UC-NRLF B 3 b23 ^2 ■ 1 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY I. H. METCALF ■H 111 II IN M inu lift) H mfi H Hh 11 D 1 . 1 . Hi '''"" I 1 K I 1 li Hi mt iffiil 1111 111 ffllllli III ! 1 ■ Ml tffilfflmBtuHlititflHIlllliilllilllm Inn 1 fflllffylnSi uumtilttt!} ■ li wmm HI IMflllBlfflluUMMlllIllHHlUlUllll I Hil GIFT OF Mrs. i /^^C^*>-~*£~' £, a—f "■" ( y/*^t^*^*L jffojL/wrz*. Daniel Webster i Prom iiis last portrait. I Reproduction liy Kimball studio. Concord. N. H. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY OR The Contribution of the Granite State to the Development of the Nation feY HENRY HARRI50N METCALF State Historian Under Governor Samual D. Felker, President N. H. Old Home Week Association; Secretary N. H. Ter-Centenary Commission CONCORD, - NEW HAMPSHIRE 1922 ?4 PRINTED BY W. B. RANNEY COMPANY BOUND BY CRAGG BINDERY Concord. New Hampshire -"S£y. /*u*. I**-. £*-. sfA 4 *'* FOREWORD The basis of this little volume is a lecture which was originally prepared for delivery before the Conway Woman's Club, in March 1921, and which was repeated, with some additions, under the auspices of the Men's Club of the Universalist Church in Concord, a year later. On each of these occasions there was a very intelligent and appreciative audience in attendance, among those present in Concord being Governor Brown, Secretary of State Bean, and Judge Corning, President of the New Hampshire Historical Society, as well as many others of prominence, all of whom expressed great satisfaction with the lecture, and the hope that it might be published, in some form, in the near future. In view of these expressions and the fact that in Old Home Week of 1923 the 300th anniversary of the settlement of the State, at Portsmouth and Dover in the spring of 1623, is to be formally celebrated, by virtue of a joint resolution passed by the last Legislature, providing for a Commission to make the preliminary arrangements therefor, the lecture in question, somewhat elaborated and extended, is presented in the following pages, illustrated by por- 3 fiK' FOREWORD traits of a few of those persons whose lives and labors have been a part of New Hamp- shire^ contribution to the life and progress of the nation at large. From early boyhood the writer has been interested in the history of New Hamp- shire, and particularly in the lives of those who have aided in giving the state the proud position it holds among the states of the Union. What first called his atten- tion in this direction was a little poem on "New Hampshire," published in the old "Boston Cultivator," about 75 years ago, the only lines of which he can now recall being these: "Her names of Burke and Woodbury, Of Webster and of Cass, Pierce, Greeley, Hale and Atherton, No sister states surpass." It was not until many years later that the identity of the author of this poem, which appeared over the pen name of "Jack," who subsequently became one of the successful educators of the country and who is mentioned in the body of this work, became known to the writer. If there ever was a time when the thought of every loyal resident, or absent son and daughter, of the old Granite State should be turned toward its grand, historic record, and the lives and achievements of FOREWORD 5 those who have made that record what it is, that time is now, upon the near approach of the great anniversary occasion to which reference has been made. If this modest publication shall contribute in any meas- ure to the furtherance of such object; if it shall stimulate in the minds of any a deep- er love for the state of their birth or the home of their adoption, and stronger pride in its magnificent contribution to the na- tion's history and especially if it shall call effective attention of those in authority to the crying need of a simple, but compre- hensive history of New Hampshire, for universal use in our public schools, the writer will feel abundantly rewarded for his work. HENRY H. METCALF. Concord, N. H., 1922. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY The strongest incentive to future prog- ress is the knowledge of past achieve- ment, in individual, state or national life. Familiarity with local, state or national history develops civic pride, which is the basis of true patriotism and the surest guaranty of loyal citizenship. New Hampshire is one of the smallest states in the Union. Territorially it em- braces less than one 300th part of the en- tire forty-eight states. Its soil is rugged; its climate severe, and all its conditions ad- verse to the prolific production of material wealth; yet through the patient industry and sturdy effort of those who have tilled its soil in generations past, it has produced larger crops per acre than any other state. It is reported that once on a time an in- quisitive Westerner asked a distinguished representative of the state what they rais- ed in New Hampshire: He replied — "They raise men," using the term, of course in a generic sense, including men and women. In this he was, indeed, right. More men and women, who have made a marked im- press for good upon the life of the nation at large, have been born in New Hampshire than in any other State in the Union, in 7 o NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY proportion to population, and it would al- most be safe to say it without the qualifica- tion as to population. ( The struggle against the adverse condi- tions, to which reference has been made, has contributed to the fuller development of the physical, mental and moral powers of the people, so that, at home or abroad, whenever their lot has been cast, the sons and daughters of New Hampshire have made a record in character and achieve- ment, comparing most favorably with that of any other State. Some inquiring person who looked the matter up, finds that of the 23,000 men and women whose names were found in the 1919 edition of "Who's Who in America," 352, or one in every 65, were born in New Hampshire, although the total population of the State is less than one 250th part of the total of the country at large. The people of a state which has con- tributed so much to the life and progress of the nation should be proud of its his- tory, and teach their children to cherish a like sentiment of loyalty and devotion. I venture to suggest, moreover, that the study of New Hampshire history should be made a part of the curriculum, in all the schools of the State above the primary grades, and that the state government John Langdon Reproduction by Kimball Studio, Concord, N. H. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY * should take steps, at once, to secure the compilation and publication of a proper text book for use in the schools in carrying out such purpose. Of the 258 cities and towns in the state, only about 75, or less than one-third of the entire number, have published histories, and many of these are of comparatively ancient date and far from being complete- It is most desirable that every town, which has not already done so, should take meas- ures at once to secure the preparation and publication of as complete and accurate a history as possible. It is not my purpose, here, to deal with the history of New Hampshire, in general or detail. To do either in a satisfactory manner would require an extended series of addresses whose publication would fill a large volume. I am simply to speak of "New Hampshire in History"— to con- sider, briefly, New Hampshire's part in the upbuilding of our republic— its contribu- tion to the life of the nation and the prog- ress of the world. Some reference, how- ever, to the beginnings of the State and the development of its government may prop- erly be made in the outset. What white man, or men, first saw the New Hampshire coast is now unknown. The Norse explorers of the 10th century, 10 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY may or may not have landed at Hampton Beach, as some ancient legends have it. Whether they did or not is immaterial ; nor does it matter whether or not Bartholo- mew Gosnold, the early English explorer, who visited the coast of Maine in 1602, and made his way thence to Cape Cod, observ- ed any part of New Hampshire as he pur- sued his voyage. It seems to be admitted that Martin Pring, who came over from England in 1603, with an expedition of 43 men, in two small vessels, was the first Englishman who really visited the New Hampshire coast. He is credited with having sailed up the Piscataqua River for several miles, and must consequently have seen, if he did not land upon, the territory now occupied by Portsmouth and Dover. In the following year a French expedi- tion under De Monts, who was accom- panied by Champlain, sailed along the same coast, and on the 16th day of July, as Champlain writes, a party from the ex- pedition made a landing at a point or cape, since determined to be Odiorne's Point in the present town of Rye, where they met some of the natives and gave them small presents. This is the first credible ac- count of the landing of any white men on the New Hampshire shore. Nothing came however, of the visits of either Pring or NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY H De Monts, and it was not until after the visit of Capt. John Smith, with a small party from his Monhegan Island expedi- tion, to the Isles of Shoals, in the summer of 1614, that any attention was directed to this region. He made a map of the coast, and gave a glowing description of the coun- try on his return to England. To the islands, which he traversed extensively, he gave his own name, calling them "Smith's Islands," and at his suggestion the name of New England was applied to the country at large. In 1622 Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Capt. John Mason received from the King of England a grant of all the territory be- tween the Merrimack and Sagadohoc rivers, and running back to the great lakes, the same being then named "Laconia." They proceeded to form a company, with a view to settlement, and in the following spring sent over an expedition, in two parties, one headed by David Thompson, and the other by Edward and William Hil- ton. Thompson's party landed at Little Harbor, then included in the territory of Portsmouth or "Strawberry Bank," but now in Rye ; while the Hiltons went up the river to Dover Point, and there located. A year or two later Thompson and his party, who had become dissatisfied with 12 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY their location, abandoned the same and re- moved to an island in Boston Harbor, and it was not till several years later that any permanent settlement was made at Ports- mouth. The Dover settlement continued, however, and was undoubtedly the first permanent settlement in the state.* Here, in 1633, the first church building in New Hampshire was erected, the present First Parish Church in Dover being its legiti- mate successor. In her thrilling poem, entitled "New Hampshire," written for the 250th anni- versary celebration of the settlement of the state, by the N. H. Historical Society; Edna Dean Proctor, New Hampshire's female poet laureate, speaks as follows: "A goodly realm, said Captain Smith, Scanning the coast by the Isles of Shoals, While the wind blew fair as in Indian myth, Blows the breeze from the land of souls; Blew from the marshes of Hampton, spread Level and green that summer day, And over the brow of Great Boar's Head, From the pines that stretched to the West away. And sunset died on the rippling sea, Ere to the south, with the wind, sailed he. But he told the story in London streets ♦This is in accordance with the account adopted by Bel- knap and other early historians; but recent writers have sought to make it appear that the Dover settlement was not made until a later indefinite date. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 13 And again to court and prince and king. "A truce," men cried, "to Virginia heats — The North is the land of Hope and Spring!" And in sixteen hundred and twenty-three, For Dover meadows and Portsmouth river, Bold and earnest, they crossed the sea, And the realm was theirs and ours forever!" For fifteen years these settlements re- mained the only white settlements within the limits of what is now the state of New Hampshire. Fishing and trading with the Indians were the primary objects of the first settlers, and no more attention was paid to agriculture than was absolutely necessary for the maintenance of life for the first few years, notwithstanding the superior richness of the soil in the ad- jacent country, where now are found some of the finest farms in the state. In 1638 two other settlements were made — one at Hampton and one at Exeter, the former headed by Rev. Stephen Bachilor, and the latter by Rev. John Wheelock, both noted religious leaders of their day, and the settlements largely made up of their devoted followers. These four settlements — Dover, Ports- mouth, Hampton and Exeter — were prac- tically all there were in the province for more than 40 years, their grants cover- ing the entire eastern portion of what is 14 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY now Rockingham county and the larger part of Strafford. Each had its own local government and enacted its own laws, though acknowledging allegiance to the British crown, and nominally under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. It may prop- erly be stated that there were fishing set- tlements on the Isles of Shoals, which were partly within New Hampshire limits, though of transient and changing nature, nearly if not quite as early as any on the mainland, but there is no recorded evidence of any government or organization there, till considerably later. In March 1679-80 a separate government was set up for the New Hampshire prov- ince, with a Governor, or President as then called, Council and Assembly, — the Governor and Council being named by the King and the Assembly chosen by the people of the several towns or settlements. John Cutt was appointed President. The call for the Assembly included the names of the men in the several settlements en- titled to vote of whom there were 71 in Portsmouth, 60 in Dover, 57 in Hampton and 20 in Exeter. This first General Assembly of New Hampshire, which met at Portsmouth on the 16th day of March, 1679-80, enacted a "body of laws," establishing courts, pro- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 15 viding for trial by jury, prescribing severe penalties for various crimes, levying taxes, fixing the age of majority, etc. Represen- tatives were chosen annually thereafter, and the assembly met once each year, or oftener, Portsmouth being the meeting place for the first four assemblies. The fifth met at Great Island or Newcastle, as it is now known, which had formerly been a part of Portsmouth. Subsequently the meetings were sometimes held in Ports- mouth and sometimes in Newcastle. It was not until the Eighth Assembly, in 1692, that a representative appeared from any settlement outside the four originally named. At that time one came in from the Isles of Shoals, the southern portion of which belonged to New Hampshire and subsequently became the town of Gosport, where quite a settlement of fishermen was located. Meanwhile, from December 20 v 1686, New Hampshire became a part of the Royal Province of New England, including all the territory now included in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, to which Connecticut was subsequently added, which arrangement continued about three years; then followed a year with no province government at all, and in 1690 a union with Massachusetts 16 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY was effected which continued till 1692, when separate government for New Hamp- shire was again established. In the Tenth Assembly, which held two sessions, in Newcastle, October 18, 1693 to May 24, 1694, that town first had represen- tation, two delegates appearing therefor, while Dover had three, Portsmouth three, Exeter two, Hampton three, and the Isles of Shoals one. The Fourteenth Assembly which held two sessions, met once in Hamp- ton. In the Twenty-third Assembly, cov- ering the time from July, 1704 to Novem- ber, 1714, the town of Kingston (then known as Kingstown) had a representative. Stratham came in, in the Twenty-sixth, in 1716, and Hampton Falls in the Twenty- eighth, in 1718. Rye was the next town to have representation, then Londonderry, Greenland, Newington and Durham, fol- lowed, later, by Newmarket. Concord came in, in the Forty-third assembly, in 1745, as did Chester and South Hampton, and there were gradual accessions, as set- tlements had been extended, till, in 1775, there were thirty-four towns and places, represented by thirty-five members, some having two or more members, and some members representing two or more classed towns each. Many towns had been established in the Gen. John Sullivan Reproduction by Kimball studio. Concord, N. H. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 17 southern part of the province, up the Merrimack valley, in the southwestern section and along up the Connecticut, and the province had been divided into five counties — Rockingham, Strafford, Hills- borough, Cheshire and Grafton. The set- tlers had endured hardship and privation, suffered from Indian depredations, hard winters and crop failures, but had develop- ed strength of character and a spirit of in- dependence. It was about this time that New Hamp- shire began to take a prominent part in the making of American history, although the people of the province had rendered their full share of service in the French and Indian wars in the middle of the century, which had resulted twice in the siege and capture of Louisburg by the forces under command of Sir William Pepperell, a New Hampshire man; the reduction and cap- ture of Crown Point, and the conquest and capture of Canada from the French. More than 2,500 New Hampshire men had been engaged in the service, of whom 500 had been engaged in the last seige of Louis- burg and as many at Crown Point. The independent spirit had begun to as- sert itself, however, at an even earlier date. The Assembly, elected by and re- sponsible to the people, had all along claim- IK w HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY ed the right to determine who should be admitted to membership therein, and re- fused to allow men to occupy seats who had been called by the Governor from places not previously represented. This disagreement became so sharp that during the entire life of the Forty-fifth General sembly, from 1749 to 1751 inclusive, there was no legislation at all enacted. The impositions put upon the colonies by the British government had long been resented. The Stamp Act, followed by the tax on tea, and other oppressive im- posts, had so aroused the indignation of the people that armed resistance seemed imminent; while the manifest purpose of the government to enforce its edicts by military power kindled the fire of revolu- tion in the popular mind. It was on New Hampshire soil, on the night of December 17, 1774, that the first overt act of the Revolution was perform- ed.. This was the assault upon Fort Wil- liam and Mary, at Newcastle, by a party of patriots, led by John Sullivan of Durham and John Langdon of Portsmouth, which resulted in the capture and taking away of a large quantity of gunpowder and other munitions, the small garrison being taken by surprise and no bloodshed ensuing. This powder, by the way, as is generally NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 19 known, was furnished to the patriot forces, who fought at Bunker Hill, nearly two- thirds of whom were New Hampshire men under Stark and Reid, stationed at the "rail fence," who held their ground and covered the retreat of the Massachusetts men from the hill, thus preventing the threatened rout, and turning what seemed at first a disastrous defeat into a practical victory for the patriot forces, in that it demonstrated their valor, and ability to resist effectively the trained forces of Great Britain. It was in this contest, that one of the bravest and most promising of New Hampshire's soldiers lost his life — Maj. Andrew McClary of Epsom, who was struck by a stray cannon shot near the close of the action. The population of New Hampshire at this time, as shown by the census of 1775, was 82,200. Portsmouth, then regarded as the capital, was by far the largest town, having a population of 4,590. Second in population was Londonderry, then includ- ing w T hat is now Derry, Windham, a part of Manchester, and some other territory, which then had 2,590 inhabitants. Exeter had 1,741, Dover 1,666, Rochester 1,548, Amherst 1,428 and Durham 1,214. It is proper to mention that from May 17, 1774, till January 1776, no legislation was 20 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY enacted in the province, and no regularly constituted government existed during a considerable portion of the time. The Assembly, whose members were chosen by the people, and were generally imbued with a patriotic spirit and a disregard for the royal prerogative, could not, or would not, conform to the demands of the Gov- ernor, Sir John Wentworth, who, while a native of the province, and sincerely de- sirous of promoting its material interests, was a thorough loyalist, and would brook nothing which, to his mind, smacked of disloyalty to the King and mother country. Because of the disloyal or insubordinate spirit manifested, the Governor had dis- missed the General Assembly in June, 1774. He soon came to realize that revolution was "in the air." His efforts to secure men to go to the assistance of Gen. Gage, the British commander in Boston, in the erec- tion of barracks for his troops, were un- availing, as nobody would respond, and his proclamation ordering the arrest and pun- ishment of the men engaged in the assault on Fort William and Mary, fell flat and was utterly ignored. He remained in Portsmouth, however, for some time long- er, though little respect was shown for his authority by the people generally, and he was subjected at times to actual indignity, NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 21 so that he finally repaired to the fort, and in August, 1775, embarked for Boston, re- maining some time under the protection of the British fleet or army, and later depart- ing for England, where he remained till the close of the war. It is proper to remark in this connection that Sir John Wentworth, whose knightly title came later in life, was really the best, the most enterprising and progressive, of all the royal governors. He was a pioneer in the cause of advanced education, and was mainly instrumental in the establish- ment of Dartmouth College. He really originated the "Summer home" movement, which in later years has done so much to promote the prosperity of the State, by establishing a summer home for himself on the shore of Smith's Pond, (since called Lake Wentworth in his honor) in Wolfe- boro, and erecting there a fine residence. Moreover he did more than all his prede- cessors to promote the building of roads in the province, extending them to the new settlements, and particularly to the north- ward, with the view of making direct com- munication with Canada, a scheme which had it not been interrupted by war might ultimately have made Portsmouth instead of Boston the great commercial city of 22 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY New England, and the main seaport of the North Atlantic coast. But although government under royal prerogative had disappeared, the people of the colony were alive to their own interests, and representatives, duly chosen from the several towns, met in convention or Con- gress to consider the situation and take such action as might be deemed expedient. Five of these Provincial Congresses were called and held between July, 1774 and December, 1775, all at Exeter. The first of these met July 21, 1774, having been called through the action of the members of the Assembly which although dissolved by the Governor, had been recalled by the Committee of Correspondence, — a body whose previous appointment by the Assembly had been ob- jected to by the Governor. This Congress elected delegates to a General Congress of the Colonies, to be held in Philadelphia, and John Sullivan and Nathaniel Folsom were the men chosen; while John Wentworth (the Speaker of the Assembly, not Gover- nor John) Meshech Weare, Josiah Bart- lett, Christopher Toppan and John Picker- ing, were named as a Committee to "in- struct" the delegates and to name others in their places, if necessary. A second Congress was held January 22, 1775, and a third on April 25 of the same NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 23 year, the latter called because of the crisis precipitated by the conflict of April 19, at Lexington and Concord, Mass., the trans- actions of which body were kept a profound secret ; but it was succeeded, on May 17, fol- lowing by a fourth Congress, whose session continued over a period of six months, and which, early in its deliberations, adopt- ed a resolution "in view of the evident pur- pose of the British government to subju- gate this and the other American Colonies to the most abject slavery," providing for the raising immediately of 2,000 effective men in the province, including officers and those already in service, their enrollment to continue until the last day in December, unless the Committee of Safety should deem it proper that a part or the whole be discharged sooner. This Committee of Safety, which was ap- pointed on the same day, was a body of supreme importance, clothed with power to co-operate with Congress, and the succes- sive legislatures relative to the common defence and the prosecution of the war, and authorized to deal with all emergen- cies that might arise when the legislature was not in session. As originally named the Committee consisted of Matthew Thornton, Josiah Bartlett, William Whip- ple, Nathaniel Folsom and Ebenezer 24 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Thompson. Other members were soon af- ter added among them being Meshech Weare, who became chairman in 1776, and continued throughout the war. The Fifth Provincial Congress, called for December 21, 1775, voted on December 28, to take up the matter of establishing a form of civil government, and Matthew Thornton, Meshech Weare, Ebenezer Thompson, Wiseman Claggett and Ben- jamin Giles were appointed a committee "to frame and bring in a draft or plan of a new Constitution for the rule and gov- ernment of the colony." The Committee proceeded with its work, and on the 5th day of January, following, its reportwas accepted and adopted, and the new inde- pendent government was put in operation, six months before the Declaration of In- dependence by the Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, and the first of all the in- dependent colonial governments to be es- tablished. Thus New Hampshire was at the very front in the great struggle for American independence, not only in the military but in the civil point of view. Meshech Weare, who was the Governor (or rather Presi- dent, as the chief executive was called un- der this first Constitution) all through the Revolution, and until the new State consti- Gen. John Stark Reproduction by Kimball Studio, Concord, N. H. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 25 tution was adopted in 1784, as well as Chairman of the Committee of Safety, was Washington's most trusted confidant and adviser; while John Langdon, sound in judgment but impetuous in action, was a tower of strength in every emergency. He it was through whose instrumentality Gen. Stark's Bennington expedition, which won the victory over the Hessians and turned the tide in favor of the patriot cause at a very critical emergency, was raised and equipped. The treasury was empty at the time and no means in sight for providing the needed funds. He was speaker of the House and finally addressed that body, saying: "I have §1,000 in hard money; I will pledge my plate for $3,000 more ; I have 70 hogsheads of Tobago rum which I will sell for the most it will bring. They are at the service of the State." The expedition was raised, and Langdon himself, who was a soldier as well as a civilian leader served therein, and fought afterward, as a captain of volunteers, at Stillwater and Saratoga. No other state, large or small, contribut- ed such a galaxy of heroic names to the military history of the Revolution, as did New Hampshire, including Stark, Sullivan, Reid, Poor, Cilley, Scammell, Dearborn and a host of others of lesser fame, but no less courage and devotion. 26 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Sullivan was Washington's strong de- pendence in the field, as was Weare in civil affairs. He commanded the left wing of the army at the siege of Boston; was with Washington in the trying New Jersey campaign, sharing the sufferings of Valley Forge, commanding the right wing at the passage of the Delaware, the capture of the Hessians at Trenton, at the battle of Princeton, with John Stark in the van, and at Brandywine and Germantown. He led the famous expedition against Britain's savage allies, the Six Nations or Mohawk Indians, in western New York in 1777. These Indians had been for a long time, conducting a "fire in the rear," so to speak, and greatly hampering the patriot cause, and it became necessary to suppress their operations by decisive action. The expedi- tion was an important and a dangerous one, and required a leader of the greatest courage and coolest judgment, and John Sullivan was selected for the part. The Indians were surprised in their villages, the latter destroyed and their forces utter- ly routed, the result being a victory no less substantial in effect than that of Stark at Bennington. Here it should be said that Gen. Enoch Poor was Sullivan's leading supporter in this expedition, and conducted himself no less gallantly than when he bore NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 27 the brunt of battle at Stillwater, and led the advance at Saratoga. All through the Revolution New Hamp- shire men were actively engaged in almost every conflict, and New Hampshire officers rendered conspicuous service. In the last crowning conflict — the siege of York- town — the state was prominently repre- sented. Here Alexander Scammell of Dur- ham, law student with John Sullivan at the opening of hostilities, who entered the ser- vice at once and fought gallantly to the end of the struggle, then Adjutant General of the Army, lost his life; and here Henry Dearborn of Nottingham, who led 60 min- ute men from that town to Cambridge in 36 hours, after the Lexington alarm, and was with Stark at Bunker Hill, was also in active service as Deputy Quartermaster General. How many New Hampshire men were engaged in the military service of the coun- try during the Revolutionary period can never be accurately determined. Prof. John K. Lord of Dartmouth College, a careful historian, in his article on New Hampshire in the Encyclopedia Brittanica, put the total at 12,479. Adjutant General Harris of the War Department, replying to my recent inquiry, says : "From a report of the Secretary of War to the House of 28 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Representatives, dated May 10, 1790, it ap- pears that the number of troops and militia furnished from time to time by the State of New Hampshire, during the Revolution- ary War, was 18,289." He adds, however, that it is believed these figures are inaccur- ate, as they undoubtedly contain many du- plications, resulting from re-enlistments, etc., but they are furnished from the best data obtainable, and are given for what they are worth. It is probable that the figures furnished by Prof. Lord are more nearly correct; but even these show a re- markable percentage of men in the service. Twelve thouand soldiers, out of a total pop- ulation of 80,000 people, is a wonderful demonstration of the patriotism of the State. Here it may be said, as well as anywhere, that in all subsequent wars of the Republic New Hampshire performed her part brave- ly and well. In the war of 1812, sometimes called "the second war for independence," although largely fought on the water, in contests between individual vessels of war on either side, and involving the enlistment of comparatively few men in the military service, there were about 2,000 New Hamp- shire men enlisted; while a New Hamp- shire man, General Henry Dearborn, was the commander of all the forces enrolled, NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 29 and another New Hampshire officer, Gen- eral James Miller, who led the brilliant charge at Lundy's Lane in the battle of Bridgewater in Canada, and commanded a division at the battle of Lake Erie, and who was called by Hawthorne "New Eng- land's most distinguished soldier," was the hero of the greatest exploit on land, al- ways excepting the battle of New Orleans, fought by General Jackson, after the war was really over and the peace treaty ac- tually signed. It was on the northern border, in fact, that the land conflict was largely fought, though, in a hurried raid by the British, the capitol at Washington was burned. Other New Hampshire of- ficers distinguishing themselves in the con- test, at Chippewa, Niagara and Fort Erie, were Generals