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 GENERAL APPENDIX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SMITHSOiNIAN REPORT FOR 18T9. 
 
 The object of this appendix is to illustrate the operations of the Institiition, as well 
 as to furnish information of a character suited especially to its catTV'.PiWJndents and 
 collaborators. 
 
 211 
 
 a 

 
 A STUDY OF THE SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL 
 EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876 . 
 
 By Edward II. Knight, A. M., LL. D. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The objects illustrated in the following paper are merelj' those of one 
 class, shown at the Centennial Exhibition, in Philadelphia, 187G. 
 
 The paper, therefore, makes no pretense to completeness, as the weap- 
 ons shown in the various national sections were in most cases treated 
 as mere casual objects thrown in as curiosities, and in many cases so 
 little esteemed by the parties in charge that they were huddled away 
 under tables ; surprise was sometimes expressed that any one should 
 pore over the coarse and clumsy when the best talent of the country 
 had exerted itself on the objects prominently displayed as worthy of 
 notice. 
 
 More than 700 sketches of the crude and curious implements shown 
 at the exhibition were made by the author; the following were a por- 
 tion, including weapons only, while a much larger, embracing tools of 
 industry, were the subject of a series of papers in the Atlantic Monthly, 
 May, 1877, to April, 1878, inclusive. 
 
 There was no concurrence of design in the exhibition, so far as con- 
 cerns our present subject. In almost all cases the objects were mere 
 casual additions; in a few the scientific spirit was evident, and some 
 care had been taken to illustrate this side of ethnology. 
 
 To illustrate : The curious collection of musical instruments and weap- 
 ons brought by Capt. Long (Bey) from Central Africa was almost hidden 
 in a corner, while the tufted carpets, embroidered robes, and horse-trap- 
 pings were prominently shown. In the collection from Java and the 
 other Dutch Colonies in the Malay seas, much more was shown of the 
 appliances of the semi-savage races of the region. Brazil, which had so 
 admirable a collection of its agricultural and forest products, had scarcely 
 anything which touches our subject, and Japan had a great deal, though 
 much less in the way of its wcai)ons than in its industries and domestic 
 implements. 
 
 The Centennial Exhibition was mainly of the means and results of 
 modern industry and art, and the primitive objects were comparatively 
 but strays and occasionals. It is, therefore, not the author's fault that 
 the exhibit of the relatively rude is so incomplete, as he has rigidly con- 
 
 213
 
 214 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 fined liis illustrations to objects actually oxliibited there; and he is not 
 responsible for the circumstance that the comparatively unknown and 
 little thought of Portuguese colony of Angola had more in his line of 
 search than the whole continent of South America. 
 
 It may be mentioned, however, that the Dutch and Portuguese colo- 
 nies had a manifold better exhibit in Paris in 1878, and that the former 
 had the finest ethnological display of the mechanical ingenuity of an 
 unlettered people which it has ever been the good fortune of the author 
 to see. 
 
 Types of Savage Weapons. — The simplest form of a weapon is a stick; 
 a heavy stick is a club. The club with a knob becomes a mace ; the swell- 
 ing end sharpened on one edge is an axe. Point the stick and it is a 
 spear; if light, it is a javelin; shorter still, it is a dagger for close quar- 
 ters. Flatten the stick and give it an edge, it becomes a sword ; or, if 
 short, it is a knife. 
 
 So far the weapon is a single piece of wood ; but some ingenious man 
 contrives to mount a stone in a withe, or sling it with a thong or in the 
 skin of an animal's leg, or lash it to a stick ; or he learns how to project 
 a light spear from a bow, or a heavier one by means of a stick or a thong. 
 We find all these modifications in the collections from various countries 
 at the Centennial. 
 
 Another type of weapon is the stone or club which is thrown ; the 
 simplest method is, of course, the mere hurling of stones by the hand. 
 Then there are several forms of slings ; the one having two thongs and 
 a pocket, and the other a stick for hurling a perforated stone. The stone 
 on the end of a string may be considered a third kind, and out of this 
 grows the holaf — several associated balls on as many strings — which has 
 a whirling motion when thrown. All of these also were exhibited. The 
 lasso of South America naturally occurs to one in speaking of the holas, 
 though the noosed lasso belongs to another class of devices, not exactly 
 a weapon but a snare. 
 
 Materials employed. — The statement of Lucretius [Be rernm nattirw) in 
 regard to the discovery of weapons relates rather to the material than the 
 form. " The first weapons of mankind were the hands, nails, and teeth ; 
 also stones and branches of trees, the fragments of the woods ; then 
 flame and fire were used, as soon as they were known; and lastly was 
 discovered the strength of iron and bronze. But the use 6f bronze was 
 known earlier than that of iron, inasmuch as it is more easy to work and 
 its abundance is greater." Bronze has greatly the antecedence of brass, 
 the former being not less than a score of centuries the more ancient. 
 
 Brass is an accidental alloy, formed originally by melting copper in 
 contact with calamine stone (silicate of zinc), the practice, purely empi- 
 ric, producing what was not known as an alloy, but as a bright copper, 
 valued for its color and other qualities. Certain copper mines were 
 valued as producing this gold-colored copper, but it was found out sub- 
 sequently that by melting copper with a certain mineral (calamine) the 
 same effect was i^roduced. Aristotle, Strabo, and Albertus Magnus re-
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 215 
 
 fer to an earth wliich conferred a yello".Y color on copper. Sulphate of 
 zinc had a place in the pharmacopa'ia before its metalHe base was known. 
 Tiie metal was discovered by that brilliant absurdity, Paracelsus, in the 
 sixteentli century. 
 
 Brouze, on the contrary, luisalways been j-cco^nized as an alloy, bciu^ir 
 made by the fusing^ together of copper and tin in suitable proportions. 
 It is found in those countries whicli jiosscss l)oth of these metals, and 
 also ill tlios(\ ancient lands to which llie IMi<enicians ])enetrated. The 
 Malay Islands and Cornwall furnished the tin of antiquity and that of 
 to-day. Australia has also supplied it larj^ely of late. The l-assitrroft 
 (tin) of theCh'ceks j^ave its name to Cornwall and Scully, thekassiterides 
 (►f Herodotus.^ It was the Jiastera of the Sanscrit, lasdir of the Arabs. 
 The Javanese tiiinh, England tin, Swedish tenn, and Icelandic deii mark 
 the limits in either direction of the great traders of the earliest i)eriod 
 of history. A bar of tin has been recovered from the Swiss lacustrine 
 piles of Estavayer, molds for hatchets have been found at Morges, and 
 lemains of bronze foundries have been uncovered in the Canton of 
 Vaud.2 
 
 Some of the ancient bronzes of England, Ireland, Scotland, and South 
 America have notable proportions or traces of iron and of lead, and some 
 of them have both of these metals in their conii)osition. In the Eo- 
 man bronze coins of Pompey, Hadrian, and Probus, zinc, iron, lead, and 
 silver are found. One coin of Tacitus is of copper and iron. These are 
 probably accidental imi)urities rather than intentional. 
 
 The lacustrine researches in the Swiss lakes have given rise to the 
 classification of copper, tin, lead, and zinc as the principal ingredients 
 of bronze, and silver, iron, antimony, nickel, and cobalt as accidental, 
 and, it may almost be said, nnsusjiectcd. The Helvetian bronzes were 
 destitute of lead, and the presence of zinc appears accidental. The use 
 of calamine was common in the Levant, and lead was added to the brouze 
 in notable quantities. In the bronze of the Swiss lakes the copper va- 
 ried from 07 to 05 per cent., and the tin from 3 to 20 per cent (Desor). 
 Sir John Lubbock remarks that lead and zinc are not founcl in the 
 bronzes of the true bronze age.^ 
 
 The iron of early ages, as well as that made by the native workmen 
 of Asia and Africa at the present time, was obtained by a means analo- 
 gous t-o that of the Catalan process. The fragments of rich iron ore are 
 distributed through the mass of charcoal in the furnace, and by means 
 of the bellows the fire is urged until the metal runs into a viscid ball, 
 which is hammered to expel the dross, and the steel obtained by the 
 single operation is purified and shaped by successive heatings and ham- 
 merings. An excellent quality is obtained, and native weapons were 
 shown at the Centennial from India, Soudan, Angola, Mozambique, 
 
 'Herodotus, iii, lli>. 
 
 "Eli.sde Rcclus, Suiitlisoiiian Report, 18G1, ji. 357. 
 
 3Sir Jolin Lubbock's lutroductiou to SvcuNilsou'a "Stoiio Age," page xli.
 
 21 G SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Zuliilaiid, tlio Gold Coast, Borneo, aud the Philippiues; also, ancient 
 broii/cs from l\uyi)t. 
 
 Copi)er, which may beheld to have preceded bronze, was shown in the 
 Indian relics from Wisconsin, an<l a modern fish-spear of an Alaskan 
 tribe, ('opijcr im])lements luive been found in the lacustrine deposits 
 at Peschiera on Lake Garda.* 
 
 1.' Clubs and throwing weapons. 
 
 li. Axes. 
 
 3. Knives and swords. 
 
 TYPES OF \VEArONS DESCRIBED. 
 
 4. Spears. 
 
 5. Shields. 
 
 6. Bows and arrows. 
 
 I. — Clubs, and Throwing Weapons. 
 Leaving proanibulation, let us begin at the Cape of Good Hope. The 
 Keerte of the Kafir is his next best weapon after his favor- 
 ite assegai^ the native javelin ; he does not use the bow and 
 arrow. The l-eeric, called a Imoh l-eerie by the colonists at 
 the Cape, is a hurling club, or is used in hand to hand en- 
 counters, but princii^ally the former. It varies in length 
 from 14 inches to 3 feet, but has been seen as much as six 
 feet long.^ It is straight and has a knob at the end. It is 
 usuallj" of acacia {Acacia capensis), but sometimes of strick 
 wood {Laurus huUata). A more costly and highly prized 
 material is rhinoceros horn, of which tJie Jieerie in the Cape 
 of Good Hope exhibit (shown in the illustration) was made. 
 The Iceerie is habituallj' carried, and is presented to a friend 
 on meeting him ; he touches it, and this is the etiquette of 
 salutation. By a modification of the weapon, giving it a 
 slight bend, it is used in ricochet, rebounding from the 
 ground and striking upward. 
 
 The Jcnob l-eerie of hard black wood is carried by the 
 Bushman also.^ The pen has of the Bretons has been com- 
 pared to it." 
 
 Coming northward from Zululaud we reach the Portuguese Possessions 
 on the east coast of Africa, and find Mozambique weapons ; these were 
 shown, together with those from Angola, in the Agricultural Build- 
 ing at the Centennial. Fig. 2 represents two of them; one has a 
 spear-shaped head, aud the knob of the other resembles an ear of corn, 
 or the raceme of a native plant common in the country. It suggests the 
 idea of maize, but is made by longitudinally grooving, and then notch- 
 ing the protuberant ridges ; a not unlikely style of ornamentation for a 
 man to hit upon when amusing himself by carWng his weapon. The 
 
 ■':M.')rlot, transl. in Smithsonian Report, 1863, p. 373. 
 
 ^Wood's "Natural Historj- of Man," vol. i, p. 108. 
 
 ^Baine's "South Africa," p. 363. 
 
 'See frontispiece to Trollope's " Walks in Brittany," 2 vols., London, 1840._ 
 
 Flo. 1. — Kafir 
 Keerie. Oape 
 of Good Hope.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 217 
 
 clubs of the Dinkas of the Upper Nile" are also of hard Mood made by 
 ridf^iiift' and notching' so as to leave rows of knobs, like many of the 
 l*olynesian weapons. The form resembles the chocolate mailers we used 
 to see, and also suggests the lloman mace rhiKsuUt. 
 
 The club of the J)ors of the Tppcr Xile' has been coiiiitarcd in shape 
 to the mushroom, having a round disk-f^hapcMl licnd 
 with a sharpened periphery. It is .>() inches in length 
 and made of hard wood. The Djibba clul) has also 
 a tlattened head with a sli.iri»edge, whicli i<s guarded 
 by a sheath of hide when not in use. Another clnb 
 in use in the last-mentioned tribe is champignon-slnipe, 
 like an unexpauded mushroom. The King of I)a- 
 liouu^y'" is versatile in clubs ; one favorite form has a 
 knobbed end and four scpiare knobs at the side; another 
 
 lias a long sharp spike at 
 the end projecting at right 
 angles from the handle." 
 A variety of sticks and 
 clubs were brought from 
 the different Australian 
 })rovinces. The jioculiar 
 hurling weapons, the boom- 
 erang and Txangaroo rat, 
 will be considered pres- 
 ently. Fig. 3 is a Queens- 
 land native, armed with 
 his icaddu and shield. ^ ''^ „ 
 
 •^ Yu,.\l.—2loznmbtque 
 
 Waddy is a native name ciubi<. Portuguese 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 for a simple club, as shown 
 in Fig. 3, aiul h and d, Fig. 4. The knobbed 
 (,'lub isknown i\sthv nulIa-UKUa, ninl isshown 
 in Fig. ."), and at c. Fig. 4. AVhen the head 
 is tlat and shar])ened to an edge, the colo- 
 niststerm them toiiKihaiclSjtnnn theirresem- 
 blance to the North American Indian Avea- 
 l)on. Fig. 4 shows two wooden tomahawks 
 {<( c) of New South AVales,'^ a nuU(t-)iHlla (c), 
 and two waddies {h d). The typical Aus- 
 tralian waddy is2 feet 8 inches long, weighs 
 2 pounds, and is made of the heavy and tough mountain tea-tree, 
 box, orred gum wood. It has a pointed end so that its thrustis dangerous." 
 
 "■Wood's "Xutunil History of Miin," vol. i, p. 524. 
 9 Wood's "Xatiiral History of Man."' i, p. 494. 
 '" Duncan's " Wosfern Africa," j). '2'26. 
 
 "The knob sticks of the Wanyanuiczi are shown in Stauh'y's "Livingstone," plate 
 opposite page i')44. 
 
 '- See the li-hil, \l. I!roiifj;li Smith's •' Ahorif^ines of Victoria,"' Fig. D7. 
 '^ Wood's "Natural History of Man," vol. ii, p. "i'J. 
 
 I'lG. 3. — Xatire Auntralian irith 
 and shield, Queensland. 
 
 club
 
 218 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Some of tlieni have four grooves extending from the point to the hand 
 grasp, so that the wound is something like that made by a bayonet. 
 Fig. 5 shows two nulla-nuUm or liunting chibs from the soutlieru part 
 of tlie ishind, the colony of Victoria. They are two feet long.'^ 
 
 The nulla-nulla of the Lower Murray Kiver is the icarra-ioarra of the 
 Yarra, and is made of a sapling of the mountain tea- tree, the enlarge- 
 ment at the root forming the knob. A pointed mdJa is made by fashion- 
 ing one of the projecting roots into a pointed spike, and is called laiujedP 
 SIiar])-edged wooden maces, which maybe termed a 
 
 wooden swords, are also made by the Australian f^ '^ 
 
 natives, some weighing as high as 41 ounces."^ 
 
 riG. 4. — Australian wooden weapons, 
 Xetv South Wales. 
 
 Fig. '). — Australian nulla- 
 nullas, Victoria. 
 
 Crossing to Xew Zealand, we find the Maories to have a much greater 
 variety of material and of shape. The most prized material is the green 
 jade, and it is also wrought Avith the greatest difiiculty. The bone oi 
 whale bears a medium character in both respects. Fig. G shows two 
 
 1" K. B. Smith's "Aborigines of Victoria," vol. i, 299-300, Figs. 56-59. 
 
 ^5 IMd., Fig. G-2. 
 
 ' ' Ihid., Figs. GO, 66, 67 ; see also Figs. 61, 65.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXITIIUTION. 
 
 219 
 
 ibrins of Maori wooden dubs, known as imtu; one lias a sharp ('(l;;e to 
 the axc-like head, and a bunch of feathers intended to shake in the face 
 of an enemy and disturb his aim. The wea])on to the ri<;ht is i)addle- 
 
 sha]»ed,aiid lias twoedjies ; a not 
 uncoiiiiiion Ibnii hi r<)I,viiesia. 
 
 The modi or pdlii/xilK of Xew 
 Zealand is a two cd^cd club of a 
 jirolon^ed ovoidal sha[»e. Jt usu- 
 ally has a hole in the neck for a 
 wrist-(;ord. ¥i<^. 7 is of fjreen 
 jade, very symmetrical, and beau- 
 
 Fig. 6. — Wondcu clubs, Xcw Zealand. 
 
 Flo. 1. — Stone merai, 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Fir,. 8. — Green-ftone 
 merai, New Zealand. 
 
 tifully polished with a species of cornndum found in the island. Fig-. S 
 is of stone, and is also carefully made and polished. Such weajions be- 
 come heir-looms in families, and jiossess names, much as in former times 
 titles were given to swords, as, for instance, Samsaniah, the cimeter of 
 llaroun al Easchid, and E.rcaJihdr, the sword of Kiiii;- Arthur. The stone 
 merai, V\<^. 8, Avas called Kororalxi. Fig. 9 is a stone weapon called Pdtu 
 KoJiatii ; its wrist-thong occupies a circular depression. Fig. 10 is a 
 carved weai)on, the name of which was Judkanohi, or ''face-eater.'" It 
 is made from a bone of a spermaceti whale, and has the reputation of 
 having been handed down in the family for twelve generations. Mernis 
 of this shai)e are also made of wood, but are not as much valued as 
 those of harder and more enduring materials. 
 It hail been supposed that the " flattened soda-water-bottle shape,"
 
 220 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 as Tylor has called it, was peculiar to this ingenious cannibal race, the 
 antipodes of the British, but it appears that the Peruvians make a 
 weapon of exactly similar shape ; one has been found of dark brown 
 jasper, '^ and another of a greenish ami)liibolic stone. "* 
 Another of native copper has been found in Michigan, and 
 was shown at the Centennial. It is IC.j inches long, 2f inches 
 wide for 11 inches of its length, contracts 
 to li inch, and then enlarges to 2 inches, 
 to assist the hand -grasp. No deduction 
 oi" im])ortance is to be made from this; the 
 blade is but 1^ inch wider than the han- 
 dle, and the probability is that the piece 
 of native copper approximated that shape, 
 the work of the owner consisting in flat- 
 tening, sharpening, and shaping it sym- 
 metrically. 
 
 Crossing the Southern Ocean we reach 
 the Fiji Islands, lately come into the pos- 
 session of Great Britain. The Fijian is a 
 Papuan race, and remarkable for con- 
 ^rktuKohati!' structive ability. The club is his great 
 New Zealand, -^eapou, aud ujiou it lic cxi^euds his lavish 
 carving, the implements being of various sizes and 
 patterns, tlio handiwork being all guided by individ- 
 ual taste.^" The display at the Centennial was not 
 
 , ,■,.■,-, , 1 • -n n FiG- 10. — Kaknti Weapon 
 
 large, the islands not being specially represented. {honeofwhaie),NnvZea- 
 The classification of their clubs into large, small, 
 knobbed, bladed, axe-shaped, straight, or curved gives but a faint idea 
 of the variety. The dromo is a spiked mace, and resembles some of the 
 North American Indian clubs. The dm is like the double Phrygian 
 axe. The totoJcea is a spiked hammer.^" The stem of a small tree, with 
 a swelling bole, and the radiating roots trimmed as projecting knobs, is 
 a common style. Another form is made by bending over a young sap- 
 ling nearly to the ground, so as to bring the ta^i-root at right angles to 
 the stem. When the tree has sufficiently grown, it is cut and shaped, 
 and the tap-root forms a laterally-projecting knob with a circle of spikes 
 formed of the other roots, shortened and sharpened. Other clubs are 
 like maces; squared and notched; with pyramidal or mushroom tops; 
 ornamented with braided coir^ with wicker-work, with feathers worked 
 in with simietj inlaid with shell, bone, hog's tusks, human or whale's 
 teeth.^' 
 
 We miss clubs when we come to lands where the more deadly metal is 
 
 " Klemm, C. N., part ii, page 26. 
 '**Rivero & TschudiJ Plates, pi. xxxiii. 
 19 Smythc's "Ten Moutlis iu Fiji," p. 120. 
 
 20 Williams, "Fiji," pp. 43-4; 589. 
 2' Wood, vol. ii, p. 275.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXIIiniTION, 221 
 
 abundant. Java has, howovor, two clubs deemed worthy of special 
 
 names, Indan and (j(uJaP The 
 
 "war-fan" of the Japanese is 
 
 ]KMliiips uni(|iie, bein<4- of lar<^0 
 
 .size and ha\iiij;' a sliealli of iron 
 
 so that it may do duty as a chib (| 
 
 on emer,ueiM'y. 
 
 Cominj^- to America we find 
 
 a greater variety, if possible, 
 
 than Fiji furnishes, for those 
 
 astute islanders have but a 
 
 meager choice of materials — 
 
 wood and shell. Fig. 11 is an 
 
 OJibeway war-club from Saga- 
 
 mook, on the north shore of 
 
 Lake Huron. Fig. V2 shows 
 
 two wooden clubs, one armed 
 Fio. w.—Ojiheway with au irou spikc ; they are 
 
 wooden club, Can- , . ' 
 
 ada. u'om tho Missouri valley In- 
 
 dians. Spiked weapons have always been 
 in vogue, and a curious example of one is a 
 
 stag's-horn club with the brow ,„ „- ^ ;7„,/n„w„R 
 
 •^ Fig. 12. — Wooden cluhii of Vakotan. — 
 
 antler left as a spike, found in yatumai 2[„>,cnm. 
 
 one of the Swiss Lakes. See memoir by M. E. Desor." 
 Stag's-horu hammers are also very numerous in the debris 
 of the lake dwellings. A hammer of serpentine with in- 
 serted helve and with a hanunering face and pointed 
 peen is mentioned by Nilson.'^^ ]\rany other forms are 
 found among the Indian tribes, but the aim has been to 
 place together the wooden clubs made in a single piece. 
 Those in which stones or metal are mounted will be shown 
 presently. Fig. 13 is a pestle shaped war- 
 club of the Pai-Utes and Mohaves. They 
 are termed "face mashers," since they are 
 carried concealed about the person and 
 used for striking an enemy in the face. 
 
 Figs. 14 and 15 are from the Facitic Coast. 
 They are elaborately carved war-clubs of 
 hard wood from the Ilaidah Indians of 
 Ik'lla-bella, Lritish Colinnbia. They arc 
 what we should call " grotes(iuely carved," 
 but the emblems on them are mythological, 
 Fio. u.-Haidah ;^,j(| ^]^^^ i,|pa of plcasautry does not, we are 
 
 war -club . — ?\a- *^ "^ -pj^, j^ Pai Ute 
 
 tionaiMv^etim. informed, cutcr into 1 lic work. The canoes, ciub.-Xatwnal Mu- 
 totem-posts, i)addles, bowls, and other ob- **"'"• 
 
 «*Sir Stamford Raffles' "Java," 4to cd., i, 296 (Figs. 8, 9). 
 "Translatiou in Smitlisouiau Report, 1865, page 357. 
 
 2^Ibi(l., page 359.
 
 222 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 jects fiisliioiied iu wood, exhibit the same style of ornamentation, as 
 
 it must be called. 
 
 The Arj^eutine Republic sent a mace, which is shown at Fig. 16. It is 
 of hard wood resembling Ihpnm rita\ and is 
 48 inches long. It belonged to an Indian of 
 the pampas. A spear eight feet long, of the 
 same kind of wood and tapering to a i)oint, 
 was exliibited with it. The club of the Gran 
 Chaco Indians^"' of the La Plata region is 
 square in section, larger towards each end, 
 and is grasped in the middle. It is called a 
 macana, and is used either as a hurling 
 weapon or as a club at close quarters. The 
 clubs of the Guiana Indians are maces of 
 square section, or paddle-shaped with some- 
 what sharp edges. The handles are em- 
 broidered with cotton string, some in a very 
 ornamental manner. The Uaupe Indians of 
 the Amazon-*^ also use carv^ed wooden clubs. 
 We come now to a class of clubs in which 
 a stone is mounted upon a withe or other 
 kind of handle to form a maul or hammer. 
 AVe do not in the present article consider 
 those which have sharp edges, and are de- 
 signed to form axes and adzes. They will -^ja. 
 carved war-chib.- \yQ oToupcd Separately. Fig. 17 is about as 
 
 National Mu- ^ '- ^ ^ ^ 
 
 «cMm. primitive an affair as can well be devised. 
 
 It is a sheU-headed club from a shell-heap on Saint John's River, Florida. 
 
 The head is a Pyrula, 
 and the specimen is 
 peculiar in this, that 
 though ancient it still 
 has the remains of the 
 original handle. 
 
 In connection with 
 this method of mount- 
 ing, by a perforated 
 head through which 
 the helve is thrust, 
 mention may be made 
 of hammer stones, 
 sometimes known as 
 helved wedges, simi- 
 larly handled, and 
 
 riG.17. — Shell-hcadedclub/romaFloHdashell-heap. — National Museum. -^JjjqI^ haVC bcCU hurl- 
 ing axes. They are more frequent in Europe than in America. Some 
 
 riG 
 
 -Ilaidah 
 
 16.— Mace 
 from Paraguay, 
 Argentine Con- 
 federation. 
 
 25 Wood, vol. ii, pp. 569, 570. 
 
 "6 Wallace's ' 'Amazon," 504.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIHITION. 223 
 
 of these liiive their edges in line witli tlie handle and some across it, 
 as axes and adzes respectively. See Sven Nilson's ••' Stone Age,"-' edited 
 by Sir John Lnbbock. A re- 
 'larkabU^ i'our-]>roiig('d stone 
 battle-axe is shown in the mu- 
 seum of Luild, Sweden, hav- 
 ing a diameter of 8 inclies, 
 and i)erloiated for a handle.-' 
 Fig. 18 is a stone man 
 lashed with raw-hide tliongs 
 to a T-shai)e<l handle which 
 has been formed from a forked 
 branch. It is from the Ilaidah Indians, Bella- 
 bella, ]>ritis]i Columbia. Fig. 1!> is a large 
 stone maul lashed to a short handle formed 
 of a forked limb. It is from Sitka, Alaska. 
 Fig. 20 is irom New Zealand. It shows that 
 a similar mode of mounting is practiced by 
 the Maories, the bowlder being secured in 
 
 the crotch by means of thongs. Tlie pursuit f,c.. lo.stone maui «/ Alaska 
 of similar examples leads us a devious dance. '"'""' MuBeum. 
 
