
 A MAGAZINE 
 
 DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION AND PERFECTION OF THE ANGLO- 
 SAXON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, AND THE DISCUSSION AND 
 DISSEMINATION OF THE WISDOM CONTAINED IN THE 
 
 * 
 GEEAT PYRAMID OF JEEZEH IN EGYPT. 
 
 VOL. II. No. 1. MARCH, 1884. 
 
 Issued bi-monthly. Price 35 cents. 
 Terms of Subscription and Membership, 2 dols. per annum in advance, 
 
 The International Institute as a body is not responsible for the facts or the opinions 
 put forth by any of the writers for this Magazine. 
 
 All in favour of advancing truths most absolute, as portrayed in the revelations of 
 the Great Pyramid of Egypt, and of the success of the Society in preserving inviolate 
 the Anglo-Saxon weights and measures, -will kindly communicate with the President, 
 by whom also subscriptions, donations, and communications will be gratefully 
 received, at 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE 
 FOR PRESERVING AND PERFECTING ANGLO-SAXON WEIGHTS 
 
 AND MEASURES. 
 
 CLEVELAND : 349, EUCLID AVENUE. 
 
 BOSTON : 345, TREMOST STREET. 
 
 CONTENTS OF NO. 1, VOLUME I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PORTRAIT OF PRESIDENT JAMES A. GARFIELD. 
 
 Introduction Charles Latimer, C.E. 1 
 
 In Answer to the Question : " What Reasons Are There in Favour 
 of Retaining the Present Units of Weights and Measures 1 " 
 
 George C. Davies. 5 
 
 President's Address 7 
 
 Our Special Work J.H.Dow. 16 
 
 The Metric System W. F. Quinby. 18
 
 120 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No.IV. 
 
 CONTENTS OP No. 1, VOL. I. Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sketch of the Great Pyramid's Modern Discovery. L. J. Bisbee. 21 
 
 The Situation 23 
 
 The Argument Condensed 24 
 
 Parallax of the Sun Charles Latimer, C.E. 28 
 
 Remarks of Joseph Baxendell, Astronomer, on Papers by Mr. 
 
 Dow and Mr. Latimer 35 
 
 The Proportions of the King's Chamber. Win. H. Searles. C.E. 37 
 
 Standard Time Sanford Fleming, C.M.G. 46 
 
 Report by S. F. Gates, Member of Committee on the Perfecting 
 
 of our Present Weights and Measures 49 
 
 Letters from Professor Smyth and the Distinguished French 
 
 Author and Scientist, Abbe F. Moigno ... 58 
 
 James A. Garfield Charles Latimer, C.E. 63 
 
 The Great Pyramid Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney. 65 
 
 Review of Mr. Proctor's New Book J. H. Dow. 66 
 
 The Pyramid Thermometer Compared with Fahrenheit, Reaumer 
 
 and Centigrade 70 
 
 The International Standard 72 
 
 NO. 2. VOLUME I. 
 PORTRAIT OF PROFESSOR GREAVES (Oxford, A.D. 1650). 
 
 A Suggestive Question J. H. Dow. 73 
 
 Compilation of Metric Analogues Jacob M. Clark, C.E. 77 
 
 On the Origin of the Word " Geometry " Ephraini M. Epstein, 
 
 Principal, Academic Department of University of Dakota 90 
 
 A New Scale for Weights and Measures ... C. L. Redfield. 95 
 
 Objections Answered J.H.Dow. 101 
 
 Origin of Weights and Measures J. W. Redfield. 104 
 
 The British Mile Rev. H. G. Wood. 116 
 
 Professor John Greaves 119 
 
 Origin of Inch and Grain Charles Latimer, C.E. 122 
 
 The Universal Republic Anonymous. 124 
 
 Answer to Joseph Baxendell Charles Latimer, C.E. 125 
 
 A Meeting of the Cleveland Auxiliary 126 
 
 Letters from : 
 
 J. Ralston Skinner 127 
 
 C. Piazzi Smyth - 130 
 
 C. A. L. Totten 130 
 
 Jacob M.Clark 134
 
 App.No. IV.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 121 
 
 NO. 3. VOLUME I. 
 
 PAGE 
 POBTEAIT OF JOHN TAYLOR. 
 
 History of the Great Pyramid Rev. Jesse Jones 137 
 
 Description and Meaning of the Design on the Cover. 
 
