THE INFLUENCE OF THE PRICE OF COEN ON THE EATE OF MORTALITY. BY JOHN BARTON, TN considering the general question of the expediency or inexpediency of the present restrictions on the Importation of Foreign Corn, a preliminary subject of inquiry presents itself, which has not yet perhaps obtained so much attention as it seems to deserve — the influence of High or Low Prices on the Condition of the Poor. It is generally assumed by the advocates for unrestricted importation, that every decline in the price of corn contributes directly to the welfare of the labouring classes, by enabling them to obtain a larger supply of the comforts and conveniences of life. This would indeed be the case if we could consider the amount of a labourer's earnings as a fixed quantity, uninfluenced by the state of de- mand for labour. But in fact the rate of wages is affected in a very sensible degree by the price of corn, and the collective income of the whole of the labouring classes in a still greater degree. Persons residing in agricultural districts, and having daily opportunities of observing the condition of the poor about them, can testify that in times when the price of corn has been lowest, not only have the occupiers of land been reduced to diflictilties, but the labourers in their employ severely distressed by the difficulty of obtaining work. It would not indeed be easy for the most careful and impartial iiKjuirer to discover by direct observation the amount of dis- tress inflicted by any given fall in the price of corn on the B 2 body of agricultural labourers ; still less to determine how far the same reduction of price may occasion a corresponding improvement in the condition of the manufacturing labourer, such as to compensate, at least in degree, the suiferings of the agriculturists. Fortunately, however, we have a criterion of the comparative pressure of poverty at diiferent times,— a cri- terion of great accuracy as well as sensibility, if employed with proper precautions, — in the varying rate of mortality. Not that the mortality of any single year, or even of a small number of years, would afford any such criterion; for un- doubtedly the health and longevity of the people are affected by a variety of causes unconnected with the price of corn ; — ■ by the severity or mildness of the season, by commercial prosperity or distress, and by other causes, more, perhaps, than it would be easy to enumerate. But in proportion as Ave extend the number of years from which our average is drawn, the influence of these perturbing causes is progressively dimin- ished; and when we embrace a considerable period of time in our calculations, that influence becomes almost imp racti e a bfe.^/^^^^^ ft 1 determined, therefore, to examine whether any sensible connection can be traced between the price of corn and the rate of mortality in different years. The first step was to look down the column of burials in the Population Returns, and observe whether the numbers in that column appear to be highest in years, of plenty or in years of scarcity. i.I found a striking increase of deaths in 1795 and 1800, — years of scarcity, — but in other cases years of high price did not appear remarkably fatal, — nor did years of low price appear remark- ably favourable to human life. On the whole, no very decided difference seemed to exist between the mortality of cheap and dear years. In order, however, to satisfy myself better upon the subject, I selected the period of twenty years from 1801 to 1820, and added together the number of burials in those years when the price of wheat was above 705. per quarter — those in Avhich the price was between 60s. and 70s. — those in which the price was under 60.f. ; then dividing by the number of years in each column, I obtained an average of the annual number of burials at each of those prices. The result was as follows : — jjvjiui J 1801 to 1820. ' (fneoa hJjJov/ i\ I*rirc of AVhent.* Avernge'miinljcr of IWm'als yeiirt'jV ! ""**' Above 70;,-. . . , yiij uj-JLiQ^jfipAi j;j.j j?ooiiq 705. toCO.'