■1 ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 FACHYGRAPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 'm 
 
 D. P. LINDSLEV, 
 
 13XH KUJXION. 
 
 BOSTON : 
 OTIS CLAPP & SON.
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 B. 0. B\ym 
 
 LAW/tR
 
 THE 
 
 Elements of Tachygraphy. 
 
 ILLDSTRATIKQ THE 
 
 Sfivm ptCnciiiles of tlje iltt, 
 
 IHEIR ADiPTATION TO THE WMTS OF LITERARY, PROFESSIOMI, 
 AND BOSIISS MEN. 
 
 REWKITTEN AND RE-ENGRAVED, 
 
 DAVID PHILIP LINDSLEY. 
 
 THIRTEENTH EDITION. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 OTIS CLAPr & SON, 10 PARK SQUARE 
 
 18 8 9.
 
 Entered, according to Act of CongreBB, In the year 1869, bjr 
 
 D. P. LINDSLEY, 
 
 In ilie Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetta. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874. by D. P. Lindsley, in 
 the Office of the Libnirian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Re-cDtered 1889, by D. P. Lindsley. 
 
 Alfued Mudge & Son, 
 
 ei.ectuotypers and i'rinters, 
 
 -S Franklin ^§T.,^B9§iiO¥.
 
 « 
 
 1 \^ X ^ 
 
 PREFACE TO THE THIRTEENTH EDITION. 
 
 The aiitlior herewith presents a new work under an oki 
 title. The work has passed through twelve editions. The 
 first edition was published in 1869. For twenty years it 
 has been a standard work in the science which it teaches. 
 
 In adapting it more fully to present demands, the au- 
 thor has decided to preserve its general features. The 
 o» Introduction and first three chapters remain unchanged. 
 ^ Commencing Avith page 44 the remainder is entirely new. 
 >. The writing and reading exercises have been rewritten 
 S and re-engraved, forming a more complete and better 
 ^ graded course. The reading lessons, which were added 
 to the end of the old work, have been inserted in their 
 proper connection. The work is, to all intents and pur- 
 poses, a new work, embracing the former features of ex- 
 cellence, but so supplemented by new matter as to remove 
 innumerable defects which the growth of the art for the 
 past twenty years had pointed out. 
 
 A NEW SIMPLE STYLE. 
 
 This work presents practically a new simple style, and 
 the appearance of newness is heightened by the introduc- 
 tion of some new vocal signs. 
 
 The few vocal changes are, however, the only changes 
 made in the system since its first publication, in 1864, a 
 period of twenty-five years. As these changes affect only 
 four of the vocal signs (excluding the signs for shade 
 sounds, which are seldom used), it may with truth be said 
 
 449481
 
 4 PREFACE. 
 
 that no fundamental changes have appeai-ed in this system 
 since its iirst publication, which fact the author regards as 
 a sufficient pledge that no changes will be introduced of 
 a fundamental character for twenty-five years to come. 
 Indeed, the author feels confident that his vt^ork in this 
 respect is done, never to be again resumed. Though the 
 system, like all things human, doubtless has its defects, 
 the author does not regard himself as able to improve upon 
 the alphabetic basis laid more than twenty-five years ago. 
 He has within the last few years subjected every feature 
 of the alphabet to the most rigid investigation in the light 
 of his experience. He finds that the reasons which origi- 
 nally led to the arrangement and adaptation of signs, both 
 consonant and vocal, are conclusive, and that no better 
 arrangement can be found. He has laid his foundations 
 upon the bed-rock of immutable principles, which must re- 
 main undisturbed and unshaken while the English language 
 remains what it is, and the eternal principles of geometric 
 science stand immutable. 
 
 SHORT-IIAND A SCIENCE. 
 
 In the form here represented, short-hand is a science 
 founded on principles which have been slowly evolved 
 during the past three hundred years. These principles 
 have been discovered, not invented ; they inhere in nature. 
 An author may conform to them or violate them, but they 
 rest not on his authority, but on the authority given to all 
 science, the authority of the Author of science, wI:o made 
 all things. If the author of this work shall be found to 
 have misrepresented the eternal handwriting traced in the 
 principles of geometric science, let his pupils with rever- 
 ent hand erase the blunder, and restore the original record ; 
 but let no profane or ignorant trickster intermeddle with
 
 PREFACE. 5 
 
 it. From this time forth let him who treats of this science 
 be ready to give a scientific reason for his practice and his 
 teaching. 
 
 TIIK STYLE TAVGIIT. 
 
 This work teaches what is known as the simple style of 
 Tachygraphy, which is based on the use of the alphabet as 
 supplemented by the compounds of the L, R, S, and Qua 
 series, with such word and phrase signs as are regarded 
 necessary to the speed desired. 
 
 ABBREVIATED WORD FORMS. 
 
 Our language abounds iu long words, which seem to the 
 stenographer unnecessarily long when written out letter 
 for letter. Nothing but a complete system of steno- 
 graphic contractions can wholly ol)viate the use of many 
 long outlines, but such words as treated in this work will 
 be found to be considera])ly a]>ridged by the use of only a 
 very few methods of shortening, which can be easily re- 
 membered and employed, and which are sufficiently legible 
 for all purposes. The number of word signs and contracts 
 has been increased, and the most frequently occurring 
 prefix and affix syllables have been provided with brief 
 signs. In this way one difficult}' tliat has had an influence 
 in retarding the more general introduction of this style 
 has been lessened, if not entirely removed. 
 
 THE SPEED OBTAINABLE. 
 
 The art as here presented may be written more rapidly 
 than the average speed required for amanuensis Avork. 
 Even before this revision some persons obtained a speed 
 of more than a hundred words a minute iu the simple 
 style. This revision addf^ twenty per cent to the speed
 
 6 PREFACE. 
 
 obtainable, which will extend the use of this style in many 
 directions. It can be confidently recommended to the 
 thousands of active men who have sought for success in 
 vain in some more highly wrought style. 
 
 STENOCtRAPIIY. 
 
 Tliis work does not aim to satisPs' stenographers. They 
 do not always sufficiently consider that long outlines, 
 which can be rapidly written and read with certainty — 
 outlines which need no memorizing, and which can never 
 be forgotten — are far better for general use than steno- 
 grapliic devices. AH sensible men know that our iiighly 
 wrought stenographic systems are practicable only for the 
 very few, and that if the art is ever introduced for general 
 use, a style like the simple style of Tachygraphy is the 
 only practical one. Even the objector is compelled to 
 admit that his stenography or plionography is irapracti- 
 Ciihle for general use, and that in condemning the only 
 style that is practicable, he cuts off all hope of ever real- 
 izing that use of the art for which all authors have 
 labored, and which even he himself has believed to be 
 both desirable and attainable. Yet, while not attempting 
 the impossible task of making a pure phonography and a 
 stenography at the same time, the autlior has adapted the 
 style more perfectly to tlie use of long words. He has 
 grappled with this problem fearlessly, and asks for this 
 feature of the work that consideration which it deserves. 
 
 THE SIMPLE STYLE NECESSARY TO A PERFECT COMMAND OP 
 THE CONTRACTED STYLE. 
 
 Whatever the student may desire to do in the way of 
 abbreviations afterwards, the wisest cmu'se is for him to
 
 PEEFACE. 7 
 
 reduce to practice, thoroughly, the simple style as taught 
 in this work. He must not only understand, but be able 
 to use it with facility and rapidity ; for his success in the 
 contracted style depends very largely upon it. It is a 
 mistake to suppose that this st3-le can be ignored and con- 
 tractions be entered upon with safety, while the student 
 is unable to write the art for any practical purpose. 
 Those teachers that advise this course give l)ad advice. 
 The success of the student that tries to climb up some 
 other way may at first appear to be more rapid. He may 
 get a smattering of principles in a two or three months' 
 course that flatter him with hopes of speedy success ; 
 but high attainments in the art cannot be so acquired. 
 
 A PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE SIMPLE STYLE 
 
 is necessary to a legible writing of the world of proper 
 names and places, and the fifty thousand uncommon words 
 of our language, which, though seldom used, are liable 
 now and then to occur, and which are all the more trouble- 
 some, from the fact that they occur only once or twice 
 perhaps in a lifetime. Even the dexterous manipulator 
 of contractions often finds them a stumbling-block over 
 which he falls. 
 
 THE EXTENDED USE OF THE ART. 
 
 The question naturally arises whether the art has made 
 any substantial gains during the past twenty years. 
 There certainly has been a large increase in its profes- 
 sional use, but its use for literary f,nd business purposes 
 has been retarded by many diverting influences. Among 
 these may be mentioned tlie introduction of tj^pe-writers. 
 While they have done good work in some directions, they
 
 8 PREl^ACE. 
 
 have not relieved to any appreciable extent the labors of 
 literary men. In correspondence, they have been chiefly 
 useful in offices where professional clerks are emplo3'ed. 
 The great body of our people do not use them and cannot 
 make them available. They can never take the place of 
 the pen. 
 
 Another diverting influence has been the stenographic 
 aim of both teacher and pupil. The pupil's only aim and 
 purpose being to get a paying situation, the art becomes 
 to liira a beast of burden, and the teacher, finding it neces- 
 sary to supply tlie public demand, drops to the same low 
 level. The art with all its grand achievements and 
 grander possibilities ceases to be even considered ; and 
 those who have sacrificed in its publication and introduc- 
 tion are counted with the long-buried heroes of former 
 times, as having no longer a place among living men. 
 
 To some, science is the goddess great, 
 To some, the milch kine of the field. 
 Their business but to calculate 
 The butter she will yield. 
 
 Doubtless some good will come from this secularization 
 of the art. A new sacredness will iu time come through 
 lis use. All great inventions that meet a public want 
 pass through similar stages of development in their use. 
 They are at first a to}', then the tool of the specialist, 
 and finally the indispensable aid of the toiling millions. 
 So there is no reason to despair of this art, because it has 
 not yet reached the third stage of development. It will 
 reach it, and when it does it will long remain beyond the 
 reach of competition by any form of mechanism or other 
 divei'ting influences. One thing should be especially borne 
 iu miud, and that is, that the introrb.r'tion of Tachygraph}'
 
 PKEFACE. 9 
 
 is an educational question, and all educational work is of 
 necessity a missionary work. The reason that Tachygraphy 
 was at first outstripped in the race by the type -writer is 
 because the type-writer demanded nothing new in educa- 
 tion. It met the pul)lic on the level of its present acquire- 
 ments. Tachygraph}- must of necessity elevate the tone 
 of pul>lic intelligence. To make it the current system of 
 writing requires a revolution in our writing and spelling 
 habits. Once accomplished, no language can paint the 
 glories of the intellectual era ushered in : but by as much 
 as the glory is greater, by so much is the labor of intro- 
 duction increased. 
 
 THE WOKK ALREADY ACCOMPLISHED. 
 
 It is too soon to expect much results. The past twenty 
 years has been a period of preparation. The author has 
 not until very recently prepared works with any design of 
 putting them into the schools, but has been gradually pre- 
 paring for that result certain to come in its own time. Yet 
 even in this preparatory stage something has been done. 
 All classes of business and professional men have made 
 the art available and use it to-day. Probably it is serving 
 more clergymen, lawyers physicians, students, and liter- 
 ary men than all the other systems of short-hand in the 
 country. Tens of thousands of letters written in Tachyg- 
 raphy pass through our mails ever}'^ year. 
 
 When it shall dawn upon the consciousness of the edu- 
 cators of America that the ability to write the simple style 
 of Tachygraphy is easily acquired, that it is entirely reli- 
 able for all the uses of writing, and that it will save three 
 fourths of the time and lal)or now used by our common 
 long-hand, the art will be introduced into schools, and 
 begin to take that higher place which it is so well pre- 
 pared to fill.
 
 10 PREFACE. 
 
 THE FIELD OCCUPIED BY THIS "WORK. 
 
 As there .are now several works on sale which teach the 
 simple style of Tachygraphy, the judicious teacher will in- 
 quire what special field this work is designed to fill. The 
 author would say, that it is at the present time the only 
 complete work on the Simple Style. Tiiere are other works, 
 however, more elementary and better adapted to young 
 students, such as the Exercise Book and the Manual. The 
 Exercise Book will make an excellent introduction to this 
 work, especially in schools of a lower grade. This work 
 is adapted to the use of students in colleges, academies, 
 and high schools, and to persons of culture outside of the 
 schools ; but it should not be put into the hands of boys 
 and girls still in their teens as a first book. Doubtless 
 those that are bright among them would succeed even in 
 this case, but it would be better, in the judgment of the 
 author, to use with such pupils the simpler works first, 
 and finish the course with this work. 
 
 THE CONTRACTED STYLE. 
 
 The contracted stvle is taught in other works. A new 
 work just issued, entitled "A Short Course in Business 
 Short-hand," is especially commended to those who wish 
 to go further in the art than this work will carry them. 
 
 The Style taught in the Short Course is new, as well as 
 the work itself. It contains all the contractions necessary 
 for amanuensis work and foi' all kinds of light reporting, 
 but avoids the multiplicity of detail which the student 
 finds in the hand-book. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 The author desires to express his acknowledgments to 
 the author of Phonography and to many writers of that
 
 PREFACE. 11 
 
 system for thnt early training which laid the basis of his 
 short-hand acquirements. He is also indebted to hundreds 
 of the writers of Tachygraphy, each one of whom has con- 
 tributed some suggestion or word- or phrase-form which 
 lias found a permanent place in the system. He wishes 
 to thank all teachers who have made suggestions concern- 
 ing the aim or scope of the present work, and especially 
 Mr. L. C. Crippen, the popular and successful teacher of 
 this style, who suggested Writing Exercises 24 and 25. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 In conclusion, the author may say that this system of 
 Tachygraphy is now provided with a complete set of text- 
 books and those of the most practical character. In com- 
 paring the new works with the old, he takes such delight 
 as the pioneer feels when his rude hut has given place to 
 a house more commodious and comfortable. He begins 
 to wonder how pupils ever learned the art from the old 
 books. Under skilful teachers the defects in the text- 
 book can be supplemented ; but in the use of this work 
 the teacher will find fewer defects to remove, and can ad- 
 vance his pupils with far greater rapidity and to a higher 
 measure of success ; while those nnfortunately unable to 
 find a teacher will be able, by following its directions care- 
 fully and persistently, to reach a useful and practical 
 knowledge of the art with far less labor than heretofore. 
 The author rejoices, and asks the multitude of his friends 
 to rejoice with him, in the blessing of the Lord which has 
 brought him to this happ}' conclusion. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 Philadelphia, March 5, 1889.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introductiok. 
 
 Inventions, the Levers that move the World la 
 
 The Use of Short-hand Writing in the Early Christian and Middle 
 
 Ages 16 
 
 Two Methods of making the Art Serviceable 17 
 
 Tachygraphy Better than the Old Phonography, Even for Steno- 
 graphic Use l5 
 
 Tachygraphy for the Use of Students 19 
 
 Tachygraphy Used in Correspondence 2C 
 
 Tachygraphy More Easily Learned than the Common Long-hand . 20 
 Tachygraphy Written in its Simplest Form Three Times as Rapidly 
 
 as Long-hand, and Perfectly Legible 21 
 
 Phonography Proved Impracticable by Half a Million Witnesses, 22 
 
 The Seductiveness of Brief Forms 23 
 
 Only one System practicable for current L'so 24 
 
 Wkiting Materials, Manner op Holding the Pen ... 27 
 
 Explanations op Terms 28 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Cue Origin op the Brief Letters 29 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 1'he Sounds to be Represented • 33 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 fuE New Letters Applied . 34 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Directions for Practice 43 
 
 The Alphabet, with Key 44, 45 
 
 Brills Xos. 1, 2, 3, with Key 46, 47 
 
 The Sounds of the Letters 48 
 
 Writing Exercises 1, 2, and 3 49 
 
 Drills Nos. 4 and 5, with Key 50, 51 
 
 Reading Exercise 1 60 
 
 Writing Exercises 4 and 5 51
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 13 
 
 CnAPTEIl V. 
 
 Joinings of the Mediai, Vocals . 
 Writing Exercises (Jiuid 7 
 Drills Nos. 6, V, ami 8, with Key . 
 Writing Exercise S . 
 Drills Kos. 9, 10, ami 11, with Key 
 Reading Exercise 2 . 
 
 Dash Vocals 
 
 Drills Nos. 12, IH, and 14, with Key 
 Reading Exercise 3 .... 
 Writing Exercise 9 . 
 
 r.4, -^b 
 55 
 
 56, 57 
 50 
 57 
 
 58, 59 
 58 
 59 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Consonant Joinings . 
 Position of Outlines 
 Writing Exercises 10 and 11 . 
 Word J^igns .... 
 Reading Exercise 4 
 Vowel Omissions 
 Outlines Nos. 1 and 2, with Key 
 
 60, CI 
 
 G2-G4 
 03 
 
 G4, 05 
 01 
 05 
 
 fiO, 07 
 
 CHAPTER VI r. 
 
 Consonantal DipnTnoxos 
 
 Writing Exercises 12 and 13 . 
 Outlines Nos. 3 and 4, with Kej- 
 The Compounds of the S Series 
 Outlines Xos. 5 and 6, with Key 
 Writing Exercise 14 
 Reading Exercise 5 . 
 The Final L, R, and S Series 
 Outlines Xos. 7 and 8, with Key 
 Writing Exercise 15 
 The Circle used Medially 
 Extended Use of the Circle 
 Outlines Xos. 9 and 10, with Key 
 The Double Circle . 
 Re.iding Exercise . 
 Writing Exercise 18 
 
 70, 77 
 7S 
 78 
 79 
 
 80, SI 
 81 
 82 
 S3
 
 14 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CIIAPTEU VIII. 
 
 Word Signs and Special Contracts . 
 Outlines Nos. 11, 12, aud 13, with Key 
 Exceptioual use of the Compounds 
 Writing Exercise 10 ... 
 
 Reading^Exercise 7 . 
 WritiuL' Exercise 20 . . . , 
 
 8.5 
 84, 8.5, m 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Prefix and Affix Syllables 
 
 Outline C, and Nos. 14 and l.'i, witli Kej- 
 Outlines N"08. 10 and 17, witli Ivey 
 The Terminations ic, ii, ile, in, ine, age, ance, ant. 
 The Terminations hood, nre, ural, dent, tent, nu-nt 
 
 ity, etc. 
 
 Writing Exercise 21 
 
 Final en on Direct Curves 
 
 Common I'refixes, Compound Words, and Key to 
 
 Outlines Nos. IS and 19 
 
 Key to OutUnes No. 19, .and Writing Exercise 22 
 Outline 1) and Reading Exercise 8 ... 
 Shortened Prefixes, and Key to Outline 1) . 
 Outline No. 20 and Reading Exercise 9 
 Key to Outline No. 20, and Writing Exercise 23 
 Reading Exercise 9 
 
 etc. 
 , nienti 
 
 No, 
 
 91 
 90, 91 
 92, 93 
 90, 91 
 
 92, 93 
 
 94 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Phrase Writino and Variable Letters 103 
 
 Outlines E and F, with Key 104,105 
 
 Writing Exercises 24 and 25 106 
 
 A'ariable Letters 107 
 
 Outlines Nos. 21 and 22, with Key 108,109 
 
 Writing Exercise 26 109 
 
 Reading Exercise 10 110 
 
 Reading Exercise 11 112 
 
 Writing Exercise 27 111-113 
 
 Reading Exercise 12 114 
 
 Writing Exercise 28 115
 
 INTRODCJCTION. 
 
 Inventions are the levers that move the world. Evei7 
 step in the advancement of mankind from barbarism to civ- 
 ilization is marked by the application of some new power, 
 by which the force of body or of mind may be greatly aug- 
 mented. 
 
 The puny arm of man has been relieved from nearly all 
 kinds of drudgery by the power of water and of steam, and 
 the ten thousand contrivances by which that power is ap- 
 plied. We have conquered matter, not by growing, as the 
 fabled giants of old did, till we could pile mountain upon 
 mountain by our unaided strength, but by learning how to 
 apply, in a wonderful manner, the strength that God has 
 given us. 
 
 Though we depend upon facilities to aid in mental and 
 moral advancement, as much as in physical, yet we have 
 b«en slow to apply to the mental and moral elevation of the 
 race the principles that have enabled us to develop our ma- 
 terial resources. 
 
 Inventions to aid in the commerce of ideas are no less 
 essential than those which we have realized in the inter- 
 change of coarser commodities. The art of writing was 
 the original lever by which the race was at first raised above 
 barbarism. Successive improvements in this art havtf 
 •^liO-ked the epochs of thf greatest mental activity. 
 
 u
 
 16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The invention aud use of sliort-liand writing paved tha 
 way for the introduction of Christianity, and aided its diffii- 
 Bion wonderfully. Verbatim reporters were common in the 
 age of the apostles ; and the sayings of the martyrs would 
 never have been preserved without this instrumentality. 
 Those heroic men who battled so nobly with pen as well 
 as tongue in upholding Christianity against the wisdom of 
 the Pagan world, relied, in some instances, on their staff of 
 /!wift writers as a means without which they would have 
 accomplished but little. 
 
 During the darkness of the middle ages, from the fifth 
 to the fifteenth century, short-hand slept, and the intellect of 
 the world slept with it ; but, with the new life of the six- 
 teenth century, short-hand revived, never, we trust, to be 
 again obscured. 
 
 It would be necessary, to a full understanding of the pres- 
 ent position of the art, to trace the gradual unfolding of its 
 principles during the three centuries past. The devotion, 
 zeal, faith, and patience that have been called out by the 
 art are not surpassed in the records of any of the nat- 
 ural sciences. That the art is a science, with laws based in 
 Nature, cannot be doubted by any one who studies its history, 
 or even acquires its principles in accordance with its more 
 rational forms of development. And, if any are discour- 
 aged by the long delay of its success, and the many failures 
 that it has experienced, they should recollect that steam navi- 
 gation and locomotion were as long unproductive of great 
 results. 
 
 But we cannot here enter into the history of the art. It 
 may be many years before the labor necessary to do justice 
 to such a history can be employed to advantage. The pen 
 seems to have been very chary of the records of its own 
 achievements ; and the great mass of men take the advan-
 
 ADVANTAGES OF SffORT-HAND. 17 
 
 lages of writing, even io the common form, as they do tha 
 air of heaven, without stopping to thank the Giver of all 
 good, or to ask wlien, where, or how so wonderful a facility 
 was discovered, who sacrificed their lives in its introduc- 
 tion, who aided its development, or how it gradually grew 
 Into its present form. In the glory of the results, we forge* 
 the instruments, and become insensible of cur dependence 
 upon them. 
 
 The advantages of brief and rapid writing may be made 
 available in two ways ; 1st, By the means of experts in its 
 use, who act as reporters of popular assemblies, and aman- 
 uenses for literary men ; and, 2d, By its general introduction 
 among all classes of people. 
 
