University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS BUTTE COUNTY Progress Report No. 4 by R. L. Adams Preliminary — Subject to Correction December, 1936 Contribution from the Ciannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No. 53 (Farm Labor Survey — July-December, 1956) Progress Report No . 4 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops Butte County S cope of Presentation .-- The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round . or regular basis of employment. 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — plant- ing, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned, which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Desc ription of the Area . — Butte County is located in the northeastern part of the Sacramento Valley about 200 miles northeast of San Francisco. The Sacramento River forms its western boundary, separating; it from Glenn County. Tehama County bounds it on the north, Plumas County on the east, and Yuba and Sutter counties on the south. The county has a total land area of 1,086,720 acres, 308,012 of which are listed as available for crop land by the United States Census of 1935. Further classification is as follows: Orville, located in the southern part of the county, is the most important shipping point for fruit, grain, and cattle which are raised in the surrounding foothills. In the northern part of the county, on the floor of the valley, is Chico, another important shipping center, and just east of it in the foothills is Paradise Valley which is devoted to fruit farming. Crops, Acreages, and Product ion. — The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor, other than that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers, appears as table 1. Acreage Crop land harvested Crop failure Crop land idle or fallow Plowable pasture Total land available for crops 168,927 2,317 50,130 86,658 308,012 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/seasonatlabornee53adam_0 TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements Butte County- Crop Field crops: Alfalfa t Beans * Grain barley- oats wheat Hayt — volunteer and small grains Hops * Rice * Sorghums t Sugar beets * Seed crops : Sudan grass 9 / Vegetable seed 9 Miscellaneous o Miscellaneous melons — for seed Vegetable crops : Honeydew melons Spinach canning * Fruit and nut crops : Almonds Apricots ^ Apples Cherries Figs i d*Vi 4~ *F 23,318 932,720 sacks 5,377 54 428 cwt. *500 6,000 tons 975 14,825 socks 500 600 3,700 400 3,000 tons 1 , 100 4,400 tons 7,268 118 617 125 232 75 572 4,092 716 2,400 576 309 117 5,422 1,293 3,642 tons 118 tons (123,400 boxes of 45 2,976 tons (pounds (200 tons culls 2 50 tons 348 tons 45,000 basketsof 5 pounds ^ 3,432 tons (of which 175 tons were dried) 3,110 tons c arming 1,196 tons not canning 10,740 boxes = 21,430 field boxes 28,800 tons of which 1,680 tons were dried I 1, 5,134 tons of which 900 tons were dried 1,018 tons 23,400 crates 10,944 tons — dry weight (318,300 pounds rzon c ™ ■) (merchantable il 363,500 pounds f ar onn , ^ ' 1 (6 5,200 pounds culls (estimated Table continued on next page. Table 1 continued „ 6 , Crop Acreage Production Nectarines ^ o% o6 i ± Tsons Pecans $ 6 10 tons Persimmons § 19 57 tons * Acreage and production figures from W. L. Stile, Agr i culture Commis s i oner , unless otherwise noted. ~f Data from 1935 Census. ^Drying ratios used in this report are; Hops — 4 to 1 Peaches — clingstones — 7 to 1 Grapes — 3 l/2 to 1 Prunes — 2 l/2 to 1 Peaches — freestones — 6 to 1 Use of seasonal labor on these crops has been ignored. Figure from California Olive Association. H Estimate by Walnut Control Board. Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Times of Need . — Farm operations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised in Butte County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not include the employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and marketing. TABLE 2 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops Butte County Crop Operation Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- days Field crops Alfalfa Beans Grain ■ wheat Mowing Raking Shocking Hoeing and weeding Wind rowing — by hand Threshing — by pick-up Threshing — with combine May 5/6 of acreage June — 5/6 of acreage July — 5/6 of acreage August — 5/6 of acreage September — 5/6 of acreage October 5/6 of acreage June — 50 per cent of~] acreage July 50 per cent of acreage October 1-31 — all of acreage October 1-31 — all of acreage July 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 25 per cent of crop 50 100 100 75 75 8 acres 15 acres 30 acres 3 acres 7 acres 5 acres 7 acres Table continued on next page. ll i Table 2 continued. Crop Grain (cont.) barley Hay — volunteer and small grains Hops Rice Operation Threshing with combine