 Charles Latimer, C.B. 143 
 A Preface by M, L'Abbe Moigno to a Work entitled, " La 
 
 Campaign de Moise " 116 
 
 The Great Pyramid and the Geographical Position of Jerusalem. 
 
 Joseph Baxendell. 154 
 
 A Reply to Captious Opponents Carrie L. Searles. 158 
 
 Extracts from "Unification of Moneys, Weights, and Measures." 
 
 Alfred B. Taylor. 168 
 
 John Taylor His Biography ... Mrs. C. Piazzi Smyth. 178 
 
 How to Preserve a Record A.M. Searles. 182 
 
 Metric Analogues (Continued) Jacob M. Clark. 187 
 
 The Cap-Stone Lieut. C. A. L. Totten, U.S.A. 194 
 
 Conservatively Radical J. H. Dow. 202 
 
 Full Times Rev. James French. 203 
 
 Letters 204 
 
 Reviews 213 
 
 Meeting of Ohio Auxiliary ... 214 
 
 In Reply to a Critic 215 
 
 Inquirers' Club 216 
 
 NO. 4. VOLUME I. 
 
 POBTBAIT OF COLONEL (afterwards General) HOWABD VYSE 
 A.D. 1830. 
 
 The British Mile. No. 2 Rev. H. G. Wood, 217 
 
 Symbolism of the Passages in the Great Pyramid. 
 
 Samuel Beswick, C.E. 221 
 
 The Buried Cubit in the Great Pyramid R. H. Shaw. 225 
 
 Problems Concerning the Moon's Motion. Prof. J. Stockwell, D.D. 229 
 Biographical Memoir of Professor John Greaves. 
 
 Mrs. C. Piazzi Smyth. 236 
 
 The Limestone of the Great Pyramid. Professor N. B. Wood. 242 
 
 Chinese Measures 244 
 
 A Discussion of the Latimer Diagram. Lieut. C. A. L. Totten. 245 
 Zechariah's Visions of the Pyramid Capstone, and of the Wicked 
 
 Measures Ephraim M. Epstein, M.D. 250 
 
 The Unveiling of Isis Charles Latimer, O.E. 258 
 
 I
 
 122 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No.1V. 
 
 CONTENTS OP No. 4, VOL. I. Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Standard Time Kev. H. G. Wood. 260 
 
 A Pint's a Pound the World Around. Lieut. C. A.L.Totten.U.S.A. 272 
 
 Letters 275 
 
 Eeviews 279 
 
 Editorial Notes 283 
 
 Proceedings of the Auxiliary Society 286 
 
 Inquirer's Club 288 
 
 Errata 291 
 
 NO. 5. VOLUME I. 
 
 PORTRAIT OF SIR J. F. W. HERSCHEL, D.C.L., F.B.S., &c. 
 
 Pyramid Prophecies and Egyptian Events. Charles Casey, C.E . 297 
 
 The Altar and Pillar to Jehovah. ... J. W. Redfield, M.D. 312 
 
 The Granite Leaf Wm. H. Searles, C.E. 323 
 
 Metric Analogues (Concluded) ... Jacob M. Clark, C.E. 329 
 
 Remarks on Mr. Dow's Criticisms. Jos. Baxendell, Astronomer. 343 
 
 A Brief Rejoinder to Mr. Baxendell J.H.Dow. 340 
 
 Biographical Notice of General Howard Vyse. 
 
 Mrs. C. Piazzi Smyth. 348 
 
 The Tools of the Pyramid Builders Engineering News. 353 
 
 Pyramidal Free- Masonry Thomas Holland. 366 
 
 Why Anglo-Saxon Metrology Should Not Be Abandoned. 
 
 Lieut. C. A. L. Totten, U.S.A. 371 
 
 The Yard, the Pendulum, and the Metre ... Sir John Herschel. 375 
 
 Letters 387 
 
 Editorial Notes ... .394 
 
 NO. 6. VOLUME I. 
 
 PORTRAIT OF JOHN TAYLOR, Gower-street, London, Author of 
 " The Great Pyramid: Why Was It Built, and Who Built It." 
 Also PORTRAIT OF C. PIAZZI SMYTH, Author of " Our 
 Inheritance in the Great Pyramid." 
 
