University of California
College of Agriculture
Agricultural Experiment Station
Berkeley, California
SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS
BUTTE COUNTY
Progress Report No. 4
by
R. L. Adams
Preliminary — Subject to Correction
December, 1936
Contribution from the
Ciannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics
Mimeographed Report No. 53
(Farm Labor Survey — July-December, 1956)
Progress Report No . 4
Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops
Butte County
S cope of Presentation .-- The following considerations govern the presentation
of this progress report:
1. The data are confined to the area indicated above.
2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored.
3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as
distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on
a year-round . or regular basis of employment.
4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — plant-
ing, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters,
tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits.
5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving
workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with
certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many
field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California.
6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural
workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there-
with. A later study is planned, which will deal with other kinds of labor involved
in the production of California's many crops.
Brief Desc ription of the Area . — Butte County is located in the northeastern
part of the Sacramento Valley about 200 miles northeast of San Francisco. The
Sacramento River forms its western boundary, separating; it from Glenn County.
Tehama County bounds it on the north, Plumas County on the east, and Yuba and
Sutter counties on the south. The county has a total land area of 1,086,720 acres,
308,012 of which are listed as available for crop land by the United States Census
of 1935. Further classification is as follows:
Orville, located in the southern part of the county, is the most important
shipping point for fruit, grain, and cattle which are raised in the surrounding
foothills. In the northern part of the county, on the floor of the valley, is
Chico, another important shipping center, and just east of it in the foothills is
Paradise Valley which is devoted to fruit farming.
Crops, Acreages, and Product ion. — The basis used in calculating occasional
or seasonal need for labor, other than that furnished by farm operators and
regularly employed workers, appears as table 1.
Acreage
Crop land harvested
Crop failure
Crop land idle or fallow
Plowable pasture
Total land available for crops
168,927
2,317
50,130
86,658
308,012
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TABLE 1
Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements
Butte County-
Crop
Field crops:
Alfalfa t
Beans *
Grain barley-
oats
wheat
Hayt — volunteer and small grains
Hops *
Rice *
Sorghums t
Sugar beets *
Seed crops :
Sudan grass 9 /
Vegetable seed 9
Miscellaneous o
Miscellaneous melons — for seed
Vegetable crops :
Honeydew melons
Spinach canning *
Fruit and nut crops :
Almonds
Apricots ^
Apples
Cherries
Figs <J
Grapes Concords
all others
Olives
Oranges
Peaches
Pears
Plums
Prunes
Walnuts
clingstones
freestones
Acreage*
Production*
6,850
28,311 tons
4,500
52,650 cwt.
37,489
426 040 cwt„
3,609
32 691 cwt.
39 468
ZpQ q r /p cw -t-
9,427
12,098 tons
360
54-0 000 rimnirl^ Hy*v wr>i d*Vi 4~ *F
23,318
932,720 sacks
5,377
54 428 cwt.
*500
6,000 tons
975
14,825 socks
500
600
3,700
400
3,000 tons
1 , 100
4,400 tons
7,268
118
617
125
232
75
572
4,092
716
2,400
576
309
117
5,422
1,293
3,642 tons
118 tons
(123,400 boxes of 45
2,976 tons (pounds
(200 tons culls
2 50 tons
348 tons
45,000 basketsof 5 pounds ^
3,432 tons (of which 175 tons
were dried)
3,110 tons c arming
1,196 tons not canning
10,740 boxes = 21,430 field boxes
28,800 tons of which 1,680 tons
were dried I 1,
5,134 tons of which 900 tons were
dried
1,018 tons
23,400 crates
10,944 tons — dry weight
(318,300 pounds
rzon c ™ ■) (merchantable il
363,500 pounds f ar onn , ^
' 1 (6 5,200 pounds culls
(estimated
Table continued on next page.
Table 1 continued „
6 ,
Crop
Acreage
Production
Nectarines ^
o%
o6 i ± Tsons
Pecans $
6
10 tons
Persimmons §
19
57 tons
* Acreage and production figures from W. L. Stile, Agr i culture Commis s i oner ,
unless otherwise noted.