Mowing Raking Shocking Pruning, stringing, training, etc. Picking Drying Baling Seeding by airplane Binding — 80 per cent of acreage Shocking bundles — 80 per cent of acreage Threshing — by stationary — &0 per cent of crop Swa thing — 15 per cent of acreage Threshing — by pick-up com- bine — 15 per cent of crop Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help July 1-31 — 85 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 15 per cent of crop May 1-31 — all of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage March — 30 per cent of job April — 30 per cent of job May — 30 per cent of job June 1-15 — 10 per cent of job August 10-31 — 2/3 of crop September 1-10 — l/3 of crop August 10-31 — 2/3 of crop September 1-10 — l/3 of crop September 10-30 — all of crop April 25-30 — 10 per cent of acreage May 1-31 — 90 per cent of acreage October 1-31 — all of job October 1-31 — all of job 1 October 10-31 • cent of job November 1-15 - cent of job October 1-31 — job 1 October 1-31 — 90 per cent of job November 1-15 — 10 per cent of job 75 50 100 100 75 60 100 100 100 >- 90 per — 10 per all of lOC 100 75 Output per man- days b acres 8 acres 16 acres 30 acres Total of 12 man- days per acre 200 pounds ( green weight) 4-, 000 pounds (green weight) 15 bales of 190 pounds net 100 acres 4 acres 5 acres 50 cwt . 40 acres 125 cwt. Table continued on next page. f Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- days Rice (cont.) Sorghums — for grain Sugar beets Seed crops : Melons — honeys dew, cantaloupe cucumber , squash, water- melon, etc. Harvesting — with direct combine — 5 per cent of crop Cutting heads — by hand — 75 per cent of acreage Threshing — by stationary — 75 per cent of crop Threshing — by combine — 25 per cent of acreage Thinning Hoeing Topping and loading Hoeing, thin- ning, and replanting Picking and piling Threshing October 1-31 — cent of job November 1-15 - cent of job 90 per • 10 per 75 September 1-30 — 15 per cent of acreage October 1-31 — 75 per cent of acreage November 1-20 — 10 per cent of acreage September 1-30 10 per cent of job October 1-31 — 50 per cent of job November 1-20 — 40 per cent of job October 1-31 — 60 per 100 cent of job 40 75 November 1-20 — per cent of job March 1-31 — 16 per cent of acreage April 1-30 — 66 per cent of acreage May 1-30 — 18 per cent of acreage April 1-30 — all of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage July 7-51 — 10 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 40 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 26 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 24 per cent of crop June 20-30 — 75 per cent of acreage July 1-4 — 25 per cent of acreage October 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop November 1-15 — 25 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop November 1-15 — 25 per cent of crop i 75 100 100 ^> 100 100 100 100 125 cwt, 0.75 acre 13,000 pounds o acres 0,5 acre 1 acre 2 acres 5 tons 3. acres 0.6 acre 0.66 acre Table continued on next page I Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Vegetable crops : Hone yd ew Picking — for melons shipment Spinach — Harvesting canning Fruit and nut crops : Almonds Pruning Brush disposal Spraying — 40 per cent of acreage Knocking Hulling — by machine Apples Thinning Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help August 10-31 — 12 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 60 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 28 per cent of crop November — negligible amount March 15-31 — 50 per cent of crop April 1-15 — 50 per cent of crop October — 10 per cent of acreage November — 30 per cent of acreage December — 30 per cent of acreage January — 30 per cent of acreage October — 3.0 per cent of acreage November — ■ 30 per cent of acreage December — 30 per cent of acreage January — 30 per cent of acreage January — 50 per cent of job February 50 per cent of job August 15-31 — 30 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 65 per cent of crop October 1-7 — 5 per cent of crop August 15-31 — 30 per cent of crop September — 65 per cent of crop October 1-10 — 5 per cent of crop May 10-31 — 60 per •ent of acreag-e June 1-15 — 40 per cent of acreage 100 100 20 20 J 66 85 80 100 Output per man- day 1.5 tons 1.5 tons 0.6 acre 4.5 acres 4,5 acres 300 pounds 400 pounds 1/6 acre Table continued on next page. Table 2 continued. 