 We find that the (Iran Chaco Indians, of South America, have a peculiar 
 method of embedding a cylindrical stone in a club so that it may project 
 
 Fig. Vd.— Stone maul, from BritUh Columbia. — Natwnal Mu- 
 
 scu in . 
 
 ■^'-■'S 
 
 Fig. 20. — 'Maori t,(oiie club, Kew Zealand. 
 
 like an axe blade. A hole is bored into a sapling of suitable size and the 
 stone driven in. As the tree grows, the wood advances upon the stone 
 and grips it firmly. The sapling is then cut and shaped. 
 
 Fig. 21. — Sti)7ie maul of Arickarces. 
 
 Fig. 21 is a stone maul of the Arickaree Indians of the Upper Missouri 
 River.29 It is a reddish, granite pebble of three and a half pounds 
 
 « Pago 7-2, .111(1 plato ix, Figs. 183,184; pp. 73,74; and plate viii. Figs. 180,181. 
 
 '" Ibid., page 7;'), and ]>!. ix, Fig. 159. 
 
 •9 Sec " Tweuty-first lleport of X. Y. State Cabinet," pp. 31-:{G, pis. i, ii, iii. '
 
 224 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 weight. The witlic is bent around it, occni)ying a circumferential cle- 
 l)re.ssion, which is interrupted opposite the liandle. The same kind of 
 hammer was used by the native workmen formerly in the Lake Supe- 
 
 :^ii..iiiittMafavfiTMTrKriiililliii^HlJjja> 
 
 Fig. 22.— Stone mauls of Missouri Yalley Indians. — Xational Museum. 
 
 rior copper mines. It is used by the Missouri Indians in driving stakes 
 
 and tent-pegs. 
 Fig. 22 shows two stone implements of the Sioux, the hereditary 
 enemies of the tribe last mentioned. The 
 u])per one is a rude grooved axe mounted 
 in a hickory sapling, the two ends of which 
 are brought together with raw-hide thongs 
 to form the handle. The lower figure is 
 a war-club with an egg-shaped limestone 
 head and a handle of ash ; the end of tire 
 latter is ornamented with the tuft from 
 the tail of a buffalo. Between the two 
 figures is a representation of the Eoman 
 sacrificial malleus, which, even in the time 
 of the emperors, was employed in slaugh- 
 tering the victims. It seems to have come 
 down from times then ancient, the order 
 of procedure admitting of no innovation, 
 just as the knives of flint were used in 
 ancient Egypt and among the Hebrews 
 in performing ceremonial observances and 
 sacrifices. Dr. Schliemann found hun- 
 dreds of rude stone hammers in the hill 
 of Ilissarlik. 
 
 Another mode of mounting a large peb- 
 ble or wedge-shaped stone is by means 
 
 of a raw-hide covering to the stone and withe. 
 Fig. 23 shows an Arickaree weapon made in this manner : The granite 
 
 pebble weighing 22 ounces is grooved circumferentially and a withe 
 
 Fir. 
 
 Fig. 23.-4 r icka r e e 
 stone maul. 
 
 2i.— War-dub 
 of Apaches. Ari- 
 zon a. — Xational 
 Museum.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXIIiniTION. 225 
 
 tant around it and secured by raw iiidc*tli(ni<i.s next to the stone. Over 
 the whole of the stone and handle, exeei)t tlu^ liauiiiu'r face, a sin<;le 
 piece of wet buft'alo hide is stretched and sewed with sinew. When the 
 hide shriidvs in dryinj;- the whole forms a very linn Job. The use of a 
 similar tool in driving' stakes and tent-juns has been mentioned, but 
 there are many other purposes about an Indian camp, such as breaking 
 bones and pounding peinmiean, for which it is well adapted, not to 
 mention tlic warlike uses. 
 
 The po(/(/amof/<jon of the Shoshones is a slnngshot. 
 
 Fig. -1 shows yet another mode of mounting the stone. The pebble 
 and the withe are covered with the tail skin of abullalo, the tuft of hair 
 remaining. It resend)les the slungshot used nearer home, or the stone in 
 a stocking foot, said to be a favorite with the gentler sex in some places. 
 
 Ilammer-axes of stone and horn, bored for the helve, are to be found 
 in many museums. See Nilson.^" 
 
 AVe will now examine the throwing weapons; premising that neither 
 law nor custom prevents the hurling of some already described. The 
 Fijian among the abundance of his elubs has one specially for throwing; 
 it is knobbed at the end like the Kalir Ixcerie and is worn in the girdle, 
 sometimes in pairs like pistols. Fig. 25 is the throwing-stick of Uganda 
 
 Fio. 25. — Throiving-stick of JJijanda, Africa. — Egyptian Exhibit. 
 
 brought by Oapt. Long (Bey) from his expedition south of Khartoom. 
 It is three feet long, has a spear-shaped head, and is hurled with a 
 whirling motion somewhat in the manner of the Australian boomerang, 
 but without the peculiar erratic flight of the latter. 
 
 The curved throwing-stick was also noticed % Sir Sanniel Baker in 
 Abyssinia, and is common among the negroes as far west as Lake Tsad. 
 The Es-sellem of the desert^^ is like the curved sticks of the ancient 
 Egyptians^^ and closely resembles the middle stick in Fig. 28. 
 
 The trumhash or throwing-stick of the Niani-niams of the Upper Nile^^ 
 is a flat projectile used for killing birds or hares, and is carried inside 
 the shield. The war weapon when made of iron is called luJhrda, and 
 has three ju'ojecting limbs with pointed prongs and sharp edges, the 
 longer blade at right angles to the grip, which is guarded by the short- 
 est prong of the. three. This wicked weapon is spun about its axis and 
 
 so " stone Aro " PI. viii, Fi.us. lfiR-179. 
 
 *' Smith's " Al»ori<>inos of Victoria," Discnssion on, pj). 321 et aeq., vol. i. 
 
 '-Il)iil {noio pa nut in), i, 2\)d. \ 
 
 ^ Scliweiufnrtb. 
 
 S. Mis. 54 15
 
 226 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 has a movement of translation in a horizontal plane. It is also a hack- 
 ings hand-to-hand weapon. Somewhat similar weapons with two blades 
 are found in ni)per Sennaar and Central Soudan, and are used by the 
 Fans. The Icecrie or knobbed throwing-stick of the Kafirs has been 
 already described. The lismn is the curved throwiug-stick of another 
 
 Fig. 26. — Niatn-niam hurling-weapons (t'^umbash). 
 
 African tribe ; the iron hungamunga^* of the Tibbus and of Darfur is also 
 a hurling weapon. ^^ 
 
 It would be singular, indeed, if a cudgel for throwing at game were 
 found in but one part of the world, and at but one period; but the dis- 
 covery of the Australian hoo^nerang, the most curious of its class, has 
 directed attention to ^yhat might otherwise have been passed over as 
 unimportant. The Egyptian and Assyrian monuments have been con- 
 sulted, and in each case the curved stick has been noticed in the hands 
 of bird-catchers or hunters. An ancient thro wing-stick about eighteen 
 inches long is in the Abbott Egyptian collection of the New York His- 
 torical Society. A short, crooked stick {pedum) was used by the Eomans 
 to throw at hares, and centaurs are represented with a short pedum 
 {/.aycuiSo /.()>) in the other. 
 
 In coming to Australia we reach a peoj^le living in an almost primi- 
 tive condition, so low, ill-formed, and ignorant that their name has be- 
 come a synonym for imbecility. Here, however, the throwing-stick has 
 attained its highest development. The maximum of improvement has 
 
 '*• Illustrated in the discussion on the boomerang. Smith, " Abor. Victoria," 321 et 
 seq. 
 
 3fl Tylei-'s " Early History of Mankind," 175-6. See also paper by Fergnson in Trans. 
 R. I. A. Dublin, 1843, vol. xix. Paper by W. Cooke Taylor. The Nat. Hist. Soc. 
 London, 1840, vol. i, page 205; Eyre, vol. ii, p. 303; Klemm, C. G. vol. i, p. 316, plate vii.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 227 
 
 not, liowever, been reached by the natives of all parts of this island, 
 which is almost as largo as the United States and Territories. The 
 hoo7ncran(/ {Fig. 27), used with such singular dexterity by the "black 
 
 Fig. 21.— Boomerangs of New South Wales. 
 
 fellows" of Xew South Wales, is almost unknown to those of the colony 
 of South Australia, which, by the bye, is not the most southerly portion 
 of the island, that position being occupied by the thriving colony of 
 Victoria. The boomerang is, however, used in Western Australia, where 
 it is called a Jiy-lie. This is a true return-boomerang.'" Even in the 
 districts where the boomerang is used there are all grades of throwing- 
 sticks, three of which of dift'erent forms were in the Xew South AVales 
 exhibit, and are shown in Fig. 28. The upper one is carved with raised 
 serpentine figures, the stick being painted red in the intervals. With 
 these weapons the natives give a direct blow, a whirling blow, or a 
 ricochet upward-rebounding blow. 
 The boomerang is made of the wood of the blue gum [Eucalyptus glob- 
 
 Fio. 28. — AvstraUan thrniping-sticks, Tictoria. 
 
 ■ulufi), or sometimes from the iron-bark of the she-oak, and is of flatted 
 curved shape, convex on the upper surface and flat below, always 
 thickest in the middle, from which it is scraped away towards both 
 edges, which are tolerably shar}), especially the outer one. Boomerangs 
 vary much in shape, but do not depart from the characteristics men- 
 tioned. They differ in their curves, lengths, widths, taper, and weight. 
 *' Aborigines of Victoria, vol. i, 33G, Fig. 140.
 
 228 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 A good specimen may be 33 inches from tip to tip measured alonj? the 
 carve, 2 inches wide, and weigh 12 ounces. There are several ways of 
 throwing the boomerang so as to make it execute its peculiar' evolutions. 
 In throwing it, the native grasps it by the handle end, which has some 
 notches upon it, and holds the flat side downward; then balancing it a 
 moment in his hand, and making a few quick steps forward, he launches 
 it with a sharp Hiug, bringing his hand back so as to make it revolve in 
 the plane of its curve with groat rapidity. Tlie ])eculiarity of the boom- 
 erang is in what may be considered its erratic flight. Thrown so as to 
 strike the ground 40 yards in advance of the thrower, it rebounds, de- 
 scribes a high circular backward course, and falls behind the thrower. 
 Thrown high in the air it mounts to a great height, circles backward 
 nntil its force is expended, and then drops dead at a point behind the 
 thrower. It is also thrown, so as at a given distance to make its rebound 
 in other than an upward circular dirertion, and curve its flight around 
 an object so as to strike something behind the latter. This is merely 
 an eflbrt of skill. The boomerang is thrown against the wind; and, 
 though it is easy enough to hurl it, it is very difficult to make it per- 
 form at command all the peculiar evolutions which distinguish it. It 
 is roughly made, so far as mere finish is concerned; but the work upon 
 it in adjusting the curves is most scrupulously and patiently performed 
 by the natives, some of whom never acquire proficiency, while others 
 become celebrated for their skill in the manufacture of the weapon. 
 Lili;e all instruments which have attained something like perfection, the 
 difference between the best and i)oorest is greater than in the case of 
 some other tools where a more general level of excellence is preserved. 
 
 The subject of the boomerang lias been learnedly and carefully consid- 
 ered in R. Brough Smith's "Aborigines of Victoria." ^^ The discussion 
 has elicited the fact that some throwing-sticks move with a spinning or 
 whirling motion, and even pursue a curved jiath, as a billiard or base- 
 ball player can curve the trajectory by imparting rotation to the ball. 
 Kone of the implements, however, described by Col. Lane Fox (British 
 Association, 1872), or referred to in Mr. Ferguson's learned i7a]:)er before 
 the Royal Irish Academy in 1838, are fairly comparable to the Austra- 
 lian weapon. It must also be remarked that the distinction between 
 the play weapon and the war weapon is clearly drawn in the mind of 
 the native, though the back-return boomerang cannot always be distin- 
 guished from the war boomerang by a novice. The barnyeet of the 
 Yarra,^^ for instance, is a war weapon, and not a come-back; nor is it so 
 much curved as the regular boomerang, iconguim?^ A group of the vari- 
 ous kinds is shown in Mr. Smith's work, previously referred to.""* 
 
 From the straight round stick, knobbed stick, flat stick, curved stick, 
 edged curved stick (a wooden sword), through every degree of curva- 
 ture up to the perfect boomerang, the series of Australian hurling 
 weapons occupies the whole ground. The most curiously-curved weapon, 
 
 3' Vol. i, p. 321, ct scq. ^Ihid., Fig. 96. '^'^ Ibid., Fig. 95. ^^lUd., i, 315, Fig. 99.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 229 
 
 which shouhl not bo omitted, is the quh-rUnuj-an-wKn, iiiii)Ossible to 
 explain witliout an illustration, and not shown in Pliila(lcli)hia. It is a 
 thin flake of wood, curiously twisted and curved.^' 
 
 Fi^. 29 shows, for purposes of comparison, an Australian hoomernng {a) 
 from Murray I'ivcr, and a curvod tlirowin.n'-stick (/>) used by tlie Moqui 
 and Sliimmo Indians in killing;- rabbits. These throwin^^-sticks, though 
 
 Fio. 29. — Boomerang and Mrifjvi throunng-stiek. 
 
 curved so as to resemble in one important res])ect the Australian weapon, 
 cannot, like it, be made to describe the peculiar divergent ciuvcd course 
 through the air. These sticks were formerly used bj' many of the 
 Southern California tribes. 
 The langaroo rat {weet-iceet),^^ Fig. 30, of the Australians has been 
 
 Tic. 30. — Kangarnn rat. South Atistralia. 
 
 sometimes spoken of as rather a toy than a weapon, but it is a danger- 
 ous missile. Its head is usually a ])iece of hard wood, of a conoidal or 
 double conical shape, and its tail is a flexible handle a yard long. By 
 this handle it is thrown ; the native takes the rat by the tail and swings 
 it. back and forth several times, bending it almost double. Suddenly 
 letting it fly by an underhand jerk, it glides hissing through the air, 
 striking and rebounding like a fiat stone skimming the surface of the 
 water — the familiar "ducks and drakes'' of our childhood. Tt does not 
 rise more than nine feet above the surface of the ground, and the dis- 
 tance it reaches depends upon the force of the projection ajul also ui)on 
 the angleatwhichit first strikes the surface of the earth. Tf the trajectory 
 be too high, it makes a number of high leaps and soon tires ; if too low, 
 the force is soon expended in friction on the ground. The body with a 
 trailing tail making fl^'ing leaps has much the appearance of a small 
 
 ^' n>id.,\, :ur), Fi<;.315. 
 ■•nVood, ii, i>. 41.
 
 230 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 kaiiiiiiroo, niid is well iiainod the T^anrjnroo rat. The exampleillustrated 
 is of wild butlalo horn, heated and pressed to shape. 
 
 The kangaroo rat described by E. Brough Smith is about 2(3 inches 
 long, the tail being 21 inches and the head 4.5 inches.*' 
 
 Something like the kangaroo rat of the Australians is a missile 
 employed in a game of the Fijians.** A reed four feet in length termi- 
 nates in an ovoid piece of hard and heavy wood six inches long. It 
 is held between the thumb and finger and thrown by an underhand 
 jerk, so as to skim horizontally over the ground. A long smooth stretch 
 of turf is Icept in good order in the villages for this purpose. This 
 suggests the pitching of quoits and horseshoes, curling stones, hockey, 
 polo, and other ball games, which we merely suggest as we pass, sup- 
 posing them not to be distinctly savage, though some of them are ath- 
 letic survivals of ancient barbaric exercises. 
 
 The dialer a^^ or " quoit weapon" of the Sikhs is savage enough to be 
 worth a mention. It is an annular disk of thin steel with a sharp edge 
 all round. It is whirled upon the fore-finger and then thrown, spinning 
 as it flies, and is a formidable weapon when aimed at the face of an 
 enemy, several being hurled in rapid succession and with great force. 
 • They can also give it a ricochet flight. 
 
 A similar weapon has been brought from Guatemala by M. Boursier, 
 the French Consul. It is disk-shaped, very sharp on the edges, and 
 about G inches in diameter. Hurliug-disks have been found also in 
 Brittany and Central France. 
 
 The Peruvian hurling-disk is of diorite with a central opening 1 inch in 
 diameter and 10 circumferential teeth 2 inches long. It is thrown by 
 aid of a thong like the bolus. The Mexicans have a similar weapon*^ 
 and the Australians a crude affair of the same general idea. 
 
 From this cutting disk whirled by the finger we re'ach by a single 
 step the simple pebble which is hurled by hand. We began with a stick, 
 and after considering the club simple and compound, and the various 
 forms of throwing clubs, have come to simple missiles — the pebble or 
 small bowlder. Some^ tribes, however, are not content with the stones 
 of the brook, but shape the projectile ; the Tahitians,*"^ for instance, 
 make oval balls of stalagmite, which they hurl by hand with force and 
 accuracy, not using a sling. The Fuegiaus, although very skillful with 
 the sling, are adepts at hurling stones by hand. 
 
 Incendiary balls were used by the ]N'ervii, who fired the camp of C.nesar, 
 and the balls of charcoal kneaded with clay, and found in the lacustrine 
 village remains in Switzerland, are believed to have been for the same 
 purpose. The arrow with a lighted tow torch is commonly noticed 
 among the ancients, and is found in all parts of the world where the bow 
 and arrow survive. 
 
 "'Aborigines of Australia, i, Fig. 170, p. 352. **Wood, ii, p. 283. 
 
 <* Wood, i. « Louvre collection. *^ Wood, ii.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 231 
 
 ric. 31. — Navajo 
 sling. — Sa tional 
 Muticuiii . 
 
 The subject liere Uiiturally diverges and takes two separate paths. 
 The projectile is loose and is liurled by a stick or a sliii}^ ; or it is at- 
 tached to a striug which flies with it. We shall cousider these sepa- 
 rately aud in the order stated. 
 
 Tlie slin<;- is an unimpressive object wlieii liun^ uj) ainon;;- a thousand 
 other thin;;s in a collection, and how many were overlooked l)y the 
 writer at the Centennial it is not i)ossible to say. The example, Fi^;. 31, 
 was in the National IMuseum exhibit in the Government 
 Building, having been obtained from the Navajoes of Xew 
 Mexico. Slings are rarely used among this pcoj)]*' at pres- 
 ent, except by boys. They are, however, mentioned in tlu' 
 old actiount of the "Journey to the tSeven Cities of Cibola.'" 
 There is no doubt about the antiquity of the device. It 
 is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew writings, and is 
 shown on the Egyptian^' and Assyrian monuments.''" The 
 Konum sling was named from its funda or purse which con- 
 tained the ])rqjectile. Besides its ordinary use for hurling 
 stones, leaden balls {(jhoidcs) were used ; these wereellipsoid- 
 al i)lummets, often with inscriptions ui)on them, as "FIK," 
 for Jirmiter, ''throw steadily"; Grecian bullets also, marked 
 with the figure of a thunderbolt, or the inscription (h^at, 
 "take this," have been found. Schliemanir'" recovered 
 from the excavations at Ilissarlik sling-bullets of loadstone, copper, 
 alabaster, and diorite. The fmtibolus was a four-foot pole, which had a 
 sling attached in the center, enabling both hands to be used in throwing. 
 
 The sling is not so universal a weapon that a statement of the coun- 
 tries where it is used becomes a mere geographical recitation. The 
 Javan sling •''' {handrhtr/) is uoti(;ed by Sir Stamford liaflies. The Fijians, 
 as already stated, excel in its use. The sling of the Sandwich Islanders^^ 
 is a double thong with a stone receptacle of plaited sinnet. The stones 
 are egg-shaped and ground for the pur]iose. Another form of Hawaiian 
 sling has an oval stone with a circumferential groove, and is hurled by 
 a cord passed around it and secured by a sailor's half-hitch so as to be 
 released when the thong is jerked T)ack to discharge the stone. A simi- 
 lar mode of hurling the spear is foun<l in South America. The a\Iarque- 
 sas Islanders '^^ use slings of plaited grass, as much as five feet in length, 
 aud hurl stones of considerable size. The natives of New Caledonia ^^ 
 have a sling {ivouJaf) which is a double thong with a purse in the middle 
 made of two parallel cords. The stones are a hard kind of steatite 
 ground to an oval shape and polished. They are carried in a net at the 
 right side and are discharged after a half whirl of the sling. Some of 
 
 « Kitto, i, 370. '" 
 
 ■*^ Layarrt's Nineveh, Pis. vi, vii, ii, 263. Xenophon's Anabasis, lib. iii, c. 3. 
 
 ^ Sclilioniann's " Troy aud its Remains," 101. Nos. 6(5-7-8. 
 
 6' "Java," 4to, PI. iv, opp. p. 296, vol. i ; Fis. 22. 
 
 6* Wood, ii, p. 434. •'■^/^^k/., ii, p. 390. "ittU, ii, p. 205.
 
 232 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 the New Caledonian slin^-stones are shaped like two spherical segments, 
 joined at their bases, giving a sharp circumferential ridge. Tlie same 
 form is found in New Zealand and in the stone age missiles of Sweden. 
 AYooden slings and ribbon slings were used by«thc ancient inhabitants 
 of Sweden, and slings of bast are in the museums of Lund and Stock- 
 holm.^^ Slings of plaited flax are among the lacustrine remains of Neuf- 
 chatel.^" 
 
 The Solomon Islanders also use slings. The Fuegians" excel in the 
 use of the sling, as well as of the bow and arrow and spear. The sling 
 has a pocket of seal or guanaco skin and two thongs three feet in length 
 of twisted sinews. The natives throw with great force and accuracy. 
 
 Pliny ascribes the invention of the sling to the Phoenicians. He 
 always had a guess to make; sometimes a very wild one. The Balearic 
 Islanders^''' were celebrated for their expertness in its use. The slingers 
 of the Greek and Roman armies were considered an inferior class of war- 
 riors, the sling being but an auxiliary weapon. 
 
 Another mode of slinging is by, means of a stick thrust through a per- 
 forated stone and whirled so as to discharge the missile when it has 
 attained a maximum centrifugal motion. 
 Fig. 32 shows two throwing-stones from Peru, adapted to be slung 
 
 by a stick wliich is thrust into 
 the hole. The Peruvians were 
 very expert in the use of the 
 sling.^^ Whorls of star shape 
 were found in great quantities 
 by Schliemann in the excava- 
 tions at Hissarlik.^^ Although 
 
 FIG. ^.-Throvnnn-stones, Peru. ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ COnsldcrcd Spludlc 
 
 whorls, it is altogether probable, so great was their number, that they 
 were ammunition. Disk-shaped and cylindrical throwing-stones i)er- 
 forated for the stick are found among the remains of the Lake Dwellers.^" 
 The Fijians have a rough game of jerking stones at each other with 
 elastic bamboo."^ 
 
 Numerous stones fashioned into shapes, and many of them with circum- 
 ferential grooves, are to be found in European and American collections, 
 labelled plummets (net-sinkers), sUng-stoncs, &c., according to the fancy 
 or opinion of the discoverer or owner. The same may be said of Ameri- 
 can perforated stones which may be plummets or gorgets. There is a 
 tendency to give a warlike signification to such finds recovered in the 
 soil, in mounds or in graves. The civil uses of these objects were i^rob- 
 ably much more frequent than the warlike ; • as the search for food is a 
 
 s'5 Sven Nilson "On the Stone Age." Ed. by Sir John Lubbock, pi. v, pp. 49, 53, 
 S'^Morlot in Smithsonian Report, 18C3, p. 377. s; Wood, ii, p. 517. 
 
 6"aCa*8ar's Comm., ii, 1. ss Prescott's " Conquest of Peru," i, 72. 
 
 69 "Troy and its Remains,"' No. 444, PL xl. 
 w " Culturgeschichte," Taf. 2, Figs. CO-63. ei Wood, ii.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 233 
 
 more ronstfmt o('f'ni)ati()ii tliaii Wiir. (Cf. Sven Nilsou, edited by Sir 
 John Lubbock, Loudon, 1.'5<)S.)'''^ 
 
 Wo now pursue the other branch of the section, in which the ball re- 
 mains attaelied to the cord by means of whieli it is projected. The sim- 
 ]»lest form of tliis is the sinj^lc stone or metallic ball sewed uj» in raw- 
 hide and attached to the end of ii thon<;- a yard lon^-. This, the holas 
 perdhhi of the Spaniards, is whirled ra])idly around the head and then 
 launched at the enemy or the ji:ame. A similar ball at the end of a 
 shorter thonj^' is used as a shing-shot. 
 The bolas^'^ of South America consists of two or three balls at the ends 
 
 of as many raw-hide thonns, about nine feet 
 long", which are tied together. The hohiH is 
 swung- around the head of the rider, the 
 junction of the thongs being in his hand 
 and the balls Hying in a cluster. As soon 
 as they are launched at the game, the balls 
 tly apart by their centrifugal force, and, 
 still Hying round, have a movement of trans- 
 lation in the direction of their projection. 
 As soon as a thong strikes the object, the 
 balls coil around it in contrary directions, 
 binding and entang- 
 ling it according to 
 the intention of the 
 thrower. This is not 
 too much to say, for 
 the Patagonian will 
 bind the rider to the 
 horse, or tie the legs 
 of an animal together 
 or to the body at will. 
 Stones of ovoid 
 form made of tra- 
 chytic tufa and iiorforated for raw-hide stra])s are 
 used by the California Indians. 
 