. . . -.7 ^Wil^^h ir, Ir.Aia Under 60s. . . . ' 2a3,728 , ■ -■ >■/ Here the middle price appears most favourable to human life, and the lou'est price most unfavourable. I soou, however, became dissatisfied with this rude method of computation. It is not the actual number of deaths occurring in any given year that marks the rate of mortality, but the number of deaths compared witii the existing population. Thus the occurrence of 200,000 deaths in the year 1801, when the population of England and Wales was about nine millions, indicated a much higher rate of mortality than the occurrence of the same num- ber in 1821, when the population amounted to twelve millions. I determined, therefore, to undertake the task of computing the number of burials on each million of population in every year, from 1780, the earliest period to which the Returns extend, jdown to 1820, the latest extant; the Returns of thj^ succeeding ten years not being then completed. For this pur- pose, it was necessary to determine the amount of the poj)ula- tion in each year; that amount having been ascertained, by. actual enumeration only at intervals often years., .This being done, it was easy to find the rate of mortality, or the number of burials on each million of people. I then divided tlieS;e numbers into five columns, the first comprising the mortality of those years when the price of wheat was under 40^. ; the second, when the price was between 40.?. and CO.s-.; tlie third, when the price was between QOs. and 80s. ; the fourth, when the price was between 80*. and lOOs. ; the hist, w'hen the price was above lOOs. The results were as follow: — ,{j ^i nsvis 1780 to 1820. Avtri|t;e Burials on oach Trice of Wheat. Millinn of roimlatioii. Under 40.v 20,160 40*. to GO* 2i,010 60s. to 80* 1'.),G:)2 HO.v.tolOOi- 18,20 J '■' Above 100*. . . . . ^O'.CJO ''^'> uvy t f > '' ' . \' ' ' • ! • y^ — ti tt ' ■ !(" f' Mi i 'Mh i' . ' in ' " 'T-tvt't- 'ir l l •i rr. - Y t '^ ttri-ni ■i* la this and all the .succeeding calculations, tlie price of corn is takcnfi-OBi die returns in the Gazette, wh'.n not otlKrwiHc specified. u2 It would seem, from an inspection of these numbers, that low prices are very mucli more fatal, not only than middle prices, but even than the extreme of high price. I was sur- prised at this result. I knew, from personal observation, that years of low price are attended witli distress to the labourers of agricultural districts, but that the mortality of the whole kingdom should be so remarkably increased at such times was more than I had anticipated. On the other hand, it appeared tmreasonable to ascribe to mere accident results so con- sistent in their character. By the doctrine of chances, the probability is 24 to 1 against the numbers in the four first columns arranging themselves inversely as the price of corn, supposing no real connection to exist between them in the way of cause and effect. Reflecting frequently on this remarkable result, it appeared to me that the method of computation which I had employed might be still open to objection. First, a change in the value of money seems to have taken place about the commencement of the war with France in 1793, which renders the prices of the earlier years unfit to be compared with those of the subse- quent years ; I therefore determined not to carry back the computation beyond that date. Secondly, in order to exclude those irregular variations of price arising during the war from depreciation of the currency, I thought it better to reduce the price of wheat in every case to its value in bullion. Thirdly, as some doubts may arise respecting the amount of the popu- lation in each year, from the uncertain and variable proportion of the army and navy resident at any given time within the limits of the kingdom, I resolved to confine my attention to the female population, the burials of females being separately given in the Returns. Fourthly, as the deficiency in the registers arises principally from the omission of the baptisms of Dissenters, it seemed proper to compute this deficiency at a per centage on the registered bij-ths. Although the differ- ence in tlie general average arising from the two last altera- tions is slight, I determined to omit no precaution which might conduce to the accuracy of the results. Fifthly, I determined to increase the number of columns into which the results were divided; rising by gradations of IO5. per quarter instead of 205. as in the former computation. Those who may wish to verify the accuracy of my calculations will find all these points explained in detail in a pamphlet which I published sometime ago on the Corn Laws. Having gone over the whole calculation again, with these modifications and corrections, I found that the conclusions deducible from the former table were still further strengthened, as will appear from the following statement : — • 1793 to 1820. Average Burials on each Bullion Price of Wheat. Million of Population. Under 50s 22,455 50s. to 60s 20,175 60s. to 70s 19,778 70.9. to 80s 19,291 80s. to 90s 18,257 90s. to lOO.v 18,117 Above 100s 22,350 On comparing these numbers with those before obtained by a different method, it will be seen that the statements agree in shewing that the price next under IOO.9. per quarter is most favourable