 The advantages of the art have been secured, to some 
 extent, by reporters for the press, and by amanuenses ; but 
 this success is still partial. Less than one in ten of our 
 newspaper reporters have heretofore been able to make the 
 art available ; while very few of our literary and business 
 men seem conscious of the vast relief from toil, and the 
 great augmentation of their power, that they might effect 
 by the employment of short-hand writers. A business-man 
 can, in this way, dictate answers to his correspondents in a 
 few minutes, that would require five times as long to write 
 out in the usual way ; and thus save, at little expense, 
 several hours of valuable time each day. And the literary 
 man may dictate a work, not only with the freedom of ex- 
 temporary discourse, but in a more satisfactory form than 
 be could write it. 
 
 To the orator, whether discoursing on sacred or secular 
 topics, this means of preparing discoui-ses would, at least, 
 treble his capacity for usefulness, and add to the freshness 
 and vivacity of his discourses as much as to the ejisc of 
 preparing them. 
 
 2*
 
 18 INTRODUCTION 
 
 For these uses, the old and complicated forms of the arl 
 have answered to some extent. Tliough very imperfect for 
 such uses, still, by a careful preparation of three to five 
 years, young men of sullicient natural aptitude have become 
 qualified for such service by the use of Phonography. 
 Still, the introduction of the more facile and legible styles of 
 Tachygraphy is demanded to render short-hand a complete 
 success in this department of its use. The art cannot per- 
 form all that it is capable of doing, until all our newspaper 
 reporters, and all our amanuenses and private secretaries, 
 are able to bring it into their service. Most of them could 
 not afford to spend the great amount of time and labor 
 necessary to master the art in its previously-complicated 
 forms ; and besides, when they did devote years of labor 
 to its acquisition, they found it too imperfect and illegible to 
 answer perfectly the purpose for which they acquired it. 
 Bat the labor of acquiring the art in its present form, as 
 explained in the following work, is so greatly lessened, and 
 its efhcieucy and accuracy so much increased, that all 
 classes of amanuenses and newspaper reporters may avail 
 themselves of its advantages. 
 
 But this is not the most important service which the art 
 can render. Thought cannot live without expression. All 
 acknowledge that education is, to a great degree, a drawing- 
 out, or developing, of the faculties of the mind ; and yet such 
 are our educational facilities, that it is very difficult to do 
 this. Wc are well supplied with books, and every facility 
 necessary for furnishing mental food ; but aids to mental dU 
 gesiionare few. Students in our schools are expected to put 
 their own thoughts in order ; but such is the labor and time 
 required to perform the mechanical part of this work, that 
 the active youth is soon disgusted with the effort. 
 
 But let all out students become skilful writers of Ta-
 
 SHOET-HAND FOR STUDENTS. 19 
 
 chygrapby, and writing will be a pleasure, instead ol a drudg« 
 cry. The value of this means Avill, of course, depend 
 largely upon the appreciation and skill of the teacher in 
 asing it ; but, properly employed, it will add greatly to suc- 
 cess in the higher departments of education. Especially in 
 colleges and professional schools, lectures that are now for- 
 gotten as soon as heard will be preserved for use in after- 
 life. 
 
 This, however, is not the only use of the art in education. 
 By converting what is now a drudgeiy into a pastime, a 
 healthy mental activity is promoted. The passionate 
 interest taken in the beauty and grace of the short-hand 
 characters is such as is called out in the study of the fine 
 arts, — painting, sculpture, and music. 
 
 There is still a broader field of usefulness for short-hand 
 than the educational field. The art can never be useful to 
 the highest degree, until all classes of people are instructed 
 in its use. It will then be a social power wholly incalcula- 
 ble. We are strangers to the thoughts of our friends, and 
 must remain so until this wonderful art shall unseal the 
 fountains of affection, and bring those nigh that have been 
 widely separated. Letters of frieudship have grown few 
 and brief. Correspondence has been mainly confined to 
 business that must be done. All that is genial and invigor- 
 ating in the interchange of thought has been frozen in the 
 tediousness of utterance. 
 
 When Tachygraphy shall be generally known and used, 
 an electric thrill of life will run through our communities, 
 awakening new sympathies, and forming bonds of union 
 long dissevered. What railroads have done in bringing 
 friends together that could otherwise never interchange a 
 visit during a lifetime, brief writing will do, in bringing,' 
 minds together that would, wUhnnt it, communicate with too
 
 £0 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 much difficulty to be able to continue the acquaintance begun 
 in youth ; and aid in extending that more valuable inter- 
 change of thought among those of similar tastes, which 
 tends both to the perfection of our knowledge of science, 
 and its general diffusion. 
 
 Let us suppose, for illusti*ation, that all mankind spoJce 
 with the slowness and painful effort with which we record 
 langTiage. Suppose we were obliged to spell every word 
 by naming its letters, in order to talk ; thus, I-n in, t-h-e 
 the, b-e be, g-i-n gin, n-i-n-g ning, beginning, G-o-d, c-r-e- 
 a-t-e-d, t-h-e, h-e-a-v-e-n-s, a-n-d, t-h-e, e-a-r-t-h, &c. : 
 how long would conversation be tolerated in this age? 
 Suppose, then, that this race of semi-mutes should be en- 
 dowed with speech, with our present fluency ; the new life 
 that would burst forth in one universal shout of thanksgiv- 
 ing would indicate, in part, the rapture of the freedom in 
 troduced by the general use of brief writing. 
 
 The blessings of human speech are incomparably great. 
 Nothing can take the place of that free and unfettered inter- 
 course in which soul blends with soul. But speech dies od 
 the air, and is lost ; while writing may fly on the wings of 
 the wind to any part of the earth, and may be preserved, if 
 desired, for coming generations. 
 
 But, it may be asked, can this brilliant conception be 
 realized? We answer. Most undoubtedly. It is not even a 
 difficult thing any longer. The only difficulty was in the 
 discovery of a really practical style of brief writing. This 
 was difficult ; for it required the growth of several centuries 
 to bring it to perfection. But that difficulty has been finally 
 removed. Tachygraphy can he reduced to practice wiih far 
 less labor than the chirography now employed. If intro- 
 duced to children at a proper age, they would become as 
 proficient in its use, with one year's practi<;e, as they nov
 
 TACHYGRAPHY PRACTICABLE. 21 
 
 become in our common chirography with the labor of seve- 
 ral years. Besides, it would be to them au inspiration 
 and a joy, instead of a drudgery, and aid them to under- 
 stand those general principles of language which are ob- 
 scured by our present orthography. 
 
 The style best adapted to general use is fully written, and 
 more legible than our present character. In its fullest form, 
 it is written three times as rapidly as the common writing, 
 ■while the labor saved is greater in proportion than the time. 
 The hand is obliged, in Tachygraphy, to make only one-fifth 
 as many strokes, and to move over only one-ninth the dis- 
 tance, in writing a given paper, .that would be necessary iu 
 writing the same thing in the usual way. 
 
 The fully-written style of Tachygraphy, as illustrated in 
 this volume, must not be confounded with those briefer 
 Btyles designed for the use of reporters. We do not estimate 
 here the speed and brevity of those more contracted styles ; 
 for they are not adapted for general use. 
 
 The use of stenographic contractions of any kind must 
 always be limited ; and the introduction of such styles, in 
 connection with those of general utility, is to be regretted, 
 as it gives occasion for the supposition that the art is mainly 
 designed for such professional service. 
 
 In the styles of short-hand heretofoi-e offered, legibility has 
 been sacrificed to brevity, and the wants of the many to the 
 demands of the professional reporter. But these works 
 have professed to offer advantages to all, and have been 
 eagerly sought for by all classes of people. Though we have 
 no means of making accurate statistics on this subject, yet, 
 from the enormous sale of some editions of the text-books 
 on Mr. Pitman's phonography, Ave have reason to believe 
 that at least half a million of text-books have been sold durina
 
 22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ibc past twenty-eight years.* Half a million of experiments 
 would satisfy any scientist as a basis for generalization. 
 Now, what does the result show in favor of the attempt to 
 introduce stenographic peculiarities for the general pur- 
 poses of writing? Probably not more than five hundred 
 persons of the five hundred thousand persons procuring these 
 works have become really expert in the use of them. One in 
 every thousand has attained the skill sought for in the use o^ 
 a style adapted only to reporters.f Perhaps five hundred, 
 or possibly a thousand more, have gained a degree of speed 
 equal to what they might have acquired in a simpler, plainer 
 style ; Avhile at least four hundred and ninety-eight thousand 
 failed to make it answer the end for which they sought it. 
 Must the millions be deprived of this art simply because they 
 cannot thread the mazes of the arbitrary contractions de- 
 signed for professional reporters? Such a conclusion would 
 be no more reasonable than to assume that it was impossi- 
 ble to found a city, because it was found impossible to draw 
 together a very lai'ge number of persons on the top of the 
 White Mountains ; or to deny that a railroad was practica- 
 ble after a mountain had been tunnelled, simply because 
 no train of cars could be drawn over its highest peak. 
 
 Those who have spent much time in tlie study and 
 practice of Phonograph}-, to but little purpose, maj' still 
 make this study productive, b}' ajiplyiug the knowledge of 
 
 * Under the stimulus of an active demand for i)rofeseional service, Phonog- 
 raphy has produced better results during the past twenty years. At present 
 (1SS9), the number of amanuenses in this country may be estimated at abcut 
 twenty thousand, three fourths of whom write less than one hundred words a 
 minute. About five thousand, or one person in a hundred of those taking up the 
 study, may be supposed to have reached a fair rei)ortiug speed. 
 
 Tachygraphy has produced far greater results iu projiortion to the text-books 
 sold. With an aggregate sale of thirty thousand copies, we have about ten 
 thousand writers, a fair proi)ortion of whom are competent stenographers. 
 
 [5ee testimonials at the end of this volume.
 
 BRIEF WORD-FORMS SEDUCTIVE. 23 
 
 the principles of the art gained iu this way to the practice of 
 Tachygraphy. Tliose who have spent from five to twelve 
 years in the practice of Phonography have found, that, so far 
 from being hindered by this in acquiring Tachygraphy, their 
 previous practice of a different style was a great aid to 
 them. When the hundreds of thousands who have invested 
 in Phonography a capital of labor that is not now available 
 shall follow the example of those who have already tested 
 the matter, they will find that their former painful labor has 
 become highly productive ; and that the years which they 
 had counted lost are restored again Avith an unexpected in- 
 crease. 
 
 Experience is more reliable than theory ; and the practi- 
 cal success of a particular method is of more value than 
 any explanation of the philosophy by which that success 
 is gained. Yet the seductiveness of brief forms, attained at 
 no matter how much sacrifice of simplicity or legibility, is 
 so great, that those with but little experience are very likely 
 to be deceived. There is something fascinating in the beau- 
 tiful devices for contraction, that leads the student forward 
 step by step ; and he is unwilling to leave anything unlearned 
 that the science renders possible. So far as this is a mere 
 matter of taste, so far as it is a passion for science, it 
 is to be praised ; but, if the student memorizes a greater 
 number of details than he can command readily, they bur- 
 den the mind, hinder speed iu writing, and finally lead to 
 disgust and failure. Modes of contraction that seem very 
 easy to the enthusiastic student, when his mind is engrossed 
 by the science, become far more difficult to employ when 
 the distracting cares of business or other studies occupy the 
 attention. But he is not likely to understand this at the 
 time ; and when, in later years, experience teaches him his 
 wror, it is too late for him to rectify his mistake : he must
 
 24 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 abandon a stylo too cumbersome to be endured, and has^ 
 too frequently, no leisure to master a simpler. If those who 
 have made the experiment with Phonography will testify 
 to their experience, as lai-ge numbers have already done, 
 they will save many young persons from such a waste of 
 time and effort ; but we ask no testimony of those who 
 have used the art but a short time, and are still bewildered 
 by its deceptive promises. 
 
 We have felt it a duty to offer this word of caution, not 
 merely to guard the inexperienced against the old forms of 
 the art, but also to warn the siudent against attempting the 
 reporting style of Tachygraphy, without first counting the 
 cost, and considering carefully the probability of its being 
 as well adapted to his purpose as the simplest style. While 
 the reporting style of Tachygraphy is much more easily 
 acquired, and much more legible, than Phonography, yet it 
 should not be attempted by those who are not prepared to 
 make its use their principal business, at least for a term of 
 years. 
 
 Students iu academies and colleges who contenij)latc an 
 extended cotirse of education may master the Short Course 
 to advantage, for the purpose of taking more accurate 
 notes of the lectures of their proposed courses of study. But, 
 when fairly engaged in their professions, they will be quite 
 likely to drop all contractions, and write the art in its siu< 
 plest form. 
 
 There is one other caution, that we would make so em- 
 phatic, if possible, that no student of the art should ever 
 forget it. It is this : On no account attempt to write tito 
 styles of the art. Any one that should attempt to preserve 
 his knowledge of Phonography while cultivating Tachygra- 
 phy would most certainly fail. Let the decision made in 
 favor of the style used be decisive.
 
 THE LOVE OF THE BEAUTIFUL. 25 
 
 The same caution applies to the effort to write a more or 
 less contracted style of the same system. It cannot he done, 
 except at a great sacrifice of facility in hoth styles. Teach- 
 ers are sometimes compelled to do this to accommodate theii 
 writing to pupils of different degrees of proficiency ; but 
 (hey must be content with a comparatively low rate of 
 speed. 
 
 These suggestions are offered to those who wish to make 
 the art useful. If any cultivate it for amusement, and 
 speculate in different styles from a love of variety, we trust 
 they vvill accept the result of their choice, without making 
 us responsible for their success in acquiring skill in rapid 
 writing. We would not discourage an appeal, on the. part 
 of the teachers of Tachygi-aphy, to that love of the beautiful, 
 which must always be an attractive charm, winning more 
 to the culture of the art than even its great and acknowl- 
 edged utility cau do. This love ought to be encouraged as 
 an ennobling influence, leading the mind to an appreciation 
 of all true art, and through this to divine excellence. But 
 let that appeal be made to the greater beauty mingling with 
 the severe simplicity of the fuller forms of the art, rather 
 than to those accidental devices which break the true har- 
 mony of the science. Educate the taste uutil irregular 
 forms .shall be offensive. 
 
 FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 The alphabet of Tachygraphy was arranged with espectxl 
 reference to its application to foreign languages. Some 
 adaptation will be necessary to make it as useful in German, 
 French, and other European languages, as in our own ; but 
 this was originally designed, and provision was made for 
 Buch additions as would be necessary, so thai the harmony 
 
 3
 
 26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of the sysiem might remain when it should be adopted by 
 other nations. 
 
 The best systems of short-hand have heretofore appeared 
 in the English language. Nearly all the true principles of 
 the science would seem to be of English discovery and 
 development. And yet, with all their rudeness, the German 
 systems seem to have been more generally employed, on 
 account of their greater simplicity. It is hoped that the 
 introduction of Tachygraphy will show that those who use 
 the English language are not only able to discover the true 
 principles of the science, but to apply them successfully to 
 practical use. 
 
 Let it be known that there is but one science of brief 
 writing for all nations, as there is but one science of math- 
 ematics, one true philosophy of human liberty, one true 
 religion, and one God, and the general introduction of that 
 system which best embodies the science, will pave the way 
 for that universal language which must yet bind into closer 
 relations the whole family of man.
 
 PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 WEITING-M ATERI AL3 . 
 
 A steel pen is the best iustrimient for writing short-hand. 
 Some gold pens will answer ; but they are not apt to be stiff 
 enough for this use. 
 
 As a reporter is sometimes compelled to use a pencil, 
 soine practice in this way is necessary ; but, when a pencil 
 is used, it is necessary to have unsized paper. 
 
 MANNER OF HOLDING THE PEN. 
 
 In the common writing, the principal strokes are back- 
 ward, while in Tachygraphy they are mostly inclined foi- 
 ward. Tills renders a change in the manner of holding the 
 pen desirable. 
 
 The pen, when writing Tachygraphy, should be held be- 
 tween the first and second fingers. It should be steadied by 
 the thumb as it is when held in the usual way. 
 
 Tachygraphy may be written on either ruled or unruled 
 paper by the experienced writer ; out the learner will find 
 it convenient to have ruled paper in his earlier exercises, 
 for the same reason that ruled paper is convenient in leaiii' 
 iag tc write in the common way. 
 
 27
 
 28 PEELIMINAKY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 
 
 Vocals. — The short-hand letters which represent the 
 sounds of vowels are called vocals, or vocal signs. 
 
 Consonantals. — Those representing consonant sounds 
 are called consonantals. 
 
 Outline ; "Word-form. — The form a word assumes when 
 written with the short-hand characters. 
 
 Tachtgrapht (pronounced ta-Jcig'ra-fy) . — Greek ra^vs 
 (<ac/iMs) , rapid ; and Yguq>^ (grrop/te), writing, — rapid writ- 
 ing. 
 
 Phonograpett (fo-nog'ra-fy). — Greek (pwvi^ (^pJione), 
 wound, or voice ; and ygoccp^, writing, — the writing of the 
 younds of the human voice. The word phonography is gen- 
 erally used to designate the system of short-hand writing 
 invented by Mr. Isaac Pitman, of England. It is, however, 
 sometimes used in a more extended sense, for any kind of 
 character that assumes to express the elements of spoken 
 language. 
 
 Calligraphy (ka-lig'ra-fy). — Greek xcxlhyqucplu (Jcalli- 
 graphia), fine or beautiful writing. 
 
 Phonetic or Phonic. — Greek cpojv/i (phone), voice, — 
 pertaining to the expression of the sounds of the voice in 
 language. A phonetic system of writing is one which ex- 
 presses the sounds of the language. All the languages of 
 Europe, and most of the languages of Asia, as well as the 
 English language, of the present, and the Latin, Greek, 
 Hebrew, and Sanscrit, of the past, are written phonetically. 
 The ancient languages are written with great phonetic pre- 
 cision ; but some modern languages have departed, to a 
 greater or less extent, from this basis. 
 
 Phonetics. — The science which treats of the phonic rep- 
 resentation of lan&ruaire.
 
 ELEMENTS OF TACHYGRAPHY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE BRIEF LETTERS. 
 
 1. In reconstructing our written characters, the first 
 problem to be solved is, On what principle shall we 
 select briefer and better letters ? 
 
 It would not do to attempt to abbreviate our present 
 writing by Oiuitting a part of each letter ; for this would 
 result in confusion and illegibility. 
 
 2. If, for instance, we should attempt to shorten the 
 letter m by omitting the last angle, we should make the 
 letter n ; and if we abbreviate n in the same manner, we 
 make i, a mere undotted i. 
 
 This process would not do with any of the letters ; and 
 yet it is impossible that we should continue to make, as 
 we do now, four or more strokes of the pen for each 
 letter, if one stroke can be made to answer the same 
 purpose. 
 
 3. But there is another method of abbreviating the 
 old letters, viz., by omitting the strokes that unite them 
 together. Thus, instead of ^<2/» ^j ^, ^, &c., we could 
 write «, /, c c/, &c. But we should not gain in ease of 
 
 3* 29
 
 30 THE OEIGIN OF THE BEIHF LETTERS. 
 
 writing by this ; for this is the way the ancients wrote : 
 and we have found that we can write faster by joining 
 the letters together, even if we use more strokes in writ- 
 ing. So we will not attempt to go back to a style that 
 was abandoned several iiundred years ago. 
 
 4. We shall have to lay the old letters aside ; but 
 what kind of letters shall w^e employ in their place ? It 
 takes time and labor to make marks with a pen : so we 
 must get brief and easy signs. Besides, letters must be 
 joined to one another in many ways. They must be, 
 then, regular lines, so that a boy or girl that has studied 
 geometry can tell just the angle that any two letters 
 would make when joined. In this way, we shall have a 
 science^ a mathematical science. 
 
 We will take the simplest regular characters. 1. 
 Straight lines. 2. Curved lines. 3. Brief dashes. 4. 
 Dots. 
 
 STRAIGHT LINES AND CURVES. 
 
 5. We must be careful to keep a sufficient difference 
 between the letters. Suppose we take four light lines 
 like these \ [/', and four heavy ones in the same direc- 
 tion _\l/« This gives us eight very simple letters. 
 
 6. We will now make curved lines, of the quarter of 
 a circle, in the same directions as the straight lines above. 
 We can curve them either way. In the direction of — , 
 we have -^ and ^^ ; in the direction of \, '^ and V_ ; 
 m the direction of |, ) and ( ; in the direction of /. 
 ^ and y. 
 
 7. In this way we get eight more letters formed 
 with light characters; and can make eight more by
 
 HALF-CIRCLES, DASHES, AND DOTS. 3J 
 
 Qiuking heavy letters corresponding to them, thus ; ^ 
 
 ^)( ^and> 
 
 Remark. — These signs may be obtained by dividing a circle 
 into quarters, by liorizoutal and perpendicular lines; and again by 
 transverse lines, thus, X- 
 
 8. In this way we get twenty-four letters, each made 
 of a single straight or curved luio. They have a posi- 
 tive, fixed direction, and regular form : so that we can 
 always know just what the angle will be when they are 
 joined together, or whether they join without making an 
 angle. 
 
 half-circi.es, dashes, and dots. 
 
 9. The old stenographers made large Jialf-cirdcs, in- 
 stead of quarter-circles, for their large letters. This was 
 inconvenient. But semicircles, when very small, are 
 convenient and distinctive. We will make them only 
 about one-fifth the size of the lines and curves selected 
 in paragraphs 5-7. 
 
 By dividing a circle horizontally and perpendicularly, 
 we get n u c 3 heavy, and r> u c d light, — eight. 
 Now let us take short strokes, only one-fifth as long as 
 before given, and in the same directions, and we get 
 - N « / heavy, and - s i • light, — eight more. 
 
 10. There remain, of the simple characters chosen, 
 only the dots. They are less useful tlian any of the 
 others, because they cannot be joined in writing. We are 
 more plagued in our old writing by the necessity ol 
 dotting the i and j, and crossing the t, than by the almost 
 interminable m. But we will venture to take two dols, 
 a heavy dot and a light one [. and .J.
 
 S2 ACKNOWJ.EDGED PEINCIPLEa. 
 
 Note. — The use of the signs given above, in place of the old 
 letters, is not only theoretically plausible, but has proved to be 
 practically successful. They have formed the foundation of most 
 of the systems of short-hand that have appeared during the 19tli 
 century in England and America. There is no question now, 
 among intelligent students of the art, as to the elementary signs 
 that must form the basis of a practicable system of brief writing 
 All respectable modern writers on the subject accept the use of 
 quarter-circles, and right lines (distinguished by direction), and 
 dashes, dots, and semicircles, as the only proper and feasible 
 letters to be used in brief writing. 
 
 There remains, however, a difference of opinion between modem 
 writers concerning the particular sound or sounds which each new 
 letter, or group of letters, should represent. So far, then, we have 
 followed principles developed by previous writers, — principles 
 that have been eliminated slowly by the experience of centuries. 
 
