THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 67 &
 
 CANADA: 
 
 1849 TO 1859. 
 
 BY 
 
 THE HON. A. T. GALT, 
 
 FINANCH MINISTER OP CANADA. 
 
 QUEBEC : 
 
 PRINTED AT THE CANADA GAZETTE OFFICE. 
 
 1860.
 
 CANADA: 
 
 1849 TO 1859. 
 
 BY 
 
 THE HON. A. T. GALT, 
 
 FINANCE MINISTER OF CANADA. 
 
 QUEBE C : 
 
 PK1NTED AT THE CANADA GAZETTE OFFICE. 
 
 1860.
 
 IN issuing another edition of the following sketch of the progress 
 of Canada, during the past decade, advantage has been taken of 
 the opportunity to correct some inaccuracies which had inad- 
 vertently been permitted to occur in the first issue. 
 
 The object of the writer has only been to give an outline of the 
 features -of Canadian progress, without attempting to enlarge 
 upon details. Many subjects of considerable importance have 
 necessarily been passed over, and he can only express his satis- 
 faction that the public has been kind enough to treat the publica- 
 tion with so much indulgence. 
 
 Quebec, 1st March, 1860. 
 
 714623
 
 CANADA: 
 
 1849 TO 1859. 
 
 The history and progress of the Colonies of Great Britain must 
 naturally be a subject of deep interest to the people of England, 
 especially since the experiment has been fairly tried of entrusting 
 these dependencies of the empire with local self-government. 
 
 On the one hand, it was contended that constitutional govern- 
 ment could not be safely entrusted to colonists ; while, on the 
 other, it was as strongly urged that the institutions under which 
 Great Britain had herself attained a position of such power and 
 eminence, were capable of being worked by her subjects every- 
 where ; and that the vast resources of her colonial possessions 
 would be far more usefully developed by giving their people the 
 entire control of their own affairs. 
 
 In no part of the colonial empire has the experiment received a 
 fuller or fairer trial than in Canada ; and it cannot but be inter- 
 esting to review the progress of that country, and to mark how 
 far its inhabitants have worthily exercised the power conceded to 
 them. Because, if it could be shown that evil had flowed from 
 the concession of self-government in Canada, it might well shake 
 the confidence of those who desire to give the people of England 
 themselves a larger share in the government of the empire, as the 
 same objects are equally sought in both countries, and the greater 
 the measure of reform granted in England, the greater identity 
 will be produced with the state of things in Canada, where the 
 government of the country necessarily rests almost wholly upon 
 the popular element.
 
 I propose to give a brief resumt of the principal subjects which 
 have, within the last ten years, been before the Legislature of 
 Canada, leaving the statesmen of England to judge how far the 
 blessings of free institutions have been appreciated or abused by 
 their colonial brethren. But before proceeding to do so, it may 
 be well to give some slight sketch of the position of public affairs 
 up to 1849. 
 
 It is not necessary to do more than advert to the fact that serious 
 disturbances of the public peace had occurred both in Lower and 
 Upper Canada in 1837-8, and that in 1840 the Union of these two 
 Provinces took place. For some years succeeding the Union, an 
 unsettled state of things continued, marked, however, by gradual 
 concession to the demand for self-government, until 1846, when 
 Lord John Russell, then Secretary for the Colonies, first fully 
 admitted the principle of what is termed responsible government, 
 and required that the affairs of the country should be administered 
 by advisers of the Crown, possessing the confidence of the people, 
 and in harmony with their well-understood wishes. The system 
 thus fairly inaugurated, in 1849, may be said to have received its 
 final and conclusive acceptance, both by the mother-country and 
 the colony, as from that date no attempt has ever been made to 
 interfere with its free and legitimate operation. The political 
 differences and difficulties of Canada have been dealt with by 
 her own people and Legislature, and Great Britain has never 
 been required to take part in any local question whatever, except 
 to give effect, by Imperial legislation, to the express desire of the 
 Provincial Legislature. 
 
 In 1846, England may be said to have fairly abandoned the 
 colonial system of trade, as in that year the corn laws were 
 repealed, and the productions of Canada generally placed on the 
 same footing as those of foreign countries. It was not, however, 
 till 1848, that the differential duties imposed by the Imperial 
 Legislature upon importations into Canada were repealed, and 
 the Province permitted to import whence and how she pleased, 
 which was still further promoted by the repeal of the navigation
 
 laws in 1849, since which date Canada has enjoyed the privilege 
 of entirely controlling her own trade, and her own customs dues. 
 
 I have, therefore, taken the year 1849, as that when, politically, 
 Canada was entirely entrusted with self-government, and also 
 because, at that date, the principles of free trade were fully 
 applied to her. 
 
 The protective colonial system of Great Britain having been 
 previously the settled policy of the empire, the province had itself 
 incurred very heavy liabilities upon public works, dependent for 
 success upon its continuance, and many other commercial 
 interests had also grown up under it. The sudden and unexpected 
 change produced very serious disasters ; and in 1849, Canada 
 found herself with an exhausted exchequer, a crippled commerce, 
 and depreciated credit. Apart from these financial difficulties, 
 directly traceable to the altered policy of Great Britain, it must be 
 remarked that the country had scarcely recovered from the shock 
 of the disturbances of 1837-8 ; that the Union had brought face to 
 face the opposing influences of English and French Canada, 
 which time had not yet mitigated ; and that the most serious poli- 
 tical questions, both affecting the social and material prosperity of 
 the country, had to be dealt with. 
 
 Under such depressing circumstances, the only hope lay in the 
 fact that the people had at last the management of their own 
 affairs ; and with a country abounding in natural resources, a 
 vigorous and self-reliant effort would yet overcome all obstacles, 
 and restore, upon a more healthy basis, that prosperity which had 
 hitherto been sought through favours granted by Great Britain to 
 her colonies, at the expense of her own people. Canada accepted 
 the policy of England as necessary for the welfare of the empire : 
 she ceased all applications for aid to be granted to the detriment 
 of others ; and she has applied herself to the task of developing 
 her institutions and her resources with a vigour, determination 
 and success, that have rarely, if ever, been witnessed in any other 
 country.
 
 8 
 
 In proceeding to review the great progressive steps that Canada 
 has made between 1849 and 1859, I shall, in the first place, 
 advert to those which concern its social and moral government ; 
 afterwards, those which affect its material progress ; and finally, 
 demonstrate the result as viewed through the operation of its 
 trade. 
 
 In accordance with the provisions of the Imperial statute, 
 establishing the constitution of the country, the Legislature con- 
 sisted, under the Governor General, of a Legislative Council, or 
 Upper House, nominated for life by the Crown, and a Lower 
 House, elected by the people. The rapid settlement of the 
 country, especially of the more newly opened districts, soon 
 rendered the original allotment of eighty-four members for the 
 Lower House insufficient, and this evil was reformed in 1853, by 
 an increase of the representatives to 130 members. The franchise 
 has also been reformed and extended, the qualification now being 
 30 dollars per annum, or 6 sterling, for freehold or tenantry in 
 towns, and 20 dollars, or 4 sterling, in rural districts ; the prin- 
 cipal feature in the change being the admission of the tenant vote 
 in the counties and rural districts. 
 
 The original election law allowed an almost unlimited time for 
 elections, often producing great violence, and provided no checks 
 upon voting except oaths while the trial of elections was both 
 tedious and uncertain. This has been wholly reformed by limit- 
 ing the duration of an election to two days, by providing for a 
 perfect system of registration of votes, and by the enactment of an 
 improved system for the trial of contested elections. 
 
 The Legislative Council, or Upper House, has also been 
 reformed by the introduction of the elective principle the existing 
 nominated members retaining their seats for life. The Province 
 has been divided into forty-eight electoral divisions, each returning 
 one member. Twelve are elected every two years, and they go 
 out of office after eight years' service. The House is not subject to 
 dissolution ; and it is expected that the result will be to establish
 
 9 
 
 a body in a great degree secured from the ordinary excitement of 
 politics, and able to take a calm and dispassionate review of the 
 acts of the Lower House, which is elected for four years, and 
 may be dissolved by the Governor General. 
 
 The practice of holding the sittings of the Legislature alter- 
 nately for four years in each section of the Province, commenced 
 in 1849 ; and after a long and protracted struggle, this extremely 
 difficult question, essentially of a sectional character, has been 
 settled by the adherence of Parliament to the decision of the 
 Queen, in the selection as the permanent seat of government of 
 the city of Ottawa, where the public buildings are now in course 
 of erection. 
 