to human life ; and that, as the price declines below this point, the yearly average of deaths progressively and regularly increases; But the extreme of high price appeals .somewhat more fatal, and the extreme of low price less fatal than by the former method. The number of deaths occurring at the two extremes now appears nearly equal. It may be observed, further, that the increase in the number of columns, arising from taking more gradations of price, very much adds to the improbability that the result should be accidental. The chances against four numbers arranging themselves in a given order are, as 1 before said, 24 to 1 ; the chances against six numbers so arranging themselves are 720 to 1. As I had excluded the thirteen years previous to the war from the last computation, I thought it would be proper to examine whether the same law of connection between the price of corn and the rate of mortality holds good with resjiect to those years, separately coiLsidered ; still confining my atten- tion to the female population, and taking the deficiency in the registers at a jier ccntage on the registered births, as before. The result was such as 1 had :\nticipatod. 6 ■hlsif vBftt oiiv/ 980iril780 to 1792. , a •isnno'i sih ni 8jj .^0S "I "BuUionTrice of Wheat. -■■*f Under 4oJ '^^i'^/.^ ; (Pji^j^verage Burials per Million of ' \ia-\T Population. 40«. to 45*. . . 45*. to 50s,. .jjji-j, Above 50«. «f • 25,285 24,140 24,133 24,000 I U'Jl litilqxo .!,I could no longer doubt that low prices exercise an unfa- vourable influence on human life. But, that I might under- stand more fully the nature and mode of operation of this unfavourable influence, I resumed the inquiry with reference to our agricultural and manufacturing districts separately^ The result of this inquiry was as follows : — Burials on each Million of, Population, on an Average of the Forty-one Years, 1780-1820, Bullion Price of Mlieat. Burials in Seven Burials in Ten Difference in fa- Difference in fa- Manufacturing Agricultural vour of Manufac. vour of Agricul- Counties. Counties. turing Counties. tural Counties. Under >/ 40s. 21,430 25,165 3,735 • . -tt. 40s. to 56s. 22,364 23,112 748 • •• ' i. 50s. to 60s. 21,358 21,181 'W ■' 60s. to 70s. 20,030 19,700,. . ry,-i • • 330 70s. to 80s. 19,502 18,925 577 80s. to 90s. 19,873 17,550 2,323 90s. to 1005. 19,206 17,417:j j^ 20,480 ici ' ' 1,789 Above . 100s. 23,780 3,300 If any doubt before existed respecting the influence of the price of corn on the rate of mortality, it must, I think, be dissipated by this statement. At the extreme of low price, the mortality of the agricultural districts is greater by 17 per cent, than that of the manufacturino; districts. At a middle price they become nearly equal ; at the extreme of high price, the mortality of the manufacturing districts is greater than that of the agricultural by 16 per cent. And not only is this true in general terms, but the relative proportion between the mortality of the two districts is found to advance with almost exact regularity through the eight gradations of price into which the results are divided. It is not a little remarkable, hov.ever, that low prices appear to be injurious to human life, even in manufacturing districts ; though in a far less degree than in the agricultural. Excluding the years 1780 to 1792, on account of the change in the value of money which took place about that time, as before observed, the average mor- tality in seven manufacturings counties will stand thus:— njiiiv."* 1793 to 1820. .iuiaiui oi Bullion Price of AVheat, Burials on each MiUi :f t 7B8 1793 to 1820. of Population. , V ^ Under bOs 21,8G0 \'S X^ ^"^^^O -' 50s. to 60s 20,618 ^ 9dT " 60s. to 70s 20,o.3a9rrth nneb ni ■^^-^^^^^^^ ' ' ' jlW^'^^O^ rnvolq 80s. to 90s 19,873 " ^ 90s. to 100s. . . , F' ^"■'i'9,206 ^"^'^ Above 100s 23,780 The increase of burials, as the price of corn declines, isi as might be expected, less regular than in the agricultural districts, and much inferior in amount, but is still very per- ceptible. In fact, it is easy to imagine that an increase in the effective income of the manufacturing labourer, if it serves to encou- rage habits of idleness and intemperance, may contribute to shorten instead of prolonging life. It need not surprise us, therefore, that the rate of mortality should appear somewhat higher in cheap years than in ordinary years, even in the manufacturing districts. The unfavourable influence of low prices on human life is, however, much more strongly marked in agricultural districts ; and in this case it must be attributed to the pressure of actual want. Such a result will not appear difficult to understand to