~f Data from 1935 Census.
^Drying ratios used in this report are;
Hops — 4 to 1 Peaches — clingstones — 7 to 1
Grapes — 3 l/2 to 1 Prunes — 2 l/2 to 1
Peaches — freestones — 6 to 1
Use of seasonal labor on these crops has been ignored.
Figure from California Olive Association.
H Estimate by Walnut Control Board.
Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Times of Need . — Farm operations
requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised
in Butte County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not include the
employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities
for shipping and marketing.
TABLE 2
Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops
Butte County
Crop
Operation
Time of need
Per cent of
work done by
seasonal help
Output per
man- days
Field crops
Alfalfa
Beans
Grain ■
wheat
Mowing
Raking
Shocking
Hoeing and
weeding
Wind rowing —
by hand
Threshing — by
pick-up
Threshing —
with combine
May 5/6 of acreage
June — 5/6 of acreage
July — 5/6 of acreage
August — 5/6 of
acreage
September — 5/6 of
acreage
October 5/6 of
acreage
June — 50 per cent of~]
acreage
July 50 per cent
of acreage
October 1-31 — all
of acreage
October 1-31 — all
of acreage
July 1-31 — 75 per
cent of crop
August 1-31 — 25
per cent of crop
50
100
100
75
75
8 acres
15 acres
30 acres
3 acres
7 acres
5 acres
7 acres
Table continued on next page.
ll
i
Table 2 continued.
Crop
Grain (cont.)
barley
Hay —
volunteer
and small
grains
Hops
Rice
Operation
Threshing
with combine
Mowing
Raking
Shocking
Pruning,
stringing,
training, etc.
Picking
Drying
Baling
Seeding by
airplane
Binding — 80
per cent of
acreage
Shocking
bundles — 80
per cent of
acreage
Threshing — by
stationary —
&0 per cent of
crop
Swa thing — 15
per cent of
acreage
Threshing — by
pick-up com-
bine — 15 per
cent of crop
Time of need
Per cent of
work done by
seasonal help
July 1-31 — 85 per
cent of crop
August 1-31 — 15 per
cent of crop
May 1-31 — all of
acreage
May 1-31 — all of
acreage
May 1-31 — all of
acreage
March — 30 per cent of
job
April — 30 per cent
of job
May — 30 per cent
of job
June 1-15 — 10 per
cent of job
August 10-31 — 2/3 of
crop
September 1-10 — l/3
of crop
August 10-31 — 2/3 of
crop
September 1-10 — l/3
of crop
September 10-30 — all
of crop
April 25-30 — 10 per
cent of acreage
May 1-31 — 90 per cent
of acreage
October 1-31 — all of
job
October 1-31 — all of
job
1
October 10-31 •
cent of job
November 1-15 -
cent of job
October 1-31 —
job
1
October 1-31 — 90 per
cent of job
November 1-15 — 10
per cent of job
75
50
100
100
75
60
100
100
100
>- 90 per
— 10 per
all of lOC
100
75
Output per
man- days
b acres
8 acres
16 acres
30 acres
Total of 12
man- days
per acre
200 pounds
( green
weight)
4-, 000 pounds
(green
weight)
15 bales of
190 pounds
net
100 acres
4 acres
5 acres
50 cwt .
40 acres
125 cwt.
Table continued on next page.
f
Table 2 continued.
Crop
Operation
Time of need
Per cent of
work done by
seasonal help
Output per
man- days
Rice (cont.)
Sorghums —
for grain
Sugar beets
Seed crops :
Melons — honeys
dew, cantaloupe
cucumber ,
squash, water-
melon, etc.