 Perhaps the most important step required for the perfect working 
 of constitutional government, is to provide for the complete sever- 
 ance of local legislation from that affecting the people at large. 
 The general Legislature can never properly deal with such sub- 
 jects, and their introduction tends to distract attention frorn^ those 
 measures which are of general interest. Municipal institutions 
 have, therefore, received much attention in Canada, and constant 
 efforts have been made to perfect them, and to give each parish 
 and county the control of its own internal affairs. In Upper 
 Canada a system of municipal local government existed prior to 
 the Union ; but it was in a crude and inefficient form. In Lower 
 Canada the attempt was made to introduce the system by the 
 Special Council, which replaced the ordinary Legislature during 
 the interregnum following the rebellion ; but, with the exception 
 of several of the English counties, the effort proved a complete 
 failure. In 1849, a complete system of municipal organization 
 was established in Upper Canada ; and in 1850, a measure of 
 similar tendency, but differing somewhat in detail, was passed 
 for Lower Canada. In both sections much evil had arisen from 
 the absence of all power to levy local rates for local objects ; and 
 burdens were thus thrown upon the general revenue, which were 
 more properly chargeable on the localities interested.
 
 10 
 
 The system thus inaugurated, was from time to time amended, 
 as circumstances showed the necessity, until finally, in 1858, the 
 whole of the laws relating to municipalities in Upper Canada, 
 were revised and consolidated into one statute. A similar 
 measure has likewise been prepared for Lower Canada, and was 
 distributed throughout the Province during the last Session of the 
 Provincial Parliament, preparatory to its being considered and 
 finally passed in the session now approaching. 
 
 The general features of the municipal law of Upper Canada, 
 and which, with some modifications suited to the different state 
 of society in Lower Canada, may be stated as the system in force 
 throughout the Province, are : 
 
 The inhabitants of every county, city, town and township, are 
 constituted corporations, their organization proceeding wholly 
 upon the elective principle ; and provision is made for the erection 
 of new municipalities, as the circumstances of the country require, 
 by the>r separation from those already existing. A complete 
 system is created for regulating the elections, and for defining the 
 duties of the municipalities and of their officers. Their powers 
 may be generally stated to embrace everything of a local nature, 
 including the opening and maintenance of highways ; the erec- 
 tion of school-houses, and the support of common and grammar 
 schools ; the provision of accommodation for the administration 
 of justice, gaols, &c., and the collection of rates for their support, 
 as well as for the payment of petty jurymen ; granting shop and 
 tavern licenses ; regulating and prohibiting the sale of spirituous 
 liquors ; providing for the support of the poor ; preventing the 
 obstruction of streams ; effecting drainage, both in the cities and 
 country ; inspection of weights and measures ; enforcing the due 
 observance of the Sabbath, and protection of public morals ; 
 establishing and regulating ferries, harbours, markets, &c. ; 
 abating nuisances ; making regulations for, and taking precau- 
 tions against, fires ; establishing gas and water works ; making 
 police regulations ; levying rates upon all real and personal pro-
 
 11 
 
 perty, including incomes for all purposes ; and, for certain objects,, 
 borrowing money ; together with a great number of minor matters 
 essential for the good government of a community. 
 
 The present municipal system of Canada, of which the fore- 
 going is a brief and imperfect sketch, is believed to provide for 
 all possible local legislation, and has been framed upon an obser- 
 vation of the working of these institutions, not only in England, 
 but in the United States, the result being to secure for each local 
 district the most perfect control of its own affairs. Under it the 
 general legislature is freed from the necessity of considering any 
 local question ; and the people themselves have, in all important 
 matters, the opportunity, by a popular vote, of considering and 
 rejecting the action of their own municipal representatives. 
 
 Passing from the previous questions, which relate to reforms in 
 the mode of governing the country, both generally and through 
 municipalities, I will now advert to that which has been done in 
 regard to education, which certainly has the most important 
 bearing on the future welfare of the country. 
 
 The educational question may be divided into two distinct 
 parts. First. The provision of common schools for the general 
 instruction of the people in the rudiments of learning. And, 
 secondly. The establishment of superior schools, colleges and 
 universities. 
 
 As regards common schools, much attention had been given in 
 Upper Canada to this subject at all times ; but it was not until 
 1846, that it was reduced to a system. The very able Superin- 
 tendent of Schools in Upper Canada, Dr. Ryerson, is entitled to 
 the greatest credit for the labour and talent which he has devoted 
 to the subject. He was deputed by the Government to visit 
 Europe, for the purpose of examining the best school systems in 
 operation. And after a lengthened examination, the result of his 
 inquiries was finally embodied in several Acts of Parliament, 
 which provide for the establishment of school districts in every
 
 part of Canada ; every child is entitled to education ; and for 
 the support of the system, a rate is struck by each municipality, 
 in addition to a contribution of 90,000 from the provincial 
 exchequer. Each school district is under the management of 
 local trustees chosen by the people who are again subject to 
 inspection by officers appointed by the County Councils, periodical 
 returns being made to the Superintendent of Education. The 
 Superintendent himself is assisted by a Council of Instruction, 
 chosen from the leading men of the Province, without regard to 
 religion or politics. The order of tuition and the school-books 
 are settled by the Council and Superintendent. Libraries of 
 useful books, maps, &c., carefully selected, are also supplied at 
 cost price to the different municipalities. For the purpose of pro- 
 viding fit instructors for the common schools, Normal schools 
 have been established in both sections of the Province both for 
 male and female teachers and much care is devoted to their 
 effectual training. 
 
 Permanent provision is also sought to be made for the support 
 of common schools, through large appropriations of valuable 
 lands. 
 
 The system of teaching in Upper Canada is non-sectarian, but 
 provision is made for the establishment of Roman Catholic sepa- 
 rate schools. In Lower Canada, owing to the population being 
 principally Roman Catholic, though the system is also non-sec- 
 tarian, yet the education is mainly in the hands of the clergy, and 
 provision is made for Protestant separate schools, which equally 
 share in all the benefits of the local rates and legislative provision. 
 
 The result of this system may be summed up by stating that 
 by the last report of the Superintendent of Education for Upper 
 Canada, there were in 1858, 3,866 schools, 293,683 scholars. 
 
 In Lower Canada, considerable repugnance existed to the 
 imposition of the necessary direct taxation to maintain the system ; 
 but by very great efforts, this feeling has been entirely overcome ;
 
 13 
 
 and, under the able superintendence of the Hon. P. 0. Chauveau, 
 the last report for 1858, shows the following results : 2,80O 
 schools, 130,940 scholars, contrasting with an almost total neglect 
 of common schools but a few years previous. 
 
 For the purpose of affording superior education, but little real 
 progress had been made until after the organization of the com- 
 mon school system, when there was established in connection 
 with it a higher class of instruction through the means of grammar 
 schools, \yhich are now very generally to be found throughout 
 Upper Canada, and also, to a more limited extent, in Lower 
 Canada. These schools are also supported by grants of public 
 lands, and by partial contribution from the common school grant,, 
 in addition to the local rates. 
 
 In both sections of the Province, numerous educational establish- 
 ments, of the nature of colleges, are established ; most of them in, 
 affiliation to some of the universities. 
 
 The universities in Upper or Western Canada consist of the 
 University of Toronto, non-sectarian, which is very largely 
 endowed by the Province, and which is now in a most prosperous 
 and satisfactory condition. The University of Trinity College, 
 which is under the auspices of the Church of England, the 
 University of Queen's College, Kingston, which is in connection 
 with the Church of Scotland, and the University of Victoria Col- 
 lege, in connection with the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 
 Lower Canada, the Roman Catholics have established the 
 University of Laval, which is wholly supported by voluntary 
 contributions, and which, though comparatively recent, promises 
 to be of the greatest value to the country. The University of 
 M'Gill College, originally established through a munificent bequest 
 by the late Hon. J. M'Gill, and almost wholly supported by volun- 
 tary contributions, is non-sectarian, and is now in a very flourish- 
 ing state. The Church of England have also the University of 
 Bishop's College, supported almost solely by that Church, and 
 which, though comparatively new, will, it is believed, speedily 
 attain a position of great usefulness.
 
 14 
 
 It would occupy to much space too enlarge upon the course of 
 instruction at these institutions, but it may be stated that they all 
 contain the usual professors of classics, belles lettres, law and 
 medicine. 
 
 With the single exception of the M'Gill College, which has 
 long existed, but until very recently in a languishing state, the 
 whole of these institutions may be said to have risen within the 
 last ten years, and they are mainly, if not wholly, supported by 
 -voluntary contributions and endowments. It is true that the 
 University of Toronto existed in another formas a college under 
 the Church of England, for many years, but its usefulness was 
 entirely marred by the constant struggle to free it from its sectarian 
 character, which was only effected in 1845 ; from which date it 
 may be said to have risen into its present highly important posi- 
 tion. 
 
 The total number of educational institutions in operation in 
 Upper Canada in 1858, was 4,259, attended by 306,386 pupils, 
 and expending 1,512,386 dollars in their support. In Lower 
 Canada, during the same year, the total number of institutions 
 was 2,985, attended by 156,87:3 pupils, and expending 981,425 
 dollars in their support. 
 
 There have been two questions which, more than any others, 
 have agitated the public mind in Canada, and produced the 
 greatest bitterness and animosity. Each was peculiar to its own 
 section of the Province. In Upper Canada, the Clergy Reserves ; 
 and in Lower Canada, the Feudal or Seignorial Tenure. The 
 former has indeed been regarded by many as the prominent 
 cause of the outbreak in 1837, while the latter has been an 
 incubus of the most fatal character upon the industry and intelli- 
 gence of Lower Canada. 
 