 These principles have been fully acknowledged only in English 
 and American systems. The alphabets used in most parts of the 
 old world are founded upon either shortened forms of the old long- 
 liand alphabets, or abbreviated characters chosen without any mani- 
 fest method. Tlic characters employed, whether simple or complex, 
 straight lines or curves, seem to be used witlout any definite matho 
 inatical uniformity either of size, curvature, or direction. This was 
 the case also with the English systems previous to the nineteenth 
 century ; and there remain to ti:e present day remnants of these old 
 alphabetic schemes, some of which are still urged upon the public. 
 
 But there is no reason to fear that the course of progress in the 
 art will be changed. Only those ignorant of the science will care 
 to go back to the systemless alphabets of former days. The work 
 done in the Phonography of Mr. Pitman will continue to bear fruit 
 iu the beauty and symplicity of its alphabetic characters. The art 
 bas at last a scientific basis, and whatever changes may liereafter 
 occur in details, its foundation stones, we trust, will never again be 
 removed.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE SOUNDS TO BE RErRESENTED. 
 
 11. Letters represent the elements of speech, and 
 there should be a letter to represent each elementary 
 sound in the lan2uaoi;e. This is not the case with our 
 present orthography. We have only twenty-six letters 
 to represent thirty-six elements.* 
 
 Thi'ee letters, c, q, and a:, represent sounds for Avhich 
 we have other representatives : c sounds like k, s, or sh ; 
 q like k; and x like ks or gz. This leaves only twenty- 
 three letters for thirty-six sounds. 
 
 12. The thirteen sounds for which we have no letters, 
 in the old orthography are expressed, — 
 
 1st, By giving each of the vowels, a, g, i, o, and*M, 
 more than one sound each ; as, for instance, a in aZe, ally 
 at and arm; o m ore, o?i, and done, &c. 
 
 2d, By making digraphs, such as th, sh, ch, ng, which 
 express, when combined, sounds entirely different from 
 what they express singly. 
 
 3d, By appropriating a letter tliat generally expresses 
 one definite sound to another sound, either allied to it or 
 wholly dissimilar ; as in the case of s, which is used for 
 2 and for a sound heard in azure, that has no proper let- 
 ter of its own. 
 
 * We can easily make more than thirty-six sounds by counting every 
 ▼arioty; but we only wish here to illustrate the general principles of pure 
 phonics, without entering into details. Orthoepists differ widely in their 
 estimate of the number of sounds in our language; but those thatocunt 
 the least make the number thirty-six.
 
 34 THE NEW LETTEKS APPLIED. 
 
 NUMRKK OF THE CONSONANTAL SOUNDS. 
 
 13. We cannot pause here to enter into the mattei 
 fully ; but a little examination will show that we have 
 twenty-four consonantal sounds, represented in our or- 
 dinary writing by h, d, /, g, h, j, k, Z, m, n, p, r, s, f, 
 V, w, 2/, z, ch, sh, th (in thy), th (in thin), ng, and 
 one that has no letter, and no combination of letters ap- 
 propriate peculiarly to it ; viz., that written with a 2 in 
 azure, and with an s in pleasure. 
 
 NUMBER OF THE VOWEL-SOUNDS. 
 
 14. Here we may find more difficulty ; for some vowel- 
 sounds are not clearly distinguished in our ordinary 
 conversation, so that they become obscure. So, to sim- 
 plify the matter, we will omit all obscure sounds, and 
 take only those that every one can distinguish without 
 difficulty. 
 
 15. We have a, e, o, long, and a, e, i, o, u, short ; a 
 as mfar, and another a mfall; oo in moon; u in full ; 
 in or ; ai in air ; and the diphthongal sounds i and w 
 long, oi and ow^ — eighteen in all. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 THE NEW LETTERS APPLIED. 
 
 16. We have found (6, 7, 8) twenty-four straigh" 
 lines, and curves of the quarter of a circle, and (13) 
 twenty-four consonantal sounds. We have also (9, 10)
 
 SMALL LETTERS FOR VOCALS. 35 
 
 uifrhteen small half-circles, dashes, and dots, and eighteen 
 vocal sounds. 
 
 17. It is quite appropriate to lionor the consonantal 
 sounds with full-sized characters, because the consonants 
 are the principal elements in words. Vowels give the 
 different shades of meaning which the same root-word 
 assumes; but the consonant forms the enduring and im 
 portant part of the word. 
 
 18. Besides this, it would be very awkward to mix 
 up these signs, representing some consonants by full- 
 length characters, and others by small signs ; for the 
 difference between a vowel-sound and a consonant-sound 
 is very great, and should be distinctly marked in an ac- 
 curate system of writing. 
 
 19. We have, then, just enough large signs to repre- 
 sent the consonant-sounds, and just enough small signs 
 to represent the vocal sounds. We have a very good 
 reason, besides the fact that the numbers correspond, for 
 preferring the large signs for the principal elements in 
 the word, and the small signs for the vocal elements 
 CIT, 18). 
 
 20. So far, we find very beautiful results and easy 
 progress. The simplest strokes possible — liyies, curves^ 
 dashes, and dots — can be so arranged as to furnish all the 
 signs we need. They are so brief and beautiful, that it 
 is a wonder that our wise ancestors ever thought of using 
 any others in their writing. But to what individual 
 sound shall we wed each individual sign ? Shall we make 
 a perpendicular or inclined or horizontal sign for b? 
 Shall it be light, or heavy? Shall it be curved, or 
 straight ? We have only determined to take the twenty-
 
 86 LETTERS PAIRED. 
 
 four full-sized characters first introduced for tbe conso- 
 nantal signs, and the eighteen small letters for the vocal 
 signs ; but we see no reason yet for preferring one of 
 these signs to another for any given sound. 
 
 21. Remark. — If we can find no principle to guide us here, we 
 may experiment in vain. If we should ring all the changes pos- 
 sible by the laws of permutation on only twenty-four characters, 
 we might make more than six hundred and twenty sextillions of 
 alphabets, each differing by one letter from the other ; while if a 
 wider selection of letters is made, with no more regard for principle 
 than some writers have had, the permutation, based on foriy or 
 fifty signs, instead of twenty-four, would yield a number of possi- 
 ble alphabets many billions of billions of times greater than the 
 number above stated. 
 
 22. And, if any one is anxious to press these possibilities further 
 he should consider that each alphabet may form the basis of many 
 conflicting systems, as is shown in the so-called phonography, and 
 the previous systems of stenography ; so that an alphabet built 
 solely on experiment is impossible : for all mankind might make 
 alphabets, during all the ages of the world, and each make a thousand 
 alphabets, without exhausting the possibUUies of improvement. 
 The famous Labyrinth of ancient Crete, with its " thousand halls 
 and thousand winding ways," was not at all comparable to such an 
 endless confusion as would result from the effort to establish an 
 alphabet on a purely empirical basis. 
 
 Let us, then, see what principles, if any, we can find to guide u» 
 tl trough this labyrinth of labyrinths. 
 
 LETTERS PAIRED. 
 
 23, We find, first, that most of the consonant-sounda 
 may be arranged into pairs of two letters, which are 
 formed by the same organs, and differ only in being more 
 or less vocal. Thus, b and p are formed by the lips in 
 the same position; lut b is more vocal than p. So
 
 CONSIDERATIONS IN ITS FAVOR. 37 
 
 d and t, g and ^, v and /, &c., may be paired in a 
 similar manner. 
 
 Now, we find it natural to represent each of these 
 vocal sounds 5, d^ g^ v, &c., by heavy signs ; and each 
 of the whispered or aspirate sounds by light signs. 
 
 24. This principle has many considerations in its favor. 
 If similar sounds are represented by similar signs, there 
 is less danger of mistake in reading ; for if a jp is read 
 for a b, or a t for a d, the sense would be clear. Mr. 
 Isaac Pitman, author of Phonography, has illustrated 
 this principle by the following sentence : JBut/ wisdom 
 and get knowledge^ and prize them as the greatest treasure. 
 The short-hand letters for 6, £?, g, s (in prize), th, &c., 
 would be heavy ; but if a careless writer should make 
 them all light, making a mistake in every word, the sen- 
 tence would read, J^ug wistom ant Icet knowletch, and 
 price them as (s) the Greatest treashiire, which sounds a 
 little Teutonic, but is perfectly intelligible. 
 
 So this method of pairing the characters and the 
 sounds of the letters enables us to use sio-ns diffei'ing 
 only in the thickness or shading of the stroke, without 
 danger of illegibility. 
 
 25. It will be seen that we have given the shaded or 
 heavy sign to the most audible sound. This is because 
 a light stroke is more easily made than a heavy one ; 
 and the whispered sounds are of more frequent occur- 
 rence than the rougher sounds : so that, by making this 
 arrangement, we represent the most frequently-occui'ring 
 Bounds by the letters which are made the most easily. 
 
 Note. — Some persons, ignorant of the practice of the art, 
 have thought that the use of shaded letters might be avoided. 
 '4 
 
 449481
 
 S8 LINEAXITY OF WRITING. 
 
 But, before tins st.bject can be considered, we must discover 
 twelve other letters, simpler and more feasible. The experience 
 of many thousands of persons, of all grades of talent and skill, 
 has demonstrated the practicability of this arrangement. All the 
 systems of Phonography are built on this basis. 
 
 26. In this way, order begins to emerge from the 
 chaos that confronted us. 
 
 It will be seen, by considering tlie nature of the sounds 
 further, that six of them, b, p^ g, k, cZ, and f, are s|)oken 
 abruptly ; while tiie sounds of others, such as v, /, z, s, 
 &c., may be drawn out, or continued at pleasure. So 
 it seems quite natural to give the straight signs to 
 these abrupt sounds, and the curves to those more 
 flowing. 
 
 There are other reasons for this arrangement that can- 
 not be explained without a further knowledge of the 
 principles of the art, and we must leave them to be dis- 
 cussed elsewhere. 
 
 LTNEALITY OF WRITING. 
 
 27. But we observe, further, that some of our new 
 letters | | ) ) ( ( \\ V_^ ^ ^ ^^" ^^ '^^^* struck 
 downward ; and facility in writing demands that they 
 should be joined together in writing. If, then, it should 
 happen that the sounds occurring most frequently were 
 represented by letters running downward, we should get 
 very unmanageable word-forms. Suppose, for instance, 
 we should make | stand for d, and other letters as fol- 
 lows, I ^ \ ^, \ 2^1 / h ) ^' ) ^' ^^"> ^"^ should then 
 try to join these letters into such a word as " disad-
 
 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES. 39 
 
 eantageous.'' Omitting the vowels, we should have 
 I This would never do. It would run down so far as 
 [ to hinder the writing of the next line. Besides, 
 ^-i if it were found that certain sounds recurred in the- 
 ) language much more frequently than other sounds 
 we could avoid this difficulty by giving the hor 
 rizontal signs to the most frequently-recurring sounds ; 
 for the horizontals might run on across the page without 
 causing any difficulty. Now, it is found that the sounds 
 of c?, t, z, s, and n, occur more frequently than any 
 others. By giving these sounds the horizontal signs 
 and ^>-^, we can write disadvantageous 
 thus 
 
 28. We have one more grand principle. Certain 
 sounds are made chiefly with the lips, and are called 
 labials; others are made chiefly with the palate, and 
 are called palatals; and others with the tongue and 
 teeth, and are called lingua-dentals. 
 
 The law of analogy leads us to class sounds made by 
 the same organs together: so we write the labials by 
 perpendicular signs, palatals by slanting signs, and 
 lingua-dentals by horizontal signs. 
 
 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 29. We have, then, three great laws upon which to 
 arrange the full-leno-th strokes: — 
 
 (a.) Analogy between the sounds and signs, leading 
 U3 to give to sounds differing only in a greater or 
 less vocality signs differing only in shading, and to give
 
 40 ANOMALIES. 
 
 sounds marie with the same organs signs in the same 
 direction. 
 
 (5.) A law of harmony^ by which abrupt sounds 
 have signs equally unbending, and more flowing sounds 
 more flexible sio-ns. 
 
 (c.) A regard to lineality. We gain linealitj and 
 facility of writing by giving those groups of sounds that 
 occur most frequently horizontal signs. This last fea- 
 ture alone is pe-^.uliar to this system. The principles 
 mentioned in a and h are found also in the various sys- 
 tems of Phonography. 
 
 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 30. Applying the above principles, we find most of 
 the new letters fall very naturally into their places as 
 follows : — 
 
 I I \\ — ))^^^ 
 
 hpghdtvfz s n, &c. 
 
 ANOMALIES. 
 
 81. But still some perplexing questions occur ; for no 
 science falls so completely into order and harmony as to 
 render human ingenuity useless. We have three letters, 
 h, 10^ and ?/, that seem to be scarcely consonants at all, and 
 deserve separate treatment. We have four letters, w, w, 
 /, and r, that cannot be paired, as b and p are, with any 
 other sounds in the language ; then we have the nonde- 
 script sound ngy and the semi-compound c/i, and y, all of 
 which anomalies demand attention. But these littln 
 difficulties are easily reduced to some assignable limits
 
 SIGNS FOll THE VOG.^L SOUNDS. ll 
 
 We have a frame-work, and must leave the student to 
 fill up the outline for himself, or consult the alphabet 
 for further particulars. 
 
 SIGNS FOR THE VOCAL SOUNDS. 
 
 32. We have assigned the small signs given in para- 
 graphs 9, 10 to the vocal sounds. It remains that 
 we assign particular classes of these signs to particular 
 classes of sounds. 
 
 We shall be obliged to treat of this matter briefl}'', and 
 shall mention such distinctions only as are made use of 
 in forming the alphabet. 
 
 Vocal sounds are either, 
 
 (1) Long or Short ; 
 
 (2) Labial or Palatal ; 
 
 (3) Simple or Diphthongal. 
 
 33. Long sounds are represented by heavy or shaded 
 signs ; and the short sounds corresponding to them by 
 the analoo;ous lio-ht signs. And here it should be ol> 
 served that the short sound most resemblino; e long is 
 not e short, but i short ; and the sound of a long short- 
 ened approximates more nearly to that of e short in ebb 
 than to that of a short in abb. 
 
 34. The sounds represented by the light vocal signs 
 must not be considered as differing only in quantity 
 from those represented by the corresponding heavy 
 signs J for there is also a slight difference in quality. 
 
 PALATAL VOWELS. 
 
 35. Vocal sounds, as well as consonantal, may be 
 classed with reference to the organs principally used in 
 
 4*
 
 42 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 uttering them. Those formed in the back part of the 
 mouth, caWed palatals, or gutturals, are the long sounds 
 heard in eve, ale, are, and air ; and the corresponding 
 short sounds heard in it, ebb, add. These we have rep- 
 resented by the semicircular and dot signs ^ c . v n . u 
 36. Those vocal sounds formed near the front part of 
 the mouth by the use of the lips, called labials, are heard 
 in the words ooze, ore, all, foot, up, on. They are rep- 
 resented by the dash signs - i • , - ^ y , 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 37. The long sounds of i and u are considered diph- 
 thongal, and are represented by the diamond points v 
 and A respectively. 
 
 The open diphthongs oi and oiv are written by the 
 union of the signs of their component parts. Thus, oi 
 is composed of / and f^, and is written r or v ; and 
 WW is composed of ^ and -, and is written ^ or x ; the 
 direction of the second stroke beino; chancred to make a 
 more acute angle. 
 
 We add, on the following page, a complete alphabet 
 of all the new letters, with the sounds they represent.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR PRACTtCE. 
 
 38. Having, then, an alphabet of the simplest chaiac 
 ters, the next step is to learn to use them with freedom 
 and grace, as we do the old letters. It is first necessary 
 to commit them to memory, so as to form them with 
 ease, and read, them at sight. 
 
 39. This can be done best by writing the letters in 
 pairs, commencing with | | | | | | | | ^ &c., repeat- 
 ing them twenty to thirty times. Take care to make 
 them exactly perpendicular and of the proper length, — 
 one-sixth of an inch. Make them of an even thickness 
 throughout, of equal length, and parallel to each other. 
 
 40. It will be well to speak the sound as you make 
 the letter that represents it. This will enable you to 
 associate the letter with its proper sound. 
 
 41. Do not attempt to learn the whole alphabet at 
 once, but master two letters at a time. 
 
 After learning | |, add \\, observing their direc- 
 tion as before. Then proceed in a similar manner with 
 , as follows : 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE STRAIGHT SIGNS. 
 
 42. &,p| I I I I I I I I I I l,&c., repeated 
 throughout the line. 
 
 9-, k WWW WWW ^^-i repeated through- 
 out the line.
 
 44 
 
 I I I 
 
 2 
 
 3 w 
 
 4 -- ' 
 
 5 )) 
 
 6 ( ( 
 
 ^■'li'^j 
 
 
 t/z („ <, (- 
 
 I I I I I I I I III IIIM 
 
 wwwww 
 
 )))) )))))))))) 
 
 ( ( (( U (( ua( 
 
 8 ^-^ 
 
 -V. ^SVX 
 
 ^■^^-^^^^^^^ 
 
 9_ >_ 
 
 -_^ ^^-^^^ 
 
 ^^^^ ^ ^ 
 
 10 r J 
 
 r t^^y 
 
 /^y rjrj r J rj 
 
 11 /- / 
 
 ^ ) ^^-y 
 
 ^^^ //J^^^/// 
 
 12 ,_^ ^- 
 
 c^^^ .^ C^^^ O- <- 
 
 c^^c^^^c^c^'^ 
 
 1 3 ^' .y 
 
 ^"^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^y 
 
 ;4 e ^ 
 
 ^^ y^^v^ 
 
 C. C_ O <L c c C c C C C c 
 
 r5 ^. 
 
 ^^\y- 
 
 
 i6^ . , 
 
 r^-^^J 
 
 OAO rCr,A>P^AATj 
 
 i7 -- 
 
 1^3 u),^ 
 
 
 • 1 «^ — 
 
 
 18 . . , , 
 
 V U~v_X.U 
 
 VV\v\\ »l>l\\ N\ \ \ 
 
 19 /_ 
 
 ^ ^^_ ^^--— 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 / ^ ^^ ^ ^ 1 1 ^ 
 
 g@ V A ^ ^ 
 
 l^ ^^~. _^ ^ 
 
 vv V VV"\^V" A>\/V^ 
 
 ^ 1 f^ -/ A- ^ 
 
 ^_^._^.^^ 
 
 l^ ^ 1^ y] w^ ^— * ^ «^ «
 
 KEY TO PAGE U. 45 
 
 Proceed in the same way with Do, Te, Ja, Clia, 
 filling a line of your note-book with each pair. Re- 
 peat the same process many times, varying the drill 
 by repeating' the letters in the order of the House 
 that Jack Built. 
 
 KEY TO TAGE 44. 
 THE ALPHABET, METHOD OF DRILL. 
 
 KEY WORDS. 
 
 liay, pay, babe, pap, bib, pip. 
 
 Add, at, did, dead. 
 
 Gay, ache, gag, gig, cake, kick. 
 
 Age, each, jig, chick. 
 
 Eve, view, fee, five, fife. 
 
 Azure, rouge, she, show, shoe. 
 
 Oose, owes, see, say. 
 
 The, they, oath, thaw, thy. 
 
 Nay, an, thing. 
 
 Me, aim, hiy, lee, eel. 
 
 Ray, air, are, oar, dare. 
 
 Way, woe, why, whey. 
 
 Hav, ho, yea, you. 
 
 Ape, aid, air, fade, fair. 
 
 At, are, back, far. 
 
 Eat, egg, it, ill. 
 
 Food, fool, foot, full, boon. 
 
 Bow, bone, coat, cut, but. 
 
 Caught, cot, or, on. 
 
 Buy, ice, die, dew. 
 
 Coin, noise, how. 
 
 DRILL ON THE CURVED SIGNS. 
 
 43. After mastering *the straight letters, proceed 
 in :i siuiilar manner with the curves, observing that 
 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 1. 
 
 Be, Pe. 
 
 2. 
 
 De, Te. 
 
 3. 
 
 Ga, Ka. 
 
 4. 
 
 Ja, Cha. 
 
 5, 
 
 Ve, Ef. 
 
 6, 
 
 Zhe, Ish. 
 
 7. 
 
 Ze, Es. 
 
 8. 
 
 The, Ith. 
 
 9, 
 
 En, Ing. 
 
 10, 
 
 Em, EI. 
 
 11. 
 
 Eav, Ar, 
 
 12. 
 
 Wa, Wha, 
 
 13. 
 
 Ha, Ya. 
 
 14. 
 
 A, Ai. 
 
 15, 
 
 At, Ah, 
 
 IG, 
 
 E, Et, It, 
 
 17. 
 
 Oo, oot. 
 
 18. 
 
 ut, ut, 
 
 19. 
 
 Au. ot, or. 
 
 20, 
 
 I, U. 
 
 21. 
 
 Oi, Ow.
 
 n,ii 
 
 46 
 
 2 
 
 JlliMM 
 
 ^t I(t 
 
 
 ^^ o^ c^ c^ ^ .^ <y^ o^. 
 
 fif I 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o^ c^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ol 
 
 i 1 1 
 
 ^3 
 w ^ V I --V --> -^ ~^^^'3. 1, u v^
 
 KEY TO DRILLS 1, 2, AND 3. 47 
 
 the heavy curves are sliaded only in the middle and 
 taper towards each end. Take up the Ye, Ef, Zhe, 
 Ish, Ze, Es, and The, Ith, which are paired in the 
 same way as the letters given in the preceding sec- 
 tion. 
 
 RE:\rARK. ■ — The sigss for The and Ith are reversed and named 
 Tha, Atli ; but The and Tha liavc the same sounds, as also have 
 Ith and Ath. 
 
 DRILL NO. 1. A AND E LONG. 
 
 1. Bay, pay, gay, kay, clay, lay, jay, chay, vay, fay, 
 zay, say, they, tha. Bee, pee, gee, kee, dee, tee, etc. 
 
 2. Bay bee, pay pee, gay gee, kay kee, day dee, etc, 
 
 3. May, nay, lay, ray, way, whey, hay, yea, mee, uee, 
 lee, ree, wee, whee, hee, yee. 
 
 4. Mee may, uee nay, lee lay, roe ray, wee way, etc. 
 
 DRILL NO. 2. OO, O, AND AU. 
 
 1. Boo poo, goo koo, doo too, joo choo, voo foo, shoo 
 ZOO, soo thoo, thoo. Bo po, go ko, do to, jo cho, etc. 
 Bail pail, gau kau, dau tau, jau chau, van fan, etc. 
 
 2. Boo bo bail, poo po pan, goo go gau, koo ko kau, 
 doo do dau, too to tau, joo jo jau, choo cho chau, voo vo 
 vau, foo fo fau, shoo sho shau, soo so sau, etc. 
 