 Figs. 33 and 34 show the holas exhibited at the 
 Centennial by the Argentine Kepul)lic. They con- 
 sist of stones or balls of clay in raw-hide pockets 
 at the ends of twisted thongs of raw-hide. The 
 specimens ditter much in weight, from one-quar- 
 ter of a pound to one and a half pouiuls, and in 
 size from one and a (piarter inches to three inches in dianu'ter. They are 
 sewed up in their envelopes, and in one case openings are made to expose 
 the bright red color of a peculiar stone of the country. It is the duty of 
 
 Fig. 'i'i.—Biilnx of Paraguay, Argentine 
 C'oii/ederalion. 
 
 Bdlat of Argentine 
 Ji'eptiblic. 
 
 ^Syen Nilsou, PI. ix, Fig. 216; PI. ii, Fig. 31-35. 
 
 Page's "La Plata," 112.
 
 234 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 the women to cut and srind these stones, but in some cases iron or even 
 copper balls are used, the metal being preferred when attainable on ac- 
 count of its being smaller for a given weight. There is some variation 
 in the arrangement also : (somai) two holas at the end of 9-feet thongs ; 
 {achico) three bolas, one on a rather longer thong; or one of the thongs 
 has attached to its mid-length a pair of balls on the end of three-foot 
 thongs. The range of the bolas is from 30 to 40 yards. The natives, 
 when in danger, wear several cuirasses of stiff raw-hide as a guard against 
 them, the armor being put on like a poncho — over the head, which is 
 thrust through a slit in the hide. The helmet is of double bull-hide. 
 The holas is used throughout the Argentine Eepublic, by the Gran 
 Chaco Indians of La Plata, the Araucanians (called by them laqui), and 
 the Patagonians ; being, in a large portion of the territory mentioned, the 
 principal means of captuiing wild animals. The guanaco, a species of 
 llama about the size of st deer, is the main dependence for food and 
 clothing of the Patagonians.*^* See Muster's account of the Tehuelche 
 Indians."^ 
 
 Passing at one bound to the other extremity of the American Conti- 
 nent, we find the Eskimo^^ in possession of the same.weapou, but on a 
 smaller scale, as befits the game it is intended to capture. It consists 
 of eight or nine strings, about thirty inches long, and fastened together, 
 their free ends being attached to little weights like i^lumb-bobs, made 
 of bone, walrus-tooth, or stone. The cords are of twisted sinews or 
 intestines. The balls are whirled around the head two or three times 
 and then sent flying through the air like a large cobweb, lapping with 
 surprising quickness around any object which may be struck by the 
 cords. It is used principally in catching birds. 
 
 The lasso was shown in the exhibit of the Argentine Confederation, in 
 the main building. It is a rope 40 feet long, made of raw-hide strips 
 plaited into a round rope, excepting a few feet at the noose end, which 
 is plaited square and is fastened around an iron ring, through which the 
 lasso passes to form the noose. The Araucanians use a lasso of silk- 
 grass fiber from the leaves of an agave. It has no ring for the noose, 
 but a loop of the agave fiber covered with leather. In using the lasso, 
 the ring is taken in the left hand and a noose six feet in length is made; 
 the right hand then grasping the cord and the ring, the rider takes 
 another six feet in his hand and whirls the noose around his head 
 until it becomes circular, when he hurls it at the object, throwing after 
 it the remainder of the rope, which hangs in coils on his left arm. As 
 it passes through the air the noose becomes smaller, so that the diameter 
 of the noose is graduated to the size of the object it is intended to cap- 
 ture. It is not a little singular that this form of lasso, a noose running 
 in a metallic ring, was a weapon in the armies of the former Singhalese 
 monarch.^'' 
 
 6* Wood, ii., p. 532. 65 u^^ HomeTvitli the Patagoniaus," p. 166, 
 
 66 Wood, ii., p. 711. 6'Tennent's " Ceylon," i, 499.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THlT CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 235 
 
 A strangling noose, a few feet lonff, with a bone or wooden pointed 
 stick at one e.nd and a worked eye at the other, is used by the AustraUau 
 to garrote a sleeping enemy. Passing the noose over the head and 
 thrusting the skewer through the looj), he throttles his victim, who is 
 powerless to make a noise, and, throwing him over his shoulder, carries 
 him from the camp."^ 
 
 II. — Axes. 
 
 If the name of a tool is to be determined by its sha])e and mode of 
 usage, the first axe was of wood. The Australian department showed 
 several bludgeons, the enlarged tlattened ends of which had sharp edges. 
 IJeing of blue gum {Eucalyptus globulus), a hard heavy wood, they are 
 eflicient weapons in war 
 or in hunting, though not 
 suitable for felling tim- 
 bef. They are shown at 
 a b, in Fig. 35 ; c d are 
 from New Zealand, and 
 e is from the Ilaidah In- 
 dians of Bella-Bella, Brit- 
 ish Columbia. 
 
 The transition from one 
 material to another may 
 be traced in many coun- 
 tries in yet-existing tools; 
 the change is one of the 
 most interesting jirob- 
 lems of the archaist and 
 ethnologist, and it is rec- 
 ognized in a Chinese 
 tradition : " Fuhi made 
 Aveajxtus; these were of 
 wood ; those of Shin- 
 luingwere of stone; then 
 Chi-yu made metallic 
 ones." 
 
 After the club or slung- 
 stone,in -which a bowlder 
 is nu)unted on a withe, 
 or boun<l to a stick, or 
 
 slung at the end of a raw- Fk-.. 3,-..— Tr.w/oi axes, fromAmtmlia, Xcw Zealand, and Britinh 
 
 hide thong, comes an at- 
 tempt to give a cutting edge to the tool. It need not be merely as- 
 sumed, as it is capable of demonstration, that the mounting of un- 
 wrought spalls of stone preceded the fashioning of stone axes. The 
 
 68 Smith's " Aborigines of Victoria," i, 351, Fig. 169.
 
 236 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 New Soutli ^^'^lk^s exhibit .showed a collection of spalls of greenstone 
 and sandstone obtained by the natives by merely dashing bowlders 
 together and picking up the pieces which most nearly approximated the 
 desired form. Those shown in the collection were of sandstone, con- 
 
 FiG. 3G. — Stone spalls for axes, Clarence River, Neiv Suuth Wales. 
 
 glomerate, slate, basalt, and trachyte. Such axes, when helved, are used 
 by the natives in ascending and for felling trees, cutting firewood, iu 
 war and the chase, and for cutting themselves to embellish their bodies 
 with cicatrized wounds. 
 
 In many countries are to be found famous localities yielding stones 
 for axes. In Nan-hin-fu, in the i^roviuce of Kwantong, in Southern 
 China,'^^ they find in the mountains a heavy stone, which furnishes 
 materials for cutting-tools for the region around. Obsidian is used in 
 Mexico, Khamschatka,™ and elsewhere. 
 
 The stone axes and adzes of the Philadelphia Exhibition may be con- 
 sidered together. The difference in the tools is in the relation of the 
 cutting edge to the handle. In thh axe the line of the edge is in the 
 plane of the handle. In the adze the edge is across the plane of its 
 sweep. The examj^les afforded us may be classed iu two divisions: first, 
 stone and shell; second, metal. The subdivision which will be most 
 useful will be as to the four methods of mounting the axe-head in or on 
 the handle; and w^e have instances of each in the stone axes, and of 
 three out of the four in the metallic axes, and this without going outside 
 of the crude implements shown in Philadelphia. 
 
 The four modes of mounting or helving an axe are : 
 
 1. By winding a withe around it. 
 
 2. By lashing it to a seat on the handle. 
 
 3. Hy passing the tang through a hole in the handle. 
 
 4. By passing the helve through a hole in the head. 
 
 69Grosier, "De la Chine," Paris, 1818, i, 191. 
 TOErman, '^Eeise," in, 453.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 
 
 237 
 
 Fk;. 37. — ^fttl>ri xloiie hatchet. New Zealand. 
 
 Before adducing examples of eacli of these inetliocls, we may simply 
 notice the stone hatchet from New Zealand, which is used independently 
 of a handle, and is a hand-to-hand weai)ou, like some of the merainoY pdtUr 
 patns, shown in a ])r<'vious ar- 
 ticle, and considered character- 
 istic of the Maori race. 
 
 AVhilo some of the methods 
 of seciirin<;tlie axe-head to th(^ 
 helve are considered indicative 
 of certain tribes and jx'oples, 
 it cannot bo said that any pe- 
 culiar mode is found at a certain place or in such a tribe and nowhere 
 else. In fact, it may be stated that amon<j: the various tribes of Xorth 
 American Indians all the modes (!ited may be found, and si)ecimens from 
 the lacustrine dwellinj^s, to be seen in the nnii^'ums of Europe and Amer- 
 ica, show that all the modes stated were in use among the early inhab- 
 itants of ]^2uro])e. 
 
 Fig. .kS shows three native stone axes: a from Victoria, h from South. 
 Australia, and e from the 
 Sioux country of the Mis- 
 souri Valley. They agree 
 in the mode of fastening 
 the head to the handle, 
 a withebeing bentaround 
 a dei)ression in the stone 
 and secured by lashings ; 
 these will depend upon 
 the material at hand. In 
 the case of the stone axe 
 {mogo) a, from Victoria, 
 the head is a chipped 
 greenstone 2 by 4 inches, 
 and is mounted in a withe 
 with moss and "black- 
 boy gum." The weapon 
 (a) is far in advance of 
 the art of the present na- 
 tives, who use the rudest 
 stone axes, mere spalls, 
 as just described, and 
 shown in Fig. ;3(). The natives say that this mof/o was made by a people 
 Avho preceded them and of whom they have no knowledge. It need not 
 on that'account be necessarily very old, but it seems that it was some- 
 Avhat of a local curiosity to the i)articular tribe in which it Avas found. 
 
 The lad jo, mo-go, and other stone tomahawks of Australia, are well 
 delineated and described in a careful treatise just published by E. 
 
 Fio. 3S.— Stone axes of Australia and America.
 
 238 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Brongli Sinitli.'' They arc of granite, quartz, &c., one edge cliipped 
 sharp, a i)oll left relatively Hat; all adai)ted to be handled witli withes, 
 nnground, and secured by gum. 
 
 In New South Wales the natives take for the handle the flowering 
 stem of the waratah or native tulip, or the vine of pcpperoma, or thej'^ 
 carefully split the small water gum of the streams, and, by the action 
 of fire, make the piece pliant and wrap it like a withe around the stone 
 axe-head. They next take the resinous and brittle gum of the grass- 
 tree {Xanihorhoca), which they knead and toughen by the fire process. 
 With the heated gum they cover the equator of the stone and take 
 around it one or two turns of the pliant withe, securing its junction 
 with a thong of the bark of the coorajong tree ; they then fill that i)art 
 of the handle secured around the stone with the melted gum, and the 
 weapon is ready for duty in a few hours. By the aid of this instrument 
 the natives chop notches for the toes in ascending high trees, cut out 
 the opossum, or tap the trees for honey ; with it they also fashion icad. 
 dies, boomerangs, and other wooden implements, and crack the bones of 
 animals for the marrow. In some portions of the island, sinews from 
 the tail of the kangaroo do duty as lashings. The sinews are steei^ed 
 in hot water, pounded between stones to separate them into filaments, 
 and, while yet pliable, they are wrapped around the stone and the 
 handle ; in drying they shrink and hold the objects together with great 
 firmness. The lashing is then covered with the " black-boy gum " of 
 the grass-tree. 
 
 The celt or stone axe is one of the most common objects in museums, 
 and generally shows its adaptation to a withe handle.'^^ In the excava- 
 tions at Hissarlik, at a depth of from 23 to 33 feet below the present sur- 
 face. Dr. Schliemann recovered well-made axes of diorite and of hard and 
 semi-transparent greenstone." One of these was fractured at the eye, 
 but they were generally adapted for withe handles. So common is the 
 celt that it has entered into the superstitions of various nations, and is 
 supposed to be a "thunder stone"'* and to have fallen from the sky. 
 This idea is prevalent in China, England, India, Brittany, Finland, 
 Japan, Brazil, Madagascar, and elsewhere. 
 
 Axes of the second class, lashed to a seat on the handle, had numer- 
 ous representations at the Exhibition. Fig. 39 is a stone designed to be 
 mounted as an adze, and Fig. 40 shows a greenstone blade lashed to a 
 handle formed of a limb with a i)ortion of the adjacent trunk. The 
 fastening is evidently but a substitute for the original elaborate lashing, 
 which had fallen off. Some of the Maori adzes are of green jade. 
 Another stone, locally known as toJce, is also used, but is much inferior to 
 the former in quality and ai^pearance. Cf. black basalt adzes found in 
 
 " "Aborigines of Victoria," Melbourne, 1878, i, pp. 359-380. Figs. 175-198. 
 ''^ Dr. Abbott, in Smithsonian Keport, 1875. Figs. 11, 19. 
 " Schliemaun's "Troy and its Eemains," p. 21, No. 2; p. 94, No. 56. 
 "Tylor's " Early History of Mankind," pp. 208, 210-211, 222-227.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 239 
 
 Scania, Sweden,'' an<l at Xootka Sound; also, tlio Hint axes of Scandi- 
 navia, which are never bored, but are rough chipped and uugrouud.'*^ 
 Axes of diorite, fjreen- 
 stonc, and basalt have 
 sometimes holes bored 
 throuj^h, by which to 
 suspen«l them. 
 
 Fig. 4 L is a stone adze _ 
 
 (J'oi ))<'!(' ]it(iit<>(() from Fi<i.39. — stone adze (unmounted), Neto Zealand. 
 
 the Sandwich Islands; it is nine inches long. Fig. 42 is a sliell adze 
 from a shell heap on Saint John's Itiver, Florida. The adze of the Felew 
 Islanders ''' is made of the shell of the giant clam. Shell is used as a 
 
 Fio. 40.— Maori adze, \ew Zealand. 
 
 material for cutting instruments in many places where stone and metal 
 are rare ; such as were formerly some of the West Indies and some islands 
 of Polynesia and Oceauica. The Pelow Island implement may be turned 
 
 Fifi. 41. — Stone adze. Sandwich Tdands. 
 
 Fk;. 42. — Shell adze. Saint John's 
 River, Florida. 
 
 in the head so as to be used as an axe or an adze. The same adaptability 
 may be found in an iron axe adze of the Dyak of Borneo. The war axe 
 
 '*Nil8on'8 " Stone Aj^o," PI. vii, Fij^s. 147, 150, aud page 62. 
 
 ■'^IhkL, p. 04, iind I'l. vii, Fi^'. If.:?. 
 
 "Wood's ''Natural History of Man," ii, p. 450.
 
 240 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 of the Fijiaiis is shown iu Fig. 43. It was exhibited in the Main Build- 
 ing. Its stone head is carefully lashed with braided siunet to an elabo- 
 rately carved wooden handle. 
 The stone adzes of the Marquesas are most accurately shaped and 
 
 finished,esj)ecially 
 those of a ceremo- 
 nial character. 
 The handles of 
 such are fairly hon- 
 eycombed with 
 carvings, in such 
 a manner that a 
 central handle ap- 
 pears to be sur- 
 FiG. iz.-Fiji ivar axe. rouiidcd by a sort 
 
 of filigree or incrustation of geometrical work. The lashings of i)laited 
 coir [sinnct) are vers' elaborate and carefully laid. Specimens obtained 
 by the Wilkes Expedition are in the National Museum of Washington, 
 D.C. 
 
 The stone adze (Fig. 44) of the Makah Indians of Puget's Sound, 
 California, shows an observation of the 
 tools of the white man. The handle is 
 evidently copied from that of a hand- 
 
 riG. ■^.— atone adze, Puget's Sound. FiG. 45. — Eskimo ice-pick. Nunivak Island 
 
 saw which the native mechanic had seen and admired. The use of the 
 stone and the method of lashing are, however, quite characteristic. Fig. 
 45 is an ice-pick of walrus ivor^^, lashed to a handle of pine. It is from 
 
 the Magemut Eskimo of IJunivak 
 Island. Fig. 4G is an Eskimo ice- 
 I)ick made from a whale's rib, 
 lashed with raw-hide •thongs to a 
 massive yew- wood handle. These 
 picks are used for breaking the 
 crust of snow and in keeping the 
 seal-holes open. The specimen 
 is from Anderson Eiver, British 
 America. The example (Fig. 47) 
 shows another variation in the 
 
 Fig. 46.— Eskimo ice-pick, British Cidumhia. modC Of fastcuiug. Like the 
 
 former, it is made from a whale's rib, and is lashed with raw-hide thongs
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 241 
 
 to a pine handle. It is from the chooJc chees ( Tuchnclc-tfichis) of Nortlieast 
 Liberia. The mode of fastening; is much like that of the ohl Egyptian 
 hoes, as shown in Wilkinson's works. 
 
 Fig. 47. — Ice-pick and skin-dresscr, Siberia, 
 
 Fio. iS.—Stono adze, British Columbia. 
 
 Fig. 48 is the last illustration we shall offer of this mode of attaching 
 the bit or blade to the hamlle of wood. It is a small adze of argillite 
 lashed with twisted sinews to a handle formed of a forked branch. Such 
 implements were used in smoothing the insides of canoes. The main 
 stem was grasped by the left hand, and the smaller one by the right. 
 It is from the Ilaidah Indians of Bella-Bella. British Columbia. 
 
 We reach the third class of our first division and notice the single 
 instance in the Pliilade]i)hia Exhibition in which a modern stone axe 
 was inserted through a hole in the handle. This has been deemed 
 the characteristic African method, and with much reason, though 
 instances of its adoption are found elsewhere ; the New Caledonians, 
 for instance, mount their axes like the Africans, putting the tang of the 
 bit through a perforated knob on the end of the handle. As almost all 
 the African tribes use iron, smelted and worked by native smiths, the 
 
 instances of the African 
 
 method will occur more 
 
 fre(piently in the second 
 
 ' division of the subject, 
 
 which treats of nu'tal. 
 
 The modern axe of 
 
 greenstone (Fig. 40) is 
 
 used in ]\Io/.aiiibi<pie, a 
 
 Tio. 49.— stone axe of Mozambique. rortU""Uese COlouy in 
 
 Eastern Africa. The bit is 8 inches long, and is lashed with strips of 
 raw-hide to a wooden handle, which is carved at the hand-hold. The 
 lashing is covered with cowrie-shells, which form in part the currency 
 of the natives; they answer, we may suppose, the same purpose as the 
 gold mounting of a dress-sword. The inhabitants, though well ac- 
 S. Mis. 54 IG
 
 242 SA.VAGE WEArONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 50. — Slone axe. 
 
 quaiuted with metal, retain old habits, and among them the use of stone 
 implements, in ceremonial uses perhaps, rather than 
 in the business of life. Tliat stone should linger after 
 the advent of metal is not sur[)rising when we reflect 
 that the stone battle-axe was used by many of the 
 Anglo-Saxons at Hastings, and some of tlie Germans 
 were armed with it at so late a period as the "Thirty 
 Years' War." 
 
 Fig. 50 shows one of the articles generally catalogued 
 as a "spade-like implement." It was possibly an axe 
 adapted to pass through the handle and be secured by 
 a lashing of sinew or rawhide. 
 
 Fig. 51 shows five ancient implements obtained in 
 V various parts of the United States, from mounds and 
 elsewhere ; «, i, and d are from Louisiana ; e is from Iowa ; c not noted. 
 
 The three last examples are double- 
 headed ceremonial axes, and do not 
 materially difier from examples in 
 the figure following, excepting in 
 not being jjerforated for the handle. 
 The frequency of the omission in- 
 dicates that the two methods of 
 mounting were simultaneously em- 
 plo^ed. 
 
 This brings us to the fourth class — 
 perforated axes, which are consid- 
 ered by Sir John Lubbock as prob- 
 ably characteristic of the early me- 
 tallic iieriod in Europe. "^ 
 
 It was long thought that the per- 
 foration of the axe-head did not 
 occur until the implement came to 
 be made of metal. It is true that the 
 labor of boring in stone without the 
 aid of metal and 'the weakening of 
 so frangible a material might ex- 
 clude that mode of mounting ; but 
 it must be recollected that time is of 
 no moment to a savage, never hav- 
 ing read Solomon or Dr. Watts, and 
 
 Tig. 51.-Axesfro7n Indian mounds, ac. ^q^ taking IcSSOUS frOm inSCctS 
 
 which are simjjly a nuisance and point no moral in Africa. 
 
 The examples of perforated stone axes at Philadelphia (Fig. 52) were 
 from various parts of the United States, and were shown in the 'Sa- 
 ^8 Lubbock's Introduction to Nilson's "Stone Age," xxix.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXniBITTON. 243 
 
 tional ]\ruseum in the Government Bnildinp:. They are ancient and are 
 jjenerally sni)pose(l to l)e ofa ceremonial character. It was either not 
 noted or was not ol)served where a was from ; h, r/, and (f were from Wis- 
 consin ; c from Xew Jersey; e from Connecticut; h from Pennsylvania. 
 So the i>ractice of makinpf the perforated hipennls in stone was wi(h'ly 
 spread. It may be mentioned that tlie hok> in h, Fij?. 52, is only rudi- 
 mentary. A fine selection of i)er- 
 forated axe-heads from Denmark 
 is in the Teabody Museum, Cam- 
 
 Fio. r^2. — Douhle-hitted perforated axcx. 
 
 bridge, and a great many more at St. Germain, France, and in the mu- 
 seum of Geneva, Switzerland. This object is called a " banner stone " in 
 Abbott's article on the Stone Age in Xew Jersey"; compare also Nil- 
 son's " Stone Age." 8" 
 
 The hipouiis, or double-bitted axe, was the weapoji of tln^ female war- 
 riors of Scythian race known as Amazons. It Avas also known in As- 
 syria. Its antiquity may also be assumed from its being the sacrificial 
 axe of the Roman j^riesthood : DoJahra ponflJicaJh. The old scena or 
 mccna of the Latins had two cutting edges, largo and small, the former 
 seeuris ; the latter ^?o/a/>/vf. It may have been copied from tlie agricul- 
 tural axe (lolahru, which was something like our mattock, with an axe 
 edge and a i)ick on the respective ends of the head, and was used in 
 cutting wood and clearing land of bushes and grubs. The ilohiheJUi was 
 the small axe or bill-hook. The sacrificial nudlrusvrns a round ball i)er- 
 forated for a handle, and it also seems to indicate the long-sustained 
 use of very primitive forms of weai)ons and implements for ceremonial 
 l)urposes. 
 
 Many copper battle-axes were recovered by Schliemann from a depth 
 of 28 feet in the ruins of Hissarlik. " 
 
 "'•' Sinitbsoiiian Report, lt!75, p. '632. 
 «>Nil8on, PI. viii, Fig. 173 and p. 71. 
 81 <'Troy and its Remains."
 
 244 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 53. — Eskimo adzes. 
 
 We have now reached the second division of axes, those of metal. In 
 this section we can scarcely preserve the quadripartite subdivisions of 
 the stone group. The collection, however, furnished good specimens of 
 
 crude workmanship in 
 two classes of axes — 
 those which are lashed 
 to a seat on a handle 
 and those which xjer- 
 forate the handle. 
 
 The examples of those 
 which are lashed to a 
 seat on the handle are, 
 singularly enough, 
 tools in which iron 
 blades obtained from 
 the whites have been attached to handles in the manner previously 
 adopted with stone tools. Fig. 53 shows two adzes of the Anderson 
 Eiver Eskimo, the handles of which have been ingeniously fashioned 
 to fit the hand. The blades are both made of hatchet heads, in one 
 
 case (o) the eye is made use 
 of in lashing the handle to 
 the iron ; iu the other case 
 (Jb) the eye has been ground 
 away, and it is secured to 
 the handle by thongs in the 
 manner of a stone celt. The 
 tools indicate both the in- 
 veterate habit of mounting 
 and also the preference for 
 the adze method of using. 
 
 The Greenlander's adze 
 (Fig. 54), shown in the Dan- 
 ish department of the Main Building, is made of a common 2^-inch 
 chisel strapped by a seal-skin thong to a beech wood handle about a 
 
 foot long. Fig. 55 is a small hand 
 adze or chisel with a bone handle. 
 The blade was originally a hatchet 
 of which the eye has been split and 
 a piece removed. The handle 
 shows an imitation of a saw-han- 
 dle. It is from the Haidah In- 
 
 54. — Chreenlanders' adze. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 -Indian adze, Haidahs, British Columbia. 
 
 dians of Bella-Bella, British Columbia. 
 
 The Javan axes '^^ are mounted in diiferent ways ; two kinds, known 
 respectively as 2?(?^^^ and tPrtr7K7?</, are chisel-shaped tools lashed to stocks 
 whose natural growth as a fork facilitates that method; another, called 
 
 ~ ~ 83Kafflea "Java," 4to, i, 174, Figs. 1, 2, 4.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 245 
 
 sangHiilc; lias an eye for the helve in the manner next in order to be con- 
 sidered. 
 
 The Javan battle-axe {kudi tranchaiuj), formerly a princiijul weajxiu of 
 Java, ^3 is not now much used, and is suprisinj,dy like a freakish weapon 
 used l)y tlie natives of Central Africa. 
 
 Tlie Jai>anese axe is a ccmipromise, its bent tau^^ bciu^,' held by a ring 
 which slips on the handle.^* 
 Africa furnishes us with the greatest variety of tlie axes whicli per- 
 forate the han- 
 dle. Begin- 
 ning at the 
 south, we lind 
 
 Fio. 57. — liechuana axes. South Africa. 
 
 the Katirs85 in 
 possession of 
 an axe, but 
 
 rio.56.-j«pa»e*e ^^'""^'^ principal 
 
 axe. weapon is the 
 
 assegai, a javelin made by their native blacksmiths. With the Iceerie or 
 
 short club, shield, and assegais, a Zulu considers himself well furnished. 
 