 The Clergy Reserves were an appropriation of one-seventh of 
 the land of Upper Canada, made by the Imperial Legislature for 
 the support of a Protestant clergy. They were claimed, and
 
 15 
 
 possessed originally, by the Church of England ; but, simulta- 
 neously, the other churches asserted their rights, and a never- 
 ending agitation was kept up on the subject. It raised the 
 question of a connection between Church and State, as well as of 
 an Established Church, both being obnoxious to a large class of 
 the inhabitants of the Province ; and it proved the fruitful cause 
 of evil of every kind. Many unsuccessful attempts had been 
 made, both by the Imperial Legislature and by the Colony, to 
 compromise the question ; but in every case the agitation was 
 renewed with increased bitterness ; and it was not until 1854, 
 that a final settlement could be arrived at. The Legislature, 
 acting under the authority of an Imperial Act, decreed the com- 
 plete separation of the State from all connection with any Church, 
 and provided that a commutation equivalent to the value of exist- 
 ing stipends should be paid to the incumbents, and, after provision 
 for widows and orphans of clergy, divided the remaining land 
 and funds amongst the municipalities of Upper Canada, according 
 to their respective population. This measure has been fully 
 carried out, and the Province has at length found a solution for 
 an evil that had convulsed it since its earliest settlement. 
 
 In Lower Canada the disastrous effect of the Feudal Tenure 
 upon the progress of the people can scarcely be understood now 
 by the people of England ; to the student of history, however, it 
 is familiar, through its effects m Europe, where its extinction in 
 every country has been the result of long-protracted struggles. 
 Civil insurrection, bloodshed and crime have marked the progress 
 of Europe in casting off this burden ; and though stripped of 
 many of its worst features in Canada, yet the system remained, 
 repressive of the industry of the people, degrading them in 
 character, and effectually precluding Lower Canada from sharing 
 in the flow of population and wealth, which was so steadily 
 setting in to every other part of North America. The French 
 Canadians had grown up under this system for years ; but the 
 progress around them had awakened their intelligence, and pro- 
 duced that strong movement in the masses which betokened a
 
 16 
 
 steady persistent effort, at all hazards, to free themselves from 
 every trace of serfdom. No more difficult problem could be 
 offered for solution to a Legislature, than the settlement of a ques- 
 tion which had its roots in the very fundamental laws of property, 
 and which could not be approached without endangering the 
 destruction of the whole social edifice ; and the difficulty was not 
 decreased by the fact that the body which had to deal with it 
 consisted, to the extent of one-half, of representatives from Upper 
 Canada, who might not unnaturally suppose they had no imme- 
 diate interest in it. This problem has, however, been solved ; 
 and by the Acts of 1854, and of last Session, the Feudal Tenure 
 has been completely extinguished in Canada, and lands are now 
 held by freehold tenure equally in both sections of the Province. 
 The rights of property have been respected ; no confiscation has 
 taken place, but, with the consent of all interested, the obnoxious 
 tenure has been abolished, on payment of a certain amount by 
 each tenant, and by a contribution of about 650,000 from the 
 Province generally. A social revolution has thus been quietly, 
 and without excitement, effected, at a most trivial cost to the 
 country, which will be repaid a hundredfold by the increased 
 progress of the Lower Province ; and yet this very measure is 
 that which, more than any other, has been charged against the 
 Government of Canada, as a lavish and wasteful outlay of public 
 money. One single week of disturbance of the public peace 
 would have cost the Province vastly more than the indemnity 
 given to those whose rights of property were required to be sur- 
 rendered for the public good. If there be one point in the whole 
 working of -constitutional Government which should encourage 
 its friends, it is the fact that the people of Canada have been 
 themselves able to approach and deal with such a question as 
 this without excitement, disturbance, or individual wrong. 
 
 The Settlement of the country has at all times been a subject of 
 deep interest in Canada, and has been promoted in every possible 
 way. Emigrants are received on arrival at the quarantine har- 
 bour, where hospitals and medical care are provided free of
 
 17 
 
 charge ; they receive from Government officers reliable informa- 
 tion on every point necessary for their welfare. In case of 
 destitution, they are forwarded to their friends ; and every effort 
 is made to protect them from the frauds and impositions of 
 designing persons, to which they are so much exposed at New 
 York. 
 
 Leading roads are opened by the Government in the remoter 
 parts of the Province, and free grants of land are made upon 
 them the price of ordinary land in these townships is fixed at 70 
 cents, or about 3s. sterling, per acre, for cash, or 4s. sterling (1 
 dollar), if on credit. To enable large proprietors or small com- 
 munities to establish united settlements, townships of 50,000 acres 
 are offered for sale at 2s. sterling, per acre, for cash, subject to 
 conditions of settlement. By these arrangements, it is within the 
 power of almost every one to become the proprietor of a farm, 
 with a free title for ever, and subject to no other charges than the 
 settlers themselves, under the municipal system, choose to impose ; 
 while the education law provides for the gradual establishment 
 and maintenance of schools. . 
 
 The action of the Government in the settlement of a new dis- 
 trict, is confined to the opening of the leading county road, as it 
 may be termed. No further expenditure is made from the public 
 chest, as the municipal system makes ample provision for all the 
 further local wants of the people. Under this plan an expenditure 
 of public money to the extent of about 15,000 per annum takes 
 place, and it has produced the construction of hundreds of miles 
 of road in the interior of the country, rendering accessible millions 
 of acres of fine land, which through its sale gradually reimburses 
 the public exchequer. 
 
 For the construction and maintenance of macadamized, plank 
 
 and gravel roads, the Legislature has provided, through a general 
 
 law, for the organization of road companies. This law has been 
 
 very generally acted upon in Upper or Western Canada, and, 
 
 2
 
 18 
 
 instead of almost impassable tracks through the forest, the country 
 is now traversed by excellent roads through all its more settled 
 parts. 
 
 The very valuable Fisheries of the Gulf and River St. Law- 
 rence, as well as of the Great Lakes, have also formed the subject 
 of legislative care ; and in 1858, an Act was passed providing 
 for their protection and proper management. This Act has as 
 yet been too short a time in operation to permit reference to 
 results achieved ; but there can be no doubt that it will be fraught 
 with the greatest public advantage, especially in the River St. 
 Lawrence, where the fisheries are perfectly inexhaustible, under 
 proper supervision, and where, from the severity of the climate, 
 the inhabitants are mainly dependent upon them. A hardy class 
 of seamen will hereby be provided, and a new source of wealth 
 and trade be developed. 
 
 In attending to the great interests of the people, the Legislature 
 have not neglected those subjects which now so largely interest 
 philanthropic minds. The care of lunatics has engrossed much 
 attention, and admirable asylums are provided for them, where 
 they receive the most skilful and approved treatment. In Upper 
 Canada, a local rate provides for a large part of the expenditure ; 
 but legislative aid is required to the extent of about 12,500, 
 with an equal sum for similar institutions in Lower Canada. 
 
 As regards criminals, a Provincial Penitentiary receives those 
 to whom a long period of servitude is attached ; they are there 
 taught various trades, and compelled to contribute to the cost of 
 their own maintenance. Their labour is let out by contract to 
 tradesmen, and by employment, and the acquisition of the know- 
 ledge of some handicraft, the endeavour is made to provide them, 
 on their return to society, with the means of gaining an honest 
 livelihood, without the temptation of want to cause their recur- 
 rence to evil courses. For the reformation of the young, reforma- 
 tory prisons, have been opened within the last year, under an Act 
 passed in 1858 ; and by careful and judicious training it is
 
 19 
 
 hoped that many juvenile offenders may be reclaimed. As 
 regards the prisons generally, by the Act of 1858, a Government 
 inspection, of the most searching kind, has been established, and 
 it is hoped will be effectual in remedying much of the evil 
 and misery of the indiscriminate confinement of criminals. 
 
 Nor has science been wholly overlooked Canada having had, 
 since 1844, under the able superintendence of Sir William Logan, 
 F. R. S., a systematic geological survey in progress, which has 
 already been of the greatest value to the Province, whilst it has 
 made no mean contributions to the stock of knowledge in this 
 very interesting science. The annual reports of the geological 
 survey of Canada, may be appealed to as evidence of the value 
 and extent of the service performed ; while the display of speci- 
 mens at the London and Paris exhibitions, amply demonstrated 
 its practical character. 
 
 The Toronto Observatory is also well known for its valuable 
 contributions to astronomical and meteorological science ; and 
 that at Quebec is also rising into deserved notice. My space will 
 not, however, permit me to do more than notice the fact that such 
 institutions exist, and are valued and promoted in Canada, afford- 
 ing evidence that the progress of the country is not confined 
 wholly to material objects. 
 
 Among other reforms which have characterized the legislation 
 of Canada, during the past ten years, the criminal law has been 
 carefully revised and amended ; while in Upper Canada, where 
 English law prevails, the proceedings of the courts have been 
 greatly simplified, and stripped of technical difficulties ; in this 
 respect, fully keeping pace with the legal reforms of England. 
 In Lower Canada, the whole plan of judicature has been changed 
 and decentralized, so as to bring the redress of legal wrongs within 
 easy reach of every one ; while the expenses attendant on the 
 administration of justice have, within the last two years, been 
 modified and greatly reduced.
 