 DRILL NO. 3. 1, OI, EU, AND OU. 
 
 1. Bi pi, di ti, gi ki, ji chi, vi fi, zhi shi, zi, si, thi, thi, 
 mi ni, U ri, wi why. 
 
 2. Boy poy, doy to}', goy koy, joy choy, voy foy, zoy 
 soy, noy loy, roy hoy. 
 
 3. Bu pu, gu ku, du tu, ju chu, vii fu, shu zu, su thu, 
 mu lui, hi ru hii. 
 
 4. Bou pou, gou kou, dou ton, vou shou, sou thou, 
 mou uoii, lou rou, hou.
 
 48 THE SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS. 
 
 Remark 1. — The method of drill ^vhich should bo follo-\ved 
 persistently and until the letters and combinations can be Avritten 
 "With the most perfect facilit}' is given on pages 44, 4G, and the 
 following. The success of the student and his rapid pi-ogress 
 "will depend largely upon the use of these drills. They should be 
 repeated day after day for a month or more. 
 
 Remark 2. — For illustrations of the sounds of the letters see 
 key words on page 44, also the Chart Manual. 
 
 44.. The sounds of Be, Pe, De, Te, Ve, Ef, and 
 Ze, Es, correspond to the sounds of the same letters 
 in the common alphal^et and need no special com- 
 ment. Ga has always a hard sound, as heard in go. 
 The soft sound of g, as heard in gem, is written with 
 Ja. Cha has always the sound heard in each. Ka 
 represents the hard c, as in the word come. The and 
 Ith have the sounds heard in the Avords though and 
 oath, which differ as the sound of d in dough difiers 
 from the sound of t in toe. 
 
 45. The Zhe has no corresponding letter in the 
 old alphabet. The letters En and Ing, though 
 paired, do not have the same relation to one another 
 that tlie other paired letters do, but are made with a 
 different position of the organs of speech. Em, En, 
 El, and Ar, are known as liquids, and comprise in 
 themselves both the heavy and light varieties of 
 sound. Ya, Wa, Wha, and Ha, are connecting 
 links between the vocal and consonantal sounds. 
 
 46. The diamond points may be formed of lines 
 curving outward when necessary in joining. The 
 sign for long o is made perpendicular before and 
 after De and Te and wherever a better angle is in 
 this way secured. See examples on page 46,
 
 WKITING EXERCISES 1, 2, AND 3. 49 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 1, 
 
 I go up. You do SO. She is at tea. He is to go. 
 They may go too. It is easy to do so. Is ease the aiiu? 
 We may go to the Zoo to-day. You are iu the right wa\". 
 We may be up to see you. — 48 words. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 2. 
 
 I saw the boy on the way to the Zoo. He said lie saw 
 an ape eat a nut. You can go with me if you wish to go. 
 Let us aim high. Joe said he met a Jew on the way. I 
 will take Sue or Joe with me to see the ha}'. The tide is 
 high in the bay to day. We are now at tea. — 67 Avords. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 3. 
 
 They mow and rake the hay, and put it upon tlie mow. 
 I will go and hoe the row with Tom and Joe. We can 
 take a ride if you like in a gig or chaise. Did he say he 
 had a cane? No, he did not say so ; but I saw it on the 
 rug in the back room. The pond on the liill has a thick 
 sheet of ice on it. Let him put the wood in the shed. 
 Will she cook the egg ? How will she cook it ? She will 
 boil it. — 95 words. 
 
 47. Long a, which was invariable in the old 
 editions of the elements, is now distinguished hy 
 size, and may turn into the position of short a, so 
 that a coni^ecting stroke is not necessary. 
 
 Remark. — A connecting stroke can be used with the .sliort e ; 
 but as tliis vocal can be omitted freely, it is better to disjoin it 
 where it does not join easily. In this way the couuecting stroive 
 is avoided and now seklom appears. 
 
 48. A few of the most common words of one 
 consonant letter omit the vowel in practice. 
 
 Remark. — Whether this omission of vowels should begin ear- 
 lier or later iu the course is a matter that eacii teacher may be 
 left to determine for him or her self. Tlie vowel is omitted in 
 the words the, to, may, he, be, but, uj), is, so, on, aiuj, that, v;hen.
 
 r|>pfrii[t 
 
 
 Oj 4- 
 
 
 p 
 
 ^ *^ 5 
 
 2.11 1 ili -xw-x^sX ^ u- ^ :^^ .-- 
 - ^ ^_.X,/— X,-. ^ ..--..
 
 DUILLS NOS. i AND 5. 51 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 4. 
 
 1 . Now it is eas}' to Avrite Be, Pe, De, To by the liour, 
 or by the day, if you say so. You now know how to 
 weigh the pshaw! of him who has no higher aim. Lie 
 not here in ease ! No, the issue is on liigh. Yea, on tli ; 
 heiglit is hope. I hear her say : Up! up! up! my boy. 
 All is ease is joy on high. All you sigh to see is here. 
 — hrre to b3 had l)y all, by you. We can all go. Can 
 we ride? We can lide if we wish. Tom has a gig; so 
 we can all ride. — 106 words. 
 
 DUILL NO. 4. SHORT AT, ET, AND IT. 
 
 1. Ab, ap, ag, alv, ad, at, aj, aeh, av, af, ath, ath, 
 az, as, azh, ash, an, ang, am, al, ar. P^b, cp, eg, ek, etc. 
 lb, ip, ig, ik. id, it, iv, if, ith, ?7/i, iz, is, in, ing, etc. 
 
 2. Ab eb ib, ap ep ip, ag eg ig, ak ek ik, ad ed id, etc. 
 
 DRILL NO. 5. SHOUT GOT, OT, AND UT. 
 
 1. Oob oop, cog ook, oozh oosh, ooth ooth, ooz oos, 
 con oong, oom, ool, oor. Ub up, ug uk, ud ut, uj uch, etc. 
 Ob o^), og ok, od ot, oj, och, ov of, ozh osh, oth, etc. 
 
 2. Oob ub ob, oop up op, oog ug og, ook uk ok, etc. 
 
 AVRITINfJ EXEIiCISE .5. 
 
 1. The dog has a lame leg. A man hit him with a 
 whip and made him whine. Tlie man had on a white hat. 
 Is he not a b id man to whip a poor dog that has not done 
 any harm ? 
 
 2. He is a fine lad, but he is shy. When he saw me 
 he went off and hid in the shed. He is odd, but I like 
 him. I wish I had my gun. It is shut up in the shed so 
 that I cannot get it. 
 
 3. The man is a good man. I like him much. He came 
 home in the ship, and his wife came with him. — 110 words.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE JOINING or MEDIAL VOCALS. 
 
 49. Most of the curved vocals are variable, turn- 
 ing round from their alphabetic position in their own 
 natural direction ; they also form hooks on the ends 
 of the consonants in some cases. Short e and ai 
 are invariable, and never form hooks, and the a in 
 far is not hooked, as now used. Short a and i are 
 written with small hooks, and long a and e with 
 larger hooks, as will be seen in the preceding and 
 following exercises : — 
 
 Remark 1. — In the words part, hard, etc, the small hook 
 may be used for ah in order to avoid tlie obtuse angle; but in 
 baric, park, and most other cases it is better to disjoin the vocal. 
 It will be seen that if the hook were used in hark it miglit be 
 read harrack. The habit of distinguisliing the vocals b}- size 
 may be easily learned, but the pupil's attention should l)e directed 
 especially to it. It is a good practice to drill on tliem in pairs, 
 large and small, as given in Drills 10 and 11, and in Writing 
 Exercise 8. 
 
 Remark 2. — In a similar way all distinctions sliould he mas- 
 tered. Write alternately all signs that are contrasted so as to 
 impress tlie difference on the mind, and to form the hal)it of 
 making it without thought. 
 
 Remark 3. — Remember that in Takigrafy the l^nowledge of 
 principles, though important, is of little avail without the forma- 
 tion of correct habits of writing, and that correct hal)its can be 
 formed only by frequent repetition of tlie same thing until it 
 can be executed without thought. 
 
 Remark 4. — In the following drills only syllables of infre- 
 quent occurrence are given, and those in Avhicli the vocal is dis- 
 joined are omitted. Some syllables in wliich the vocals are 
 disjoined are given in Drill No. 9. 
 
 52
 
 Writing icxekcises g and 7. 53 
 
 Eior.vnic 5. — In Drill No. 8, observe tli.at short i in the revised 
 alphabet is formed l)y dividing the circle by a i)erpendicnlar lin<-. 
 From this position it may be turned forward to the rii^ht and is 
 made into a liook "whenever it is convenient to do so. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 6. 
 
 1. The j:iy is a fine bird, but it cannot sing so well as 
 the lark. Hark ! 1 hear a bee hum. If we touch him he 
 may hurt us. I see him iiow on a leaf. He can keep on 
 the wing as long as a bird. When the sun is down he 
 will go to his hive, for he knows the way to the hive. 
 
 2. Do you like to catch fish? I do if the air is calm. 
 Fish will not bite so well when there is a high wind. They 
 cannot see the bait if the pond is too rough. 
 
 3. Tom says we may go into the barn and see the 
 lamb, the calf, and the goat. We can see them feed at 
 noon or at night. When they go into the field they eat 
 hay. The lamb will soon become a sheep, and the calf a 
 cow. — 150 words. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 7. 
 
 1. IVo men got off the boat just now. I saw the men 
 each with an oar in his hand ; but they put down the oar, 
 for they do not wish to go now. They will wait till the 
 tide is up. They also wish for more light. The moon 
 does not give enough light for them. 
 
 2. They made a barrack of bark. Fishes are caught 
 in a net. Write har and barrel, par and parry ; but do 
 not use the hook in bar and jjar, though you may do so in 
 barrel and poTry. 
 
 3. For right is right while God is God, 
 
 And right the day shall win ; 
 
 A want of faith is want of heart, 
 
 And doubt is death and sin. 
 
 4. To do to all men as we would 
 
 That they should do to us, 
 Is always right and just and good. 
 Go, sou, and do thou thus. 
 
 — 148 words,
 
 54 
 
 r; 
 
 h 6 
 
 2 ^ — -X 
 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 [6. 7 
 
 
 -^ -^ -^ — - 1 \_ V- V V I-. 
 
 ^ r^ r-^^ r^ r^r-^. .^-^ /^ ^^ i^u 
 
 8 

 
 DIULLS C, 7, AND 8. 55 
 
 DRILL NO. 6. — SHOUT A MEDIAL. 
 
 1. Bap, back, bat, baf, bash, hnth, ban, ])ang, l)al, 
 bar. Cap, gag, cat, caf, cath, can, cal, car. Tack, tat, tap, 
 taf, tas, ta//i, tani, tan, tal, tar. Fap, fag, fan, fang, fal. 
 Sliab, shag, shad, shaf, sap, sack, sat, saf, sash, san, 
 sang. Map, mack, mat, maf, mash, mai/i, mal, mar. 
 
 2. Nap, nack, nat, naf, uash, nas, nath, nam, nan, 
 nal, nar. Lap, lack, hit, hif, lash, las, \afh, lam, Ian. lal, 
 lar. Rap, rack, rat, raf, rash, ras, vath, rr.m, ran, ral, 
 rar. Hap, hack, hat, haf, hasli, lias, hath, liain, hang, 
 hal, har. 
 
 DRILL NO. 7. — SHORT E :\IEI)IAL. 
 
 1. Beck, bet, bef, bes, bem, bell, ber. Keg, get, ges. 
 Deck, cled, des, def/i, dem, der. Feb, fed, fer, fel, fern, 
 Ves. Mek, mot, mes, meth, mem, Vxier. Reck, ret, ref, 
 rem, rel. Wed, wes, wetfi. Head, hes, he^/i, hem, her. 
 
 DRILL NO. 8. — SHOUT I MEDIAL. 
 
 1. Bib, b'g, bid, bish, bin, bil. Kip, kick, give, kill. 
 Dip, di'k, did, dif, din, dil. Fib, fig, fit, fid, fin, fill. 
 Ship, shift, sip, sick, sit, sif, sin, sil. 
 
 2. Lip, lick, lit, lif, lis, Ut'i, liii. Til, lir. Rip, rick, 
 rid, rif, r'Uh, rin, ring, rill. Hip, hick, hit, his, hill. Wick, 
 wit, with, win, will, whip, whig, whit, whif, wliiz, whim. 
 Chip, chick, chit, chiz, chill. Jig, jim, jin, gill. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 8. 
 
 1. He did the deed. They seek aid for the sick. They 
 dip it into the deep sea. I did not say heel, but liill. Yo i 
 should write weal, not will ; seal, not sill. The}' may 
 take that meal l)ack to the mill. She will sift the meal 
 with a sieve. The baker will bake the cake and take it 
 back to the man that bought i'. The cat can kill and eat 
 a rat. The lamb is lame. The man will get a can and a 
 cane. He has bought a calf and put it into the cave. They 
 pave the highway and mnke a good road. The wretch sat 
 on the ed_4e of the ledge, and said he would pitc-h the 
 wedge into the ditch. The dog ran to the log and got upon 
 it. — 13G words.
 
 56 BillE io, 9 
 
 <U: ^^^. l^ U^ V^ V^ t-S. ..-^^ 
 
 >^-x-/^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -<1 
 
 -^:l_^ 
 
 
 
 '^^^ , 
 
 /^. 
 
 -^ 
 
 _^^ ^ .^ 
 
 \_.^^-^^^\ 
 
 ^ If- — ■ u_v— 
 
 
 
 ^eaibin| 
 
 l^eerdsc. 
 
 2 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 -^ .^^ ^ A 
 
 c^ ^ > -^-^ 
 
 ^^' - 
 
 .—- 
 
 ^ 
 
 - . .--^.-^ 
 
 ^'->— ^ < 
 
 "U — 
 
 'Li. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 x^^^^A -7- 
 
 -^^>^ 
 
 wn__ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 — ^ ')^ <- o 
 
 .-^'"-i — 
 
 ^_ 
 
 -_ ;!— 
 
 ^"^-^ ^ ^ L 
 
 ~C— — ^-^ — * 

 
 DASH VOCALS. 57 
 
 DRILL NO. 9. — DISJOINED VOCALS. 
 
 1. Badge, batch, patch, catch, match, kxtch. edge, 
 sedge, ledge, wedge, hedge, fetch, wretch, rich, pitch, 
 ditch, witch, hitch, teach, beach, peach, leach, base, [)ays, 
 vase, phase, chaise, essays, assays. 
 
 2. Ben, pen, ken, den, ten, fen, men, wren, wen, hen. 
 Dim, vim, limb, rim, him, wliim, web, wept, kept, left, 
 recked, elect. 
 
 DUILL NO. 10. CONTRASTED IIOUKS. 
 
 1. Dip deep, did deed, chip cheap, sick seek, wick 
 week, whit wheat. Pip peep, kip keep, kin keen, kill 
 keel, pill peel, sieve receive, hid heed. 
 
 2. Bal) babe, ba^A bathe, ban bane, gat gate, gag 
 cake, calf cave, gat gate, dazzle days, gas gaze, lass lays, 
 lamb lame, raze haze. 
 
 DRILL NO. 11. —CONTRASTED VOCALS. 
 
 1. Beat bet bit, peat pet pit, read red rid, heed head 
 hid, wheat whet whit, geese guess kiss, leaf left lift. 
 
 2. Take tack, sake sack, dane daunt, taint taunt, rave 
 raft, lave laugh, lake lack, lathe lath, vain vaunt 
 
 DASH VOCALS. 
 
 50. The horizontal dashes arc invarial)le, but the 
 other dashes may be varied in joining. All dashes 
 must make a distinct angle with the letter to whicli 
 they are joined. When they do not make an angle 
 they are disjoined. 
 
 51. A disjoined vocal is placed on the left of the 
 inclined letters, and above the horizontal when they 
 precede, and on the right and below Avhen they 
 follow. When the vocal occurs between two con- 
 sonants, it is placed near the latter in closed syllables, 
 and ■with the former in open .syllables. 
 
 Rkmark. — Syllables eiuliiiii in a vowel are open, syllables 
 endiiin: with a consonant are closed. The first syllable of hnttu)i 
 is close, but the first syllable of bemitij is open.
 
 58 
 
 fj 
 
 h ^2 
 
 
 2 L: U.' C^V^-Tl 
 

 
 WRITING EXERCISE 9. 59 
 
 DRILL NO. 12. — SIIOKT O. 
 
 1. Bob, bog, both, bomb, bon, boll. Cob, cog, got, 
 cot, con, col, col, cor. Top, tog, dock, tos.s, doll. tor. 
 Job, cliop, jog. jol, jor. jon. Fob, fop, fog, fon, fol, fol, 
 for, for. Shop, shock, shod, sop, sock, sot, song. Mob, 
 mock, moth, moll. Not, uom, lot, lop, loss, rod, wad. 
 
 DRILL NO. 13. LONG O. 
 
 1. Pope, poke, boat, both, bone, bole, cope, cove, 
 comb, cone, coal, dove, tone, shown, shoal, soaji, sowed, 
 sows, sonl, soar. Mope, moan, known, lone. 
 
 2. Poach, poem, port. coat, coach, dote, dose, tome, 
 tole, vote, foes, foam, shore, mode, mote, more, note, 
 gnome, load, loathe, loam, lore, wrote, rose, roam, hope, 
 hoes, home, hone, hole. 
 
 DRILL NO. li. AV AND OO. 
 
 1. Pawn, cause, call taught, wrought tall, fawn, fall, 
 sawn, thought, maul, loss, booth, boom, boon, pool, 
 poor, coop, cooth, goose, cool, fool, loom, loop, loon. 
 
 2. Bought, boss, shawl, gone, daub, saught, soot, coot, 
 coon, tool, tooth, tour, food, soon, mood, moot, moose, 
 moon, moor, noon, noose. 
 
 "WRITING EXERCISE 9. 
 
 1. He will go in a boat to catch fish. lie will not 
 need a rod and pole. The child may run and romp, roll 
 the hoop, and bat the ball, upon the lawn. The moon 
 will shine all night, and give light upon the field and the 
 wood. You may write a note for Bob, and call John to 
 t.Mke it to town. The soil is a soft red loam. The fool 
 hah said in his heart, ''There is no God." He gave 
 them much food for thought. There is room at the top. 
 Ho bought a job lot of tools at auction. Fourteen days 
 make one fortnight "With a pen of iron he wrote his 
 name on the solid rock. Behold I set before thee an 
 open door. The billows tossed the foam upon the shore. 
 It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer ; but when he is 
 gone his way then he boasteth. — • 15G words.
 
 60 
 
 ^' 
 
 k 
 
 •■ "7 V "7 'y 1/ 1-^ -^ ^ yi L^ ^1 ^ L. 
 
 \\\ 
 
 ^\ 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 11 HE e. 
 

 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 CONSONANT JOININGS. 
 
 52. When the consonant letters join without an 
 intermediate vocal, the joining is directed hy the 
 well-known principles of geometric science As 
 every consonant has a definite direction, whether 
 straight or curved, the joining makes angles of a 
 fixed character; or is without angle. The following 
 cases occur : — 
 
 a. The joining of the straight letters. 
 
 6. The joining of the straight and curved letters. 
 
 c. The joining of curves. 
 
 See drills A, B, C, on the preceding page. 
 
 53. 1. When straight lines unite with curves, 
 if the curve faces the angle, the angle is o])literated in 
 most cases ; obtuse angles always, and right angles 
 generally. Only acute angles resist this elision of 
 the angle. When, however, the back of the curve 
 is toward the angle, the angle remains unimpaired. 
 
 2. Facinof curves unite without an angle if the 
 angle formed by the general direction of the letters is 
 either right or acute ; if olitruse an angle is formed. 
 
 3. Opposing curves make angles in all cases, 
 except when in the same general direction. In this 
 case they unite without angle. Facing curves in the 
 same direction make anoles. 
 
 o 
 Remark, — The joiuiiigs of the consonant letters should be 
 mastered by means of careful and persistent drilluiic until the 
 two letters can be made as readily as one. Every indi\idual 
 combination should l)e written a hundred times, if necessary to 
 freedom of motion. A single line of either of tlie al)ove drills 
 is sufficient for the work of a day in drilling. 
 Gl
 
 02 POSITION OF OUTLINES. 
 
 54. The character made hy the uniting of the 
 letters into a word-form is called the outline if 
 unvocalized, and the word-form Avhen vocalized. 
 This word-form or outline is placed on the line in 
 accordance with the following rules : — 
 
 (1.) The tirst perpendicular or inclined consonant 
 stroke in a word-form rests upon the line of writing, 
 and the preceding or following letters follow their 
 own natural direction, and accommodate themselves 
 to the leading letters. 
 
 (2.) Outlines containing only horizontal con- 
 sonants are written near the line. 
 
 Kemark 1. — The consonant stroke rests on the line; if a 
 vocal follow it will run below if written downward. 
 
 Rem.vrk 2. — If tlio first inclined letter is an np-stroke it will 
 commence on tlie line. 
 
 Remark 3. — Wliere several horizontal strokes pi'ecede tlie 
 first inclined or perpendicular sti'oke, all these liorizontal letters 
 will be written above the line, if tlie leading letter is written 
 downward ; but if tlie leading letter be written upwards, tliey 
 will l)e written on tlie line. 
 
 Kemakk 4. — If tlie paper used be unruled the same princi- 
 ples will apply, for, in this case, there is always a line under- 
 stood in the mind of the writer. The writing must lie arranged 
 witli reference to the line, just the same as though the line ap- 
 peared on the paper. 
 
 Remark 5. — For examples, see, on page 64, the first two lines. 
 These outlines are not given in their briefer form, but literally, 
 for the purpose of illustrating the position of the outlines. All 
 the reading exercises and outlines also illustrate the rules given 
 in this paragraph.
 
 WRITING EXEKCISES 10 AND 11. 63 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 10. 
 
 1. There is a large mirror iu the parlor, and a fine 
 piece of coral on the shelf. The tide never rises higher 
 than it is now. A minoi- is of less age than twenty-one 
 years. The major will fire the cannon as a salute on the 
 day of election. He said his rejection should not lead to 
 dejection, for his defeat was caused b}' a defection or fac- 
 tion. They were led to rely upon fiction. His mission 
 w-as one of peace, and a benison to the public. I will 
 direct him to take the organ in the wagon and go to the 
 cabin at the foot of the hill. Put the water in an earthen 
 vessel until to-morrow morning. Shadows lengthen in the 
 afternoon, as the sun goes down ; so in the twilight of 
 knowledge tlie shadows of the mighty men of former ages 
 ai'c longer, but in a time of research and mental activity 
 these shadows shorten and often disappear. — 162 words. 
 
 "WRITING EXERCISE 11. 
 
 1. The potato and tomato are esculent, but it is well 
 to put an embargo on tobacco. The tornado is a mighty 
 wind moving in a rotary motion. A torpedo may be at- 
 tached to a vessel, and in time of war is fatal to shipping. 
 