 The Bechuana axe. Fig. 57, is a steel bit sinqjly fastened by a tang ia 
 the enlarged wooden head. The term Bechuana may be used generally 
 to include a number of tribes, embracing the Makololo,^*' who are among 
 the most accomplished workers in metal on the continent. 
 
 The smaller axes in Fig. 57 are other patterns, made by the Bechuanas; 
 and Fig. 58 is ==--_^ 
 
 a still more 
 fanciful one, 
 shown in the 
 Portuguese 
 Colonies De- 
 ])artment of 
 
 the Agricultural Building. The head is of steel and the handle is in part 
 wrapped with fine wire. The blade is peculiar in form and ornanuMita- 
 
 tion, and has what we 
 
 should consider a rather 
 insecure attachment to 
 the helve. Fig. 5J) is 
 another axe of Angola, 
 shown in the same col- 
 lection ; it has a curious 
 curved blade and a long 
 ¥ir.. ryrf_—jix4; of Angola. taug iuscrtcd in the 
 
 usual African method into the wooden handle. 
 The elephant axe of the Banyai," of the Zambesi, was also snown in 
 
 *« Rallies "Java," 4to, i, PI. opp. p. 29(5, Firr. 7. 
 
 «Siebold'8 " Nippon," vi, PI. 6; alsoii, PI. .5 his., Figs. 14,9, 15, IG, 13; also ii, PI. 11, 13. 
 
 «» Caaalia' " Basutos," 132. ^ Balnea' "South Africa,"' 4G7. 8^ Wood i, p. 404. 
 
 Fiu. bS.—Battk-axe, Angola, Africa.
 
 246 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 the group of Angola and Mozambique weapous, Fig. GO. It has a very 
 long tang projecting entirely through the handle, and secured thereto 
 
 by raw-hide lashing. One end 
 has an axe-blade and the other 
 a spear point. The handle is 
 made by cutting off a limb of a 
 convenient length, and also a 
 small piece of the trunk at the 
 insertion of the branch. A 
 hole for the tang is then bored 
 through the knotty wood, where 
 thelimbisas it were rooted into 
 the body of the tree. The han- 
 dle is then dressed to shape. 
 
 FIG. m.-mephant axe of the Banyai, Zambesi, Africa. rjr^^ ^^^^^^ j^ SOmctimCS three 
 
 feet in length, and is carried over the shoulder. It is used in ham-string- 
 ing the elephant. The hunters go in i)airs, one carrying the axe while 
 the other goes before the animal to distract his attention. The axeman 
 comes up behind stealthily and severs one ham-string of the animal at 
 a single blow. One form of the elephant axe was noticed to have a 
 curved handle and a stay-lashing at a point six inches distant from the 
 socket. 
 
 The Banyai of the Zambesi have also a convertible axe and adze. The 
 knob of the handle has two slits at right angles, so that the tang of the 
 blade may be optionally inserted either to bring the edge in line with 
 the sweep of the tool, as with the axe, or transversely, as with the adze. 
 Curiously enough the Water Dyaks, of Borneo, have a chipping tool of 
 the same kind used in boat-building.^^ It has an iron blade, wooden 
 head, and ratan (Malay rotan) lashing. The blade has a square tang, 
 and by taking it out of the socket, turning it one-quarter round, and in- 
 serting it again the blade is changed, in reference to the handle, from an 
 axe to an adze, or vice versa. 
 
 Fig. 61. — Axes of Egypt, India, Mexico, and Yucatan. 
 
 The Djibba axe has two pointed i^rongs projecting lengthwise from 
 the head to make it efficient in thrusting. The Monbuttoo axe,"^ follow- 
 ing the universal African type, has its tang inserted through the thick 
 end of a knobbed club. 
 
 88 Wood, vol. ii, p. 453. 
 
 88Schweiiifurth's "Airica," vol. ii, p. 112.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 247 
 
 Fig'. Gl sliows tliat this system of insortinj? the blade in the liandle has 
 been practiced in far distant times and phices. a b are ancient forms of 
 Egyptian bronze axes.^ c d are ancient axes from the ISaclii tope'-" at 
 Bhilsa, in Central India, c is an axe shown on a Mexican nionnment. 
 The obsidian or copper blade is inserted in the handle, /and (j show 
 the iustrumeut known as mdhquahuiti, a double-headed axe with obsidian 
 
 (^ 
 
 '^^""^"^^^-^-^-^-^^^^^^^^^^^ - 
 
 Fio. 62. — Axe of the Philippines. 
 
 flakes inserted in wooden handles, h shows a copper axe of Yucatan, 
 the plate being inserted in a slitted handle. The battle-axe was the 
 weapon of the Peru- 
 vian soldiery.^2 Nu- 
 merous Trojan battle- 
 axes of copper were 
 found by Dr. Schlie- 
 mann at Uissarlik.^^ 
 
 The axe of the Thil- 
 ijjpines was shown in 
 the Spanish Building. 
 It has a peculiarly 
 shaped head and a long i''«- c3.-cns«e-<<'-te, Dakotah. 
 
 ferrule. The hand-stop on the helve was the only instance of the kind 
 in the exhibition. It is a sort of rudimentary guard, like a partial hilt 
 on the two-handed helve. (Fig. C2.) 
 
 The jungle hook of the Singhalese {ic((l-(h(l-<it) and a chopping axe 
 {proay^ are used for clearing brush and cutting trees. Even the poor 
 Veddahs of the interior forests "have a little ax, which they stick in 
 by their sides, to cut hoiu'y out of hollow trees." ^^ 
 
 Fig. 03 is a Dakotah Indian war-club (ca.sse-tete) ornamented with 
 carving and armed with a leaf-shaped steel point. The peasant of Brit- 
 tany carries a knobbed stick resembling the Kajir hnoh-Tccerie. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 soRitto, vol. i, p. 507 ; "Duleth," p. 7. 
 
 9> Cunuingliam'8 " Bhilsii Tope," pi. xv, Figs. 8, 9. 
 
 '"Proscott's "Conquest of P(!ru," vol. i, p. 72. 
 
 MSchliemaun'a "Troy and its Remains," pp. 330, 331. 
 
 9^ Knox's "Ceylon," pp. 273-4. 
 
 »ifcjd., p. 61.'
 
 248 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 63. — Norwegian 
 axes. 
 
 It is called a casse-tcte by the Freucb of the neighboring departments, 
 but j)en-bas by tUe Bretons.^'' Sec also the marble knob for a stick, found 
 by Dr. Scliliemann at llium.^" 
 The same form is shown by Catlin to have been very common among 
 
 the Blackfeet and 
 other Indian tribes 
 on the headwaters 
 of the Missouri. 
 An axe of Terra del 
 Fuego, shown by 
 Nilson, has a blade 
 of iron inserted in 
 the African man- 
 ner in a wooden 
 
 Fig. di.— Halberds, India and Norway. stOCk which haS 
 
 becQ dressed by flint tools.^^ Desor also shows hatchets 
 of (liorite, serpentine, and quartzite in sockets of buck- 
 horn, which were mounted in a wooden handle by a 
 
 lateral hole 
 in the side 
 of the club. 
 Ill another 
 
 case the stone was inserted 
 endwise in a horn socket 
 which was pierced for the 
 liandle.^^ In another case 
 the stone in a horn handle 
 had the j)Ositiou formerly 
 occupied by the brow antler. 
 Fig. 0-4 shows three forms of halberds, light axes on long handles : 
 c is from Norway and belongs to the class with a tang driven into the 
 handle ; a h are Sowrah battle-axes from India, and belong to the last 
 class of our list — the handle inserted through an eye in the head. To 
 this also belong the Norwegian axes (Fig. Qo) and the Arickaree iron 
 tomahawk (Fig. 60). 
 
 III. — Knives and Swords. 
 
 The knife in its primitive form is a sharp flake of stone or obsidian, 
 a sliver of bamboo or wood, or a shell with a sharpened edge. When the 
 point is the specially engaged portion the weapon is a dagger. Many 
 other crude materials furnish the hand-to-hand cutting or piercing 
 weapons, such as the pointed hornsof animals, the tail of the stingray, 
 
 seTrollope's " Summer Tour iu Brittany," Loudou, 1840, Pis. opp. pp. I2b, 220, 296. 
 
 ^'' Schlieraann's " Troy and its Remains," p. 265. 
 
 9« " Stone Age," PI. vii, Fig. 155. 
 
 93 Desor. trausl. iu Smithsonian Report, 1865, pp. 360, 361, Figs. 17, 18, 19. 
 
 Fig. 66.— Iron tomahawk, Dakotah.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 249 
 
 shark's teeth tied upon a staff, and sharpened bones. When the <lispo- 
 sition exists a weai)on will be found somewhere, and the most curious 
 are those where the choice of material is but small and metal is inacces- 
 sible. Metal once obtained, the variety of weai)ons decreases, and 
 knives, daggers, and swords assume a somewhat uniform character. 
 
 The i)ersistent ceremonial use of slones for knives, after the use of 
 metal had been i'ully estaldished for the ordinary affairs of life, is notice- 
 able in many old records and in the observation of late travelers. AVe 
 may mention the stone knives used by the Egyptians, Ethio[)ians, and 
 riebnnvs in circumcision,"'"by the Egyptians in embalming,"" in obtaining 
 the balm of Gilead,'"^ in the human sacriticcs of Mexico, in the gashing 
 of the flesh of fanatics,'"^ and in inducing the cicatrized wounds which 
 form the ornaments or tril)al marks of some savages. To these may be 
 added the gashing of the liesh 
 by the New Zealanders in their 
 mourning, and the stone fleams 
 used by the North American In- 
 dians for bleeding. 
 
 Museums have crude stone 
 sjiallsand well-fashioned knives 
 of stone in variety, but we can 
 only appeal for illustrations to 
 the collection in riiiladelphia. 
 In the upper and stone periods 
 
 of the hill of Ilissarlik in Asia I'lu. GT. — Obxidian nucleus and Jlakcu. Mexico. 
 
 Minor, tSchliemaun found numerous flint knives.'"* Some have edges 
 like ordiiuiry knives ; others are serrated. At a depth of 23 feet he 
 found double-edged knives of obsidian, sharp as razors. 
 
 Flint Hakes and luiclei from the stone age 
 of Scandinavia, and flint knives from (Ireen- 
 laiid and New Zealand made of spalls, and 
 others of chipped flint, are shown by Nil- 
 son '•'•■ and by Dr. Abbott, of New Jersey."* 
 Obsidian was a favorite material where obtainable. It was used in 
 Mexico in the manutiicture of sacrificial flake-knives, arrow-points, &c."" 
 The flakes were si>lit off by the skillfully api)lied pressure of a T-shai»ed 
 wooden implenu'nt. The nucleus and Ihdces (Fig. 07) were shown in the 
 National Museum and are from Mexico. The same collection in the 
 Government Building had the obsidian knife (Fig. 08). This has a 
 
 '<» Exodus, iv, 2"); Joslina, v, '2. 
 
 101 Herodotus, ii, 86; Diodoriis Siculus, i, Ul ; Kitto, i, 81. 
 
 '»- Pliny, xii, 54. * 
 
 ^"^Ibid., XXXV, 40 ; xi, 100. Coniparo also Pliiiy, xix, 57 ; xxiii, 81 ; xxiv, 6, 62. 
 
 104 ti Troy and its Rpmaiiis," p. 79. 
 
 'o-'" Stono Arr.'," p. 76 and PI. ii ; Figs. 24, 23, and PI. iii, v. 
 
 lo*"' Smithsonian Report, 1875, p. 300. 
 
 107 Torquemada. 
 
 Fi,:. CX—Ohxiilianhii/e, California.
 
 250 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 wooden liaiullc which shows the marks of a similar cutting instrument, 
 and is tberclore a veritable specimen of the stone age. 
 
 The YcUowstoae Park has lately been stated to possess hills of obsid- 
 ian of dilierent colors, which have afforded for ages the material for the 
 arrow-heads of the Indian tribes in the vicinity. 
 
 The flint knives of the Indians of the California peninsula are men- 
 tioned by Baegert.'"^ 
 
 As far away as the Admiralty Islands of the Papuan group we find ob- 
 sidian used for knives, razors, and spear-points.'"^ The natives tie the 
 spear-heads to the shaft with i)laited string coated with gum. The knife 
 used by the New Caledonians for carving the human body is called 
 7ibouet, and is a flat serpentine stone oval in form and seven inches 
 in length. Holes are bored in it, by which it is fastened to a wooden 
 handle. The Kew Caledonians eat their slain enemies, the women, who 
 are the cooks, following the army and dragging the bodies off the field 
 to prepare them for the supper of their returning husbands and broth- 
 ers. The palms being considered as tid-bits, are the perquisites of the 
 priests. Each part belongs to certain persons, and the carving is regu- 
 lated by rules. The body is opened by the nhouet and the intestines re- 
 moved with a fork made of two human arm bones sharply pointed and 
 lashed together. The women cooks prefer to truss the bodies in sitting 
 posture, bake them whole, and serve them in war costume. 
 
 Many collections show knives of flakes of silex mounted in wooden and 
 horn backs,"" and serrated knives or saws made by the insertion of flakes 
 of obsidian, flint, or shark's teeth in a grooved wooden back. Some 
 are mentioned later when referring to spears. Such are found in Cali- 
 fornia, Sweden, the Philij)pines, Australia, and elsewhere. The knife "^ 
 dahba of the Victorian blacks consists of quartz fragments attached to a 
 wooden handle with gum. 
 
 Passing to knives of wood, we find none which would make impres- 
 sive illustrations; in the South Sea islands wood has been the prin- 
 cipal material; until lately stone was unknown in some islands, and 
 metal in almost all. The Fijian knife for cutting up baJcolo (long pig), as 
 the edible human body is called, was a sharp sliver of bamboo."''- The 
 Ajitas of the Philippines and New Guineans also use the bamboo sliver."^ 
 The Sandwich Islanders have a battledore-shaped piece of wood "Mike 
 the mcrai of the Maories, but armed on the edge with shark's teeth. It 
 was formerly emjilo^'ed in cutting np the bodies of warriors who fell in 
 battle, or of persons sacrificed. The Mundurucus of the Amazon use a 
 
 i°sTranslatiou in Smitlisouiau Report, 1863, p. 363, 
 
 109 Wood, vol. ii, p. 302. 
 
 ""Desor. traiisl. in Smithsonian Report, 1865, p. 360. 
 
 "1 Smith's "Aborigines of Victoria." 
 
 "2 Smytho's " Ten Months iu Fiji," p. 85. 
 
 ii» Wood, vol. ii, p. 242. 
 
 ^^*lbid., vol. ii, p. 435.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 251 
 
 bamboo knife in decapitating,^ their enemies to prepare tbe heads as tro- 
 phies. Tlie jjentle sava;;es aie, however, jiot oblivious of tiie vahie of 
 metal when they have an o])p()rtunity to see it. Francis Si)arrow, whom 
 Raleigh left to explore the country of the Orinoco, received eijijht beau- 
 tilul yonn^ir women for a red-handled knife — value in Kn<;lan(l at that 
 time e(]ual to one cent. 
 
 The Australian da^j;er is a stick ])()inted at both ends, grasped by the 
 midlength, and struck right and left."^ 
 
 FlO. 69. — Greeidande.rn' hmie kiiircD. 
 
 In the extreme northern countries no material is so ready to hand as 
 bone. The harpoons, knives, and many other domestic implements of the 
 Eskimo are of bone. Fig. 00 shows the fish and blubber knives of the 
 Kajak natives of Greenland. They were shown in the Danish collection 
 in the Main Building, a is made of the bone of a whale, and is 18 inches 
 long; h is of wood, and is 10 inches long. Fig. 70 shows two other bone 
 implements of the Kajaks, a bone knife used in skinning tlie seal, and 
 a fish scoop. The knife is 14 inches long and two and a half inches wide; 
 the bone spoon is four inches long and two wide. 
 
 Fig. 70. — Bone implements of Greenland. 
 
 Some of the bone knives of the Laplanders are very elaborate, espe- 
 cially those used in preparing skins. 
 
 "6 Smith's "Aborigines of Victoria," vol. i, p. 302.
 
 252 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 The Eskimo in winter live in dome-shaped houses, called igloos, built 
 of blocks of ice or snow. These blocks are voussoir shaped, so that 
 they make a safe and symmetrical vaulted structure. They are hewn 
 from the bank or field of solidified snow with large knives like Fig. 71, 
 
 made of the bones of m hales. Several of 
 these knives were shown in the ^National 
 Museum and in the Greenland department 
 
 TiG.n.-i:6ki,uubuaesnuw'knife. of the Danish collection. Two men, one 
 to cut blocks and one to lay them, will erect a house in two hours. Just 
 above the door a large plate of fresh- water ice is built in so as to illu- 
 minate the interior. Inside is a raised bench of snow, on which are laid 
 sprigs and such scanty vegetation as the summer affords, to support the 
 seal-skins which form the bed and bench. The dwellings are sometimes 
 as much as 16 feet in diameter and 8 feet in height. The inevitable 
 lamp is a stone dish with a wick of moss supported in it, and a quan- 
 tity of oil fed from blubber piled upon it. This lamp is at once the 
 warming and cooking stove, the light, the means of drying the clothes 
 and melting the snow for drink, for the whole family occupying the 
 igloo. Above the lamp is the cooking-pot, which also does duty in con- 
 taining snow to be melted for drinking water. Above the ccoking-pot 
 (and by this time we are pretty near the roof) is a net spread to hold 
 wet fur clothes, in order that they may be dried; after which they are 
 chewed to make them supple. 
 
 Poniards and pike-heads of bones of deer and urns are described by 
 Desor.*'^ 
 
 One or two other instances of animal material used in knives and 
 daggers may be mentioned before we reach the metallic. The double 
 dagger of the East Indies has two sharpened antelope horns joined at 
 their bases ; or it is a single straight two-ended blade of steel, a circular 
 guard protecting the handle of the w^eapon, which is intended to strike 
 right and left in. a crowd. The Sandwich Islanders use daggers {paliua) 
 of wood, held in the middle and having a point at each end. The large 
 mussel shell is the knife of the Fuegian ; the original edge is knocked 
 off and the solid portion made sharp by grinding upon a stone. The 
 dagger of the Pelew Islanders is the tail bone of the sting-ray, and it 
 is carried in a sheath formed of a joint of bamboo. The Tahitian dag- 
 ger has the tail of the sting-ray as a point ; it comes off in the wound 
 and works deeper and deeper. 
 
 Fig. 72. — Indian knife of native copper. 
 
 This brings us to metal, of which we first consider copper. 
 The cctpper knife. Fig. 72, was taken from an Indian mound. It does 
 "6 Desor. Translation in Sniitlisonian Eejiort, 1865, p. 358.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 253 
 
 not appear that any of the North Aiueriean Indians who had access to 
 copper worked it by smelting' ; but they treated it as malleable stone 
 and shaped it by haniinerinj;-. The (Ireenland Eskimo make knives from 
 the copper obtained from Coppermine Kiver, from Hint, from walrus 
 ivory, or from such pieces of iron as they may obtain l)y barter or may 
 pick up from whalers or explorers. 
 
 Fi'g. 73 shows a number of copper implements — knives, a spear, and 
 
 Fio. 73. — Native copper implements, Wigcongin. 
 
 a hook ; these are Indian remains from Wisconsin, the metal having 
 doubtless been obtained from the Lake Superior copper district in 
 earlier times. They, together with many other copper tools, were exhib- 
 ited by the Wisconsin Historical Society in the ^Vlineral Annex of the 
 Main Buildin/j:. We cannot pretend to distinguish carefully between 
 the weapon and the domestic implement. A knife is a knife whether 
 for the throat of an enemy or of a deer. 
 
 Fio. 74. — Copper weapon and steel dagger, British ColuTnbia. 
 
 Fig. 74 shows a knife-like club a of native copper, a hereditary posses- 
 sion in the family of a Haidah cliief in British Columbia. Beneath it
 
 254 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 is shown a double-ended dagfger (ft), bound with copper, and obtained 
 from the Kutchin Indians of Northwest British America. Such daggers 
 are forged by the Indians from ohl files obtained from sawmills near the 
 settlements. They are in general use among the northern and north- 
 western tribes. / 
 
 Copper seems to have been the earliest metal to be fashioned into 
 tools, and its alloy, bronze, the first efficient tool material. INIolds of 
 mica schist for casting copper weapons and ornaments were found by 
 Dr. Schliemann in the hill of ITissarlik."^ Tliere are also many such 
 specimens in museums. The modern supposition that the ancients had 
 a method of tempering copper as we do steel — or with analogous 
 effects at least — is a myth. The metal acted upon was the alloy, 
 bronze, and the range of effects is far inferior to the capacity of steel. 
 The Assyrians wore a profusion of daggers, two or more in the same 
 sheath."* The handles were elaborate, made of ivory, inlaid, set with 
 precious stones, carved the shape of heads of animals, etc. One of 
 copper was found by Layard at Nimroud. The Assyrians, like the 
 Persians, probably used them as knives. 
 
 Copper knives were found by Schliemann"^ in the lowest stratum of 
 the excavations at Ilissarlik ; one of them was gilt. Also a number of 
 copper daggers at a depth of 28 feet. 
 Egyptian knives were of bronze and of copper.'^" 
 A comi^arison of the forms of knives of the ancients and moderns 
 
 shows that what may be termed 
 the "leaf-shaj^e" has been very 
 general. It is true that the variety 
 of shapes of leaves is so great that 
 the term may be held indescript- 
 ive ; it suits the case, however. 
 
 Fig. 75 shows, in the uiij)er row, 
 a number of Eoman knives of the 
 classical period, and in the lower 
 row a number of African knives of 
 the present day. a is the secespifOj 
 a sacrificial knife with an iron blade 
 and an ivory handle ornamented 
 with gold and silver ; h is the^w^io 
 or two-edged dagger worn by the 
 officers of the army and by persons 
 of rank ; c is the culter coqinnarUis. 
 or cook's knife ; <?, the cuJtrarhis, 
 for cutting the throat of the sacrificial victim ; e, the c. venatorius, or 
 huntsman's knife; /, the falx vinitoria, or vinedresser's knife; g, the falx 
 arhoraria, for pruning and hedge-trimming. 
 
 The swords of the bronze age, dug up from the lacustrine village 
 
 '"'Schliemann's " Troy and its Eemains," p. 139. "« " Nineveh," vol. ii, p. 264. 
 
 119 "Troy and its Remains," 150; pp. 332, 333. '^o Wilkinson. Kitto, vol. i, p. 372. 
 
 Fig. 75. — Ancient Roman and modem African knives.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 25i 
 
 sites, are many of tliein like some of the fijLfiires, in the uppor especially. 
 See Desor,'-' where they are shown, some with jiroovcd blaiU's and as 
 much as oO centimeters in length; also bronze poniards and knives with 
 tongs and soekcts.'^- 
 
 The lower row shows h i J /r, knives of the Fans of ^^'estern Africa. 
 These are sometimes as much as three feet in length and seven inches 
 in width; tlicy are kejjt very sharp in a sheath of wood, which is in two 
 halves, and is bound together witli strips of raw-hide covered with snake 
 or human skin. / is an Unj'oro knife of iron, the handle bound with 
 coi)j)er wire.'-'^ m n are two two-edged daggers of the Xiani-niains.''^* 
 The dagger is worn in a sheath of skin atlaclied to the girdle. The lances 
 knives, and daggers have blood-grooves, differing in this respect from 
 the Bonjo or J)yoor weapons. I>oth of the last-mentioned tribis have 
 two-handled knives. The l>onjo knife'-' is used by the women in peeling 
 tubers and slicing gourds and cucumbers ; it has an oval shape, and is 
 sharj) on both sides, like the Unyoro knife 1, Fig. 75. The Dyoor 
 knife'-" is si)indle-shaped, and is used for similar i)ur])0ses. 
 
 Dr. Schliemann found, in his, excavations at Troy, a dagger of steel 
 four inches long. The blade, which is double-edged and in 
 the form of an arrow, is l.C inches long, and in a jterfect 
 state of preservation, which Dr. Schliemann attributes to 
 the antiseptic power of the red wood ashes, 
 mixed with charcoal, in which he found it em- 
 bedded, in the large mansion close to the gate, 
 28 feet below the surface. 
 
 The Balonda dagger from the Zambesi is 
 shown in Fig. 16, and has a remarkable resem- 
 blance to a and (', Fig. 75, which are respectively 
 Roman and Gaboon. This dagger is 24 inches 
 long, and the handle is partly wrapped with 
 raw-hide. The handle is by no means a con- 
 venient one, but no doubt the owner felt well 
 satisfied with its ornamental appearance as it 
 protruded from the scabbard. 
 
 Fig. 77 is an Angola dagger, with an iron 
 blade and wooden handle. It looks much more 
 like business than its fellow. 
 
 Fig. 78 shows an Angola dagger, with a 
 ^0/ Hahnda^A/- straugclyshaiied scabbard of sheet copper. 
 It has a copper-covered wooden handle and a 
 steel blade. The broad base of the sheath is probably indicative of its 
 
 '*' Translation in SmitliHonian Report, 1865, p. 374. 
 
 "-/W</., pp. 374, 371-'72. 
 
 •'^'' Ijakcr's " Isiuailia," plalo opposite p. 135. 
 
 '^■•Sclnv.'infarth's "Africa," vol. ii, pp. 10, 27. 
 
 ^^Tbi4 ,vol. i, p. 281. 
 
 '*« Wood, vol. i, p. 503. 
 
 Fin. "il.— Angola 
 Dagger.
 
 256 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 nationality, tlie same feature not liaving been noticed elsewhere. Its 
 purpose is not apparent. The sheath of the Icris has a considerable lateral 
 enlarj^enient at the upper end, but that weapon has a corresponding 
 guard. It will be referred to presently, among swords. 
 
 The collection of savage arms from the 
 Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozam- 
 bique, exhibited in the Agri(;ultural Build- 
 ing, was not excelled in its kind in the whole 
 Exhibition. With many additions, it was 
 again exhibited in Paris in 1878. 
 