 20 
 
 The whole statutory law of Canada has been consolidated into 
 three volumes, a work of great labour and corresponding value. 
 For the achievement of this important work, the Province is deeply 
 indebted to the late Sir James Macaulay, ex-Chief Justice of 
 Common Pleas in Upper Canada, who only lived to see his work, 
 and that of his able coadjutors, completed by the issue of the new 
 consolidated statutes within the last two months. To have 
 reduced within such compass the entire statutory law of the 
 country since its conquest, is no mean achievement ; and the 
 removal of contradictions and ambiguities in existing laws, is not 
 the least valuable part of the work. 
 
 In Lower Canada, a commission is now sitting, charged by 
 Parliament with the codification of the French law, after the 
 manner of the Code Napoleon. The work is one of much labour, 
 and can scarcely be completed within less than three years. 
 Canada will then possess, in a consolidated and condensed form, 
 her complete body of law, notwithstanding she has had to deal 
 with two entirely distinct and different systems. 
 
 In the foregoing observations I have only been able very briefly 
 to allude to the more prominent subjects of legislation since 1849 ; 
 there are many others, of a highly important character, which, did 
 my space permit, I would gladly cite in support of my argument 
 on behalf of the general policy of Canada ; but surely the system 
 cannot be either intrinsically bad, or administered by vicious 
 instruments, which has produced within ten years 
 
 A thorough reform of the Legislature ; 
 
 An extension of the franchise, and registraton of votes ; 
 
 A complete system of municipal self-goverment ; 
 
 A perfect system of elementary and superior education ; 
 
 The separation of Church and State ; and 
 
 The settlement of the Clergy Reserve question ; 
 
 The abolition of the Feudal Tenure ; 
 
 Provision for emigration and the settlement of the country ;
 
 The care of lunatics ; 
 
 The management of criminals ; 
 
 The establishment of reformatory prisons and supervision of 
 gaols ; 
 
 The promotion of science ; 
 
 The reform of the criminal code ; 
 
 The simplification of the civil laws ; 
 
 The consolidation of the statute law ; and 
 
 The codification of the French law. 
 
 I will now proceed to speak of the efforts made by Canada 
 during the same period, in the direction of material progress, and 
 which, I think, equally attest the beneficial working of our 
 system. 
 
 Canada occupies a position in North America, extending from 
 the ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, the 
 westernmost of the great lakes. The River St. Lawrence forming 
 the discharge of these lakes, finds its most southerly point, in Lake 
 Erie, lat. 42 ; and from thence proceeds in a general north- 
 easterly direction to its entrance into the Gulf, lat. 50. It thus 
 drains a vast extent of the interior of the continent, and forms the 
 natural channel to the ocean, not merely for Canada, but also for 
 the States of Western New York, Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and, it may be added, 
 for the States lying to the west and north-west of the lakes 
 Michigan and Superior. This great district is that wherein the 
 principal part of the cereal crop of America is produced bulky 
 in its nature, comparatively low in its value, and requiring, there- 
 fore, the cheapest mode of transport to market. The River St. 
 Lawrence, being interrupted above Montreal by formidable 
 rapids, could not, in the early history of the country, be used for 
 transport, except by the tedious and expensive employment of 
 small flat boats. The lakes could only be navigated by vessels 
 perfectly seaworthy, and the laws of the empire themselves inter-
 
 22 
 
 posed insuperable obstacles to the St. Lawrence becoming the 
 route through which foreign trade could reach the seaboard. The 
 importance of the trade of the country round the great lakes was 
 early seen ; and the construction of the Erie Canal by the State 
 of New York speedily demonstrated, through its success, the 
 magnitude of the prize to be contended for. 
 
 Canada, divided into two Provinces, still more divided by 
 having two distinct national races, and fettered by the commercial 
 policy and navigation laws of Great Britain, was but ill prepared 
 to develop the superior advantages of the natural channel by the 
 St. Lawrence. But still the effort was commenced ; and the 
 construction of the Welland Canal, between Lakes Erie and 
 Ontario, on a small inexpensive scale, by Upper Canada the 
 Rideau Canal, made by the British Government for military 
 purposes, and the Lachine Canal, built by Lower Canada, proved 
 that, even prior to 1830, public attention was directed to the 
 importance of securing a share of the trade of the great lakes. 
 
 The wonderful rapidity with which the States bordering on the 
 lake-waters rilled up the rush of emigration from all parts 
 towards them the growth of cities and the extension of com- 
 merce, increased the efforts to facilitate communication between 
 this district and the ocean. But the unfortunate insurrection in 
 Canada of 1837-38, paralysed all her efforts, and years elapsed 
 before they could be renewed. The first step was taken under 
 Lord Sydenham, in 1841, after the union of Upper with Lower 
 Canada, when the Imperial Government granted their guarantee 
 for a loan of 1,500,000, to promote the enlargement of the 
 Welland Canal, and the construction of canals to obviate the 
 rapids of the St. Lawrence, between Lake Ontario and Montreal. 
 These works were vigorously pressed forward ; and the Province 
 was still further excited to redoubled effort and increased outlay, 
 by the Imperial Act of 1843, which permitted American wheat, 
 ground in Canada, to be shipped to England as colonial, thus 
 giving an indirect advantage to trade from the United States 
 through Canada.
 
 The canal system of Canada was, in a great measure, com- 
 pleted in 1846, though improved and extended since ; and she 
 then possessed a navigation for vessels of 800 tons from the ocean 
 to Lake Ontario, and of 400 tons to Lakes Erie, Huron and 
 Michigan. But the repeal of the corn laws an admittedly 
 necessary measure then supervened, and the Province found 
 itself subject to a debt of 20,000,000 dollars possessing the most 
 magnificent canals in the world, but without any trade to support 
 them except her own debarred by the navigation laws from 
 making them useful to foreign vessels and opposed to the wealthy 
 and powerful influences of New York, and the connections they 
 had meantime formed in the west. In 1849, the legal difficulties 
 in the way of trade were finally removed ; but ere this, a new 
 element had been developed through the construction of railways, 
 which tended to maintain trade in the channels it had already 
 formed, and which could only be met by similar efforts on the 
 part of Canada. 
 
 Experience had, however, fully demonstrated that it was not 
 sufficient to prove that produce could be moved from the West to 
 Montreal at one-half the charge to New York ; it required to be 
 landed in Liverpool at less cost, or the whole previous effort must 
 be nugatory. New York was the great commercial emporium of 
 America ; it possessed an enormous commerce ; it was the chosen 
 port for emigration ; and from all these causes, ocean freights to 
 Liverpool were reduced to a minimum. The St. Lawrence, on 
 the other hand, was reported as a most dangerous navigation ; 
 insurance was very high, from the inferior character of the ships, 
 and from the river and gulf not being properly provided with 
 lighthouses ; and the shoals of Lake St. Peter, between Montreal 
 and Quebec, limited the trade to vessels drawing not over 11| 
 feet, during the summer low water. 
 
 Before proceeding to state how far railway communication has 
 been provided for the country, I will briefly state what has been 
 done to remove the difficulties in navigating the River St. Law- 
 rence. Numerous and excellent lighthouses have been built, the
 
 24 
 
 system of pilotage has been revised and improved, tug-boats of 
 great power have been furnished to the trade, at very moderate 
 rates, and the depth of water between Quebec and Montreal has 
 been increased by dredging, to permit the passage of vessels 
 drawing 18 feet 6 inches. 
 
 The result of these measures has undoubtedly been most bene- 
 ficial, and is shewn by the rates of insurance now being only in 
 excess of those from New York during the early and late periods 
 of navigation, while the increased capacity of the vessels in the 
 trade has considerably reduced freights. 
 
 In addition to the natural obstacles to be overcome, and the 
 competition with the United Slates which had to be encountered, 
 Canada also found her efforts most seriously weakened through 
 the policy of the Imperial Government, in subsidising the Cunard 
 line of steamers to Boston and New York ; which by reducing 
 freights to, and facilitating intercourse with these American cities, 
 offered indirectly a bounty, to the extent of the subsidy, in their 
 favour, and against the route vid the St. Lawrence. The original 
 establishment of this steamship line was unquestionably of great 
 benefit, but the persistent renewal of the contract, when the 
 necessity for it had ceased, and when its injury to Canada had 
 been demonstrated, is a grave cause of complaint, and has forced 
 upon Canada the adoption of measures for the maintenance of 
 direct intercourse with Great Britain, carrying on her own trade 
 through her own waters, and by her own ships. 
 