John McNeil of Hillsboro, and Eleazer W. Ripley, native of Hanover. During the Civil War, New Hampshire contributed 32,750 men to the Union Army, a larger proportionate number, it is claim- ed, than any other State. The first blood shed in the contest was that of a native of New Hampshire, Luther C. Ladd, born in the town of Alexandria, December 22, 1843, who fell during the passage of the 6th Massachusetts Regiment, of which he was a member, through the city of Baltimore, April 19, 1861, the troops having been at- 30 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY tacked by a mob of Southern sympathizers, and several of their number wounded, two mortally, of whom young Ladd was one. All through the war New Hampshire sol- diers were in the thick of the fight, and the best blood of the State was freely shed, all the way from Bull Run to Appomattox. The names of Porter, Foster, Cram, Mars- ton, Griffin, Bedel, Harriman, Bell, Hender- son, Whipple, Lull, Cross, Putnam, Gardi- ner, Quarles, Briggs, Stevens, Blair, Farr, Clough, Patterson and a host of others, of the gallant sons of the State, who distin- guished themselves in the contest, will long remain a galaxy of honor on the pages of our national history. While so many serv- ed bravely and well it is bestowing no in- vidious distinction if special mention be made of the gallant commanders of New Hampshire regiments, Haldimand S. Put- nam of Cornish, of the Seventh, who fell in leading the desperate assault upon Fort Wagner, Louis Bell of Chester, mor- tally wounded at Fort Fisher, and Everett E. Cross of Lancaster, of the "Fighting Fifth," who died at Gettysburg. The last named regiment, be it noted, had the repu- tation of losing more men in action than any other Union regiment during the war. Nor was it on land alone, that the sons of the Granite State rendered splendid ser- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 31 vice in the war for the Union. The records of the Navy contain no names more bril- liant than those of Rear Admirals George E. Belknap, John G. Walker, Enoch G. Par- rott and George H. Wadleigh, Commodore George H. Perkins, and Capt. James S. Thornton, the first of whom fired the last shot at the evacuation of Charleston, and the last was the executive officer of the Kearsarge, under Commodore Winslow, in the famous fight with the "Alabama," un- der the Confederate Admiral Semmes, which resulted in the sinking of the latter vessel, which had become a veritable "scourge of the seas." Special mention is also due the memory of Commodore Tunis A. M. Craven, native of Portsmouth, who as Commander of the Monitor Tecumseh, fired the first shot at the battle of Mobile Bay, and gallantly went to his death, when his vessel sank as the result of an explosion. And here it may well be stated that it was at Portsmouth, N. H., that the Kear- sarge was built, the solid oak for its frame- work having been cut from the foot hills of Kearsarge Mountain in Warner, by Joseph Barnard of Hopkinton, and its gallant crew, composed largely of New Hampshire men, just as in the earlier Rev- olutionary days, when British cruisers 32 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY were sweeping the meagre shipping of the colonies from the sea, it was in the same harbor of Portsmouth, and from New Hampshire timber, that the dashing little "Ranger," also manned in great part by New Hampshire men, which Paul Jones led to victory in many an ocean contest, was built and fitted out by John Langdon, as Continental Naval Agent for New Hamp- shire and from whose mast head the Stars and Stripes were first unfurled to the ocean freeze. The Mexican war, which has been passed over, and the Spanish-American War, both of which were brought about through the spirit of conquest and exploitation, rather than pure patriotism, and waged against weaker instead of stronger nations, so far as this country was concerned, also com- manded the services of New Hampshire men in ample measure. In the former con- flict Gen. Franklin Pierce won distinction under Gen. Scott in the march upon and capture of the Mexican Capital, and it was Captain Edgar A. Kimball, native of Pem- broke, who led the 9th Infantry at Chapul- tapec, scaled the walls of the fortress, cut down the Mexican flag, and received the surrender, displaying the same heroism that he afterwards manifested, when at the head of the 9th New York, he stormed Franklin Pierce Reproduction i>.\ Kimball Studio, Concord, N, H. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 33 the fort on Roanoke Island, in the Civil War. Other New Hampshire men render- ing gallant service in Mexico were Joseph H. Potter, of Concord, afterward a briga- dier general in the U. S. Army, who was wounded at Monterey, and Albemarle Cody of Keene, breveted major for gallantry at Vera Crux, Cerro Gordo, Churnbusco and Molino del Rey. In the Spanish War, Gen. Leonard Wood, native of Winchester, who had already proved his courage and capacity in Indian fighting at the West, came conspicuously to the front, and it was in his hands that the administration of affairs in Cuba, dur- ing the period of reconstruction after the war, was placed. In this contest, too, the veteran Gen. Joab N. Patterson, native of Hopkinton, now the last surviving New Hampshire officer earning a general's rank in the Civil War, again entered the service although well past three score years of age, going out as a Captain in the First N. H. Regiment, serving on the staff of Gen. J. P. Sanger, and afterward serving as superintendent of public buildings in Ha- vana, under Gen. Wood. In the last great "World War," fought for the salvation of civilization by the al- lied powers of Europe and America against the military despotism of Germany and its 34 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY allies, New Hampshire contributed her full quota. About 22,000 of her young men were in the service, of whom 250 were kill- ed in battle and some 400 more died of wounds and disease. Whether these dead, with millions of others, who made the su- preme sacrifice, died in vain, or not, still remains to be determined. It is well to remember, in this connection, at all events, that the first American force to be engaged in actual conflict on the European front, in this great struggle, was a contingent from the U. S. Marine Corps, under the com- mand of the late Gen. Charles H. Doyen, a son of New Hampshire, native of Concord. Having considered New Hampshire's service in the nation's wars, and her con- tribution to the military history of the country, let us revert to her part in the af- fairs of civil government, and public and professional life. While the State, through the Governor or President, the Legislature and Commit- tee of Safety, co-operated heartily with the Continental Congress all through the Rev- olutionary period, it contributed some of its ablest and best men to the membership of that body, among them being Josiah Bartlett, John and Woodbury Langdon, Nicholas Gilman, John Sullivan, Nathaniel Folsom, George Frost, Samuel Livermore NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 35 and Nathaniel Peabody, than whom none more patriotic or efficient were furnished by any state. The first signature attached to the Declaration of Independence, follow- ing that of John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, was that of Josiah Bartlett, delegate from New Hampshire. The first signatures to the Constitution of the United States, as originally drawn and adopted in Convention, September 17, 1787, following that of George Washington, president and deputy from Virginia, were those of John Langdon and Nicholas Gil- man, deputies from New Hampshire. Ratification by nine of the thirteen states was required to give the Constitution valid- ity, and it was the action of the New Hamp- shire legislature, done in Concord, June 21, 1788, that put the approval of the ninth state upon the document in question, and gave it life and power, just as it was the action of the legislature of Tennessee, in the summer of 1920, that made the 19th amendment to the same Constitution a part of the fundamental law, and raised ten millions of American women from a legal level with paupers, lunatics, idiots and criminals to the plane of full citizen- ship, along with the men of the nation. When the Constitution finally went into operation, and a government was establish- 36 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY ed under its provisions, a New Hampshire man, John Langdon, was chosen President pro tern of the Senate, presided over that body when the votes for President of the United States were counted, and officially notified the President-elect, George Wash- ington, of his election. Among the many eminent men who have served New Hampshire in the Senate since that time, were Samuel Livermore, also president pro tern, William Plumer, Nich- olis Gilman, Jeremiah Mason, Levi Wood- bury, Samuel Bell, Isaac Hill, Franklin Pierce, Charles G. Atherton, John P. Hale (the first anti-slavery Senator), Daniel Clark, president pro tern, Edward H. Rol- lins, and William E. Chandler. In the lower branch of Congress her rep- resentatives have held high rank and have included such men as Nicholas Gilman, Abiel Foster, Jeremiah Smith, Jonathan Freeman, George B. Upham, Thomas W. Thompson, James Wilson, George Sullivan, Daniel Webster, Charles H. Atherton, Ar- thur Livermore, Matthew Harvey, Ichabod Bartlett, John Brodhead, Henry Hubbard (speaker pro tern 23rd Congress), Jared W. Williams, Edmund Burke, Amos Tuck, George W. Morrison, Harry Hibbard, Ma- son W. Tappan, Gilman Marston, James W. Patterson, Aaron F. Stevens, Hosea W. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 37 Parker, Austin F. Pike, Samuel N. Bell and James F. Briggs. A small state, New Hampshire has given to the nation but a single President — Franklin Pierce; but that is more than most of the states, large or small, have done. That President, although spoken of as an "accident" and "unknown," by some men and newspapers of that day, and later viciously traduced by his political oppon- ents, was a man of whom no son or daugh- ter of the Granite State ever had reason to be ashamed. He had served ably in both branches of the national Congress, and on the battlefield in his country's service in time of war, and was a distinguished mem- ber of the bar, unsurpassed as an advocate. Though he did not rank in military ser- vice with Washington or Jackson, or in constructive statesmanship with Jefferson or Madison, he was, unquestionably, the most courteous gentleman who ever oc- cupied the presidential chair, as well as the most finished orator, and was the first President to deliver his inaugural address without manuscript. While only one native of the State has been elected to the presidency, four others have been the candidates of different par- ties for the office at different times. Lewis Cass was the Democratic nominee in 1848; 38 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY John P. Hale was the candidate of the Free Soil or Abolition party in 1852 when Gen. Pierce was elected; Horace Greeley was nominated by the Independent Repub- licans and endorsed by the Democrats in 1872, and in 1884 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler was the nominee of the Greenbackers and People's party, with the hope that the Democrats would endorse the nomination, which they failed to do, nominating and electing Grover Cleveland of New York, instead. A goodly number of the native sons of New Hamphire — altogether more than her proportionate share — have been called to service in the Cabinet, under various ad- ministrations. Gen. Henry Dearborn, na- tive of North Hampton, served as Secre- tary of War under President Jefferson. Levi Woodbury, native of Francestown, was for three years Secretary of the Navy, and three more Secretary of the Treas- ury under Jackson, and continued in the latter office under Van Buren. Lewis Cass, native of Exeter, was for a time Sec- retary of War, during Jackson's adminis- tration, and, later Secretary of State under Buchanan. Daniel Webster, native of Salisbury, was for two years Secretary of State under Harrison and Tyler, and for the same length of time, preceding his NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 39 death, under Fillmore. Nathan Clifford, native of Rumney, was Attorney General under President Polk, and John A. Dix, born in Boscawen, was Secretary of the Treasury under Buchanan. He it was who gave utterance to the famous command — "If any man hauls down the American flag shoot him on the spot." Salmon P. Chase, native of Cornish, was Secretary of the Treasury under Abraham Lincoln, and it was through his genius and ability that the war for the Union was successfully financed. He was succeeded in that position by William Pitt Fessenden, born in the town of Boscawen. Marshall Jewell, native of Winchester was Post- master General in the Cabinet of President Grant, Zachariah Chandler, native of Bed- ford, Secretary of the Interior and Amos T. Akerman, born in Keene, Attorney Gen- eral. William E. Chandler, native of Con- cord, served as Secretary of the Navy un- der the administration of Chester A. Ar- thur, who came into office through the as- sassination of Garfield, and happily disap- pointed the country in giving it one of the best administrations in its history. Our last representative in the Cabinet is the present Secretary of War, close friend of President Harding, John W. Weeks, native 40 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY and summer resident of the town of Lan- caster. The bench of the Supreme Court of the United State, known as the most august judicial tribunal in the world, has been graced and honored by one chief justice, born in New Hampshire, Salmon P. Chase, and two Associate Justices, Levi Woodbury and Nathan Clifford; while the first Chief Justice of the Court of Claims, was also a New Hampshire man — John J. Gilchrist of Charlestown. Three at least of the pres- ent U. S. Circuit Court Justices are New Hampshire men by birth — Walter H. San- born, native of Epsom, now and for many years resident of Minnesota, presiding jus- tice of the 8th Circuit, and George H. Bingham of Manchester, native of Little- ton, presiding justice, and George W. An- derson of Boston, born in Acworth, Jus- tice of the 1st Circuit. While New Hampshire men have not fig- ured conspicuously in the diplomatic ser- vice of the government, the state has not been without representation in that direc- tion. Ninety years ago Edmund Roberts of Portsmouth was commissioned as a spec- ial agent of the government to negotiate treaties of trade and commerce with Mus- cat, Siam and Japan. He completed his Salmon P. Chase NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 41 mission as far as the first two were con- cerned, but was taken ill and died on the way to Japan. Had he lived he would doubtless have succeeded with the latter, and thus opened the island empire to the commerce of the world, a quarter of a cen- tury earlier than was eventually done. Gen. Henry Dearborn was accredited U. S. Minister to Portugal in 1822, and Charles P. Haddock, a Dartmouth College professor, was Charge de Affaires to that country for some years, a quarter of a cen- tury later. Other New Hampshire men, native or resident, who held office in this line, were Nathan Clifford, Envoy Extra- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, John A. Dix, Minister to France, John P. Hale, Minister to Spain, and Horatio G. Perry, Secretary of Legation, and Charge de Affaires to the same coun- try; Christopher C. Andrews, Minister Resident to Sweden and Norway, George G. Fogg and Person C. Cheney, Ministers to Switzerland; George H. Bridgman, Minister to Bolivia; John T. Abbott and Luther F. McKinney, Ministers to Colum- bia, and George H. Moses, Minister to Greece and Montenegro. George Walker of Peterboro served for a time as Consul General to Paris, Benjamin F. Whidden of 42 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Lancaster as Consul General to Hayti, and Christopher C. Andrews was Consul Gen- eral to Brazil. The first U. S. Consul abroad from New Hampshire was Tobias Lear of Portsmouth, who had been private Secretary to President Washington, who was commissioned to Algiers in 1803. Among those later in the consular service from this State were Claudius B. Webster, Consul to Liverpool, Joseph C. A. Wingate, Consul to Swatou, China; James A. Wood and James R. Jackson, Consuls to Sher- brooke, P. Q.; Frank H. Pierce and Elias H. Cheney, consuls to Matanzas, Cuba, the latter, still surviving at the age of 90 years, serving for some years