 The History of the Great Pyramid Eev. Jesse Jones. 409 
 
 The Altar and Pillar to Jehovah J. W. Redfield, M.D. 413 
 
 The Fulness of Times; or, Theocracy Restored ... J. H. Dow. 426 
 Annual Address of the President, International Institute 
 Charles Latimer, C.E 433
 
 App. No. IV.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 123 
 
 CONTENTS OF No. 6, VOL. I. Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 lleport of Chairman of Committee on Weights and Measures. 
 
 Prof. N. B. Wood. 445 
 
 Analogy W. T. Alan. 453 
 
 Let Every Saxon Sing ... Lieut. C. A. L. Totten, U.S.A. 458 
 
 The Unveiling of Isis. II Charles Latimer, C.E. 461 
 
 Recollections of the Pyramid. Eev. Charles Edward Locke. 475 
 
 The Ballard Theory of Pyramid Solution. Jacob M. Clark, C.E. 480 
 
 Interesting Communications C. Piazzi Smyth. 488 
 
 The British Mile. Ill Eev. H. G. Wood. 493 
 
 Biography of Sir John Herschel. From Eev. Charles Pritchard. 502 
 
 Venus Transit and Sun-distance C. Piazzi Smyth. 506 
 
 Transactions of Ohio Auxiliary Society 510 
 
 Minutes of the Fourth Annual Convention of the International 
 
 Institute 613 
 
 Letters 515 
 
 Treasurer's Eeport 524 
 
 Eeviews 526 
 
 Editorial Notes 530 
 
 Inquirers' Club 532 
 
 Obituary Notices 533 
 
 Errata 534 
 
 NO. 1. VOLUME II. 
 
 PORTRAIT OF M. L'ABBE F. MOIGNO, Canon of St. Denis, 
 Editor of the Journal, Cosmos Les Monde*, Author of " The 
 Splendours of the Faith," " La Grande Pyramide," and very 
 many other works. 
 
 The Unveiling of Isis. Ill Charles Latimer, C.E. 3 
 
 The Altar and Pillar to Jehovah ... J. W. Bedfield, M.D. 14 
 
 The Geodetic Theory Lieut. C. A. L. Totten, U.S.A. 31 
 
 Interesting Communications. C. Piazzi Smyth, Eev. J. J. M. 
 
 Perry, and Eev. Jesse Jones. 39 
 
 A Eeview S. Beswick, C.E. 43 
 
 The First Meridian and the Metric System. M. L'Abbe 
 
 Moigno, Canon of St. Denis Cathedral, Paris, France. 58 
 
 The Moon's Mean Period Joseph Baxendell, F.E.A.S. 60 
 
 Eesearches for the Army of Pharaoh in the Eed Sea. 
 
 M. L'Abbe Moigno. 62
 
 124 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No.IV. 
 
 CONTENTS OF No. 1, VOL. II. Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 New Measures of the Great Pyramid by a New Measurer, A 
 
 Preliminary Notice of C. Piazzi Smyth. 63 
 
 Genealogical Stones in the Great Pyramid. Rev. H. G. Wood. 68 
 The Logic of the Pyramids. Captain B. Kelso Carter in Heir of 
 
 the World. 74 
 
 The Eise of the Antipodes C. Piazzi Smyth. 76 
 
 Is the Great Pyramid a Prophetical Eecord ? Jos. Baxendell, 
 
 F.E.A.S., in the Banner of Israel. 78 
 A Few Words From M. Le Abbe Chanoine F. Moigno. 
 
 Scientific Californian. 79 
 
 Letters 80 
 
 Transactions of Ohio Auxiliary to International Institute ... 85 
 
 Editorial Notes 89 
 
 Reviews 91 
 
 Inquirer's Club 92 
 
 Errata .. 93
 
 App.No.V.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 125 
 
 APPENDIX No. V. A MESSAGE FROM KHARTOUM.* 
 
 There came along the wire lately a sad and ominous message 
 from Khartoum, telegraphed to the Times on March 23, 
 1884, and published on April 1 in London. The words 
 were: " We are daily expecting British troops. We cannot 
 bring ourselves to believe that we are to be abandoned by 
 the Government. Our existence depends on England." 
 Surely never was so pitiful a message sent by an Englishman 
 belonging to one of this proud nation's ambassadors, to the 
 people and to the Government which sent the latter forth to 
 pacify a province! There is indeed no hope that this country 
 will send General Gordon British troops; and though the 
 existence of the General may depend on England, there is 
 no doubt that rather than incur an immense expense; rather 
 than cause the death of soldiers in the expedition; and 
 rather than exercise sovereignty of this kind in Egypt, 
 the Government of England, as now constituted, will let 
 General Gordon, and the party of two British subjects with 
 him, perish in Khartoum. 
 