 To remedy the evil effects of the policy of England, Canada 
 has been obliged to subsidise a weekly line of steamships of her 
 own, at an expense of 45,000 per annum, and it is a subject of 
 the highest gratification to know, that the advantages of the St. 
 Lawrence route to Liverpool are at length being thoroughly under- 
 stood and appreciated. It is now proved that the ocean voyage 
 from the St. Lawrence, upon the average of twenty-six passages 
 in 1859, westward from Liverpool to Quebec, has been only 
 eleven days and five hours ; and from Quebec to Liverpool, ten
 
 25 
 
 days and three hours ; these results showing a better average 
 than has ever before been made across the Atlantic, and conclu- 
 sively establishing the superiority of the Canadian route. 
 
 Until the introduction of railways, it was confidently believed 
 that the completion of the canal system of Canada would secure 
 to her a large share of the western trade ; but not only did rail- 
 ways tend to retain the trade in existing channels, but their 
 immediate effect was to divert from the St. Lawrence a large 
 proportion of the trade of Western Canada itself. It became 
 evident that the facilities thus afforded for rapid and uninterrupted 
 intercourse with the Atlantic cities, would more than counter- 
 balance the greater cheapness of the St. Lawrence during the 
 season of navigation, and that unless Canada could combine with 
 her unrivalled inland navigation, a railroad system connected 
 therewith, and mutually sustaining each other, the whole of her 
 large outlay must for ever remain unproductive. 
 
 In undertaking the construction of a railway system passing 
 through Canada, which should connect the great lakes with the 
 ocean, the Province did not propose to effect this entirely through 
 its own resources ; the Legislature only sought to offer such 
 inducements to capitalists as might cause their attention to be 
 directed to Canada, believing that such works as railways, the 
 success of which is almost wholly dependent upon attention to 
 details, were better under private management than under that of 
 the Government. 
 
 In 1849, an Act was passed pledging a 6 per cent, guarantee 
 by the Province on one-half the cost of all railways of 75 miles 
 miles in extent. And under this Act, the Great Western, the 
 Northern, and the St. Lawrence and Atlantic, (now part of the 
 Grand Trunk) were commenced. Subsequently, in 1852, fearing 
 the effect of an indiscriminate guarantee, this law was repealed, 
 and the guarantee of one-half the cost confined to one Main Trunk 
 Line of Railway throughout the Province. In 1852, the Grand 
 Trunk Line from Montreal to Toronto, and from Quebec to Riviere-
 
 26 
 
 du-Loup, was incorporated as part of the Main Trunk Line, with a 
 stipulated advance by way of loan of 3,000 per mile, the line 
 from Quebec to Richmond having already been commenced as 
 part of the Main Trunk Line under the original Act. In 1853, 
 Acts were passed providing for the amalgamation of all the com- 
 panies- forming the Main Trunk Line, with powers to construct 
 the Victoria Bridge, connecting the lines west of Montreal with 
 those leading to Quebec and Portland, and also authorizing the 
 lease, in perpetuity, of the American line, connecting the Canadian 
 railway system with the ocean at Portland, U. S., which, from its 
 admirable harbour, and from being the nearest port to the St. 
 Lawrence, was selected as the point through which the winter 
 trade of Canada could be most advantageously carried on. This 
 city is, therefore, now the Atlantic terminus of the Canadian 
 railway system in winter, and has been adopted as the port to 
 which the Canadian line of steamships ply while the navigation 
 of the St. Lawrence is interrupted. Efforts have been repeatedly 
 made, as well by Canada as by New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia, to induce the Imperial Government to promote the 
 extension of the Grand Trunk Railway to some colonial winter 
 port, but without success ; and it is as yet wholly beyond the 
 power of the Provinces, unaided, to construct a line which is 
 more valuable on national than on commercial grounds. 
 
 The result of the legislation to which allusion has been made, 
 has been the formation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, 
 whose gigantic works are at length on the point of completion ; 
 and of this company it may be truly said, that, comprising 1,112 
 miles of rail, of which no less than 1,092 miles are strictly a 
 trunk line, constructed in the most permanent manner, and con- 
 necting the American railway system west of the great lakes with 
 the ocean, at Portland in winter, and at Montreal, Quebec and 
 Riviere-du-Loup in summer, it presents, probably, the most com- 
 plete and comprehensive railway system in the world ; and, taken 
 in connection with the unequalled inland navigation of the St. 
 Lawrence, it cannot fail to attract a large share of the vast and
 
 27 
 
 increasing traffic of the west, while it affords to the whole Pro- 
 vince of Canada the greatest possible facilities lor intercommuni- 
 cation. 
 
 The difficulties attendant on the prosecution of this immense 
 enterprise, arising from the Russian war, and consequent rise in 
 the value of money, induced the Legislature to prevent the stop- 
 page of works so essential to the prosperity of the Province, to 
 come to the relief of the company, and in 1856 and 1857, Acts 
 were passed giving the private capital of the company priority 
 over the provincial first lien of 3,111,500. By this measure the 
 company were enabled to raise additional funds, and the wisdom 
 of the step is now seen in the full completion of the undertaking. 
 
 In addition to the Grand Trunk Railway, the last ten years 
 have witnessed the completion of the following additional lines of 
 railway in Canada : 
 
 The Great Western ............................. 357 miles, 
 
 The Northern ................................. 95 " 
 
 The Buffalo and Lake Huron .................... 159 " 
 
 And other minor lines of a more local character, 
 
 amounting in all to ...... . ................ 370 " 
 
 The Grand Trunk .............................. 
 
 Thus a total of 2,093 miles have been constructed and put in 
 operation in Canada within the time stated ; while the present 
 charge to the Province connected with those railways which have 
 received public aid, is 4,161,150, or 249,669 per annum, which 
 will, it is hoped be speedily relieved by the success of the system, 
 which is now only fairly connected by the completion of the 
 Victoria Bridge. Reasonable time must be allowed for diverting 
 traffic from other channels ; but the result cannot be doubtful, as 
 Canada now possesses, not merely the most perfect inland navi- 
 gation in the world, but also, in connection with it, a system of 
 railways certainly unequalled on the American continent, or even, 
 it is believed, in Europe.
 
 28 
 
 Through the Canadian steamship line, the Grand Trunk is now 
 recognized, even by the United States Government, as the shortest 
 and best route for their south-western and western mails, than 
 which no better evidence could be offered of the wisdom of the 
 policy so persistently followed by every successive legislature in 
 Canada for many years. The American cities on the great lakes 
 are now opening a direct trade through the Canadian waters with 
 Europe, more than twenty vessels having this year passed through 
 our canals for English ports ; and the time is not distant when 
 the full advantages of the St. Lawrence, as the great route from 
 the interior of the continent to the ocean, will be fully recognized. 
 
 In the prosecution of the policy which is now at length 
 approaching its final, and, it is believed, successful issue, the 
 great bulk of the public debt of Canada has been Contracted. 
 Enough has been retained out of ordinary revenue to cover what 
 may be termed purely local works, expenditure upon which has 
 long since ceased, and the present indebtedness will be found 
 fully represented by the great public works of which a sketch has 
 now been given. 
 
 The. direct debt of Canada, including advances to railways, is 
 9,677,672, and after deducting the sinking fund for the redemp- 
 tion of the Imperial Guaranteed Loan, amounts to 8,884,672, and 
 the payments on account of the public works of the Province, 
 without reckoning interest, have been as follows : 
 
 Canals, lighthouses and other works connected with 
 the development of the navigation of the St. 
 
 Lawrence, represent 3,962,900 
 
 Railway advances 4,161,150 
 
 Roads and bridges, and improvement of rivers. . . . 738,350 
 
 8,862,400 
 
 The public of England can now judge how far the expenditure 
 of Canada has been reckless and unwise ; or, whether it has not
 
 29 
 
 been incurred for objects in which the prosperity of the country 
 was wholly bound up, and which fully justified the sacrifices thai 
 have been made to attain them. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of the present debt of Canada, it is 
 proper I should advert to the outstanding Municipal Loan Fund 
 Bonds, amounting, on 1st December, 1859, to 1,920,160. 
 
 These bonds are issued upon the security of a fund constituted 
 by the municipalities, who have become borrowers to this amount. 
 The object was to secure on their united credit loans on better 
 terms than they could obtain as individual borrowers. The Pro- 
 vince is in no way guarantee for the fund, but acts as trustee, 
 and has never pledged the general revenue for the payment of 
 either principal or interest. Owing, however, to the commercial 
 crisis in 1857, and the bad harvest of that and the following years, 
 the Province has made large advances to enable the fund to meet 
 the interest due to the bondholders, with whom faith has thus 
 been kept by the several municipalities. But the plan having 
 been thus found to work badly, and to entail unexpected charges 
 upon the general revenue, the Act was repealed last session, so 
 far as related to further loans, and the Government authorized to 
 redeem the outstanding debentures, and to hold them against the 
 indebted municipalities. 
 
 Measures are now been taken for the redemption of this debt, 
 which will be the more easily effected, as the Government already 
 hold large amounts of these bonds in trust for the special educa- 
 tional, Indian and other trust funds. 
 
 It now only remains for me to state the commercial policy, and 
 the position of the trade and finances of the Province of Canada ; 
 and I am the more desirous of doing so, as great misapprehension 
 prevails in England on these points, and the steps called for by 
 the imperative dictates of honor and good faith are represented as 
 based upon a return to an unsound commercial policy, and fraught 
 with injustice to our fellow-subjects in Great Britain.
 