those familiarly acquainted with the circumstances of the agricultural poor; but as some persons, into whose hands these pages may fall, do not perhaps possess the same opportunities of observation, it may be proper to illustrate the manner in which low prices depress the condition of the labourer by a few details. The following passages are extracted from the replies made to a circular letter, addressed by the Board of Agriculture to their corre- spondents in every part of the kingdom, in the year 1816, desiring to be informed of the effects produced on the state of the occupiers of land, and the labourers in their employ, by tlie great reduction which had recently taken place in the price of corn and other jjroduce, on the termination of the war. " Cainhridfjcsliire. — The state of the labouring j)oor is very 8 deplorable, and arises entirely from the want of employment, which they are willing to seek, but the farmers cannot afford to furnish. The poor deprecate the low price of corn, and say they never experienced such bad times." — Agricultural State of the Kingdom, p. 41. " The state of the labouring poor is. now much worse than in dear times ; they were then fully employed, now their em- ployment on the roads is a bare subsistence ; and those who are not on the roads are at reduced wa2:es." P. 42. " Devonshire. — The state of the labouring poor at this time is very deplorable indeed ; many servants in husbandry, who, two years ago, received from ten to twelve guineas a year wages, and their board and lodging, are now, in numberless instances, very glad to work for their board and lodging only. Carpenters, wheelwrights, masons, &c., are without employ- ment half their time." P. 67. " Essex. — The state of the labouring poor is truly miserable. Such is the want of employment, that stout active young men are employed by the overseer at 3^. to 45. a week, to keep them from starving." P. 87. ^^Herefordshire. — The state of the poor and labouring classes is worse than ever I remember it." P. 102. " Kent — The state of the labouring poor is the worst I ever remember." P. 128. " The labouring poor are in a very distressed state, o wing- to want of employment ; the farmers not being able to have any more work done than what is absolutely necessary," P. 134. " Nothing can be more M'retched than the state of the labour- ing poor. One third, I should think, out of employ, and the remainder working at a price which is insufficient to maintain their families." P. 136. " Lancashire. — The state of the labouring poor is such, that great numbers are travelling the country in search of work ; but in vain ; the farmers not being able to pay them." P. 143. " Leicestershire. — The condition of the labouring poor, from the poverty of the farmers, and consequent want of em- ployment for them, is unquestionably worse than when corn was at double the price it now is." P. 148. It would be easy to multiply these quotations ; but it is 9 needless. Suffice it to say that similar statements are made from every part of the kingdom. These statements might perhaps be regarded by persons nnacquainted with the cir- cumstances of agricultural districts, as conveying an exag- gerated representation of the miseries endured by the class of farm labourers ; particularly as coming from a description of persons themselves interested in the question ; but when it is found that low prices are accompanied with a great increase of mortality, as evidenced by the population returns, which certainly will not be suspected of being coloured by any interested or hypothetical views, all doubt must, I think, vanish. The statements which I have drawn from those returns, and the details published by the Board of Agriculture mutually illustrate each other ; and aft'ord together convincing evidence of the sufferings inflicted on the poor by a low price of agricultural produce. Thus far had I proceeded in my inquiry respecting the influ- ence of the price of corn on the rate of mortality, as long ago as the year 1832, before the census of 1831 had been printed. On the appearance of that census I was naturally led to inquire how far the results of another enumeration tended to confirm or disprove the conclusions at which I had arrived. The reader will judge for himself of this matter, on looking over the following- statements : — o 1780 to 1830, BuUion Pric« of Wnieat Under 40s. per qr. 40s. to 50s. 508. to 60s. 60a. to 70s. 70s. to 80s. 80s. to 90s. 90s. to 100s. Above 100s. liiu'ials on eacli Million of Population. . 25,28r. . 2;J,13J . 20,608 . . 19,1G4 . l'.),2yi . 18,2jG . 18,116 . . 