 Some of the articles therein shown were 
 from the Banyai of the Zambesi, the Be- 
 chuanas, and tribes with which the parties 
 crossing between the western and eastern 
 Coasts of the continent come in contact. 
 Passing south and west to oSTatal, a very 
 warlike people, the Zulus and Basuto Ka- 
 firs, are cyicountered. The articles from 
 this people were shown in the Cape of Good 
 Hope collection, and are noticed among 
 G. , .— ngo a agger. clubs and spcars; they do not use the bow 
 
 and arrow. The assegai is the principal knife of the Kafir.'-^ It is of 
 semi-steel of soft temper, and will bend and keep its shape, which is 
 taken advantage of by the natives in making bowls, spoons, and pipes. 
 He prefers it to the steel of the white man, which breaks. The Bechu- 
 anas make the best knives in that region, and barter them to other tribes. 
 The blade has a long lanceolate shape, with two edges, and 
 the weapon is worn suspended from the neck.'-* The handle, 
 of ivory or wood, is carefully carved, frequently represent- 
 ing an animal, a hyena or girafte, for instance. The wooden 
 sheath is made of two pieces of w^ood, hollowed out and 
 bound together with sinews. The same is used among some 
 tribes of Kafirs. The carving tool of the Bechuanas is 
 more like a chisel -, a blade like a thumb-nail in the end of a 
 handle. The Japanese knives are numerous and peculiar.'^* 
 Fig. 79 is a leaf-shaped dagger or scalping-knife, of iron, 
 with a bone handle, such as is used by the Blackfeet and ^'«- "'-^—rnack- 
 
 ' ^ foot scalping- 
 
 Sioux. C. Carver, in his " Travels," says that the leaf-shaped *"^>«- 
 dagger, made in his time of bone, was peculiar to the Nadowessioux, 
 or that family later known as the Da-ko-tahs or Sioux. 
 
 There is one class of weai)ons for grappling at close quarters, which 
 may be mentioned here, as it was shown in the exhibit from British 
 India. The haynuik is a five-clawed weapon hidden in the hand, having 
 loops through which the first and fourth fingers are passed. When the 
 
 i"Wood, vol. i, p. 103. i^scasalis' "Basutos," p. 136. 
 
 •29Siebold's "Nippon," vii, plate 19, Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIIUTION. 257 
 
 hand is opened, the steel claws, lilce those of a lion, an^ exposed, and 
 are intended to rip the naked belly of the adversary. The term baymnic 
 is understood to include several forms of weapons, such as brass knuckles 
 and splices which are <;arri<'d in the hand. 
 
 The vSamoans have a somewhat similar woapon — a ^love made of coir, 
 and havinj? on the inside several rows of shark's teeth, set hookinfi: so 
 that they retsnn anythinjj^ which is grasped. Lilcii the 1)nymal\ it is 
 intended to rip the abdomen of an enemy. To ^uard themselves a^^ainst 
 this weai)on the Samoans use a heavy and wide belt of coir, re-aehinf:^ 
 from the arm-])its to the hips. This belt was the nearest to the nature 
 of clothin.i;^ of anythini; in the islands; a number of cords of sinnet are 
 strained on two parallel sticks about 30 inches apart; the sinnet weft is 
 then worked in over and under alternate threads."" 
 
 The htHjue dc inort, seen bj' Stendhal in Ifonie,'""" is like the East 
 Indian haj/mak in the mode of hidin;:^: it in the hand, but it has only two 
 claws, which arc of steel, very sharp and like those of lions. The piece 
 to which the claws are rooted is held in the hand by rings, through 
 which pass the second and third lingers, beneath which the claws are 
 hidden, nothing appearing but the rings. Poison is placed in grooves 
 channeled in the claws, like the poison groove in the fang of a rattle- 
 snake. 
 
 Stendhal says: "Dans une foule, au bal par example, on saississait 
 avec une apparence de galanterie la main nue de la femrae dont on voulait 
 se venger; en la serratit et retirantle bras, on la dechirait profondement, 
 et, en meme temps, on lassait tomber la bague dc mart. Comment, dans 
 une foule, trouver le coupableT' 
 
 The Djibba tribe of the Upper Nile wear bracelets for cutting and 
 tearing, the edge being protected by leathern sheaths when the weapon 
 is not required for duty. Some of them have double jagged edges and 
 others a single sharp edge. 
 
 The Xuehr carry on the wrist an iron ring with projecting blades. 
 
 The Roman boxing gauntlet, cesUis, was a much less sanguinary affair, 
 being merely armed with lead or with bosses. 
 
 We pass from knives to swords ; which is but to an implement of a 
 larger kind. The sword proper is a weapon, but the machete of the 
 Spaniard, the corn and cane knives of the plantation and farm, are 
 domestic implements of similar character, but with less ornamental fur- 
 nishing. Where vegetation is as large a-; that of the corn or sugar-cane, 
 a sword like implement is necessary in gathering it, and the same large 
 knife is used in tropical countries in cuttingaway the vines and creepers 
 which obstruct the narrow pass(>s through the woods.'^' 
 
 Of the cruder materials, stone and wood, used in swords, the Exhibi- 
 tion furnished but few examples. Some of the clubs already considered 
 
 '•»Woo(i, vol. ii, p. 354. 
 
 inoa " proraena(l<'8 dans Rome," vol. i, p. 267. 
 
 >=' Raffle's "Java," llo, p. 113. 
 
 S. Mis. 54 17
 
 258 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 liad sharpened edj;es and ai)i)roxiinated the sword character. The New 
 Zeahmd stone sword, Fi^'. 80, can hardly be classed under any other 
 head, as it has a handle, a back, and an edge, and is ad- 
 apted to deliver a cutting- blow. The swords of the 
 Pelew Islanders are of Avood inlaid with i)ieces of shell.'^^ 
 The Kingsmill Islanders have wooden swords, armed on 
 tlicir edges with sharks' teeth lashed with sinnet braided 
 IVoni the liber of the coQpa-nut. The wooden blade has 
 grooved ridges to receive the teeth, cor- 
 responding holes being made in the 
 ridges and teeth through which the 
 braided cord is repeatedly passed to 
 fasten the teeth in this artificial alve- 
 ohir ridge. The swords are single or 
 double edged, and have guards similarly- 
 armed with teeth, so that no part of the 
 weapon except the handle can be touched 
 with impunity. The spears are similarly 
 armed, like some whicli were shown from 
 the Philippine Islands. A fine assort- 
 ment of those weapons, obtained by the 
 Wilkes Expedition, is in the National 
 Museum at Washington. 
 
 The gold-coast section of the English 
 colonies presented two curious swords 
 with broad, thin blades, especially wide 
 near the point. The perforations make 
 the blade still lighter. The tang is set 
 in a wooden handle with two knobs, be- 
 tween which is the hand-hold. Fig. 82 
 has a double blade, and is referred to as 
 an "executioner's sword "5 a weapon in 
 much demand all around that part of 
 riG so.-2raori stone the worM, especially Dahom^. 
 """"*• blades of Fig 
 
 The two "Fig. SI.— Stvord of the 
 gold coast, Africa. 
 
 82 are united at a point 
 
 where the flattening of the bl^ides commences. The blades are 24 inches 
 long; the carved handles are 8 inches long, and one of them is gilded. 
 The swords of Dahome ^^^ have knobs on the ends of the blades, so 
 that they may be used as clubs. One noticed had a knob carved like a 
 human head. The back of another had a series of backwardly-curved 
 prongs, intended as hooks to catch a pursued enemy. The classic liarpe, 
 the sword of Mercury and Perseus, had a similar prong, ham us. Another 
 sword of bloody renown is the weapon of the "Eazor Women," who form 
 
 15- Wood, vol. i, p. 449. 
 
 iMDuucan's "Western Africa," p. 226.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 259 
 
 Fig. K.—Tii'nhlailed 
 award of lite ijuld 
 coast, Africa. 
 
 ono battalion of tlie Dulioint* Ainnzoiis. Tlio weapon is coiiicd from tlio 
 wliite man's razor, but Las a blade 2 feet lonj,^, and a handle of propor- 
 tionate size. A spring holds the blade open. It is as if, in a jocular 
 si)irit, soiiK' trader liad foisted an absurdity iii»(»n tliem; 
 but the natives claim it as an invention of the late Kiiij^ 
 Gezo. The real razor of the Ashantee is of a nearly trape- 
 zoidal form; this latter is for leiritimate shaviii;;. 
 
 Coining soutinvardlyalon^" the coast of Afiicawe arrive 
 
 at Anj^ola, which, 
 as we have already 
 had occasion to re- 
 mark, was well rep- 
 resented in the Ag- 
 ricultural Duilding. 
 Fig. 83 is a sword 
 made by a native 
 armorer of Angola; 
 it has a curiously- 
 shaped hilt, and 
 tufts of liorse-hair 
 stained red. The 
 hilt is in part cov- 
 ered with sheet-lead. 
 The gay api)ear- 
 ance of the hilt, 
 as it showed when 
 sheathed and worn 
 at the side,was prob- 
 ably its i)rincipal 
 recom m e n <1 a t i o n . 
 
 Fig. 83.- ^.ford 0/ axe. >ii-tnooraoT mo- ^^^ 
 
 Angola, Africa^ zambique, Africa. ff [^^ frpueral sluipe 
 
 of the Africj^n sword is curved, although of the examples from the Portu- 
 guese colonies two are straight and but one bent. The specimens illus- 
 trated from other sections of the continent will amply compensate An- the 
 l)resent larger majority of straight-bladed weapons. Fig. 84 shows a na- 
 tive sword of Mozambique. It has a short wooden handle, from which the 
 usual button on the end of the tang has dropi)ed oft'. The guard of the 
 hilt has a i)eculiar scroll shai)e, and one branch has been broken. The 
 sword of the Ilamram Arabs, of Central Africa, '^^ is also straight, double 
 edged, and has a cross-guard. The blade is .'{G inches long, and each 
 edge is as sharp as a razor. It is carried in a Avooden scabbard made 
 of two pfeces, hollowed to receive the blade, and covered with leather. 
 With this weapon the Arab will cut a man in two, or will hamstring an 
 elephant. 
 
 '3<\Vooa, vol. i, p. 753.
 
 260 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 85 is a steel cimeter of Mozambique, with a broad and very tliin 
 blade. I. iias a wooden handle ornamented with sheet brass enchased 
 and jeweled. It is 40 inches long-, and has a groove near the back of 
 the blade. 
 
 ri<^. SG is a sickle-shape cimeter, brought by Col. Long (Bey) on his re- 
 turn from his expedition into Central Africa in the service of the Khedive. 
 It was shown in the Egyptian Department in the Main Building, and is 
 like the Aveapon represented by Schweinfurth as held by the Monbuttoo 
 King Munza during the audience which he held with that poteutate.'^^ 
 
 Fig. do. — Cimeter of Mo- 
 zambique, Africa. 
 
 Fig. 86. — Monbuttoo cimeter, Central Africa. 
 
 It is usually of steel, but on that occasion was a weapon of ceremony, 
 and made of pure coj^per. The adjacent tribe, the Xiam-niams, use im- 
 plements of somewhat similar shape, curved broad-ended blades, some- 
 what after the bill-hook order, reminding one of the corresponding 
 Eoman implement, the falx vinitoria. 
 
 The JcooJcery of the Ghoorkas, a tiger-fighting hill tribe of India,-'*^ is 
 another example of a boldly curved chopping-sword, broad near the 
 end, and shari^ened on the concave edge, which is, however, of an ogee 
 shape. It is about fifteen inches long, is used either to cut or thrust, 
 and is made of" the famous " Wootz" steel. Two little knives are carried 
 in side i^ockets of the scabbard. 
 
 136 ''Africa," vol. ii, pp. 9, 10, 107. 
 
 136 Wood, vol. 11, p. 7(i0.
 
 Fio. SI. — Saber of Soudan, Africa. 
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 2G1 
 
 Fig. 87 is a saber brought by Capt. Long (Bey) from the Soudan Expedi- 
 tion. It has a boldly curved steel blade and a wooden liandle. The 
 sheath and belt are 
 of leather. The Nu- 
 bian cimeter is, ]>er- 
 hai)s, even a little 
 more curved tlian 
 that shown from 
 Soudan ; but doubt- 
 less the weapons of 
 a distriet vary, and 
 are not contined rig- 
 idly to a certain 
 curve, as in some 
 countries where 
 such things are de- 
 lined in the "liegu- 
 lations." The curve 
 in each case is much 
 greater than that of 
 the xo-i-:, the east- 
 ern cimeter of classic times. The Apongos useacimeterof similar shape, 
 and with a handle shaped like a dice-box. The blade is 4 feet long. Xo 
 other cimeter of Africa has so peculiar a bend as the sliotel of the Abys- 
 siuians.'" The blade is nearly straight for two feet, and then suddenly 
 makes a turn of about sixty degrees. The edge is on the concave side, 
 and it is intended that the point shall reach over the top of an enemy's 
 shield. The blade is wider and heavier toward the point. It is of soft 
 iron, has a rhinoceros-horn handle, and is swung on the right side. 
 
 Among the most curious weapons of the savage world are the hurling 
 cimeters — if they may be so called — the tnimbashes of iha Niam-niams.^^* 
 The tern) is from Sennaar, and refers generally to the missile weapons of 
 the negroes. The irumhofih of the Kiam-niams {kuJbeda) Fig. L'G, con- 
 sists ordinarily of several limbs of iron with jminted prongs and sharp 
 edges. Somewhat similar implements are used by the tribes of the Tsad 
 basin, and a weapon on the same i)rinciplc is used by the iVIarghy and 
 ]\[usgoo. The Niam-niams carry them attached to the insides of their 
 shields ready for duty, atid hurl them with great rapidity, force, and 
 accuracy. They are ma<le by the skillful smiths of the ^lonbutroo tribe 
 of the Welle Iviver. A hurling axe shaped like a sickle is also used by 
 the troops of the scheik of Borneo. It is known as a liungamunga and 
 somewhat resembles the trumhash of the Niam-niams. The Tibboos, 
 west of Xubia, use a missile sword, as do also the Fans of Western Africa. 
 The Fan weapon is flat and pointed, and near the handle is a sharp pro- 
 jection. 
 
 13? W6ofl, vol. i, p. 718. 
 
 ■^'Schweiufurth's "Africa," vol. ii, p. 10.
 
 2G2 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 The Malays aud Dyaks have several swords, as they may he called, 
 of peculiar character. Three of them are cutting weapons ; the other is 
 A thrust. The three former nvti parangs ; the latter is the Jcris. 
 
 Fig. 88. — The parang of the Malays. 
 
 The parang™{Fig. 88 ) has a two-edged blade which is small but thick 
 at the handle, and runs broader and thinner to near the point. It is 
 elaborately ornamented with tufts of human hair and charms. The 
 handle is frequently of deer bone neatly carved, but in the present 
 instance is of wood bound with red leather and has a tuft of human 
 hair at the hilt. The scabbard is of red wood, carved. A ratan-split- 
 ting knife'*" occupies a pocket in a small sheath attached to the scab- 
 bard of the parang. This attaching of a knife to the scabbard is also 
 found in Scotland and Central Africa. The parang-latoli is made of a 
 square bar of ^-inch steel, which is gradually thinned and widened until 
 it reaches a width of two inches near the point. It has a peculiar bend 
 of SO"^ near the hilt. It is sword, machete, axe, all in one, being the 
 ordinary weapon of the men and many of the women. It is kept in a 
 wooden sheath made of two pieces of wood hoUowed out and bound 
 together with ratan. It is the executioner's weaj)on. The para ng-ilila ng 
 is straight. Its blade has a curious shape, being ogee in cross-section. 
 This shape seems to give it wonderful execution in cutting, but at the 
 same time makes it dangerous to an inexpert swordsman, as the blade 
 glances in a remarkable manner. The beheading sword of the piratical 
 Illaijos '^' has a somewhat similar curve. The holes in the Illauoon swor<l 
 indicate the number of victims. 
 
 The most characteristic, however, of the Malay weapons is the kris^'^^ 
 (Fig. 89), which is used in thrusting, as a Spaniard uses his knife. The 
 armorers take as much pride in the making of the weapon as of old 
 did the Toledo or Ferrara workmen. The blade is generally waving, 
 and its grain is more marked than in any other weapon, as much so in 
 faet as the Damascus gun-barrel, and for the same reason, as it is made 
 of steel and iron strips laid together, twisted, doubled, and variously con- 
 voluted to give the kind of marking required. These are rendered more 
 plain by etching the blade with lime juice, the acid corroding one metal 
 
 "9 Boyle's '•' Dyaks of Borneo," 114, 115 ; 
 Belcher's "Eastern Archipelago," ii, 133 and plate. 
 
 '« Belcher's " Eastern Archipelago," vol. i, pp. 230, 231. i^" Ibid, vol. i, p. 266. 
 
 '^- Eaffles' "Java," 4to, i, p. 296 aud plates ; Wallaces' " Malay."
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 2C3 
 
 more than tlie other, and hence leaving the surface grooved. Tlie exe- 
 cution kris is also used 
 as a thrust weapon, the 
 paraiifi-hitok being used 
 for beheading. The cul- 
 prit or victim, as the case 
 may be, sits in a chair, 
 and his extended arms 
 are held by two persons. 
 The executioner stands 
 behind and i)hu;es the 
 point of the kris just by 
 the left collar bone, and 
 
 , ., . , 1 Fig. 80.— Mataji krU. 
 
 strikes it downward, 
 
 piercing the heart. If he be fiistidious he jdaces a pledget of cotton 
 wool around tlie i)oint of the Iris before thrusting it into the thorax, 
 
 holds it there tightly, so as to wipe the 
 WH'a])on on its recovery, thrusts the wool 
 into the gap, and thus avoids shedding a 
 drop of blood. 
 
 " A most delicate monster." 
 It may be added that the kris is the 
 most cherished possession of its owner, 
 and may be worth $20, when his cloth- 
 ing would not command 25 cents. Some 
 krisesare heavily inlaid with gold. The 
 sheath is of wood and comparatively 
 plain. The size of the weapon is usually 
 from 12 to 15 inches long, but larger 
 ones are to be seen. Some authorities 
 have told us that the handle is always 
 bent at right angles to the blade. In the 
 Javan collection of the Dutch colonies in 
 the Main Building the handles were as 
 represented in the figure. 
 
 Five swords of the Philippine Islands 
 are represented in Fig. 90. They were 
 in the Si)anish Government Building. 
 The resemblance to the Malaysian im- 
 l)lements is very marked; a is evidently 
 a Av/.s" y h is a parang; c is a parang- 
 ihlang. 
 
 The Siamese sword'" used from ele- 
 
 l)hant back has a handle four feet long 
 
 of heavy wood and a screw joint in the 
 
 T^^,.wi.—SwordsofthcFhiUrpinf8. middle to malcc it more portable. The 
 
 '« Ru3cheubcrger*s "Voyage Round the World," p. 295.
 
 264 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 blade is one-edj^ed, two feet long-, and gently curved. The guard is 
 
 a disk set with gems and the scabbard is enameled. 
 The Chinese use single swords, sometimes one in each hand ; they 
 also have two-handed swords."^ The warrior armed 
 with two makes them fly like the sails of a windmill, 
 he leaping and dodging the while. The two-handed 
 sword is of the same length and weight as the one 
 exhibited from Norway. The Chinese also use a sword 
 blade on the end of a pole. The practice of the 
 Japanese of rank in carrying two swords is familiar 
 from the many illustrations on the fans, which are 
 so good and cheap. The swords are known as l^en 
 and lattcn. Some of the old Japanese swords have 
 blood lines."^ 
 
 The Norwegian two-handed sword of some centu- 
 ries since was shown in the collection from that 
 country in the Main Building. It has a whole length 
 of 5| feet and a hilt 15 inches in length. It has two 
 hand-holds on the hilt and one above the hilt, proba- 
 bly to hold it when used as a pike. 
 IV. — Spears. 
 
 The spear is found among most savage nations and 
 was the knightly weapon in Europe until the intro- 
 duction of fire-arms. It, however, continued in use 
 among the Poles, Russians, Turks, and Tartars, and 
 was introduced into the armies of Prussia by Fred- 
 erick the Great; the Austrians followed, calling the 
 troops Uhlans, and lances are now found in most of 
 the European cavalry forces. A number of lances 
 were made for a cavalry regiment in the army of the 
 Potomac, but the project was abandoned and the 
 lances laid away in the arsenal in Washington. 
 
 Perhaps we may assume that the first spear was a 
 sharpened stick or pole ; such a one was shown in 
 the collection from the Argentine Eepublic, a round 
 pole a little larger than a hayfork handle, of dark wood 
 The point was a simple taper without any attempt at 
 
 Fig 
 
 -Korwegian two- 
 handed sword. 
 
 and 10 feet long, 
 hastate form. 
 
 A common spear of Borneo and the Philippines is a sharpened bam- 
 boo, such as shown at a h, Fig. 92. In one case the shaft is of bamboo, 
 and in the other a bamboo head is slipped upon a cocoa-wood shaft. 
 The end is so sharpened that the hard silicious skin of the bamboo forms 
 the edge and makes a very efficient cutting and piercing weapon. The 
 spears c d are of cocoa wood. The head of c has an ornament resembling 
 
 i^Wood, vol. ii, p. 814. 
 
 "•'Siebold's "NipiJon," ii, plates 3, 5 bis, 12.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 265 
 
 fi 
 
 six dimini.sbing cars of corn with a round fmial ])oint. Similarly orna- 
 mented spear heads are made in Fiji. The other (d) has six graduallj' 
 decreasing sets of barbs 
 crowned by a tinial. Other 
 spears from the Philippines 
 had shark's teeth tacked to 
 ridges on the head, and some 
 had metallic heads. They will 
 be shown presently. 
 
 Ja<;or nienti<nis that the 
 spear (^>/ca) of the Phili[>pines 
 is of caryota wood 2.27"' long ; 
 the head of bamboo, carved 
 wood, or iron (purchased).'^" 
 
 The large spear of the Sand- 
 wich Islands '^^ is 12 or 15 feet 
 long and is not barbed, but 
 the hurling spear is 6 or 8 feet 
 long, of hard wood, and tapers 
 toward the butt, to throw the 
 center of gravity forward of 
 the mid-length and enable it 
 to Hy straight. 
 
 The Fijians, '^ who excel in 
 ingenuity, have several kinds 
 of spears. The fishing spear 
 has three oy four i)oints set 
 in separately. Each point has 
 a round, scpuire, or semicircu- 
 lar section, is dovetailed into 
 the shaft and lashed thereto 
 with sinnet. The war spear 
 has a carved head, and barbs, 
 either cut in the wood, or 
 made of the tfiil of the sting- 
 ray and set in separately ; 
 these brittle barbs conie off 
 in the wound and insure cruel 
 sulfering and generally death. 
 One Fijian si)ear is made of 
 a wood which bursts when 
 moist, so that it is with difti- 
 cnlty extracted. The dilVer- 
 ent islands, such as the Tonga, 
 Herveys, Fiji, and the New Hebrides have distinguishable varieties of 
 spears. 
 
 '■Mi " Philippines," p. 210. »« Wood, vol. ii, p. 434. »« Williams " Fiji," pp. 44-5. 
 
 Fig. 92.— Spears of the Philippines.
 
 266 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 The Australian sj^ears are of various qualities and sliai)es : a sharp- 
 ened stick {nanduin) Avith notches for barbs; '" a spear with a separate 
 liead of hard miaU wood decjjly cut with barbs, and fastened to a reed 
 {phra<;mefcs communix) sliaft; "^" one with a basalt or quartzite head 
 lashed to the shaft with sinews from the tail of the kangaroo,'^' with 
 long in-ojectinji" barbs on each side, curiously formed from hard wood,'^^ 
 a single bone lashed tJ the head and projecting laterally and back- 
 wardly from the point so as to form a barb ; the mongile, a head armed 
 with sharp basalt or quartzite flakes set with pid-jer-ong gum ; '^' one with 
 a head piece of bone which is lashed to the shaft so that its respective 
 ends form point and barb ; ^^* lastly, leisters with from two to four barbed 
 points,'^* and from 6 to 15 feet long. 
 
 The flower stalk of the grass-tree furnishes the spear-shaft, which is 
 9 or 10 feet long. Fig. 93 shows two South Australian spears, one 
 with a double set of inserted barbs made of obsidian or 
 quartz, and a kangaroo spear with a wooden head 30 
 inches long, and a single row of barbs; 
 the shaft is 8 feet long. Fig. 94 
 shows two fish- spears, one with two 
 prongs and the other with three. 
 The prongs of hard and tough gum- 
 tree wood are tai^ered towards each 
 end, iDointed, and barbed ; their butt- 
 ends are then inserted in notches on 
 the end of the shaft and held in po- 
 sition by black-boy gum, while the 
 prongs are spread apart by wedges 
 driven between them. The j^rongs 
 are then lashed with sinews. The 
 Australian has a blade on the end 
 of his spear to act as a paddle as he 
 stands in his dug-out canoe and 
 watches the water or quietly moves 
 from place to place. The night is 
 
 Fig. 93.— Australian the faVOrite time for fish- spearing, a Fig. Qi.—AuftraUanv'ooden 
 wooden spears. j- ^ • i i i j? j. i fishing-spears (leisters.) 
 
 ^ fire being made on a bed of wet sand 
 
 and stones in the bottom of the canoe. The natives also carry torches 
 of inflammable bark ; this mode of fishing is common in North America 
 and in Scotland, called " burning the water" in the former, and " leis- 
 tering " in the latter. 
 
 '^'■•K. Brougli Smith, "Aborigines of Victoria," vol. i, p. 304, Fig. 71-74. 
 '«« Ibid., vol. i, p. 305, Figs. 75, 76. 
 15' Ibid., vol. i, p. 308, Fig. 85. 
 
 '^-Ibid., vol. i, Figs. pp. 69, 70, and i, 308, Fig. 84. 
 ^^Ibid., vol. i, p. 304, Fig. 68, audi, 330, Fig. 141. 
 ^^*Ibid., vol, i, p. 306, Fig. 77, 78. 
 