 30 
 
 Canadian statesmen of all parties have invariably adhered to 
 the faithful and punctual discharge of the obligations of their 
 country ; they have never swerved from the principle, that what- 
 ever may be the faults or follies of their Government or Legislature, 
 the public creditor should not suffer ; and supported by the 
 unanimous voice of the country, Parliament has never hesitated 
 to provide by taxation for the necessities of the State. 
 
 The commercial crisis of 1857, following the reduction of rail- 
 way expenditure on the completion of the greater part of the 
 works, and accompanied by a deficient harvest, caused a serious 
 falling off in the revenue of that year ; and this was succeeded, 
 in 1858, by a still greater failure of the crop, and, consequently, 
 even more depressed condition of trade. Attendant upon this 
 state of things, and as if to tax the energies of the people to the 
 utmost, it became necessary, in 1857, to assume the payment of 
 interest on the railway advances, with the exception of the Great 
 Western of Canada, amounting to about 200,000 per annum, 
 and also to advance the interest upon the municipal debt, amount- 
 ing to about 100,000 per annum. 
 
 Dependence could partly be placed upon a revival of trade to 
 restore the revenue to its former point ; but this would afford no 
 means of meeting the future railway and municipal payments ; 
 and Parliament had to choose between a continued system of 
 borrowing to meet deficiencies, or an increase of taxation to such 
 amount as might, with economy of administration in every branch 
 of the public service, on a revival of trade, restore the equilibrium 
 of income and expenditure. It is true that another course was 
 open ; and that was, to exact the terms upon which the railway 
 advances were made ; and to leave the holders of the municipal 
 bonds to collect their interest, under the strict letter of the law. 
 By these steps Canada would certainly have relieved herself from 
 the pressure of increased taxation, and might have escaped the 
 reproaches of those who blame the increase of her customs duties. 
 But it would have been at the expense of the English capitalists 
 who had placed their faith in the fair treatment of her Govern-
 
 31 
 
 ment and .Legislature ; and it would have been but poor consola- 
 tion for them to know, that, through their loss, Canada was able 
 to admit British goods at 15 instead of 20 per cent. 
 
 The writer has been reproached in this country as the author 
 and promoter of a protective policy in Canada. To this he makes 
 no other reply than that the commercial measures which have 
 produced the results he is about to state, have always had his 
 support while a member of the Provincial Parliament ; and 
 coming into office as finance minister of the country in August, 
 1858, with an exhausted exchequer, in face of a serious failure in 
 the harvest, and with a positive deficiency of no less than 
 500,000 in the revenue for 1858, he rests the defence of his 
 policy upon the fact, that the present Government of Canada has 
 maintained the credit of the country unimpeached, and has, 
 within less than eighteen months, so far succeeded in reducing 
 the expenditure and increasing the revenue of the Province, that 
 he has now the satisfaction of stating, that it appears certain that 
 the expenditure of the year now closed, will be found to have 
 been nearly, if not quite, within the income. 
 
 It is, however, contended that the commercial policy of Canada, 
 so far from being opposed to that of the mother-country, has been 
 in accord with it, so far as differing circumstances would permit ; 
 and in evidence of this position, a statement is herewith appended, 
 showing the total imports, duty, and free goods imported into 
 Canada since the Union. 
 
 The policy of the mother-country was protective and discrimina- 
 tive until 1846, and that of Canada was made, as far as practicable, 
 in harmony. Differential duties in favour of the direct trade with 
 Great Britain existed till 1848, when they were repealed. And 
 in 1854, the principles of free trade were still more fully adopted 
 by Canada in the legislation connected with the reciprocity treaty 
 with the United States. The repeal of the navigation laws took 
 place in 1849. The policy of Canada has thus, at three periods 
 of 1841 to 1848, 1849 to 1854, and 1855 to this date, followed
 
 32 
 
 that of Great Britain. Our markets have been thrown open on 
 equal terms to all the world ; our inland waters are navigated by 
 foreign vessels on the same terms as by Canadian ; the necessaries 
 of life entering into the ordinary consumption of the people have 
 all been made free ; our vast timber and ship-building interests 
 have been thus developed, and our fisheries encouraged ; and, as 
 a general principle, all raw materials have also been admitted free. 
 
 The analysis of the statement in the appendix gives some 
 remarkable and instructive results. For the eight years from 
 1841 to 1848, during which the protective policy existed, the total 
 imports of Canada, were 22,638,348 ; the total duty collected, 
 2,308,499 ; and the total free goods, 509,495. The averages 
 being 2,829,793, 288,545, and 63,687 ; the duty being thus 
 about 10| per cent., and the free goods only 2\ per cent, of the 
 whole imports. 
 
 For the next period of six years, to the passing of the reciprocity 
 Acts, and general adoption of more liberal views 1849 to 1854 
 the total imports, duty, and free goods, were respectively, 
 29,429,934 10s., 3,937,292 11s., 2,012,368 9s. ; averaging, 
 4,904,988 10s., 656,215, and 335,395 per annum; the duty 
 being thus about 13^ per cent., and the free goods nearly 7 per 
 cent, of the total imports. 
 
 For the last period of four years, from 1855 to 1858, the follow- 
 ing results are shown : Imports, 30,447,879 ; duty, 3,152,281 ; 
 free goods, 8,868,250. The annual averages having been 
 7,611,970, 788,070, and 2,217,070 ; the duty being 10} per 
 cent., and the free goods 29 per cent, of the imports. 
 
 The following comparative result appears : 
 
 1841 to 1848, average total imports, 2,829,793 
 1849 to 1854 4,904,988 
 
 1855 to 1858 7,611,970 
 
 1841 to 1848, duty, 10^ per cent Free Goods, 2 per cent. 
 
 1849 to 1854, "13^ 7 " 
 
 1855 to 1858, 10^ 29
 
 33 
 
 These comparative statements abundantly prove that the policy 
 of Canada, in its Customs duties, has neither been repressive of 
 trade, nor onerous upon the people. It is, however, necessary to 
 draw attention to the fact that, from causes which will be here- 
 after stated, the results for 1858, would somewhat differ from the 
 above average, my predecessor in office having found it necessary 
 to make a considerable addition to the Customs duties, by an Act 
 which took effect on the 7th of August, 1858, which gave the 
 following results for that particular year, and which must be 
 borne in mind, when it is necessary to explain the nature of 
 the Customs Act of March, 1859. 
 
 1858 Imports to 7th August, 3,263,591. 
 
 Duty, 361,350 Free Goods, 954,845. 
 
 Duty, 1 1 per cent Free Goods, 29 per cent. 
 
 From 7th August, to 31st December, under Tariff of 1858. Imports, 2,711,448. 
 
 Duty, 333,454 Free Goods, 765,760. 
 
 Duty, 12.j per cent Free Goods, 28.j per cent. 
 
 The fiscal policy of Canada has invariably been governed by 
 considerations of the amount of revenue required. It is no doubt 
 true that a large and influential party exists, who advocate a 
 protective policy ; but this policy has not been adopted by either 
 the Government or Legislature, although the necessity of increased 
 taxation for the purposes of revenue has, to a certain extent, com- 
 pelled action in partial unison with their views, and has caused 
 more attention to be given to the proper adjustment of the duties, 
 so as neither unduly to stimulate nor depress the few branches of 
 manufacture which exist in Canada. The policy of the present 
 Government in readjusting the tariff has been, in the first place, 
 to obtain sufficient revenue for the public wants ; and, secondly, 
 to do so in such a manner as would most fairly distribute the 
 additional burthens upon the different classes of the community ; 
 and it will undoubtedly be a subject of gratification to the 
 Government if they find that the duties absolutely required to 
 meet their engagements should incidentally benefit and encourage 
 the production, in the country, of many of those articles which we 
 3
 
 34 
 
 now import. The Government have no expectation that the 
 moderate duties imposed by Canada can produce any consider- 
 able development of manufacturing industry : the utmost that is 
 likely to arise is the establishment of works requiring compara- 
 tively unskilled labour, or of those competing with American 
 makers, for the production of goods which can be equally well 
 made in Canada, and which a duty of 20 per cent, will no doubt 
 stimulate. That these results should flow from the necessity of 
 increased taxation, is no subject of regret to the Canadian Govern- 
 ment, nor can it be alleged as any departure, on their part, from 
 the recognized sound principles of trade, as it will shortly be 
 shown that the Government were compelled to obtain increased 
 revenue ; and it is believed that no other course could be relied 
 on for this result than that adopted. 
 
 The increase of taxation is never a popular step, and it may 
 well be believed that no Government would adopt it without the 
 strongest conviction that good faith demanded it. It is unpleasant 
 enough to be exposed to attack yi Canada for an unavoidable 
 increase of duties ; but it is certainly ungenerous to be reproached 
 by England, when the obligations which have caused the bulk of 
 the indebtedness of Canada, have been either incurred in com- 
 pliance with the former policy of Great Britain, or more recently 
 assumed to protect from loss those parties in England who had 
 invested their means in our railways and municipal bonds. 
 