 The Times declared, on April 1, that reports to this effect 
 were rife, but appealed strongly to the Government to prove 
 by deeds, and not by words only, that they would do some- 
 thing to rescue a gallant, noble-hearted, high-minded man 
 whom they had sent out themselves, as England's repre- 
 sentative, under the implied guarantee that in the last 
 extremity they would not let him perish. Khartoum does 
 not seem in any present peril, nor is there fear that it will be 
 
 * From the Banner of Israel for April 23, 1884.
 
 126 NEW MEASURES OF [App.No.V. 
 
 surrendered to its enemies: but General Gordon is sur- 
 rounded by traitors, and by enemies, open and concealed. 
 It is needful, however, that a policy of some sort should be 
 declared by Her Majesty's Government, and we hope not 
 many days hence to hear that a resolution has been arrived 
 at by the Cabinet declaring that the Protectorate of Egypt 
 has been assumed by the British, and calling afresh on all 
 provinces there to obey British law and British force. Will 
 this, however, be done by Mr. Gladstone? Nay, would it be 
 done willingly by the Conservative Party if they were to 
 eome into power to-morrow? "We believe neither of the 
 great parties in the State would be willing to take this 
 momentous step. Why not? Because such an act would be 
 a deliberate commencement of the partition of the Turkish 
 Empire, and the Government of this country would, and 
 naturally does, shrink from the awful responsibility of taking 
 the first step in that direction. 
 
 Mr. Gladstone is a statesman of far-seeing ability, and he 
 knows as well as anyone does that the seizure of Egypt and 
 the Soudan by Great Britain, and the assumption of its 
 permanent, absolute Protectorate, would be an act hostile 
 to Turkey, and a distinct commencement of its partition. 
 The jealousy of one another, which consumes the Powers of 
 Europe, restrains them now from falling upon the possessions 
 of Turkey. The naval power of Great Britain is felt to be 
 a strong restraint besides. The refusal of the British to 
 permit the partition of the Turkish dominions certainly 
 implies that she will herself be true, and will on no account 
 allow herself to benefit by the decay of Turkey; still less 
 that she will, as many of the Powers desire, set the example 
 by first falling on the Egyptian portion of the spoil. This, 
 we believe, actuates Mr. Gladstone and the Liberal Cabinet, 
 and apart from Our Identity and its teachings, is a policy 
 every reasonable man must approve.
 
 App.No.V.] THE GREAT PYRAMID. 127 
 
 But what if God demands the partition of the Turkish 
 Empire to-day as the cause of its final and complete collapse? 
 What if He has decided that " He will lay His vengeance 
 upon Edom by the hand of His people Israel " (Ezek. xxv. 
 14)? What if He has decreed " that they (Israel) shall do 
 in Edom (or the Turkish Empire) according to His anger 
 and according to His fury, and that they (the Turks) shall 
 know His vengeance"? Then indeed is the Gladstone 
 Government in evil case, for this nation is Israel, and the 
 allotted time for the collapse of the Power which has trodden 
 down the Holy Land and city, has been reached, because 
 1,260 years have elapsed since July 15, A.D. 622, the date 
 of the Hegira. 
 
 The Government of this country, then, must, whether they 
 like it or not, carry out God's decrees respecting the fall of 
 the Turkish Empire, and we see strong grounds for believing 
 that their hand which dealt the first fatal blow on July 11, 
 1882 (1881-6), at Alexandria, is still dealing with the task 
 God has set it, and by a series of events, over which they 
 have no control, is leading to the downfall of Turkish rule 
 in Egypt and the Soudan, to end in the fall of the same in 
 Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, Armenia, and, lastly, 
 at the great Gate itself. The message of despair which has 
 come to us from Khartoum is the warning note of the rise 
 of the Mahdi's power in the Soudan, which will carry on 
 the work of Turkey's destruction there, and probably soon 
 after in neighbouring lands, and wherever else the accursed 
 authority of the Turk is dominant in Asia. 
 
 ROBEET BANKS, Printer, Racqnet Court, Fleet Street, E.G.
 
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 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 048 599 5
 
 Univ 
 
 Sc 
 
 I