 2. His espousal of our cause was in coherent language, 
 and we cannot doubt his sanity. His loyalty is undoubted, 
 and not a moiety has been said in his favor that might 
 well have been written. Purity with some men is a non- 
 entity, a vacuity. A cavity is an empty void. His piety 
 is not bigotry, and he is bounteous though lenient. 
 
 3. He will gain a competency by his labor. He appre- 
 ciated the delicacy of the situation. Antimony is a min- 
 eral. JNIatrimony should always be voluntary. She may 
 well deserve an honorary title for her literary labor. He 
 took an inventory of his estate in the ordinary manner. — 
 152 words.
 
 64 
 
 i^N 
 
 --^^^XZ? 
 
 luKincs ^^ 
 
 ^^\y^ 
 
 J 
 
 L. 
 
 ^X_^^— J 
 
 -^ r-"- 
 
 y ^ 
 
 '< 
 
 ->~^ 
 
 ■^ ^X-^^ 
 
 ^^^
 
 WORD SIGNS. 65 
 
 See Outlines B, page 64, 
 
 Aud, have, in, ye, wlio, how, which, will, could, would, 
 should, what, had, head, hath, him, any, now, new, as, 
 has, his, does, tliis, these, said, says, some, sou, then, 
 men, cue, ouce, etc. 
 
 READING EXERCISE 4. — PARTIAL KEY. 
 
 This is the house that Jack built. This is the malt that 
 lay in the house that Jack built. This is the rat that ate 
 the malt that lay iu the house that Jack built. This is the 
 cat that killed the rat, etc. 
 
 Remark. — In this exercise, there arc three Avorcl.s in Avliieh 
 compound si,a:ns occur. For tlieir use, see the following chap- 
 ter. The hook in each of these word-forms adds the sound of 
 the letter r to the alphabetic letter. 
 
 VOWEL OMISSIONS. 
 
 55. Rule 1. — Omit all ()l)scuie vowels. 
 
 Remark 1. — The vowel is never obscure in words of one 
 syllable, nor iu accented syllables in long words ; but in unac- 
 cented syllables the vowel is generally obscure. 
 
 Remark 2. — The final syllables al el en er ier ar iar on ion rir 
 in most cases contain obscure vowels. 
 
 Remark 3. — The termination il is generally vocalized. 
 
 Rule 2. — Omit unaccented vowels that do not 
 readily join in the outline, though they may not be 
 wholly obscure. 
 
 Remark 1. — All accented vowels are to be written; but there 
 is but one accented vowel in words of two and three syllables, 
 and only two in words of four, and five, and more, syllables : so 
 the numl)er of lyiaccentcd syllatiles far exceeds the number of 
 accented syllables, aud more vowels arc omitted than are written. 
 
 Remark 2. — If the vowel is long and strong though not ac- 
 cented, it must be written; but in words like furnish, varnish, 
 rul)bish, etc., the vowel in the last syllable is omitted, being suf- 
 ficiently implied in the name of tlie letter Ish.
 
 66 0uKincs go^ 1 
 
 2. U:r ^ -;7 Vj xi^ 
 
 luHiiies Mk 2
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NOS. 1 AND 2. 07 
 
 KEY TO OL'TLINKS NO. 1. 
 
 1. Barrel, parlor, coral, terror, mirror, river, niver, 
 ladder, matter, major, minor, rumor, tumor, razor, better, 
 bitter, lighter, louder, older, bolder, molder, wilder, 
 milder, piston, canon, piuion, ocean, action, faction, man- 
 sion, oration, omission, rejection, direction, ovation, com- 
 pendious, imposing, reformatory. 
 
 2. Peril, civil, agile, facile, reptile, missal, rigid, medi- 
 cine, orison, reckon, organ, ribbon, robbin, lincoln, 
 lengthen, leathern. 
 
 3. Patent, ancient, vacant, raiment, gimlet, target, car- 
 pet, turbid. 
 
 4. Racy, tard}', monkey, valle}', bony, merry, empty, 
 lobby, levy, ague, tissue, borrow, meadow, fellow, peer- 
 age, voyage, marriage, reputation, occupation, repetition. 
 
 5. Painted, torrid, gifted, fetid, vapid, gilded, rapid, 
 wicked, orbit, morbid. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 2. 
 
 1. Potato, tomato, tobacco, sirocco, embargo, octavo, 
 pagoda, idea, incarnate, coherent, inherent, composite, 
 dictator, baptismal, espousal, vehement, amazement, com- 
 mandment, rectify, fortify, ritual. 
 
 2. Loyalty, moiety, l)ot;iny, purity, balcony, deputy-, 
 dignity, piety, poes}', pedantry, usury, watery, bounteous, 
 lenient, radiant. 
 
 3. Fortunate, various, serious, bachelor, epicure, rene- 
 gade, rilial'h'y, regicide, plenitude, dialogue, lunatic, 
 negative, almanac, mnrital, medium, codicil, natural, bar- 
 l)ecue, ridicule, residue, c 'Ionize, porcupine, genuine, 
 gormandize, womanish, heathenish, juvenile, parapet, 
 duteous, regalia, molasses.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CONSONANTAL DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 56. In rude and uncultivated languages we find 
 generally an excess of vocalization. Every conso- 
 nant has its vowel, sometimes more than one. Culti- 
 vated nations abbreviate their speech and fVequently 
 blend two or more consonants together without an 
 intervening vowel. The words blow and belo2o have 
 the same consonants in the same order, as also have 
 the words blend and Belinda, grant and guarantee. 
 It is desirable to indicate this union of consonant 
 sounds by some sign that shall indicate the exclu- 
 sion of the vowel. 
 
 57. The letters that blend with others in the be- 
 ginniaig of syllables are to, I, r, and s, and in the end 
 of syllables r, I, and s, so we have three principal 
 series of these compounds ; the r series, the I series, 
 and the s series ; and a fourth series in which the 
 coalescent w unites with k, d, or t. 
 
 THE L AND R SERIES. 
 
 58. These compounds are either initial or final. 
 They are initial when followed by a vocal in the 
 same syllal)le, and final when no vocal follows. 
 Their initial use is illustrated in outlines Nos. 3 and 
 4 on page 70. The names of the initial I and r series 
 are Bla, Pla, Gla, Cla, Flay, Bra, Pra, Gra, Cra, 
 Dra, Tra, Era, Shra, Thra. See outlines Nos. 3-1. 
 
 Remark. — Master the compounds of the I aud r series b}^ 
 drilling on them in pairs until they are as familiar as tlie alpha- 
 betic letters. Then proceed to write the following exercises and 
 drills : — 
 
 68
 
 WRITING EXERCISES 12 AND 13. G9 
 
 WRlTINd KXERCISE 12. 
 
 1. Please to place the blue platter on the table. Clean 
 the cup, close the window, wind the clock ; then climb the 
 cliff beyond the glen and join the class in botany. He will 
 phinge into the placid lal<e. That Hag has floated over 
 sea and land, the emblem of peace and the harbinger of 
 plenty to every nation. That bright boy is in a sad plight 
 through pride. Grass is green, air is blue, the cloud is 
 black and gray. That bird is dressed in plumage gay. 
 She tried to trill a note of praise as she flew away, glad 
 to be free from bondage. They dread to tread upon en- 
 chanted ground. A faint gleam of light relieved the 
 gloom as tliey clonib upw.a-d. 
 
 2. Aerial navigation has never as yet been realized. 
 He found a large and commodious room and began to ac- 
 cumulate many curiosities for his Egyptian museum. The 
 Bureau of Education is in the Department of the Interior 
 at Washington. — 1 G2 words. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 13. 
 
 1. Let him fasten the braid with a brad. She brought 
 tlie bread and broke it for the table. The preacher said 
 he preferred to prove tlie truth of his doctrine by an illus- 
 tration. God made man of clay and breathed into his 
 nostrils the breath of life. Tlie orator addressed a great 
 assembly. Brain and l)rawMi supp'y the sinews of war, 
 and drive the great Corliss engine which propels the ma- 
 cliinery designed to set in motion the tlu-onging industries 
 of peace. The greed of gain is a grave error; it crushes 
 out manhood. Tlie sjul is prostrated in the dust by it, 
 and so is compelled to worship at the shrine of a deity that, 
 like Dagon of old, is unmoved by the anguish of bleeding 
 hearts — a brute, nay, more, a clod. Pride goeth before 
 destruction. God will give grace and glory. 
 
 An angel's wing would droop if long at rest, 
 And God himself, inactive, were no longer blest. 
 
 — IGO words.
 
 70 
 
 ** 3 
 
 3.1_ Ct- U [^ P^ L. U ^ kV\'^.5 \ \ 
 •4,\ W- Vi V. V V~ A3- 1,1 \^ \^" ^
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NOS. 3 AND 4. 71 
 
 OUTLINES NO. 3. 
 
 1. Bla, Pla, Gla, Cla, Fla, Bra, Tra, Gra, Cra, Dra, 
 Tra, Fra, Slira, Thra. Blue, play, glee, clay, flee, bmw, 
 prow, grow, cry, dry, ti-y, fro, flow, tlirovv, free, three, 
 fly, fry, shred, thread. 
 
 2. Blight, bright, plead, breed, glean, greeu, clip, grip, 
 cloud, crowd, drop, trip, trick, flight, fright, flit, fret, 
 flame, frame, fleece, freeze, flush, fresh, flinch, French, 
 
 3. Plaid, played, blaze, place, bleed, bled, l)liglit, blab, 
 black, break, broke, blade, bluff, blush, brush, glib, club, 
 cluck, crook, glad, glide, cliff, glove, clean, glare, flop, 
 flock, floor, flower, flesh, flash. 
 
 4. Bribe, brag, brack, braid, broad, broom, pride, prim, 
 prate, preach, prove, prose, prank, grape, grip, crop, 
 crape, croup, grul), Greek, crack, great, greet, grove, 
 grows, craze, cruise, drape, drip, dream, truce, trice, trace, 
 trick, track, drunk, trunk, drink, trump, tramp, detract, 
 redress, protrude, preempt. 
 
 OUTLINES NO. 4. 
 
 1. Freed, fright, fruit, fraught, fraud, froth, front, 
 frill, shrill, thrill, shrewd, threat, throat, throng, shrine, 
 shrink, reply, repress, recluse, reclaim, depress, declare, 
 displace, retract, retrace, retrench, entreat, defray, defraud, 
 dethrone, infringe, enthrall, enfranchise, patronize, re- 
 prisal, prototype, prophecy, cranium, bravery. 
 
 2. Brilliancy, prodig}', tragedy, traitorous, treacherous, 
 dressing-room, proportionate, enclosing, disclosing, en- 
 grossing, degrading, antichrist, monochromatic, ventrilo- 
 quist, unshrinking, unflinching, unproductive, reproduc- 
 ing, lithographic, hieroglyphic, depravity, declivity, ob- 
 structing, electric, tragedy, brigadier, proclivity, propriety, 
 prerogative, untrammelled, unpremeditated, reproductive, 
 attractive, treadmill, treasonable, transient, magistracy. 
 
 THE COMPOUNDS OF THE S SERIES. 
 
 59. The compounds of the s series are either 
 initial or final. For the initial series see Outlines 
 Nos. 3, page 70.
 
 72 guffincs Ijo^ 5 
 
 '^v '^ ^. '--I '^ »^'^'^ 
 
 2. v- r^ <^^ ^^- 6^ <r^ <:? <r"< "<\ "^1 
 
 2_ 2_ c^^^ -^^^^ -^-"^ <^A> . o^ ^ e^ 
 
 
 Vv — 
 
 -^ hd 
 
 2. /^L ^_ v.-_— ^\_^)^^^ 
 3. ^ ---V ---Hy /-Vy l^ ^"-ly "^ -iy^^ ^ ^
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 5. 73 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 5. 
 
 1. Spe, Ste, Ske, Sfe, Sme, Sne, Sle, Sla, Swa, vSpra, 
 Stra, Sera. Spy, spite, spade, speed, speak, spake, spoke, 
 speech, spoon, spool, spell, spill, spoil, spear, spare, stick, 
 stake, stock, stuck, steep, step, stab, stub, skip, scrip, 
 scape, scrape, scout, skiff, skin, skill, school, scroll, scrawl, 
 state, straight, stove, strove, steaui, stream, stain, strain, 
 steel, steer. 
 
 2. Sphere, smoke, smile, smit, smote, smell, smile, 
 smear, snub, snap, snake, snout, snort, snuft", snail, sneer, 
 slab, slap, sleep, slip, slate, slat, slide, sleet, slit, slake, 
 slag, slack, slug, swap, swab, sweet, swift. 
 
 3. Spread, sprout, sprightly, spring, sprung, sprawl, 
 stretch, strive, script, scrub, scratch, screen, straddle, 
 street, stratify, strategy, strange, stringent, strongly, 
 stroll, striven, obstructing, restricting, extracting, extri- 
 cating. 
 
 OCTLIXES NO. 6. 
 
 1. Bel, Pel, Del, Tel, Gel, Kel, Vel, Fel, Zhel, Shel, 
 Nel. Noble, opal, model, bottle, eagle, local, oval, awful, 
 ofTicial, kennel, double, edible, trouble, bubble, pebble, 
 humble, tumble, trample, treml)le, bundle, mantle, fondle, 
 kindle, gentle, rental, dreadful, peaceful, bevel, level. 
 
 2. Radical, practical, critical, bugle, creditable, suita- 
 ble, vegetable, formidable, article, particle, initial, otlicial, 
 ambrosial, tunnel, funnel, rival, sv.'ivel, careful, fearful, 
 journal. 
 
 3. Able, table, unable, rabble, Babel, staple, steeple, 
 legal, sickle, idle, addle, ladle, beadle, beetle, fatal, rattle, 
 ravel, raffle, ra-lily, usual, essential, prudential, poten- 
 tial, panel, analyst, prickle, grapple, scruple, scribble, 
 scrabble, scraper, skipper, straggle, struggle, spangle, 
 sprinkle, strangle, stripling, swindle, sweetly, satchel, 
 angel, oracle, parable, terrible, horrible, barnacle. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 14. 
 
 1. It is truth in speech to call a spade a spade. Can 
 you spai'e a spoon and a spool? Pie stuck a stake into 
 the sfround which stood stiff and straisht. Let him that
 
 74 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 ■ — \J^ 
 
 ereisc, 5 
 
 _ c- ^y ^ - /^ _ " -^\^ : 
 
 '' ^ \ .\^^ , " ^ / V- "^ — ^ , ^ ./-- <^ 
 
 ^-^c^. 
 
 5 ^i_ ._ -^ ^ 
 
 
 r:
 
 THE FINAL L, R, AND S SERIES. 75 
 
 stole steal no more. They will storm the stockade. That 
 steam vessel will stem the current and stand steady iu the 
 storm. A sweet smile is better than a bitter sneer. His 
 form is slight and slim and his hat sleek. He scribbled 
 a hasty scrawl, and took the scroll to the scribe. They 
 stretch the string straight, and strive to trip the straggling 
 swain. He engraved this legend on the marble slab : Let 
 him sleep the sleep of the just. 
 
 2. I hope yon do not feel free to fret at fraud. The 
 frail twig of alder will hold the thrush who thrice trilled 
 his gladsome note. We seek to repress crime, — not now 
 to reclaim the fallen. They deserve reproach for their de- 
 sire to encroach upon the prerogatives of one better than 
 they ever were. That traitor is a treacherous villain, and 
 is plotting treason. His brilliant career was owing to 
 loyalty to a good cause, and to bravery in defending the 
 right. As a friend and patron he offered a premium or 
 prize to him who is able to take the highest place through 
 superior merit. — 222 words. 
 
 THE FINAL L AND R SERIES. 
 
 60. The signs of the final I and r series are used 
 
 only when convenient. When the alphabet forms 
 
 are more convenient, they arc used instead of the 
 
 compounds. See Outlines Nos. 7 and 8. 
 
 Remark. — Convenience or inconvenience is determined largely 
 by vocalization. If the woultl-be compound is preceded b}'^ a 
 vowel tliat ouijht to he written, and wliich cannot lie joined to 
 the compounds but can l)e joined to tlie stem letter, the full form 
 is used: as, for instance, in the words legal, enable ; but if the 
 vowel can be spared, or if it can be joined to the compound sign, 
 then the compound is used, as iu the words local, article. (See 
 Outlines No. 8.) 
 
 THE FINAL S SERIES. 
 
 61. The final circle is designed to indicate the 
 union of the s or z sound with a preceding consonant 
 without an intervening vocal, or with an obscure 
 vowel, as in ai^hes. See Outlines No, 7.
 
 
 7 
 
 76 
 
 2. 
 
 3. L L v\^ _^ __o D 3 "^^-^ '^v^ ^--5 --^^^ 
 /^J^_^ ^^ -^^ -U -^ ^-^ >" )>" )^. 
 
 0iiK-incs|o^ 8 
 
 2 ku.Kkl.V.^'^-^i
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES 7 AND 8. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 7. 
 
 1. Bcr, Per, Ger, Kcr, Der, Ter, Yer, Fer, Zher, Sher, 
 Ther, T/ier, Mer, Ner. Ember, temper, eager, order, 
 OA'er, puffer, osier, usher, other, Arthur, rumor, owner, 
 blubber, deeper, trooper, beggar, beaker, v/ider, voter, 
 cover, rougher, leisure, fisher, wisher, mutter, measure, 
 mother, donor, tenor. 
 
 2. Neighbor, labor, vapor, baker, packer, bladder, 
 platter, glitter, clatter, daughter, debter, rather, wither, 
 azure, rasher, father, favor, fever, differ, giver, coffer, 
 scoffer. 
 
 3. Ebs, Eps, Egs, Ex, Eds, Ets, Evs, Efs, Ethz, Eths, 
 Athz, Aths, Ems, Engs, P^ns, Elz, P^rz, Ence, Else, Krse. 
 Hubs, hopes, hugs, hooks, heads, oats, loves, laughs, 
 wreathrs, wreaths, looms, loans, lines, lungs, ells, eels, 
 worse, wars, force, fours, falls. 
 
 4. Probes, props, scrubs, scrapes, trips, chips, throbs, 
 shrubs, grapes, clips, bugs, books, speaks, bids, frets, 
 pence, pens, fools, pulls, pulse, purse, purrs, pours, utters, 
 owners, evils, embers, tampers. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 8. 
 
 1. Peeper, pepper, pauper, popper, pebble, people, 
 papal, pupil, proper, copper, cooper, keeper, skipper, 
 cable, cobble, copal, couple, tab'e, dabble, double, trouble, 
 stubble, stopple, staple, stable, chapel, feeble, fable, 
 foible, shipper, saber, maple, label, rabble, ripple, riper, 
 wrapper. 
 
 2. Broker, poker, bleaker, speaker, buckle, cockle, 
 shackle, suckle, local, regal, striker, joker, shaker, seeker, 
 maker, raker, weaker, walker, liquor, litter, letter, latter, 
 leader, elder, older, ladder, louder, little, lately, rattle. 
 
 3. Beater, better, bitter, batter, butter, biter, pewter, 
 putter, patter, beetle, bottle, ]:)attle, paddle, badly, boodle, 
 poodle, bundle, trund'e, spindle, cuttle, scuttle, vital, 
 shuttle, shudder, shutter, saddle, suttle, metal, muddle, 
 meutalj mantel.
 
 78 WRITING EXERCISE 15. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 15, 
 
 1. He is a model man, able and noble. In the battle 
 of the bottle he is radical and practical, which is creditable 
 to his critical acumen. With a smooth pebb'e taken from 
 the brook David smote the uiant and made the Philistines 
 tremble and fly. With humble voice aud gentle mien h^ 
 claimed ofllcial recognition and protection. The boy 
 thought it a terrible trouble to do the easi st 'hity, but did 
 not scruple to scribble an unreadalile scrawl to his amiable 
 tutor. The fickle people were unable to meet in battle 
 with equal skill the freemen trained in the rugged school 
 of hardship. The temple was built of solid granite laid 
 with a pknnb line and a level. 
 
 2. The tiger and the panther hunt their prey at night. 
 The otter is a fur-bearing animal. Labor is a ladder on 
 which all who ever reach it climb to eminence. Many 
 ])arter that which is beyond price for a small share of 
 lilthy lucre. The stronger should not injure the weaker ; 
 the same Almighty Maker mnde both. Lumber is made 
 from timber. Trees grow in the forest, and when they are 
 cut down and hewn or sawn the}' are called timber ; when 
 sawn into the form of a board, scantling, or joist the prod- 
 uct is called lumber. Whale fat is called blubber. 
 Water is strained through a filter. The author will be 
 glad to do 3'ou a favor. — 236 words. 
 
 THE CIRCLE USED MEDIALLY. 
 
 ()2. When the circle comes l)etween two conso- 
 nants the direction in which it is turned is determined 
 by certain rules. AYhen occurring between the simple 
 letters there are the following cases : — 
 
 1. Between two straisfht signs in the same direc- 
 tion the circle is written as before taught in the 
 initial and final series. 
 
 2. Between straisrht lines that form an angle it is 
 written on the outside of the angle.
 
 EXTENDED USE OF THE CIRCLE. 79 
 
 . At the junction of straight lines iind curves it 
 is on the inside of the curve. 
 
 4. At the junction of facing curves, on the inside 
 of both. 
 
 5. At the junction of the opposing curves, no 
 rule but that of convenience can be given. See 
 examples in Outlines No. 9, corresponding numbers. 
 
 When occurring medially before hooked letters the 
 circle is turned in such a way as to best accommo- 
 date the hook. 
 
 a. Between two straight signs the circle on the 
 r hook side implies the r of the r series ; but fol- 
 lowed by the signs of the I series, J and cha, the hook 
 must appear. 
 
 b. The hooks of the r series are sometimes 
 obscured when they follow a sign ending with a circle, 
 but they may be so turned that the circle may be 
 brouofht on to the r hook side. 
 
 c. Where the expression of the I hook following 
 a circle would be otherwise impossible, the long sign 
 may be used instead of the circle, as in the word 
 resplendent. See Outlines No. 9. 
 
 EXTENDED USE OF THE CIRCLE. 
 
 03. 1. The circle is used for c« in such initial syl- 
 lables as sub, sup, sug, sue, sud, suf, sun, sul, sur, 
 dis, mis, and in other cases where the s is followed 
 by an obscure vocal or short-dash vocal. See Out- 
 lines No. 10. 
 
 2. The circle may be Avrittenin the curved vocals 
 when necessary to form good outlines.
 
 80 
 
 iluKines lo. 9 
 
 1 f— ^^^^^s^^io u^ ._^^i^ 
 
 
 3. "^ 
 
 >>-o 
 
 -^ 

 
 KEY TO OUTLINES 9 AND 10. 81 
 
 THE DOUBLE CIRCLE. 
 