Harvesting —
with direct
combine — 5
per cent of
crop
Cutting heads
— by hand —
75 per cent of
acreage
Threshing —
by stationary
— 75 per cent
of crop
Threshing — by
combine — 25
per cent of
acreage
Thinning
Hoeing
Topping and
loading
Hoeing, thin-
ning, and
replanting
Picking and
piling
Threshing
October 1-31 —
cent of job
November 1-15 -
cent of job
90 per
• 10 per
75
September 1-30 — 15
per cent of acreage
October 1-31 — 75
per cent of acreage
November 1-20 — 10 per
cent of acreage
September 1-30 10
per cent of job
October 1-31 — 50 per
cent of job
November 1-20 — 40
per cent of job
October 1-31 — 60 per
100
cent of job
40
75
November 1-20 —
per cent of job
March 1-31 — 16 per
cent of acreage
April 1-30 — 66 per
cent of acreage
May 1-30 — 18 per
cent of acreage
April 1-30 — all of
acreage
May 1-31 — all of
acreage
July 7-51 — 10 per
cent of crop
August 1-31 — 40 per
cent of crop
September 1-30 — 26
per cent of crop
October 1-31 — 24 per
cent of crop
June 20-30 — 75 per
cent of acreage
July 1-4 — 25 per
cent of acreage
October 1-31 — 75
per cent of crop
November 1-15 — 25
per cent of crop
October 1-31 — 75 per
cent of crop
November 1-15 — 25 per
cent of crop
i
75
100
100
^> 100
100
100
100
125 cwt,
0.75 acre
13,000
pounds
o acres
0,5 acre
1 acre
2 acres
5 tons
3. acres
0.6 acre
0.66 acre
Table continued on next page
I
Table 2 continued.
Crop
Operation
Vegetable
crops :
Hone yd ew
Picking — for
melons
shipment
Spinach —
Harvesting
canning
Fruit and nut
crops :
Almonds
Pruning
Brush disposal
Spraying — 40
per cent of
acreage
Knocking
Hulling — by
machine
Apples
Thinning
Time of need
Per cent of
work done by
seasonal help
August 10-31 — 12 per
cent of crop
September 1-30 — 60
per cent of crop
October 1-31 — 28 per
cent of crop
November — negligible
amount
March 15-31 — 50 per
cent of crop
April 1-15 — 50 per
cent of crop
October — 10 per
cent of acreage
November — 30 per
cent of acreage
December — 30 per
cent of acreage
January — 30 per
cent of acreage
October — 3.0 per
cent of acreage
November — ■ 30 per
cent of acreage
December — 30 per
cent of acreage
January — 30 per
cent of acreage
January — 50 per cent
of job
February 50 per
cent of job
August 15-31 — 30 per
cent of crop
September 1-30 — 65
per cent of crop
October 1-7 — 5 per
cent of crop
August 15-31 — 30 per
cent of crop
September — 65 per
cent of crop
October 1-10 — 5 per
cent of crop
May 10-31 — 60 per
•ent of acreag-e
June 1-15 — 40 per
cent of acreage
100
100
20
20
J
66
85
80
100
Output per
man- day
1.5 tons
1.5 tons
0.6 acre
4.5 acres
4,5 acres
300 pounds
400 pounds
1/6
acre
Table continued on next page.
Table 2 continued.
7.
Crop
Apples
(cont.)
Operation
Cherries
Grapes
Olives
Spraying
5 times
Picking
Sorting and
wiping —
by hand
Packing — > all
on farms
Picking
Picking —
Concord
variety at
Paradise
other varieties
Picking for
pickling
Picking for
oil, etc.
Oranges Picking
Time of need
Per cent of
work done by
seasonal help
March 15-31 — all of
acreage once
April — all of
acreage once
May — all of acreage
twice
June — 1-30 all of
acreage once
July 15-31 — 10 per
cent of crop
September 10-30 — 60
per cent of crop
October 1-31 — 40 per
cent of crop
September — 40 per
cent of crop
October — 35 per cent
of crop
November < — 15 per
cent of crop
December — 10 per
cent of crop
September — 40 per
cent of crop
October — 35 per cent
of crop
November — 15 per
Cent of crop
December — 10 per
cent of crop
May 1-31 — 75 per
cent of crop
June 1-10 25 per
cent of crop
September 5-30 — 75
per cent of crop
October 1-15 — 25 per
cent of crop
September 1-30 — all of
crop
October — 50 per cent
of job
November -- 50 per cent
of job
December — 20 per cent
of job
January — 40 per cent
of job
February — 40 per cent
of job
November 65 per cent
of crop
December -- 35 per cent
of crop
> 56
> 90
90
> 90
1
100
100
100
90
> 90
60
Output per
man- day
2,0 acres
2,000
pounds
37 l/2
boxes of
40 pounds
75 boxes of
40 pounds
net
200 pounds
65 baskets
of 5 pound:
2 , 500 pounds
300 pounds
335 pounds
50 boxes of
42 pounds
Table continued on next page
f
Table 2 continued.