later at Curacao. It would be an impossible task to give in detail, New Hampshire's contribution to the public life of other States, and, through them, to the country at large. A few il- lustrations must suffice. Five Governors of Maine were natives of the Granite State, viz: Jonathan G. Hun- toon, born in Unity; Samuel E. Smith of Hollis; Edward Kent, Concord; Samuel Wells, Durham, and Harris M. Plaisted, Jefferson. All these men were lawyers, and the first four held positions at one time or another on the bench of the Supreme Court, of which tribunal, John Appleton, NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 43 native of New Ipswich, was for many years Chief Justice, while the latter also served in the National House of Representatives. The first United States Senator from Maine was John Chandler, a native of the town of Epping. Nathan Clifford, native of Rumney, heretofore mentioned, served as Attorney General of the State, and as a Representative in Congress, as did Jona- than Cilley, native of Nottingham, Robert Goodenow of Farmington, Rufus R. Goode- now of Henniker, and John J. Perry of Portsmouth. Mr. Cilley, who had previ- ously served as Speaker of the State House of Representatives, and was a young man of great promise, was killed in a duel with Col. Graves of Kentucky, resulting from words spoken in debate. Jonas Cutting, native of Croydon, was for some time an associate Justice of the Maine Supreme Court, and Albert R. Savage, who went from Lancaster, held the same position and was, later, Chief Justice. While Vermont has contributed to New Hampshire a large percentage of her lead- ing lawyers, during the last seventy-five years, New Hampshire has given the Green Mountain State a goodly number of men who have been prominent in public affairs. Among these may be named three Gover- nors — Samuel E. Pingree, native of Salis- 44 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY bury; Levi R. Fuller, native of Westmore- land, and Urban A. Woodbury, native of Acworth. Gov. Pingree by the way, who was a Civil War veteran, serving as lieu- tenant colonel in the Third Vermont In- fantry, recently passed away at the age of 90 years. He had served 53 years as town clerk in Hartford, his home town, where he had practiced law for more than sixty years. One United States Senator, Dud- ley Chase, native of Cornish, who was af- terward Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and two Representatives in Con- gress from Vermont, John Noyes and William Henry, were born in New Hamp- shire, as were three other Supreme Court judges — Hoyt H. Wheeler, native of Ches- terfield, Wheelock G. Veazey, native of Brentwood, and John W. Rowell, born in Lebanon, the latter serving as Chief Jus- tice. Col. Veazey, who was also a Civil War veteran, served many years, later, as a member of the U. S. Interstate Com- merce Commission. Among many other New Hampshire born men prominent in Vermont affairs, may be named the late Augustus P. Huntoon of Bethel, eminent lawyer, native of the town of Groton, once speaker of the State House of Representa- tives ; Fred A. Howland, born in Franconia, now president of the National Life Insur- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 45 ance Co., who has served as Secretary of State, and is now a member of the State Board of Education; Herbert D. Ryder, native of Acworth, leading lawyer in Bel- lows Falls, former County Attorney and member of the State Board of Education; Harry E. Parker of Bradford, prominent publisher and active in political affairs, na- tive of Lyman, and Harry B. Amey, native of Pittsburg, in practice of law at Island Pond, State Senator and prosecuting at- torney. Massachusetts, the old Bay State, from which many of our early settlers came, has been repaid, tenfold, for all her contribu- tions to New Hampshire. The greatest names in her history, since the Revolution- ary period, are those of men of New Hamp- shire birth— Daniel Webster and Henry Wilson, the one a Senator and Secretary of State, the other Senator and Vice-Presi- dent of the United States. Another Sena- tor, already mentioned as Secretary of War, went down from his native town of Lancaster; while three governors of the State,— Benjamin F. Butler, of Deerfield, John Q. A. Brackett of Bradford and Chan- ning H. Cox of Manchester, the present in- cumbent, were all of New Hampshire origin. While Gen. Butler was Governor it was remarked as a significant fact, that 46 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY not only the Governor, but the President of the Senate, George E. Bruce, and the speaker of the House, George A. Marden, were all New Hampshire natives, the latter both sons of Mont Vernon, and graduates of Dartmouth College in the same class. In the following year, two other sons of New Hampshire, Albert E. Pillsbury, na- tive of Milford, and John Q. A. Brackett, previously mentioned, also presided over the two branches of the Massachusetts legislature, Mr. Pillsbury subsequently serving as Attorney General of the State. Another New Hampshire man, William H. Haile, native of Chesterfield, then resid- ing in Springfield, where he had been Mayor of the city, was nominated as Re- publican candidate for Governor but was defeated. Another New Hampshire man, Harvey Jewell, native of Winchester, a brother of Marshall Jewell previously men- tioned, had been Speaker of the House of Representatives at an earlier date, and Joseph Bell, born in the town of Bedford, was President of the Senate in 1849. Among New Hampshire born men who have represented Massachusetts districts in the National House of Representatives may be named Nathan Appleton, native of New Ipwich, William S. Damrell and Henry B. Lovering of Portsmouth, William NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 47 M. Richardson of Pelham; Tappan Went- worth of Dover, (who defeated Henry Wil- son) Lorenzo Sabin of Lisbon, Goldsmith F. Bailey of Westmoreland, Benjamin F. Butler of Deerfield, Rufus S. Frost of Marlboro, Amasa Norcross of Rindge, and Samuel L. Powers of Cornish. William M. Richardson was also for a time Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court of the State, while a number of its Superior Court judges have also hailed from the Granite State, among them being Augustus L. Soule and Charles U. Bell, of Exeter, Daniel Aiken of Bedford, James B. Rich- ardson of Hanover, Caleb Blodgett of Dor- chester, and John H. Hardy of Hollis, as well as the newly appointed Chief Justice, Walter P. Hall, native of Manchester. While speaking of New Hampshire's contribution to the public life of Massa- chusetts, it may be said, as well as any- where, that a very large proportion of the men who have been prominent and suc- cessful in the official, professional, and business life of the City of Boston, were born and reared among the New Hamp- shire hills. Two sons of New Hampshire, at least, have been mayors of the city — Dr. Thomas L. Jenks, native of Conway, and Albert Palmer, native of Candia, who held the office at the same time when Gen. But- 48 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY ler was Governor, and Messrs. Bruce and Marden presided in the legislature, and it may be added that there is scarcely a city in the Bay State, but has had one or more New Hampshire born men at the head of its municipal government. Nathaniel Greene, native of Boscawen, was post- master of Boston for twelve years. Daniel Webster, great as a lawyer no less than as a statesman, was for many years in prac- tice in Boston, and had for some time as his partner there, John P. Healey, native of Washington, who served for many years as City Solicitor, and was the first man to hold the office of Corporation counsel, which position by the way was recently tendered by the present mayor to another son of New Hampshire, Sherman L. Whip- ple, native of New London, who has been in the front rank among Boston lawyers for many years, and has been twice the can- didate of the Democratic party for United States Senator. Mellen Chamberlain, a native of Pembroke, and a lawyer of ability, was for some years the Chief Justice of the Boston Municipal Court, while Henry S. Dewey, born in Hanover, William J. Forsaith, native of Newport, and several other New Hamphire born lawyers have been members of the same tribunal. Among the many names of New Hampshire men I [0RAC3 ( - : i' .::i. v NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 49 prominent at the Boston bar, at one time or another, may be mentioned such as Charles Levi Woodbury, native of Portsmouth, Augustus 0. Brewster of Hanover, Ho- ratio G. Parker of Keene, Nathan Morse of Moultonboro, Napoleon B. Bryant of Andover, Moody Merrill of Campton, Rob- ert I. Burbank of Shelburne, Samuel L. Powers of Cornish, Wilbur H. Powers of Croydon, Joseph H. Wiggin of Exeter; Guy S. Cox of Manchester, John Herbert of Wentworth, George F. Bean of Brad- ford, and Joseph W. Lund and James A. Halloren of Concord, other members of the profession aside from those heretofore named as having occupied high official po- sitions in the state. The medical profession in Boston, no less than the legal, has drawn its strength largely from New Hampshire, as illustrat- ed by such names as those of Dr. David W. Cheever, native of Portsmouth, appointed visiting surgeon for the Boston City Hos- pital when the institution was established, and continuing his valuable service in con- nection therewith for more than half a century, while he was for 33 years a lec- turer in the Harvard Medical School, and at the same time engaged in an extensive and successful private practice ; and of Dr. George W. Gay, native of Swanzey, long 50 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY time surgeon for the City Hospital, in- structor in and lecturer upon Clinical Sur- gery in Harvard Medical School, and ex- president of the Massachusetts Medical Society, who has recently retired after a successful professional career of nearly fifty years. Other New Hampshire born physicians, now in active practice in the city, include such men as Dr. Edward 0. Otis, native of Rye, tuberculosis specialist, and Professor of Pulmonary Diseases in Tufts Medical School; Dr. William R. P. Emerson, native of Candia, national au- thority on the laws of nutrition, and his brother, Francis P. Emerson, ear, nose and throat specialist, and surgeon for the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear In- firmary ; Dr. Fred B. Lund, native of Con- cord, widely known for surgical skill and Dr. Nathaniel R. Mason, born in Conway, specialist in Obstetrics and Gyncology, and instructor in Harvard Medical School. Many of the most prominent leaders in mercantile life, banking, real estate and all important lines of business in Boston found their way to the city from New Hampshire, including such men as Marsh of Jordan, Marsh & Co., Dutton of Hough- ton & Dutton, Stearns, Bonney and other dry goods merchants ; John Carr, long time president of the First National Bank, who NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 51 went down from the town of Antrim; Charles F. Weed, native of Claremont, vice- president and chief executive officer of the same institution at the present time, and a recognized leader in the city's commer- cial affairs; the Rollins brothers of E. H. Rollins and Sons, Merrill of Merrill, Oldham & Co., and other private bankers; Henry W. Savage and Loren D. Towle, extensive real estate operators, the latter of whom has recently donated to his native town of Newport a munificent sum for the erection of a new high school building, and scores in these and other lines who might be nam- ed. Especially in hotel management have New Hamphire men been conspicuous at "The Hub" as evidenced by such names as Whipple, Lindsay, Barnes, Duncklee, Greenleaf, Mann, Johnson, and Merrow. As in Boston, so largely throughout the State of Massachusetts, men of New Hampshire birth have been and are con- picuous in every line of action — in the con- duct of municipal affairs, and in profess- ional and business life. A record of the names and activities of New Hamphire men who have been prominent in Bay State affairs for a century past would fill a dozen volumes. Rhode Island and Connecticut have not 52 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY drawn largely from New Hampshire, so far as public service is concerned; but it may not be inappropriate to mention the fact that the ablest man whom the former state ever had in either branch of the Federal Congress — the late Thomas A. Jenks, father of the Civil Service Reform move- ment, came of New Hampshire ancestry, his father having been born and reared in the town of Newport, in the old ancestral home where the late Edward A. Jenks of Concord first saw the light ; while Marshall Jewell, Governor of Connecticut and Post- master General in the Cabinet of President Grant, was a native of the town of Win- chester. Arthur B. Calef, native of San- bornton, was State Treasurer of Connecti- cut, and Allen Tenney, born in Lyme, and at one time Secretary of State in New Hampshire, presided in its State Senate. New York is indebted to New Hamp- shire for John A. Dix, one of her most noted Governors, and a United States Sena- tor, previously mentioned as a Secretary of the Treasury and a Minister to France; for Noah Davis, native of Haverhill, emi- nent as a lawyer and a Supreme Court Jus- tice, who presided, by the way, over two of the most famous criminal trials ever held in the country— that of Edward S. Stokes for the murder of James Fisk, and of Wil- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 53 liam M. Tweed, head of the notorious "Tweed ring," for corruption in office. Judge Davis also held a seat in Congress from one of the New York districts, as did John Dickson, native of Keene, credited with having made the first anti-slavery speech in Congress, Clark B. Cochrane, na- tive of New Boston, Charles C. B. Walker of Walpole, and John 0. Whitehouse of Rochester, among others. George P. Bar- ker, born in the town of Rindge, one of the most noted lawyers of Buffalo, was for a time Attorney General of the State. He was a frequent opponent at the bar, of Millard Fillmore, afterward Vice Presi- dent and President of the United States, and was said to be more than his match as a legal debater. Asa W. Tenney, native of Dalton, was a U. S. District Attorney and Judge of U. S. District Court in Brooklyn. Rufus Blodgett, a native of Dorchester, son of that old Democratic "wheel-horse," who was accounted as Harry Bingham's right hand man in Grafton County politics, Jeremiah Blodgett, was a United States Senator from New Jersey for six years; and it is not too much to say that it was the spirit and energy, due to the New Hampshire blood in his veins, that gave Garrett A. Hobart of that state the promi- nence that made him the successful candi- 54 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY date of the Republican party for Vice- President, in 1896. His father was a na- tive of Columbia in the County of Coos, in this state, and it may as well be add- ed that Socrates Tuttle, an eminent lawyer, with whom he studied, and whose daughter he married, was a native of the same county, and a brother of the late Dr. Charles M. Tuttle of Littleton. Frederick Adams, native of Amherst, was a Judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals, and later of the U. S. District Court for New Jersey. While there were quite a number of New Hampshire people among the pioneers of Ohio not so many representatives of the State became prominent in its public af- fairs or business life as in many others. Its most noted citizen, however, Governor, Senator, Secretary and Chief Justice Sal- mon P. Chase, heretofore noted, was one of New Hampshire's most distinguished sons; while Edward E. Noyes, another Governor of the Buckeye State, although born across the line in Haverhill, Mass., was reared in New Hampshire, learned the printer's trade in Dover, was educated at Kingston Academy and Dartmouth College and studied law in Exeter, before locating in Ohio. While there is no state in the great Cen- tral West and Northwest to whose develop- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 55 ment, along industrial and business lines, New Hampshire has not contributed in some measure, and in whose public, politi- cal and professional life her sons have not been conspicuous, the State of Michigan is pre-eminently indebted to her in this re- gard. The first governor, greatest states- man, and most distinguished citizen of the "Wolverine State" — Lewis Cass — hereto- fore mentioned, went out from New Hamp- shire, as did his scarcely less illustrious successor in the United States Senate, Zachariah Chandler. Another governor of the state was John S. Barry, native of the town of Amherst, the only man three times elected to the office. The State Constitu- tion provides that no man can hold more than two terms in succession, but so great was Gov. Barry's popularity, that after holding two terms, and a successor follow- ing him, he was again elected. Another New Hampshire man, Henry Chamberlin, native of Pembroke, was the Democratic candidate for the office in 1874, and John J. Bagley, one of the most distinguished chief magistrates of the State, came of New Hampshire stock, his father having emigrated from Somersworth. William A. Fletcher, native of Plymouth, an able law- yer, became the first Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court; while another 56 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY lawyer of like ability, native of the same town, Alfred Russell, was, later, for many years a leader of the Detroit bar. Two New Hampshire born men, at least, have been Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives — Jefferson T. Thurber, native of Unity, in 1851 and Sullivan M. Cutcheon, born in Pembroke, in 1863-4; who also served as U. S. District Attorney and Comptroler of the Treasury; while William Graves, native of South Hampton, held the office of Secretary of State. Two lawyers of distinction of New Hampshire origin, Oliver L. Spaulding, native of Jaf- frey and Byron M. Cutcheon of Pembroke, were Michigan representatives in Congress, as was, also, Charles C. Comstock, a lead- ing Grand Rapids manufacturer, born in Sullivan. Michigan owes the organization of her splendid educational system to a son of New Hampshire, John D. Pierce, native of Ches- terfield, who formulated the plan of her University — the first and greatest of the State Universities of the country — after consultation with the most progressive ed- ucators of America and Europe, and car- ried it through to adoption, against stren- uous opposition; and right here it may be noted that the last great president of this University preceding the present incum- i< :v. Aloxzo A. Mixer, L.L. D. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 57 bent, leading all other institutions of the kind in its present student enrollment, as well as the number of living alumni, was Harry B. Hutchins, a native of the town of Lisbon, who had previously served as the dean of its Law Department, after having organized a similar department for Cornell University in New York. Mr. Pierce was the first State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan, and organized and put in operation the public school sys- tem of the State. It may also be said that Michigan was the first State in the Union to establish such an office, so that Mr. Pierce was, in fact, the first State Super- intendent in the country. Another emi- nent educator who subsequently held the same office and was also principal of the famous Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti, was Joseph Estabrook, a native of the town of Bath. Not only in public affairs and education- al work have New Hamphire men been at the front in Michigan, but in great busi- ness and industrial enterprises as well. James F. Joy, native of Durham, a success- ful lawyer in Detroit, turned his attention to railroading, built the Michigan Central Railroad, of which he became president ; as well as the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and other great lines promoting the devel- 58 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY opment of the Central West; while Jesse H. Farwell, native of North Charlestown, and donor of the Farwell School building in that village, was the pioneer of the freighting business on the Great Lakes, conducting the bulk of the business in that line for years, at the same time, in com- pany with his son carrying on immense op- erations in contract work, installing the Buffalo sewage system with its difficult outlet into the Niagara River, construct- ing the main section of the Croton Aque- duct, for New York City's water supply, on which 1500 men were employed over three years, and doing the earth and rock work for th U. S. government locks, at Sault St. Marie, Michigan, the largest in the world. John Wentworth, a native of Sandwich, and a representative of one of New Hamp- shire's old historic families, familiarly known as "Long John" from his great height, was a pioneer lawyer in Chicago, and active in promoting the progress and development of that now wonderful city. He was one of the early mayors, served a number of years in Congress, and was also for 20 years editor of the Chicago Demo- crat. New Hampshire capital, brains and energy have had much indeed to do with the upbuilding and advancement of the NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 59 great metropolis of the Central West, and to-day two of its greatst enterprises are conducted by New Hampshire born men. John G. Runnells, native of Effingham is president of the Pullman Company, and John G. Shedd, born in Alstead, is the head of the Marshall Field Company, doing the largest dry goods business in the world. Two New Hampshire natives have repre- sented Chicago districts in the National Congress in recent years— the late George E. Adams, born in Keene, and Thomas Gal- lagher, a son of Concord; while Robert Smith, native of Peterboro, and Bradford N. Stevens of Boscawen were also once members of the Illinois Congressional dele- gation, and Jonas Hutchinson, native of Miiford, was long a judge of the Superior court. Gerry W. Hazelton, native of the town of Chester was probably New Hampshire's most prominent son conspicuous in Wiscon- sin public life. He was a member and president of the State Senate, served two terms in Congress, and was for ten years U. S. District Attorney for Wisconsin. His brother George, later of Washington, D. C, was also at one time a Wisconsin Congressman. Another eminent Wiscon- sin lawyer, born in New Hampshire, is James G. Flanders, native of New London 60 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY who has practiced in Milwaukee for more than fifty years with much success. A Democrat in politics, he had little oppor- tunity for political preferment had he sought it, but he has been prominent in the councils of his party, has served it in na- tional conventions and otherwise, and has been President of the Wisconsin Bar As- sociation. Another New Hamphire born man, long resident in Wisconsin, attained distinction and rendered great service in another direction — Sherburne S. Merrill, native of Alexandria, who entered the ser- vice of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, as a section man in early life, through his intelligence and energy gained rapid promotion, and finally became presi- dent of the great corporation, which under his enterprising management came to con- trol more miles of railway than any other corporation in the world. Joseph V. Quarles, some time U. S. Senator from Wisconsin, it may be mentioned, was the son of a Carroll County New Hampshire native. Iowa's greatest statesman and most emi- nent citizen, James W. Grimes, Governor and United States Senator, went out from New Hampshire, a native of the town of Deering ; while William G. Wood, sometime U. S. District Attorney, and Judge of the NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 61 Supreme Court of that State was born in Hanover. Nathaniel B. Baker, long Ad- jutant General, including the Civil War pe- riod, a native of Concord, emigrated to Iowa after serving as Governor of New Hampshire. Probably more natives of New Hamp- shire, now living, have made their homes in Minnesota than in any other Western State. A strong tide of emigration to that State set in, here, in the early "fifties" and continued for many years, great induce- ments in the line of agriculture, as well as manufacturing opportunities, being pre- sented, and the climate there being regard- ed as particularly healthful. The mass of these people engaged in farming; but other lines of activity were pursued by many, the professional field by no means being neglected. A pioneer in the development of the city of Minneapolis, and in the great flour manufacturing business, in which that city leads the world, was John S. Pills- bury, a native of the town of Sutton, who became prominent in public affairs and Governor of the State. Another New Hampshire native who held the same office, was David M. Clough, native of Lyme; while the present Chief Justice of the Su- preme Court of the State — Calvin L. Brown — was born in the little town of 62 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Goshen, under the shadow of Sunapee Mountain. Lyndon A. Smith, native of Boscawen, was Lieutenant Governor and for some years Attorney General of the state. Walter H. Sanborn, of the U. S. Circuit Court, long a prominent lawyer of St. Paul, has already been mentioned. He was for a time associated with his brother, Gen. John B. Sanborn, also a native of Ep- som, an early settler in the state, active in public affairs, who served with distinction in the Union army in the Civil War, and was for some years Adjutant General of the state. Greenleaf Clark, native of At- kinson, served for some time as a Judge of the Superior Court. Adna D. and Anson L. Keyes, the first a native of Acworth and the second of Lempster, cousins and Dart- mouth graduates of the class of 1872, were partners in a successful law practice in the city of Faribault, and prominent in legis- lative and other public service, and the same may be said of George E. Perley of Moorehead, also a native of the town of Lempster. In other professional lines, and in educational work New Hampshire is also prominently represented in the state. The first governor of Dakota Territory, before its division, was Nehemiah G. Ord- way, native of Warner, who before his ap- pointment had been Sergeant-at-Arms of NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 63 the National House of Representatives, and George P. Waldron, born in Farming- ton, was United States Attorney. In North Dakota for many years past, Clar- ence B. Little, a native of Pembroke, has been an upstanding figure in public affairs and banking. He is president of the Na- tional Bank of Bismark and has been a leader in the State Senate as chairman of the Judiciary Commitee for a score of years or more. The first Governor of Arkansas, under the territorial government, was Gen. James Miller of New Hampshire. Edwin 0. Stannard, a native of Newport, and an extensive flour manufacturer of St. Louis, was Lieutenant Governor of Missouri, and a representative in Congress from that State, while Nathaniel Holmes, born in Peterboro, was a Justice of the Supreme Court, and Levi C. Marvin, a son of Al- stead was a Speaker of the House of Rep- resentatives. Naturally few men from the North ever came to the front in public life in the Southern States; but occasionally a son of the Granite State has secured recognition in that direction. Ira H. Evans, a native of Piermont, was at one time Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives ; while sev- eral New Hampshire men have been prom- 64 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY inent in Louisiana, where Charles A. Pea- body, native of Sandwich, was Chief Jus- tice, and Henry M. Spofford, born in Gil- manton, an Associate Justice of the Su- preme Court, Benjamin F. Flanders, native of Bristol, was Military Governor, and a Representative in Congress, which latter position was also held by George L. Smith, born in Hillsboro, and Ebenezer W. Ripley, a son of Hanover. Edward H. Durell, na- tive of Portsmouth, was a mayor of New Orleans and a Judge of the U. S. District Court. While many New Hampshire people have made their homes in recent years in the State of Florida, where the census of 1850 returned fifty New Hampshire born men and women among the permanent residents, and hundreds more pass the winter months in the state, not many Gran- ite State men have come into public promi- nence there. One of them, however, George F. Drew, a native of the town of Alton, who was one of the most extensive lumber manufacturers in the South, took an active part in political affairs, and serv- ed as Governor, 1876 to 1880, with great ef- ficiency, bringing the condition of the State's finances up to a high standard, from one bordering on bankruptcy. Ar- thur F. Odlin, a native of Concord, who William E. Chandler NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 65 had served as Attorney General of Porto Rico, and a Judge in the Philippines, set- tled at Arcadia, Fla., some years since and has attained high rank at the bar of the state, to which James W. Henderson of Do- ver was admitted forty years ago, then a resident of St. Augustine, and for a time prosecuting attorney of St. John's county, and extensively engaged in real estate op- erations. Nedom L. Angier, native of Acworth, was for a time State Treasurer of Geor- gia; while Joseph C. Abbott, born in Con- cord, was a United States Senator from North Carolina, and John C. French of Gilmanton served in the House of Repre- sentatives from the same state, as did Harry Libbey, native of Wakefield, from Virginia. While many New Hampshire men have made their home on the Pacific Coast, they have generally been more prominent in business and industrial operations than in public and political life; yet John Swett, native of Pittsfield, was the first Superin- tendent of Public Instruction in the State of California and laid the foundation for its splendid educational system, and was succeeded in office by another son of New Hampshire, Ira G. Hoitt, native of Lee. Frederic T. Woodman, native of Concord, 66 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY was the mayor of Los Angeles, the largest city in the state in 1917-18. There are many colonies of New Hampshire people in different sections of California, notably in the south, where they are extensively en- gaged in fruit culture. Frank E. and War- ren C. Kimball, natives of Hopkinton, who purchased a large tract of land in San Diego county, and laid out National City, some 40 years ago, also planted the largest olive orchard in the world. They also or- ganized the Southern California R. R. Harry Chandler, native of Lisbon, is the proprietor of the Los Angeles Times, one of the greatest newspapers of the Pacific Coast and has extensive interests in other directions. Dartmouth College conferred upon him the honorary degree of A. M. at the last commencement. Robert Judkins, native of Laconia, who went to California in the employ of E. H. Rollins & Sons, bankers, who had a branch establishment in San Francisco, is now president of the First National Bank of Long Beach, while Edward N. Pearson, Jr., native of Concord, who went there in a similar capacity, is now the head of a large private banking concern in San Francisco and extensively engaged in promoting irrigation enter- prises. Many New Hampshire people have set- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 67 tied in the new State of Washington, whose first territorial governor was Alvin Flan- ders, a native of the town of Bristol, who also served as its delegate in Congress. The city of Spokane has been built up, largely by New Hampshire capital and en- terprise, the late Daniel C. Corbin, a native of the town of Newport, having contribut- ed more to its growth and prosperity, and the development of the surrounding coun- try than any other man, through the pro- jection and construction of numerous rail- way systems centering in that city, and the promotion of other great enterprises. George B. Lane, a native of Epping, was for some time Mayor of the city of Olym- pia. Charles F. Caswell, native of Strafford, was for some years a Justice of the Su- perior Court of Colorado. But it is impracticable to particularize farther in this direction. There is scarce- ly a state in the Union where New Hamp- shire men have not been leaders in public, as well as in professional, business and in- dustrial life. The Dominion of Canada, even, has drawn to no little extent upon New Hamp- shire for men in public affairs as well as in private enterprise, notable examples in the former line, being John F. Sanborn, na- 68 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY tive of Gilmanton, member of Parliament and a Judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, and Sir George Halsey Perley, born in Lebanon, who has not only been a member of Parliament, but served as High Com- missioner for the Canadian government in London during the World War. Especially prominent have sons