7. Crop Apples (cont.) Operation Cherries Grapes Olives Spraying 5 times Picking Sorting and wiping — by hand Packing — > all on farms Picking Picking — Concord variety at Paradise other varieties Picking for pickling Picking for oil, etc. Oranges Picking Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help March 15-31 — all of acreage once April — all of acreage once May — all of acreage twice June — 1-30 all of acreage once July 15-31 — 10 per cent of crop September 10-30 — 60 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 40 per cent of crop September — 40 per cent of crop October — 35 per cent of crop November < — 15 per cent of crop December — 10 per cent of crop September — 40 per cent of crop October — 35 per cent of crop November — 15 per Cent of crop December — 10 per cent of crop May 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop June 1-10 25 per cent of crop September 5-30 — 75 per cent of crop October 1-15 — 25 per cent of crop September 1-30 — all of crop October — 50 per cent of job November -- 50 per cent of job December — 20 per cent of job January — 40 per cent of job February — 40 per cent of job November 65 per cent of crop December -- 35 per cent of crop > 56 > 90 90 > 90 1 100 100 100 90 > 90 60 Output per man- day 2,0 acres 2,000 pounds 37 l/2 boxes of 40 pounds 75 boxes of 40 pounds net 200 pounds 65 baskets of 5 pound: 2 , 500 pounds 300 pounds 335 pounds 50 boxes of 42 pounds Table continued on next page f Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- day Peaches — all Pruning Brush burning Spraying Thinning Picking — clingstones freestones Cutting cling- stones for drying Other dry-yard work Cutting free- stones for drying Other dry-yard work November 1-30 — 25 per cent of acreage December 1-51 — 25 per cent of acreage January 1-31 -- 25 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 25 per cent of acreage November 1-30 — 25 per cent of acreage December 1-31 — 25 per cent of acreage January 1-31 — 25 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 25 per cent of acreage November — l/2 of acreage December — l/2 of acreage February — l/2 of acreage March — l/2 of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage May 1-31 July 15-31 — 1 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 62 per cent of crop September 1-15 — 37 per cent of crop July 20-31 — 25 'per cent of crop August 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 70 per cent of job September 1-15 — 30 per cent of job August 1-31. — 70 per cent of job September 1-15 . — 30 per cent of job July 20-31 — 25 per cent of job August 1-31 — 75 per cent of job July 20-31 — 25 per cent of job August 1-31 — 75 per cent of job J 80 75 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 0.25 acre 2.5 acres 1.25 acres 1/4 acre 2,000 pounds 2,000 pounds 1,000 pounds 11 l/2 man- hours per fresh ton* 1,500 pounds 11 1/2 man- hours per fresh ton * Table continued on next page. 9. Table 2 continued Crop Operation Pears Pruning Brush burning Picking Plums Picking Prunes Pruning — 25 per cent of acreage Brush disposal Picking up Dipping and drying — 50 per cent by dehydrators by sun dry — 50 per cent by sun-*dry Time of need Percent of work done by seasonal help November — 25 per cent of acreage December — 25 per cent of acreage January — 25 per cent of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage November — 25 per cent of acreage December — 25 per cent of acreage January — 25 per cent of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage August 1-31 — all of crop July — 20 per cent of crop August — $0 per cent of crop November — 25 per cent 25 -oer cent 25 per cent 25 per cent 25 per cent of job December ■ of job January — 25 per cent of job February ■ of job November • of job December • of job January 25 per cent of job February — 25 per cent of job September 1-30 — GO per cent of crop October 1-15 — 40 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 60 per cent of job October 1-15 — 40 per cent of job September 1-30 — 60 per cent of job October 1-15 — 40 per cent of lob 80 50 100 100 80 50 80 80 80 Output per man~day 0.2 acre 2.5 acres 1 , 500 pounds 800 pounds 0.5 acre 2,5 acres 1 ton (fresh weight) 6 man-hours per fresh ton t 8,3 man- hours per fresh ton* Table continued on next page. 10 „ Table 2 continued.. Crop Operation Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- day Walnuts — English Walnuts — Black T Knocking and picking up September 24-30 — 15 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop November 1-15 — 10 per cent of crop y > 100 200 pounds * From Christie, A, W. and L. C. Barnard. The principles and practice of sun-drying fruit. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 338:40-60. 1925 i~ From Christie, A. W. , revised by P. F. Nichols. The dehydration of prunes. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui , 404:7. 1929. f A considerable number of persons, especially in the Chico district, work during September, October, November and December picking up black walnuts for which they receive 50 to 75 cents per sack from the shelling plants. Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of Butte County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes, or other units as indicated in the table. If the work is of a nature that requires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks, then the average shown is per man based on the entire ere?;. Length of day is 9 hours, November to Febru- ary; 10 hours, March to October, unless otherwise stated. Yfide variations in out- put occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker without reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, iveeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. 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TABLE 4 Summary of Seasonal Labor Meeds by Months Butte County 1935 Month Required man- days of seasonal labor Available days Required man-months of seasonal ] abor January 8, 904 16 557 February 8,973 18 499 March 4,020 19 212 April 4,151 20 208 May 19,397 23 844 June 5,028 25 202 July 11,238 26 433 August 47,579 26 1,823 September 69,950 25 2,798 October 72,483 22 3,295 November 22,863 19 1,204 December 8,983 18 500 Total 283,369 12,575 • 20 o Notes N otes on Table 2. —Data concerning "time of need" as shown in this table break down Tecuired seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed in order to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3). Some operations are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor. For instance, only 75 per cent of the work in harvesting wheat and barley is done by seasonal workers. When a job extends over several different months, the propor- tionate amount for each month is shown. The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping system followed during 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning local farm practices, and required time to "make" a crop resulting from inquiry of producers, and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in fixing dates of planting and of subsequent tasks involved in producing certain crops. Proportionate amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data of local practices with respect to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of perishable products. Records of truck shipments were also used when available. Note s on T able 3. — Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as worked out for Butt e County as a result of findings pertinent to 1935. The data are presented by months with the tasks which were performed in each month indicated by both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the data appearing in table 1 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, time of performance, and percentage of work pertinent to a given month) • The output per man-day was cal- culated as indicated in the foreword presenting table 3. The number of required man-days is a result of dividing the size of task by output per man-day. The available days for the different tasks involve two variables. The first is the number of days when field work is possible because of favorable weather conditions. The basis for this column was determined from a study of the monthly weather charts of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. These data indicated available days per month as follows (based on a 26-day working month without allowance for holidays): Month Available Length of Month Available Length of days work day days work day hours hours January 16 9 July 26 10 February 18 9 August 26 10 March 19 10 September 25 10 April 20 10 October 22 . 10 May 23 10 November 19 9 June 25 10 December 18 9 Source of data: Based on precipitation records of Chico station of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of the job. If the output was only a few cars, then the number of days was limited to the time needed to get out those cars efficiently. If a field operation had to be performed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, then the specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in parentheses. For example, in July picking of apples was limited to the last half of the month, picking freestone peaches to the last 10 days, etc. i - ..4;. 21. The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed seasonal labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary number of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a monthly basis to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers. In an area such as Butte County, involving a variety of annual crops, the findings as set forth in this report are bound to fluctuate materially from year to year, because of the market outlook upon what and how much acreage is planted, and when it is planted ; because of variable seasonal conditions affecting yields, time of performing operations, and available days i and because of harvesting oper- ations on certain crops being speeded up to supply a good market, or retarded to avoid a poor one, resulting in marked variations in the need for harvest labor.