 64. When a syllable ending in a circle adds a 
 second 6^ it may be indicated by enlarging the circle, 
 if more convenient to do so. See Outlines No. 10-3. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 9. 
 
 1. Bespeak, footstool, excuse, forswear. 
 
 2. Obscure, bestow, respond, expose, exercise, exorl)i- 
 tant, resketch, restore. 
 
 3. Inspire, exasperate, unstained, liomespnn, suspense, 
 well-spent, dowustairs, withstand, sustain, uuskilled, well- 
 skilled, despoil, indecision, disseminate. 
 
 4. Themselves, Nelson, enslave, ensnare, falsely, 
 pulseless, deuseuess, incautiously, unanimously, Demos- 
 thenes. 
 
 5. Long-suffering, secession, densely, Dinsmore, tin- 
 smith, lonsesome, ransom. 
 
 6. Bespread, upspringing, headstrong, excrete, ex- 
 claim, exchange, rescript, nondescript, express, extreme, 
 bestrewed, prescript, proscript, prescribe, describe, re- 
 splendent, exaggerate, exuberant, obstruction, restriction, 
 rescriptiou, description, inscription, ascription, postscript. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 10. 
 
 1. Submit, support, suggest, success, succession, sub- 
 serve, subsist, sudden, satisfy, several, suffice, unsocia- 
 ble, recess, southern, sometime, sunshine, sung, sulphur, 
 seldom, surmount, surround, surprise, circumstance, 
 basket, biscuit, brisket, casket, uncertain, answer, good- 
 ness, soulless, careless, helplessness, carelessly, helplessly. 
 
 2. Asp, aspect, asperse, aspire, inspire, ask, askance, 
 acid, astonish, asteroid, assiduity, asseverate, associate, 
 ascend, ascent, assault, assert, assuage, asquint, insist, in- 
 cessant, incense, innocence, inscrutable, inscribe, instruct. 
 
 3. Ancestry, consist, resuscitate, sustenance, suscep- 
 tible, suspicious, suspect, sustain, tenses, dances, furnaces, 
 wildernesses, necessary, access, success, fancies, system, 
 sister, schism, sassafras, Cicero, scissors, assessors, CiT?sar.
 
 82 
 
 cabin| ^jccreisc. 6 
 
 \^ ^ 
 
 
 ^ n-^-i^-^^^^ 
 
 n 
 
 — ^^ — 
 
 -> w. 
 
 2. ^. 
 
 c \^^ ^Z-T^ -^-^ /---^ \ — 
 
 »^. 
 
 ^- ^ 

 
 WRITING EXERCISE 18. 83 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 18. 
 
 1. He is stern, steady, and stoical. The slow snail 
 slides smoothly along his slippery way. He accepts the 
 office, and attempts by his acts to conceal his faults. For 
 the hundredth time he spoke of lengths, breadths, widths, 
 and depths. Amidst tlie mists and coldest frosts, with 
 barest wrists and stoutest boasts, he tlu'usts his fis's 
 against the posts, and still insists he sees the ghosts. A 
 storm arises on tlie sea. A model vessel is struggling 
 amidst the war of elements, quivering and sliivcring, 
 shrinlving and battling like a flunking being. The merci- 
 less, racking whirlwinds, like frightful fiends, howl and 
 moan, and send sharp, shrill shrieks through the creaking 
 cordage, snapping the sheets and masts. The sailors 
 stand to their tasks, and weather the severest storm of 
 the season. 
 
 2. They met many obstacles, but did not rest satisfied 
 with partial success. They endeavored to restore customs 
 now nearly obsolete from long disuse. Receiving little 
 aid, with much restraint, they struggled on through un- 
 pleasant tasks, striving not so much to win success as to 
 deserve it. The discipline of sorrow is often necessary 
 to moral perfection. His directions were explicit and ex- 
 pressed in terms quite unmistakable. His reply discloses 
 some scarcity, even at the base of supplies. Those dis- 
 graceful proceedings deserve decided dispraise. Provi- 
 dence dispenses many blessings, and we regard some of 
 these blessings as indispensable. — 226 words.
 
 luffines 
 
 m^k 
 
 a 
 
 84 
 
 N V. v^ \ ^ a ^ v^^ ^^ -^ ^ ^ --- 
 
 2^ j -^ 
 
 J~J^ ^ ^ / ^ ^ 
 
 mrlmes 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 luKlnes Mo. 
 
 ' l_^ V (v— "^^-^^ •S_->^'^>-^ 
 
 '-Vr 
 
 4-^^l 4_-t--,— ^ ^
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 WORD SIGXS AND SPECIAL COXTRACTS. SIGN WORDS. 
 
 65. The following sign words are written with 
 brief signs, as given on page 84 : In No. 1 the com- 
 pounds are used in some cases exceptionally, as in 
 the words dear, call, sure, etc., where the vowel is 
 included. In No. 2 vocal signs, ticks, and final 
 hooks, and in No. 3 t-he circle and loop are used. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 11. 
 
 1. Dear, true, call, over, ever, from, pleasure, sure, 
 short, other, through, throughout, value, full, dwell, be- 
 tween. 
 
 2. All, altogether, already, almighty, almost, always, 
 why, while, when, whence, one, once, object, by, begin, 
 began, begun, country, account, satisfy, thy, thine, then, 
 than, new, now, only, any, anything, something, nothing. 
 England. En owlish. 
 
 3. Subject, establish, business, said, says, south, saith, 
 some, sun, sou, sung, last, least, first, his, house, use, uze. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 12. 
 
 1. Dearly, truly, calling, called, overdo, overhead, 
 overcome, overlook, overwhelm, pleasurable, surely, surer, 
 insure, assure, shorten, shortly, shorthand, otherwise, 
 valuable, unvalued, valuation, fulness, fully, fulfil, dwell- 
 ing, dwelling-place. 
 
 2. Objective, objectively, objecting, objectionable, 
 unobjectionable, begiuning, countryman, countrymen, 
 accordance, according, accountant, accounting, satisfying, 
 uusatisf^'ing, satisfaction, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, 
 thyself, thence, newness, renew, renewing. Englishman, 
 Englishmen, subjection, subjective, subjectively, estab- 
 lishmeut, establishing, establish, disestablishment, using, 
 used. 
 
 85
 
 8G EXCEPTIONAL USE OF THE COMPOUNDS. 
 
 OUTLINES NO. 13. 
 
 1. Brookh'n, belfry, pilgrim, pilgrimage, college, col- 
 legiate, culprit, colonel, corner, Columbia, volcano, vul- 
 gar, evolve, involve, devolve, revolve, travel er, fulcrum, 
 fulling mill, effulgence, refulgence, Philadelphia, philoso- 
 phy, philosopher, philosophise, unphilosophical, nnu'der, 
 merchant, merchandise, mercy, knowledge, acknowledge. 
 
 2. April, apron, approach, approximate, apprehend, 
 approbation, address. 
 
 6. Saturday, stored, storied, stirred, sturdy, steward, 
 stride, astride, strayed, astrayed, strewed, asteroid, east- 
 ward, westward. 
 
 4. Spirit, spurt, sport, separate, seared, sword, ser- 
 ried, Seward, sired, sinned, sunned, send, sound, signed, 
 snnd. 
 
 EXCEPTIONAL USE OF THE COMPOUNDS. 
 
 &Q. The use of the signs of the I, r, and s series, 
 when final, is determined by so many considerations 
 that no rules can fully cover all cases. Their use 
 can be l)est learned by a careful study of the exam- 
 ples given ; but it should be borne in mind that as 
 the design of these signs is to show the exclusion of 
 the vowel, they cannot be used when a vowel sign of 
 any importance occurs to separate the letters. But 
 in the case of the circle the occurrence of a short 
 vocal does not preclude its use, but a long or 
 accented vowel does ; and it is much more improper 
 still to use the circle where two vocals occur, as in 
 the words impervious, imperious, iUustrious. 
 
 Remark 1. — The rule that the componiid sign indicates tlie 
 exclusion of the vocal should never l)e lightly broken. The ex. 
 ceptions to this rule admitted in Outlines No. 13-1 must be 
 treated as exceptions, not as opening the way to a careless use 
 of the compound in other cases. The examples given in Section
 
 • WKITING EXERCISE 19. 87 
 
 2 represent the other extreme ; the words might be written with 
 the compound, but the full forms are more convenient. Studj'^ 
 carefully the outlines given in these sections and in Nos. 3 and 4. 
 Rkmauk 2. — The proper form of some derivative words is 
 determined by the form of the primitive. For example : having 
 Avritten hard, Ha-Ar-De, harder is written I)y simply adding the 
 Ar, and so in other cases ; although a primitive word of the same 
 character would be written with a compound. 
 
 ■WTIITING EXERCISE 19. 
 
 1. The colonel was from Brooklyn, though he began to 
 evolve his metaphysical speculations flrst in Philadelphia. 
 He said it devolved upon him to teach certain esoteric 
 P'inciples concerning volcanic eruptions and other phys- 
 ical phenomena. He had often revolved the subject in 
 his mind since finishing his collegiate education, and he 
 wished to acknowledge his indebtedness also to pilgrims 
 in E^astern lands, where the sacred light of a great anti- 
 quity beams with an effulgence of glory. As nearly as he 
 could approximate to the time, his departure on his East- 
 ern journey commenced on the first Saturday in April, 
 Anno Domini 1890. He saw much that met his approba- 
 tion, and other things that attracted serious attention. 
 He crossed the borders of several States, and strayetl into 
 corners not visited by other travellers, yet he came home 
 more than ever satisfied that " the land of the free and 
 the home of the brave " is the best of all countries. 
 
 2. AVhen the crisis befalls you, and the emergency re- 
 quires moral courage to meet it, rise superior to the ob- 
 stacles in 3"our path. The universal experience of men 
 gives the assui-ance that difficulties may be ended by oppo- 
 sition. There is no blessing equal to the stout heart. The 
 differences of character are never more distinctly seen than 
 in times when men are surrounded ])y difficulties and mis- 
 fortune. — 225 words.
 
 88 
 
 ^K^'^.-^X 
 
 casing ^j^crclsc. 7 
 
 
 2.. ^ ^N ^,^^ u_ )^l^^ .^^-^
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 20. 89 
 
 "WRITING EXERCISE 20. 
 
 Once in a golden hour I cast to earth a seed, 
 Up there came a flower, the people said a weed ; 
 To and fro they went thro' my garden bowser, 
 And, muttering discontent, cursed me and my flower. 
 
 Then it grew so tall it wore a crown of light ; 
 But thieves from o'er the wall stole the seed by night, 
 Sowed it far and wide, by every town and tower, 
 Till all the people cried, " Splendid is the flower ! " 
 
 Read my little fable ; he that runs may read ; 
 Most can have the flowers now, for all have got the seed. 
 And some are pretty enough, and some are poor indeed ; 
 And now again the people call it but a weed. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 4. Go wing thy way from star to star, 
 From world to luminous world, as far 
 
 As the universe spreads its flaming wall ; 
 Take all the pleasures of all the spheres 
 And multiply each through endless years, 
 
 When one minute of heaven is worth them all. 
 
 Moore. 
 
 5. When Freedom from her mountain height 
 Unfurled her standard to the air, 
 
 She tore the azure robe of night 
 And set the stars of glory there. 
 
 6. She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 
 The milky baldrick of the skies, 
 And striped its pure celestial white 
 
 With streakings of the morning light. Drake. 
 
 — 215 words.
 
 ^uffincs 
 
 •,^, 
 
 
 14 
 
 90 
 
 ^ " ^ fuffines'lo, 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 mt « 
 
 la. 
 
 2 
 
 
 .>.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PREFIX AND AFFIX SYLLABLES. 
 
 Ermark. — The principles of Tacliysrapliy explained in the pre- 
 cedin-; cliapter are sufficient to iiuide in tlie Avritini; of all the 
 -words in the laniruase; but some increased facilities may be 
 obtained by the study of the prefix and atlix syllables, many of 
 which are of frequent occurrence. 
 
 67. The terminations ^c, He, in, ire, are generally 
 vocalized, but most others omit the vowel. Among 
 those that omit the vowel are age, ance, ant, art, ect, 
 en, ence, ent, et, ish, om, on, or, os, ous, ur, us. 
 
 KEY TO AFFIX SIGNS. — OUTLINES C. 
 
 Able, ible, ac, acy, age, ical, an, ance, ant, ard, ary, 
 asm, ate, dom, ee, eer, en, ence, ent, ess, full, fy, hood, 
 ic, ice, id, ier, il or ile, in or ine, ing, ion, ise, ize, ish, ism, 
 ist, ite or it, ive or iv, less, ling, ly, ment, mony, ness, 
 ory, ose, ous, ship, some, ster, tude, ure, sier, zier, sure. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 14. 
 
 1. Poplar, grammar, sugar, sceptre, azure, osier, 
 vizier, dragoon, cartouch, campaign, genteel, coquet, 
 vignette, valise, cuirass, empire, satire, fatigue, ol)lique, 
 critique, opaque, loathsome, irksome, salad, ballad, 
 footpad, solid, squalid, horrid, bishop, gallop, envelop, 
 develop. 
 
 2. Bamlwo, tattoo, chateau, depot, inveigh, array, 
 bouquet, debris, ennui, al)l)y, valley, clayey, wheyey, 
 skyey issue, virtue, statue, argue, tyro, solo, defy, 
 edify, annoy, alloy. 
 
 3. Royal, loyal, vernal, eternal, journal, signal, only, 
 rational, emotional, sensational, rationally, provisionally, 
 futile, reptile, tendril, cavil, pencil, cancel, counsel, 
 council. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 15. 
 
 1. Bol)l)in, nai)kiu, destine, engine, muffin, bacon, 
 matron, wakeu, hidden, dungeon, vision, fusion, million, 
 union, earthen, etc. 
 91
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES Ki AND 17. 93 
 
 68. The tcriniiKitions ance und owe arc some- 
 times shortened when attached to the straii^ht siijns 
 ])y writing a circle on the n-liooiv side for the ?i.s-. 
 
 Rkmakk. — Tlu! n-liook side is the opposite side from tliat on 
 which tlie circle is written. See examples in Outlines No. l(i-2. 
 
 69. Tlie terminations hood, lire, and ural may 
 be abbreviated. Shortened forms are also given for 
 the terminations dent, tent, ment, mental, mentary. 
 
 Remark. — These forms are imported from the contracted 
 style, and their use in the simple style should be limited to a few 
 words that can be easily remembered. Outlines Nos. IG, 17. 
 
 KEY TO OUrLINES NO. IG. 
 
 1. Landed, ragged, pouited, candied, morbid, placid, 
 
 2. Riddance, distance, fragrance, semblance, encum- 
 brance, prudence, sentence, essence, absence, vacant, 
 distant, apparent, bondage, package, passage, postage. 
 
 3. Gusto, cocoa, echo, elbow, barrow, vertigo, mar- 
 shal, nuptial, secpiel, equal, onion, pinion, auction, 
 vacate, mandate, tribute, profit, druggist, baptist, linguist, 
 exorcism, mechanism, baptism, scrupulous, sumptuous. 
 
 4. Pity, berry, penny, regular, premier, metaphor, 
 ancestor, luminary, obligatory, pedantry, ancestry, etc. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 17. 
 
 1. Abilit}', civility, acceptability, acccptableness, bar- 
 barity, principality, lithograph, stenographic, photograph, 
 theocracy, rectitude, fortitude, nationality, individualize. 
 
 2. Chronology, geometry, downward, himself, careless- 
 ness, blissfulness, likelihood, hardihood, nature, natural, 
 gradual, regularly, secularize, secularization, graduation, 
 stipulation, geo'ogy, biology, sanctimony, sanctimonious- 
 ness, microscopic, circumstantial, ventriloquism, baccha- 
 nalian, antediluvian, manuscript, noncommittal. 
 
 3. Ardent, ardently, distantly, fragment, fragmentary, 
 firmament, instrument, instrumental, instrumentMlity. 
 
 4. European, colosseum, Presbyterian, millcnarian, 
 correspondence, negotiate, officiate, associate, ingratiate, 
 inveterate, antithesis, philoh gist, economist.
 
 94 WRITING EXERCISE 21. 
 
 FINAL EN ON DIRECT CURVES. 
 
 70. The final en may be written by a final hook 
 on the inside of the direct curves Ve, Ef^ and //'/^, 
 in such words as heaven, often, earthen. This is 
 done to avoid the joining of opposing curves. 
 
 WRITING KXERCISE 21. 
 
 1. The marshal said he was wilUng to vacate the 
 premises. In his opinion, the war fur the Union was the 
 noblest expression of patriotism ever made by the Amer- 
 ican people. That granite pedestal holds a worthy tribute 
 to a moral hero. His paternal ancestor was a foreigner. 
 He gave a sumptuous feast, inviting with scrui)ulous care 
 every man of distinction in the community. He said it 
 was not obligatory upon him to procure a permanent resi- 
 dence. The Jewish theocracy tended to establish in the 
 minds of the nation some tangible conception of the divine 
 omnipotence. The sei)tuagent chr. nology makes the du- 
 ration of the world longer by a tliousand 3'ears than the 
 current computation. Algebra and geometry are branches 
 of the mathematics. He has the hardiliood to say tliat 
 there is no likelihood of having an early settlement of the 
 vexed question. With a sanctimonious face he assured 
 us that the bacchanalian orgies rife among certain secular- 
 ists were unworthy of tho antediluvian period of the 
 world's history. His account was fragmentaiy, though 
 circumstantial. He defied the most microscopic analysis 
 to indicate an3'thing beyond what was stipulated in the 
 engagement. It was half past eleven o'clock on the 
 seventh day of June. He sought to soften the exi^ression 
 of his censure. He believed that the heathen would be 
 judged in accordance with the light given to them. He 
 put the solution in an earthen vessel. — 233 words.
 
 COMMON PllEFIXES. 95 
 
 71. The prefixes a, ab, ac, ad, af, ag, al, an, 
 ar, as, at, e, ec, ex, il, ir, etc., are written literally ; 
 but when ah is followed by 6, ap by p, ad by cZ, 
 af by f, etc., that is, wherever a prefix ending in a 
 consonant is followed by a root commencing with the 
 same consonant, the letter is not generally doubled. 
 We write abrevuUe, acord, adrefi, afect, alot, anex, 
 asert^ etc., but the prefix im sometimes duplicates 
 the m, and the prefix un always retains the n in the 
 root. When ac is followed by cl or cr, ag by gl or 
 gr, at by tr, the prefix may be written in full fol- 
 lowed by the compound sign. 
 
 Remakk 1. — Initial en of the root is retained after the prefix 
 in, and initial m of the root is frequently retained after the prefix 
 im, but not after the prefix com. 
 
 Remakk 2. — In compound words, like hook-case, head-dress, 
 etc., where the second part of the compound commences with 
 the same letter with which the first part ends, both letters are 
 written in the short-hand word forms, as also in such derivatives 
 as icholly, soulless, keenness, etc. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 18. 
 
 1. Abase, abstract, admit, ecceuti'ic, exchaDge, ex- 
 clude, ignite, affect, addict, aggregate, anuouuce, arrange, 
 assign, attain, infect, illegal, obtuse, occur, offend, 
 anticipate, antedate, antemeridian. 
 
 2. Educe, induce, intimate, intransitive, include, in- 
 crease, insect, inspire, institute, incessant, insufferable, 
 inscribe, instruct, aspect, askance, asseverate, assimilate, 
 assembl}', assuage, embrace, imbue, impung, embassy, 
 impart, embark, impossible, empurple, imperfect, em- 
 powering, implicit, emblem, improvident, improper, ex- 
 pose, excreet, express, extemporaneous, exalt, exult, 
 exemplify, inexpedient, unextracted, unexpected, unavoid- 
 able, unenviable, unexpressed, uucompouuded, autetrin- 
 itarian, enfrauclusement.
 
 96 
 1 U 
 
 J^l ^^• 
 
 s-^r^^ r t^..^^ . ./^l^ru n^rn^ r^^ny\r^ 
 
 ■ §iiKlnes|o, 19 
 
 2 VV_irk_
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 22. 97 
 
 OUTLINES NO. 19. 
 
 1. Even, heaven, seven, proven, graven, craven, 
 driven, striven, leven, riven, raven, often, soften, heathen, 
 earthen, ol)livion, rulllan, ravine, refine, define, profane, 
 telephone, Delevau, 
 
 2. Abbreviate, appropriate, apprehend, accord, accuse, 
 accustom, acclivity, accrue, aggrieve, address, attempt, at- 
 tack, attract, attribute, attenuate, atflx, afford, allot, allay, 
 ally, alloy, allow, annoy, annex, annunciate, annotation, 
 annihilate, annul, arrest, assert, excite, illiberal, illiterate, 
 irregular, irrelevant, u-responsible, innate, innocent, im- 
 mort.l, immeasurable, innnaculate, immediate, immemo- 
 rial, immutable, unnatural, unnerved, unnecessary, 
 ineligible, illegible, inarticulate, inartistic. 
 
 3. Book-case, book-keeper, wholly, soulless, keenness, 
 rat-trap, ear-ring, 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 22. 
 
 Some persons are addicted to habits which abridge their 
 opportunities and circumscribe their sphere of usefulness. 
 He aflfected to be accredited to the Court of St. James 
 He allowed that the sum in the aggregate was not accu- 
 rately announced in the ai)peal. His assistant was 
 arrested and his property attached to satisfy the antipathy 
 of his opponent. Though his resources were scanty, yet 
 he assisted many whose circumstances rendered it impossi- 
 ble for them to reciprocate his kindness in any substantial 
 way. That hour in human life is most serious when it 
 passes from parental control into free manhood. Then 
 must the man bind the righteous law upon himself moie 
 strongly than father or mother ever bound it upon him. 
 And when a people leaves the leading-strings of pre- 
 scriptive authority, and enters upon the ground of 
 freedom, that ground nuist be fenced with law, it must be 
 tilled with wisdom, it must be hallowed with prayer. The 
 tribunal of justice, the free school, the holy church nnist 
 be built there, to intrench, to defend, and to keep the 
 sacred heritage.
 
 98 
 
 iiiffincs B 
 
 
 
 L-^ V> ^1 <''^' ^^ ^ 
 
 V 
 
 Ely © KL^
 
 
 SHORTEN El) TUEFIXES. 99 
 
 3. The venerable past is past ; 
 
 'T is dark, and siiines not in the ray ; 
 'Twas good uo doul>t ; 'tis gone at hist ; 
 There comes another day. 
 
 4. The present needs ns ; every age 
 
 Bequeaths the next her heritage ; 
 No lazy luxury or delight, 
 
 But strenuous labor for the right. 
 
 — 227 words. 
 
 SHORTENED PREFIXES. 
 
 72. 1. Con may 1)g written in some words of 
 frequent occurrence ])y a small tick perpendicular to 
 the simple straight signs, and parallel to the hooked 
 and curved signs. See Outlines No. 20, 1 and 2. 
 