 The indirect public debt of Canada, including railway advances, 
 in 18o8, was 6,271,762, bearing 6 per cent, interest, which, 
 prior to 1857, had not been a charge upon the revenue. In that 
 year, as has been already stated, owing to the commercial crisis, 
 it became necessary to make large payments upon it, and in 1858, 
 almost the whole amount had to be met from the general revenue. 
 In addition to the commercial depression, the harvest of 1857 
 was below an average, and that of 1858 was nearly a total 
 failure. It became manifest that the indirect debt must for many 
 years be a charge upon the country, and Parliament was required
 
 35 
 
 to make provision for it. The interest on the public debt, direct 
 and indirect, thus required, in 1858, 636,667 ; and without flagrant 
 breach of faith it could neither be postponed nor repudiated. The 
 pressure had come suddenly and heavily upon the people of 
 Canada ; but neither the Government nor the Legislature hesitated 
 in making such provision as in their judgment would meet the 
 exigencies. The Customs Act of 185Swas therefore passed, and 
 subsequently, with the same objects in view, and others which 
 will be hereafter explained, the Customs Act of 1859 was also 
 passed. 
 
 After subjecting the engagements of the Province to the strictest 
 possible scrutiny, the Government were of opinion that it was 
 possible to reduce the annual outlay on many items of expendi- 
 ture, and their best efforts were therefore directed towards 
 economy ; the ordinary expenditure in 1858 having been 
 1,837,606, and the estimate for corresponding service in 1859 
 being 1,540,490. But after making every possible reduction, it 
 was manifest that unless an increase of revenue could be obtained, 
 a serious deficiency must occur in 1859. The opinion of the 
 Government was, that having ascertained the probable amount 
 required for the service of the year, it was their duty to recom- 
 mend such measures to Parliament as would supply the deficiency, 
 and that although during the crisis it might have been justifiable 
 to borrow money for this purpose, it was no longer so. A revival 
 of trade was confidently looked to, but owing to the bad harvest 
 of 1858, it could not be rapid, and it was deemed proper to 
 recommend certain additions to the Customs duties, to provide 
 for a possible diminution in our ordinary importation. 
 
 The Customs Act of 1859 is evidently believed in England to 
 have imposed very large additional taxation on imported goods, 
 whereas in reality such was neither the intention nor the fact. 
 The new tariff was designed certainly with the intention of 
 obtaining an increased revenue of about 100,000 on the 
 estimated importations of 1859, but the real increase was looked 
 3*
 
 36 
 
 for from a revival of trade ; the main object was to re-adjust the 
 duties so as to make them press more equally upon the com- 
 munity, by extending the ad valorem principle to all importation, 
 and thereby also encouraging and developing the direct trade 
 between Canada and all foreign countries by sea, and so far 
 benefiting the shipping interests of Great Britain an object which 
 is partly attained through the duties being taken upon the value 
 in the market where last bought. The levy of specific duties, for 
 several years, had completely diverted the trade of Canada in 
 teas, sugars, &c., to the American markets, and had destroyed a 
 very valuable trade which formerly existed from the St. Lawrence 
 to the lower provinces and West Indies. It was believed that 
 the completion of our canal and railroad systems, together with 
 the improvements in the navigation of the Lower St. Lawrence, 
 justified the belief that the supply of Canadian wants might be 
 once more made by sea, and the benefits of this commerce 
 obtained for our own merchants and forwarders. Under this 
 conviction, it was determined by the Government to apply the 
 principle of ad valorem duties (which already extended to all 
 manufactured goods), to the remaining articles in our tariff. The 
 principal articles on which it was proposed to obtain additional 
 revenue, were cotton goods, to be raised from 15 per cent, to 20 
 per cent., and iron, steel, &c., from 5 per cent, to 10 per cent. 
 This was the whole extent of increased taxation, and it was 
 expected to yield 100,000 additional. The changes in teas, 
 sugars, &c., were all merely nominal, and as already explained, 
 were proposed as being upon a more correct principle. The 
 imports for the first three quarters of 1859, say to 30th Septem- 
 ber have been 
 
 Imports, 5,403,393 ; duty, 730,640 ; free goods, 1,594,468 ; 
 the duty being 13| on the imports, and the free goods being 29 
 per cent, of the whole. 
 
 By this statement, it is shown that the increased rate of duty as 
 compared with the tariff of 1858, as given previously, has only 
 been from 12| to 13 per cent., which can scarcely be deemed
 
 37 
 
 excessive ; while so far from the apprehensions entertained of a 
 diminution of imports and consequent loss of revenue being 
 verified, in both cases the estimates of the Government are borne 
 out as nearly as could be expected, considering the state of the 
 country and its gradual recovery from depression. Until the 
 close of the year, the comparison cannot fairly be made, inasmuch 
 as we are only now beginning to benefit from our late good 
 harvest ; but as an indication of the result, it may be stated, 
 that in the case of cotton goods, which were raised from 15 to 20 
 per cent., the importations for the first nine months of 1857-8 and 
 9, were as follows : 
 
 1857 89,993 
 
 1858 58,823 
 
 1859 88,844 
 
 I can also point with satisfaction to the fact, that the proportion 
 which free goods bear to the whole importation, is exactly that of 
 
 1858, and of the average for the four previous years, viz : 29 per 
 cent, of the imports ; indicating that the new tariff has not pro- 
 duced any disturbance of trade, nor checked importations : for it 
 is remarkable that where so large an increase has taken place in 
 the imports, as from 4,520,993, in the first nine months of 1858, 
 to 5,403,393 5s., in the corresponding period of 1859, the pro- 
 portion of free goods to the whole remains the same. 
 
 I will now proceed to indicate the causes which have induced 
 the Government and Legislature of Canada to seek, in an increase 
 of their Customs duties, the means of meeting the large and 
 unexpected demands upon them. But before finally leaving the 
 subject of the burdens upon the people of Canada, it is proper to 
 remark that the rate of duty levied under the present tariff of 
 
 1859, covering the cost of all our canal and railway expenditure, 
 is only 13| per cent. ; while in the period from 1841 to 1848, 
 when the Province had neither canals nor railways, it was 10^ 
 per cent. ; and from 1849 to 1854, when it had only canals, but 
 not railways, it was 13 per cent. If it were necessary to offer
 
 38 
 
 an argument on the subject, it might be very easily shown that 
 any increase of duty which has been placed on English goods, is 
 quite indemnified by the decreased cost at which our canals, 
 railways and steamships enable them now to be delivered 
 throughout the Province, and that if the question were one of 
 competition with Canadian manufacturers, the English exporter 
 is quite as well off as before, while as compared with the 
 American, his position is greatly improved 
 
 In proceeding to offer some observations upon the principle 
 upon which taxation is imposed in Canada, I may remark that 
 the views of those who cavil at the policy of Canada, seem to be 
 based upon the assumption that free trade is both the principle 
 and practice of Great Britain, and should be adopted by Canada, 
 irrespective of its financial necessities. 
 
 It certainly appears singular that Canada should be reproached 
 with a departure from sound principles of finance, when, in order 
 to pay her just debts, she imposes higher duties on the articles 
 she herself consumes, when in England itself the same means are 
 resorted to, and no less than 28,000,000 sterling obtained from 
 Customs duties, and 17,000,000 from Excise. If in Great 
 Britain, where such an enormous amount of realized wealth 
 exists, it has only as yet been found possible to raise one-sixth of 
 the revenue by direct taxation, it need require no excuse if 
 Canada has to raise her revenue almost wholly by indirect means. 
 
 Free trade, in the abstract, must be taken to mean the free 
 exchange of the products of industry of all countries, or of the 
 inhabitants of the same country, and it is perfectly immaterial 
 whether that industry be applied to the production of a pound of 
 sugar or tobacco, or of a tenpenny nail or a bushel of malt ; it is 
 equally an interference with the principle to levy customs duties 
 or excise on any. But it is, and probably will continue to be, 
 impossible to abandon customs duties or excise as a means of 
 revenue ; they afford the means of levying large sums by the 
 taxation of articles of consumption, distributing the burden in
 
 39 
 
 almost inappreciable quantities, and in one respect have this 
 advantage, that, if fairly imposed, each individual in the commu- 
 nity contributes in a tolerably fair proportion to his means. In 
 Great Britain it may be possible to adjust the taxation, so as to 
 make realized property contribute more than it now does to the 
 wants of the State ; but in a country like Canada no such resource 
 exists, and it would be perfectly hopeless to attempt to raise the 
 required revenue by direct taxation we neither possess the 
 required machinery to do it, nor are the people satisfied that it is 
 the more correct principle. Customs duties must therefore for a 
 long time to come continue to be the principal source from which 
 our revenue is derived. 
 