22,350 Such is the result of the calculation for the whole period of fifty-one years comprised in the Population Ketiirns. If any one wishes to see the calculation modified by taking a portion of these fifty-one years separately, the table at the cml of ID these pages will enable him to do so. I think I may venture to say that my conclusions will not be materially affected in whatever way the calculation may be taken. ; Perhaps, without extending my observations to too great a length, I may venture to place the results in another form, which appears to me peculiarly well adapted to bring to the test the accuracy of my conclusions respecting the influence of low prices on human life. Instead of embracing the results of the whole interval of fifty-one years in a single table, let us divide this interval into five parts, and see whether high, low, or middle prices have proved more favourable to human life in each decade, considered separately. In this way we shall avoid some objections which might be urged against the preceding statement, especially this — that high and low price are relative terms ; what may be deemed a scarcity price at one period is not so at another; and consequently the results at distant intervals are not fairly to be brought into comparison. FIRST DECADE. BURIALS IN EACH MILLION OF POPULATION, Year. Low Price, Under 4Ss. Middle Pricfe, 46s. to 55s. High Price. 1780 26,610 1781 26,130 1782 . 24,790 1783 • . 24,760 1784 . . 25,560 - 1785 i . 25,050 1786 23,960 1787 23,670 1788 23,800 1789 •■ • . 23,250 Average 24,834 24,682 J>S 'gill'. k.-'-l Jl SECOND DECADE. BCRIALS IN EACH MILLION OF POPULATION. Ykak. Low Price, Middle Price, Higli Price, i Under oOi. oOi. to ~0s. Above 70s. 1790 ' OgI.^1 • • 22,940 • 1791 22,380 i 1792 22,6-20 1793 23,960 1794 23,050 1795 • • 24,160 1796 1 • , , 21,820 1797 21,670 1798 20,905 1799 20,820 Average 22,477 " 22,120' 22,990 ' THIRD DECADE. BURIALS IN EACH atlLLXON OF P0I>ULAT10X. Ybah. Low Price, Middle Price, High Price, Under 70s. 704-. to 90s. Above 90s. 1800 • • • • 22,430 1801 , • • 22,270 1802 21,550 1803 21,490 1804 18,760 1805 . 18,580 1806 . , 18,500 1807 19,r)60 1808 • • 19,340 1809 • 18,200 Average 20,333 18,655 22,350 1 FOURTH DECADE. BURIALS IN EACH MILLION OF POPULATION. Ykar. Low Price, Middle Price, High Price, 1 Under 75». 75a. to a58> A|)ove 95s. 1810 • 19,790 1811 17,710 1812 • . 17,610 1813 17,040 1814 18,610 IHl"-) 17,470 IHIG 17,870 ' 1817 , ^ 16,9.-.0 ■ 1818 . 1 7,990 1819 1 7,8'JO Avcroge 17,960 17,422 18,700 i . ' U •! ) '.>./i tiiii lo -. ji au Those who have travelled through the principal corn-grow- ing countries of the north of Europe, must have observed that in Poland, Russia, and even in a considerable part of Ger- many, rye bread constitutes the ordinary food of the people ; in fact wheaten bread is never tasted by them unless on festi- vals, as a delicacy. Now these are just tlie countries where corn is lowest. France occupies a middle position in this respect. Prices are 'lower there than in England, but not so low as in Prussia or Ri|ssia ; and we find, accordingly, that the ordinary consumption of the people of France (perhaps I ought to say the richer provinces of France) is wheaten bread, but not Jine wheaten bread, as in England; it is brown and coarse. Those who have not enjoyed an opportunity of making these observations for themselves may perhaps see with pleasure the following observations from a Report of the Poor-Law Commissioners :- -^'''''' ^"^' '^^^''^ '^ On comparing these statements respecting the wages, subsistence, and mortality of those portions of continental Europe which have furnished returns, with the corresponding statements respecting England, it will be found that on every point England stands in the most favourable position. With respect to money wages, the superiority of the English agri- cultural labourer is very marked. It may fairly be said that his wages are nearly double the average of agricultural wages on the Continent. And as fuel is generally cheaper in Eng- land than on the Continent, and clothing is universally so, his relative advantage with respect to those important objects, of . °.,, ^ „ •al? Ixn; .min\^ io b'j/rnoifu consumption is still greater. " On the other hand, as food is dearer in England than in any other part, of Europe, the English labourer, especially if he have a large family, necessarily loses on this part of his IS expenditure a part of the benefit of his higher wages; and, if the relative dcarness of food were very great, might lose the whole. On comparing, however, the answers to the four- teenth English and eighth foreign question, it appears pro- bable that even in this respect the English family has an advantage, though