 ^^"•Ibid., vol. i, p. 306, Figs. 79, 80, p. 337, Fig. 144 tf al. See also PI. iv, and pp. 33-5 
 Nilson's " Stone Ajre."
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 267 
 
 The large spear of the Australian, not to be thrown but used as a 
 pike, is as much as 13 feet in length, the liead of hard wood, the shaft 
 of lighter wood, and as large as the wrist. Th(3 Australians also use a 
 forked spear, hobo, to secure eels and snakes alive.''"' Tlie turtle liar- 
 poon, like the hippopotanuis hari»oon of Africa, has a head detachaVtle 
 from the shalt. To the head is attached a rope, on the. other end of which 
 is a buoy. The har[»()on i'ov tlie dugoiig lias a bone head 1 inches long 
 and covered with barbs. It becomes detached from the shaft after strik- 
 ing ; the cord attached to the spear-head has no float, but is secured on 
 board the canoe. The simplest form of fishspear is a long sharp stick 
 used in gigging tish in water-holes.'" 
 
 The spears in the ITew Zealand department were all of wood. Some 
 were simi)ly i)ointed i)oles of hard wood; otheis had carved heads with 
 pyramidal points. The spear is not a favorite weapon 
 of the Maoris ; in fact is said to have been laid aside. 
 The heads of the spears are understood to be a conven- 
 tional representation of the human tongue thrust out. 
 That shown in Fig. 95 is destitute of ornament ; Fig. 
 90, called by the natives taiaha lucra, has 
 suspended tufts of dyed hair. 
 
 The styles of ornamentation peculiar to 
 New Zealand, Kew Guinea, and Fiji are re- 
 ferred to by 11. Brough Smith.'"* 
 
 The harpoon of the Ant^aman Islander''^ 
 is shot from a bow, and has a detachable 
 head with a connected cord, which is held 
 . by the archer. 
 
 The spears already considered are made 
 of wood, although the use of the tail of the 
 sting-ray by the Fijians and of bone and ob- 
 sidian by the Australians have been incident- 
 ally mentioned. Materials in great variety 
 have been used for the heads or barbs of 
 spears. 
 
 Stone spear-heads were shown in the South 
 Australian dei)artinent. They were obtained 
 Fig. sry.-Maori ^'oui the northern i):irt of the island near fk;. !)G._7f«»n>;.car 
 wooden spear. Melville's Ishiud. They are genuine sp.eci- taiaha kw,a. 
 mens of the stone age, which dt»es not represent a spe(;ific time but a 
 grade of civilization. Consideration must also be had to the al)sence of 
 metals in some localities. The stone spear-heads are chii)ped to shape 
 and lashed to reed shafts with sinews, or with fiber obtained from 
 roots. The reeds are feet long and the heads from 4 to inches. 
 
 The spears of the Solomon Islanders aretipi)ed with sharp Hints; those 
 of the Admiralty Islanders are of obsidian lashed to the shall and coated 
 
 "* Aborigines of Victoria, vol. i, p. 307, Fijj. 82. 
 ^"^Ibid., vol. i, pp. 29G, 297. 
 
 ^^■> Ibid., vol. i, p. 307, Fig. 81. 
 »«»Mouat "Amlamau," p. 326.
 
 268 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 -Stone spear-heads, South Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 with gnm. The Mexican spears were pointed with obsidian. The ob- 
 sidian spear-heads of the rai)aans excited the surprise of Schouten, an 
 
 early navigator in those seas; he remarks 
 that they had "long staves with very long, 
 sharp things at the ends thereof, which, as 
 we thonght, were linnes of black fishes.""* 
 The aborigines of the Canaries, a race of Af- 
 rican origin, when first discovered, used 
 hatchets, knives, lancets, and spear heads 
 of obsidian, and axes of green jasper. 
 
 The lances fonnd in the npper strata dur- 
 ing the excavations at Hissarlik '®' were of a 
 very hard black or green stone. The spear 
 of the ISorthern American Indian was for- 
 merly of stone or flint, but is now of steel.'®'' 
 We may refer in a single group to 
 those spears which are tipped with animal 
 material, bone, horn, shell, shark's teeth, 
 claws of beasts and birds (such as of the kangaroo, cassowary, or 
 emu), and the tail of the sting-ray. In the times of Her- 
 odotus and Strabo, African spears were headed with the 
 sharpened horns of antelopes,'*'^ and the jjractice still ob- 
 tains, i*^* The 
 Canary Isl- 
 anders, when 
 discovered, in 
 the fourteenth 
 century, had 
 spears and 
 digging-sticks 
 tipped with 
 horns.'*^^ ^ _ , 
 
 Fig. 9i>. — Wooden 
 Fig. 98 shows fi-^h-^pear. Ma- 
 T> I.JIII/-.7J . ^^ . - ^■''''*' 'if British 
 
 -Bone spear-heads and hook, Greenland. ^ ^y q Xv aj ii k Columbia. 
 
 spear-heads and a hook of bone, exhibited in the Greenland section of 
 the Danish department. The upper one is cut down so as to leave barbs. 
 The next beneath it has an iron tip riveted to the bone. The lower ex- 
 ample is a bone hook abo^t 2 inches across. Barbed harpoons of bone, 
 from a Scanian bog, Sweden, from a ctive in Perigord, and from Terra 
 del Fuego, are shown in Nilson's "Stone Age."""^ 
 
 iGopurchas, vol.i, p. 95. 
 
 "'1 " Scliliemann's Troy, &c.," p. 79. 
 
 163 Dr. Abbott in Smithsonian Report, 1875, pp. 269, 274. 
 
 163 Herod., vii, 69-71. Strabo, xvl, 4, 9, 11. 
 
 16^ Andersson, p. 15. 
 
 165 Tylor, p. 222, and note passim. 
 
 i66piate iv, Figs. 69, 70, 72. 
 
 Tig.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 269 
 
 Fig. 99 is a fish-spear head of wood with incurved i)oiiits or barbs of 
 bone; the binding is of cherry bark. These liooks are 
 used by the Makalis and other Northwestern Indians. 
 
 Fig. 100 is a fish-spear of the Choolcchees ( T.s'c7j ucJdochies) 
 of Kortheast Siberia. It has a long stout shaft of i)inc 
 wood, only one-half the length of which is shown. The 
 head consists of two baleen prongs, on the ends of which 
 are lashed two incurved points of ivory, forming barbs. 
 The same style of fish-spear is used by the Youcou In- 
 dians of the IMackeuzie Kiver country.'"' The Fuegan 
 fishing-spear is 10 feet long and has an octagonal shaft 
 with a bone head 7 inches iu length, with a single barb. 
 
 The National Museum in the (lovernment Building 
 had specimens of whale and seal lances from (Siberia, 
 Alaska, and Greenland. 
 
 Fig. 101 is a seal-spear from the Chookchees of North- 
 east Siberia. It has a long spliced pine-wood handle 
 and movable point of bone with a metallic tip. 
 
 Harpoons with movable'^' and immovable points'^" are 
 shown in SvenNilson's " Stone Age," edited by Sir John 
 Lubbock. 
 
 Fig. 102 is a whaling-lance from the Ponook Eskimo of 
 Alaska. It is pointed with a portion of a marrow-bone 
 cut off obliquely so as to afford a long cutting-edge. The 
 butt-end has a flattened piece to fit the throwing-board. 
 
 which will be shown presently, 
 spur or button to prevent the s 
 too far. The Ostiaks, Chookchees, and Keriaks secure the same end 
 
 The piece on the side is a rio. loo.— c/iootc/iw 
 
 . , , , Jis/inpear, Siberia. 
 
 spur or button to prevent the spear penetrating the whale 
 
 Fk;. 101. — Seal-spcar of the Chookchees, Nortlieast Siberia. 
 
 by binding the shaft with raw sea-lion hide, which, drying, forms an im- 
 
 i^^' -''- ^■'-C-1-i..^ — --^— - .- ■- ■- .- .-— — x^ — '11 
 
 PS^g??^«?g!88Sa«g?a?^>:ll m<m^<f^^^4^^^^^^^^^^e^-^S9^ 
 
 Fio. \^2.—yn\alinglai\ce of Alaska Eskimo. 
 
 movable ridge. Fig. 103 is a whaling-lance of the* Greenland Eskimo. 
 
 »6^SIllith.soIli:ln Report for IHCe, p. 324. 
 
 168 <• Stone Ago,'' Plate iii, Figs. r)2, 53 (for Madder spears). 
 
 109 Xiid. Plate iii, 41, 50, 51 ; Plato iv, G9, 72 (bone tips aud bone tipped with stone).
 
 270 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 It has an iron snow-rest at the end of the wooden stoclv ; the shaft is of 
 iron and has a walrns-ivory jioiut, which comes free of 
 the shaft when the wliah', is struck. The shaft is 
 dragged by the whale, and a float may be secured to 
 the end of the thong. The thongs for the Eskimo liar- 
 
 poons are made from the skins of a 
 
 hirge species of seah Incisions six 
 
 inches apart are made completely 
 
 around the body and the rings of hide 
 
 removed like so many hoops. These 
 
 are then cut spirally into thongs of 
 
 a length equal to the circumference 
 
 of the body at the part multiplied by 
 
 the number of times the width of the 
 
 thongs goes into 6 inches. Fig. 104 
 
 is another whaling-lance o^the Green- 
 land Eskimo. It has a long bone rod 
 
 for the attachment of the mova- 
 ble head which comes entirely free 
 
 of the shaft, but is held by the thong. 
 
 The shaft has a snow-rest at the 
 
 butt. 
 
 The Makah Indians of the North- 
 west Coast use a lance and seal-skin 
 
 buoj^ in capturing the great bow-head 
 
 whales of the Pacific. Fig. 105 shows 
 
 the buoy, rope, and lance-head. The 
 
 head is placed on the end of a long 
 
 forked jiole and comes oft' the shaft 
 
 after the whale is struck. The buoy 
 
 is made of a seal-skin stripped ofi' en- 
 tire, sown uf) at the ends, 
 and inflated. The lance- 
 head is of shell witb wal- 
 rus-ivory barbs and jioint 
 secured with sinews and 
 pitch. The rope is of 
 spruce root roasted in the 
 ashes, pounded, frayed, 
 and twisted. Fig. lOG 
 shows the seal and fish- 
 spear of the Eskimo of Ko- 
 diak, Alaska. It has a 
 long slender ornamented 
 shaft and movable barbed yig. io4. 
 point. The shaft has a 
 bladder float and an ivory knob to limit the penetration of the spear 
 
 Fig. 103.— Whaling-lance, Greenland. 
 
 Whaling-lance 
 of Greenland Eskimo.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHiniTION. 271 
 
 The bird spear of tlic GnHMiIaiid Eskimo lias, besides its niaiu i)oiiit, 
 several supplementary points at some distance from the end of the spear. 
 It has an inflated bladder to preveut its sinking in the water. 
 
 A nund)er of dif- 
 ferent Polynesian 
 weapons are made 
 with shark's teeth 
 lashed to wooden 
 olnbs or lances. 
 
 l''i"'. 107 is a Sl)ear- Fir.. 105. — Lance-head and seal buoy, British Cnlumhia. 
 
 head exhibited in the Philippine Islands section of the Spanish dei)artmeut. 
 The Kinj:rsmilland Marquesas Islanders also arm tlieedges of their spears 
 with sharks' teeth, l)inding them to the shaft with sinnet, the iilaited tiber 
 {coir) of the cocoa-nut. One from the Kingsmill Islands has over 200 
 teeth in a row, the shaft being of light wood and 15 feet long. A spear 
 from the Philippines had 72 teeth in a row. A saw is made on the same 
 principle by the Australians ; Hakes of obsidian or quartz, about the 
 size of a quarter-dollar, are inserted in a grooved stick of gum-tree wood 
 and fiistened by gum fiom the grass-tree, commonly known as "black- 
 
 FiG. 106.— Seal and fish spear, Kodiak Eskimo, Alaska. 
 
 boy '' gum.'"" Javelins of bone or wood with longitudinal grooves, in 
 which are inserted flint flakes, are shown by Nilson.'"' 
 
 The spear of the Tonga Islands is barbed with the tail bone of the 
 sting-ray; the same bone is used on the i)rongs of the Tahitian trident. 
 The barbs are not fastened, but are slipped into sockets just tight enough 
 to hold them until they are thrust into the body, wh(?n they become de- 
 tached and, from their barbed character, work deeper and deeper into 
 the wound. 
 
 We have considered wooden spears, and those with stone and bone 
 lunuls, and incidentally some other materials. "We now come to metal, 
 the material of all the best, and which, once adopted, is not again laid 
 aside. 
 
 Spear-heads of cojtper were shown among the Indian implements 
 from Wisconsin. Copper preceded iron, being found nalixc and mal- 
 leable. Copper and bronze implements are among the articles recov- 
 ered from the Egyptian tombs, the tunndi of Assyria, and the excava- 
 
 "0 Wood, vol. ii, p. 35. 
 
 "1 " Stouo Age," pi. vi, Figa. 124, 5, 6.
 
 272 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 t.ions of Ilissarlik.'" The spears of the Peruvians'"^ were tipped with 
 copper or boue, and those of the Inca lords mounted 
 with gold and silver. 
 
 The Philippine Islands were represented in the Spanish 
 Government building, and had a sheaf of spears, among 
 ?> which were the iron weapons. Fig. 108. One of these has 
 a sword-blade, and a number of ferrules to prevent the 
 tang from splitting the shaft. Another spear has two 
 barbs, and a third one has a lanceolate head. The trident, 
 Fig. 110, was also shown in the same collection. The 
 mora, or crossbar, to limit the penetration of the spears, 
 shown in the Eoman venahulum or hog spear, does not 
 seem to be in common 
 nse in the Orient. The 
 Japanese have as many 
 as 14 kinds of spears, '^* 
 perhaps more. 
 
 Fig. 109 is a three- 
 pointed spear from Timor, 
 shown in the collection 
 from the Portuguese col- 
 onies. It has three sim- 
 ple points, the outer ones 
 being on the ends of a 
 cross-bar slipped over the 
 middle prong and bent 
 forward. The Philip- 
 pine trident. Fig. 110, is 
 used for fishing, but the II- 
 laiioon pirates''* use a 
 bifurcated spear with re- 
 treating barbs to catch 
 men by the neck. The 
 three -pointed spear is 
 found in many widely sep- 
 arated parts of the world, 
 and is mentioned in the 
 history of the Saracen 
 conquests, i^articularly in 
 one of the feats of Ali. 
 Fig. Ill shows three 
 
 Fig. Wi. — Shark's- « , , ^ i i ^ 
 
 tooth spear of the spcars of the Island of 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4^; 
 
 4<^ 
 4- 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 # 
 
 Philippines. 
 
 Fio. 108. — Iron spear-heads of the Philippines. 
 
 Timor. They show the 
 same tendency as to shape as the halberds and lances of the middle 
 
 m « xroy and its Remains," p. 330. i^s u Conquest of Peru," vol. i, p. 73. 
 
 "■• Siebold's " Nippon," vol. ii, jil. G. '^^ Belcher's "Eastern Archipelago," vol. i, p. 252.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CEXTEXXIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 273 
 
 ^> 
 
 ages. Tlie weapons of Timor and of the Philippiues are very similar, as 
 miglithave been anticipated. 
 
 The African spears show a great variety. Over the hirge portion of 
 the continent iron is eitlier 
 j)lentil'al or readily accessi- 
 ble by means of the native 
 traders. The nietallnr^ic 
 process is a. direct one iVom 
 tlie ore and tlie prodnct is 
 a steel. \Vei,i;lits, s]ia])es, 
 and sizes of the weapons dif- 
 fer greatly. The Bongos of 
 the l^pper Nile '"''" are skillful rm. wo.-Tridem of Timor. 
 
 blacksmiths and make excellent lances, especially considering the crude 
 
 character of their tools. 
 The spears of the Niam- 
 niams and ]Monbuttoos'" 
 are of a hastate shape, and 
 their weai)ons all have 
 Fic. m.-Trident of the rhiiippines. blood groovcs, which dis- 
 
 tinguishes tliem from the weapons of the Bongo and Mittoo. TheMan- 
 gauji spear ''"■* is sometimes made with 
 a paddle or dibble at the end of the 
 handle, and is weighted with iron rings. 
 The spear of the Kanemboo infantry 
 soldier of Borneo is 7 feet in length, 
 and armed below the head with a num- 
 ber of hook-shaped barbs. The Abys- 
 sinian spear is seven feet long and has 
 four grooved sides. It is nsed either 
 as a pike or a Javelin. The natives 
 have also a way of throwing it at close 
 quarters by letting the shaft pass 
 through the hand and catching the 
 butt-end. The bark of a young tree 
 being removed, the wood is seasoned 
 by fire, greased, then hung in the sun 
 to obtain the desired color. 
 
 The hippopotamus spear of the Zam- 
 besi''" is a beam four or five feet long 
 armed with a spear-head or hard-wood 
 spike covered with poison. The spear 
 
 Spears of Timor. 
 
 is suspended from a forked pole by a cord, which, coming down closo 
 
 '"' Schweiiifiirth's "Africa," vol. i, p. 2b0. 
 '" H)hL, vol. ii, ]). 27. 
 '"" Livingstone's " Zambesi," p. 532. 
 
 "« Livingstone's Zambesi, p. 107; Baker's Ismailia, PI. opp., p. 135. 
 S. Mis. 54 1»
 
 274 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 to the path frequented by the animals, is liehl by a catch and is set 
 free when the animal treads upon it. The Banyai of the Zambesi have 
 a hii)popotamus spear with a wooden shaft, iron head, and weighted with 
 stones ; like the former, it is suspended over the track of the animals. 
 The Fans of the Gaboon have a similar contrivance. The Dor tribe pre- 
 pares a similar spear, but the hunter climbs a tree and drops it upon an 
 elei)hant i)assinj? beneath. The elephant si)ear of Unyoro is similar. 
 
 The hipi)oi)otamus harpoon of the Zambesi'-" has an iron head inserted 
 in the end of a long i)ole of light wood. The head has a stout barb and 
 becomes detached from tlie shaft ; the rope attached to the head unreels 
 from the shaft, and when it has all run out the shaft acts as a lloat to 
 indicate the locality of the animal. An inflated bladder is sometimes 
 used as a float. The rope is made from the bark of the milola, an umbra- 
 geous hibiscus. The Ilamram Arabs use a float of ambatch, an extremely 
 light wood. The Makobahs of Lake l^fgami'®' attach the rope to the 
 head by a large bunch of loose strands, which cannot be cut clean off 
 by the teeth of the animal. A rope of palm leaf is attached to the shaft, 
 and is coiled up in the boat. 
 
 The turtle-spear of the Central American Indians is a heavy palm-wood 
 stafl" with a notched iron peg at the end, and twenty fathoms of silk- 
 grass line attached. 
 
 The assegai, the hurling spear or javelin of the Kafirs, was shown in 
 the Cajje of Good Hope collection. It is a very formidable weapon in 
 
 1-?////^ y/^yy/ yy^y^ ^yyy/^y v>^ ^ A^i,u,wJA\^SAV-SW\WV 
 Pig. 112. — Eajir assef/ais. 
 
 the hands of this athletic and untamed people. The people of " the 
 Cape" say that the Kafirs are the remains of the lost " ten tribes of 
 Israel," and have fought their way all down through Africa. Their asse- 
 gais are made from native iron, have, wooden shafts, and are decorated 
 with tufts of cow hair. The blade has various symmetrical lanceolate 
 shapes. A ridge passes along the center of the blade, which is concave on 
 one side, convex on the other. This sha])e is intended to give rotation to 
 the weapon. The head of the assegai is about the size of the blade of 
 a table-knife, and has a tang which is inserted by burning it while red- 
 hot into a shaft of assegai wood {Curfisia jaffinea), which resembles 
 mahogany. The two parts are secured by lashings of raw hide, which 
 contracts in drying and holds all firmly. The assegai is the main weapon 
 of the Kafir, and with it he kills his cattle, skins them, and cuts them 
 up ; with, it he also carves his clubs, spoons, dishes, pillows, and niilk- 
 
 •'8oLivingstone'.fl Zambesi, p. 44. i»i Wood, vol. i, p. 379.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 275 
 
 pots, and sliave.s liis bead — or rather that of his friend. 
 His other weapon is a cUib ; he does not use the bow and 
 arrow. 
 
 The liechuana a.s',sr///^n.s'"'^ have cruel barbs on tlieir sliafts, 
 being orij^inally for<;ed scpiare and the barbs made by cut- 
 ting- and raising the corners. . The (tfsscffui of the Damaras has 
 
 a broad, Icaf-sliajx'd, soft-iron bhuh'. 
 
 a foot in length j it has a strong han- 
 
 F... U3.-Copper han><>on point, '^^^J ^^ ^hlch is a tlowiug OX-tail. 
 
 ^^"xkn- The speiir of tlie (Jran (Miaco In- 
 
 dian of LaPhita is 1.") feet h)ng; it is his princii>al war weapon, 
 and is also used as a vaulting-i)ole in mounting his horse. The 
 Fuegain thro wing-spear is shorter and has a row of barbs down 
 cue sides 
 The harpoon-point of native copper, with unilateral barbs, is 
 shown in Fig. 113. It is from the Atnacs of Cop- 
 per Kiver, Alaska. The harixjon used l)y tlie Alits 
 of Vancouver's Island in whale-fishing has a yew 
 handle ten feet long, on the end of which is a de- 
 tachable iron barbed blade; it has a line of deer 
 sinews connecting with the main cord of cedar- 
 bark twine laid up into a rope and having a num- 
 ber of inflated seal skins attached. 
 
 The tish-spear of the Frobisher l>ay Eskimo, 
 Fig. 114, has a jwint of iron, and incurved barbs 
 made from sharpened nails set in flexible bone 
 ]trongs, which are lashed to the short pine-wood 
 
 handle. Fig. 115 is the 
 salmon spear of the Pas- 
 sama(]Uod(ly Indians. It 
 has a long stout shaft, 
 wooden prongs, and iron 
 point. 
 
 Norway sent some rel- 
 ics of the past, the hal- 
 berds and lances. Fig. 
 IK). 
 
 Throwing -sticks are 
 used in many i)arts of 
 the \M)rld to increase the 
 power of flight of the 
 s])('ar by extending the 
 radius of the arm in 
 throwiiig. The throw- 
 TiG. 116.— Norwegian haiberd«. stick of the Australians, 
 
 Fig. lU. — Fhh- 
 spear. Fruhinhrr 
 Bay Eskimo. 
 
 "2 Wood, vol. i, p. 314.
 
 276 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 f 
 
 called by tliem ^yummerah^'^^ mkllah, meera, JcuricuJc, is a stick"" about 
 three feet long. The spear lies along the arm and the stick, its rear 
 end being against the prong on the outer end of the 
 latter. The butt of the si)ear has a socket for the 
 tooth ou the end of the stick. This is sometimes a 
 tooth of a kangaroo ; in other cases of bone or of 
 wood. The fonii of the icnmmcrdh varies in differ- 
 ent parts of the island, being sometimes a mere stick 
 Avith a swelled hand-hold at one end 
 and the prong at the other. Other spec- 
 imens show flat boards, leaf-shaped or 
 tapering. Itisof hard and elastic wood, 
 and heavy enough to be used as a club 
 at close quarters. The spear is quiv- 
 ered like the Kafir assegai in throwing, 
 and undulates like a thin black snake 
 in its passage through the air. It is 
 also thrown underhand, skimming and 
 ricocheting on the ground. Figs. 117 
 and 118 are throwing-sticks of South 
 Australia and Victoria, shown in the 
 Main Building. 
 
 Fig. 119 shows the way of using it. 
 The plan reminds one of the Span- 
 ish method of knife-throwing, in which 
 the fore-arm and hand are used as the 
 l^rojector, the knife lying in the hand, 
 which is extended palm upward. 
 
 Although the plan of bending the 
 spears in throwing does not appear to 
 be universal in Australia, it is some- 
 times adopted to increase the force of 
 the projection. The Pelew Islanders 
 use a throwing-stick about two feet 
 long to hold the butt of the spear, which, 
 in throwing, is bent by the left hand 
 until it is nearly double. The spear is 
 released by the left hand simultaneously 
 sticks, South Australia.' ^'\x\x the swccping motion of the right 
 hand and arm. The Purupurus of the Amazon,^**^ unlike all the other 
 tribes of the region, have neither blow^un nor bow, but project their 
 arrows by means of a throwing-stick {palhcta). Like the Australian 
 and American implements it has a projection at the end to hold the 
 
 '^•'' Baekhouses's "Australia," p. 433. 
 
 »^^R. Brough Smith, "Aborigines of Victoria," vol. i, pp. 308, 309, Figs. 88-93, and 
 p. 338, Figs. 146, 147. 
 1S3 Wallace's "Amazon," p. 514. 
 
 Fig. 117. — Spear-throwing 
 
 Fig. l\%.— Throw- 
 ing-stick of Vic- 
 toria, Australia.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 277 
 
 butt of tlie arrow. The middle of the arrow and tlie handle of the i)oJ- 
 hvta arc held in the right hand, and the arrow is projected as ironi a 
 sling. The natives are very skillful with it. 
 
 The throwing-boards used by the Northwestern Eskimo and Indians 
 are shown in Fig. ll'O. 
 They resemble the 
 spear-casters [xuiotln- 
 tU) used by the Aztecs 
 at the time of the Span- 
 ish COiniUest. On the Tia.UQ.—Amtraliaa throwingsUck. 
 
 mural luunumenls of Mexico the gods are generally represented as using 
 the stick to throw the javelin. The Mexican stick most resembles the 
 upper one in Fig. 118. Some other Eskimo throwing-sticks have pro- 
 jections against which the butt of the spear is jdaced; and others (see 
 the lower in the figure) have holes for the tail end of the spear. 
 
 The llomans used the amentum {cf. hahcna), a thong fastened at the 
 center of gravity of the javelin to hurl the weapon. It is mentioned by 
 Livy and Ovid. By giving the thong a few turns around the shaft a ro- 
 tary motion could 
 ^z^^^^^^^^^asss*^ l^g imparted to 
 
 the javelin in 
 throwing. The 
 ansa of the anm- 
 iithafifa Wits a sem- 
 icircular strap- 
 handle to a spear, 
 like the bow on a 
 sword-hilt. The 
 
 Fig. lIQ.—Tlirovnng-hoards of Xorlhwestern Eskimo. acUs Of the anciCUt 
 
 Osci was a massive spear like a harpoon, with an attached line for recov- 
 ering it. 
 
 The natives of New Caledonia have a javelin 15 feet long, which is 
 discharged by a plaited cord {oHnep) atta<;hed a little behind the middle 
 of the spear. This oiinej) (otherwise called aipp), answering to the amen- 
 tum of the ancients, but'superior thereto, is a plaited cord made of com- 
 bined coir fiber and fish-skin ; it has a knot at one end and is worked 
 into a loop at the other. It is wound around the spear-shaft so as to give 
 it a rotary motion in tiying.'"*^ When a spear is to be thrown the forefinger 
 of the right hand is put into the looj), and the man balancing the weapon 
 to find the mi(hlle takes a saihu's half hitch at a i>oint behind the center 
 of gravity. Throwing the si)ear he looses his grasi) at once, projecting 
 the weapon by the cord, which becomes detached as soon as the back- 
 ward pull on it occurs, leaving the cord in the hand of the thrower. 
 The ancient amentum was attached to the spear. 
 
 >f Nilson, "Stouo Ago," p. 174.
 
 Zi 
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 V. — Shields. 
 
 Shields were in force, iu Pliiladelpliia, from Africa, Asia, Malaysia, 
 and Australia. They were of grass, ratan, hide, wood, and other mate- 
 rials. Some were so large as to cover the person 5 others were smaller 
 and intended to be moved to intercept a weapon; others still were long 
 and narrow, used in parrying s])ear-thrusts. 
 
 Beginning with the South of Africa, the first we find is the Znln shield 
 
 in the department of the Cape of Good 
 Hope. It is of ox-hide and of a long ellip- 
 tical shape. The color denotes service. 
 Black shields are for boys; white, with 
 mottlings, for warriors. The prevalence 
 of color or j^eculiar markings denotes the 
 regiment to which the warrior belongs. 
 The shield is strengthened by a vertical 
 stake at the rear, which forms a handle, 
 and projects below and above, where it 
 forms a rest and an ornament, respect- 
 ively. A strii) of black hide is passed iu 
 and out of a double row of slits, one row 
 on each side of the stick, showing on the 
 front of the shield like oblong markings 
 on a white ground. Standing on its end 
 the shield comes uj) to the warrior's eyes, 
 the stick to the crown of his head. The 
 shields are the property of the chief, and 
 are apportioned to the deserving. The 
 shapes of the shields vary among the dif- 
 ferent tribes of what may be called the 
 Fig. i2\.— Zulu shield of ox-hide. Kafir racc. Somc of the shields have de- 
 pressions in the sides as if a piece had been cut out, resembling the 
 ancile or sacred shield of Numa, which was supposed to have fallen 
 from Heaven. In some instances the depressions in the sides are so 
 great as to make them hour-glass shaped. The Basuto Kafirs'*"' have a 
 curious shield, resembling a body with two wings. The Bechuana have 
 a shield smaller than the Zulus and cut from the thickest part of an ox- 
 hide. The Barolongs and Batlapis have a rectangular shield, edged at 
 top and bottom with two rounded wings. 
 
 Passing northward and reaching the latitude of Portuguese occupa- 
 tion, we find the mat shield of Angola, Fig 122, made of a species of 
 grass growing commonly in many parts of Africa. The same style of 
 manufacture is shown almost all along the Western Coast — the baskets 
 and mats of the Gold Coast, for instance. The grass is made into long 
 
 is^Caaalis' "Basutos," pp. G3, 135, 136; Livingstone's "Zambesi," PL opp. p. 40.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 279 
 
 rolls, wliicli are laid spirally, beiiip; interlaced by ratan strips which 
 proceed from the center ladially. The view shows the hack of tlie shield 
 witli the two sticks which form the 
 handle. The shields of Londa-land, 
 in Equatorial Africa, on tlui AVest 
 ( 'oast, are madc^ of reeds jdaited to- 
 gether. Theshai)e isoblonf^-scjuare, 
 5 feet by 2. The Apono shields are 
 circnlar and of basket-work. The 
 shield of the Fans of the Gaboon "*« 
 is a i)iece of hide 3 feet long aud 2i 
 feet wide from the skin of the ele- 
 phant's shimlder. This resists all 
 the native weapons: axes, spears, 
 
 arrows, or even bullets in a glancing ^"^Jififtfflii^^tJ*^ S 
 
 direction. ' *^ 
 
 The Egyptian collection showed ^'"- i=2.-J/a**/.-w of Angola. 
 
 a number of shields from Central Africa, trophies brought nortli by 
 Long Bey from his exi)editiou beyond Khaitoom. Fig. 12.'5 is a leathern 
 conical shield with a handle of the same. It is 2 feet in diameter; alti- 
 tude of cone, () inches. It is made of ox hide and has a strong leathern 
 binding. It is ornamented to represent basket-work. Anotlier shield 
 exhibited was of giraffe hide and 1 foot in diameter. The Roman clipeus 
 was a round buckler of several folds of ox hide covere<l with plates of 
 
 metal and sometimes on a 
 wicker-work foumlation. Fig. 
 123 shows the strap, answering 
 to the Roman halteus, by which 
 the shiiOd was suspended from 
 the shoidder. 
 
 The Dinkas of the Upper 
 Nile"-' use an ox-hidesliieldlike 
 the Kafirs. It is cut in oval 
 foriri and crossed by a stick se- 
 cured by being ])ass('d thiough 
 holes cut in the thick Icatlu'r. 
 
 Allied to the shield is an in- 
 strument used among the 
 Dinkasand Niam-iiiams forpar- 
 rying clubs and lances, rather 
 than actually covering the body. 
 One Dinka instrument looks 
 
 Flfi. 123. — Leathern shield of Uganda, Africa. 
 
 so much like a bow that it has been mistaken for one ; this is called (la)iff. 
 The other is a neatly carved piece of wood abcmt a yard long and with 
 ahollowatthemid-length for the hand-grasp. A similar parrying shield 
 
 »««Wood, vol. i, p. 596. 
 
 '»' Schweinfurth's "Africa," vol. i, p. 155.
 
 280 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 is found in Australia (see infra, Fig, 134). The Niam-niams use a spin- 
 dle shaped wooden implement 4 inches broad iu the middle and tapering 
 to a point at each end. It is carried in the left hand, a handle being 
 scooped out of the center, and is used in parrying lances and spears by 
 means of a dexterous twist. 
 
 The Avooden shield of Uganda is shown in Fig. 124. The wood is 
 soft, ornamented with ratan and bound with leather. It is 2 feet 10 
 inches long, 2 feet wide, and half an inch thick. The wood i)rojects in 
 the center to form a boss ; the handle is of ratan. A basket-work shield 
 from Uganda, also from the Long Bey collection, is shown in Fig. 125. 
 It is made of cane strips sewed together 
 with ratau over ribs of split wood. It is 3 
 feet 8 inches long by 15 inches wide. The 
 edge is bound with raw-hide, and iu the cen- 
 ter is a block 18 by G inches with a handle 
 cut in it. It is tied to the shield with ratau, 
 
 Tig. 125. — Basket wnrk- shield, Uganda, 
 Fig. 124.— Wooden shield, Central Africa. Africa. 
 
 and serves to strengthen the shield as well as afford a hold for the hand. 
 
 The shield of the Niam-niams ^''^ is plaited from the Spanish reed, and 
 is of a long oval form covering two-thirds of the body. It is j)laited in 
 pretty patterns of black and white iu crosses and is lined with leopard 
 skin. Inside of the shield the native carries the irumhaah, a peculiar 
 missile weapon with blades and three jirojecting points. See supra. 
 
 The Monbuttoos who inhabit the territory south of the Kiam-uiams 
 of the extreme Upper ^ile waters have a wooden shield of rectangular 
 
 '*• Schweinfurth's "Africa," vol. i, p. 441; vol. ii, pp. 9-11.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTEXXIAL EXHIBITION. 281 
 
 shape, somewhat like, but Hatter than, the Roman scutntn,^^^ The shield 
 is 4 feet by 2i feet, half an inc^h thick, and is hewn out of tlie solid block. 
 It has a ridge-likc i)rotubei"ance across the middle and is stitlcned and 
 ornamented with transvers*' j dates of cop- 
 ])er and rotang twist. The shields are usu- 
 ally decorated with tails of the jjninea hog 
 {I'otfnnachivrus), and arc invariably stained 
 black. 
 
 The shield of the Kanend)oo negroes in 
 the army of the SultMu of IJorneo is about 
 4 by 2 feet and of an oval shape. It is of an 
 extremely light wood, which grows in the 
 shallow waters of Lake Tchad. The jiieces 
 of which it is made are bound together with 
 strips of raw-hide with the hair on. These 
 strajjs make a vandyked pattern across the 
 shield and around its edge. The Arab shield 
 of Zanzibar '^^ is round, 18 inches in diame- 
 ter, made of rhinoceros hide, and worn at 
 the back from the left shoulder. Tlie Abys- 
 sinian shield is made of buffalo hide, and 
 its convex outer surface has a boss in the rio. i26.—2Tonbuftoo wnoden shield, 
 
 . , ■• . , , Ventral Africa. 
 
 center. It is ornamented with the mane, 
 
 tail, and paw of a lion, if the owner has been so fortunate as to kill one ; 
 others have silver or brass plates. Around the shield are holes, thi'ough 
 which passes the thong by which it is susjK'nded. It is changed so as 
 to hang by a difCerent hole each day, in order that it may not become 
 warped. The Nubian shield is made of hippopotamus or crocodile skin, 
 and has a central projecting boss formed of a separate piece of skin. It 
 is stretched on a wooden frame-work. The notches in its jterimeter are 
 a fashion, probably the remaining impression of some aiKdent shape. 
 
 The shields of ancient Asia Minor and Assyria and the modern shields 
 of India show the various shapes and materials which Ave have cited. 
 The large shield of the Assyrians, used at sieges, was of wicker-work or 
 hide; it had a curved point or a projection like a roof. It was held by 
 a shield bearer."'' The oblong standing shield was referred to by Herodo- 
 tus, who said '^^" the I'ersians made a fence of their osier shields." 
 The Assyrians had also circular bucklers of hide or metal. The oval co]»per 
 shield found by Dr. Schliemann in the excavations at Ilissarlik, '"■*•' 2S feet 
 below the surface, is 20 inches in length, (juit(> liat, except a raised rim and 
 boss. Herodotus says'** that the Carians invented the han<lleofthe 
 shield, previous to which time it had been strung by a strap from the 
 
 ""Smith's Diet., Gr. & Rom. Aiitiq., London, 1875, p. 1013. 
 
 '^- Ruschenbcrger's "Voyagl^ liouiid the World," p. 'M. 
 
 '3^ Iliad, h. viii, /. 319, 327; 1 Samuel, xvii, 7 ; Layard's Ninoveh, Pis. vii, viii. 
 
 »'M Herodotus, 1. 9, o. 61. 
 
 '"'' Sehliemann's *'Troy and its Remains,'' PI. xiv, opp. p. 324. 
 
 '*/. i, c. 171.
 
 282 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 neck. 
 
 The bucklers used during the Trojan war liad wooden handles.'^ 
 One circular shield shown from India was of rhi- 
 noceros hide, 18 inches in diameter, and orna- 
 mented with circular ])l:ites of 
 iron. The round buckler of 
 the Kurds'"* and Arabs are 
 made of the hideof the hippo- 
 l^otanius. The Lepeha'''' (Sik- 
 kim) shield is of cane with a 
 tuft of yak hair in the mid- 
 dle. The ancient Singhalese-"" 
 shit Ids were sometimes cov- 
 ered with plates of the cliank 
 shell {Turbinclla rapa). This 
 is yet used as an ornament in 
 some parts of Malaysia. It is 
 a spiral shell,-"' the fishing for 
 which is a monojioly on the 
 Chinese coast, and is rented 
 like the i)earl fishery. The 
 great market for the shells is in 
 India, where they are sawed 
 into rings, and worn by the In- 
 FiG. 127.— TTnnden shield o/ diau woujeu ou their arms, Icgs, 
 ""^*' toes, and fingers. In Bengal 
 
 the shell has a ceremonial use, and is buried with opulent and distin- 
 guished i)ersons. 
 
 The Malaysian shields^"^ are 
 usually- of wood. Two were 
 shown in the Netherlands col- 
 onies collection. Fig. 127 is 
 strengthened against splitting 
 by transverse strips of bamboo 
 sewed on with ratan. The wood 
 is half an inch thick, the shield 
 4 feet long and IS inches wide. 
 Theothershield, Fig. 128, is also 
 of wood, and belongs to the 
 Dyaks of Borueo.^"^ The shape 
 is somewhat peculiar, being nar- 
 rowed in the middle and pointed 
 
 Fig. 129.— Leathern shield, Philippine Islands. aboVC and bclOW. lu tllC exam- 
 
 ple, the wood has bindings of ratan and tufts of human hair set in the 
 
 Fig. 128. — Wooden shield, 
 jDi/aks of Borneo. 
 
 'w Iliad, viii, 193. 
 I'w " Jsiiieveli," vol. ii, p. 2(J6. 
 '^''Hooker's "Himalaya," vol. i, p. 304. 
 ^o" Tenutut's "Ceylon/' vol. i, p. 500. 
 
 2"i Bertolacci's "Ceylon," '261. 
 
 20-! Eaffle's "Java," 4to, i, PI. opp. p. 276. 
 
 2onVood, vol. ii, pp. 475-76.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXTIIHITION. 283 
 
 edftes. It is 4 feet loii<;-, 10 iiiclu's at tlic, widest and iiidios at the 
 mi(lk'iij;tli. Other shields have beads and leatlieis, either separately or 
 with the tufts of hair. Tlie i)hiiii 
 Mooch'ii surfaces are: sometimes 
 painted with geometric li<;ures. 
 
 Therhilii>i)ine Ishmds collection 
 Inul a nund)er of sliields — one of 
 hide and a number of wood. l''i;4-. 
 ILM) is a buckler of hide i)ainteil 
 with geometric figures. Figs. 130 
 and liU are four wooden shields 
 of the ]'hilipi>ines. They are from 
 3 to 5 feet long and from 10 to 12 
 inches broad. They raay also be 
 classed among the parrying wea- 
 l)ons, being evidently intended to 
 ghince aft" arrows or spear thrusts. 
 The shield {htl((s<([i) of the Ygor- 
 rotes of the rhili]>pines is of wood 
 covered on the edge with ratan, 
 and is 10 inches in circumference.''"* 
 The shield of the IVIalakus-"-' of the 
 Eastern Archipelago is narrow, of 
 hard wood, bent to an arc shape, 
 inlaid with bits of shell, and i)ro- 
 vided with a single handle placed 
 in the center. The warriors of the 
 Solomon Islands use clubs, spears, 
 bows and arrows. Their oval ^'<'- i3o.— iroodcn shields, Philippines. 
 
 shields are of rushes so thickly jdalted as to resist arrows. 
 
 The Siamesj'. shield, Fig. 132, is indebted for its lightness, stifl'ness, 
 and strength to the bamboo. It is 5 feet in height, 20 inches in width, 
 and has two thicknesses of i»laited bamboo siilit;--, inclosing a layer of 
 plantain or band)oo leaves. 
 
 The Chinese shield (Fig, 133) is made of ratan cane, coiled from the 
 center outward, and interhuied with ratan splits jn'oceeding in a general 
 radial direction. The diameter is 32 inches, the height of the cone 8 
 inches. It has a cross bar lashed by ratan si)lits and an arm-loop and 
 hand-grasp similarly attached. 
 
 The Australian shields are of three general descriptions : The toicerang, 
 or miihjd (Fig. 134), which is light, long, and narrow, used for warding 
 off the blows of si)ears and boomerangs by a circular twist which de- 
 tlectsthem from their course ; the heilamon {gee-am) or oval shield, which 
 covers the i)erson more or less perfectly and receives the impact of the 
 
 "o^Jasar, " Philippines," p. 210. 
 
 ^'•'^Bdclicr's "Easteru Archipelago," vol. il, p. 37G.
 
 284 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 •weapon ; and a smaller shield held like a cricket-bat in the hand by a 
 handle at the end. On this island continent are various tribes, with 
 
 varying dialects, and the 
 names of the shields are not 
 the same in all districts. The 
 names mnJga and geemn are 
 those given by R. Brough 
 Smith.''"'' 
 
 The toWerang {mulf/a) or par- 
 rying shield was shown in the 
 Victoria section of the Aus- 
 tralian department. It is 2^ 
 or 3 feet long and used for 
 fencing off the blows, of mis- 
 siles by striking them in flight. 
 
 Fig. 1^2.— Basket-work shield of 
 ti'ianx. 
 
 riG.131. — VToodcn sJiiclds of the rhilipjiincs. 
 
 It is made from the blue-gum tree, which is relatively hard and heavy, 
 enabling it Avlien it strikes a flying weapon to swerve it from its flight 
 without too great a strain on the wrist. The hand-hold is cut out of the 
 solid back of tlie shield, or, when the material is thin, the ends of the 
 handle piece are driven through the front of the shield and secured. 
 
 The size given by R. Brough Smith is 35 by 5 inches, and he states 
 that they are usually made of iron-wood or the box-wood of the colony. 
 
 206 Aborigines of Victoria, Melbourne, 1878, pp. 330-334.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 285 
 
 Fii;. 133. — Chinese shield of basket-work. (Itiside.) 
 
 All have liaiid-liolds, made out of tlic solid, and tlir wci^dit is from 2i to 
 3.i pounds. A variety of sizes and some variation ol jtat terns are shown 
 
 in Fi<rs. 113-121) 
 
 of his work.'"' 
 The hcilamon 
 
 {gec-am), or war 
 
 shield, usedhythc 
 
 aborij;inesof New 
 
 Soutlta Wales, is 
 
 2 feet long, 10 
 
 inches broad, and 
 
 usually made from 
 
 a solid block of 
 
 wood, though 
 
 sometimes from 
 
 bark. The de- 
 pression and 
 
 hand -grasp are 
 '^^!><^\ carved out of the 
 
 wood. That shown in Fig. 135 is made from the wood of 
 
 the gigantic nettle-tree. In otlier i^arts of Australia the 
 
 bark of some one of the numerous 
 
 species of gum is bent to form by 
 '^/ tlie ap])lication of heat, and a han- 
 dle or arm bow is laslied on. The 
 
 shape is usually a long oval, but 
 
 some are of a diamond shai)e. The 
 
 bark shield is called nvilahakkn. 
 
 The Murray liiver blacks make 
 
 canoes, by means of this bending 
 
 process, from the bark of the tea- 
 tree {indaleuca, i. e., black and 
 
 white), and from various species 
 
 of eucalypti. 
 
 In the work just referred to,*"- the 
 
 larger shield^ for general protec- 
 tion, isspoken of as generally made 
 
 of green bark, whicli is curved by 
 ^'ang'^rpaVrVing laying it upou au earthen mound 
 shield of Austra. ^^ ^^^^ required shape, covered 
 
 with hot embers ; the bark is laid there<m an<l 
 weighted with stones. It has a hand grasp of 
 the original wood, or one is inserted. The size 
 is 38 by 10 inches. 
 
 The Victoria section of the Australian dei)artment showed shields of 
 
 «" Aborigines of Victoria, Melbourne, 1878, pi 300 et aeq. 
 ^Ibid., p. -3^2, Figs. 131-139, 
 
 FlO. 135. — JTeilamon or war- 
 shield of yew South Wales.
 
 286 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 the tliird kind (Fig. 130), each having a handle, so that it looked like 
 a bat. Such a shield is 24 by 10 inches, and is made by shrinking bark 
 into a curved shape by water and heat and stiffening it with a cross 
 stick. 
 The wooden shield of Western Australia is shown in Smith's work.'^"^ 
 
 The shield of the North American In- 
 dian is made of buffalo hide. In making 
 it, a piece of bull-buffalo skin is selected, 
 twice as large as tire shield required. A 
 hole is dug in the ground, as large as the 
 future shield, and a snuulge of smoke of 
 rotten wood is made under the skin, which 
 is pegged above. As the skin is heated, a 
 glue made of the horns and hoofs is rubbed 
 in hot, which causes the skin to contract, 
 and the pegs are regularly loosened to al- 
 low it to shrink, at the same time keeping 
 it stretched. When it has imbibed the 
 necessary quantity of glue, and has 
 reached the dimensions of the hole, being 
 twice as thick as in its natural condition, 
 it is ready for the trimming and dressing 
 which complete it as a shield 
 
 The Uaupe Indians of the Amazon^'" 
 use shields of wicker-work, sometimes 
 covered with tapir skin. Sometimes the 
 hide of the \mca marina or sea cow is used 
 by the Amazon Indians for making shields; it is the largest animal ac- 
 cessible, and its skin fills the place occupied by the rhinoceros, hippo- 
 potamus, and elephant hide in the torrid regions of Africa. 
 
 VI. — Bows AND ARROWS. 
 
 The use of poison upon arrows by savages is very ancient, and is yet 
 found in many distant parts of the world. The very name for " poison" 
 in Greek {toxicon) — and the Latin is similar — is derived from the word 
 equivalent to " arrow." Commencing our notice of bows and arrows with 
 South Africa, the first example we find is the poisoned arrow of the 
 hosjesmaji, or bushman.^'^ 
 
 "But black as deatli, the thin-forged, bitter point, 
 That with the worm's blood fate did erst anoint." 
 
 Death of Paris. (Earthly Paradise.) 
 
 This arrow is in several pieces; the head is a triangidar iron plate 
 inserted into the end of a short section of reed, which slips over a piece 
 
 205 Aborigines of Victoria, Melbourne, 1878, p. 339, Fig. 148. 
 2inVallace's "Amazon," p. 504. 
 
 21'Casalis' Basutos, xiv; Livingstone's Travels, p. 189; Baine's South Africa, pp. 
 144, 15", 164. 
 
 Fig. 126.— Wooden shi'lds of Victoria, Aus 
 tralia.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 287 
 
 Flo. 137.— 7ron nrrow-heads of Angola, Africa. 
 
 of ostrich-boiio socket in the reed-slnift of tlie arrow. In some eases the 
 weapon consists of as many as five parts; a piece of ivory on the end of 
 tlio section of reed and lioMinj? the iron ])<)int, wiiicli is (huibed with 
 ])oison. In each case the j^lutinons jjoison holds the iron tip, and the 
 hitter comes off in the wound. The poison is either from the i)ntrilied 
 cocoons of an insect, the ''kaa or n//?m, of Li\nnf;stone, fiom the i)oisoii 
 fjland of the pnf[-a«hh'i-, or from tlie I-JiipJiorhia (irhorrscrnN. The arrows 
 are carried in a neat (juiver of bark sewed with sinew. The bow and 
 quiver are slipped 
 into a sinall buck- 
 skin, the neck of 
 wliicli is tijj;htly 
 bound round the 
 bottom of the 
 quiver, while the 
 lepfs serve as belts 
 to swin^ it over 
 the shoulders. The 
 quiver also contains 
 the fire-.stick and 
 suckin<;-tube of the 
 bushman. 
 
 The Kafir does not use the bow and arrow, althoujjh he suffers from 
 the poisoned arrows of the bosjesman and fears their etfects. The Kafir 
 weai)ons are the assegai and kerrie; that is, javelin and club. 
 
 The Angola arrows, Fig. 137, have heads of steel on reed-shafts. The 
 metal is obtained of very good (piality by native methods. Their spear 
 and javelin heads for thrusting and throwing are likewise tipped with 
 steel. The arrow-heads shown in Fig. 137 are bound to the shafts with 
 raw hide, grass, or ratan. The arrow-head {a) is like one form of the 
 bosjcNman arrow, in which the base of the triangular steel piece is in ad- 
 vance. 
 
 The poisoned arrows of the Zambesi"'- and Mozambique countries are 
 made in two pieces, after the same general plan of those of tl»e bushman 
 of the south. The iron barb is fastened to a wand of wood 10 inches 
 long, which slips into a reed shaft. The wood below the arrow-head is 
 smeared with the i)oison, and both the barb and the stick remain in the 
 wound while the reed drops off. The poison is obtained from a species 
 of sfrophanthus. The bow of the Zambesi Maravi^''' is intended to act as a 
 shield as well, being from (J to.Sinchesbroad,andusediui)aiTyingtlirusts. 
 
 A Central African quiver brought by Long Hey is shown in Fig. 138. 
 Like that of the (lold Coast it is of wood bound with leather, and has 
 tassels of the same. A sheathed knife is attached to the (piiver. The 
 Niamniams,'"* on the extreme upper waters of the Nile, do not use the 
 bow and irrow. The Monbuttoo,^"' immediately south of them, on the 
 
 ""Livinjrstonc's "Zambesi," pp. 109, 491. ^'^Scliwcinfurth's "Africa," vol. ii, p. 9. 
 «'3 Ibid., p. 583. «'■■/?)((/., vol. ii, pp. UK], 111.
 
 288 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Welle River, have both. The shafts of the Monbuttoo arrows are of 
 reeds, and diller from all others of that vicinity in being winged with 
 pieces of genet's skin or plantain leaves. The bows are over 3 feet 
 long, and the strings made of a strip of the si)lit Spanish reed, which 
 possesses more elasticity than any cord. A hollow piece of wood on the 
 bow protects the thumb from the blow of the string. The arrow is dis- 
 charged from between the middle fingers. The Dinkas^"^ of the Upper 
 Kile have no bow and arrow; their weapons are lances and clubs. The 
 Bongf)s-'' use the lance, bow, and arrow. Their bows are 4 feet long, 
 the arrows 3 feet, made of solid wood, and anointed with the mill<y juice 
 of euiihorbia. The Madi and Bari^"* tribes of Central Africa also use 
 
 Fig. 138. — Quiocr of Uganda, Africa. 
 
 poisoned arrows; so do the Ashantees, Fans, and Aponos of the West. 
 
 The modes of handling the bow in Africa are various, and have always 
 been so. In ancient Egypt^'** several modes were adopted even by the 
 trained troops. The mural monuments show a bowman with three sup- 
 plementary arrows held by the thumb, the string being pulled to the 
 shoulder by the fingers. An arrow being discharged another one is 
 jerked up, and three are kept in the air at a time. Another figure shows 
 a soldier drawing a longer bow, having a larger arrow, and pulling with 
 the thumb and finger. 
 
 The Assyrians drew the bow to the cheek or to the ear, as did the 
 Saxons — not to the breast like the Greeks. The larger Assyrian bow 
 was carried over the shoulder, the man first putting his head through 
 
 *'"Schwcinfnrth's "Africa," vol. i, j). 154. 
 ^"Ibid., vol. ii, p. 300. 
 
 ■•''"Baker's "Isinailia," i)l. opp. p. 135. 
 *i9 Wilkinson; Kitto, vol. i, p. 452.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 289 
 
 it. The smaller bow was carried in a quiver by tlie 
 side of the chariot alon<:; with the arrows, which were 
 reeds with heads of iron or copper. A linen guard 
 was strappc<l to the inside of the left arm to protect 
 the arm against the blows of the string. 
 
 The bow and arrow of Queensland, Australia, are 
 shown in Fig. 130. The bow is feet long and made 
 of the male bamboo, wliicli is solid. The string is a 
 stri]) of ratan, which is beaten to remove the liinty coat- 
 ing and reduce it to a bunch of libers, which is slightly 
 twisted. The arrow is of reed, from 3 to .") feet loug, 
 has no nick for the string, nor feathers for the butt. 
 The arrow-head is of hard wood, smooth, kuoI)l)ed, or 
 barbed. As the l)Ow and arrow are used only in the 
 northerly part of Australia,"" around the Gulf of Car- 
 pentaria and in Queensland, it may reasonably be as- 
 sumed that they are of foreign origin, and the knowl- 
 edge of them imported from Papua. 
 
 The Xcw Guinean-^' arrow is a reed tipjx'd with 
 hard, heavy wood, grooved to receive a tai)ered slice 
 of bamboo with a point made by an oblique cut. The 
 arrow is poisoned. The bow is feet in length, made 
 from the cocoa-nut tree, and has a string of ratan. 
 The arrows- of the Solomon Islanders arc tii)ped with 
 lish-boues; those of the Admiralty Islands arc of reed 
 with hard- wood heads secured by ligatures of bark. 
 The Tonga Island arrows are of reed and hard wood? 
 the junction of the two being covered wiih plaited 
 sinnet and varnished. The Andaman Islanders^" use 
 a bow of tough, strong wood 5 or G feet in length, and 
 having two tiat bulges, one on each side of the central 
 hand-hold. The arrows are of ratan with a hard-wood 
 head and a barb made of a fish-bone, the tail-bone of 
 the sting-ray, or a nail when one can be i)rocured. The 
 point of the arrow is sometinies poisoned. 
 
 The bow of the Philipi)iiie Islands is a slab off the 
 side of a large bamboo, or it is sometimes made of 
 caryota wood; the string of abacj'i, 3""" in diameter.-'^^ 
 
 Other arrows (pana) have shafts {gaho) of caryota 
 wood and points {hncM) of bamboo, or sometimes the 
 whole arrow is of wood 1"' to 1.8"' in length. The heads 
 are hastate, barbed, three-pointed, or carved spirally. 
 
 *»Woo(l, vol. ii, p. 46, 
 M' Ibid., vol. ii, p. 225. 
 «2Mouat'8 "And.-iinan," pp. 271, 321. 
 
 »" Jagor's "Travels iu the Philippines," London, 1^75, pp. C57, 
 138, 210. 
 
 S. Mis. 54 19
 
 290 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 They have dittereiit iiaines: hnloij, hold, scnqwng, &c. They are some- 
 times (lipped ill a poisouous mixture looking like tar, and made from the 
 mixed inspissated juices obtained from the bark of two trees. The quiver 
 is of bamboo; the arrow is frecpiently a cane with a tip of hard wood 
 (sharpened), bamboo, bone, or metal. The arrows exhibited in the 
 Spanish Building are shown in Fig. 140. 
 The bow, club, and sling are not found among the i)rimitive Dyaks or 
 
 any other aborigines of Malayo-Poly- 
 iiesia, except the Bisayan race.^^^ The 
 Sagais of Borneo use the sumpitan^-^ 
 for propelling poisoned arrows by 
 means of the force of the breath. The 
 natives called a rocket a "fire sumpi- 
 tan." The blow-gun, which is similar 
 to the zarabatana of the Macooshees^^^ 
 of South America, is a tube of hard 
 wood {Casuarina equisetifolia), 7 or 8 
 feet long, and with a bore of half an 
 Inch. An iron muzzle-sight is fixed 
 upon the upper side and a spear upon 
 the lower, the latter serving to keep 
 the tube straight, its projecting blade 
 also serving as a weapon. The arrow, 
 
 Fig. UO.-Iron r.rroicheads of the Philippines, sumpit^ is 9 iuchcS in length, formed 
 
 of a leaflet rib of the nihon palm. The point of hard wood is smeared 
 with the deadly poison of the Upas tree, and has brittle barbs or the 
 tail-bone of the sting-ray, which breaks off in the wound. The arrow 
 is run through a cone of the pith of the nihon wood, which fits the bore 
 and prevents windage. The range is variously stated at from 40 to 150 
 yards — from 40 to 80 yards is the more probable statement. 
 
 The common bow of India is made from the male bamboo, bound at 
 intervals with belts of split ratan. Another form is made of horn and 
 wood. The hand-hold and the ends are wood and the two intervening 
 pieces are of a buffalo horn which is sawed lengthwise, flattened by heat 
 and pressure, and fastened by long splice joints to the middle and end 
 ineces. It is like the arcus patnlus of the Komans. Sinews are laid 
 along the back of the bow and so agglutinated by heat, moisture, and 
 pressure that they appear to form one piece with the body of the bow. 
 Tlie whole is then anointed with glue and ornamented according to taste. 
 The horn jiortions are principally involved in the flexure, and when the 
 bow is unbent it recurves and assumes the shape of the letter "C," the 
 back being inward like the arcus sinuosus of the classic period. The 
 bow string is of vegetable fiber. The arrow is of reed with a hard- wood 
 
 22< Belcher's "Eastern Archipelago, " vol. ii, p. 338. 
 
 2-5 Boyle's "Dyaks of Borneo," pp. 251, 252; Raffles' "Java," 4to, vol. i, p. 296, aud 
 Fl.; Belcher's "Eastern Archipelago," vol. i, p. 227; vol. ii, pp. 133, 134. 
 22tiWood, vol. i, p. 583.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 201 
 
 point and butt, the former receivin*? a quad- 
 ran<;ulai'st(M'l piece, and the latter the featliers 
 and the notch for tlie strinj;. Another Indian 
 arrow lias a wood«'n shaft with barbed head 
 laslied to the shaft with twine, and "feath- 
 ered," so to speak, with dry leaves set in slits 
 in the butt of the arrow. 
 
 The maritime peoi)le of Ceylon are largely 
 from the Malabar coast of India and are dis 
 tinct both fiom the Sin^^iialese, the i)rincipal 
 nation of the island, and from the Veddahs, 
 the wild aborigines who still inhabit the less 
 accessible forests. The .Singhalese chronicles 
 record that the Malabar arrows were some- 
 times "drenched with the poison of serpents.""'' 
 
 The Veddahs ^-^ are exi)ert with the bow, 
 which they hold in the right hand and draw 
 the string with the left. The bow is C feet 3 
 long, and the arrow 3 feet.^-" Iron arrow ^ 
 blades'''*' are the only articles of foreign man- r^ 
 nfacture which they covet. Another Veddah o 
 bow is sprung by the feet,-'' the string being I' 
 held by both hands, the archer lying upon his ^ 
 back. This unusual mode is mentioned by Ar- §, 
 rian,''-'^ and is practiced by the Cahaclos QiV>ra- t 
 zil -'^ and the Gran Chacos of La Plata. ^ 
 
 The Tartars and Chinese use a bow which 
 assumes a recurved form when unstrung. The 
 exanjple shown in Fig. 141 was upon theefligy 
 of aChinese soldier in the^Iiiieral Annex to the 
 Main Building. It is nearly G feet in length 
 and a few inches from each end is a bone stud 
 over which the string passes. The bow is 
 bent by placing it behind the right thigh and 
 in front of the left, then bending it by a sud- 
 den stoop of the body throwing the force on 
 the right leg, and, by a (piick motion, catching 
 the string over the end of the bow and into the 
 notch. The body of the bow is a bent bamboo 
 strip of the solid variety, and to its ends 
 wooden pieces are lashed with sinews. It has 
 a cord string. The shape is exactly that of the 
 Scythian bow {(ircu,s M-ylhicus) as shown on 
 
 «'Tenuent's "Ceylon," vol. i, p. 500. 
 ^''Kuox, "Ceylon," 61. 
 *-'^H. S., "Ceylon," London, 1876, vol. i. 
 «*> Forbes' "Ceylon," vol. ii, p. 78. 
 
 »' Teunont'8 " Ceylon," vol. i, p. 499. 
 
 "'Indira. 1. xvi. 
 
 "» Fletcher & Kidder's "Brazil," p. 553.
 
 292 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 /i 
 
 classic vases and gems. The Japanese bows and arrows are shown in 
 
 Siebold's <.'re!it work.^^* 
 The bow of the North American Indian is sehlom much over 4 feet 
 lonf>- and is always used on horseback ; his aim is not 
 remarkable for accuracy, but he discharges the arrows 
 with groat force and rapidity. The bow is made of wood, 
 bone, or iron. An ash bow with the sinews of the buf- 
 falo or deer worked into the back is no contemptible 
 weapon either to draw or to face. The bow, Fig. 142, 
 like tlie Roman arctis paUdns, is made of several horns 
 spliced together. In the present case, the 
 horns are those of the mountain sheep. Oris 
 Montana. They are made by heating the 
 horns in hot ashes and drawing them out, 
 then splicing pieces together with bands of 
 deer sinew. The joints are hidden by orna- 
 mental coverings of cloth, skin, or dj^ed por- 
 cupine quills. Such bows are valued at the 
 price of two horses, as the horns of which 
 they are made must be obtained by barter 
 with Eocky Mountain Indians. The arrow 
 is of wood or reed and headed with flint, bone, 
 or iron. Indian arrow-heads are the most 
 common article in the American sections of 
 ethnological museums, and show wide differ- 
 ence in shape, material, and size. The exam- 
 jde, Fig. 143, has a point of chipped chalced- 
 ony. Fig. 144 also shows chipped flint 
 arrow-heads of the Pai-Utes of Southern 
 Utah. They are cemented and bound to the 
 wooden shafts. 
 
 The Indians of the California peninsula 
 make bows of willow-root, and attach strings 
 of intestines. Their arrows are of reed with 
 triangular hard-wood heads.-^'* Flint arrow- 
 heads of Terra del Fuego, and of the stone 
 age of Sweden, are shown and described in i 
 Nilson,^^® and those of the dwellers on the * 
 
 dianhowof mount- 'pW^ villagcs of tlic Swis.* lakcs, in Desor's ^'''- ^"^^ 
 
 ain sheep's horns. i oq7 -r» • . i r, n 
 
 work.-^' J3one arrow points and bows of yew 
 are also found in the same localities.^*'' 
 
 2^«"Xippou," vi, PI. 1, bis; vii, PL 19, Figs. 1, 1, a, '2; vv, PI. 22; see also Ibid, ii, 
 PI. 5, for bovr3 and arrows in great variety. Also upper row iu PI. 15 and 21, vol. ii. 
 23S Baegart, in Snuthsonian Report., 18G3, pp! 362, 3. 
 2^"' Stone age, Plate v, and pages i, 43-5. 
 *'" Translation in Smithsonian Report, 1865, p. .374, .356. 
 *^^ Morlot. Traualaticn in Smithsonian Report, 1862, p. 376. 
 
 Sioux 
 stone-pointed 
 arroto, Dakota.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 293 
 
 (^^^^^ 
 
 Fic. U4.— Chipped fliiU an 
 headii, Utah. 
 
 The Oregon Indians make their bows of cypress, Cuprcssus Lawsoniana, 
 or of yew, Taxus hrevifoJiu. The woixl is strciijjjtlu'ncd on tlu' back 
 with sinew, in the manner so comiiKni throughout tlic Xortliwest The 
 string is of sinew and the arrow of reed pointed with obsidian. The 
 arrow-head is ehippcd to ioriii by a tool siini- 
 hir to that by which the ^hi/.ier nibbh*s liis 
 ghiss to shajie. The feathers of the arrow are 
 set on si)irally. Poison for the arrow-heads is 
 made by causing a ratth'snake to strike its 
 fangs into liver, which is tlien allowed to pu- 
 trify and the arrows are smeared therewith. 
 Tlie bow of the Ahts of Vamtouver's Island ^^' 
 is also of wood fortified with sinews. The arrow is large and has a 
 barbed bone lip ; the arrow for fish has two tips barbed on the inside 
 like the Australian fishing-siu'ar, and clasps any object it may come 
 across. The feathering of tlie arrow is put on spirally. The Ahts have 
 also an arrow with a detachable barbed bone point, connected by two 
 cords with the shaft, with which they form an equilateral triangle ; the 
 shaft impedes the seal in its motions and acts as a float. The same fea- 
 ture is common in Eskimo harpoons. 
 
 The bow of the Kutchin tribes of the IVLackenzie and Youcon Kivers 
 are of willow, 5 feet long and with an enlargement at the grasp to pro- 
 tect the hand against the snap of the string. The arrows are of i»ine; 
 arrow-head of bone of wild-fowl, or of bone tipped with iron for moose 
 or deer,"" 
 
 The bow of the Greenland Eskimo is made of horn, bone, or wood, 
 re-enforced on the outer side with a multitude of deer sinews, which are 
 put on so tight as to give the bow some backward curvature. Its aver- 
 age length is 3}t feet. The bow string is twisted deer sinews. The 
 Eskimo arrows are of wood tii)ped with bone or stone; or in some cases 
 of wood and bone tipped with iron. Bow and arrows arc in a quiver 
 
 of seal-skiu. Fig. 14") sliows three arrow- 
 heads in the Greenland division of the Dan- 
 ish department ; the left-hand is of bone 
 and the others of stone. Tlie Eskimo uses 
 a wrist-guard of bone plates tied together 
 and fastened by a button and loop ; it re- 
 ceives the blow of the Viow-string. 
 
 In tlie warmer regions of America, like 
 the countries to which Ave have referred, 
 the jioisoned arrow is no new thing. Her- 
 Fiu. Wj.—Egkimo arrows, Greenland, i.^.j..,^ fj,,. Spanish ad Venturer, died from the 
 efltects of a poisoned arrow. I)e Soto's historians"' mention arrows 
 barbed with flint, arrows without barbs, arrows of reed tipped with 
 
 *** Wood, vol. ii, p. 725. 
 
 ^ Stnithsonian Report, 1866, p. '.yi2. 
 
 «••• Irving, op. cit.. pp. IIU, VJo, 225.
 
 294 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 lozenge-shaped buck's-horu plates, and arrows tipped with fish-bones, 
 with palm spikes, and with hard wood. 
 
 The zarabatanar*' or blow-guu of the Guiana tribes is made in two 
 pieces, each of which has a semi cylindrical groove, so that the two form 
 a perfect tube when bound together with spiral strijjs of the pliable 
 iacitara wood. The outside is covered with wax and resin. A trumpet- 
 shaped mouth-piece directs tlie wind from the mouth and lungs into the 
 tube when the lips are suddenly opened ; the puff seems to be directly 
 from the chest. The blow-gun is 12 feet long and quite heavy. A 
 lighter gun, pucuna, of the same region, is made of a ten or fifteen feet 
 section of a reed {Arundinaria Schomhergii), which grows in a limited 
 region on the Upper Orinoco, and has a length of over 12 feet between 
 the joints of its lower portion. This reed forms the ourah or barrel and 
 is slipped into a stick of palm {Ireartia setUjera) from which the pith 
 has been pushed out. The mouth-piece end is bound with silk grass 
 and the other end fortified with the half of an acuero nut, which also 
 forms the muzzle sight. The breech sight is made of two incisor teeth 
 of a cavy, which are secured with wax to the tube, the depression be- 
 tween the teeth being the valley sight. The gun is held in the left 
 hand, the elbow of that arm resting on the hip. The right hand grasps 
 the tube near the mouth piece, and the gun is raised by bending the 
 body. It weighs about a pound and a half — but a fraction of the 
 weight of the zarabatana. The arrow is made of the leaf rib of the 
 coticourite palm. It is 10 inches in length, about the size of a crow- 
 quill, is pointed by means of a fish-tooth scraper, and is fitted to the 
 bore with a pledget of wild cotton {Bomhax cciba). The arrows 
 depend, like the sumpits of the Dyaks, upon their sharp poisoned tips. 
 The i)oison is obtained from the wourali vine {Strychnos toxifera) and 
 a bitter root, the hyarri, to which are added poisonous ants, poison 
 fangs of snakes, and other things to give efi^'ect to the stufi", or to con- 
 ceal the real ingredients, as the composition is a secret in the hands of 
 the conjuror. The poison has an instantaneous numbing effect, the vic- 
 tim seeming void of pain or fear, dropping immediately, and dying in a 
 short time without a struggle. The arrows are kept in a "quiver" or in 
 a "roll," and each is cut deeply near the head, so that the i)oisoned por- 
 tion may break off in the wound. The range is from 50 to 100 yards. 
 A modification of the arrow is one in \7hich, instead of the cotton, a piece 
 of bark is placed spirally on the stem of the arrow, terminating in a 
 hollow cone, which fills the bore when the cone is expanded by the wind ; 
 a singular anticipation of the hollow-base Minie bullet, which is ex- 
 panded into the grooves of the rifle by the evolution of gases due to the 
 explosion of the powder. A piece or two of bark, laid spirally on the 
 arrow-shaft, feather the arrow, and make it revolve in flying. This is 
 equivalent to the rifling of a gun. This arrow is tipped with a small 
 piece of iron. 
 
 !"* Wood, vol. ii, p. 583.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 295 
 
 For war or for killing the tapir or jaguar, an arrow G feet long is 
 made of a reed, having for a head a hard-wood spike, an iron point, or 
 the tail bone of the stingray. Poison is used ou either. The arrow is 
 projected by a bow. 
 
 The blow-gun of the Uaup^s of the Amazon-^' is called the grara- 
 tana^ and is made of two stejQS of the small palm Ireartia sctigira, one 
 slipping within the other so as mutually to correct curvatures. The 
 pith i.s pushed out, and a conical mouthpiece htted to one end. Arrows 
 are maile from tlie spinous processes of the patawa [JlLiwcarpns hatawa), 
 pointed and anointed with poison of the wourali. The butt of the 
 arrow carries a little tuft of tree cotton to make it fit in the tube. 
 
 The ordinary bow of the Uaupes,^" the aboriginal Indians (jf Brazil, is 
 of different kinds of hard elastic wood, and is fi om o to feet long. The 
 string is" either of the tucum leaf-liber {Astrocaryuni vulgare), or the inner 
 bark of trees called tururi. The arrows are 5 feet long or over, are made 
 of the Hower-stalk of the arrow-grass, and are tipped with hard wood, 
 barbexl with the serrated spine of the sting-ray. For war, the head is 
 anointed with poison, and is notched in two or three places so as to break 
 off in the wound. Arrows for shooting lish have usually iron heads, 
 bought of the traders, but others are made of monkey's bones and barbed. 
 The arrows have three feathers laid ou spirally. 
 
 Tiie Indians of the Amazon also use a two-stringed bow for shooting 
 stones. The pellet bow has a pad or net in the middle of the string, to 
 hold a stone or ball of clay, to project it in the manner of an arrow. 
 Such are used in South America and Africa.^^* 
 
 The arrow of the Guiauians, used in shooting turtles, is projected by a 
 bow and has a movable harpoon head of iron detachable from the shaft, 
 but secured loosely thereto by a thong. The turtle-shooting bow of the 
 Central American Indians is made from the Soupar palm, GuiUelma 
 spcciosa ; the shafts of the arrows from the dry stalks of the cane, saccha- 
 rinum officinarum, tipped with hard wood or iron. 
 
 The Peru\ian arrows were tipi)ed with coi»per or bonc.'^ 
 
 The arrows of the Paraguayan Indians are of several kinds. Some 
 have block points to kill birds without bleeding them ; others with long 
 wooden four-sided heads, sharpened and cut into barbs. These heads 
 are carefully lashed on to the shaft, which is in all cases of cane. The 
 arrows were shown in the Agricultural Building, are from 3 to 4 feet 
 long, and have feather flyers put on straight. 
 
 The Gran Chaco Indian of the La Plata region,"' destitute of habita- 
 tion himself, employs tire-arrows when attacking a settlement. He binds 
 some cotton around the head of each arrow just behind the head, and then 
 lying down he holds the large bow with his feet while he draws the 
 
 «« Wallace's Amazon, pp. 214, 215. 
 
 ^Ibid., pp. 486,487. 
 
 «^«See Tylor'3 " Early History of Mankind," notes, p. 177. 
 
 «*«" Conquest of IVru," p. 73. 
 
 »<'Wood, voL ii, p. 570.
 
 296 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 146. — Paragitayan arrows. 
 
 string witli both hands and kits lly the lij^hted arrows one after the other, 
 with considerable rapidity. The malleolu,s of the Kouians was a large 
 
 missile like a distaft" with an arrow-point; 
 the cage of the distalf was filled with tow 
 steei)ed in pitch. It was lighted before being 
 discharged, and it was intended that the ar- 
 row should penetrate the wooden object or 
 thatch and hold it while the incendiary ma- 
 terial shoidd set lire to the building. 
 
 The Fuegian bow is strung with twisted 
 sinews ; the arrow is of hard wood and has a 
 notch in the end, holding a piece of Hint or 
 obsidian, which comes off in t-he wound. 
 
 We may conclude this account of savage 
 weai)ons by some references to the cross-bow. 
 This was shown in the i^Torwegian Department 
 in the Main Building, and is a remnant of me- 
 diieval times. The instrument, however, is 
 found in use in several parts of the world, and some of the African and 
 Asiatic examples show more ingenuity than the European weapons with 
 which we are more familiar. 
 
 The Norwegian cross-bow. Fig. 147, has a stock 30 inches long with a 
 24:-inch powerful steel bow. The stock is handsomely inlaid with ivory; 
 the string is a covered 
 cord, and the bolt is shown 
 in its groove. TheEoman 
 Scorpio was perhaps the 
 oldest instrument of the 
 kind on record, and was 
 used to discharge stones, 
 plummets, and arrows. 
 We find cross-bows among 
 the Fans of the Gaboons 
 in Western Africa; the 
 Mishni, a tribe of Assam 
 in Eastern India; the iSTicobar Islanders^^* ; the Chinese and the Japan- 
 ese'-'^ 
 
 The cross-bow of the Fans is 5 feet long and has a very strong bow 2 
 feet long, which is bent by holding it with the feet while both hands 
 strain the string into the notch. The string is thrust oat of the notch 
 by a clumsily ingenious arrangement. The shaft is split so that the for- 
 ward end of the lower portion has a limited motion up and down, the 
 split terminating at a point a little forward of the string-notch. To the 
 lower portion is attached a peg which extends upward through a hole 
 to thrust the string out of the notch. A trigger-pin lies in the split of 
 the shaft and holds the portions apart so that the string can lie in the 
 
 Fig. 147. — Norwegian crossbow. 
 
 2«Wooc1, vol. ii, p. 220. 
 
 2«Siebolcl's "Nippou," vol. ii, PI. 5 bis.
 
 SAVAGE WEAPONS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 207 
 
 notch ; but as soon as the trij:gcr-pin is removod tlic soparatod ])()rtioiis 
 fly togC'tlier, the pin rises, hits the string, and the arrow is diseliarged. 
 The Chinese have a somewhat siinihir method. The arrows of the Fan 
 cross-how are small and light, and about a f(jot in length. Their range 
 is about 20 yards, and they owe their elheiency to their poisoned tips. 
 When laid in the groove of the shaft to be discharged, the arrow is 
 slightly held by a piece of wax. A larger arrow with an iron head is 
 used in hunting. 
 
 The Japanese have also a cross-bow. The repeating Chinese cross-bow 
 is i)erhai)s the greatest advance in this implement, which has been so en- 
 tirely superseded in Europe. The magazine is above a movable block 
 which has a slot in which the string moves, and the whole block is mov- 
 able back and forth in the main stock by a lever attached to the latter 
 and shackled to the block. As the lever is raised the block slides for- 
 ward until the string of the unbent bow drops into a notch. This al- 
 lows an arrow to fall out of the magazine into the slot. Kow draw back 
 the lever; this action draws upon the bow-string and bends the bow in 
 the first place, and when the lever is depressed to its fullest extent a 
 l)iu in the block comes against the stock and is pushed up so as to lift 
 the string out of the notch and discharge the arrow. The limit of speed 
 in firing is the quickness with which the lever is liftCvl and depressed. 
 The bow is made of three thicknesses of the male l)and)oo, overlapping 
 like the plates of an elliptic carriage spring. The string is a thick 
 twisted gut. The arrows are straight, both with heavy steel heads and 
 very slight spiral leathers. Its utmost range is possibly 200 yards.
 
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