Crop
Operation
Time of need
Per cent of
work done by
seasonal help
Output per
man- day
Peaches —
all
Pruning
Brush burning
Spraying
Thinning
Picking —
clingstones
freestones
Cutting cling-
stones for
drying
Other dry-yard
work
Cutting free-
stones for
drying
Other dry-yard
work
November 1-30 — 25 per
cent of acreage
December 1-51 — 25 per
cent of acreage
January 1-31 -- 25 per
cent of acreage
February 1-28 — 25 per
cent of acreage
November 1-30 — 25 per
cent of acreage
December 1-31 — 25 per
cent of acreage
January 1-31 — 25 per
cent of acreage
February 1-28 — 25
per cent of acreage
November — l/2 of
acreage
December — l/2 of
acreage
February — l/2 of
acreage
March — l/2 of acreage
May 1-31 — all of
acreage
May 1-31
July 15-31 — 1 per
cent of crop
August 1-31 — 62 per
cent of crop
September 1-15 — 37
per cent of crop
July 20-31 — 25 'per
cent of crop
August 1-31 — 75 per
cent of crop
August 1-31 — 70 per
cent of job
September 1-15 — 30 per
cent of job
August 1-31. — 70 per
cent of job
September 1-15 . — 30
per cent of job
July 20-31 — 25 per
cent of job
August 1-31 — 75 per
cent of job
July 20-31 — 25 per
cent of job
August 1-31 — 75 per
cent of job
J
80
75
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
0.25 acre
2.5 acres
1.25 acres
1/4
acre
2,000 pounds
2,000 pounds
1,000 pounds
11 l/2 man-
hours per
fresh ton*
1,500 pounds
11 1/2 man-
hours per
fresh ton *
Table continued
on next page.
9.
Table 2 continued
Crop
Operation
Pears
Pruning
Brush burning
Picking
Plums
Picking
Prunes
Pruning — 25
per cent of
acreage
Brush disposal
Picking up
Dipping and
drying — 50
per cent by
dehydrators
by sun dry —
50 per cent
by sun-*dry
Time of need
Percent of
work done by
seasonal help
November — 25 per cent
of acreage
December — 25 per cent
of acreage
January — 25 per cent
of acreage
February — 25 per
cent of acreage
November — 25 per cent
of acreage
December — 25 per cent
of acreage
January — 25 per cent
of acreage
February — 25 per
cent of acreage
August 1-31 — all of
crop
July — 20 per cent of
crop
August — $0 per cent
of crop
November — 25 per cent
25 -oer cent
25 per cent
25 per cent
25 per cent
of job
December ■
of job
January — 25 per cent
of job
February ■
of job
November •
of job
December •
of job
January 25 per cent
of job
February — 25 per cent
of job
September 1-30 — GO per
cent of crop
October 1-15 — 40 per
cent of crop
September 1-30 — 60 per
cent of job
October 1-15 — 40 per
cent of job
September 1-30 — 60 per
cent of job
October 1-15 — 40 per
cent of lob
80
50
100
100
80
50
80
80
80
Output per
man~day
0.2 acre
2.5 acres
1 , 500 pounds
800 pounds
0.5 acre
2,5 acres
1 ton (fresh
weight)
6 man-hours
per fresh
ton t
8,3 man-
hours per
fresh ton*
Table continued on next page.
10 „
Table 2 continued..