 Admitting, therefore, the necessity of raising a certain amount 
 
 for the wants of the State, and that such amount can only be 
 
 obtained through Customs duties, the Government of Canada, 
 
 like that of Great Britain, have to consider how that necessary 
 
 interference with the true principle of political economy, can be 
 
 effected with least disturbance to trade. And judging of the 
 
 fiscal policy of the present Government by this rule, it is contended 
 
 that, with some trifling exceptions, which must arise in all human 
 
 legislation, the Customs duties are imposed in the manner least 
 
 calculated to disturb the free exchange of Canadian labour with 
 
 that of other countries. A large class of articles termed raw 
 
 materials, are admitted free, amounting to 29 per cent, of the 
 
 total imports. Another large class consisting of iron, steel, metals 
 
 and articles entering into the construction of railways, houses, 
 
 ships and agricultural implements, &c., are admitted at 10 per 
 
 cent, duty ; leather, and partially manufactured goods, pay 15 
 
 per cent. ; manufactured goods, made from raw materials, or 
 
 articles paying 10 per cent, duty, are admitted at 20 per cent. ; 
 
 manufactured goods, made from articles paying 15 per cent, duty 
 
 are charged 25 per cent., but this is exceptional, and very limited 
 
 while luxuries, comprising wines, tobacco, segars and spices, 
 
 &c., are charged at rates varying from 30 to 40 per cent., but the 
 
 bulk are of 30 per cent. Spirits are charged 100 per cent. Tea 
 
 sugar and molasses, pay Id per cent, and 30 per cent.
 
 40 
 
 The distribution of duties on the whole imports therefore stands 
 
 thus : 
 
 Duties. Imports. 
 
 Free Goods 29 per cent. 
 
 Goods paying 10 per cent 4 63 " 
 
 " 15 7 6 " 
 
 20 " 61 41 " 
 
 " 25 " \\ 1 " 
 
 " " over 25 per cent., including Spirits . 9| 4 " 
 
 Tea, Sugar and Molasses 6 12 
 
 100 100 
 
 The foregoing statement will show that if the attempt were 
 made to reduce the duty on manufactured goods paying 20 per 
 cent., it would necessitate an advance on the other items, unless 
 uch reduction produced a corresponding increase in consumption 
 to make good the deficiency. Assuming then that the duty were 
 reduced from 20 to 10 per cent., it will not be contended that this 
 reduction, though affecting the revenue one-half on these articles, 
 would induce double the consumption ; on the contrary, it is 
 believed that it would not affect the consumption at all, as is 
 borne out by the statistics of previous years, and of the present 
 year. It would then become necessary to meet the deficiency by 
 increased duties elsewhere ; and in selecting the articles, it is in 
 the first place impossible to touch the bulk of the free goods, most 
 of which are free under the reciprocity treaty, and the remainder 
 entitled to continue free according to sound principles of trade. 
 Passing to the next class of 10 per cent, goods, it will not surely 
 be contended that the scale of duty should be raised on quasi 
 raw materials to a rate in excess of that imposed on manufactures. 
 There is then nothing left but the articles paying over 25 per 
 cent., and it must be observed that they form only 4 per cent, of 
 the imports, and pay 9| per cent, of the duties ; if, therefore, it 
 -were necessary to make good the deficiency arising from a reduc- 
 tion of duty on manufactures, the proportion of duty to the whole 
 they would have to pay would be increased from 9| per cent, to 
 40 per cent., and the average rate of duty on these articles,
 
 41 
 
 instead of 32 per cent., or thereabout, would be increased to 
 nearly 130 per cent. It is scarcely necessary to point out that 
 such an increase would be utterly incompatible with revenue, 
 and that the result would be a financial failure. On tea, sugar, 
 &c., it has been found impossible to maintain higher duties than 
 those now imposed as they are free in the United States, and 
 unfavourable comparisons are even now instituted by our 
 agricultural population. 
 
 Apart from such modifications in detail, as experience may 
 suggest, the Government of Canada believe that in order to raise 
 the revenue imperatively required to preserve the good faith of 
 the Province, and to maintain its institutions, the scale of Customs 
 duties is not excessive, and that it has been adjusted in general 
 accordance with sound principles of political economy. Reduc- 
 tions in the scale of duties can only take place as the increasing 
 population and wealth of Canada swell the importations, and it 
 will be a subject of the highest gratification to the present Govern- 
 ment, as well as to the Legislature, when such reduction is 
 possible. 
 
 In the foregoing pages I have endeavoured to give to English 
 readers an idea, however imperfect, of the progress of constitu- 
 tional government in Canada, and its fruits, during the compara- 
 tively short period of ten years. I am aware that my remarks 
 only furnish, as it were, an index to the volume ; but if they 
 produce more inquiry and a stricter investigation into the position 
 and circumstances of the Province, they may be the means of 
 removing some misapprehension, and thus prove of service to the 
 many thousands in Great Britain, who anxiously look to the 
 Colonies as their future home. 
 
 I have sought to avoid all reference to political parties in 
 Canada. We have our differences, and struggles for power, as 
 in every other free country ; but these discussions, I think, pro- 
 perly belong to ourselves, as from our own people the Government 
 
 of the day must receive their verdict. Canada stands at the bar 
 4
 
 42 
 
 of public opinion in England, to be judged, not by the acts of 
 any party, but as a whole ; and no public man, possessing any 
 claim to patriotism, would seek, by parading our sectional 
 difficulties and disputes, to gain position in Canada, through the 
 disparagement of his country and her acts in England. I will 
 venture to add only one remark, and that is called for by an 
 impression which I find to exist as to the political course taken 
 by our French Canadian brethren in Canada. During the entire 
 period from 1849, to the present day, the French Canadian 
 majority from Lower Canada, has been represented fully in the 
 Cabinet ; and with their active concurrence in the initiation and 
 progress of every measure, and supported by their votes in Par- 
 liament, all the great reforms I have recited, have been carried. 
 
 In conclusion, I venture to express my conviction, that whatever 
 may be the future destinies of Canada, her people will always 
 value as their most precious right, the free and liberal institutions 
 they enjoy, and will cherish the warmest sentiments of regard 
 towards the mother-country, from whom they have received them. 
 The future may change our political relations ; but I feel sure 
 the day will never arrive when Canada will withhold her support, 
 however feeble it may be, from Great Britain, in any contest for 
 the maintenance of her own position, as the foremost champion 
 of civil and religious liberty. 
 
 LONDON, 1st January, 1860.
 
 43 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 STATEMENT of the value of goods imported into Canada, with the 
 amount of duty collected thereon, from the year 1841, to 
 30th September, 1859, inclusive ; also, the value of free 
 goods imported during the same time. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Duty. 
 
 Free Goods. 
 
 1841 
 
 s. d. 
 2,694,160 14 6 
 
 s. d. 
 225,834 7 10 
 
 s. d. 
 146,268 17 8 
 
 1842 
 
 2,588,632 13 2 
 
 278,930 7 4 
 
 85,944 2 4 
 
 1843 
 
 2,421,306 16 4 
 
 241,572 9 
 
 13,526 18 
 
 1844 
 
 4,331,050 17 4 
 
 441,331 15 2 
 
 83,666 10 4 
 
 1845 
 
 4,191,325 16 6 
 
 449,960 1 7 
 
 59,061 17 4 
 
 1846 
 
 4,515,821 1 11 
 
 422,215 16 8 
 
 61,300 10 8 
 
 1847 
 
 3,609,692 14 11 
 
 414,633 5 6J 
 
 Estimated ) g , 
 
 1848 
 
 3,191,328 5 10 
 
 334,029 8 9 
 
 77,139 \ 
 92,978 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27,543,319 6 
 
 2,808,507 11 10 
 
 619,886 1 8 
 
 1849 
 
 3,002,891 18 3 
 
 444,547 5 1 
 
 269,200 7 9 
 
 1850 
 
 4,245,517 3 6 
 
 615,694 13 8 
 
 294,133 7 2 
 
 1851 
 
 5,358,697 12 7 
 
 737,439 2 
 
 425,671 5 9 
 
 1852 
 
 5,071,623 3 11 
 
 739,263 12 9 
 
 311,962 17 4 
 
 1853 
 
 7,995,359 1 1 
 
 1,028,676 15 7 
 
 443,977 18 1 
 
 1854 
 
 10,132,331 6 9 
 
 1,224,751 4 8 
 
 703,435 17 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35,806,420 6 1 
 
 4,790,372 11 11 
 
 2,448,381 13 2 
 
 1855 
 
 9,021,542 7 3 
 
 881,445 12 6 
 
 2,596,383 13 8 
 
 1856 
 
 10,896,096 16 2 
 
 1,127,220 10 5 
 
 2,997,941 14 9 
 
 1857 
 
 9,857,649 11 9 
 
 981,262 15 11 
 
 3,101,976 1 7 
 
 1858 
 
 7,269,631 15 
 
 845,347 7 7 
 
 2,093,403 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37,044,920 10 2 
 
 3,835,276 6 5 
 
 10,789,705 
 
 1859 to 30th 
 September. . 
 
 6,574,128 5 
 
 888,946 15 4 
 
 1,915,603 
 
 Inspector General's Office, 
 
 Customs Department. 
 Quebec, 22nd October, 1859. 
 
 . B. In the foregoing pages, the above figures have been reduced to their 
 equivalent in sterling money.
 
 44 
 
 
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