of New Hampshire been in the Christian ministry. A large octavo volume, entitled "The Na- tive Ministry of New Hampshire" compiled by the late Rev. Nathan H. Carter of Con- cord, contains the record of 2,500 clergy- men, born in this state, to which several hundred more might now be added, since this book was published a dozen years ago. Of these over 200 had received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity. A most remarkable record, which probably cannot be parallelled anywhere in the world is that of the Foster family of Han- over, seven brothers, sons of Richard Fos- ter, all having been prominent ministers — three of them Doctors of Divinity. There have been leading representatives of nearly all denominations among New Hampshire's native Ministry, but compara- tively few of whom can be mentioned, by way of illustration. Congregationalism, long time known as the "Standing order," and practically the state religion, until NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORfl 69 within a century past, from the fact that all were taxed for its support, has natural- ly had more adherents in the State in the past than any other branch of the church, and its native born clergy have been most numerous. Among them may be named Henry Wood, native of Loudon, many years Chaplain in the U. S. Navy, who es- tablished the first Protestant Mission in Japan and preached the first sermon in English in that country; Samuel J. Spauld- ing, born in Lyndeboro, for 33 years pastor of the Whitefield church, Newburyport, Mass. ; Edward L. Clark, native of Nashua, for 20 years pastor of the Church of the Puritans in New York, later of the Central Church, Boston; Samuel Swain, native of Concord, pastor Central Church, Provi- dence, R L; Alonzo H. Quint, born in Dover, pastor of various churches, last and best, chairman of the Committee which called the convention to form the National Council, and later Moderator of the Coun- cil; Arthur Little, Webster, pastor in Fon Du Lac, Wis., Chicago, III, and Boston, Mass. ; Henry Little of the same town, who held pastorates in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky, and is credited with having organized more churches and Sunday Schools than any other man; Charles H. Richards of Plainfield, pastor First Church 70 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY in Madison, Wis., 23 years and of Central Church, Philadelphia, 13 years ; Ephraim Peabody of Wilton, long preacher at King's Chapel, Boston; David L. Furber, Sand- wich for 35 years pastor at Newton Center, Mass.; Willard L. Gage, of Loudon, long time pastor of Pearl St. Church, Hartford, Conn. ; and many of more recent time in- cluding, among others, such talented sons of Manchester as Dr. Newton M. Hall of the old North Church, Springfield, Mass.; and Allen Eastman Cross, at one time As- sistant pastor of the Old South Church, Boston, and later pastor at Milford, Mass. The Episcopalians, with whom the earli- est settlers of the State were numbered, so far as they had any religious affiliation, but who were overshadowed by the Con- gregationalists under Massachusetts as- cendency, have been ably represented in the ministry by such men as Samuel Par- ker, native of Portsmouth, ordained in England by the Lord Bishop of London, who was the rector of Trinity church from 1774 to 1804, was the only clergyman re- maining at his post in Boston during the Revolution and was for some time Bishop of the Eastern District ; Asa Eaton, native of Plaistow, for 25 years rector of Christ Church, Boston, who established the first Sunday School in that city; Charles B. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 71 Dana, native of Orford, rector Christ Church, Alexandria, Va. (George Washing- ton's old church) for 26 years, later at Trinity Church, Natchez, Miss.; and Charles Mason, native of Portsmouth, for 15 years rector of Grace Church, Boston; Philander Chase, native of Cornish, emi- nent in the service of the Episcopal church in the Central West, both in the establish- ment of churches and educational institu- tions. He was the first Bishop of Ohio, and afterward of Illinois, while Carlton Chase, native of Claremont, was the first Bishop of this diocese, serving for many years. William B. Howe, also of Clare- mont, was the sixth Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina, and Walter T. Sumner, a son of Manchester, is now the Bishop of Oregon. Among eminent representatives of the Baptist faith, New Hampshire born, may be named Baron Stow, native of Croydon, for 35 years the leading Baptist preacher in Boston, where Adoniram J. Gordon, of New Hampton birth, also served with dis- tinction for a quarter of a century. Fran- cis R. Morse, native of Salisbury, was in the same ministry in Albany, Brooklyn, and New York City for a long period, his last and most important pastorate being with Calvary Church, New York and 72 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY covering a period of 14 years. Moses H. Bixby, native of Warren, after ten years of missionary work in Burmah, was for 32 years pastor of the Cranston St., Baptist Church in Providence, R. I. New Hampshire has made large contri- bution to Methodism, both as regards its preaching service and its educational work. One of the most noted exponents of that faith and a pioneer preacher of great ability, was John Brodhead of New- market, who also sat four years, from 1829 to 1833, in th National House of Repre- sentatives from this State, as did also James Pike another Methodist clergyman, who married his daughter, for a similar term, commencing in 1855. Mrs. Pike, by the way, lived to be 106 years of age, dying on the 15th day of May last. Jared Per- kins of Winchester, another able minister of the same faith, also served a term in Congress. The most eminent contribution to Methodism which the State has fur- nished was undoubtedly in the person of the distinguished Bishop, Osman C. Baker, native of the town of Marlow, who, after serving as Principal of Newbury, Vt., Seminary, as pastor in Rochester and Manchester, as Presiding Elder of the Do- ver District, as a professor in the Metho- dist Biblical Institute in Concord and, Hosea W. Parker NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 73 later, as President of that Institution, was created a Bishop in 1852, serving with dis- tinction for 19 years in that capacity, till his death in 1871. In his honor Baker Uni- versity at Baldwin, Kansas, was named. Here it may be said that the Methodist Biblical Institute at Concord, which oc- cupied the famous old North Church edi- fice, on the site of the present Walker School in that city, was removed to Boston in 1852 and was the basis upon which Bos- ton University, the greatest Methodist ed- ucational institution in the country was es- tablished. Among numerous other Methodist preachers of notable service, from this state, may be named John A. M. Chapman, native of Greenland, who preached in Bos- ton, New York and Philadelphia; Laban Clark, born in Haverhill, long prominent in the service in Connecticut, and presiding elder in several districts; Carlos Gould, native of Newport, pioneer preacher in Western New York and a presiding elder in the Genessee Conference; John H. Twombly, native of Rochester, who serv- ed in and around Boston, was chaplain of the Massachusetts House of Representa- tatives, and an overseer of Harvard Col- lege; John L. Dearborn, born in Thornton who did great missionary and educational 74 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY work in Kansas, for thirty years ; Lorenzo R. Thayer, native of Winchester, preacher in many large parishes in the Boston dis- trict; Calvin Holman, native of Hopkinton, eminent in this State and in Kansas; George J. Judkins, native of Kingston, and Willis P. Odell, born in Lakeport, well known throughout New England. Universalism is indebted to New Hamp- shire for many of its earliest, ablest and most distinguished preachers. Here in the town of Richmond, was born Hosea Ballou, one of the first disciples of John Murray and the first strong champion of the faith in New England, preacher in Lowell and Boston from 1807 till 1852; who was followed as pastor of the School St. Church in Boston, by Alonzo A. Miner, na- tive of Lempster, long the ablest of Boston preachers, president of Tufts College for many years, overseer of Harvard and preacher of the last "election sermon" ever given before the Massachusetts legislature. Willard Spaulding, born in the same town with Dr. Miner, preached with great ac- ceptance for 40 years, in different Massa- chusetts parishes. Sullivan H. McColles- ter, native of Marlboro, was not only an able preacher, but distinguished educator as well as a traveler and author. John G. Adams, born in Portsmouth, held impor- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 75 tant pastorates in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Ohio, and was the author of various doctrinal works. He was the father of the distinguished Dr. John Cole- man Adams, of Hartford, Conn., one of the ablest preachers of the present day, who died recently. Henry I. Cushman, native of Orford was for 30 years pastor of the First Universalist Church of Providence, R. I. Enoch Morrill Pingree, native of Littleton, carried the Universalist gospel into the West and South, preaching many years in Cincinnati, 0., and Louisville, Ky. Charles H. Leonard, born in Northwood, was for 23 years pastor in Chelsea, Mass., where he instituted "Children's Sunday" in the Church, since adopted in nearly all churches throughout the country. He was for 30 years dean of the Crane Divinity School at Tufts College, in which position he was succeeded by Lee S. McCollester, native of Westmoreland, who had served many years as pastor of the Universalist Church at Detroit, Mich., following a pas- torate at Claremont in this State. Cyrus H. Fay, native of Lebanon, after an eleven years pastorate in the First Church at Providence, in which he was succeeded by Dr. Cushman, was for 24 years a pastor in Brooklyn, N. Y. Harold Marshall, native of Kingston, an able preacher, is now edi- 76 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY tor of the Universalist Leader at Boston. Unitarianism, which came to the front, shortly after Universalism got a foothold in the country, each being an organized protest against the Calvinistic doctrines of the Congregational and other "orthodox" churches, so called, has, like Universalism, a more limited following in the State than other denominations, previously mention- ed, and New Hampshire has not furnished so many distinguished preachers of this faith as it has of the Universalist, but the one man, whose name stands out most con- spicuously among the leaders of the de- nomination — James Freeman Clarke — for 47 years pastor of the Church of the Dis- ciples in Boston, was born in Hanover, N. H., while his successor in that pastorate, Charles G. Ames, though born in Massachu- setts, was reared in the town of Canter- bury, and was to all intents and purposes, a New Hampshire man. Other Unitarian preachers of more or less eminence, na- tives of the State, include William B. 0. Peabody, born in Exeter, for 27 years pastor in Springfield, Mass.; Nathaniel Thayer, native of Hampton, pastor at Lan- caster, Mass. for 45 years ; George W. Bur- nap, born in Merrimack, long time pastor of the First Independent Church of Balti- more, Md.; John Clark, native of Ports- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 77 mouth, for twenty years pastor of the First Church in Boston, in which he was succeeded by Edward Cummings, the pre- sent distinguished pastor, who is a native of Colebrook. Samuel C. Beane, native of Candia and Josiah L. Steward born in Sullivan, both attained distinction as preachers in this state and Massachusetts; and William Safford Jones, native of Exe- ter, has recently ended a brilliant pastorate in the Channing Memorial Church, New- port, R. L, to accept a call to the Unitarian church in Portsmouth. Presbyterianism, which is not essential- ly different from Congregationalism, so far as matters of faith are concerned, has had small hold in New Hampshire, and few churches of that denomination are found in the State; but among its distin- guished representatives have been John Chase Lord, native of the town of Wash- ington, nearly 40 years pastor of the Cen- tral church in Buffalo, N Y., and Thomas Marshall, born in Weare, who filled pas- torates in Minnesota, Missouri and Illinois, and was for thirteen years Secretary of the American Board of Foreign Missions. Benjamin Randall, the founder of the Free Will Baptist Church (now united with the Baptists), was a native of the town of Newcastle, later removing to New Dur- 78 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY ham, and had a personal following probably larger than any other religious leader in the state. Joseph Badger, native of Gil- manton, was the founder of the denomina- tion specifically known as "Christian," which has a very considerable membership in some parts of the country, whose larg- est church in the state is at Franklin, and one of whose ablest preachers was the late Alvah H. Morrill, native of Danbury. While the Roman Catholic Church has to-day more adherents in the State than has any Protestant denomination, and many native sons of New Hampshire have undoubtedly rendered efficient service in its priesthood, the two whose names stand out conspicuously are those of George A. Guertin, Bishop of Manchester, native of Nashua and Thomas M. O'Leary, native of Dover, recently consecrated Bishop of Springfield. The Medical profession in the country at large has also had large contribution from the little State of New Hampshire, men- tion of a few only of prominent representa- tives, in addition to those already named as Boston practitioners, can be made here. Aside from such eminent members of the Dartmouth Medical faculty, as Drs. Dixi Crosby and Carlton P. Frost, with others scarcely less eminent, such distinguished NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 79 practitioners as Dr. Willard Parker, native of Hillsboro, a leader of his profession in the city of New York, Professor of Surgery in the N. Y. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, in whose honor the Willard Parker Hospital for Contagious Diseases was named, and Dr. Reuben D. Mussey, native of Pelham, professor of Surgery in the Ohio Medical College, and lecturer in many other colleges, who is credited with being the first to successfully tie both carotid arteries, should have first mention. Others of note include Dr. Thomas R. Crosby, na- tive of Sandwich, in charge of the Colum- bian College hospital during the Civil War; Dr. Lyman Spaulding, native of Cornish, president of Western N. Y. College of Physicians and Surgeons; Dr. James F. Dana, born in Amherst, professor of Chemistry in New York College of Physicians and Surgeons; Dr. Charles E. Quimby, native of New Ipswich, for 30 years professor of Medical practice in the University of New York; Dr. Jesse Smith, native of Peterboro, long professor of Anatomy in Cincinnati Medical College; Dr. Jabez B. Upham, born in Claremont, physician to Boston City Hospital, also a noted patron of music, who secured for Boston the great organ in Music Hall ; Dr. Edwin B. Harvey, born in Deerfield, origi- 80 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY nator and Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine and father of the measure providing free text- books in the schools of that State; Dr. William B. Hills, native of Plaistow, pro- fessor of Chemistry in Harvard Medical School; Dr. Gilman Kimball, born in Hill, eminent practitioner in Lowell for many years, and professor of Surgery in Berk- shire Medical Institute; Dr. Luther I. Bell, native of Chester, expert alienist and sup- erintendent McLean Hospital, Somerville, Mass.; Dr. George H. Whipple, born in Ashland, professor of Medical Research, and Dr Henry G. Branierd, native of Lon- donderry, professor of Nervous and Men- tal Diseases in the University of Califor- nia; Dr. Uranus 0. B. Wingate, native of Rochester, professor in the Wisconsin Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, and Sec- retary of the Wisconsin Board of Health; Dr. William W. Watkins, native of Warner, prominent in practice in St. Louis, and later founder and first president of the Idaho Medical Society, and Dr. W. H. H. Pollard, born in Brentwood, professor of Hygiene and Physical Education, in Wash- ington-Lee University, Va. In dentistry, as in medicine, with which it is closely allied, New Hampshire men have been active and efficient, all over the Sherman L. Whipple NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 81 country, and in goodly numbers. It is needless to designate individual examples, but a conspicuous illustration is furnished in the fact that out of a single school dis- trict in the little town of Lempster, went three men who became prominent in this profession. Ozias M. George was for forty years in successful practice at Bel- lows Falls, Vt, with a wide reputation for skill in his profession; Levi C. Taylor, for some years located at Holyoke, Mass., but later, for many years, in practice in Hart- ford, Conn., gained high rank. He was the first president of the Hartford Dental Association, was also president of the Connecticut Valley Dental Association, and for some time lecturer on Oral Prophy- laxis and Orthodontia in the N. Y. College of Dental and Oral Surgery; while Charles A. Brackett, who has been an in- structor and professor in the Harvard Den- tal School for 48 years, the last 32 years as professor of Dental Pathology, in practice in Newport, R. I., since 1873, has a reputa- tion in the profession second to that of no man in the country. Most New Hampshire born lawyers of prominence in other states, have^ already been mentioned in connection with vari- ous important public offices which they have held, or as members of the bar in 82 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Boston. Among those who have been in successful practice in New York, not here- tofore mentioned, are Henry Howland, na- tive of Walpole; Nathaniel Holmes Clem- ent, native of Tilton; Albert E. Hadlock, native of Amherst; George W. Burleigh and Daniel G. Rollins, natives of Somers- worth; Philip Carpenter, native of Bath; William D. Sawyer, native of Dover; Henry Cole Quimby, native of Lakeport; and Harry D. Nims, native of Keene. Ben- jamin F. Ayer, native of Kingston, after practice in this state, had a most success- full career at the Chicago bar. Among the most important contributions to legal science and learning has been the service in the Dane Law School at Harvard, of Joel Parker, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of N. H., and Jeremiah Smith, Associate Justice, each for an ex- tended term, and of Nathaniel Holmes, na- tive of Peterboro, as Royal Professor of Law, and of Christopher C. Langdell, a na- tive of New Boston, long time dean of the School, for whom Landell Hall, the main law building was named. No other state in the Union has contrib- uted as extensively as has New Hampshire to the educational life of the nation. Dartmouth College ranks with Harvard, Yale and Princeton in potent influence for NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 83 good, upon the national character; while the State College, comparatively young as it is, has been sending out young men, for years, who are taking high rank in the scientific world. It would be impracticable to attempt to name here, all the sons of New Hampshire who have been presidents of colleges and universities throughout the country, or held important positions in their faculties. A few must suffice for the present purpose. Joseph McKeen, na- tive of Londonderry, was the first Presi- dent of Bowdoin College, in which position Jesse Appleton, born in New Ipswich, was later conspicuous. Oren B. Cheney, native of Holderness, was the founder and first president of Bates. Benjamin Larabee, native of Charlestown was long president of Middlebury. Alonzo A. Miner, native of Lempster, was for some time president of Tufts College, in which Heman A. Dear- born, native of Weare, was for 33 years professor of Latin ; while Homer T. Fuller, also of Lempster, was long president of Drury College, Mo., after serving as pres- ident of Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Jonathan P. Cushing, native of Rochester, was for 14 years president of Hampden- Sidney College, Va., while Hosea H. Smith, native of Deerfield, was president of Ca- tawba College, N. C, later professor of 84 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Modern Languages in the University of North Carolina, ultimately removing to Texas, where he organized the public school system of the city of Houston, and served as president of the Sam Houston Normal College at Huntsville. Samuel C. Derby, native of Dublin, was president of Antioch College, Ohio, and later Dean of the Col- lege of Arts, Philosophy and Science in Ohio State University. Samuel L. Fel- lows, native of Sandwich, was president of Cornell College, la., and Joseph G. Hoyt, born in Dunbarton, Dean of Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Horace M. Hale, native of Hollis, was president of the University of Colorado, and Edward P. Tenney native of Concord, served in Col- orado College in similar capacity. Arthur L. Perry, native of Lyme, long professor of Political Economy in Amherst College, was the country's ablest writer on that sub- ject. Ernest Albee, native of Langdon, has been professor of Philosophy in Cor- nell University since 1907; Marshall S. Brown, native of Keene is professor of History and Political Science in the Uni- versity of New York, and Charles A. F. Currier, born in East Kingston, holds a similar position in the Massachusetts In- situte of Technology. Kendrick Metcalf, native of Newport was for 40 years pro- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 85 fessor of Latin in Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., and for a time acting president. Natt M. Emery, native of Pembroke, has been for some years vice-president of Le- high University, and is now acting presi- dent. John W. Beede, born in Raymond, is professor of Geology in the University of Texas, and Amos N. Currier, native of Canaan, is Dean of the College of Liberal Arts in the University of Iowa. Myron W. Adams, native of Gilsum and summer resident of Swanzey, is Dean of Atlanta University, and Clinton H. Moore, born in Piermont, was the founder and first presi- dent of Montana College. Winthrop E. Stone, native of Chesterfield, was for twenty years president of Purdue Uni- versity, Ind., preceeding his accidental death in the spring of 1921, through fall- ing from a cliff in the Canadian Rockies, and it may be stated in this connection, that his brother, Herbert F. Stone, is now Dean of Law in Columbia University. Har- ry B. Hutchins, native of Lisbon, who or- ganized the Law Department of Cornell University, and was subsequently for some years Dean of the Michigan University Law Department, was, later, for a dozen years president of that University, the oldest, largest, and most influential of all the State Universities in the Union, to 86 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY whose chair of Economics, by the way, Ed- mund E. Day, native of Manchester, has recently been called from a similar posi- tion at Harvard. But it is not alone as presidents and fac- ulty members in the Colleges and Univer- sities of the country, that New Hampshire natives have done great work for the cause of education. More largely has their work been done as superintendents and teachers of the public schools, thousands of them having served efficiently in the latter capacity, all over the land from the Atlan- tic to the Pacific coast; while New Hamp- shire born superintendents have made a record of success surpassed by those from no other state. The great work of Super- intendent John Swett of Pittsfield, in or- ganizing the public school system of Cali- fornia, as its first State Superintendent, has been referred to in speaking of New Hampshire men in that state. Another man, no less distinguished in the same line, was John D. Philbrick, native of Deerfield, for some years State Superintendent in Connecticut, and later superintendent of the Boston public schools. Samuel T. Dut- ton, native of Hillsboro, who has since serv- ed for years as Professor of School Ad- ministration in the Teachers' College of Columbia University, gained his reputation NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 87 as a successful educator as superintendent of schools in New Haven, Conn., and Brookline, Mass., while Frank E. Spauld- ing, native of Dublin, now head of the Yale University School of Pedagogy, had previously made a brilliant record as sup- erintendent of schools in Newton, Mass., Minneapolis, Minn., and Cleveland, Ohio. John B. Peaslee, native of Plaistow, was for sometime superintendent of the public schools of Cincinnati, Ohio, and it was while acting in that capacity he inaugurat- ed the annual tree planting observance which has resulted in the establishment of "Arbor Day" throughout the country. It was noted, some years since, that out of the nine State Normal Schools then exist- ing in Massachusetts no less than seven had New Hampshire men at the head, as principals, and it is safe to say that there is no city or considerable town in that state, that has not had a New Hampshire native as its superintendent of schools, at some time or other. In addition to those already mentioned as serving in that capacity, the names of Homer P. Lewis, native of Clare- mont, who had previously served many years as principal of the Omaha, Neb., high school, who was for fifteen years superin- tendent of the schools of Worcester, and of Joseph G. Edgerly, native of Barnstead, 88 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY who held the record of forty years service in a similar capacity in Fitchburg, should not be omitted. Samuel R. Hall, native of Croydon, who was subsequently one of the founders of the American Institute of Instruction, has the credit of having established the first teacher's training school in the United States, located in the little town of Con- cord, Vt., and also having been the first person to use the blackboard in the school room. Frank Arthur Metcalf, native of Acworth, has been for many years the head of the Home Correspondence School, of Springfield, Mass., with an enrollment of students, throughout the world, exceed- ing that of Harvard University. In this connection it may be well to remark, final- ly, that when the United State Bureau of Education was established, and President Grant looked about for the proper man to place at its head as Commissioner, after careful survey he selected Gen. John Eaton, native of Sutton, already distin- guished as an educator as well as soldier, to fill that important position, which he did, most acceptably for years. In its contribution to journalism, as well as education, New Hampshire may well claim first rank. The premier in the edi- torial field, after Benjamin Franklin him- George W. Gay, M. D. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 89 self, was Horace Greeley, native of Am- herst, who made the New York Tribune for years the greatest political power in America. Hardly less able and influential was Charles A. Dana, of the Sun, native of the town of Hinsdale. Jonas M. Bundy, native of Columbia, was for many years the able editor of the New York Evening Mail. Horace White, born in Colebrook, after long service on the Chicago Tribune, became more eminent as editor of the New York Evening Post, and The Nation. Charles G. Greene, native of Boscawen, founded and long edited the Boston Post, which under his direction, was for years the ablest organ of Democratic opinion in New England. In more recent years Charles R. Miller native of Hanover, had a notable editorial career in New York City, where he long had been editor of the Times. All over the country, indeed, New Hampshire men have been engaged in the newspaper field, but it is impracticable to particularize to any great extent. Nathan- iel H. Carter, native of Concord, was for many years editor of the Albany Register and the New York Statesman. Charles L. McArthur, born in Claremont, establish- ed the Milwaukee, Wis., Sentinel, and was afterward, for many years, editor of the Troy, N. Y. Budget, and Daily Whig. 90 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY John S. C. Knowlton, born in Hopkinton, was for 40 years editor of the Worcester, Mass., Palladium, while John H. Fahey, na- tive of Manchester, who has recently pur- chased the Mirror of that city, has been for some years owner and publisher of the Worcester Post. George A. Marden, na- tive of Mount Vernon, was long editor of the Lowell, Mass., Courier. William B. Miller, native of Salisbury, has been man- aging editor of both the New York World and American ; while Harry Chandler, born in Lisbon, is now the publisher of the Los Angeles, Cal., Times, the greatest news- paper on the Pacific coast. In the various other fields of effort and achievement, in which New Hampshire men have been conspicuous, a few notable examples, only, can be mentioned here by way of illustration. Among author^ and writers of note may be named Benjamin B. Kimball, native of Lebanon; Joseph E. Worcester, the famous lexicgrapher, native of Bedford; Thomas Bailey Aldrich and Benjamin P. Shallaber, (Mrs. Partington) of Portsmouth; Orison S. Marden, native of Thornton, founder and editor of "Suc- cess" and author of many books ; Justin H. Smith, native of Boscawen, voluminous historical writer; Charles Carleton Coffin, also Boscawen born, noted author and war NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 91 correspondent; Thomas W. Knox, native of Pembroke, noted traveler and writer of boys' books; Samuel Walter Foss, the poetical peer of James Whitcomb Riley, native of Candia, and Ralph A. Cram, na- tive of Hampton Falls, well known as a writer of books, but more noted as an archi- tect, whose most conspicuous work in the latter line was the great cathedral of St. John the Divine, in New York. In this connection may be named such New Hamp- shire born publishers as William D. Tick- nor, native of Lebanon, and James T. Fields, of Portsmouth, of the noted firm of Ticknor and Fields, and Daniel Loth- rop, born in Rochester, of D. Lothrop & Co. In library work no state has had more prominent or efficient representa- tives, as shown by the accomplishments of such men as Ainsworth R. Spofford, native of Gilmanton, long in charge of the Library of Congress at Washington, in the struc- ture of whose splendid building, by the way, Concord granite is the main material, and the assistant librarian of the same in- stitution, Appleton P. C. Griffin, native of Wilton; George H. Moore, native of Con- cord, superintendent of the Lenox Library, New York City, and Frank Pierce Hill, also of Concord, librarian of the Brooklyn, N. Y., public library, some time president 92 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY of the American Library Association, and Chairman of its War Finance committee during the World War. In science and invention New Hampshire men have been among the leaders. In as- tronomy, Charles A. Young, native of Han- over, professor at Dartmouth and Prince- ton, discoverer of the spectrum of the cor- ona, author of "The Sun" in the Interna- tional Scientific Series, and of a text book of General Astronomy; John R. Eastman, born in Andover, for 36 years astronomer at the U. S. Naval Observatory at Wash- ington, and first president of the Washing- ton Academy of Science, and Solon I. Bail- ey, native of Lisbon, long connected with the Harvard observatory at Cambridge, and in charge of the Harvard astronomical station at Arequipa, Peru. Moses G. Farmer, native of Boscawen, was the pioneer in the development of elec- trical science, and laid the foundation for electrical engineering. He lighted his own house with incandescant lamps, more than sixty years ago. He it was who devised the fire alarm telegraph system, and in- stalled in Boston the first in the country. He was long professor of Electrical Science at the U. S. Naval Station in Newport, R. I. George B. Prescott, native of Kingston, who was associated with Edison, invented NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 93 the pneumatic tube. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, born in Jefferson, was a pioneer in aeronautics, and along various other lines of discovery and invention. He was the first to produce artificial ice, and invented the water gas machine which revolutioniz- ed the gas industry in the country. Isaac Adams, native of Sandwich, inventor of the power press, and Robert P. Parrott, born in Lee, who produced the first rifled can- non, originated powerful agencies, the one for peace and the other in war, while Wal- ter A. Wood, native of Mason, the mowing machine inventor, made notable contribu- tion to agricultural industry. Sylvester Marsh, native of Campton, invented the dried meat process, as well as the cog wheel inclined railway system, and built the railroad onto Mt. Washington. George D. Burton, native of Temple, inventor of the Burton Stock Car, has been granted more patents for different inventions than any other man — over 500 in number, while Nehemiah S. Bean, native of Gilmanton, built the first steam fire engine ever pro- duced. In Art as well as Science, New Hamp- shire men have won notable distinction. As sculptors, Larkin D. Mead, native of Chesterfield and Daniel Chester French, born in Exeter, have place in the front 94 . NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY rank, while Benjamin Champney, native of New Ipswich, has not been surpassed as a landscape painter. Other painters of note born in the State, include John S. R. Til- ton and Frank French, natives of Loudon, Roswell H. Shurtleff of Rindge, Alfred C. Howland of Walpole, Adna and Ulysses D. Tenney of Hanover, and Daniel C. Strain of Littleton, the latter three eminent in portraiture, whose work largely adorns the interior walls of the State House in Concord. In banking and finance the sons of New Hampshire have held and still hold, no in- ferior position. Her representatives in this line, in Boston, have been referred to in speaking of the state's contribution to that city. They have been no less con- spicuous in New York, where Ruel W. Poor, native of New London, has long been president of the Garfield National Bank, while Harvy D. Gibson, born in Conway, was for sometime president of the Liberty National Bank, and during the World War administered the financial affairs of the American Red Cross. It is worthy of note that the first charter granted under the national banking act was that of the Na- tional Bank of Davenport, la., of which Austin Corbin, native of Newport, was president. Mr. Corbin, by the way, later NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 95 removed to New York City, where he es- tablished the Corbin Banking Co. He also engaged extensively in railroading. He built the Manhattan Beach and the Long Island railroads, and had other great en- terprises in hand when he met an acciden- tal death, at his old home in Newport, near which he had established the Blue Moun- tain Park, the largest private park in America. Referring to railroading, it is proper to say that in this line New Hamp- shire men have been prominent. James F. Joy and Sherburne S. Merrill, conspicu- ous examples, were mentioned in connec- tion with New Hamphire men in Michi- gan and Wisconsin, and Daniel C. Corbin, brother of Austin, when speaking of the State of Washington. Another example is furnished in Andrew Pierce of Dover, who built the Texas Pacific Railroad, and still another in Charles P. Clark, born in Nashua, long president of the New York, New Haven and Hartford road, who was succeeded by Charles S. Mellen, who, though not born in New Hampshire, was reared and educated in Concord, and there commenced his railroad career, which in- cluded, for a time, the presidency of the great Northern Pacific; and who since his retirement from active life, has establish- 96 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY ed his permanent residence in the Capital City. In the musical world New Hampshire has not been without substantial represen- tation. The famous Hutchinson Family, singers of national repute, with John W. Hutchinson of Milford at their head, and Walter Kittredge of Merrimack, author of "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground," a fa- mous singer of Civil War days were most popular in their day. Henry C. Barnabee of Portsmouth, gained fame in comic opera. John W. Conant, native of Nashua, was director of music in the National Cathedral School at Washington. Samuel W. Cole, born in Meriden, long a teacher in New England Conservatory, and super- visor of music in the schools in and around Boston, gained wide reputation as an in- structor and director. Harry Brooks Day, native of Newmarket, was for 20 years organist at St. PauPs Cathedral, New York, and was a composer of note. Bur- ton T. Scales, native of Dover, was many years director of music in the William Penn Charter School for Boys, Philadel- phia, and later at Girard College, in the same city. George W. Keenan, born in Penacook, is professor of the violin in the Kansas State Teachers' College. Henri Charles A. Brackett, D. M. D. NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 97 G. Blaisdell, native of Canaan, won a wide reputation as a violinst, and conductor, and has a notable successor in the latter line in Nelson P. Coffin, native of Newport. In this connection, as well as anywhere, it may properly be remarked, that Jonas Chickering, the noted piano manufacturer, was a native of the town of New Ipswich. The threatrical, as well as the musical world has received no inconsiderable con- tribution from New Hampshire talent, as evidenced by he career of Denman Thomp- son, native of Swanzey, creator and pro- ducer of "The Old Homestead," and Will M. Cressy, native of Bradford, playwright and actor, now and for many years, among the most popular comedians in the country, and throughout the world. Charles H. Hoyt, native of Charlestown, playwright and manager, long had a national reputa- tion, and Lawrence Grattan (Gahagan), born in Penacook, is in the midst of a suc- cessful career as playwright and actor. Henry Wells, Benjamin P. Cheney and Nathaniel White, all New Hampshire na- tives, were pioneers in the express business in which Charles W. Robie, native of New Hampton, is now prominent as the New England manager of the American Rail- way Express. Carroll D. Wright, native of Dunbarton, 98 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY lawyer, soldier and educator (president of Clark College at the time of his death) be- came famous as the world's greatest statis- tician. Marshall P. Wilder, native of Rindge, founded the N. E. Horticultural Society and the American Pomological Society. William Ladd, native of Exeter, founded the American Peace Society. Fred Roy Martin, born in Stratford is the General Manager of the Associated Press. It is needless, further, to mention names to establish New Hampshire's primacy in the sphere of national accomplishment, which is strikingly illustrated in the great painting of "Lincoln at Gettysburg," which hangs in the hall of the Maiden, Mass., pub- lic library. Here the great Civil War President is shown in the delivery of that brief but immortal address, which he had hastily scribbled upon a scrap of paper on his way to the scene of the historic oc- casion, and which is now a classic where- ever the English language is spoken ; while no one recalls a word of the address of the orator of the day — Edward Everett of Massachusetts; while around him on the platform are grouped twenty of the na- tion's most illustrious leaders in civil and military life, five of whom, or one fourth of the entire number, had their birth in the little state of New Hampshire, which NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 99 is represented to-day in the country at large, outside her own limits, by as many sons and daughters as remain therein, of whom over 69,000 have their homes in Massachusetts, and the balance are scat- tered all over the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, more than 5,000 residing in California alone. And now a few words in special refer- ence to "New Hampshire's Daughters," which name, by the way, has been taken by the organization of loyal women, which alone honors and maintains the traditions of the Granite State in the New England metropolis. Time was when the Sons of New Hampshire, twelve hundred strong, gathered in Boston, with Daniel Webster at their head, to do honor to their native state. That was in in 1849, and for some years later an organization was maintain- ed ; but for sometime past the "Daughters," alone, have "held the fort." May they long continue this manifestation of their loyalty and devotion. While it has been impossible in the past for woman to compete with man in the public service, and it has been only in re- cent years that the professions have been open to her, the women of New Hamp- shire, at home and abroad, have not failed to leave their impress for good upon the 100 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY national life and character. The "Yankee School ma-am" has been recognized for gen- erations as a dominating force in the American educational world, and New Hamphire's contribution to this great force has been surpassed by that of no other State. In the "little red" school- house, all over the East, and in the log schoolhouses of the West in pioneer days, the daughters of the Granite State have directed the minds of children and youth in learning's ways, and laid the foundation for many a brilliant and successful career. Nor has their work been confined to ele- mentary instruction. They have been prominent in the domain of higher educa- tion. Helen Peabody, native of Newport, was for forty years president of the first distinctive woman's college in the country — Western College of Oxford. When Welles- ley, the first woman's college in New Eng- land, was founded by Henry F. Durant (na- tive of Lebanon, N. H.) and Miss Peabody was invited to become its president but felt obliged to decline the call, another New Hampshire woman, Ada C. Howard, born in Temple, was finally called to the position and long and nobly performed its duties. Both Miss Peabody and Miss Howard were graduates of the famous Mount Holyoke Seminary, which later itself became a col- NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 101 lege, where many another New Hampshire woman was educated, and of which Julia E. Ward, native of Plymouth, was princi- pal for many years, after the death of Mary Lyon, the famous founder. To-day Mary Mills Patrick, native of Canterbury, is president of the American College for Girls at Constantinople, Turkey, in which position she has done a great work for more than thirty years. Lydia Fowler Wadleigh, born in the town of Sutton, serv- ed conspicuously in the city of New York, where she was for many years principal of the girl's high school, and founded the New York Normal College for Girls. The first woman superintendent of city schools in the country was Mrs. Luella M. Wilson, (born Little) native of the town of Lyman, for some time a teacher in Littleton, later removing to Iowa, where, in 1884, she be- came superintendent of schools in Des Moines, the capital city of the state, serv- ing for some years and later conducting a private school for girls in Chicago. But the daughters of New Hampshire have wrought ably and well along other lines than education. In literature they have been, indeed, conspicuous. Mrs. Sarah J. Hale, born in Buell, in the town of Newport, was a well known writer of both prose and poetry, but was best known as 102 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY the editor of "Godey's Lady's Book," the first woman's magazine in the country, which position she held for nearly forty years. It was through her efforts that Thanksgiving Day became a national holi- day, her persistent appeals moving Presi- dent Grant to issue the first proclamation to that effect. Other writers of note, and world-wide fame, among New Hampshire born women, are Edna Dean Proctor, our female poet laureate, born in Henniker 93 years ago, still living and as ardent a lover as ever of the mountains, lakes and rivers of her native state whose beauties she has sung in immortal verse; and Celia Leigh- ton Thaxter, "sweet singer of the sea," born in Portsmouth, living, writing and dying on Appledore, Isle of Shoals. Other talented writers of wide repute, who were born in New Hampshire, include Constance Fennimore Woolson, native of Claremont; Mrs. Annie D. Robinson ("Marion Doug- las"), (born Green), native of Plymouth; Kate Sanborn, native of Hanover; Alice Brown, born in Hampton Falls; Mary Far- ley Sanborn, born in Concord, and Eleanor Hodgman Porter, native of Littleton. In the musical world many New Hamp- shire women have been prominent. Marion McGregor, native of Newport, was for 20 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 103 years organist at Broadway Tabernacle, New York City. Martha Dana Shepard, born in New Hampton, was long known throughout New England as an accom- plished pianist and festival accompanist. Laura Wentworth Fowler, native of Som- ersworth, was a successful teacher of music in Lagrange Female College, Tenn., Monticello Seminary, 111., and Elmira Col- lege, N. Y., and was also a talented writer. Ellen Beal Morey, native of Orford, who studied pianoforte, organ and theory at Leipsic and Berlin for some time, after sev- eral years in Boston, on her return or- gainzed a chorus and orchestra, which she herself conducted, being the first woman in America to wield a conductor's baton. Mrs. H. M. Smith and Emilie Grant Wil- kinson, both of Nashua, were well known festival soloists for many years; while Amy Marcy Cheney (Mrs. H. H. A. Beach), born in Henniker, has won national fame as a composer, as well as a pianist. And now the most popular among the rising stars in the American musical firmament, as a vocalist, is Edith Bennett, born in New Hampshire's capital city. In missionary work New Hampshire women have been at the front in all parts of the world, as is shown in the devoted service of Melinda Rankin of Littleton, in 104 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY Mexico, of Malvina Chapin Rowell of New- port in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), of Mary L. Danforth of Colebrook in Japan, and Mabel Hartford of Dover in China. Elizabeth Gardner Borgereau, native of Exeter, attained celebrity in Paris for no- table work as an artist, and some of her productions are now cherished in her na- tive town. Alice Palmer, born in Orford, established a reputation in the same line in Boston, where she had a studio for many years. Even in professional life, especially in medicine, native New Hampshire women have come to the front, to a considerable extent, comparatively brief as has been the period during which the field has been open. Martha J. Flanders, native of Con- cord, was among the pioneer women in the field of medical practice, commencing in Concord in 1861 and continuing with great success in Lynn, Mass., for many years. Dr. Emily A. Bruce, native of Wolfeboro, long in practice in Boston, and Anna Tay- lor Cole, born in Whitefield, in practice in Somerville, are other prominent examples in this line. Ella F. Knowles, a daughter of the town of Northwood, who studied law in the office of Burnham and Brown, in Manchester, gained prominence in that A. i Edna Dean Proctor NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY 105 profession in the West and became Assist- ant Attorney General of Montana. Scores of New Hampshire women, now active in social, educational and philan- thropic work in our own midst, like Mary I. Wood, Susan C. Bancroft, Alice S. Harri- man and Dorothy Branch Jackson, and many others, who, like Harriet P. Dame in Civil War days, were ministering angels for sick and wounded soldiers in the hos- pitals and on the battlefields of Europe in the great World War, are as worthy of mention as any that have been named ; but further detail is impraticable. Let it be remembered, in closing, that, after all, it is not to the men and women born in the State, whose names are written large in the record of human achievement, that credit is mainly due, and honor should be most largely paid. To the mothers of these men and women, and of thousands more at home and abroad, who, in lofty station or lowly lot, have done their duty faithfully and well — to the homemakers and the homekeepers of the State, who from the log cabin days of the pioneers in their stern struggles with na- ture, on the one hand, and with savage ene- mies on the other, down to the present era of comfort and luxury, have cheered men on in their daily toil, given them new hope 106 NEW HAMPSHIRE IN HISTORY and courage, ambition and faith; kept the "home-fires" brightly burning, around which, as in a haven of rest, husbands and sons have gathered in sweet content after the hard day's toil ; who have instilled in the minds of their children the lessons of truth and duty, virtue and sobriety, of faith in God and love for their country and their fellow men throughout the world — to these uncrowned queens of our New Hampshire homes are due all honor and praise for New Hampshire's glorious part in the history of the nation and the pro- gress of the world. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. *V<49l* I ^ FEB 19 1977 «&*» m i •? 1 7 01 STACKS LD 21-100m-9,'48iB399sl6)476 coaa^sflbTS M300851 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY