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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 

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DOMESTIC TRIL\.TISE 
 
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 ^n)fef00r tsi ^tiiimal i^ledtcine, 
 ^AUTHon or— — — 
 
 ThtAnatOTny oftlie. Horse _ A System ofYeterinoQ- Mediane 
 A Treatise on ^ 'Diftanper xttDogs Scc.kc. 
 
 '^Hnted for TJBoosty, OJd Broad Street, B-oyallExduvngt . 
 
 l803. 
 
aiitierttrement* -rii^^ • 
 
 MR. BLAINE, 
 
 8, ARGYLL STREET, OXFORD STREET, 
 
 Surgeon, and Profeffor of Animal Medicine, 
 
 Continues to give his Advice on all the 
 Difeafes and Defeds of HORSES, abroad, at home, 
 or by letter ; his capability for which he hopes is 
 fufficiently evinced by his long attention to, and 
 public writings on, every branch of the fubjed. 
 
 The Purchafe of Horfes to perfons unaccuftomed 
 to an attentive examination of their qualities, lays 
 them open to fuch a field of fraud and uncertainty, 
 that Mr. Blaine thinks he cannot render himfelf 
 more ufeful, than by coming forward to affift in this 
 particular: he will therefore give his advice and affifl- 
 ance in the Purchafe and Sale of Horfes with difin- 
 tereftednefs and integrity. 
 
 Mr. Blaine's fuccefs in the treatment of the Dif- 
 eafes of DOGS, while purfuing his refearches on the 
 complaints of quadrupeds in general, has drawn him 
 into a very extenfive practice among thefe valuable 
 animals, on whofe various complaints he may be, 
 therefore, regularly confulted, at home, abroad, or 
 by letter. 
 
 iNFiRMARY/br Dogs. — Many perfons not having 
 conveniences at their own houfes for fick Dogs, or 
 wifhing them under his immediate care, has induced 
 Mr. Blaine to fit up, near his own houfe, fome 
 commodious apartments for their reception, where 
 they receive the mofl kind and judicious treatment. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ^ARRIEPwY, in an enlarged fenfe (now 
 ufually called the Veterinary Art), is the art of cur- 
 ing the difeafes of the horfe, and other domeftic 
 animals ; and, as thefe animals are effential to our 
 comfort, fo this muft be a very important fubjed, 
 and muft intereft every part of mankind. This art 
 may be faid to be learned in two ways, which, with 
 a little latitude of expreflion, may be called, tho 
 one, — the fcientific or regular mode ; and the other, 
 the domejiic or imitative mode. 
 
 The fcientijic mode of learning farriery is that 
 which all perfons intending to pradife extcnfively 
 on the animals of others, as Farrieis, or veterinary 
 Surgeons, fliould adopt; and without which their 
 exertions can never be crowned with much fuccefs, or 
 eminence reward their labours. This mode of cur- 
 ing the difeafes of domeftic animals can only be gain- 
 ed by an intimate acquaintance with anatomy^ which 
 teaches the ftrudure and compofition of all the parts 
 of the- bodj-, internal as well as external ; with phy^ 
 
 B 
 
Jiology, wKich teaches the ufe and end of thefe va- 
 rious parts, and the general laws of the animal ceco- 
 nomy; with therapeutics^ which teaches the art of 
 curing difeafe, which is an unnatural alteration of 
 fome part, or a difturbance of fome funftion ; and 
 w'xih pharmacy , chemijlry and the materia medica, which 
 teach the felefting and compounding the tiecefiary 
 remedies. When the veterinary art is learned in 
 this manner, the pradice of it requires no fct rules, 
 no ready formed prefcriptions or recipes ; but the 
 mind of the praditioner is enabled to meet any cafe, 
 and to a6l from well grounded principles. This, 
 therefore, is by far the moft important and ufeful 
 mode, and, in fadl, is the only one by which either 
 farriers who pradife on the animals of others, or 
 even amateurs who praftife extenfively on their 
 own, iliould a6t. The importance of this fcientific 
 inveftigation of the fubjed has, lately, become fo 
 evident, that a regular feminary, called the Vete- 
 rinary College, has been eftabliflied for the purpofe 
 of teaching it : but it is not in the power of the 
 greater number of thofe perfons who may even wifh to 
 ftudy farriery in this manner, to attend fuch a length 
 of time from their homes, or to meet the expenfes 
 attendant on this courfe ; therefore it is neceflary to 
 devife fome other mode by which all the branches 
 before recapitulated, as anatomy, phyfiology, thera- 
 peutics, chemiflry, and the materia medica, may be 
 
taught in a regular, fcientiiic, but intelligible man- 
 ner. A Work, the refult of great experience and in- 
 defatigable application, I have been for fome years 
 forming, having this for its objed ; and which Work 
 was, laft year, prefented to the Public in the follow- 
 ing form : 
 
 1802.— -MARCH ift. 
 
 This Day is pvblijhcdy 
 
 In 2 very large Volumes, 8vo., with Plates, 
 
 Price ll. 5s. in Boards, 
 
 THE OUTLINES OF THE VETERINARY ART, 
 
 OR, 
 
 Principles of Medicine, 
 
 As applied to the Medical Treatment of the Horfe, 
 
 the Ox, the Sheep, and the Dog. 
 
 BY DELABERE BLAINE, 
 
 Profeffor of Animal Medicine, and Author of the 
 
 *' Anatomy of the Horfe,'^ the " Treatife on the 
 
 Diflemper in Dogs,*' &c. &c. 
 
 London : printed for Longman and Rees, Paternofter 
 
 Row, and T. Boofey, Broad Street. 
 
 The objed of the prefent Work is, to offer to every 
 
 one concerned in domeflic animals the knowledge of 
 
 the means of preferving them in health, and the art 
 
 of removing their difeafes, in a manner at once in^ 
 
 ftrudive, fatisfa(5lory, and entertaining ; and, as fuch, 
 
 interefting readers of every clafs. The Fhilofopher, 
 
 turning his attention to that noble animal the HorfCf 
 
 B2 
 
6 
 
 may here contemplate his natural habits, his anato- 
 jnical ftrufture, and mechanical arrangement, and 
 admire the wifdom difplayed in the oeconomy of his 
 organs. The Naturalijlj it is prefumed, may here 
 be led to a farther acquaintance with Nature's grand 
 fcheme, by the defcription of the formation of do- 
 meftic animals, and the feveral variations in their 
 fundions, habits, and manners. Amateurs, lovers 
 of Horfes, will here likewiie find this valuable ani- 
 mal confidered not in one point of view alone,- but 
 as intended for various purpofes, with the form befl 
 adapted for each of thefe pointed out, and the gene- 
 ral beauties and defects defcribed, fo as to enable 
 the inexperienced to judge of thefe points for them- 
 lelves, thus refcuing them from the impofition of 
 grooms and dealers. The natural treatment of ani- 
 mals, with the varied modes of feeding, of exercifing, 
 and of ftabling— the laws and modes of progreflfion— 
 the breeding, rearing, and perfecting — will all form 
 points highly interefting and ufcful to this clafs of 
 readers. The ^gricvUuraliJt, the Fanner, and Gra- 
 zier, may here likewife find the Ox and Sheep confi- 
 dered ; and it is prefumed, from the broad fcale on 
 which thefe animals are viewed, thefe perfons may 
 draw many important hints, not only relative to their 
 treatment under difeafes, but of the mode befl ad- 
 apted to preferred them in health, and to make 
 them prove Hill more lucrative and ufeful. The 
 
7 
 Sport/man will here have his attention engaged by a 
 fubjed not before treated on,™the difeafes of the 
 Dog; and which, though defcribed in a concife 
 manner, yet, as connefted with the whole, will be 
 found to prove fatisfadory. Frofejfors of human medi- 
 cine are here offered a farther extenfion of their phy- 
 fiological knowledge, by the opportunity of becoming 
 more intimately acquainted with the ftrudure, func- 
 tions, and oeconomy of domeftic animals ; and, by 
 the application here made of the general principles 
 of the healing art to the cure of their difeafes, they 
 become enabled to give that advice, in cafes of emer* 
 gency, thereon, which is often required, but feldom 
 obtained ; for analogy, undireded, totally fails. Ve- 
 terinarians and Farriers may here learn the art they 
 profefs fundamentally, and from its proper bafe ; by 
 which, being taught to reafon, to think, and to 
 draw conclufions from well grounded principles, they 
 will baniili the receipts and prefcriptions of their 
 anceftors, and have within themfelves the means of 
 fuf^aefting whatever any cafe may require: from 
 whence it may be hoped that this art, fo long buried 
 in oblivion, will gradually rife to that eminence and 
 refpedabiUty which its utility demands. 
 
 To form a progreflive arrangement of its fubjeds, 
 the Work is divided into three parts. 
 
 Part I. is appropriated to the collateral branches 
 of the veterinary art, commencing with, the hiflory 
 
 B3 
 
8 
 
 of medicine in general, and proceeding to an hiftori- 
 cal account of that branch of it, that, as applied to 
 the difeafes of domeftic animals, is termed veterinary 
 medicine; or, as immediately regarding the horfe, is 
 called /arnerj/ : — the particular hiftory of this art in 
 England ; with a comparifon between Englifli and 
 continental farriery : — a hiftory of the rife, origin, 
 ^nd progrefs of the Veterinary College : — chemiftry, 
 and its relation with the healing art : — the laws of 
 organic life ; with a comparative view of the various 
 animals furrounding us. 
 
 Part II. confiders the anatomical ftru^lure, func- 
 tions, and oeconomy of the horfe, commencing with 
 his exterior conformation, and proceeding to a de- 
 fcription of the internal parts ; comparing them with 
 thofe of the ox, flieep, and dog; and accompanying 
 the whole with plates, illuftrative of the fubjeds de- 
 fcribed, drawn from the fubjefts by the author. 
 
 Part III. is intended to teach the pra(!:lice of 
 this art, by a fyftematic arrangement of the difeafes 
 of the horfe into twenty clalTes, united with a more 
 concife account of thofe of the ox, fheep, and dog. 
 The plan of medical treatment laid down and dired- 
 ed will be found entirely new ; founded on reafon and 
 fcience, and confonant to the late great improve- 
 ments in this important branch of healing : the whole 
 being attempted in fuch a manner as to prove eafy 
 
9 
 
 of attainment, yet fully adequate to its propofed 
 purpofes. 
 
 Tejiimonies in Favour of this Work, 
 ** Mr. B had previoufly publiflied the Ana- 
 tomy of the Horfe, re-publiflied in this Work, in 
 which he profefies the parts treated of have been 
 moft of them taken from his own diffe^lions. So far 
 he has. a fair claim of originality." " The drawings 
 appear extremely corred ; are executed in the moll 
 handfome manner; and the defcriptive part is very 
 corred." 
 
 London Medical Review. 
 
 ^^ The fecond divifion of the Work is occupied 
 with the Anatomy of the Horfe, including the phy- 
 fiology, or knowledge of fundions. This part of 
 the Work is materially iiluftrated by engravings, th^ 
 execution of which has confiderable merit." 
 
 " The third divifion is allotted to the pradical 
 part of the veterinary art, or a defcription of the dif- 
 eafes of the horfe, ox, fliecp, and dog, with the 
 mofl approved modes of cure. From the length of 
 the anatomical part of the Work, the prefent part is, 
 perhaps, more compreiTed than might be wifhed. The 
 claffification adopted by the author will materially 
 aflift the ftudent in this branch of medicine, who is 
 too apt to be mifled by the barbarous and unmean- 
 ing jargon adopted, in general, in books of farriery." 
 
 Med» and Chirurg, Review, 
 
'^ Mr. Blaine, we believe, is the firft who has at- 
 tempted, in the Englifli language, a fyflematic view 
 of the whole, founded upon fcientific principles, in 
 conformity ^ith the modern difcoveries in anatomy 
 and phyfiology ; and with the modern theories, con- 
 cerning the nature and caufes of the different morbid 
 changes which the living frame undergoes/' 
 
 *' In treating of each difeafe, he gives a clear and 
 accurate defcription of its fj^mptoms ; points out its 
 caufes, ftates the degree of danger, and the ufual 
 modes of termination ; and fubjoins a hmple, ra- 
 tional, and fcientific plan of cure. What a pleafmg 
 contrafl this forms to the miferable productions en- 
 titled " Stable Directories," " Complete Farriery," 
 &c., every page of which is crammed with farragoes, 
 called receipts ; certainly not inert, but often poffelT- 
 ing a potency of the moll dangerous fort." 
 
 " It appears to us, that this Work is the befl and moil 
 fcientific fyflem of the veterinary art that has hi- 
 therto appeared in this country ; and we therefore 
 recommend it to all who are defirous of acquiring a 
 competent knowledge of the ftrudlure and difeafes of 
 the horfe, and other domeftic quadrupeds." 
 
 Britijh Critic. 
 
 To the above Teflimonies may be added, that 
 
 this "Work is at this moment tranflating into feveral 
 other languages, by order of foreign colleges. 
 
ii 
 
 THE DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF THE 
 DISEASES OF ANIMALS, 
 which I have called the domeftic or imitative mode of 
 learning farriery, is not acquired altogether on thefe 
 grounds, for to ftudy the art fundamentally, as it re- 
 quires confiderable time, with great application and at- 
 tention, fo it neither fuits the leifure or convenience 
 of the greater part of mankind, who, having either 
 horfes or do^s, might yet be glad of a nearer road to 
 the knowledge of their difeafes and cure. This do- 
 mejlic practice is therefore fitted for them ; and con- 
 fifts in having the difeafes, to which the animals 
 treated on are liable, clearly and plainly defcribed 
 by their diflinguifhing charadleriftic marks or fymp- 
 toms, with plain practical rules for the treatment, 
 and fimple, but efficient, receipts for the cure. Now 
 thefe defcriptions, thefe rules, and thefe receipts, 
 can only be formed by a perfon fully aware of the 
 fubjedt in its moft extenfive point of view ; and fuch 
 defcriptions, rules, and receipts, collected, will then 
 form a Domejiic Treatife on the Difeafes of Horfes and 
 Dogs, enabling all perfons not within the reach of 
 a regular veterinarian, or in cafes of emergency, or 
 in thofe inftances in which they may chufe to make 
 trial themfelves, to diflinguifli ealily between one 
 difeafe and another, and, having fo diftinguiflied, to 
 
12 
 
 proceed with eafe and difpatch towards the cure, 
 without wading through laborious reafoning, long 
 cafes, or cramp technical phi'afes- In human me- 
 dicine, a domeflic treatife on the cure of difeafe is 
 fuppofed to border on empiricifm, and a man fo 
 writing is deemed liable to injure the health of man- 
 kind, and the particular welfare of the regular prac- 
 titioner; but though this may in fome meafure ap- 
 ply to human medicine, becaufe in moft places, 
 however fmall, there is commonly fome furgeon or 
 apothecary near, from whom the fick may find rea- 
 dy relief, yet in veterinary medicine it cannot apply ; 
 for even large towns, many of them, have no re- 
 gular veterinarian, while fmaller towns, villages, and 
 the country at large, are all of them deprived of any 
 other affiftance than what can be gained from the 
 neighbouring fmith ; or, at leaft, they can very fel- 
 dom produce any perfon at all fit to be trufted : 
 therefore any plan that renders perfons in general 
 able to treat the difeafes of their animals fuccefs- 
 fully, without riik or trouble, muft be a valuable 
 one. This I have endeavoured to lay down in the 
 following flieets. 
 
 But ev^n when this is gained, that is, when per- 
 fons are enabled readily to diflinguifli one difeafe 
 from another, and when the treatment of the feveral 
 difeafes is underflood, even then, in mofl cafes, the 
 remedies are often not within their reach ; for, fre- 
 quently^ no chemift, druggift, or apothecary is near^ 
 
to compound the prefcribed remedies ; or, even when 
 prefent, thefe medicines, on account of their expenfe, 
 maybe adulterated, or made deficient; or one drug, 
 as is frequently the cafe, may be fubftituted for an- 
 other : and as to entrufting a regular recipe with 
 farriers of the common clafs, they, in the firft place, 
 feldom have an affortment of drugs or compounds ; 
 and if they have, it is lefs feldom that they have 
 candour enough to make up any receipts but their 
 own. I fpeak not here of eminent farriers, or of 
 many of thofe more regularly educated, even though 
 not dubbed veterinarians, for many of thefe I have 
 met with, who are very fenfible and candid. 
 
 It would add, therefore, very confiderably to the 
 advantages derived from this Dome/tic Treattfe, if 
 the remedies prefcribed xcerc faithfully prepared, at 
 a 7noderate price, and accompanied the Work itfelf 
 being generally diftributed in the hands of exery re- 
 Jpe^able vender of medicines throughout the king- 
 
 dom, fa as to be •within the reach of every one. 
 
 There have been many perfons who have made and 
 vended remedies, as they termed them, for feveral 
 difeafes of the horfe. I do not wifli to depreciate the 
 merits of any one ; but thus much I muft be allowed 
 to fay, that no perfon can pretend judicioufly to 
 compound horfe, or other medicines, who is not ac- 
 quainted with chemiftry ; and what knowledge fome 
 of the inventors of thefe medicines have of this fub- 
 
14 
 
 je(^, }et their writings fliew. Without a knowledge 
 of chemiftry, drugs may be mixed fo as to produce 
 a third fubftance wholly different from their feparate 
 qualities, and which, in faft, may prove poifonous. 
 This is by no means unfrequent ; and yet many of 
 ihefe compounders jumble, without any judgment, 
 a vafl variety of articles into one mixture. With 
 regard to the compounded medicines which I here 
 offer, I can fay of them, that they have been chemi* 
 cally confidercd in every point of view ; and the re- 
 cipes from which they are formed are the refult of 
 long experience and frequent experiment; moil ac- 
 curately compounded, fo as to be always of one de- 
 terminate ftrength. They are made from the very 
 belt drugs, without any eye to the expenfe : and, 
 that 1 may always be enabled to compound them iii 
 the fame way, I have affixed a price that will allow 
 of the purchafe of the beft drugs ; yet as thefe medi- 
 cines are prepared in large quantities at a time, fo 
 the price, fet on each is fuch, that no individual 
 recipe could be made up for the fame price, of good 
 drugs, and in juft proportions. They are likewife 
 fo compounded as to preferve good almoll any length 
 of time, and under every variety of temperature; 
 and which is a circumllance too feldom confidercd 
 in the making up of medicines. The form I have 
 alfo endeavoured to make as convenient as poffible : 
 they are likewife very portable. 
 
15 
 
 Hitherto I have fpoken only of thefe medicines as 
 accompanying this little Domejlic Treatife on Farriery ^ 
 whereby thofe who read the defcription of a difeafe 
 may advert to a ready prepared remedy for it. But 
 when thefe medicines become known, they may be 
 purchafed by many who have not feen this Work : 
 now if, therefore, thefe medicines contain directions 
 merely for their exhibition, however copious ; fo they 
 will do, in point of inftrudion, only what has been 
 done by others ; but I profefs fomething more ; for, 
 in addition to the excellence of the recipes from 
 
 which they are formed in addition to the exa6l- 
 
 nefs, goodncfs, and convenience of their compofi- 
 
 tion enclofed with each medicine is a regular 
 
 treatife on the complaint, or complaints if more than 
 one, it is intended for. This little treatife on the 
 complaint will thus make the poffeflbrs acquaint- 
 ed with the difeafe throughout all its ftages, and in 
 all its varieties ; and will alfo have this good eflfed;, 
 that it will not only teach the whole treatment of the 
 complaint, but it will direct what other remedies 
 may be made ufe of in cafe the one purchafed fliould 
 fail, or if any extraordinary circumftance fhould 
 render its exhibition improper. In this refpedt, I 
 pre fume that 1 ftand novel; and in this I conceive 
 my medicine arrangement holds out very fuperior 
 utility ; and in this I hope to prove, that it is com- 
 pletely removed from an empirical attempt to dupe 
 
 C 
 
16 
 
 the public; not that I pretend to any fuperior difin- 
 tereftednefs ; on the contrary, I have ferved the 
 public fome years, and I conceive that I merit my 
 reward. 
 
 Yet, notwithftanding this, I make no doubt of 
 being taxed with empiricifm by many, who are either 
 too dull to be generally ufeful, or too envious to 
 witnefs any other fuccefs than their own without re- 
 pining: but to this tax I do not plead guilty; for, 
 in the firft place, I will never make up medicines for 
 general diftribution, but for fuch complaints as ap- 
 pear in almofl every inftance under the fame form, 
 and require in nearly all cafes the fame remedies. 
 In the next place, I pretend to few fecrets : fome of 
 my recipes, I do believe, have never before been 
 compounded, and fome of the drugs of which thefe 
 recipes are formed are not in general ufe; but in ge- 
 neral cafes, I pretend to no noflrums ; I only ufe 
 the bell drugs, which I more judicioufly compound, 
 and with which I offer the fuperior advantage of 
 more general inftru6lion. To prove, likewife, that 
 this arrangement is not founded on empiricifm, I 
 need only cite the regular treatife that accompanies 
 each of thefe medicines, which treatife holds up to 
 view in as confpicuous a light, every other remedy 
 proper for the complaint it treats on, as that, or thofe 
 I offer ready prepared. This treatife, likewife, af- 
 fe6ls no myftery in the compound, nor attributes to 
 
17 
 
 the medicine it accompanies any occult qualities, 
 but fimply confiders this in common with other re- 
 medies. And, laftly, I will add, that whenever far- 
 riery is as well underllood as human furgery, and its 
 practitioners become as enlightened, and as univer- 
 fally diflributed throughout the kingdom, then this 
 ready prepared medicine plan ihall ceafe. 
 
 1 therefore confider, that my prefent plan compre- 
 hends a complete fimpKiication of farriery, and that 
 it opens an eafy and ready road to the cure of the 
 difeafes of domeftic quadrupeds, particularly of the 
 horfe and dog. It does this, by enabling the owners 
 of thefe animals readily to diftinguifh one complaint 
 from another, and as readily to embrace the moll 
 fimple and efficacious mode of cure. As fuch, this 
 Domejlic Treatifcy and the medicines it recommends, 
 form, properly, one common whole, and I would 
 advife them always to accompany each other; that 
 is, I would recommend the purchafers of thefe ready 
 prepared remedies to furnifh themfelves with this 
 treatife. But that purchafers of fingle articles may 
 have every poffible advantage, and that the arrange- 
 ment may include every attainable degree of utility, 
 each feparate remedy, though a part of the whole, 
 Hands diflind;; for it contains a complete treatife on 
 the difeafe it is intended to remove, and therefore is 
 of itfelf fufficient for that cafe. 
 
 C2 
 
IS 
 
 Thefe ready prepared medicines, according to the 
 following arranged lift, are placed in the hands of all 
 the refpedlable venders of medicines throughout the 
 united kingdom. The whole are prepared immedi- 
 ately by myfelf, and figned, in red ink, with my 
 Mame, and none but thefe can be genuine. 
 
19 
 
 AN 
 
 ARRANGEMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 READY PREPARED MEDICINES 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Prevalent Difeafes of Horfes and Dogs, 
 
 prepared and figned by 
 
 D. BLAINE, 
 
 And fold, Wholefale, by T. Boofey, No. 4, Old 
 Broad Street; and Barclay and Son, Fleet Market: 
 Retail, by all the Venders of Genuine Medicines 
 throughout the United Kingdom. 
 
 Q^ Each Article enclofes a regular practical Treatife on the 
 Complaint the Medicine is intended to remove. 
 
 HOBSES. 
 
 CHOLIC BALLS, 2s. 6d. each. 
 By Cholic is here meant what is generally known 
 by the name of Gripes, or Fret ; and not Red Cholic, 
 which is a more dangerous, but lefs frequent, com- 
 plaint. For the Gripes, thefe Balls are very effica- 
 cious ; and one alone, if given according to the co- 
 pious diredions accompanying it, feldom fails of giv- 
 ing inftant and permanent relief. Perfons keeping 
 
 C3 
 
20 
 
 liorfes would find it their interefl to have fome of 
 thefe Balls always by them, as the difeafe is fudden 
 in its attack, and generally flrengthens by negled. 
 
 CORDIAL BALLS, Is. each, or 5s. 3d. the half 
 
 dozen. 
 Perfons in the habit of giving what are termed 
 Cordial Balls on every occafion, are often guilty of 
 error; for it is not every one of thefe cafes that re- 
 quire cordials, and, even when they are proper, the 
 fubftances ufually given are, in fa6l, no cordials at 
 all: a little anifeed, a few juniper berries, or tur- 
 meric, &c., can produce no lafting effe£t on the con- 
 ftitution, except depraving the appetite ; but when 
 the circulation droops from exceflive exertion, as, 
 in racing, hunting, &c., and hence becomes inca- 
 pable of performing its proper fundions, as, eating, 
 digefting, fleeping, &c., then, a medicine that at 
 once allays the irritability of the conftitution, 
 and gives it flrength, will be of cffential fervice. — 
 This is obtained by thefe Balls, which, therefore, 
 are of great ufe after fevere exercife, as, along day's 
 hunt, a hard contefted race, a long journey, or when 
 a cold may be fufpedled to have been caught. Thefe 
 Balls are particularly ufeful for tender flue horfes, 
 "who on any unufual work refufe their food : they 
 are likewife well adapted to prevent thefe tender 
 horfes from getting out of condition, which they are 
 
21 
 
 very apt to do on any fatigue, change of diet, or 
 when moulting, in fpring and fall. Thefe and other 
 cafes wherein they may be advifable are fpecified at 
 length in the diredions enclofed with them. 
 
 FEVER CORDIAL BALLS, 6s. the half dozen. 
 At the end of fevers, or towards the clofe of long 
 and fevere colds, or other lingering complaints, 
 horfes are frequently very low and faint : in thefe 
 cafes, the adivc inflammatory fymptoms having 
 ccafcd, thefe Balls will give ftrength to the conftitu- 
 tion to throw off the remains of the diforder, and 
 perfect a recovery. But in the beginning of fevers, 
 and other inflammatory afieclions, the Fe-cer Fovcders 
 hereafter mentioned are preferable. 
 
 COUGH BALLS, Is. each, or 5s. the half dozen. 
 The coughs which horfes are fubjcft to from being 
 out of condition, from long continued colds, or that 
 accompany tliick wind, will always be relieved, and 
 frequently cured, by thefe Balls ; and in every in- 
 ftance of cough unaccompanied with fever, I would 
 ftrongly recommend them. 
 
 STRONG DIURETIC BALLS, Is. 2d. each, or 
 Gs. 3d. the half dozen. 
 Diuretics are ufeful in removing fwelled legs, in 
 refolving inflammation, and promoting condition. 
 
22 
 
 Whenever, in either of tbefe cafes, an adive, but 
 fafe, diuretic is required, I would recommend ihefe. 
 They are compounded of none of thofc rough fub- 
 flances that fo frequently prove fatal, but in every 
 cafe will adl with fafety, though actively ; but when 
 it is inconvenient to give balls, or a more flow and 
 mild plan is thought prudent, then the mi/d Diuretic 
 Foxvders hereafter mentioned may be made ufe of. 
 
 FARCY BALLS, 6s. the half dozen. 
 
 A regular courfe of thefe Balls, according to the 
 
 diredlions contained in the treatife accompanying 
 
 them, in moll cafes efFe6ts a cure of this loathfome 
 
 complaint, when it is within the reach of medicine. 
 
 STRONG PURGING BALLS, 2s. each, or 10s. 6d. 
 
 the half dozen. 
 When brifk purging is deemed proper, as in fwell- 
 ed legs, general foulnefs, too great fatnefs, thick 
 wind, or purfivenefs, thefe Balls will be found active ; 
 but, from the excellence of the aloes entering their 
 compofition, they will always prove fafe, never rak- 
 ing the bowels, or producing thofe fatal gripes often 
 the confequence of coarfe, draftic, and badly com- 
 pounded phyfic. 
 
23 
 
 MILD PURGING BALLS, is. 6d. each, or 8s. 
 
 the half dozen. 
 In leiTer horfes, or in thole more weak and deli- 
 cate, or in any cafe where the operation of purging 
 is required only to be very gentle, thefe Balls will be 
 found adequate to the purpofe. 
 
 STRONG MERCURIAL PURGING BALLS, 
 
 2s. 6d. each, or 13s. the half dozen. 
 There are cafes where the common forms of phyfic 
 are not thought fufficicnt, but fomething that ftill 
 more excites the abforbing veflcls of the body is re- 
 quired : in this cafe mercurial phyfic is given, of 
 which the above Balls are of the very beft kind. 
 
 MILD MERCURIAL PURGING BALLS, Ss. 
 each, or 10s. 6d. the half dozen. 
 Thefe are a milder form of the above, intended 
 for fmall or more delicate horfes. 
 
 BLISTERING OINTMENT, 3s. per Pot. 
 Bliftering Ointment may be, and very commonly 
 is, cheaply prepared of euphorbium, corrofive fub- 
 limate, or other cauftic fubftances; but, independent 
 of the pain they give, and thereby reduce the con- 
 dition of the horfe, they very often acl fo deep as to 
 occalion a lafting blemifli, and fometimes even more 
 
24 
 
 ferious mifchief. The above Ointment is principal- 
 ly compofed of Spanifli flies, with a mild preparation 
 of mercury added, to make it more certainly ftimu- 
 late the abforbents ; and is a very excellent BHller 
 for flrains, fwellings, wind galls, curbs, fpavins, 
 fplents, &C. 
 
 LIQUID SWEATING BLISTER, 2s. 6d. per Bottle. 
 This is a warm, flimulating application, that takes 
 fome time to produce its effed, and even in the end 
 feldom raifes a very aftive blifter • it is, therefore, very 
 proper to fweat away (as it is called) old chronic 
 fwellings of the back finews, or to bathe and embro- 
 cate old ftrains; and, in fad, to apply to any part 
 where it might be inconvenient to put a regular blifter 
 on. This Liquid is likewife particularly fitted for in- 
 je6ling into old fiftulous fores. 
 
 MILD WASH for GREASE, 3s. 6d. per Bottle. 
 This moft efficacious application will be found of 
 the greateft benefit in the early ftages of greafe, and 
 in moift cracks of the heels. It is likewife often of 
 great fervice in running thruflies, when not very vi- 
 rulent. 
 
 STRONG PASTE for GREASE, 4s. per Pot. 
 This Pafte can be recommended for its almoft un- 
 limited efficacy in the worft ftages of greafe, when 
 
25 
 
 milder applications have failed. In pole evil, like-~ 
 wife, or other obftinate fiftulous fores, this Pafte, 
 melted and poured into them, feldom fails of promot- 
 ing a healing ftate. In canker, if fpread over the 
 fore, it prevents its cauliflower fprouting, and heals 
 it. In running thrurti of the moft virulent kind, 
 when poured hot into the cleft in the frog, it hardly 
 ever fails of curing. In quittor, if it is mixed with 
 flour, and put into the jupes of the wound, it has 
 likewife the fame effect, coring out the fore, and af- 
 terwards healing it. 
 
 EMBROCATION for STRAINS and LAME- 
 NESSES, 3s. per Bottle. 
 
 This will be found a valuable application for all 
 llrains, whether old or new : it is likewife proper for 
 ihoulder-wrung fores, faddle galls, &c. Sec, 
 
 MANGE OINTMENT, 7s. per Pot. 
 
 This Ointment, intended for the cure of Mange in 
 horfes, I never yet faw fail of producing the defired 
 effed, if applied according to the diredions enclofed. 
 It is equally efficacious in deftroying vermin on cat- 
 tle, and has often relieved wide-fpreading farcy. 
 
 EYE WATER, 2s. 6d. per Bottle. 
 
 The difeafes of horfes' eyes are very difficult to 
 remove, and even when removed are very liable to 
 
26 
 
 return, and end in blindnefs; fo that no application 
 can boaft of much certainty. But the above is pof- 
 fefled of as much, and perhaps fomcthing more 
 than moft others ; and I have ufed it with great ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 ALTERATIVE CONDITION POWDERS, 5s. the 
 
 half dozen. 
 Horfes are frequently hide-bound, as well as out 
 of condition : this may arife from muily hay or oats, 
 from moulting, or from worms ; in all which cafes 
 thefe Powders mixed with the food will render it 
 more nutritive, loofen the hide, lay the hair, and in 
 every refpeft promote condition. They are likewife 
 proper before and after a courfe of phyfic. 
 
 FEVER POWDERS, 5s. the half dozen. 
 In aftive fevers, when the heat is very great; in 
 bad colds, and in all inflammatory afteftions, thefe 
 Powders are proper, and will be found highly ufeful. 
 
 WORM POWDERS, 5s. the half dozen. 
 It is a moft diflicult thing to dcftroy worms within 
 the ftomach and bowels, and, in many inftances, 
 every medicine fails ; but, in many others, thefe 
 Powders, which I always ufe in my own pradice, 
 produce the happieft cffc>ds, and this fo frequently, 
 that I would always recommend their trial. 
 
MILD DIURETIC POWDERS, Is.each, or 10s.6d. 
 
 the dozen. 
 When an a6live diuretic is wanted, I would re- 
 commend the Ball ; but when it is inconvenient to 
 give a ball, or to fpare the horfe for a regular courfe 
 of diuretics, thefe Powders are convenient, as they 
 may be mixed with the corn, and will be eaten, 
 readily by the animal, who need not be confined by 
 their operation. 
 
 DOGS. 
 
 The difcafes of thefe animals are underflood, by 
 the generality of perfons, even lefs than thofe of 
 horfes, oxen, and flieep ; and, I believe, I am the 
 iirfl perfon in this country, and perhaps in any 
 other, who has paid any direct and decided atten- 
 tion to them, on fcientific principles. Though much 
 remains to be done, yet the following INIedicines I 
 have found very ufeful in the cafes, they are direded, 
 for; and, having flood the toft of experience in my 
 private pradice, I now offer them with confidence to 
 the public ; at the fame time remarking, that, as 
 with the horfe medicines, none can be genuine but 
 w^hat are figned by myfelf. 
 
 MEDICINAL POWDER for DISTEMPER, Is. 6d. 
 
 each. 
 
 The increafing demand for thefe Powders is a fuf* 
 
 ficient proof, I flatter myfelf, of their efficacy. 
 
 D 
 
28 
 
 SPECIFIC OINTMENT for the MANGE, 2s. 6d. 
 
 per Box. 
 This Ointment was before fold in leffcr boxes, at 
 2s. each ; but in large dogs this quantity being fome- 
 times complained of as not fufficient to apply all 
 over the body, I have increafed it, by which I am 
 under the necefiity, when the prefent ftock is out, 
 of adding 6d. to the former price : but not only is 
 the quantity increafed, but, from my very great 
 pradtice on this complaint, and the vaft number of 
 cafes I fee every year, I am enabled, at once, con- 
 fiderably to increafe its efficacy, and yet to add to its 
 mildnefs, by which there is not the flighteft caution 
 neceffary in its application ; for, fliould a dog lick 
 off the whole quantity, not the lead ill effeft would 
 arife. 
 
 MANGE POWDERS, 2s. a Set. 
 Though the Ointment is always found equal to the 
 cure of every kind of mange, yet frequently a dog is 
 fo wholly out of condition, and his blood is fo com- 
 pletely tainted, that it much expedites the cure, if 
 fome internal remedy is given. When there is a heat 
 and rednefs of the fkin, very troublefome to the 
 dog, but not amounting to mange, thefe Powders 
 will cure alone : and when a dog has had the mange, 
 and there is reafon to fear a return (which in mange 
 often happens), thefe Powders, given now and then, 
 
29 
 will be a preventive. In fpring and fall, when dogs 
 are ufually very foul, they are in all cafes ufeful.— 
 A Set confifls of feverai Powders, with ample di- 
 reclions. 
 
 WASH for CANKER in the EARS, 2s. 6d. Bottle. 
 There is hardly a more common complaint than 
 the canker in the ear. I do not here mean the ulcer 
 that is fometimes on the outfide of the ear ; but that 
 iflue of either blood or matter from its infide. This 
 complaint I am very conftantly confulted about; 
 and I can with truth affert, that the above applica- 
 tion has never in any one inftance failed of curing. 
 
 WORM MEDICINES, 2s. ^d. per Set, 
 
 Worms in dogs, as in horfes, are peculiarly hard 
 to deflroy, and are much more fatal to dogs than 
 horfes. The fymptoms of worms in dogs, are, loofe 
 flimy llools, and often frothy ; a hard belly ; a vo- 
 racious appetite, though frequently a lean carcafs ; 
 the hair flares; and fometimes the nofe runs. It is- 
 likewife not unfrequent that the convulhve fits, 
 which dogs are fubjecl to, arc brought on by worms. 
 The above INIedicines I have given in thefe cafes 
 with the greateft fuccefs ; and whenever there is rea- 
 fon to fufpect worms, I would recommend them. 
 
 D 2 
 
30 
 
 CONDITION PHYSIC, 2s. 6d. a Set. 
 ^o get dogs into condition for hunting, to cool 
 them, or when they are coftive, phyfic is often given. 
 For any of thefe purpofes the above is very proper j 
 and this is fo made up, of different ftrengths, that 
 the various ages, fizes, and ftrengths of dogs, may 
 t)e exactly fuited with the proper proportions. 
 
31 
 
 AN 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 of 
 THE GENERAL FORjMATION, STRUCTURE, 
 
 AND 
 
 Economy of the Horfe. 
 
 -IL H E body of a quadruped is moft curioufly made 
 up of a great number of parts, as bones, mufcles, 
 membranes, veflels, nerves, vifcera, &c. A general 
 outline of thefe parts, particularly of thofe more in- 
 ternally fituated, I have endeavoured to convey ia 
 the plate forming the frontifpiece, which reprefents 
 a headlefs horfe on his back, with the belly cut open, 
 and his inteftines removed ; the letters referring to 
 the following parts: <7, the windpipe, h, the gullet, 
 or food paflage. c, the great vein, called the ante- 
 rior cava, from the right fide of the heart, dividing 
 into four branches, two of which furnifli the fore 
 legs, and two of them form the jugulars, or neck 
 veins. Immediately by the letter c is feen the 
 thoracic duct entering the cava : the thoracic du^ 
 is the canal that conveys the chyle, or nutriment, 
 fucked by the laclcals from the food in the inteftines,, 
 and is feen palling up between the two great blood, 
 
 D3 
 
32 
 
 veflel?. d, the heart : immediately above is feen the 
 pulmonary artery, dividing into right and left : on 
 each fide of the letter are the cavities called the right 
 and left ventricles, and above are the thin cavities 
 of the heart, called its ears, or auricles, e, the aorta, 
 or great artery, coming out from the left ventricle ; 
 below the heart, is feen the great artery and vein, to 
 the left and right, called the pofterior aorta, and 
 pofterior cava, fff, the lobes of the lungs, gg, the 
 lobes of the liver, h, the gall duct, which is here 
 only a fingle pipe, without any bag or refervoir, as 
 in other animals, i, the ftomach. A:, the duode- 
 num, or firft gut, with the gall duct entering it at 
 the fame place with the pancreatic duct. /, the me- 
 fentery, or cav.l, feen hanging from the ftomach. 
 7?i, the fpleen. ?m, the kidneys, o, the great vein, 
 called the vena cava : at its fide is feen the aorta, or 
 great artery. ///?, the ureters, or pipes, conducting 
 the urine from the kidneys into the bladder, q, the 
 re<^um, or laft gut, lying in a natural ftate above 
 the bladder, rr, the fpermatic cords, or pipes, con- 
 veying the feed from the tefiicles towards the back of 
 the bladder, to penetrate the yard : one tefticle is 
 feen drawn out of the bag, that the paiTage of the 
 ipennatic cord may be feen. /, the bladder. 
 
 Bones form the foundation of the machine, fup-t 
 porting the foft parti, and enabling them to be mov- 
 ed v,ithout injury. The progrefiion of a quadruped 
 
33 
 
 pfincipally depends on the form and direcSilon of the 
 bones : thus the ikeleton will always be found admi- 
 rably adapted to the various purpofes for which the 
 animal it belongs to is intended. Bones are formed 
 during the growth of an animal, by means of the 
 blood velTels depofiting an earthy fubftance within 
 proper membranes formed to receive it. The bones 
 are tipped with a fubftance called cartilage^ or grijlle, 
 which, by its great eiaflicity, counteracts the jar 
 and fliocks of violent motion ; and, to prevent the 
 efFe<^ts of fridion, the oppofed ends of bones, form- 
 ing joints, are furniflied with a very flippery fluid 
 called Tj/r^or/ff, or join toil, which is formed from the 
 blood veflels of the inlide of the capfular membranes. 
 Thele membranes being very full of blood veflels to 
 form this fluid, arc confequently very tender and fuf- 
 ceptible of difeafe; and this is the reafon that, when 
 the joint oil efcapes from a wound, that that wound is^ 
 peculiarly dangerous ; for the joint oil efcaping, the 
 bones rub againll each other, and thus inflame the 
 joint : therefore, in thefc cafes, to flop this efcape, 
 and prevent the inflammation, judicious farriers ap- 
 ply fomothing to the outer edge of the wound, as a 
 hot iron, which inflames it, and thus cloies the 
 •pcning. 
 
 Tlie bones, thus conneded, form what is termed a 
 
 Jkelcton, which is, therefore, nothing more than an 
 
 admirable mechanical arrangement of bones. The 
 
Ikeleton of mofl quadrupeds prefents a quadrilateral 
 figure, having an inclined cylinder, fupported by 
 four pillars, or legs ; the projection of the head and 
 neck being counterpoifed by the additional weight 
 of the hinder parts. The flrength of a cylinder is 
 lefs, in proportion to its length, therefore a long- 
 backed horfe is weaker than a fliort one ; and hence 
 fmall animals can bear more weight, proportionally, 
 than larger :— a dog can carry his own weight, 
 which a horfe cannot do. The bones forming the 
 limbs are, wifely, not placed exadlly perpendicular 
 to each other, but in angles, by which means mo- 
 tion can be performed to a greater extent, and the 
 jarring and fhocks of fuch hard bodies prevented, as 
 well as their fradluring : but this deviation from the 
 perpendicular muft have powers to correct it, and 
 which is efteded by the mufcles. 
 
 A mufcle is a red fibrous part, called tleili, poffefif- 
 ing a peculiar contradiie power, generally under the 
 influence of the will. To the end of a mufcle an 
 inelaftic cord is generally attached, called tendon, or 
 finas). The finews were by the antients called nerves ; 
 and hence a ftrono fmewed horfe was faid to be 
 nervous : a bold expreffion even was nervous ; and 
 the old books of farriery defcribc the back fmews ?0 
 the great nerves of the leg. 
 
 Not only is the o;cneral inclination o£the machine 
 correded by the mufcles, but they alfo enable it to 
 
35 
 
 tranfport itfelf from place to place j therefore muf- 
 cles are the immediate organs of motion. The ex- 
 tent of the aftion of parts is the produce of their 
 length, diredion, and the different angles they are 
 capable of forming : the force arifes from the direc- 
 tion aided by the mufcles; and though there are 
 many circumllances, as vigour, irritability, or fpi- 
 rit, that operate to the advantage or difadvantage of 
 the locomotive power, yet an animal fkeleton is fo 
 admirably arranged, and formed on fuch jull geome- 
 trical principles, that, on viewing the bony aflem- 
 blage alone, we may in no fmall degree form a jull 
 opinion of the powers of motion pofleffed by any 
 animal. It is this that has given rife to the geome- 
 trical admeafurement of the fkeletons of horfes, and 
 the treatifes on the mechanical arrangement of the 
 bones. The curious will find this fubjedl more fully 
 treated on in the '* Veterinary Outhnes,'* page 342 
 to 34-7. The pillars, or legs, of the machine in 
 quadrupeds move forward in progreflion, and gain a 
 new centre of gravity, the different degrees of cele- 
 rity of which are called paces. The natural paces 
 of the horfe are, the walk, trot, and gallop ; all 
 others are artificial, either the effed of education, 
 or debility. A dog has thefe three paces likewife; 
 but the larger kinds, many of them, amble :— this is 
 particularly obfervable in ftiepherds' dogs. 
 
 All the parts of an animal body are formed from 
 what it receives from without, called the food. Dif- 
 
36 
 
 fcrent animals receive different fubftances as food ; 
 as, the horfe, grain ; the dog, flefli ; and this gives 
 feme variety to the organs of each. The food is ga- 
 thered by the front teeth; it is then maflicated, or 
 chewed, by the gri/iderSj which are wifely placed 
 far back in the mouth, where, as being near the cen- 
 tre of motion, they have more power ; and, as all 
 griLding is affiftedby moiCiure, falivay or fpi file, is pour- 
 ed forth into the mouth. The food being rendered 
 fmall and moifl, pafTes into a bag called the. JlojnacHf 
 where it becomes ftill farther diffolved and adted on ; 
 which procefs is called digejlion. 
 
 Some animals carry on their digefiion in more 
 Jlomachs than one. Oxen and fheep live wholly on 
 herbage, which, affording }efs nourifhment than grain, 
 or flefli, they have need of more extenfive organs to 
 digefl what they eat, very completely. An ox firfl 
 colleds a quantity of grafs, which, as he fwallows, 
 pafTes into a membranous bag called the paunch : 
 when this is filled, he lays down, and then has a 
 power of bringing the pulpy mafs up again to rechew 
 it, and mix it with more faliva ; when it is direded 
 into a fecond flomach, without again entering the 
 firfl, or paunch ; from whence it paffcs on to a third, 
 and a fourth. The horfe, the afs, the hog, and the 
 dog, have one flomach only; but in the horfe this 
 organ is of a different kind, in fome rcfpeds, to that 
 of mofl other quadrupeds, except affes, rats, and 
 
37 
 
 m 
 
 mice, which animals, like the horfe, appear alfo def- 
 tined to live on grain. This peculiarity confifts in 
 having its firft half covered by a thick, ftrong ikin, 
 which defends it from the hard bodies of grain, and 
 perhaps acls, in a flight degree, as a gizzard on thefe 
 bodies. A horfe has a very fmall ftomach [fee «, 
 frontifpiece] ; he therefore eats little, but often ; for, 
 being a fpeedy animal, it would have been inconveni- 
 ent that he fliould eat much, and have retained it long 
 in his ftomach. Not only, therefore, is a horfe's fto- 
 mach fmall, but what he eats ftays there but a little 
 time. Thus a horfe will drink three pails of water, 
 yet kis ftomach will hold only one : hence, as a horfe's 
 food ftays but a little time in his ftomach, it is ne- 
 ceffary that it fliould be broke very fmall before it 
 enters ; and this teaches the ufe of giving horfes 
 bruifed food, which partly chews it for them, and 
 thus makes it prove mare nutritious : it likewife 
 fliews us why a horfe bears hunger fo much worfe 
 than cattle, for his Itomach holds but little, and 
 pafles that little off foon. From this it will appear 
 that the mode of treating hunters and racers is er- 
 roneous, when they are deprived of victuals many 
 hours before they hunt or race ; and hence, at the 
 end of their exertions, they are frequently weakened 
 too much to recover. The ftomach of a dog is more 
 mufcular and ftrong than that of a horfe, for he has 
 to acl on ftrong fubftances, as flefli, which, when 
 
38 
 
 properly aded on, aftbrd fo much nutriment, that 
 he can fall twenty-four hours after a meal without 
 prejudice; and hence dogs who are fed with fle(h 
 .once a day fatten ; but, if they have vegetable food, 
 as bifcuit, &c., they fliould be fed moderately, but 
 more often. 
 
 A horfe cannot vomit ; the principal hindrance to 
 which arifes from a very ftrong fphinder, or bundle 
 of fibres, around the mouth of the flomach. If a 
 liorfe could vomit, he mufl be choaked ; as, from a 
 peculiarity in his mouth, the returned fubftance 
 would probably pafs into his nofe. 
 
 The intejlines are a long track of membranous 
 canal, vulgarly called guts, that reach from the 
 llomach, and wind round the belly many times, and 
 end in the fundament : they are divided into fmall 
 and large, but both are a continuation of the fame 
 track. In animals who live on flefli, as dogs, the 
 difference between the fmall and large is trifling ; 
 but the large inteftincs in a horfe contain a vaft 
 quantity. The food here becomes mixed with the 
 bile and other juices [fee k, frontifpiece], where the gall 
 du6l is fcen entering the firfl fmall inteftine, jufl as 
 it arifes from the ftomach : the juice of the pan- 
 creas, or fwectbread, is likewife feen entering at the 
 fame place. Throughout this long track of inteftines 
 the food mixed with thcfe juices pafles ; and, as it 
 flays a lefs time in the floriiach of the horfe, fo it 
 
39 
 jnuQ; ilay a longer time in the inteftines to perforin 
 its changes : and this is actually the cafe. This be- 
 comes neceffary to keep in mind, as it ought to in- 
 fluence our condu6l in travelling, and induce us to 
 give a horfe fuch food as may prove moll nutritious 
 on a fhort flay : it fhould difpofe us, likewife, to give 
 a horfe time to digell his food when he has received 
 it, and not hurry it, immediately as it is received, 
 through the inteftines by the preffure of the mufcles, 
 fo that little nourifliment can be derived from it. 
 This alfo explains to us why phyfic in a horfe takes 
 twenty-four hours to operate, when in us it will work 
 in half an hour : the inteftines are here a very great 
 length ; nor is the horizontal pofltion of the animal 
 favourable to the paflage of their contents. The in- 
 teftines are furniftied throughout their length with 
 little velTels arifing from them, which are called 
 laical ahforbents ; and the reft of the body is furnifti- 
 ed with fimilar ones, which are called lymphatic ab' 
 forbents. Thofe of the inteftines feparate the nutri- 
 tious parts, and carry them into a canal termed the 
 thoracic du6i. The lymphatic abforbents cpUecl 
 flaids, and even folids, from all parts of the body, 
 and carry them likewife to this fame du6l, which 
 may be feen in the plate running up the back bono 
 between the two great blood veffels ; and, pafting be- 
 hind the heart, it is entering the anterior vena 
 cava, where it receives the great vein of the arm 
 
,40 
 
 and of the head [vide c, frontlfpiece]. It is from 
 this fource that the blood is formed ; and it is thus 
 that food goes to the fupport of the conftitution by 
 forming of blood. 
 
 ^ The bbod, which is univerfally and continually 
 circulating through the machine, confifts of a folid 
 part fufpended in a fluid, which, en being cold, fe- 
 parate from each other. To circulate this fluid, 
 refervoirs and canals arc neceflary : the refervoirs 
 are the cavities of the heart, and the canals are call- 
 ed arteries and veins. The arteries carry it from the 
 heart [fee the plate^ where o reprefents the vein, 
 and that without a letter, next to it, the artery]. 
 Thofe carrying the blood to the heart are the veins. 
 There is what is called a double circulation ; that 
 is, while part of the blood is pafling over the refl of 
 the body, part is paflJing through the lungs, but fo 
 that, alternately, all pafles through the lungs, and 
 all through the other parts of the body. As the 
 blood paflcs through the lungs, it is aded on by the 
 air, becomes pure, and receives heat; and, as it 
 paffes over the refl; of the bod}^, it gives out the 
 purity and heat which it received from the air, 
 and the nourifliment which it received from the 
 chyle, thus to form, increafe, and nourifli the va- 
 rious parts of the body, and to fupport the fecretions 
 of the different fluids. The force with which the 
 heart acts is fo contrived, that at one moment it re- 
 
4i 
 
 ceives the blood of the veins, and at another it fends- 
 it out again, from an ahernate contradion and re- 
 laxation : the arteries corrt-fpond in this ; and this^ 
 forms what is calkd the pulfe. The pufie in the hone 
 beats about forty or forty-five tinx^s in a minute : in 
 a dog it beats eighty, ninety, or one hundred ; for a 
 fraall animal has more irritability, and is weaker^- 
 than a large one ; and hence what the heart wants in 
 ftrength it makes up in quicknefs : for which reafon, 
 young animals, as being weaker, have always a quick 
 pulfe; and thus a quick pulfe without fulnefs is a 
 mark of weaknefs. When the heart is Itimukted 
 to ad by fome particular caufe with great force, the 
 pulfe is then full : if this arifes from fome difeafed 
 caufe, the animal is then faid to have fever. 
 
 The blood is the life of the machine, for it nou- 
 rishes and forms every part ; and this it does either 
 by depofiting its parts at once by its veffeis, or 
 through the medium of glands : but in whatever way 
 it is done, it is called fecretion. A s;!afid is a larj^^ 
 mafs formed of an al?emblage of arteries, veins, and 
 excretory veiTels, feparating the fecreted fluid, and* 
 carrying it off. The lirer [vide gg^^ fi-ontifpiece] i^ 
 a gland to fecrete the bile ; and it is remarkable of' 
 &fe gland in the horfe, that the bile is not kept itf 
 a refervoir called the gall bladder, as ia other afti- 
 raals, but pafl'es at once into the inteftmes- as it is- 
 formed. The bile is the natural purge of the ioief- 
 tines ; and, as we have already ihewn that a horfe is 
 
 E 2 
 
42 
 
 almoft always eating, and that the food is neceffarily 
 paffing off very quickly, fo in him it was neceflary 
 that the bile fliould conftantly flow. The liver of 
 moft animals intended for quick motion is wifely 
 divided into feveral lobes [vide frontifpiece^, and 
 not, hke that of man, formed nearly into one great 
 mafs : by this divifion into parts, the great exertions 
 of the animal in leaping, running, &c., are not inju- 
 rious to the organ. The kidneys are two important 
 glands [vide w«, frontifpiece], deftined to feparate 
 the watery parts from the blood : thefe glands are 
 .more certainly a^led on in the horfe than in man : 
 hence diuretics, or urine medicines, are given with 
 certainty to horfes, and never fail of their effed. 
 
 The newous fiijflem is a fpecies of primum mobile— 
 a fpring whereby all the adions of the body are fet 
 in motion : this fyftem is formed of the brain, which 
 is placed in the fkull; and of white cords called 
 nerves, that diftribute the influence of the brain to all 
 parts of the body. 
 
 The eyes in a horfe are very acute ; and quadru- 
 peds in general fee better, particularly at night, than 
 man : the bottom of their eye is darker, and there- 
 fore better fitted to retain the light. Man defends 
 his eyes with his hands ; but quadrupeds, not having 
 fuch means, are kindly afforded others which man 
 is denied. A horfe has a mufcle furrounding the 
 optic nerve that can draw the globe of the eye within 
 
43 
 
 the focket to a great depth ; and farther to defend 
 it, as this is drawn in, a griftly curtain is thrown 
 before the eye. Farriers call this the /law ; and fome 
 of them are ignorant enough, when the eye becomes 
 inflamed, to cut off the prominent parts of it feen at 
 the inner corner of the eye. 
 
 Hearing in quadrupeds is likewife very acute, 
 and their ears are wifely fo formed as to receive a 
 great many founds, and to be able to direft them 
 towards the objects they wifh to attend to : hence 
 their ears are very moveable. TaJHng is effefted by 
 the tongue and parts around. Smelling in quadru- 
 peds is ftill more acute ; and to this end the cavities 
 of the nofe are very large, to enable them to diftin- 
 guifh the properties and qualities of every thing 
 around them. Feeling is univerfally given to every 
 part; but the more immediate organ of perception in 
 the horfe exills in his nofe: in the dog, in his nofe 
 and paws. Quadrupeds are covered with ftrong fub- 
 fiances called //t//i, or integuments : thefe do not dif- 
 fer from thofc of man but in the addition of a large 
 quantity of hair, the various tints of which give the 
 terms of bay, chefnut, black, white, grey, &c., to 
 the horfe ; and yellow, liver, pied, moufe, white, 
 black, &c., to the dog. An animal thus formed, 
 when arrived at maturity, is endowed with a fenfa-' 
 tion morally termed love, and naturally, luft; and 
 for the fultilment of this paflion he is endowed with 
 
 E3 
 
44 
 
 certain organs : in the male, the tejies, or Jiones^ for 
 the formation of the feminaljluid, and the penis, or 
 yard, for the difcharge of it. In the female, the 
 ovaria, which contain the rudiments of the future 
 animal ; and the uterus, or nvomb, into which it 
 pafles after impregnation. In this fituation it is re- 
 tained till it arrives at fufficient perfection to perform 
 the various fun<5lions neceffary to fupport life in the 
 world. This is called the period of gejlation, or 
 going with young, which differs in different animals, 
 according to theiff fize ; being longer in the large, and 
 Ihorter in the fmall. In the mare it takes up about 
 eleven months ; in dogs, about nine weeks, or from 
 lixty to fixty-three days. 
 
 AGE OF THE HORSE AND DOG. 
 
 Domeftic quadrupeds have all of them certain al- 
 terations that take place in their bodies at fixed pe- 
 riods of their life, by which their age may be afcer- 
 tained with confiderable prccifion. Oxen have a 
 temporaneous fet of horns, which give place, at three 
 years old, to a permanent pair, which produce a 
 circle every fuccceding year ; fo that by counting 
 three years for the point of either of the horns, and 
 a year for each circle, the age is gained. 
 
 Deer acquire an additional branch to the palm of 
 the horn each year. 
 
45 
 
 Sheep and goats do not change their horns : one 
 year, therefore, being counted for the point, and an 
 additional year for each circle they prefent around 
 them, furnifhes the obferver with their ages. 
 
 Dogs have no exaft criterion of their age ; but 
 their habits of domeftication enable us to judge 
 with confiderable certainty relative to it. At about 
 four years the teeth lofe their points, and gain a 
 furface, which increafes as the age advances; they 
 likewife become lefs white, and more uneven ; and 
 frequently by picking of bones one or more are lofl. 
 At feven or eight the hair about the eyes becomes 
 (lightly grey, which gradually extends over the face; 
 but it is not till ten, eleven, or twelve years, that 
 the eyes lofe their luftre : whenever that takes place,^ 
 the dog breaks faft, though many dogs laft fifteen, 
 fixteen, or feventeen years, and I have feen a mo- 
 ther and fon, vigorous at twenty and twenty-one 
 years. 
 
 The age of horfes is alfo gained by a knowledge of 
 the appearances their body puts on at different pe- 
 riods : as they become old, their eyes fink, their 
 muzzles turn white or grey, and their eye-pits be- 
 come hollow ; but this fo much depends on their 
 previous ufage, that the exa6l age cannot be gained 
 from an attention to any of thefe appearances : we 
 therefore have recourfe to the teeth, which furnifli 
 certain alterations in their appearance every year in 
 
45 
 
 all horfes nearly alike. Till five years the age is 
 judged of by the fliedding of the twelve front teeth, 
 or nippers. At two years and a half, the two front 
 nippers above and below fall out, and are changed. 
 At three and a half, the two teeth next to thefe, 
 above and below, are replaced by others ; and before 
 five the two corners alfo ; about which period the 
 tuflies likewife fall, and the colt affumes the name of 
 the horfe, and without tliem the filly now becomes a 
 mare. Each of thefe permanent fet of nippers has a 
 mark or cavity in its upper furface. At fix years the 
 cavities of the two front nippers of the lower jaw are 
 filled up. At feven, thofe of the two next of the 
 fame jaw fill up ; and from this to eight the corner 
 ones fill up likewife, when the horfe is faid to have 
 loft his mark, and to be aged. The upper teeth 
 may, however, after this period, furnifli fome crite- 
 rion to judge by, though perhaps not altogether with 
 equal precifion ; for at the fame time that the cavi- 
 ties of all the lower nippers are obliterated, thofe 
 only of the two front upper ones are eftaced : fo 
 that at eight years the two front upper nippers lofe 
 their mark ; at ten, thofe of the two next ; and at 
 twelve, thofe of the two corners. It muft, however, 
 be remarked, that horfes for their real ufe are to be 
 judged according to their conftitution, and the pre- 
 vious ufe that has been made of them ; fome being 
 capable of every ufefiil exertion at fifteen, or even 
 twenty, while others are worn out at nine or ten. 
 
47 
 
 ALTERATIVES. 
 
 Alteratives are medicines that act on the body in a 
 flow and nearly imperceptible manner, thereby cor- 
 recting any latent evil. It is an improper cultom to 
 give alteratives when an animal is in health, under 
 the idea of increafing it, or keeping him fo ; for it is 
 evident that, when an animal is in health, any alter- 
 ation mufl be for the worfe. 
 
 The fubftances ufed as alteratives are of different 
 kinds, and a<5t in different ways ; but they may prin- 
 cipally be referred to fuch as aft on the fkin, called 
 fudor'ifics, or ftceats, as fulphur, antimony, mercury, 
 warm cloathing, &c. ; to fuch as ad; on the kidneys, 
 called diuretics^ as refin, nitre, cream of tartar, an- 
 timony, fox-glove, tobacco, turpentine, &c. ; to fuch 
 as act on the inteflines, called purges, as aloes, gam- 
 boge, calomel, falts, &c.; to fuch as act on the flo- 
 mach, increafmg its tone, called ^omac/^/c*; to which 
 may be alfo referred cordials, as bitters of various 
 kinds, fpices, malt, beer, &c. Thefe various fpecies 
 of alteratives are treated of at length under their 
 feveral heads. See Sudorifics, Diuretics, 
 Purges, Stomachics, and Cordials. 
 
 To thefe may be added thofe alteratives that a(5l 
 by all the above means, that is, fuch as gently fli- 
 mulate all the fecretions at the fame time, as the 
 •ikin, the kidneys, the bowels, &c. Various fub- 
 
48 
 
 ftatices are ufed for this purpofe, as nitre, antimony, 
 fulphur, and mafhes ; an entire change of food, as 
 from ftable-fed to grafs, may either of them prove 
 an excellent alterative, as they ad on all the fe- 
 cretions at the fame time. 
 
 The cafes that require alteratives are furfeits, 
 fvvelled legs, greafe, thick wind, hide-bound, gene- 
 ral relaxation, which is fhewn by faintnefs, dulnefs, 
 and conftant fweating. The bcft general alterative 
 that I have found in my pradice is a compound that 
 may be feen among my ready prepared remedies, 
 called Alterative Condition Pozvders. See page 26. 
 
 Thefe powders will aft imperceptibly on all the 
 fecretions at the fame time, and hence are very 
 proper for furfeits, fwelled legs, mange, hide-bound, 
 and want of condition ; and are very convenient, 
 becaufe they may be mixed with the food, and 
 hence occafion little trouble, and require no con* 
 iinemsnt or precaution. 
 
 BALLS, REMARKS ON. 
 
 Balls are a very common form of putting horfe 
 medicines into, and they are alfo the moft conve- 
 nient form to give medicines to dogs: many fub-^ 
 ftanccs, likewife, will not readily compound into 
 any other form. When perfpns are expert at it, 
 delivering (as it is called) a horfe ball is much 
 cafier than the giving a liquid or drench. The mode 
 
49 
 
 of giving balls to dogs may be feen in the Prelimi* 
 saary Remarks on Dogs, at the end of the book. 
 
 A horfe halt fliould be lefs than a pullet's egg, 
 but longer : it fliould be firm in confiftence, and not 
 liable to crumble; nor yet fhould it be too hard, or 
 it may choak. This is a fault that mofl ready pre- 
 pared horfe balls have : fome are fo hard, that, even 
 if they do get down, all the powers of the llomach 
 can hardly diflblve them, and th.ey may pafs away 
 una<5led upon ; this defeat arifes from making ufe of 
 an improper fubftance to mix them with ; it will, 
 however, be found, that the ready prepared balls I 
 recommend never harden by age. There is an in- 
 ftrument called a hailing iron, often ufcd by perfons 
 not very expert at delivering balls : it is beli to give 
 them without it; but, when it is ufed, it fliould al- 
 ways be guarded with cloth, to prevent the bars 
 from being wounded. The moji conienient mode of 
 delivering a ball is, to back the horfe in his flail, 
 when the operator, railing himfelf on a flool (the 
 bottom of the bucket is a very ufual convenience, 
 but it fometimes falls in, and alarms the horfe), 
 fliould gently draw the tongue a little out of the 
 mouth, fo as to prevent its rifmg to reflfl the pafTage 
 of the hand ; but the tongue fliould not be held out 
 alone, or the flruggles of the horfe may injure it, 
 but it fliould be held firmly by the fingers of the 
 left hand againfl the jaw. The ball, being previoufly 
 
50 
 
 oiled, muft now be taken in the fingers of the right 
 hand, lengthways, when the hand, being fqneezed 
 into as fmall a fpace as polTible, muft be paffed up 
 the mouth clofe to the roof, by which injury from 
 the teeth will be avoided : having placed the ball on 
 the root of the tongue, the hand fhould be with- 
 drawn, and the tongue liberated, but not the head ; 
 when the ball pafles down. The head fhould, dur- 
 ing the whole, be but moderately elevated : when it 
 is held too high, there is frequently danger of choak- 
 ing the horfe. As the operation of giving balls, 
 and even drenches, is a very forcible one, and pro- 
 duces great refiftance on the part of the horfe, fo it 
 is impolTible to give them (except in cafes of con- 
 iiderable emergency) more than twice a day ; and 
 yet fome veterinarians, who write from theory, and 
 not from practice, are found in common cafes di- 
 reding balls and drinks every three or four hours. 
 
 Balls fhould be prepared with very great care : 
 the dry ingredients fliould be very finely powdered, 
 and the moift molt intimately mixed. In preparing 
 them, an accurate knowledge of chemiftry is necef- 
 fary, or one fubftance may have fuch an effect on 
 another as to convert it into a poifon. When in- 
 tended to be kept, great care is requifite to prefervo 
 them from fpoiling : this is bell done by compound- 
 ing them in fuch a way as neither to harden, moulder, 
 or ferment. The balls entering into my ready pre- 
 
61 
 
 pared medicine arrangement have tliefe advantages f 
 they likewife retain their virtue any length of time, 
 are mofl intimately mixed, never harden, and are of 
 a proper fize and convenient form. Thofe intended 
 for horfes are, mercurial and common Purging BallSy 
 Diuretic Balls, Cordial Balls, Cough Balls, Farcy 
 Balls, Fever Cordial Balls, Ckolic Balls: thofe for 
 dogs are, Purging Balls, and Worm Balls. 
 
 BLEEDING. 
 
 Sweats, diuretics and purges, are all particular 
 modes of leflening the quantity of blood in the body, 
 for what is removed from the body by them is forced 
 to be fupplied by the blood ; but bleeding is a more 
 quick and effedlive mode of leflening the blood, and 
 has this difference from the former, that it removes 
 all the parts of this fluid at once, and is, therefore, 
 ufed to reduce the conftitution ; whereas they only 
 remove the watery parts, and, therefore, can be 
 fafely applied in almoft all cafes, when bleeding 
 would weaken too much. In all great and violent 
 inflammations the blood veflels appear diftended with 
 blood ; bleeding, therefore, in thefe cafes, by reliev- 
 ing the veflels from their diftention, tends to remove 
 the inflammation. Hence bleeding is the mofl; ef- 
 fective means of treating rifing of the lights, or in- 
 flammation of the lungs ; red cholic, or inflamma- 
 mation of the bowels ; red water, or inflammation of 
 
 F 
 
52 
 the kidneys, &c. Blood may be drawn from any 
 part of the body, but in common cafes it is ufually 
 drawn from the great neck veins that run up, one 
 on each fide in the hollow, between the windpipe 
 and the flefh of the neck. Bleeding is not a difficult 
 <-)peration when once learned, and is commonly prac- 
 tifed by a fleam, which, being held juft on the vein, 
 is ftruck with a ftick fufficiently forcible to penetrate 
 the vein, but not to pafs through it. The moft pro- 
 per part to be opened is about a hand's breadth from 
 the jaw. If a ligature round the neck is ufed to 
 raife the vein, it fhould not be tied too tight ; but it 
 may, in moll inftances, be avoided by preffing one of 
 the fingers, of the hand holding the fleam, on the 
 vein, which will then rife. It is prudent to cover 
 the eye of the fide the blood is to be drawn from, as 
 the flourifli of the blood ftick may make the horfe 
 Hart, and thus a wrong part be ftruck, or the opera- 
 tion fruftrated. The pin ftiould never be fuftered to 
 remain more than twenty-four hours, or the wound 
 often fefi;ers. 
 
 The quantity of blood drawn mufi; be regulated by 
 the age, fize, and ftrength of the horfe, together with 
 the nature of the difeafe. In violent inflammations 
 of important organs, as the lungs, bowels, &c., too 
 little is ufually taken away : in thefe cafes, five, fix, 
 or even feven, quarts is not too much. A horfe has 
 loft forty pounds without fainting, and has recovered. 
 
5ii 
 
 If, in acute difeafes, the blood drawn is firm, with 
 a white tough crull on it, a repetition of the bleed- 
 ing in a few hours is warranted. This particularly is 
 the cafe if the fymptoms yet remain in force, though 
 the animal feems but little weakened by the former 
 bleeding; alfo if his pulfe, or the beating of the 
 heart, which was before obfcure, became more evi- 
 dent as the blood flowed. Blood, when drawn, 
 fhould always be mcafured ; that is, never fufFer it to 
 fall from the horfe into flraw, or on the ground, for 
 horfes have bled to death by this means. 
 
 When it is neceffary to draw blood from the plate 
 vein, or thofe of the legs, great care is rcquifite to 
 avoid piercing through the vefiel, and the parts be- 
 low, which might occafion very ferious inflammation. 
 In thefe cafes, inftead of the common fleam and 
 blood flick, a fpring fleam is proper : — perfons ex- 
 pert at it ufe a lancet, which is Hill more fafe. 
 
 Bleeding in health, to prevept difeafe, is feldonx 
 necelTary ; however, to condemn it altogether is as 
 improper, for there are cafes when it may prevent 
 very fatal difeafes. When it is necelTary to get a 
 horfe, from very low living, into condition very quick- 
 ly, as from grafs, flraw yard, &c., if in this c^fe 
 high feeding is began upon in its full extent without 
 previous bleeding, it is more than probable that the 
 horfe will be attacked with flaggers, or fome other 
 difeafe. Whenever, therefore, a horfe alters his 
 
 F 2 
 
64 
 
 mode of living from a lower regimen to a fuller, it 
 /liould cither be gradually done, or he fhould be bled 
 once previous to the procefs, and once during it. 
 
 BLINDNESS 
 Is a very frequent difeafe among horfcs, and is 
 generally one of two kinds : that arifing from the 
 weeping inflamed eye, by fome termed lunatic, 
 which, after frequent attacks, ends in a white hard 
 mafs, {qqw within the globe of the eye, forming a ca- 
 tarad. The other fpecies of blindnefs, among far- 
 riers, horfe-dealers, &C.5 is known by the name of 
 glafs eyes, from the green fhining appearance thefe 
 eyes have ; but which, to perfons unaccuftomed to 
 looking at horfes' eyes, is not eafily obfervable : but 
 it may be detected by the animal not winking when 
 the hand is moved a little from the eye, and by his 
 caution in coming out of the ftable, lifting his legs 
 high, and moving his ears quickly, as in alarm. 
 The origin of this difeafe is fuppofed to exift in a 
 paralytic affeclion of the optic nerve. The treat- 
 ment of both may be feen under the article Eyes. 
 
 BLISTERING 
 
 Is an operation of great utility, and is, perhaps, 
 the fafeft that is performed. Bliflers ad by inflam- 
 ing the ikin, which drawing a large quantity of blood 
 to the part, its watery portion, or ferum, is fepa- 
 
65 
 
 rated, and this forms the running. In a day or two 
 the irritation of the blifter ceafes, and the part is 
 then in the condition of a common wound, and, as 
 fuch, produces matter. At the fame time, likewife, 
 that a blifter ads on the fkin, it fiimulates the fur- 
 rounding abforbents to take up other fluids ; and if 
 the blifter is itrong, and they are much excited, 
 they even remove the folids. 
 
 Mercury is known to ftimulate thefe veffels mor-e 
 than moft other fubftances ; therefore, when we wifh 
 particularly to ftir up the abforbents to remove a 
 part, we make ufe of a mercurial blifter ; that is, 
 calomel, or corrofive fublimate, is mixed with the 
 Spanifli flies, euphorbium, or whatever the blifter is 
 compofed of. Mercurial blifters are, therefore, ufed 
 for fplents, curbs, ring-bones, &c. ; but when we 
 only wifli to inflame a part, thereby to draw the in- 
 flammation from fome other part, we content our- 
 felves with the flies, or other Amply irritatii^ fub- 
 
 ftance. 
 
 It is a law in the animal economy, that two in- 
 flammations feldom exift in the vicinity of each 
 other; therefore, when an inflammation has taken 
 place in any part, and we wifli to remove it, we at- 
 tempt to raife an artificial inflammation in the neigh- 
 bourhood, by means of blifters, which, if we efted, 
 v;e remove, or at leaft leflen, the more natural in- 
 ilammatioii. Therefore, in inflammations of the 
 
 F 3 
 
56 . 
 
 lungs, bowels, &c., it is proper to bliftcr the cheft, 
 belly, &c., very extenfively, by which means the 
 inflarnmation may be removed from the vital organs 
 to parts of' lefs importance. 
 
 The fubftances ufed as blifters are various ; the 
 more adive are, corrofive fublimate, butter of anti- 
 mony, oil of vitriol, euphorbium, &c. : the more 
 mild are, preparations of Spanifh flies, of horfe-ra- 
 difh, muftard, &c. Great care is neceffary in the 
 compounding of blifters to advantage, as well as 
 much judgment : they are frequently fo flrong as to 
 leave a blemifh through life. I have compounded 
 an ointment for all the common purpofes of blifter- 
 ing, diftinguiflied in the medical arrangement under 
 the title — 
 
 Blistering Ointment [fee page 23]. This 
 will be found efficacious in all bony fwellings ; blift- 
 cring the fkin adively, ^vithout deftroying the roots 
 of the hair, and blemifliing the part, as is frequently 
 the cafe with the blifters in ufe for thcfc complaints. 
 
 Liquid Sweating Blister [page 24]. In 
 fome cafes it is thought more proper gently to fti- 
 mulate a part without raifing the fkin, or inflaming 
 it much; and this is done by what is termed a fweat- 
 ing blifter, which is very proper in thick gourdy 
 If'gs, when the back finews are thickened, and in all 
 old ftrains and wcaknefles. The Liquid Szceating 
 Blijler, and the BUftering Ointmentf mixed together, 
 
57 
 
 prove a very excellent application to the chell in in- 
 flammation of the lungs, and to the belly in' inflam- 
 mation of the bowels. 
 
 BREAKING DOWN. 
 
 What is iifually termed breaking down, is a rupture 
 of fome of the ligaments defcribed in " Veterinary 
 Outlines"as fufpenfory ligaments. Vide vol. ii. plate 8. 
 In thefe cafes there is great weaknefs of the leg, and 
 the fetlock is brought to the ground nearly ; but real 
 breaking down takes place when the back linews 
 thcmfelves become ruptured. In either cafe, but 
 particularly in the latter, a perfedl cure is feldom 
 obtained. The limb fliould be kept in a relaxed 
 ftate, by elevating the heels, and any cooling appli- 
 cation made ufe of. A very proper one will be the 
 
 Embrocation for Strains [page 25]. This 
 fliould be applied to the part, either rubbed in with 
 the hand, or cloths applied wet with it conftantly, 
 and from which great benefit may be expeded. 
 Bliftering and firing, when the inflammation has fub- 
 fided, will complete the cure, as far as it is able ; 
 but the horfe is feldom, after, fit for much active 
 exercife. 
 
 BROKEN WIND. See Wind. 
 
^8 
 
 CANKER. 
 
 When a running thrulh has been neglected, and 
 has made its way through the frog, and attacks the 
 jflefliy fole of the horfe's foot, it is called a canker : 
 its tendency to fpread is fuch as to appear as though 
 the part was inoculated with the difeafe, and, unlefs 
 flopped, it very foon deftroys the whole foot. 
 
 The cure mufl be begun by cutting away all the 
 luxuriant fungus, or proud flelh, that appears even 
 with the furface, then fpreading fome butter of an- 
 timony over it; or it may be touched with oil of vi- 
 triol ; or, what very feldora fails, it may be fmeared 
 well over with the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 24]. When 
 this is done, a firm but regular preiTure muft be ap- 
 plied on the whole furface, by means of crofs bars 
 of iron placed under the fhoe. This mode muft be 
 repeated every other or every third day, till the 
 part is well. 
 
 CATARACT. See Eyes. 
 
 ' A COLD. 
 
 A cold, as applied to difeafe, is what in human 
 medicine is termed catarrh, and in old books of far- 
 riery morfoundering; and, when it becomes epidemic, 
 it gains the name of difteraper in horfes, and influ- 
 enza in man. It confifls of an inflammation of the 
 
59 
 
 membranes of the nofe, which fometimes extends to 
 the gullet, and produces fore throat. As it attacks 
 with more or lefs violence, the fever is more or lefs, 
 and the difeafe becomes formidable or trifling. 
 
 All colds are, in the firft inftance, to be treated 
 as fevers and inflammations. If the fymptoms run 
 high, bleed, open the body, give maflies, clothe the 
 head, and keep the liable regularly warm, but not 
 hot ; and by no means exppfe the animal even for 
 cxercife. Night and morning give mixed with a 
 
 mafh one of the 
 
 Fever Powders [page 26]. If there is much 
 cough, treat as under Cough. When the difeafe has 
 lafted fome days, if the horfe appears weak and 
 faint, as is fometimes the cafe, give malt mafhes, 
 and every morning one of the 
 
 Cordial Fever Balls [page 21]. By this 
 means the cure will be foon completed; and by 
 keeping him to this diet, and not expoflng him too 
 early, he will avoid being fo completely out of con- 
 dition, as is ufually the cafe after long colds. 
 
 CHOLIC SPASMODIC, called GRIPES or 
 
 FRET. 
 
 The cholics of horfes are of two kinds, extremely 
 different to each other in their nature, and totally 
 oppofite to each other in their treatment, and hence 
 requiring the utmoft nicety of diftindion j but which 
 
6o 
 
 is frequently negledecl not only by indifferent per- 
 fons, but by the generality of farriers ; and hence 
 cholic becomes a very fatal difeafe, and kills many 
 hundred horfes every year. 
 
 The two cholics I hint at are, firll, that which 
 forms our prefent fubje6i-, and which is known to 
 farriers and grooms by the names of Gripes and Fret, 
 appearing to confift of a fpafmodic affefiion or con- 
 ftridion of the inteflines from the application of 
 fome morbid matter or caufe, producing, by its irri- 
 tating quality, thofc convulfive and painful twiftings we 
 have reafon to believe take place in them. The other 
 fpecies of cholic is that which is known to farriers by 
 the term Red Cholic, either from the high coloured 
 urine made in it, or from the dark red appearance it 
 gives the inteftines. Red Cholic confifts in a greater 
 determination of blood to the inteftines, which con- 
 flitute their inflammation: hence red cholic is what 
 veterinarians call inflammation of the bowels. 
 
 The Gripes, or Spafmodic Cholic, may be occa- 
 fioned by air diftending the bowels ; being let loofe 
 from green food, particularly when unripe, or in a 
 ■ flate of fermentation, as is the cafe with green food 
 when it has been cut fome time. This fpecies of 
 cholic is frequent where horfes are foiled, unlefs 
 great care is taken. 
 
 Too large a quantity of food may occafion it: 
 thus horfes newly turned to grafs, particularly into 
 
61 
 
 tares, clover, &c., are very apt to have it ; and, like- 
 wife, after having long faftcd, when their cagernefs 
 induces them to eat voracioufly. 
 
 Cold, applied in any way, likewife, is a frequent 
 caufe of cholic ; but cold water drank when a horfe 
 is warm is the moft frequent caufe of all. 
 
 The principal point is to diftinguifli thefe two kinds 
 of choHc from each other, which an attention to the 
 following circumftances will generally render not 
 difficult. When a horfe is fuddenly feized with a 
 violent pain, kicking his belly with his hind foot; 
 laying down, and fuddenly getting up again, and when 
 down, rolling on his back; his pulfe being but little 
 affeded; breaking out in cold fweats, but the legs 
 and ears not much altered in their general warmth ; 
 the diftrefs very great, and the pain having fudden 
 remiffions ;-~when all thefe fymptoms appear, a 
 horfe may be fafely concluded to be labouring under 
 the gripes. 
 
 But when a horfe is more flowly feized, and his 
 pain, though violent, is fixed and conftant, not having 
 intervals of eafe ; when he rolls, he does not ufually 
 turn on his back ; the pulfe likewife, and the beating 
 of the heart, not being eafily felt, but very ob- 
 fcure; and the legs and ears cold, with a frequent 
 painful ftaling of a red coloured urine, and appearance 
 of fever, accompanied with coftivenefs;-— when thefe 
 appearances take place, the horfe may be faid to 
 have red cholic, or inflammation of the bowels. 
 
62 
 
 The dirtinguifhing marks between gripes and red 
 cholic are, that gripes ufually attaclis very fud- 
 denly, but red cholic more llowly. Gripes ufually 
 prefents fome intervals of eafc ; but in red cholic 
 the pain is fixed and conftant: and though, in both 
 thefe cholics, the horfe may lie down and roll, and 
 then rife again, yet, in gripes, he commonly has a 
 difpofition to turn on his back. In gripes, likewife, 
 the beating of the heart and pulfe, though it may 
 be a little quickened, is yet as evident as ufual; but 
 in red cholic it is fmall and obfcure. In gripes there 
 are feldom any marks of fever, and the legs and ears 
 remain warm ; but in red cholic the mouth is hot and 
 dry, and the legs and ears are ufually cold. 
 
 The Care of Gripes fhould be began, if very vio- 
 lent, by bleeding the horfe, which is always fafe ; 
 frequently of great advantage. Next to this, unlefs 
 the horfe's body is evidently open, he fliould be 
 raked [fee the article Rakixg], and a very large 
 clyfter of warm water thrown up. Various internal 
 medicines are given by different practitioners ; gin 
 and pepper is a common mixture: a more proper 
 one would be gin and oil of turpentine, a quarter of 
 a pint of each, with, one ounce of laudanum. But 
 the beft and moft ready means I have found are 
 
 the 
 
 Cholic Balls [page 19]. One of them given ac- 
 cording to the diredions accompanjing them, fcl- 
 
63 
 
 dom fails to give relief. Immediately after any 
 medicine is given, the horfe fliould be walked brifldy 
 for a quarter of an hour, and then his belly fhould 
 be well rubbed with a coarfe brufli, or it may be fo- 
 mented with hot wet cloths. The following clyller 
 I have known to do good, when every thing befide 
 had failed : — 
 
 A large onion bruifed. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, two ounces. 
 
 Gruel, tripe liquor, or broth. 
 A quart; mix. 
 
 INFLAMMATION of the BOWELS, called RED 
 
 CHOLIC. 
 This, as we have faid, is an inflammation of the 
 bowels, and requires a very different treatment from 
 the former, beins; a much more ferious but a lefs fre- 
 quent complaint. It may be diftinguiflied from fimple 
 gripes by its having no ceffation or intervals of eafe; 
 for, though the horfe may ceafe to make violent ef- 
 forts, from fatigue, }et he will ftill appear reftlefs, in 
 pain, and his flanks will heave. To a perfon ac- 
 cuftomed to feeling a horfe's pulfe, this complaint 
 prefents ufually a great difference to that of gripes; 
 for in this cafe the pulfe is fmall and oppreffed, 
 but much quickened ; the ears and legs are cold; the 
 mouth dry and parched; and the horfe, though he 
 lies down, from the excefs of pain, yet he gets up 
 
 G 
 
64 
 
 attain generally without rolling: whereas a horfe in 
 gripes has a conftant inclination to roll on his back, 
 the urine is frequently voided in final! quantities, and 
 
 very red. 
 
 There are balls and other medicines advertifed for 
 this complaint ; but whoever pretends to cure this 
 kind of cholic by the mouth, either deceives himfelf 
 or the public. The fact is, no medicine can reach 
 the whole line of inteftines fufficiently quick to do 
 much good ; and, moreover, they are at this time 
 in fuch aftate of tendernefs and irritation, that even 
 the mildeft medicines prove hurtful : folid food even, 
 therefore, fhould be denied, and nothing but bran 
 water or thin gruel allowed. 
 
 The cure muft be begun by bleeding, and that 
 very plentifully; fix or feven quarts may be taken 
 from a large horfe: back rake immediately, and 
 throw up fome warm water; and, if the horfe is 
 coftivc, a quart of caftor oil may be given, mixed 
 with a pint of warm water, as a drench : nothing 
 more adive muft be admitted into the ftomach. But 
 a moft clTential circumftance to attend to is the 
 raifin"- an external inflammation on the outfide of the 
 belly. This may be done by rubbing in two ounces 
 
 of the 
 
 Blistering Ointment [page 23], melted with 
 two ounces of oil of turpentine ; or four ounces of 
 flour of muftard may be mixed as in making it for 
 eating, into which two ounces of fpirit of hartfliorn 
 
may be poured to make it more active. This pafte, 
 applied over the belly, and kept there, will raife a 
 ccniiderable inflammation. But a lefs troublefome, 
 a more fpeedy, and lefs expenfive mixture, is the 
 following, which fliould be well rubbed over the 
 belly, avoiding the flieath : — 
 
 Oil of vitriol, half an ounce. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, four ounces. 
 Mix very gradually. 
 All the particulars of the treatment muft be re- 
 peated, if complete fuccefs docs not attend the firft 
 efforts. 
 
 CORDIALS. 
 
 Cordials and llomachics are fuch medicines as are 
 given either to invigorate the circulation in general, 
 or to ad; on the ftomach in particular. 
 
 Cordials invisforate the conflitution either by their 
 contents being immediately received into the mafs of 
 blood from the abforbing veflels, or they aft by fym- , 
 pathy through the medium of the ftomach : thus a 
 dram, when a perfon is faint, inftantly exhilarates 
 before it can get into the blood veffels; but the eat- 
 ing of any thing requires fome digeftion before it can 
 invigorate much, becaufe it principally depends on 
 being received into the general mafs of blood for its 
 effeds. Neverthelefs, it is not eafy to draw exad 
 lines ; and all cordials, natural and artificial, a^t 
 
 G2 
 
66 
 
 probably in both thefe ways, but in different degrees. 
 Natural cordials may be laid to be the common food 
 and drink; artificial cordials, fuch fubftances as we 
 make ufe of to produce an invigorating effed on 
 the conftitution. Thefe artificial cordials are given 
 to horfes very frequently, and, in many cafes, very 
 improperly. A horfe, as living a life of art, and tak- 
 ing, in fome meafure, artificial exercife, may fome- 
 times require a cordial ; but to fuppofe that when- 
 ever a horfe appears dull, or whenever he may have 
 done a little more work than ufual, or whenever he 
 eats a little lefs, that in thefe cafes he always wants 
 a cordial, is erroneous. 
 
 But, on the other hand, there are cafes in which 
 the judicious ufe of cordials may do much good. 
 When a horfe has been remarkably fatigued from a 
 long journey, a very fevere day's hunt, or feveral hard- 
 conteiled heats, the powers of the conftitution may 
 flag fo much, that either the horfe refufes to eat at all, 
 or, if he eats, he has not ftrength to digeft; for the 
 circulation, which was kept up by the exercife above 
 its natural ftandard fo long, now, as the exercife is 
 over, diminiflies below the natural ftandard as much 
 as it has been before urged beyond it, and with the 
 circulation the whole powers of the conftitution : 
 any thing, therefore, that artificially fupports the 
 animal by furnifliing the ftomach with the means of 
 accelerating the circulation, and keeping up the flag- 
 
67 
 
 ging powers till the conftitution is able to re-eftablifh 
 itfelf, will be of very material affiftance to the 
 
 animal. 
 
 And, a^ain, when a horfe may have been ex- 
 pofed to cold, and appears rather lluggifti from the 
 efFeds of it, without any ftrong fymptoms of difeafe, 
 in this cafe a proper cordial prevents the accefs of 
 what otherwife he might the next day labour under, 
 
 — a cold. 
 
 Tender horfes who readily purge, get out of con- 
 dition, and lofe their appetite on very flight exer- 
 cife, very frequently benefit by a cordial. In thefe 
 cafes, one proper cordial ball will frequently prevent 
 the necefTity of a fortnight or three weeks' adive care 
 to get fuch a horfe into condition again. 
 
 Laftly ; after the inflammatory fymptoms of very 
 ferious colds are gone off, at the clofe of fevers, and 
 particularly where horfes are weakened by flrong 
 phyfic, in thefe cafes cordials are very ufeful. 
 
 It is not only the cafes that require cordials that 
 fhould be attended to, but the drugs ufed for this 
 purpofe fliould be to the full as attentively examined. 
 Cordial balls have always been a fruitful fource of 
 gain to farriers, druggifts, &c. ; and but few perfons 
 are aware of the trafli they introduce into a horfe's 
 ftomach under this name. Even thofe who com- 
 pound good drugs, reafoning from analogy only, 
 make in mofl inftances, as cordials, compolitions 
 
 G3 
 
68 
 
 wholly inert. A horfe's flomach bears little analogy 
 to a man's. Four grains of emetic tartar irritates the 
 human ftomach to abfolute danger : four ounces even 
 has not fo much efFe6l on the ftomach of a horfe, 
 and twice the quantity could not make him vomit: 
 therefore Spanifli liquorice, liquorice powder, ani- 
 feed powder, turmeric, &c., can be readily fup- 
 pofed to have little effect in ftimulating the ftomach 
 and exhilarating the fpirits of a horfe. Nor, on the 
 other hand, is it ftrong cauftic fubftances that are ne- 
 ceflary ; but a judicious mixture of fuch as have been 
 found by experience to raife the pulfe without mak- 
 ing the mouth dry, and of thofe that increafe the ap- 
 petite to-day, without vitiating it to-morrow; giving 
 permanent vigour, without the confequent debility 
 arifing from fubftances that adl in the temporary 
 manner of a dram. 
 
 The Cordial Balls [page 20] are compounded 
 of fuch fubftances ; and I can venture to recommend 
 them as a preparation embracing all the advantages 
 pointed out above, and applicable to all the above 
 cafes, as well as all others requiring an adlive but 
 not heating cordial. There is another kind of cor- 
 dial; but as it is more particularly applicable to fe- 
 ver, and the clofe of acute difeafes, it will be de- 
 fcribed with Fever. 
 
 Stomachics are intended to exprefs fuch medicines 
 as ad more immediately by determining a greater 
 
69 
 
 quantity of blood to the ftomach, hence increaiing 
 the fecretion of its gaflric juice, as warm fpicy bitters, 
 &c.; or thofe fuppofed to ad by ftrengthening its muf- 
 cular tone, as bark, fteel, acids, &c. A very efficacious 
 ftomachic may be gained in either of the following, 
 given every or every other day. 
 Oak bark, one ounce. 
 Aloes, one dram. 
 Ginger, one dram. 
 White vitriol, one dram. 
 Powder finely, and make into a ball. 
 Or, Oak bark, two ounces. 
 
 Tinfture of aloes, half an ounce. 
 Ginger, in powder, one dram. 
 Forge water, one pint. 
 Boil the oak bark in the forge water, and, when 
 cold, add the ginger and tindure of aloes. 
 
 CORNS. 
 Corns arife from bruifes on the fole of the foot, 
 and are occafioned by the flioe lofmg its proper bear- 
 ing, or from a flone getting between it and the fole. 
 They are difficult of cure; but it is erroneous to 
 fuppofe them incurable. They produce great ten- 
 dernefs ; and on removing the (hoe, and paring the 
 heels, a fpeck of extravafated blood may be obferved 
 within the horn. In this Hate the cure muft be be- 
 gun by removing the whole furrounding horn and 
 
70 
 
 difeafed portion : this opening mull be flopped up 
 with fome wool, lint, or tow, dipped in tindure of 
 myrrh, but by no means prefled in. And as preffure 
 brought on the evil, fo any thing that continued the 
 preffure would only aggravate it : to prevent any 
 poffibility of this, the (hoe fhould be properly cham- 
 bered oppofite the part, and then put on ; and if 
 there is any chance of the ends of the fhoe making 
 a preffure on the part, a chambered bar fhoe ought 
 to be ufed. This being done, the horfe fhould ftand 
 on foft litter, and by no means be exercifed till the 
 horn is renewed ; after which, it will flill further en- 
 fure fuccefs, if he is turned out to grafs with fhort 
 fhoes, or tips only, on the affeded foot.. 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 What I mean by cough, here, is not that which 
 accompanies other complaints, as inflammation of 
 the lungs, glanders, nor yet broken or even thick 
 wind ; though the cough I here mean frequently is a 
 fore-runner of both thefe affedions. Butfometimes, 
 without any difficulty of breathing, a horfe has a 
 permanent cough, which is ufually more confiderable 
 night and morning, after eating or drinking, or on 
 any violent exertion. It is very commonly the efFe6l 
 of a cold, which leaves fuch an irritable flate of the 
 windpipe, that, when cold air is breathed, the dif- 
 ference of temperature between the infpircd and the 
 
71 
 
 expired occalions repeated convulfive efforts of the 
 cheft to get rid of the offending caufe. A perma- 
 nent cure is feldom obtained, unlefs it is attempted 
 foon after its appearance ; in which cafe, bliftering 
 the throat, keeping the horfe in a mild regular tem- 
 perature, and giving him, night and morning, calo- 
 mel, tartar emetic, and opium, to the amount of 
 half a dram of each, will commonly remove it: 
 but, in every cafe of cough unaccompanied by 
 fever, I have given with the greateft fuccefs, even 
 in cafes of long flanding, the 
 
 Cough Balls [page 21], which not only relieve 
 and remove this fpecies of cough, but lii^ewife alleviate 
 that which accompanies thick wind, and prevent 
 either from degenerating into broken wind. 
 
 CRIBBITING. 
 This affedlion is prevented by placing a ftrap round 
 the upper part of the horfe's neck, tightened till the 
 cribbiting action ceafes, without hurting his breath- 
 ing. 
 
 CURB. 
 
 A Curb is fometimes an enlargement of the bone 
 at the back part of the hock ; at others, it is only 
 a thickening of the hgaments of this part; but in 
 either cafe it is ufually the effed of weaknefs, brought 
 on by ftrains, too early or too hard work. In the 
 
72 
 
 early ftage of the complaint it is generally cured by 
 a blifter once or twice applied. 
 
 The Blistering Ointment [page 23] will be 
 found a very efficacious application for this purpofej 
 but (liould the complaint have exilled a confiderable 
 time, and great callofity have taken place, the part 
 fhould be firft fired, and the next day the blifter 
 before mentioned applied over it. 
 
 DIURETICS. 
 
 Diuretics arc fubftances that a6t by determining 
 a greater quantity of blood to the kidneys, and by 
 ftimulating them to feparate a larger quantity of 
 water from this fluid. The blood, therefore, loiing 
 a larger quantity of its ferum, or watery part, muft 
 be fupplied from other fources: this is done by the 
 abforbing veffels, which take up, in that cafe, any 
 fuperfluous fluids they meet with to fupply the de- 
 ficiency ; therefore it is that in fwelled legs, in cracks, 
 in greafe, or in any preternatural enlargements oc- 
 cafioned by fluids, we give diuretics with great ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 When, likewife, the kidneys fecrete too little, as 
 in gravel, which fometimes brings on a fparing and 
 painful flow of urine, we promote a more plentiful 
 formation of it, and a removal of the caufe, by di- 
 uretics : but when the urine is in fmall quantities, 
 from inflammation of the kidneys, diuretics only ag- 
 
73 
 
 gravate the complaint; for by flimiilating the kidneys, 
 and driving more blood to them, they heighten the 
 inflammation. Inflammation of the kidneys may 
 be diftinguiflied from the common cafes of llrangury, 
 by the fymptoms of fever that accompany it, and 
 by the very high colour of the urine. Bloody urine 
 is fometimes made after very fevere exercife ; here 
 likewife diuretics are hurtful : plenty of mild dilut- 
 ing liquids are the moft proper means of cure. 
 
 Diuretics, though of great fervice in the cafgs above 
 noticed, fliould never be given too flrong, or too 
 long continued; otherwife they may bring on a weak- 
 ened fl:ate of the kidneys. Various fubftances are 
 ufed as diuretics ; and whatever is ufed as fuch, ads 
 with infinitely more certainty in the horfe than in 
 man : hence thefe medicines are much more fre- 
 quently employed in the one than the other. Water 
 given to a horfe who has been deprived of it for 
 twenty-four hours, proves a very flrong diuretic. 
 Nitre, mixed with the food, is frequently ufed as a 
 mild diuretic, and, when it does not gripe, is a very 
 good one. Ilefin is likewife a very common diuretic ; 
 but it is fl:rong and adive, and, whenever given, an 
 interval of three, four, or five days, according to the 
 force with which it ads, fliould be allowed between 
 each dofe. But, to prevent the fatal efieds of giving 
 improper fubllances, I would recommend, that when- 
 ever anadive diuretic is wanted, 
 
74. 
 
 The Diuretic Balls [page 21] fliould be, 
 made ufe of. Thefe are compounded with great care, 
 and will in every inftance be found adequate to their 
 intended purpofe, and yet perfedly fafe ; removing pur- 
 fivenefs, fwellings of the legs, inflamed eyes, &c., as 
 well as loofening the hide, and promoting condition. 
 
 When a more mild diuretic is wanted, as is fre- 
 quently the cafe when a horfe is very weak, or when 
 he cannot be fpared to lay wholly by, or when it 
 is not convenient to give a ball, and likewife in thofe 
 cafes where diuretics are given merely to promote 
 condition, then 
 
 The Mild Diuretic Powders [page 27] are 
 peculiarly proper, being readily eaten with the food, 
 and ading fo mildly as to need no confinement. Both 
 thefe forms contain further pradical remarks on the 
 general efifefts of diuretics, and on the particular rules 
 neceflary to be obferved in their adminiflration. 
 
 DRINKS, or DRENCHES. 
 Many medicines are more readily and properly 
 compounded into drinks than into balls, and fome 
 horfes take the one more readily than the other. 
 Moft grooms, oftlers, and farmers* fervants, can give 
 a drink, but few are expert at delivering a ball; 
 therefore, in the medicines I have compounded for 
 public falc, 1 have, wherever remedies arc to be of- 
 ten repeated, and wherever the cafe would admit of 
 
75 
 
 it, adopted the form of powders ; becaufe, if the horfe 
 refufes them in his food, they can beinfufed in a drench. 
 The mode of giving drenches is fiifficiently known; 
 the tongue being held by the fingers againft the jaw, 
 or within the mouth, fo as to be incapable of pufhing 
 the horn away ; the head is elevated by means of 
 a noofe introduced between the upper tufhes and 
 grinders; when the drink being poured into the 
 mouth, the tongue is liberated, but not the head, 
 which neverthelefs muft not be held too high, or it 
 impedes fwallowing, and difpofes the horfe to refift. 
 
 A bottle is not a fafe vehicle to give a drench 
 from, though it is not an inconvenient one ; for fome- 
 times, in the ftruggles the horfe makes, the neck may 
 be bit or broken off. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Nothing is fo convincing a proof of the neceffity of 
 exercife to animals, as their love of play in a flate of 
 nature ; from which natural aft we likewife infer, 
 that it is much more necefiary to the young and 
 to the robuft than to the old and weakly: this re- 
 mark fhould influence our domeitic management of 
 horfes, and of dogs likewife. 
 
 Horfes and dogs live a life of art, when they be- 
 come domeflicated ; fome of them more fo than 
 others : a racer and a lady's lap dog are as remote 
 from a natural itate as art can make them. Now# 
 
 H 
 
76 
 
 as luxury has introduced thefe refinements, nature, 
 in order to keep pace with them, has introduced 
 numerous difeafes, unknown in a flate of nature : and 
 as animals, thus artificially treated, have a conftant 
 tendency to fall into difeafe, it is our duty to counter- 
 aft it as much as lies in our power. 
 
 We confine horfes and dogs not only to have them 
 at our immediate call, but to bring them into par- 
 ticular ftates, which are artificial. 
 
 The wind, durability, and emulation of the race 
 horfe is increafed by artificial means: the fame art 
 is requifite to form the manage horfe's cadences, 
 which could not be retained, was he permitted con- 
 ftantly to run at grafs. The fpeed, docility, and 
 fcent of the fporting dog is, in a great meafure, ac- 
 quired by his education and conflant practice. 
 
 Nature is always equal to her wants, but is never 
 lavifii of her gifts. Horfes in a flate of nature are 
 ftrong and active ; they can fight when neceffary, or 
 they can fly fwiftly from their enemies; but the 
 profoundefl; philofopher, and the fl:rongeft advocate 
 for nature, would confefs that no Arabian, browzing 
 on the fimple herbage of the field, would be equal to 
 the continued exertions of Eclipfe : therefore, if we 
 expe6b peculiar and unnatural exertions, we muft 
 alfo give unnatural powers ; and this we do by our 
 grooming and high feeding: but as this is a devia- 
 tion from Nature, fo flie always puniflies it with a 
 
77 
 tendency to difeafe, which we again countera<5t by 
 art. 
 
 Horfes under flrong exercife require full feed- 
 ing; and fo long as the exercife is proportioned to 
 their feeding, they feldom hurt ; but there are times 
 when we do not want to exert them, and yet we 
 wifh to keep them in a flate to be able to it when 
 we do want their exertions ; and it is at this time 
 that they frequently fuffer ; for the neceflity of ex- , 
 ercife proportioned to their keep is -not fufficiently 
 confidered, or the time cannot be fpared, or fervants 
 negle(fl them ; and thus the horfe becomes purfive, 
 accumulates fat, his legs fwell, and his heels crack, 
 and at length become greafy, and which muft ne- 
 ceflTarily be the cafe : for the receipts of the conlli- 
 tution being great by the high feeding, fo the out- 
 goings, by perfpiration, &c. &c. ought to be large 
 likewife; and if the fecretions do not find their 
 natural vents, they will find themfelves artificial 
 ones. 
 
 The mufcles we have defcribed as being compofed 
 of fibres, have a contradile power, by which all 
 the motions of the body are performed. Thefe fibres 
 ad beft when they are in a right line to each other; 
 but it is not always that they are fo placed. Every 
 one has feen beef, whofe flefliy fibres were inter- 
 fperfed with fat : it is the fame fometimes with 
 horfes; and thefe mufcles, therefore, having their 
 
 H 2 
 
7S 
 
 fibres feparated from each other, cannot act to 
 advantage. 
 
 The abforbents of the body, or the veflels that 
 are continually taking up both folids and fluids, arc 
 ItimuUxted to adl by various means. Exercife is one 
 of the ftrongeft of thefe ; it is by this means, there- 
 fore, that fat horfes are made lean : for this fat be- 
 comes taken up from the interftices of the mufclcs, 
 and placed where there is lefs prelTure ; fo that the 
 horfe, if well fed, ftill continues lufty, but the fat 
 is more advantageouily difpofed. Exercife enlarges 
 the mufcles, for Nature endeavours to become equal 
 to her wants ; therefore, when horfes or dogs are 
 trained for hunting, or racing, they have regular 
 and long continued exercife. Exercife improves the 
 wind, by taking up the furrounding fat from the 
 heart and cheit, and, thus, allowing the lungs to 
 expand : it alfo enlarges the air cells of the lungs; 
 and hence, by imbibing more air, the animal can 
 remain longer between his infpirations. 
 
 To give rules as to what quantity of exertion is ne- 
 ceflary, we Ihould know exadly what is the age, con- 
 ftitution, and feeding, of the horfe. A young horfe 
 requires more than an old one ; but, if very young, 
 it muft then be neither very fatiguing, nor very long 
 continued. Some colts are obferved to come out of 
 the hands of the breaker with windgalls, or fplents. 
 A full-fed horfe ihould have his exercife continued 
 
79 
 
 for fome time : if once a day only, not lefs than an 
 hour and a half; if twice a day, which is the mofl 
 proper, an hour each time. Horfes exercifing 
 Should be always walked a confiderable way ; they 
 then may be gently trotted, and, if intended for 
 hunting, or racing, may be moderately galloped. 
 I am not here giving direftions as to the training for 
 either : I am only fpeaking of exercife as neceflary 
 for health. However a horfe is exercifed, he fhould 
 never be brought home hot, otherwife he frequently 
 contrads ferious indifpolition : this is more parti- 
 cularly hurtful, if, as is frequently the cafe, he is 
 wafhed with cold water, and permitted to dry at 
 leifure : this is always a bad cuflom, for the heat 
 and moiflure encourage a determination of blood 
 to the legs, and occafion fwelling, and often greafe. 
 A horfe, therefore, fhould be brought home after 
 his exercife as cool as poihble, and, if waflicd, he 
 fhould be carefully rubbed dry. Fridion may be 
 confidered as a fpecies of artificial exercife, and as 
 the befl fubftitute ; and whenever, therefore, cir- 
 curaflances prevent exercife, a greater fliare of haud- 
 rubbing fliould be made ufe of. 
 
 EYES, 
 
 The eyes of the horfe, from his artificial manner 
 of living, are more fubjecl to difeafe than thofe of 
 any other animal we are acquainted with. The difr- 
 
 H 3 
 
so 
 
 cafes of the human eye are more numerous, but lefs 
 deftrudive. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. 
 
 Inflammation of the eye, called in human medi- 
 cine ophthalmia, and among farriers lunatic^ is a very 
 common difeafe among horfes, and a very deflrudive 
 one to the organ it attacks. That it is brought on 
 by fome alteration from a common or natural Hate 
 is certain, as the difeafe is little obferved but where 
 horfes live nearly a life of art. Draught horfes are 
 particularly fubje6l to this difeafe, apparently from 
 the preffure of the collar preventing the free return 
 of the blood. All horfes fubjeded to violent exer- 
 cife are liable to it, becaufe, under any violent ex- 
 ertion, the breath is held, which prevents the paffage 
 of blood through the right fide of the heart, and 
 hence it accumulates in the head. Young horfes 
 are more fubje6l than old, becaufe their veffels are 
 incapable of refifting the increafed impetus of the 
 blood. The acrid urine confined in hot ftables is a 
 very general caufe of the difeafe. Want of exer- 
 cife, and too full feeding, have a great fhare in the 
 produdion of the complaint. When the inflam- 
 mation of a horfe's eyes recurs every five or fix 
 weeks, the farriers call it lunatic, thinking the moon 
 has fome influence over the complaint. • Sometimes 
 one eye only is inflamed; at others both; and fome- 
 times they are alternately fo. After one or both 
 
81 
 
 eyes have had repeated attacks of this kind, there 
 appear fome fpecks in the centre, or within the 
 pupil: thefe gradually increafe; and though the 
 horfe may have no more inflammation, yet he goes 
 blind, having, what is termed, a catara6i. 
 
 The cure is feldom permanent; it Ihould, how- 
 ever, be attempted by clean flables, bleeding mo- 
 derately, keeping the body open, putting a rowel 
 under the throat ; but, above all, the eye muft be 
 kept covered with a linen cloth, wet with fome ap- 
 plication. Vinegar and water, goulard, fait and 
 water, &c., may be tried; but the belt remedy I 
 have found is the 
 
 Eye Water [page 25]. This, applied accord- 
 ing to the diredions that accompany it, will, in moft 
 inrtances, remove the complaint, though it will not 
 always prevent its recurrence. When the affedion 
 has lafled fome time, calomel blown in will often 
 have coniiderable effeft in removing the opacity or 
 film. Through the whole complaint a great deal of 
 exercife ftiould be allowed, but not of a violent na- 
 ture. The cuftom of putting out one eye to fave 
 the other is a cruel one, but it often fucceeds. 
 
 To prevent the return of the complaint, the caufe 
 bringing it on muft be attended to : if the ftables are 
 too hot, let them be ventilated, and kept very clean; 
 if the horfe is very fat, lower his diet, avoid irre- 
 gular work, as fometimes fevere gallops ; at others, 
 
82 
 
 intervals of feveral days reft. Avoid drawing for 
 fome time after an attack ; and though, under the 
 immediate effefts of the difeafe, grazing only adds 
 to the complaint, yet in a young horfe, when he has 
 recovered the fit, a fix months run at grafs frequently 
 prevents a return. 
 
 In no cafe remove the fpongy excrefcence at the 
 corner of the eye, by farriers called the haw : this 
 never occafions the difeafe, and its removal always 
 aggravates it, 
 
 GLASS EYES. 
 
 Horfes fometimes have one or both eyes of a 
 glalTy appearance, and greenifh colour, with the pu- 
 pil or fight of one determinate fhape : fuch an eye is 
 blind, however deceptive it may appear. The dif- 
 eafe arifes either from blood thrown over the retina, 
 or from a palfy of this nervous expanfion. Ster- 
 nutories, or fncezing powders, have been ufed, and 
 Simulating applications, as brandy, gall, &zc., intro- 
 duced within the eye; but the benefit derived has 
 feldom been confiderable. Doers now and then have 
 a fimilar complaint : a remarkably handfome pug 
 in my pofleffion, at this time labours under it. 
 
 FARCY. 
 
 Farcy and glanders have fome conne6lion with 
 each other ; but how much, or of what nature, it is 
 difficult to fay. Farcy is, however, more worthy of 
 
83 
 
 notice in this place, as it is fometimes curable. 
 Farriers have long fuppofed it a difeafe of the veins; 
 but it proves to be a difeafe of what we have fpoken 
 of as the abforbents of the body. The abforbents 
 of the flcin follow the track of the veins, and hence 
 farriers thought the difeafe had this feat. Every- 
 one knows that farcy appears in the form of fmall 
 buds, which are firft hard and indolent, and then 
 burft, and difcharge a thin watery matter, which at 
 lall degenerates into extenfive ulcers. It appears to 
 be both caught and generated : while it confines it- 
 felf to the ikin alone, the horfe lives ; but when it 
 degenerates into glanders, or attacks the lungs, it 
 foon produces its fatal effeds. While it is confined 
 only to the buds, even though they (liould run mat- 
 ter, it may be cured, provided the poifon is de- 
 ftroyed in each of thefe ; but without this a cure is 
 feldom made. In the firfl ftage of farcy, while it 
 is confined to the buds, the cure may be effeded by 
 outward means only, in the following manner : Let 
 the horfe be twitched ; then proceed to cut open 
 every one of the buds with a red-hot iron, knife 
 fliaped ; after which, fprinkle the fore with verdi- 
 gris, or red precipitate* In this manner do with 
 every bud, taking particular care to avoid leaving 
 any unattended to, as a fingle one would enfure the 
 return. The animal may now be turned to grafs, 
 if at a proper time of the year. 
 
84 
 
 But when the ulcers have become extenfive, and 
 the conftitution is affeded, nothing but internal 
 means can fave the horfe ; and thefe even fail in 
 many cafes. The fores in this ftage fliould be 
 wallied with a folulion of lunar cauftic, a dram of 
 it to four ounces of water ; but if the expenfe of 
 this is objeded to, one ounce of fpirit of fea-falt 
 may be diluted with the fame quantity of water ; or 
 oil of vitriol, or aquafortis, with water in the fame 
 proportion. Bcfides which, the 
 
 Farcy Balls [page ^2] thould be given, as di- 
 redled, with unremitting care ; but I would likewife 
 remark, that as many cafes offer themfelves, when 
 one medicine fails in this difeafe, therefore if, on a 
 fair trial of thefe balls, benefit does not appear to 
 be derived, any of the following may be tried, as 
 all have in turn fucceeded under my infpedion^ 
 but the compofition of the Farcy Balls the beft. 
 Corrofive fublimate given to the amount of ten grains, 
 morning and evening, and increafed gradually to 
 twenty grains, has fometimes done good. 
 
 Verdigris has fucceeded, given in dofes of a fcru- 
 ple three times a day, increafed by degrees to a dram. 
 Turpith mineral, in the fame proportion, has like- 
 wife now and then done good. Arfenic, in the pro- 
 portion of the corrofive fublimate, may be alfo tried. 
 
 Green food has a particularly good effed on this 
 complaint : putting a horfe into tares or clover has 
 
85 
 
 ibmetimes alone cured farcy : and when grafs cannot 
 be had, the corn may be fpeared; that is, wetted till 
 it fprouts, as in malting. 
 
 That kind of farcy that appears in the legs only, 
 fwelling them to an enormous fize, is to be cured only 
 by a free ufe of the internal medicines, united with 
 warm fomentations of flrong alum water. 
 
 FISTULA. 
 
 Fiftulous fores are fuch as have an external open- 
 ing, with a large furface under the fkin : if the finufes 
 are numerous, they are called by farriers pipes. Pole 
 evUis an inftance of bad fiftulous fore. Fijlulous wi' 
 thers is another. Quit for forms a third ; together with 
 feveral others. The cure in eflentials muil be the 
 fame. A depending orifice mull be gained ; that is, 
 an opening communicating with the ikin fhould be 
 made at the loweft part of the fiftula, that the matter 
 may run out freely. This may be done with a com- 
 mon pen-knife, or a lancet; but the befi; method is 
 by means of a long feton needle pafled from the na- 
 tural opening to the bottom of the wound, and fo 
 out through the fkin. But fometimes even thefe 
 means are not equal to the cure ; for the whole fur- 
 face has, in fome cafes, become fo difeafed, that no 
 healing will take place. In this cafe, the 
 
 Mild Wash for Grease [page 24] may be 
 fyringed into the wound every day, which will bring 
 
86 
 
 on a more liealthy adion, and heal the fore: but, 
 fliould this fail, even ftronger means mufl be ufed; 
 and the bed poflible that I know of will be the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 24]. This 
 fhould be melted and poured into the pipes, of a pro- 
 per warmth, neither fcaiding, nor cold enough to be- 
 come ftiff. In fome cafes I have found that fyringing 
 the part with the 
 
 Liquid Blister [page 24] has brought on a 
 cure, when every thing elfe has failed. As the laft 
 refource, in the moft defperate cafes, thehorfe ftiould 
 be thrown, when the whole of the finufes mull be 
 laid open, and they may be dreffed with the Strong 
 Pafte for Greafe, in this cafe made fcaiding hot. 
 
 FOUNDER. 
 A foundered horfe is thought by ignorant farriers 
 to be affeded in the loins or fhoulders: but founder 
 is nothing more than an inflammation of the very 
 tender and fenfible fubftance within the foot, the 
 veffels of which become fo full of blood, that their 
 own coats and the furrounding nerves become preffed 
 upon, and produce intolerable pain, and become in- 
 capable of performing their office: hence deformity 
 of the feet in the end takes place. Founder is brought 
 on by any of the means that bring on inflammation 
 of other parts : riding faft, and for a long time, on 
 a hard road; riding in fnow, and then fuddenly put- 
 
87 
 
 ting the horfe into a very warm liable ; placing a 
 horfe in cold water when he is hot, &c. As foon as 
 the difeafe is perceived, which it may be by the 
 horfe's impatience of flanding on the affected legs, 
 immediately draw blood from the neck, and like- 
 wife very freely from the foot, by paring the toe to the 
 quick. The horfe fhould be then treated altogether 
 as directed in fever, and the feet themfelves kept 
 conftantly in warm water, which will encourage an 
 oozing of blood from the toe: but, fliould the dif- 
 eafe ftill proceed, to prevent permanent lamenefs, 
 fae (hould have his feet pared, and be turned to grafs. 
 
 GANGRENE, or MORTIFICATION. 
 
 When an extenlive wound is made, particularly if 
 it is much torn, fome part of it ufually gangrenes, 
 as it is called, or mortifies: if it is extenfive, the 
 conftitution fuffers; that is, the horfe becomes very 
 weak, and, unlefs ftrength is given to fupport the fe- 
 paration of the living from the dead parts, the ani- 
 mal dies. Gangrejie is known by the dark colour of 
 the part, the peculiar offenlive fmeil, and black thin 
 difcharge. 
 
 Gangrene is always to be confidered as a weakened 
 (late of the part, and as fuch the whole affecled por- 
 tion muft be llrengthened into aftion ; and if this is 
 extenfive, the body in general muft be ftrengthened 
 
 I 
 
8S 
 
 likewife; that is, the horfe muft be liberally fup- 
 ported with corn and malt maflies ; and if he will 
 not eat, ale and gruel muft be forced on him. The 
 wound fliould be dreffed with camphorated fpirits 
 of wine, or with an ointment compofed of equal 
 parts of lard and oil of tui-pentine. When the of- 
 fenfive fmell ceafes, and the part produces proper 
 matter, the cafe may be then regarded as likely to 
 terminate favourably. The healthy parts furround- 
 ing the mortified edges fhould never be cut or fcari- 
 fied : that is only producing a greater effedl on ihe 
 conftitution, and bringing the living into the fame 
 lUte as the dead parts. 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 When a horfe has confirmed glanders, it would, 
 perhaps, be better, in every inftance, to kill him ; 
 though there is little reafon to doubt that the difeafe 
 is curable, although the means are unknown to us, 
 A London farrier, of the name of Cunningham, has, 
 I underftand, a nofi:rum that has fucceeded in a few 
 cafes. By the violent efteds it produces, there is 
 reafon to fuppofe it confifi:s of fome of the mineral 
 acids, as arfenic, corrofive fublimate, or verdigris. 
 
 If a convenient place can be fet apart, a courfe 
 of the 
 
 Farcy Balls [page 22] may be tried, and they 
 now and then do good. The principal caution ne- 
 
s< 
 
 >9 
 
 ceflary is to diltinguilh glanders from other com- 
 plaints : it is not every running from the nofe that is 
 to be confidered as glanders, even though it lafts fome 
 time ; for ftrangles may produce it, or a fevere cold, 
 a blow on the nofe, or inflam.ed eye, &c. : but when 
 to the running is added little ulcers within the nofe, 
 the difeafe is certain. 
 
 CLYSTERS 
 
 Are of very great ufe in many cafes : they are al- 
 ways fafe, and, in general, very eafy to give; therefore 
 they are peculiarly worthy of notice in aTreatife on 
 Domeftic Farriery. Glyfters are particularly ufeful 
 to open the bowels in the horfe in fome difeafes, be- 
 caufe phyfic by the mouth takes fo long to ad, that 
 the animal is often loft before the effect can be pro- 
 duced. They are particularly ufeful in thofe cafes 
 in which it is not proper to give much medicine by 
 the mouth, as in moft great internal inflammations. 
 They are very ufeful to give nourifhment to the horfe 
 in thofe cafes where it cannot be got down the throat, 
 as in locked jaw, fome inftances of ftrangles, wounds 
 of the gullet, or ftabs of the fmall guts, long fe- 
 vers, &c. 
 
 When glyfters are given to remove coftivenefs, it 
 is always proper to back-rake firft [fee Raking], 
 as it removes any hardened dung that might obftruft 
 the paiTage of the liquid. The apparatus ftiould be 
 
 12 
 
50 
 
 a large hogVor ox's bladder, capable of holding three 
 or four quarts, with a fmooth wooden pipe an inch in 
 diameter, and fourteen or fixtcen inches long. The 
 liquor fliould not be too warm; but the pipe being 
 oiled, the whole mufl be condudled gentl}^ fo that 
 the horfe may not be furprifed with its being thrown 
 up too fuddenly. 
 
 A71 opening gli(fter. 
 Thin gruel, or tripe liquor, four quarts. 
 Oil, four ounces. 
 Salt ditto. Mix. 
 
 A glyjler aga'mjl gripes. 
 Mafh two moderate fized onions, over which 
 
 pour oil of turpentine, one ounce. 
 Thin gruel, four quarts. 
 
 A nourijliing glvfier. 
 Thick gruel, three quarts. 
 Strong ale, a quart. 
 Or, Strong broth, two quarts. 
 
 Gruel, two quarts. 
 This fhould be repeated three or four times a day. 
 A glyjler againji violent purging occajioned by too 
 ftrong phyjic, or other canfes. 
 Tripe liquor, or fuet boiled in milk, three pints. 
 Thin ftarch, two pints. 
 Laudanum, half an ounce. 
 
9^ 
 
 GREASE. 
 
 This difeafe may be much more eafily cured than 
 perfons in general find it; for the generality of far- 
 riers, by treating all cafes alike, fail in three out of 
 five. Greafe is always the effe6l of fome deviation 
 from a natural flate; that is, horfes in a ftate of 
 nature never have greafe: therefore the owner of a 
 horfe having greafe would always do well, firfl, to 
 confider in what principally the treatment of his horfe 
 dififers from the natural habit of the animal; and it 
 is more than probable that this particular is the caufe 
 of the difeafe, the removal of which alone would tend 
 greatly to the cure. 
 
 Thus, when a horfe exereifes very feverely two or 
 three following days in the week, and then refts en- 
 tirely the remainder, it follows, of courfe, that the 
 fluids will llagnate in the heels, where they have to 
 rife in a direction perpendicular and contrary to their 
 own gravity. To a horfe very full fed, and who 
 gets, perhaps, only two or three miles of excrcife 
 every day, it is evident that, the feeding and work of 
 this horfe not being proportionate, the fuperfluous 
 blood made, muft have an exit fomewhere : cracks 
 in the heels are thus formed, and ichor or ferum 
 flows out, and the blood vefTels unburthcn thcmfclves 
 in this wav. To a horfe rode throuah the fnow, with 
 his legs and heels benumbed, and then put into a 
 warm liable without his legs being rubbed, the pre- 
 
 13 
 
92 
 vious cold having weakened the legs, the warmth is 
 only a temptation, or a drav;ing of the blood and 
 juices to that part ; and the limbs hence fwell, and 
 greafe follows. Does a horfe work violently, and 
 yet gets but little food, he falls into a fiate of debi- 
 lity ; that is, he becomes thin and weak. Now his 
 weaknefs is general and univerfal ; but thofe parts 
 the fartheft from the fource of life, from the fpring 
 of the whole, and the fountain of animal warmth, — 
 which fource, fpring, and fountain, is the heart ; — ' 
 the parts, as I have faid, that are the fartheft re- 
 moved from this, which are the hind legs, will, it is 
 evident, fuffer the mofl ; and hence the blood accu- 
 mulates in them, the parts not having ftrength to pro- 
 pel their contents ; and from this accumulation 
 cracks take place, and greafe follows. Standing in 
 wet litter may bring it on; and the obliquity of the 
 ftall, likewife, by weakening the parts. 
 
 Greafe, it may be gained from this, may be the efted 
 of too full condition, or it may be occafioned by too 
 little; that is, by weaknefs. It therefore becomes 
 efientially neceflary, whenever a cafe of greafe oc- 
 curs, to confider whether it is brought on by the 
 exertion being greater than the fupport, or the fup- 
 port greater than the exertion ; for, in the one cafe, 
 we muft feed the horfe liberally, and leffen his work ; 
 but, in the other, we muft diminifli his food, and in- 
 creafe his exercife. 
 
93 
 
 Greafe appears under feveral forms, and it has fe- 
 veral ftages. Horfes, when full fed, have fometimes 
 a dry fcurfy eruption at the heels, with here and 
 there a /light fcratch, as it were. Thefe heels itch 
 intolerably, but no great moifture comes from them: 
 if fuffered to remain long in this flate, they become 
 greafy. In this early ftage, waftiing with foap and 
 water, night and morning, and rubbing them care- 
 fully dry, giving gentle but long continued exercife, 
 plenty of grooming, with bran maihes at night, will 
 generally remove this ftage of the complaint. The 
 only internal medicines neceffary will be the 
 
 Diuretic Powders [page 2?]. One of thefe 
 may be given every day till the urine flows freely, 
 and then one each other day, continuing the whole 
 of this treatment till the cure is complete. 
 
 But when thefe fcratches become deepifh cracks, 
 and matter oozes out plentifully, in that cafe, to the 
 above treatment muft be added the bathinor them 
 very frequently with the 
 
 Mild Wash for Grease [page 24], firfl; having, 
 for one day, waflied them well with warm water. 
 
 Swelled Legs, with Difcharge. There is a ftate or 
 kind of greafe differing from the former, and which 
 fometimes comes on very fuddenly, particularly 
 when a horfe has been for fome time out of condition. 
 In this cafe the hind legs (but feldom the fore) be- 
 come hot, painful, and fwelled ; and matter, or a 
 
94 
 
 watery ferous difcharge, iflues out from the cracks. 
 The iirft treatment proper for this kind of greafe, is^ 
 to apply a poultice to the legs and heels formed of 
 bran with warm water, into" which put two drams 
 of fugar of lead. This poultice fhould be repeated 
 night and morning till the fwelling abates, and the 
 parts get into the ftate of fimple cracks or fcratches. 
 A rowel fhould be put into the infide of each thigh, 
 and one or two dofes of phyfic may be given. When 
 the fwelling is completely reduced by thefe means, 
 combined with plenty of exercife, the cracks may 
 be waflied with any mild aflringent : the bell I know 
 is the 
 
 Mild Grease Wash [page 24]. 
 When greafe becomes confirmed, that is, when there 
 is a general ulceration over the Ikin of the heels, with 
 a peculiar fmell that ftrongly charaderizes the com- 
 plaint, the cure becomes more complex ; and it will 
 commonly require a fkilful farrier's attendance, 
 though determined care might render this unne- 
 ceffary. 
 
 If the horfe is in full condition, the cure fhould be 
 begun by giving a dofe of mercurial phyfic ; but if 
 the horfe is not very full and fat, then the 
 
 Mild Diuretic Powders [page 27] may be 
 fubflituted ; or the 
 
 Strong Diuretic Balls [page 21], giving 
 one every fifth, fixth, or feventh day, as they ope- 
 
95 
 
 rate. A rowel fhould be put into each thigh ; and 
 if the heels run a thin ichorous difcharge, then a 
 poultice compofed of powdered charcoal and oat- 
 meal, equal quantities, mixed with flale beer grounds, 
 /hould be applied ; or a fermenting poultice made 
 with water and flour, or oatmeal fermented with 
 yeafl; : either of thefe, after a few applications, will 
 bring the parts to run better matter, when the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 24] may be 
 applied according to the diredions contained, and 
 the cure will be completed. 
 
 When the legs fwell much, fupport may be given 
 by flannel rollers, or rolling hay-bands round them. 
 It is likewife often requifite, in long continued cafes, 
 to complete the cure by a run at grafs. 
 
 HIDE BOUND. 
 
 This is rather a fymptom of fome other difeafe 
 than a difeafe of itfelf, and may arife from any long 
 continued complaint, and is a very common at- 
 tendant on worms. To effedt a cure, the difeafe it 
 fprings from mufl be attempted to be difcovered; but 
 as fometimes this is not evident, proceed in the fol- 
 lowing manner. Clothe the body warmly, give only 
 mild exercife, and every night a malt mafli, with 
 which mix the 
 
 Alterative Poavder [page 26]. By this means 
 a cure will be foon efFeded, provided the horfe is 
 
96 
 
 expofed to no excefs of cold during the treatment ; 
 for, as the whole of this treatment is intended to 
 determine more blood to the fkin, a default of which 
 is commonly the principal caufe, fo any check at 
 this time muft ])eculiarly aggravate the complaint. 
 See Co:nditiox of Horses. 
 
 HA\Y, or HAWES, of the EYE. 
 In inflammation of the eye the haw is found to 
 protrude over a part of its furface to produce its falu- 
 tary office, that of protecting the weak pupil from the 
 light ; but farriers, in thefe cafes, ignorantly regard 
 the haw as the caufe of the difeafe, and cut the 
 protruding part off, which frequently blinds the 
 horfe, and is always cruel and hurtful. 
 
 JAUNDICE. 
 
 This difeafe in horfes feldom arifes from a defed 
 in the feci^etion of bile, but commonly from its re- 
 dundance, or difeafed quality ; hence is often ac- 
 companied with purging. Now and then, however, 
 it is accompanied with coftivenefs. 
 
 In jaundice, the horfe is dull and heavy, the ap- 
 petite bad, the urine' dark coloured, and the eyes, 
 and mouth yellow. When fever is prefent, the dif- 
 eafe arifes from inflammation of the liver, and muft 
 be treated as other inflammations. 
 
^7 
 The cure of jaundice, when there is coftivenefs, 
 will confift in giving three dofes of 
 
 Strong Mercurial Physic [page 24] ; but 
 when the bowels are already loofe, the following 
 will be preferable, given every morning : 
 Calomel, one dram. 
 Opium, half a dram. 
 
 Powder of chamomile flowers, and powder of 
 gentian, of each two drams. 
 
 Make into a ball with honey. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 Inflamed lungs is a very frequent difeafe among 
 horfes, and kills more of them every year than any 
 other complaint. Nothing fo much fliews the im- 
 proved Hate of farriery in this country as this dif- 
 eafe : heretofore, when a horfe died of inflammation 
 of the lungs, he was thought to have died rotten ; 
 and, therefore, during the complaint, hot fpicy cor- 
 dials were ufually given, which only haftened the 
 fatal termination. The progrefs of this difeafe is 
 commonly very quick, and in thirty-fix or forty- 
 eight hours from the attack the horfe is often dead. 
 The treatment muft, therefore, be very a6live to be 
 efficacious ; for a lefs active treatment, if it fuc- 
 ceeds, is only temporary in its fuccefs : for though 
 the horfe appears to amend from the firft violence 
 
9S 
 of the attack, yet water is formed in the chell, and 
 a fecond attack foon comes on, and Droves fatal. 
 
 It is of great confeqiience to be able to dillinguifli 
 this difeafe from any other. When a horfe is found 
 dull, holding his head low, with a difficulty of 
 breathing, and quick heaving flanks, uneafmefs and 
 anxiety in the countenance and manner, but no 
 fury, as in cholic, or other inflammatory afledions, 
 it may be conjectured he has inflamed lungs; and if 
 to thefe are added cold legs and ears, with a hot 
 mouth, and a very obfcure beating of the heart, 
 the cafe is certain. 
 
 But the flrongeft chara6leriflic fymptom is, that 
 the horfe hardly ever lies down in this difeafe, till 
 he falls from weaknefs. 
 
 The principal treatment to be depended on in 
 this complaint confifl;s in adlive bleeding, and blif- 
 tering. No time muft be loft ; but as foon as the 
 complaint is afcertained, take feven quarts of blood 
 from a cart-horfe, fix from a hunter or roadfter, 
 and four from a galloway or poney ; after which, 
 the beating of the heart will probably become more 
 evident. On letting this blood cool gradually, with- 
 out fliaking, it will exhibit a white or yellow tough 
 cruft over the red part : this warrants a repetition of 
 the bleeding prefently. As foon as the firft blood is 
 drawn, back-rake, and throw up the opening clyfter; 
 
99 
 after which, rub the fides of the cheft, and between 
 the fore legs, with the following : 
 
 Oil of vitriol, half an ounce. 
 Spirits of turpentine, two ounces. 
 Venice turpentine, two ounces. 
 
 Melt and mix the two turpentines together, and to 
 which very gradually add the oil of vitriol. 
 
 The reafon of applying this mixture is, that it in- 
 flames more fpeedily than a blifter, and hence is far 
 preferable. 
 
 The legs (liould now be very well hand-rubbed, 
 and then bound up in hay-bands, but not tightly. 
 The horfe muft likewife be warmly cloathed, but 
 the ftable fhould be rendered cool, though not cold, 
 
 A Fever Powder [page 26] may now be given 
 in a horn of warm water; and, in three hours from 
 the firll bleeding, if the beating of the heart is ftill 
 obfcure, and the breathing difficult, take away two- 
 thirds of the original quantity of blood drawn, without 
 fear, and renew the application to the fides. 
 
 After the firfl fymptoms are removed, if there is 
 great weaknefs, give thick gruel, with malt mafhes ; 
 but avoid heating cordial drinks. 
 
 LAMENESS. 
 Lamenefs may be the confequence of flrains in the 
 mufcles, ruptures of the tendons or finews, or of 
 fome of the fmall ligaments. It may originate alfo 
 
 K 
 
100 
 
 in fplents, fpavins, ring-bones, thorough pins, &c. ; 
 or it may, as is very ufual, arife from fome difeafe 
 within the foot, as contradlion, founder, thrufh, «Scc. 
 When a horfe becomes lame, it is fometimes no eafy 
 matter to fix upon the right limb; and, even if that 
 is afcertained, what part of that limb is affected is 
 often very difficult to determine on. When a recent 
 ftrain takes place, there is generally heat in the part ; 
 therefore the firfl thing to examine is, whether all 
 the limbs are equally cool, and each limb in every 
 
 part. 
 
 A Jlrain in the Jhoulder is known by the heat ; 
 befides which, the horfe ufually refts his toe only, on 
 the ground, or, if he flands on it, he points the foot 
 very forward. When he walks, he drags the limb, 
 and fwings it round ; and going down hill appears 
 to diftrefs him very much. When the flrain is of 
 long flanding, the fhoulder is frequently found to be 
 wafted. 
 
 Lamenefs in the pajieni ufually fliews itfelf by the 
 pattern being carried more upright in adion, and 
 the whole limb likewife more ftraight ; and though 
 the horfe willingly bends his flioulder and knee, yet 
 he carries the leg in general but little forward. 
 
 Lamenefs in the foot is difcovered by the violent 
 catches the horfe gives in his paces, to take the 
 weight from off the afi^fted foot, which is not fo ob 
 fervable in other cafes. 
 
101 
 
 Strahis of the back finews, when recent, always 
 are accompanied with heat; and when old, with a 
 hard fwelling. 
 
 Bony fuellings, as fplents and ring-bones, are 
 evident to the eye. 
 
 "When the loins are f rained, the horfe has a moft 
 irregular gait : he crouches as he walks, and flinches 
 from any weight on his back. In the ftable he Hands 
 with his leos all together. If the hand is drawn 
 down the back, he flinches from it ; and this fign 
 feldom, if ever, fails. 
 
 Lamenefs in the ivhirl-bone, or joint of the thigh 
 with the body, is known by the peculiar and low 
 dropping of the haunch, more than in any other 
 lamenefs. 
 
 Lamenefs in the, jiifle is known by the circuitous 
 motion of the limb, to prevent the bending of the 
 joint between the leg and thigh. 
 
 Spavins and thorough pins are evident to the eye. 
 
 Founder produces a lamenefs often mifiaken among 
 farriers for either fhoulder-wrench, or fhrained loins; 
 for, when the fore feet are foundered, the horfe Hands 
 with his hind legs under him, to relieve himfelf from 
 the weight before; and when the hind feet are afFeded, 
 which is lefs frequent, he flands with his fore feet 
 under him, to relieve the hinder extremities. When 
 all four feet are affeded, he obilinately refufes to 
 
 K 2 
 
102 
 
 rife. For the cure of thefe various lamenefles, fee 
 the articles themfelves. 
 
 LOTIONS, or WASHES, 
 
 Are liquid applications, cholen in this form for 
 the convenience of compounding, or of application. 
 The wafhes I have thought proper to compound, 
 and keep ready prepared in my arrangement of me- 
 dicines, are, 
 
 Mild Wash for Grease [page 24]. 
 
 Embrocation for Strains [page 25]. 
 
 Liquid Sweating Blister [page 24]. 
 
 Eye Water [page 25]. 
 
 Wash for the Canker in the Ear of Dogs 
 [page 29]. 
 
 Lotions are rubbed in with the hand, if fpirituous ; 
 but if merely aqueous, and it is necefiary that they 
 fhould produce their effeds flowly, as in eye-water ^ 
 embrocation for /trains, &c., it is better to keep a 
 cloth moiftened with them over the part. 
 
 LAM PAS. 
 
 The fwelling at the roof of the mouth of young 
 horfes, fo called, frequently gives way to a little alum 
 and honey rubbed on ; but if it is thought proper to 
 fcarify, it fliould be done very lightly, to prevent 
 unpleafant confequcnces. 
 
103 
 LOCKED JAW. See Stag Evil. 
 
 MANGE. 
 
 This difeafe is not only generated by filth, and low 
 living, but it may be caught. It fhews itfelf by the 
 animal's rubbing and biting himfelf; by the hair 
 coming off, and leaving the fkin fcabby. The 
 
 Mange Ointment [page 25] is the moll ef- 
 fectual application, and never fails of curing ; and 
 feldom requires any other afiillance than one or two 
 applications of it. If, however, the horfe is too fat, 
 it may be proper to bleed once; and, if very lean, 
 he fliould be better fed. Cleanlinefs is neceffary in 
 either cafe. When the difeafe is of very long (land- 
 ing, it might be prudent to give a courfe of the 
 
 Alterative Condition Powders [page 26], 
 
 . MALLENDERS and SELLENDERS. 
 
 The firft is a fcurfy eruption at the back of the 
 knee joint ; the fecond a fimilar breaking out within 
 the ply of the hock. Wafti with foap and water 
 every day, and rub in a little mercurial ointment after 
 each time ; or a little of the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 24] will cure 
 alone, being once well rubbed in. 
 
 MOULTING. 
 Nature is ever equal to her wants, but (he is fel- 
 dom fuperfluous. In autumn, as winter approaches 
 
 K 3 
 
the coat of the horfe, in common with many other 
 animals, lengthens, and much new hair is added 
 alfo ; but that nothing may be given in vain, in the 
 fpring, a new coat, Hiort, fine, and adapted to the 
 approaching warmth, is given. Thefe changes are 
 called moulting; and the forming thefe coats ap- 
 pears to call much of the powers of the conftitution 
 forth J for at this time there is a great debility 
 pervading the animal frame, and the horfe is very 
 dull in fpirits : in fome inftances this becomes fo 
 great as to approach difeafe. When this is the cafe, 
 the exercife fhould be moderated, and malt mafhes 
 given ; and fliould it ftill continue obftinate, and the 
 hide becomes bound, it will be highly proper to give 
 a courfe of the 
 
 Alterative Condition Powders [page 26] ; 
 and, after the}' are finifhed, to complete the cure, 
 give a 
 
 Mercurial Purging Ball [page 23]. 
 
 POULTICES. 
 
 Bread would be too expenlive an article to make 
 poultices in common cafes. Bran, therefore, is very 
 commonly ufed ; and, to give it a proper confiilence, 
 fome linfeed meal may be mixed with it ; or, in de- 
 fault of this, a little of any other meal. A poultice 
 fliould be made of a fufficient confiflence, that 
 It may not run through the cloth it is put in ; and 
 
105 
 
 yet it fliould not be fo thick as to dry too quickly, 
 for a poultice ads principally by its moifture; 
 therefore it fliould be frequently wetted through the 
 cloth with the predominating fluid, of whatever kind, 
 in applying poultices to the legs, care fliould be 
 taken not to tie them too tight, as is frequently 
 done, and thereby the mifchief aggravated inftead 
 of relieved. A piece of broad lift is, for this rea- 
 fon, very proper to fallen it on with. They fliould 
 never be applied too hot ; very little good can be 
 derived from it, and much pain may be occafioned. 
 A hot poultice foon comes to the heat of the part ; 
 and as, in mofl; cafes requiring poultices, the part 
 at the moment of application is in a Hate of com- 
 parative debility, too great heat only farther weak- 
 ens it. 
 
 No. 1. A COMMON SOFTENING POULTICE. 
 
 Bran, any quantity; pour on it boiling water, to 
 form a thin pafte ; add linfeed meal fufficient to 
 make it adhefive. After this, fl;ir in one or two 
 ounces of fweet oil. 
 
 No. 2. A COOLING POULTICE. 
 
 Inftead of common water, form the above with 
 goulard water. 
 
 No. 3. A POULTICE AGAINST GREASE. [See 
 
 GREASE.] 
 No. 4. A POULTICE AGAINST GANGRENE. 
 
 Linfeed meal, or flour, any quantity ; mix with 
 boiling water, and ferment with a table fpoonful of 
 
106 
 
 yeaft; and, as it rifes, put in an ounce of oil of 
 turpentine. 
 
 POLE EVIL. 
 
 As this is only to be regarded as a fiftulous fore, 
 fo its treatment, when it has broke, is the fame as 
 is defcribed under the article Fistula. 
 
 But before it breaks, it muft be treated as a com- 
 mon inflammation ; that is, by bleeding, keeping 
 the horfe low, and conflantly applying the faturnine 
 or goulard poultice [feePouLTiCE, No. 2J, and never 
 making ufe of hot, fpirituous, or oily embrocations, 
 when it is in this ftate, as that only advances the 
 difeafe. The cooling treatment muft not be conti- 
 nued after the tumour is felt to fluctuate, that is, 
 after it feels foft : in this cafe the horfe muft be bet- 
 ter kept, and the common poultice [fee Poultice, 
 No. ]] applied till it breaks, oris fit to open, which 
 ftiould be done with a feton needle pafted from the 
 top of the tumour to the fide, fo as to let out all the 
 matter gradually. If the tumour is large, from the 
 top opening, another feton rtiould be paiTed through 
 the other fide, as near the bottom of the fac, or ab- 
 fcefs, as poftible. 
 
 POWDERS. 
 Powders are medicines prepared in a dry pulve- 
 rized form, and are hence convenient for carriage 
 
107 
 
 and package. They are very convenient likewife to 
 adminilter, becaufe they may be made into either a 
 drink, or a ball ; or they may be mixed with food, 
 if not very naufeous. Powders, however, when 
 compofed of any thing very volatile, are apt to fpoil: 
 they fiioiild, therefore, in thefe cafes, be kept very 
 dry and clofe. In my prepared medicine arrange- 
 ment, I have compounded as powders, only ftich ar- 
 ticles as Nvili readily preferve themfelves, without 
 any particular precaution. I have compounded into 
 powders fome articles, becaufe then it is optional 
 with the giver what form he will chufe to give them 
 in, as fome horfes will not readily take balls, and 
 many grooms and oftlers cannot give them ; but 
 mofl horfes will take, and mofl perfons can give, a 
 drink : fometimes, however, even this trouble may 
 be avoided, for the powders fprinkled with the food 
 will be readily eaten. Of this kind are the 
 
 Alterative Condition Powders [page 26], 
 Worm Powders [page 9.6] ; and 
 Mild Diuretic Powders [page 27]' 
 
 PHYSICKING HORSES. 
 
 This is a very important fubje6t, and deferves 
 very attentive confideration ; and though I fliall in- 
 troduce here all that is practically neceffary, yet 
 thofe who wifli for more extended information will 
 find it in my Veterinary Outlines, vol. ii. page 760. 
 
108 
 
 It has been the opinion of fome modern veteri- 
 narians, that purging is not fo neceffary to horfes 
 as it has been thought; but though there is reafon to 
 think that purging is often made ufe of when unne- 
 ceflary, yet this opinion has led into error; for horfes 
 are, in many cafes, more benefitted by purging than 
 an}' other animal; and it is certain that they can- 
 not be got into condition fo readily by any other 
 mode. But one thing is likewife certain, and al- 
 lowed by all who conlider the fubjec^ attentively, 
 that there is no occafion, in any cafe, for the violent 
 purges grooms and farriers commonly make ufe of; 
 on the contrary, they, in all cafes, do much mif- 
 chief, weakening the ftomach and bowels, and even 
 the conftitution, for a great length of time, and not 
 unfrequently prove fatal. 
 
 Horfes are purged to bring them into what is 
 termed condition ; that is, into a ftate in which they 
 are fitted to undergo adive exercife, having wind 
 enough to render it eafy to them, and ftrength 
 enough to continue it. Purges are given likewife to 
 remove worms : in this cafe they fhould be tolerably 
 ftrong, to diflodge them, if poffible ; and it is thought 
 mercurial phyfic is particularly adapted both to kill 
 and remove worms. Phyfic is given to remove fwell- 
 ings from the legs, or other parts of the body. It 
 produces this effedl by purging out the fluids of the 
 ftoraach and bowels, by which means the abforbing 
 
109 
 
 veffels remove the fluid from the legs to make up the 
 deficiency. Purges are given to remove too great fat, 
 the fat being one of the fluids; and the body becomes 
 abforbed to fupply the wafle occafioned by the 
 purging : thus the fat that was too redundant, and 
 hindered the lungs from expanding, and the mufcles 
 from contrading, is removed; and hence the horfe 
 becomes more vigorous and lafling, and his wind 
 ftrengthened ;— -and this is called being in condition. 
 
 Horfes are, fome of them, purged more eafily 
 than others : hence the firft purge fhould be mild ; 
 for, if it does not operate, it does no harm, though it 
 is often erroneoufly fuppofed fo to do. 
 
 From the horizontal pofition of the body, and the 
 long track of inteftines, with their peculiar ftrudure, 
 it requires not only a medicine of confiderable 
 ftrength, but likewife it requires a long time to purge 
 a horfe. It is from this caufe that purging afFcds the 
 conftitution infinitely more in a horfe than in our- 
 felves : but it does not require ten or twelve days 
 for a horfe to recover himfelf between each dofe, as 
 is ufually fuppofed, unlefs the operation has been 
 very fevere, which is always hurtful, and unnecef- 
 fary. 
 
 Exercife is of particular importance in phyficking; 
 but I do not recommend very a6iive trotting : brifk 
 and continu<id walking, or, at moft, a very gentle, 
 trot, is to be preferred. 
 
110 
 
 Theexercife ftioukl be proportioned to the phyfic's 
 working: it (hould be continued at fliort intervals of 
 two hours, till it operates favourably, and then may 
 be omitted, as it would fatigue. Cold water fliould 
 never be allowed ; but if the horfe will not drink it 
 warm, it may be cool, but never cold. 
 
 Unlefs a horfe is ver^'- open in his body, he fliould 
 always be prepared for phyfic, one or two days at 
 leaft before, by bran maflies. 
 
 During the working, he fliould be kept warm; and 
 he mud be exercifed (if in winter) in cloaths pro- 
 portioned to the cold. 
 
 A purge is to be given thus:— A horfe having fafted 
 an hour or two in the morning, the ball is to be 
 given him ; after which he fliould be offered fome 
 warm water, as it will not be improper to let him 
 have his ball a quarter of an hour after he has had 
 about half his ufual quantity of water only luke- 
 warm ; for it fometimes happens that the ball difgulls 
 him, and then he will not drink for fome hours after, 
 which is not fo favourable. After the ball is given, 
 he fliould be fafted another hour, or an hour and a 
 half, when a fmall quantity of good hay may be al- 
 lowed, or a bran mafli, with a very few oats fprinkled 
 in it, to make it palatable: he fliould, at noon, be 
 walked for half an hour, and again half an hour in 
 the evening, being allowed warm water during the 
 day, and hay and bran maflies again towards night. 
 
Ill 
 
 Early on the following morning the phyiic will 
 probably begin to work, which if it does brrfkly, no 
 more exercife need be given ; but if not, an hour's 
 walkinor motion fhould be allowed, when the horfe 
 may have a mafli, and his warm water. After this, 
 another hour's exercife fliould be given (walking 
 only), and which is to be repeated every other hour 
 or two, till the phyfic works kindly, allowing mafhes, 
 clean hay, and warm water between times. Should 
 the horfe appear griped and uneafy, a warm clyfter 
 of the common kind may be given, which will ge- 
 nerally relieve with exercife ; but if the griping Hill 
 continues, which can hardly ever be the cafe when 
 good phyfic is iifed, then the following drink will 
 at once remove it. 
 
 Sound ale, a pint and a half, into which pour 
 two table fpoonfuls of Holland's, or gin, and 
 give it rather more than blood warm. 
 
 On the next day ihe phylic will be ufually fet ; 
 that is, the horfe will ceafe to purge : fliould it, how- 
 ever, continue with violence, he muft have a drench 
 of thin ftarch, and frarch and tripe liquor as a 
 clyfter ; but this fuper-purgation only happens when 
 very ftrong coarfe phylic has been ufed. 
 
 The horfe may now return to his former habits, 
 giving him corn at firft rather fparingly, with mo- 
 derate exercife ; and, in three or four days from its 
 letting, if the operation has been only moderate, a 
 
 L 
 
112 
 
 fecond dofe may be given, which is fomctimes re- 
 quired a little ftronger than' the firft; and after this, 
 if deemed neceiTary, a thirds which is ufually con- 
 sidered a courfe of phyfic. 
 
 PHYSIC, FORMS OF. 
 
 The fubllances ufed to purge horfes are ufually 
 compounded in the form of balls, by which their 
 naufeous tafte becomes hid. Jalap, rhubarb, falts, 
 &€., are not found to purge a horfe, at leaft not fo 
 readily as has been fuppofed, and they are, therefore, 
 abolirtied from the prefcriptions of intelligent farriers. 
 Callor oil is fometimes ufed, and with great pro- 
 priety, in cafes that do not admit of rougher ca- 
 thartics, as in inflammation of any of the internal 
 organs, cholics, &c. The preparations of mercury, 
 particularly calomel, are given as purges ; but from 
 their peculiar properties, and difpofition to gripe and 
 falivate, are feldom given alone, but as auxiliaries 
 to other fubftances, as aloes. Mercurial purges are 
 peculiarly fitted for horfes having worms, or when 
 there is much water in the fyftem, or fat; but as 
 merely condition phyfic, they are not, perhaps, io 
 advifable. 
 
 But the molt common fubftance ufed as phyfic is 
 aloes; and which, when properly prepared, and 
 when the aloes themfelves are of a good kind, is cer- 
 tainly not only the moft convenient, but the befl 
 
113 
 
 phyfic. It is, however, too common to powder 
 aloes very grofsly, which alone frequently occafions 
 gripings and other bad confequences ; but when to 
 this defeft is added a bad quality in the aloes 
 themfelves, fuch as is often found in the coarfeft 
 kinds of Cape and Plantation aloes, the mifchief is 
 commonly ferious. It is ufual, likewife, to intro- 
 duce too much heating fpice, or oils, into phyfic, 
 which often inflame the bowels. 
 
 Aloes (hould be of the very bcft kind, and very 
 finely powdered; and the quantity given, regulated 
 by the Cizc, age, and ftrength of the horfe, from three 
 drams to ten. But that no miftake may arife about 
 proportions, and that fuch phyfic may be always 
 obtained as perfons may be affured are prepared of 
 the beft drugs, and in the moft judicious manner, 
 there enters into my medicine arrangement the fol- 
 lowing varieties of purges : — Strong Purging Balls, 
 fuitable for ftrong horfes ; Milder Purging Balls, adapt- 
 ed for the firft dofe given to moft horfes, and like- 
 wife thofe that are lefler or weaker. There are alfo 
 
 Strong Mercurial Purging Balls, and 
 Mild Mercurial Purging Balls [fee pages 
 22 and 23, medicine arrangement]. 
 
 PURGING. See Looseness, 
 
 L 2 
 
QUITTOR. 
 
 In a Domeftic Treatife on Medicine, more, per- 
 haps, may properly be laid on the prevention of this 
 difeale than on the cure; as the one is often eafv, 
 and tiie other muil claim the affiftance of the expe- 
 rienced farrier. 
 
 A quittor almoft always arifes either from a wound 
 <5r bruife on the coronet, or from a nail prick; either 
 of which, if taken in lirne, would hardly ever pro- 
 duce this difeafed ftate. But when one or the other 
 has been neglecled, infiammation follows, and an 
 abfcefs forms within the cofiin, which at laft makes 
 its way out at the quarters above the coronet. The 
 only proper method is that which farriers term coring 
 out the wound ; for curing it by cutting is fome 
 months about, and leaves an irreparable blemifh, 
 and cflcn a flilfc quarter. When the direction of the 
 fiitulous fores forming the wound is afcertained, 
 fome of the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 524-] fliould 
 be mixed with flour, fo as to make it hard enough 
 to be forced with a probe to the bottom of all the 
 fiftulous pipes; or blue vitriol coarfely pounded, and 
 mixed with pitch or tar, may be introduced. This 
 raifes a confiderable inflammation, the confequence 
 of which is, that a large flough comes out, which 
 farrier's call the core ; and if the fubfl:ance has 
 reached the whole of the finufcs, the wound then 
 
115 
 
 heals ; if not, it muft be repeated. The principal 
 manaaement is in introducing the fubftance to the 
 bottom, and into all the pipes, or finufes. 
 
 BACK RAKING 
 Is a method of emptying the bowels by means of 
 the hand. The right hand arm (if poffible, of a fmall 
 man) being ftripped, and oiled; with the left hand the 
 tail is drawn afide, when the right hand, being made 
 as fmall as poffible, and cone liiie, is gently intro- 
 duced up the fundament, and any quantity of hard- 
 ened excrement the hand meets with carefully re- 
 moved in fmall pieces. From this it will at once be 
 evident that back raking muft be ufeful in a vaft va- 
 riety of cafes. It fhould always be made ufe of pre- 
 vious to giving a clyfter, otherwife the hardened 
 matter may prevent ihe paflTage of the fluid. It is 
 proper always, alfo, in cholic; and in all cafes of 
 coftivenefs it fhould never be difpenfed with. 
 
 RING BONE. 
 
 This is a bony fwelling about the coronet. When 
 it has been of long ftanding, it is feldom curable; 
 but in early cafes a blifler may be tried. See Blis- 
 ters. 
 
 And if this is not found fufficient, firing muft be 
 had recourfe to. 
 
 L3 
 
116 
 
 RISING of the LIGHTS. See Inflammation 
 
 of the Lungs. 
 
 ROT in HORSES. 
 
 In the north of England, and, indeed, in many 
 other parts, the rot is made to exprefs either inflam- 
 mation of the lungs, or inteftines, or liver, or of any 
 internal organ, becaufe the gangrenous appearance 
 of thefe parts in thefe cafes makes farriers con- 
 clude that their horfes have Ions; h^Q,\\ rotten: but 
 improved farriery has now not only given more pro- 
 per terms to thefe difeafes, but has taught us how to 
 diftinguilh them from each other, from whence has 
 fprung a more active and judicious mode of treat- 
 ment. 
 
 ROWELS. 
 
 Thefe, like blifters, ad by inflaming the furface, 
 whereby more deep-feated inflammations are re- 
 moved. The mode of making a rowel is well known. 
 A flit being cut in the fl^in, about an inch in length, 
 the finger is introduced to feparate the furrounding 
 flcin from the flefli, <SiC., leaving, by this means, a 
 circle of the fize of half-a-crown, into which is in- 
 troduced a piece of fliff" leather of the fame fi:2e, 
 fmeared over with blifl:ering ointment, or yellow bafi- 
 licon: the fooner the inflammation is wiflied to be 
 raifcd, the more active is the fubftance we chufe to 
 put oJi the leather; hence, in rifing of the lights, in 
 
117 
 
 red cholic, daggers, &c., when we ufe rowels, it is; 
 proper to fmear the leather with blillering ointment.. 
 Rowels are of great fervicc as a drain in farcy, 
 fwelled legs, inflammation of the e3es, greafe, &c. 
 &c. The parts rhey are ufually placed in are, under 
 the throat, between the forelegs, along the belly, and 
 within fide the thighs, 
 
 SADDLE GALLS 
 Are ufually eafily removed by bathing them with 
 the 
 
 Embrocation for Strains [page 25]. 
 
 SPAVINS 
 
 Are of two kinds ; blood fpavin and bone fpavin. 
 Blood Spavin confifts, outwardly, of an enlargement 
 of the vein that jiafles over the infide of the hock ; 
 but, inwardly, there is another enlargement, which is, 
 m fa<5't, the real caufe of the difeafe ; this is in the 
 mucous refervoirs that lubricate the joints, the nature 
 of which enlari^ement is fimilar to windfalls below : 
 fo that, in fa<5l, blood fpavin is only a windgall of 
 the hock, and the enlargement of the vein is only 
 the confeq'uence of this windgall: therefore it is 
 evident that taking up this vein, as is ufually prac- 
 tifed, can only afford temporary relief. Blood or 
 Bag Spavin, as it is fometimes called, does not often 
 occafion lamenefs till it is very large, in which cafe 
 
118 
 
 blifters and reft give fome relief: but it is feldom 
 that a permanent cure is obtained. 
 
 Bone Spavin, in its early ftate, may be known by 
 the lamenefs it occafions in the hock, and the heat of 
 the part ; but the fwelling is feldom confiderable at 
 firft. It is at this time only we are at all certain of a 
 cure, which may be ufually brought about by an 
 adlive blifter. Kit fliould not give way to this, fire, 
 and apply at the fame time another blifter. In the 
 advanced ftages of it, when the fwelling is of long 
 ftanding, blifter actively; and as foon as quite well, 
 fire, and blifter over it. 
 
 SPLENT. 
 
 Splents are ufually fituated on the infide of the 
 fore legs under the knee, and are to be treated cx- 
 adly in the fame manner as bone fpavins. Splents 
 are brought on by being too early put to work: 
 and there is another very common caufe, but not 
 ufually attended to, which is the raifing the outfide 
 of the foot by calkins, or by a thick heel, which, 
 throwing the weight on the inner fide, puts the parts 
 on the ftretch, and weakens them. 
 
 STABLE. 
 
 The limits of this little Troatife c]o not permit 
 more than a few hints, of the more important kind, 
 on this fubjed. Stabling of horfes, as it is wholly a 
 deviation from nature, fo it is furely paving the way 
 
119 
 
 to the attack of many dileafes; and we really find 
 that the higher this artificial fyftem is carried, fo 
 much the more are the horfes who are the fubjecls of 
 it obnoxious to difeafe. As, therefore, our comforts 
 and convenience have made a life of art necefikry to 
 thcfe animals, and thereby rendered them liable to 
 difeafe, fo (hould our endeavours be turned towards 
 the prevention of thofe maladies, which a little atten- 
 tion will, in moft cafes, in a great meafure effe6t. 
 
 A liable (liould be airy: in nothing are the horfe- 
 men of this country more erroneous. However con- 
 genial warmth may be to the conftitutions of horfes, 
 particularly of the blood kind, as being originally 
 natives of a warm climate, it is felf-evident that 
 breathing and re-breathing the iiime air, as muft be 
 the cafe in all clofe ftables, muft be pernicious; and 
 as being completely removed from what in a ftate of 
 nature they muft enjoy, it muft be highly productive 
 of difeafe. The very great difference of the tempe- 
 rature without doors, and that within, fubjeAs horfes 
 kept fo warm to that vaft chain of difeafes arifing 
 from what is termed catching cold. A ftable fliould 
 be only moderately warm, and it Ihould be always 
 ventilated ; the ventilation (hould likewife be as near 
 the top as poffible, for the foul air is always upper- 
 moft. A ftable fliould likewife be very light; when 
 it is otherwife, the new received light the horfe gains 
 when he goes out, is a painful ftimulus to the eyes, 
 and his imperfect vifion makes him ftart ; and, how- 
 
I 
 
 120 
 
 ever horfes may fatten in dark flables, it miift be the 
 fat of a pig, and not with the lufty and cheerful gain 
 of a horfe, open to the cheering influence of the fun. 
 Stables fliould be well ceiled, and that very clofely : 
 when this is not the cafe, not only is the duft from 
 the hay-loft coming down on the horfe, and frequently 
 in his eyes, but, what is as bad, and much lefs 
 thought of, the foul air, which is always uppermoft^ 
 lodges in the hay, which becomes its receptacle, and 
 the hay-loft by this means proves a fource of con- 
 tagion. In facl, no hay-loft, properly, Hiould ever be 
 over a ftable; neither fliould corn be kept over it : 
 they both imbibe fait acrid particles by this means, 
 and this more particularly if it is not ceiled. Neither 
 is it a wholefome pradiice for fervants to Deep over a 
 ftable. As little hay or corn fliould be kept, likewife, 
 in the frable as poffible; but as it is wanted it fliould be 
 brought to the horfes. Narrow flails are very prejudi- 
 cial to horfes: flrains in the back are often occafioned 
 by them. Bars or bails are alfo obje(flionable, from 
 the eafe with which horfes may play with each other 
 over them : they may likewife kick each other by this 
 means. It is feldom that horfes eat ahke in point of 
 quicknefs : when they are feparated by bars only, 
 the floweft eater gets roblred of his food. 
 
 The acclivity of the generality of ftalls is alfo a 
 very ferious objedion to them, for they occafion a 
 horfe to have a falfe bearing: the greater weight i$ 
 
121 
 
 thrown on the heels, and the back finews are put on 
 the ftretch ; and there is little reafon to doubt that 
 many of the lamenefifes of horfes are attributable to 
 this caufe. The ground fliould be made even, or 
 nearly fo, with a very flight flope, and which fliould 
 not be towards the bottom of the ftall, but towards 
 the center of it, where there fliould be a fmall grat- 
 ing communicating with a cefspool, which ought to 
 be emptied every day, if it is within the ftable ; if it 
 is without, it fliould be covered over, that no draught 
 of air may be encouraged up the grating. 
 
 There is much contrariety of opinion relative to 
 the propriety of permitting horfes to ftand during the 
 day on litter. There are cogent arguments for and 
 againfl: it. Litter entices horfes to lie down during the 
 day, which, if they are in conftant fevere work, is 
 certainly deflrable. Litter, likewife, when the ftable 
 is paved roughly, prevents the unevennefs of the 
 ftones prefling on the feet. — On the other hand, 
 horfes are very apt to eat the litter, and which 
 proves unwholefome. It is likewife apt to retain the 
 urine, whofe acrid falts, afcending, impregnate the 
 air, and ftiniulate the eyes. Horfes ftanding con- 
 ftantly on the litter appear to feel the difference of 
 the road, and hence are more liable to be tender 
 footed: the warmth and moifture retained, likewife, 
 is very apt to occafion cracks and fwelled legs. 
 Thofe who are advocates for litter under horfes 
 
during the day, fliould be very careful to have it 
 changed as often as it is cither foiled or wet, for wet 
 litter is one of the ftrongcft caufes of blindnefs. 
 
 A horfe fliould always be brought into a ftable 
 with his fkin nearly of the temperature of that 
 liable. It is not generally known, though certainly 
 the cafe, that palling from a cold atmofphere into a 
 warm one will give cold, with almofi: as much cer- 
 tainty as from a warm into a cold fituation. But 
 if a horfe is brought home very hot, he muft not be 
 hung by the bridle at the door till he gets cool ; he 
 fliould be walked till he is cool, but not cold. The 
 feet and legs, in dirty weather, fliould be always 
 waflied, and carefully picked ; after which, unlefs 
 they are rubbed dry, it is better not to v.afli them. 
 A cool liable, with a good proportion of cloathing, 
 is a great defideratum in liable management, and, if 
 more attended to, would leffen the maladies thefc 
 valuable animals are liable to. 
 
 STAG EVIL. 
 
 I fliall wafte no more time on this fatal complaint 
 than is neceflary to make perfons acquainted with it 
 when it happens. From long expofure to cold, from 
 a prick, or any wound made into a very tender part, 
 a horfe fometimes becomes rather fuddenly ftiff in 
 his limbs ; his jaws by degrees become fct, his ears 
 pricked, his tail cocked, his eyes flare, with the haw 
 
123 
 
 partly over them, and he looks animated, but he 
 can hardly move : — this is ftag evil, of which not one 
 horfe in a thoufand recovers ; and, as fuch, it is, pe**- 
 haps, always better to relieve the fuffering animal 
 by putting him to death, than to prolong his mifery 
 by fruitlefs efforts. 
 
 STAGGERS. 
 
 This difeafe is divided by farriers into fleepy and 
 mad. 
 
 In Jleepy Jiaggers a horfe is always dozing, and 
 refting his head in the manger; and, if waked from 
 this ftate, he foon relapfes into it again. 
 
 From this ftate it fometimes degenerates into a 
 frantic flate, when it is called madjlaggers: at others, 
 the horfe becomes more and more llupid, and at lad 
 finks. 
 
 Bleeding is the principal means of relief to be de- 
 pended on. Four, live, or lix quarts Ihould be taken 
 away ; after which a blifter may be applied to the 
 top of the head, and a feton put under the jaws: 
 the horfe Ihould be back raked, and an opening 
 clyfter thrown up, after which a diuretic ball may 
 be given, if practicable. In four or five hours the 
 bleeding fhould be repeated ; and on the following 
 day, if the ftupidity is only llightly decreafed, it muft 
 be again had recourfc to, by which means a cure will 
 commonly be obtained. 
 
 M 
 
124 
 
 3Iad /loggers. Very frequently the Jleepi/ /(aggers 
 degenerates, after a few days, into this; at other 
 times mad ftaggers comes on at once. In this dif- 
 eafe the horfe is furioufly delirious, fo as to render it 
 very dangerous to come near him. He fhould be 
 carefully fecured; and, if poflibk, either flung, or 
 kept on the ground. Five, fix, feven, or even eight 
 quarts of blood, according to his fize, fliould be 
 taken away, and which, if neceflary, in a few hours, 
 ihould be repeated ; but the firft bleeding gives the 
 greateft chance of recovery. If the horfe cannot 
 fafely be got at, plunge the fleam into the vein, and 
 let it bleed without any attempt at flopping it: even 
 fainting from the lofs of blood will be of no preju- 
 dice. If the horfe can be approached, a fimilar 
 treatment in other refpeds fliould be purfued as in 
 the former cafe. 
 
 STOMACHICS. See Cordials. 
 
 STRANCiLES. 
 This difeafe confifl,s in an inflammation of the 
 glands under the throat, which ufually attacks young 
 horfes between four and five years old. Thefe glands 
 commonly proceed to fuppuration, and burft ; and 
 during this procefs the horfe is a little dull, has a 
 cough, and a difcharge from his noflrils. Some- 
 times the difeafe is not fo mild, but is attended 
 
1Q5 
 
 with confiderable fever and fore throat, and with fymp- 
 toms of ftrangulation. In all cafes, if a horfe is fat 
 and ftrong, bleeding is proper before the tumour 
 forms matter : but here, when the difeafe is violent, 
 it is effentially neccflary.- The bowels fliould likewife 
 be opened by raking and clyfters, and the fwelled 
 glands poulticed, firft cutting off the hair. If they 
 feem to have a difpofilion to go back without fuppu- 
 ralion, fuffcr them fo to do, as it will fave the ani- 
 mal a painful difeafe, and no harm can arife from it. 
 When the throat is fo much affecfted as to prevent 
 the animal's fwallowing, bhfter it, by cutting the hair 
 clofe, and rubbing the 
 
 Blistering Ointment [page 23] down the 
 throat, and near the briiket. To allay the fever, the 
 
 Fever Powders [page 26] may be given. The 
 horfe fhould have his head cloathed, and be kept 
 generally warm, with mafties and warm water al- 
 lowed; and in every refpe(5l he fhould be treated as 
 a horfe in fever. When the glands have formed 
 their matter, which is known by the increafed fuell- 
 ing and foftnefs, open with a feton, or common 
 lancet, and gently prefs the matter out. 
 
 The horfe fliould now be fupported with picked 
 hay, and malt maflies, till the cure is completed. 
 
 M2 
 
125 
 
 STRAINS. 
 No affection is fo much miftaken as that called a 
 ftrain, nor no complaint fo varioufly treated. This 
 arifes from two fources : the one is, the confidering the 
 tendons, the frequent feat of flrains, as elaftic fub- 
 ftances, put too much on the ftretch ; and the other 
 arifes from not conlidering ftrains as having two 
 ftages,— one compofed of inflammation, and ano- 
 ther of the debility left in the part from the effedls 
 of the inflammation, and of the violence. A ftrain 
 is an unnatural extenlion of an elaftic part, and a 
 rupture of an inelaftic part : now the mufcles may 
 be relaxed, but the tendons, perhaps, are feldom or 
 ever extended, but more ufually their fheaths have 
 fome of their connexions, or perhaps fome of their 
 fibres, ruptured. The treatment is the fame in 
 either cafe ; for inflammation always follows a ftrain, 
 and the part becomes hotter and larger than ufual ; 
 this muft, therefore, be treated as other inflamma- 
 tions : the horfe fliould be bled when it is violent ; he 
 fliould be allowed perfect: reft, and his bowels opened. 
 The Einhrocation for Strains [page 25] fliould be con- 
 ftantly kept on the part, till its heat and fwelling are 
 reduced : when this is the cafe, exercife muft be gra- 
 <lually made ufe of ; and, if any lamenefs remains, 
 the part muft be confldered as in the fccond ftate of 
 ftrains, and muft be ftrengthened. An excellent 
 application for this purpofe is the 
 
1-27 
 Liquid Sweating Blister [page 24], rubbed 
 well into the part night and morning, or the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Sal ammoniac, crude, one ounce. 
 Vinegar, one pint. 
 Should lamenefs ftill remain, a regular blifler 
 may be applied ; and if this alfo fails, firing is often 
 ufeful, as it forms an artificial bandage to the part. 
 
 SURFEIT 
 Is what every body talks of, but what no one can 
 exaftly defcribe ; it is, fomething like a cold, a con- 
 venient terra for any difeafe of the ikin that appears 
 under no regular form, and has no aflignable caufe. 
 What, however, is moft generally underftood by this 
 name is a difeafe of the fkin, appearing in fmall 
 tumours, or bumps, under the hair; frequently the 
 effe6l oi perfpiration fuddcnly checked, and as fud- 
 denly promoted. It is readily removed by the 
 
 Alterative Condition Powders [page 26],. 
 and by the lofs of two or three quarts of blood. 
 
 THOROUGH PIN. 
 When the mucous refervoirs that lubricate the 
 hock joint, from great exertion become enlarged 
 between its point and ply, fo as to be feen on the 
 inner and outer fides, the enlargement is called a 
 thorough pin. Like fpavin, it feldom lames, unlefs 
 
 U 3 
 
128 
 
 very confiderable ; and, like that, when it does, the 
 cure is feldom more than temporary. A mild bliller 
 may be tried, which, if it does not remove it, pref- 
 fure may be made ufe of by a bolfler on each fide 
 of the hock, dire(5ily over the fwelling, faftened on 
 by means of a coarfe worfled Hocking drawn over 
 the hock. 
 
 THRUSH, RUNNING. 
 
 This difeafe confifts of a runnino; of ftinkina mat- 
 ter from the cleft of the frog. In many horfes it 
 proves very obftinate of cure, and this is particularly 
 the cafe in contradted feet ; hence it is reafonable to 
 infer that this is one caufe of thrufii : another ap- 
 pears to be the Handing in hot fermenting litter; and 
 of this kind is that rotten thrufli that often attacks the 
 hind feet, increafing till it eats away the whole 
 frog, making the foot hollow, and at laft degene- 
 rating into canker. Common running thrufli is, 
 however, more frequent in the fore feet, becaufe 
 thofe hoofs are more liable to contraction ; and when 
 the difcharge is fmall, it feldom does much mifchief. 
 
 It often is an outlet to the conftitution, and hence 
 comes on and increafes from high feeding and want 
 of exercife. It has been faid to be brought on from 
 the frog being raifed by calkins, and paring, fo as 
 not to be prefled on when the horfe is at rell ; but 
 which preffurc it always enjoys in a Hate of nature. 
 
129 
 
 The cure mufl be attempted according to the 
 caufe producing it. In common running thrufh of 
 the fore feet, apply the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 24], melted 
 in a fpoon, and poured in night and morning, till 
 the running ceafes. When contradlion appears the 
 caufe, the hoof fhould be pared, and kept moift, 
 previous to flopping the difcharge. When want of 
 exercife, or full feeding, has brought it on, bleed, 
 or give a dofe of phyfic, and give more regular ex- 
 ercife. In the rotten thrufli, affedling the feet be- 
 hind, remove all moifture from under the feet ; let 
 the hoofs be pared down, which are ufually high in 
 thefe cafes ; let the whole be wafhed in vinegar, or 
 beer grounds, three or four days, during which time 
 give a diuretic, and bran maflies : after this pour in 
 the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease, melted as directed 
 with the pafte. 
 
 WIND, BROKEN. 
 If the appearances that ufually precede this com- 
 plaint are attended to in the early ftate, it may fome- 
 times be prevented, but never, I believe, is cured, 
 when confirmed. Broken wind is often occafioned by 
 a fevere cold remaining fome time, or being improper- 
 ly treated ; or from a horfe being exercifed violently 
 during it : it is brought on by the foolilh cuftom of 
 
130 
 
 riding hard after taking water, or after a full meal. 
 Horfes who feed grofsly,and eat their litter, become fo. 
 It is generally preceded by a purfivenefs and cough, 
 which is moft troubleforae in the morning, and like- 
 wife after eating and drinking. Bleeding, mode-- 
 rately, muft be the firfl means made ufe of; after 
 which a dofe of mercurial phyfic Ihould be given; 
 and, when this is fet, a courfe of the 
 
 Cough Balls [page 21] iliould be tried; but, 
 ftiould they not fucceed, recourfe may be had to the 
 following : 
 
 Extra61; of hemlock, one dram. 
 Opium, tartar emetic, of each a dram. 
 Aniiated balfam of fulphur, half an ounce. 
 
 Make into a ball. Give one every or every other 
 morning. 
 
 When broken wind is become complete, the treat- 
 ment may yet be fo conduced as to be palliative. 
 Little water ihould be given ; the hay and corn 
 fhould be of the oldcft and bell quality, and given 
 in moderate quantities frequently. 
 
 Mixed food, as bran, chaff, &c., Hiould not be 
 given in this difeafe ; but chopped carrots are often 
 found ferviceable. If a journey is to be attempted 
 on a broken-winded horfe, one of the 
 
 Cough Balls given in the morning will alTift 
 the wind during the day. 
 
331 
 
 WIND, THICK. 
 
 The foregoing treatment applies equally to thick 
 wind, only here the addition of a bliller to the 
 throat is fometimes of confiderable fervice. The 
 
 Mild Liquid Blister [page 24^] rubbed into 
 the throat, half way down the neck, every morning 
 and evening, for three or four days, will anfwer the 
 end. Here, likewife, there is greater relief to be 
 hoped from a courfe of the 
 
 Cough Balls [page 21] continued fome time. 
 
 WINDGALLS. 
 
 Motion requires, in mofl inftances, a fluid to take 
 off the effeds of fridion : the fridlion of the bones is 
 prevented by the joint oil, and that of the tendons, 
 by little bags containing a very llippery mucous. 
 Now, as motion increafes, fo this mucous increafes ; 
 and hence, in very hard-worked horfes, thefe bags 
 become very much enlarged in the neighbourhood 
 of confiderable tendons. It is thefe preternaturally 
 enlarged mucous capfules that form what are termed 
 imndgalky but which do not lame, unlefs they be- 
 come fo large as to prefs on any of the parts, and 
 impede their functions; but. they always fliew the 
 effed of confiderable exertion, and hence evince the 
 liability to future lamenefs. It has been recom- 
 mended to open them, and in the hands of a fkilful 
 operator it might perhaps be attended with fome 
 
132 
 
 fuccefs ; but the operation is hazardous, particularly 
 in the hind legs, and ftill more fo in capfules about 
 the hock. I would, in preference, recommend 
 prefl'ure, with abfolute reft for fome. time. A fmalt 
 bolfter lliould be fo formed as exactly to apply over 
 the windgall, without flipping from off it, and which 
 liiould be kept in its fituation by means of a ftrong 
 worfted ftocking fewed around ; but no very tight 
 bandage fliould be ufed. At the fame time, this 
 bandage and bolfter fliould be kept conftantly wet 
 with the Embrocation for Strains. By thefe means, 
 continued for a month or fix we^ks, the contents of 
 the windgall, or fac, will become abforbed, and 
 moderate exercife will keep them down ; though, it 
 muft be remarked, they will be likely to return to 
 their former fize, on hard work. 
 
 A more quick mode of treatment is bliftering 
 them, and which is often attended with good effecls, 
 efpecialiy if followed by a run at grafs. But in cafes 
 where neither the one or the other of thefe plans can 
 be purfued, from the horfe being conftantly wanted, 
 the windgalled limb may be conftantly bathed, after 
 the horfe returns from his work, with the 
 
 Embrocation for Strains [page 25], and 
 then bandaged up with an elaftic roller made of 
 ftrong flannel ; by which means they will flowly 
 amend, or, at all events, their increafe will be 
 prevented. 
 
133 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 Worms produce a lai^e belly, voracious appetite, 
 hot foetid breath, a frequent looking towards the 
 fides, and fometimes a ftriking of them with the hin- 
 der foot ; but, more particularly, the horfe looks 
 unthrifty, his hair Hares, and is dry; and though 
 his belly may be large and hard, the reft of his 
 carcafs is lean. Bots are a (hort round worm, and 
 inhabit the ftomach ; and unlefs they exift in pro- 
 digious quantities, which is fometimes the cafe, they 
 do not often do fo much mifchief as is fuppofed. 
 There is a dark round worm, longer than bots, in- 
 habiting the large inteftines, and which are apt to do 
 more mifchief; there is likewife, but lefs frequently, 
 a long round worm, fimilar to thofe found in chil- 
 dren. Horfes are fubjedl likewife, now and then, 
 to the fmall afcaridcs, or thread-worm, which com- 
 monly confine themfelves to the redum, or laft gut, 
 and occafion an intolerable itching of the tail. 
 
 Worms are known to exift not only by the fore- 
 going fymptoms, but likewife by the prefence of 
 a yellow matter at the anus, which horfes having 
 worms are feldom without. 
 
 All worms are very difficult to deftroy. Bots can 
 hardly be killed, even out of the ftomach. Salt has 
 been faid to deftroy them ; or, rather, that horfes 
 who have had fait now and then fprinkled in their 
 food have never been troubled with them. The 
 
134 
 
 mineral poifons, as mercury, arfenic, &c., have 
 been thought to kill them ; but the effed is un- 
 certain. 
 
 The other kinds are alfo nearly as difficult of re- 
 moval ; but here mechanical means may be em- 
 ployed to more advantage, that is, the juices of the 
 inteftines may be rendered unhealthy by a courfe of 
 medicines, which loofening them from the furround- 
 ing mucous, they come away by purging the horfe. 
 Bitters, fimply as bitters, cannot deflroy worms ; 
 for thefe animals live in the moft acrid bitter we 
 ' know, the bile; but a courfe of aloes in fmail quan- 
 tities, as a dram a day, till purging is produced, has 
 proved ufeful. But I have experienced the grcateft 
 benefit from the 
 
 Worm Powder [page 26], followed up by a 
 ftrong dole of mercurial phyfic. After this has fet, 
 another half dozen, and a fecond purge, fhould be 
 mvcn. This treatment does not often fail of relief, 
 particularly in the inteftinal worms. 
 
 WOUNDS. 
 
 The wounds of abfcefles, ulcers, &c., have been 
 confidered in their feveral places ; but by wounds 
 here is meant accidental laceration. A wide gaping 
 wound, made with a fliarp cutting inllrument, fliould 
 be clofed up with ftitches, one to every inch of flefli. 
 Th-cfe ftitches fliould take in a portion of flefli, as 
 
135 
 
 well as fkin, to hold them together, and they fhould 
 not be too tight. Over this clofed wound a double 
 cloth, wet with a faturnine wafli, iliould be placed; 
 and if the wound is in a fituation likely to be influ- 
 enced by motion, a bandage muft be carried over 
 the whole. When matter appears, drefs with any 
 fimple ointment, and keep the furface from the air, 
 but do not bind it tightly up. 
 
 When a wound is much torn, or bruifed, Hitches 
 are better avoided. In this cafe the part fliould be 
 well waihed with warm water, if it is fufpeded any 
 dirt, or other extraneous fubftance, is within. Warm 
 fomentations fliould then be made ufe of for the 
 firft day or two, repeated every four or five hours, 
 and then the part may be drefTed with yellow bafi- 
 licon; or it may be waflied (inftead of fomented) 
 with the following : 
 
 Spirit of turpentine, half an ounce. 
 Tindure of myrrh, one ounce. 
 Opodeldoc, two ounces. 
 
 When this complicated wound runs good matter, 
 drefs with common ointment, guarding it from the 
 Hi r. 
 
 N 
 
A 
 
 CGncife Defcription 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MOST PREVALENT AND IMPORTANT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BISEASES 
 
 OF 
 
 ®05S. 
 
 N2 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Jl BELIEVE 1 am the firft perfon in this 
 country, and, perhaps, in any other, who has paid 
 any very dire6t and decided attention to the difeafes 
 of dogs on fcientific principles; and as this is now 
 very generally known, fome improvements are of 
 courfe expeded from me, and fome publication 
 on the fubjed naturally looked for. But it mud 
 be remembered, that as I am almoft, if not wholly^ 
 original in my attention to this fubjcdl, fo I labour 
 under raanifeft difadvantages ; for 1 can derive no 
 affiftance from the labours of others, but have to 
 trace out every part of the medical treatment ftep by 
 llep. Many experiments muft be made, many fub- 
 jeds under difeafe attended to, and every variety of 
 remedy tried, before any detailed publication on 
 this fubjed can properly appear; but fuch a work,^ 
 I hope, fome time hence, to be able to ofi'er, in which 
 I fhall defcribe the ftrufture, functions, and (Eco- 
 nomy of thefe ufeful animals, and their natural and 
 artificial treatment, with the bcft mode of cute to 
 
 N 3 
 
140 
 
 be adopted for their various complaints. But at pre- 
 fent I muft content myfelf with laying before the 
 public the outlines only of the improvements I have 
 made, and a iketch of the treatment I purfue in the 
 more prevalent difeafes among them. And though, 
 unaided as I am by any previous inftruction, nothing 
 perfe6l can be expedled, yet it will be found that 
 much has been done towards ameliorating the fuffer- 
 ings of thefe faithful domeftics, there being few of 
 their difeafes I am not enabled to offer fome curative 
 inftrudions relative to, and as few that I cannot point 
 out efficacious remedies for. Thefe remedies, fome 
 of them, I fhall at prefent offer to the public ready 
 compounded, as the only way of reimburfing my- 
 felf for the expenfes I have been at; but the attend- 
 ant treatment is at the fame time detailed, and as I 
 offer thefe remedies univerfally, and place them with- 
 in every one's reach, fo I ftiil think 1 do every thing 
 that may prove ufeful, though I make no doubt I 
 fhall, by the envious and malicious, be taxed with 
 empiricifm. At a future time, when my experiments 
 and attention have made flill farther improvements, as 
 I have before hinted, I fhall give a more detailed 
 publication on this fubject, in which I fhall develope 
 the whole tieatment I purfue in every difeafe, and 
 defcribe at large every remedy 1 ufe. 
 
 But before i proceed farther, I mufl beg leave to 
 fay a few words relative to myfelf, in fome meafure 
 
141 
 
 as an apology to my friends and the public for my 
 prefent purfuits. 
 
 Having been educated as a medical man, and by 
 the liberality of my relations having been enabled to 
 embrace all the advantages that an attendance on 
 numerous ledures, and a confiderable refidence at 
 one of the firfl hofpitals in London could aflford ; 
 and having afterwards pradifed with fome fuccefs as 
 a furgeon, both privately and in the army, it greatly 
 offended my relations, as well as furprifed my friends 
 and acquaintance, that I fhould floop, as they con- 
 fidered it, to ftudy and pra6life on the difeafes of 
 animals : but, above all, my attention to the difeafes 
 of dogs has given offence to fome, and occafioned fur- 
 prife in others. A furgeon is univerfally elleemed a 
 refpedable charadler. A veterinarian is now above 
 the vulgar. But a dog doftor is yet a complete 
 ftumbling block. Alas ! how long, how very lon^^ a 
 time it requires to completely enlarge the human 
 mind ! — However, as I fmcerely wifh to conciliate 
 all, I would beg my relations and friends ilill to con- 
 fider me as a furgeon, for I flill pra6tife in my pro- 
 feffion when called on. And thofe who think I have 
 relinquiilied the higher title of veterinarian, I beg to 
 inform, that my pradice is at this moment extenfive 
 among horfes, and that I am always willing to give 
 advice and afliftance in every cafe of veterinary prac- 
 tice I may be confulted upon. But, at the fame 
 
142 
 
 time, I mull beg leave to remark, that fo extremely 
 fond am I of dogs, and fo unconquerably attached 
 to them, that a much more opprobrious term than 
 that of Dog Do^or would not compel me to relin- 
 quifh my attention to them ; in which refolution, I 
 have the fatisfaftion of ftating, I am fupported by 
 the advice of fome of the moft eminent profeffional 
 men, and by the countenance of fome of the moft 
 diftinguillied characters for rank and fortune. 
 
 An enlarged way of reafoning is a long time in 
 becoming general, even among a civilized and en- 
 lightened people. Till the eftabliiliment of the Vete- 
 rinary College, and the pradlice of the veterinary art 
 by men of education and refpedabiiity, farriery wa» 
 deemed a low and fervile purluit ; but at prefent, by 
 a retrograde ftep towards enlarged reafoning, it has be- 
 come ranked among the liberal arts : for, though its 
 practice is of fufficient importance to ennoble its 
 praditioners, it was not till the fituation, manners,^ 
 and character of fome of thefe praditioners had con- 
 ferred a portion of dignity on the fabjedl itfelf, that 
 it was even creditable to feem to underftand it, 
 
 Prccifely as farriery or veterinary medicine then 
 was fituated, a curative pradice on the difeafes of 
 dogs now ftands. A perfon pradifing on thefe ani- 
 mals has hitherto been confidered as following a very 
 mean purfuit; and the very term of dog dodor con- 
 veys an idea remote from gentility : but it is not the 
 
143 
 
 unworthinefs of the purfuit, but the kind of perfons 
 who have hitherto followed it, that has made it fo. 
 I believe no one will difpute the value of dogs ; com- 
 mon humanity dilates the neceffity of alleviating 
 their dittrcfles; and their faithful attachment to man- 
 kind claims not only the exertion of our humanity, 
 but the full efforts of our gratitude and affection. 
 And though, in real utility, they are fubordinatc to 
 the horfe, they are, in many points, more eflential 
 to our immediate comfort; and are certainly, by 
 their domeflic habits, connected to us by much more 
 winning ties. 
 
 If, then, tliey are fo valuable, and if it is our duty 
 to attend as well to their fick as their healthy mo- 
 ments (which it undoubtedly is, for it is the life of art 
 we have fabje<rted them lo ihiit has emailfid difeafe 
 upon them) ; furely thofe who improve this branch 
 of the healing art deferve attention, and not reproba- 
 tion. But, in the firft inftance, it muft, in this as in 
 farriery, be the refpedability of the praditioner that 
 mull refcue the purfuit from ignominy; and after- 
 wards, as the ideas of mankind become more liberal 
 and extended, and the public eye opens on the ne- 
 celTity and utility of the fubjeft, the art will then 
 not only bear itfelf up, but even add refpedtability 
 to its practitioners. In every country the pradlice 
 of medicine, in all its branches, has been efteemed 
 a liberal and noble purfuit; and it has always been 
 
144 
 
 deemed neceflary that its profeffors fiiould pofTefs- 
 refined manners and extenfive education. The ftudy 
 of medicine embraces a great variety of fubjeds, 
 and is neceffarily divided into a great number of 
 parts ; and as greater individual improvements can 
 be made by devoting the attention to one of thefe 
 parts than to the whole, fo it has given rife to the 
 various medical occupations of phyfician, furgeon, 
 apothecary, midwife, veterinarian, &c. Animals are 
 healed by the fame means as ourfelves ; hence their 
 treatment is only a branch of the healing art : and 
 thouf^h, for the above reafons, this branch is ufually 
 purfued alone, yet it is equally a part of a great and 
 roblc whole, which, as its attainment muft be ac- 
 complifhed by the fame means, fo it fhould be pur- 
 fued by fimilar perfona, iiaiucly, thofe of education 
 and refinement. 
 
 If, therefore, dogs, as being faithful, deferve our 
 gratitude; if, as being generous and brave, they me- 
 rit our protedion; and if, as being ufeful, they call 
 for our utmoft care; it is evident, that whatever de- 
 velopes the means of preferving them in health and 
 curing their difeafes ; whatever tends to improve their 
 condition, and make them more fubfervient to our 
 life, muft be a ufeful, and even a noble purfuit : for 
 it has for its objed (that which only truly ennobles 
 any one) — univerfal philanthropy, and general uti- 
 lity. 
 
145 
 
 I have, from my attention to this fubje6l, been 
 taxed with a want of common and proper pride. I 
 believe it might not be difficult to prove that this very- 
 pride would be a fufficient motive, independent of a 
 ftrong affedion for the animal in queftion, to flimu- 
 late fome perfons to the purfuit ; for in human me- 
 dicine there are fo many ingenious practitioners, that 
 there is little chance of rifmg to fuperior eminence: 
 in the attention, likewife, to the difeafes of horfes, an 
 individual has alfo too many cotemporaries to be 
 able greatly to fignalize himfelf ; but the difeafes of 
 doss offer an unbeaten track : and here the pradi- 
 tioner may ftart alone and unrivalled, and for fome 
 time, at leaft, is likely to reap his honours and emo- 
 luments undifturbed. And, for myfelf, I mufl own, 
 that I think it more fatisfadory to fland firft in a 
 fubordinate purfuit, than unnoticed in a fuperior 
 one. 
 
DISEASES OF DOGS. 
 
 IDOGS are much more nearly allied to 
 ourfelves in conftitution than cither horfes, oxen, or 
 iheep ; hence their difeafes are more like our own ; 
 and living, as they do with us a life of art, their 
 difeafes become not only very numerous, but very 
 mixed and irregular. This renders it a fubjecl not 
 at all within the reach of the common farrier ; and 
 even the veterinarian, who follows analogy only, 
 without a particular attention to the Itruclure, oeco- 
 nomy, habits, and manners of the dog, will find 
 himfelf totally at a lofs in the treatment ; and though 
 the fimilarity of their conftitutions, from their eating, 
 like us, mixed food, and being immediately domef- 
 ticated with us, give their difeafes a refemblance 
 to our own, yet the great difference in their mode 
 of expreffing thefe difeafes, and the peculiar effea 
 that fome medicines have on them, render the hu- 
 man furgeon, without a decided attention to the 
 fubjecl, perfedly incapable of afting from analogy : 
 independant of which, dogs have feveral fpecific 
 difeafes equally unknown to horfes, or ourfelves. 
 
 O 
 
14S 
 
 Without a very llrid and very extended attention 
 to the fubjecl, no one would be aware how very nu- 
 merous are the difeafes of thefe animals. Rheuma- 
 tifm, both chronic and acute, is very common among 
 them. I have feen an affe<5lion producing chalk- 
 flones in the joints of the toes, not unlike human 
 gout. Pleurify deftroys many of them; and inflam- 
 mations of the llomacb, bowels, and kidneys, are 
 not unfrequent. They are fubjecl likewife to con- 
 fumptions, and are not free from the whole train of 
 nervous aflfedions, as apoplexy, lethargy, fpafift, 
 palfy, epilepfy, &c, Diftemper, worms, and mange, 
 are too well known to need comment. 
 
 The dillinguiihing the difeafes of dogs, and the 
 proper mode of treatment, are not the only difficul- 
 ties to be overcome ; but how to adminifter the re- 
 medy, when the others are evident, is often a very 
 ferious difficulty. Now and then, dogs prove very 
 refradory; but, in the greater number of cafes, 
 medicines may be eafily given to them ; but to a 
 large dog, not lefs tiian three perfons are often re* 
 quifitc. In general cafes, however, two perfons can 
 manage it readily in the following manner : Place 
 the dog upright on his hind legs between the knees 
 ofafcated perfon, with his back towards the per* 
 fon ; then apply a napkin around his neck and 
 (lioulders behind, bringing it over his fore legs, and 
 fecuring it by the knees of the perfon holding the 
 
149 
 dog ; by this means his fore legs cannot ad againft 
 the medicine. The jaws being now opened by the 
 perfon between whofe knees he is, a fecond attendant 
 now holds the tongue down with one hand, and with 
 the other places the medicine on the root of the 
 tongue; when his mouth being clofed, and kept fo 
 by the hands, it is of neceffity fwallowed. Nutri- 
 ment may be given in a fimilar manner. 
 
 Doss in ficknefs muft be attended to with the 
 fame care that a child requires : whatever is worth 
 doing at all, is worth doing well ; and if dogs de- 
 ferve any attention, they muft deferve good atten- 
 tion, and humanity demands that our utmoft ex^ 
 ertions fhould be beftowed to relieve them ; and if 
 in a ftate of health they are allowed to come near 
 the fire, to fleep warm, to be careffed, and to eat 
 good food, — in ficknefs they require ftill more ; and 
 when, merely to avoid trouble, they are in this cafe 
 confined in a cold room, or outhoufe, attended by 
 a negledful fervant, without folace, and with cold 
 food and water alone, neither can we expedt their 
 recovery, or anfwer to our own minds their deaths. 
 Dogs are very irritable ; and though it may feem an 
 affectation of tendernefs, it is yet a very neceffary 
 caution, that when they are ill their minds fliould 
 be foothed by every means in our power, or their 
 complaint, in many inftances, will be greatly ag- 
 gravated. I have feen a fick dog fall into convul- 
 
 O 2 
 
150 
 
 fions at the momentary fight of a dead one ; and 1 
 have many times witneffed an angry word fpoken to 
 a healthy dog have the above effetl on a Tick one, 
 who was near. Joy and furprife will produce the 
 fame. A dog, under my care, who was rapidly re- 
 covering from a lingering illnefs, was vifited by a 
 fervant, of whom the animal was particularly fond : 
 on feeing this fervant, he at once fell into convulfions, 
 and never afterwards recovered from them ; and 
 this I have feen frequently happen. So great is the 
 gratitude and attachment of thefe animals, and fo 
 feelingly alive are they to kindnefs, that even in 
 death they are not unmindful of their benefadors. 
 A large fetter, who, after being tenderly nurfed in 
 diftemper for three weeks, had lain on a bed for 
 three days in a dying fituation, without the ability 
 to rife ;— a lady, who had been very attentive to 
 him, on entering the room after a fliort abfence, 
 obferved him fix his eyes attentively on her, and 
 make an effort to crawl acrofs the bed towards her : 
 this he accompli filed, evidently for the fole pur- 
 pofe of licking her hands; which having done, he 
 expired without a groan. I am as convinced that 
 the animal was fenfible of his approaching diffolu- 
 tion, and that this was a laft forcible effort to ex- 
 prefs his gratitude for the care taken of him, as I 
 am of my own exillence ; and had I never witneffed 
 but this proof of excellence alone, I Ihould think a 
 
151 
 
 life devoted to the amelioration of their fituatioa 
 far too little for their deferts. 
 
 Being engaged in a fubjecl, on which I profefs 
 myfelf an enthufiaft, I beg to be indulged in one 
 more ftory, to which, though I was not, as in the 
 above inftance, a witnefs, yet, from the authority 
 on which I received it, 1 can venture to anfwer for 
 its authenticity. In the parifh of St. Olave, Tooley- 
 llreet, l^orough, the church-yard is wholly detached 
 from the church, and furrounded with high build- 
 ings, fo as to be wholly inacceffible but by one large 
 clofed gate. 
 
 A poor tailor, in this parifli, dying, left a fmall 
 cur-dog inconfolable for his lofs. The little animal 
 would not leave the dead body, not even for food ; 
 and whatever he ate w^as forced to be placed in the 
 fame room with the corpfe. When the body was re- 
 moved for burial, this faithful attendant followed 
 the coffin. After the funeral, he was hunted out of 
 the church-yard by the fexton, who, on going to 
 ring the morning bell the next day, again found the 
 animal, who had made his way by fome unaccount- 
 able means into the church-yard, and had dug him- 
 felf a bed on the grave of his mafter: again he was 
 hunted out, and again found in the fame fituation 
 the following day. The minifter of the parifli now 
 hearing the circumftance, had him caught, taken 
 home, and fed ; and by every means endeavoured 
 
 O 3 
 
152 
 
 to win his affedions : but they were wedded to his 
 late mafter; and, in confequence, he took the firft 
 opportunity to efcape, and regain his lonely fituation. 
 With true benevolence, the worthy clergyman per- 
 mitted him to follow the bent of his inclinations ; 
 but, to foften the rigour of his fate, he built him on 
 the grave a fmall kennel, which was repleniflied once 
 a day with food and water. Two years did thiis 
 example of fidelity pafs in this manner, when death 
 put an end to his griefs ; and the extended philan* 
 thropy of the good clergyman allowed his remains 
 an afylum with his beloved mafter. 
 
 Warmth is always congenial to the feelings of 
 dogs ; but in ficknefs it is even more neceflary than 
 frefli air : their difeafes are very apt to end in con- 
 vulfions, if they are not kept warm. 
 
 Liberal feeding is efientiall}^ neceffary in moft dif- 
 eafes to which dogs are liable : living, like ourfelves, 
 a life of art, their complaints are moft of them thofe 
 of weaknefs ; that is, under difeafe, they feldom can 
 bear to be much lowered : there are cafes, however, 
 as adive inflammation, where a cooling plan only 
 can be proper. When dogs are very weak, their 
 ftomachs cannot digeft meat, even if they willingly 
 eat it ; but in thefe cafes they receive more nutri- 
 ment from broth, j^lly, &c., but moft of all from 
 gruel; for broth often purges, but gruel never. 
 They muft be enticed to eat likewife by the fame 
 
153 
 
 little arts we ufe to perfuade fick children to take 
 nourifliment; for they are, under thefe circumftances, 
 to the full as fickle, and as fanciful. A fteak very 
 nicely dreffed will entice them frequently; and pork, 
 in many cafes, when no other meat will. Broiled 
 or roaft meat is always taken in preference to boiled, 
 and is more nutritive. Game bones will often be 
 taken even by fporting dogs, when every thing befide 
 h refufed. But in all cafes of ficknefs, when a dog 
 obftinately refufes to eat, he muft be forced ; and 
 the befl food for this purpofe is thick oatmeal gruel, 
 poured down by means of a butter-boat. In cafes 
 requiring cordials, ale may be mixed with the gruel, 
 or even wine in fome inftances, as in putrid difeafes. 
 
 Cleanlinefs is not only eflential to the health, but 
 to the comfort of dogs, and in ficknefs is refrefliing 
 to them. 
 
 Not only are dogs improperly treated in ficknefs, . 
 but the means of preferving them in health are not 
 fufficiently attended to. The want of exercife is a 
 great caufe of difeafe among dogs : by this means 
 they become mangy, get obftinate coughs, canker 
 in the ears, and cancerous fwellings, or they become 
 abfolutely choaked with fat. The not permitting 
 the females to breed is in them a fruitful fource of 
 difeafe : — cancers along the line of the teats originate 
 from this ; obefity, foul coats, and cankers in the 
 ear, likewife are brought on by this neglecft. Vo- 
 
154. 
 
 mfing is a natural a61; in dogs, and they purpofely 
 excite it in themfelves by eating dog-grafs ; but 
 where they are confined, as in great cities, from the 
 want of this natural cleanfer, they fall into difeafe. 
 An artificial vomit, therefore, is very proper to be 
 given now and then, and will greatly tend to pre- 
 vent difeafe. This fubjed may be feen treated on 
 more at length under the article Emetics. 
 
 Cojiivenefs is a great caufe of difeafe in dogs : all 
 animals living on flefli require very adive exercife 
 to carry off the contents of the bowels ; when, there- 
 fore, dogs cannot be regularly exercifed, they fhould 
 have fome vegetable food ; or, if this cannot be 
 given, they (liould now and then have an artificial 
 purge. See the article Physic. 
 
 ALTERATIVES. 
 Dogs are very fubjedt to difeafes of the fkin from 
 too full feeding, want of exercife, &c. ; in which 
 cafes alteratives are very ufeful. Some dogs, as 
 thofe of light colour with wiry hair, are fubjed to 
 rednefs and itching of the ikm at all times, which, 
 if not prevented, degenerates into mange. A courfe 
 of alterative medicines, in ihefe cafes, now and then, 
 will keep thefe dogs in health, and prevent this itch- 
 ing and rednefs of the ikin from becoming more 
 troublefome. In fpring and fall moft dogs are more 
 or Icfs affeded in their hides ; and at this time alter- 
 
155 
 
 atives are of great fervice, and frequently prevent 
 the attack of worfe complaints. 
 
 Many fubftances are ufed as alteratives : the com- 
 pound I ufe, I have, from experience, found to be 
 a very excellent one; and I can recommend it 
 ftrongly to the notice of others. It has a place 
 among my ready prepared medicines, where it is 
 called 
 
 Mange Alterative Powder [page 28]. 
 
 CANCER. 
 A cancerous flate of various parts of the body, 
 but particularly of the teats in bitches, is very com-, 
 mon ; and ufually, in them, is brought on by not 
 permitting their breeding. The moft efre6lual cure 
 is to extirpate them ; but it fhould be done by a very 
 Ikilful hand. 
 
 CANKER within the EAR. 
 
 An effufion of blood, or matter, within the ear, 
 called cankery is a very common complaint among 
 dogs, which frequently ends in total deafnefs. The 
 
 Wash for Canker in the Ear [page 29] is a 
 medicine that I never yet found to fail in the cure of 
 this troublefome complaint ; but before I tried this 
 application, all others proved very temporary in 
 their relief. 
 
156 
 
 CANKER on the Outfide of the EAR. 
 
 This, though it bears the fame name, is by no 
 means a fimilar complaint to the former, nor is it fo 
 common. It is an ill-difpofed ulcer on fome part 
 of the flaps of the ear, very commonly on its edge ; 
 though I have at this time, in my Infirmary, a cafe 
 where it exifts on the outer furface of both ears. It 
 proves very difficult of cure, and, unlefs flopped, it 
 fometimes fpreads fo as to deftroy the whole ear. 
 When it affeds the edge of the ear only, it may, 
 after fcraping the whole of the fcab away, be touched 
 with lunar cauftic. Should it, after this, break out 
 again, the befl mode of cure is to cut off the affeded 
 part. When it exifls on the outer or inner furface 
 of the ear, the treatment is not fo eafy ; but here, 
 likewife, fomething mufl be applied that will raife 
 an adive inflammation, as the following: 
 Oil of vitriol, one dram. 
 Lard, four drams. 
 
 Mix, and apply a little over the whole furface of 
 the fore, and then cover the head up, and watch 
 the dog, that he does not tear off the covering, or 
 rub it into his eyes. 
 
 CONDITION. 
 
 The condition of dogs is a point of much import- 
 ance to fportfmen: like horfes, unlefs they are in 
 good condition, they cannot hunt. Condition con- 
 
157 
 
 fifts principally of two effential circumftances : the 
 having all fuperfluous fat removed, fo as to have the 
 wind clear ; and the being free from all foulnefles, fo 
 as that the fcent may be perfect, which it never is 
 in a dog with a foul fkin. 
 
 Condition is promoted in dogs as in horfes, natu- 
 rally, by exercife, and by food that contains the 
 greateft quantity of nutriment in a given bulk, which 
 muft evidently be fle/h : artificial condition is pro- 
 moted by alteratives and phyfic. When dogs are 
 wiflied to be got into high condition, the following 
 will be found an excellent plan to purfue. Begin by 
 giving one dofe of 
 
 Condition Physic [page 30]. When this has 
 worked off, give, according to the diredions, half a 
 dozen of the 
 
 Alterative Powders [page 28]. When thefe 
 are done with, give another dofe of phyfic, which 
 may be followed by another half dozen of Alterative 
 Powders, and a third dofe of phyfic, giving during 
 the whole time, except on the days the phyfic is 
 taken, regular hunting exercife. When the exercife 
 is regular and active, flefli is the befl food for pro- 
 moting hunting condition ; for it not only gives vigour 
 and durability, but it promotes a fanguinary difpo- 
 fition in the purfuit of the game : but the flefli fhould 
 always be fweet* 
 
158 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 A cough is a common complaint among dogs. It 
 is almoft a conftant attendant ondiftemper, and it is 
 alfo frequent on taking cold: but there is a cough 
 diftindl from thefe, that attacks dogs as they grow old, 
 particularly thofe who are highly fed, have had little 
 exercife, and have grown too fat. It refembles, in 
 a very flight degree, the human afthma, and is known 
 to fome fportfmen by the name oihiijk: among others, 
 this term fignifies the cough that accompanies dif- 
 temper. In many cafes there appears an enlarge- 
 ment of fome of the contents of the chefl, as of the 
 heart or lungs; in others, difle6tion fliews nothing. 
 
 When it firft appears, I have feldom failed to cure 
 it by blifters to the throat and chefl, united with pro- 
 per alteratives ; but when it has been fome time con- 
 firmed, it is more difficult to remove: however, by 
 great attention, even in this ftate, it has been re- 
 lieved. 
 
 DISTEMPER. 
 
 For information on this head, 1 would refer the 
 enquirer to the Treatife on the Diftemper [price Is. J, 
 which little work has paflbd through two editions 
 within two years. The treatment and cure of this 
 fatal difeafe arc there detailed at length. It may be 
 purchafed at nny refpcttable medicine venders, as 
 well as the Medicinal Powders [page 27] for this 
 
159 
 
 complaint, whofe rapidly increafing fale is a fufficient 
 teftimony of their efficacy. 
 
 EMETICS. 
 
 Vomiting is fo often repeated in all dogs, and 
 with fo little difficulty, that we are warranted in 
 concluding it is in them a natural and a falutary a6l, 
 tending to keep them in health. They are themfelves 
 fo fenfible of this, that they purpofely excite it by 
 eating a fpecies of broad-leaved grafb, which proves a 
 vomit to them. Now, if vomiting is neceffary to 
 dogs living in the country, where they have frefh air, 
 and plenty of exercife, how much more fo muft it 
 be to dogs in places like London, or other great 
 cities, where they are pampered, highly fed, and get 
 little exercife ? Yet, in thefe cafes, they very feldom 
 can get at this natural emetic; for, even if they walk, 
 the highly cultivated fields around large cities 
 feldom produce this grafs, and without it they feldom 
 vomit. I have no doubt, myfelf, that many of the dif- 
 eafes to which dogs are fubjed are brought on by the 
 want of this natural a6t ; for their ftomachs become 
 over-loaded, and too much is taken into the confti- 
 tution, which either produces fat, or ends in mange. 
 Naturally, when dogs have eaten more than is proper 
 for them, they have recourfe to this grafs, by which 
 their ftomachs are foon relieved ; but in cities and 
 large towns, where they are confined from this means 
 
 P 
 
i6o 
 
 of relief, the accumulated contents of the ftomach, 
 after diftreffing that organ fome hours, pafs into the 
 inteftines, where the weight adds flill greater diftrefs, 
 producing fometimes cotlivenefs, and not unfre- 
 quently cholic. 
 
 Being perfeftly convinced of thefe circumftances, 
 I have long been in the habit of recommending for 
 dogs thus fituated, once or twice a week, an artifi- 
 cial vomit; and where it has been regularly pcrfifted 
 in, it has been attended with the moft beneficial 
 efteds. Dogs beginning to get purfive, and fat, have 
 been kept by this means in moderate cafe ; and the 
 early Hate of difeafed cheft, producing fliort breath 
 and conftant cough, has been removed. That con- 
 flant ficknefs^ likewife, united with cough, in which 
 a dog, after fome violent efforts, brings up froth 
 alone, has been done away by a regular emetic now 
 and then. 
 
 I have tried for this artificial emetic all the various 
 fubfiances ufed in common as emetics among our- 
 felves; but I found that fome of them afted too 
 roughly, and hence defeated their own ends; while 
 others that were more mild were uncertain in their 
 effects : this fet me upon more clofely imitating na- 
 ture, and extrading the virtues of the dog grafs from 
 the plant itfelf ; and which fo completely anfwered 
 my expectation, that I have ever fince invariably 
 ufed it. 
 
l6l 
 
 This Essence of Dog Grass I now always keep 
 by me ; and I would flrongly recommend it to the ufe 
 of perfons keeping dogs at all confined, as a mod 
 healthy cleanfer, imitating Lature, by mildly puking 
 a dog once or twice at the utmoft ; tending, by this 
 means, to corred a vitiated appetite, and increafe a 
 healthy one, and to prevent the attack of all thofe 
 numerous difeafes, the confequence of an artificial 
 manner of life. The Ejfence of Dog Grafs may be 
 procured at my houfe, packed in bottles, with ample 
 diredions, price 2s. od. each, containing a fufficient 
 quantity for many months ufe. A fmall quantity 
 of it may be mixed with the food, for the tafte will 
 not prevent its being eaten; or it may be forced down, 
 if moft convenient; after which, in a quarter of an 
 hour, the contents of the ftomach will be brought up 
 without much reaching: but it will prove a much 
 eafier aS:, and a more natural one to the dog, if he 
 takes it after eating; and, as fuch, it is always moft 
 prudent to give it after a meal. 
 
 FITS. 
 Fits in dogs, though not very different in appear- 
 ance from each other, arife from very different 
 caufes, and, therefore, require ver}^ different treat- 
 ment. The fits that attack apparently healthy 
 dogs of all ages are commonly arifing from either 
 coftivenefs or worms. In the treatment of fits, it is 
 
 P2 
 
1^2 
 
 evident the caufe producing them mud be removed 
 to effe6l a cure. The immediate fit itfelf may be re- 
 moved at the time, by plunging the dog into cold 
 water. The fits that are the confequence of diftem- 
 per muft be treated as is direded under diftemper. 
 When fits appear whofe caufe is more obfcure, it 
 would be prudent to ftate the cafe accurately to the 
 author, who might judge thereon, and probably di- 
 red a falutary treatment. 
 
 HUSK. See Cough. 
 
 INFLAMED LUNGS. 
 
 Dogs not unfrequently are attacked with this com- 
 plaint from bearing, or other expofure to cold. 
 It may be diftinguifhed by the extreme coldnefs of 
 the paws, moifi;ure from the nofe, elevated head, and 
 difficult breathing. The cure mufi; be attempted by 
 bleeding largely, blifiering the cheft, and opening 
 the body by a brifk purge. 
 
 INFLAMED STOMACH. 
 
 This is likewife not an unufual complaint among 
 dogs, and is characterized by inceflant ficknefs, with 
 excellive third ; the anxiety of the countenance is 
 great, and there are evident marks of great diftrefs. 
 I believe it feldom admits of cure in dogs : the at- 
 
163 
 
 tempt may be made by bleeding, and bathing in warm 
 
 water. 
 
 INFLx\MED BOWELS. 
 This produces fimilar fymptoms to the above; 
 but the diftrefs is not fo great. I have feen feveral 
 dogs under this complaint who have appeared tole- 
 rably lively, and even not refufed their food till 
 within a very ftiort time of death. The inceflant 
 thirfl and vomiting in this is the fame as in the 
 former, only the ficknefs is not fo immediate on 
 taking any thing as in inflamed flomach. The cure 
 mufl be attempted, as in inflamed lungs, by bleed- 
 ing and bliftering, united in this cafe with warm 
 bathins:. 
 
 LOOSENESS. 
 
 The purging of dogs may be ufually checked by 
 ftarch, fuet and milk^ or rice gruel, in common cafes: 
 as medicines, rhubarb, ginger, opium, and chalk, are 
 proper ; but for the cure it is necelTary to afcertain 
 the caufe producing the affedlion, which, in many 
 inftances being very different, mufl render the treat- 
 ment fo likewife. It is a very common attendant on 
 diftemper, when the Diftemper Powder frequently 
 checks it. It is as frequent, likewife, a fymptom of 
 worms ; when a proper worm purgative, by removing 
 the caufe of the iiritation, would ftop the loofenefs. 
 
 P3 
 
164 
 
 MADNESS. 
 This dreadful complaint is frequently confounded 
 with diftemper, to the terror of many perfons ; and in 
 many cafes it really requires the judgment of the 
 experienced to decide between them. I have, in the 
 Treatife on Dijlemper, endeavoured to lay down fuch 
 exad direftions for the mode of diflinguifhing thefe 
 two affedlions from each other, that I think will 
 enable any perfon, having recourfe to it, to decide 
 in a moment between them. Since diftemper has 
 been fo prevalent, madnefs is much lefs frequently 
 feen : but as it is generated within this genus of qua- 
 drupeds, and only to be caught by all others, fo 
 there is reafon to fear it will never be wholly exter- 
 minated. 
 
 MANGE. 
 
 This is a very frequent and troublefome difeafe 
 among dogs, all of whom appear fubjeft to it, but 
 fome more fo than others. White dogs are pecu- 
 liarly fubjea to it; and thofe M'ith wiry coarfe hair 
 more fo than any others. It puts on different ap- 
 pearances ; that is, there are feveral varieties of it, 
 but two are moft common : that called the rmik 
 mange, with ulcerated fcabby lkin,and that producing 
 only a red inflamed fkin, called the red mange. 
 
 When dogs are very much reduced in flclh, there 
 is a fcurfy ftate fpreadiiig over the whole body, 
 
165 
 
 which removes on more liberal feeding, and leaves 
 only fome flight fymptoms of common mange. There 
 is a variety of it, confifting of fpongy ulcers, from 
 the little pores of which fpongy furface, ferum, or the 
 watery parts of the blood, in the form of a yellow 
 thin fluid, confl;antly iffues in fmall drops :— this 
 variety is nearly incurable. 
 
 Red mange is lefs eafy of cure than the rank 
 fcabby mange; it is often, likewife, conftitutional, 
 particularly in coarfe wiry-haired dogs : that is, 
 every fpring and fall it makes its appearance in fome, 
 and in others it is conflant ; for, as foon as the treat- 
 ment ceafes, it appears again. The progeny of 
 thefe dogs poffefs an hereditary mange ; and I would, 
 therefore, never recommend breeding from either 
 dogs or bitches under this difeafe. 
 
 The rank fcabby mange is not difficult to cure ; but 
 its recurrence in fome dogs is certain, without a very 
 early repetition of the fame means with thofe before 
 adverted to. 
 
 Mange may be generated, or it may be caught. It 
 is generated by the oppoflte extremes of too full feed- 
 ing, and too fparing a diet; that is, dogs may be 
 crammed into it, or llarved into it. Grofs food, as 
 horfe flefli, greaves, &c., will produce it, particularly 
 if the exercife is not proportioned to the food. Filth 
 is a very great caufe of it; for which reafon the 
 dogs of the poor commonly have it more or lefs. 
 
166 
 
 It may be caught by living with another having the 
 difeafe; but accidental intercourfc will not produce 
 it : deeping on the fame ftraw, or in the fame kennel, 
 is a ftrong means of producing it ; but it is, generally, 
 not fo contagious as has been imagined. 
 
 It is not fo readily caught from a dog having it 
 conftitutionally, as it is from a dog having himfelf 
 caught it. 
 
 The flight rednefs and itching of the fl^in fo com- 
 mon among dogs at all times, particularly in fum- 
 mer, will degenerate, without care, into mange ; 
 and fleas, in great quantity, promote a difpofition to 
 it : but thefe cafes may be prevented from becoming 
 true mange, by wafliing, together with a courfe of al- 
 terative medicines. See page 28. 
 
 But when it has made its appearance as real con- 
 firmed mange, though thefe alterative medicines affift 
 in the cure, an outward application is neceflary to 
 complete it : indeed, in mofl; cafes, nothing but an 
 outward application is eflentially neceflary. Many 
 fubftances are ufed for the cure: brimftone forms the 
 principal, and, if thoroughly applied, is equal to the 
 removal of common cafes ; but brimfl;one alone, or 
 any one fubftance unaided by others, is feldom fuffi- 
 ciently efficacious for bad cafes; nor does it cure 
 milder mange fo quick as a judicious compound. 
 By feeing many hundred cafes of this difeafe, under 
 all its varieties, every year, and by giving every fub- 
 
167 
 
 fiance a fair trial, I am become tolerably well aware 
 of the relative efficacy of every thing in common ufe 
 for the cure of mange, and of many things not in 
 common ufe ; by which means, after repeated alte- 
 rations, I have at length fucceeded, fo as to be under 
 no necelTity of any further alteration; and I can 
 recommend the Mange Ointment [page 23] as a cer- 
 tain fpecific in all the varieties of real mange. The 
 principal difficulty in forming a compound that is 
 really efficacious for this complaint, is, the making 
 it adive, yet fafe fhould the dog lick it. This de- 
 firable end I have at length attained ; the medicine 
 in queftion being fo mild, that the whole quantity 
 may be eaten without danger, and yet fo efficacious, 
 that flight cafes are removed by once applying it : 
 thofe with greater inveteracy feldom require more 
 than twice ; and the very worft ftages of it are re- 
 moved, in general, by three apphcations. 
 
 It is believed by many, that mange cannot be 
 cured without bleeding ; but the reverfe of this is the 
 fad : however, fo certain is it that the blood be- 
 comes aflfecled in this difeafe, that the blood of a 
 mangy dog introduced into the veins of a healthy 
 one would produce mange. Therefore, when the 
 complaint has attained a very great degree of inve- 
 teracy, it may not be imprudent to begin the cure 
 by bleeding. The food in this difeafe rauft be 
 changed; that is, if a dog before ate flefli, he muft, 
 
i6s 
 
 during the cure, be fed on vegetables, as bifcuit, po- 
 tatoes, &c.; and if, before, he was fed on thefe lat- 
 ter fubftances, meat during the cure will affift it. 
 If bleeding is not judged neceffary, a dofe of phyfic 
 is not an improper preliminary ; and, as I have faid 
 before, the cure in all inveterate cafes will be expe- 
 dited by proper alteratives, and recurrence more 
 certainly prevented. See Mange Powders, 
 page 23. 
 
 PHYSIC. 
 
 On many occafions, purging medicines are very 
 proper and ufeful to dogs. In ficknefs, by purging 
 we frequently reflore health; and in health, by the 
 fame means we often enfure its continuance. Cof- 
 tivenefs is very prevalent among dogs, particularly 
 thofe who have little exercife, and are fed wholly 
 on flefh : this complaint frequently occafions piles, 
 and likewife not unfrequently degenerates into ab- 
 folute and obftinate conftipation ; and numerous 
 are the dogs I have fecn deftroycd by this means. 
 In thefe cafes, a proper purgative now and then is 
 highly proper. The difpodtion to fatnefs fome dogs 
 ihew, and which certainly ends in difeafe, is kept 
 down by proper phylic. Fits are frequently arifmg 
 from a coftive habit, and the want of proper phyfic. 
 Worms are removed by purgatives frequently. With- 
 out phyfic, dogs cannot readily be got into hunting 
 
1^9 
 
 condition : when it is of a proper kind, it increafes 
 their wind, vigour, and durability. In the firft 
 ftages of diftemper, purging is particularly falutary, 
 and fliould always be encouraged by proper pur- 
 gatives. 
 
 Dogs fhould be very carefully purged : they do 
 not bear ftrong phyfic ; and I have feen ver}' fatal 
 effeds from adminiliering them too llrong, particu- 
 larly of the mercurial kind. It is not fafe to give a 
 5'oung fmall dog more of any fubflance than would 
 purge a child ; and a large full grown dog will fel* 
 dom bear more than a hearty man. 
 
 The phyjic I generally make ufe of for all the 
 aforementioned purpofes, and which anfwers thefe 
 purpofes with fafety and efficacy^ may be feen un- 
 der the title 
 
 Condition Physic [page 30]. It is fo com- 
 pounded, as to have regulated dofes in each package, 
 adapted to the various fizes, ages, and ftrengths of 
 dogs. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 There is no complaint, diftemper excepted, that 
 deftroys fo many dogs as worms : almoft every dog 
 has them at fome period of his life, and many have 
 them always. There are feveral kinds of worms that 
 affeft dogs. The tape worm is a common kind ; and 
 it is not an unufual circumftance for a puppy to pafs 
 
170 
 
 four or five hundred joints of thefe worms, whofe 
 united length would encircle the whole body many 
 times. I have feen inftances where one of thefe 
 worms coiled itfelf up into one ball, and fo made an 
 impenetrable obftrudion, of which the dog died. 
 Another kind is the long round XLonn, fimilar to the 
 human. Thefe fometimes crawl from the inteflines 
 into the ftomach, and, making the dog Tick, are 
 brought up ; at others, they pafs only from the anus; 
 but I have obferved they more frequently produce 
 fatal elfeds when brought by the mouth. There 
 is a third kind, not much unlike maggots, with red 
 heads : thefe are not fo frequent as the two former, 
 and I think not fo fatal. A fourth kind, which are 
 likewife lefs fatal, are fimilar to the human afcarides, 
 or thread worm. 
 
 Worms are particularly fatal to puppies; and 
 when they exift in any confiderable quantities, they 
 commonly deftroy them. Worms are eafily detected, 
 even though they fliould not pafs away ; for, when a 
 dog has many worms, hi? coat always ftares ; he 
 cats voracioufly, but feldom fattens ; he has fre- 
 quently a cough, and in puppies the nofe commonly 
 runs : but the ftools arc the moft unequivocal fymp- 
 toms ; for thefe are commonly loofe, flimy, and 
 mixed with froth. Sometimes, when loofe ftools are 
 the confequence of worms, on the taking any aflrin- 
 gent medicine, they become of a proper coniiftence, 
 
in 
 
 but they foon return to their former Hate. The 
 belly likewife is often hard, and fometiraes fuelled. 
 When puppies have worms, the firft that are pafled 
 are feldom but little noticed, for they feem to affed; 
 the health but little ; but gradually purging becomes 
 more frequent, and the animal, though lively, waftes, 
 and his hip-bones may be plainly felt, though the 
 flaring of the coat may make him Itill appear fat : 
 the growth likewife is completely ftopped, and in 
 this way it is very common for puppies to continue, 
 till a fit or two carries them off. In grown dogs, 
 worms are lefs fatal, though, from the obftru6tions 
 they form, they not unfrequently kill ; they like- 
 wife, in grown dogs, produce fits, the firfl of which 
 is pafTed over, and little notice is taken till a fecond 
 appears, and fo on. It does not follow, becaufe no 
 worms are feen to pafs away, that the dog has none; 
 nor, becaufe the}'^ are not feen, does it follow even 
 that none pafs : for if they remain long after they 
 are dead in the inteflines, they are digeftcd like other 
 animal matter : this is frequently the cafe when 
 dogs take medicines that deflroy them ; for they be- 
 come digefted, and pafs away diffolved. 
 
 I wifh I could fay any thing fatisfadory on the 
 cure. Worms occalion fuch an irritability of the 
 bowels, particularly in young dogs, that flrong purg- 
 ing medicines to diflodge them cannot with fafety 
 be given ; and no fubftance that I am acquainted 
 
 Q 
 
172 
 
 with kills them within the bowels with certainty. 
 The remedies I make ufe of with the greatetl fuccefs 
 may be found in my medicine arrangement ; and 
 though thefe often fail, they likewife not unfre- 
 quently fucceed. Accompanying thefe medicines 
 are very ample diredions for their exhibition ; and 
 the whole treatment, under a variety of circum- 
 flances, is pointed out. See Worm Medicines 
 [page 29]. 
 
 FINIS, 
 
IJVIDEX, 
 
 A ^ 
 Age of the Horse, 44 — of Oxen, ibid— of Deer, 
 
 ibid — of Sheep and Goats, 45 
 Alteratives for Horses, 47 — their mode of 
 adion, ibid— cafes that require them, 48 — Alter- 
 ative Condition Powders, 26 
 Alteratives for Dogs, 154— Alterative Pow- 
 ders for them, 28 
 
 B 
 Balls, remarks on, 48-~mode of giving to Horfes, 
 4p — do. to Dogs, — 145 — mode of preparing, 50 
 —Balls for cholic, Ip— Cordial do., 20— Cordial 
 Fever do., 21 — Cough do., ibid — Diuretic do., 
 ibid— Farcy do., 22 — Strong Purging do., ibid 
 — Mild Purging do., 23 — Strong Mercurial do., 
 ibid— Mild Mercurial do., ibid 
 Bleeding, remarks on, 51 — parts proper to bleed 
 
 from, 52 — when neceffary, 53 
 Blindness, 54 
 
 Blisters, utility and mode of operation, 54— 
 Bliftering Ointment, 23 — Blifter, a Liquid Sweat- 
 ing, 24 
 Bowels, Inflammation of in Horfes, defcribed, 59 
 — Do. in Dogs, l63 
 
 Q 2 
 
Breaking-down, 57 — what it is, ibid — treatment 
 of, ibid 
 
 C 
 
 Canker in the feet of Horfes defcribed, 58 — Pafte 
 for, 24- — Canker in the Ears of Dogs defcribed, 
 155 — Wafli for, 29 — on the outfide of the Ears 
 defcribed, 156 
 
 Cancer in Dogs defcribed, 155 
 
 Cholic, fpafmodic, in Horfes, defcribed, 59 — 
 manner of diftinguifhing between it and Red Cho- 
 lic, 62— Balls for, Ip— Clyfter for, 63—lled, de- 
 fcribed, 59 
 
 Cold, or Catarrh, defcribed, 58 
 
 Compounded Medicines, 19 — their advantages, 
 14, 15, 16 
 
 Condition of Horses, Cordials necelTary to pre- 
 ferve it in tender Horfes, 67 — Diuretics promote 
 it, 74— Exercife tends to it, 75^ 76, 77, 78 — 
 Hide- bound ufually accompanies it, 95 — Altera- 
 tives promote it, 47 — Purges particularly promote 
 Condition, JOS 
 
 Condition Powders for Horfes, 26 
 
 Condition of Dogs, 157 — Condition Powders for 
 do., 28 
 
 Cordials, effefls of, 65 — cafes they are proper 
 for, 66 — proper fubllances for, 68 
 
 Cordial Balls, 20 
 
 Cordial Fever Balls, 21 
 
 r^ 
 
175 
 
 Corns of Horfes, 69 
 
 Cough of Horfes defcribed, 70 
 
 Cough Balls, 21 
 
 Cough of Dogs, 15S 
 
 Criepiting, 71 
 
 Curb in Horfes, 71 
 
 D 
 
 Diseases of Animals, how diftinguiflied by Perfons 
 not medically educated, 12 
 
 Distemper in Dogs, 158 — Powders for, 27 
 
 Diuretics for Horfes, their mode of action, 72 
 
 Diuretic Balls, 21 
 
 Diuretic Powders, 27 
 
 Dogs, preliminary remarks on, 139 — difeafes of, 
 145 — ready prepared remedies for, 27 — their fide- 
 lity, 151 — irritability and fenfibility of them, ibid 
 — phyfic for, 30 — emetics for, 159 
 
 Dog Grass, Eflence of, l6i 
 
 Domestic Practice on the Diseases of Ani- 
 mals, 11 — its utility, 12 — neceffity for its being 
 generally known, ibid 
 
 Drinks, remarks on, 74? 
 
 E 
 
 Emetics, not adive in Horfes, 37— particularly 
 ufeful to Dogs, 1 59 
 
 Exercise of Horfes, 75 — its neceffity, ibid — mode 
 of ading, 76 
 
 Exercise of Dogs, the want of which a great fource 
 of difeafe, 153 
 
 Q3 
 
Eyes, inflammation of, in Horfes, defcribed, 81 
 Eyes, glaffy, 82 
 Eye Water, 25 
 
 F 
 Farriery, what, 3 — two modes of learning it, ibid 
 
 — its importance, 4 — fimplified and rendered eafy^ 
 
 4, 5, 6 
 Farcy defcribed, 82 
 Farcy Balls, 22 
 Fits in Dogs, l6l 
 
 Fistula, 85 — Pafte for the cure, 24 
 Founder in Horfes, 86 
 Fret in Horfes, 59 
 Frontispiece, defcription of, 31 
 
 G 
 Gangrene defcribed, 87 
 Glanders, 88 — Balls for, 22 
 Glyster3, remarks on, 89 — forms of, 90 
 Grease defcribed, gi — ^Pafte for, 24 
 Gripes in Horfes defcribed, 59— Balls for, 19 — 
 
 Glyfter for, gO 
 
 H 
 Haw, or Hawes, of the Eye, 96 
 Hide- BOUND, g5 — Powders for, 26 
 Horse, the general formation and ftrudlure of, 31 
 
 to 44 
 Husk in Dogs, 162 
 
177 
 
 I 
 
 Inflamed Bowels in Horfes, 63 — Lungs in do.y 
 
 97— E}'es in do., 81 
 Inflamed Lungs in Dogs, l62 — Stomach in do., 
 
 ibid — Bowels in do., l63 
 Jaundice in Horfes, 96 
 
 L 
 Lameness, 99 — various kinds of, 100 
 Locked Jaw, 103 
 Lotion, 102 
 Looseness of Dogs, l63 
 
 Lungs, inflammation of, in Horfes, 97 — do. in 
 Dogs, 162 
 
 M 
 Mange in Horfes defcribed, 103— Ointment for 
 
 do., 25 ./ 
 
 Mange in Dogs defcribed, l64 — Ointment for 
 
 do., 28 — Powders for do., ibid 
 Mallenders, 103 
 Madness in Dogs, l64> 
 
 Medicines, ready prepared, the utility of fuch, 
 13, 14, 15, 16 — Arrangement of, 19 
 
 O 
 Ointment for Mange in Horfes, 25 — do. for Dogs, 
 
 28 
 Ointment, Bliftering, 23 
 
 P 
 Paste for Grease, 24 
 
178 
 
 Physicking of Horses, remarks on, 10/ — ufes 
 of, lOS — proper mode of conduding it, 110 — 
 forms of, 22, 23 
 
 Physicking of Dogs, remarks on, i6S — want 
 of, the caufe of diieafe, 153 
 
 Pole Evil in Horfes defcribed, 106 
 
 Poultices, 10-i — forms of, 107 
 
 Powders, 106" — forms of, 107 — Alterative Condi- 
 tion for Horfes, 26 — for Fever in do., ibid — for 
 Worms, ibid — Diuretic do., 27 — Mange do. for 
 Dogs, 28 
 
 Prospectus of the Outlines of tbeVeterinary Art, 5 
 
 PuRGi^^G Balls, various forms of, 22 
 
 Purging in Horfes, Glyfter for, 90 
 
 Purging Dogs, l6'3 
 
 R 
 
 Raking, 115 
 
 Rising of the Lights, II6 
 
 RiNG-EONE, 115 
 
 Rot in Horfes, 1 16 
 Rowels, II6 
 
 S 
 Saddle-galls, II7 
 Sellenders, 103 
 Stable, remarks on, lip 
 Stag Evil, 122 
 Staggers, 123 
 Stomach, inflammation of in Dogs, l62 
 
179 
 Stomachics, 68— forms of, 69 
 Surfeit ill Horfes, 127 
 
 T 
 Testimonies in favour of the Outlines of the Ve- 
 terinary Art, 9 
 Thrush, running, 128 — a cure for it, 24 
 
 U 
 Veterinary Art, Outlines of, 5 
 
 W 
 Washes, their properties, 102 — varieties of, 25, 29 
 Wind, broken, 129-— Thick Wind, 131 
 
 WiNDGALLS, 131 
 
 Worms in Horfes, 135— in Dogs, 1^9 
 
 Worm Medicines for Horfes, 26 — for Dogs, 29 
 
 Wounds, 134. 
 
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