of course less than in any other. Of the 687 English parishes which have given an answer from which the diet of the family can be inferred, 491, or about five- sevenths, state that it could obtain meat; and of the 196 which give answers implying that it could not get meat, forty- three are comprised in Essex and Sussex, two of the most pauperised districts in the kingdom. But in the foreign answers, meat is the exception instead of the rule. In the north of Europe the usual food seems to be potivtoes and oat- meal, or rye bread; accompanied frequently by fish, but only occasionally by meat." '' Further evidence as to the relative state of the bulk of the population of England is afforded by the ratio of its mortality." " The only countries in which the mortality appears to be so small as in England, arc Norway, in which it is -^^y, and the Basses Pyrenees, in which it is -jV. In all the other countries which have given returns, it exceeds the English proportion ; sometimes, by doubling it, and in the majority of instances by more than one -fourth." — Preface to Foreign Communications on the Poor Lmvs, at the end. Thus, whether we take for a standard of the condition of the people their ordinary diet and mode of living, the ordi- nary rate of wages as compared with the price of provisions, or the rate of mortality ; whether we compare the state of things in different countries, or compare one year with another in the same country; however we vary the inquiry, we are led to one and the same conclusion — that a low jirice of corn is injurious to the labourer, and constantly accompanied by poverty, increased disease, and death. Surely this is " a great fact" if a fact at all. And if not a fact, what can be more easy than to disprove it? Have I not stated in every case the sources whence my conclusions are drawn? And are not these sources open to all the world? W'liat more easy, then, than for the members of the Anti-Corn I^aw I^cague to show wherein my calculations are erroneous, if such is indeed the case. Ifi TABLE UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY EACILITY AA 000 564 023 o Showino the Inflcevce of the Price of Cokn on the Rate of Mortalitv in England and Wales. Burials in cacU Million of ropulation when the Price of Wheat ia Female ' Burials of ''°P"^''"°°'. Females Under 40«.'-10«. to 0*. 50s. to 60s. 60». to 70s. 70s. toSOs. 80s. to 30s. Wheat per Winchester Qr. 1/80 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 178S 1789 17go 1/91 1792 1793 1794 1795 179fi 179? 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 180G 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1823 1829 1830 1838 1839 1840 1841 3,727,0001 3,756,000' 3,780,000; 3,818,000 3,847,000 3,877,000, 3,916,000' 3,957,000 4,001,000l 4,046,000} 4,091,000* 4,140,000' 4,190,000! 4,245,000 4,292,000 4,336,000: 4,374,40nl 4,421, OOO: 4,475,000 4,532,00f' 4,587,000 4,628,000 4,659,000 4,713,000 4,777,0001 4,853,000, 4,928,000 5,003,000 5,074,000 5,142,000' 5,218,000' 5,283,000 5,364,000; 5,442,000 5,529,000 5,608,000 5,7(?8,C00 5,794,000 5,886,000 5,970,000 6,053,000 6,144,000 6,247,000' 6,355, 000< 6,453,000; 6,550,000 6,644,000 6,734,000 0,829,000 6,933,000; 7,026,000 99,196 98,132 93,814 94,520 98,310 97,I20| 93,815i 93,676| 95,244; 94,066| 93,85S 92,668| 94,794| 101,6991 98,933] 104,747 95,426 95,825 93,765 .94,, 34 8 102,909 103,082 100,385 101,2(i9, 89,639 90,154 91,163; 97,855' 93,H9 93,57; 103,277 93,572 94,445 92,751 102,8731 97,96fi] 102,005' 98,2291 105,9flo' 106,S15 104,020 104,870 109,116' 117,737 120,047 125,291 132,061 122,880 125,318 129,705 124,777 26,610 23,960 26,130 24,790 25,560 23,670 23,800 22,380 22,620 23,960 20,950 24,760 25,050 23,250 22,940 23,050 21,670 . I 21,490 . j 18,760 19,610 17,4"0 I '■." 19,880 18,250 18,350 20,820 21,550 19,56 17,16 . 17,070 . ,460 i . . I . 18,520 18,600 19,120 18,710 i7,?eo From tue Registrar-Gene Average of 55 Years . j 25,285 23,132 20,608 21,400 20,960 22,050 20,830 19,879 ,160 ,820 ,500 ,340 ,040 ,87 .890 ,291 8,580 8,200 7,990 Oils. to IOCS. 19,790 7,61 6,950 Ahove I , _ lOOs. In Paper. 22,430 2,270 al's Reports 18,256 18,116 s. d. In Bullion. 50 3 67 6 113 7 118 3 67 5 56 6 60 I 87 10 J9 73 3 1 79 S^ 7 106 2 94 6 125 5 108 fl I 73 1' 64 4| 68 7 55 9 56 9 60 66 64 04 7 70 8 66 4 65 7 22,350 I t. d. 35 8 44 8 47 10 52 8 48 10 51 10 38 10 41 2 45 51 53 47 f 75 10 94 9 ! 84 1 73 Imperial 65 56 2 ' 54 44 7 I 53 5 04 58 64 62 42 11 48 11 51 8 74 2 77 1 53 1 48 10 64 104 108 63 55 58 5 85 5 74 6 69 1 74 6 81 9 97 2 76 11 96 7 79 8 59 II 54 5 73 9 92 9 80 3 71 3 7 5 2 9 6 43 51 G2 66 67 55 62 8 68 6 66 4 63 7 Bradbury and Eran>, Ptir.ters, Whitefriars.