 2. Trans may l)c contracted to irs. — No. 20, 3. 
 
 3. Intej- and enter may be written by a length-^ 
 cned en and under by shading this sign. — No. 20, 4. 
 
 4. In en and ex the vowel is omitted, and it 
 should be noticed that in some words ex has the 
 sound of A-'.s, and in others the sound of gz. 
 
 5. Intro and intrans are written, into^ intas. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES D. 
 
 1. Circum, col, com, con, cor, contra, co, dia, di, dif, 
 dis, mis, post, per, pre, pro, re, retro, sub, sup, super, 
 sug, sue, sura, sun, sul, sur, trance. 
 
 2. Circumstance, collateral, columbus, coliimbia, com- 
 prise, consume, consist, conceal, correspond, coroner, co- 
 laborer, coeternal, diagonal, diverse, difficult, dismiss, 
 mistake, postpone, post-office, pervade, perjure, personal, 
 precede, proceed, preside, provide, remain, retain, etc. 
 
 3. Submit, support, supersc: ihe, suggest, succeed, 
 surround, sylvan, sympathy, syntax, supplant, subdue, 
 superstition, success, sliver, silver, symptom, sunset, sun- 
 rise, pretext, reduce, reproduce, restrict.
 
 IfeaMna Itcreisc, 9 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 ^ ^o 
 
 ■ y \ ^ ^ i^.
 
 KEY TO OUTLINE NO. 20. 101 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 20. 
 
 1. Condense, conduce, continue, contact, contract, con- 
 test, contrast, conspicuous, conspiracy, conception, con- 
 gress, congressional, congregate, consequence, consequent, 
 construe, constraint, convene, convert, conflict, conscience, 
 conscientious, consummation, concern, consult, conciliate, 
 conjecture, contribute, conclusive. 
 
 2. Inconsiderable, inconsiderate, incontinent, incon- 
 testable, uncontaminated, unconverted, uncontroverted, 
 discontinued, nnconstitutional, uncontradicted, misconcep- 
 tion, misconstruction. 
 
 3. Transpose, transplant, transgress, transcribe, trans- 
 act, transatlantic, transcend, translate, 
 
 4. Interpose, interrupt, intervention, enterprise, enter- 
 tain, interval, underbid, understand, understood, under- 
 rate, disinterested, uninteresting, interchangeable, under- 
 score, overboard, overcome, inexplicable, misinformation, 
 unimpressionable, miscellaneous. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 23. 
 
 I hope that in all that relates to personal firmness, all 
 that concerns a just appreciation of the insignificance of 
 human life, — whatever maybe attempted to threaten or 
 alarm a soul not easily swayed by opposition, or awed or 
 intimidated by menace, — a stout heart and steady eye, 
 that can surve}^, unmoved and undaunted, any mere per- 
 sonal perils that assail this poor, transient, perishing frame, 
 — I may, without disparagement, compare with other men. 
 But there is a sort of courage which, I frankly confess it, 
 I do not possess ; a boldness to which I dare not aspire ; 
 a valor which I cannot covet. I cannot lay myself down 
 in the way of the welfare and the happiness of my coun- 
 try. That I cannot, I have not the courage to do. I can- 
 not interpose the power with which I may be invested — 
 a power conferred not for my personal benefit nor for my 
 aggrandizement, but for my country's good — to check her 
 onward march to greatness and glory. I have not cour- 
 age enough, I am too cowardly for that. — Henry Clay. — 
 180 words.

 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PHRASE WRITING AND VARIABLE LETTERS. 
 
 Kemauk. — The absence of position enables the writer of 
 Taclij'graphy to join words into phrases with no (lillicnlt}'. But 
 in order to make tlicm of the greatest vahie tlie student shonUl 
 observe the following directions ; — 
 
 73. 1. Phrase signs should be brief, expressing the 
 union of only two or three sltort words. Long words 
 are never phrased. In extreme cases four words 
 may be joined, but the greater number of phrases 
 should consist of only two, or, at most, three words. 
 
 2. Only words that are joined in sense can be 
 made into phrases. If two words are separated by a 
 pause of any kind, they can not be phrased. If they 
 do not belong together in sense they should be 
 written apart. 
 
 3. Words may be joined in sense, and be of con- 
 venient length, and still it will be improper to join 
 them into phrases if they do not unite readily. 
 Better disjoin than make a bad joining. 
 
 Remark 1 — If these suggestions are carefully heeded phrases 
 may be made of service. Carelessly used, phrase Avriting will be 
 likely to do more harm than good. 
 
 Remahk 2. — Phrase signs must ])e rendered familiar by drill- 
 ing on them the same as the word forms; while unfamiliar tliey 
 Avill be of little service. It is best for most persons to use only 
 a few phrase signs and to make them of the greatest use. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES E. 
 
 1. And the, of the, to the, that the, in the, is the, for 
 the, have the, by the, as the, on the, f)-om the, at tlie, of 
 it, of this, of lliem, of iis, to it, to you, to be, to have, to 
 103
 
 104 1 
 
 2 3-y i-x./^ ""--t ^ 
 
 utfines E 
 
 
 
 ^ v^ "W ?^ 
 
 ^ ^.
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES E. 105 
 
 do, to which, to me, to him, to them, that is, that lias, 
 that would, that we, that they, is it, is to, is not, is this. 
 
 2. It is, it was, it has, it had, it would, it ought, it 
 shall, it can, it may, it should, in it, in which, in his, in 
 this, iu me, in them in its, in us, in time, in case, in some, 
 in such, in no, you have, you shall, you do, you will, you 
 would, you did, you may, you are, you know, you can, you 
 could. 
 
 3. Be sure, for that, for it, from it, for which, from 
 which, for these, for this, from this, for me, for some, 
 from some, forasmuch, on the, on which, on no, on one, 
 on this, on us, on some, have been, have tliey, have we, 
 have you, they have, they would, they may, they shall, 
 shall I. shall we, shall be, shall have, shall they, he will, 
 he would, he had, he has, he may, he can, will have, will. 
 they, will do, will this, will that. 
 
 OUTLINES F. 
 
 1. We have, we shall, we shall be, we can, we can be, 
 we know, we do, we must, we ma}', we are, who is, who 
 will, who shall, who may, who can, which is, which one, 
 which way, which would, which had, wiiieh has, whiih 
 will, and I, and you, and the, and these, and they, and 
 can we, and have we, and shall we, and do they, may be, 
 may not. 
 
 2. I have, I have been, I shall, I shall be, I can, I can 
 be, I can have, I am, I ma}' be, I will, I will do, I will be, 
 I will not, have you been ? have you seen ? are they ? are 
 we? are you? shall we be? do they suppose? from this 
 time, from this date, from that time, at one time, at any 
 time, at no time, at soms time, at all times, when we, when 
 they. 
 
 3. As well as, as far as, as long as, as soon as, as 
 much as, for as much as, as this, as that, as this is, as 
 such, as we, for instance, at first, at last, at least, at once, 
 to l)e sure, to have been, it is said, it is not, what would be, 
 what had been, to which it is, it seems to be, it ought to be, 
 if there is, if there were, if there was, there were, it is 
 necessary, it is unnecessary, on account, on this account, 
 do you suppose ? do you know ? did you know ?
 
 106 WRITING EXERCISE 24. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUN PHRASES. 
 WRITING EXERCISE 24. 
 
 I have, I have been, I have not, I have not been, I will, 
 I will be, I will have, I will have been, I will not, I will 
 not be, I will not have, I will not have been, I shall, I 
 shall be, I shall have, I shall have been, I shall not, I 
 shall not be, I shall not have, I shall not have been, I 
 would, I would be, I would have, I would have been, I 
 would not, I would not be, I would not have, I would not 
 have been, I had, I had been, I had not, I had not been, 
 I can, 1 can be, I cannot, I cannot be, I am, I am not, 
 I may, I may not, I may not be, I may have been, I 
 might, I might be, I might have been, I must, I must be, 
 1 must not, I must not have been, I must have been, have 
 1? have I been? have I not? shall J? shall I be? shall I 
 have? shall I not? shall I not be? sliall I not have? 
 would I ? would I be ? would I have ? would I have been ? 
 would I not ? would I not be ? would I not have ? would I 
 not have been? had I? had I been? had I not? had I not 
 been? you have, you have been, you have not, you have 
 not been. — 245 words. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 25. 
 
 He has, he has been, he has not, he has not been, he 
 will, he will be, he will have, he will have been, he will 
 not, he will not be, he will not have been, he would, he 
 would l)e, he would not, he would not be, he can, he can be, 
 he cannot, he cannot be, he could, he could be, he could 
 not, he could not be, he may, he may be, he may not, he 
 may not be, he must, he must be, he must not, he must 
 not be, he might, he might be, he should, he should be, 
 he shall, he shall be, he shall not, he shall not be, we have, 
 we have been, we have not, we have not been, we will, we 
 will be, we will not, we will not be, we were, we were not, 
 we would, we would not, we would be, we would not be, 
 we would have been, we had, we had been, we could, we 
 could be, we could not, we could not be, we cannot, we 
 cannot be, we shall, we shall be, we shall not, we shall
 
 VARIABLE LETTERS. 107 
 
 not be, Tve should, we should be, we are, we are not, we 
 must, we must be, we must not, we must not be, they 
 have, thoy have been, they have not, they have not been, 
 tliey would, they would l)e, they would not, they wouhl not 
 be, they will, they will be, they will not, they will not be, 
 they shall, they shall be, they shall not, they shall not be, 
 they should, they should be, they can, they can be, they 
 cannot, they cannot be, — 288 words. 
 
 VARIABLE LETTERS. 
 
 74. As the curves The, Ith, Era, and EI are va- 
 riable, they can be made to face all other curves in 
 one or the other of their forms. Facing curves are 
 better than opposing curves, except where they lie in 
 the same direction, so these variable letters are 
 turned in such a way as to make them face the curve 
 to which they are joined. 
 
 Remark. — The only straight letter that is variable is Ar. This 
 is so written as to make acute angles, and to' avoid obtuse 
 angles. Thy following rules enter more minutely into the use of 
 these letters : — 
 
 RULES FOR THE USE OF THE VARIABLE LETTERS. 
 
 75. 1. Ma is used ])efore all direct curves, as 
 given in Outlines 21-1, and before Ah, at, En, Ing, 
 and all the straight signs. El is used after A long, 
 and En, and with all direct curves. 
 
 2. La is used before the indirect curves, all the 
 straight signs, and A long. 
 
 3. Ra is used ])efore the down strokes. Ah, at. 
 En, Ing, Wa, Ha, and Ya ; and Ar is used before 
 De, Te, Ze, and Es, and the vocal E long. 
 
 Remark. — There is in some cases a conflict of principles. 
 In such cases the outlines are determined by couditious that can- 
 not be fully stated in rules.
 
 im 2i 
 
 -^^ r-^ 2 
 
 
 108 
 
 i '%^^ ^. O ) 
 
 \jy^. c c „ . ( ( v,^ 
 
 2 n /-- .---^ r^- ^ /^ — ' o /^ ^-^^ 
 
 fuffines Ijo^ 2 2
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 21. 109 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 21. 
 
 1. Direct curves : e, et, it, ve, ef, z, s, the, ith, ma, el. 
 ludirect curves : a, ai, ah, at, zhe, ish, tha, ath, en, iug, 
 la, era. 
 
 2. Map, meadow, music, method, memory, meaning, 
 move, mould, multiply, multitude, melancholy, mellow, 
 miracle, aim, blame, firmament, among, amount, America, 
 aimless. 
 
 3. Labor, local, legal, lead, lade, Inugh, lays, love, 
 live, leave, lathe, lithe, lethargy, lonesome, linger, lumber, 
 line, lean, lyric, learn, laurel, liar, lord. 
 
 4. Robber, raker, rider, reader, rougher, rnsher, 
 rather, ramble, remember, renounce, release, restore, root, 
 dave, pear, rare, error, larceny, relative, rarefy, career. 
 
 5. Murmur, redeemer, military, brigadier, familiarity, 
 dissimilarity, ameliorate, humilit}', heirloom, manual, 
 meteorological, metropolitan, monomaniac. 
 
 KEY TO OUTLINES NO. 22. 
 
 1. Form, former, formality, formerly, firmly, deform, 
 inform, misinform, misinformation, misform, letter, latter, 
 lateral, litter, literal, altar, older, leader, easily, tassel, 
 seldom, soldier, alienate, million, rebellion, multiplication, 
 multitudinously, mammon, memorize. 
 
 2. Disciplinarian, arithmetical, mathematical, contra- 
 dictory, infidelity, pavilion, dominion, calculation, incalcu- 
 lable, incommunicable, iucommunicability, nonconformity, 
 contemporaneous, homogeueousness, isothermal, esthetic, 
 irrelevant, Ireland, architecture, aristocratic, aristocracy, 
 melodramatic. 
 
 3. JNIortification, fortification, individuality, individual, 
 analysis, analytical, anarchy, philological, village, foliage, 
 villanous. 
 
 AVRITING EXERCISE 26. 
 
 1. A full and clear river is, in my opinion, the most 
 poetical object in nature. Pliny has, as well as I recol- 
 lect, compared a river to human life. I have never rend 
 the passage in his works, but I have been a hundred times
 
 !eabin< 
 
 ercisc. 1 
 
 ■y- 
 
 r? 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ ^ ") -^^ ^ '~\>^ "X ^ ^ — JL v*-^
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 27. HI 
 
 struck with the nnalo<2:y, particiihirly amidst mountain 
 scenery. The river, small and clear in its origin, gushes 
 forth from rocks, falls into deep glens, and wanders and 
 meanders through a wild and picturesque country, nourish- 
 ing only the un: ultivated tree or flower by its dew or 
 spray. In this stale of infancy and youth, it may be 
 compared to the human mind in which fancy and strength 
 of imngiuation are predominant. It is more beautiful 
 than useful. When the different rills or torrents join and 
 descend into the plain, it becomes slow and stately in its 
 motions. It is applied to move machinery, to irrigate 
 meadows, and to bear upon its bosom the stately barge. 
 In this mature state it is deep, strong, and useful. As it 
 flows on toward the sea it loses its force and its motion, 
 and, at last, as it were, becomes lost and mingles in the 
 mighty abyss of waters. 
 
 2. A DiSTiNCTiox. — A Roman ecclesiastic, in reply to 
 whatever question might be proposed, began by saying, 
 " Distinguo," — I make a distinction. A cardinal, 
 having invited hitn to dine, proposed to derive some 
 amusement for the company from the well-known pecul- 
 iarity of his guest, and, saying to him that he had an 
 important question to propose, he asked, "Is it in any 
 circumstances lawful to baptize in soup?" "I make a 
 distinction," said tlie priest: "If you ask, Is it lawful 
 to baptize in soup in general, I say. No ; but if you ask. 
 Is it lawful to baptize in your Excellency's soup, I say, 
 Yes ; for there is really no difference between it ancj 
 water." — 395 words. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 27. 
 
 1. The SornCKS of English History. — The sources 
 of the noblest rivers whicli spread fertility over continents,
 
 !cciMn< 
 
 cmsc. 1 1 
 
 112 
 
 - )> 
 
 
 
 2 -^ ^/ 
 
 .^^ -\ VX -x_ >^^ t-^On 
 
 .-^ 

 
 WRITING EXERCISE 27. 113 
 
 and bear richly laden fleets to the sea, are to be sought in 
 wild and barren mountain tracts, incorrectly laid down in 
 maps, and rarely explored by travellers. To such a tract 
 the history of our country during the thirteenth century 
 may not inaptly be compared. Sterile and obscure as is 
 that portion of our aunals, it is there that we must seek 
 for the origin of our freedom, of our prosperity, and our 
 glory. 
 
 2. Then it was that the great English people was 
 formed ; that the national character began to exhibit 
 those peculiarities which it has ever since retained, and 
 that our fathers l)ecame emph;itically islanders, — islanders 
 not merely in geographical position, but in their politics, 
 their feelings, and their manners. 
 
 3. Then first appeared with distictness that constitu- 
 tion which has ever since, through all changes, preserved 
 its identity, that constitut'on of which all the other free 
 constitutions in the world are copies, and which, in spite 
 of some defects, d serves to be regarded as the best un- 
 der which any great society has ever existed during many 
 ages. Then it was that tlie House of Commons, the 
 archetype of all the representative assemblies which now 
 meet either in the Old or in the New World, held its first 
 sitting. Then it was that the common law rose to the 
 dignity of a science, and rapidly became a not unworthy 
 rival of the imperial jurisprudence. Then it was that 
 the courage of those sailors who manned the rude barks 
 of the Cinque Ports first made the flag of p]ngland ter- 
 rible on the seas. Then it was that the most ancient col- 
 legos which still exist at both the great national seats of 
 learning were founded. 
 
 4. Then was formed that language, less musical indeed 
 than the languages of the South, but in force, in rich- 
 ness, in aptitude for all the highest purposes of the poet, 
 the philosopher, and the orator, inferior to the tongue of 
 Greece alone. Then, too, appeared the first dawn of 
 that noble literature, the most splendid and the most 
 durable of the many glories of England. — Macaulay. — 
 365 words.
 
 114 
 
 
 5 ^v°^\ ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 
 _- — t- n 
 
 i. 
 
 -1 
 
 ).- V-
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 28. 115 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE 28. 
 
 Exaggeration of Present Evils. — It is the nature of 
 man to overrate present evils, and to underrate present 
 good ; to long for what he has not, and to be dissatisfied 
 with what he has. This propensity, as it appears in individ- 
 uals, has often been noticed both by laughing and by weep- 
 ing philosophers. It was a favorite theme of Horace, of 
 Pascal, of Voltaire, and of .Johnson To its influence on 
 the fate of great communities may be ascribed most of 
 the revolutions and counter-revolutions recorded in his- 
 tory. A hundred generations have passed away since the 
 first great national emancipation of which an account has 
 come down to us. We read in the most ancient of books 
 that a people, bowed to the dust under a cruel yoke, 
 scourged to toil by hard task-masters, not supplied with 
 straw, yet compelled to furnish the daih' tale of bricks, 
 became sick of life, and raised such a cry as pierced the 
 heavens. The slaves were wonderfully set free. At the 
 moment of their liberation they raised a song of gratitude 
 and triumph ; but in a few hours they began to regret 
 their freedom and to reproach the leader who decoyed 
 them away from the savory fare of the house of bondage 
 to the dreary waste which still separated them from the 
 land of milk and honey. Since that time the history of 
 every great delivery has been the history of Moses retold. 
 Down to the present time, rejoicings like those on the shore 
 of the Red Sea have ever been speedily followed by nuir- 
 raurings like those at the waters of strife. The most just 
 and salutary revolution must produce much suffering. The 
 most just and salutary revolution cannot produce all the 
 good that has been expected by men of uninstructed minds 
 and sanguine tempers. Even the wisest cannot, while it 
 is still recent, weigh quite fairly the evils which it has re- 
 moved ; for the evils which it has caused are felt, and 
 tlie evils which it has removed are felt no longer. — 
 Macaulay. — 343 words.
 
 WORKS ON SHORT-HAND WRITING. 
 
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 and method of using the Chart in schools 25 
 
 The Short-Hand Exercise Book. — Issued in parts, with a key to 
 
 each. Single parts, 20 cents; single keys 25 
 
 Part I. treats of words of one sj-llableiu which there are no consonant 
 compounds, and gives about 1,500 of the most useful words of this class. 
 
 Part II. treats of words of one or two syllables containing compound 
 signs of the \V, L, R, and S series. 
 
 The Elements of Takigrafy (l-3th edition). — Entirely rewritten and 
 rearranged. This work now embodies the author's ripest experience, 
 and will doubtless remain, as in the past, the standard work on the 
 simple style. Price reduced. Bound in boards, $1.00; bound in cloth, 1.25 
 
 A Short Course in Business Short-Hand. — A complete treatise on 
 the 2d or Business Style, adapted to meet the demand now made upon 
 the art by nineteen twentieths of all who attempt to master it. Not only 
 amanuenses but students in our colleges and seminaries will find it just 
 
 what they have been looking for. Price, cloth bound 1.25 
 
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 OTIS CLA.PP & SOIt^, 
 
 10 ParK Sqilare, Boston.
 
 SHORT-HAND WRITING. 
 
 TAKIGRAFY vs. PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The following testimonials are from gentlemen of char- 
 acter and influence. They speak of their own personal 
 experience with the art, concerning which they are not 
 likely to be mistaken. Hundreds of similar testimonials 
 to the superiority of Takigrafy have been publislied froiu 
 time to time. They are true, and give a truthful state- 
 ment of the relation of Takigrafy to the other systems 
 mentioned, and to the common long-hand writing. 
 
 For list of text-books, or other information, address 
 Otis Clapp & Son, publishers, or the author, D. P. Linds- 
 LEY, 817 North 45th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 [Printed lolth a partial omission of silent letters.} 
 
 From Geo. "W. Cole, formerly Attorney at Law, Torrixg- 
 
 TON, CONX. 
 
 After treating of the discuragement caused by the general fail- 
 ure of persons to master the old Phonography, and the cause of 
 this failure, Mr. Cole continues : — 
 
 " While the authors of all other systems hav labord to produce 
 a system which wud meet the wants of the profesional reporter, 
 Mr. Lindslcj' lias not l)een unmindful of the public at large, and 
 it has been his aim from the very start to produce a system of 
 short-hand writing that shal eventually supersede our present 
 oppressiv long-hand. 
 
 " Takigrafy embodies the ideal of a perfect alfabet; for it is 
 founded upon the elementary sounds of the language. These 
 1
 
 2 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 number forty-one, not counting, as we liav said before, different 
 shades of the same sound. Tlie alfabet of Talvigrafy contains 
 forty-one characters to represent the elementary sounds. Each 
 cliaracter invariabl}' stands for tlie same sound wlierever found. 
 Unlike the characters of the common long-hand, these are com- 
 posed of strait and curved lines, which are capable of being 
 made with one strolve of the pen. By the use of such forms we 
 are enabled to gain much speed in Avriting. In our common 
 writing the letter m, for instance, requires seven strokes to com- 
 plete it; now if we can represent this sound by one stroke of 
 the pen we hav certainly made a great gain. 
 
 " The caracters are so arranged that lineality of writing is se- 
 cured, and the words flow from the pen easily and natui'ally. 
 When written it is butif ul in appearance, and is as perfectly legi- 
 ble as the printed page. Unlike Phonography, it is Avritten only 
 in one position ; that is, upon the ordinary line of writing, as in 
 long-hand. The word-forms are distinguisht, therefore, not as 
 in Phonography, by the position they occupy with reference to 
 the line of writing, but by the outline itself of the word. The 
 certainty of the word intended is further secured by writing the 
 vowels in their natural i)laces between the consonants. This not 
 only renders the word intended apparent, but also ads to the 
 speed in writing, as we hav shown al:)ove." 
 