Crop
Operation
Time of need
Per cent of
work done by
seasonal help
Output per
man- day
Walnuts —
English
Walnuts —
Black T
Knocking and
picking up
September 24-30 — 15
per cent of crop
October 1-31 — 75 per
cent of crop
November 1-15 — 10
per cent of crop y
> 100
200 pounds
* From Christie, A, W. and L. C. Barnard. The principles and practice of
sun-drying fruit. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 338:40-60. 1925
i~ From Christie, A. W. , revised by P. F. Nichols. The dehydration of
prunes. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui , 404:7. 1929.
f A considerable number of persons, especially in the Chico district, work
during September, October, November and December picking up black walnuts for
which they receive 50 to 75 cents per sack from the shelling plants.
Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and summaries of seasonal labor
requirements of Butte County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of
task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons,
crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an
average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes,
or other units as indicated in the table. If the work is of a nature that requires
a crew, different members of which perform different tasks, then the average shown
is per man based on the entire ere?;. Length of day is 9 hours, November to Febru-
ary; 10 hours, March to October, unless otherwise stated. Yfide variations in out-
put occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of
differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors
influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover,
the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker without reference to use of
women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in
connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column
headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which
the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting,
thinning, iveeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather
conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can
be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as
noted above in connection with "output per man-day."
It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in
table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, during
which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This
would naturally require a much greater number of workers than when the work is spread
over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains
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19.
TABLE 4
Summary of Seasonal Labor Meeds by Months
Butte County
1935
Month
Required man- days
of seasonal labor
Available
days
Required man-months
of seasonal ] abor
January
8, 904
16
557
February
8,973
18
499
March
4,020
19
212
April
4,151
20
208
May
19,397
23
844
June
5,028
25
202
July
11,238
26
433
August
47,579
26
1,823
September
69,950
25
2,798
October
72,483
22
3,295
November
22,863
19
1,204
December
8,983
18
500
Total
283,369
12,575
•
20 o
Notes
N otes on Table 2. —Data concerning "time of need" as shown in this table break
down Tecuired seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed in
order to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3).
Some operations are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor. For
instance, only 75 per cent of the work in harvesting wheat and barley is done by
seasonal workers. When a job extends over several different months, the propor-
tionate amount for each month is shown.
The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping system followed
during 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning
local farm practices, and required time to "make" a crop resulting from inquiry
of producers, and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in fixing
dates of planting and of subsequent tasks involved in producing certain crops.
Proportionate amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data of
local practices with respect to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of perishable
products. Records of truck shipments were also used when available.
Note s on T able 3. — Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as worked
out for Butt e County as a result of findings pertinent to 1935. The data are
presented by months with the tasks which were performed in each month indicated
by both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the data appearing
in table 1 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, time of performance, and
percentage of work pertinent to a given month) • The output per man-day was cal-
culated as indicated in the foreword presenting table 3. The number of required
man-days is a result of dividing the size of task by output per man-day. The
available days for the different tasks involve two variables. The first is the
number of days when field work is possible because of favorable weather conditions.
The basis for this column was determined from a study of the monthly weather charts
of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. These data
indicated available days per month as follows (based on a 26-day working month
without allowance for holidays):
Month
Available
Length of
Month
Available
Length of
days
work day
days
work day
hours
hours
January
16
9
July
26
10
February
18
9
August
26
10
March
19
10
September
25
10
April
20
10
October
22 .
10
May
23
10
November
19
9
June
25
10
December
18
9
Source of data: Based on precipitation records of Chico station of the United
States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935.
The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of the
job. If the output was only a few cars, then the number of days was limited to the
time needed to get out those cars efficiently. If a field operation had to be
performed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, then
the specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in parentheses.
For example, in July picking of apples was limited to the last half of the month,
picking freestone peaches to the last 10 days, etc.
i -
..4;.
21.
The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed seasonal
labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary
number of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a
monthly basis to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers.
In an area such as Butte County, involving a variety of annual crops, the
findings as set forth in this report are bound to fluctuate materially from year
to year, because of the market outlook upon what and how much acreage is planted,
and when it is planted ; because of variable seasonal conditions affecting yields,
time of performing operations, and available days i and because of harvesting oper-
ations on certain crops being speeded up to supply a good market, or retarded to
avoid a poor one, resulting in marked variations in the need for harvest labor.