 Prom Dij. Edwakd Aiken, Amhkrst, N. H. 
 
 I am sure Takigrafy is the best system, and that it has special 
 advantages over Phonography, for I hav studied them both. 
 
 In the first place, in point of lineality : Mr. Isaac Pitman, in 
 his effort to make a filosofical arrangement of the consonant 
 sounds, neglected to provide for this feature, so that ther is a 
 tendency to upright, perpendicular word-forms in Phonography, 
 making a caracter some like Chinese and Japanese. 
 
 Again, as to the voivels : His rules for " position" are burden- 
 some to the memory and necessitate tiie use of ruled lines, 
 besides being detrimental to speed. Being disconnected, the 
 vowels cannot be combined with the consonant signs, and time 
 is lost in so frequently raising the pen and calculating just where 
 is the proper place ; a difficulty stil more patent in reading, when
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 3 
 
 a minute change in the location of a \'o\vcl point inalccs a great 
 clitlerence as to tlie sonnd. 
 
 Finally, Takigrafij Jufs a Simple Stijle, Phonofjraphy has not. 
 This may justly be calld the crouning glory of Takigrafy ! It is 
 easily lernt, written, antl red. This fact alone siuid settle the 
 question as to wliich system is best for scools. Takigrafy is 
 without a rival, Avherever a simple, legible, and rapid system of 
 chirography is desired. 
 
 From Rea-. Arthur Edwards, Ed. N. W. Christiax Advocate, 
 Chicago. 
 
 I once tried in earnest to lern Pitman's system, but I never 
 attaind a speed of over sixty words per minit. On the other 
 hand, without any flxt determination to acquire Takigrafy, my 
 mere curiosity has carried me forward to a speed of one hundred 
 words per minit. How all this has come about I do not know, 
 imles Takigrafy is superior, of which latter I have not a morsel 
 of dout. 
 
 From G. W. Clarke, A. M., Mount Uniox, Ohio, Sec. of the 
 Faculty of Mt. Union College. 
 
 Our experiens during the ten years that Phonograph}' was 
 taut in the College was so unsatisfactory, and the result was 
 so meagre compared with what Takigrafy has done for us.dur- 
 ing as long a period since, that I feel constraind, as an educator, 
 who has no personal interest in the matter, to urge you to use all 
 diligence to secure the introduction of Mr. Lindsley's System. 
 I do not know of a dozen, from all the classes taut here in Pho- 
 nography, who hav made any use of it after they left the classes, 
 Avhereas a large portion of the pupils in Takigrafy hav practist 
 it in their daily intercourse and busines. 
 
 From M. J. Smith, .Jenifer, Ala. 
 
 My succes in Phonography was nothing in comparison with 
 my succes in Takigrafy. I felt in my very bones that it was im- 
 practicable for the many. Now I am just as sure that Takigrafy 
 can be taut to children and lernd by them, and tiuit succesfully, 
 under a judicius teacher. Those who write Phonography are
 
 4 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 like caged birds. Tlie writers of Tal<igrafy are like birds on 
 tlie wing, — they liav perfect freedom in the use of their sys- 
 tem. . . . 
 
 I i^eliev that Takigrafj^ is making more reporters than all the 
 other systems. I am coming to a Arm conviction that it is not 
 worth while to think anything of what Phonographers hav to 
 say. Takigrafy wil liv when Phonography is burid in history. 
 
 From Rev. Arxey S Biddle, Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 I studied, practist, and taut Phonography for five years and 
 was greatly prejudist in favor of that sy'stem. I cud write about 
 one hundred words per minit, and thaut ther was nothing l)etter. 
 I was very wel acquainted with three prominent systems of Pho- 
 nography, viz., Pitman, Graham, and Munson, and, while admir- 
 ing many things in the latter, confined myself to the former. It 
 is needless to say how^ I came to take up Takigrafj'. I enterd 
 upon its examination full of prejudice against it; but after a 
 thoro examination, reaching over a period of several months, I 
 saw its superiority, and decided to change. The result has been 
 highly satisfactory to myself ever since. In but a short time, my 
 speed rose to over one hundred and fifty words per minute, and 
 I had the satisfaction of being able to read my reports of ser- 
 mons, lectures, etc., with ease, after "they had becom cold." 
 I use my short-hand in everything in which it is possible to be 
 used, and do not think it wud be an over-estimate of its value 
 to saj^ that I wud not l)e without it for oue thousaud dollars. 
 
 Fkoji Rev. J. M. Robixsox, Ann Arbor, Mich., now at 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 ]\Iy experience with Phonography was anything but satis- 
 factory. About ten years ago, in company with some ten or 
 a dozen other yung persons, I began the study of Pitman's 
 Phonography, under (as I supposed) a competent teacher. In 
 les than three months every member of that class but myself 
 had becum discuraged and disgusted, and had given up the 
 study. I had great faith in it, and persevered for a long time, 
 hoping to gain simply a practical knowledr/e of the Art. Put I 
 had to giv it up. I was forced to the conclusion, that, fov jyrac-
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 5 
 
 tical purposes, Phonograph}' was not worth the expens and labor 
 required to master it. 
 
 I took up Takigrafy tvithortt an instructor, and in a fcio iceeks 
 had so masterd it as to be able to read it quite easily, and to 
 write it witli considerable speed and accuracy. I now use it in 
 all my writing, read it as retlily as long-hand, and wud not be 
 without it for any price. I hav not the least dout of its com- 
 plete success, wherever properly introdust. It wud prove a great 
 blessing if taught in our public scools as a part of the regular 
 course of study. 
 
 Fkom Rev. J. H. Guilds, Northbridge, Mass. 
 
 I flatter myself that I am as easy to lern as the average of 
 people, but I hav tried two diferent systems of Phonography, 
 and given them up ; concluding that short-hand was not at all 
 practicable for any except those who can devote their whole time 
 to it, and who expect to make reporting their life work; and I 
 ara positiv that no person even then can succeed in it (Pho- 
 nography) unles he has unusual abilities. After I was graduated 
 from college I went to the Theological Seminary at Andover, 
 and found there a writer of Mr. Lindsley's Takigrafy. He tried 
 to persuade me to take it up, but I thaut I had seen enuf of 
 short-hand. After a year, however, I concluded to giv Takigrafy 
 a trial, and I was perfectly astonisht at the result. I found that 
 I cud lern it with tenfold more ease than I cud Phonography. 
 I found it a marvel of simplicity. . . . 
 
 I can take a sermon that I hav not lookt at for two years, and 
 read it as redily as if I had 1)ut just writeu it. It is as legible as 
 our common printing. I know whereof I affirm Avhen I say, 
 that, for simplicity, buty, ease of lerning, legibility, and practical 
 adaptation to the wants of all classes, it is immeasurably beyond 
 Phonography. Ther is no comparison to be made between them. 
 
 From Prof. I. W. McKeever, Adrian College, Mich., now 
 Pastor of the Cong'l Church, Luddington, Mich. 
 
 From my own experience I am convinst that Phonography can 
 never be adapted to tlie wants of the people, or to the require- 
 ments of every-day busines.
 
 6 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 A number of 3'ears ago I studied Phonography, and tried very 
 ernestly to make it of practical use to me in my literary work. 
 While engaged in that effort, full of hope and enthuziasm, I 
 organized classes in this institution, and for several years kept 
 up the struggle patiently. At length I very reluctantly came to 
 the conclusion that it was labor in vain, and gave it up in dis- 
 gust. I do notknoio of a single student that ever made it available 
 for practical purposes. 
 
 Four or five years ago (1872 or 1873) ayung frend, who was a 
 former pupil, gave me a copy of Lindsley's Elements of Takigrafy. 
 I had becum so disgusted with my eff'ort at Phonography, how- 
 ever, that I threw it to one side, thinking all short-hand Avriting 
 a humbug. After two or three years I was persuaded to look 
 into it. I became interested, and studied it, and am now using 
 it with great advantage in my work. It is now taut in this col- 
 lege with abundant success. I knoio of no one who has faild to 
 make it of use to him, after giving it a proper amount of time and 
 attention, and a number hav becum p)roficient verbatim reporters. 
 
 FiiOM Edwin Miller, P. M., Guant City, Sac County, Iowa. 
 
 When I was about Mr. H.'s age (sixteen years) I was ambi- 
 tius to become a short-hand writer. "How nice it wud be," I 
 thaut, "to be alile to write as fast as one cud talk ! How many 
 stories I cud tel to my frends at a distance if I cud talk on paper 
 as fast as by word of mouth ! " I baut a copy of Gould's Stenog- 
 raph}', but I never lernd to Avrite as fast as I cud talk, and never 
 told many stories to my distant frends by its use. Some six or 
 ait years later I got hold of some f onetic printing in The Tipe of 
 the Times, and Longley's and Pitman's works on Plionography ; 
 and I thaut surely the milleiiium of writing had cum. 
 
 For years Pitman's Reporter's Companion was my companion, 
 almost by day and by night. I hav studied it for hours together 
 Avlieu riding on horseback, so anxious was I to master its word 
 and f raze signs. I joind a few corresponding circles, but they 
 were short-lived. I however continued to make some use of it 
 in a private way, until about four years ago ; and after thirty 
 years' agony with Phonography, it is not much to be wonderd 
 at that when a frend proposed that I shud examine Takigrafy
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 7 
 
 I was skeptical. I cud not see liow a simple rearrangement of 
 the caractcrs wud help the matter much, ami as for joining tlic 
 vocals as we wrote, I was sure that wutl make a botch of it. 
 And it was only because I happend to hav leizure just at lliat 
 time that I cud use in that way just as wel as not that I was 
 induced to take it up at all. 
 
 In regard to my success I can only say as others say on every 
 hand : " The more I Ijecome acfjuainted with it the better I like 
 it." My individual gain in its use lias not been les than four 
 hundred per cent, as I hav dubled my speed of writing, and write 
 the same am(5unt with one quarter of the fatigue. 
 
 The system is so fllosofical, so truthful, and so butiful tliat it 
 shud be lernd for truth's sake. If Takigrafy had been braut 
 to my notice at an early age it wud hav been a great benefit to 
 me in my life's work, and thru me to others, as I spent sum years 
 lu teaching. It seems to me that this system of writing must 
 surely l)ecome general. It is quite astonishing to see how many 
 Takigrafers there are who were once Fhonographers. 
 
 From E. U. Jones, M. D., Taunton, Mass. 
 
 I use Takigrafy in my daily memoranda, in taking notes of my 
 cases, in writing the first draft of adreses, and papers for pub- 
 lication, in making extracts from books, etc., etc. It does for 
 me what I hopt Phonograph}'- Avud hav done years ago. But tho 
 I studied Phonography faithfully for many months, I was never 
 able to make it of suflicicnt use to supersede an abbreviated 
 long-hand, and after I had made notes in it, it took me so long 
 to read it, and I was so uncertain about any unusual word — if 
 some time had elapst since it was written — that the actual time 
 consumetl Avas greater tlian if I had written out my notes in full 
 long-hand. But it is all difterent with Takigrafy. 
 
 In my oflice as Secretary of our State Medical Society, I was 
 desirus of making better reports of discnsions than had been 
 previusly made. I thaut of my long-desired Phonography. I 
 again studid it, but at the end of three months found so little 
 pi'actical progres that I threw it aside. Just then a notice of 
 the " Compendium of Takigrafy " appeared in the Congrcgation- 
 alist. I obtaiud it, and in one week was able to write a letter
 
 8 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 in Takigrafy to Mr. Linclsley, and, what surprised me most, was 
 perfectly able, tho rather sloly, to read his answer. In three 
 months I was able to make my reports in Takigrafy, using only 
 the common style ; and I use no other style now. The simplicity 
 of its letters and word-forms, the fewnes of its fraze-signs, its 
 lineality, its true funeticalncs, its minimum amount of memoriz- 
 ing, its perfect legibility, even after years hav past, the ease with 
 which the epistles of others — often carelessly written, and in 
 unrecognized chirografy — may be red, the ease witliAvhich it is 
 taut, its adaptation to the urgent need of education, make it, so 
 far as my knolege and needs go, the very best of all fonetic 
 S3^stems. These are the points in which it especially excels 
 ^ Plionography. 
 
 I hope the time may come when it wil be taut in our scools, for 
 it wil hav a great influence in giving us a purer and more fonetic 
 orthograf3\ The very difficulties of Phonography — its multi- 
 plicity of symbols, the amount of memorizing needed, etc. — 
 prevent it from doing what Takigrafy can. Push it all you can, 
 for it is worthy. 
 
 EuoM Arthur M. May, Officiai- Reporter to the Tenth 
 Judicial District, Waukon, Iowa. 
 
 I commenst the study of Phonography in 1854, when a boy, and 
 studied it faithfully for years. My first book was Webster's 
 Phonografic Teacher. Then followed Elias Longley's Manual, 
 Benn Pitman's Manual, Reporter's Companion, Phrase Book, 
 Readers, etc., including all his publications; also the old works 
 of Andrews and Boyle, Booth's, Isaac Pitman's and other that 
 I do not now recall, together with R. P. Prosser's Fonografic 
 and Fonetic Jurnal, Pitman's Magazines, etc., for referens, com- 
 parison, and information. 
 
 I began teaching classes in Phonography in what is now Ripon 
 College, Wis., in 1857-51), and labored at it faithfully and enthu- 
 siastically. I taut classes and individuals in Beloit College, Wis., 
 in 18G0-G4, and individuals, to some extent, in the Union 
 Theological Seminary in New York City, in 18G4-67. 
 
 In the Avinter of 18G8-69, I taut Phonography to classes in the 
 High Scool of AVaukon, Iowa, of which I was at the time prin-
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 9 
 
 cipal. During one of the Phonographic class recitations a lady 
 visitor askt me if there was not a better system of short-liand 
 than Phonography. I told her without hesitation I did not 
 believ ther was, or cud be ; for the fonetic foundation principle 
 Avas right, the caracters tlie most simple that cud be formd, and 
 the system was the result of the study and labor of many minds 
 enthusiastically devoted to its improvement for more than 
 thirty years ; that I had bant and examind boolvs and instruc- 
 tions for several difcrent systems to find a better one, or ira- 
 provments, and cud not ; that as compared with Plionography all 
 the others were failures. She replied that a f rend of hers had 
 begun the study of a system that was also fonetic, that the 
 caracters were the same, but diferently arranged, and that those 
 representing the consonants and vowels followed each other in 
 regular succesion in the written word without lifting the pen. 
 My reply was, that from her statement, without further investi- 
 gation, I shud consider it a bungling and unwieldy system, and 
 especially not adapted to reporting purposes ; but if she wud 
 giv me the addres of tlie publishers whicli she remembered I 
 wud send for and examin it, which was done. 
 
 I obtaind the "Elements of Takigrafy" at first mainly for 
 the purpose of proving to myself that the system was Avorthles, 
 or a fraud, as I had done with other systems. The author's name 
 looked familiar. I turnd to my " American Fonetic Association " 
 records, and found him to be a fellow-member, and to the old 
 files of fonetic papers of Cincinnati, " The Type of the Times," 
 and "Fonetic Jurnal," publisht before the war, in which his 
 name often appeared as a fonetic teacher. 
 
 Then I read his " Introduction to the Elements of Takigrafy." 
 AVlien read, my opinion was, "it is unanswerable." It was 
 almost like a fotograf of much of my own experience. I cros- 
 questiond myself on the subject, and had reluctantly to admit 
 that the evidence, as I knew it to be, showd Phonography to be 
 a failure ; not, perhaps, for a chosen few, but for the people, 
 the masses, and for common, every-day life and busines. I cud 
 see plainly, as for a long time it had been forcing itself on my 
 mind, that it was a failure. From that time I wud never teach it 
 another hour, or recommend it to any one ; and my stock of 
 " Manuals of Phonography," for use by clas pupils, is stil on
 
 10 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 hand, uot to be sold or given away for the purpose of studying 
 sliort-hand from them. 
 
 Ou my " conversion" the matter presented itself to my mind 
 in this way. By years of toil and study, as much as I ever put 
 on Latin, Greek, and Hebrew combined, in collegiate and semi- 
 nary courses I hav got Phonography so that / can use it, and it 
 Avil not pay 7)ie to change to Takigrufy; but to all inquiring, I 
 unhesitatingly recommended Takigrafy. 
 
 I began reporting in 1858, and hiv foUowd it more or les ever 
 since. In 1S72, when law reportei's were authorized for tlie 
 courts of Iowa, I was appointed reporter for the Tenth Judicial 
 District, six counties. When the ' Note-Taker" of Takigrafy 
 Avas publisht, I obtaind it, read it, and recommended it, but stil 
 thaut that it wud not pay me to make the change, as I cud not 
 get the time to devote to it; and was compeld every day to make 
 a diflferent use of the same caracters in Phonography in court 
 reporting. But the logic, ease, and simplicity of Takigrafy 
 causd me to turn to it for purposes of comparison, etc. , each 
 time resulting in a confirmation of my judgment of its superi- 
 ority ; and finally, Avith scarcely any practical preparation, — 
 being much les than a month, — I succesf ully made the change 
 from Phonography to Takigrafy for reporting, in the summer of 
 1874, — and time and practis onlj' strengthen my good opinion 
 of the latter. 
 
 Of all the pupils I ever taut in Phonography, I cannot Avith 
 certainty name one who makes practical use of it to-daj', tho 
 some of them were at one time fair reporters, — for Phonogra- 
 phers, — but their notes ai'e to them now as a dead language. 
 
 I can point to more who hav made Takigrafy succesf ul than 
 of succesful Phonographic students for the twenty 5'ears pre- 
 ceding. It is emphatically the system for the use of everybody, 
 in its simple form, Avhile for reporting it is the best system yet 
 braut before the public. 
 
 It shud be one of the required studies in our common scools. 
 It wil take only a few Aveeks to lern it so as to make it practical, 
 while Phonography requires years. And after devoting years of 
 study to Phonography, it is a failure, except as to a verj' few — 
 les than one in a thousand of those who undertake to lern it.
 
 CONDENST PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 Its principles [Takis;rafy] are so clear that they can lie iinilcrstood with an 
 hour's study. . . . The letters are almost invariable, and as easily memorized as 
 the ordinary Roman characters; a single impulse of the hand forms each letter. 
 There are as few detacht marks as in the ordinary chirography, and the writing 
 is fluent and easy. . . . Wa feel certain that to editors, clergymen, and the whole 
 vast and increasing body of literary men it must prove to be a great advantage, 
 and we commend it to the attention of teachers as a system which might very 
 well be taught in schools. — T/ie Atlantic Monthly. 
 
 If any person were to say that there are contained in this nnpretending vol- 
 ume, " The Elements of Takigrafy," the elements of one of the greatest intel- 
 lectual improvements of modern times, his assertion wud seem to be extravagant. 
 Yet those wlio have become familiar with the system of rajiid writing of which 
 Mr. Lindsley is the inventor know that the assertion is true to the letter. — 
 W. S. B., in the Churchman, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 We are sure that the general use of Mr. Lindsley's system wud shortly effect 
 as great changes in writing as the locomotive has brought about in travelling. 
 
 — Boston Sunday Courier. 
 
 Its practical utility has been demonstrated beyond cavil. The principles, 
 which are as simple as the multiplication- table, are readily comprehended by the 
 youngest learner. . . . It is adapted to the wants of students and literary men. 
 
 — Boston Journal. 
 
 Mr. Lindsley has, as Horace Mann said, " I'honogratied Phonography. " — 
 Christian Standard, Allianci', Ohio. 
 
 As to " Corresponding Styles," we believe that there are none at all compar- 
 able with that in Takigrafy. We indorse this because of its use to the masses. 
 In the " Reporting 8tyle," Takigrafy is not inferior. — North Western Christian 
 Advocate, Chicago. 
 
 Takigrafy, avoiding the stumbling-blocks of its predecessors, has at last 
 developed into that ideal writing which has filled the brains of phoneticians for 
 these many years. At once the very embodiment of grace and beauty, its sim- 
 plicity commends it to ixW. — Springjield, Mass., Ilepuhlica)!. 
 
 The system of Takigrafy is believed by those who have made themselves 
 acquainted with it to be destined to supersede every other system of condensed 
 writing in meeting the wants of the world. — Congregationalist and Recorder, 
 Boston, Mass.
 
 12 PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 "We know Takigrafy to be scientifically exact, theoretically beautiful, easily 
 learned, every way eatisfactory ; and we cannot conceive of any person learning 
 the system and regretting it from the hour of his first lesson. AVe do not see 
 how it can ever fail to " fill the bill." — X. E. Journal of Education. 
 
 Takigrafy iz, we beleev, the only sistem ov shorthand that haz a style fully 
 written out, with connected vowelz — that iz eazily lornd and written, and eazily 
 and sertinly red at siht. It cannot fail to be ov great servis to all literary, pro- 
 fesional, and biznes men. — Hie Advance, Chicago, III. 
 
 Ov the varius sistems ov breef-writing before the public, Takigrafy iz con- 
 siderd l)y competent judgez to be the best. It iz especially adapted to the wants 
 ov the student, the man ov biznes, and the profesional man. — The Iowa City 
 liepublicun. 
 
 From personal trial, we doo not hezitate to say that the new sistem can be 
 lernd in wiin quarter ov the time ov the old, and written twice az fast. — The 
 Enierprize , Burlington , X. J. 
 
 The advantagez offerd by Takigrafy over eny uther sistem ov writing are 
 greater simplisity, eaze ov acquizition, eaze and rapidity in execution, and per- 
 fect legibility when written. — Tlie Reformer and Free Preas, Sycamore, III. 
 
 Tills sistem iz gaining popularity very fast amung the literary clasez. — The 
 Douglas County lieview, Tuscola, III. 
 
 The short-hand style of writing is now so simplified that any person can learn 
 to write it in a very short time so that it will be just as legible as ordinary writ- 
 ing. Treachers especially shud learn it. — The Free Methodist. 
 
 Of the varius systems of Iniof writing before the public, Takigrafy is con- 
 sidcrd by competent judges to be the best. — Cedar Ilapids Republican, Iowa.. 
 
 In Takigrafy theory is reduced to system ; it is a perfected whole, and the 
 short time required for its mastery is the highest compliment that cud be paid 
 it. — Le Roy Enterprise, III. 
 
 One of the most important inventions of the century. — Boston Cultivator. 
 
 AVe heartily indorse the most fiattering testimonials in its favor. — Meriden 
 Daily Recorder, Conn. 
 
 This is the only system in the country which has successfully competed with 
 the old Phonography , and it has di-awn over to its standard thousands of persons 
 from among the writers of the older system, who l)elieve that Takigrafy is better 
 than Plionography. — The Standard, Waukon, Iowa. 
 
 I believe it is the only system which is of any value to an active business 
 man. I cannot speak too highly in its favor. — Chan. S. Hamptoti, editor and 
 publisher of the Northern Independent, and president of the Michigan Pres% 
 Association.
 
 Los Angeles 
 
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